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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so this morning we heard Laura give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this morning we heard Laura give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this morning we heard Laura give a
+really beautiful overview of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful overview of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful overview of her
+research program and my talk today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research program and my talk today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research program and my talk today is
+going to be a little bit different I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit different I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit different I'm
+gonna talk about some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about some things that are
+gonna be highly related to what Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be highly related to what Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be highly related to what Laura
+was talking about particularly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about particularly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about particularly at the
+end of her talk but because this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of her talk but because this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of her talk but because this is like
+brand-new hot-off-the-press work some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new hot-off-the-press work some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new hot-off-the-press work some of
+its actually ongoing as you'll see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its actually ongoing as you'll see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its actually ongoing as you'll see as
+the talk and fold I'm gonna be focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk and fold I'm gonna be focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk and fold I'm gonna be focusing
+on a more kind of specific detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a more kind of specific detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a more kind of specific detailed
+level so I'm gonna tell you about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I'm gonna tell you about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I'm gonna tell you about four
+different studies three of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different studies three of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different studies three of which are
+completed one of which is ongoing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed one of which is ongoing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed one of which is ongoing and
+they all have to do with infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to do with infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to do with infant
+sensitivity to costs and benefits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to costs and benefits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to costs and benefits okay
+so as we all know and cost-benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we all know and cost-benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we all know and cost-benefit
+analyses are really central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses are really central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses are really central to the
+decisions we make at a both a conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we make at a both a conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we make at a both a conscious
+and an unconscious level and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unconscious level and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unconscious level and of course
+there's all kinds of different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of different ways that
+we make decisions right but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make decisions right but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make decisions right but one of the
+things that we often do when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we often do when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we often do when we're
+making a decision is we think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision is we think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision is we think about what
+rewards do we anticipate from following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards do we anticipate from following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards do we anticipate from following
+a particular course of action and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular course of action and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular course of action and how do
+those compare to the cost that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those compare to the cost that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those compare to the cost that will
+incur from performing that same action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur from performing that same action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur from performing that same action
+and we act in a sense to try to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we act in a sense to try to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we act in a sense to try to maximize
+the value that we get out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that we get out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that we get out of a
+particular choice that's true of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice that's true of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice that's true of simple
+decisions like this right this woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like this right this woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like this right this woman
+deciding what she's going to eat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what she's going to eat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what she's going to eat for
+dessert and we can also apply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert and we can also apply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert and we can also apply these
+analyses to more complex decisions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses to more complex decisions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses to more complex decisions like
+things like where we gonna go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like where we gonna go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like where we gonna go to college
+what kind of career are we gonna pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of career are we gonna pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of career are we gonna pursue
+where are we gonna live okay one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we gonna live okay one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we gonna live okay one of the
+things that we heard from Maura this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we heard from Maura this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we heard from Maura this
+morning is that cost-benefit analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning is that cost-benefit analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning is that cost-benefit analyses
+don't just apply to our own behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just apply to our own behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just apply to our own behavior in
+her own decision-making she showed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own decision-making she showed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own decision-making she showed some
+really neat evidence that these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat evidence that these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat evidence that these types of
+analyses form the basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses form the basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses form the basis for the
+inferences that we make about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences that we make about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences that we make about other
+people and that we make about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that we make about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that we make about their
+behavior so that raises the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so that raises the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so that raises the very
+interesting question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question of the
+developmental origins of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental origins of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental origins of these types of
+analyses and that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses and that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses and that's what I'm going to
+talk about today infant sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today infant sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today infant sensitivity to
+cost the benefit my talk is gonna kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the benefit my talk is gonna kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the benefit my talk is gonna kind
+of have two different parts in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have two different parts in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have two different parts in the first
+part I'm gonna be talking about cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I'm gonna be talking about cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I'm gonna be talking about cases
+where infants are observing other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where infants are observing other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where infants are observing other people
+and what the question that I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the question that I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the question that I'm asking
+there is do infants are they able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is do infants are they able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is do infants are they able to
+register the costs that are behind other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the costs that are behind other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the costs that are behind other
+people's actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions
+and then in the second part of my talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the second part of my talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the second part of my talk
+I'm actually gonna switch gears and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually gonna switch gears and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually gonna switch gears and I'm
+gonna talk about infants registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about infants registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about infants registration
+and minimization of costs their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimization of costs their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimization of costs their
+registration of benefits to guide their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration of benefits to guide their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration of benefits to guide their
+own behavior their own decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own behavior their own decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own behavior their own decision-making
+I'm gonna talk about a particular test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna talk about a particular test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna talk about a particular test
+case and that's the test case of infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and that's the test case of infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and that's the test case of infants
+pro-social behavior okay and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social behavior okay and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social behavior okay and I want to
+be kind of specific here so across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of specific here so across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of specific here so across all
+of these studies I'm talking about cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies I'm talking about cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies I'm talking about cost
+in one particular way of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one particular way of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one particular way of course there's
+all kinds of ways you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of ways you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of ways you could
+operationalize cost but what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalize cost but what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalize cost but what we've been
+focusing on so far is physical effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on so far is physical effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on so far is physical effort
+the physical effort behind an action as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical effort behind an action as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical effort behind an action as
+a cost why would we start here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cost why would we start here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cost why would we start here well
+there's several different reasons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several different reasons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several different reasons right
+and a basic kind of evolutionary level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a basic kind of evolutionary level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a basic kind of evolutionary level
+it's really important that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important that we can
+register and that we can minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and that we can minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and that we can minimize
+energetic costs effortful costs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic costs effortful costs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic costs effortful costs right
+our very survival depends on that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very survival depends on that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very survival depends on that we
+have to metabolically and energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to metabolically and energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to metabolically and energetically
+budget or we won't stick around right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget or we won't stick around right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget or we won't stick around right so
+that gives us good reason that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us good reason that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us good reason that that's a
+good starting place in terms of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good starting place in terms of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good starting place in terms of looking
+at young infants ability to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at young infants ability to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at young infants ability to register
+costs and minimize cost potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and minimize cost potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and minimize cost potentially
+another reason is that for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that for decades
+scholars have really given a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars have really given a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars have really given a central
+rule to effort in decision making and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to effort in decision making and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to effort in decision making and
+this dates back to the 1940s to Holland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dates back to the 1940s to Holland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dates back to the 1940s to Holland
+Solomon who postulated the law of least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solomon who postulated the law of least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solomon who postulated the law of least
+effort so the idea here is that if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so the idea here is that if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so the idea here is that if there
+are two lines of actions that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two lines of actions that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two lines of actions that lead to
+equal rewards we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal rewards we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal rewards we're going to take the
+path of least resistance right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of least resistance right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of least resistance right we're
+gonna seek to minimize effort and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna seek to minimize effort and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna seek to minimize effort and then
+finally in more contemporary work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in more contemporary work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in more contemporary work that's
+looked at cost benefit decision-making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at cost benefit decision-making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at cost benefit decision-making
+both in adults and in non-human animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in adults and in non-human animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in adults and in non-human animals
+a lot of this work comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this work comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this work comes from the
+neuroimaging literature effort has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging literature effort has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging literature effort has been
+a fairly heavily studied cost so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly heavily studied cost so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly heavily studied cost so this is
+a good starting place because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good starting place because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good starting place because we have a
+pretty good understanding of how effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding of how effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding of how effort
+and various benefits or reward are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various benefits or reward are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various benefits or reward are
+integrated at both the neural and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated at both the neural and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated at both the neural and a
+behavioral level at least for non-human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral level at least for non-human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral level at least for non-human
+animals and for human adults okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and for human adults okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and for human adults okay so the
+first question we might eggs ask is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question we might eggs ask is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question we might eggs ask is what
+is the existing evidence in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the existing evidence in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the existing evidence in terms of the
+question of whether infants having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether infants having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether infants having a
+basic ability to register cost behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ability to register cost behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ability to register cost behind
+actions and there's really two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and there's really two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and there's really two different
+ways we could pose this question we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we could pose this question we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we could pose this question we can
+think about the question with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the question with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the question with respect to
+infant's own behavior their own actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's own behavior their own actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant's own behavior their own actions
+is there evidence that infants will act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there evidence that infants will act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there evidence that infants will act
+to recognize costs and to minimize costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize costs and to minimize costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize costs and to minimize costs
+in their own behavior the other way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own behavior the other way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own behavior the other way that
+we can ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ask the question
+in terms of infants observation of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of infants observation of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of infants observation of other
+people's behavior do they recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior do they recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior do they recognize the
+cost between behind other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost between behind other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost between behind other people's
+actions now surprisingly there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions now surprisingly there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions now surprisingly there really
+hasn't been a lot of work that's looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a lot of work that's looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been a lot of work that's looked
+directly at this when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at this when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at this when we're talking
+about infants own behavior their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants own behavior their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants own behavior their own
+decision-making there is some work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making there is some work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making there is some work from
+their weight perception literature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their weight perception literature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their weight perception literature this
+looked at how infants interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how infants interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at how infants interact with
+blocks of different ways and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of different ways and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of different ways and so what
+people will do in these studies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do in these studies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do in these studies is
+they'll present little babies and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll present little babies and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll present little babies and I
+month old infants with two blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants with two blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants with two blocks that
+look virtually identical they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look virtually identical they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look virtually identical they only
+differ from one another in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from one another in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from one another in terms of
+their respective ways and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their respective ways and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their respective ways and what these
+studies have shown is if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies have shown is if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies have shown is if you give
+infants a choice between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants a choice between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants a choice between these two
+objects they'll systematically prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they'll systematically prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they'll systematically prefer
+the light object over the heavy object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light object over the heavy object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light object over the heavy object
+so one way to think about these findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about these findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about these findings
+is what infants are doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what infants are doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what infants are doing here is
+exactly what they were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they were interested in
+they're minimizing the physical toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're minimizing the physical toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're minimizing the physical toss
+right there taking the past of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there taking the past of the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there taking the past of the path
+of least effort one challenge the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least effort one challenge the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least effort one challenge the for
+interpreting these finding is oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these finding is oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these finding is oftentimes
+in these studies the heavy blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these studies the heavy blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these studies the heavy blocks that
+are being used are beyond infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being used are beyond infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being used are beyond infants
+lifting capacity so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting capacity so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting capacity so what that means is
+it's hard to know if these results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know if these results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know if these results are
+about infants registering costs per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants registering costs per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants registering costs per se
+or if what we're really getting at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if what we're really getting at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if what we're really getting at is
+just infants repeating a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just infants repeating a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just infants repeating a sort of
+successful interaction with an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful interaction with an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful interaction with an object
+that they've acted on previously okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've acted on previously okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've acted on previously okay so
+Laura talked a little bit about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura talked a little bit about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura talked a little bit about this in
+her talk today what about the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her talk today what about the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her talk today what about the evidence
+of registration of costs and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registration of costs and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registration of costs and other
+people's actions and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions and one of the things
+that Laura mentioned that we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Laura mentioned that we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Laura mentioned that we know from
+many many different studies is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different studies is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different studies is that
+infants appeared to expect efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants appeared to expect efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants appeared to expect efficiency
+and other people's actions Laura showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people's actions Laura showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people's actions Laura showed
+you one example of that I'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of that I'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of that I'll show you a
+different example of that which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example of that which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example of that which comes
+from actually a study that lifted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually a study that lifted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually a study that lifted with
+one of her graduate students so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her graduate students so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her graduate students so here we
+see someone who's reaching over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone who's reaching over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone who's reaching over a
+barrier in order to get an object the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in order to get an object the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in order to get an object the
+barrier is then removed infants have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is then removed infants have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is then removed infants have the
+expectations that that person is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that that person is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations that that person is going
+to reach directly for the object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach directly for the object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach directly for the object right
+rather than performing that funny arcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than performing that funny arcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than performing that funny arcing
+motion so again one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so again one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so again one way to think about
+these findings is that what infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings is that what infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings is that what infants are
+doing is they're expecting that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're expecting that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're expecting that the
+person is going to take the least costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to take the least costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to take the least costly
+action right and in fact there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right and in fact there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right and in fact there's all
+kinds of costs to this particular arcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of costs to this particular arcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of costs to this particular arcing
+motion right it's indirect it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right it's indirect it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right it's indirect it probably
+takes longer it's probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer it's probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer it's probably more
+difficult it's more effortful and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's more effortful and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's more effortful and so we
+wanted to ask the question too to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to ask the question too to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to ask the question too to begin
+with if infants were able to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if infants were able to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if infants were able to register
+costs but unlike in this situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but unlike in this situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but unlike in this situation where
+there's multiple potentially redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple potentially redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple potentially redundant
+cues that this arcing motion is a costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues that this arcing motion is a costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues that this arcing motion is a costly
+behavior we wanted to really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we wanted to really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we wanted to really kind of
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+in on situations in which there aren't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on situations in which there aren't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on situations in which there aren't a
+lot of avert observable cues to the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of avert observable cues to the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of avert observable cues to the cost
+underlying another person's action so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying another person's action so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying another person's action so
+the way that we did this is we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did this is we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did this is we showed
+infants different actions that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants different actions that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants different actions that look
+similar on their surface level but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar on their surface level but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar on their surface level but these
+actions differ in terms of the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions differ in terms of the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions differ in terms of the degree of
+physical effort that are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effort that are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effort that are required to
+perform them and the way that we achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform them and the way that we achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform them and the way that we achieve
+that is by having infants watch people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by having infants watch people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by having infants watch people
+lift objects of different weights right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift objects of different weights right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift objects of different weights right
+so obviously heavy up weighted objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously heavy up weighted objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously heavy up weighted objects
+are harder to lift they're more effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to lift they're more effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to lift they're more effort
+Lacoste lee then lifting a light object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lacoste lee then lifting a light object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lacoste lee then lifting a light object
+and what we wanted to know is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we wanted to know is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we wanted to know is can
+infants recognize under conditions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants recognize under conditions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants recognize under conditions where
+they have really minimal observable cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have really minimal observable cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have really minimal observable cues
+no cues about for example straining or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cues about for example straining or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cues about for example straining or
+sweating or things like that that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating or things like that that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating or things like that that might
+be really obvious for figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really obvious for figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really obvious for figuring out the
+effort will they be able to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort will they be able to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort will they be able to understand
+that when someone's living a heavy block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when someone's living a heavy block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when someone's living a heavy block
+that's a more effortful action than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more effortful action than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more effortful action than when
+they're lifting a light block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lifting a light block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lifting a light block in
+addition to that kind of primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that kind of primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that kind of primary
+question we were also interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were also interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were also interested in
+whether this ability and infants might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this ability and infants might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this ability and infants might
+be individually variable so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be individually variable so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be individually variable so this might
+come as a surprise to you but infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as a surprise to you but infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as a surprise to you but infants
+like adults are individually variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adults are individually variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adults are individually variable
+and they're individually variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're individually variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're individually variable of
+course in many ways but one way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in many ways but one way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in many ways but one way in which
+they vary from one another is in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary from one another is in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary from one another is in terms
+of how strong they are right just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how strong they are right just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how strong they are right just like
+human adults right where variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human adults right where variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human adults right where variable in
+terms of how strong we are and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how strong we are and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how strong we are and we have
+an idea or a hypothesis that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea or a hypothesis that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea or a hypothesis that infants
+individual differences in strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual differences in strengths
+might actually be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be important for
+registering the effort related costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering the effort related costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering the effort related costs
+behind these different lifting actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind these different lifting actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind these different lifting actions
+with different weighted objects one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different weighted objects one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different weighted objects one of
+the reasons that they might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that they might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that they might be important
+is because of course strength gates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of course strength gates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of course strength gates the
+type of experience that infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experience that infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experience that infants are
+going to have in their everyday life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have in their everyday life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have in their everyday life
+right if you're a strong baby you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're a strong baby you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're a strong baby you can
+lift heavier objects than a weak baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift heavier objects than a weak baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift heavier objects than a weak baby
+you can also lift a wider contrastive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also lift a wider contrastive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also lift a wider contrastive
+range of objects right so we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of objects right so we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of objects right so we thought
+maybe there's something about individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something about individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something about individual
+differences in strength particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in strength particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in strength particularly for
+babies who are stronger where they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies who are stronger where they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies who are stronger where they'll be
+better at recognizing the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at recognizing the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at recognizing the differential
+effort that goes along with lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that goes along with lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that goes along with lifting
+actions when you're talking about blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions when you're talking about blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions when you're talking about blocks
+of different weight okay so let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different weight okay so let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different weight okay so let me tell
+you about the study that we conducted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the study that we conducted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the study that we conducted to
+ask this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this question
+we tested twelve month old infants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested twelve month old infants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested twelve month old infants in
+this study they took part in a turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study they took part in a turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study they took part in a turn
+taking procedure where we recorded UG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking procedure where we recorded UG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking procedure where we recorded UG
+electrical activity from the brain as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activity from the brain as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activity from the brain as it
+propagates to the scalp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates to the scalp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates to the scalp
+and in the course of this task what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the course of this task what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the course of this task what they
+did is they took part in different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they took part in different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they took part in different types
+of trials on observation trials they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trials on observation trials they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trials on observation trials they
+would watch an experimenter who had lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would watch an experimenter who had lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would watch an experimenter who had lift
+these different objects or these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different objects or these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different objects or these blocks
+and these walks looked perceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these walks looked perceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these walks looked perceptually
+identical in terms of size and shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in terms of size and shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in terms of size and shape
+there were different colors so infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were different colors so infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were different colors so infants
+could individuate them and keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could individuate them and keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could individuate them and keep track of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+but what varied from trial to trial was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what varied from trial to trial was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what varied from trial to trial was
+exactly how much the objects weight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much the objects weight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much the objects weight so
+they range from being the weight of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they range from being the weight of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they range from being the weight of a
+typical bath toy to being quite heavy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical bath toy to being quite heavy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical bath toy to being quite heavy so
+infants could lift the heaviest blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants could lift the heaviest blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants could lift the heaviest blocks
+but they're pretty effortful in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're pretty effortful in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're pretty effortful in order
+for infants to be able to lift them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infants to be able to lift them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infants to be able to lift them
+infants had trials where they watch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants had trials where they watch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants had trials where they watch and
+experimenter interacts with these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter interacts with these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter interacts with these blocks
+the experimenter would do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter would do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter would do things like
+put the block up on a platform drop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the block up on a platform drop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the block up on a platform drop it
+into a bucket after full type of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bucket after full type of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bucket after full type of actions
+where you can sort of register at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can sort of register at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can sort of register at least
+in principle the type of effort behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle the type of effort behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle the type of effort behind
+these actions and then infants would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions and then infants would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions and then infants would
+also have the opportunity to act they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the opportunity to act they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the opportunity to act they
+could perform the same actions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perform the same actions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perform the same actions with
+objects if it's also for measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects if it's also for measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects if it's also for measurement
+purpose received baseline trials where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose received baseline trials where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose received baseline trials where
+we're just registering EEG in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just registering EEG in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just registering EEG in response
+to abstract images like a checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract images like a checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract images like a checkerboard
+pattern for example okay so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for example okay so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for example okay so what are we
+interested in here so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in here so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in here so in this particular
+study we were in looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we were in looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we were in looking at the
+suppression of a particular oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression of a particular oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression of a particular oscillatory
+frequency called sensory motor alpha or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency called sensory motor alpha or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency called sensory motor alpha or
+some people call it Mew attenuation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it Mew attenuation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it Mew attenuation so
+we know that at rest neurons and sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that at rest neurons and sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that at rest neurons and sensory
+motor cortex fire spontaneously and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex fire spontaneously and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex fire spontaneously and they
+fire in sync for seen synchrony and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in sync for seen synchrony and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in sync for seen synchrony and what
+that means is we get these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is we get these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is we get these large
+amplitude EEG obsolescence in the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude EEG obsolescence in the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude EEG obsolescence in the Alpha
+frequency band when the motor cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency band when the motor cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency band when the motor cortex is
+activated sensory motor motor cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated sensory motor motor cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated sensory motor motor cortex is
+activated and that happens of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and that happens of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and that happens of course
+when we act it also happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we act it also happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we act it also happens when we
+watch other people act what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch other people act what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch other people act what you see is
+you see a suppression in sense summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a suppression in sense summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a suppression in sense summary
+motor alpha so many people recently have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor alpha so many people recently have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor alpha so many people recently have
+been interested in suppression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in suppression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in suppression of
+sensory motor alpha new attenuation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory motor alpha new attenuation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory motor alpha new attenuation from
+the perspective of looking at the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of looking at the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of looking at the mirror
+neuron system more broadly and for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron system more broadly and for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron system more broadly and for our
+purposes we're really just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes we're really just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes we're really just thinking
+about this as a measure of sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a measure of sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a measure of sensory motor
+cortex activation so greater suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex activation so greater suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex activation so greater suppression
+equals more sensory motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals more sensory motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals more sensory motor cortex
+activation and our question here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and our question here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation and our question here was
+whether infants activation sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants activation sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants activation sensory motor
+cortex would vary as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex would vary as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex would vary as a function of
+watching people lift blocks of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching people lift blocks of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching people lift blocks of different
+weights would you get greater activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights would you get greater activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights would you get greater activation
+when people were lifting heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were lifting heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were lifting heavier
+Jax which would of course be a sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jax which would of course be a sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jax which would of course be a sign that
+infants were distinguishing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants were distinguishing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants were distinguishing between
+different actions on the basis of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions on the basis of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions on the basis of effort
+okay so in addition to looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in addition to looking at that
+we also gave infants a grip strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also gave infants a grip strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also gave infants a grip strength
+assessment okay so let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment okay so let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment okay so let me tell you a
+little bit about the script strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the script strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the script strength
+measure only because it took us several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure only because it took us several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure only because it took us several
+years to come up with this so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to come up with this so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to come up with this so I feel
+like I need to talk about it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I need to talk about it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I need to talk about it a little
+bit so we wanted to measure infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so we wanted to measure infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so we wanted to measure infant
+strength and the way that we did that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the way that we did that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and the way that we did that is
+by measuring infant's grip strength but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring infant's grip strength but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring infant's grip strength but
+of course the challenge here if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the challenge here if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the challenge here if you're
+an adult right and you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult right and you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult right and you want to measure
+an adult's grip strength you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult's grip strength you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult's grip strength you just get
+something called a dynamometer you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a dynamometer you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a dynamometer you have
+an adult's squeeze a bulb or squeeze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult's squeeze a bulb or squeeze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adult's squeeze a bulb or squeeze the
+hand grip and then you get this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand grip and then you get this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand grip and then you get this nice
+force reading from that right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force reading from that right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force reading from that right and that
+all works very smoothly with adults but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works very smoothly with adults but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works very smoothly with adults but
+of course you can't just hand that to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can't just hand that to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can't just hand that to an
+infant and say squeeze as hard as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant and say squeeze as hard as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant and say squeeze as hard as you
+can that doesn't work obviously so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that doesn't work obviously so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that doesn't work obviously so what
+we did here is we had an experimenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here is we had an experimenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here is we had an experimenter
+who had a toy the infant had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a toy the infant had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a toy the infant had the same
+toy the experimenter would squeeze her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy the experimenter would squeeze her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy the experimenter would squeeze her
+toy and what we hoped is that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and what we hoped is that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and what we hoped is that this would
+motivate infants or lead infants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate infants or lead infants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate infants or lead infants to
+squeeze their toy their toy in contrasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze their toy their toy in contrasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze their toy their toy in contrasts
+the experimenters toy had both a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenters toy had both a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenters toy had both a hidden
+sensor involved in embedded within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor involved in embedded within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor involved in embedded within the
+toy which led should playing old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy which led should playing old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy which led should playing old
+McDonald's which of course infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's which of course infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's which of course infants
+greatly liked right they were to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly liked right they were to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly liked right they were to find
+that very enjoyable and it also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very enjoyable and it also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very enjoyable and it also had a
+hidden pressure sensor within it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden pressure sensor within it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden pressure sensor within it so we
+were able to get her to measure how hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get her to measure how hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get her to measure how hard
+infants squeeze the toy no the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants squeeze the toy no the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants squeeze the toy no the trick
+here was we want to get infant strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was we want to get infant strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was we want to get infant strongest
+squeeze right so what we did is we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze right so what we did is we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze right so what we did is we set
+up our device so that each time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our device so that each time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our device so that each time the
+infant squeezes it they have to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant squeezes it they have to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant squeezes it they have to squeeze
+harder to get old McDonald to play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get old McDonald to play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get old McDonald to play and
+of course they want old McDonald to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they want old McDonald to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they want old McDonald to play
+right so they're motivated to keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're motivated to keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're motivated to keep doing
+that so that's how we record infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's how we record infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's how we record infants
+maximum grip strength we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum grip strength we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum grip strength we like
+essentially keep going as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keep going as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keep going as long as
+infants will allow us to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants will allow us to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants will allow us to do that
+basically there are some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are some other things
+that we measured we measured infant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measured we measured infant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measured we measured infant's
+weight our motivation for doing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight our motivation for doing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight our motivation for doing this is
+that an adult's strength and weight are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an adult's strength and weight are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an adult's strength and weight are
+highly correlated they were in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated they were in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated they were in our
+sample so that kind of helps to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that kind of helps to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that kind of helps to validate
+our grip strength paradigm and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grip strength paradigm and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grip strength paradigm and there
+were things like general motor maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things like general motor maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things like general motor maturity
+that we measured gross motor skills we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measured gross motor skills we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measured gross motor skills we
+measured how frequently infants lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured how frequently infants lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured how frequently infants lift
+blocks within the task because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks within the task because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks within the task because we want
+to control for these in our analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control for these in our analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control for these in our analyses
+we're wanting to look specifically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wanting to look specifically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wanting to look specifically at
+the effective grip strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective grip strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective grip strength
+okay okay so let me tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me tell you about the
+first thing that we looked at so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that we looked at so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that we looked at so I'm
+going to show you a series of scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a series of scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a series of scatter
+plots that look at the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots that look at the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots that look at the relation between
+sensory motor alpha suppression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory motor alpha suppression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory motor alpha suppression and
+infants grip strength and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants grip strength and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants grip strength and these are
+plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted
+as a function of the weight of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the weight of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the weight of the block
+and these are when infants are observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are when infants are observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are when infants are observing
+other people so the things you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so the things you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people so the things you know is
+we're talking about suppression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about suppression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about suppression so
+you're looking for negative scores more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for negative scores more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for negative scores more
+negative scores mean more suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative scores mean more suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative scores mean more suppression
+and we had a particular path assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a particular path assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a particular path assess
+about how this would go or idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this would go or idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this would go or idea about
+how this would go we thought that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this would go we thought that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this would go we thought that when
+the blocks were relatively light grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks were relatively light grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks were relatively light grip
+strength would be less of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength would be less of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength would be less of a good
+predictor a sensory motor off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor a sensory motor off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor a sensory motor off of
+suppression and a reason for thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression and a reason for thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression and a reason for thinking
+that is that whether an infant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that whether an infant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that whether an infant is
+relatively strong or relatively weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively strong or relatively weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively strong or relatively weak
+they all probably have lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all probably have lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all probably have lifetime
+experience lifting relatively light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience lifting relatively light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience lifting relatively light
+objects however where strength really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects however where strength really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects however where strength really
+comes into play is as objects get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into play is as objects get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into play is as objects get
+heavier right so stronger infants very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier right so stronger infants very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier right so stronger infants very
+likely have a greater lifetime history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely have a greater lifetime history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely have a greater lifetime history
+of lifting heavier objects so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting heavier objects so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting heavier objects so our
+prediction was that these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was that these two things
+would be increasingly tightly integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be increasingly tightly integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be increasingly tightly integrated
+as block weight goes up and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as block weight goes up and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as block weight goes up and in fact
+that's exactly what we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we found
+so there's weak relations when the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's weak relations when the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's weak relations when the block
+is light when it's that heavy block we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light when it's that heavy block we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light when it's that heavy block we
+call them the heavy and the super heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the heavy and the super heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the heavy and the super heavy
+block there's a tighter relation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there's a tighter relation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there's a tighter relation and you
+see the strongest relation here when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the strongest relation here when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the strongest relation here when the
+block is extremely heavy and these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is extremely heavy and these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is extremely heavy and these um
+analyses control for things like infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses control for things like infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses control for things like infants
+in task lifting experience their weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in task lifting experience their weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in task lifting experience their weight
+their motor development scores so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their motor development scores so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their motor development scores so the
+next thing we wanted to know is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we wanted to know is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we wanted to know is we
+wanted to know whether there was any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know whether there was any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know whether there was any
+evidence that suppression of sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suppression of sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suppression of sensory
+murder alpha would be greater in cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder alpha would be greater in cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder alpha would be greater in cases
+in which the block is heaviest when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the block is heaviest when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the block is heaviest when
+versus the block is lightest so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the block is lightest so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the block is lightest so this is
+really our index or our measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our index or our measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our index or our measure of
+whether infants are differentiating when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants are differentiating when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants are differentiating when
+they're watching other people act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching other people act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're watching other people act on
+objects whether they're differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects whether they're differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects whether they're differentiating
+the degree of effort that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of effort that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of effort that goes along
+with lifting the object as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lifting the object as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lifting the object as a function of
+walkway so what I'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walkway so what I'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walkway so what I'm going to show you is
+change scores so more negative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change scores so more negative means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change scores so more negative means
+that you're seeing increasing sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing increasing sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing increasing sensory
+murder alpha suppression for heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder alpha suppression for heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder alpha suppression for heavy
+versus light blocks and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus light blocks and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus light blocks and these are
+plotted as a function of infants grip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted as a function of infants grip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted as a function of infants grip
+strength so what you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so what you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so what you can see here is
+that for the weaker babies the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the weaker babies the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the weaker babies the lower
+grip strength babies you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip strength babies you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip strength babies you're not really
+seeing any systematic change from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any systematic change from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any systematic change from the
+latest watch to the heaviest block but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest watch to the heaviest block but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest watch to the heaviest block but
+you are for the stronger infants so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for the stronger infants so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for the stronger infants so what
+these findings suggest to us is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings suggest to us is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings suggest to us is that the
+stronger infants appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger infants appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger infants appear to be
+differentiating these actions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating these actions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating these actions on the
+basis of the weight of the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the weight of the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the weight of the object that
+the person is lifting the weaker infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is lifting the weaker infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is lifting the weaker infants
+aren't okay so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't okay so what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't okay so what do we know
+from this data when we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this data when we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this data when we have some
+evidence that activation of sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that activation of sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that activation of sensory
+motor cortex has indexed by suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex has indexed by suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex has indexed by suppression
+of sensory motor alpha while babies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensory motor alpha while babies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensory motor alpha while babies are
+watching other people lift blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching other people lift blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching other people lift blocks of
+different weights varies as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights varies as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weights varies as a function
+of the weight of the block right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weight of the block right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weight of the block right so this
+might signal that infants are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might signal that infants are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might signal that infants are able to
+recognize that different actions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that different actions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that different actions have
+different degrees of physical effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of physical effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of physical effort
+they go along with them and we also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go along with them and we also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go along with them and we also see
+that the ability to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ability to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ability to make this
+distinction is tied to infant's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is tied to infant's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is tied to infant's own
+strength their own grip strength and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength their own grip strength and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength their own grip strength and our
+interpretation of this is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this is that this
+might have to do with strength being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with strength being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with strength being a
+rate limiter or a facilitator or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate limiter or a facilitator or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate limiter or a facilitator or the
+type of experience that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experience that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experience that infants
+previously have with objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously have with objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously have with objects of
+different ways and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and in particular the
+stronger infants might have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger infants might have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger infants might have more
+experience with lifting heavier objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with lifting heavier objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with lifting heavier objects
+they might have more contrastive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have more contrastive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have more contrastive
+experience which allows them to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience which allows them to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience which allows them to better
+recognize or better differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize or better differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize or better differentiate the
+degree of physical effort that go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of physical effort that go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of physical effort that go along
+with different actions when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different actions when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different actions when you're
+talking about lifting objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lifting objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lifting objects of
+different ways okay so that's part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways okay so that's part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways okay so that's part one
+so I think what these data tell us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what these data tell us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what these data tell us is
+that in this context infants have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this context infants have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this context infants have a
+means of registering effort related cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of registering effort related cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of registering effort related cost
+I think where they go above past data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think where they go above past data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think where they go above past data is
+that they tell us that infants can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tell us that infants can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tell us that infants can do
+this under conditions in which they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under conditions in which they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under conditions in which they have
+minimal behavioral cues so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal behavioral cues so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal behavioral cues so we think
+about you that reaching action right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you that reaching action right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you that reaching action right
+there's all kinds of cues that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of cues that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of cues that this is a
+costly action right there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly action right there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly action right there's all kinds of
+ways that it differs from a direct reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that it differs from a direct reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that it differs from a direct reach
+in this situation we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation we're talking about
+actions that are really minimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that are really minimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that are really minimally
+different from one another what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another what I want
+to do now is I want to switch gears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is I want to switch gears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is I want to switch gears and
+talk about kind of the flip side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about kind of the flip side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about kind of the flip side of the
+coin and that is infants use of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and that is infants use of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and that is infants use of costs
+and benefits or reward to guide their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits or reward to guide their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benefits or reward to guide their
+own behavior and I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own behavior and I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own behavior and I'm gonna be
+specifically focusing on the the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically focusing on the the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically focusing on the the test
+case of infants pro-social behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of infants pro-social behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of infants pro-social behavior so
+many of you may know this already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may know this already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may know this already but
+infants are highly pro-social right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are highly pro-social right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are highly pro-social right
+there's been a lot of studies on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of studies on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of studies on this
+recently and all of these studies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and all of these studies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and all of these studies have
+kind of come down on the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come down on the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come down on the conclusion that
+starting in the second year of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the second year of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the second year of life
+infants will do things like help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants will do things like help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants will do things like help people
+achieve their goals they will share toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve their goals they will share toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve their goals they will share toys
+or objects with other people their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects with other people their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects with other people their
+comfort people in distress but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort people in distress but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort people in distress but there are
+questions and debates that are hotly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and debates that are hotly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and debates that are hotly
+contested about early pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested about early pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested about early pro-social
+development and I just want to bring two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and I just want to bring two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and I just want to bring two
+of them to your attention okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to your attention okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to your attention okay so one
+question is why does infants your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why does infants your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why does infants your
+children's pro-social behavior become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's pro-social behavior become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's pro-social behavior become
+selective or strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or strategic
+so we know that by preschool age early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that by preschool age early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that by preschool age early
+school age children's pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school age children's pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school age children's pro-social
+behavior is somewhat selective meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is somewhat selective meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is somewhat selective meaning
+that there are some people for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some people for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some people for example
+that infants are more likely to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants are more likely to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants are more likely to help
+than others right in children are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others right in children are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others right in children are not
+infants children children are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants children children are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants children children are more
+likely to help under situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to help under situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to help under situations where
+they are perhaps reputational concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are perhaps reputational concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are perhaps reputational concerns
+involved but what we don't yet know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but what we don't yet know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but what we don't yet know is
+whether this is true of very early so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is true of very early so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is true of very early so
+pro-social development so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social development so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social development so what is the
+development of course like do kids start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of course like do kids start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of course like do kids start
+off being selective in strategic or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off being selective in strategic or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off being selective in strategic or do
+they only get there over time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only get there over time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only get there over time with
+development that's one question there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that's one question there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that's one question there's
+another related question that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another related question that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another related question that has to do
+with what is the underlying motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is the underlying motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is the underlying motivation
+for pro-social behavior right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pro-social behavior right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pro-social behavior right so the
+kind of generous interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generous interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generous interpretation of
+infants pro-social its actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social its actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social its actions
+children's pro-social actions is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's pro-social actions is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's pro-social actions is what is
+going on here is infants are motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is infants are motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here is infants are motivated
+by empathic concern right they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by empathic concern right they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by empathic concern right they care
+about other people's needs they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people's needs they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people's needs they care
+about other people's desires and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people's desires and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people's desires and in
+these experimental context what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experimental context what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experimental context what they're
+doing is they're acting to meet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're acting to meet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're acting to meet another
+person's needs they're acting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's needs they're acting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's needs they're acting out of
+empathic concern but there's also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathic concern but there's also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathic concern but there's also other
+reasons why infants or anyone for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why infants or anyone for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why infants or anyone for that
+matter might behave professionally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter might behave professionally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter might behave professionally that
+might have to do with social affiliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with social affiliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with social affiliation
+biases social motivation that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases social motivation that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases social motivation that might have
+to do with wanting to see a goal being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with wanting to see a goal being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with wanting to see a goal being
+completed etc right so one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed etc right so one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed etc right so one of the ways
+that we can start to get traction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can start to get traction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can start to get traction on
+these issues is by looking at the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues is by looking at the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues is by looking at the impact
+of various costs and infants pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various costs and infants pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various costs and infants pro-social
+behavior and somewhat surprisingly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and somewhat surprisingly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and somewhat surprisingly this
+is not a terribly well studied topic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a terribly well studied topic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a terribly well studied topic as
+of yet so there are some studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yet so there are some studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yet so there are some studies that
+are both with infants and with children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both with infants and with children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both with infants and with children
+where people have looked at the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have looked at the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have looked at the impact
+of personal costs on pro-social behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal costs on pro-social behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal costs on pro-social behavior
+and usually the way personal costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the way personal costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the way personal costs are
+operationalizes in terms of let's say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizes in terms of let's say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizes in terms of let's say an
+infant is tested in a paradigm where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant is tested in a paradigm where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant is tested in a paradigm where
+they need to help someone else or share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to help someone else or share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to help someone else or share
+an object with someone else and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with someone else and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with someone else and they
+might be required to give up their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be required to give up their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be required to give up their own
+object versus an object that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus an object that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus an object that's just
+sitting there in the lab right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in the lab right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in the lab right
+presumably their own object has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably their own object has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably their own object has higher
+personal cost now we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal cost now we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal cost now we don't really know
+one personal cost start to impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one personal cost start to impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one personal cost start to impact
+infants pro-social behavior because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social behavior because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social behavior because
+there's been a lot of mixed evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of mixed evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of mixed evidence and
+particularly in infancy there's as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in infancy there's as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in infancy there's as of
+yet no systematic evidence that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no systematic evidence that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no systematic evidence that high
+personal costs actually reduce infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal costs actually reduce infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal costs actually reduce infants
+pro-social responding what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social responding what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social responding what about the
+question of energetic physical effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of energetic physical effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of energetic physical effort
+related costs well again here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related costs well again here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related costs well again here this is
+really an understudy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an understudy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an understudy
+topic so there's one existing study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so there's one existing study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so there's one existing study that
+has looked at infants helping under kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has looked at infants helping under kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has looked at infants helping under kind
+of minimal physical effort costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal physical effort costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal physical effort costs and
+it's a little bit hard to know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit hard to know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit hard to know what to
+make of that study because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of that study because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of that study because we know that
+infants helping behavior is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants helping behavior is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants helping behavior is still
+present under those conditions we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present under those conditions we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present under those conditions we just
+don't really know how it compares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how it compares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how it compares to
+conditions where the physical costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where the physical costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where the physical costs are
+low okay so we started off by asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay so we started off by asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay so we started off by asking a
+really super simple question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really super simple question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really super simple question about
+infants on pro-social behavior and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants on pro-social behavior and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants on pro-social behavior and that
+was whether the anticipated physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whether the anticipated physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whether the anticipated physical
+effort that goes along with pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that goes along with pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that goes along with pro-social
+responding influences infants pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding influences infants pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding influences infants pro-social
+responding in particular when the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in particular when the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in particular when the effort
+is high does it increase rather decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high does it increase rather decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high does it increase rather decrease
+infants pro-sociality okay so we tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-sociality okay so we tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-sociality okay so we tested
+18 month old infants in this study start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 month old infants in this study start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 month old infants in this study start
+by telling you about the critical test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by telling you about the critical test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by telling you about the critical test
+phase it was a helping task an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it was a helping task an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it was a helping task an
+experimenter was on the opposite side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter was on the opposite side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter was on the opposite side of
+the room she needs a block in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room she needs a block in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room she needs a block in order to
+complete a tower that she's building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete a tower that she's building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete a tower that she's building
+what happens before that is all infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens before that is all infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens before that is all infants
+take part in a training phase they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take part in a training phase they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take part in a training phase they're
+faced with these vinyl blocks you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with these vinyl blocks you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with these vinyl blocks you'll see
+a video clip in a moment and these vinyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video clip in a moment and these vinyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video clip in a moment and these vinyl
+clocks have blocks have been rigged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks have blocks have been rigged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks have blocks have been rigged by
+us so that they range in weight there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so that they range in weight there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so that they range in weight there's
+five of them they're different colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them they're different colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them they're different colors so
+infants can keep track of them during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants can keep track of them during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants can keep track of them during
+training what happens is experimenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training what happens is experimenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training what happens is experimenter
+plays a game with an infant where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a game with an infant where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a game with an infant where they
+get them to drop each block into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to drop each block into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to drop each block into a
+bucket babies like to do that it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket babies like to do that it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket babies like to do that it makes a
+cool noise right and really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool noise right and really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool noise right and really this
+training phase um serves two purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training phase um serves two purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training phase um serves two purposes
+the first purpose that it serves is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first purpose that it serves is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first purpose that it serves is we
+want infants to learn how much each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want infants to learn how much each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want infants to learn how much each
+block weighs the second purpose that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block weighs the second purpose that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block weighs the second purpose that it
+serves is we want to be able to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves is we want to be able to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves is we want to be able to record
+what is the heaviest block that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the heaviest block that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the heaviest block that infants
+are capable of lifting in the test phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of lifting in the test phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of lifting in the test phase
+as I told you the experimenters on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I told you the experimenters on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I told you the experimenters on the
+opposite side of the room she's building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of the room she's building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of the room she's building
+a block tower she needs a block to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block tower she needs a block to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block tower she needs a block to
+complete it there's a single target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it there's a single target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it there's a single target
+block available to infants and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block available to infants and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block available to infants and what
+varies between our two conditions is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies between our two conditions is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies between our two conditions is the
+weight of that block so for half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that block so for half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that block so for half of the
+babies the lightest block of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies the lightest block of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies the lightest block of the
+training blocks is left behind and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training blocks is left behind and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training blocks is left behind and for
+the other half of the babies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the babies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of the babies the
+heaviest block the infants are capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest block the infants are capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest block the infants are capable
+of lifting has been left behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting has been left behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting has been left behind
+so we're contrasting effort here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're contrasting effort here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're contrasting effort here in
+terms of the weight of the block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the weight of the block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the weight of the block that
+infants have to carry across the room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants have to carry across the room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants have to carry across the room to
+help the experimenter so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the experimenter so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the experimenter so we're looking
+at infants block retrievals the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infants block retrievals the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infants block retrievals the other
+thing that we recorded was a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we recorded was a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we recorded was a parent
+report of infant's walking experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report of infant's walking experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report of infant's walking experience so
+these are 18 month old infants they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 18 month old infants they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 18 month old infants they can
+all walk on average they've been walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all walk on average they've been walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all walk on average they've been walk
+King for six months so they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King for six months so they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King for six months so they're all
+experienced walkers but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced walkers but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced walkers but there's
+individual variability in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual variability in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual variability in terms of how
+long they've been walking for so why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they've been walking for so why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they've been walking for so why was
+this important well here was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important well here was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important well here was our
+underlying logic imagine that you and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying logic imagine that you and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying logic imagine that you and a
+friend are going on a hike you're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend are going on a hike you're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend are going on a hike you're both
+equally strong you can both lift 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally strong you can both lift 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally strong you can both lift 60
+pounds but your friend is an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds but your friend is an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds but your friend is an expert
+hiker and you're a novice hiker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiker and you're a novice hiker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiker and you're a novice hiker right
+and you both have to carry a 60 pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you both have to carry a 60 pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you both have to carry a 60 pound
+backpack up the hill well despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack up the hill well despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack up the hill well despite the
+fact that you might both be equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you might both be equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you might both be equally
+strong if you're the novice hiker that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong if you're the novice hiker that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong if you're the novice hiker that's
+probably going to be more effortful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be more effortful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be more effortful for
+you to get that backpack up the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get that backpack up the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get that backpack up the hill
+than it is going to be for your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is going to be for your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is going to be for your friend
+or your buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your buddy
+so we had a particular prediction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a particular prediction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a particular prediction that
+what we would see is a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see is a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see is a relationship
+between parent reported walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parent reported walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parent reported walking
+experience and infants likelihood judex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and infants likelihood judex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and infants likelihood judex
+and luckily hood to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luckily hood to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luckily hood to help the
+experimenter by carrying the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter by carrying the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter by carrying the block
+across the room and that this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room and that this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room and that this would be
+selective or at least stronger for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or at least stronger for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective or at least stronger for the
+high effort condition okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition okay so let me
+show you a couple little video clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple little video clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple little video clips
+here so you can get a flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can get a flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can get a flavor of the
+procedure this is just showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this is just showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this is just showing you the
+test phase so it's exerted from the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test phase so it's exerted from the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test phase so it's exerted from the test
+phase there's one one thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase there's one one thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase there's one one thing I want to
+explain a little bit so you can see up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit so you can see up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit so you can see up
+here there's this striped bucket here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's this striped bucket here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's this striped bucket here
+and the reason that we have there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that we have there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that we have there is
+that there's because we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's because we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's because we want the
+experimenter to be unaware of the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter to be unaware of the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter to be unaware of the target
+walk that is left behind so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk that is left behind so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk that is left behind so they're
+naive to the infant's condition it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive to the infant's condition it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive to the infant's condition it looks
+like from the infant's perspective that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from the infant's perspective that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from the infant's perspective that
+they can see the target block that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see the target block that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see the target block that they
+actually can't they don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't they don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can't they don't know if
+they're in the high or low effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the high or low effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the high or low effort
+condition so this is a baby who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is a baby who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is a baby who is
+tested in the low effort condition time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested in the low effort condition time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested in the low effort condition time
+you early yet can you bring me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you early yet can you bring me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you early yet can you bring me the
+blocks I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I can
+my power sorry we exerted a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power sorry we exerted a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power sorry we exerted a little bit
+early he goes over and he gives her the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early he goes over and he gives her the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early he goes over and he gives her the
+block okay okay now let's watch a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay okay now let's watch a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block okay okay now let's watch a baby
+in the high effort condition remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high effort condition remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high effort condition remember
+the only difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference between these two
+conditions is the weight of the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is the weight of the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is the weight of the block
+that's been left behind okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you bring me the work so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you bring me the work so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you bring me the work so I can
+finish my tower so it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish my tower so it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish my tower so it's a little hard to
+hear what she was saying but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what she was saying but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what she was saying but if you
+couldn't hear it she was saying no thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear it she was saying no thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't hear it she was saying no thank
+you so she said no no thank you no thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so she said no no thank you no thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so she said no no thank you no thank
+you okay so that's a pretty illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's a pretty illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's a pretty illustrative
+of the procedure okay so what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the procedure okay so what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the procedure okay so what did we
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+so here's infants rates of helping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's infants rates of helping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's infants rates of helping in
+the low effort condition and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low effort condition and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low effort condition and the high
+effort condition what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort condition what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort condition what you can see
+so infants help much more frequently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infants help much more frequently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infants help much more frequently in
+the low effort condition than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low effort condition than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low effort condition than in the
+high effort condition here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition here's what we
+found with respect to infants walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found with respect to infants walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found with respect to infants walking
+experience so walking experience how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so walking experience how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so walking experience how
+long an infant has been walking predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long an infant has been walking predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long an infant has been walking predicts
+infants likelihood of helping in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants likelihood of helping in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants likelihood of helping in the
+high effort condition and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort condition and what this
+tells us is that for each month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that for each month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that for each month of
+additional walking experience infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional walking experience infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional walking experience infants
+are twice as likely to help now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice as likely to help now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice as likely to help now what we
+can see here is that infants are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that infants are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that infants are less
+likely to help under high effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to help under high effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to help under high effort
+conditions right so infants pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so infants pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so infants pro-social
+behavior is influenced by the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is influenced by the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is influenced by the effort
+related costs of pro-social responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related costs of pro-social responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related costs of pro-social responding
+and um a critic I guess could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a critic I guess could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a critic I guess could say well
+maybe it's that it's not that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's that it's not that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's that it's not that infants
+aren't are going by the effort it's may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't are going by the effort it's may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't are going by the effort it's may
+be that they're not able to help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that they're not able to help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that they're not able to help and
+hi effort condition we don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi effort condition we don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi effort condition we don't think that
+that's the case because infants have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case because infants have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case because infants have
+given us evidence that they're capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us evidence that they're capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us evidence that they're capable
+of lifting that block right that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting that block right that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting that block right that they're
+related later tested within the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related later tested within the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related later tested within the high
+effort condition but the next condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort condition but the next condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort condition but the next condition
+I'll show you will also kind of speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you will also kind of speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you will also kind of speak to
+that and the important another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the important another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the important another important
+thing to recognize here is that infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to recognize here is that infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to recognize here is that infants
+seem to be recognizing these costs at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be recognizing these costs at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be recognizing these costs at an
+objective level I think Laura called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective level I think Laura called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective level I think Laura called
+this in her talk an agent independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in her talk an agent independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in her talk an agent independent
+level right as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right as a function of the
+circumstances of the situation right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of the situation right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of the situation right and
+they're also recognizing costs at a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also recognizing costs at a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also recognizing costs at a more
+subjective level in terms of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective level in terms of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective level in terms of their own
+capabilities and how that influences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and how that influences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and how that influences the
+particular cost in this case it's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cost in this case it's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cost in this case it's their
+amount of walking experience how expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of walking experience how expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of walking experience how expert
+a walker they are okay so what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walker they are okay so what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walker they are okay so what we wanted
+to do next is to find out whether if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next is to find out whether if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next is to find out whether if
+when infants are presented with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when infants are presented with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when infants are presented with these
+high effortful helping situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effortful helping situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effortful helping situations
+whether infants helping behavior would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants helping behavior would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether infants helping behavior would
+vary as a function of the motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary as a function of the motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary as a function of the motivational
+benefits of pro-social responding now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of pro-social responding now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of pro-social responding now
+it's been pretty firmly established that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been pretty firmly established that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been pretty firmly established that
+early pro-social responding appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early pro-social responding appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early pro-social responding appears to
+be immune to extrinsic rewards so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be immune to extrinsic rewards so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be immune to extrinsic rewards so what
+that means is if you test a baby in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if you test a baby in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if you test a baby in one
+of these helping paradigms and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these helping paradigms and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these helping paradigms and you say
+good job way to go good job that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job way to go good job that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job way to go good job that's
+actually not going to increase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to increase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to increase their
+subsequent helping behavior if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent helping behavior if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent helping behavior if anything
+it will decrease it but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will decrease it but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will decrease it but that doesn't
+mean that more intrinsic rewards don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that more intrinsic rewards don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that more intrinsic rewards don't
+influence how infants perform on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence how infants perform on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence how infants perform on these
+particular tasks we know from some prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tasks we know from some prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tasks we know from some prior
+work that infants by this age have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that infants by this age have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that infants by this age have
+certain affiliative biases right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain affiliative biases right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain affiliative biases right they
+have biases for individuals who share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have biases for individuals who share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have biases for individuals who share
+their preferences who share the who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences who share the who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences who share the who
+likes the same things that the infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the same things that the infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the same things that the infant
+likes they prefer to play with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes they prefer to play with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes they prefer to play with those
+people who then people who don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who then people who don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who then people who don't like
+the same thing that they like and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that they like and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that they like and they
+also possess affiliative biases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also possess affiliative biases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also possess affiliative biases for
+people who could be said to share sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could be said to share sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who could be said to share sort
+of in group member characteristics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in group member characteristics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in group member characteristics right
+so infants like people who speak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infants like people who speak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infants like people who speak a
+native their native language over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native their native language over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native their native language over a
+non-native language speaker and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-native language speaker and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-native language speaker and of
+course these ability biases might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these ability biases might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these ability biases might have
+important functional consequences right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important functional consequences right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important functional consequences right
+they might be important for from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be important for from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be important for from for
+cultural learning so what do we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural learning so what do we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural learning so what do we wanted
+to know in this next study is whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in this next study is whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in this next study is whether we
+could kind of push around these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of push around these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of push around these
+intrinsic benefits for infants to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic benefits for infants to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic benefits for infants to see if
+their behavior would change under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior would change under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior would change under these
+high effort helping conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort helping conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high effort helping conditions
+the way that we did this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we did this in this
+particular study is prior to the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular study is prior to the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular study is prior to the test
+procedure the helping task we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the helping task we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the helping task we've had
+infants take part in this little task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants take part in this little task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants take part in this little task
+where they were given one two toys they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were given one two toys they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were given one two toys they
+could choose between the two toys that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose between the two toys that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose between the two toys that's
+happened on three different trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on three different trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on three different trials
+different toys each trial infants would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different toys each trial infants would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different toys each trial infants would
+make a choice and then the experimenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a choice and then the experimenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a choice and then the experimenter
+would subsequently show that she liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would subsequently show that she liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would subsequently show that she liked
+one toy in just like the other toy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one toy in just like the other toy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one toy in just like the other toy and
+the really simple manipulation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really simple manipulation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really simple manipulation between
+these two different conditions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different conditions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different conditions was
+whether the experimenter liked the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the experimenter liked the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the experimenter liked the same
+toy as the baby or whether she liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy as the baby or whether she liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy as the baby or whether she liked the
+other toy so did she share the infant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other toy so did she share the infant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other toy so did she share the infant's
+preferences or did she oppose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or did she oppose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or did she oppose their
+preferences right and we would think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences right and we would think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences right and we would think in
+terms of the data on infants affiliative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the data on infants affiliative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the data on infants affiliative
+biases that they would prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases that they would prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases that they would prefer to
+interact with someone who shares their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with someone who shares their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with someone who shares their
+preferences infants took part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences infants took part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences infants took part in the
+same helping tasks as they did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same helping tasks as they did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same helping tasks as they did in the
+first experiment to streamline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment to streamline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment to streamline the
+procedure we use the median block weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we use the median block weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we use the median block weight
+that infants have been capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants have been capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants have been capable of
+lifting in the first study the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting in the first study the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting in the first study the other
+thing that we did is we added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we did is we added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we did is we added a
+post-test phase so we excluded any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-test phase so we excluded any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-test phase so we excluded any
+infants who were not capable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants who were not capable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants who were not capable in the
+post-test of lifting the target block or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-test of lifting the target block or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-test of lifting the target block or
+a heavier block right so we know for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier block right so we know for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier block right so we know for all
+of these infants in the sample that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these infants in the sample that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these infants in the sample that they
+can lift the block the question is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lift the block the question is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lift the block the question is do
+they help the experimenter okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help the experimenter okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help the experimenter okay so we
+again looked at if it's helping behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looked at if it's helping behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looked at if it's helping behavior
+we looked at their walking experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at their walking experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at their walking experience
+the other thing that we did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that we did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that we did in this
+study is we looked at infants helping as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is we looked at infants helping as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is we looked at infants helping as
+a function of the response period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the response period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the response period
+whether helping occurred in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether helping occurred in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether helping occurred in the the
+rates of helping in the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of helping in the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of helping in the first half of
+the response period versus the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response period versus the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response period versus the rates of
+helping overall in the response period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping overall in the response period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping overall in the response period
+and our motivation for doing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our motivation for doing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our motivation for doing this is
+that we thought that if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we thought that if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we thought that if there are
+differences in the degree of motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the degree of motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the degree of motivation
+to help you might see early differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you might see early differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you might see early differences
+in the response period right so early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the response period right so early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the response period right so early on
+infants might differentiate across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants might differentiate across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants might differentiate across the
+conditions but these might attenuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but these might attenuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but these might attenuate
+over time one thing I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time one thing I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time one thing I forgot to mention
+is that in the course of the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the course of the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the course of the response
+period infants received prompts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period infants received prompts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period infants received prompts at
+certain intervals in order to say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain intervals in order to say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain intervals in order to say can
+you get me to block right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get me to block right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get me to block right so the
+question is with these prompts will any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is with these prompts will any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is with these prompts will any
+early differences that we see attenuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early differences that we see attenuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early differences that we see attenuate
+over time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time okay
+so here's what we can see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we can see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we can see this is the
+first half of the response period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the response period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the response period
+infants in the shared preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants in the shared preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants in the shared preference
+condition are significantly more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are significantly more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are significantly more likely
+to help the experimenter than infants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the experimenter than infants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the experimenter than infants in
+the non-shared preference condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-shared preference condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-shared preference condition
+right so when there are intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when there are intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when there are intrinsic
+rewards associated with engaging in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards associated with engaging in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards associated with engaging in high
+effort behavior infants are more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort behavior infants are more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort behavior infants are more likely
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the experimenter the other thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter the other thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimenter the other thing that we
+saw is that infants walking experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is that infants walking experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw is that infants walking experience
+significantly predicts helping behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly predicts helping behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly predicts helping behavior
+in the non-shared preference condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-shared preference condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-shared preference condition
+so when the motivational benefits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the motivational benefits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the motivational benefits are
+low these subjective costs seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low these subjective costs seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low these subjective costs seem to
+insert a stronger a stronger rule have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a stronger a stronger rule have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a stronger a stronger rule have a
+stronger predictive value then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger predictive value then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger predictive value then when the
+motivational consequence reverse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational consequence reverse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational consequence reverse or
+motivational benefits are high and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational benefits are high and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational benefits are high and then
+here this is shows you if it's helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is shows you if it's helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is shows you if it's helping
+behavior but now as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but now as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but now as a function of the
+overall response period you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall response period you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall response period you can see
+they're still numerically different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still numerically different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still numerically different but
+they start to come together right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to come together right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to come together right so the
+differences are really driven by what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are really driven by what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are really driven by what's
+happening early in the response period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these findings suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these findings suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these findings suggest that
+infants willingness to engage in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants willingness to engage in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants willingness to engage in high
+effort high-cost helping is motivated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort high-cost helping is motivated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort high-cost helping is motivated or
+affected by intrinsic motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by intrinsic motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by intrinsic motivational
+factors infants are more likely to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors infants are more likely to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors infants are more likely to carry
+a heavy block to help someone who shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavy block to help someone who shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavy block to help someone who shares
+their preference one thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preference one thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preference one thing I want to
+point out here is that these findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here is that these findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here is that these findings
+help us sort of interpret what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us sort of interpret what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us sort of interpret what's going
+on in the first experiment right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the first experiment right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the first experiment right if the
+first experiment was explained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment was explained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment was explained by the
+fact that it's a lack of ability versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a lack of ability versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a lack of ability versus
+the lack of effort we shouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of effort we shouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of effort we shouldn't get
+these findings right because the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings right because the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings right because the effort
+is equivalent across these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent across these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent across these two
+conditions here and what simply varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and what simply varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here and what simply varies
+are the kind of motivational benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of motivational benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of motivational benefits
+okay so now I want to tell you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to tell you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to tell you about a
+study that we're just in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that we're just in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that we're just in the middle of
+conducting I think it's really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting I think it's really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting I think it's really exciting
+and interesting I'd be curious to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting I'd be curious to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting I'd be curious to get
+your thoughts so we're real it early-mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts so we're real it early-mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts so we're real it early-mid
+data collection but I think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection but I think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection but I think I have
+enough data to tell you what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data to tell you what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data to tell you what's going on
+so far so now we're trying to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so now we're trying to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so now we're trying to expand the
+scope of benefits that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of benefits that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of benefits that we're looking at
+right and as we I sort of alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as we I sort of alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as we I sort of alluded to
+earlier we do really don't know as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we do really don't know as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we do really don't know as of
+yet or we don't know very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet or we don't know very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet or we don't know very much about
+what cost counts as a cost and a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cost counts as a cost and a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cost counts as a cost and a benefit
+for infants right that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infants right that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infants right that's something that
+we actually have to figure out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to figure out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to figure out to
+determine empirically there's been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine empirically there's been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine empirically there's been some
+recent studies that have shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent studies that have shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent studies that have shown that
+three and four-year-olds perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four-year-olds perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four-year-olds perhaps
+paradoxically when they're tested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxically when they're tested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxically when they're tested and
+sharing tasks are more likely to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing tasks are more likely to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing tasks are more likely to share
+with a rich recipient than a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rich recipient than a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a rich recipient than a poor
+recipient right and that is paradoxical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient right and that is paradoxical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient right and that is paradoxical
+in the sense that of course the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that of course the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that of course the rich
+recipient has less of a need than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient has less of a need than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient has less of a need than the
+poor recipient but perhaps on surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor recipient but perhaps on surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor recipient but perhaps on surprising
+in the sense that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that there's something
+self-serving right like that it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-serving right like that it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-serving right like that it's it
+might be in yourself interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in yourself interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in yourself interest to
+affiliate with people who have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate with people who have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate with people who have a lot of
+resources versus people who a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources versus people who a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources versus people who a few
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+in our study what we did is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our study what we did is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our study what we did is before
+infants got the helping tasks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants got the helping tasks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants got the helping tasks we
+demonstrated to them that one individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated to them that one individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated to them that one individual
+had more resources than the under vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more resources than the under vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more resources than the under vision
+other individual it's a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individual it's a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other individual it's a really simple
+manipulation what they did is they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation what they did is they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation what they did is they saw
+two individuals they're sitting at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals they're sitting at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals they're sitting at a
+table they both have these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they both have these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they both have these like
+transparent fishbowl looking bowls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent fishbowl looking bowls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent fishbowl looking bowls and
+on each trial they have different goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each trial they have different goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each trial they have different goods
+in the fish bowls so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fish bowls so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fish bowls so what happens is
+that one individual always has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one individual always has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one individual always has lots of
+stuff right on one trial it's animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right on one trial it's animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right on one trial it's animal
+crackers the other trial it's these cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crackers the other trial it's these cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crackers the other trial it's these cool
+little balls the third trial it sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls the third trial it sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls the third trial it sees the
+cool flashing little blingy rings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool flashing little blingy rings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool flashing little blingy rings and
+the other person has very few but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person has very few but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person has very few but they
+both do exactly the same thing during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both do exactly the same thing during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both do exactly the same thing during
+this first phase what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first phase what they do is they
+take turns we counter balance everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take turns we counter balance everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take turns we counter balance everything
+of course they pull out three objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they pull out three objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they pull out three objects
+one at a time and they say hey baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and they say hey baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and they say hey baby
+look at all my toys right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all my toys right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all my toys right so they're
+both doing the same thing exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both doing the same thing exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both doing the same thing exactly the
+same thing what differs is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing what differs is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing what differs is the kind of
+resource context right one of them has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource context right one of them has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource context right one of them has a
+lot of stuff one of them only has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff one of them only has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff one of them only has three
+things right and we do that on repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right and we do that on repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right and we do that on repeated
+trials because we're trying to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials because we're trying to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials because we're trying to give
+babies the impression that generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies the impression that generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies the impression that generally
+this person has more stuff than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has more stuff than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has more stuff than the
+other person okay so then we test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person okay so then we test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person okay so then we test
+instance in the helping task this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the helping task this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in the helping task this
+helping task is a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping task is a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping task is a little bit different
+than the one I just told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one I just told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one I just told you about
+because now we're pitting these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're pitting these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're pitting these two
+experimenters against one another the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters against one another the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters against one another the
+experimenters in the helping task have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters in the helping task have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenters in the helping task have
+equivalent need they both like Miranda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent need they both like Miranda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent need they both like Miranda
+was doing earlier are building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing earlier are building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing earlier are building this
+tower right they're missing a block they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower right they're missing a block they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower right they're missing a block they
+need a block to complete their Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a block to complete their Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a block to complete their Tower
+right the only thing that your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the only thing that your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the only thing that your friend
+she eighths the experimenter is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she eighths the experimenter is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she eighths the experimenter is what
+happened previously one person had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened previously one person had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened previously one person had a lot
+of stuff the other person had didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff the other person had didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff the other person had didn't
+have very much stuff and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very much stuff and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very much stuff and the other thing
+that we're manipulating here is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're manipulating here is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're manipulating here is whether
+the infant has to engage in equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant has to engage in equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infant has to engage in equally
+equally effortful actions to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally effortful actions to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally effortful actions to help the
+two experimenters or whether helping one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experimenters or whether helping one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two experimenters or whether helping one
+of the experimenters is more effortful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experimenters is more effortful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experimenters is more effortful
+and the way that we've operationalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that we've operationalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that we've operationalized
+this so far in this study is by varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so far in this study is by varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so far in this study is by varying
+how long the baby has to walk so in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the baby has to walk so in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the baby has to walk so in one
+case the person is within a few feet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the person is within a few feet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the person is within a few feet in
+the other case they're across the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case they're across the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case they're across the room
+okay so let me show you the data first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you the data first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you the data first
+for the equal effort condition so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equal effort condition so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equal effort condition so these
+are this is what this graph shows you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is what this graph shows you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is what this graph shows you is
+who the baby is helping and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the baby is helping and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the baby is helping and what you can
+see here is when effort is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is when effort is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is when effort is equivalent
+infants are systematically helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are systematically helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants are systematically helping the
+person who has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has more
+resources they're helping the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they're helping the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources they're helping the rich
+experimenter so now the question becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter so now the question becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter so now the question becomes
+what happens in cases of unequal effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in cases of unequal effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in cases of unequal effort
+and as I said this data is still coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said this data is still coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said this data is still coming
+in we're still testing this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're still testing this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're still testing this so the
+condition that we started with given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we started with given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we started with given
+that we have this initial pattern is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this initial pattern is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this initial pattern is the
+condition where the rich experimenter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where the rich experimenter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where the rich experimenter is
+the one you have to walk a long way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you have to walk a long way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you have to walk a long way to
+and the poor experimenter is the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poor experimenter is the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poor experimenter is the one you
+have to walk on the short way to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk on the short way to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk on the short way to and
+here's what we see flips so I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we see flips so I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we see flips so I think what
+this suggests is that if infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests is that if infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests is that if infants are
+both weighing the cost of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both weighing the cost of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both weighing the cost of the action
+they have to perform and the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to perform and the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to perform and the intrinsic
+motivational benefits as defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational benefits as defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational benefits as defined by
+these sort of things that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of things that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of things that might be
+important for social affiliation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for social affiliation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for social affiliation okay so
+what implications does this have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what implications does this have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what implications does this have for
+infants pro-social behavior well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social behavior well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants pro-social behavior well it
+suggests that it may be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that it may be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that it may be the case that
+cost-benefit analyses underlie infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-benefit analyses underlie infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost-benefit analyses underlie infants
+pro-social behavior in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social behavior in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social behavior in particular
+they're helping behavior and I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're helping behavior and I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're helping behavior and I also want
+to take us back to two of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take us back to two of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take us back to two of the questions
+that I raised earlier one was about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I raised earlier one was about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I raised earlier one was about the
+selective nature of early pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective nature of early pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective nature of early pro-social
+behavior or the strategic nature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or the strategic nature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or the strategic nature and the
+other was about the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was about the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was about the underlying
+motivation so I think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation so I think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation so I think in terms of the
+selective strategic question on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective strategic question on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective strategic question on the one
+hand we can say fairly early on at 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we can say fairly early on at 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we can say fairly early on at 18
+months infants pro-social behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months infants pro-social behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months infants pro-social behavior is
+strategic in the sense that what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic in the sense that what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic in the sense that what they
+seem to be doing is minimizing costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be doing is minimizing costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be doing is minimizing costs and
+maximizing motivational benefits and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing motivational benefits and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing motivational benefits and in
+terms of the motivation I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the motivation I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the motivation I think what
+these findings tell us and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings tell us and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings tell us and this is not
+to say that infants are never motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that infants are never motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that infants are never motivated
+by empathic concern they're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by empathic concern they're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by empathic concern they're never
+motivated by other people's needs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by other people's needs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by other people's needs but
+there are other things that come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that come into
+play here so infants under mode lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here so infants under mode lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here so infants under mode lying
+motivation to help is influenced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to help is influenced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to help is influenced by a
+tendency to want to affiliate by pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to want to affiliate by pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to want to affiliate by pretty
+much particular individuals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much particular individuals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much particular individuals okay
+so I told you a little bit about infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I told you a little bit about infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I told you a little bit about infants
+registration of costs and the actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration of costs and the actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration of costs and the actions
+that their people their use of costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their people their use of costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their people their use of costs and
+benefits to guide their own per social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to guide their own per social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to guide their own per social
+behavior I just want to close by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior I just want to close by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior I just want to close by kind of
+raising some some questions that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising some some questions that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising some some questions that I think
+we should be interested in pursuing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be interested in pursuing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be interested in pursuing in
+the future okay so this came up earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future okay so this came up earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future okay so this came up earlier
+right so one thing that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing that we have to
+understand to understand infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to understand infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to understand infants
+behavior is to understand what acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is to understand what acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is to understand what acts as a
+cost for infants and what acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for infants and what acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for infants and what acts as a
+benefit for infants and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for infants and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for infants and I think the
+thing that's really important to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's really important to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's really important to point
+out here is it won't necessarily be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is it won't necessarily be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is it won't necessarily be what
+we think as adults right it won't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think as adults right it won't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think as adults right it won't be in
+to ative to us right and the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ative to us right and the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ative to us right and the classic
+example that we can think about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we can think about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we can think about is you
+know you buy your child this toy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you buy your child this toy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you buy your child this toy you
+bring it home from the store you're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it home from the store you're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it home from the store you're so
+excited to give your child this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to give your child this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to give your child this cool
+snazzy toy and all they want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snazzy toy and all they want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snazzy toy and all they want to do is
+play with the box right so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the box right so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with the box right so what that
+shows us is we're not good models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us is we're not good models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us is we're not good models
+necessarily we have to kind of determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we have to kind of determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily we have to kind of determine
+this empirically we can't certainly use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirically we can't certainly use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirically we can't certainly use
+our own tuitions to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own tuitions to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own tuitions to figure this out
+another question is how are costs read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is how are costs read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is how are costs read
+right so in the first study I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the first study I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the first study I showed you
+that infants experience potentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants experience potentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants experience potentially is
+important or factors that gate infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or factors that gate infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or factors that gate infants
+experience right but that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right but that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience right but that's in the
+situation where there aren't a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where there aren't a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where there aren't a lot of
+observable choose to effort so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable choose to effort so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable choose to effort so I think
+it may be the case that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be the case that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be the case that there's some
+variability here some costs infants may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here some costs infants may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here some costs infants may
+require experience with in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require experience with in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require experience with in order to
+figure out what is the cost right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the cost right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the cost right how
+much of a cost is this and maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a cost is this and maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a cost is this and maybe there
+are other costs that infants can more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other costs that infants can more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other costs that infants can more
+readily read from the get-go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily read from the get-go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily read from the get-go and then
+finally I think at some point we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I think at some point we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I think at some point we need to
+ask whether infants and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether infants and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether infants and potentially
+children are sensitive to other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sensitive to other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sensitive to other types of
+cost beyond effort also if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost beyond effort also if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost beyond effort also if they have a
+kind of higher level category of cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of higher level category of cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of higher level category of cost so
+one thing that's really interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's really interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's really interesting in
+the literature on non-human animals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature on non-human animals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature on non-human animals is
+that there are just so seeable neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are just so seeable neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are just so seeable neural
+systems that are responsible for effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are responsible for effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are responsible for effort
+reward decision making and for delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward decision making and for delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward decision making and for delay
+reward decision-making but obviously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward decision-making but obviously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward decision-making but obviously we
+as adults can group these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as adults can group these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as adults can group these things
+together or I wouldn't be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or I wouldn't be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or I wouldn't be able to give
+this talk today and Laura wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk today and Laura wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk today and Laura wouldn't have
+been able to give her talk today so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to give her talk today so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to give her talk today so one
+of the things we have to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we have to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we have to start to
+understand is when do those things kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is when do those things kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is when do those things kind
+of come together in service of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come together in service of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come together in service of this
+literature category of costs okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature category of costs okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature category of costs okay so I'm
+going to stop there and ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop there and ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop there and ask for
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-CsEPYeSBsg.txt b/-CsEPYeSBsg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a020d0284831c15db285152aa93f57afe25b0d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-CsEPYeSBsg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1264 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today we're
+going to work on an optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on an optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on an optimization problem
+so the question I want us to answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question I want us to answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question I want us to answer is
+what point on the curve y equals square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point on the curve y equals square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point on the curve y equals square
+root of X+ 4 comes closest to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of X+ 4 comes closest to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of X+ 4 comes closest to the origin
+I've drawn a sketch of this curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn a sketch of this curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn a sketch of this curve the
+scale in this direction the each hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this direction the each hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in this direction the each hash
+mark is one unit in the X Direction each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark is one unit in the X Direction each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark is one unit in the X Direction each
+hash mark here is one unit in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash mark here is one unit in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash mark here is one unit in the y
+direction just want to point out two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction just want to point out two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction just want to point out two
+easy places to figure out the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy places to figure out the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy places to figure out the distance
+to the origin over here where the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin over here where the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin over here where the curve
+starts at40 the distance to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at40 the distance to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at40 the distance to the origin
+is 4 units and here at 02 the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 units and here at 02 the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 units and here at 02 the distance
+of the origin is two units so probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the origin is two units so probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the origin is two units so probably
+we could safely say further away here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could safely say further away here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could safely say further away here so
+we're anticipating that somewhere along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're anticipating that somewhere along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're anticipating that somewhere along
+the curve in this region is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve in this region is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve in this region is where we
+should find our our place that's closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find our our place that's closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find our our place that's closest
+to the origin the only reason I point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin the only reason I point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin the only reason I point
+that out is that when you're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is that when you're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is that when you're doing these
+problems on your own you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on your own you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on your own you should always
+try and anticipate roughly where thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and anticipate roughly where thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and anticipate roughly where thing
+should happen in what kind of region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen in what kind of region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen in what kind of region so
+that you don't you don't start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you don't start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't you don't start thinking
+if you if you do something wrong and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you do something wrong and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you do something wrong and you
+get x equals 100 and then you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x equals 100 and then you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x equals 100 and then you come back
+and look at the curve you realize right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the curve you realize right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the curve you realize right
+away well that doesn't make any sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well that doesn't make any sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well that doesn't make any sense so
+we would always be thinking as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would always be thinking as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would always be thinking as we're
+solving the problem does my answer make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem does my answer make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem does my answer make
+sense so I'm actually going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I'm actually going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I'm actually going to give you
+a little bit of time to work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of time to work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of time to work on this
+yourself and then I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and then I'll come back and
+I'll work on it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well well welcome back hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well welcome back hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well welcome back hopefully you
+were able to get pretty far into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get pretty far into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get pretty far into this
+problem and so I will start working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I will start working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I will start working on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+now so the again the question is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the again the question is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the again the question is that we
+want to we want to optimize uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to optimize uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to optimize uh in this
+in this case minimize distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case minimize distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case minimize distance to the
+origin from this curve and so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin from this curve and so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin from this curve and so what we're
+really trying to do is we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to do is we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to do is we have we have a
+constraint the constraint is we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the constraint is we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the constraint is we have to
+be on the curve and then we also have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the curve and then we also have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the curve and then we also have um
+something we're trying to minimize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're trying to minimize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're trying to minimize and
+the thing we're trying to minimize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're trying to minimize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're trying to minimize is
+distance and so we have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and so we have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and so we have to we have to
+make sure that we understand the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand the two
+equations that we need the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we need the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we need the optimization
+or the constraint equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the constraint equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the constraint equation and the
+optimizing equation so to optimize we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing equation so to optimize we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing equation so to optimize we
+need to know how to measure distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to measure distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to measure distance in
+in two-dimensional space and one point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two-dimensional space and one point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two-dimensional space and one point I
+want to make is that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make is that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make is that if you want to
+optimize distance you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize distance you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize distance you might as well
+optimize the square of distance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the square of distance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the square of distance because
+it's much easier so let me justify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier so let me justify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier so let me justify that
+briefly and then we'll go on so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and then we'll go on so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and then we'll go on so I want
+to optimize the distance squared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize the distance squared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize the distance squared to the
+origin it's well distance you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it's well distance you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it's well distance you remember
+first in general between two points x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in general between two points x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in general between two points x y
+and ab is is something in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ab is is something in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ab is is something in this
+form distance squared is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form distance squared is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form distance squared is the difference
+between the x value squared plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x value squared plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the x value squared plus the
+difference between the y- value squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the y- value squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the y- value squared
+this is should remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is should remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is should remind you of the
+Pythagorean theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem
+ultimately so in this case in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately so in this case in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately so in this case in our case
+distance is to the origin is x^2 + y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is to the origin is x^2 + y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is to the origin is x^2 + y^2
+the distance squ is x2+ y^2 I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance squ is x2+ y^2 I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance squ is x2+ y^2 I just told
+you that instead of trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that instead of trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that instead of trying to optimize
+distance we can optimize distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance we can optimize distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance we can optimize distance
+squared Why is that well remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Why is that well remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Why is that well remember that
+when you optimize what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you optimize what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you optimize what you're looking
+for is a place where the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a place where the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a place where the derivative of
+the function of of interest is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of of interest is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of of interest is equal to
+zero so what I want to point out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I want to point out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I want to point out is that
+when you take the derivative of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of distance
+squared and find where that's zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and find where that's zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and find where that's zero it's
+going to be the same as the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the place where
+uh where the derivative of distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the derivative of distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the derivative of distance is
+equal to zero so let's notice that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so let's notice that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so let's notice that so
+this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little
+sidebar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+justification notice d squ Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification notice d squ Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification notice d squ Prime is
+equal to 2D D Prime where did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2D D Prime where did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2D D Prime where did that come
+from that's this is implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's this is implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's this is implicit
+differentiation with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation with respect to X and
+this is the chain rule so if I want D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the chain rule so if I want D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the chain rule so if I want D
+Prime to equal zero I can also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to equal zero I can also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to equal zero I can also find
+where D2 Prime equals zero I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where D2 Prime equals zero I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where D2 Prime equals zero I'm assuming
+notice the distance is never at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the distance is never at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the distance is never at the
+origin so distance is never zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so distance is never zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so distance is never zero so I
+don't have to worry about that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that so that's
+a small sidebar but just to justify why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sidebar but just to justify why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sidebar but just to justify why
+we can do that now let's come back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that now let's come back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that now let's come back into
+the problem at hand what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem at hand what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem at hand what is our
+optimization problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem um
+equation that we want to minimize we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we want to minimize we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we want to minimize we
+want to minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize this
+equation with respect to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with respect to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with respect to a certain
+constraint what's the constraint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint what's the constraint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint what's the constraint the
+constraint is what Y is y depends on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is what Y is y depends on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is what Y is y depends on on
+X and so when I solve these problems I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and so when I solve these problems I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and so when I solve these problems I'm
+I'm going to have to substitute in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to substitute in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to substitute in my
+constraint so y^2 is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so y^2 is the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so y^2 is the square root of
+X+ 4 quantity squared so I just get X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ 4 quantity squared so I just get X+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ 4 quantity squared so I just get X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have my optimization equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have my optimization equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have my optimization equation
+how do I find a minimum or a maximum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find a minimum or a maximum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find a minimum or a maximum I
+take the derivative and set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative and set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative and set it equal to
+zero so let me come give myself a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let me come give myself a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let me come give myself a little
+more room and do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more room and do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more room and do that over
+here so d^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so d^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so d^2
+Prime now I get derivative of X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now I get derivative of X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now I get derivative of X2 is
+2x the derivative of x is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x the derivative of x is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x the derivative of x is one and the
+derivative of four is zero this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of four is zero this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of four is zero this will be
+optimized when this is equal Al to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized when this is equal Al to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized when this is equal Al to 0 so
+0 = 2x + 1 so X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-2 does this pass as we would say maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 does this pass as we would say maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 does this pass as we would say maybe
+the smell test does it smell okay to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smell test does it smell okay to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smell test does it smell okay to us
+the answer will be yes because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer will be yes because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer will be yes because it
+remember we said somewhere in this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said somewhere in this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said somewhere in this x
+region is where we expect that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is where we expect that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is where we expect that we will
+have a distance closest a point closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distance closest a point closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distance closest a point closest
+to the origin and so we're right here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin and so we're right here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the origin and so we're right here on
+the x value now we have to find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x value now we have to find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x value now we have to find what the
+Y value is to finish the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y value is to finish the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y value is to finish the problem but
+this this is not so far very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not so far very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not so far very surprising
+it seems like maybe the right thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like maybe the right thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like maybe the right thing now
+we have X so now how do we find y well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X so now how do we find y well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X so now how do we find y well
+we know what Y is y is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what Y is y is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what Y is y is equal to the
+square root of x + 4 so it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x + 4 so it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x + 4 so it's equal to
+theun of -2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of -2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of -2 +
+4 which simplified is three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which simplified is three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which simplified is three and a half
+which I think uh is seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think uh is seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think uh is seven
+halves so the point is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so the point is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so the point is -
+one2 comma square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 comma square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 comma square root of
+sevenes and then you just want to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevenes and then you just want to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevenes and then you just want to double
+check and make sure did I ask for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and make sure did I ask for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and make sure did I ask for the
+distance or did I ask for the point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or did I ask for the point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or did I ask for the point and
+right now we have the point so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have the point so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have the point so let's
+come over and make sure what point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over and make sure what point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over and make sure what point on
+the curve is comes closest to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is comes closest to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is comes closest to the origin
+so now we know that we've answered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we know that we've answered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we know that we've answered the
+correct question so again it was a maxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct question so again it was a maxim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct question so again it was a maxim
+maximize Min sorry it was a minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize Min sorry it was a minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize Min sorry it was a minimizing
+problem it was an optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it was an optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it was an optimization problem
+where we wanted to minimize distance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we wanted to minimize distance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we wanted to minimize distance we
+had a constraint equation we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a constraint equation we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a constraint equation we had the
+thing we wanted to minimize then we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we wanted to minimize then we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we wanted to minimize then we took
+the derivative of the minimizer set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the minimizer set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the minimizer set it
+or of the optimizing equation set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of the optimizing equation set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of the optimizing equation set it
+equal to zero solved for x and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero solved for x and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero solved for x and then
+found the answer to the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the answer to the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the answer to the specific
+question by then finding the Y value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by then finding the Y value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by then finding the Y value and
+I think I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-EQTVuAhSFY.txt b/-EQTVuAhSFY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2df1c1541515b6dc23727377e9b3bee3eeb8d813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-EQTVuAhSFY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can hope that allone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone so um today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so um today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so um today we're going to do
+some algorithms back to algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithms back to algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algorithms back to algorithms and
+we're going to use a lot of the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use a lot of the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use a lot of the well
+some of the simpler mathematics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simpler mathematics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simpler mathematics that we
+developed last class like the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed last class like the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed last class like the master
+theorem for solving recurrences we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for solving recurrences we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for solving recurrences we're
+going to use this a lot because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this a lot because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this a lot because we're
+going to talk about recursive algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about recursive algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about recursive algorithms
+today and so we'll find their running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so we'll find their running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so we'll find their running
+time using the master theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using the master theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using the master theorem this is
+just the same as it was last time I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as it was last time I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as it was last time I hope
+unless I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I made a
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+um yeah a couple reminders you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah a couple reminders you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah a couple reminders you should
+all go to recitation on Friday that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to recitation on Friday that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to recitation on Friday that's
+required if you want to you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you want to you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you want to you can go to
+homework lab on Sunday um that may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework lab on Sunday um that may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework lab on Sunday um that may be a
+good excuse for you to actually work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excuse for you to actually work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excuse for you to actually work on
+your problem set a few hours early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set a few hours early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set a few hours early
+uh actually it's do on Wednesday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it's do on Wednesday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it's do on Wednesday so
+you've got lots of time uh and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got lots of time uh and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got lots of time uh and there's
+no class on Monday it is the holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no class on Monday it is the holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no class on Monday it is the holiday
+known as student holiday so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as student holiday so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as student holiday so don't
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+today we're going to do we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do we're going to
+cover something called divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer also known as divide and rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer also known as divide and rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer also known as divide and rule or
+divid impia for those of you who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid impia for those of you who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid impia for those of you who know
+Latin uh which is a tried and tested way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin uh which is a tried and tested way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin uh which is a tried and tested way
+of conquering a land by dividing it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conquering a land by dividing it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conquering a land by dividing it into
+sections of some kind could be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of some kind could be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of some kind could be different
+political factions different whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political factions different whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political factions different whatever
+and then somehow making them no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow making them no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow making them no longer
+like each other like starting a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each other like starting a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each other like starting a family
+feud is always a good method so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feud is always a good method so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feud is always a good method so you
+should remember this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember this on your
+quiz I'm kidding and uh and if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I'm kidding and uh and if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I'm kidding and uh and if you you
+can separate this big Power structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate this big Power structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate this big Power structure
+into little power structures so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little power structures so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little power structures so that you
+dominate each little power structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate each little power structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate each little power structure
+structure then you can conquer all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then you can conquer all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then you can conquer all of
+them individually as long as you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually as long as you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them individually as long as you make
+sure they don't get back together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they don't get back together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they don't get back together so
+that's divide and conquer as practiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divide and conquer as practiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divide and conquer as practiced
+say by the British but today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by the British but today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by the British but today we're going
+to do divide and conquer as practiced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do divide and conquer as practiced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do divide and conquer as practiced in
+Corman lerson reest Stein or every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corman lerson reest Stein or every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corman lerson reest Stein or every other
+algorithm's textbook this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's textbook this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm's textbook this is a very
+basic and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and very
+powerful uh algorithm design technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh algorithm design technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh algorithm design technique
+so this is our first real algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our first real algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our first real algorithm
+design experience we're still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design experience we're still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design experience we're still sort of
+mostly in the analysis mode but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the analysis mode but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the analysis mode but we're
+going to do some actual design uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some actual design uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do some actual design uh we're
+going to cover maybe only three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover maybe only three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover maybe only three or four
+major design techniques this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major design techniques this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major design techniques this is one of
+them so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+important and it will lead to all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it will lead to all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it will lead to all sorts
+of recurrences so we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrences so we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrences so we'll get to
+uh we'll get to use everything from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to use everything from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll get to use everything from last
+class see why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class see why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class see why it's
+useful so as you might expect the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so as you might expect the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so as you might expect the first
+step in divide and conquer is divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in divide and conquer is divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in divide and conquer is divide and
+the second step is conquer but you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is conquer but you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is conquer but you may
+not have guessed that there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have guessed that there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have guessed that there are three
+steps and I'm leaving some Blank Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and I'm leaving some Blank Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and I'm leaving some Blank Space
+here so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too so divide and conquer is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so divide and conquer is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so divide and conquer is an
+algorithmic technique you're given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic technique you're given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic technique you're given some
+big problem you want to solve you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you want to solve you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you want to solve you don't
+really know how to solve it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to solve it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how to solve it in an
+efficient way so you're going to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way so you're going to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way so you're going to split
+it up into sub problems that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divide you're going to divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide you're going to divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide you're going to divide that
+problem or more precisely the instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or more precisely the instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or more precisely the instance
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+problem the particular instance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the particular instance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the particular instance of that
+problem you have have into sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problemss and those sub problems should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemss and those sub problems should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problemss and those sub problems should
+be smaller in some sense and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller in some sense and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller in some sense and smaller
+means normally that the value of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means normally that the value of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means normally that the value of n is
+smaller than it was in your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it was in your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it was in your original
+problem so you sort of made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you sort of made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you sort of made some
+progress now you have one or or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress now you have one or or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress now you have one or or more
+likely you have several sub problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you have several sub problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you have several sub problems you
+need to solve each of them is smaller to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve each of them is smaller to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve each of them is smaller to
+recursively solve each sub problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively solve each sub problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively solve each sub problem uh
+that's the conquer step so you conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conquer step so you conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conquer step so you conquer
+each sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sub
+problem recursively and then somehow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively and then somehow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively and then somehow you
+combine those Solutions into uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those Solutions into uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those Solutions into uh a
+solution for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so this is the general divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is the general divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is the general divide
+and conquer Paradigm and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer Paradigm and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer Paradigm and lots of
+algorithms fit it you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms fit it you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms fit it you've already seen
+one algorithm that fits this paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one algorithm that fits this paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one algorithm that fits this paradigm
+if you can remember merge sort good wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can remember merge sort good wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can remember merge sort good wow
+you're all awake I'm impressed so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all awake I'm impressed so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all awake I'm impressed so we we
+saw merge sort and if I'm clever I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw merge sort and if I'm clever I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw merge sort and if I'm clever I could
+fit it in this space sure let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clever so quick review on merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever so quick review on merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever so quick review on merge sort
+phrased in this one two three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased in this one two three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased in this one two three kind of
+method the first step was to divide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the first step was to divide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the first step was to divide your
+array into two halves this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array into two halves this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array into two halves this really
+doesn't mean anything because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything because you just
+sort of think oh I'll pretend my array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think oh I'll pretend my array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think oh I'll pretend my array
+is divided into two halves you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided into two halves you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided into two halves you don't
+have to there's no work here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to there's no work here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to there's no work here this is
+zero time you just look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time you just look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time you just look at your
+array here's your array I guess maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array here's your array I guess maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array here's your array I guess maybe
+you compute n /2 and take the floor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute n /2 and take the floor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute n /2 and take the floor okay
+that takes constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and you say okay I'm pretending my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you say okay I'm pretending my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you say okay I'm pretending my
+array is now divided into the left part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is now divided into the left part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is now divided into the left part
+and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+part and then the interesting part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then the interesting part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then the interesting part is
+that you recursively solve each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recursively solve each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recursively solve each one
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subarray and then the third step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray and then the third step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray and then the third step is to
+combine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those
+Solutions and so here we really see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and so here we really see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and so here we really see what
+this means you have we now have a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means you have we now have a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means you have we now have a sorted
+version of this array by induction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this array by induction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this array by induction we
+have a sorted version of this array by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sorted version of this array by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sorted version of this array by
+induction we now want a sorted version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction we now want a sorted version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction we now want a sorted version
+of the whole array we saw that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole array we saw that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole array we saw that was the
+merge problem merging two sorted arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge problem merging two sorted arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge problem merging two sorted arrays
+and that we saw how to do in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we saw how to do in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we saw how to do in linear time
+order end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so I'm not going to repeat that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm not going to repeat that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm not going to repeat that but
+the point is it falls into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it falls into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it falls into that
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+um I want to write the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to write the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to write the running time of
+merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge
+sort as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort as a
+recurrence you've already seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you've already seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you've already seen the
+recurrence you've already been told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you've already been told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you've already been told the
+solution but now we actually know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but now we actually know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but now we actually know how to
+solve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and
+furthermore every algorithm that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore every algorithm that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore every algorithm that follows
+the divide and conquer Paradigm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divide and conquer Paradigm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divide and conquer Paradigm will
+have a recurrence of pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence of pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recurrence of pretty much the
+same form very much like our good friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form very much like our good friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form very much like our good friend
+the master method so let's do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master method so let's do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master method so let's do it for
+merge sort where we sort of already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort where we sort of already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort where we sort of already know
+the answer get a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice so this is the the merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so this is the the merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so this is the the merge sort
+recurrence you should know and love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you should know and love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence you should know and love this
+recurrence because it comes up all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence because it comes up all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence because it comes up all over
+the place um it comes from this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place um it comes from this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place um it comes from this uh this
+General approach by just seeing what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General approach by just seeing what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General approach by just seeing what are
+the sizes of the sub problems you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of the sub problems you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of the sub problems you're
+solving and how many there are and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and how many there are and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and how many there are and how
+much extra work you're doing so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much extra work you're doing so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much extra work you're doing so you have
+here uh the size of the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the size of the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the size of the sub
+problems it happens here that both sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it happens here that both sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it happens here that both sub
+problems have the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have the same size
+roughly um there's this sloppiness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um there's this sloppiness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um there's this sloppiness that
+we have which really should be T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have which really should be T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have which really should be T of
+floor of n /2 plus T of ceiling of n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of n /2 plus T of ceiling of n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of n /2 plus T of ceiling of n n
+/2 and when you go to recitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and when you go to recitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and when you go to recitation on
+Friday you'll see why that's okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you'll see why that's okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you'll see why that's okay the
+floors and ceilings don't matter there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors and ceilings don't matter there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors and ceilings don't matter there's
+a theorem you can prove that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem you can prove that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem you can prove that that's
+happy you can assume that N is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you can assume that N is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you can assume that N is a power
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+two okay but we're just going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay but we're just going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay but we're just going to assume
+that for now so we just have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for now so we just have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for now so we just have two
+problems of size n/ two the this two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n/ two the this two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n/ two the this two is
+the number of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and this order n is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this order n is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this order n is all the
+extra work we're doing now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work we're doing now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work we're doing now what's the
+extra work potentially the Conquering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work potentially the Conquering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work potentially the Conquering is
+always just recursion there sort of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just recursion there sort of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just recursion there sort of no
+work there except this lead part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there except this lead part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there except this lead part the
+dividing in this case is Trivial but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing in this case is Trivial but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing in this case is Trivial but in
+general it might involve some work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it might involve some work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it might involve some work and
+the combining here involves linear work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combining here involves linear work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combining here involves linear work
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and
+conquer running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times so this is the non-recursive work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so this is the non-recursive work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so this is the non-recursive work
+right and that's generally how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's generally how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's generally how you
+convert a divide and conquer algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a divide and conquer algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a divide and conquer algorithm
+into a recurrence it's really easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a recurrence it's really easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a recurrence it's really easy and
+you usually get to apply the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually get to apply the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually get to apply the master
+method here we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case two very good this is case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two very good this is case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two very good this is case
+two and K is zero here and so uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and K is zero here and so uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and K is zero here and so uh in the
+recursion tree all of the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree all of the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree all of the costs are
+roughly the same they're all n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same they're all n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same they're all n to the
+log base B of A here n to the log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of A here n to the log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of A here n to the log base
+two of two is just n so these are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of two is just n so these are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of two is just n so these are equal
+so we get an extra log Factor because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get an extra log Factor because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get an extra log Factor because of
+the number of levels in the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of levels in the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of levels in the recursion
+tree remember the intuition behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree remember the intuition behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree remember the intuition behind the
+master method so this is n log n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method so this is n log n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method so this is n log n and
+that's good merge sort is a fast sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good merge sort is a fast sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good merge sort is a fast sorting
+algorithm n logn insertion sort was n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm n logn insertion sort was n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm n logn insertion sort was n s
+uh in some sense n logn is the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some sense n logn is the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some sense n logn is the best you
+can do we'll cover that in two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we'll cover that in two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we'll cover that in two lectures
+from now but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now but just
+foreshadowing okay today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing okay today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing okay today we're going to
+do different divide and con algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different divide and con algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different divide and con algorithm so
+sorting is one problem there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is one problem there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is one problem there's all sorts
+of problems we might want to solve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems we might want to solve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems we might want to solve so
+how it turns out a lot of them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it turns out a lot of them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it turns out a lot of them you can
+apply divide and conquer to not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply divide and conquer to not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply divide and conquer to not every
+problem like how to wake up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like how to wake up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like how to wake up in the
+morning that's not so easy to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that's not so easy to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that's not so easy to solve a
+divide and conquer although maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer although maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer although maybe you
+could maybe that's a good problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe that's a good problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe that's a good problem set
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh the next divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the next divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the next divide and conquer
+algorithm we're going to look look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to look look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to look look at is
+even simpler than sorting even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even simpler than sorting even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even simpler than sorting even simpler
+than merge sort but it drives the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than merge sort but it drives the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than merge sort but it drives the home
+point of drives home the point of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of drives home the point of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of drives home the point of when
+you have only one sub problem how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only one sub problem how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only one sub problem how many
+people have seen binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have seen binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have seen binary search
+before anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before anyone
+hasn't one okay I will go very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't one okay I will go very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't one okay I will go very quickly
+then so you have some element X you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you have some element X you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you have some element X you want
+to find X in assorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array how many people had not seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array how many people had not seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array how many people had not seen it
+before they saw in recitation no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they saw in recitation no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they saw in recitation no one
+okay good you just see it in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good you just see it in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good you just see it in another
+class probably 61 or something very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class probably 61 or something very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class probably 61 or something very good
+you took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the
+prerequisites okay so that I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites okay so that I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites okay so that I just want
+to phrase it as a divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phrase it as a divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phrase it as a divide and conquer
+because you don't normally see it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't normally see it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't normally see it that
+way uh so you compare the Divide step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so you compare the Divide step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh so you compare the Divide step is
+you compare x with the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare x with the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare x with the middle
+elements in your array then the conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in your array then the conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in your array then the conquer
+step so here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so here's your
+array here's the middle element you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array here's the middle element you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array here's the middle element you
+compare X with this thing if let's say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare X with this thing if let's say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare X with this thing if let's say x
+is smaller than the middle element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the middle element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the middle element in
+your array you know that X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your array you know that X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your array you know that X is in the
+left half because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half because it's
+sorted nice Loop invariant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted nice Loop invariant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted nice Loop invariant there
+whatever but we're just going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but we're just going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but we're just going to think
+of that as recursively I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as recursively I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as recursively I'm going to
+solve the problem of finding X in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subarray so we recurse in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray so we recurse in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray so we recurse in one
+subarray unlike merge SL where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray unlike merge SL where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subarray unlike merge SL where we had
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+recursions and then the combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions and then the combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions and then the combined
+step we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything I mean if you find the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean if you find the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean if you find the if you
+find X in here then you found X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X in here then you found X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X in here then you found X in the
+whole array there's nothing to bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array there's nothing to bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole array there's nothing to bring it
+back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really so this is just phrasing binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so this is just phrasing binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so this is just phrasing binary
+search as a in the divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search as a in the divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search as a in the divide and conquer
+paradigms kind of a trivial example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms kind of a trivial example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms kind of a trivial example but
+there are lots of circumstances where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of circumstances where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of circumstances where
+you only need to recurse in one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to recurse in one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to recurse in one side and
+it's important to see how much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to see how much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to see how much of a
+difference making one recursion versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference making one recursion versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference making one recursion versus
+making one two recursions can be so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one two recursions can be so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one two recursions can be so here
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have this is the recurrence for binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the recurrence for binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the recurrence for binary
+search we start with a problem of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search we start with a problem of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search we start with a problem of size n
+we reduce it to one there's an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce it to one there's an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce it to one there's an implicit
+one factor here one problem sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor here one problem sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor here one problem sub problem
+of size n/ two roughly again floors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n/ two roughly again floors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n/ two roughly again floors and
+ceilings don't matter plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings don't matter plus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings don't matter plus a constant
+which is to compare x with the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to compare x with the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to compare x with the middle
+element so it's actually like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so it's actually like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so it's actually like one
+comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution log n you all know the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution log n you all know the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution log n you all know the running
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but of binary search but here it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of binary search but here it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of binary search but here it is at
+solving the recurrence and I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the recurrence and I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the recurrence and I mean there
+are a couple differences here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple differences here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple differences here we don't
+have the additive order n term if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the additive order n term if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the additive order n term if we did
+it would be linear the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be linear the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be linear the running time
+still better than n log n so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still better than n log n so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still better than n log n so we're
+getting rid of the two bringing it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the two bringing it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the two bringing it down
+to a one taking the N bringing it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one taking the N bringing it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one taking the N bringing it down
+to a one that's making the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one that's making the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one that's making the running time
+a lot faster a whole factor of n faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster a whole factor of n faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster a whole factor of n faster
+okay no big surprise there let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no big surprise there let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no big surprise there let's do some
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms so the powering a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so the powering a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so the powering a number
+problem is I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is I give
+you uh a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh a number
+X think of that as like a real number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X think of that as like a real number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X think of that as like a real number or
+floating Point number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point number
+whatever and I give you an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n at least
+zero I want to compute X to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay so it's a very simple problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so it's a very simple problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so it's a very simple problem
+it's in some sense even easier than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense even easier than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some sense even easier than all
+of these but here it is and divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but here it is and divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but here it is and divide and
+conquer is sort of the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer is sort of the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer is sort of the right thing to do
+so the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the naive
+algorithm is very very simple how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is very very simple how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is very very simple how do you
+compute x ^ n well the definition of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute x ^ n well the definition of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute x ^ n well the definition of x
+the^ n is I take X and I multiply by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ n is I take X and I multiply by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the^ n is I take X and I multiply by by
+x n times so I take x * x * x * X where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n times so I take x * x * x * X where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n times so I take x * x * x * X where
+there are n copies of X total and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n copies of X total and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n copies of X total and that's
+x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the
+N no big surprise that's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N no big surprise that's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N no big surprise that's n
+multiplications or n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications or n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications or n minus one
+multiplications Theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but that's not the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not the best you can do
+for this problem any suggestions on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem any suggestions on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem any suggestions on what
+we might do using divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer for someone has anyone seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for someone has anyone seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for someone has anyone seen this
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+before few okay so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rest testing on the spot creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest testing on the spot creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest testing on the spot creativity
+which is very difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very difficult but
+I always like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always like a
+challenge so what I mean random ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so what I mean random ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so what I mean random ideas
+what could we possibly do to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we possibly do to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we possibly do to make this
+problem solve this problem in less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solve this problem in less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solve this problem in less than
+linear time how is this sort of a divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time how is this sort of a divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time how is this sort of a divide
+and conquer problem we have two inputs X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer problem we have two inputs X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer problem we have two inputs X
+and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we could try to divide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we could try to divide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we could try to divide on
+X it seems a bit hard it's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it seems a bit hard it's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it seems a bit hard it's just some
+number or we could try to divide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n any guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n any guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n any guesses
+doesn't look at x to the N / 2 very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look at x to the N / 2 very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look at x to the N / 2 very good
+that's exactly the idea of the divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the idea of the divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the idea of the divide
+and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm so we'd like to look at X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so we'd like to look at X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so we'd like to look at X the
+n/ two this is going to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two this is going to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two this is going to be a little bit
+tricky now we are going to have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky now we are going to have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky now we are going to have to pay
+attention to floors and ceilings what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to floors and ceilings what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to floors and ceilings what I
+would like to say is well x to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to say is well x to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to say is well x to the N is
+X the N / 2 time x the N /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the N / 2 time x the N /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the N / 2 time x the N /
+2 and this is true if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if it's odd then I need to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's odd then I need to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's odd then I need to be a
+little bit more careful but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more careful but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more careful but let's just
+think about the intuition why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the intuition why this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the intuition why this is a
+good divide and conquer algorithm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good divide and conquer algorithm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good divide and conquer algorithm we
+have a problem of size n let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem of size n let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem of size n let's say we
+convert it into it looks like two sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into it looks like two sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into it looks like two sub
+problems of size n/2 but in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n/2 but in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n/2 but in fact they
+are the same sub problem so I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same sub problem so I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same sub problem so I only have
+to solve one of them if I compute X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve one of them if I compute X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve one of them if I compute X the
+n/ 2 hey I know x to the N / 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 2 hey I know x to the N / 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 2 hey I know x to the N / 2 so
+there's one recursive call to problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one recursive call to problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one recursive call to problem of
+size n/2 then I square that number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n/2 then I square that number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n/2 then I square that number and
+that's one computation so exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one computation so exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one computation so exactly the
+same recurrence as binary search log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same recurrence as binary search log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same recurrence as binary search log n
+time much better than n cool okay I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time much better than n cool okay I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time much better than n cool okay I also
+have to solve the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve the odd
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is
+odd I'll look at n minus one / 2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd I'll look at n minus one / 2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd I'll look at n minus one / 2 that's
+n minus one better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even and then I'm missing another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and then I'm missing another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and then I'm missing another factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so if n is odd I'm going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if n is odd I'm going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if n is odd I'm going to have to do
+one recursive call and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recursive call and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recursive call and two
+multiplications same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence one recursive problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence one recursive problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence one recursive problem one
+recursive problem of size n / 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive problem of size n / 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive problem of size n / 2 plus
+constant time to do the the the dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time to do the the the dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time to do the the the dividing
+work here is dividing by two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here is dividing by two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here is dividing by two and the
+combination work is doing one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination work is doing one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination work is doing one or
+possibly two multiplications and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly two multiplications and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly two multiplications and this is
+log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if all you're allowed to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if all you're allowed to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if all you're allowed to do is
+multiply numbers log n is the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply numbers log n is the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply numbers log n is the best you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+do good so simple but powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do good so simple but powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do good so simple but powerful
+Hey whenever you want to compute a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey whenever you want to compute a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey whenever you want to compute a power
+of a number now you know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do does anyone not know the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do does anyone not know the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do does anyone not know the definition
+of Fibonacci numbers and is willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fibonacci numbers and is willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fibonacci numbers and is willing to
+admit it okay yeah so this is a good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it okay yeah so this is a good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it okay yeah so this is a good old
+friend I'll write down the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend I'll write down the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend I'll write down the definition
+just reminder in particular the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases so Fibonacci numbers I will claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so Fibonacci numbers I will claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so Fibonacci numbers I will claim
+are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important
+because appears throughout nature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because appears throughout nature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because appears throughout nature you
+look at certain fruits you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at certain fruits you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at certain fruits you see the
+Fibonacci sequence if you count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence if you count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence if you count the
+number of little bumps around each ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of little bumps around each ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of little bumps around each ring
+if you look at this the sand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this the sand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this the sand in the
+beach and how the waves hit it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach and how the waves hit it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach and how the waves hit it it's a
+Fibonacci Sequence I'm told uh you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci Sequence I'm told uh you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci Sequence I'm told uh you look
+all over the place Fibonacci sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place Fibonacci sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place Fibonacci sequence is
+there so how does nature compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how does nature compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how does nature compute the
+Fibonacci sequence well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence well that's a
+different class but how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class but how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class but how are we going to
+compute the Fibonacci sequence as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Fibonacci sequence as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Fibonacci sequence as fast
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+possible you've probably seen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you've probably seen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you've probably seen two
+algorithms I'll call them uh so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'll call them uh so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms I'll call them uh so the the
+most naive algorithm is a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most naive algorithm is a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most naive algorithm is a recursive
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you say Okay F of N I say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say Okay F of N I say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say Okay F of N I say well if
+n is zero return zero if n is one return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is zero return zero if n is one return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is zero return zero if n is one return
+one otherwise return recursively compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one otherwise return recursively compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one otherwise return recursively compute
+F of n minus one and F of n minus 2 add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n minus one and F of n minus 2 add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n minus one and F of n minus 2 add
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+together how much time does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how much time does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how much time does this
+algorithm take for those who have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm take for those who have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm take for those who have seen
+it before it's not obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before it's not obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before it's not obvious to
+guess doesn't have to be exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay how many people have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people have seen this
+algorithm before and analyzed it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before and analyzed it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before and analyzed it yeah
+half okay so what's the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so what's the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so what's the running time
+really really really really long very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really really long very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really really long very
+good any more precise answers just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any more precise answers just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any more precise answers just one
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+that exponential yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential yes
+that's also correct and more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also correct and more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also correct and more precise
+I'll be even more precise maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be even more precise maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be even more precise maybe you
+haven't seen this analysis before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this analysis before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this analysis before it's
+Fe to the N where Fe is the golden ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe to the N where Fe is the golden ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe to the N where Fe is the golden ratio
+again golden ratio appears throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again golden ratio appears throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again golden ratio appears throughout
+the world and Mathematics but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and Mathematics but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and Mathematics but this is
+probably the only time in this class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the only time in this class I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the only time in this class I'm
+afraid but there we go it appeared it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid but there we go it appeared it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid but there we go it appeared it
+made its Cameo so we're happy okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made its Cameo so we're happy okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made its Cameo so we're happy okay this
+is called exponential time and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called exponential time and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called exponential time and this is
+bigger than one that's all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one that's all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one that's all you need to
+know um this is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um this is exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um this is exponential
+time meaning it exponential time means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meaning it exponential time means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meaning it exponential time means
+basically some constant to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some constant to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some constant to the power
+n exponential time is a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n exponential time is a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n exponential time is a very long time
+it's bad okay polom time is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad okay polom time is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad okay polom time is good
+so this is what we want are polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we want are polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we want are polinomial
+time algorithms this class is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithms this class is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithms this class is basically
+entirely about polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely about polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely about polinomial time
+algorithms question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms question what
+do oh oh say what the algorithm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh oh say what the algorithm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh oh say what the algorithm does
+again so it just F of n so Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it just F of n so Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it just F of n so Define
+function Fibonacci of n i check for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Fibonacci of n i check for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Fibonacci of n i check for the
+base cases and otherwise I recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cases and otherwise I recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cases and otherwise I recursively
+call Fibonacci of n minus one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Fibonacci of n minus one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Fibonacci of n minus one I
+recursively call Fibonacci of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively call Fibonacci of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively call Fibonacci of n minus 2
+add those two numbers together so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those two numbers together so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those two numbers together so you
+get this branching tree you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this branching tree you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this branching tree you're solving
+two sub problems of almost the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sub problems of almost the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sub problems of almost the same size
+just additively smaller by one or two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just additively smaller by one or two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just additively smaller by one or two so
+you have I mean you're almost not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I mean you're almost not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I mean you're almost not
+reducing the problem size at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the problem size at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the problem size at all so
+that's intuitively why it's exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intuitively why it's exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's intuitively why it's exponential
+you can draw out a recursion tree you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw out a recursion tree you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw out a recursion tree you'll
+see how big it gets how quickly I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how big it gets how quickly I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how big it gets how quickly I mean
+by n over two levels you've only reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n over two levels you've only reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n over two levels you've only reduced
+on one branch the problem from n to n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one branch the problem from n to n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one branch the problem from n to n /
+two uh the other one maybe you've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh the other one maybe you've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh the other one maybe you've gotten
+from n down to one but none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n down to one but none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n down to one but none of the
+branches have stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches have stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches have stopped
+after n/2 levels so you have at least 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n/2 levels so you have at least 2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n/2 levels so you have at least 2^
+n/ 2 which is like otk of 2^ n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 2 which is like otk of 2^ n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ 2 which is like otk of 2^ n which is
+getting close to Fe to the N okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to Fe to the N okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to Fe to the N okay so
+it's definitely exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely exponential and
+exponential is bad we want polom okay n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is bad we want polom okay n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is bad we want polom okay n
+n s n Cub log n would be nice um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s n Cub log n would be nice um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s n Cub log n would be nice um any
+anything that's bounded above by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's bounded above by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's bounded above by a
+polinomial is good this is an old idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is good this is an old idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial is good this is an old idea
+goes back to one of the main people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to one of the main people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to one of the main people who
+did who said polinomial is good is Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did who said polinomial is good is Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did who said polinomial is good is Jack
+Edmonds who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edmonds who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edmonds who's
+uh famous in the comori optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh famous in the comori optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh famous in the comori optimization
+World he's my academic grandfather on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World he's my academic grandfather on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World he's my academic grandfather on
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+right it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a really bad algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a really bad algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a really bad algorithm
+you've probably seen a somewhat better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen a somewhat better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen a somewhat better
+algorithm which you might think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which you might think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which you might think of as
+the bottom up implementation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom up implementation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom up implementation of that
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm or another way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or another way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or another way to think of it
+is if you look at if you build out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at if you build out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at if you build out the
+recursion tree for Fibonacci of n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree for Fibonacci of n you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree for Fibonacci of n you
+see that there's lots of common subtrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's lots of common subtrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's lots of common subtrees
+that you're just wasting time on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just wasting time on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just wasting time on you
+know when you solve Fibonacci of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you solve Fibonacci of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you solve Fibonacci of n minus
+1 it again solves Fibonacci V minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it again solves Fibonacci V minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it again solves Fibonacci V minus 2
+why solve it twice you only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why solve it twice you only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why solve it twice you only need to
+solve it once so it's really easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it once so it's really easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it once so it's really easy to do
+that if you do it bottom up but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do it bottom up but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do it bottom up but you
+could also do it recursively with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also do it recursively with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also do it recursively with some
+cache of things you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computed so no big surprise you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed so no big surprise you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed so no big surprise you compute
+the Fibonacci numbers in order and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci numbers in order and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci numbers in order and at
+each time when you compute Fibonacci of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time when you compute Fibonacci of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time when you compute Fibonacci of
+n let's say you have already computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let's say you have already computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let's say you have already computed
+the previous two you add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous two you add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous two you add them together
+it takes constant time so the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes constant time so the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes constant time so the running
+time here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here is
+linear linear in n n is our input great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear in n n is our input great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear in n n is our input great
+is that the best we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so any ideas on how we could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so any ideas on how we could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so any ideas on how we could compute
+Fibonacci of n faster than linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n faster than linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n faster than linear time
+so now we should diverge from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we should diverge from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we should diverge from what
+you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already
+seen for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen for most of
+you any ideas using techniques we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any ideas using techniques we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any ideas using techniques we've
+already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen
+yes maybe it's cheating there's theep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's cheating there's theep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's cheating there's theep
+maal trick with and side to the powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maal trick with and side to the powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maal trick with and side to the powers
+yes we can use the the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we can use the the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we can use the the mathematical
+trick of F and side to the N powers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of F and side to the N powers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of F and side to the N powers in
+fact you can just use fi f f fi F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can just use fi f f fi F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can just use fi f f fi F
+whatever you want to call this letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call this letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call this letter
+Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek
+letter good so here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter good so here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter good so here's the the
+mathematical trick and indeed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick and indeed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick and indeed this is
+cheating as you said um this is no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating as you said um this is no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating as you said um this is no good
+but so it is we'll call it naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it is we'll call it naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it is we'll call it naive
+recursive squaring you say well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring you say well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring you say well we know
+recursive squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring
+recursive squaring takes log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring takes log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring takes log n time
+let's use recursive squaring and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use recursive squaring and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use recursive squaring and if you
+happen to know lots of properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know lots of properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know lots of properties of the
+Fibonacci numbers you don't have to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers you don't have to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers you don't have to but
+here's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of
+them if you take F to the N /un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you take F to the N /un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you take F to the N /un
+5 and you round it to the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and you round it to the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and you round it to the nearest
+integer that is the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number okay this is pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay this is pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay this is pretty cool
+Fibonacci V is is basically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci V is is basically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci V is is basically to the
+N so we could apply recur um recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so we could apply recur um recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so we could apply recur um recursive
+squaring to compute Fe to the n in log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring to compute Fe to the n in log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring to compute Fe to the n in log n
+time divide by root 5 um assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time divide by root 5 um assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time divide by root 5 um assume that our
+computer has an operation that rounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has an operation that rounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has an operation that rounds a
+number to its nearest integer and poof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to its nearest integer and poof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to its nearest integer and poof
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+um that's that doesn't work for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that doesn't work for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that doesn't work for many
+different reasons uh depending on a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons uh depending on a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons uh depending on a real
+machine probably you'd represent Fe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine probably you'd represent Fe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine probably you'd represent Fe and
+root five as floating Point numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root five as floating Point numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root five as floating Point numbers
+which have some fixed amount of precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have some fixed amount of precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have some fixed amount of precise
+bits and you do this computation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and you do this computation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and you do this computation you'll
+lose some of the important bits and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some of the important bits and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some of the important bits and when
+you round to the nearest integer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you round to the nearest integer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you round to the nearest integer you
+won't get the right answer so floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get the right answer so floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get the right answer so floating
+Point roundoff will kill you on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point roundoff will kill you on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point roundoff will kill you on a
+floating Point machine on a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point machine on a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point machine on a theoretical
+machine where we magically have numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where we magically have numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where we magically have numbers
+that can do crazy things like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do crazy things like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do crazy things like this um
+usually I mean it really takes more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I mean it really takes more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I mean it really takes more than
+constant time per multiplication so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time per multiplication so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time per multiplication so
+we're sort of in a different model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of in a different model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of in a different model you
+can't multiply Fe * Fe in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't multiply Fe * Fe in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't multiply Fe * Fe in constant time
+I mean that's sort of outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's sort of outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's sort of outside the
+boundaries of this course but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of this course but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of this course but that's the
+way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is
+um yeah in fact in a normal machine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in fact in a normal machine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in fact in a normal machine some
+problems you can only solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you can only solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you can only solve in
+exponential time in a machine where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time in a machine where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time in a machine where you
+can multiply real numbers and round them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply real numbers and round them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply real numbers and round them
+to the nearest integers you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nearest integers you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nearest integers you can solve
+them in polinomial time so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in polinomial time so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in polinomial time so it really
+breaks the model you can do crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the model you can do crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the model you can do crazy things
+if you were allowed to do this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were allowed to do this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were allowed to do this this is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allowed and I'm foreshadowing like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and I'm foreshadowing like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and I'm foreshadowing like three
+classes ahead or three you know courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes ahead or three you know courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes ahead or three you know courses
+ahead so I shouldn't talk more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I shouldn't talk more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so I shouldn't talk more about it
+but it turns out we can use recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out we can use recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out we can use recursive
+squaring in a different way if we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring in a different way if we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring in a different way if we use a
+different property of Fibonacci numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different property of Fibonacci numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different property of Fibonacci numbers
+and then we'll stick with integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll stick with integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll stick with integers and
+everything will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be
+happy don't forget to go to recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy don't forget to go to recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy don't forget to go to recitation
+if you want to homework lab don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to homework lab don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to homework lab don't come
+here on Monday that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Monday that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Monday that's
+required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required
+okay so this is sort of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is sort of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is sort of the right
+recursive squaring algorithm and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring algorithm and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive squaring algorithm and this is
+a bit hard to guess if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to guess if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to guess if you haven't
+already seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it
+so I will just give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you turns out fibon I'll call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turns out fibon I'll call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turns out fibon I'll call this a
+theorem ah first time I get to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem ah first time I get to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem ah first time I get to use the
+word theorem in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word theorem in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word theorem in this
+class turns out the nth Fibonacci number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class turns out the nth Fibonacci number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class turns out the nth Fibonacci number
+is the nth power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nth power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nth power of this
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+cool uh if you look at it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh if you look at it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh if you look at it a little bit
+you say oh yeah of course I we'll prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh yeah of course I we'll prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh yeah of course I we'll prove
+this theorem in a second but once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem in a second but once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem in a second but once we
+have this theorem we can compute F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this theorem we can compute F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this theorem we can compute F of n
+by Computing the N power of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing the N power of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing the N power of this matrix
+it's a 2x2 matrix you multiply two 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 2x2 matrix you multiply two 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 2x2 matrix you multiply two 2x
+two matrices together you get a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices together you get a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices together you get a 2X two
+Matrix so that's constant size four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so that's constant size four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so that's constant size four
+numbers I can handle four numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can handle four numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can handle four numbers okay
+that we don't have crazy Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have crazy Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have crazy Precision
+problems in the floating Point side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the floating Point side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the floating Point side
+there's only four numbers to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only four numbers to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only four numbers to deal with
+matrices aren't getting bigger so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices aren't getting bigger so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices aren't getting bigger so the
+running time of this divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of this divide and conquer
+algorithm will still be log n because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will still be log n because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will still be log n because it
+takes constant time per 2x2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time per 2x2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes constant time per 2x2 matrix
+multiplication yes Martin in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication yes Martin in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication yes Martin in the right
+of corner or the left oh oh oh yes thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corner or the left oh oh oh yes thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corner or the left oh oh oh yes thank
+you I have a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a type
+error sorry about that f ofn is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error sorry about that f ofn is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error sorry about that f ofn is indeed
+uh the upper left corner I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upper left corner I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upper left corner I
+hope better check I don't have an off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope better check I don't have an off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope better check I don't have an off by
+one I do it's FN upper right corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I do it's FN upper right corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I do it's FN upper right corner
+indeed that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's what you
+said f of n need more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said f of n need more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said f of n need more space
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really ought to have a 2X two Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really ought to have a 2X two Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really ought to have a 2X two Matrix
+on the left hand side there thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so I compute this um nth power of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I compute this um nth power of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I compute this um nth power of a
+matrix in log n time I take the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in log n time I take the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in log n time I take the upper
+right corner or the lower left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right corner or the lower left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right corner or the lower left corner
+your choice that's the N Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice that's the N Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice that's the N Fibonacci
+number so this implies an order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this implies an order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this implies an order log n
+time algorithm with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm with the same
+recurrence as the the last two binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence as the the last two binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence as the the last two binary
+search and uh really the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and uh really the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and uh really the recursive
+squaring algorithm it's log n plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring algorithm it's log n plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring algorithm it's log n plus a
+constant so log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so log
+n so let's prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+any suggestions on what techniques we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any suggestions on what techniques we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any suggestions on what techniques we
+might use for proving this theorem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use for proving this theorem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use for proving this theorem or
+what technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular indu induction very good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular indu induction very good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular indu induction very good I
+think anytime I ask that question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anytime I ask that question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anytime I ask that question the
+answer is induction so hint for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is induction so hint for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is induction so hint for the
+future in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class A friend of mine when he took an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A friend of mine when he took an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class A friend of mine when he took an
+analysis class whenever the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class whenever the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis class whenever the professor
+asked and what's the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked and what's the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked and what's the answer to this
+question the answer was always zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer was always zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer was always zero
+you've taken analysis class that's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken analysis class that's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken analysis class that's funny
+but okay maybe I'll try to ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay maybe I'll try to ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay maybe I'll try to ask some
+questions that are whose answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are whose answers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are whose answers are
+zero just for our own Amusement so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero just for our own Amusement so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero just for our own Amusement so we're
+going to induct on N it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to induct on N it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to induct on N it's pretty much
+the obvious thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing to
+do but we have to check some cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we have to check some cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we have to check some cases so
+the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case
+is we have this to the first Power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this to the first Power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this to the first Power and
+that is itself 1 one 1 zero and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is itself 1 one 1 zero and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is itself 1 one 1 zero and I should
+have said n is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said n is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said n is at least
+one uh and you can check that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and you can check that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and you can check that this is
+supposed to be F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be F2
+F1 F1 F0 and you can check it is F0 is0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 F1 F0 and you can check it is F0 is0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 F1 F0 and you can check it is F0 is0
+F1 is one and F2 is one good base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is one and F2 is one good base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is one and F2 is one good base case
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct step case is about as exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct step case is about as exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct step case is about as exciting
+but heck you've got to prove that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but heck you've got to prove that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but heck you've got to prove that your
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so suppose
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have this is what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is what we want to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm just going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to sort
+of there's many ways I could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's many ways I could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's many ways I could do this
+I'll just do it the fast way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it the fast way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it the fast way because
+it's really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that
+exciting which direction let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting which direction let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting which direction let's do this
+direction okay I want to use induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I want to use induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I want to use induction
+on N so if I want to use induction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N so if I want to use induction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N so if I want to use induction on
+N presumably I should use what I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N presumably I should use what I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N presumably I should use what I already
+know as true if I decrease n by one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as true if I decrease n by one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as true if I decrease n by one I
+have this property that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that this thing is
+going to be 1 1 0 to the^ n minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 1 0 to the^ n minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 1 0 to the^ n minus one so
+this I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I already
+know is by the induction hypothesis 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is by the induction hypothesis 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is by the induction hypothesis 1 1
+1 0 to the N minus one so presumably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 to the N minus one so presumably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 to the N minus one so presumably I
+should use it in some way this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use it in some way this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use it in some way this this
+equality is not yet true you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is not yet true you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is not yet true you may have
+noticed okay so I need to add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed okay so I need to add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed okay so I need to add something
+on what could I possibly add on to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what could I possibly add on to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what could I possibly add on to be
+correct well another factor of 1 one 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well another factor of 1 one 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well another factor of 1 one 1 0
+so this is proof by I mean the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is proof by I mean the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is proof by I mean the way I'm
+developing this proof is the only way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this proof is the only way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this proof is the only way it
+could possibly be some sense if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be some sense if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be some sense if you know
+it's induction this is all you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's induction this is all you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's induction this is all you could do
+and then you check indeed this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check indeed this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you check indeed this equality
+holds conveniently so for example FN +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds conveniently so for example FN +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds conveniently so for example FN +
+one is the product of these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the product of these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the product of these two things
+so it's uh this row times this column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh this row times this column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh this row times this column so
+it's FN * 1 + FN - 1 * 1 which is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's FN * 1 + FN - 1 * 1 which is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's FN * 1 + FN - 1 * 1 which is indeed
+the definition of FN + 1 you could check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of FN + 1 you could check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of FN + 1 you could check
+all four the entries this is true great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four the entries this is true great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four the entries this is true great
+so if that's true then I just put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's true then I just put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's true then I just put these
+together that's 1 one 1 0 to the nus1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's 1 one 1 0 to the nus1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's 1 one 1 0 to the nus1 *
+1 1 1 0 which is 1 1 1 0 to the n and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 0 which is 1 1 1 0 to the n and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 0 which is 1 1 1 0 to the n and of
+proof so very simple proof but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so very simple proof but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so very simple proof but you have
+to do that in order to know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in order to know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in order to know that this
+algorithm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm really
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+question on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left ler oh yes thank you this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ler oh yes thank you this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ler oh yes thank you this in the
+low lower right we should have FN minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lower right we should have FN minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lower right we should have FN minus
+one yeah this is why you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah this is why you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah this is why you should really
+check your proofs we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your proofs we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your proofs we would have
+discovered that when I checked that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that when I checked that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that when I checked that this
+was that row times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that row times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that row times that
+column but that's why you're here to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but that's why you're here to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but that's why you're here to fix
+fix my bugs it's the great thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix my bugs it's the great thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix my bugs it's the great thing about
+being up here instead of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up here instead of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up here instead of in a
+quiz okay but that's a minor mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay but that's a minor mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay but that's a minor mistake
+wouldn't lose much for that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't lose much for that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't lose much for that right so
+more divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more divide and conquer
+algorithms still we've done relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms still we've done relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms still we've done relatively
+simple ones so far in fact the fanciest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ones so far in fact the fanciest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ones so far in fact the fanciest
+has been merge sort which we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been merge sort which we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been merge sort which we already saw
+so that's not too exciting the rest have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not too exciting the rest have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not too exciting the rest have
+all been log n time so let's break out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been log n time so let's break out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been log n time so let's break out
+of the log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log n
+World oops well you have all have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World oops well you have all have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World oops well you have all have a
+master method memorized right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method memorized right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method memorized right so I can
+erase that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a good
+test next problem is matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test next problem is matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test next problem is matrix
+multiplication following right up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication following right up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication following right up on
+this 2x two matrix multiplication let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2x two matrix multiplication let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2x two matrix multiplication let's
+see how we can compute n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can compute n byn Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can compute n byn Matrix
+multiplications so just for a recap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so just for a recap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so just for a recap you
+should know how to multiply matrices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to multiply matrices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to multiply matrices but
+here's the definition so we can turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the definition so we can turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the definition so we can turn it
+into an algorithm you have two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm you have two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm you have two matrices
+A and B which are capital letters uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B which are capital letters uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B which are capital letters uh the
+i j entry I I row J column is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j entry I I row J column is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j entry I I row J column is called
+little AIG J or little B J and your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little AIG J or little B J and your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little AIG J or little B J and your goal
+is to compute the products of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute the products of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute the products of those
+matrices I should probably say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I should probably say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I should probably say that I
+and J range from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J range from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J range from 1 to
+n so they're Square matrices the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so they're Square matrices the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so they're Square matrices the output
+is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to compute
+C which has entry C IJ which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which has entry C IJ which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which has entry C IJ which is the
+product of A and B and for a recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of A and B and for a recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of A and B and for a recap
+the I entry of the product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I entry of the product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I entry of the product is the
+sum well it's the inner product of the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum well it's the inner product of the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum well it's the inner product of the I
+row of a with the J column of B but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a with the J column of B but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a with the J column of B but you
+can write that out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum like
+so so we want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we want to compute this
+thing for every I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for every I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for every I
+inj so what's the obvious algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inj so what's the obvious algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inj so what's the obvious algorithm for
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this well for every I and J you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well for every I and J you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well for every I and J you compute
+the sum you compute all the products you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum you compute all the products you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum you compute all the products you
+compute the sum so that's like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum so that's like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum so that's like n
+operations here roughly I mean like 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations here roughly I mean like 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations here roughly I mean like 2 N
+minus one whatever it's uh order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one whatever it's uh order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one whatever it's uh order n
+operations there's n squ entries of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations there's n squ entries of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations there's n squ entries of C
+that I need to compute so that's n Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to compute so that's n Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to compute so that's n Cub
+time write this out just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time write this out just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time write this out just for the
+programmers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heart here's the pseudo code it's rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart here's the pseudo code it's rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart here's the pseudo code it's rare
+that I'll write pseudo code and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write pseudo code and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write pseudo code and this is
+a simple enough algorithm that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple enough algorithm that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple enough algorithm that I can
+write it in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in or
+detail but it gives you some basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it gives you some basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it gives you some basis for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+analysis if you'd like to program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you'd like to program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you'd like to program so
+it's a triple nested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop and I made a coding error so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I made a coding error so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I made a coding error so in
+here hopefully you haven't written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hopefully you haven't written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hopefully you haven't written that
+far yet I need CI to be initialized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yet I need CI to be initialized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yet I need CI to be initialized to
+zero and then I add to CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I add to CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I add to CI
+the appropriate product a i k b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j so that's the algorithm and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j so that's the algorithm and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j so that's the algorithm and the point
+is this you have a nesting of n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this you have a nesting of n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this you have a nesting of n for
+Loops from 1 to n that takes n Cub time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops from 1 to n that takes n Cub time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops from 1 to n that takes n Cub time
+because this is constant and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is constant and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is constant and that's
+constant so very simple and Cubed let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so very simple and Cubed let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so very simple and Cubed let's
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better and of course we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and of course we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and of course we're going to use
+divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer now how are we going to divide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer now how are we going to divide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer now how are we going to divide a
+matrix there's a lot of numbers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there's a lot of numbers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there's a lot of numbers in a
+matrix and squared of them in each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and squared of them in each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and squared of them in each one
+there all sorts of ways you could divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all sorts of ways you could divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all sorts of ways you could divide
+so far all of the divid and conquerors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far all of the divid and conquerors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far all of the divid and conquerors
+we've done have been a problem of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done have been a problem of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done have been a problem of size n
+into some number of problems of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some number of problems of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some number of problems of size
+n/2 so I'm going to say I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 so I'm going to say I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 so I'm going to say I start with
+some matrices of size n by n want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrices of size n by n want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrices of size n by n want to
+convert it down to something like n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it down to something like n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it down to something like n /2
+by n /2 any suggestions how I might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n /2 any suggestions how I might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n /2 any suggestions how I might do
+that yeah mat block form of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah mat block form of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah mat block form of the Matrix
+indeed that's the right answer so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's the right answer so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's the right answer so this
+is the first divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first divide and conquer
+algorithm this will not work but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this will not work but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this will not work but it has
+the first idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need so we have an M byn Matrix we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so we have an M byn Matrix we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so we have an M byn Matrix we can
+view it this equality is more of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it this equality is more of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it this equality is more of a you
+can think of it as really the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as really the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as really the same thing
+a 2X two uh block Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where each entry in this 2x2 block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each entry in this 2x2 block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each entry in this 2x2 block
+Matrix is a block of n /2 by n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+submatrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submatrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submatrices
+so I'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll think
+of C as being divided into three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C as being divided into three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C as being divided into three parts
+RS T and U even though I write them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS T and U even though I write them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS T and U even though I write them as
+lowercase letters they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase letters they're really
+matrices each is n /2 by n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices each is n /2 by n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices each is n /2 by n over
+two and a I'll split into a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a I'll split into a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a I'll split into a b c
+d uh times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh times
+B I'll split into E F G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H okay why not this is certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay why not this is certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay why not this is certainly true
+and if you've seen some linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've seen some linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've seen some linear algebra
+this is basically you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically you can do with
+matrices so now I can look at R I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so now I can look at R I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so now I can look at R I can
+pretend these are 2x two and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend these are 2x two and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend these are 2x two and sort of
+forget the fact that these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the fact that these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the fact that these little
+letters are matrices just say well R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are matrices just say well R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are matrices just say well R is
+the product the inner product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product the inner product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product the inner product of this
+row with this column so it's AE time f *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with this column so it's AE time f *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with this column so it's AE time f *
+BG okay let me not cheat this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BG okay let me not cheat this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BG okay let me not cheat this would be
+too easy R is a e plus b g s is a f+ b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy R is a e plus b g s is a f+ b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy R is a e plus b g s is a f+ b
+HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HT
+is c e plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c e plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c e plus
+DF and U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF and U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF and U is
+C DG thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C DG thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C DG thank
+you is CF plus d h it's nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is CF plus d h it's nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is CF plus d h it's nothing like
+making it too hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it too hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it too hard on
+yourself okay got them right good so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay got them right good so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay got them right good so I
+mean this is just a fact about how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is just a fact about how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is just a fact about how how
+you would expand out this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expand out this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expand out this product
+and so now we have a recursive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a recursive algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a recursive algorithm
+in fact we have a divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we have a divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we have a divide and conquer
+algorithm we start with our n byn Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we start with our n byn Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we start with our n byn Matrix
+um we divide it into well we have two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we divide it into well we have two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we divide it into well we have two of
+them actually we divide it into eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually we divide it into eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually we divide it into eight
+little pieces a b CDE e f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces a b CDE e f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces a b CDE e f
+g then we compute these things and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g then we compute these things and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g then we compute these things and that
+gives us SE just by sticking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us SE just by sticking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us SE just by sticking them
+together now how do we compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now how do we compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now how do we compute these
+things well these innocent looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well these innocent looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well these innocent looking
+little products between these two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little products between these two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little products between these two little
+numbers are actually recursive Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are actually recursive Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are actually recursive Matrix
+multiplications because each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications because each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications because each of these
+little letters is an N /2 by n /2 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little letters is an N /2 by n /2 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little letters is an N /2 by n /2 Matrix
+so I have to recursively compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to recursively compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to recursively compute the
+product so there's like eight recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplications of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of n
+/2 by n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices that's what bites us and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's what bites us and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's what bites us and then
+there's like four additions plus minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like four additions plus minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like four additions plus minor
+work of gluing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together okay how long does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay how long does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay how long does it take to
+add two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together n s so this is cheap just takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together n s so this is cheap just takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together n s so this is cheap just takes
+n^2 remember we're trying to beat n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 remember we're trying to beat n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 remember we're trying to beat n
+cubed for our matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for our matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for our matrix multiplication
+addition is a really easy problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is a really easy problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is a really easy problem you
+just have to add every number there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to add every number there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to add every number there's no
+way you can do better than n^2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can do better than n^2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can do better than n^2 so that's
+not recursive that's the nice thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recursive that's the nice thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recursive that's the nice thing but
+the bad thing is we have eight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing is we have eight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad thing is we have eight of the
+these recursions so we have t of n is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recursions so we have t of n is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recursions so we have t of n is 8
+* T of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T of n /
+2 plus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n^2 and I've erased the master method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 and I've erased the master method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 and I've erased the master method
+but you should all have it memorized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should all have it memorized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should all have it memorized so
+what's the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence Theta of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence Theta of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence Theta of n
+cubed that's annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's annoying
+right so a is 8 B is 2 log base 2 of 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a is 8 B is 2 log base 2 of 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a is 8 B is 2 log base 2 of 8
+is three every computer scientist should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three every computer scientist should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three every computer scientist should
+know that so it log base n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that so it log base n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that so it log base n to the log
+base B of A is n Cub that's polom larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of A is n Cub that's polom larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of A is n Cub that's polom larger
+than n^ S so we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^ S so we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^ S so we're in
+case one good thank you let's get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one good thank you let's get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one good thank you let's get them
+upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so this is n Cub no better than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is n Cub no better than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is n Cub no better than our
+previous algorithm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sucks and now comes the divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inspiration um let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you there are some algorithms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you there are some algorithms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you there are some algorithms like
+this Fibonacci algorithm where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fibonacci algorithm where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fibonacci algorithm where if you
+sat down for a little while it's no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down for a little while it's no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down for a little while it's no big
+deal you'd figure it out I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you'd figure it out I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you'd figure it out I mean it's
+kind of clever to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clever to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clever to look at that
+Matrix and then everything works happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then everything works happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then everything works happy
+it's not obvious but not that amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious but not that amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious but not that amazingly
+clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+this is an algorithm that is amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an algorithm that is amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an algorithm that is amazingly
+clever you may have seen it before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever you may have seen it before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever you may have seen it before which
+steals the Thunder a little bit but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals the Thunder a little bit but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals the Thunder a little bit but it's
+still really really cool so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still really really cool so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still really really cool so you should
+be happy to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and how stren came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and how stren came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and how stren came up with this
+algorithm uh he must have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clever so the claim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever so the claim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever so the claim the
+idea we've got to get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we've got to get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we've got to get rid of these
+multiplications I don't really care how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications I don't really care how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications I don't really care how
+many I could do a 100 additions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I could do a 100 additions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I could do a 100 additions that
+only cost Theta n^2 I have to get reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost Theta n^2 I have to get reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost Theta n^2 I have to get reduce
+this eight to something smaller turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eight to something smaller turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eight to something smaller turns
+out if you try to split the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you try to split the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you try to split the matrices
+into 3x3 or something that doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 3x3 or something that doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 3x3 or something that doesn't help
+you you you have the you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have the you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have the you get the same
+problem because we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we're using
+fundamentally the same algorithm just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the same algorithm just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the same algorithm just in
+a different order we've got to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different order we've got to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different order we've got to somehow
+reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplications we're going to reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications we're going to reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications we're going to reduce it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+seven the claim is if we have two two 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven the claim is if we have two two 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven the claim is if we have two two 2
+x two matrices we can take their product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two matrices we can take their product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two matrices we can take their product
+using seven multiplications if that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using seven multiplications if that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using seven multiplications if that were
+true we'd reduce the 8 to a seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'd reduce the 8 to a seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'd reduce the 8 to a seven and
+presumably make things run faster okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably make things run faster okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably make things run faster okay
+we'll see how fast in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how fast in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how fast in a
+moment you can compute it in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you can compute it in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you can compute it in your head
+if you are bored and like Computing logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are bored and like Computing logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are bored and like Computing logs
+uh the non-integral logs then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the non-integral logs then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the non-integral logs then go
+ahead all right so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead all right so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead all right so here we are
+P1 so this algorithm is unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 so this algorithm is unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 so this algorithm is unfortunately
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's only seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplications so each of these PS is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so each of these PS is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so each of these PS is a
+product of two things which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two things which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two things which only
+involves addition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves addition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves addition or
+subtraction same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space it's the seventh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are seven multiplications and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are seven multiplications and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are seven multiplications and I
+can compute those in seven * T of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute those in seven * T of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute those in seven * T of n over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+oh indeed it is so six was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh indeed it is so six was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh indeed it is so six was
+wrong six and seven are the same very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong six and seven are the same very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong six and seven are the same very
+good you know you think that copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know you think that copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know you think that copying
+something would not be such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something would not be such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something would not be such a
+challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+but when you become an absentminded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you become an absentminded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you become an absentminded
+Professor like me then you'll know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor like me then you'll know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor like me then you'll know how
+easy it is okay we have them all correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is okay we have them all correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is okay we have them all correct
+hopefully okay we continue that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully okay we continue that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully okay we continue that that
+wasn't enough of course we have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't enough of course we have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't enough of course we have seven
+things clearly we have to reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clearly we have to reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things clearly we have to reduce this
+down to four things the elements of C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to four things the elements of C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to four things the elements of C so
+here they are the elements you see RS t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are the elements you see RS t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are the elements you see RS t
+turns out R is P5 + P4 minus P2 plus P6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out R is P5 + P4 minus P2 plus P6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out R is P5 + P4 minus P2 plus P6
+of course didn't you all see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course didn't you all see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course didn't you all see
+that s is I mean this one's really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is I mean this one's really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is I mean this one's really easy
+P1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 plus
+P2 T is P3 plus P4 I mean that's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 T is P3 plus P4 I mean that's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 T is P3 plus P4 I mean that's clearly
+how they were chosen and then U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they were chosen and then U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they were chosen and then U is
+another tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+now which one of these would you like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which one of these would you like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which one of these would you like me
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+check don't be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check don't be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check don't be so
+nice how about S I could show you s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any
+preferences you oh oh no sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you oh oh no sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you oh oh no sign
+errors okay here we go so the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay here we go so the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay here we go so the claim is
+this really works you have to check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really works you have to check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really works you have to check all
+four of them and I did in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but U you is P5 P5 is a * e plus a * H +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but U you is P5 P5 is a * e plus a * H +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but U you is P5 P5 is a * e plus a * H +
+D * e plus d time H that's P5 check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D * e plus d time H that's P5 check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D * e plus d time H that's P5 check
+me if I screw up I'm really hosed so AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I screw up I'm really hosed so AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I screw up I'm really hosed so AF
+F minus ah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus ah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus ah is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+P1 P3 has a minus sign in front uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P3 has a minus sign in front uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 P3 has a minus sign in front uh so
+that's C * e + D * e and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C * e + D * e and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C * e + D * e and then we have
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+p7 which is a big one a * e + a * f - c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p7 which is a big one a * e + a * f - c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p7 which is a big one a * e + a * f - c
+* eus C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* eus C *
+F okay and now I need like the assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and now I need like the assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and now I need like the assistant
+that crosses off things in parallel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crosses off things in parallel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crosses off things in parallel like
+the movie right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie right
+uh a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a *
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+um D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D *
+E A *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f c * e it's double sign c a e thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c * e it's double sign c a e thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c * e it's double sign c a e thank
+you and we hopefully these survive D * H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we hopefully these survive D * H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we hopefully these survive D * H
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+minus C * F and if we're lucky that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C * F and if we're lucky that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C * F and if we're lucky that's
+exactly what's written here except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's written here except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's written here except in
+the opposite order now magic right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order now magic right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite order now magic right where
+the hell did Sten get this um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did Sten get this um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did Sten get this um you have
+to be careful it's okay that the plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful it's okay that the plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful it's okay that the plus is
+in the wrong order cuz plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong order cuz plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong order cuz plus is
+commutative but the multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative but the multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative but the multiplications
+better not be in the wrong order cu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not be in the wrong order cu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not be in the wrong order cu
+multiplication over matrices is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication over matrices is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication over matrices is not
+commutative so check C * F okay D * H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative so check C * F okay D * H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative so check C * F okay D * H
+they're in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the right
+order I won't check the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I won't check the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I won't check the other
+three that's matrix multiplication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's matrix multiplication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's matrix multiplication in
+hopefully subcubic time let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully subcubic time let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully subcubic time let's write down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+recurrence T of n is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence T of n is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence T of n is now
+seven uh maybe I should write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh maybe I should write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh maybe I should write down the
+algorithm for kicks why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not assuming I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lots of
+time so last lecture I went I was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last lecture I went I was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last lecture I went I was 10
+minutes early I ended 10 minutes early I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes early I ended 10 minutes early I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes early I ended 10 minutes early I
+apologize for that I know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for that I know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for that I know it really
+upsets you and uh it's I didn't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsets you and uh it's I didn't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsets you and uh it's I didn't realize
+exactly when the class was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the class was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the class was supposed to
+end so today I get to go 10 minutes late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so today I get to go 10 minutes late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so today I get to go 10 minutes late
+right okay good I'm glad you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good I'm glad you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay good I'm glad you all
+agree I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kidding okay algorithm um so this is Str
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first we divide then we conquer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we divide then we conquer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we divide then we conquer then
+we combine as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine as usual
+um don't have it written anywhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't have it written anywhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't have it written anywhere here
+fine divide A and B okay this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine divide A and B okay this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine divide A and B okay this is sort of
+trivial um then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the products so this means uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the products so this means uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the products so this means uh we get
+ready to compute all the PS We compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to compute all the PS We compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to compute all the PS We compute a
+plus b c plus d g minus E A plus d e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b c plus d g minus E A plus d e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b c plus d g minus E A plus d e
+plus h and so on all of the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h and so on all of the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h and so on all of the terms that
+appear in here we compute those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in here we compute those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in here we compute those that
+takes n^2 time because it's just a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n^2 time because it's just a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n^2 time because it's just a bunch
+of in uh additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in uh additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in uh additions and
+subtractions no big deal steal constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions no big deal steal constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions no big deal steal constant
+number of them then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them then we
+conquer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursively Computing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pis so that's each a product or seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pis so that's each a product or seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pis so that's each a product or seven of
+them so we have P1 P2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p7 yeah and finally we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p7 yeah and finally we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p7 yeah and finally we combine
+which is to compute rst and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and those are just additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and those are just additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and those are just additions and
+subtractions again so they take n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions again so they take n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractions again so they take n^2
+time so here we get we finally get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here we get we finally get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here we get we finally get an
+algorithm that is non-trivial both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that is non-trivial both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that is non-trivial both in
+dividing and in combining recursion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and in combining recursion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and in combining recursion is
+always recursion but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recursion but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recursion but now we have
+interesting steps one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting steps one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting steps one and
+three so the recurrence T of n is seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the recurrence T of n is seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so the recurrence T of n is seven
+recursive sub problems each of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems each of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems each of size n
+over two plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two plus order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two plus order
+n^2 to do all this addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 to do all this addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 to do all this addition
+work so now we need to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so now we need to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so now we need to solve this
+recurrence we compute n to the log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we compute n to the log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we compute n to the log base
+B of A here is n to the log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of A here is n to the log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of A here is n to the log base 2 of
+s and log base 2 of well we know log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and log base 2 of well we know log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and log base 2 of well we know log
+base 2 of 8 is three log base 2 of 7 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 8 is three log base 2 of 7 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of 8 is three log base 2 of 7 is
+going to be a little bit less than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit less than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit less than three
+but still bigger than two cuz log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still bigger than two cuz log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still bigger than two cuz log base 2
+of 4 is two so it's it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 is two so it's it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 is two so it's it's going to be
+polom larger than n^2 but polom smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom larger than n^2 but polom smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom larger than n^2 but polom smaller
+than n Cub so we're again in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n Cub so we're again in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n Cub so we're again in case
+one and this is the cheating way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the cheating way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the cheating way to
+write log base 2 of s is log base LG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write log base 2 of s is log base LG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write log base 2 of s is log base LG
+means log base 2 should know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means log base 2 should know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means log base 2 should know that it's
+all over the the textbook and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the the textbook and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the the textbook and in our
+problem sets and whatnot and to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and whatnot and to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and whatnot and to the log
+base 2 of s and in particular if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of s and in particular if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of s and in particular if I have
+my calculator here's my calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my calculator here's my calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my calculator here's my calculator
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+here yes this is good oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculator okay it is no that's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator okay it is no that's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator okay it is no that's wrong
+sorry it's strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's strictly less than
+2.81 so that's cool I mean it's polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.81 so that's cool I mean it's polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.81 so that's cool I mean it's polom
+better than n cubed still not as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n cubed still not as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n cubed still not as good as
+addition which is n^2 it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition which is n^2 it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition which is n^2 it's generally
+believed although we don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed although we don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed although we don't know whether
+you can multiply as f as you can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can multiply as f as you can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can multiply as f as you can divide
+for matrices we think you can't get n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrices we think you can't get n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrices we think you can't get n s
+but who knows could still happen no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows could still happen no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows could still happen no
+lower bounds um the best this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds um the best this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds um the best this is not the
+best algorithm for matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best algorithm for matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best algorithm for matrix multiplication
+it's sort of the simplest that beats n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the simplest that beats n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the simplest that beats n
+cubed the best so far is like n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2376 getting closer to two Okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2376 getting closer to two Okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2376 getting closer to two Okay you
+might think these algorithms are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think these algorithms are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think these algorithms are a bit
+uh these numbers are a bit weird maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these numbers are a bit weird maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these numbers are a bit weird maybe
+the constants out here dominate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants out here dominate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants out here dominate the
+Improvement you're getting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement you're getting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement you're getting in the
+exponent turns out improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent turns out improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent turns out improving the
+exponent is a big deal I mean as end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is a big deal I mean as end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is a big deal I mean as end
+gets larger exponents really come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger exponents really come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger exponents really come out to
+bite you so n cubed is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite you so n cubed is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite you so n cubed is pretty
+impractical for any very large values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical for any very large values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical for any very large values of
+n Sten definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Sten definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Sten definitely
+beats um and we know that Sten will beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats um and we know that Sten will beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats um and we know that Sten will beat
+normal matrix multiplication if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix multiplication if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix multiplication if n is
+sufficiently large the claim uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large the claim uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large the claim uh is
+roughly and about 32 or so already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and about 32 or so already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and about 32 or so already you
+get an improvement uh for other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an improvement uh for other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an improvement uh for other reasons
+not just cuz the exponent gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cuz the exponent gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cuz the exponent gets better
+but there you go so this is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there you go so this is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there you go so this is pretty good
+this is completely impractical so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely impractical so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely impractical so don't
+use whatever this algorithm is um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever this algorithm is um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever this algorithm is um I
+don't have the reference handy but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the reference handy but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the reference handy but it is
+just trying to get a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get a theoretical
+Improvement there may be others that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement there may be others that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement there may be others that are
+in between and more reasonable but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and more reasonable but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and more reasonable but that
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+wow lots of time any questions we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow lots of time any questions we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow lots of time any questions we're not
+done yet but any questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet but any questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet but any questions before we
+move on from matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on from matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on from matrix
+multiplication okay I have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay I have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay I have one more
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divide and conquer is a pretty general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is a pretty general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is a pretty general
+idea I mean you can use it to dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean you can use it to dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean you can use it to dominate
+countries you can use it to to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can use it to to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can use it to to compute
+multiply matrices I mean who would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices I mean who would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply matrices I mean who would have
+thought here's a a very different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought here's a a very different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought here's a a very different kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+problem you can solve with divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can solve with divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can solve with divide and
+conquer it's not exactly an algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer it's not exactly an algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer it's not exactly an algorithmic
+problem although I mean in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although I mean in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although I mean in some sense
+it's computer science that's clear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's computer science that's clear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's computer science that's clear this
+is very large scale integration okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large scale integration okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large scale integration okay the
+chips you know they're very large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips you know they're very large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips you know they're very large scale
+integrated probably even more these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated probably even more these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated probably even more these days
+but that's the catchphrase so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the catchphrase so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the catchphrase so here's a
+problem and it arises in blsi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it arises in blsi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it arises in blsi
+layout uh W get into too many details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout uh W get into too many details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout uh W get into too many details
+why you have some circuit and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have some circuit and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have some circuit and here I'm
+going to assume that the circuit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the circuit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the circuit is a
+binary tree okay this is just part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree okay this is just part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree okay this is just part of a
+circuit assume for now I mean here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit assume for now I mean here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit assume for now I mean here this
+it's just a a complete binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a a complete binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a a complete binary
+tree okay complete binary tree looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay complete binary tree looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay complete binary tree looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this you know in all of my teachings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know in all of my teachings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know in all of my teachings I
+have drawn this figure for sure the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn this figure for sure the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn this figure for sure the most
+it's my favorite figure the height for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my favorite figure the height for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my favorite figure the height for
+complete binary tree okay there it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree okay there it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree okay there it is I
+have some tree like that of some height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tree like that of some height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tree like that of some height
+I want to embed it into some chip layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to embed it into some chip layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to embed it into some chip layout
+on a grid okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a grid okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a grid okay that's
+the let's say it has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaves I want to embed it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves I want to embed it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves I want to embed it into a
+grid with minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid with minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid with minimum
+area there's a very cute problem in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a very cute problem in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a very cute problem in it
+really shows you another way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you another way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows you another way in which
+divide and conquer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is
+useful powerful tool so I have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful powerful tool so I have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful powerful tool so I have this this
+tree I like to draw it in this way um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I like to draw it in this way um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I like to draw it in this way um I
+want to somehow draw it on the grid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow draw it on the grid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow draw it on the grid so
+what that means is the vertices have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is the vertices have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is the vertices have to
+be embedded on onto dots in the grid I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be embedded on onto dots in the grid I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be embedded on onto dots in the grid I'm
+talking about the square grid so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the square grid so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the square grid so it has
+to go to vertices of the grid and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to vertices of the grid and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to vertices of the grid and these
+edges have to be routed as sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges have to be routed as sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges have to be routed as sort of uh
+orthogonal paths between one dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal paths between one dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal paths between one dot and
+another so that should be an edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so that should be an edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so that should be an edge and
+they shouldn't cross and all these good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't cross and all these good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shouldn't cross and all these good
+things wires don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Okay so
+there's the obvious way to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the obvious way to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the obvious way to solve this
+problem and there's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's the right
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's talk about both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk about both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk about both of them
+neither of them is particularly obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them is particularly obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of them is particularly obvious
+but divide and conquer sort of gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divide and conquer sort of gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divide and conquer sort of gives you
+a hint in the right direction so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint in the right direction so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint in the right direction so the
+naive embedding I seem to like the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive embedding I seem to like the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive embedding I seem to like the word
+naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay I'm going to draw this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm going to draw this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm going to draw this bottom
+up because it's easier so leave four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's easier so leave four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's easier so leave four
+sorry three grid lines and then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry three grid lines and then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry three grid lines and then start
+drawing we have I don't know how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing we have I don't know how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing we have I don't know how big
+that's going to be so here's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be so here's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be so here's the bottom
+of our tree this is like a little three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tree this is like a little three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tree this is like a little three
+nodes there and we just then I leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes there and we just then I leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes there and we just then I leave a
+blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column and then a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then a blank
+column I don't actually need to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I don't actually need to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I don't actually need to leave
+those blank columns but it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blank columns but it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blank columns but it makes a
+prettier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+okay and then we work our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay there's the tree that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay there's the tree that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay there's the tree that should be
+aligned on a grid no Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned on a grid no Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned on a grid no Crossings
+everything's happy how much area does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's happy how much area does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's happy how much area does it
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well area is and by area I mean sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well area is and by area I mean sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well area is and by area I mean sort of
+the the area of the bounding box so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the area of the bounding box so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the area of the bounding box so I
+count this Blank Space even though I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this Blank Space even though I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this Blank Space even though I'm
+not using it count all this Blank Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using it count all this Blank Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using it count all this Blank Space
+even though I'm not using it so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm not using it so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm not using it so I want
+to look at the height let's call this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the height let's call this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the height let's call this h
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+N and to look at the width which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and to look at the width which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and to look at the width which I'll
+call W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call W of
+n now it's probably pretty obvious h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now it's probably pretty obvious h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now it's probably pretty obvious h of
+n is like log n w of n is like n 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is like log n w of n is like n 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is like log n w of n is like n 2 N
+whatever but I want to write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but I want to write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but I want to write it as a
+recurrence because that will inspire us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence because that will inspire us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence because that will inspire us
+to do the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so h of n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so h of n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so h of n well
+if you think of this as a recursion Tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of this as a recursion Tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of this as a recursion Tree
+in some sense we start with the big tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we start with the big tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we start with the big tree
+we split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it into two
+halves uh two sub trees of of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves uh two sub trees of of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves uh two sub trees of of size n
+over2 indeed because we're counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 indeed because we're counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 indeed because we're counting
+leaves so it's exactly n over2 on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so it's exactly n over2 on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves so it's exactly n over2 on each
+side then uh for Heights they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then uh for Heights they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then uh for Heights they sort of
+they are in parallel so it's no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in parallel so it's no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in parallel so it's no big deal
+the height is just the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is just the height of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is just the height of this
+thing one of these sub problems plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one of these sub problems plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing one of these sub problems plus one
+the width you have to add together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width you have to add together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width you have to add together the
+two widths and also add on one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two widths and also add on one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two widths and also add on one you don't
+have to add on on one here but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add on on one here but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add on on one here but doesn't
+matter it's certainly at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's certainly at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's certainly at most
+one so h of n is just one sub problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so h of n is just one sub problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so h of n is just one sub problem of
+size n /2 plus Theta 1 there you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n /2 plus Theta 1 there you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n /2 plus Theta 1 there you do have
+to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one
+and W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W of
+n let me go down here leave a space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let me go down here leave a space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n let me go down here leave a space so
+we can solve that W of n is 2 * W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve that W of n is 2 * W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve that W of n is 2 * W of
+n/2 plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 plus order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 plus order
+one okay and the usual base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the usual base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the usual base
+cases I mean these are recurrences we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I mean these are recurrences we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I mean these are recurrences we
+should know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know in
+love this is log N I already given away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this is log N I already given away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this is log N I already given away
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers and this better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear this is again case one n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear this is again case one n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear this is again case one n to the
+log base 2 of two is n which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of two is n which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of two is n which is the
+answer much bigger than one and here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer much bigger than one and here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer much bigger than one and here um
+ands the log base 2 of one is n the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ands the log base 2 of one is n the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ands the log base 2 of one is n the zero
+which is one which is the same so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one which is the same so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one which is the same so we get
+log n okay so the area is n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n but if you're making chips you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but if you're making chips you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but if you're making chips you want
+the area as small as possible so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area as small as possible so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area as small as possible so you can
+fit more good stuff in there so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit more good stuff in there so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit more good stuff in there so we would
+like to aim for we certainly can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to aim for we certainly can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to aim for we certainly can't do
+better area than n got to put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better area than n got to put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better area than n got to put those
+leaves down somewhere it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves down somewhere it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves down somewhere it's already
+pretty good it's only a log Factor off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's only a log Factor off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's only a log Factor off
+but we want to aim for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to aim for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to aim for
+n now how could we get M any guesses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now how could we get M any guesses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now how could we get M any guesses on
+what needs to change in this layout not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to change in this layout not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to change in this layout not
+how to do it because that's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it because that's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it because that's not obvious
+but in terms of the recur in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of the recur in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of the recur in terms of
+height and width what should we do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and width what should we do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and width what should we do okay
+it's pretty hard to get the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to get the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to get the height
+smaller than log n I'll tell you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than log n I'll tell you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than log n I'll tell you because
+this this is a tree can't really get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a tree can't really get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a tree can't really get its
+width down less than log n so what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width down less than log n so what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width down less than log n so what could
+we do to make the the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear just random idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear just random idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear just random idea
+what are two functions whose product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n square root of N and square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square root of N and square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square root of N and square root of n
+that's a good choice there may were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good choice there may were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good choice there may were
+there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggestions n times constant yeah n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions n times constant yeah n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions n times constant yeah n
+times constant would be nice but I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times constant would be nice but I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times constant would be nice but I claim
+you can't get either of these down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get either of these down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get either of these down to
+less than a constant you could aim for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a constant you could aim for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a constant you could aim for n
+over log n by log n that's more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log n by log n that's more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log n by log n that's more likely
+but I think that's also impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's also impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's also impossible
+okay but root n by root n is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but root n by root n is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but root n by root n is the right
+answer so let's go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so root n by root n h we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so root n by root n h we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so root n by root n h we haven't
+seen any recurrences whose solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any recurrences whose solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any recurrences whose solution is
+root n but surely they are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n but surely they are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n but surely they are out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+goal is to get W of n equals to thetot n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get W of n equals to thetot n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get W of n equals to thetot n
+and to get H of n equals to Theta root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get H of n equals to Theta root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get H of n equals to Theta root n
+if we could do that we'd be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could do that we'd be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could do that we'd be happy
+because then the area is the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the area is the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the area is the product is
+linear so how what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so how what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so how what's a
+recurrence that is in the usual Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that is in the usual Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that is in the usual Master
+method form whose solution is root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n i mean you you could think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i mean you you could think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i mean you you could think of it that
+way recurrence is a bit tricky let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way recurrence is a bit tricky let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way recurrence is a bit tricky let's
+just think of n to the log base B of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of n to the log base B of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of n to the log base B of A
+when is n to the log Bas B when is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is n to the log Bas B when is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is n to the log Bas B when is n
+when is log base B of A a half cuz then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is log base B of A a half cuz then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is log base B of A a half cuz then
+n the based B of A is root n and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the based B of A is root n and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the based B of A is root n and there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+hope that I could could get a root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I could could get a root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I could could get a root n
+solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence this is designed by knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence this is designed by knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence this is designed by knowing
+that it's divide and conquer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's divide and conquer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's divide and conquer and
+therefore it must be something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be something like this
+so it's easy Once you know the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy Once you know the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy Once you know the approach
+you're supposed to take and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to take and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to take and you could
+try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+approach so when is log Bas B of A a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so when is log Bas B of A a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so when is log Bas B of A a
+half lots of solutions Shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half lots of solutions Shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half lots of solutions Shadow
+out four and two two that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out four and two two that's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out four and two two that's a good one
+turns out log better get this right log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out log better get this right log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out log better get this right log
+base 4 of 2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 4 of 2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 4 of 2 is a
+half right because Square < TK of 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right because Square < TK of 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right because Square < TK of 4 is
+two so let's aim for this why not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's aim for this why not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's aim for this why not so
+when would we get log base 4 of two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when would we get log base 4 of two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when would we get log base 4 of two well
+T of n would be now hit this right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of n would be now hit this right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of n would be now hit this right this
+is B this is a so it should be 2 * T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B this is a so it should be 2 * T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B this is a so it should be 2 * T of
+n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/
+4 plus something and if I want the N to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus something and if I want the N to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus something and if I want the N to
+the log base B of A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base B of A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base B of A to
+dominate uh it's got to be polom smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate uh it's got to be polom smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate uh it's got to be polom smaller
+than root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than root
+n so this should be n^ the 12 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this should be n^ the 12 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this should be n^ the 12 minus
+Epsilon for some Epsilon but could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for some Epsilon but could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for some Epsilon but could be
+smaller um could be 1 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um could be 1 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller um could be 1 that would be
+could be zero would be nice but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero would be nice but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero would be nice but that's
+probably too much to hope for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too much to hope for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too much to hope for so
+something smaller strictly polom smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller strictly polom smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller strictly polom smaller
+than root n okay that's our goal and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than root n okay that's our goal and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than root n okay that's our goal and now
+comes the magic if you played with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the magic if you played with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the magic if you played with this
+a while you would you would find it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you would you would find it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while you would you would find it I
+think at this point when you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point when you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point when you know you're
+supposed to somehow recurse solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to somehow recurse solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to somehow recurse solve this
+problem of size n with two sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n with two sub problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n with two sub problems
+of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n
+over4 what could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+well if you start thinking of things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you start thinking of things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you start thinking of things as
+squares this is the natural thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens this is called the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is called the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is called the H
+layout can imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why be much easier to draw if I had grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why be much easier to draw if I had grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why be much easier to draw if I had grid
+board graph board whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists okay this is a recursive layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay this is a recursive layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay this is a recursive layout
+I'm only going to draw it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to draw it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to draw it a couple
+iterations but hopefully you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but hopefully you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but hopefully you can imagine
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I I take H's I take four h's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I take H's I take four h's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I take H's I take four h's
+good plan because I want problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good plan because I want problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good plan because I want problems of
+size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n
+over4 right this this has n over4 leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 right this this has n over4 leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 right this this has n over4 leaves
+this has n over4 leaves this is the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has n over4 leaves this is the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has n over4 leaves this is the root
+by the way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in the
+middle this has n over4 leaves this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle this has n over4 leaves this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle this has n over4 leaves this has
+n over4 leaves so I have four problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over4 leaves so I have four problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over4 leaves so I have four problems
+of size ENT for four somehow I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size ENT for four somehow I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size ENT for four somehow I've got to
+get that down to two thankfully if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that down to two thankfully if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that down to two thankfully if I
+look at width or if I look at height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at width or if I look at height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at width or if I look at height
+there's only two that matter right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two that matter right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two that matter right and
+height these two matter and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height these two matter and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height these two matter and these two
+get along for free they're going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along for free they're going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get along for free they're going in
+parallel just like we had with uh height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel just like we had with uh height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel just like we had with uh height
+over here but I get that both in height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but I get that both in height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but I get that both in height
+and in width so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in width so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in width so if I
+measure let's call this well now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure let's call this well now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure let's call this well now they're
+equal so I just call them the length we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so I just call them the length we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so I just call them the length we
+have L of n by L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L of n by L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L of n by L of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I compute well what's L of N I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I compute well what's L of N I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I compute well what's L of N I
+have here L of n over 4 cuz only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here L of n over 4 cuz only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here L of n over 4 cuz only a
+quarter of the leaves in this one or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the leaves in this one or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the leaves in this one or in
+that one then I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one then I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one then I have a
+constant is like Theta 1 no big deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is like Theta 1 no big deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is like Theta 1 no big deal and
+then I have L of n over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have L of n over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have L of n over 4
+again so I get the recurrence that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I get the recurrence that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I get the recurrence that I
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+L of n is 2 * L of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of n is 2 * L of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of n is 2 * L of n /
+4 plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 plus order
+1 and that has solution Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that has solution Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that has solution Square < TK of
+n as we claimed before again we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as we claimed before again we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as we claimed before again we're in
+case one of the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one of the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one of the master
+method cool huh this is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method cool huh this is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method cool huh this is a much more
+compact layout Charles did you invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact layout Charles did you invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact layout Charles did you invent
+this layout or no but it's it's I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this layout or no but it's it's I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this layout or no but it's it's I know
+it appears in your PhD thesis and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears in your PhD thesis and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears in your PhD thesis and you
+extend it in various directions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it in various directions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it in various directions so this
+is sort of a classic cool layout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a classic cool layout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a classic cool layout of
+trees into grids and another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees into grids and another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees into grids and another application
+of divide and conquer I mean this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide and conquer I mean this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide and conquer I mean this is not
+particularly useful for algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful for algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful for algorithms
+directly it's useful for vs side layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it's useful for vs side layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly it's useful for vs side layout
+directly but it gives you more flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it gives you more flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it gives you more flavor of
+how you should you should think about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you should you should think about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you should you should think about if
+you know what running time you're aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what running time you're aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what running time you're aiming
+for like in problem sets and quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like in problem sets and quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like in problem sets and quizzes
+often we say here's the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we say here's the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we say here's the running time
+you've got to get think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get think about the
+recurrence that we'll get you there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that we'll get you there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that we'll get you there and
+that could inspire you and uh that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could inspire you and uh that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could inspire you and uh that's it
+recitation Friday for homework lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation Friday for homework lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation Friday for homework lab
+Sunday no class Monday see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-WapZQ_LwFM.txt b/-WapZQ_LwFM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb52cc5681dd7d98d3b262b147c42ed585846f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-WapZQ_LwFM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we have the privilege today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have the privilege today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have the privilege today
+of hearing from Professor Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearing from Professor Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearing from Professor Susan
+Professor silby taught this class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor silby taught this class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor silby taught this class with
+professor assard and me the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor assard and me the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor assard and me the last two
+years and um her she is a sociologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and um her she is a sociologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and um her she is a sociologist
+political scientist Anthropologist head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist Anthropologist head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist Anthropologist head
+of the anthropology section uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the anthropology section uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the anthropology section uh and
+obviously brings a different perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously brings a different perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously brings a different perspective
+to a number of these issues from than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number of these issues from than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number of these issues from than
+than I a PO country Economist do uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I a PO country Economist do uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I a PO country Economist do uh and
+as I said last time I showed you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said last time I showed you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said last time I showed you a
+little bit of sort of the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of sort of the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of sort of the economics of
+energy demand and then suggested at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demand and then suggested at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demand and then suggested at the
+end of the lecture by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture by talking about
+dollars on the sidewalk that work picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on the sidewalk that work picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on the sidewalk that work picked
+up in Energy Efficiency on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Energy Efficiency on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Energy Efficiency on the one hand
+and people aggress aggressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people aggress aggressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people aggress aggressively
+investing in Energy Efficiency on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Energy Efficiency on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Energy Efficiency on the
+other hand that perhaps the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand that perhaps the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand that perhaps the notion of
+tangible Energy Services wasn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible Energy Services wasn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible Energy Services wasn't quite
+Rich enough to explain energy demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich enough to explain energy demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich enough to explain energy demand and
+now it will all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it will all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it will all be
+explained well hello it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained well hello it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained well hello it's
+rather tall order but we'll try on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather tall order but we'll try on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather tall order but we'll try on
+Monday dick talked to you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday dick talked to you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday dick talked to you about the
+economics of energy demand he talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of energy demand he talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of energy demand he talked
+about how demand for energy is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how demand for energy is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how demand for energy is derived
+from demand for products and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demand for products and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demand for products and services
+and so we talk about it as mediated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talk about it as mediated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talk about it as mediated or
+derived demand which requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived demand which requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived demand which requires some
+adjustments in the basic economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the basic economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments in the basic economic
+models He also mentioned I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models He also mentioned I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models He also mentioned I believe that
+variations in derived demand depend upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in derived demand depend upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in derived demand depend upon
+fixed Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Capital
+Investments as well as short and long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments as well as short and long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments as well as short and long
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+expectations and that because of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and that because of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and that because of those
+short and long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and long run
+expectations income and price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations income and price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations income and price
+elasticities are generally limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are generally limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities are generally limited
+unlike in other products and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike in other products and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike in other products and services
+and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+constraining the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the ability to
+maximize uh with efficient responses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize uh with efficient responses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize uh with efficient responses and
+as dick just mentioned again people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dick just mentioned again people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dick just mentioned again people do
+not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+maximize uh or optimize let me say their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize uh or optimize let me say their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize uh or optimize let me say their
+decisions that there's lots of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that there's lots of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that there's lots of possible
+efficiencies that are not pursued and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies that are not pursued and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies that are not pursued and he
+mentioned I believe on Monday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I believe on Monday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I believe on Monday the
+leaving those uh dollars on the sidewalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving those uh dollars on the sidewalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving those uh dollars on the sidewalk
+because of perhaps imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of perhaps imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of perhaps imperfect
+information riskiness and uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information riskiness and uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information riskiness and uncertainty of
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+savings could be a lot of other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings could be a lot of other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings could be a lot of other reasons
+too and as he mentioned again just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and as he mentioned again just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and as he mentioned again just now
+people might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overinvestigation is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestigation is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestigation is defined
+economically so why do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically so why do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically so why do we see
+economically non optal decisions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically non optal decisions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically non optal decisions that's
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+$64,000 Question how do people act why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$64,000 Question how do people act why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$64,000 Question how do people act why
+do people do what they do why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people do what they do why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people do what they do why are they
+not in the economic model perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the economic model perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the economic model perfectly
+rational actors now it is the mission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational actors now it is the mission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational actors now it is the mission of
+all of social science to try to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of social science to try to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of social science to try to describe
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+behavior but the explanation ations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but the explanation ations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but the explanation ations that
+come from economics are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from economics are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from economics are not necessarily
+the same that come from the other social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that come from the other social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that come from the other social
+sciences how many of you have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences how many of you have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences how many of you have had a
+course in economics before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in economics before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in economics before this
+one oh lots of you because it's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh lots of you because it's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh lots of you because it's required
+for this course that's right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course that's right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course that's right but I
+didn't see every hand I was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see every hand I was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see every hand I was was
+wondering how accurate this survey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how accurate this survey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how accurate this survey is
+going to be uh how many of you have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh how many of you have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh how many of you have had
+a political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science
+class let me see those hands I can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class let me see those hands I can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class let me see those hands I can't see
+1 2 3 4 5 6 how many oh did I miss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 how many oh did I miss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 how many oh did I miss some
+over here 78 okay how many have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here 78 okay how many have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here 78 okay how many have had a
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class wow that's pretty good how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class wow that's pretty good how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class wow that's pretty good how many
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+had an anthropology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an anthropology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an anthropology
+class zero right oh one two okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class zero right oh one two okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class zero right oh one two okay and we
+don't offer sociology here uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't offer sociology here uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't offer sociology here uh for
+undergraduates only really for graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates only really for graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates only really for graduate
+students um so this uh why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um so this uh why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um so this uh why do
+people do what they do it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what they do it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what they do it turns out that
+each of the social sciences has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the social sciences has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the social sciences has a
+slightly different answer and so by way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different answer and so by way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different answer and so by way
+of uh well for those of you who have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh well for those of you who have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh well for those of you who have had
+a political science class how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science class how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science class how is it
+different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+nobody wants it yeah Andrew no equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants it yeah Andrew no equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants it yeah Andrew no equations
+andu like that well that turns out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu like that well that turns out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu like that well that turns out not
+to be true it just isn't in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true it just isn't in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true it just isn't in the
+UN then it's just not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN then it's just not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN then it's just not in the
+undergraduate class there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class there are plenty of
+equations there are plenty of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there are plenty of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there are plenty of equations
+in sociology too not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sociology too not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sociology too not in
+anthropology okay so maybe I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology okay so maybe I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology okay so maybe I need to do
+this so if you think of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you think of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you think of the social
+sciences as the study of human behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences as the study of human behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences as the study of human behavior
+there is a division of labor now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a division of labor now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a division of labor now this
+division of labor can be simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor can be simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor can be simply
+explained but gets a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained but gets a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained but gets a little complicated
+when you go into detail so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into detail so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into detail so we might
+think of the most basic and simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the most basic and simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the most basic and simplest
+social science as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science as
+psychology which we almost don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology which we almost don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology which we almost don't have
+anymore which is about what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore which is about what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore which is about what goes
+on inside people's heads psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside people's heads psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside people's heads psychology
+being the study of a person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the study of a person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the study of a person and
+explaining what this person does by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what this person does by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining what this person does by
+looking inside and we have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking inside and we have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking inside and we have various
+terms for talking about what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for talking about what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms for talking about what's inside
+people's heads their desires we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's heads their desires we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's heads their desires we talk
+about the ID which is the desires you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ID which is the desires you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ID which is the desires you
+have and the ego which is the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the ego which is the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the ego which is the control
+and the notion of a constraint on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion of a constraint on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion of a constraint on what
+you do but then we have and I would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do but then we have and I would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do but then we have and I would put
+Psychology by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology by itself
+as different from the rest of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as different from the rest of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as different from the rest of the social
+sciences and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sociology which says that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology which says that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology which says that it is
+interested in what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what goes
+on between two or more persons never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on between two or more persons never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on between two or more persons never a
+person alone and the unit of analysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person alone and the unit of analysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person alone and the unit of analysis or
+the subject is the interaction not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is the interaction not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is the interaction not
+what's in here but what is exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in here but what is exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in here but what is exchanged
+between the two of them now some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two of them now some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two of them now some people
+people would say that sociology is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say that sociology is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say that sociology is the
+queen because everything follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen because everything follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen because everything follows from
+these interactions because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interactions because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interactions because the
+interactions can take various patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions can take various patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions can take various patterns
+so they can be interactions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can be interactions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can be interactions about
+production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and
+distribution and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we get
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+okay it you can think about it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it you can think about it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it you can think about it as the
+interactions where some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where some people are
+making things that other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things that other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things that other people are
+receiving and it happens through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving and it happens through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving and it happens through this
+thing called the market which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the market which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the market which is sort of
+an invisible black box right then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invisible black box right then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invisible black box right then we
+might have interactions that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have interactions that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have interactions that have to do
+with Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Force
+violence and when that's concentrated we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and when that's concentrated we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and when that's concentrated we
+call that the state who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the state who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the state who has a
+monopoly of force and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly of force and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly of force and that's what
+political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science
+studies okay so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies okay so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies okay so here we have
+for social sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social sciences
+leaving the study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the study of the
+circulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation of the
+signs this one's more complicated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs this one's more complicated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs this one's more complicated it's
+probably why only two of you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably why only two of you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably why only two of you took
+classes because you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because you don't understand
+what it is but it's the circulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's the circulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's the circulation of
+the signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and
+symbols among people and we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols among people and we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols among people and we call that
+culture and that's what anthropology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that's what anthropology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that's what anthropology
+studies the practices in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the practices in the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the practices in the production
+and circulation of signs so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circulation of signs so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circulation of signs so there you
+have the social sciences now that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the social sciences now that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the social sciences now that's a
+very simple easy distinction but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple easy distinction but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple easy distinction but like
+most things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in
+life that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that's too
+simple and in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and in any
+place oh I forgot you're not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place oh I forgot you're not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place oh I forgot you're not supposed to
+oh I forgot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I forgot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I forgot I
+forgot I forgot no human power here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+okay um so you know we have political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you know we have political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you know we have political
+science which studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which studies
+force and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and the
+state but it overlaps with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it overlaps with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it overlaps with some
+sociology which looks at the patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology which looks at the patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology which looks at the patterns of
+interactions and there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and there's something
+called political sociology and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called political sociology and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called political sociology and then some
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Sociology studies distri dist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sociology studies distri dist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sociology studies distri dist
+production and distribution and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and distribution and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and distribution and we call
+that economic sociology and sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economic sociology and sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economic sociology and sum of
+Economics is now interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics is now interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics is now interested in how
+people's desires and behaviors affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's desires and behaviors affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's desires and behaviors affect
+their decisionmaking we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decisionmaking we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decisionmaking we call that
+behavioral economics and that overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics and that overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral economics and that overlaps
+with psychology and anthropology so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with psychology and anthropology so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with psychology and anthropology so you
+might just think about what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just think about what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just think about what is actually
+studied as having normal distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied as having normal distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied as having normal distributions
+that overlap and depending lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overlap and depending lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overlap and depending lots of
+people are studying in these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying in these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying in these places
+which we call interdisciplinary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call interdisciplinary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call interdisciplinary and
+that's how you get a class like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get a class like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get a class like this
+okay so why do people or how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do people or how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do people or how do
+people how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how do
+people uh deal with these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh deal with these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh deal with these questions
+about energy how do they make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy how do they make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about energy how do they make the
+decisions so what I'm going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so what I'm going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so what I'm going to try to do
+today and this is my outline is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is my outline is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is my outline is to go
+through some basic models some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some basic models some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some basic models some very
+general models about how people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general models about how people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general models about how people make
+decisions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions the
+variations and the motives we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and the motives we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and the motives we might say
+or the vocabularies of motive I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the vocabularies of motive I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the vocabularies of motive I'm going
+to look at some results from cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some results from cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some results from cognitive
+science and sociology of decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and sociology of decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and sociology of decision making
+going to look at a few experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few experiments and
+then maybe we can end if time permits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we can end if time permits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we can end if time permits
+with some discussion of uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some discussion of uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some discussion of uh what happens
+when we focus on the individual and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we focus on the individual and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we focus on the individual and the
+ironies of popular psychology I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies of popular psychology I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies of popular psychology I'm not
+sure we'll get there in future classes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we'll get there in future classes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we'll get there in future classes I
+know you are going to discuss decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you are going to discuss decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you are going to discuss decision
+making in firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in firms and
+organizations which are Aggregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations which are Aggregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations which are Aggregates
+patterned Aggregates not one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned Aggregates not one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned Aggregates not one but the
+pattern by which people are arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern by which people are arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern by which people are arranged in
+their activities those are organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activities those are organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activities those are organizations
+and firms and we will look at States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms and we will look at States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms and we will look at States or
+you will in which we make public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will in which we make public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will in which we make public
+policies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do people make
+decisions how do we make decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions how do we make decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions how do we make decisions about
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+wrong what kind of C to buy why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what kind of C to buy why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what kind of C to buy why are
+people buying that Prius even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buying that Prius even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buying that Prius even though
+they'll never recoup the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+why do we think that skinny women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we think that skinny women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we think that skinny women are
+beautiful now and a 100 years ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now and a 100 years ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful now and a 100 years ago we
+thought that heavy women were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that heavy women were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that heavy women were
+beautiful maybe none of you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful maybe none of you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful maybe none of you know that
+that was the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the case
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+advertising any women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adver why might the but what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adver why might the but what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adver why might the but what about the
+advertising What did the the advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising What did the the advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising What did the the advertising
+say and was it advertising a 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago yeah well there's some predominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yeah well there's some predominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yeah well there's some predominantly
+like fashion advertisement in 50s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion advertisement in 50s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion advertisement in 50s and
+60s switched from the more you know bous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s switched from the more you know bous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s switched from the more you know bous
+sexual icon to something really skinny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual icon to something really skinny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual icon to something really skinny
+there's one person in particular named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one person in particular named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one person in particular named
+twigy who kind of became a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twigy who kind of became a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twigy who kind of became a very famous
+yeah very skinny model everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very skinny model everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very skinny model everything from
+that kind of follow yeah but it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of follow yeah but it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of follow yeah but it was in
+the 19 Century before there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 Century before there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 Century before there was
+advertising yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising yes
+David um I'd say there's also a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David um I'd say there's also a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David um I'd say there's also a change
+in the signaling of of what your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signaling of of what your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signaling of of what your body
+meant right that's right you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant right that's right you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant right that's right you know if you
+go further back there are depictions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further back there are depictions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further back there are depictions of
+of larger heavier people as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of larger heavier people as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of larger heavier people as being
+wealthy which is something and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy which is something and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy which is something and they're
+paler which was you know you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paler which was you know you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paler which was you know you didn't have
+to work in the fields you had enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in the fields you had enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in the fields you had enough to
+eat you had meat which was uncommon most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat you had meat which was uncommon most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat you had meat which was uncommon most
+people ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ate
+vegetables that's right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables that's right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables that's right and the
+signaling was in the 19th century to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling was in the 19th century to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling was in the 19th century to
+have heft on you meant you were wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heft on you meant you were wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heft on you meant you were wealthy
+enough to eat well because most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to eat well because most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to eat well because most people
+did not so this is just little exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not so this is just little exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not so this is just little exercise
+and this is about culture this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about culture this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about culture this is about
+the circulating signs the signaling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulating signs the signaling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulating signs the signaling but
+so you you've all got it you got it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you've all got it you got it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you've all got it you got it the
+culture encourages us to want certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture encourages us to want certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture encourages us to want certain
+things to think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to think they
+beautiful is there anything else none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is there anything else none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is there anything else none of
+you believe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe yeah
+do with education as well you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with education as well you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with education as well you're also
+socialized it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized it's
+fantastic if you would put that slide we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic if you would put that slide we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic if you would put that slide we
+had up on Monday that showed you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had up on Monday that showed you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had up on Monday that showed you that
+you're not going to make your money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to make your money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to make your money back
+from buying prus I think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from buying prus I think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from buying prus I think that would
+deter some people from buying them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter some people from buying them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter some people from buying them and
+similarly with things like obesity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with things like obesity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly with things like obesity in
+the US uh while being like esin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh while being like esin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh while being like esin as
+Twiggy might not be healthy um being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twiggy might not be healthy um being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twiggy might not be healthy um being
+generally more fit is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally more fit is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally more fit is considered to be
+more healthy due to the knowledge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more healthy due to the knowledge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more healthy due to the knowledge we
+have now that we might not have had 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now that we might not have had 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now that we might not have had 100
+years ago well that's right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago well that's right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago well that's right that's right
+you've got it but there's another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it but there's another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it but there's another set of
+reasons people often offer I'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons people often offer I'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons people often offer I'll go back
+a what you know the other reasons none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what you know the other reasons none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what you know the other reasons none
+of you have any other reasons why we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have any other reasons why we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have any other reasons why we do
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+do yeah what is that Matthew uh cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah what is that Matthew uh cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah what is that Matthew uh cuz I
+saw a bunch of other people were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a bunch of other people were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a bunch of other people were doing
+the same thing so like wealthy people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so like wealthy people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so like wealthy people
+had wi so they thought that was these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wi so they thought that was these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wi so they thought that was these
+are all so ological and anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all so ological and anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all so ological and anthropological
+reasons and I just love it as being head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and I just love it as being head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and I just love it as being head
+of that department but I usually get not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that department but I usually get not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that department but I usually get not
+necessarily in this class I think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in this class I think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in this class I think you've
+all learned quite well many students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned quite well many students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned quite well many students
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+me that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that they're
+programmed to want and do certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed to want and do certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed to want and do certain things
+and I'm so surprised MIT students not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm so surprised MIT students not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm so surprised MIT students not
+coming up with that because when I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with that because when I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with that because when I teach
+sociology or anthropology class this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or anthropology class this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or anthropology class this is
+the one that comes up first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that comes up first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that comes up first
+first none of you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first none of you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first none of you believe that
+anymore Fant your DNA it's not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Fant your DNA it's not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Fant your DNA it's not in your
+DNA fantastic I love it I love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA fantastic I love it I love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA fantastic I love it I love it
+okay I I think it's great okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I think it's great okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I think it's great okay so uh
+there yeah I one more comment we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I one more comment we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I one more comment we can
+make I mean there's evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I mean there's evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I mean there's evolutionary
+psychologists who would argue that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists who would argue that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists who would argue that then
+we're attracted to certain things based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're attracted to certain things based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're attracted to certain things based
+on you know reprodu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know reprodu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know reprodu
+purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but not a Prius but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but not a Prius but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but not a Prius but
+not but more of The Hourglass shape more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but more of The Hourglass shape more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but more of The Hourglass shape more
+of the what The Hourglass shape like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what The Hourglass shape like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what The Hourglass shape like
+wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+danger I should have worn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger I should have worn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger I should have worn something
+different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so
+so what I want to offer before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to offer before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to offer before we go
+further is the oh did you have your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further is the oh did you have your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further is the oh did you have your hand
+up I was going to say um so you POS the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I was going to say um so you POS the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I was going to say um so you POS the
+question like why did the appeal change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like why did the appeal change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like why did the appeal change
+from women that were rounder to women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from women that were rounder to women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from women that were rounder to women
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+like skinnier yeah so for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boobs so DNA kind of doesn't for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boobs so DNA kind of doesn't for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boobs so DNA kind of doesn't for that
+because your DNA probably didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your DNA probably didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your DNA probably didn't change
+over the course of you know 50 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of you know 50 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of you know 50 years or
+100 years but maybe the that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years but maybe the that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years but maybe the that is
+hardcoded in DNA is that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded in DNA is that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded in DNA is that you want to
+you're kind of seek a mate who's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of seek a mate who's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of seek a mate who's like
+you know fit or able to like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fit or able to like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fit or able to like you know
+support themselves and you know raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support themselves and you know raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support themselves and you know raise
+children or whatever so maybe like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or whatever so maybe like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or whatever so maybe like the
+ideal like what it is in the social that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal like what it is in the social that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal like what it is in the social that
+like you know this woman is fit so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know this woman is fit so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know this woman is fit so that
+that means that you know she's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you know she's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you know she's more
+capable okay so maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable okay so maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable okay so maybe it's
+Fit versus the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fit versus the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fit versus the specific
+definition of fit exactly but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fit exactly but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fit exactly but yeah so
+part of it comes from the DNA and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it comes from the DNA and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it comes from the DNA and that
+you that's who you're seeking but social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's who you're seeking but social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's who you're seeking but social
+kind of defines what exactly that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of defines what exactly that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of defines what exactly that means
+well that's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a very interesting
+observation because there's lots of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation because there's lots of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation because there's lots of good
+social theory which suggests that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social theory which suggests that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social theory which suggests that about
+lots of Concepts that many all societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Concepts that many all societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Concepts that many all societies
+have some form of marriage system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some form of marriage system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some form of marriage system and
+family system for raising children so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family system for raising children so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family system for raising children so
+you might say that there is a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say that there is a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say that there is a human
+system of reproduction the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of reproduction the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of reproduction the social
+relations in addition to the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in addition to the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in addition to the biological
+but so we say there is thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we say there is thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we say there is thing called the
+institution of the family but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of the family but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of the family but that
+varies from society to society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from society to society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from society to society and
+that's the same kind the specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same kind the specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same kind the specificity
+varies though there could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies though there could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies though there could be something
+more General and that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General and that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General and that's a good
+introduction for what I want to do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for what I want to do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction for what I want to do for a
+few minutes is I want to suggest to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes is I want to suggest to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes is I want to suggest to you
+that there are a few General models Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a few General models Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a few General models Of
+Human Action which I sort s of suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Action which I sort s of suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Action which I sort s of suggested
+in the differences among the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differences among the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differences among the social
+sciences and we use different concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and we use different concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and we use different concepts
+and terminology to describe what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminology to describe what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminology to describe what is
+observable in human behavior and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable in human behavior and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable in human behavior and these
+social science theories are not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science theories are not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science theories are not always
+as Andrew suggested at the outset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Andrew suggested at the outset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Andrew suggested at the outset
+Quantified into equations okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified into equations okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified into equations okay that
+economics begins and ends with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics begins and ends with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics begins and ends with those
+equations the other social sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the other social sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the other social sciences
+haven't all developed into equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't all developed into equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't all developed into equations for
+most of what they do but you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what they do but you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what they do but you will find
+it in some in most in all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some in most in all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some in most in all of them
+there'll be some so I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some so I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some so I want to show
+you for example the equation you had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example the equation you had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example the equation you had on
+Monday right that's an economic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday right that's an economic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday right that's an economic one
+about derived demand well here's one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about derived demand well here's one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about derived demand well here's one you
+all you may or may not know this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you may or may not know this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you may or may not know this is one
+of my favorite ones because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorite ones because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorite ones because it's the
+field that I'm specialist in and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that I'm specialist in and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that I'm specialist in and it says
+that formal social control is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal social control is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal social control is inversely
+related to informal social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to informal social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to informal social
+control social control is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control social control is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control social control is what we
+do to manage other people's behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to manage other people's behavior or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to manage other people's behavior or
+to manage behavior and formal social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage behavior and formal social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage behavior and formal social
+control simply means government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control simply means government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control simply means government and
+informal means everything that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal means everything that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal means everything that's not the
+government that's not the legitimate use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's not the legitimate use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's not the legitimate use
+of force and the more you have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force and the more you have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force and the more you have of
+informal norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal norms
+informal culture the less you have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal culture the less you have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal culture the less you have of
+government that's what this Theory says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's what this Theory says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's what this Theory says
+so one varies inversely and sociologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one varies inversely and sociologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one varies inversely and sociologists
+have been trying to validate this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been trying to validate this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been trying to validate this theory
+for a long time okay the theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time okay the theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time okay the theories
+without equations are an organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without equations are an organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without equations are an organization of
+words that are clearly defined that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are clearly defined that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are clearly defined that try
+to um make explicit what what is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um make explicit what what is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um make explicit what what is often
+tacd that is unspoken and in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacd that is unspoken and in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacd that is unspoken and in social
+science our task is to make explicit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science our task is to make explicit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science our task is to make explicit and
+describable what through systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable what through systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable what through systematic
+observations through transparent methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations through transparent methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations through transparent methods
+what goes on in human behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on in human behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on in human behavior so
+Andrew's first answer to me was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew's first answer to me was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew's first answer to me was more
+methodological than it was conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological than it was conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological than it was conceptual
+and what I offered in my distinctions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I offered in my distinctions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I offered in my distinctions in
+the social science was more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social science was more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social science was more more
+conceptual the methods we use turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual the methods we use turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual the methods we use turn out
+to be almost the same across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be almost the same across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be almost the same across all the
+social sciences we observe we ask we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social sciences we observe we ask we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social sciences we observe we ask we
+count and there are a variety of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and there are a variety of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and there are a variety of ways of
+doing that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay so
+um so how do people make decisions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do people make decisions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do people make decisions well
+I tried to get from you two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to get from you two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to get from you two different
+Notions more cultural and institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions more cultural and institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions more cultural and institutional
+versus biological but even if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus biological but even if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus biological but even if you look
+in the non-biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the non-biological
+explanations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations there
+are sort of patterns that come up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of patterns that come up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of patterns that come up in the
+explanations that people give so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations that people give so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations that people give so one
+pattern is the psychological one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is the psychological one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is the psychological one that
+people act on the basis of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act on the basis of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act on the basis of individual
+desires Wills that sometimes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires Wills that sometimes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires Wills that sometimes this
+individual desire and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual desire and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual desire and will
+is a product of their DNA nature they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of their DNA nature they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of their DNA nature they
+made their biography their Parenthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their biography their Parenthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their biography their Parenthood
+this is what made them who they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what made them who they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what made them who they are
+there are different kinds of persons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of persons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of persons so
+this is the biological individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the biological individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the biological individualistic
+personality psychology evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality psychology evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality psychology evolutionary
+biology okay man makes history we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay man makes history we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay man makes history we have
+an Obama as President because he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Obama as President because he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Obama as President because he's a
+unique individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individual
+we had George Washington because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had George Washington because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had George Washington because he was
+a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special
+person oh Gandhi was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person oh Gandhi was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person oh Gandhi was
+charismatic these are the explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic these are the explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic these are the explanations
+that say there is something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say there is something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say there is something about the
+person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that
+produces the behavior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the behavior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the behavior and the
+achievements the alternative ex and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements the alternative ex and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements the alternative ex and so
+okay so they're unique and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're unique and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're unique and independent
+individuals and Society is merely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and Society is merely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and Society is merely the
+aggregate of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individuals the uh philosophers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals the uh philosophers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals the uh philosophers and
+writers who exemplified this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers who exemplified this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers who exemplified this point of
+view include John Lock in the 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view include John Lock in the 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view include John Lock in the 17th
+century John Stewart Mill in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century John Stewart Mill in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century John Stewart Mill in the 19th
+century Friedrich Hayek and Milton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Friedrich Hayek and Milton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Friedrich Hayek and Milton
+fredman in the 20th centuries okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman in the 20th centuries okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman in the 20th centuries okay when
+you come across these names you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across these names you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across these names you can now
+put them in the box that says we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the box that says we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the box that says we can
+explain what happened s in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened s in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened s in the world
+including the production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the production and
+distribution of energy by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of energy by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of energy by looking at
+individual behavior and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual behavior and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual behavior and that's what
+we're going to do today okay but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today okay but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today okay but there's
+a second answer or a second kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second answer or a second kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second answer or a second kind of
+theory which many of you gave me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which many of you gave me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which many of you gave me to
+start with which is that the motives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with which is that the motives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with which is that the motives and
+the intentions of individuals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intentions of individuals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intentions of individuals are
+located in a larger circulation whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in a larger circulation whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in a larger circulation whether
+it's advertising or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's advertising or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's advertising or
+education that people anticipate certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that people anticipate certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that people anticipate certain
+things to happen that they locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen that they locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen that they locate
+themselves in a sequence and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in a sequence and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in a sequence and so that
+it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the
+individual but it's what the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual but it's what the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual but it's what the individual
+has learned over time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned over time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned over time and the
+experiences that they have had and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that they have had and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that they have had and what
+the philosopher John dwey called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher John dwey called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher John dwey called
+situated action that an action doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated action that an action doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated action that an action doesn't
+mean the same in one place as in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same in one place as in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same in one place as in another
+and so therefore the design the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore the design the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore the design the action
+you make or do isn't the same in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make or do isn't the same in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make or do isn't the same in one
+place or another and if you take account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or another and if you take account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or another and if you take account
+of that variation then it isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that variation then it isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that variation then it isn't the
+individual causation but it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual causation but it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual causation but it's also the
+situation and there are authors who say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and there are authors who say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and there are authors who say
+these kinds of things include Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things include Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things include Pierre
+bordier and he calls this situation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bordier and he calls this situation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bordier and he calls this situation or
+these culturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these culturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these culturally
+learned behaviors habits or the habitus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned behaviors habits or the habitus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned behaviors habits or the habitus
+and Adam Smith in his theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Adam Smith in his theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Adam Smith in his theory of the
+moral sentiments which he wrote before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral sentiments which he wrote before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral sentiments which he wrote before
+he wrote The Wealth of Nations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote The Wealth of Nations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote The Wealth of Nations in
+1776 do you all know The Wealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1776 do you all know The Wealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1776 do you all know The Wealth of
+Nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations
+1776 okay and you all know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1776 okay and you all know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1776 okay and you all know about the
+invisible hand okay yes no well look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible hand okay yes no well look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible hand okay yes no well look it
+up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+Wikipedia okay but what is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia okay but what is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia okay but what is important
+about that theory which most people take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that theory which most people take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that theory which most people take
+as obvious because the the foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as obvious because the the foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as obvious because the the foundation of
+the market is that before he wrote The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market is that before he wrote The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market is that before he wrote The
+Wealth of Nations he wrote The Theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wealth of Nations he wrote The Theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wealth of Nations he wrote The Theory of
+the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral
+sentiments and in that book what Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments and in that book what Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments and in that book what Adam
+Smith said is that the person all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith said is that the person all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith said is that the person all people
+will try to be good they will be limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to be good they will be limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to be good they will be limited
+in their desires which is what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their desires which is what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their desires which is what gets
+translated into demand in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into demand in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into demand in the market
+by the expectation of what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expectation of what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expectation of what their
+neighbors will think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors will think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors will think of
+them that doesn't hold very true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that doesn't hold very true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that doesn't hold very true in the
+modern world except if you go to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world except if you go to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world except if you go to what
+some of you start at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you start at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you start at the beginning
+advertising and signaling and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and signaling and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising and signaling and education
+so what we desire Adam Smith said will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we desire Adam Smith said will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we desire Adam Smith said will
+be constrained by what we think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constrained by what we think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constrained by what we think our
+neighbors will think of us and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors will think of us and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors will think of us and that's
+the framework in which our desires or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework in which our desires or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework in which our desires or
+demands can shape a market okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands can shape a market okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands can shape a market okay so in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+second bifurcated notion it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bifurcated notion it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bifurcated notion it's not that
+history makes the man it's that man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history makes the man it's that man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history makes the man it's that man
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+history oh no I said it backwards erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history oh no I said it backwards erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history oh no I said it backwards erase
+that the second theory history makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second theory history makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second theory history makes the
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+so Barack Obama can get elected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Barack Obama can get elected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Barack Obama can get elected in
+2008 he could not have get gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 he could not have get gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 he could not have get gotten
+elected president in 1980 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected president in 1980 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected president in 1980 or
+1990 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 or
+2000 conditions had to be such is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 conditions had to be such is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 conditions had to be such is how
+the story would go or that uh George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story would go or that uh George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story would go or that uh George
+Washington would have been a farmer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington would have been a farmer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington would have been a farmer and
+he would have spent his whole life as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have spent his whole life as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have spent his whole life as a
+farmer were it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer were it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer were it not
+for the American Revolution which he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the American Revolution which he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the American Revolution which he did
+not participate in until the war started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate in until the war started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate in until the war started
+he was not one of the signers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not one of the signers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence they needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Independence they needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Independence they needed
+someone to be a general without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to be a general without that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to be a general without that
+need he wouldn't have been the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need he wouldn't have been the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need he wouldn't have been the president
+and so the second model is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the second model is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the second model is that
+personhood identity a will the desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personhood identity a will the desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personhood identity a will the desires
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+produced and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and are
+contingent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent on the
+opportunities that exist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that exist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that exist and the
+constraints and the authors who write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and the authors who write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and the authors who write
+from this perspective are Max vber Emil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this perspective are Max vber Emil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this perspective are Max vber Emil
+durkheim Carl Pani Carl Marx Jean jacqu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durkheim Carl Pani Carl Marx Jean jacqu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durkheim Carl Pani Carl Marx Jean jacqu
+Russo so when you encounter those names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russo so when you encounter those names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russo so when you encounter those names
+you can put them as antithesis to lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put them as antithesis to lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put them as antithesis to lock
+mil haak and fredman okay now I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mil haak and fredman okay now I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mil haak and fredman okay now I'll put
+in a little Amendment that's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little Amendment that's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little Amendment that's not in the
+notes that for the most part Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that for the most part Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that for the most part Americans
+when you survey them and ask them why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you survey them and ask them why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you survey them and ask them why
+things happen as they do they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen as they do they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen as they do they give you
+the first answer because people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer because people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer because people are
+special that's why they have what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special that's why they have what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special that's why they have what they
+have or that's why things turn out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or that's why things turn out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or that's why things turn out the
+way they are we are in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are we are in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are we are in the United States
+a nation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nation of
+individualists we rarely see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualists we rarely see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualists we rarely see the
+patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of
+aggregation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one
+more one more how do people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions there's one more model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions there's one more model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions there's one more model that
+I'd like to present to you that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to present to you that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to present to you that's not a
+binary model these have been binaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary model these have been binaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary model these have been binaries
+right two different views individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two different views individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two different views individual
+biological Collective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Collective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Collective and
+culture the sociologist Max vber offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the sociologist Max vber offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the sociologist Max vber offered
+us a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a more complex
+notion he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion he
+suggested that action is social whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that action is social whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that action is social whenever
+we take account of somebody else just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take account of somebody else just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take account of somebody else just
+like Adam Smith's notion of the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Adam Smith's notion of the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Adam Smith's notion of the moral
+person we care what what our neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we care what what our neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we care what what our neighbors
+think now vber didn't say we care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now vber didn't say we care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now vber didn't say we care what
+our neighbors think he merely said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neighbors think he merely said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neighbors think he merely said that
+he will Define action as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+social when we take account of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social when we take account of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social when we take account of another
+when there's more than one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's more than one and we
+anticipate or we care or we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate or we care or we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate or we care or we want to say
+something about or imagine an other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about or imagine an other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about or imagine an other in
+relationship to ourselves that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to ourselves that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to ourselves that's what
+makes it social so whenever you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it social so whenever you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it social so whenever you hear the
+word social which is bandied about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word social which is bandied about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word social which is bandied about
+something terrible it always means an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terrible it always means an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terrible it always means an
+interaction of two or more and in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of two or more and in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of two or more and in his
+Grand Theory which I'll try to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Theory which I'll try to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Theory which I'll try to do in
+five minutes this is a thousand pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes this is a thousand pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes this is a thousand pages
+okay you're getting it in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're getting it in five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're getting it in five minutes
+there are four ways in which we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four ways in which we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four ways in which we can take
+account of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of other people
+the first one is what he called rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is what he called rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is what he called rational
+action and here we have exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and here we have exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and here we have exactly the
+economic model that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model that people
+act and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and make
+decisions on the basis of reasoning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on the basis of reasoning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on the basis of reasoning of
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+world the situations they mobilize logic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the situations they mobilize logic
+and they try to figure out how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try to figure out how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try to figure out how to get
+from here to there they maximize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there they maximize their
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there they maximize their
+Ends by figuring out appropriate means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ends by figuring out appropriate means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ends by figuring out appropriate means
+this is our economic rational actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our economic rational actor
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+
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+this is our economic rational actor
+model and he called that formal rational
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+
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+action but he said there was another
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+
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+action but he said there was another
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+oriented not to
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+
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+oriented not to
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+maximizing means ends
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+efficiencies but because there was
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+something we thought was good an
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+absolute value this could be a conscious
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+
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+belief in a God who tells us what to do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be some ethical value such as
+ 
+
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+it could be some ethical value such as
+do unto others as you would have them do
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+ align:start position:0%
+do unto others as you would have them do
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+
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+do unto others as you would have them do
+unto you it could be aesthetic to
+
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+unto you it could be aesthetic to
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+unto you it could be aesthetic to
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+maximize Beauty it could be to maximize
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+
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+maximize Beauty it could be to maximize
+equality as communism was
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+equality as communism was
+ 
+
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+equality as communism was
+originally imagined by KL Marx
+
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+originally imagined by KL Marx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally imagined by KL Marx
+so that behavior is organized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that behavior is organized to
+ 
+
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+so that behavior is organized to
+maximize or to fulfill that absolute
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+maximize or to fulfill that absolute
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+
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+maximize or to fulfill that absolute
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+
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+
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+
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+and the Third Kind of
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+and the Third Kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Third Kind of
+behavor oh so this is virtue could be
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+behavor oh so this is virtue could be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavor oh so this is virtue could be
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+
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+
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+you want to be
+environmentally sustainable whether it's
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally sustainable whether it's
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+
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+ 
+
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+efficient or not okay that's an
+alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to
+efficiency the Third Kind of behavior he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the Third Kind of behavior he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the Third Kind of behavior he
+described was ones which come from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described was ones which come from our
+ 
+
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+described was ones which come from our
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings from our emotions we do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings from our emotions we do things
+because it feels good now you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it feels good now you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it feels good now you all know
+what that's like you do a lot of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's like you do a lot of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's like you do a lot of that we
+all do that's why people take drugs
+
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+all do that's why people take drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do that's why people take drugs
+drink alcohol have sex because it feels
+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+satisfaction and The Fourth Kind of
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+
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+habit we act because we have always done
+ 
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and that
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+ 
+
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+mimicry but mimicry of the past rather
+
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+mimicry but mimicry of the past rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry but mimicry of the past rather
+than necessarily something co-present
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+ 
+
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+
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+and there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of
+societies lots of groups and this
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+societies lots of groups and this
+ 
+
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+societies lots of groups and this
+institution MIT is frequently accused of
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+institution MIT is frequently accused of
+ 
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+institution MIT is frequently accused of
+being stuck in its ways so when uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stuck in its ways so when uh we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stuck in its ways so when uh we
+were accredited a few years ago or re
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+
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+accredited the reac itation committee
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+
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+said that MIT had just about come into
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+
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+said that MIT had just about come into
+the 20th century in terms of the
+
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+the 20th century in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century in terms of the
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+information systems in which it managed
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+
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+information systems in which it managed
+we had hardly made it to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had hardly made it to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had hardly made it to the end of the
+20th century because we don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century because we don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century because we don't change
+things too easily okay habit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too easily okay habit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too easily okay habit it's
+comfortable so now like those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable so now like those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable so now like those um
+overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disciplines those overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines those overlapping
+ 
+
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+disciplines those overlapping
+disciplines all these Concepts have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines all these Concepts have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines all these Concepts have
+fuzzy borders so it's rare that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy borders so it's rare that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy borders so it's rare that you'll
+ever find an empirically observable act
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find an empirically observable act
+social action that's just one kind
+
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+social action that's just one kind
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+social action that's just one kind
+that's just rational action or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just rational action or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just rational action or that's
+just affect without habit or something
+
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+
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+just affect without habit or something
+else and that brings us to exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that brings us to exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that brings us to exactly where
+dick left off on Monday what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick left off on Monday what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dick left off on Monday what else
+besides rational action besides economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides rational action besides economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides rational action besides economic
+reasoning might be affecting demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning might be affecting demand for
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+
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+energy okay so these are the basic
+
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+energy okay so these are the basic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so these are the basic
+models of uh and habit or
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+models of uh and habit or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of uh and habit or
+past is what those those uh historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is what those those uh historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is what those those uh historic
+Investments are that we can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments are that we can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments are that we can't change
+very much that we have suburbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much that we have suburbs and
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+
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+very much that we have suburbs and
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+ align:start position:0%
+Automobiles that we have habitu ated
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+
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+Automobiles that we have habitu ated
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+
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+preferences in our political system and
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+the individualism that makes it very
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+the individualism that makes it very
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+
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+the individualism that makes it very
+hard for us to change our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for us to change our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for us to change our energy
+production and consumption systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and consumption systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and consumption systems okay
+so what I want this is the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want this is the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want this is the big picture
+and now let's look at some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at some specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+this okay but I would like you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but I would like you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay but I would like you to take
+away from this the notion that any Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this the notion that any Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this the notion that any Human
+Action invol involves usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action invol involves usually a
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+
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+Action invol involves usually a
+combination of these forms of action
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+combination of these forms of action
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+
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+okay these are the categories which we
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+okay these are the categories which we
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+
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+okay these are the categories which we
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+mix and match to describe it okay so
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+
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+days uh there's been a recent marriage
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+
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+days uh there's been a recent marriage
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+and it may in in the end end up being a
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+
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+marriage of our brain structure and our
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+marriage of our brain structure and our
+beh Behavior so what used to be
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+
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+
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+brains with uh pet scans
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+together is that fair do we have any B
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+together is that fair do we have any B
+BCS Majors here not
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+BCS Majors here not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCS Majors here not
+one not one brain and cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not one brain and cognitive science
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+
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+one not one brain and cognitive science
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+interesting I would have thought you'd
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+interesting I would have thought you'd
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+folks energ yes well do the brain and
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+ align:start position:0%
+folks energ yes well do the brain and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks energ yes well do the brain and
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+there you go there's a dissertation for
+
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+there you go there's a dissertation for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go there's a dissertation for
+you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so some of this marriage of mind and
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+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this marriage of mind and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of this marriage of mind and
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ired the neuroscientists have showed us
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ired the neuroscientists have showed us
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+ align:start position:0%
+is quite malleable that in fact oh I
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+say ah well you might be able to
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+regenerate muscles if you've had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate muscles if you've had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate muscles if you've had an
+accident or uh damaged it but the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident or uh damaged it but the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident or uh damaged it but the brain
+was what it was and it never changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what it was and it never changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what it was and it never changed
+well we know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that's not
+true used to think it was fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true used to think it was fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true used to think it was fixed and
+formed but now we know that the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed but now we know that the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed but now we know that the neurons
+are always in the making and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always in the making and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always in the making and those
+circuits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits are
+changing the neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the neurons and
+networks we have learned develop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we have learned develop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we have learned develop in
+response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to
+experience to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to the
+inputs so that they shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so that they shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so that they shape the
+capacity to act so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to act so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to act so
+that it's not just how you're born but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not just how you're born but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not just how you're born but
+the experiences that you you have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiences that you you have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiences that you you have had
+transform your mental capacities well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform your mental capacities well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform your mental capacities well
+you all know that's true you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know that's true you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know that's true you wouldn't
+have gotten to MIT otherwise unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten to MIT otherwise unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten to MIT otherwise unless you
+all think there was you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all think there was you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all think there was you know all these
+equations were in there to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were in there to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were in there to start with
+and they just came out recently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just came out recently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just came out recently that
+you've learned you've learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned you've learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned you've learned how to
+defer gratification that's what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer gratification that's what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer gratification that's what most
+successful college students to get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful college students to get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful college students to get here
+you learned and some people don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned and some people don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned and some people don't have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+experiences which allow that what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences which allow that what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences which allow that what if
+you're a child who's never ever had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a child who's never ever had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a child who's never ever had
+gratification of any bodily or emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification of any bodily or emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification of any bodily or emotional
+function well then delaying it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well then delaying it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well then delaying it is not
+something you could learn that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could learn that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could learn that will be
+rewarded you understand what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded you understand what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded you understand what I'm saying
+so if you've never had a full belly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've never had a full belly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've never had a full belly then
+when food is put in front of you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when food is put in front of you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when food is put in front of you you're
+not necessarily going to wait to eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily going to wait to eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily going to wait to eat it
+until you're told to eat it it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you're told to eat it it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you're told to eat it it's as
+simple as that and the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that and the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that and the same thing with
+cognitive activities so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive activities so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive activities so there's lots of
+work now going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now going on
+that is closing the gap between what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is closing the gap between what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is closing the gap between what is
+observable between the inner states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable between the inner states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable between the inner states and
+the external aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external aspects of
+culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+so in this work in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this work in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this work in this
+scholarship Scholars researchers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship Scholars researchers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship Scholars researchers have
+started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to
+distinguish a fundamental difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a fundamental difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a fundamental difference
+between what they call automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they call automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they call automatic
+cognition and deliberate cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and deliberate cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and deliberate cognition
+automatic cognition is rapid effortless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic cognition is rapid effortless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic cognition is rapid effortless
+unintentional thoughts things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional thoughts things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentional thoughts things which are
+those habits those things we do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those habits those things we do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those habits those things we do without
+thinking and it allows quick processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and it allows quick processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and it allows quick processing
+of information without extended thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information without extended thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information without extended thought
+or figuring out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or figuring out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or figuring out what to
+do deliberate cognition is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do deliberate cognition is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do deliberate cognition is slow
+considered measured where we can reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered measured where we can reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered measured where we can reject
+or accept Alternatives we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accept Alternatives we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accept Alternatives we can uh
+consider various actions to take where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider various actions to take where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider various actions to take where
+we might actively search for solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actively search for solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actively search for solutions
+for characteristics for connections for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for characteristics for connections for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for characteristics for connections for
+seeing if we can find relationships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if we can find relationships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if we can find relationships and
+where we don't assume but we solve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't assume but we solve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't assume but we solve you
+might say so um examples of automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say so um examples of automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say so um examples of automatic
+cognition are as the example male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition are as the example male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition are as the example male and
+female we look at somebody and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female we look at somebody and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female we look at somebody and we
+categorize them like that when we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize them like that when we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize them like that when we can't
+categorize them like that we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize them like that we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize them like that we start to
+think and we frequently then refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we frequently then refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we frequently then refer to
+that person as not usual or not normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person as not usual or not normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person as not usual or not normal
+age race in the United States is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age race in the United States is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age race in the United States is a
+fundamental automatic cognition turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental automatic cognition turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental automatic cognition turns
+out not to be that in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be that in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be that in all
+cultures in many cultures it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures in many cultures it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures in many cultures it's much more
+varied it's not a binary like it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied it's not a binary like it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied it's not a binary like it is in
+the United States so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States so our
+habits are examples of automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits are examples of automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits are examples of automatic
+cognition it's outside of our thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition it's outside of our thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition it's outside of our thinking
+processes outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes outside of
+Consciousness and it happens more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and it happens more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and it happens more often
+when we're under stress the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're under stress the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're under stress the experiments
+put people in different conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put people in different conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put people in different conditions and
+how quickly they respond when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly they respond when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly they respond when they're
+under stress uh is measurable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress uh is measurable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress uh is measurable in
+deliberate cognition what has been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate cognition what has been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate cognition what has been shown
+is that people deliberate and they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people deliberate and they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people deliberate and they think
+about Alternatives when there has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alternatives when there has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alternatives when there has been a
+disruption of those habits A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption of those habits A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption of those habits A
+disruption of uh of non you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption of uh of non you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption of uh of non you know of
+acting without thought okay so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting without thought okay so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting without thought okay so I want to
+give you some empirical examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some empirical examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some empirical examples of how
+this works okay um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works okay um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works okay um the first
+example is by uh Carol heimr at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is by uh Carol heimr at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is by uh Carol heimr at
+Northwestern University where she did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern University where she did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern University where she did a
+study of neonatal care in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of neonatal care in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of neonatal care in several
+hospitals she noticed in these Wards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals she noticed in these Wards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals she noticed in these Wards for
+preey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preey
+babies that routines the hospital had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies that routines the hospital had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies that routines the hospital had
+established were used to manage what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established were used to manage what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established were used to manage what was
+a very uncertain medical situation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uncertain medical situation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uncertain medical situation very
+uncertain for the families very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain for the families very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain for the families very
+stressful and that there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful and that there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful and that there was a very
+marked High hierarchy among the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked High hierarchy among the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked High hierarchy among the staff
+the the AIDS at the bottom the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AIDS at the bottom the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the AIDS at the bottom the doctors
+at the top certain surgical nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top certain surgical nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top certain surgical nurses
+higher up others lower down and mo along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher up others lower down and mo along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher up others lower down and mo along
+with this hierarchy of persons Heimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hierarchy of persons Heimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hierarchy of persons Heimer
+also identified a Continuum of routines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also identified a Continuum of routines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also identified a Continuum of routines
+at one end of her Spectrum there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one end of her Spectrum there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one end of her Spectrum there were
+tasks which were highly routinized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks which were highly routinized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks which were highly routinized that
+there was almost never any variation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was almost never any variation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was almost never any variation for
+how it was done and then there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was done and then there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was done and then there were
+other tasks which varied a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tasks which varied a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tasks which varied a lot from
+Patient to Patient and family to family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patient to Patient and family to family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patient to Patient and family to family
+she noticed that when there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she noticed that when there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she noticed that when there was
+either very very routinized or very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very very routinized or very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very very routinized or very very
+un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+routinized that there was deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinized that there was deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinized that there was deliberate
+cognition there was a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition there was a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition there was a great deal of
+talk uh examination consideration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh examination consideration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk uh examination consideration of
+Alternatives but where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives but where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives but where there was
+moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate
+routinization that things were automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinization that things were automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinization that things were automatic
+according to Heimer the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Heimer the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Heimer the over
+routinization triggers deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinization triggers deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinization triggers deliberate
+cognition because people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition because people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition because people are so
+overwhelmed and overloaded with routines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed and overloaded with routines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed and overloaded with routines
+that they the things they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the things they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the things they have to do
+routinely become a burden they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely become a burden they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely become a burden they become
+noise rather than a signal and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise rather than a signal and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise rather than a signal and they
+cease to focus attention on the child or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cease to focus attention on the child or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cease to focus attention on the child or
+on the situation then because there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the situation then because there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the situation then because there's so
+many things that need to be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that need to be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that need to be done and
+need to be done in a specified way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be done in a specified way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be done in a specified way they
+um they have to think about how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have to think about how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have to think about how to do it
+and under routinized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under routinized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under routinized
+context they have to figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context they have to figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context they have to figure out what to
+do when there are no routines and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when there are no routines and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when there are no routines and they
+have to be inductive is this like one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be inductive is this like one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be inductive is this like one we
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will think about it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will think about it so that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example in a second study about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example in a second study about uh
+residents in an Argentinian Shanty Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in an Argentinian Shanty Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in an Argentinian Shanty Town
+two Scholars AO and swiston studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Scholars AO and swiston studied the
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+
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+two Scholars AO and swiston studied the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mis assessments of environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mis assessments of environmental
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants so they saw that sometimes
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+okay so that's second example third
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments uh Martin and Desmond found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments uh Martin and Desmond found
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the right to life movement
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the right to life movement
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+
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+than did choice for those who were
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+
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+process of abortion okay the same thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+with faith-based labor movements um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with faith-based labor movements um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+a study of the um the serbo Croatian
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work on narrative so we've gone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+organizing uh social mov movements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing uh social mov movements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing uh social mov movements and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars and now we have from metaphors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to narratives so researchers have not
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition but also at the structure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very best research on this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very best research on this has been
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in courtrooms so that if Witnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in courtrooms so that if Witnesses
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not routine but this was unusual so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not routine but this was unusual so
+witnessing in Criminal Courts makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing in Criminal Courts makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically fill in with routinized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically fill in with routinized
+information in my own work I have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in my own work I have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in my own work I have shown
+that when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a
+story describes or F fails to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story describes or F fails to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story describes or F fails to describe
+let me put it this way when a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it this way when a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it this way when a story
+fails to describe how power is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to describe how power is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to describe how power is organized
+people are less likely to resist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are less likely to resist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are less likely to resist the
+power of that organization or person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of that organization or person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of that organization or person but
+when a story reveals who holds power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a story reveals who holds power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a story reveals who holds power and
+why then people are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why then people are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why then people are more likely to
+resist Authority so a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist Authority so a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist Authority so a little bit of
+perhaps what was happening last spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps what was happening last spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps what was happening last spring
+in the Middle East as stories circulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Middle East as stories circulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Middle East as stories circulated
+on the internet about what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet about what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet about what was happening
+in different places in villages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places in villages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places in villages and
+towns in Libya and in Egypt those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns in Libya and in Egypt those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns in Libya and in Egypt those
+stories spread and they told stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories spread and they told stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories spread and they told stories
+they were stories about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were stories about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were stories about what the
+government was doing to whom and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was doing to whom and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was doing to whom and it
+helped to mobilize the people okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to mobilize the people okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to mobilize the people okay so
+that's what cognitive science is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what cognitive science is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what cognitive science is telling
+us about how people make deliberate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how people make deliberate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how people make deliberate or
+automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+decisions we have some experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we have some experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we have some experimental data
+that helps us to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us to understand how
+decisions can be made specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions can be made specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions can be made specifically about
+energy consumption so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption so this was the
+Articles you read I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles you read I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles you read I think the
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+right um Goldstein Chini and Gris GI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um Goldstein Chini and Gris GI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um Goldstein Chini and Gris GI I
+can't say that so what did they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that so what did they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that so what did they want to
+show what they want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what they want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what they want to show
+yeah Veronica um basically they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Veronica um basically they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Veronica um basically they wanted
+to change the word the wording um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the word the wording um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the word the wording um that
+they had um to to say like your fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had um to to say like your fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had um to to say like your fellow
+guests are doing it um help us help your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests are doing it um help us help your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests are doing it um help us help your
+fellow guests to save the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow guests to save the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow guests to save the environment
+why why they want to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why they want to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why they want to do that because
+subliminally that social pressure would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminally that social pressure would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminally that social pressure would
+motivate them more to do it um yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate them more to do it um yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate them more to do it um yeah and
+like there's like examples given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's like examples given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's like examples given in the
+other article about how like when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other article about how like when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other article about how like when um
+people I gave money to the guy playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I gave money to the guy playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I gave money to the guy playing
+guitar or whatever um other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar or whatever um other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guitar or whatever um other people
+behind um the guy who gave so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um the guy who gave so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um the guy who gave so those are
+two those are two different Norms yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those are two different Norms yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those are two different Norms yes
+those are looking for Norms are observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are looking for Norms are observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are looking for Norms are observed
+patterns of action that's what a norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of action that's what a norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of action that's what a norm is
+they're looking to see if they can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking to see if they can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking to see if they can find
+the pattern in Human Action yes Vivian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern in Human Action yes Vivian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern in Human Action yes Vivian
+um so they did find that pattern and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they did find that pattern and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they did find that pattern and I
+think they just want to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they just want to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they just want to show that this
+tactic isn't being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic isn't being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic isn't being used
+um whereas like because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas like because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas like because this is
+something that we can use to help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can use to help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can use to help people
+um start making environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start making environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start making environmentally
+conscious decisions and it's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious decisions and it's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious decisions and it's not being
+used okay but that I I I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used okay but that I I I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used okay but that I I I don't want to
+be personally critical but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be personally critical but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be personally critical but they don't
+want to show anything they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show anything they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show anything they want to
+discover something okay let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something okay let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something okay let's talk about
+it in a way that is fair to the to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that is fair to the to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that is fair to the to them
+they have an aspiration to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an aspiration to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an aspiration to understand
+okay they want to understand the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they want to understand the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they want to understand the basis
+upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+which decisions about energy use can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which decisions about energy use can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which decisions about energy use can be
+affected okay they want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected okay they want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected okay they want to understand
+the basis of decision making okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of decision making okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of decision making okay and
+the Assumption they start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption they start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Assumption they start with the
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+is ba that people mimic they do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ba that people mimic they do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ba that people mimic they do what
+other people do and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people do and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people do and they
+care about whether they are are a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about whether they are are a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about whether they are are a member
+of One group or another that seems they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of One group or another that seems they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of One group or another that seems they
+have an identity so let's walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an identity so let's walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an identity so let's walk through
+it all right they're trying to use as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right they're trying to use as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right they're trying to use as I
+have on the screen social norms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the screen social norms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the screen social norms that's
+patterns to motivate conservation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns to motivate conservation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns to motivate conservation okay
+is it possible so the question was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible so the question was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible so the question was right
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would
+people not you know not put their towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not you know not put their towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not you know not put their towels
+for laundry but would reuse their towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for laundry but would reuse their towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for laundry but would reuse their towels
+and the standard message was right help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard message was right help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard message was right help
+save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the
+environment but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but the
+uh the message that they offered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the message that they offered was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the message that they offered was
+slightly different they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different they said
+right you should do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should do this because
+everybody else is doing it does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is doing it does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is doing it does that
+appeal to you have you seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to you have you seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to you have you seen these
+signs you've never seen these signs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs you've never seen these signs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs you've never seen these signs in
+hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels
+yeah I've definitely seen the signs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've definitely seen the signs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've definitely seen the signs all
+more over Europe than over America but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more over Europe than over America but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more over Europe than over America but
+it's also not only that other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not only that other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not only that other people are
+doing it but I think in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but I think in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it but I think in this case it
+speaks to the anti-environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the anti-environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the anti-environmental
+movement it says one towel hanging is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it says one towel hanging is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it says one towel hanging is
+not going to make a difference and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make a difference and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make a difference and so a
+lot of people are their motivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are their motivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are their motivation is
+brought down because they're saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down because they're saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down because they're saying I'm
+going through all this trouble nobody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through all this trouble nobody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through all this trouble nobody is
+around me I'm not making a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me I'm not making a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around me I'm not making a difference
+why am I going to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I going to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I going to keep the
+self-sacrifice so by telling them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sacrifice so by telling them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sacrifice so by telling them it's
+not only the bandwagon idea but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the bandwagon idea but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the bandwagon idea but it's
+also the look we're actually doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the look we're actually doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the look we're actually doing it
+you're is actually going to go a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're is actually going to go a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're is actually going to go a long
+way my op so trying to say that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way my op so trying to say that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way my op so trying to say that each
+effort Aggregates to a larger effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort Aggregates to a larger effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort Aggregates to a larger effort
+yeah that it's not going to be a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that it's not going to be a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that it's not going to be a and
+that other people are doing it too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people are doing it too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people are doing it too so
+it's not just one person's effort right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one person's effort right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just one person's effort right
+yeah okay so they got 75% more reuse by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so they got 75% more reuse by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so they got 75% more reuse by
+simply saying that join your fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that join your fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that join your fellow
+guests so then they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests so then they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests so then they try to
+specify is it just all guests or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify is it just all guests or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify is it just all guests or could
+they get an even greater result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get an even greater result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get an even greater result
+right so in our vabien Concepts this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in our vabien Concepts this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in our vabien Concepts this is
+sort of you know a little bit of be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know a little bit of be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know a little bit of be like
+others enjoy your group membership but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others enjoy your group membership but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others enjoy your group membership but
+it's hardly efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hardly efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hardly efficiency
+right it's not a calculation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a calculation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a calculation of what
+would be rational action so then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be rational action so then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be rational action so then they
+first ask the people who they identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ask the people who they identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ask the people who they identify
+with do you identify with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with do you identify with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with do you identify with the
+people uh who male or female or citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh who male or female or citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh who male or female or citizens
+of the state or you an environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state or you an environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state or you an environmentally
+concerned person with other Hotel guests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned person with other Hotel guests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned person with other Hotel guests
+or with guests in this room I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with guests in this room I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with guests in this room I have to
+confess I find this an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess I find this an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess I find this an extraordinary
+result as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as you
+see in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the bottom
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+those with who identify with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with who identify with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with who identify with the
+Standard Environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard Environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard Environmental
+message had less reuse than those where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message had less reuse than those where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message had less reuse than those where
+they said people in this room didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said people in this room didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said people in this room didn't
+reuse their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towels they they did I'm sorry did reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels they they did I'm sorry did reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels they they did I'm sorry did reuse
+their towels so you should be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their towels so you should be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their towels so you should be like
+people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room I think it's
+bizarre yeah yes well it's the proximity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre yeah yes well it's the proximity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre yeah yes well it's the proximity
+um you don't want to be seen as that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't want to be seen as that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't want to be seen as that one
+guy who's not doing his part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's not doing his part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's not doing his part to
+contribute to gu you think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to gu you think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to gu you think it's a
+smaller group and therefore you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group and therefore you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group and therefore you'll be
+more outstanding well I mean the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more outstanding well I mean the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more outstanding well I mean the uh the
+effective the effect of you being seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective the effect of you being seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective the effect of you being seen
+as the Pariah is more immediate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Pariah is more immediate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Pariah is more immediate because
+of the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller
+room but you don't know those people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but you don't know those people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but you don't know those people who
+sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees
+you so wait there's no one in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so wait there's no one in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so wait there's no one in this room
+room right he's alone he's alone yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right he's alone he's alone yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right he's alone he's alone yeah
+he's alone it's a hotel room not a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's alone it's a hotel room not a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's alone it's a hotel room not a not a
+dormatory or I can't really articulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormatory or I can't really articulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormatory or I can't really articulate
+but I still think proximity has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still think proximity has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still think proximity has to do
+something with it the fact that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it the fact that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it the fact that it was
+this room in I don't know yeah obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room in I don't know yeah obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room in I don't know yeah obviously
+it has something but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has something but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has something but I find
+it unpersuasive oh sorry ever identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unpersuasive oh sorry ever identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unpersuasive oh sorry ever identify
+on themselves with the select of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on themselves with the select of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on themselves with the select of the
+people who would are more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would are more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would are more likely to be
+in that room I think that's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room I think that's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room I think that's right I
+think that's that this room and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that this room and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that this room and maybe
+that's what he was getting at that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he was getting at that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he was getting at that's a
+smaller group of people I'm more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group of people I'm more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group of people I'm more like a
+person who would be in this room then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who would be in this room then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who would be in this room then I
+am like 350 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am like 350 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am like 350 million
+citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens
+or half of them male or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half of them male or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half of them male or
+female or even the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female or even the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female or even the number of
+environmentally concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally concerned
+citizen okay so people in this room is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen okay so people in this room is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen okay so people in this room is a
+small group and I'm more like those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group and I'm more like those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group and I'm more like those who
+stay in this kind of hotel room yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this kind of hotel room yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this kind of hotel room yes
+Matthew is it saying that the the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew is it saying that the the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew is it saying that the the people
+who identify themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who identify themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who identify themselves as
+environmentally concerned with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally concerned with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally concerned with the least
+likely to recycle their towels then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to recycle their towels then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to recycle their towels then when
+they offered the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered the other the other
+identities to choose I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities to choose I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities to choose I think that's
+surprising thing on yeah but the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising thing on yeah but the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising thing on yeah but the message
+was presumably be environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was presumably be environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was presumably be environmentally
+responsible recycle as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible recycle as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible recycle as opposed to
+recycle like people who stay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle like people who stay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle like people who stay in this
+room oh so it's not it's not what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room oh so it's not it's not what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room oh so it's not it's not what they
+identified it's what they okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it's what they okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it's what they okay it's the
+message oh it's the message which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message oh it's the message which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message oh it's the message which
+message got a boost the Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message got a boost the Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message got a boost the Standard
+Environmental message said help save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental message said help save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental message said help save the
+environment use your towels and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment use your towels and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment use your towels and this one
+and for people who okay but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for people who okay but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for people who okay but the other
+one was uh be like people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was uh be like people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was uh be like people who are in
+this room Oba you can attribute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room Oba you can attribute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room Oba you can attribute the
+discrepancy between the standard by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between the standard by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between the standard by
+environmental message in the same room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental message in the same room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental message in the same room
+and the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the whole
+I think I think the one to the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think the one to the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think the one to the extreme
+right appeals to something that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right appeals to something that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right appeals to something that's more
+common amongst humans um just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common amongst humans um just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common amongst humans um just the the
+need or the desire to to appear more fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or the desire to to appear more fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or the desire to to appear more fit
+or more civilized um or more respectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more civilized um or more respectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more civilized um or more respectable
+even when nobody's watching as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when nobody's watching as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when nobody's watching as opposed
+to just a Standard Environmental message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a Standard Environmental message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just a Standard Environmental message
+that only a small subset of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a small subset of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a small subset of the human
+population even um I guess care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population even um I guess care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population even um I guess care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge
+okay Charlotte it could also be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Charlotte it could also be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Charlotte it could also be like
+what you're talking earlier with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking earlier with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking earlier with like
+what you register and what you just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you register and what you just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you register and what you just kind
+of like see as something that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like see as something that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like see as something that's there
+all the time and so Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and so Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and so Standard
+Environmental messages are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental messages are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental messages are like
+everywhere so it's possible people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so it's possible people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so it's possible people just
+don't really register it but if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really register it but if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really register it but if you see
+a message that says something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message that says something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message that says something different
+than you're used to seeing you may just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you're used to seeing you may just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you're used to seeing you may just
+notice it more and respond to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it more and respond to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it more and respond to it because
+of that possible disrupted the routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that possible disrupted the routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that possible disrupted the routine
+Rachel um the other thing too is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel um the other thing too is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel um the other thing too is with
+the uh argument about other people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh argument about other people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh argument about other people that
+have been in that room doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in that room doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in that room doing the same
+thing um I think Char in his book or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I think Char in his book or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um I think Char in his book or
+whatever um he talks about people being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um he talks about people being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um he talks about people being
+more likely to do something if they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to do something if they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to do something if they feel
+like someone is watching them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone is watching them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone is watching them and the
+fact that like they're saying oh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that like they're saying oh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that like they're saying oh people
+in this specific room have been doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific room have been doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this specific room have been doing it
+implies that the hotel is like watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the hotel is like watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the hotel is like watching
+which guests are or not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which guests are or not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which guests are or not very
+good yes that implies they know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes that implies they know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yes that implies they know very
+good so maybe that suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so maybe that suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so maybe that suggested
+surveillance there was another hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance there was another hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance there was another hand up
+over here yeah I was going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah I was going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah I was going to mention
+all these were good points but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these were good points but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these were good points but also
+people like to feel part of the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to feel part of the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to feel part of the team
+that kind of like makes you feel part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of like makes you feel part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of like makes you feel part of
+a group that's being environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that's being environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that's being environmentally
+conscious yeah I think that's what obim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious yeah I think that's what obim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious yeah I think that's what obim
+and everon was saying too you're all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everon was saying too you're all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everon was saying too you're all on
+think with this business of possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with this business of possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with this business of possibly
+their surveillance is a new insight yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surveillance is a new insight yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surveillance is a new insight yes
+Andrew just a counter point you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew just a counter point you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew just a counter point you could
+have people that don't want to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people that don't want to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people that don't want to be part
+of the and they just want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and they just want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and they just want to be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+like just see like social groups being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just see like social groups being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just see like social groups being
+somewhere just trying to be and so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere just trying to be and so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere just trying to be and so why
+would you get more reuse of the towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get more reuse of the towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get more reuse of the towels
+by saying this room yeah no no I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying this room yeah no no I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying this room yeah no no I'm not
+saying this particular I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this particular I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this particular I'm just saying
+that that in general as a message if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in general as a message if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in general as a message if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+to achieve something you just might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve something you just might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve something you just might get
+people that are not doing it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not doing it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not doing it simply
+because they just want to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just want to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just want to be different
+from the people before them we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people before them we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people before them we don't
+have a lot of evidence about that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of evidence about that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of evidence about that is the
+problem I me I guess it depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I me I guess it depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I me I guess it depends on what
+that's the individualist fallacy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the individualist fallacy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the individualist fallacy that
+there are always people who want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always people who want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always people who want to be
+different but then there's people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but then there's people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but then there's people who
+want to be different it's a group who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be different it's a group who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be different it's a group who
+wants to be different this search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be different this search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be different this search for
+The Unique is the problem go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Unique is the problem go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Unique is the problem go back to the
+60s there were a lot of rebels all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s there were a lot of rebels all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s there were a lot of rebels all
+together right all wanting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right all wanting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right all wanting to be
+different that's the problem it's social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's the problem it's social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's the problem it's social
+it's not individual that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not individual that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not individual that's the
+issue uh yes Scott someone someone made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh yes Scott someone someone made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh yes Scott someone someone made
+the point earlier that um someone might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point earlier that um someone might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point earlier that um someone might
+not uh want to reuse their towel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh want to reuse their towel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh want to reuse their towel because
+they think that you know like I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that you know like I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that you know like I'm only
+one person what's this going to do but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person what's this going to do but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person what's this going to do but I
+think if you have the info that oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have the info that oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have the info that oh well
+everyone in this room is reusing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is reusing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is reusing their
+towel so then you think oh well if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel so then you think oh well if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel so then you think oh well if I'm
+the one person who's not doing it then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one person who's not doing it then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one person who's not doing it then I
+am making a difference but it's in a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am making a difference but it's in a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am making a difference but it's in a bad
+way so like if you're if you contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so like if you're if you contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so like if you're if you contribute
+to it then you're helping make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it then you're helping make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it then you're helping make a
+difference whereas it's not you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference whereas it's not you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference whereas it's not you're just
+thinking oh well like one person what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh well like one person what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh well like one person what's
+not going to do okay all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do okay all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do okay all right so what
+other Norms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Norms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Norms or
+incentives might we use for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives might we use for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives might we use for energy
+efficient oh let me see let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient oh let me see let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient oh let me see let's take the
+takeaway message and then consider some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway message and then consider some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway message and then consider some
+alternative so what this cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative so what this cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative so what this cognitive
+science research and the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research and the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research and the experimental
+research shows is that people do follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research shows is that people do follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research shows is that people do follow
+the Norms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Norms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Norms of
+others uh with whom they feel Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh with whom they feel Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh with whom they feel Associated
+even if that Association doesn't seem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that Association doesn't seem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that Association doesn't seem on
+the outside terribly meaningful as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside terribly meaningful as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside terribly meaningful as some
+group identity and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group identity and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group identity and in some
+circumstances individuals follow Norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances individuals follow Norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances individuals follow Norms
+of a meaningless and unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meaningless and unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meaningless and unimportant
+identity rather than a meaningful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity rather than a meaningful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity rather than a meaningful and
+important one if the connection is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one if the connection is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one if the connection is based
+on an uncommon characteristic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an uncommon characteristic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an uncommon characteristic which is
+maybe helps Andrew's point a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe helps Andrew's point a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe helps Andrew's point a little bit
+that this is a smaller group it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a smaller group it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a smaller group it's an
+uncommon characteristic and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon characteristic and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon characteristic and it's the
+same as Jacob and obimma and Everson so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Jacob and obimma and Everson so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Jacob and obimma and Everson so
+I can identify with this group now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can identify with this group now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can identify with this group now uh
+maybe if they had a some other sign they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they had a some other sign they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if they had a some other sign they
+could have done better have you got any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done better have you got any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done better have you got any
+suggestions of what other Norms they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions of what other Norms they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions of what other Norms they
+might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invoke how might you get people if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke how might you get people if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke how might you get people if not
+only in towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reuse how can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse how can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse how can we get
+people yes Sid give them a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes Sid give them a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yes Sid give them a financial
+statistic uh nothing I mean for me if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic uh nothing I mean for me if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic uh nothing I mean for me if I
+have like a number something telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a number something telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a number something telling me
+how much you know choice a why Choice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know choice a why Choice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know choice a why Choice a
+is better than Choice B oh tell them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than Choice B oh tell them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than Choice B oh tell them how
+much well like tell them how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well like tell them how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well like tell them how much
+they're saving you know well now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saving you know well now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saving you know well now that's
+interesting because there was a story in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there was a story in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there was a story in
+the news uh remember the story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news uh remember the story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news uh remember the story about
+there was a story about how the hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a story about how the hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a story about how the hotels
+were only doing this to save money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only doing this to save money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only doing this to save money that
+they weren't in fact saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't in fact saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't in fact saving
+energy and that had a negative effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that had a negative effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that had a negative effect so
+it has to be I don't mean in this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be I don't mean in this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be I don't mean in this like
+Hotel instance I mean when you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel instance I mean when you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel instance I mean when you're just
+talking about energy saving if if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about energy saving if if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about energy saving if if like
+if you can find that discrepancy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can find that discrepancy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can find that discrepancy and you
+can sure that you know choice a is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sure that you know choice a is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sure that you know choice a is an
+energy efficient and is saving you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient and is saving you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient and is saving you or
+like you know so you're arguing that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know so you're arguing that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know so you're arguing that if
+you put it into Dollars people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into Dollars people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into Dollars people will
+behave well yeah I mean for me like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave well yeah I mean for me like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave well yeah I mean for me like a
+dollar amount says a lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amount says a lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amount says a lot more than
+perhaps you know um trying to I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you know um trying to I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you know um trying to I guess
+group me into one group or the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group me into one group or the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group me into one group or the other so
+I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying
+sign that is not too clear but it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that is not too clear but it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that is not too clear but it's uh
+how many miles per gallon you get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many miles per gallon you get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many miles per gallon you get is the
+car stickers so if you buy one car in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car stickers so if you buy one car in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car stickers so if you buy one car in
+City driving you'll get 18 miles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City driving you'll get 18 miles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City driving you'll get 18 miles per
+gallon but on the other car you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon but on the other car you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon but on the other car you'll get
+23 mil per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 mil per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 mil per
+gallon will you buy the car with the 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon will you buy the car with the 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon will you buy the car with the 23
+and the 30 is that kind of number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 30 is that kind of number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 30 is that kind of number
+helpful sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's kind of opposite of what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of opposite of what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of opposite of what he was
+saying is it's a number but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's a number but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's a number but it doesn't
+really tell you dollars and sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you dollars and sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you dollars and sense
+because people think oh like bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think oh like bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think oh like bigger
+number is better so you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is better so you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is better so you think that
+should say in you will save uh $500 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say in you will save uh $500 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say in you will save uh $500 this
+year on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on your
+gasoline on an average of 10,000 miles a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline on an average of 10,000 miles a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline on an average of 10,000 miles a
+year or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah I mean I I think it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean I I think it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean I I think it's like
+it's important that you tell them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that you tell them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that you tell them what
+they're saving but that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saving but that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saving but that kind of
+discounts some of the stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts some of the stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts some of the stuff that you
+were saying before like how people act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying before like how people act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying before like how people act
+like they might act like habitually or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they might act like habitually or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they might act like habitually or
+traditionally and perhaps the um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally and perhaps the um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally and perhaps the um like
+the the willingness to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the willingness to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the willingness to change their
+habits is like not as great as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits is like not as great as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits is like not as great as like the
+willingness to want to that and so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to want to that and so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to want to that and so why
+do people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Priuses yeah Max I think it's it talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses yeah Max I think it's it talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses yeah Max I think it's it talks
+point about um style and a need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about um style and a need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about um style and a need for
+individuality that and people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality that and people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality that and people buy
+Priuses because they're they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses because they're they think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses because they're they think that
+they're economical environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're economical environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're economical environmentally
+friendly but they also want everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly but they also want everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly but they also want everybody
+else to think they are everybody to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to think they are everybody to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to think they are everybody to know
+about the so it's not individuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the so it's not individuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the so it's not individuality
+let's just get the terminology clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get the terminology clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get the terminology clear
+because this because we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this because we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this because we talk about
+individuals a lot people buy Priuses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals a lot people buy Priuses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals a lot people buy Priuses and
+what you're trying to say is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to say is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to say is because
+they want to be seen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be seen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be seen to be
+environmentally S no yeah but in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally S no yeah but in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally S no yeah but in the way
+that makes them look effort like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them look effort like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them look effort like they're
+doing it does it's just routine yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it does it's just routine yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it does it's just routine yeah I
+have made a commitment I'm a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a commitment I'm a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a commitment I'm a good
+person Jessica and then charl I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Jessica and then charl I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Jessica and then charl I mean I
+feel like it's got to be coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's got to be coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's got to be coupled with
+you go in and you see something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in and you see something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in and you see something that's
+got off the charts mileage um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got off the charts mileage um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got off the charts mileage um you know
+npg mileage and the sales person there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npg mileage and the sales person there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npg mileage and the sales person there
+is going to tell you this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell you this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell you this is the best
+investment you're going to make I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you're going to make I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you're going to make I think
+if they actually ran the numbers like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they actually ran the numbers like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they actually ran the numbers like we
+did in class in front of them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in class in front of them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in class in front of them and they
+told them that it's never going to Rak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them that it's never going to Rak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them that it's never going to Rak
+Break Even or pay for itself I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Break Even or pay for itself I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Break Even or pay for itself I think
+they might not want to still be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not want to still be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not want to still be seeing
+Environ they're going to tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environ they're going to tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environ they're going to tell people
+that they're not being environmental I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not being environmental I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not being environmental I
+didn't think the argument was about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think the argument was about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think the argument was about the
+Prius that it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius that it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius that it wouldn't be
+environmentally good they just never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally good they just never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally good they just never get
+the savings back right you that okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings back right you that okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings back right you that okay but
+so you're you two are not disagreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you two are not disagreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you two are not disagreeing
+you're offering two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're offering two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're offering two different
+motivations I just think their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations I just think their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations I just think their own
+economical wellbeing would overpower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical wellbeing would overpower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical wellbeing would overpower
+their want to be environmental well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their want to be environmental well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their want to be environmental well
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+hypothesis as a hypothesis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis as a hypothesis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis as a hypothesis which is
+Challen ched by all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challen ched by all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challen ched by all the
+Priuses oh you saying they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses oh you saying they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses oh you saying they don't know
+they don't know there's also a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know there's also a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know there's also a question
+there are hybrids available other cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hybrids available other cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hybrids available other cars
+that aren't distinctively styled you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't distinctively styled you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't distinctively styled you can
+buy hybrids of various other vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy hybrids of various other vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy hybrids of various other vehicles
+and they as opposed to the Prius being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they as opposed to the Prius being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they as opposed to the Prius being a
+hybrid Corolla that looks like a Cora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid Corolla that looks like a Cora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid Corolla that looks like a Cora
+it's distinctive you can buy hybrids of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distinctive you can buy hybrids of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distinctive you can buy hybrids of
+various Ford and Chevy models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Ford and Chevy models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Ford and Chevy models that are
+indistinguishable from a distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from a distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from a distance and
+then and that would that would not serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and that would that would not serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and that would that would not serve
+Max's reason because everybody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max's reason because everybody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max's reason because everybody has to
+know that you are reason not many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you are reason not many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you are reason not many people
+do you don't buy them for Max's reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you don't buy them for Max's reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you don't buy them for Max's reason
+because nobody can tell you're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can tell you're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can tell you're being
+virtuous right and the sales are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous right and the sales are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous right and the sales are less
+exactly Jacob and then Charlotte yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly Jacob and then Charlotte yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly Jacob and then Charlotte yeah I
+would say there's kind of like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say there's kind of like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say there's kind of like there's
+kind of a threshold like once so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a threshold like once so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a threshold like once so many
+priestes were sold they became a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestes were sold they became a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestes were sold they became a thing
+in advertisement like when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advertisement like when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advertisement like when someone
+thought of like on need by a hybrid they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of like on need by a hybrid they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of like on need by a hybrid they
+thought of a priest they didn't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a priest they didn't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a priest they didn't think of
+other hybrids well I'll confess I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hybrids well I'll confess I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hybrids well I'll confess I didn't
+know for a long time there were others I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a long time there were others I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a long time there were others I
+just saw the Priuses so I was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw the Priuses so I was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw the Priuses so I was one of
+those people who don't recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who don't recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who don't recognize the
+ones that are not styled differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are not styled differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are not styled differently
+people that's right that's right I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's right that's right I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that's right that's right I was
+just going to say that like I agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that like I agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that like I agree that
+I think the economical decision comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the economical decision comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the economical decision comes
+into a lot of part because the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of part because the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of part because the way that
+Priuses are advertised is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses are advertised is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priuses are advertised is that they're
+advertised that gas is really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised that gas is really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised that gas is really expensive
+and this is like also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like also this
+environmentally friendly but it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly but it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly but it's a lot
+of people think that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think that they're going to
+save a lot of money and if you show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot of money and if you show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save a lot of money and if you show them
+the numbers they wouldn't but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers they wouldn't but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers they wouldn't but like
+whenever I was getting a car I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I was getting a car I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I was getting a car I was
+considering buying PR Prius because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering buying PR Prius because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering buying PR Prius because like
+it's environmentally friendly whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's environmentally friendly whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's environmentally friendly whatever
+but also because I live in Oklahoma so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because I live in Oklahoma so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because I live in Oklahoma so I
+drive a lot and I wanted to not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a lot and I wanted to not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a lot and I wanted to not have to
+pay a lot of money for gas and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a lot of money for gas and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a lot of money for gas and that was
+my reasoning and I would never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reasoning and I would never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reasoning and I would never have
+considered like running the numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered like running the numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered like running the numbers um
+you just believe what they told yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just believe what they told yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just believe what they told yeah and
+then also just because when you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also just because when you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also just because when you think of
+hybrid you think of Prius because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid you think of Prius because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid you think of Prius because of
+their advertising strategy it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their advertising strategy it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their advertising strategy it's not like
+I wasn't wanting to buy it just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't wanting to buy it just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't wanting to buy it just because
+I thought it would make people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would make people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would make people think
+that I was environmentally friendly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was environmentally friendly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was environmentally friendly it
+was because I thought oh maybe I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because I thought oh maybe I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because I thought oh maybe I want to
+get a hybrid car I should get a because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hybrid car I should get a because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hybrid car I should get a because
+that's the only one I know of I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only one I know of I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only one I know of I I want
+to get on Max's side for just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on Max's side for just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get on Max's side for just a moment
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+I think that people don't just buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that people don't just buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that people don't just buy
+things because they're efficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're efficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're efficient or
+because they're a better economic deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a better economic deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a better economic deal
+you cannot explain the fashion industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot explain the fashion industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot explain the fashion industry
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+explain um celebrity it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um celebrity it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um celebrity it's not about
+economic efficiency I mean you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic efficiency I mean you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic efficiency I mean you don't
+need to have the number of sweaters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have the number of sweaters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have the number of sweaters and
+shoes they don't wear out they don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes they don't wear out they don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes they don't wear out they don't you
+know you don't have to change the hems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have to change the hems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have to change the hems
+from long to short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from long to short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from long to short for
+efficiency why do people change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency why do people change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency why do people change their
+clothes change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes change their
+hairstyles it's not because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyles it's not because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairstyles it's not because it's
+economically efficient there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically efficient there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically efficient there is
+something else Cadillac escalates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else Cadillac escalates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else Cadillac escalates
+catalac esates they don't carry much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalac esates they don't carry much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalac esates they don't carry much
+their performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performance is
+lousy terrible gas mileage and why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy terrible gas mileage and why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy terrible gas mileage and why do
+people buy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy them
+because fl50 is still the bestselling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fl50 is still the bestselling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fl50 is still the bestselling
+car in America and people like trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car in America and people like trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car in America and people like trucks
+people like to be be seen in high big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to be be seen in high big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to be be seen in high big
+vehicles they make them look wealthy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles they make them look wealthy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles they make them look wealthy and
+like they go outdoors and do it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they go outdoors and do it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they go outdoors and do it's called
+status and approval Sid and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and approval Sid and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status and approval Sid and and then
+Andrew I think has to do with everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew I think has to do with everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew I think has to do with everyone's
+personal utility and like what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility and like what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility and like what they
+derive it out of I mean if someone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it out of I mean if someone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it out of I mean if someone so
+where did that personal let's get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that personal let's get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that personal let's get to the
+basis of this lecture where did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of this lecture where did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of this lecture where did that
+personal utility come from I I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility come from I I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal utility come from I I mean I'm
+sure like it has to do with group theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure like it has to do with group theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure like it has to do with group theory
+in which group you want to be associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which group you want to be associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which group you want to be associated
+with but like um there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but like um there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but like um there are different
+groups and different people might buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and different people might buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and different people might buy
+different things for different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things for different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things for different reasons
+like and do we choose all the groups we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and do we choose all the groups we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and do we choose all the groups we
+belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong
+to come on always I mean no you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come on always I mean no you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come on always I mean no you can't
+say just look around this room you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just look around this room you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just look around this room you can't
+say we all choose the places the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we all choose the places the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we all choose the places the groups
+we're identified with come on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're identified with come on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're identified with come on we
+wouldn't have the wars we've been having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the wars we've been having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the wars we've been having
+if people all chose their group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people all chose their group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people all chose their group
+identities think about it think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities think about it think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities think about it think what's
+driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the
+world and the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the price of
+oil group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil group
+identities not rational decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities not rational decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities not rational decision making
+folks it's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks it's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks it's group
+identities habitual historic group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities habitual historic group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities habitual historic group
+identities have raised the price of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities have raised the price of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities have raised the price of oil
+this week not rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week not rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week not rational
+decisionmaking the stock market went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking the stock market went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking the stock market went
+down yesterday and what did the analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yesterday and what did the analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yesterday and what did the analyst
+say fear of oil reserves the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fear of oil reserves the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fear of oil reserves the oil
+reserves did not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesterday I am sorry to push back at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I am sorry to push back at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I am sorry to push back at you
+make the rest of the argument part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rest of the argument part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rest of the argument part of
+it's right but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right but those
+utilities come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities come from
+someplace yes but I mean what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace yes but I mean what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace yes but I mean what I was
+trying to say is that like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is that like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is that like I think
+everyone can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can um
+can reason as to why they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reason as to why they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reason as to why they make a
+decision and it's like very like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and it's like very like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and it's like very like yes
+everyone's utility is affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's utility is affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's utility is affected by the
+groups around them but what all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups around them but what all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups around them but what all I'm
+trying to say is someone will buy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is someone will buy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is someone will buy that
+um priest to make the fashion statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um priest to make the fashion statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um priest to make the fashion statement
+but the utility they get out of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility they get out of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the utility they get out of making
+that fashion statement is worth more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fashion statement is worth more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fashion statement is worth more for
+them than calculating um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them than calculating um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them than calculating um you know the
+savings they're going to make knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings they're going to make knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings they're going to make knowing
+that so you want to do that's okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you want to do that's okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you want to do that's okay you
+want to do a cost benefit analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a cost benefit analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a cost benefit analysis and
+add to the Ben benefit status rewards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the Ben benefit status rewards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the Ben benefit status rewards
+and emotional rewards fine we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotional rewards fine we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotional rewards fine we're in
+total heated agreement okay however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total heated agreement okay however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total heated agreement okay however
+however not everybody can think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however not everybody can think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however not everybody can think through
+there are you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you have to have the
+categories to think with that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories to think with that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories to think with that's where
+culture comes from we have cultures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture comes from we have cultures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture comes from we have cultures and
+I don't want you to you know that do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to you know that do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to you know that do not
+have certain categories in them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certain categories in them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certain categories in them they
+just don't have them you're sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have them you're sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have them you're sitting in
+the institution that makes categories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution that makes categories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution that makes categories to
+think with but not everybody has them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with but not everybody has them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with but not everybody has them so
+we have to deal with the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with the fact that we
+live in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in an
+intergrated World interconnected and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergrated World interconnected and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergrated World interconnected and we
+do not get to choose all the time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get to choose all the time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get to choose all the time okay
+so Andrew had his hand I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Andrew had his hand I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Andrew had his hand I just want to
+make a comment how culture and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment how culture and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment how culture and all these
+things AFF decision uh General comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things AFF decision uh General comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things AFF decision uh General comment
+like being here in the US for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being here in the US for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being here in the US for the past
+few years has been quite uh impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years has been quite uh impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years has been quite uh impressive
+for me to see how like it's embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see how like it's embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see how like it's embedded in
+the culture to like save money even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture to like save money even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture to like save money even if
+you can afford like even if you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford like even if you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford like even if you save
+like a dollar with a coupon or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dollar with a coupon or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dollar with a coupon or something
+it's quite acceptable for you to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite acceptable for you to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite acceptable for you to go and
+do it whereas I get the feeling at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it whereas I get the feeling at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it whereas I get the feeling at least
+uh I mean I can't say about the whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I can't say about the whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I can't say about the whole of
+Europe but I'm from Greece and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe but I'm from Greece and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe but I'm from Greece and I feel
+even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should save the dollar maybe saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should save the dollar maybe saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should save the dollar maybe saving
+the dollar is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar is a good
+idea one of re like as we almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one of re like as we almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one of re like as we almost like
+socially found upon like if you to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially found upon like if you to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially found upon like if you to care
+about that I mean obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I mean obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I mean obviously not
+signicant some of Mone but to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signicant some of Mone but to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signicant some of Mone but to care about
+little bits of money yeah as like I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of money yeah as like I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bits of money yeah as like I'm so
+large I can just go by well you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I can just go by well you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I can just go by well you will
+not well we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well we um
+uh this has been observed about American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has been observed about American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has been observed about American
+society if you want I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if you want I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if you want I'll give you the
+source Thorston Vin uh was in Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source Thorston Vin uh was in Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source Thorston Vin uh was in Observer
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+described Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described Americans
+preoccupation with these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with these kinds of things
+okay there are sub cultures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are sub cultures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are sub cultures in the
+United States where saving a dollar on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States where saving a dollar on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States where saving a dollar on a
+Dallas Texas you would not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas Texas you would not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas Texas you would not do that
+Houston Texas you would not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston Texas you would not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston Texas you would not do
+that okay well see you on nice week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well see you on nice week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well see you on nice week
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0mdGZG9DDJY.txt b/0mdGZG9DDJY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90fa905653bcd563c8776910397ccfeb0a9259cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0mdGZG9DDJY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Ruben I'm currently a senior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Ruben I'm currently a senior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Ruben I'm currently a senior in
+chemistry and I am a Europe in Bob sours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and I am a Europe in Bob sours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and I am a Europe in Bob sours
+lab over in the department of biology as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab over in the department of biology as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab over in the department of biology as
+you guys know from this class one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know from this class one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know from this class one of the
+modules that you cover is clip XP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that you cover is clip XP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that you cover is clip XP the
+bacterial sort of analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sort of analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sort of analog of the
+prettiest own and today I hope to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettiest own and today I hope to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettiest own and today I hope to tell
+you about some of the cool work using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about some of the cool work using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about some of the cool work using
+modern biophysical techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern biophysical techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern biophysical techniques that
+people in Bob's lab have done to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Bob's lab have done to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Bob's lab have done to gain
+some really in my opinion interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really in my opinion interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really in my opinion interesting
+insight into the the actual mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the the actual mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the the actual mechanical
+mechanism of this motor protein clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of this motor protein clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of this motor protein clip XP
+as it unfolds and degrades protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it unfolds and degrades protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it unfolds and degrades protein
+substrates before I get started I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates before I get started I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates before I get started I want
+to say please stop me at any time to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say please stop me at any time to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say please stop me at any time to ask
+questions if I say something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if I say something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if I say something that
+doesn't make sense please let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense please let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense please let me know
+and I will try to clarify so today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will try to clarify so today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will try to clarify so today I'm
+mostly going to be talking about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly going to be talking about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly going to be talking about modern
+single molecule methods which are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule methods which are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule methods which are sort
+of sort of the cutting edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the cutting edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the cutting edge in
+biophysics and so the first question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics and so the first question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics and so the first question I
+sort of wanted to ask you guys is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wanted to ask you guys is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wanted to ask you guys is what
+are the possible advantages of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible advantages of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible advantages of looking
+at molecules sort of one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at molecules sort of one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at molecules sort of one at a time
+rather than performing some sort of bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than performing some sort of bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than performing some sort of bulk
+assay do any of you have any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the average is you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the average is you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the average is you know it's the
+average but the average as a as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the average as a as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the average as a as the
+statistic has some sort of weakness it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has some sort of weakness it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has some sort of weakness it
+obscures a lot of sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscures a lot of sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscures a lot of sort of the the
+vagaries of behavior that may sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagaries of behavior that may sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagaries of behavior that may sort of be
+lost in that sort of average so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in that sort of average so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in that sort of average so it's
+it's worth sort of saying that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth sort of saying that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth sort of saying that you know
+in classical biochemistry you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical biochemistry you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical biochemistry you are
+looking at a lot of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a lot of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a lot of molecules
+simultaneously in one microliter of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously in one microliter of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously in one microliter of one
+micro molar solution that's six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro molar solution that's six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro molar solution that's six times
+ten to the 11th molecules so taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the 11th molecules so taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten to the 11th molecules so taking
+taking some sort of bulk measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some sort of bulk measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some sort of bulk measurement
+averages across all of these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages across all of these molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages across all of these molecules
+and as you said you can lose a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you said you can lose a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you said you can lose a great
+deal of information about sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of information about sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of information about sort of the
+variation in the dynamics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the dynamics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the dynamics of these
+molecules so another thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so another thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so another thing that you can
+lose in addition to sort of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose in addition to sort of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose in addition to sort of information
+about variation is you can lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variation is you can lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variation is you can lose
+information about the procession through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the procession through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the procession through
+some sort of complicated biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of complicated biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of complicated biological
+process so let's say that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so let's say that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so let's say that you are
+studying Klip XP as it recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying Klip XP as it recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying Klip XP as it recognizes
+unfolds and degrades protein substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds and degrades protein substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds and degrades protein substrates
+if you were looking at for example six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were looking at for example six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were looking at for example six
+times 10 to the 11th molecules of clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 11th molecules of clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 11th molecules of clip
+XP sitting in a test tube then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP sitting in a test tube then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP sitting in a test tube then you're
+sort of smearing across all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of smearing across all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of smearing across all of these
+different time points of clip XP where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points of clip XP where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points of clip XP where
+you have some clip X peas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some clip X peas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some clip X peas that are
+unfolding substrates some clip X peas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding substrates some clip X peas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding substrates some clip X peas
+that are not bound to substrate at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not bound to substrate at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not bound to substrate at all
+some clip XPS that are translocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clip XPS that are translocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clip XPS that are translocating
+substrate so any sort of readout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate so any sort of readout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate so any sort of readout that
+you have losses this this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have losses this this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have losses this this information
+about the different states that clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different states that clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different states that clip XP
+can inhabit and also it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhabit and also it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhabit and also it's very difficult
+to gain sort of detailed kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain sort of detailed kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain sort of detailed kinetic
+information about how clip X P would for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how clip X P would for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how clip X P would for
+example transit between these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example transit between these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example transit between these different
+states if all you can see is a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states if all you can see is a bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states if all you can see is a bulk
+average so this is sort of another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so this is sort of another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so this is sort of another way
+of putting this is that a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this is that a bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this is that a bulk
+measurement like fluorescence you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement like fluorescence you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement like fluorescence you're
+looking at the unsynchronized activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the unsynchronized activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the unsynchronized activity
+of these molecules but by studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molecules but by studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these molecules but by studying
+single molecules at a time you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecules at a time you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecules at a time you can do
+some sort of post hoc synchronization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of post hoc synchronization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of post hoc synchronization to
+actually gain insight into the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gain insight into the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gain insight into the kinetics
+or the order of the different States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the order of the different States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the order of the different States
+during some sort of biophysical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during some sort of biophysical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during some sort of biophysical process
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there are certainly tools like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are certainly tools like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are certainly tools like
+stop flow like stop flow yeah so stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop flow like stop flow yeah so stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop flow like stop flow yeah so stop
+flow is a fantastic tool which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is a fantastic tool which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is a fantastic tool which has been
+used really successfully to study a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used really successfully to study a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used really successfully to study a lot
+of systems particularly I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems particularly I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems particularly I think the the
+Rodney no lab which I think you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodney no lab which I think you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodney no lab which I think you guys
+covered you stop flow very effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered you stop flow very effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered you stop flow very effectively
+to study the early stages of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the early stages of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the early stages of translation
+but I think that stop flow is is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that stop flow is is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that stop flow is is good
+for looking at some early stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at some early stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at some early stages of
+processes but for trying to track a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but for trying to track a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but for trying to track a long
+complicated process across a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process across a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process across a significant
+period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+stop flow is is not really an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop flow is is not really an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop flow is is not really an ideal
+technique because what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique because what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique because what happens is that
+the rates of transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates of transitions between
+different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes
+you know they let's say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they let's say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they let's say that there's
+like a single rate constant the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single rate constant the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single rate constant the actual
+time that an individual molecule spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that an individual molecule spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that an individual molecule spends
+in a state before switching to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state before switching to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state before switching to the next
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+instead of stochastic it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of stochastic it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of stochastic it's an
+exponential decay process based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay process based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay process based on the
+rate constant so if you were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so if you were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant so if you were looking at
+a bunch of rates all put together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of rates all put together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of rates all put together and
+you say start a stop flow experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say start a stop flow experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say start a stop flow experiment
+it's true that for the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that for the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that for the first couple of
+seconds all of the molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all of the molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all of the molecules are
+synchronized but over the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized but over the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized but over the rest of the
+experiment they sort of blur out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they sort of blur out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they sort of blur out all the
+way across the time-space and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across the time-space and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way across the time-space and so you can
+really lose a lot of detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose a lot of detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose a lot of detailed
+information about about the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about about the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about about the kinetics
+whereas if you're looking at molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you're looking at molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you're looking at molecules
+one molecule at a time you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule at a time you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule at a time you can you can
+track an entire process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh absolutely I completely agree I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh absolutely I completely agree I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh absolutely I completely agree I was
+actually just about to after I finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just about to after I finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just about to after I finished
+the slide asked what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide asked what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide asked what were the
+disadvantages of single molecule and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of single molecule and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of single molecule and you
+raise a very good point no I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a very good point no I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a very good point no I always
+appreciate comments from the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate comments from the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate comments from the audience
+and from the faculty in the audience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the faculty in the audience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the faculty in the audience but
+sort of the I don't know it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the I don't know it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the I don't know it's true that
+there are some measurements you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some measurements you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some measurements you can't
+make in single molecule but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in single molecule but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in single molecule but it's also
+true that there are some measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there are some measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there are some measurements
+such as the measurements in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the measurements in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the measurements in this paper
+that you can't make in bulk so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make in bulk so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make in bulk so you can
+measure some unique properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some unique properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some unique properties of
+molecules it's particularly molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules it's particularly molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules it's particularly molecular
+machines such as force generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines such as force generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines such as force generation and
+possessive motion using measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessive motion using measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessive motion using measurement
+techniques such as optical tweezers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques such as optical tweezers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques such as optical tweezers
+which I'm going to talk about a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to talk about a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to talk about a lot in
+in this lecture that there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture that there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture that there's really
+there's no bulk analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bulk analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bulk analog of the
+measurement like this so I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement like this so I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement like this so I you know
+Joanne mentioned a couple of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joanne mentioned a couple of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joanne mentioned a couple of the the
+possible disadvantages of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible disadvantages of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible disadvantages of single
+molecule studies do any of you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule studies do any of you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule studies do any of you have any
+other ideas of potential disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas of potential disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas of potential disadvantages
+that might make sure that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make sure that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make sure that you want to do
+some bulk experiments so the really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bulk experiments so the really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bulk experiments so the really big
+one is that you know single molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you know single molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you know single molecules
+there aren't great ways to look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't great ways to look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't great ways to look at them
+you know there's single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's single molecule
+fluorescence there's optical tweezers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence there's optical tweezers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence there's optical tweezers
+after that you know I'm not really sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you know I'm not really sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you know I'm not really sure
+what else there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else there is
+and both of these techniques study from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these techniques study from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these techniques study from
+a significant sort of noise issue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant sort of noise issue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant sort of noise issue you
+can really only look at one thing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only look at one thing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really only look at one thing at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and you know a single floor for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a single floor for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a single floor for for
+example in a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a single molecule
+fluorescence study is not very bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence study is not very bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence study is not very bright
+you have enormous noise coming from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enormous noise coming from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have enormous noise coming from your
+instrumentation and it can be it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and it can be it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and it can be it can be
+very difficult to sort of tangle out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to sort of tangle out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to sort of tangle out the
+signal that you're trying to go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that you're trying to go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that you're trying to go after
+from your noise another major issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your noise another major issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your noise another major issue is
+that many of these experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of these experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of these experiments are
+actually very difficult to run and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very difficult to run and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very difficult to run and it
+can take for example months and months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take for example months and months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take for example months and months
+and months to do single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and months to do single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and months to do single molecule
+experiments which you know a bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which you know a bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which you know a bulk
+protein degradation experiment you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation experiment you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation experiment you can
+mix some proteins in run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix some proteins in run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix some proteins in run
+and actually learn a great deal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually learn a great deal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually learn a great deal about
+the behavior of the proteins but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the proteins but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the proteins but all the
+same there are some measurements such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there are some measurements such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same there are some measurements such as
+the measurements in this paper that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements in this paper that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements in this paper that you
+cannot take without single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take without single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take without single molecule
+measurements so I hope that today I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so I hope that today I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so I hope that today I will
+be able to tell you about some modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell you about some modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell you about some modern
+biophysical techniques particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical techniques particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical techniques particularly
+optical tweezers so that you can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical tweezers so that you can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical tweezers so that you can all
+learn about sort of some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about sort of some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about sort of some of the the
+latest tools in the the biophysicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest tools in the the biophysicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest tools in the the biophysicists
+toolkit so I'm gonna talk about optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit so I'm gonna talk about optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit so I'm gonna talk about optical
+tweezers today but I did want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers today but I did want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers today but I did want to mention
+that there's another single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another single molecule
+method single molecule fluorescence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method single molecule fluorescence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method single molecule fluorescence and
+this is actually what I do in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what I do in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what I do in my
+experiments that's also very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's also very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's also very useful for
+looking at sort of the dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of the dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at sort of the dynamical
+properties of complicated biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of complicated biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of complicated biological
+processes so single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so single molecule
+fluorescence basically involves tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence basically involves tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence basically involves tracking
+the fluorescence of single fluorophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence of single fluorophores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence of single fluorophores
+overtime and quantitating it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime and quantitating it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime and quantitating it and then
+studying the dynamics of the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the dynamics of the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the dynamics of the switching
+between the different states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different states of the
+fluorophore almost all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore almost all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorophore almost all of these
+experiments use a physical property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments use a physical property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments use a physical property
+called fret which is energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fret which is energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fret which is energy transfer
+between two nearby fluorophores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two nearby fluorophores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two nearby fluorophores the
+efficiency of which is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of which is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of which is distance
+dependent I believe that you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I believe that you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I believe that you guys have
+learned about it it's not that difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it it's not that difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about it it's not that difficult
+to understand how you could go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how you could go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how you could go from
+doing fret in bulk to fret in single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fret in bulk to fret in single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing fret in bulk to fret in single
+molecule if you haven't heard about fret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if you haven't heard about fret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if you haven't heard about fret
+I'm sure you okay I'm sure you will hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you okay I'm sure you will hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you okay I'm sure you will hear
+about it very soon yeah so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very soon yeah so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very soon yeah so this is a
+particularly this is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this is a very useful
+technique for answering some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for answering some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for answering some questions
+but in some ways it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some ways it's a little bit
+easier to understand than optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand than optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand than optical
+tweezers so I figured I should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers so I figured I should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers so I figured I should talk
+about optical tweezers today because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optical tweezers today because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optical tweezers today because I
+think it's also kind of cool that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also kind of cool that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also kind of cool that you
+can do the experiments that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the experiments that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the experiments that are in the
+paper today so optical tweezers sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper today so optical tweezers sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper today so optical tweezers sort of
+the main technique used in the Oliv our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main technique used in the Oliv our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main technique used in the Oliv our
+essence our paper that i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence our paper that i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence our paper that i'm talking about
+today and the general idea of optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the general idea of optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the general idea of optical
+tweezers is that you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers is that you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers is that you can use the
+momentum of light because as you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of light because as you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of light because as you guys
+know from sort of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from sort of quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from sort of quantum mechanics
+light has momentum to trap certain types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has momentum to trap certain types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has momentum to trap certain types
+of particles within a beam of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles within a beam of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles within a beam of light and
+directly apply forces to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly apply forces to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly apply forces to them and
+directly make unique measurements about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly make unique measurements about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly make unique measurements about
+distance using this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance using this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance using this sort of
+this sort of tool so with optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of tool so with optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of tool so with optical
+tweezers you can measure nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers you can measure nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers you can measure nanometer
+motions at sub millisecond time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions at sub millisecond time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions at sub millisecond time
+resolution and in a couple of slides I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and in a couple of slides I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and in a couple of slides I'm
+going to tell you how that works and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how that works and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how that works and you
+can also directly apply force to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also directly apply force to probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also directly apply force to probe
+mechanics in biochemistry so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in biochemistry so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in biochemistry so you guys
+have probably all heard about optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably all heard about optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably all heard about optical
+tweezers even if you haven't heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers even if you haven't heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers even if you haven't heard about
+them in the case of studying single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the case of studying single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the case of studying single
+molecules of protein so this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of protein so this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of protein so this is a really
+cool video that I found these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool video that I found these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool video that I found these are like
+twelve beads all trapped in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve beads all trapped in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve beads all trapped in their own
+optical trap and some graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical trap and some graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical trap and some graduate student
+wrote a program to steer one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a program to steer one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a program to steer one of the
+beads around the other beads so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads around the other beads so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads around the other beads so the
+system that we used in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we used in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we used in this experiment
+that I'm going to tell you about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to tell you about today
+it's basically the same as this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same as this system
+except you're not looking at twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're not looking at twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're not looking at twelve
+beads at a time and each of the beads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads at a time and each of the beads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads at a time and each of the beads is
+conjugated to some sort of molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated to some sort of molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated to some sort of molecule of
+protein so the general setup for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so the general setup for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so the general setup for a
+single molecule optical tweezers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule optical tweezers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule optical tweezers
+experiment in biophysics is to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in biophysics is to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in biophysics is to take a
+bead usually the beat is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead usually the beat is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead usually the beat is made of
+polystyrene because it happens to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene because it happens to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene because it happens to have
+some nice properties and to conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice properties and to conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice properties and to conjugate
+onto it a single molecule of protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it a single molecule of protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it a single molecule of protein in
+this case they conjugated onto it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they conjugated onto it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they conjugated onto it a
+single molecule of kinesin which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule of kinesin which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule of kinesin which is a
+motor protein these beads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor protein these beads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor protein these beads are
+functionalized on the surface and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalized on the surface and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalized on the surface and then
+covered with streptavidin which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with streptavidin which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with streptavidin which I'll
+talk about in just a second the beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in just a second the beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in just a second the beads
+don't really shrink very much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really shrink very much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really shrink very much because
+you're not really putting them under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really putting them under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really putting them under
+pressure in any of these experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in any of these experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in any of these experiments and
+so what they did in these experiments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did in these experiments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did in these experiments is
+they took kinesin and they put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took kinesin and they put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took kinesin and they put it on the
+surface of a bead and then they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a bead and then they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a bead and then they took
+some microtubules and they put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microtubules and they put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some microtubules and they put their
+microtubules on the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules on the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules on the surface of a
+coverslip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverslip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverslip
+and they brought the kinesin on the bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they brought the kinesin on the bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they brought the kinesin on the bead
+close to the microtubules on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the microtubules on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the microtubules on the
+coverslip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverslip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverslip
+and they added ATP and microtubule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they added ATP and microtubule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they added ATP and microtubule
+kinesin is a molecular motor which walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinesin is a molecular motor which walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinesin is a molecular motor which walks
+along microtubules so what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along microtubules so what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along microtubules so what happened is
+that kinesin grabbed onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinesin grabbed onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinesin grabbed onto the
+microtubules and it began to bind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and it began to bind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and it began to bind in
+hydrolyze ATP and it began walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze ATP and it began walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze ATP and it began walking and
+it dragged the bead with it as it walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dragged the bead with it as it walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dragged the bead with it as it walked
+along the microtubule and with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the microtubule and with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the microtubule and with an
+optical trap you can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical trap you can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical trap you can act
+we detect how far from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we detect how far from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we detect how far from the center of the
+trap a bead has been dragged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap a bead has been dragged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap a bead has been dragged with
+extremely high less than 1 nanometre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high less than 1 nanometre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high less than 1 nanometre
+precision so they were able to tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision so they were able to tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision so they were able to tell that
+this kinesin was taking very discreet 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinesin was taking very discreet 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinesin was taking very discreet 8
+nanometer steps as it walked along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps as it walked along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps as it walked along the
+microtubules which could be related very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules which could be related very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules which could be related very
+effectively to the size of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively to the size of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively to the size of these sort of
+tubulin domains that the kinesin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin domains that the kinesin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin domains that the kinesin was
+actually making contact with so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making contact with so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making contact with so using
+this they could for example study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could for example study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could for example study the
+average time in between pennies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time in between pennies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average time in between pennies and
+steps as a function of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps as a function of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps as a function of the concentration
+of ATP and they could begin to ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP and they could begin to ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP and they could begin to ask some
+questions about how the binding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how the binding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how the binding and
+hydrolysis of ATP actually affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of ATP actually affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of ATP actually affect
+actually led to kinase ins process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually led to kinase ins process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually led to kinase ins process of
+mechanical motion so before I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical motion so before I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical motion so before I tell you
+more about the biophysics I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the biophysics I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the biophysics I just want to
+tell you a little bit about how optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about how optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about how optical
+traps work because I think that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps work because I think that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps work because I think that it's not
+particularly intuitive before you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly intuitive before you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly intuitive before you hear
+about it although in the scheme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it although in the scheme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it although in the scheme of
+things they're actually not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're actually not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're actually not that
+complicated so if I'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if I'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if I'm gonna tell you
+sort of three ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three ways of thinking about
+optical tweezers all of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical tweezers all of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical tweezers all of which are
+basically the same but sort of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but sort of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but sort of use
+different approach to to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to to look at the
+behavior of the system so I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system so I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system so I'm just gonna
+start by pretending that light is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by pretending that light is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by pretending that light is just a
+ray not a wave because that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray not a wave because that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray not a wave because that's a pretty
+good approximation in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation in a lot of
+circumstances including this one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances including this one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances including this one so the
+way to think about optical tweezers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about optical tweezers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about optical tweezers is
+to imagine sort of two rays of light one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine sort of two rays of light one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine sort of two rays of light one
+coming from each side of a lens and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from each side of a lens and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from each side of a lens and both
+of these rays you know they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rays you know they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rays you know they have
+momentum because they're light and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because they're light and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because they're light and to
+think about these rays of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these rays of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these rays of light
+interacting with a dielectric particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a dielectric particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a dielectric particle
+such as a polystyrene bead which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a polystyrene bead which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a polystyrene bead which has a
+higher index of refraction than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index of refraction than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher index of refraction than the
+surrounding media which is usually water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding media which is usually water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding media which is usually water
+so what that means is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that when the
+light hits the bead the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hits the bead the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hits the bead the angle of the
+light will change basically the bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will change basically the bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will change basically the bead
+will deflect the light and so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deflect the light and so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deflect the light and so what that
+means is that the bead is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the bead is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the bead is actually
+changing the momentum of the light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the momentum of the light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the momentum of the light so
+what we know from Newton is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know from Newton is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know from Newton is that if the
+bead is changing the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead is changing the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead is changing the momentum of the
+light then the light must be exerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light then the light must be exerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light then the light must be exerting
+sort of an equal and opposite force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an equal and opposite force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an equal and opposite force on
+the bead itself sort of opposing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead itself sort of opposing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead itself sort of opposing the the
+momentum change of the light itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum change of the light itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum change of the light itself so
+we can see here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see here that this
+a coming from the left is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coming from the left is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coming from the left is being
+deflected up and to the right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected up and to the right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected up and to the right and this
+Raby coming from the right is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raby coming from the right is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raby coming from the right is being
+deflected down and to the right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected down and to the right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected down and to the right so we
+can think about the force on the bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the force on the bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the force on the bead
+from each of these rays being equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these rays being equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these rays being equal and
+opposite to the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the direction of the
+momentum change of these rays and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum change of these rays and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum change of these rays and say
+that ray a is imparting a force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ray a is imparting a force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ray a is imparting a force on the
+bead which is pointing down and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead which is pointing down and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead which is pointing down and to the
+left and ray B is importing if imparting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and ray B is importing if imparting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and ray B is importing if imparting
+a force on the bead which is pointing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force on the bead which is pointing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force on the bead which is pointing up
+and to the left so we can basically sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the left so we can basically sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the left so we can basically sum
+both of these forces and find that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these forces and find that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these forces and find that in
+this system here where the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system here where the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system here where the center of the
+bead is moved to the right of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead is moved to the right of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead is moved to the right of the true
+focus of these two rays of light then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of these two rays of light then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of these two rays of light then
+the B the light is imposing a force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B the light is imposing a force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B the light is imposing a force on
+the bead which pushes it back toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead which pushes it back toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead which pushes it back toward the
+center and it turns out that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it turns out that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it turns out that whenever
+the center of the bead is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the bead is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the bead is not in the
+same spot as the center of the focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spot as the center of the focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spot as the center of the focused
+light the light will impart a force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the light will impart a force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the light will impart a force on
+the bead pushing it toward the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead pushing it toward the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead pushing it toward the direction
+of that Center no matter how you move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Center no matter how you move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Center no matter how you move it
+around within the trap so do you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around within the trap so do you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around within the trap so do you all
+understand sort of the Ray approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of the Ray approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of the Ray approach to
+understanding how optical traps work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how optical traps work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how optical traps work so
+I'm going to give a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give a slightly more
+realistic picture so as you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic picture so as you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic picture so as you guys know
+light is is not a ray light is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is is not a ray light is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is is not a ray light is a wave
+and what that means is that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that you can't
+focus light into just a point instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light into just a point instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus light into just a point instead
+you can focus light into a small volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus light into a small volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus light into a small volume
+which is diffraction limited in size to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diffraction limited in size to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diffraction limited in size to
+approximately sort of a diameter of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately sort of a diameter of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately sort of a diameter of one
+half the wavelength of the light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the wavelength of the light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the wavelength of the light which
+is often called a confocal volume so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often called a confocal volume so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often called a confocal volume so to
+think about the shape of the confocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the shape of the confocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the shape of the confocal
+volume it's it's it's not quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it's it's it's not quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it's it's it's not quite a
+Gaussian but it's very similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian but it's very similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian but it's very similar to a
+Gaussian so it's useful to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian so it's useful to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian so it's useful to think about
+gaussians to say that you know it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians to say that you know it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians to say that you know it's easy
+to imagine a one dimensional Gaussian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a one dimensional Gaussian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a one dimensional Gaussian or
+a two dimensional Gaussian a taken focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two dimensional Gaussian a taken focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two dimensional Gaussian a taken focal
+volume of light what you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of light what you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of light what you actually have
+is a three dimensional Gaussian in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a three dimensional Gaussian in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a three dimensional Gaussian in which
+sort of each point in space has a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each point in space has a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each point in space has a scalar
+property which is the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is the intensity of the
+light at that point in space and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at that point in space and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at that point in space and if you
+move from the center out in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the center out in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from the center out in any
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+it basically decays according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically decays according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically decays according to this
+Gaussian curvature so there's a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian curvature so there's a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian curvature so there's a gradient
+a Gaussian shaped gradient of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian shaped gradient of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian shaped gradient of light
+intensity going out in every direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity going out in every direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity going out in every direction
+from the center if this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center if this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center if this is like the
+optical axis and say this is like the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis and say this is like the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis and say this is like the X
+direction and like this is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and like this is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and like this is the Y
+direction I don't know if my laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I don't know if my laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I don't know if my laser
+pointing is particularly helpful in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing is particularly helpful in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing is particularly helpful in this
+situation so so what you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so so what you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so so what you can think about
+is say that from your beam of light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say that from your beam of light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say that from your beam of light in
+this Gaussian shape you have rays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gaussian shape you have rays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gaussian shape you have rays of
+different intensity I've only I've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intensity I've only I've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intensity I've only I've only
+shown two here but try to imagine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown two here but try to imagine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown two here but try to imagine these
+rays coming from every part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays coming from every part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays coming from every part of this
+light beam all being focused here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam all being focused here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam all being focused here so
+that you know rays from the center have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know rays from the center have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know rays from the center have
+a lot of intensity therefore they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of intensity therefore they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of intensity therefore they have a
+lot of momentum there's a lot of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of momentum there's a lot of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of momentum there's a lot of photons
+there so they impart more force per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they impart more force per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they impart more force per
+deflection than Rays coming over from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection than Rays coming over from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection than Rays coming over from
+the side so if you sort of imagine rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so if you sort of imagine rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so if you sort of imagine rays
+coming from this whole Gaussian volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this whole Gaussian volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this whole Gaussian volume
+here then it's not too difficult to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's not too difficult to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's not too difficult to see
+that whenever you move the bead from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you move the bead from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you move the bead from the
+center there's going to be a restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there's going to be a restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there's going to be a restoring
+force pushing it back to the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pushing it back to the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pushing it back to the center and
+the last explanation for how optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last explanation for how optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last explanation for how optical
+traps work is my favorite but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps work is my favorite but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps work is my favorite but it's a
+little bit more difficult to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more difficult to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more difficult to understand
+even though it's actually classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's actually classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's actually classical
+rather than quantum so what we know so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than quantum so what we know so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than quantum so what we know so a
+dielectric particles such as a bead what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric particles such as a bead what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric particles such as a bead what
+a dielectric actually is is a dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dielectric actually is is a dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dielectric actually is is a dielectric
+as a material which is polarized by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material which is polarized by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material which is polarized by an
+electric field so polystyrene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so polystyrene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so polystyrene is
+polarized quite a lot by an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized quite a lot by an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized quite a lot by an electric
+field and what that does is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and what that does is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and what that does is if you have
+an electric field say that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field say that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field say that has a
+negative charge here and a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge here and a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge here and a positive
+charge here then the dielectric will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here then the dielectric will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here then the dielectric will be
+polarized in such a direction that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in such a direction that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in such a direction that there
+it is opposing bed electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is opposing bed electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is opposing bed electric field and
+the electric field within the dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field within the dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field within the dielectric
+is lower than the electric field outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the electric field outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the electric field outside
+of the dielectric and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dielectric and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dielectric and it turns out that
+for very small particles in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small particles in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small particles in this case
+particles that are actually smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are actually smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are actually smaller than
+the wavelength of light that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of light that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of light that we're
+actually using to trap it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using to trap it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using to trap it you can
+approximate a dielectric material very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a dielectric material very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a dielectric material very
+well as just a simple dipole whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as just a simple dipole whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as just a simple dipole whose
+dipole moment is facing in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is facing in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is facing in the opposite
+direction of the electric field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field that
+it's actually sitting in so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually sitting in so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually sitting in so think about
+what light actually is light is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what light actually is light is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what light actually is light is a
+rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+an electric field that also happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field that also happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric field that also happens to
+have a magnetic component so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a magnetic component so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a magnetic component so what you
+that the the particle that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the particle that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the particle that you're
+studying basically has a rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying basically has a rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying basically has a rapidly
+oscillating dipole which is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating dipole which is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating dipole which is always
+opposing the direction of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing the direction of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing the direction of the magnetic
+field and so we know that there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so we know that there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so we know that there is a a
+cost of this sort of a cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this sort of a cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of this sort of a cost and
+potential energy to separating two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy to separating two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy to separating two
+charges and putting a a dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and putting a a dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and putting a a dielectric
+material in between that charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in between that charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in between that charge
+separation decreases the potential cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation decreases the potential cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation decreases the potential cost
+of this charge separation so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this charge separation so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this charge separation so if you have
+a gradient of electric fields as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of electric fields as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient of electric fields as you do
+at the center of a conform to dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of a conform to dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of a conform to dielectric
+will be most favorable if it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be most favorable if it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be most favorable if it is in the
+place where it is opposing the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it is opposing the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where it is opposing the strongest
+electric field and if you move it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and if you move it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and if you move it from
+the center then it will oppose a weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center then it will oppose a weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center then it will oppose a weaker
+electric field and we know that force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and we know that force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and we know that force is
+sort of the gradient of potential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the gradient of potential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the gradient of potential so the
+dielectric particle will feel a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric particle will feel a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric particle will feel a force
+driving it toward the strongest period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it toward the strongest period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving it toward the strongest period
+the strongest area of electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest area of electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest area of electric field
+which takes place at the very center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes place at the very center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes place at the very center of
+the confocal volume and so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confocal volume and so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confocal volume and so it will
+always be restored toward that spot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be restored toward that spot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be restored toward that spot so
+this I don't know this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know this is kind of an
+intuitive explanation but it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive explanation but it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive explanation but it takes a
+little bit of thinking about if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of thinking about if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of thinking about if you have
+any more questions about this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions about this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions about this I'm
+totally happy to answer them either now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally happy to answer them either now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally happy to answer them either now
+or or after the talk so do you all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or after the talk so do you all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or after the talk so do you all sort
+of feel like you understand how how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feel like you understand how how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feel like you understand how how you
+can use light to trap a dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use light to trap a dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use light to trap a dielectric
+particles which is a polystyrene bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so in this case we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this case we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this case we're using
+monochromatic infrared light that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic infrared light that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic infrared light that turns
+out to I mean it's it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to I mean it's it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to I mean it's it's the the
+wavelength which is chosen for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which is chosen for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which is chosen for these
+studies it turns out to not damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it turns out to not damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies it turns out to not damage
+proteins very much compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins very much compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins very much compared to other
+wavelengths of light and you're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light and you're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light and you're using it
+at very high intensity and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high intensity and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high intensity and it's pretty
+easy to make very high intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make very high intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make very high intensity
+infrared lasers but you could use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared lasers but you could use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared lasers but you could use you
+know the thing that really matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing that really matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thing that really matters is
+what the index of refraction is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the index of refraction is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the index of refraction is at the
+wavelength that you're studying so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that you're studying so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that you're studying so as
+long as you have a big difference as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a big difference as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a big difference as
+long as you have a dielectric particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a dielectric particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a dielectric particle
+which has a higher index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a higher index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a higher index of refraction
+in the surrounding media at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the surrounding media at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the surrounding media at the
+wavelength that you're studying then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that you're studying then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that you're studying then you
+can use any wavelength of light for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any wavelength of light for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any wavelength of light for this
+sort of experiment so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experiment so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experiment so I'm not going to
+go too much in depth into the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too much in depth into the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too much in depth into the actual
+apparatus for an optical trap but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for an optical trap but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for an optical trap but I do
+want to just give you the schematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just give you the schematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just give you the schematic and
+sort of talk about the very basics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about the very basics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about the very basics so
+the general idea is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea is that you have a
+trapping laser which is being focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping laser which is being focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping laser which is being focused
+right here on the specimen stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here on the specimen stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here on the specimen stage
+basically just a microscope where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a microscope where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a microscope where you
+actually have the beep trapped and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the beep trapped and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the beep trapped and then
+you have a second detection laser which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second detection laser which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second detection laser which
+is much weaker you know a hundredfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much weaker you know a hundredfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much weaker you know a hundredfold
+weaker than the trapping laser and is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the trapping laser and is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker than the trapping laser and is at
+a different wavelength and this is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different wavelength and this is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different wavelength and this is being
+focused onto the same volume and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onto the same volume and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onto the same volume and you
+have a quadrant photodiode which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quadrant photodiode which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quadrant photodiode which
+basically gives off a different voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives off a different voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives off a different voltage
+in response to a different location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to a different location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to a different location of
+the the trapping laser on it and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the trapping laser on it and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the trapping laser on it and this is
+how you actually measure the wear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually measure the wear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually measure the wear the
+bead actually is within the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead actually is within the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead actually is within the center of
+the trap so if the bead is sort of moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap so if the bead is sort of moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap so if the bead is sort of moved
+out of the center of the trap then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the center of the trap then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the center of the trap then this
+detection laser is deflected slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection laser is deflected slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection laser is deflected slightly
+because it's also sort of refracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also sort of refracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also sort of refracts
+through the bead and so that shifts sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bead and so that shifts sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bead and so that shifts sort
+of the centroid of the detection laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the centroid of the detection laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the centroid of the detection laser
+as it's read out on this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's read out on this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's read out on this position
+sensitive detector and so you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive detector and so you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive detector and so you can take
+this reading you know a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reading you know a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reading you know a hundred thousand
+times a second and that's how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a second and that's how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a second and that's how you can
+get this this very detailed you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this this very detailed you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this this very detailed you know one
+nanometer level resolution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer level resolution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer level resolution which
+describes where the bead has been pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes where the bead has been pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes where the bead has been pulled
+by some sort of biological molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some sort of biological molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some sort of biological molecule
+out of the center of the trap so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the center of the trap so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the center of the trap so one
+other thing I should talk about I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I should talk about I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I should talk about I'm
+going to give a couple of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a couple of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a couple of examples of
+things that people have used optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have used optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have used optical
+traps for but it's worth mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps for but it's worth mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps for but it's worth mentioning that
+most experiments with optical traps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most experiments with optical traps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most experiments with optical traps are
+no longer done with just one trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer done with just one trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer done with just one trap
+they're now done with two traps in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now done with two traps in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now done with two traps in which
+you have two different beads each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different beads each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different beads each
+trapped within their own optical trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped within their own optical trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped within their own optical trap
+and you do this because it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this because it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this because it basically
+mechanically isolates the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically isolates the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically isolates the system so
+normally you can have vibrations just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can have vibrations just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can have vibrations just in
+the room that would shake your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room that would shake your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room that would shake your your
+specimen stage and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen stage and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen stage and it turns out that the
+distances that you're measuring are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that you're measuring are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that you're measuring are so
+small that these vibrations dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that these vibrations dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that these vibrations dramatically
+increase the noise of the system but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the noise of the system but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the noise of the system but if
+you have both beads trapped within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both beads trapped within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have both beads trapped within their
+own optical trap that provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own optical trap that provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own optical trap that provides
+significant damping from any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant damping from any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant damping from any sort of
+mechanical vibration and you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical vibration and you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical vibration and you can measure
+the bead to be distance using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead to be distance using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead to be distance using this
+apparatus and so here this is a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and so here this is a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and so here this is a from
+Steven blocks group they actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven blocks group they actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven blocks group they actually were
+able to measure single base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure single base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure single base pair
+incorporation into a growing mRNA chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation into a growing mRNA chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation into a growing mRNA chain
+as RNA polymerase walked along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as RNA polymerase walked along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as RNA polymerase walked along a
+template so you know it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template so you know it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template so you know it's it's not
+perfect it doesn't look totally linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it doesn't look totally linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it doesn't look totally linear
+but it's pretty incredible to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty incredible to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty incredible to see you
+know 2 angstroms resolution and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2 angstroms resolution and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2 angstroms resolution and from
+this they could learn a great deal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could learn a great deal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they could learn a great deal about
+the kinetics of RNA polymerase stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics of RNA polymerase stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics of RNA polymerase stepping
+along a template and they could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a template and they could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a template and they could even
+keep it in register so that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in register so that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in register so that they could
+know which base is being incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which base is being incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which base is being incorporated
+you know which change in distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which change in distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which change in distance here
+represents which base incorporation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents which base incorporation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents which base incorporation so
+they can study the kinetics of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can study the kinetics of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can study the kinetics of how
+sequence affects the the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence affects the the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence affects the the rate of
+insertion another use of optical traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion another use of optical traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion another use of optical traps
+which has proved very fruitful first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has proved very fruitful first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has proved very fruitful first
+time people is to you know you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people is to you know you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people is to you know you can use
+them to measure forces that molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to measure forces that molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to measure forces that molecules
+apply on a bead but you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply on a bead but you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply on a bead but you can also
+directly apply forces on molecules by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly apply forces on molecules by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly apply forces on molecules by
+sort of turning the system around if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turning the system around if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of turning the system around if you
+move the center of the trap a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the center of the trap a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the center of the trap a little bit
+then you can apply a force on a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can apply a force on a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can apply a force on a molecule
+which is for example bound in the trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for example bound in the trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for example bound in the trap
+and see how a change in the force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how a change in the force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how a change in the force on the
+molecule will change the bead to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule will change the bead to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule will change the bead to be
+distance basically get like a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance basically get like a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance basically get like a force
+extension curve so here they trapped a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension curve so here they trapped a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension curve so here they trapped a
+protein domain in between two two beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domain in between two two beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domain in between two two beads
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+long DNA handle which basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long DNA handle which basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long DNA handle which basically is
+designed to be a relatively rigid linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be a relatively rigid linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be a relatively rigid linker
+that just keeps the two beads relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just keeps the two beads relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just keeps the two beads relatively
+separated so that the optical traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated so that the optical traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated so that the optical traps
+don't overlay at all and they applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't overlay at all and they applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't overlay at all and they applied
+force and what you can see is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and what you can see is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and what you can see is that as
+you increase the force by in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the force by in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the force by in this case
+they they moved one of these beads just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they moved one of these beads just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they moved one of these beads just
+a little bit to the right you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to the right you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to the right you get a
+little bit of stretching which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of stretching which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of stretching which is
+partially in the DNA and and partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially in the DNA and and partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially in the DNA and and partially
+in the the protein domain itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the protein domain itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the protein domain itself but
+then once you reach a certain threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you reach a certain threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you reach a certain threshold
+force which in this case is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which in this case is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force which in this case is like you
+know 17 Pico Newtons they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 17 Pico Newtons they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 17 Pico Newtons they actually
+unfold this protein domain and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold this protein domain and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold this protein domain and you get a
+sudden jump in bead to be distance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden jump in bead to be distance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden jump in bead to be distance as
+this now unfolded polypeptide no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now unfolded polypeptide no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now unfolded polypeptide no longer
+provides any sort of force pulling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides any sort of force pulling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides any sort of force pulling it
+back together and then if they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and then if they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and then if they sort of
+release the force and allow the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the force and allow the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the force and allow the the
+molecule to relax they actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to relax they actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to relax they actually get a
+different relaxation curve than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relaxation curve than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relaxation curve than their
+original extension curve because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original extension curve because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original extension curve because this
+represents the relaxation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the relaxation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the relaxation of this
+unfolded polypeptide rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded polypeptide rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded polypeptide rather than the
+refolding of this domain and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refolding of this domain and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refolding of this domain and another
+cool thing that they did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing that they did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing that they did in this
+experiment is they I'm sorry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is they I'm sorry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is they I'm sorry they
+brought it right up to this unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it right up to this unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it right up to this unfolding
+force and they left it there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and they left it there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and they left it there and it
+turns out that at this unfolding force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that at this unfolding force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that at this unfolding force
+this protein rapidly folds and refold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein rapidly folds and refold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein rapidly folds and refold
+unfolds Andry folds because it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds Andry folds because it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds Andry folds because it's a very
+small protein domain so the folding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein domain so the folding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein domain so the folding the
+protein folding is extremely quick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein folding is extremely quick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein folding is extremely quick so
+this is sort of the the rapid transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the the rapid transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the the rapid transition
+between folding and unfolding which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between folding and unfolding which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between folding and unfolding which is
+taking place at this this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at this this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at this this transition
+force so they can use that to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so they can use that to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so they can use that to study the
+the kinetics of the protein folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics of the protein folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics of the protein folding
+under force for this system so today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under force for this system so today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under force for this system so today the
+paper that you guys read for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you guys read for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you guys read for this
+recitation is about Club X P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is about Club X P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is about Club X P which is
+this protein that as you guys studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein that as you guys studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein that as you guys studied in
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+it recognizes protein substrates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recognizes protein substrates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recognizes protein substrates that
+have been tagged for degradation it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been tagged for degradation it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been tagged for degradation it and
+it uses the mechanical it uses mica I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the mechanical it uses mica I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the mechanical it uses mica I
+guess mechanical energy released by ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess mechanical energy released by ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess mechanical energy released by ATP
+binding and hydrolysis to unfold folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and hydrolysis to unfold folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and hydrolysis to unfold folded
+protein domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domains
+and translocate the the unfolded protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translocate the the unfolded protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translocate the the unfolded protein
+substrate through an axial pour into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate through an axial pour into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate through an axial pour into an
+Associated sequestered peptidase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated sequestered peptidase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated sequestered peptidase where
+the protein is rapidly chewed up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is rapidly chewed up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is rapidly chewed up into
+small peptides that are then recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small peptides that are then recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small peptides that are then recycled
+into their constituent amino acids so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their constituent amino acids so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their constituent amino acids so I
+have another figure which someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another figure which someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another figure which someone else
+in my lab made more recently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab made more recently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab made more recently that
+illustrates a little bit better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates a little bit better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates a little bit better the
+actual unfolding and translocation steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual unfolding and translocation steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual unfolding and translocation steps
+which you know were the steps that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know were the steps that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know were the steps that we
+studied in in this paper so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in in this paper so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in in this paper so the general
+idea is that clip X will translocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that clip X will translocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that clip X will translocate
+an unfolded protein domain until it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfolded protein domain until it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfolded protein domain until it's
+reached a point where the folded domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a point where the folded domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a point where the folded domains
+are the folded protein domain until it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the folded protein domain until it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the folded protein domain until it's
+reached a point where the folded domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a point where the folded domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a point where the folded domain
+is too big to fit through the axial pore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too big to fit through the axial pore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too big to fit through the axial pore
+and then it will apply what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will apply what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will apply what we call
+power strokes which are somehow related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power strokes which are somehow related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power strokes which are somehow related
+to ATP hydrolysis and binding which sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ATP hydrolysis and binding which sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ATP hydrolysis and binding which sort
+of yank on the the essence or a tag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yank on the the essence or a tag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yank on the the essence or a tag and
+pull the the protein down and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the the protein down and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the the protein down and in a
+repeated attempt to unfold it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated attempt to unfold it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated attempt to unfold it and you
+know you can say that there's some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can say that there's some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can say that there's some sort
+of strained protein structure it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strained protein structure it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strained protein structure it turns
+out that most of these attempt don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that most of these attempt don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that most of these attempt don't do
+not actually successfully unfold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually successfully unfold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually successfully unfold the
+protein but some proportion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but some proportion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein but some proportion of these
+attempts you know maybe clip back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts you know maybe clip back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts you know maybe clip back to
+gets a particularly good grip maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a particularly good grip maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a particularly good grip maybe
+there's some sort of transient thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of transient thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of transient thermal
+destabilization in the protein itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization in the protein itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization in the protein itself
+the protein successfully unfolded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein successfully unfolded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein successfully unfolded and
+then it continues to take these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continues to take these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continues to take these small
+steps these small power strokes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps these small power strokes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps these small power strokes along
+the unfolded polypeptide translocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolded polypeptide translocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolded polypeptide translocating
+it into the peptidase-4 degradation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the peptidase-4 degradation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the peptidase-4 degradation so
+in the experiments that that adrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiments that that adrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiments that that adrian
+actually did for this system what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did for this system what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did for this system what he did
+is he attached clip XP to a bead using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he attached clip XP to a bead using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he attached clip XP to a bead using
+script habit and and biotin and biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script habit and and biotin and biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script habit and and biotin and biotin
+which is I believe an interaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I believe an interaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I believe an interaction you
+guys are familiar with and he attached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are familiar with and he attached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are familiar with and he attached a
+multi domain protein substrate to a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi domain protein substrate to a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi domain protein substrate to a DNA
+linker so that the SS are a tag was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker so that the SS are a tag was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker so that the SS are a tag was sort
+of at the end of this substrate and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the end of this substrate and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the end of this substrate and he
+was able to move the two beads together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to move the two beads together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to move the two beads together
+so that at some point the clip XP bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at some point the clip XP bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that at some point the clip XP bound
+ss are a tag and then he could record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ss are a tag and then he could record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ss are a tag and then he could record
+the beat to be distance during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat to be distance during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat to be distance during the
+unfolding and translocation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and translocation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and translocation of this
+substrate so what he saw is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate so what he saw is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate so what he saw is that when
+end clip XP was successful in unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end clip XP was successful in unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end clip XP was successful in unfolding
+a protein domain there was a sudden jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein domain there was a sudden jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein domain there was a sudden jump
+in bead to bead distance as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bead to bead distance as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bead to bead distance as the the
+folded you know the whole experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded you know the whole experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded you know the whole experiment is
+taking place under a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place under a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place under a small amount of
+force so as the the polypeptide is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so as the the polypeptide is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so as the the polypeptide is now
+unfolded for that small amount of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded for that small amount of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded for that small amount of force
+it's quickly pulled pretty pod and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quickly pulled pretty pod and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quickly pulled pretty pod and then
+clip XP translocates that substrate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP translocates that substrate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP translocates that substrate now
+unfolded through its axial pore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded through its axial pore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded through its axial pore
+decreasing the bead to be distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the bead to be distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the bead to be distance and
+it continues this translocation until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues this translocation until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues this translocation until it
+reaches the next folded protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the next folded protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the next folded protein
+substrate at which point it stops it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate at which point it stops it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate at which point it stops it
+can't translocate any further and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't translocate any further and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't translocate any further and it
+begins to attempt to unfold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to attempt to unfold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to attempt to unfold the
+substrate again and you know eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate again and you know eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate again and you know eventually
+after some sort of dwell that we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some sort of dwell that we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some sort of dwell that we call it
+pre unfolding dwell it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre unfolding dwell it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre unfolding dwell it will be
+successful at unfolding the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at unfolding the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful at unfolding the substrate
+there will be another jump in b2b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be another jump in b2b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be another jump in b2b
+distance and the process will repeat go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the process will repeat go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the process will repeat go
+ahead it's it's being held a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it's it's being held a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it's it's being held a little bit
+taut I shouldn't say taut there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taut I shouldn't say taut there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taut I shouldn't say taut there's a
+small amount of force on the system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of force on the system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of force on the system you
+know often we record in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often we record in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know often we record in the range of
+about five Pico Newton's which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five Pico Newton's which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five Pico Newton's which is just
+required for the optical trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for the optical trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for the optical trapping
+apparatus to actually work but should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus to actually work but should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus to actually work but should
+not have a significant effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a significant effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a significant effect on the
+behavior of the system so I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system so I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system so I should have
+mentioned it back at the kinesin you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it back at the kinesin you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it back at the kinesin you can
+sort of understand the stall force for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand the stall force for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand the stall force for a
+molecular motor which is the force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular motor which is the force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular motor which is the force that
+it takes to sort of restrain it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to sort of restrain it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to sort of restrain it from
+taking additional steps and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking additional steps and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking additional steps and it turns out
+that the Stealth Force for kinesin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Stealth Force for kinesin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Stealth Force for kinesin is
+about seven Pico Newtons the stall force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven Pico Newtons the stall force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven Pico Newtons the stall force
+for clip XP is about 25 Pico Newtons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clip XP is about 25 Pico Newtons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clip XP is about 25 Pico Newtons so
+it's dramatically higher than the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dramatically higher than the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dramatically higher than the small
+amount of force exerted on it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of force exerted on it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of force exerted on it by the
+trap so it shouldn't have a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap so it shouldn't have a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap so it shouldn't have a significant
+impact on the results what it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the results what it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the results what it just means
+is that once you go from folded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that once you go from folded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that once you go from folded to
+unfolded since there's nothing holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded since there's nothing holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded since there's nothing holding
+the unfolded structure sort of in a coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolded structure sort of in a coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolded structure sort of in a coil
+even the small amount of force well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the small amount of force well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the small amount of force well
+we'll pull it out a little bit and cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pull it out a little bit and cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pull it out a little bit and cause
+this increase in b2b distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in b2b distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in b2b distance
+oh I have a slide on that next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have a slide on that next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I have a slide on that next so
+fortunately other other groups have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately other other groups have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately other other groups have
+worked out many of these issues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out many of these issues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out many of these issues for
+other protein systems so we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other protein systems so we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other protein systems so we were able to
+adapt those relatively easily other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt those relatively easily other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt those relatively easily other
+people had studied these triple A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had studied these triple A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had studied these triple A's
+particularly HeLa cases as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly HeLa cases as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly HeLa cases as well as
+various nucleotide translocase --is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nucleotide translocase --is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various nucleotide translocase --is that
+are actually in in mechanical activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in in mechanical activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in in mechanical activity
+somewhat similar to clip X P so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar to clip X P so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar to clip X P so we could
+basically adapt their systems without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adapt their systems without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically adapt their systems without
+significant trial and error which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant trial and error which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant trial and error which which
+meant that we could get sort of closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that we could get sort of closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that we could get sort of closer
+to the biology or closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the biology or closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the biology or closer to the
+biophysics quickly which was very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics quickly which was very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics quickly which was very nice
+but other groups certainly spent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other groups certainly spent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other groups certainly spent you
+know 20 years getting these methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 years getting these methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 years getting these methods to
+actually work well yes so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work well yes so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work well yes so there are a
+couple of generalizations which came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of generalizations which came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of generalizations which came out
+of that optimization the first is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that optimization the first is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that optimization the first is that
+biotin streptavidin is a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin streptavidin is a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin streptavidin is a really useful
+interaction basically all all modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction basically all all modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction basically all all modern
+biophysical techniques use biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical techniques use biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysical techniques use biotin
+streptavidin or other sort of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptavidin or other sort of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptavidin or other sort of basically
+binary basically permanent interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary basically permanent interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary basically permanent interactions
+for the these these sorts of biophysical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the these these sorts of biophysical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the these these sorts of biophysical
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you you give the so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you you give the so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you you give the so when you're
+actually taking a beat and adding a clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking a beat and adding a clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking a beat and adding a clip
+XP to it what you do is you add a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP to it what you do is you add a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP to it what you do is you add a very
+small amount of clip XP and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of clip XP and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of clip XP and then once
+you've added it you add just straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added it you add just straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added it you add just straight
+biotin to fill the rest of the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin to fill the rest of the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin to fill the rest of the binding
+sites because one thing that you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites because one thing that you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites because one thing that you never
+want is you never want to clip XPS on 1b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is you never want to clip XPS on 1b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is you never want to clip XPS on 1b
+to engage to substrates on another bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage to substrates on another bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage to substrates on another bead
+because that would just totally screw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would just totally screw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would just totally screw up
+the data that you're recording so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that you're recording so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that you're recording so you
+make sure that it's very very sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's very very sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's very very sparse
+labeling of molecules of clip XP on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling of molecules of clip XP on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling of molecules of clip XP on the
+surface you know I think we probably use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you know I think we probably use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you know I think we probably use
+femtomolar clip XP during the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtomolar clip XP during the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtomolar clip XP during the actual
+labeling of the bead process another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling of the bead process another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling of the bead process another
+sort of major takeaway from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of major takeaway from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of major takeaway from these
+experiments is that for these dual bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is that for these dual bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is that for these dual bead
+experiment is very important to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is very important to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is very important to have a
+DNA linker so the distance here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA linker so the distance here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA linker so the distance here is not
+really representative but this DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really representative but this DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really representative but this DNA
+linker actually goes like you know over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker actually goes like you know over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker actually goes like you know over
+here because you really want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you really want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you really want to maintain
+you know bead to bead separation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bead to bead separation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bead to bead separation on the
+order of like more than a micron so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like more than a micron so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like more than a micron so that
+your two traps don't overlay at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two traps don't overlay at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two traps don't overlay at all
+because this leads to much clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this leads to much clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this leads to much clearer
+readouts on your position sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readouts on your position sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readouts on your position sensitive
+display allowing much better data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display allowing much better data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display allowing much better data
+acquisition oh sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that is a major issue in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that is a major issue in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that is a major issue in this
+case it's not a particularly big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not a particularly big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not a particularly big issue
+because you really all you need is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really all you need is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really all you need is one
+clip XP on the bead and one molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP on the bead and one molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP on the bead and one molecule of
+substrate on the other bead so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate on the other bead so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate on the other bead so it
+doesn't really matter what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what happened to
+most of the molecules that you add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the molecules that you add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the molecules that you add to
+your mixture as long as you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mixture as long as you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mixture as long as you have one
+active molecule here and one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active molecule here and one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active molecule here and one sort of
+accessible molecule there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible molecule there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible molecule there so it's
+probably true that you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true that you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true that you know there are
+clip X peas which at this very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip X peas which at this very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip X peas which at this very low
+concentration are like bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration are like bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration are like bound on
+specifically to the surface of the bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the surface of the bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the surface of the bead
+and probably bound non-specifically into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably bound non-specifically into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably bound non-specifically into
+the actual coverslip but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual coverslip but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual coverslip but it turns out
+that those those molecules have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those those molecules have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those those molecules have no
+signal in this process so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in this process so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in this process so it's not a
+it's not as big of an issue and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as big of an issue and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as big of an issue and there's
+no sort of concentration dependence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sort of concentration dependence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sort of concentration dependence that
+you're trying to measure using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure using these
+very low concentrations so even if 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low concentrations so even if 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low concentrations so even if 99%
+of the stuff you add binds not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff you add binds not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff you add binds not
+specifically it's just not that big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it's just not that big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it's just not that big of a
+deal for a single molecule fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for a single molecule fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for a single molecule fluorescence
+it can be a really major deal and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a really major deal and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a really major deal and so you
+have to work really hard to pass it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work really hard to pass it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work really hard to pass it to
+basically passivate all of your surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically passivate all of your surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically passivate all of your surfaces
+so go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance but do tropical jokes you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but do tropical jokes you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but do tropical jokes you just
+measure displacement you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure displacement you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure displacement you know you can
+tell which direction it's displaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which direction it's displaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which direction it's displaced
+because yeah I showed that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah I showed that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah I showed that little
+picture basically it'll it'll deflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture basically it'll it'll deflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture basically it'll it'll deflect
+the beam of light on to this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam of light on to this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam of light on to this position
+sensitive display I can tell you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive display I can tell you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive display I can tell you more
+about the apparatus later it's dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the apparatus later it's dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the apparatus later it's dependent
+on both X&Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both X&Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both X&Y
+it's called the quadrupole detector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the quadrupole detector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the quadrupole detector so
+it basically has four different diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically has four different diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically has four different diodes
+and you look at the relative ratio from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the relative ratio from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the relative ratio from
+these four these four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four these four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four these four different
+detectors that tells you where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors that tells you where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors that tells you where it is
+basically a four pixel camera I guess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a four pixel camera I guess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a four pixel camera I guess so
+the the actual substrate the attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual substrate the attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual substrate the attachment
+on to the DNA is it's it's via a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the DNA is it's it's via a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the DNA is it's it's via a sort of
+chemical biology which is worth knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology which is worth knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology which is worth knowing
+about which is something called the halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is something called the halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is something called the halo
+tag so it turns out that there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag so it turns out that there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag so it turns out that there is this
+enzyme which if you make a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme which if you make a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme which if you make a couple of
+mutations to to ruin it it will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations to to ruin it it will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations to to ruin it it will make a
+covalent bond with halo alkanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bond with halo alkanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bond with halo alkanes
+basically any halo alkane that you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any halo alkane that you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any halo alkane that you add
+to your reaction mixture this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your reaction mixture this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your reaction mixture this enzyme
+will actually form a covalent bond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually form a covalent bond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually form a covalent bond with
+the halo alkane in the active site I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halo alkane in the active site I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halo alkane in the active site I
+forget what the original function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the original function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what the original function of the
+enzyme is it's some sort of holiday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is it's some sort of holiday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is it's some sort of holiday so
+in this case we synthesized this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we synthesized this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we synthesized this long
+DNA linker such that it had a halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA linker such that it had a halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA linker such that it had a halo
+alkane at one of its ends and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkane at one of its ends and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkane at one of its ends and then we
+added this halo domain at the n-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this halo domain at the n-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this halo domain at the n-terminus
+of our lung substrate such that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lung substrate such that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lung substrate such that it it
+would form a covalent bond with the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form a covalent bond with the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form a covalent bond with the DNA
+which had a biotin at the other end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had a biotin at the other end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had a biotin at the other end and
+then we added that to a bead and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we added that to a bead and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we added that to a bead and it
+turns out that these beads are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these beads are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these beads are slightly
+smaller than these beads so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than these beads so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than these beads so when we
+actually start these experiments we trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start these experiments we trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start these experiments we trap
+a big bead in one beam and a small bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big bead in one beam and a small bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big bead in one beam and a small bead
+in another beam and we basically move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another beam and we basically move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another beam and we basically move
+them very slowly with respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very slowly with respect to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very slowly with respect to each
+other until you eventually get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other until you eventually get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other until you eventually get an
+attachment between a clip XP and a halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment between a clip XP and a halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment between a clip XP and a halo
+domain and then you'd begin the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then you'd begin the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then you'd begin the actual
+recording of the experiment so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of the experiment so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of the experiment so I have a
+nice animation of this actual unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice animation of this actual unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice animation of this actual unfolding
+process so this sort of illustrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this sort of illustrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this sort of illustrates the
+effects of an unfolding under force so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of an unfolding under force so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of an unfolding under force so
+once clip XP successfully unfolds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once clip XP successfully unfolds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once clip XP successfully unfolds a
+domain you get this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain you get this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain you get this big
+jump in b2b distance which decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in b2b distance which decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in b2b distance which decreases
+during translocation and then increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during translocation and then increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during translocation and then increases
+again during the next during the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again during the next during the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again during the next during the next
+unfolding step Alex we use a DNA linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding step Alex we use a DNA linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding step Alex we use a DNA linker
+to keep the Y DNA instead of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the Y DNA instead of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the Y DNA instead of something
+else it's really easy to make a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's really easy to make a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's really easy to make a long
+piece of DNA you know this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you know this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA you know this is like a
+micro and lung there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro and lung there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro and lung there are very few
+proteins that are well behaved at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are well behaved at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are well behaved at that
+sort of that sort of length DNA is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that sort of length DNA is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that sort of length DNA is very
+well behaved stiffness peg is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved stiffness peg is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved stiffness peg is very
+floppy DNA is relatively stiff there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy DNA is relatively stiff there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy DNA is relatively stiff there's
+still some sort of floppiness which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some sort of floppiness which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some sort of floppiness which you
+account for using what they call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for using what they call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for using what they call a
+worm-like chain model which you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm-like chain model which you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm-like chain model which you have any
+if you have any questions about that ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about that ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about that ask
+me afterward but DNA is much different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me afterward but DNA is much different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me afterward but DNA is much different
+than like just a single peg and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like just a single peg and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like just a single peg and also
+very strong compared to a single pick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong compared to a single pick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong compared to a single pick so
+again what you see is unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see is unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see is unfolding
+translocation and then unfolding again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and then unfolding again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and then unfolding again
+at the next substrate so do any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next substrate so do any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next substrate so do any of you
+have questions about sort of the readout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions about sort of the readout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions about sort of the readout
+that we get when we're actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get when we're actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get when we're actually looking
+at acquiring the data for this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at acquiring the data for this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at acquiring the data for this paper
+does that sort of make sense to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense to you guys
+cool so I'm gonna get into a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so I'm gonna get into a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so I'm gonna get into a couple of
+the figures of the paper this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures of the paper this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures of the paper this paper is
+very difficult and has a lot of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult and has a lot of data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult and has a lot of data in
+it but some of the figures I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but some of the figures I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but some of the figures I think are
+relatively easy to understand so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to understand so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to understand so I
+believe you covered these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you covered these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you covered these different
+mutations of Titan which changed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations of Titan which changed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations of Titan which changed them
+the mechanical stability and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical stability and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical stability and change the
+rate of clip XP unfolding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of clip XP unfolding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of clip XP unfolding and
+degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+so using these mutations we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using these mutations we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using these mutations we were
+actually able to directly investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to directly investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually able to directly investigate
+the unfolding strength of clip XP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolding strength of clip XP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfolding strength of clip XP so
+this Titan I 27 domain there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Titan I 27 domain there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Titan I 27 domain there are a
+couple of mutations you can make right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of mutations you can make right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of mutations you can make right
+by the c-terminus of the domain where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the c-terminus of the domain where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the c-terminus of the domain where
+you basically switch a valine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically switch a valine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically switch a valine or
+something for a prolene which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a prolene which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a prolene which
+significantly decreases the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly decreases the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly decreases the mechanical
+stability and we made these multi domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and we made these multi domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and we made these multi domain
+substrates with these various mutants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates with these various mutants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates with these various mutants of
+Titan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titan
+inserted and then we investigated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted and then we investigated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted and then we investigated the
+time of the pre unfolding dwell before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the pre unfolding dwell before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the pre unfolding dwell before
+this big b2b distance for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big b2b distance for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big b2b distance for each of these
+unfolding events before a domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding events before a domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding events before a domain and
+what we saw is that for wild-type Titan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw is that for wild-type Titan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw is that for wild-type Titan
+the most stable we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable we saw
+relatively long pre unfolding dwells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long pre unfolding dwells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long pre unfolding dwells
+whereas for the V 15 P Titan which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the V 15 P Titan which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the V 15 P Titan which has
+the intermediate mechanical strength we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate mechanical strength we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate mechanical strength we
+saw shorter tree unfolding dwells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw shorter tree unfolding dwells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw shorter tree unfolding dwells and
+for the V 13 P Titan we saw the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the V 13 P Titan we saw the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the V 13 P Titan we saw the shortest
+pre unfolding dwells which basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre unfolding dwells which basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre unfolding dwells which basically are
+the the flat periods in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flat periods in between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flat periods in between these
+jumps so it turns out that so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps so it turns out that so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps so it turns out that so you can
+quantitate the length of these dwells by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate the length of these dwells by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate the length of these dwells by
+basically plotting the number of dwells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically plotting the number of dwells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically plotting the number of dwells
+of a certain length the frequency of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain length the frequency of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain length the frequency of 12
+of a certain length or shorter versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain length or shorter versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain length or shorter versus
+that length on unlike the x-axis so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length on unlike the x-axis so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length on unlike the x-axis so this
+is basically making a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically making a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically making a cumulative
+distribution plot of the dwells and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plot of the dwells and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plot of the dwells and it's
+pretty easy to show that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to show that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to show that if you're
+looking at a single exponential decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single exponential decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single exponential decay
+process such as a single kinetic step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process such as a single kinetic step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process such as a single kinetic step
+then this plot should have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this plot should have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this plot should have an
+exponential shape or it's fit very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential shape or it's fit very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential shape or it's fit very well
+by a single exponential decay process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a single exponential decay process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a single exponential decay process
+and so you can look at the rate of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look at the rate of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look at the rate of that
+exponential to actually gain a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to actually gain a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential to actually gain a lot of
+insight into the the rate of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the the rate of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the the rate of that
+particular kinetic step so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinetic step so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinetic step so for the
+wild-type Titan we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type Titan we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type Titan we found that the
+half-life for this unfolding event which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life for this unfolding event which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life for this unfolding event which
+you can extract from this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract from this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract from this exponential
+decay rate what was about 55 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate what was about 55 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate what was about 55 seconds
+whereas for this V 15 P Titan which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for this V 15 P Titan which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for this V 15 P Titan which we
+we knew is less mechanically stable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew is less mechanically stable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew is less mechanically stable it
+was about 17 seconds and for this V 13 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 17 seconds and for this V 13 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 17 seconds and for this V 13 P
+Titan it was about 6 seconds and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titan it was about 6 seconds and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titan it was about 6 seconds and we saw
+that you know these plots are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know these plots are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know these plots are not
+perfectly fit by a single exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fit by a single exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fit by a single exponential
+but they're fit very well and this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're fit very well and this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're fit very well and this sort
+of indicates that there is a one rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicates that there is a one rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indicates that there is a one rate
+limiting step one major kinetic step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step one major kinetic step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step one major kinetic step in
+the actual process of unfolding which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual process of unfolding which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual process of unfolding which is
+what we assumed because we believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assumed because we believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assumed because we believed that
+these domains unfolded very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domains unfolded very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domains unfolded very
+cooperatively and so basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively and so basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively and so basically this
+suggests that a single successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that a single successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that a single successful
+powerstroke by clip XP is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerstroke by clip XP is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerstroke by clip XP is responsible
+for the unfolding of these domains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unfolding of these domains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unfolding of these domains so
+the only of you have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only of you have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only of you have any questions about
+how we measured unfolding in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measured unfolding in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measured unfolding in in this
+circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's you know there aren't that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's you know there aren't that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's you know there aren't that many
+data points here and some of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points here and some of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points here and some of these data
+points out of these these high distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out of these these high distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out of these these high distances
+are a little bit hairy I would say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit hairy I would say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit hairy I would say you
+know there's quite a bit of error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's quite a bit of error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's quite a bit of error in
+biochemistry and my guess is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and my guess is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and my guess is that the
+quality of these fits is like 99.9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of these fits is like 99.9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of these fits is like 99.9 and
+it without dramatically more data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without dramatically more data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without dramatically more data it's
+it's not very useful to speculate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very useful to speculate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very useful to speculate about
+what this other exponential might be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this other exponential might be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this other exponential might be so
+you know I I'm not going to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I'm not going to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I'm not going to say I
+honestly have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry yeah yeah yeah given I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yeah yeah yeah given I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yeah yeah yeah given I mean the
+this data took Adrienne like a year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data took Adrienne like a year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data took Adrienne like a year to
+acquire just cuz you get so few data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire just cuz you get so few data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire just cuz you get so few data
+points per experiment with the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points per experiment with the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points per experiment with the error
+this is this is pretty darn good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is pretty darn good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is pretty darn good for
+this this head was set up you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this head was set up you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this head was set up you know it
+may be that sometimes it takes to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that sometimes it takes to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that sometimes it takes to to
+very rapid power strokes and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid power strokes and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid power strokes and that might
+add some sort of longer exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some sort of longer exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some sort of longer exponential
+decay process but it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay process but it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay process but it's very difficult to
+say so we know from the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so we know from the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so we know from the crystal
+structures as well as from biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures as well as from biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures as well as from biochemical
+studies that cliff XP has these poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that cliff XP has these poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that cliff XP has these poor
+loops along its axial pore which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops along its axial pore which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops along its axial pore which are
+actually directly involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly involved in the
+mechanical activity of the protein so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical activity of the protein so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical activity of the protein so we
+believe that there are these rkh loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are these rkh loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are these rkh loops
+which are sort of on the top face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of on the top face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are sort of on the top face of
+clip XP and these loops make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP and these loops make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP and these loops make this
+initial interaction with the SS area tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial interaction with the SS area tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial interaction with the SS area tag
+and then there are poor one loops within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are poor one loops within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are poor one loops within
+the poor and we believe that the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor and we believe that the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor and we believe that the poor
+one loops are the loops that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loops are the loops that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loops are the loops that are
+basically the levers of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the levers of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the levers of mechanical
+forced application to a substrate during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced application to a substrate during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced application to a substrate during
+unfolding and translocation so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and translocation so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and translocation so these
+poor loops you can sort of imagine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor loops you can sort of imagine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor loops you can sort of imagine them
+undergoing a conformational change where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a conformational change where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a conformational change where
+they grab onto an unfolded polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grab onto an unfolded polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grab onto an unfolded polypeptide
+and basically are translocated downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically are translocated downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically are translocated downward
+in some sort of nucleotide dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of nucleotide dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of nucleotide dependent
+manner dragging the substrate with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner dragging the substrate with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner dragging the substrate with it
+and if the substrate is unfolded then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the substrate is unfolded then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the substrate is unfolded then it
+comes along if it's folded then this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along if it's folded then this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along if it's folded then this can
+be either a successful or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either a successful or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either a successful or an
+unsuccessful unfolding event and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful unfolding event and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful unfolding event and then
+there are also these poor two loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also these poor two loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also these poor two loops
+which we think are involved in holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we think are involved in holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we think are involved in holding
+the substrate sort of at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate sort of at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate sort of at the bottom of
+the poor as the poor one loops are reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor as the poor one loops are reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor as the poor one loops are reset
+for the next power stroking event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next power stroking event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next power stroking event and
+it's you know we've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know we've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know we've done a lot of
+experiments which try to explain how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which try to explain how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which try to explain how
+these power stroking events are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these power stroking events are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these power stroking events are related
+to the actual process of ATP hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual process of ATP hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual process of ATP hydrolysis
+to adp and phosphate and then phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp and phosphate and then phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp and phosphate and then phosphate
+release and then then ATP release and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and then then ATP release and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and then then ATP release and we
+have some evidence which suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some evidence which suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some evidence which suggests that
+phosphate release after ATP hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate release after ATP hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate release after ATP hydrolysis
+is the step which is most intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the step which is most intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the step which is most intimately
+coupled with this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with this particular
+conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change
+that applies the mechanical force but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies the mechanical force but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies the mechanical force but
+it's the way that we've measured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way that we've measured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way that we've measured this
+most effectively is to do single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effectively is to do single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effectively is to do single
+molecule experiments of the sort I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule experiments of the sort I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule experiments of the sort I'm
+going to show on the next plot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show on the next plot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show on the next plot with
+either excess phosphate or excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either excess phosphate or excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either excess phosphate or excess
+vanadate and so the idea is that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanadate and so the idea is that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanadate and so the idea is that after
+phosphate leaves there is some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate leaves there is some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate leaves there is some sort of
+rate constant which describes the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant which describes the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant which describes the time
+it takes for this conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes for this conformational change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes for this conformational change
+to occur so if you have phosphate or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur so if you have phosphate or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur so if you have phosphate or a
+phosphate analogue that rebind before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate analogue that rebind before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate analogue that rebind before
+that conformational change can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conformational change can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conformational change can occur
+then that should increase the the dwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that should increase the the dwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that should increase the the dwell
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we we think that the important phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we think that the important phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we think that the important phosphate
+leaving step is taking place when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving step is taking place when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving step is taking place when there
+is ATP bound so in the subunit where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ATP bound so in the subunit where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ATP bound so in the subunit where you
+have ATP bound and also phosphate bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ATP bound and also phosphate bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ATP bound and also phosphate bound
+and then that phosphate leaves we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that phosphate leaves we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that phosphate leaves we think
+that that is the step that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the step that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the step that's related to
+the actual mechanical motion but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual mechanical motion but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual mechanical motion but we're
+not going to claim that that is the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to claim that that is the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to claim that that is the step
+we're going to say we think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say we think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say we think that's the
+step and our evidence supports that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and our evidence supports that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and our evidence supports that
+versus any of the other steps such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any of the other steps such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus any of the other steps such as
+ATP binding or ADP release because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding or ADP release because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding or ADP release because you
+can show that sort of adding a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that sort of adding a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that sort of adding a lot of
+competitor ADP or changing the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor ADP or changing the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor ADP or changing the rate of
+ATP does not have the effect on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP does not have the effect on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP does not have the effect on this
+this well time in between steps that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well time in between steps that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well time in between steps that you
+would expect if those were the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect if those were the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect if those were the steps
+that had this this central mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had this this central mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had this this central mechanical
+role but the evidence is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role but the evidence is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role but the evidence is it's not
+totally compelling but just imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally compelling but just imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally compelling but just imagine that
+something related to this process of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to this process of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to this process of ATP
+hydrolysis is basically causing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis is basically causing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis is basically causing this
+this pore loop to be translocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pore loop to be translocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pore loop to be translocated
+downward so what we could do is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so what we could do is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so what we could do is you know
+I showed these plots where you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed these plots where you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed these plots where you see this
+on this unfolding and then the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this unfolding and then the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this unfolding and then the slow
+translocation you can actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation you can actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation you can actually because
+these optical traps have such high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these optical traps have such high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these optical traps have such high
+resolution you can actually monitor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can actually monitor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can actually monitor the
+individual steps that clip X P takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual steps that clip X P takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual steps that clip X P takes as
+it walks along a substrate which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it walks along a substrate which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it walks along a substrate which I
+actually think is pretty awesome so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think is pretty awesome so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think is pretty awesome so you
+can sort of fit these steps to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of fit these steps to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of fit these steps to to a
+model to get cleaner quantitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get cleaner quantitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to get cleaner quantitation and
+then you can you can quantitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you can quantitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you can quantitate the
+lengths of these steps and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of these steps and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of these steps and you can see
+that cliff XP takes steps that are range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cliff XP takes steps that are range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cliff XP takes steps that are range
+between about one nanometer and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between about one nanometer and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between about one nanometer and about
+four nanometers and we we quantize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nanometers and we we quantize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nanometers and we we quantize this
+we say that Cliff xB can take steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that Cliff xB can take steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that Cliff xB can take steps
+between one and four in multiples of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and four in multiples of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and four in multiples of one
+because we know from the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from the crystal
+structures that this particular pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that this particular pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that this particular pour
+loop translocation downward it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop translocation downward it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop translocation downward it moves
+about one nanometer and so what we've we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one nanometer and so what we've we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one nanometer and so what we've we
+found is that you can look at the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that you can look at the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that you can look at the order
+of these step sizes and you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these step sizes and you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these step sizes and you find that
+clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP
+it rarely takes so the order of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rarely takes so the order of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rarely takes so the order of steps
+which you can see you know a it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see you know a it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see you know a it's taking
+a one animator step and then a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one animator step and then a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one animator step and then a two
+nanometers step and then a one nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step and then a one nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step and then a one nanometer
+step and then a couple other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then a couple other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then a couple other one
+animator steps and then you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator steps and then you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator steps and then you know some
+twos and then some threes and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos and then some threes and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos and then some threes and you can
+see that 4b and 4c as well we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 4b and 4c as well we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 4b and 4c as well we found that
+the order of these steps is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of these steps is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of these steps is it's
+relatively random it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively random it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively random it's very difficult to
+use one step to predict what the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one step to predict what the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one step to predict what the next
+step is going to be so from that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is going to be so from that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is going to be so from that we
+think that there's a significant degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a significant degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a significant degree
+of stochasticity determining sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochasticity determining sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochasticity determining sort of in
+some aspect of the mechanism of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspect of the mechanism of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspect of the mechanism of this
+enzyme determining possibly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme determining possibly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme determining possibly which
+subunits are hydrolyzing ATP to power a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits are hydrolyzing ATP to power a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits are hydrolyzing ATP to power a
+power stroke but we say that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stroke but we say that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stroke but we say that it's not
+completely stochastic the events are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stochastic the events are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stochastic the events are not
+all equally likely to occur after each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely to occur after each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely to occur after each
+other event so for example after a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other event so for example after a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other event so for example after a four
+nanometer step we very rarely see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step we very rarely see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step we very rarely see a
+second for a nanometer step or a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second for a nanometer step or a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second for a nanometer step or a 3
+nanometers step we are much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step we are much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step we are much more likely
+to see a one nanometer step for a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a one nanometer step for a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a one nanometer step for a 2
+nanometer step whereas you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step whereas you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step whereas you know it's
+much more likely that after a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely that after a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely that after a one
+nanometer step we might see a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step we might see a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer step we might see a longer
+step so we have come up with a a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we have come up with a a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we have come up with a a couple
+of of complicated kinetic models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of complicated kinetic models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of complicated kinetic models that
+can explain some of this data and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain some of this data and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain some of this data and we're
+not saying that it's correct what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that it's correct what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that it's correct what we're
+sort of more saying is that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more saying is that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more saying is that this is the
+sort of thing that you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that you have to think
+about when wondering when when really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when wondering when when really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when wondering when when really
+asking deep questions about the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking deep questions about the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking deep questions about the more
+likely mechanical activity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely mechanical activity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely mechanical activity of this
+machine so a model which explains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so a model which explains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so a model which explains this
+behavior where you you don't see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where you you don't see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where you you don't see like
+several long steps in a row is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several long steps in a row is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several long steps in a row is to say
+that these these steps which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these steps which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these steps which are
+quantized according to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized according to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized according to this one
+nanometer what they actually represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer what they actually represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer what they actually represent
+is cascades of steps possibly a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cascades of steps possibly a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cascades of steps possibly a two
+nanometers step being two very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step being two very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers step being two very quick
+steps in a row or a foreign enemy turf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in a row or a foreign enemy turf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in a row or a foreign enemy turf
+step being four very quick steps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step being four very quick steps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step being four very quick steps in a
+row which occurred too quickly for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which occurred too quickly for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which occurred too quickly for our
+instrument to actually catch them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to actually catch them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to actually catch them and
+you can say that each step is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that each step is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that each step is basically
+controlled by nucleotide hydrolysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by nucleotide hydrolysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by nucleotide hydrolysis or
+by phosphate release in a single subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphate release in a single subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphate release in a single subunit
+and say that possibly a four nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that possibly a four nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that possibly a four nanometer
+step involves phosphate release in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step involves phosphate release in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step involves phosphate release in four
+sub-units sort of one after the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-units sort of one after the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-units sort of one after the next
+maybe maybe they're all contiguous maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they're all contiguous maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe they're all contiguous maybe
+they're not we don't really have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not we don't really have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not we don't really have any
+evidence going either way and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence going either way and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence going either way and so you
+have you know boom boom boom boom and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know boom boom boom boom and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know boom boom boom boom and a
+cascade of four very quick steps whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade of four very quick steps whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade of four very quick steps whereas
+a two nanometers step involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two nanometers step involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two nanometers step involves
+hydrolysis in two subunits and a one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis in two subunits and a one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis in two subunits and a one the
+animator step involves hydrolysis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator step involves hydrolysis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animator step involves hydrolysis in
+just a single subunit so the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single subunit so the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single subunit so the reason that
+we're attracted to models such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're attracted to models such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're attracted to models such as this
+is that after you have one of these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after you have one of these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after you have one of these four
+nanometer steps you have basically lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps you have basically lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps you have basically lost
+your phosphate or last year ATP or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phosphate or last year ATP or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phosphate or last year ATP or
+whatever in four different subunits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in four different subunits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in four different subunits and
+so it takes time for ATP to bind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes time for ATP to bind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes time for ATP to bind and
+possibly to be hydrolyzed again in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly to be hydrolyzed again in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly to be hydrolyzed again in these
+four different subunits so it's unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different subunits so it's unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different subunits so it's unlikely
+that you're going to have the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have the time for
+four ATP's to bind and be be hydrolyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ATP's to bind and be be hydrolyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ATP's to bind and be be hydrolyzed
+before your next power stroke whereas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your next power stroke whereas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your next power stroke whereas it
+only requires binding in one subunit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only requires binding in one subunit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only requires binding in one subunit to
+power hydrolysis to power a single a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power hydrolysis to power a single a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power hydrolysis to power a single a
+single nanometer step so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single nanometer step so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single nanometer step so you know this
+model we don't have actually have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we don't have actually have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we don't have actually have much
+evidence that suggests that you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggests that you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggests that you know it
+has to be sequential orders of subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be sequential orders of subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be sequential orders of subunits
+going around the ring like that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the ring like that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around the ring like that we've
+chosen this counterclockwise direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this counterclockwise direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this counterclockwise direction
+completely arbitrarily the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily the reason that
+we think that it's limited to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it's limited to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it's limited to 4
+nanometer steps rather than 5 nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps rather than 5 nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer steps rather than 5 nanometer
+or 6 nanometer steps is that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 6 nanometer steps is that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 6 nanometer steps is that we know
+that clip XP even at saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clip XP even at saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clip XP even at saturating
+concentrations of ATP basically never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of ATP basically never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of ATP basically never
+binds more than about 4 Nana never binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds more than about 4 Nana never binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds more than about 4 Nana never binds
+more than about 4 equivalents of ATP per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 4 equivalents of ATP per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 4 equivalents of ATP per
+hexamer and we also know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexamer and we also know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexamer and we also know that there are
+these these u subunits these unload Abul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these u subunits these unload Abul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these u subunits these unload Abul
+subunits which are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits which are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits which are actually not
+confident for ATP binding so possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident for ATP binding so possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident for ATP binding so possibly
+you know a foreign animator step could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a foreign animator step could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a foreign animator step could
+involve phosphate release from all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve phosphate release from all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve phosphate release from all four
+of the subunits that have ATP bound but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subunits that have ATP bound but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subunits that have ATP bound but
+then the step stops when this cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the step stops when this cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the step stops when this cascade
+event this cascade of conformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this cascade of conformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this cascade of conformational
+changes reaches an unload of all subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes reaches an unload of all subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes reaches an unload of all subunit
+which has nothing bound so we are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has nothing bound so we are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has nothing bound so we are trying
+to to add more to this mechanism but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add more to this mechanism but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to add more to this mechanism but the
+behavior of this protein is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this protein is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this protein is very
+complicated so I do just say I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so I do just say I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so I do just say I didn't
+actually record any of the data in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record any of the data in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually record any of the data in this
+paper I don't work on the system I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I don't work on the system I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I don't work on the system I don't
+work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on
+traps at all if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps at all if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps at all if you have any questions
+about the experiments that I do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiments that I do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiments that I do which
+more directly investigate the model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly investigate the model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly investigate the model I
+just showed on the last page using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed on the last page using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed on the last page using
+single molecule fluorescence feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluorescence feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluorescence feel free
+to ask me anytime these experiments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask me anytime these experiments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask me anytime these experiments were
+done by Adrian who's a postdoc in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Adrian who's a postdoc in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Adrian who's a postdoc in the
+lab who's probably gonna start as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who's probably gonna start as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who's probably gonna start as a
+professor at UC San Francisco next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at UC San Francisco next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at UC San Francisco next year
+this is thus our lab it's a great place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is thus our lab it's a great place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is thus our lab it's a great place
+to Europe if any of you are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe if any of you are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Europe if any of you are looking for
+a new your up come say hi so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new your up come say hi so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new your up come say hi so if you have
+any other questions about optical trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about optical trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about optical trap
+circle of XP feel free to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0zijwkFuwbo.txt b/0zijwkFuwbo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bea897086eb7ed0d31f55011e3d38ea3ce5b95d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0zijwkFuwbo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that all you turkeys are back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that all you turkeys are back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that all you turkeys are back from
+Thanksgiving I was I shouldn't have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving I was I shouldn't have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving I was I shouldn't have said
+that how is Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how is Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how is Thanksgiving
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+I'm as I'm as I'm wrapping up the sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm as I'm as I'm wrapping up the sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm as I'm as I'm wrapping up the sleep
+and dreams thing I should look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams thing I should look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams thing I should look around
+and see whether people look like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether people look like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether people look like they're
+like awake how many people discharge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awake how many people discharge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awake how many people discharge the
+substantial amount of their sleep debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of their sleep debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of their sleep debt
+over the last few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rest of you are still rolling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you are still rolling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you are still rolling around
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I am going I'm going but I'm coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going I'm going but I'm coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going I'm going but I'm coming back
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think I'm going to uh depart a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I'm going to uh depart a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I'm going to uh depart a
+little from the organization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little from the organization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little from the organization of the
+lecture that's on the the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's on the the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's on the the lecture notes
+and I will trust on your uh your talents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will trust on your uh your talents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will trust on your uh your talents
+to uh figure out where I might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out where I might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out where I might even
+point out where I've gone to but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out where I've gone to but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out where I've gone to but I'm
+gonna I'm going to reorganize things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm going to reorganize things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm going to reorganize things a
+bit because it occurred to me that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because it occurred to me that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit because it occurred to me that I can
+organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize
+at least the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the uh
+um first part of the lecture uh around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first part of the lecture uh around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first part of the lecture uh around
+uh in in the form of a sort of a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the form of a sort of a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the form of a sort of a summary
+statement about Freud who I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about Freud who I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about Freud who I'm going to
+abandon fairly shortly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon fairly shortly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon fairly shortly here
+um and I'll I can work two examples one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll I can work two examples one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll I can work two examples one
+of them about dreams and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them about dreams and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them about dreams and one of them
+about abnormal psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about abnormal psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about abnormal psych
+um which on in uh in which where Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which on in uh in which where Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which on in uh in which where Freud
+or Freud's followers are wrong in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Freud's followers are wrong in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Freud's followers are wrong in both
+cases but in one case we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but in one case we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but in one case we can do this
+business that I've been doing uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that I've been doing uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that I've been doing uh for the
+last few lectures of saying look we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures of saying look we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures of saying look we can
+salvage something important out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage something important out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvage something important out of
+Freud's ideas and on the other uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's ideas and on the other uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's ideas and on the other uh in in
+the other case which will turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case which will turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case which will turn out to be
+the abnormal psych case will say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abnormal psych case will say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abnormal psych case will say that uh
+in this case Freud's followers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Freud's followers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Freud's followers were
+simply wrong and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply wrong and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply wrong and and and uh
+um have been superseded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have been superseded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have been superseded by
+by later work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by later work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by later work
+so let me start by picking up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by picking up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by picking up in in
+sleep in Dreamland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in Dreamland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in Dreamland
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+um talking about dreams uh well I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talking about dreams uh well I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talking about dreams uh well I won't
+ask if anybody had any good dreams over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if anybody had any good dreams over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if anybody had any good dreams over
+the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+they're catching up on sleepover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're catching up on sleepover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're catching up on sleepover
+Thanksgiving but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving but uh
+I know what I'll ask I will ask how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what I'll ask I will ask how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what I'll ask I will ask how many
+people did sleep and dream stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did sleep and dream stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did sleep and dream stuff in
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+not many okay how many people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many okay how many people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many okay how many people can
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+not many okay good good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many okay good good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many okay good good that's
+encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+all right that allows me to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that allows me to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that allows me to ask
+um one of the one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the one of the things that
+tends to surprise people sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to surprise people sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to surprise people sometimes is
+that there's a fair degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fair degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fair degree of
+commonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality
+uh in at least some of the dreams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in at least some of the dreams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in at least some of the dreams that
+uh that people have they seem like such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that people have they seem like such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that people have they seem like such
+idiosyncratic personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic personalized
+stories that it's surprising to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that it's surprising to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that it's surprising to discover
+that some of the plot lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the plot lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the plot lines
+um go across individuals the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go across individuals the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go across individuals the sorts of
+it's well it's a weird state right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well it's a weird state right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well it's a weird state right I
+mean it's clear that there's a there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's clear that there's a there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's clear that there's a there are
+weird aspects to the sleeping State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird aspects to the sleeping State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird aspects to the sleeping State
+um the the normal laws of physics seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the normal laws of physics seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the normal laws of physics seem
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+um suspendable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suspendable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suspendable
+you can fly sometimes you know do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly sometimes you know do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly sometimes you know do things
+like that you can fall for hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can fall for hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can fall for hours and
+hours and never hit the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and never hit the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and never hit the ground
+um and uh the normal laws of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the normal laws of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the normal laws of reality
+testing or the the awake state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing or the the awake state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing or the the awake state of
+reality testing seems to be off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality testing seems to be off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality testing seems to be off because
+you can fly and it doesn't strike you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly and it doesn't strike you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly and it doesn't strike you as
+weird when you wake up you say that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird when you wake up you say that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird when you wake up you say that was
+weird but if you think about it while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but if you think about it while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but if you think about it while
+you were flying around or or doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were flying around or or doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were flying around or or doing
+whatever other video game kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other video game kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other video game kind of thing
+you were doing in your dreams that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing in your dreams that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing in your dreams that was
+just the way things were if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way things were if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way things were if you have the
+same problem with reality testing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem with reality testing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem with reality testing when
+you're awake you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in the part of the course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the part of the course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the part of the course on
+abnormal psych that we'll get to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal psych that we'll get to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal psych that we'll get to in a
+minute it's it's a it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's it's a it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute it's it's a it's a it's
+diagnostic of of having a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic of of having a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic of of having a variety of
+forms of mental illness if you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of mental illness if you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of mental illness if you cannot
+tell the difference between dream yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between dream yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between dream yeah
+dream state and and awake state That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream state and and awake state That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream state and and awake state That's
+not healthy when you're dreaming you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not healthy when you're dreaming you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not healthy when you're dreaming you
+can't tell but you're not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell but you're not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell but you're not you know
+you're not clinically insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not clinically insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not clinically insane
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+there was some one other sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some one other sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some one other sense in which
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+different from the awake state that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the awake state that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the awake state that I
+wanted to make sure that I mentioned but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure that I mentioned but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure that I mentioned but
+now I don't remember what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't remember what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't remember what it is
+oh yes just to point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes just to point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes just to point out that the
+transfer from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer from um
+experience to episodic memory does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to episodic memory does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to episodic memory does not
+work well for dreaming this is why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well for dreaming this is why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well for dreaming this is why you
+forget your dreams so readily is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget your dreams so readily is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget your dreams so readily is that
+when you know when you wake up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know when you wake up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know when you wake up that
+dream is just sort of there sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream is just sort of there sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream is just sort of there sitting
+around in some sort of short-term buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some sort of short-term buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in some sort of short-term buffer
+and if you don't do something like write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't do something like write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't do something like write
+it down or repeat it to yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or repeat it to yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or repeat it to yourself you
+discover that those normal mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that those normal mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that those normal mechanisms
+that take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take your
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+your experiences and transfer them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiences and transfer them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiences and transfer them into
+some sort of long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of long-term memory
+they're just not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not working
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said let's see let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's see let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's see let's see if we can
+conjure up yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all this stuff about different states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff about different states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff about different states of
+uh Sleeping awakeness should be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sleeping awakeness should be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sleeping awakeness should be seen as
+not absolutely categorical so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absolutely categorical so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absolutely categorical so there are
+these borderline States the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these borderline States the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these borderline States the the sort of
+jargony term is liminal States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony term is liminal States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony term is liminal States
+um where you're in between being asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you're in between being asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you're in between being asleep
+and um awake you know in the course of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um awake you know in the course of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um awake you know in the course of a
+normal night's sleep you'd probably wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal night's sleep you'd probably wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal night's sleep you'd probably wake
+up out of REM sleep and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of REM sleep and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of REM sleep and and you know
+different bits of you are coming online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of you are coming online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of you are coming online
+at different times you and and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times you and and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times you and and you may
+be aware I'm still asleep but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware I'm still asleep but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware I'm still asleep but I'm not
+quite asleep how many people have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite asleep how many people have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite asleep how many people have had
+the experience of saying I'm waking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of saying I'm waking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of saying I'm waking up
+here and I want to know how the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to know how the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to know how the story
+comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out
+yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+it's always because you're waking up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always because you're waking up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always because you're waking up at
+the good parts or or how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good parts or or how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good parts or or how many of you
+have the the other experience which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the other experience which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the other experience which I
+think may be what you're getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think may be what you're getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think may be what you're getting to
+which is I'm asleep here and this dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm asleep here and this dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm asleep here and this dream
+is not a good dream and it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good dream and it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a good dream and it's time to
+wake up out of this dream and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up out of this dream and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up out of this dream and I'm gonna
+wake myself up fewer oh and now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake myself up fewer oh and now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake myself up fewer oh and now are
+there people here who are um experts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people here who are um experts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people here who are um experts at
+what's known as lucid dreaming lucid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as lucid dreaming lucid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as lucid dreaming lucid
+dreaming is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming is a sort of a
+pathway state where people claim to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway state where people claim to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway state where people claim to be
+able to to uh control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to uh control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to uh control the
+um the the plot line of their dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the plot line of their dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the plot line of their dreams
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are books in the in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are books in the in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are books in the in you know in
+the bookstore they will train that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookstore they will train that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bookstore they will train that will
+claim that they can train you to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they can train you to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that they can train you to do this
+and and maybe you can I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe you can I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe you can I don't know
+sounds good right I mean all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good right I mean all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good right I mean all those
+people who said oh man I woke up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who said oh man I woke up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who said oh man I woke up
+and I wanted to hear how the thing came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to hear how the thing came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to hear how the thing came
+out yeah if you'd go and train yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah if you'd go and train yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah if you'd go and train yourself
+to be a lucid dreamer maybe you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lucid dreamer maybe you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lucid dreamer maybe you can go
+in and and and keep it going and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and and keep it going and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and and keep it going and and
+um and you know I have these extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I have these extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I have these extremely
+frustrating dreams that I'm sure a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating dreams that I'm sure a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating dreams that I'm sure a good
+analyst would have a field day with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst would have a field day with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst would have a field day with
+um but I choose to think that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I choose to think that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I choose to think that they are
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+um nice simple transparent uh dreams uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice simple transparent uh dreams uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice simple transparent uh dreams uh
+I like to ski I dream about skiing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to ski I dream about skiing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to ski I dream about skiing but
+in my dreams I I spend a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my dreams I I spend a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my dreams I I spend a great deal of
+time uh getting up the mountain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh getting up the mountain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh getting up the mountain and I
+never get to ski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to ski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to ski
+you know I get to the top and the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get to the top and the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get to the top and the snow
+melts or something like that no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts or something like that no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts or something like that no I don't
+want to hear your interpretation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear your interpretation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear your interpretation of what
+this is all really about or anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all really about or anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all really about or anything I
+can do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that too
+um and make you know make up all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and make you know make up all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and make you know make up all those
+good stories but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stories but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stories but in any case
+um you know I I sometimes think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I I sometimes think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I I sometimes think I'm
+gonna get one of these lucid dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one of these lucid dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one of these lucid dreaming
+books because damn it before I die I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books because damn it before I die I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books because damn it before I die I'm
+gonna get to ski down that mountain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to ski down that mountain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to ski down that mountain the
+conditions are always a great look a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are always a great look a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are always a great look a lot
+better than they do in the Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they do in the Northeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than they do in the Northeast
+when you actually go skiing it's uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually go skiing it's uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually go skiing it's uh well
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so
+let us consider a couple of plot lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider a couple of plot lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider a couple of plot lines
+all right this was some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this was some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this was some of the things
+are there there's a sort of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there's a sort of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there's a sort of elements
+that show up in people's dreams how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in people's dreams how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up in people's dreams how many
+people have had uh falling dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had uh falling dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had uh falling dreams
+how many people have ever hit the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have ever hit the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have ever hit the ground
+usually you don't hit the ground right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you don't hit the ground right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you don't hit the ground right
+you wake up just before you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wake up just before you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wake up just before you hit the
+ground oh there's a whole raft of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground oh there's a whole raft of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground oh there's a whole raft of of of
+sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+pseudo-scientific nonsense about uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-scientific nonsense about uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-scientific nonsense about uh I'm
+how many people have ever been killed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have ever been killed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have ever been killed in
+their dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dreams
+oh a fair number of them well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a fair number of them well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a fair number of them well that's
+presumably a counter example to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a counter example to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a counter example to the
+theory that if you die in your dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that if you die in your dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that if you die in your dreams
+you die for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die for real
+it's one of those great assertions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those great assertions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those great assertions how
+would you know that was true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know that was true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know that was true right
+right what were you dreaming about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what were you dreaming about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what were you dreaming about I
+don't know I'm dead yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm dead yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm dead yeah
+but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically
+typically people report that you wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people report that you wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically people report that you wake up
+just before you get killed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before you get killed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before you get killed by the
+whatever it is that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that's um
+that's gonna kill you but the plot lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna kill you but the plot lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna kill you but the plot lines
+get more elaborate than that how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more elaborate than that how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more elaborate than that how many
+people have had dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had dreams
+um this is typically a dream of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically a dream of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is typically a dream of uh uh
+grade school the grade school era where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school the grade school era where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school the grade school era where
+you show up in school inappropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up in school inappropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up in school inappropriately
+dressed in some fashion all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in some fashion all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in some fashion all right
+anybody want anybody care to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want anybody care to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want anybody care to describe
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I sorry I heard I heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I sorry I heard I heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I sorry I heard I heard a
+somebody wave a hand if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wave a hand if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wave a hand if you want to
+actually tell us the the you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell us the the you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell us the the you don't have
+to tell us your dream it's fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us your dream it's fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us your dream it's fine but
+nobody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to
+how inappropriate was it I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inappropriate was it I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inappropriate was it I mean it
+doesn't get much more inappropriate than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get much more inappropriate than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get much more inappropriate than
+I was Buck Naked I suppose which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was Buck Naked I suppose which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was Buck Naked I suppose which is the
+stat my version doesn't happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat my version doesn't happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat my version doesn't happen to be
+that I I still vividly remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I still vividly remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I still vividly remember what
+must have been a kindergarten dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a kindergarten dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a kindergarten dream
+um because I ended up in my kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I ended up in my kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I ended up in my kindergarten
+classroom of driving down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom of driving down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom of driving down the street
+from my house to my school in my crib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my house to my school in my crib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my house to my school in my crib
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which presumably by the time I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which presumably by the time I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which presumably by the time I was in
+kindergarten I was long out of and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten I was long out of and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten I was long out of and I
+ended up in school in my crib in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in school in my crib in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in school in my crib in uh in
+my PJs you know and and all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PJs you know and and all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PJs you know and and all right so you
+don't have to tell us what you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tell us what you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to tell us what you weren't
+wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is there is a characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is a characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is a characteristic of
+this dream which is that once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dream which is that once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dream which is that once you get
+there once you end up in class what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once you end up in class what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once you end up in class what uh
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+anybody uh anybody got any intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh anybody got any intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh anybody got any intuition
+about the common plot line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh people point and laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh people point and laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh people point and laugh
+um do you believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you believe it
+how many sorry wait wait how many where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sorry wait wait how many where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sorry wait wait how many where
+where's the inappropriately dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the inappropriately dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the inappropriately dressed
+crowd raise your hand if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd raise your hand if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd raise your hand if you're if
+you're in the inappropriately dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the inappropriately dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the inappropriately dressed
+class it's drop the numbers are dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's drop the numbers are dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's drop the numbers are dropping
+um okay not inappropriately dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay not inappropriately dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay not inappropriately dressed
+right now this is in your dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is in your dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is in your dreams
+inappropriately dressed how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately dressed how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately dressed how many people
+uh agreed that what happened was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreed that what happened was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreed that what happened was they
+pointed and laughed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed and laughed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed and laughed
+no it's only in Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's only in Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's only in Russia
+the characteristic form of this dream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic form of this dream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic form of this dream is
+that nobody notices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody notices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody notices
+I mean that's not to say that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's not to say that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's not to say that you're
+you're weird for having the Varian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're weird for having the Varian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're weird for having the Varian
+either that or you're making it up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that or you're making it up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that or you're making it up I
+don't know but um that you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but um that you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but um that you would think
+you know I would think if I showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would think if I showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would think if I showed up
+you know if I drove my crib in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I drove my crib in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I drove my crib in here
+everybody's gonna point and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's gonna point and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's gonna point and they're
+gonna laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna laugh
+um but they don't uh this is assumed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they don't uh this is assumed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they don't uh this is assumed to
+be some sort of a school anxiety dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of a school anxiety dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of a school anxiety dream
+it's a school anxiety dreams of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a school anxiety dreams of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a school anxiety dreams of some
+sort of quite common they also morph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quite common they also morph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quite common they also morph as
+you get older so how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get older so how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get older so how many people have
+had a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dream
+of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where uh well all right let's rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh well all right let's rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh well all right let's rephrase
+this we'll get the form out of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll get the form out of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll get the form out of you uh
+has anybody had what they would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody had what they would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody had what they would consider
+to be an exam anxiety dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an exam anxiety dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an exam anxiety dream
+anybody willing to describe that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody willing to describe that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody willing to describe that I don't
+think they mostly involve being grossly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they mostly involve being grossly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they mostly involve being grossly
+inappropriately dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriately dressed
+yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm psychological to that the novel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm psychological to that the novel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm psychological to that the novel form
+of the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dream
+um but that's any any good one well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's any any good one well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's any any good one well I
+won't ask you that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one version is the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one version is the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one version is the uh you
+overslept and you missed the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overslept and you missed the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overslept and you missed the exam
+um variance thereon yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+okay I haven't studied enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't studied enough for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't studied enough for the
+examine perhaps because I I I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine perhaps because I I I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine perhaps because I I I I mean
+it's not something that's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that's going to make
+it uh-oh yeah they all pointed you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh-oh yeah they all pointed you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh-oh yeah they all pointed you and
+laughed at you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when that happens
+yeah the exam was in another language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the exam was in another language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the exam was in another language
+how many people have had the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have had the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have had the version
+where you wake you you uh you realize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wake you you uh you realize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wake you you uh you realize in
+your dream that you have an exam in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dream that you have an exam in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dream that you have an exam in this
+this course and you've never been to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and you've never been to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and you've never been to the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+right yeah medieval French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah medieval French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah medieval French
+I've got the medieval French exam I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the medieval French exam I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the medieval French exam I've
+never taken medieval French the um or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never taken medieval French the um or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never taken medieval French the um or um
+and and there are also versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are also versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are also versions of this
+where you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you um
+get to the exam and you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the exam and you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the exam and you realize that
+there's something about the exam the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about the exam the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about the exam the the
+different language thing is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language thing is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language thing is a good
+example of this where you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this where you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this where you look at the
+exam and you realize there's no way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and you realize there's no way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam and you realize there's no way I'm
+passing this exam not because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing this exam not because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing this exam not because you didn't
+make up the right psych uh Theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the right psych uh Theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the right psych uh Theory but
+because I I can't see the page in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I can't see the page in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I can't see the page in some
+weird way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird way or
+um uh sometimes somebody was telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sometimes somebody was telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sometimes somebody was telling me
+this morning of a great version where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning of a great version where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning of a great version where I
+yeah I I I realize I'm going to be late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I I realize I'm going to be late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I I realize I'm going to be late
+to the examined it's down the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the examined it's down the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the examined it's down the other end
+of the infinite Corridor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infinite Corridor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infinite Corridor and the
+infinite Corridor really is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Corridor really is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Corridor really is infinite
+you're just going down it forever anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going down it forever anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going down it forever anyway
+if you haven't had that dream don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't had that dream don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't had that dream don't
+worry you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry you will
+um at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least
+when I was an undergrad at Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was an undergrad at Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was an undergrad at Princeton
+somebody did a study of this 25 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did a study of this 25 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody did a study of this 25 of the
+Freshman Class 50 of the sophomore class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freshman Class 50 of the sophomore class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freshman Class 50 of the sophomore class
+75 percent of the junior class and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 percent of the junior class and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 percent of the junior class and you
+can see where this goes it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see where this goes it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see where this goes it's an
+extremely common College era type dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely common College era type dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely common College era type dream
+and it doesn't get better after that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't get better after that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't get better after that all
+that happens is that the if you stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is that the if you stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is that the if you stay in
+Academia is that the form moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia is that the form moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia is that the form moves
+um any number of my uh colleagues have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any number of my uh colleagues have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any number of my uh colleagues have
+reported dreams where the uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported dreams where the uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported dreams where the uh this this
+is the the well the grad school version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the well the grad school version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the well the grad school version
+coming up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here
+um the the the dream where your thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the dream where your thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the dream where your thesis
+committee comes to you and says it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee comes to you and says it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee comes to you and says it was a
+big mistake we're taking the PHD back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mistake we're taking the PHD back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mistake we're taking the PHD back or
+that you have to take your oral exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take your oral exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take your oral exams
+over again the thing you crammed for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again the thing you crammed for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again the thing you crammed for for
+months and then forgot all of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then forgot all of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then forgot all of it the
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+or something like that and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and then if you
+end up in my position actually teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in my position actually teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in my position actually teaching
+it just it just flips around the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it just flips around the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just it just flips around the exam
+anxiety dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety dream
+um where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where um
+you have dreams where you get up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have dreams where you get up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have dreams where you get up in
+front of the class and you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class and you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the class and you realize
+medieval French I don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval French I don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval French I don't know anything
+about medieval French what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about medieval French what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about medieval French what do you mean
+I'm supposed to talk about medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to talk about medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to talk about medieval
+French for the next hour the uh now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French for the next hour the uh now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French for the next hour the uh now you
+may think that having anxiety dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think that having anxiety dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think that having anxiety dreams
+about not knowing what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not knowing what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not knowing what you're talking
+about is not that far from reality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is not that far from reality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is not that far from reality in
+the case of some of us who won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of some of us who won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of some of us who won't say
+more about that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that anymore
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but these there are these sort of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these there are these sort of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these there are these sort of common
+themes that run through dreams people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that run through dreams people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that run through dreams people
+have known this forever and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this forever and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known this forever and people have
+attempted to interpret dreams forever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to interpret dreams forever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to interpret dreams forever so
+there's dream interpretation in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dream interpretation in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dream interpretation in uh in
+the Bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bible
+um I'm sure in whatever culture you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure in whatever culture you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure in whatever culture you you
+or your ancestors came from there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your ancestors came from there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your ancestors came from there's a a
+Canon of dream interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canon of dream interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canon of dream interpretation
+um one of have I mentioned uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of have I mentioned uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of have I mentioned uh uh
+lucreatious lucreatious's Great Book Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucreatious lucreatious's Great Book Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucreatious lucreatious's Great Book Day
+rarum natora on the nature of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarum natora on the nature of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarum natora on the nature of things
+yeah oh yeah yeah maybe some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah maybe some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah maybe some people
+think so some people don't think so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so some people don't think so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so some people don't think so oh
+well what you gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you gonna do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Roman Roman author uh and it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman Roman author uh and it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman Roman author uh and it really is
+about the nature of things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of things it's
+everything you know it's 1801 and 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know it's 1801 and 801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know it's 1801 and 801
+and 900 and it's all rolled in one great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 900 and it's all rolled in one great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 900 and it's all rolled in one great
+big book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book
+um but he talked to you it's got a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he talked to you it's got a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he talked to you it's got a nice
+dream theory in there in which he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream theory in there in which he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream theory in there in which he says
+that um you know lawyers dream of court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know lawyers dream of court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know lawyers dream of court
+cases and sailors are wrestling with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and sailors are wrestling with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and sailors are wrestling with the
+wins and things of that sort suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and things of that sort suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins and things of that sort suggesting
+as Freud would later suggested every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Freud would later suggested every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Freud would later suggested every
+dream reflects something about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream reflects something about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream reflects something about the uh
+in the preceding day oh let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the preceding day oh let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the preceding day oh let me say
+something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that
+um I think I'm jumping ahead in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I'm jumping ahead in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I'm jumping ahead in my
+handout again oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout again oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout again oh well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this was always assumed anecdotally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was always assumed anecdotally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was always assumed anecdotally to
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know you may have had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you may have had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you may have had this
+experience you do something all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you do something all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you do something all day
+and you dream about it all night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you dream about it all night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you dream about it all night
+and you know there wasn't much data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there wasn't much data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there wasn't much data on
+this Bob stick gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bob stick gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bob stick gold
+um at Harvard Med has now gone off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at Harvard Med has now gone off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at Harvard Med has now gone off and
+collected some beautiful data on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected some beautiful data on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected some beautiful data on this
+what he did was he got people to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he got people to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he got people to play
+Tetris a lot of Tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris a lot of Tetris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris a lot of Tetris
+then he sent them to bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he sent them to bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he sent them to bed
+with little wires on their head and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with little wires on their head and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with little wires on their head and when
+they went into REM sleep he kicked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went into REM sleep he kicked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went into REM sleep he kicked him
+what are you dreaming about oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you dreaming about oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you dreaming about oh man
+bricks they're falling man now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks they're falling man now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks they're falling man now
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+nice clear evidence of course there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear evidence of course there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear evidence of course there's a
+non-tetris control group you kick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tetris control group you kick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tetris control group you kick them
+on flying down the infinite card or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flying down the infinite card or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on flying down the infinite card or you
+know something else so the tetris group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something else so the tetris group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something else so the tetris group
+dreamed about Tetris the coolest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamed about Tetris the coolest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamed about Tetris the coolest thing
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um stick Gold's experiment is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stick Gold's experiment is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stick Gold's experiment is that he
+tested a population of amnesics patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested a population of amnesics patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested a population of amnesics patients
+with the same basic problem as hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same basic problem as hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same basic problem as hm
+remember hm no new long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember hm no new long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember hm no new long-term memories
+learn how to play Tetris what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to play Tetris what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to play Tetris what are you
+doing I'm playing Tetris you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm playing Tetris you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm playing Tetris you know five
+minutes later what were you doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later what were you doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later what were you doing I
+don't know right doesn't remember any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right doesn't remember any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right doesn't remember any of
+this so you take these amnesiacs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you take these amnesiacs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you take these amnesiacs they
+play Tetris for a while they're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Tetris for a while they're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Tetris for a while they're having a
+great time you send them to bed you kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time you send them to bed you kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time you send them to bed you kick
+them in the middle of the night what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the middle of the night what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the middle of the night what are
+you dreaming about oh bricks bricks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dreaming about oh bricks bricks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dreaming about oh bricks bricks the
+bricks are falling they were dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks are falling they were dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks are falling they were dreaming
+about Tetris even though they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tetris even though they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tetris even though they didn't
+remember ever having played Tetris that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ever having played Tetris that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ever having played Tetris that
+was pretty cool anyway there's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty cool anyway there's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty cool anyway there's now
+experimental evidence for this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for this notion
+that your dreams incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your dreams incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your dreams incorporate
+um material from the preceding days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um material from the preceding days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um material from the preceding days
+Freud asserted that all dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud asserted that all dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud asserted that all dreams
+Incorporated something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated something from the
+preceding day is that absolutely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding day is that absolutely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding day is that absolutely true
+that's one of those assertions like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of those assertions like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of those assertions like all
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+um you know that uh snowflakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that uh snowflakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that uh snowflakes are
+different it's kind of hard to prove but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's kind of hard to prove but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's kind of hard to prove but
+so certainly material from the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly material from the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly material from the preceding
+day gets Incorporated is that a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day gets Incorporated is that a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day gets Incorporated is that a hand
+that is a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yes thank you for reminding me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes thank you for reminding me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes thank you for reminding me
+do you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their brain when they did the like fmri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brain when they did the like fmri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brain when they did the like fmri
+we're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Jazz was pretty good she's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jazz was pretty good she's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jazz was pretty good she's going to give
+the rest of the story here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the story here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the story here this is
+anybody from that none of you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody from that none of you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody from that none of you guys are
+from that lab right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lab right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lab right
+uh as it's done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as it's done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as it's done here
+um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+if you look in the in the in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the in the in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the in the in the brain
+of uh in the hippocampus of a rat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in the hippocampus of a rat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh in the hippocampus of a rat what
+you discover is the hippocampus not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is the hippocampus not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is the hippocampus not only
+is there encoding you know the rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there encoding you know the rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there encoding you know the rats
+episodic memories in some sense maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories in some sense maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories in some sense maybe
+but it's also serving as a spatial map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also serving as a spatial map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also serving as a spatial map
+so when a rat learns a maze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a rat learns a maze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a rat learns a maze
+it develops uh a map of that maze in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it develops uh a map of that maze in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it develops uh a map of that maze in
+effect in its hippocampus and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in its hippocampus and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in its hippocampus and it
+develops cells that are so-called places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops cells that are so-called places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops cells that are so-called places
+it's got Place cells and the place cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got Place cells and the place cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got Place cells and the place cells
+develop responses that are specific to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop responses that are specific to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop responses that are specific to a
+specific place so you know the rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific place so you know the rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific place so you know the rats
+running around in a maze and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around in a maze and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around in a maze and you know
+this cell goes off right here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell goes off right here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell goes off right here and and
+you go over here different cell goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over here different cell goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over here different cell goes off
+go over here different cell goes off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here different cell goes off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here different cell goes off and
+as the rat learns the maze you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the rat learns the maze you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the rat learns the maze you the
+experimenter can watch the rat learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter can watch the rat learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter can watch the rat learning
+this because you can watch cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you can watch cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you can watch cells in the
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+um lighting up in order in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lighting up in order in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lighting up in order in effect
+so now the rat does this all day yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the rat does this all day yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the rat does this all day yeah
+okay the rat goes to sleep the rat goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rat goes to sleep the rat goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rat goes to sleep the rat goes
+into REM sleep all mammalian species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into REM sleep all mammalian species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into REM sleep all mammalian species
+except for the spiny anteater don't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the spiny anteater don't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the spiny anteater don't ask
+me why I know that uh all them alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why I know that uh all them alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why I know that uh all them alien
+species have REM sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species have REM sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species have REM sleep
+so you kick the rat you asked the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kick the rat you asked the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kick the rat you asked the rat
+what he was dreaming about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was dreaming about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was dreaming about
+brat doesn't say nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brat doesn't say nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brat doesn't say nothing
+but if you're recording from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're recording from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're recording from his
+hippocampus while he's asleep what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus while he's asleep what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus while he's asleep what you
+see is the same cells lighting up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the same cells lighting up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the same cells lighting up in
+order again it's you know who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order again it's you know who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order again it's you know who knows what
+the rat's actually experiencing but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat's actually experiencing but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat's actually experiencing but what
+the rat's hippocampus is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat's hippocampus is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat's hippocampus is doing is
+running the maze this is first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the maze this is first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the maze this is first of all
+part of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the argument
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um sleep having something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sleep having something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sleep having something to do with
+consolidation of memory and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of memory and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of memory and learning
+um and and it's also an argument for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it's also an argument for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it's also an argument for um
+for the possibility at least that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the possibility at least that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the possibility at least that the
+rats are are dreaming away there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats are are dreaming away there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats are are dreaming away there too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Freud's greatest arguably Freud's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's greatest arguably Freud's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's greatest arguably Freud's
+greatest work is is interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest work is is interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest work is is interpretation of
+Dreams that's the name of the book big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams that's the name of the book big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreams that's the name of the book big
+fat book still kind of fun to read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat book still kind of fun to read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat book still kind of fun to read but
+it's kind of long from 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of long from 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of long from 1900
+um remember that Freud was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that Freud was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that Freud was writing
+before we knew any of this stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew any of this stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew any of this stuff about
+um REM sleep or anything of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um REM sleep or anything of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um REM sleep or anything of that sort
+and what Freud thought was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Freud thought was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Freud thought was happening
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+pressure was building up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure was building up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure was building up in your
+unconscious so let's switch from a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious so let's switch from a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious so let's switch from a sort
+of a dungeon model to a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dungeon model to a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dungeon model to a sort of a
+plumbing model well no no we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing model well no no we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing model well no no we've got the
+boiler down in the dungeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler down in the dungeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler down in the dungeon
+and it's building up pressure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's building up pressure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's building up pressure this
+repressed material that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed material that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed material that we've been
+talking about building up pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about building up pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about building up pressure and
+and it's gonna blow the roof off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna blow the roof off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna blow the roof off the
+whole building unless we vent some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole building unless we vent some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole building unless we vent some of
+the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure
+and so you've got to be able to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got to be able to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've got to be able to get some
+of that out of there one of the ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out of there one of the ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that out of there one of the ways to
+do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+dreams to release this while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams to release this while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams to release this while you're
+asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep
+now what Freud said was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Freud said was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what Freud said was that
+um dreams start when some hunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dreams start when some hunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dreams start when some hunk of the
+preceding day that he called the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding day that he called the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding day that he called the day
+residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some idea some activity some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea some activity some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea some activity some something
+made in association with something down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in association with something down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in association with something down
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+um repressed in your unconscious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um repressed in your unconscious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um repressed in your unconscious and
+that allowed this unconscious prisoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed this unconscious prisoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed this unconscious prisoner
+to try and make a break for Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and make a break for Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and make a break for Freedom
+um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and
+the form of that break would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of that break would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of that break would be an
+effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to
+um to fulfill this repressed wish if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to fulfill this repressed wish if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to fulfill this repressed wish if you
+like that's why it was called wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's why it was called wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's why it was called wish
+fulfillment wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfillment wish
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh fill oops not too many apps in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh fill oops not too many apps in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh fill oops not too many apps in there
+fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wishes while you were asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes while you were asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes while you were asleep
+there's a problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem with that
+said Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Freud
+um which is if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is if you take
+the material down the repressed material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material down the repressed material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material down the repressed material
+to be this stuff that's repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this stuff that's repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this stuff that's repressed
+because it's unacceptable to you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unacceptable to you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unacceptable to you to the
+conscious you to the ego what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious you to the ego what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious you to the ego what's going to
+happen if you start dreaming about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you start dreaming about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you start dreaming about it
+well we've already gotten part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've already gotten part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've already gotten part of the
+answer here many people here have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here many people here have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here many people here have had
+dreams so awful that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams so awful that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams so awful that they've
+deliberately woken themselves up out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately woken themselves up out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately woken themselves up out of
+them now most of those dreams I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now most of those dreams I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now most of those dreams I would
+imagine were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine were
+um you know dreams where the monster is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know dreams where the monster is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know dreams where the monster is
+about to put the bite on you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to put the bite on you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to put the bite on you or
+something like that what Freud said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what Freud said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what Freud said is
+that look if you were going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look if you were going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look if you were going to start
+dreaming about oh let's dismember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming about oh let's dismember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming about oh let's dismember my
+little brother oh look at his little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brother oh look at his little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brother oh look at his little
+guts you know stuff like that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts you know stuff like that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts you know stuff like that that would
+be really gross and really disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really gross and really disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really gross and really disturbing
+and you would say to yourself I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would say to yourself I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would say to yourself I don't
+want to be having this dream and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be having this dream and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be having this dream and you
+would wake up so what you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wake up so what you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wake up so what you need to do is
+to disguise the material in the dream so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disguise the material in the dream so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disguise the material in the dream so
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+um said Freud the latent content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um said Freud the latent content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um said Freud the latent content of the
+dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+that you don't know about the latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know about the latent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know about the latent
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+content is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is the um
+repressed material that's trying to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed material that's trying to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed material that's trying to to
+be vented out what you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vented out what you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vented out what you see is the
+Manifest content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is the storyline of the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the storyline of the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the storyline of the dream
+it's it's the hit it's hidden material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the hit it's hidden material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the hit it's hidden material
+it it is hiding the latent content from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is hiding the latent content from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is hiding the latent content from
+you so that you can sleep Freud argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you can sleep Freud argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you can sleep Freud argued
+that the the primary role of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the primary role of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the primary role of the the
+sort of sleep mechanism was to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sleep mechanism was to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sleep mechanism was to protect
+the sleeper to keep you asleep and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleeper to keep you asleep and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleeper to keep you asleep and allow
+you to sleep and allow this uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sleep and allow this uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sleep and allow this uh you know
+sort of venting of of repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of venting of of repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of venting of of repressed
+um steam to uh to take place now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um steam to uh to take place now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um steam to uh to take place now
+um and and were you to show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and were you to show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and were you to show up in
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+the reason your dreams would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason your dreams would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason your dreams would be what
+Freud called the royal road to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud called the royal road to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud called the royal road to the
+unconscious was if you could work back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious was if you could work back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious was if you could work back
+from the Manifest content to the latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Manifest content to the latent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Manifest content to the latent
+content which was a job of analysis not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content which was a job of analysis not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content which was a job of analysis not
+a job of picking up some Supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job of picking up some Supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job of picking up some Supermarket
+guide to your dreams but a job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to your dreams but a job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to your dreams but a job of
+working with you and an analyst but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you and an analyst but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you and an analyst but if
+you could go back from the Manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back from the Manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back from the Manifest
+content to the latent content you'd know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to the latent content you'd know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to the latent content you'd know
+something about what it was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what it was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what it was that was
+bugging you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugging you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugging you
+now the fact that um like repression as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that um like repression as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that um like repression as
+a whole the fact that you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole the fact that you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole the fact that you have these
+disguised dreams all the time doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised dreams all the time doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised dreams all the time doesn't
+mean that you're somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're somehow
+sick and diseased it means that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and diseased it means that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and diseased it means that's part
+again of what it means to be human for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of what it means to be human for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of what it means to be human for
+Freud you're going to need repression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud you're going to need repression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud you're going to need repression
+you're going to need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to be able to
+Bubble off some of this repressed energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubble off some of this repressed energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubble off some of this repressed energy
+and dreams are a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams are a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreams are a nice
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+nice safe way to do it well that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice safe way to do it well that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice safe way to do it well that's an
+interesting Theory but it runs into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Theory but it runs into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Theory but it runs into some
+major problems which of course Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problems which of course Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problems which of course Freud
+didn't know about because he died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about because he died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about because he died in
+1939 and REM wasn't discovered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 and REM wasn't discovered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 and REM wasn't discovered for
+another couple of decades or so when REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another couple of decades or so when REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another couple of decades or so when REM
+is discovered it becomes a lot harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discovered it becomes a lot harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discovered it becomes a lot harder to
+believe that you are boiling up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you are boiling up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you are boiling up this
+little poof of repressed energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little poof of repressed energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little poof of repressed energy
+every nine demon it's like clockwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nine demon it's like clockwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nine demon it's like clockwork
+um that's that's a bit surprising wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's a bit surprising wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's a bit surprising wow
+that's a bit surprising more surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit surprising more surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit surprising more surprising
+is if you look at babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at babies
+a one month old is [ __ ] a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one month old is [ __ ] a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one month old is [ __ ] a great deal
+more than your reming how much repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your reming how much repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your reming how much repressed
+stuff does a one-month-old baby have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does a one-month-old baby have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does a one-month-old baby have to
+deal with not how about a lion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with not how about a lion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with not how about a lion
+Lions they REM all the time apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lions they REM all the time apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lions they REM all the time apparently
+Predators show more REM than prey as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators show more REM than prey as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators show more REM than prey as I
+recall so yeah all the mammals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall so yeah all the mammals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall so yeah all the mammals are
+sitting there doing this REM thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there doing this REM thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there doing this REM thing
+right you know Lions except for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know Lions except for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know Lions except for like
+scar and The Lion King and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scar and The Lion King and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scar and The Lion King and stuff like
+that you know there's not a lot of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's not a lot of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's not a lot of of
+repressed work that a lion presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed work that a lion presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed work that a lion presumably
+has to deal with or a cow cows don't REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to deal with or a cow cows don't REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to deal with or a cow cows don't REM
+that much but you know oh I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but you know oh I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but you know oh I really want
+it to hurt the grass I I feel bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to hurt the grass I I feel bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to hurt the grass I I feel bad about
+the girl oh no so presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now what what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what what's going on
+when you dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you dream
+is uh is is when you go into REM is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is when you go into REM is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is when you go into REM is that
+there's centers down in your brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's centers down in your brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's centers down in your brain stem
+that spray a vast amount of activity up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spray a vast amount of activity up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spray a vast amount of activity up
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+um cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cortex
+and light it up as though you were awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it up as though you were awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it up as though you were awake
+that's what you end up seeing in in rem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you end up seeing in in rem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you end up seeing in in rem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and one of the senses in which Freud was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the senses in which Freud was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the senses in which Freud was
+was right is the sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right is the sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right is the sense in which
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+dreaming does protect the sleeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming does protect the sleeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming does protect the sleeper
+if you light up Court he's trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you light up Court he's trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you light up Court he's trying to go
+to sleep right and I light up cortex by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep right and I light up cortex by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep right and I light up cortex by
+coming into your room turning on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into your room turning on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into your room turning on all the
+lights and turning the stereo way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and turning the stereo way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and turning the stereo way up
+you have trouble sleeping well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have trouble sleeping well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have trouble sleeping well your
+brain's doing the same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's doing the same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's doing the same kind of thing
+when you go into REM sleep but you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into REM sleep but you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into REM sleep but you but
+you've got to do something with all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do something with all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do something with all that
+cortical activity or you're just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical activity or you're just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical activity or you're just gonna
+wake up so you turn it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up so you turn it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up so you turn it into this
+storyline for who knows who to watch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyline for who knows who to watch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyline for who knows who to watch you
+know on the big wide screen TV in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the big wide screen TV in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the big wide screen TV in your
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+um and in that sense you do end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in that sense you do end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in that sense you do end up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protecting your sleep by dreaming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting your sleep by dreaming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting your sleep by dreaming in
+fact many uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many uh this
+Freud wasn't thinking about alarm clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud wasn't thinking about alarm clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud wasn't thinking about alarm clocks
+but an example of this would be how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an example of this would be how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an example of this would be how many
+of you have Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have Incorporated
+um your alarm clock into a dream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your alarm clock into a dream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your alarm clock into a dream and
+managed to successfully stay asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to successfully stay asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to successfully stay asleep
+yeah well that that's that's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that that's that's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that that's that's a sort of a
+non-fraudian sense in which the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fraudian sense in which the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fraudian sense in which the dream
+engine is protecting your sleep yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is protecting your sleep yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is protecting your sleep yeah I
+want to stay asleep here there's a loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay asleep here there's a loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay asleep here there's a loud
+noise well I don't know where it's loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise well I don't know where it's loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise well I don't know where it's loud
+noises coming from my brain stems making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises coming from my brain stems making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises coming from my brain stems making
+these loud noises all the time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loud noises all the time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loud noises all the time so let's
+just pretend it's from the inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend it's from the inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend it's from the inside and
+not the outside and we can dream that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the outside and we can dream that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the outside and we can dream that
+we're getting up right dream that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting up right dream that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting up right dream that we're
+getting up we'll dream that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up we'll dream that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up we'll dream that we're going
+to class and taking the exam and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class and taking the exam and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to class and taking the exam and then we
+wake up and it really is halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and it really is halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up and it really is halfway through
+don't do this at the final please it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this at the final please it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this at the final please it's
+so lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lame
+um particularly since the exams that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly since the exams that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um particularly since the exams that the
+the 900 files 130 right got plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 900 files 130 right got plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 900 files 130 right got plenty of
+time to wake up by 1 30. but every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to wake up by 1 30. but every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to wake up by 1 30. but every year
+somebody wanders in at like 2 30 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanders in at like 2 30 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanders in at like 2 30 3
+o'clock with the big bags under the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock with the big bags under the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock with the big bags under the eyes
+right you know so you do sort of believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know so you do sort of believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know so you do sort of believe
+them or just woke up yeah well good sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or just woke up yeah well good sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or just woke up yeah well good sit
+down see if you can see the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down see if you can see the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down see if you can see the exam
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+anyway so there's that sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's that sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's that sense in which
+um uh the the Freud had a point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the Freud had a point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the Freud had a point that
+sleep was protecting the dream but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep was protecting the dream but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep was protecting the dream but is
+there any meaning to it is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any meaning to it is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any meaning to it is there any
+sense in which there is in which there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which there is in which there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which there is in which there's
+meaning in your dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in your dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in your dreams
+um I mean after all you are dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean after all you are dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean after all you are dreaming
+because your brain stem decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your brain stem decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your brain stem decided to
+um throw all the switches in your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throw all the switches in your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throw all the switches in your visual
+cortex or something and you're busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or something and you're busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or something and you're busy
+trying to stay asleep I think there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stay asleep I think there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stay asleep I think there is a
+sense in which you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which you might be able to
+argue that you could get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you could get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you could get something
+meaningful at a dream you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful at a dream you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful at a dream you're not just
+looking at static on the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at static on the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at static on the brain
+um and actually I thought of a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually I thought of a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually I thought of a way to
+demo this but I didn't bring any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo this but I didn't bring any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo this but I didn't bring any of the
+props because I only thought when I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props because I only thought when I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props because I only thought when I saw
+this thing so I I a piece of paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so I I a piece of paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so I I a piece of paper I
+probably got a piece of paper what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably got a piece of paper what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably got a piece of paper what I
+need who's got a coin on them somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who's got a coin on them somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need who's got a coin on them somebody
+have a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coin
+let's see if I can make this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can make this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can make this work
+oh that that's that that looks pretty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that that's that that looks pretty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that that's that that looks pretty so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+okay and I also need a pencil somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also need a pencil somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also need a pencil somebody
+have a pencil Source letter with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pencil Source letter with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pencil Source letter with a
+pencil and a pen oh my goodness it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and a pen oh my goodness it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and a pen oh my goodness it's
+coming all the way from the cheap seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming all the way from the cheap seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming all the way from the cheap seats
+with the oh and your buddies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oh and your buddies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oh and your buddies
+visual search okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual search okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual search okay oh
+he wanted to do this because he brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to do this because he brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to do this because he brought
+he's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a
+Bitcoin this is very cool here we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin this is very cool here we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin this is very cool here we're up
+to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+all right now pencil is that a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now pencil is that a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now pencil is that a pencil
+pencil here we go okay uh this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil here we go okay uh this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil here we go okay uh this is my
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+didn't you have something else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you have something else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you have something else you
+needed to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do today
+um all right so well actually it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so well actually it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so well actually it's just
+my cortex it can it can just be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cortex it can it can just be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cortex it can it can just be my
+cortex I've gone and stuck this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex I've gone and stuck this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex I've gone and stuck this under
+the uh on under the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on under the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on under the uh
+this is well that's my cortex under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well that's my cortex under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well that's my cortex under
+there this is my brain stem and so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is my brain stem and so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is my brain stem and so now I
+will spray activity across my cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spray activity across my cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spray activity across my cortex
+here and let's see if this sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's see if this sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's see if this sort of works
+this is oh are we getting anything good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oh are we getting anything good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oh are we getting anything good
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+come on do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on do something
+it looks like squat doesn't it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like squat doesn't it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like squat doesn't it that's
+this is well you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well you know what
+that's a really boring dorky demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really boring dorky demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really boring dorky demo
+um you could if you were that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could if you were that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could if you were that's it's
+it's a Fidelity issue I can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Fidelity issue I can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Fidelity issue I can see what
+use a different pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different pencil
+a wooden pencil no no no no no it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wooden pencil no no no no no it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wooden pencil no no no no no it's a
+problem it looks just fine from here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it looks just fine from here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it looks just fine from here um
+here we'll try it we'll try the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll try it we'll try the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll try it we'll try the other
+side up see if that works any better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up see if that works any better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side up see if that works any better but
+I don't think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it will
+do it at more of an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at more of an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it at more of an angle
+all depends a lot more of an angle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all depends a lot more of an angle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all depends a lot more of an angle all
+right we'll try this one more time oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll try this one more time oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll try this one more time oh
+look maybe we're getting I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe we're getting I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe we're getting I don't know
+what are we getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we getting
+we're getting we're getting nothing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting we're getting nothing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting we're getting nothing well
+we're getting nothing that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting nothing that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting nothing that you're gonna
+see oh yeah I know you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh yeah I know you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh yeah I know you can sort of see
+something but it's really boring um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's really boring um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's really boring um well
+that was lovely here I will I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was lovely here I will I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was lovely here I will I will
+describe if you want yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe if you want yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe if you want yay
+watch this here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this here we go
+that was fun okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fun okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fun okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+here's what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I was doing
+that didn't work but makes a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work but makes a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work but makes a brilliant
+model anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model anyway
+um if you if you can try this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you can try this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you can try this for
+yourself if you stick a coin under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you stick a coin under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you stick a coin under a
+piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper
+um and and rub a pencil over it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and rub a pencil over it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and rub a pencil over it you can
+actually see the shape of the of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the shape of the of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the shape of the of of the
+pattern on the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the coin
+um yeah or if you anybody here ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah or if you anybody here ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah or if you anybody here ever done
+brass rubbing or gravestone rubbing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass rubbing or gravestone rubbing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass rubbing or gravestone rubbing or
+any of that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that sort of
+so yeah I'll get a few people all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I'll get a few people all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I'll get a few people all right
+look the point is that by spraying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the point is that by spraying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the point is that by spraying
+random noise across a structured object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise across a structured object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise across a structured object
+in effect I can see something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect I can see something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect I can see something of the
+structure that's boy this took more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's boy this took more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's boy this took more
+minutes than it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes than it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes than it should have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by spraying random noise from your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by spraying random noise from your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by spraying random noise from your brain
+brain stem across your particular brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem across your particular brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem across your particular brain
+the particular dreams that you get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular dreams that you get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular dreams that you get are
+gonna say something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say something about that
+underlying structure so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structure so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structure so you know if
+you know Attila the Hun when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Attila the Hun when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Attila the Hun when he was
+dreaming was not dreaming about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming was not dreaming about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming was not dreaming about uh
+trains going into tunnels or stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains going into tunnels or stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains going into tunnels or stuff like
+that because Attila the Hun didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because Attila the Hun didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because Attila the Hun didn't know
+anything about trains you dream about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about trains you dream about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about trains you dream about
+trains they may or may not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains they may or may not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains they may or may not you know
+trains going to tunnels you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains going to tunnels you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains going to tunnels you know sort of
+a classic at supermarket dream analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic at supermarket dream analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic at supermarket dream analysis
+image of a sexual dream or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a sexual dream or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a sexual dream or something
+like that it may or may not be a sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it may or may not be a sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it may or may not be a sexual
+dream but the content of that dream you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream but the content of that dream you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream but the content of that dream you
+know that that set of imagery is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that set of imagery is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that set of imagery is a
+function of your particular brain if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your particular brain if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your particular brain if you
+dream about Tetris after playing Tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream about Tetris after playing Tetris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream about Tetris after playing Tetris
+all day it's because you were doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day it's because you were doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day it's because you were doing the
+playing the tetris not because somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the tetris not because somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the tetris not because somebody
+else was playing Tetris so it could well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was playing Tetris so it could well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was playing Tetris so it could well
+be if you thought you had a process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you thought you had a process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you thought you had a process for
+going back from the the story line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back from the the story line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back from the the story line
+that's there to protect you from waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there to protect you from waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there to protect you from waking
+up with all that noise in your head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with all that noise in your head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with all that noise in your head to
+the underlying structure of your mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying structure of your mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying structure of your mind if
+you had a process that you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a process that you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a process that you thought
+worked then it follows that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked then it follows that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked then it follows that you might
+actually get some sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get some sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get some sort of interesting
+meaning out of your dreams now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning out of your dreams now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning out of your dreams now it's
+quite a leap to decide that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a leap to decide that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a leap to decide that you actually
+know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do this
+they do people who write guides to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do people who write guides to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do people who write guides to a
+dream interpretation think they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream interpretation think they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream interpretation think they do
+um and I I think I'll just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I think I'll just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I think I'll just leave it
+leave it at that as an exercise for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that as an exercise for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that as an exercise for the
+reader to go and decide whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader to go and decide whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader to go and decide whether or not
+they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got
+deep meaning in their dreams and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep meaning in their dreams and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep meaning in their dreams and what I
+will so that okay so that's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so that okay so that's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so that okay so that's an example
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+Freud didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud didn't know
+the subsequent hundred years of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent hundred years of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent hundred years of sleep
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+so the the if you actually read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the if you actually read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the if you actually read
+interpretation of Dreams A lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of Dreams A lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of Dreams A lot of it
+would sound kind of odd at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound kind of odd at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound kind of odd at this point
+but that the core ideas that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the core ideas that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the core ideas that that that
+sleep needs to protect you keep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep needs to protect you keep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep needs to protect you keep you
+asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep
+um and that it's it it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it's it it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it's it it's sort of a
+repackaging of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackaging of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackaging of this
+activity of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of your mind
+those seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those seem to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+core ideas that can still do a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core ideas that can still do a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core ideas that can still do a certain
+amount of work for us now a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work for us now a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work for us now a place where
+the effort to apply Freudian ideas did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort to apply Freudian ideas did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort to apply Freudian ideas did
+not pan out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pan out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pan out
+um is in uh in in the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in uh in in the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in uh in in the treatment of
+schizophrenia so I'm going to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia so I'm going to jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia so I'm going to jump to
+talking about that and I may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that and I may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that and I may or may not
+manage to jump back to the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to jump back to the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to jump back to the other things
+that I claimed I was going to jump back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I claimed I was going to jump back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I claimed I was going to jump back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um but uh I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I might
+let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+um so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in in the middle part of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the middle part of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the middle part of the 20th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Mental Hospitals in the U.S were filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mental Hospitals in the U.S were filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mental Hospitals in the U.S were filled
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um uh with chronic schizophrenics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with chronic schizophrenics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with chronic schizophrenics
+schizophrenia is an extremely disabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is an extremely disabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is an extremely disabling
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+um when it's uh in its florid state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it's uh in its florid state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when it's uh in its florid state so
+it schizophren so schizophrenia the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it schizophren so schizophrenia the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it schizophren so schizophrenia the word
+comes from split mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from split mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from split mind
+um as it says on the handout for Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as it says on the handout for Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as it says on the handout for Five
+Points free on the on the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points free on the on the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points free on the on the final exam
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+not the same thing as a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as a multiple
+personality disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder
+um the the split in the the split in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the split in the the split in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the split in the the split in the
+mind is a split that 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is a split that 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is a split that 19th century
+Psychiatry saw between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychiatry saw between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychiatry saw between
+um emotional life and cognitive life it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emotional life and cognitive life it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emotional life and cognitive life it
+is in fact a sort of an unfortunate term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact a sort of an unfortunate term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact a sort of an unfortunate term
+um because it does make people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it does make people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it does make people think
+that it's the same thing as as multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing as as multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing as as multiple
+personality disorder it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality disorder it's not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+multiple personality uh patients can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple personality uh patients can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple personality uh patients can
+actually function at least somewhat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually function at least somewhat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually function at least somewhat in
+the world reasonably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world reasonably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world reasonably well
+um florid schizophrenic patients do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um florid schizophrenic patients do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um florid schizophrenic patients do not
+work well out there in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well out there in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well out there in in the in the
+world that's why they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's why they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's why they end up
+hospitalized the sorts of symptoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized the sorts of symptoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized the sorts of symptoms that
+you get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get are
+um uh hallucinations uh hearing voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh hallucinations uh hearing voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh hallucinations uh hearing voices
+paranoid delusions uh often of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid delusions uh often of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid delusions uh often of uh of
+vast conspiracies to control your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast conspiracies to control your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast conspiracies to control your mind
+you can see this as a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this as a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this as a sort of an
+Adaptive response right if your mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive response right if your mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive response right if your mind if
+some chunk of you in a sense knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chunk of you in a sense knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chunk of you in a sense knows that
+your mind is out of control it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind is out of control it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind is out of control it's not an
+unreasonable irrational thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable irrational thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable irrational thought to
+believe that somebody else is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that somebody else is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that somebody else is doing this
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's not it may in some sense be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it may in some sense be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it may in some sense be
+reasonable to think to imagine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think to imagine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to think to imagine how
+people could come to believe that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could come to believe that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could come to believe that their
+mind was being controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind was being controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind was being controlled by
+um by somebody else the sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by somebody else the sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by somebody else the sorts of things
+that that uh led to uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh led to uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh led to uh the the the
+notion of a dissociative I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a dissociative I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a dissociative I shouldn't say
+dissociation of a split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of a split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of a split between
+cognition and emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and emotion
+um another characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another characteristic of
+schizophrenia is so-called inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is so-called inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is so-called inappropriate
+affect that's just jargon for um showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that's just jargon for um showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that's just jargon for um showing
+the wrong emotions at the wrong time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong emotions at the wrong time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong emotions at the wrong time uh
+the sort of classic symptom is is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of classic symptom is is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of classic symptom is is uh you
+know laughing at the funeral you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know laughing at the funeral you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know laughing at the funeral you know if
+if you're just yucking it up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just yucking it up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just yucking it up at
+graveside or something like that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graveside or something like that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graveside or something like that people
+will think that that is not uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think that that is not uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think that that is not uh is that
+that's not normal and it is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not normal and it is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not normal and it is in fact
+um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the
+characteristics of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of of uh of
+schizophrenia that schizophrenia is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia that schizophrenia is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia that schizophrenia is sort
+of a messy diagnosis not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a messy diagnosis not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a messy diagnosis not every
+schizophrenic has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic has
+um every one of these symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every one of these symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every one of these symptoms
+um but you can you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can you can imagine
+that by the time you you you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the time you you you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the time you you you're you're
+gripped by uh thought Fantastical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripped by uh thought Fantastical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripped by uh thought Fantastical
+thoughts uh and conspiracy theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts uh and conspiracy theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts uh and conspiracy theories and
+you're hearing voices and seeing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing voices and seeing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing voices and seeing things
+that aren't there that that this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't there that that this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't there that that this is this
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+um this is pretty disabling pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pretty disabling pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pretty disabling pretty
+disabling stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabling stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabling stuff
+um the uh some of the not not not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh some of the not not not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh some of the not not not you're
+not also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not also
+it's not so disabling that you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so disabling that you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so disabling that you can't be
+out there in the world by the way when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world by the way when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world by the way when I
+was a graduate student when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student when I was a
+graduate student the MIT Department was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student the MIT Department was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student the MIT Department was
+called psychology one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called psychology one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called psychology one of the one of the
+reasons though perhaps not one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons though perhaps not one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons though perhaps not one of the
+more serious reasons for changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious reasons for changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious reasons for changing the
+name was that my uh my doctoral advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was that my uh my doctoral advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was that my uh my doctoral advisor
+who was chair of the department got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was chair of the department got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was chair of the department got
+tired of getting phone calls from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of getting phone calls from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of getting phone calls from people
+who wanted to know about stuff like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to know about stuff like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to know about stuff like you
+know abnormal psychology which nobody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know abnormal psychology which nobody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know abnormal psychology which nobody at
+the MIT Department ever did anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Department ever did anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Department ever did anything
+with and so he would always just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so he would always just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so he would always just you
+know get the phone call or his secretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get the phone call or his secretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get the phone call or his secretary
+would get the phone call and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the phone call and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the phone call and she was
+instructed to say don't call us they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to say don't call us they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to say don't call us they do
+that stuff at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff at Harvard
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+I remember one time when we were when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one time when we were when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one time when we were when I
+was a grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a grad student
+um that rather than phoning up one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that rather than phoning up one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that rather than phoning up one of
+these people came to the lab and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people came to the lab and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people came to the lab and he
+wandered into the lab and said that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered into the lab and said that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered into the lab and said that he
+knew that we were controlling his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that we were controlling his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that we were controlling his mind
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um microwaves beamed from this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um microwaves beamed from this location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um microwaves beamed from this location
+and he wanted us to stop right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wanted us to stop right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wanted us to stop right now
+um and uh you know I'm there sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know I'm there sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know I'm there sort of uh
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um but my advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but my advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but my advisor
+um uh with great presence of mind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with great presence of mind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with great presence of mind I
+thought uh walked over to the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh walked over to the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh walked over to the biggest
+rack of equipment in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack of equipment in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack of equipment in the lab
+through the biggest switch he could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the biggest switch he could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the biggest switch he could find
+said there does that feel better the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there does that feel better the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there does that feel better the guy
+said yes and left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes and left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes and left the
+um I'm not sure I recommend this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure I recommend this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure I recommend this as a
+treatment for uh for delusional patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for uh for delusional patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for uh for delusional patients
+but it but it worked in this and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but it worked in this and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but it worked in this and then we
+changed the name of the department but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the name of the department but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the name of the department but
+in any in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any in any case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it it can be very disabling and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be very disabling and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be very disabling and it can
+and it often can lead to hospitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it often can lead to hospitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it often can lead to hospitalization
+um what would Freud have said about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would Freud have said about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would Freud have said about it
+what Freud said about it was these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud said about it was these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud said about it was these are
+not patients that I want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not patients that I want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not patients that I want to deal with
+basically he doesn't write extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he doesn't write extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he doesn't write extensively
+about schizophrenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about schizophrenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about schizophrenia
+um and and says uh else in in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and says uh else in in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and says uh else in in various
+places that look if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that look if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that look if you're going to do
+psychoanalysis the first thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis the first thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis the first thing you need
+is a patient that you can at least talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a patient that you can at least talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a patient that you can at least talk
+to Anna o with her collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Anna o with her collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Anna o with her collection of
+hysterical symptoms may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical symptoms may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysterical symptoms may have been
+um in in psychiatric trouble of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in psychiatric trouble of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in psychiatric trouble of some
+variety but you could talk to her about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety but you could talk to her about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety but you could talk to her about
+it you could engage in this dialogue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you could engage in this dialogue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you could engage in this dialogue if
+you've got a patient who is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a patient who is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a patient who is um is
+delusional and hallucinating there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusional and hallucinating there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusional and hallucinating there's not
+much Freud thought you could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Freud thought you could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Freud thought you could do with
+them however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them however
+his followers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his followers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his followers
+um thought you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thought you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thought you could
+have developed a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have developed a theory
+um growing out of uh Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um growing out of uh Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um growing out of uh Freudian
+psychodynamic ideas of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychodynamic ideas of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychodynamic ideas of where
+schizophrenia came from and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia came from and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia came from and so in the
+mid 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 20th century
+psychiatric hospitals were filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric hospitals were filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric hospitals were filled with
+uh with schizophrenics and filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with schizophrenics and filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with schizophrenics and filled with
+good freudianly trained analysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good freudianly trained analysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good freudianly trained analysts
+attempting to treat them and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to treat them and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to treat them and what they
+thought the cause was uh was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the cause was uh was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the cause was uh was the
+so-called schizophrenogenic parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called schizophrenogenic parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called schizophrenogenic parent
+typically mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically mother
+um schizophrenogenic is a great word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schizophrenogenic is a great word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schizophrenogenic is a great word
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but you know it's it's the it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's it's the it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's it's the it's the it's
+somebody who generates schizophrenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who generates schizophrenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who generates schizophrenia
+anyway a schizophrenogenic mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway a schizophrenogenic mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway a schizophrenogenic mother
+um what was the problem here uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the problem here uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the problem here uh the
+problem was what uh the therapists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was what uh the therapists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was what uh the therapists
+perceived as a double bind uh situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived as a double bind uh situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived as a double bind uh situation
+that they the mother was somehow putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the mother was somehow putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the mother was somehow putting
+the child in the mother was saying come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in the mother was saying come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child in the mother was saying come
+here come here come here go wake away go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come here come here go wake away go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come here come here go wake away go
+away I love you I love you I love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I love you I love you I love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I love you I love you I love you
+get away get away get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away get away get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away get away get away
+um somehow both saying come near me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow both saying come near me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow both saying come near me and
+get away from me at one and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from me at one and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from me at one and the same
+time and that this was literally driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that this was literally driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that this was literally driving
+the child mad now why would they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child mad now why would they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child mad now why would they have
+come up with such a theory one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with such a theory one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with such a theory one of the
+reasons was that um onset of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons was that um onset of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons was that um onset of uh
+schizophrenia is quite typically uh late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is quite typically uh late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is quite typically uh late
+adolescence early adulthood oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence early adulthood oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence early adulthood oh that
+reminds me to it reiterate or iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me to it reiterate or iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me to it reiterate or iterate
+for the first time if I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time if I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time if I haven't
+mentioned it yet no I think I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it yet no I think I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it yet no I think I did
+mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it
+uh remember what I was saying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember what I was saying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember what I was saying about
+um uh psychiatric hypochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh psychiatric hypochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh psychiatric hypochondria
+the the notion that if I sit or if I sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the notion that if I sit or if I sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the notion that if I sit or if I sit
+around and lecture about uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and lecture about uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and lecture about uh uh
+psychiatric disorders you shouldn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric disorders you shouldn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric disorders you shouldn't go
+and and and be you know feeling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and be you know feeling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and be you know feeling your
+brain for the rest of the term saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for the rest of the term saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain for the rest of the term saying oh
+man I'm gonna wake up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I'm gonna wake up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I'm gonna wake up with a
+dissociative disorder tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorder tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociative disorder tomorrow and
+that's going to progress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to progress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to progress to
+schizophrenia and dimension I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia and dimension I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia and dimension I'm gonna be
+dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+um or what you know the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or what you know the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or what you know the fact that
+schizophrenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia
+asset in a population typical onset in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset in a population typical onset in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset in a population typical onset in a
+population of about your age doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about your age doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about your age doesn't
+mean that tomorrow we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tomorrow we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tomorrow we're going to have
+300 schizophrenic students in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 schizophrenic students in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 schizophrenic students in this class
+um it does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does happen
+um by the I mean I I had the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the I mean I I had the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the I mean I I had the what
+convinced me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced me
+a small aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you're discussing abnormal behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're discussing abnormal behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're discussing abnormal behavior
+which we are now there are two senses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are now there are two senses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are now there are two senses of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one sense of that is all behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense of that is all behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sense of that is all behaviors that
+you care to measure have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care to measure have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care to measure have some
+variability in them you can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in them you can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in them you can simply
+assert that everybody above two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert that everybody above two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert that everybody above two standard
+deviations or something is abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and we'll see as we go along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see as we go along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see as we go along that
+there are times when that is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times when that is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times when that is not an
+unreasonable thing uh unreasonable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable thing uh unreasonable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable thing uh unreasonable thing
+to do there are other times when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do there are other times when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do there are other times when it's a
+wacky thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacky thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacky thing to do
+um and and well all right for a wacky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and well all right for a wacky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and well all right for a wacky
+example uh virtually everybody here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh virtually everybody here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh virtually everybody here is
+abnormal in that sense but then the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal in that sense but then the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal in that sense but then the axis
+is SAT score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SAT score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SAT score
+right most of you are are up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of you are are up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of you are are up here in the
+upper tail of the distribution sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper tail of the distribution sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper tail of the distribution sure it's
+abnormal but we don't consider it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal but we don't consider it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal but we don't consider it as
+pathological right at least not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological right at least not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological right at least not in this
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+um on the other hand so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand so the other
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+is that sure the normal population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sure the normal population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sure the normal population is
+distributed like that this but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like that this but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like that this but there is
+a disease state of some sort that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease state of some sort that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease state of some sort that looks
+like this that that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that that's essentially
+discontinuous with the normal State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous with the normal State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous with the normal State
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+arguments have been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments have been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments have been made
+notably by a a a psychiatrist in the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably by a a a psychiatrist in the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably by a a a psychiatrist in the 60s
+um whose name is probably pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whose name is probably pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whose name is probably pronounced
+something like shash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like shash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like shash
+um a Hungarian name anybody happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Hungarian name anybody happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Hungarian name anybody happen to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+the the right answer anyway Thomas Sans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right answer anyway Thomas Sans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right answer anyway Thomas Sans
+will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+um or shosh or something in any case he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or shosh or something in any case he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or shosh or something in any case he
+made he made the argument that uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he made the argument that uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he made the argument that uh in a
+book entitled being sane in an insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book entitled being sane in an insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book entitled being sane in an insane
+world that schizophrenia was simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that schizophrenia was simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that schizophrenia was simply a
+way to adapt to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to adapt to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to adapt to the fact that the
+Russians had lots of bombs and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians had lots of bombs and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians had lots of bombs and we had
+lots of bombs and we were all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of bombs and we were all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of bombs and we were all going to
+blow each other up and that it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow each other up and that it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow each other up and that it was just
+one position on on this normal curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position on on this normal curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position on on this normal curve
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's an interesting argument but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting argument but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting argument but if you
+actually see somebody in the midst of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see somebody in the midst of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see somebody in the midst of a
+floored schizophrenic break from reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floored schizophrenic break from reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floored schizophrenic break from reality
+um it's it's hard to believe and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's hard to believe and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's hard to believe and and I
+had when I was an undergraduate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had when I was an undergraduate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had when I was an undergraduate the
+roommate of a close friend of mine had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommate of a close friend of mine had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommate of a close friend of mine had
+such a um had such a break it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a um had such a break it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a um had such a break it's
+unmistakable it's at once fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmistakable it's at once fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmistakable it's at once fascinating
+and deeply frightening and this was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeply frightening and this was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeply frightening and this was a a
+friend of ours who uh became you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of ours who uh became you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of ours who uh became you know
+delusional she was hallucinating she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusional she was hallucinating she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delusional she was hallucinating she
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+um couldn't function and was scaring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um couldn't function and was scaring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um couldn't function and was scaring the
+heck out of her her roommate and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out of her her roommate and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck out of her her roommate and she
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+um actually she eventually uh did fine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually she eventually uh did fine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually she eventually uh did fine I
+we caught up with her like 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we caught up with her like 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we caught up with her like 20 years
+later and and for you know people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and and for you know people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and and for you know people do
+recover from schizophrenia and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from schizophrenia and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from schizophrenia and she was
+doing quite well thank you but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well thank you but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well thank you but in any
+case she was the the data point that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case she was the the data point that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case she was the the data point that for
+for at least for me argued strongly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least for me argued strongly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least for me argued strongly for
+the notion that this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that this is a different
+state not just a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state not just a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state not just a uh
+um a a position on a uh on a Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a position on a uh on a Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a position on a uh on a Continuum
+um in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any case
+the psychiatrists were busy trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychiatrists were busy trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the psychiatrists were busy trying to
+treat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this
+um with a sort of Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a sort of Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a sort of Freudian
+psychotherapeutic techniques it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychotherapeutic techniques it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychotherapeutic techniques it wasn't
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+um this wasn't because they were bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this wasn't because they were bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this wasn't because they were bad
+people these were well-intentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these were well-intentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these were well-intentioned
+people doing the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing the best
+um by by their lights that they could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by their lights that they could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by their lights that they could it
+just wasn't working it was a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't working it was a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't working it was a case where
+the theory was just wrong oh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory was just wrong oh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory was just wrong oh one of the
+engines that moved Theory away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that moved Theory away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that moved Theory away from this
+by the way were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way were
+um parent advocacy groups you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parent advocacy groups you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parent advocacy groups you've got to
+imagine well you've got to imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well you've got to imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well you've got to imagine that
+it that that having a a seriously ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that having a a seriously ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that that having a a seriously ill
+child whether that's a physical illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child whether that's a physical illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child whether that's a physical illness
+or a mental illness is very traumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a mental illness is very traumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a mental illness is very traumatic
+for parents period but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parents period but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parents period but imagine
+um how you would feel if the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how you would feel if the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how you would feel if the leading
+theory was that this was your fault that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was that this was your fault that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was that this was your fault that
+you had done this to your child not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had done this to your child not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had done this to your child not not
+intentionally of course but it was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally of course but it was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally of course but it was you
+who had done it parents simply didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had done it parents simply didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had done it parents simply didn't
+believe it and as science started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it and as science started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it and as science started to
+emerge suggesting that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge suggesting that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge suggesting that in
+schizophrenia's case it was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia's case it was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia's case it was much more
+like a brain disease than uh like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brain disease than uh like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brain disease than uh like the
+product of bad mothering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of bad mothering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of bad mothering
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+groups funding groups you know the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups funding groups you know the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups funding groups you know the guys
+who send you lots of mail at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who send you lots of mail at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who send you lots of mail at this time
+of year saying send us your check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of year saying send us your check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of year saying send us your check and
+we'll support good research on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll support good research on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll support good research on this
+disease or that disease or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or that disease or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or that disease or whatever
+um the a number of these groups powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the a number of these groups powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the a number of these groups powered
+by parents of schizophrenics were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parents of schizophrenics were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parents of schizophrenics were
+helping to move the research away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to move the research away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to move the research away from
+from the notion of a schizophrenogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notion of a schizophrenogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notion of a schizophrenogenic
+mother but what really did it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother but what really did it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother but what really did it was it
+just didn't work nobody could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't work nobody could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't work nobody could make this
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um work what emptied the the psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work what emptied the the psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work what emptied the the psychiatric
+hospitals are no longer filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals are no longer filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals are no longer filled with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with psychiatric with schizophrenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with psychiatric with schizophrenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with psychiatric with schizophrenic
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+um and that's not because of a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not because of a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not because of a great
+breakthrough in in Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in in Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in in Freudian
+Psychotherapy it's because of drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychotherapy it's because of drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychotherapy it's because of drugs
+um in the 50s drugs like Thorazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the 50s drugs like Thorazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the 50s drugs like Thorazine
+chlorpromazine is the technical uh name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorpromazine is the technical uh name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorpromazine is the technical uh name
+came uh on the market these were in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came uh on the market these were in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came uh on the market these were in in
+this particular case these are drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case these are drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case these are drugs
+that um that block dopamine receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that block dopamine receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that block dopamine receptors
+dopamines and neurotransmitter receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamines and neurotransmitter receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamines and neurotransmitter receptor
+on the other side of the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the synapse
+um Thorazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Thorazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Thorazine
+decreased the uptake of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased the uptake of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased the uptake of um
+of dopamine and that served to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopamine and that served to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dopamine and that served to
+ameliorate the florid symptoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorate the florid symptoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameliorate the florid symptoms of
+schizophrenia in particular you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia in particular you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia in particular you put
+somebody on Thorazine and they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on Thorazine and they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on Thorazine and they didn't
+hallucinate anymore and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinate anymore and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinate anymore and they they
+they're paranoid delusions Slipped Away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paranoid delusions Slipped Away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paranoid delusions Slipped Away
+oh let me tell you another anecdote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me tell you another anecdote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me tell you another anecdote
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um uh schizophrenic schizophrenics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh schizophrenic schizophrenics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh schizophrenic schizophrenics I
+have known we had a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known we had a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known we had a uh
+a very interesting woman who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting woman who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting woman who was the
+librarian in in the department here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarian in in the department here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarian in in the department here some
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+um PhD classicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um PhD classicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um PhD classicist
+um and uh and also she was schizophrenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and also she was schizophrenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and also she was schizophrenic
+and successfully medicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successfully medicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successfully medicated
+um and and you know functioned well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know functioned well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know functioned well as
+as are as you know as the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as are as you know as the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as are as you know as the site
+Department librarian when uh on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department librarian when uh on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department librarian when uh on on
+medication and you know anytime I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and you know anytime I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and you know anytime I tell
+you the root of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the root of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the root of something like
+schizophrenia the Latin and Greek roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia the Latin and Greek roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia the Latin and Greek roots
+of these words it's because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these words it's because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these words it's because I'm
+remembering what she taught me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what she taught me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what she taught me
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+she would slip off of her medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would slip off of her medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would slip off of her medication
+you could tell when she was slipping off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell when she was slipping off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell when she was slipping off
+her medication because her handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her medication because her handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her medication because her handwriting
+her handwritten notes would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her handwritten notes would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her handwritten notes would start
+getting smaller and smaller and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and longer
+and longer she developed this very micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer she developed this very micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer she developed this very micro
+writing and very extensive writing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and very extensive writing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and very extensive writing and
+then the content would start to slip too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the content would start to slip too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the content would start to slip too
+and she would also start cutting if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she would also start cutting if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she would also start cutting if it
+got dim in the library you knew you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got dim in the library you knew you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got dim in the library you knew you were
+in for trouble because she became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for trouble because she became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for trouble because she became
+photophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photophobic
+um one of the interesting problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the interesting problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the interesting problems here
+and one of the problems in treatment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems in treatment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems in treatment was
+that as she fell off her medicine she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as she fell off her medicine she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as she fell off her medicine she
+became paranoid what was the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became paranoid what was the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became paranoid what was the nature of
+her paranoia the nature of her paranoia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her paranoia the nature of her paranoia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her paranoia the nature of her paranoia
+was that people wanted to control her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that people wanted to control her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that people wanted to control her
+brain using chemicals well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain using chemicals well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain using chemicals well that was
+exactly true but you know if we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly true but you know if we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly true but you know if we would
+tell her you've got to start taking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her you've got to start taking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her you've got to start taking your
+medicine that was just evidence for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that was just evidence for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine that was just evidence for her
+that we were trying to control her brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were trying to control her brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were trying to control her brain
+which was true so it wasn't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was true so it wasn't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was true so it wasn't even really
+you know it's very tricky stuff I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very tricky stuff I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very tricky stuff I mean
+it's it's funny and sad at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's funny and sad at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's funny and sad at the same time
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+um she was no longer able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was no longer able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was no longer able to control
+this and then was no were able to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then was no were able to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then was no were able to hold
+the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job
+which which was which was sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which was which was sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which was which was sad
+um but it's also a real issue a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also a real issue a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also a real issue a real
+medical ethics issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical ethics issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical ethics issue
+um when the hospitals were emptied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the hospitals were emptied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when the hospitals were emptied
+buy these drugs the promise was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these drugs the promise was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these drugs the promise was that
+supports would be placed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports would be placed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports would be placed in the
+community that would make it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that would make it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that would make it possible
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um medicated schizophrenics to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um medicated schizophrenics to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um medicated schizophrenics to function
+it's not a cure because the medicines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cure because the medicines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cure because the medicines
+are imperfect for instance it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imperfect for instance it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imperfect for instance it's not the
+case that dopamine it the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that dopamine it the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that dopamine it the problem in
+schizophrenia isn't that dopamine is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia isn't that dopamine is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia isn't that dopamine is bad
+stuff and if you have lots of it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and if you have lots of it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and if you have lots of it you're
+you're in trouble it is clear that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble it is clear that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble it is clear that in in
+schizophrenia bits of the brain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia bits of the brain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia bits of the brain are
+Awash and too much dopamine but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awash and too much dopamine but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awash and too much dopamine but if you
+wipe out if you just blanket push down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out if you just blanket push down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out if you just blanket push down
+dopamine other bits of the brain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine other bits of the brain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine other bits of the brain which
+really like dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like dopamine
+um are starved for it the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are starved for it the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are starved for it the sorts of
+symptoms that you get when dopamine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that you get when dopamine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that you get when dopamine is
+removed from these chunks of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from these chunks of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from these chunks of the brain
+are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
+muscle Tremors and inability to initiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle Tremors and inability to initiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle Tremors and inability to initiate
+voluntary activity so a patient over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary activity so a patient over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary activity so a patient over
+medicated on Thorazine isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicated on Thorazine isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicated on Thorazine isn't
+um hallucinating anymore but is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hallucinating anymore but is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hallucinating anymore but is also
+sort of inert and so it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inert and so it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inert and so it's it's not
+trivial to just say take this pill great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to just say take this pill great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to just say take this pill great
+you're cured it was clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cured it was clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cured it was clear that
+management was going to be needed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was going to be needed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was going to be needed it was
+clear in many cases that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in many cases that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in many cases that people were
+going to need housing that was like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need housing that was like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need housing that was like sort
+of halfway housing not not complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of halfway housing not not complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of halfway housing not not complete
+Independence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but
+you could be out in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be out in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be out in the world
+um and you would you wouldn't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would you wouldn't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would you wouldn't need to be
+hospitalized anymore but you'd need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized anymore but you'd need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized anymore but you'd need some
+sort of Continuing Care the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Continuing Care the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Continuing Care the problem is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um we've systematically not given enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've systematically not given enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've systematically not given enough
+basically money and resources to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically money and resources to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically money and resources to that
+and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is
+um there are numbers of imperfectly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are numbers of imperfectly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are numbers of imperfectly uh
+medic art that you can perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic art that you can perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic art that you can perfect
+medication isn't out there yet but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication isn't out there yet but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication isn't out there yet but but
+um inadequately medicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inadequately medicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inadequately medicated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+unsuccessfully medicated patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfully medicated patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfully medicated patients who
+ought to be cared for who are not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be cared for who are not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be cared for who are not being
+cared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared for
+um by the system uh the the the homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the system uh the the the homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the system uh the the the homeless
+population is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is over
+schizophrenics are overrepresented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics are overrepresented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics are overrepresented in
+the homeless population because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homeless population because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homeless population because if you
+uh are not successfully medicated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not successfully medicated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not successfully medicated it's
+hard to hold a job it's hard to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to hold a job it's hard to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to hold a job it's hard to keep a
+uh an apartment or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an apartment or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an apartment or something like that
+and and you end up on the street that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you end up on the street that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you end up on the street that
+Loops back to this issue about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops back to this issue about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops back to this issue about your
+paranoid delusion about being about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid delusion about being about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoid delusion about being about
+somebody trying to control your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to control your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to control your mind
+when is it okay then now that you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is it okay then now that you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is it okay then now that you're on
+the street now that you're floridaly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street now that you're floridaly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street now that you're floridaly
+schizophrenic again when is it okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic again when is it okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic again when is it okay for
+us as a society to come in and say guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as a society to come in and say guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as a society to come in and say guess
+what we don't care that you think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't care that you think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we don't care that you think we're
+trying to control your mind we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to control your mind we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to control your mind we're going
+to medicate you whether you want to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medicate you whether you want to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medicate you whether you want to or
+not because it's for your own good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's for your own good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's for your own good
+you can argue yes for your own good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue yes for your own good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue yes for your own good but
+there's lots of things that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of things that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of things that that you
+know I might decide it's for your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I might decide it's for your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I might decide it's for your own
+good that you should sleep eight hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you should sleep eight hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that you should sleep eight hours a
+night do I get to enforce that no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night do I get to enforce that no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night do I get to enforce that no I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+um if I decide that it's good for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I decide that it's good for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I decide that it's good for you to
+take a drug that is going to in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a drug that is going to in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a drug that is going to in fact
+control your mind when do I get to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your mind when do I get to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your mind when do I get to do
+that and this ends up in court regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this ends up in court regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this ends up in court regularly
+and and it ends up on talk radio all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it ends up on talk radio all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it ends up on talk radio all the
+time right because it's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because it's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because it's the sort of
+thing that that yakking head talk radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that yakking head talk radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that yakking head talk radio
+loves to get excited about you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to get excited about you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to get excited about you know some
+judge declares that that that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge declares that that that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge declares that that that some
+clearly schizophrenic individual has a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly schizophrenic individual has a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly schizophrenic individual has a a
+constitutional right to live under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional right to live under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional right to live under a
+bridge yelling obscenities at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge yelling obscenities at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge yelling obscenities at you
+um and and and talk radio goes nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and talk radio goes nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and talk radio goes nuts
+um yeah it's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's an interesting question
+it's not a question with an easy answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a question with an easy answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a question with an easy answer
+when do you get to decide that um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you get to decide that um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you get to decide that um you're
+allowed to take control over somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take control over somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take control over somebody
+else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's
+um when you're allowed to take control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're allowed to take control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're allowed to take control
+over somebody else's mental life at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over somebody else's mental life at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over somebody else's mental life at the
+present time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+the at the present the the view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the present the the view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the present the the view of
+schizophrenia is as I say much more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is as I say much more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia is as I say much more that
+it's a distinct State a brain disease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a distinct State a brain disease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a distinct State a brain disease of
+some sort what might cause it well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort what might cause it well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort what might cause it well the
+fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+um a pill that reduces uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a pill that reduces uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a pill that reduces uh the the
+effects of dopamine does something tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of dopamine does something tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of dopamine does something tends
+to suggest to people that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest to people that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest to people that there's a
+biological cause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological cause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological cause there
+um and in the case of schizophrenia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the case of schizophrenia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the case of schizophrenia that
+well may be true but it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well may be true but it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well may be true but it's important to
+note that that doesn't need to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that that doesn't need to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that that doesn't need to be true
+things that are cured or symptoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are cured or symptoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are cured or symptoms that
+are cured by by pills aren't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cured by by pills aren't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cured by by pills aren't necessarily
+symptoms that are caused by you know bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that are caused by you know bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that are caused by you know bad
+genes or or bacteria or something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes or or bacteria or something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes or or bacteria or something of
+some biological story like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some biological story like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some biological story like that a
+perfectly nice example is motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice example is motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice example is motion
+sickness you go on an airplane you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness you go on an airplane you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness you go on an airplane you get
+bounced around you throw up what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced around you throw up what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced around you throw up what are you
+going to do about this well you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do about this well you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do about this well you can take
+Scopolamine or meclizine that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopolamine or meclizine that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scopolamine or meclizine that's uh
+Bonine and Bonine is meclizine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonine and Bonine is meclizine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonine and Bonine is meclizine and
+Dramamine is Scopolamine tuned perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dramamine is Scopolamine tuned perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dramamine is Scopolamine tuned perfectly
+nice drugs that affect your vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice drugs that affect your vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice drugs that affect your vestibular
+system and and they will keep you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and they will keep you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and they will keep you from
+getting ocean sick that's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ocean sick that's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ocean sick that's not because
+you've got bad motion sickness genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got bad motion sickness genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got bad motion sickness genes or
+or you got the motion sickness bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you got the motion sickness bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you got the motion sickness bacteria
+it's a biological treatment if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a biological treatment if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a biological treatment if you like
+for an environmentally caused uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an environmentally caused uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an environmentally caused uh
+disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I point that out only to make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point that out only to make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point that out only to make the point
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what cures or treats a disorder doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cures or treats a disorder doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cures or treats a disorder doesn't
+necessarily tell you what the cause is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you what the cause is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you what the cause is
+that's something that's imp there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's imp there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's imp there's not
+a one-to-one mapping there that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-to-one mapping there that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-to-one mapping there that's uh
+that's important to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to keep in mind
+um but the drugs certainly do help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the drugs certainly do help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the drugs certainly do help with
+the symptoms what uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms what uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms what uh what
+psychopharmacologists work on a lot now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopharmacologists work on a lot now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychopharmacologists work on a lot now
+is getting drugs that work better all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting drugs that work better all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting drugs that work better all
+right we want to reduce dopamine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to reduce dopamine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to reduce dopamine here
+but not here well it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not here well it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not here well it turns out that
+there's a bunch of different dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different dopamine
+receptors let's make a drug that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors let's make a drug that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors let's make a drug that only
+acts at this location and not at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts at this location and not at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts at this location and not at this
+location that's the sort of project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that's the sort of project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location that's the sort of project that
+that psychopharmacology works on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychopharmacology works on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychopharmacology works on at the
+present time but I want to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time but I want to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time but I want to go back and
+talk about uh the uh possible root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh the uh possible root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh the uh possible root
+causes of Mental Illness but I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of Mental Illness but I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of Mental Illness but I'll do
+that after we take a a brief break here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we take a a brief break here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we take a a brief break here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're always saying hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always saying hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always saying hi
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I want to do
+what I want to do with the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do with the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do with the remaining
+portion probably all of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion probably all of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion probably all of the remaining
+portion of today's lecture is uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of today's lecture is uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of today's lecture is uh is to
+make two points which I have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two points which I have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two points which I have already
+alluded to one of them is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to one of them is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to one of them is that there are
+multiple routes into mental illness not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple routes into mental illness not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple routes into mental illness not
+just any sort of single route and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any sort of single route and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any sort of single route and you're
+going to need to work this out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to work this out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to work this out on a
+case-by-case basis and the other related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case-by-case basis and the other related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case-by-case basis and the other related
+point is that the border between Normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the border between Normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that the border between Normal
+and abnormal is not necessarily A sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abnormal is not necessarily A sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abnormal is not necessarily A sharp
+clearly marked one oh by the way there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly marked one oh by the way there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly marked one oh by the way there's
+a uh if you're interested in this ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if you're interested in this ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if you're interested in this ladder
+Point there's an article in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point there's an article in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point there's an article in today's
+New York Times science section about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times science section about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times science section about
+really exactly this point in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exactly this point in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exactly this point in the context
+of Eating Disorders a topic that I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eating Disorders a topic that I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eating Disorders a topic that I hope
+to get to before the end of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to before the end of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to before the end of the course
+um where it's very it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it's very it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it's very it's very important
+to be able to diagnose to give a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to diagnose to give a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to diagnose to give a label
+to um to psychiatric can conditions why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to psychiatric can conditions why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to psychiatric can conditions why
+is that important in part it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that important in part it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that important in part it's important
+because third-party payers will pay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because third-party payers will pay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because third-party payers will pay if
+you have a disorder but they won't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a disorder but they won't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a disorder but they won't pay
+if you're just feeling a little screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just feeling a little screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just feeling a little screwed
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+right so you got to have a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to have a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to have a label
+Disorder so there's been a big movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disorder so there's been a big movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disorder so there's been a big movement
+um within the American Psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um within the American Psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um within the American Psychiatric
+establishment to come up with clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment to come up with clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment to come up with clear
+diagnostic criteria the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic criteria the nice thing about
+you know you go into your pediatrician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go into your pediatrician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you go into your pediatrician
+and getting uh a a a throat culture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting uh a a a throat culture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting uh a a a throat culture for
+strep is that I can grow it in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep is that I can grow it in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep is that I can grow it in the in
+the lab and if you got strep you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and if you got strep you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and if you got strep you got
+strep and I give you something for strep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep and I give you something for strep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strep and I give you something for strep
+mental illness is almost never like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental illness is almost never like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental illness is almost never like that
+you've got some collection of symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some collection of symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some collection of symptoms
+are they adequate to get you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they adequate to get you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they adequate to get you the
+definition of this disease and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this disease and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this disease and the the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the Times article is pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Times article is pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Times article is pointing out that
+there are the therapists are having real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the therapists are having real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the therapists are having real
+problems with people who any idiot can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with people who any idiot can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with people who any idiot can
+see has let's say an eating disorder but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see has let's say an eating disorder but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see has let's say an eating disorder but
+the official uh criteria for anorexia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official uh criteria for anorexia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official uh criteria for anorexia
+nervosa that the the eating disorder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervosa that the the eating disorder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervosa that the the eating disorder of
+self-starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-starvation
+are you have to have boom boom boom boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you have to have boom boom boom boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you have to have boom boom boom boom
+and boom well if you're missing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom well if you're missing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom well if you're missing that
+boom you can't make the diagnosis what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom you can't make the diagnosis what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom you can't make the diagnosis what
+do you call them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you call them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you call them now
+um it's anyway so today's New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's anyway so today's New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's anyway so today's New York Times
+science section go check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science section go check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science section go check it out
+um in the meantime let us return to 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the meantime let us return to 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the meantime let us return to 1900
+um to talk a bit about possible causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to talk a bit about possible causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to talk a bit about possible causes
+of mental illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mental illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mental illness
+um in 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in 1900
+the patients in American Mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in American Mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients in American Mental
+Hospitals had a disorder known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospitals had a disorder known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospitals had a disorder known as
+dementia paralytica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dementia paralytica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dementia paralytica
+this is bad stuff it's a disorder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad stuff it's a disorder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bad stuff it's a disorder that
+starts with Mania and grandiosity as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with Mania and grandiosity as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with Mania and grandiosity as its
+symptoms those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms those are
+symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+um yeah if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah if you think
+um that that that you are Jesus and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that you are Jesus and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that that you are Jesus and that
+you can turn water into wine and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn water into wine and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn water into wine and stuff
+like that in the rare except in the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in the rare except in the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in the rare except in the rare
+case where that turns out to be true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where that turns out to be true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where that turns out to be true or
+something it's it's a psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's it's a psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's it's a psychiatric
+um symptom and and it's a symptom and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symptom and and it's a symptom and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symptom and and it's a symptom and it
+would be it would be a manic symptom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would be a manic symptom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it would be a manic symptom of
+some sort you know if you think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort you know if you think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort you know if you think you're
+The Reincarnation of Napoleon and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Reincarnation of Napoleon and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Reincarnation of Napoleon and and
+this time you're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you're going to get the
+invasion of Russia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasion of Russia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasion of Russia right
+um or something like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something like that you know
+that's the sort of thing that gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of thing that gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of thing that gets you
+into into psychiatric care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into psychiatric care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into psychiatric care
+um in in the case of dementia paralytica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the case of dementia paralytica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the case of dementia paralytica
+it then it then proceeded to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it then proceeded to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it then proceeded to the other
+two bits of the uh the name dementia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits of the uh the name dementia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits of the uh the name dementia
+um people became demented they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people became demented they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people became demented they then
+became paralyzed lost control of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became paralyzed lost control of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became paralyzed lost control of their
+muscles and then they died this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and then they died this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and then they died this is not a
+good disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good disorder
+um it has disappeared essentially why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has disappeared essentially why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has disappeared essentially why
+anybody got any uh does anybody happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got any uh does anybody happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got any uh does anybody happen
+to know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the answer
+I do you do you yes yes which person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you do you yes yes which person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you do you yes yes which person
+I don't know what this what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what this what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what this what do you mean
+when you're looking behind you for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking behind you for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking behind you for how
+many people are wearing witchy hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there must be a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a stupid
+how long have you thought you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long have you thought you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long have you thought you were a
+witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway yes you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right the problem is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right the problem is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right the problem is people
+know too much around here you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too much around here you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too much around here you know you
+can fish around for all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fish around for all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fish around for all sorts of
+interesting answers like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting answers like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting answers like one of the
+possible reasons for a diagnosis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reasons for a diagnosis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reasons for a diagnosis to
+disappear is you you fractionate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear is you you fractionate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear is you you fractionate the
+disorder into a bunch of other stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder into a bunch of other stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder into a bunch of other stuff and
+we've now renamed it and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now renamed it and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now renamed it and then this is
+now called Alzheimer's and a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called Alzheimer's and a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called Alzheimer's and a few other
+things but no in fact it is an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but no in fact it is an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but no in fact it is an outside
+pathogen in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen in this case
+um dementia paralytica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dementia paralytica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dementia paralytica
+was the result of uh tertiary third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the result of uh tertiary third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the result of uh tertiary third
+stage syphilis the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage syphilis the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage syphilis the reason
+um you don't see it anymore is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't see it anymore is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't see it anymore is that
+nobody gets to third stage syphilis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody gets to third stage syphilis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody gets to third stage syphilis
+anymore if you show up with symptoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you show up with symptoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you show up with symptoms of
+syphilis somebody treats you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syphilis somebody treats you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syphilis somebody treats you
+um and and and this was the result by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and this was the result by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and this was the result by
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+um the organism had gotten to your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the organism had gotten to your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the organism had gotten to your brain
+and and chewed up your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so it disappeared with with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it disappeared with with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it disappeared with with with
+treatment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment but
+is that one of the roots to mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one of the roots to mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one of the roots to mental
+illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness
+um is an an assault a biological assault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is an an assault a biological assault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is an an assault a biological assault
+from the outside there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside there are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so there are theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there are theories
+um uh on proven theories that arise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh on proven theories that arise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh on proven theories that arise in
+autism that's been seen in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism that's been seen in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism that's been seen in this country
+over the last couple of generations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last couple of generations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last couple of generations is
+due to some sort of external insult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to some sort of external insult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to some sort of external insult to
+the nervous system not clear what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system not clear what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system not clear what it is
+um but there are theories you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are theories you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are theories you know there
+are proposals out there that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proposals out there that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proposals out there that's something
+that we're doing to the environment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing to the environment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing to the environment is
+causing more autism for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing more autism for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing more autism for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the um so but this this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um so but this this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um so but this this is an example of
+a clearly biologically rooted organ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clearly biologically rooted organ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clearly biologically rooted organ uh
+uh a a mental illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a mental illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a mental illness
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+perhaps the extreme other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the extreme other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the extreme other end of the
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+um well all right that actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right that actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right that actually it's
+more like a triangle we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a triangle we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a triangle we could have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+biology we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology we could have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+an environmental disorder and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environmental disorder and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environmental disorder and we could
+have what you might consider to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you might consider to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you might consider to be a
+societally defined disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societally defined disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societally defined disorder
+um the distinction here is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distinction here is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distinction here is this is
+um a case where the environment somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a case where the environment somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a case where the environment somehow
+really does make you insane and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does make you insane and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does make you insane and this is
+a case where we take the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where we take the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where we take the normal
+distribution and declare the upper tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and declare the upper tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and declare the upper tail
+of the distribution to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution to be a
+Psychopathology of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychopathology of some sort
+um so let's look for examples of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look for examples of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look for examples of both of
+these a perfectly nice example not nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a perfectly nice example not nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a perfectly nice example not nice
+an example of an environmental disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an environmental disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an environmental disorder
+um would be what was called shell shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be what was called shell shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be what was called shell shock
+in World War one and would now probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War one and would now probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War one and would now probably
+be more generally lumped under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more generally lumped under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more generally lumped under the
+category of traumatic stress disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of traumatic stress disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of traumatic stress disorder
+exposure to extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to extreme
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+stress and being shot at counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and being shot at counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and being shot at counts
+um it can produce a range of disabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can produce a range of disabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can produce a range of disabling
+psychiatric symptoms so in World War One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric symptoms so in World War One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric symptoms so in World War One
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+um people were fighting the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people were fighting the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people were fighting the the this
+insane Warfare of having uh vast numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane Warfare of having uh vast numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane Warfare of having uh vast numbers
+of people in entrenched positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in entrenched positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in entrenched positions
+um shelling each other and just charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shelling each other and just charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shelling each other and just charging
+at each other some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other some uh
+fraction of the population of soldiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the population of soldiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the population of soldiers
+cracked up you know they just couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked up you know they just couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked up you know they just couldn't
+function they would cry hysterically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they would cry hysterically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they would cry hysterically
+they would just lie there and not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just lie there and not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just lie there and not do
+anything and and um you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and and um you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and and um you know the the the
+the first reaction of uh of the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reaction of uh of the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first reaction of uh of the military
+to such things is to decide that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such things is to decide that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such things is to decide that this is
+insubordination and and you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insubordination and and you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insubordination and and you know to
+shoot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot you
+um or something of that sort for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something of that sort for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something of that sort for for
+failing to obey orders but it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to obey orders but it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to obey orders but it became
+clear to uh uh to Medical folks during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to uh uh to Medical folks during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to uh uh to Medical folks during
+World War one that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War one that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War one that this was
+um not a voluntary act this was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not a voluntary act this was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not a voluntary act this was this was
+a psychiatric problem and they did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychiatric problem and they did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a psychiatric problem and they did they
+treated it was it there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated it was it there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated it was it there's um
+they went and pulled people back behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and pulled people back behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went and pulled people back behind
+the lines worked very hard to treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines worked very hard to treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines worked very hard to treat them
+so that they could return them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they could return them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they could return them to the
+war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+um in a uh in a sort of a sick irony but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a uh in a sort of a sick irony but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a uh in a sort of a sick irony but
+this is a disorder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a disorder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a disorder that
+um uh that is clearly environmental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is clearly environmental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is clearly environmental in
+its now there's probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its now there's probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its now there's probably some
+um you know not everybody who's placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not everybody who's placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know not everybody who's placed
+under stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress
+um produces a post-traumatic stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produces a post-traumatic stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um produces a post-traumatic stress
+disorder so it's clear that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder so it's clear that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder so it's clear that there's some
+underlying variation of unknown nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variation of unknown nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variation of unknown nature
+that makes some people vulnerable to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some people vulnerable to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some people vulnerable to it
+and some people not but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people not but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people not but the
+precipitating cause here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating cause here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitating cause here is
+environmental now this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental now this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental now this is something
+that's a a topic of a lot of current uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a topic of a lot of current uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a topic of a lot of current uh
+um interest in Psychiatry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interest in Psychiatry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interest in Psychiatry
+um and in Clinical Psychology because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in Clinical Psychology because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in Clinical Psychology because as
+it's been appreciated that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been appreciated that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been appreciated that this sort of
+trauma does produce psychiatric symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma does produce psychiatric symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma does produce psychiatric symptoms
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+efforts are made to prevent this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts are made to prevent this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts are made to prevent this when
+it's when it's clear it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when it's clear it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when it's clear it's going to
+happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so
+um First Responders right the the police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um First Responders right the the police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um First Responders right the the police
+and firemen who are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firemen who are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firemen who are going to be the
+first guys at crash scenes or into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys at crash scenes or into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys at crash scenes or into
+burning buildings are going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning buildings are going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning buildings are going to see
+really terrible stuff and it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrible stuff and it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrible stuff and it's known
+that that's going to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to produce a
+collection of of uh psychiatric symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of uh psychiatric symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of uh psychiatric symptoms
+so an interesting question is well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an interesting question is well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an interesting question is well if
+you know that what could you do perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that what could you do perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that what could you do perhaps
+to to ameliorate the situation one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to ameliorate the situation one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to ameliorate the situation one very
+popular idea has been that after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular idea has been that after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular idea has been that after a
+crisis I mean you hear this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I mean you hear this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I mean you hear this all the time
+on um uh when something really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um uh when something really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um uh when something really bad
+happens like a school shooting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens like a school shooting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens like a school shooting or
+something one of the one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one of the one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one of the one of the things
+you do is you immediately pour in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you immediately pour in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you immediately pour in a
+bunch of therapists and one of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of therapists and one of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of therapists and one of the ideas
+is you get people together to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get people together to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get people together to talk about
+it one particular modality of therapy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one particular modality of therapy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one particular modality of therapy is
+you get every basically get all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get every basically get all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get every basically get all your
+firefighters who were at this scene into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters who were at this scene into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters who were at this scene into
+a uh a room together to to talk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a room together to to talk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a room together to to talk it
+through and that this has been proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and that this has been proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and that this has been proposed
+as a mechanism for preventing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mechanism for preventing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mechanism for preventing these
+stress disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress disorders
+um unfortunately a big study came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately a big study came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately a big study came out
+last year suggesting sounds lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year suggesting sounds lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year suggesting sounds lovely
+doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work
+not that it does anything particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it does anything particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it does anything particularly
+bad or anything it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or anything it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or anything it just doesn't
+um it just doesn't work it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just doesn't work it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just doesn't work it's a little
+like the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the story
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I mean what it points out is is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what it points out is is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what it points out is is is that
+the state of the art is a is is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the art is a is is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the art is a is is a little
+like the problem I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem I was talking about
+with Freudian attempts to explain uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Freudian attempts to explain uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Freudian attempts to explain uh uh
+um schizophrenia these are difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schizophrenia these are difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schizophrenia these are difficult
+problems where good well-meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where good well-meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where good well-meaning
+clinicians try stuff out that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians try stuff out that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians try stuff out that doesn't
+necessarily work very hard to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily work very hard to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily work very hard to get a
+clear feeling from this from reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear feeling from this from reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear feeling from this from reading the
+popular press where you get you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular press where you get you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular press where you get you know one
+miracle cure after the other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle cure after the other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle cure after the other and then
+the miracle cure Fades away but it fades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle cure Fades away but it fades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle cure Fades away but it fades
+away in the literature somewhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the literature somewhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the literature somewhere you
+don't get to see this very clearly in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see this very clearly in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to see this very clearly in in
+the uh um if you just sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um if you just sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um if you just sit there
+um you know reading the science section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know reading the science section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know reading the science section
+of the uh of Time Magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of Time Magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of Time Magazine
+or something of that sort anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something of that sort anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something of that sort anyway
+so you know third stage syphilis munches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know third stage syphilis munches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know third stage syphilis munches
+up your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your mind
+um you know at a trench warfare munches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at a trench warfare munches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at a trench warfare munches
+up your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your mind
+um are there diseases that are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there diseases that are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there diseases that are defined
+purely by Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely by Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely by Society
+um and what does that mean uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what does that mean uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what does that mean uh you know
+are those legitimate well let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those legitimate well let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those legitimate well let's talk
+about one that's not terribly legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one that's not terribly legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one that's not terribly legitimate
+um I I don't think anybody here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I don't think anybody here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I don't think anybody here is
+deeply familiar with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply familiar with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply familiar with the with the
+disorder called drapatomania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder called drapatomania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder called drapatomania
+any rapid Mania experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rapid Mania experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rapid Mania experts
+no okay any uh any Greek Scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay any uh any Greek Scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay any uh any Greek Scholars
+nah so we're not going to get anybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah so we're not going to get anybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah so we're not going to get anybody to
+tell us what the root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what the root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what the root is
+um so it's it's not a it's not a manic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's not a it's not a manic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's it's not a it's not a manic
+desire to put up drapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to put up drapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to put up drapes
+um it's uh drapato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh drapato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh drapato
+comes from a rude habit a Greek root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a rude habit a Greek root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a rude habit a Greek root
+having to do with wandering off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with wandering off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with wandering off
+um and and the manias the Mania part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the manias the Mania part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the manias the Mania part so
+it's an insane desire to wander away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an insane desire to wander away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an insane desire to wander away
+all right that sounds like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds like it could be
+insane this is a disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane this is a disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane this is a disorder
+discovered by a a doctor named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a a doctor named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by a a doctor named
+Cartwright in Louisiana in the 1840s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartwright in Louisiana in the 1840s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartwright in Louisiana in the 1840s
+he writes about it in a book endearingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes about it in a book endearingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes about it in a book endearingly
+titled peculiarities of the Negro race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled peculiarities of the Negro race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titled peculiarities of the Negro race
+so you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to think
+all right time to review your AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right time to review your AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right time to review your AP
+American history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history
+um right 1840s Louisiana if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right 1840s Louisiana if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right 1840s Louisiana if you are a
+member of the Negro race you are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Negro race you are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Negro race you are what
+a slave if you are a slave you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slave if you are a slave you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slave if you are a slave you might do
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you might wander off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might wander off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might wander off
+um or or or or run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or or or run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or or or run away
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+it wasn't that Cartwright discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't that Cartwright discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't that Cartwright discovered
+this people knew that slaves ran away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people knew that slaves ran away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people knew that slaves ran away
+but rather like earlier attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather like earlier attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather like earlier attitudes
+towards people cracking up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards people cracking up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards people cracking up on the
+battlefield the standard attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battlefield the standard attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battlefield the standard attitude
+towards a slave that ran away was that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a slave that ran away was that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a slave that ran away was that's
+a bad slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad slave
+right he's he's just you know bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's he's just you know bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's he's just you know bad
+and what we should do is catch him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we should do is catch him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we should do is catch him and
+beat him and put him back to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat him and put him back to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat him and put him back to work
+Cartwright was an odd sort of liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartwright was an odd sort of liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartwright was an odd sort of liberal
+from the sound of it in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sound of it in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sound of it in the sense that
+he said no no no no no no they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no no no no no no they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no no no no no no they're not
+bad they're sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad they're sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad they're sick
+because after all as he understood it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all as he understood it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all as he understood it
+the proper place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper place for
+um a a slave for for an African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a slave for for an African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a slave for for an African-American
+was to be a slave right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be a slave right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be a slave right so if you
+wandered off you weren't being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered off you weren't being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandered off you weren't being a good
+you know a a healthy normal slave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a healthy normal slave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a healthy normal slave you
+were you'd gotten up here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you'd gotten up here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you'd gotten up here somewhere
+um and you were being abnormal he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you were being abnormal he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you were being abnormal he also
+by the way had a lovely biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way had a lovely biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way had a lovely biological
+theory about the cause of this which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about the cause of this which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about the cause of this which was
+decarbonized blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonized blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonized blood
+um I don't know it sounds like it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know it sounds like it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know it sounds like it would
+do something bad to me I mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something bad to me I mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something bad to me I mean but
+so decarbonized well and he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decarbonized well and he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so decarbonized well and he had a
+treatment regimen remember that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment regimen remember that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment regimen remember that the the
+the standard treatment for a slave who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard treatment for a slave who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard treatment for a slave who
+ran away was catch him beat him and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran away was catch him beat him and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran away was catch him beat him and put
+him back to work Cartwright said when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back to work Cartwright said when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back to work Cartwright said when
+you catch him what you need to do is rub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch him what you need to do is rub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you catch him what you need to do is rub
+some the slap sorry not rub slap some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the slap sorry not rub slap some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the slap sorry not rub slap some
+oil in with a broad leather strap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil in with a broad leather strap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil in with a broad leather strap
+and put him to gork all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put him to gork all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put him to gork all right so the
+treatment didn't sound all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment didn't sound all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment didn't sound all that
+different in any case it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in any case it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in any case it's a it's a
+pretty clear case of a purely a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear case of a purely a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear case of a purely a a
+disorder defined entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder defined entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder defined entirely by
+um Society there's there's not a I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Society there's there's not a I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Society there's there's not a I don't
+know decarbonized but not withstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decarbonized but not withstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decarbonized but not withstanding
+there's not a an organism there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a an organism there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a an organism there
+um there's not uh well you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's not uh well you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's not uh well you can think of
+the environment as as causing the slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment as as causing the slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment as as causing the slave
+to run away but not not in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away but not not in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away but not not in the sense of
+causing a disorder we would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing a disorder we would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing a disorder we would consider
+this to be essentially a normal we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be essentially a normal we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be essentially a normal we'd be
+with sort of Thomas zazz on that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of Thomas zazz on that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of Thomas zazz on that that's
+a sane reaction to an insane World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sane reaction to an insane World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sane reaction to an insane World
+perhaps to be a slave and to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to be a slave and to uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to be a slave and to uh um
+uh to run away now you you might argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to run away now you you might argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to run away now you you might argue
+that we don't do that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't do that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't do that anymore
+um but if you were to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you were to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you were to say
+um okay what this is is weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what this is is weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay what this is is weight
+let's let's make this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make this normal
+distribution weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution weight
+um we the Surgeon General is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we the Surgeon General is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we the Surgeon General is perfectly
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+um you know and and all sorts of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and and all sorts of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know and and all sorts of you
+know outfits are perfectly happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know outfits are perfectly happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know outfits are perfectly happy to
+declare that if you're above this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that if you're above this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that if you're above this level
+whatever it is you're abnormal you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're abnormal you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're abnormal you're
+overweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overweight
+um and there are plenty of theories folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are plenty of theories folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are plenty of theories folk
+psychological and otherwise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and otherwise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and otherwise that
+basically give a psychiatric spin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give a psychiatric spin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give a psychiatric spin to
+what's going on there right if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there right if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there right if you've
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+um theories of obesity being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theories of obesity being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theories of obesity being you know
+there are pop theories that oh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pop theories that oh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pop theories that oh they're
+over compensating for you know for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over compensating for you know for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over compensating for you know for that
+they're eating to substitute for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating to substitute for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating to substitute for the
+lack of love in their life or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of love in their life or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of love in their life or it's a
+lack of self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of self-control
+um or it's because they have uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it's because they have uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it's because they have uh uh you
+know they they have genes for fatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they have genes for fatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they have genes for fatness
+um all of this might be true at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this might be true at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of this might be true at some
+level I'm not casting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm not casting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I'm not casting any
+um doubt on the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doubt on the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doubt on the um
+the particular Theory that's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular Theory that's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular Theory that's a separate
+topic but we uh but you got to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we uh but you got to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we uh but you got to realize
+that what you're doing is taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're doing is taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're doing is taking an
+essentially normal distribution with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially normal distribution with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially normal distribution with the
+exception of some very few uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of some very few uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of some very few uh there
+there are a small number of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a small number of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a small number of clear
+pathologies of weight regulation mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies of weight regulation mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies of weight regulation mostly
+what you're doing is taking one tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is taking one tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is taking one tail of
+the distribution declaring it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution declaring it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution declaring it to be
+abnormal and then putting an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal and then putting an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal and then putting an explanation
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+um how you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how you understand that
+is culturally dependent and it's in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is culturally dependent and it's in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is culturally dependent and it's in part
+you know how we talk about obesity is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how we talk about obesity is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how we talk about obesity is in
+part defined by how we do we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part defined by how we do we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part defined by how we do we talk about
+beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty
+um in cultures where obesity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cultures where obesity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cultures where obesity is
+considered beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered beautiful
+you don't get theories that say it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get theories that say it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get theories that say it's an
+abnormality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality
+right so in some fashion this is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some fashion this is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some fashion this is uh that
+we do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this all the time
+um well all right to illustrate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right to illustrate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right to illustrate in the
+remaining time what I what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time what I what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time what I what I want to do
+and I'll loop back to this point is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll loop back to this point is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll loop back to this point is look
+on your handout on page three page three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your handout on page three page three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your handout on page three page three
+we're gonna we'll let let's let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we'll let let's let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we'll let let's let's do a
+little bit of armchair diagnosis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of armchair diagnosis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of armchair diagnosis here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we don't have much time quickly read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have much time quickly read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have much time quickly read
+these three vignettes and quickly decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vignettes and quickly decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vignettes and quickly decide
+where they lie on the scale from fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they lie on the scale from fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they lie on the scale from fine to
+very weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird
+um and uh I'm deliberately using very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I'm deliberately using very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I'm deliberately using very
+casual language there in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual language there in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual language there in order to
+suggest that you not you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that you not you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that you not you know think
+deeply about whether or not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about whether or not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about whether or not you're
+giving them a psychiatric diagnosis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a psychiatric diagnosis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a psychiatric diagnosis here
+I just want to know whether they're nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll collect a little data how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll collect a little data how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll collect a little data how
+we're going to collect this data uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait wait don't cheat off your neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait don't cheat off your neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait don't cheat off your neighbors
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+um and and wave a limb when you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and wave a limb when you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and wave a limb when you're done
+how many people are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are done
+most people are done okay good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are done okay good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are done okay good enough
+all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+interest of getting some data relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of getting some data relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of getting some data relatively
+quickly let's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly let's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly let's group
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+okay let's uh let's do aluminum hat boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's do aluminum hat boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's do aluminum hat boy
+Jim uh how many people gave him a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim uh how many people gave him a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim uh how many people gave him a sort
+of a one to three he's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one to three he's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one to three he's fine
+uh four to seven he's a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four to seven he's a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four to seven he's a little weird
+all right I I take it we got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I take it we got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I take it we got a lot of
+population in the yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so Jim's here uh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Jim's here uh all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Jim's here uh all right
+um how how about uh how about Jack there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how about uh how about Jack there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how about uh how about Jack there
+at the bottom we'll come back to Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom we'll come back to Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom we'll come back to Sam
+um how many people thought Jack was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many people thought Jack was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many people thought Jack was in
+the one to three he's fine category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to three he's fine category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to three he's fine category
+um all right uh some bunch of people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right uh some bunch of people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right uh some bunch of people how
+many people thought he's in the four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people thought he's in the four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people thought he's in the four to
+seven category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven category
+uh a bunch more people oh let's give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bunch more people oh let's give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bunch more people oh let's give him
+some hash marks here so we can tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hash marks here so we can tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hash marks here so we can tell the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+um so this is uh what is his name Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh what is his name Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh what is his name Jack
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay and and how many people thought he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and how many people thought he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and how many people thought he
+was very weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very weird
+so only a very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a very few
+um so so I mean you can in fact so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so I mean you can in fact so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so I mean you can in fact so so
+Jim is sort of the guy who came to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim is sort of the guy who came to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jim is sort of the guy who came to my
+lab all those years ago and Jack can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab all those years ago and Jack can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab all those years ago and Jack can be
+found in Harvard Square anytime selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Harvard Square anytime selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Harvard Square anytime selling
+some you know far left newspaper and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know far left newspaper and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know far left newspaper and and
+yelling at you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yelling at you about
+um the fact that we're all controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that we're all controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that we're all controlled by
+something or other and we just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other and we just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other and we just consider
+them to be you know sort of weird but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be you know sort of weird but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be you know sort of weird but
+kind of uh yeah it's this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh yeah it's this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh yeah it's this is in the
+realm of free speech all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of free speech all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of free speech all right let's
+take a look at Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at Sam
+um how many people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many people thought
+Sam's just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam's just fine
+uh okay how many thoughts Sam was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay how many thoughts Sam was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay how many thoughts Sam was just
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+okay how many thought that Sam was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many thought that Sam was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many thought that Sam was
+pretty weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weird
+all right so that that looks uh uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that that looks uh uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that that looks uh uh oops
+I gotta I need some space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta I need some space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta I need some space here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had sort of well no it's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had sort of well no it's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had sort of well no it's not gonna
+work like that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like that it was
+well actually I know lots of fines a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I know lots of fines a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I know lots of fines a few
+Less in the middles and uh almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Less in the middles and uh almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Less in the middles and uh almost as
+many weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many weird
+pretty wide distribution right the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide distribution right the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide distribution right the other
+two are very heavily skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are very heavily skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are very heavily skewed
+um uh could could somebody in the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh could could somebody in the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh could could somebody in the uh a
+fine Department explain why he's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine Department explain why he's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine Department explain why he's fine
+yes fine person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I need somebody who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I need somebody who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I need somebody who thinks
+he's fine fine yes okay yes you pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fine fine yes okay yes you pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fine fine yes okay yes you pink
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+now that's you with the pig the pink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's you with the pig the pink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's you with the pig the pink and
+the black jacket yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a stamp collector what's that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stamp collector what's that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stamp collector what's that all right
+the trick here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here is
+there is a two-word variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a two-word variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a two-word variation
+between what half of you have and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what half of you have and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what half of you have and what
+the other half of you have let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of you have let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half of you have let's see if
+that makes a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the people who um don't have the stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who um don't have the stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who um don't have the stamp
+collector one know the difference which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector one know the difference which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector one know the difference which
+is that one half of you have what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one half of you have what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one half of you have what am I
+aware I can't read a thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware I can't read a thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware I can't read a thing here
+his major passion is collecting stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his major passion is collecting stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his major passion is collecting stamps
+and the other half his major passion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half his major passion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half his major passion is
+collecting women's undergarments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's the that is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the that is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the that is the only
+difference here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know actually that's lovely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually that's lovely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually that's lovely because
+I could probably explain I could expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could probably explain I could expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could probably explain I could expand
+um this description if I said he used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this description if I said he used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this description if I said he used to
+write all of his relatives and ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of his relatives and ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of his relatives and ask him
+to send him um used stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send him um used stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send him um used stamps
+um nobody would think that was weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nobody would think that was weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nobody would think that was weird and
+if I said he used to write to all his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said he used to write to all his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said he used to write to all his
+relatives and send Athens to send used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and send Athens to send used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and send Athens to send used
+underwear that's really weird right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwear that's really weird right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwear that's really weird right and
+but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if
+if I changed it a little more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I changed it a little more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I changed it a little more to say
+um what is his name Sam was shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is his name Sam was shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is his name Sam was shy
+withdrawn man the president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn man the president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn man the president of the
+Haynes underwear company and he ran you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haynes underwear company and he ran you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haynes underwear company and he ran you
+know his uh yeah at the corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his uh yeah at the corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his uh yeah at the corporate
+headquarters he had the big you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters he had the big you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters he had the big you know
+underwear exhibit or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwear exhibit or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwear exhibit or something like that
+then he becomes less weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he becomes less weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he becomes less weird
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+given the time let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time let me just
+reiterate the point that what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate the point that what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate the point that what this is
+intended to illustrate is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to illustrate is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to illustrate is that the
+border between what makes you weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border between what makes you weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border between what makes you weird and
+What Makes You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Makes You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Makes You
+just a little different is not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little different is not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little different is not clear
+it's not something that we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that we can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that we can Define
+nice and sharply see you Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/185WS_ZzobA.txt b/185WS_ZzobA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..220434a98fd3488be06fe3587bbeea1bcbe2d4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/185WS_ZzobA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+ISA designers receive many requests for what
+are affectionately known as "features" - additional
+
+instructions that, in theory, will make the
+ISA better in some way.
+
+Dealing with such requests is the moment to
+apply our quantitive approach in order to
+
+be able to judge the tradeoffs between cost
+and benefits.
+
+Our first "feature request" is to allow small
+constants as the second operand in ALU instructions.
+
+So if we replaced the 5-bit "rb" field, we
+would have room in the instruction to include
+
+a 16-bit constant as bits [15:0] of the instruction.
+
+The argument in favor of this request is that
+small constants appear frequently in many
+
+programs and it would make programs shorter
+if we didn't have use load operations to read
+
+constant values from main memory.
+
+The argument against the request is that we
+would need additional control and datapath
+
+logic to implement the feature, increasing
+the hardware cost and probably decreasing
+
+the performance.
+
+So our strategy is to modify our benchmark
+programs to use the ISA augmented with this
+
+feature and measure the impact on a simulated
+execution.
+
+Looking at the results, we find that there
+is compelling evidence that small constants
+
+are indeed very common as the second operands
+to many operations.
+
+Note that we're not so much interested in
+simply looking at the code.
+
+Instead we want to look at what instructions
+actually get executed while running the benchmark
+
+programs.
+
+This will take into account that instructions
+executed during each iteration of a loop might
+
+get executed 1000's of times even though they
+only appear in the program once.
+
+Looking at the results, we see that over half
+of the arithmetic instructions have a small
+
+constant as their second operand.
+
+Comparisons involve small constants 80% of
+the time.
+
+This probably reflects the fact that during
+execution comparisons are used in determining
+
+whether we've reached the end of a loop.
+
+And small constants are often found in address
+calculations done by load and store operations.
+
+Operations involving constant operands are
+clearly a common case, one well worth optimizing.
+
+Adding support for small constant operands
+to the ISA resulted in programs that were
+
+measurably smaller and faster.
+
+So: feature request approved!
+
+Here we see the second of the two Beta instruction
+formats.
+
+It's a modification of the first format where
+we've replaced the 5-bit "rb" field with a
+
+16-bit field holding a constant in two's complement
+format.
+
+This will allow us to represent constant operands
+in the range of 0x8000 (decimal -32768) to
+
+0x7FFF (decimal 32767).
+
+Here's an example of the add-constant (ADDC)
+instruction which adds the contents of R1
+
+and the constant -3, writing the result into
+R3.
+
+We can see that the second operand in the
+symbolic representation is now a constant
+
+(or, more generally, an expression that can
+evaluated to get a constant value).
+
+One technical detail needs discussion: the
+instruction contains a 16-bit constant, but
+
+the datapath requires a 32-bit operand.
+
+How does the datapath hardware go about converting
+from, say, the 16-bit representation of -3
+
+to the 32-bit representation of -3?
+
+Comparing the 16-bit and 32-bit representations
+for various constants, we see that if the
+
+16-bit two's-complement constant is negative
+(i.e., its high-order bit is 1), the high
+
+sixteen bits of the equivalent 32-bit constant
+are all 1's.
+
+And if the 16-bit constant is non-negative
+(i.e., its high-order bit is 0), the high
+
+sixteen bits of the 32-bit constant are all
+0's.
+
+Thus the operation the hardware needs to perform
+is "sign extension" where the sign-bit of
+
+the 16-bit constant is replicated sixteen
+times to form the high half of the 32-bit
+
+constant.
+
+The low half of the 32-bit constant is simply
+the 16-bit constant from the instruction.
+
+No additional logic gates will be needed to
+implement sign extension - we can do it all
+
+with wiring.
+
+Here are the fourteen ALU instructions in
+their "with constant" form, showing the same
+
+instruction mnemonics but with a "C" suffix
+indicate the second operand is a constant.
+
+Since these are additional instructions, these
+have different opcodes than the original ALU
+
+instructions.
+
+Finally, note that if we need a constant operand
+whose representation does NOT fit into 16
+
+bits, then we have to store the constant as
+a 32-bit value in a main memory location and
+
+load it into a register for use just like
+we would any variable value.
+
+To give some sense for the additional datapath
+hardware that will be needed, let's update
+
+our implementation sketch to add support for
+constants as the second ALU operand.
+
+We don't have to add much hardware:
+just a multiplexer which selects either the
+
+"rb" register value or the sign-extended constant
+from the 16-bit field in the instruction.
+
+The BSEL control signal that controls the
+multiplexer is 1 for the ALU-with-constant
+
+instructions and 0 for the regular ALU instructions.
+
+We'll put the hardware implementation details
+aside for now and revisit them in a few lectures.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1N_iAJq1dU4.txt b/1N_iAJq1dU4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c72f3c55721447f85fc7e574a22d74a1474285a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1N_iAJq1dU4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um I have a couple things to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I have a couple things to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I have a couple things to say to
+finish off kind of what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish off kind of what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish off kind of what I want to talk
+about about land and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about land and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about land and then we're going to
+switch to sort of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to sort of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to sort of some of the
+um lectures on uh Public Finance and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lectures on uh Public Finance and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lectures on uh Public Finance and uh
+and redistribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redistribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redistribution okay
+so um the two last point on land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the two last point on land the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the two last point on land the
+first thing is I realized as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is I realized as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is I realized as I was
+looking over my slide this morning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over my slide this morning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking over my slide this morning that
+the last thing I you know I had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I you know I had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I you know I had sort of
+four different reasons why we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different reasons why we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different reasons why we care about
+land titling I never sort of showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling I never sort of showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land titling I never sort of showed you
+reason number four which is is there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason number four which is is there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason number four which is is there in
+fact kind of a collateral effect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact kind of a collateral effect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact kind of a collateral effect right
+the original sort of motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original sort of motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original sort of motivation for
+doing all this land titling was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all this land titling was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all this land titling was that
+people could take their Land Titles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could take their Land Titles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could take their Land Titles and
+use them to sort of borrow right uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them to sort of borrow right uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them to sort of borrow right uh that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me just note there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just note there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just note there's a couple of
+papers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers here
+um that sort of show that while there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of show that while there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of show that while there
+are effects on investment through sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are effects on investment through sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are effects on investment through sort
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+time Horizon Channel they don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizon Channel they don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Horizon Channel they don't seem to
+be as much through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as much through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as much through this kind of
+collateral for loan Channel as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral for loan Channel as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral for loan Channel as you might
+expect so I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so I'm not going to go through
+that in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail
+um but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I wanted to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just mention this and they sort of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention this and they sort of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention this and they sort of put
+this idea that actually you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that actually you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that actually you think this
+sort of collateral can make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collateral can make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collateral can make things
+easier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because
+um you can sort of makes the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of makes the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of makes the property
+rights clear but actually if the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights clear but actually if the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights clear but actually if the legal
+system is not perfect actually maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not perfect actually maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not perfect actually maybe it
+can be hard to actually seize that land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard to actually seize that land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard to actually seize that land
+kind of in the the whole point of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the the whole point of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the the whole point of it is
+that you of collaterals that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you of collaterals that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you of collaterals that you can
+take the land of the event of a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the land of the event of a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the land of the event of a default
+if the legal title is you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the legal title is you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the legal title is you know very
+strong in the legal system for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong in the legal system for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong in the legal system for sort of
+collecting on the collateral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting on the collateral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting on the collateral is
+imperfect actually it could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect actually it could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect actually it could actually
+potentially backfire so I mean I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially backfire so I mean I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially backfire so I mean I don't
+want to go into that in a lot of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into that in a lot of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into that in a lot of detail
+I just wanted to sort of mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to sort of mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to sort of mention that
+that initial sort of justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial sort of justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial sort of justification
+doesn't seem to be as strong as we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be as strong as we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be as strong as we might
+have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought
+and the final thing I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final thing I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final thing I wanted to say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+about land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about land
+um overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall is
+a bit sort of on the macro facts and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit sort of on the macro facts and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit sort of on the macro facts and I
+guess some of you asked some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some of you asked some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some of you asked some questions
+about sort of this what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of this what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of this what are the
+implications for for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for for sort of
+distribution of land how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of land how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of land how do we think
+about sort of allocation issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of allocation issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of allocation issues
+um and you know some questions are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know some questions are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know some questions are like
+you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are
+um in particular sort of like our one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular sort of like our one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular sort of like our one
+question people look at is our Farms too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people look at is our Farms too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people look at is our Farms too
+big or too small like what's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or too small like what's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or too small like what's the sort of
+optimal size of of farms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal size of of farms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal size of of farms and so
+given what I what we talked about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I what we talked about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I what we talked about kind
+of last you know in the previous set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last you know in the previous set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last you know in the previous set of
+lectures on sharecropping and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on sharecropping and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on sharecropping and things
+like that do you have some set like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that do you have some set like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that do you have some set like do
+you have any predictions as to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any predictions as to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any predictions as to sort of
+what would you expect for sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect for sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect for sort of you
+know should is the optimal size of farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should is the optimal size of farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should is the optimal size of farms
+big or small or would you sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or small or would you sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or small or would you sort of think
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+how would you think about it like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you think about it like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you think about it like from
+everything I taught you we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I taught you we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I taught you we went through
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+not last year the previous one the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not last year the previous one the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not last year the previous one the one
+on sort of the you know thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of the you know thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of the you know thinking about
+sort of sharecropping whatever did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharecropping whatever did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharecropping whatever did that
+give you any predictions for sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any predictions for sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you any predictions for sort of do
+you think that like small small farms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that like small small farms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that like small small farms or
+large Farms are going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Farms are going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Farms are going to be kind of
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+yeah what's the clarification do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the clarification do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the clarification do you
+mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the
+who owns the land the world who works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns the land the world who works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns the land the world who works
+there think about Bishop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there think about Bishop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there think about Bishop
+um let's say who owns the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah maybe it's too small because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe it's too small because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe it's too small because if
+it's too big it'll be hard to pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big it'll be hard to pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big it'll be hard to pretend
+well sorry if it's too big it'll be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sorry if it's too big it'll be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sorry if it's too big it'll be hard
+to protect so you'll make it officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect so you'll make it officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect so you'll make it officially
+small hard to protect yeah oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small hard to protect yeah oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small hard to protect yeah oh yeah
+exactly so in the land titling stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so in the land titling stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so in the land titling stuff I
+agree with you right it could be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you right it could be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you right it could be hard to
+protect right so maybe they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect right so maybe they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect right so maybe they're they're
+artificially too big uh or maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially too big uh or maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially too big uh or maybe they
+want them small what else might you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them small what else might you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them small what else might you be
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about implications for firm size yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implications for firm size yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implications for firm size yeah so
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might actually want small farms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually want small farms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually want small farms uh
+because basically you think you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically you think you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically you think you want
+kind of the the person sort of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the person sort of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the person sort of doing the
+farming decisions to be the one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming decisions to be the one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming decisions to be the one sort of
+like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+um who's a residual claimant on kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's a residual claimant on kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's a residual claimant on kind of
+that farm so I think that that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farm so I think that that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that farm so I think that that's one
+view this as far as to be small are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as far as to be small are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as far as to be small are
+there other reasons that point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there other reasons that point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there other reasons that point in the
+other direction that do you think Farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that do you think Farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that do you think Farms
+should be big yeah Whitney we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be big yeah Whitney we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be big yeah Whitney we can have
+technologies that work better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that work better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that work better with
+economy so what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so what do you mean
+um like if I get a tractor this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if I get a tractor this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if I get a tractor this isn't
+great if I only have a tiny plot of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if I only have a tiny plot of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if I only have a tiny plot of land
+but it's really good yeah exactly so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really good yeah exactly so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really good yeah exactly so the
+flip side of that is that exactly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side of that is that exactly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side of that is that exactly there
+are sort of like large a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like large a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like large a lot of these
+um Technologies work better on large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Technologies work better on large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Technologies work better on large
+land so actually you know um I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so actually you know um I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so actually you know um I remember
+actually when I took this course uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I took this course uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I took this course uh many
+many years ago who was teaching it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago who was teaching it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago who was teaching it at
+the time you know gave the great analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you know gave the great analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you know gave the great analogy
+of just you know imagine sort of a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just you know imagine sort of a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just you know imagine sort of a giant
+Harvester combine of the kind they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvester combine of the kind they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvester combine of the kind they use
+in like Iowa or something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Iowa or something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Iowa or something like you
+couldn't turn that you couldn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't turn that you couldn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't turn that you couldn't like
+drive it down like most plots in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it down like most plots in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it down like most plots in like
+you know in Indonesia for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in Indonesia for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in Indonesia for example for
+example you couldn't even turn it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you couldn't even turn it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you couldn't even turn it around
+like the positive it's like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the positive it's like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the positive it's like just
+designed for a totally different scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for a totally different scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for a totally different scale
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the on the flip side of that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the flip side of that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the flip side of that you may
+think that sort of as as agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that sort of as as agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that sort of as as agriculture
+becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more
+Capital intensive or there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital intensive or there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital intensive or there's a lot of
+technological progress that sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress that sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress that sort of is
+consistent with kind of large farm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with kind of large farm size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with kind of large farm size
+so here's a couple of just sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a couple of just sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a couple of just sort of data
+points on some of this stuff right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on some of this stuff right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on some of this stuff right so um
+so just to sort of show you like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to sort of show you like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to sort of show you like here's
+a here's an interesting fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's an interesting fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's an interesting fact
+which says this is from a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says this is from a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says this is from a paper by
+restriction at all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction at all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction at all um
+this is GDP per capita on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GDP per capita on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GDP per capita on the on the
+x-axis and log Farm size on the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and log Farm size on the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and log Farm size on the y-axis
+okay so you can see is that like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see is that like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see is that like you
+know richer countries tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know richer countries tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know richer countries tend to have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+bigger Farms okay so what do you make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Farms okay so what do you make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Farms okay so what do you make of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I'm playing the cups very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm playing the cups very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm playing the cups very
+different so that effects like labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that effects like labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that effects like labor
+costs are very different so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are very different so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are very different so you know
+they might be more Capital intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be more Capital intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be more Capital intensive
+exactly so this isn't success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this isn't success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this isn't success
+about productivity right but exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about productivity right but exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about productivity right but exactly
+like imagine sort of a two sector model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like imagine sort of a two sector model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like imagine sort of a two sector model
+where basically there's like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically there's like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically there's like you can
+work in kind of the uh you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in kind of the uh you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in kind of the uh you know or
+exactly as you know you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you know you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you know you're doing
+multiple different ways so one is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different ways so one is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different ways so one is sort
+of is we have more Capital we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is we have more Capital we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is we have more Capital we'll sort of
+switch from having labor on the farm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from having labor on the farm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from having labor on the farm and
+capital of the farm so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the farm so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the farm so if you think
+about farm with the way farming is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about farm with the way farming is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about farm with the way farming is done
+in Iowa and the way farming is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iowa and the way farming is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iowa and the way farming is done in
+Indonesia it looks super duper different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia it looks super duper different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia it looks super duper different
+right you know you have one farmer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you have one farmer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you have one farmer in
+Iowa farming you know or a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa farming you know or a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa farming you know or a couple of
+farmers in Iowa farming 100 acres uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers in Iowa farming 100 acres uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers in Iowa farming 100 acres uh you
+know with some a lot of machines or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with some a lot of machines or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with some a lot of machines or you
+could have one farmer in Java forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one farmer in Java forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one farmer in Java forming a
+quarter of an acre or a quarterback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of an acre or a quarterback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of an acre or a quarterback
+there or whatever you know basically him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or whatever you know basically him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or whatever you know basically him
+or herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or herself
+um you know with very you know using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know with very you know using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know with very you know using a
+lot less capital and sort of you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less capital and sort of you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less capital and sort of you know so
+what's going to determine that well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to determine that well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to determine that well as
+kind of the you know the Rel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the you know the Rel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the you know the Rel the
+relative price of capital labor sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative price of capital labor sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative price of capital labor sort of
+the economy changes as kind of a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy changes as kind of a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy changes as kind of a place
+to become richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become richer
+um you know you're going to end up kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you're going to end up kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you're going to end up kind
+of with with uh you know more Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with with uh you know more Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with with uh you know more Capital
+intensive and less labor in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and less labor in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and less labor in terms of
+Production Technologies they don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Production Technologies they don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Production Technologies they don't look
+like having larger Farms you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having larger Farms you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having larger Farms you know or
+alternatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively
+um you could think of kind of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could think of kind of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could think of kind of what is
+the the wage of the farmer or the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wage of the farmer or the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wage of the farmer or the wage
+the farmer is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer is going to be equal to the
+wage the farmer and the non in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage the farmer and the non in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage the farmer and the non in the
+non-farming sector right so as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-farming sector right so as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-farming sector right so as kind of
+the the you know as the the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know as the the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know as the the economy
+becomes richer sort of you have to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes richer sort of you have to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes richer sort of you have to that
+one farmer is gonna have to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one farmer is gonna have to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one farmer is gonna have to be doing
+more and that's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's going to look like
+they're sort of doing that much sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of doing that much sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of doing that much sort of
+farming more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming more stuff
+um so uh so for example that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so for example that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so for example that that you
+know that doesn't necessarily say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that doesn't necessarily say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that doesn't necessarily say this
+is this is this isn't so my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this isn't so my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this isn't so my point is
+this does not tell us that one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not tell us that one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not tell us that one of these
+is like more or less productive but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like more or less productive but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like more or less productive but it
+is I think a pretty striking fact kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think a pretty striking fact kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think a pretty striking fact kind
+of about the world that sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about the world that sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about the world that sort of the the
+the way agriculture looks in you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way agriculture looks in you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way agriculture looks in you know uh
+places like the US looks very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like the US looks very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like the US looks very very
+different than the way it looks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the way it looks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the way it looks in
+places like you know maybe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like you know maybe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like you know maybe yeah
+um so this is uh also this is the US uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh also this is the US uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh also this is the US uh
+this is actually in the US by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in the US by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in the US by the way
+um just looking within a human country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just looking within a human country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just looking within a human country
+it's kind of interesting if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting if you compare
+sort of large versus small farms within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of large versus small farms within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of large versus small farms within
+the US they look really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US they look really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US they look really different
+um so small farms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so small farms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so small farms right
+um have uh higher value-added per acre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have uh higher value-added per acre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have uh higher value-added per acre
+um but lower value added per worker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but lower value added per worker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but lower value added per worker so
+that's sort of consistent with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of consistent with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of consistent with the idea
+there's a sort of different performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of different performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of different performing
+Technologies right the small farm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right the small farm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right the small farm is
+kind of you know very sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know very sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know very sort of like
+intensely farmed by sort of workers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely farmed by sort of workers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely farmed by sort of workers the
+the large one there it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large one there it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large one there it looks like
+they're using a lot you know so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using a lot you know so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using a lot you know so maybe
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they're uh they're using a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh they're using a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh they're using a lot more
+Capital the capital land ratio is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital the capital land ratio is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital the capital land ratio is that
+you know they're using a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're using a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're using a lot more
+Capital to land the capital land ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to land the capital land ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to land the capital land ratio
+is higher on the small farm there's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher on the small farm there's far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher on the small farm there's far
+more intensively but on net they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intensively but on net they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intensively but on net they're sort
+of probably using a lot more Capital One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probably using a lot more Capital One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probably using a lot more Capital One
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so Foster and Rosen swag had this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Foster and Rosen swag had this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Foster and Rosen swag had this nice
+paper in 2017 sort of trying to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 2017 sort of trying to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 2017 sort of trying to look at
+some of these decisions in India and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these decisions in India and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these decisions in India and and
+then they basically argue is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically argue is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically argue is that they
+find a U-shaped kind of in in farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a U-shaped kind of in in farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a U-shaped kind of in in farm
+productivity where essentially they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity where essentially they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity where essentially they say
+you want to either have small farms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to either have small farms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to either have small farms or
+really big farms and their argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big farms and their argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big farms and their argument is
+that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+um the the small this is in profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the small this is in profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the small this is in profits
+profits per acre that basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per acre that basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per acre that basically the
+small farms kind of work really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small farms kind of work really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small farms kind of work really well
+because they're farmed really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're farmed really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're farmed really
+intensively by kind of an owner operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively by kind of an owner operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively by kind of an owner operator
+with kind of low moral hazard concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of low moral hazard concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of low moral hazard concerns
+and the big farms start to work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big farms start to work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big farms start to work well
+because once you get big enough you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get big enough you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you get big enough you sort
+of switch your farming technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch your farming technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch your farming technology
+completely you start using kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you start using kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you start using kind of like
+large-scale kind of industrial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale kind of industrial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale kind of industrial uh
+farming equipment and so that just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming equipment and so that just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming equipment and so that just sort
+of says that there are these like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says that there are these like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says that there are these like two
+very different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different factors
+um and they have a few pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have a few pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they have a few pieces of
+evidence of this like for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this like for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this like for example they
+show you that um sorry and behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that um sorry and behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that um sorry and behind this
+is kind of the idea that a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the idea that a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the idea that a lot of these
+technologies have returned to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have returned to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have returned to scale
+right so this is the uh cost per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the uh cost per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the uh cost per
+horsepower for like electric motors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower for like electric motors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower for like electric motors and
+subversible humps subversible pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversible humps subversible pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversible humps subversible pumps
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+buy the horsepower so what's the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the horsepower so what's the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the horsepower so what's the cost
+per unit of output from the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of output from the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of output from the pump
+as a function of pump size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of pump size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of pump size
+and the point is that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that it's it's
+declining right so that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining right so that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining right so that looks like
+there's returns to scale so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's returns to scale so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's returns to scale so it's it's
+you know you're going to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're going to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're going to get the same
+amount of uh pumpness or whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh pumpness or whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh pumpness or whatever uh
+much more cheaply with one big pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more cheaply with one big pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more cheaply with one big pump
+rather than sort of a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sort of a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sort of a large number of
+small pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pumps
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+pumping capacity I think is the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and they show this for kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they show this for kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they show this for kind of a
+variety of equipment like this is for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of equipment like this is for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of equipment like this is for uh
+you know so that's that's for pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that's that's for pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that's that's for pumps
+um they also show sort of it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also show sort of it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they also show sort of it looks like
+kind of adoption and adoption sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adoption and adoption sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adoption and adoption sort of
+looks larger on larger Farms so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks larger on larger Farms so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks larger on larger Farms so for
+example trackers and sprayers larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example trackers and sprayers larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example trackers and sprayers larger
+Farms are sort of using them uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms are sort of using them uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms are sort of using them uh and so
+on and so forth so I just kind of wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so I just kind of wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so I just kind of wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um uh and sort of end with this by sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and sort of end with this by sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and sort of end with this by sort
+of saying that I think that I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that I think that I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that I think that I actually
+think that there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a number of
+interesting questions about sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions about sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions about sort of how
+do we think about kind of the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about kind of the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about kind of the optimal
+Farm size literature I like this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm size literature I like this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm size literature I like this paper
+Foster and Rosen swag which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foster and Rosen swag which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foster and Rosen swag which sort of
+helps think about some of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps think about some of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps think about some of these issues
+but I sort of wanted to spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sort of wanted to spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I sort of wanted to spend a few
+minutes and sort of put some of this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and sort of put some of this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and sort of put some of this on
+your radar screen as well I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radar screen as well I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radar screen as well I think in
+particular there's a lot of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's a lot of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's a lot of interest in
+sort of how do we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do we think about the
+optimal allocation of land kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation of land kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation of land kind of
+giving the whole Mouse allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the whole Mouse allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the whole Mouse allocation
+literature there are a few papers that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there are a few papers that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there are a few papers that I
+sort of mentioned on the syllabus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mentioned on the syllabus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mentioned on the syllabus uh
+which sort of think about these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of think about these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of think about these issues
+but I just wanted to sort of put up put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to sort of put up put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just wanted to sort of put up put
+a marker on us as well before I moved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker on us as well before I moved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marker on us as well before I moved on
+yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry I can't hear you sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+forms of different sizes because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of different sizes because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of different sizes because like
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ERS then big farmer would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ERS then big farmer would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ERS then big farmer would be able to
+attitude uh if bigger farmers face lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude uh if bigger farmers face lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude uh if bigger farmers face lower
+wedges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges
+yeah sure well except that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure well except that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure well except that wouldn't
+explain this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this fact
+that wouldn't explain this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't explain this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't explain this fact
+so so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the
+that wouldn't explain the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't explain the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't explain the fact that
+basically says like look so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says like look so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says like look so it might
+explain sure like if there's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain sure like if there's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain sure like if there's lower
+wedges then there would be more Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges then there would be more Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges then there would be more Capital
+offensive but it wouldn't explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive but it wouldn't explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive but it wouldn't explain this
+other fact which actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fact which actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fact which actually looks like
+kind of there's returns to scaling kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's returns to scaling kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's returns to scaling kind
+of Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no not this this not this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no not this this not this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no not this this not this one this is
+like a just a literal fact about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a just a literal fact about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a just a literal fact about the
+Capital Equipment itself which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Equipment itself which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Equipment itself which basically
+says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I want to buy a piece of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to buy a piece of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to buy a piece of equipment
+right it is cheaper per unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is cheaper per unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is cheaper per unit of
+equipment to buy a really big one than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to buy a really big one than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to buy a really big one than
+to buy a bunch of really small ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a bunch of really small ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a bunch of really small ones so
+if you think that basically like so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that basically like so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think that basically like so then
+you have to get into the microstructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get into the microstructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get into the microstructure
+of sort of how do you actually share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of how do you actually share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of how do you actually share
+equipment and that gets to the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and that gets to the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and that gets to the point I
+was sort of saying about driving kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of saying about driving kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of saying about driving kind of
+the combine around but sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combine around but sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combine around but sort of like the
+you know it may be that if we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may be that if we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may be that if we want to do
+irrigation for example we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation for example we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation for example we need to have
+you know maybe maybe we could do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe we could do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe maybe we could do it with
+one big pump and share the water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big pump and share the water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big pump and share the water but
+that kind of make it complicated and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of make it complicated and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of make it complicated and say
+we might all instead prefer to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might all instead prefer to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might all instead prefer to have our
+own little pumps and the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little pumps and the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little pumps and the point of this
+is that all of our own little pumps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of our own little pumps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of our own little pumps is
+more expensive and that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive and that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive and that's kind of the
+the micro story for this I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the micro story for this I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the micro story for this I think is that
+there's something about the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about the equipment
+itself that has this kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that has this kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that has this kind of like
+returns to scale on it and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale on it and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale on it and that would be
+the difference so I agree with you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so I agree with you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so I agree with you just
+showing less you know more capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing less you know more capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing less you know more capital and
+big farms doesn't nail it you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big farms doesn't nail it you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big farms doesn't nail it you really
+need to see something about the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see something about the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see something about the micro
+pressure there the other thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure there the other thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure there the other thing I'll
+point out is there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is there's a there's a
+also some interesting work which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some interesting work which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some interesting work which I'm not
+going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+um but which sort of says well maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but which sort of says well maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but which sort of says well maybe we
+could break this maybe if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break this maybe if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break this maybe if this is the
+fundamental problem we can break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem we can break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem we can break this
+with rental contracts and maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rental contracts and maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rental contracts and maybe we can
+buy one big tractor and sort of share it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy one big tractor and sort of share it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy one big tractor and sort of share it
+amongst each other and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst each other and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst each other and I'm not going to
+go into that details but like thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that details but like thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that details but like thinking
+about that seems like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that seems like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that seems like a really
+interesting sort of thing to to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of thing to to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sort of thing to to think
+about and there is some existing work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and there is some existing work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and there is some existing work um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that like a political economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that like a political economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that like a political economy
+reason for like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for like why
+landowners might as much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowners might as much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowners might as much so
+small cluster plan they might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cluster plan they might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cluster plan they might want to
+kind of maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maintain
+and control over all that many wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control over all that many wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control over all that many wages
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+oh yeah like does it lead to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah like does it lead to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah like does it lead to certain
+like sorry so there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry so there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry so there's two different
+things you basically said one is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you basically said one is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you basically said one is kind of
+a labor market story uh which is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a labor market story uh which is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a labor market story uh which is they
+want to be maybe they want to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be maybe they want to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be maybe they want to become
+monopsonists and sort of drive drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopsonists and sort of drive drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopsonists and sort of drive drive
+wages down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages down
+that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't think of a paper off the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of a paper off the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of a paper off the top of
+my head that looks at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head that looks at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head that looks at sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+land concentration and Monopoly power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land concentration and Monopoly power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land concentration and Monopoly power
+although there there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there there's been a lot of
+interest in monopsony in the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in monopsony in the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in monopsony in the last couple
+years so there may very well be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so there may very well be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so there may very well be and I
+just can't think of one so but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't think of one so but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't think of one so but that
+could be number second point is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be number second point is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be number second point is um
+uh there could also it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there could also it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there could also it could also be
+relevant for political economy reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for political economy reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for political economy reasons
+even separately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even separately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even separately from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sort of Monopoly reasons those might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of Monopoly reasons those might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of Monopoly reasons those might
+be sort of different but yes it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of different but yes it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of different but yes it could be
+yeah for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for sure
+um the two technologies on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the two technologies on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the two technologies on the other
+side of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah women's Technologies so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah women's Technologies so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah women's Technologies so that's
+right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like
+the weather suppose like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather suppose like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather suppose like the
+Farm we've got a very cool on the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm we've got a very cool on the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm we've got a very cool on the farm
+for a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very large
+yeah technologies that you described and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah technologies that you described and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah technologies that you described and
+they're look equally directed so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're look equally directed so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're look equally directed so that
+means they have to save office for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they have to save office for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they have to save office for a
+acre but do they what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but do they what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acre but do they what are the
+implications for cool but who the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for cool but who the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for cool but who the income
+goes to like I'm thinking like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to like I'm thinking like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to like I'm thinking like one of
+these is much more labor intensive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is much more labor intensive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is much more labor intensive than
+the others so if the implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others so if the implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others so if the implications for
+wages or rural in Conflict like Labor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages or rural in Conflict like Labor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages or rural in Conflict like Labor uh
+well it's complicated right so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's complicated right so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's complicated right so before
+you start thinking about wages you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking about wages you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start thinking about wages you know
+let me actually at some level defer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually at some level defer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually at some level defer that
+comment to the labor lecture because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to the labor lecture because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to the labor lecture because if
+you think about ways you got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about ways you got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about ways you got to think
+about what's happening in labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening in labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's happening in labor market
+right so there's a question of who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a question of who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a question of who you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first order
+you might want to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+workers get a wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers get a wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers get a wage
+right which is the market wage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the market wage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is the market wage and the
+owners of the land get the land rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the land get the land rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the land get the land rents
+and that I think that would be a so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think that would be a so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think that would be a so it's
+not so to the extent you have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so to the extent you have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so to the extent you have kind of
+owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner
+owner owner Farmers or whatever then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner owner Farmers or whatever then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner owner Farmers or whatever then
+maybe you're right that that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're right that that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're right that that could be
+affecting kind of their kind of net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting kind of their kind of net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting kind of their kind of net
+incomes or whatever but I do think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes or whatever but I do think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes or whatever but I do think it's
+important to sort of separate out kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of separate out kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of separate out kind
+of the rental returns from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rental returns from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rental returns from from the
+um from the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the land
+and the sort of productivity of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of productivity of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of productivity of the land
+from sort of the the ways people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of the the ways people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sort of the the ways people are
+getting which is going to be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting which is going to be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting which is going to be determined
+by the labor market the caveats to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the labor market the caveats to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the labor market the caveats to that
+are of course the labor market that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course the labor market that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course the labor market that's if
+we were in a world with Kind of Perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in a world with Kind of Perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in a world with Kind of Perfect
+labor markets which we are not which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets which we are not which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets which we are not which I
+will talk about in the labor lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in the labor lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in the labor lecture
+yeah what's the story behind having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the story behind having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the story behind having a
+middle-sized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-sized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-sized form
+oh yeah why is why does it even exist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah why is why does it even exist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah why is why does it even exist I
+don't have a good answer for that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a good answer for that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a good answer for that like
+right if you saw this graph then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you saw this graph then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you saw this graph then the
+distribution should be kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution should be kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution should be kind of like
+bimodal and I'm not sure I'm not sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimodal and I'm not sure I'm not sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bimodal and I'm not sure I'm not sure it
+is but um yes I agree with you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but um yes I agree with you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but um yes I agree with you if you
+saw this maybe they're inefficiencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this maybe they're inefficiencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this maybe they're inefficiencies in
+the land market too wouldn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land market too wouldn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land market too wouldn't this
+implied like great benefits through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied like great benefits through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied like great benefits through
+increasing credit availability for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing credit availability for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing credit availability for like
+middle-sized farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-sized farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-sized farmers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know or sorry here's a here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or sorry here's a here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or sorry here's a here's one
+answer is the thing I said about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the thing I said about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the thing I said about the
+coast theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast theorem
+right last time which is that like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right last time which is that like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right last time which is that like right
+so the coast theorem basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coast theorem basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coast theorem basically you know
+the coast difference you know that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coast difference you know that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coast difference you know that over
+time we will end up with the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will end up with the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will end up with the optimal
+Farm size and maybe it'll be bimodal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm size and maybe it'll be bimodal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm size and maybe it'll be bimodal but
+that may take a really long time and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may take a really long time and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may take a really long time and if
+some of those imagine that sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those imagine that sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those imagine that sort of some
+of these changes so you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these changes so you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these changes so you know in the
+example I gave from the George from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave from the George from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave from the George from
+Georgia I took 100 years right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgia I took 100 years right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgia I took 100 years right so there
+the technological progress is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technological progress is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technological progress is happening
+at a more rapid rate so it may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a more rapid rate so it may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a more rapid rate so it may be the
+optimal Farm size is happening faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Farm size is happening faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Farm size is happening faster
+than the coast theorem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the coast theorem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the coast theorem sort of
+mechanisms can reallocate kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms can reallocate kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms can reallocate kind of uh
+Farms to their optimal sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms to their optimal sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farms to their optimal sizes
+that'd be one answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be one answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be one answer
+let me also say actually I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also say actually I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also say actually I think that
+another another Point actually is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another Point actually is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another Point actually is that
+understanding land sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding land sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding land sales and
+understanding kind of how that land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding kind of how that land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding kind of how that land
+market works for agricultural land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market works for agricultural land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market works for agricultural land is
+something that I think I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I think I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I think I think there are
+tons of frictions in that and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of frictions in that and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of frictions in that and I think
+actually that's not something I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not something I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not something I know
+that's particularly well understood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's particularly well understood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's particularly well understood so
+I'm going to put that out there as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put that out there as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put that out there as an
+interesting question for future research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+great so let me switch gears now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let me switch gears now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so let me switch gears now
+so the next thing I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I'm going to talk
+about in the next three lectures or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the next three lectures or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the next three lectures or so
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what is kind of the how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is kind of the how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is kind of the how do we think
+about kind of the public sector in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of the public sector in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of the public sector in in
+the developing world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess before I even get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess before I even get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess before I even get into the
+details of this kind of a bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this kind of a bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this kind of a bit of an
+overview you know of how I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview you know of how I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview you know of how I think that
+there are going to be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be several
+um themes that are going to come so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um themes that are going to come so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um themes that are going to come so why
+why am I teaching this in a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I teaching this in a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I teaching this in a development
+class at all and not kind of in a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at all and not kind of in a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at all and not kind of in a in the
+public finance class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finance class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finance class
+um I do think there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do think there's lots of
+commentarities by the way and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentarities by the way and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentarities by the way and I think
+that there's lots of if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lots of if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lots of if you're
+interested in this issue you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this issue you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this issue you should
+probably take both you know a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take both you know a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably take both you know a public
+finance class and and obviously this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance class and and obviously this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance class and and obviously this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um but I think there are while a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think there are while a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think there are while a lot of
+the issues that we think about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that we think about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues that we think about in the
+sort of the public sector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the public sector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the public sector in the
+developing world are uh similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world are uh similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world are uh similar to the
+things you would take in a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would take in a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would take in a general
+public finance class I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finance class I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public finance class I think that you
+one common theme you'll see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common theme you'll see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common theme you'll see is that the
+um information environment and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information environment and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information environment and the state
+capacity environment are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity environment are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity environment are very different
+in a lot of developing countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of developing countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of developing countries and
+that means that a way that we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a way that we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a way that we sort of
+tackle a lot of these uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle a lot of these uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle a lot of these uh the same
+fundamental challenges of like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental challenges of like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental challenges of like how do we
+think about redistribution and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about redistribution and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about redistribution and how do we
+think about taxation are going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about taxation are going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about taxation are going to look
+really different in a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different in a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different in a lot of these
+development country contexts and so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development country contexts and so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development country contexts and so my
+point in kind of going through this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in kind of going through this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in kind of going through this in
+this class is to Think Through sorry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is to Think Through sorry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is to Think Through sorry and
+I think that a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that a lot of those
+um challenges of kind of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um challenges of kind of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um challenges of kind of poor
+information uh or whatever while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh or whatever while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh or whatever while
+obviously information asymmetries is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously information asymmetries is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously information asymmetries is a
+big issue in economics everywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue in economics everywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue in economics everywhere I
+think that you know a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you know a lot of those
+issues are very com you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are very com you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are very com you know are
+important themes that come out in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important themes that come out in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important themes that come out in kind
+of a development economics context so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a development economics context so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a development economics context so
+that's my reasoning for sort of why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my reasoning for sort of why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my reasoning for sort of why I
+want to put this uh in this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put this uh in this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put this uh in this and I think
+you'll see those themes of kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see those themes of kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see those themes of kind of like
+low information and state capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low information and state capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low information and state capacity
+challenges kind of over the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges kind of over the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges kind of over the next couple
+of lectures so that's just sort of a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures so that's just sort of a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures so that's just sort of a bit
+of an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an overview
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so I'm going to start by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to start by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to start by talking
+about I'm going to divide kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm going to divide kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm going to divide kind of what
+I'm going to talk about into sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about into sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about into sort of two
+pieces kind of the redistribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces kind of the redistribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces kind of the redistribution and
+safety net piece and the taxation piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety net piece and the taxation piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety net piece and the taxation piece
+and we'll talk about both of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about both of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about both of them so
+first we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about
+retribution so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retribution so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retribution so I think that
+um you know sitting sitting here like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know sitting sitting here like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know sitting sitting here like in
+a you know a wealthy country you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a wealthy country you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a wealthy country you know
+people can often think of uh poverty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can often think of uh poverty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can often think of uh poverty and
+development uh as going together as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh as going together as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh as going together as the
+idea that sort of most people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that sort of most people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that sort of most people in
+developing countries are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries are poor
+um but this masks substantial inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this masks substantial inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this masks substantial inequality
+within four countries for example and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within four countries for example and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within four countries for example and if
+you certainly talk to either you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly talk to either you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly talk to either you can go
+to sort of a leader of any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of a leader of any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of a leader of any of these
+developing countries in the and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries in the and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries in the and talk
+about poverty and they'll say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poverty and they'll say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poverty and they'll say well
+there'll be thinking within our country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be thinking within our country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be thinking within our country
+kind of who are the people within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of who are the people within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of who are the people within our
+country that are sort of really poor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that are sort of really poor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that are sort of really poor and
+there's a lot of inequality within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inequality within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inequality within these
+countries okay and that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries okay and that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries okay and that's true
+throughout I think the developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I think the developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I think the developing world
+so for example you know when I was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know when I was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know when I was I was
+writing these slides I happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing these slides I happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing these slides I happen to have
+Indonesian Micro Data handy because I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian Micro Data handy because I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian Micro Data handy because I do
+a lot of work in Indonesia and that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work in Indonesia and that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work in Indonesia and that data
+was on my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on my computer
+um so uh for example in Indonesia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh for example in Indonesia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh for example in Indonesia the
+10th percentile household as of a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th percentile household as of a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th percentile household as of a couple
+of years ago when I wrote These slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago when I wrote These slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago when I wrote These slides
+had a GDP per capita of about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a GDP per capita of about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a GDP per capita of about kind of
+one US dollar per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one US dollar per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one US dollar per day
+and the 98th percentile household had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 98th percentile household had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 98th percentile household had
+GDP had income per capita of about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP had income per capita of about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP had income per capita of about five
+US dollars per day now that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US dollars per day now that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US dollars per day now that's a lot
+lower than you know households in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than you know households in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than you know households in the US
+for example but I think the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but I think the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but I think the point is
+that you know even in Indonesia which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know even in Indonesia which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know even in Indonesia which by
+the way is a very equal country compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is a very equal country compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is a very equal country compared
+to places in Latin America which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to places in Latin America which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to places in Latin America which have a
+lot which higher levels of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot which higher levels of inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot which higher levels of inequality
+there's substantial income inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's substantial income inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's substantial income inequality
+within these countries as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these countries as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these countries as well and
+therefore you know their substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know their substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know their substantial
+scope for redistribution even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for redistribution even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope for redistribution even within
+kind of a lot of these developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot of these developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot of these developing
+countries right and so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries right and so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries right and so you know you
+could you could imagine that that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine that that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine that that people
+who are here or even particularly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here or even particularly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here or even particularly if
+there's Tales of kind of really extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Tales of kind of really extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Tales of kind of really extreme
+more wealthy people you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealthy people you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealthy people you can imagine that
+there's a lot of interest in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of interest in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of interest in sort of
+doing various programs to sort of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing various programs to sort of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing various programs to sort of help
+the poorest members of these communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest members of these communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest members of these communities
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+in particular as as I will talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular as as I will talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular as as I will talk about in
+the next lecture sort of tax capacity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture sort of tax capacity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture sort of tax capacity in
+the developing world is starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world is starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing world is starting to
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+um I think there's a lot of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think there's a lot of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think there's a lot of interest in
+uh developing countries in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developing countries in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developing countries in general
+particularly countries in kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly countries in kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly countries in kind of the
+lower and like Low Middle income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and like Low Middle income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and like Low Middle income and
+middle income kind of range which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle income kind of range which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle income kind of range which
+includes a large number of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a large number of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a large number of countries
+like you know India for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know India for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know India for example
+um in in doing a lot more of these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in doing a lot more of these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in doing a lot more of these kinds
+of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and although we hear a lot about ngo-led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although we hear a lot about ngo-led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although we hear a lot about ngo-led
+anti-poverty programs my own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-poverty programs my own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-poverty programs my own personal
+take is that the ones run by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is that the ones run by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is that the ones run by the
+government are just sort of massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government are just sort of massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government are just sort of massively
+orders of you know orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of you know orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of you know orders of magnitude
+larger in scale in almost all places not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in scale in almost all places not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in scale in almost all places not
+everywhere there's a few countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there's a few countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there's a few countries have
+very very large NGO sectors but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large NGO sectors but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large NGO sectors but in
+general sort of the scale and scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sort of the scale and scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sort of the scale and scope of
+the of the government to sort of do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the government to sort of do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the government to sort of do this
+kind of redistribution particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of redistribution particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of redistribution particularly
+because they can fund it through taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can fund it through taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can fund it through taxes
+they have this kind of ability to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this kind of ability to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this kind of ability to sort
+of like raise a lot of Revenue and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like raise a lot of Revenue and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like raise a lot of Revenue and use
+it for this stuff is really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this stuff is really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this stuff is really large
+so here are just a few examples to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are just a few examples to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are just a few examples to show
+you this is from a great report called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is from a great report called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is from a great report called
+the state of social safety units at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of social safety units at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of social safety units at the
+World Bank put has put out a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank put has put out a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank put has put out a couple of
+times this is from the 2015 one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is from the 2015 one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is from the 2015 one there's
+a 2018 one that has some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2018 one that has some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2018 one that has some different
+tables and figures but just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and figures but just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and figures but just to give you
+a sense that this is actually kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that this is actually kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that this is actually kind of a
+relatively um uh this is happening in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um uh this is happening in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um uh this is happening in a
+lot of places so uh cash transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of places so uh cash transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of places so uh cash transfer
+programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in
+you know just does the country have cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just does the country have cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just does the country have cash
+transfer programs or in 40 different as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer programs or in 40 different as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer programs or in 40 different as
+of like said maybe seven or eight years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like said maybe seven or eight years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like said maybe seven or eight years
+ago are in 40 different countries in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago are in 40 different countries in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago are in 40 different countries in in
+sub-Saharan Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-Saharan Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-Saharan Africa
+um conditional cash transfers which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditional cash transfers which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditional cash transfers which I'll
+talk about in a bit which are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a bit which are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a bit which are basically
+programs that condition the assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that condition the assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that condition the assistance
+they give you on uh on meeting certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you on uh on meeting certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you on uh on meeting certain
+criteria often it's like human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria often it's like human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria often it's like human capital
+Investments for your kids like sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments for your kids like sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments for your kids like sending
+your kids to school or to getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids to school or to getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids to school or to getting them
+health checks those were in 64 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health checks those were in 64 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health checks those were in 64 countries
+as of 2014 and and increasing rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2014 and and increasing rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2014 and and increasing rapidly
+um and the number of countries with sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the number of countries with sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the number of countries with sort
+of like you know at least one different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know at least one different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know at least one different
+type of social safety net program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of social safety net program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of social safety net program is
+like more or less like all of them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more or less like all of them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more or less like all of them not
+all but like a lot okay so the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but like a lot okay so the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but like a lot okay so the these
+kind these programs I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind these programs I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind these programs I think are
+um becoming really common uh throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becoming really common uh throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becoming really common uh throughout
+the the developing world and they cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the developing world and they cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the developing world and they cover
+a lot of people so for example here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people so for example here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people so for example here are
+some big CCT programs control cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big CCT programs control cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big CCT programs control cash
+programs both of familiar in Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs both of familiar in Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs both of familiar in Brazil
+covers 47 49 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers 47 49 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers 47 49 million
+um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people
+um in Mexico with 26 million and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Mexico with 26 million and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Mexico with 26 million and so on
+and so forth some big unconditional cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth some big unconditional cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth some big unconditional cash
+transfers uh this program in China the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers uh this program in China the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers uh this program in China the
+Deep out program 75 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep out program 75 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep out program 75 million people
+Indonesia this uh bail Assam so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia this uh bail Assam so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia this uh bail Assam so this is
+a cash transfer program uh 61 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cash transfer program uh 61 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cash transfer program uh 61 million
+and and so on and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on and so forth so
+um these programs are sort of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these programs are sort of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these programs are sort of large
+I won't go through this in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go through this in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go through this in you know
+School feeding programs Public Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School feeding programs Public Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School feeding programs Public Works
+programs actually this one has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs actually this one has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs actually this one has gotten
+this one is a lot this this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a lot this this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a lot this this program
+which I'll mention a little bit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll mention a little bit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll mention a little bit this is
+a this is a Works guarantee program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a Works guarantee program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a Works guarantee program in
+India which many of you some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India which many of you some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India which many of you some of you may
+have heard of the bahatma Gandhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of the bahatma Gandhi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of the bahatma Gandhi
+National rural employment guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um often either act or scheme so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often either act or scheme so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often either act or scheme so either
+with an S or an a at the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an S or an a at the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an S or an a at the end of it
+depending on who's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who's talking
+um this is 58 million people it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 58 million people it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 58 million people it's gone
+up but now it's over 100 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but now it's over 100 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but now it's over 100 million people
+sort of recovered by this program every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recovered by this program every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recovered by this program every
+year so these are really large programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so these are really large programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so these are really large programs
+that are affecting kind of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affecting kind of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affecting kind of you know uh
+in many cases tens or hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases tens or hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases tens or hundreds of
+millions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what are what do we want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what do we want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what do we want to know about
+sort of these programs in kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these programs in kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these programs in kind of a
+developing World context so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing World context so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing World context so
+um one question that I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one question that I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one question that I think is really
+interesting is well who should get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is well who should get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is well who should get these
+programs and how do we think about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and how do we think about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and how do we think about who
+the beneficiaries of these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beneficiaries of these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beneficiaries of these programs
+should be okay so should they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay so should they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay so should they be
+um Universal for example there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Universal for example there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Universal for example there's a lot
+of talk about Universal Business you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about Universal Business you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about Universal Business you can
+come through these programs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through these programs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through these programs the
+universal should they be targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal should they be targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal should they be targeted
+somehow as some set of people and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow as some set of people and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow as some set of people and how do
+we think about kind of those targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about kind of those targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about kind of those targeting
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+okay so as an aside like by the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as an aside like by the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as an aside like by the way so
+like you know why so so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know why so so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know why so so you know
+Universal programs can also be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal programs can also be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal programs can also be just
+redistributed right because they can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed right because they can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed right because they can you
+know if you if your tax kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if your tax kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if your tax kind of
+proportional to income and give everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to income and give everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to income and give everyone
+kind of a lump sum then sort of on net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lump sum then sort of on net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lump sum then sort of on net
+you know yes kind of you know Bill Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes kind of you know Bill Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes kind of you know Bill Gates
+gets his you know check his his check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his you know check his his check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his you know check his his check
+but you know on net he's paying a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know on net he's paying a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know on net he's paying a lot
+more kind of into the system that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of into the system that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of into the system that he's
+getting out of it so those so even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of it so those so even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of it so those so even like
+kind of universal systems can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universal systems can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of universal systems can be
+redistributed there okay so um so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed there okay so um so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed there okay so um so how do
+we think about that and then conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about that and then conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about that and then conditional
+in doing a program like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing a program like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing a program like what are the
+different things we should be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we should be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we should be thinking
+about in terms of the trade-offs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of the trade-offs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of the trade-offs or
+forms that it should take we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that it should take we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that it should take we should be
+thinking about conditional cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about conditional cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about conditional cash
+transfers or unconditional cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers or unconditional cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers or unconditional cash
+transfers worse guaranteed programs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers worse guaranteed programs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers worse guaranteed programs you
+know Etc Straight Cash like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Etc Straight Cash like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Etc Straight Cash like how do we
+think about some of those challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of those challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of those challenges and
+I think um this is a an area that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um this is a an area that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um this is a an area that has
+gotten in general this is an area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten in general this is an area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten in general this is an area that
+has gotten a lot of attention I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten a lot of attention I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten a lot of attention I would
+say in the past five to ten years which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the past five to ten years which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the past five to ten years which
+I think is exciting that but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is exciting that but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is exciting that but I think
+there's still a lot of really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of really important
+uh questions here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions here as well
+so this is an example of you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of you know this
+this is a lecture that looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lecture that looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lecture that looks very
+different from say when I first taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from say when I first taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from say when I first taught
+this class uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I'm going to start I guess today by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to start I guess today by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to start I guess today by
+talking about some of these targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some of these targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some of these targeting
+questions and that's related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and that's related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and that's related to the
+paper that you guys read today which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you guys read today which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you guys read today which was
+sort of one example of which which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one example of which which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one example of which which I'll
+talk about either later later either at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about either later later either at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about either later later either at
+the end of this lecture or or or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture or or or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture or or or in
+depth next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth next time
+um okay so the basic challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the basic challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the basic challenge
+is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't
+really know who's poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know who's poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know who's poor
+okay the government doesn't know who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the government doesn't know who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the government doesn't know who's
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is actually not just a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not just a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not just a development
+challenge it's a challenge everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge it's a challenge everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge it's a challenge everywhere
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by which I mean it if you were to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean it if you were to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean it if you were to take a
+kind of a public finance class and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a public finance class and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a public finance class and think
+about the optimal income tax right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the optimal income tax right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the optimal income tax right so
+how many of you have seen the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen the optimal
+income tax literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax literature
+not many of you well you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many of you well you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many of you well you'll see it
+someday perhaps so the optimal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday perhaps so the optimal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday perhaps so the optimal income
+tax literature is basically free I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax literature is basically free I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax literature is basically free I'm not
+going to go through that model in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that model in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that model in detail
+but this is sort of the the Merle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of the the Merle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of the the Merle's
+model it was a nice this is really 71 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it was a nice this is really 71 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it was a nice this is really 71 or
+there's a nice size paper which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice size paper which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice size paper which doesn't
+one which sort of lays this out so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which sort of lays this out so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which sort of lays this out so the
+basic framing of the of the of the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic framing of the of the of the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic framing of the of the of the issue
+in say the US is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say the US is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say the US is to say
+what I would like to do is Target based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is Target based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is Target based
+on your earning ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your earning ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your earning ability
+okay so people have different earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people have different earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people have different earning
+abilities and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and I would like to
+uh give assistance to people with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give assistance to people with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give assistance to people with low
+earning ability and tax people with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability and tax people with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability and tax people with high
+earning ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability
+but the problem is I don't observe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is I don't observe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is I don't observe your
+earning ability I observe your income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability I observe your income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning ability I observe your income
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the therefore what I my actual tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the therefore what I my actual tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the therefore what I my actual tax
+instrument is to set a tax schedule as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is to set a tax schedule as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is to set a tax schedule as a
+function of your income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your income
+and kind of the whole name of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the whole name of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the whole name of the game
+in the optimal income tax literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optimal income tax literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optimal income tax literature is
+to say what is the how do people what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what is the how do people what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what is the how do people what do
+I think about people's labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about people's labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about people's labor Supply
+elasticities and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities and how does
+um you know changing marginal tax rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know changing marginal tax rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know changing marginal tax rates
+you know how do I think about setting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do I think about setting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do I think about setting a
+whole optimal income tax Schedule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole optimal income tax Schedule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole optimal income tax Schedule to
+achieve whatever round of redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve whatever round of redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve whatever round of redistribution
+I want taking into account the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want taking into account the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want taking into account the fact that
+as I sort of raise the marginal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I sort of raise the marginal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I sort of raise the marginal income
+tax and various people they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and various people they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and various people they're going to
+work less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less
+okay and so the the optimal income tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the the optimal income tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the the optimal income tax
+is sort of making those uh making those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of making those uh making those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of making those uh making those
+trade-offs and so the the original idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and so the the original idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs and so the the original idea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+goes back to I think merely 71 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to I think merely 71 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to I think merely 71 and then
+the Messiah says in one paper is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Messiah says in one paper is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Messiah says in one paper is a
+really nice example of actually how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example of actually how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice example of actually how do
+you uh if you actually estimate people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you actually estimate people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh if you actually estimate people's
+labor Supply elasticities maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply elasticities maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply elasticities maybe at
+different parts of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the of the
+um income distribution maybe then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um income distribution maybe then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um income distribution maybe then you
+know that how do you actually take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that how do you actually take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that how do you actually take that
+and sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of like
+um uh turn that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh turn that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh turn that into
+um an optimal income tax Schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an optimal income tax Schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an optimal income tax Schedule
+okay so that's that's the idea but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the idea but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the idea but the
+basic issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic issue is
+we observe we'd like to Target earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe we'd like to Target earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe we'd like to Target earning
+ability we observe your income and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability we observe your income and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability we observe your income and we
+write an income tax schedule as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an income tax schedule as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an income tax schedule as a
+function of income to sort of uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of income to sort of uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of income to sort of uh figure
+that out and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and that
+to first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first order
+is you know roughly speaking fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know roughly speaking fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know roughly speaking fits the
+design of a lot of the targeting issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a lot of the targeting issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a lot of the targeting issues
+in uh say the the the US for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh say the the the US for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh say the the the US for example so
+we have some various scheme you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some various scheme you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some various scheme you know
+food stamp the snap program or Medicaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food stamp the snap program or Medicaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food stamp the snap program or Medicaid
+or whatever or the earning or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or the earning or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or the earning or the
+earning capacity is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning capacity is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning capacity is a little more
+complicated but you know the child tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but you know the child tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but you know the child tax
+credit for example that the the Biden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for example that the the Biden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for example that the the Biden
+Administration has sort of been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has sort of been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration has sort of been talking
+about now or whatever and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now or whatever and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now or whatever and all those
+schemes basically have some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes basically have some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes basically have some are
+conditioned on income in some way so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on income in some way so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on income in some way so the
+government observe your income through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government observe your income through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government observe your income through
+the tax schedule if your income is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax schedule if your income is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax schedule if your income is below
+some bar you get the whole thing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bar you get the whole thing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bar you get the whole thing maybe
+there's some range in which we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some range in which we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some range in which we sort of
+like phase it out gradually right uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phase it out gradually right uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phase it out gradually right uh and
+then kind of the high income people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of the high income people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of the high income people
+don't get it roughly speaking it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it roughly speaking it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it roughly speaking it looks
+like that okay and and things we worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay and and things we worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay and and things we worry
+about are in that literature are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are in that literature are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are in that literature are there's
+a huge amount of literature we're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of literature we're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of literature we're sort
+of worries about the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worries about the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worries about the idea that
+um if I make the phase out range too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I make the phase out range too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I make the phase out range too
+steep right of the of the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep right of the of the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep right of the of the benefits
+that's essentially imposing a large tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially imposing a large tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially imposing a large tax
+uh on people during the phase-out range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on people during the phase-out range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on people during the phase-out range
+right because I'm if I earn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm if I earn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm if I earn a little bit
+more I lose all these benefits and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I lose all these benefits and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I lose all these benefits and so
+how do we think about sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about sort of getting
+the design of that right so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of that right so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of that right so that we can
+on net transfer people to the poor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net transfer people to the poor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net transfer people to the poor and
+not sort of like discourage kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of like discourage kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of like discourage kind of work
+too much and in some sense the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and in some sense the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and in some sense the the whole
+kind of like you know uh in the US for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know uh in the US for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know uh in the US for
+example there was a big debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there was a big debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there was a big debate about
+welfare reform in the 1990s was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare reform in the 1990s was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare reform in the 1990s was all
+about sort of changing that schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of changing that schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of changing that schedule
+benefits to eliminate or reduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to eliminate or reduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to eliminate or reduce to
+eliminate kind of very very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate kind of very very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate kind of very very very high
+phase out implicit task schedules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase out implicit task schedules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase out implicit task schedules in the
+face-up regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-up regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-up regime
+okay end of my lecture on uh U.S Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay end of my lecture on uh U.S Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay end of my lecture on uh U.S Public
+Finance issues if you want more go take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance issues if you want more go take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance issues if you want more go take
+you know poke finance class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know poke finance class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know poke finance class
+the reason I spent three minutes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I spent three minutes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I spent three minutes sort of
+outlining that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining that is
+The Challenge in a developing country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Challenge in a developing country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Challenge in a developing country
+context is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is very different
+because we don't observe anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't observe anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't observe anybody's
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so as I'll mention in the uh sorry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I'll mention in the uh sorry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I'll mention in the uh sorry and
+we can do additional things if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do additional things if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do additional things if we have
+additional information that predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information that predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information that predicts
+poverty we can tag these individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty we can tag these individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty we can tag these individuals and
+so forth but the but in in a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but the but in in a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but the but in in a development
+country context we don't we can't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country context we don't we can't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country context we don't we can't do any
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+because we don't observe people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't observe people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't observe people's
+incomes and I will talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes and I will talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes and I will talk about that a
+little more in the tax lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in the tax lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in the tax lecture
+um uh but there's a a nice favor by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but there's a a nice favor by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but there's a a nice favor by by
+Jensen which I'll mention briefly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen which I'll mention briefly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen which I'll mention briefly in the
+tax lecture which basically says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax lecture which basically says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax lecture which basically says look
+for a variety of I think perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of I think perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of I think perfectly good
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+um we don't most developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't most developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't most developing countries
+essentially don't tax people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially don't tax people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially don't tax people who are not
+kind of employed in the formal sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of employed in the formal sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of employed in the formal sector
+which is like in the top you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like in the top you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like in the top you know and
+roughly speaking because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking because basically
+you're not going to get kind of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get kind of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get kind of any
+information of them without kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of them without kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of them without kind of
+third party reporting again I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party reporting again I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party reporting again I'll talk
+about that in the tax lecture but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the tax lecture but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the tax lecture but uh
+what that basically means is they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that basically means is they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that basically means is they don't
+even try so P there's a there's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even try so P there's a there's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even try so P there's a there's most
+countries have a threshold below what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have a threshold below what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have a threshold below what
+your exam income tax and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exam income tax and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exam income tax and in many
+developing countries that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries that threshold
+decided like the 80th percentile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided like the 80th percentile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided like the 80th percentile of the
+income distribution or the 85th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution or the 85th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution or the 85th
+percentile the income distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile the income distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile the income distribution or
+something really really high so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really high so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really high so what
+that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is
+if I'm trying to redistribute between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to redistribute between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to redistribute between
+say you know like the 80th percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know like the 80th percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know like the 80th percentile
+you know if I want to make distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I want to make distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I want to make distinctions
+between say who's the 60th percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say who's the 60th percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say who's the 60th percentile
+person in my economy and who's the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in my economy and who's the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in my economy and who's the 10th
+percentile person in an economy the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person in an economy the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person in an economy the tax
+you you know using kind of tax data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know using kind of tax data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know using kind of tax data or
+your reported income to do that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reported income to do that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reported income to do that is just
+completely hopeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hopeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hopeless
+so I need to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to do something else
+so that's what I'm gonna talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm gonna talk about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm gonna talk about now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what are the something else's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the something else's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the something else's you can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+there are basically three approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basically three approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basically three approaches
+so one approach is you can change uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one approach is you can change uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one approach is you can change uh the
+prices of particular Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of particular Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of particular Goods
+okay so you can subsidize Goods that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can subsidize Goods that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can subsidize Goods that are
+that are particularly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly going to be
+consumed by the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed by the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed by the poor
+a second thing you can do is you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second thing you can do is you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second thing you can do is you can do
+a universal uh program and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universal uh program and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universal uh program and just
+distribute the same thing to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the same thing to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the same thing to everybody
+and just hope it's going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just hope it's going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just hope it's going to be kind of
+redistributed through the argument I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed through the argument I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed through the argument I
+made before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before
+or you can try to kind of solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try to kind of solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can try to kind of solve this
+targeting problem anyway somehow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting problem anyway somehow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting problem anyway somehow and
+figure out ways of getting people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ways of getting people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ways of getting people's
+information about their about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about their about and
+differentiating between say the 80th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating between say the 80th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating between say the 80th
+percentile person and the and the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person and the and the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person and the and the 10th
+percentile person uh even despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person uh even despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile person uh even despite the
+fact that you don't observe their income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um let me I'm going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let me I'm going to skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let me I'm going to skip this
+uh but let me just note that some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me just note that some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me just note that some of you
+may see have heard of like poverty rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may see have heard of like poverty rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may see have heard of like poverty rates
+or poverty head counts or whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or poverty head counts or whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or poverty head counts or whatever uh
+I'm just gonna note that this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna note that this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna note that this is like
+there's a metrics of this you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a metrics of this you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a metrics of this you should you
+can look at them if you're if this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at them if you're if this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at them if you're if this comes
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+um so how do we think about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we think about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we think about this problem
+so let's assume for the moment uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume for the moment uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume for the moment uh that
+we cannot directly identify poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot directly identify poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot directly identify poor
+households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+uh there's a nice paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a nice paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a nice paper
+um which I I used to teach in in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I I used to teach in in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I I used to teach in in more
+detail but I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but I'm not going to go through
+here I'm just going to mention briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to mention briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to mention briefly
+by besleyan cambor which is well how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by besleyan cambor which is well how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by besleyan cambor which is well how do
+we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+um subsidy policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subsidy policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subsidy policies
+in changing price changing policies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in changing price changing policies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in changing price changing policies in
+terms of poverty reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of poverty reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of poverty reductions
+and at some level the reason that prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some level the reason that prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some level the reason that prices
+are sort of really attractive is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of really attractive is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of really attractive is that
+it's it's much easier for a government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much easier for a government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much easier for a government
+to think about the price than to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the price than to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the price than to do
+stuff kind of at an individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff kind of at an individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff kind of at an individual level
+because I can just if I'm the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can just if I'm the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can just if I'm the government
+of wherever and I want to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wherever and I want to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wherever and I want to control the
+price of some commodity say rice or fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of some commodity say rice or fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of some commodity say rice or fuel
+or whatever I can just kind of intervene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I can just kind of intervene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I can just kind of intervene
+at the market level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the market level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the market level
+and I can like you know uh you know sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can like you know uh you know sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can like you know uh you know sell
+rice and you know into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and you know into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and you know into the into the
+market buy rice they say I can import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market buy rice they say I can import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market buy rice they say I can import
+rice externally and I can sell it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice externally and I can sell it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice externally and I can sell it into
+the domestic market up until the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic market up until the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic market up until the point
+which is sort of you know the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of you know the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of you know the price is
+down or I can buy it from Farmers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or I can buy it from Farmers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or I can buy it from Farmers and
+sell it to sort of households and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to sort of households and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to sort of households and as
+long as I can like prevent the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I can like prevent the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I can like prevent the loop
+where they don't like buy it and sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they don't like buy it and sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they don't like buy it and sell it
+back to me like uh which would be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me like uh which would be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me like uh which would be sort
+of like a money machine if I can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a money machine if I can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a money machine if I can stop
+the money machine I can just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money machine I can just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money machine I can just sort of
+like you know announce I'm gonna buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know announce I'm gonna buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know announce I'm gonna buy it
+directly from Farmers at this price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from Farmers at this price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from Farmers at this price and
+I'm gonna sell it uh in the sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it uh in the sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna sell it uh in the sort of uh
+Urban or whatever markets to people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban or whatever markets to people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban or whatever markets to people at
+this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price
+and I don't have to worry about who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to worry about who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have to worry about who's
+who right it's much easier for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who right it's much easier for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who right it's much easier for me to
+sort of affect prices than affect than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of affect prices than affect than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of affect prices than affect than
+to sort of keep track of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep track of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep track of people and
+affect qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect qualities
+so prices have have some some traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prices have have some some traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prices have have some some traction
+as sort of a logistically sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a logistically sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a logistically sort of
+simpler not not simple but simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler not not simple but simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler not not simple but simpler
+um way to sort of soulmate problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um way to sort of soulmate problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um way to sort of soulmate problems so
+the bezel and combo paper basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bezel and combo paper basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bezel and combo paper basically says
+just goes through well how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes through well how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes through well how do we think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um all these things how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all these things how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all these things how do we think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um different kinds of subsidies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different kinds of subsidies and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different kinds of subsidies and so
+on and so forth and one issue is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and one issue is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and one issue is one
+issue in particular they mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in particular they mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in particular they mentioned that
+that comes up a lot is um is uh is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up a lot is um is uh is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up a lot is um is uh is if
+you have if you're changing the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you're changing the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you're changing the market
+price and you have both producers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you have both producers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you have both producers and
+consumers of this good you know then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of this good you know then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of this good you know then you
+have to worry about who the consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about who the consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about who the consumers
+are and who the producers are so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and who the producers are so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and who the producers are so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um you know some you know if you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know some you know if you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know some you know if you're uh
+Indonesia for example and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia for example and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia for example and you're trying
+to think about what the optimum price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the optimum price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the optimum price of
+rice is like rice is both you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice is like rice is both you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice is like rice is both you know the
+most important kind of like agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important kind of like agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important kind of like agricultural
+production good from rural households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production good from rural households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production good from rural households
+and kind of the most important kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the most important kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the most important kind of
+like staple commodity consumed by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like staple commodity consumed by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like staple commodity consumed by people
+so you move the rice price up and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you move the rice price up and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you move the rice price up and that's
+really great for the farmers and bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for the farmers and bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for the farmers and bad for
+the consumers you move it down it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers you move it down it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers you move it down it's like
+bad for the farmers and good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for the farmers and good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for the farmers and good for the
+consumers and like what is the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and like what is the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and like what is the optimal
+rice price is like a really heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice price is like a really heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice price is like a really heated
+debate question the question of debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate question the question of debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate question the question of debate
+exactly because of this issue that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because of this issue that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because of this issue that it
+kind of affects both sides so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of affects both sides so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of affects both sides so so the
+bezley and Camber paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bezley and Camber paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bezley and Camber paper
+um thinks this through and the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinks this through and the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinks this through and the the you
+know the other sort of General point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the other sort of General point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the other sort of General point is
+what are the kinds of goods that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kinds of goods that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kinds of goods that you
+want to subsidize you want to subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to subsidize you want to subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to subsidize you want to subsidize
+inferior cuts right if your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior cuts right if your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior cuts right if your goal is to
+redistribute we'd like to subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute we'd like to subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute we'd like to subsidize
+things for which people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for which people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for which people are going to
+consume less of them as they become rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume less of them as they become rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume less of them as they become rich
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um that all sounds so that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that all sounds so that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that all sounds so that actually
+could have very nice targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have very nice targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have very nice targeting
+properties right if I can find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right if I can find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right if I can find some
+really some inferior Goods I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some inferior Goods I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some inferior Goods I can
+subsidize them uh the poor we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize them uh the poor we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize them uh the poor we're going
+to use consume them and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use consume them and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use consume them and they're going to
+get the subsidy the rich are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the subsidy the rich are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the subsidy the rich are going to
+say I don't want that that in that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't want that that in that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't want that that in that good
+I want some different good and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want some different good and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want some different good and it's
+going to sort of all work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of all work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of all work out
+the the problem with that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem with that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem with that is um
+uh the problem with that is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem with that is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem with that is that in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+um it ends up being politically not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it ends up being politically not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it ends up being politically not very
+popular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+um that both other kind of higher middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that both other kind of higher middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that both other kind of higher middle
+class people say well we would like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class people say well we would like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class people say well we would like the
+subsidy too and number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people don't like I think this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like I think this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like I think this idea of
+we're only going to subsidize kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to subsidize kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to subsidize kind of
+low quality food or food that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality food or food that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality food or food that people
+don't really like or whatever it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like or whatever it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like or whatever it just
+doesn't seem very appealing to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem very appealing to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem very appealing to people
+and for I think very intuitive reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for I think very intuitive reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for I think very intuitive reasons
+right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+um in the end what ends up happening a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end what ends up happening a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end what ends up happening a
+lot of the time is countries don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the time is countries don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the time is countries don't
+subsidize inferior goods and subsidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize inferior goods and subsidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize inferior goods and subsidize
+normal Goods right and the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Goods right and the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Goods right and the problem with
+subsidizing normal Goods is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing normal Goods is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing normal Goods is that they're
+very inefficient from a redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inefficient from a redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inefficient from a redistribution
+perspective right yes the poor are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right yes the poor are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right yes the poor are gonna
+like you know get some of your subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know get some of your subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know get some of your subsidy
+subsidy from the subsidized gasoline for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy from the subsidized gasoline for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy from the subsidized gasoline for
+example or subsidized you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or subsidized you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or subsidized you know
+um rice or whatever uh or whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rice or whatever uh or whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rice or whatever uh or whatever your
+subsidized bread or whatever it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized bread or whatever it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized bread or whatever it is uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um but so we're the middle class people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so we're the middle class people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so we're the middle class people
+right and maybe if it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe if it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe if it's actually a
+normal good the middle class people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good the middle class people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good the middle class people are
+going to get more subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get more subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get more subsidy
+so that's kind of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a problem
+um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the other problem with price subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem with price subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem with price subsidies
+and this is a bit of a sort of a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a bit of a sort of a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a bit of a sort of a long
+introduction kind of wind up to what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction kind of wind up to what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction kind of wind up to what I'm
+talking about but they're sort of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but they're sort of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but they're sort of giving
+you sort of a bit of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of a bit of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of a bit of the the the
+landscape here so why are preposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape here so why are preposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape here so why are preposite
+subsidies worse in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies worse in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies worse in general
+well so number one if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so number one if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so number one if they're
+subsidizing normal Goods they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing normal Goods they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidizing normal Goods they're not
+very efficient for redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient for redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient for redistribution
+perspective number two they also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective number two they also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective number two they also change
+the market price of that good so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price of that good so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price of that good so they're
+going to distort kind of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to distort kind of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to distort kind of total
+consumption right so they're inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right so they're inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right so they're inefficient
+because they're changing people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're changing people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're changing people's
+consumption decisions right people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decisions right people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decisions right people might
+really like to eat you know wheat but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to eat you know wheat but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to eat you know wheat but I
+subsidize the rice and so they eat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the rice and so they eat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the rice and so they eat more
+rice than they would want to and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice than they would want to and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice than they would want to and that's
+inefficient right because of the subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right because of the subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient right because of the subsidy
+right or I subsidize gasoline and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or I subsidize gasoline and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or I subsidize gasoline and people
+drive really like inefficient cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive really like inefficient cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive really like inefficient cars
+okay more inefficient than they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more inefficient than they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more inefficient than they would be
+if they were facing kind of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were facing kind of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were facing kind of market
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+subsidies are still really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies are still really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies are still really really
+prevalent okay so this is from that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent okay so this is from that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent okay so this is from that same
+report which basically argues that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which basically argues that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which basically argues that sort
+of you know half of countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know half of countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know half of countries are
+spending more on uh on subsidies than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more on uh on subsidies than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more on uh on subsidies than on
+targeted programs so this is still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted programs so this is still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted programs so this is still like
+actually kind of like a big thing uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of like a big thing uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of like a big thing uh in
+a lot of contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so number one thing I could do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number one thing I could do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number one thing I could do is I can
+just subsidize some stuff but a I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subsidize some stuff but a I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subsidize some stuff but a I have
+to choose kind of like inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose kind of like inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose kind of like inefficient
+things and I have sorry I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I have sorry I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I have sorry I have to
+choosing inferior Goods if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing inferior Goods if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing inferior Goods if I wanted to
+be really distributive and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really distributive and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really distributive and I have to
+worry about sort of the redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about sort of the redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about sort of the redistribution
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a second thing you could do is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second thing you could do is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second thing you could do is you could
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+give transfers to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give transfers to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give transfers to everybody
+right and I think there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think there's been a lot of
+an argument there's been a big argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument there's been a big argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument there's been a big argument
+for this idea that we should give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this idea that we should give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this idea that we should give out
+universal transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal transfers
+um essentially to to transfers basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially to to transfers basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially to to transfers basically
+to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone
+um and how do we think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how do we think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how do we think about that
+so um they're they're that they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they're they're that they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they're they're that they're good
+that they don't have price effects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't have price effects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't have price effects right
+they're not destroying some price they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not destroying some price they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not destroying some price they
+don't seem to have actually substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have actually substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have actually substantial
+labor Supply effects well because unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply effects well because unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply effects well because unlike
+sort of an you know they're not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an you know they're not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an you know they're not sort of
+changing your marginal uh tax rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your marginal uh tax rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your marginal uh tax rate so
+good reason to think so and the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to think so and the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to think so and the income
+effects of these programs seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of these programs seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of these programs seem to be
+small we have a paper sort of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we have a paper sort of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we have a paper sort of showing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and they're comparatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're comparatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're comparatively simple
+but they basically need two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they basically need two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they basically need two things to
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+the first thing they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing they need
+is they need a system of unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they need a system of unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they need a system of unique
+identifiers to make sure that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers to make sure that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers to make sure that everybody
+gets the program exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the program exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the program exactly once
+so if I'm trying to give out a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to give out a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to give out a universal
+transfer to everybody now my problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to everybody now my problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to everybody now my problem is
+the government is a lot harder I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is a lot harder I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is a lot harder I have to
+I can't not just I'm not just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't not just I'm not just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't not just I'm not just like
+intervening at a few kind of markets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening at a few kind of markets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening at a few kind of markets I
+have to keep track of okay there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of okay there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of okay there's like
+you know one point whatever billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one point whatever billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one point whatever billion
+people in India and who are they and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in India and who are they and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in India and who are they and let
+me make sure that everyone gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make sure that everyone gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make sure that everyone gets their
+transfer once in exactly once okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer once in exactly once okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer once in exactly once okay
+so to do that you need to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that you need to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that you need to develop a
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+deduplicated Universal identifiers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduplicated Universal identifiers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduplicated Universal identifiers so
+you need some ID system to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some ID system to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some ID system to make sure
+that everyone had every single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone had every single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone had every single person
+has an ID so they can access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ID so they can access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ID so they can access the
+benefits but people have one and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but people have one and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but people have one and only
+one ID and you need some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ID and you need some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ID and you need some way to
+authenticate like who's who right so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate like who's who right so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate like who's who right so how
+do I make sure that you know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I make sure that you know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I make sure that you know that I
+don't get to claim my transfer ones well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to claim my transfer ones well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to claim my transfer ones well
+I need to know that I'm Ben olken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know that I'm Ben olken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know that I'm Ben olken and
+you know that I'm not also estradu flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I'm not also estradu flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I'm not also estradu flow
+right okay so we can't be both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we can't be both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we can't be both of these
+people otherwise I'd get to claim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people otherwise I'd get to claim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people otherwise I'd get to claim the
+problem multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem multiple times
+um and so we need to sort of make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need to sort of make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need to sort of make sure
+that we're we're we're we're duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're we're we're duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're we're we're duplicate
+we have some kind of way of identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some kind of way of identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some kind of way of identifying
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so there is a a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a a recent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+countries are sort of figuring this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are sort of figuring this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are sort of figuring this out
+over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last
+10 years or so I don't know 10 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years or so I don't know 10 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years or so I don't know 10 to 20
+years or so and there's been a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so and there's been a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so and there's been a big
+effort to sort of create these National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to sort of create these National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to sort of create these National
+systems of kind of universal identifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of kind of universal identifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of kind of universal identifiers
+um the the Indian one is famous but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Indian one is famous but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Indian one is famous but uh
+but many other countries have been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many other countries have been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many other countries have been uh
+trying to do this as well Pakistan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do this as well Pakistan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do this as well Pakistan has
+had one for years other countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one for years other countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one for years other countries have
+uh have been throughout kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have been throughout kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have been throughout kind of
+throughout the developing world have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the developing world have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the developing world have
+been investing a lot of effort into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been investing a lot of effort into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been investing a lot of effort into
+trying to create this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create this like
+infrastructure for uh for doing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for uh for doing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for uh for doing stuff
+and I think that the the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the the challenge is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if you don't get this system right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get this system right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get this system right you
+then have it creates all kinds of later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have it creates all kinds of later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have it creates all kinds of later
+Downstream problems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream problems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream problems and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I have some recent work uh on on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some recent work uh on on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some recent work uh on on what
+the some of the challenges that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the challenges that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the challenges that happens
+in in Indonesia if you don't have kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Indonesia if you don't have kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Indonesia if you don't have kind
+of a where the underlying administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a where the underlying administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a where the underlying administrative
+infrastructure if it's not perfect can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure if it's not perfect can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure if it's not perfect can
+create other announcing problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other announcing problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create other announcing problems
+um there are other there's a nice paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other there's a nice paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other there's a nice paper
+um in India that sort of shows this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in India that sort of shows this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in India that sort of shows this uh
+and so on and so forth but I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth but I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth but I also want
+to mention this because this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this because this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this because this is actually
+sort of how do you think about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you think about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you think about like the
+the details of how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how do you actually
+develop this kind of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this kind of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this kind of underlying
+infrastructure of of State capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure of of State capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure of of State capacity for
+sort of doing these kind of transfers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doing these kind of transfers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of doing these kind of transfers is
+actually an important area that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important area that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important area that sort of
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+um actively looking into right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actively looking into right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actively looking into right now
+second thing um you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing um you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing um you need
+is you need a mechanism to actually hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need a mechanism to actually hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need a mechanism to actually hand
+out the cache that works everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the cache that works everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the cache that works everywhere
+including in really rural remote areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in really rural remote areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in really rural remote areas
+so I want to distribute a universal cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to distribute a universal cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to distribute a universal cash
+transfer to everybody in my in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to everybody in my in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to everybody in my in some
+country I need a mechanism by actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I need a mechanism by actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I need a mechanism by actually
+by which the government can sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which the government can sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which the government can sort of say
+every you know month or every three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know month or every three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know month or every three
+months or whatever distribute a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or whatever distribute a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or whatever distribute a certain
+number of cash in a cost-efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cash in a cost-efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cash in a cost-efficient way
+to every single person in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every single person in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every single person in the country
+and that's also challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also challenging
+um and you know there's been some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know there's been some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know there's been some some
+countries have made a lot of progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have made a lot of progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have made a lot of progress
+with uh with e-money for example is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with e-money for example is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with e-money for example is one
+way of doing this other countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this other countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this other countries have
+actually worked to sort of stand up kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked to sort of stand up kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked to sort of stand up kind
+of big complicated systems of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big complicated systems of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big complicated systems of you know
+Distributing money through post offices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing money through post offices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing money through post offices
+or whatever but I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but I just want to mention
+that sort of this is actually also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of this is actually also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of this is actually also not
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+um and I think understanding kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think understanding kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think understanding kind of the
+role of uh governments in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uh governments in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uh governments in um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+you know how do you actually hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you actually hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you actually hand out
+the cash and and is is interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash and and is is interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash and and is is interesting yeah
+there's some other there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other there's another
+um some other recent work that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other recent work that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other recent work that sort of
+says that actually the government's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that actually the government's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that actually the government's sort
+of developing mechanisms to handle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developing mechanisms to handle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developing mechanisms to handle this
+problem can actually have spillover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can actually have spillover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can actually have spillover
+effects for the rest of the economy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for the rest of the economy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for the rest of the economy so
+actually like I you know uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like I you know uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like I you know uh if the
+government actually says okay well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government actually says okay well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government actually says okay well we
+need to sort of set up a whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of set up a whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort of set up a whole whole
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+um to uh you know hand out payments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh you know hand out payments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh you know hand out payments to
+people so we have to get them all debit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so we have to get them all debit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so we have to get them all debit
+cards or we have to you know set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or we have to you know set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or we have to you know set up a
+system and they can cash into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they can cash into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and they can cash into account
+debit cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debit cards
+that actually may have really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually may have really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually may have really important
+implications for sort of catalyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for sort of catalyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for sort of catalyzing the
+financial system kind of more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system kind of more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system kind of more generally
+and so there's a paper from Mexico that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a paper from Mexico that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a paper from Mexico that
+sort of shows us we're actually working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shows us we're actually working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shows us we're actually working
+on some related things in Indonesia on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some related things in Indonesia on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some related things in Indonesia on
+this uh right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh right now
+um Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Okay so
+so that's just sort of some of the so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just sort of some of the so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just sort of some of the so my
+point there is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is that the
+Logistics of how to the details of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics of how to the details of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics of how to the details of how
+do you actually do this are not trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do this are not trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do this are not trivial
+and actually end up having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually end up having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually end up having a lot of
+interesting issues that are actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issues that are actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issues that are actually a
+really I think exciting current area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think exciting current area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think exciting current area of
+research and sort of a lot of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and sort of a lot of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and sort of a lot of papers
+seem to be coming out on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be coming out on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be coming out on this stuff
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the other question though is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question though is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question though is how do we
+think about this stuff from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this stuff from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this stuff from a
+redistributive perspective okay so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive perspective okay so r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive perspective okay so r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these things uh redistributive and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh redistributive and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh redistributive and how
+do we think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about that
+okay so uh imagine I just want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh imagine I just want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh imagine I just want to make a
+very simple point which is and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple point which is and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple point which is and how does
+this interact with kind of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interact with kind of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interact with kind of the the the
+the point I made before about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I made before about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I made before about sort of
+who's in the tax net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in the tax net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in the tax net
+so suppose people's pre-tax income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose people's pre-tax income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose people's pre-tax income is
+why we can define an after-tax to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can define an after-tax to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can define an after-tax to
+transfer income as Alpha of Y that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer income as Alpha of Y that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer income as Alpha of Y that just
+says like you know after I tax you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like you know after I tax you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like you know after I tax you and
+give you all the benefits you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you all the benefits you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you all the benefits you know I
+earn why but I end up with Alpha of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn why but I end up with Alpha of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn why but I end up with Alpha of Y
+that's what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I can
+you know consume or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know consume or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know consume or whatever
+so what is that going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that going to look like
+so you know first of all any tax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know first of all any tax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know first of all any tax and
+transfer scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer scheme
+that has Alpha of zero greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Alpha of zero greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Alpha of zero greater than zero
+we can think of that as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of that as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of that as having a
+universal basic income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal basic income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal basic income
+okay so one I think kind of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one I think kind of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one I think kind of confusion
+about Universal basic incomes is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Universal basic incomes is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Universal basic incomes is like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+yes the government sends you a check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the government sends you a check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the government sends you a check in
+the Universal basic income but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universal basic income but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universal basic income but it also
+taxes you back so all we really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you back so all we really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you back so all we really care
+about is the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the net
+okay so any system that has alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any system that has alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any system that has alpha alpha
+of zero greater than zero or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero greater than zero or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero greater than zero or I guess
+probably technically speaking has Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably technically speaking has Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably technically speaking has Alpha
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let's leave it at that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's leave it at that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's leave it at that Alpha
+0.0 can be thought of as featuring a Ubi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 can be thought of as featuring a Ubi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0 can be thought of as featuring a Ubi
+right Alpha of zeros I earn nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Alpha of zeros I earn nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Alpha of zeros I earn nothing I
+get the Ubi and then everything after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Ubi and then everything after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Ubi and then everything after
+that then the government starts taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the government starts taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the government starts taxing
+and taxing back kind of whatever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taxing back kind of whatever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taxing back kind of whatever I'm
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and Saya is basically like thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Saya is basically like thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Saya is basically like thinks
+about this in the U.S context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the U.S context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the U.S context
+um and sort of he makes the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of he makes the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of he makes the point that
+sort of that there are different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that there are different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that there are different kind of
+elasticities Labor Supply and like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities Labor Supply and like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities Labor Supply and like when
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um intensive labor Supply elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intensive labor Supply elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intensive labor Supply elasticity of
+whether I kind of how much I work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I kind of how much I work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I kind of how much I work is
+larger than the extent of whether I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the extent of whether I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the extent of whether I work
+or not he sort of argues that the Ubi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not he sort of argues that the Ubi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not he sort of argues that the Ubi
+can be optimal and I'll refer you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be optimal and I'll refer you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be optimal and I'll refer you to
+that paper if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper if you're interested
+um but the point I want to make is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the point I want to make is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the point I want to make is in
+developing country context we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country context we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country context we have
+another issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue
+and the issue is that as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue is that as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue is that as I mentioned
+most people don't pay taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't pay taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't pay taxes
+so what that means is if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is if I if I
+introduce this thing where Alpha of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this thing where Alpha of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this thing where Alpha of zero
+is greater than zero I'm giving the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero I'm giving the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero I'm giving the same
+net transfer much further up the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net transfer much further up the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net transfer much further up the income
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example
+this is a this is a graph that like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a graph that like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a graph that like I
+drew in PowerPoint so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in PowerPoint so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in PowerPoint so this is not
+actually like real data uh this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like real data uh this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like real data uh this is like
+sketching curves but what do you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching curves but what do you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching curves but what do you what
+does this mean so imagine that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean so imagine that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean so imagine that this is
+my pre-tax income it's my post-tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pre-tax income it's my post-tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pre-tax income it's my post-tax
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+and this is a this is the attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a this is the attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a this is the attack
+schedule right a tax schedule is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule right a tax schedule is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule right a tax schedule is just
+Alpha of Y it's what is my post-tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of Y it's what is my post-tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha of Y it's what is my post-tax
+income as a folks as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income as a folks as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income as a folks as a function of
+pre-dex income so this is like nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dex income so this is like nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dex income so this is like nice and
+Progressive or whatever it's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive or whatever it's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive or whatever it's got this
+this features kind of increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this features kind of increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this features kind of increasing
+marginal attack this is concave so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal attack this is concave so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal attack this is concave so the
+it is increasing marginal tax rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is increasing marginal tax rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is increasing marginal tax rates in
+this in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this example
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if I introduce it you suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduce it you suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduce it you suppose I
+introduce a Ubi but I want to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a Ubi but I want to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a Ubi but I want to keep the
+sort of total government revenue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of total government revenue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of total government revenue the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+so that means I'm going to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means I'm going to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means I'm going to increase the
+kind of the the the alpha 0 of 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the alpha 0 of 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the alpha 0 of 0 right
+so people who earn nothing now get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who earn nothing now get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who earn nothing now get
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+but I have to sort of like raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to sort of like raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to sort of like raise the
+same amount of government revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of government revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of government revenues
+before so that means kind of mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that means kind of mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that means kind of mechanic
+I'm gonna have to increase marginal tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to increase marginal tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to increase marginal tax
+rates kind of Elsewhere to pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates kind of Elsewhere to pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates kind of Elsewhere to pay for this
+so maybe it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it looks like this
+fine okay so that's kind of the that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so that's kind of the that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so that's kind of the that and
+that's the trade-off so these people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trade-off so these people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trade-off so these people get
+these people are getting higher net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are getting higher net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are getting higher net
+incomes uh under the Ubi scheme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes uh under the Ubi scheme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes uh under the Ubi scheme and
+these people even though they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people even though they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people even though they're getting
+the check are getting lower net incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check are getting lower net incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check are getting lower net incomes
+on net because they're facing higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net because they're facing higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net because they're facing higher
+marginal tax rates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rates okay
+so what happens now if I were to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens now if I were to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens now if I were to do this
+in say India which has like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say India which has like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say India which has like you know
+which where the where the say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where the where the say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where the where the say I don't
+know the exact number but suppose it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact number but suppose it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact number but suppose it was
+like 80 of people are outside the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 of people are outside the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 of people are outside the tax
+net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+well then this looks different because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then this looks different because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then this looks different because I
+have to give the same net transfer much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give the same net transfer much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give the same net transfer much
+much higher up in the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher up in the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher up in the income
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+right because I I don't have this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I I don't have this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I I don't have this like
+additional Dimension at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Dimension at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Dimension at least in the
+income tax Schedule of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax Schedule of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income tax Schedule of sort of
+redistribution people now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution people now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution people now if you have
+multiple tax instruments like maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tax instruments like maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tax instruments like maybe you
+can tax some of it back through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tax some of it back through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tax some of it back through the
+value added through other taxes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added through other taxes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added through other taxes like
+value added taxes or exception taxes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added taxes or exception taxes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added taxes or exception taxes so
+it's not quite as Stark as this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite as Stark as this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite as Stark as this but the
+the point I wanted to make is that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I wanted to make is that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I wanted to make is that in a
+in a in a place with a really big tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a place with a really big tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a place with a really big tax
+exempt region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exempt region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exempt region
+if I introduce these these net transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduce these these net transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I introduce these these net transfers
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the net transfer from a Ubi is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net transfer from a Ubi is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net transfer from a Ubi is the same
+as the gross transfer from ebi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the gross transfer from ebi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the gross transfer from ebi and
+that's not true say like in in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true say like in in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true say like in in a place
+like the US where I have like much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the US where I have like much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the US where I have like much more
+flexibility kind of over the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility kind of over the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility kind of over the tax
+Schedule I can sort of like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schedule I can sort of like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schedule I can sort of like I
+I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+fine-tune that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune that more
+so what that means is that in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that in practice
+ubis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubis are
+more expensive in some sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive in some sense you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive in some sense you know
+not not for a given sort of dollar of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not for a given sort of dollar of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not for a given sort of dollar of a
+Ubi it's more expensive in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ubi it's more expensive in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ubi it's more expensive in some sense
+because you have to give the TR the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to give the TR the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to give the TR the same
+net transfer much higher up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net transfer much higher up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net transfer much higher up in the
+developing kind of con in a developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing kind of con in a developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing kind of con in a developing
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+income distribution than you would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution than you would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution than you would in
+sort of a developed country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a developed country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a developed country and
+commission picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission picture
+so that's um that's the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's um that's the point I want to
+make at ubis so then actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at ubis so then actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at ubis so then actually you can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we can simulate that uh and I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simulate that uh and I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simulate that uh and I'll come
+back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that later
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+I've kind of been talking for like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of been talking for like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of been talking for like the
+last 20 minutes if there's any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 minutes if there's any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 minutes if there's any questions
+any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well
+so the third thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third thing you can do
+is you can try to differentiate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can try to differentiate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can try to differentiate among
+the poor somehow for the differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor somehow for the differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor somehow for the differentiating
+people who have imperfect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have imperfect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have imperfect information
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+and there are a bunch of options that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a bunch of options that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a bunch of options that
+you can do to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to do this
+so um one is you can do a proxy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um one is you can do a proxy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um one is you can do a proxy means
+test which I'll talk about in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which I'll talk about in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test which I'll talk about in a second
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can do community-based targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do community-based targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do community-based targeting
+where you sort of try it so Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sort of try it so Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sort of try it so Community
+proxy means test basically says let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy means test basically says let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy means test basically says let's
+try to sort of get imperfect data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of get imperfect data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of get imperfect data and
+use that to predict people's incomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to predict people's incomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to predict people's incomes and
+Target based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target based on that
+community-based targeting says maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community-based targeting says maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community-based targeting says maybe
+people maybe there's local information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe there's local information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe there's local information
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+people's income levels and maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's income levels and maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's income levels and maybe we can
+try to use that to differentiate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use that to differentiate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use that to differentiate people
+um maybe we can do some version of self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we can do some version of self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we can do some version of self
+of self-targeting or we can or ordeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-targeting or we can or ordeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-targeting or we can or ordeal
+mechanisms where we can sort of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms where we can sort of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms where we can sort of try to
+create systems by which people will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create systems by which people will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create systems by which people will have
+an incentive to reveal their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incentive to reveal their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incentive to reveal their information
+and the paper you guys read for today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the paper you guys read for today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the paper you guys read for today is
+one example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of that
+combining it with proximities test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it with proximities test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it with proximities test
+actually but like it's the idea sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but like it's the idea sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but like it's the idea sort of
+was like thinking about can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thinking about can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like thinking about can we get
+people have this private information can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this private information can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have this private information can
+the government find a way to get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government find a way to get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government find a way to get them to
+reveal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal it
+um you can also do uh you know broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can also do uh you know broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can also do uh you know broader
+things like Geographic targeting and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Geographic targeting and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Geographic targeting and I'm
+not going to sort of go into that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to sort of go into that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to sort of go into that right
+now but I want to sort of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I want to sort of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I want to sort of talk about
+these three options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions
+all right so what's option one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's option one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's option one
+so option one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so option one is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so option one is um
+is is is uh is proxy means that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is uh is proxy means that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is uh is proxy means that so what
+this is this is I would say the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is I would say the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is I would say the most
+common actual approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common actual approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common actual approach
+oh sorry there's another option also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry there's another option also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry there's another option also
+which is regular means tests which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is regular means tests which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is regular means tests which is
+you ask people their income and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask people their income and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask people their income and you
+can't really verify it and you hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really verify it and you hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really verify it and you hope
+you're not lying and so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not lying and so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not lying and so I'm going to do
+that too actually so I just want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too actually so I just want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too actually so I just want to put
+that out there as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there as well okay
+um but that has the obvious problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that has the obvious problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that has the obvious problem
+which is that if I can't check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if I can't check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if I can't check your
+income then you might just lie and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income then you might just lie and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income then you might just lie and like
+that that might not be a very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might not be a very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might not be a very effective
+program but that but some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but that but some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but that but some countries
+actually do do have that approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so what's the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the government doesn't observe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government doesn't observe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government doesn't observe your
+income because it doesn't collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income because it doesn't collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income because it doesn't collect
+because you're in the informal sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in the informal sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in the informal sector
+and you're not paying taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not paying taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not paying taxes
+um and it's not even trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not even trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not even trying to sort of
+and you're below the threshold so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're below the threshold so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're below the threshold so it's
+not even trying to kind of get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even trying to kind of get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even trying to kind of get your
+income there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income there
+you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think
+I've Just Seen probably a bajillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've Just Seen probably a bajillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've Just Seen probably a bajillion
+economics papers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics papers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics papers where
+the government where we have surveys of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government where we have surveys of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government where we have surveys of
+people's like income or consumption why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's like income or consumption why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's like income or consumption why
+can't we use that to Target and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we use that to Target and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we use that to Target and the
+answer is first of all they're super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is first of all they're super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is first of all they're super
+they're very expensive but second of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very expensive but second of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very expensive but second of all
+they're totally non-verifiable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're totally non-verifiable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're totally non-verifiable right so
+if you've ever done a consumption survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever done a consumption survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever done a consumption survey
+what is a consumption survey customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a consumption survey customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a consumption survey customer
+service has like you know I go to Ashana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service has like you know I go to Ashana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service has like you know I go to Ashana
+and I say Sean I like please tell me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say Sean I like please tell me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say Sean I like please tell me you
+know how much uh meat your family ate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much uh meat your family ate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much uh meat your family ate in
+the last week and how much rice did your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week and how much rice did your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week and how much rice did your
+family eat last week and how much fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family eat last week and how much fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family eat last week and how much fish
+did your family and so on so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did your family and so on so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did your family and so on so forth and
+you could just make that stuff up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just make that stuff up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just make that stuff up right
+there's no uh verification of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh verification of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh verification of any of
+that it's just kind of your recall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just kind of your recall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just kind of your recall and
+that's actually not a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not a problem in
+research purposes like if I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research purposes like if I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research purposes like if I'm saying
+like I'm doing an anonymous survey it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm doing an anonymous survey it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm doing an anonymous survey it's
+going to go to the university of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the university of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the university of
+wherever and you know it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever and you know it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever and you know it's not going to
+be used for anything you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for anything you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for anything you have no
+particular reason to lie on that survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason to lie on that survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason to lie on that survey
+you're most and most people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most and most people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most and most people will be
+honest and tell the truth and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest and tell the truth and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest and tell the truth and do that
+thing but if I tell you that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if I tell you that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if I tell you that actually
+I'm going to use this to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this to distribute
+transfers and people with low reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and people with low reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers and people with low reported
+consumption are getting a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption are getting a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption are getting a lot of money
+from the government lo and behold like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government lo and behold like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government lo and behold like
+ever you know we might expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever you know we might expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever you know we might expect that
+everyone is going to you know not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is going to you know not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is going to you know not be
+report a lot of the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report a lot of the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report a lot of the consumption
+so they're not verifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not verifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not verifiable
+so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead
+what the government does is it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the government does is it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the government does is it goes
+around door to door to like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around door to door to like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around door to door to like you know
+everybody or some large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or some large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or some large fraction of
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+and does a census actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does a census actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does a census actually
+where it collects information on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it collects information on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it collects information on things
+that are unobservable characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unobservable characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unobservable characteristics
+that uh that are correlated with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that are correlated with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that are correlated with your
+income or consumption levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or consumption levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or consumption levels
+so they collect data on your land like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they collect data on your land like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they collect data on your land like
+whether you have how big what your like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have how big what your like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have how big what your like
+how much land do you have they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much land do you have they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much land do you have they look like
+a bunch of stuff about your house like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff about your house like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff about your house like
+what does your house look like do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does your house look like do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does your house look like do you
+have like a fancy roof do you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a fancy roof do you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a fancy roof do you have you
+know how big is your house you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big is your house you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big is your house you know what
+your what are your walls made of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what are your walls made of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what are your walls made of what
+your floor made of do you have a TV uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your floor made of do you have a TV uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your floor made of do you have a TV uh
+you know and and so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and so on and so forth and
+the idea is these are these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is these are these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is these are these are things
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+um much easier to observe like if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much easier to observe like if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much easier to observe like if the
+Government Census taker who is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government Census taker who is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government Census taker who is sitting
+like standing at your front door uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like standing at your front door uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like standing at your front door uh
+looking around like it's it's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking around like it's it's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking around like it's it's these are
+reasonably kind of observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably kind of observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably kind of observable
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+okay so that's the that's the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the theory
+and what does the government do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the government do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the government do
+um so and by the way and the things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and by the way and the things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and by the way and the things they
+focus on are things that seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on are things that seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on are things that seem to be
+correlated largely with your with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated largely with your with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated largely with your with your
+uh permanent level of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh permanent level of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh permanent level of income
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so what the government does is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what the government does is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what the government does is they
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so they have this asset data with say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have this asset data with say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have this asset data with say I
+don't know 40 different variables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 40 different variables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 40 different variables of
+like what is your house type and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is your house type and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is your house type and what is
+your roof type and what is your floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof type and what is your floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof type and what is your floor
+type and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and so on and so forth
+and then and they have a census for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and they have a census for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and they have a census for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+then they also have survey data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they also have survey data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they also have survey data that
+they collect in some low stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collect in some low stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collect in some low stakes
+environment so like in some research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so like in some research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so like in some research
+kind of environment that has the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of environment that has the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of environment that has the full
+consumption data and the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data and the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data and the same set of
+assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+and they basically run a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically run a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically run a regression
+where they prod use the survey data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they prod use the survey data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they prod use the survey data to
+predict people's income based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict people's income based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict people's income based on the
+assets basically people's income or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets basically people's income or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets basically people's income or
+consumption based on the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption based on the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption based on the assets
+they get some betas from that regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some betas from that regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some betas from that regression
+they go back to the uh to that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the uh to that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the uh to that to the
+Census Data they get a y hat instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Census Data they get a y hat instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Census Data they get a y hat instead of
+Y so that they you know they take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so that they you know they take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so that they you know they take all
+those assets and predict your income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assets and predict your income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assets and predict your income and
+they uh Target your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh Target your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh Target your
+um your consumption your your programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your consumption your your programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your consumption your your programs
+based on y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on y hat
+okay so um that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that is that is
+what they do okay so it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do okay so it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do okay so it's it's it's it's
+regressions kind of uh uh in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions kind of uh uh in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions kind of uh uh in real life
+um and you can do a straightforward OLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can do a straightforward OLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can do a straightforward OLS
+regression if you want to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression if you want to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression if you want to predict
+consumption since it is a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption since it is a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption since it is a prediction
+problem you know machine learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know machine learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know machine learning you
+know might be helpful there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be helpful there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be helpful there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't actually think it makes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually think it makes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually think it makes an
+enormous difference in most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous difference in most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous difference in most of the
+contacts I've seen it helps a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts I've seen it helps a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts I've seen it helps a little bit
+but it's not kind of wildly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not kind of wildly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not kind of wildly I think
+actually it's been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's been a little
+disappointing in my sense and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing in my sense and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing in my sense and sort of
+people had hopes it would like be wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had hopes it would like be wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had hopes it would like be wildly
+better it's like a little bit better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's like a little bit better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's like a little bit better but
+like I think sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think sort of
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+that's basically what people do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what people do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what people do yeah
+um but I think that these surveys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think that these surveys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think that these surveys can
+also be calcified at least the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be calcified at least the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be calcified at least the problem
+that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't
+already know what they serve the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what they serve the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what they serve the people
+that are going to survey look for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to survey look for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to survey look for so
+they hide their microwaves or their TVs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hide their microwaves or their TVs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hide their microwaves or their TVs
+because they know when they're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know when they're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know when they're gonna get
+serving so it's not that correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving so it's not that correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving so it's not that correct so
+actually I'm going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to talk about that
+issue uh in a second uh but yes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh in a second uh but yes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh in a second uh but yes so it's
+not perfect and exactly so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect and exactly so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect and exactly so people
+actually will like you know they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will like you know they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will like you know they might
+try to cover the TV or whatever so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover the TV or whatever so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover the TV or whatever so um so
+what do countries do to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do countries do to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do countries do to deal with that
+number one they keep the formula a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one they keep the formula a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one they keep the formula a
+secret so it's hard to know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so it's hard to know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so it's hard to know exactly
+what like what what do I have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like what what do I have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like what what do I have to you
+know how much do I have to cheat or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much do I have to cheat or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much do I have to cheat or what
+do I have to do exactly to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to do exactly to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to do exactly to sort of get
+on the program is you don't know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the program is you don't know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the program is you don't know because
+the betas are secret if the betas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the betas are secret if the betas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the betas are secret if the betas were
+not secret it's kind of complicated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secret it's kind of complicated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secret it's kind of complicated they
+might change the formula every couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change the formula every couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change the formula every couple of
+years so you might have thought we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so you might have thought we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so you might have thought we had a
+secret algorithm of oh if I hide the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret algorithm of oh if I hide the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret algorithm of oh if I hide the TV
+in the microwave then I'm good to go but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microwave then I'm good to go but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microwave then I'm good to go but
+you know but then they'll change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but then they'll change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but then they'll change the
+formula again a little bit so it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again a little bit so it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again a little bit so it won't
+work again in three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work again in three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work again in three years
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so that's what people do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so that's what people do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so that's what people do and
+there's a there's a there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a there's a really
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+um paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um paper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh from Colombia uh about this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from Colombia uh about this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from Colombia uh about this exact
+issue where they um by Camacho and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue where they um by Camacho and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue where they um by Camacho and
+Conover where they they get the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conover where they they get the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conover where they they get the sort of
+predicted scores and they plot them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted scores and they plot them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted scores and they plot them so
+this is like you know this is X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know this is X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know this is X Prime
+beta this is like your predicted poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this is like your predicted poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this is like your predicted poverty
+score right or you know or or why hat as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score right or you know or or why hat as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score right or you know or or why hat as
+I was saying right and and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying right and and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying right and and the first
+year they do it it looks like totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they do it it looks like totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they do it it looks like totally
+like normally distributed and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like normally distributed and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like normally distributed and then over
+time you start to see it look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you start to see it look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you start to see it look a little
+bit more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more like this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right and they the paper is like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they the paper is like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they the paper is like one
+graph like figure one is like showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like figure one is like showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like figure one is like showing
+how this thing emerges kind of over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing emerges kind of over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing emerges kind of over time
+so that's exactly kind of your phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly kind of your phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly kind of your phenomena
+I think what happened was that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what happened was that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what happened was that that was
+a case where I think they argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where I think they argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where I think they argued that
+the kind of the formula got out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the formula got out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the formula got out or
+whatever and people started to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and people started to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and people started to learn
+like oh what I need to do is I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh what I need to do is I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh what I need to do is I need to
+sort of like tell my enumerators like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like tell my enumerators like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like tell my enumerators like
+exactly here are the sets of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly here are the sets of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly here are the sets of things to
+write down and so I think that they've a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and so I think that they've a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and so I think that they've a
+lot of that has been combated by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that has been combated by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that has been combated by sort of
+changing the formula no no by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the formula no no by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the formula no no by the way
+none of this is perfect we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this is perfect we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this is perfect we're in the
+world of the Improvement but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the Improvement but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the Improvement but I think
+that if you're interested in that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're interested in that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're interested in that issue
+that paper is sort of the best one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is sort of the best one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is sort of the best one I
+know of and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of and um
+Conover but I think that I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conover but I think that I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conover but I think that I'm not sure
+how how broad of an issue that is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how broad of an issue that is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how broad of an issue that is more
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+okay so what are the problems number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the problems number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the problems number two
+is the one that Christine just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that Christine just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that Christine just mentioned
+um number one actually the the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number one actually the the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number one actually the the biggest
+problem I actually think is the R square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I actually think is the R square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I actually think is the R square
+is much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than one
+okay so this is a an example of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a an example of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a an example of the art
+of what this thing looks like so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this thing looks like so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this thing looks like so this is
+a this is we just replicated this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is we just replicated this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is we just replicated this uh uh
+in some data from Indonesia and Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some data from Indonesia and Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some data from Indonesia and Peru
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is y hat predicted per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is y hat predicted per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is y hat predicted per capita
+consumption and this is why actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and this is why actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and this is why actual
+measured per capita consumption from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured per capita consumption from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured per capita consumption from the
+survey from doing this kind of whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey from doing this kind of whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey from doing this kind of whole
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+and what do you take away from this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you take away from this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you take away from this on
+the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+you know most if this was like most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most if this was like most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most if this was like most
+regressions you would run on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions you would run on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions you would run on your
+computer for a paper you'd be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for a paper you'd be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for a paper you'd be pretty
+pleased if you've got kind of an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased if you've got kind of an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased if you've got kind of an upward
+slope that look like this like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that look like this like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope that look like this like it
+certainly has a lot of predictive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has a lot of predictive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has a lot of predictive power
+right that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's good
+the problem is it's you know it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is it's you know it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is it's you know it also
+looks like every regression you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every regression you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every regression you've ever
+run which is like it's not kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run which is like it's not kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run which is like it's not kind of like
+a perfect line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect line
+right and if you think about it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you think about it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you think about it that way
+it's like it's a regression like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's a regression like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's a regression like no
+regression you ever run has like an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you ever run has like an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you ever run has like an R
+square of one they always you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of one they always you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of one they always you know
+there's always kind of noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always kind of noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always kind of noise in the
+world but noise in the world in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but noise in the world in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but noise in the world in this
+case has real consequences right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case has real consequences right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case has real consequences right and the
+in particular so what is this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular so what is this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular so what is this program
+gonna do well I suppose I'm Distributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do well I suppose I'm Distributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do well I suppose I'm Distributing
+a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer
+what I would like to do is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to do is give
+transfers to everyone below this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to everyone below this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to everyone below this line
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+6 is actual what I do in fact is I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is actual what I do in fact is I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is actual what I do in fact is I give
+transfers to everyone to the left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to everyone to the left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to everyone to the left of
+this line who has y hat below this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line who has y hat below this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line who has y hat below this level
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so these were the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were the people
+who are correctly included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are correctly included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are correctly included in the
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+and these are the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the people who are
+correctly excluded from the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly excluded from the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly excluded from the program
+and these are the the errors so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the the errors so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the the errors so this is
+inclusion error which is to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion error which is to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion error which is to say that I
+these people get the program even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people get the program even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people get the program even though
+they're actually too rich to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually too rich to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually too rich to get the
+program based on the truth and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program based on the truth and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program based on the truth and these are
+the people that are excluded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are excluded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are excluded from the
+program who should get the program based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program who should get the program based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program who should get the program based
+in their actual consumption levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their actual consumption levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their actual consumption levels and
+and don't and so I think once you frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't and so I think once you frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't and so I think once you frame
+it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way
+it's going to be it's clear that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be it's clear that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be it's clear that any
+kind of regression based approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regression based approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regression based approach is
+going to have errors like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have errors like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have errors like this right
+we've never you've never seen a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never you've never seen a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never you've never seen a graph
+where this thing is like exactly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this thing is like exactly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this thing is like exactly kind of
+on the line and nobody sort of hits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line and nobody sort of hits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line and nobody sort of hits and
+falls in these kind of quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in these kind of quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in these kind of quadrants
+um but what you'd like to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what you'd like to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what you'd like to do is try to
+find a system to kind of minimize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a system to kind of minimize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a system to kind of minimize these
+different these two types of Errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different these two types of Errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different these two types of Errors
+because these are these are really these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are these are really these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are these are really these
+are really cost errors and so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cost errors and so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really cost errors and so you would
+like to to to work to find ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to to work to find ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to to work to find ways of
+um of minimizing exclusion error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of minimizing exclusion error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of minimizing exclusion error and
+minimizing exclusion error right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing exclusion error right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing exclusion error right so that
+you you're really delivering the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're really delivering the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're really delivering the the
+transfers to the people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to the people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to the people that you
+actually want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want them to be
+um I'll make one other note which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll make one other note which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll make one other note which is
+that it's probably not quite as bad as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably not quite as bad as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably not quite as bad as
+these graphs make them to be they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs make them to be they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs make them to be they come
+out to be because this is actual per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be because this is actual per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be because this is actual per
+capita consumption as measured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita consumption as measured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita consumption as measured in a
+survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey
+right and surveys are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and surveys are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and surveys are going to have
+measurement error okay and so uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement error okay and so uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement error okay and so uh it is
+worth pointing out that probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out that probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pointing out that probably the
+truth doesn't look quite as bad as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth doesn't look quite as bad as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth doesn't look quite as bad as this
+because this you know if I just took if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this you know if I just took if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this you know if I just took if
+this was actually if I took actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually if I took actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually if I took actual
+consumption error and just added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption error and just added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption error and just added some
+noise to it that would already just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to it that would already just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise to it that would already just you
+know noise in the measurement process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know noise in the measurement process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know noise in the measurement process
+like you know if you think about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you think about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if you think about my
+example of how do I measure consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how do I measure consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how do I measure consumption
+I was going and going through the 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going and going through the 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going and going through the 300
+questions about how much rice did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how much rice did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how much rice did you
+ask lastly we can if you ever doubt how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask lastly we can if you ever doubt how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask lastly we can if you ever doubt how
+much measurement error there is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much measurement error there is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much measurement error there is in a
+consumption survey if you try taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption survey if you try taking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption survey if you try taking one
+yourself and see how much you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and see how much you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and see how much you remember
+of how much like you know of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much like you know of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much like you know of what you
+spent on you know each of 100 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on you know each of 100 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on you know each of 100 different
+types of food products over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of food products over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of food products over the last
+week and each of 100 different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and each of 100 different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and each of 100 different types of
+other consumption of last month and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consumption of last month and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other consumption of last month and see
+how good you are at recalling that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good you are at recalling that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good you are at recalling that and
+so I think that those things really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that those things really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that those things really are
+measured with error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with error
+um measuring error is not a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measuring error is not a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um measuring error is not a pro
+classical measurement error is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical measurement error is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical measurement error is actually
+not a problem for this y Hat Thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem for this y Hat Thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem for this y Hat Thing uh
+right because it's you know uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's you know uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's you know uh it's not
+gonna it's not going to bias our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna it's not going to bias our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna it's not going to bias our
+coefficients in that regression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that regression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in that regression so
+that'll be unbiased but this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be unbiased but this thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be unbiased but this thing will
+look worse than actually it really is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look worse than actually it really is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look worse than actually it really is uh
+because the the actual is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the actual is kind of
+measuring measurement error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the other thing I'll point out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I'll point out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I'll point out here is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so this creates uh errors so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this creates uh errors so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this creates uh errors so it's it's
+inefficient it also creates Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient it also creates Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient it also creates Equity
+challenges right so you know I'm sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges right so you know I'm sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges right so you know I'm sitting
+here and like I have a like uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and like I have a like uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and like I have a like uh you know
+I'm sitting in my house with suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting in my house with suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sitting in my house with suppose I
+have a dirt floor but I have a TV and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dirt floor but I have a TV and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dirt floor but I have a TV and I
+have a uh uh maybe like a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh uh maybe like a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh uh maybe like a you know
+thatched roof and maybe you know Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatched roof and maybe you know Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatched roof and maybe you know Aaron
+you know doesn't have a TV but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doesn't have a TV but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doesn't have a TV but it's got
+a nicer floor and maybe has a tin roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nicer floor and maybe has a tin roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nicer floor and maybe has a tin roof
+and like I get the program he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I get the program he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I get the program he doesn't
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+like we don't know what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't know what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't know what's going on and
+in fact they the government kept debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they the government kept debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they the government kept debate
+didn't tell you what the betas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you what the betas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you what the betas were
+because for the corruption reasons I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the corruption reasons I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the corruption reasons I was
+talking about so they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so they don't want to
+publicize the beta so just said like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicize the beta so just said like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicize the beta so just said like you
+know Bing like you know you get it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bing like you know you get it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bing like you know you get it you
+don't so that number one creates real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so that number one creates real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so that number one creates real
+horizontal Equity challenges it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Equity challenges it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Equity challenges it also
+creates I think some transparency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates I think some transparency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates I think some transparency uh
+Equity challenges because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity challenges because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity challenges because we don't
+really understand like how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand like how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand like how the
+government sort of arrived a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sort of arrived a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sort of arrived a list of
+like who got it who didn't get it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who got it who didn't get it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who got it who didn't get it so I
+think these are uh real costs actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are uh real costs actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are uh real costs actually
+and I think these are really severe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think these are really severe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think these are really severe uh
+not severe really um serious challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not severe really um serious challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not severe really um serious challenges
+I think and I think the lesson of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and I think the lesson of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and I think the lesson of this
+by the way is gonna be nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is gonna be nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is gonna be nothing is
+perfect uh and and they're all there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh and and they're all there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh and and they're all there are
+all trade-offs but those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trade-offs but those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trade-offs but those are some of the
+challenges yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges yeah
+so in this graph and also in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this graph and also in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this graph and also in the paper
+we have to read we were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to read we were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to read we were thinking about
+like there's a there is like a cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a there is like a cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a there is like a cutoff
+and there are people that we wanted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are people that we wanted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are people that we wanted but
+if I look at that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at that graph
+the people that were accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that were accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that were accidentally
+including art like not that far above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including art like not that far above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including art like not that far above
+the threshold so like recently they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold so like recently they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold so like recently they're
+correct poor 100 it's like how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct poor 100 it's like how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct poor 100 it's like how should we
+think about like I don't know optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like I don't know optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like I don't know optimizing
+this way when there's like a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way when there's like a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way when there's like a sense of
+continuation for poverty I don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation for poverty I don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation for poverty I don't mind
+the people that are slipping at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are slipping at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are slipping at our
+chest above okay so that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest above okay so that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest above okay so that's a great
+question and it is one that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it is one that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it is one that I think is
+like super duper important I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like super duper important I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like super duper important I think that
+there's a uh I I drew these graphs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh I I drew these graphs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh I I drew these graphs in
+this way because I think the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because I think the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way because I think the policy
+Community often thinks about inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community often thinks about inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community often thinks about inclusion
+exclusion error but I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error but I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error but I think you're
+completely right that like from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right that like from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right that like from a
+welfare perspective like for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare perspective like for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare perspective like for the people
+right over here like who are like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here like who are like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here like who are like you
+know like uh sorry the people yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like uh sorry the people yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like uh sorry the people yeah like
+who cares like they're approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares like they're approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares like they're approximately the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+right like from what I mean by who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like from what I mean by who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like from what I mean by who cares
+at me from like if you were to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me from like if you were to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me from like if you were to write
+down a welfare function right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a welfare function right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a welfare function right you know
+this person and this person have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person and this person have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person and this person have
+approximately the same uh utility we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same uh utility we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same uh utility we
+shouldn't be discretizing it and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be discretizing it and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be discretizing it and saying
+this is awesome and this is terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome and this is terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is awesome and this is terrible
+right it should be continuous and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it should be continuous and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it should be continuous and so
+actually in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this paper
+um we we do it with you with A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we do it with you with A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we do it with you with A
+continuous function so we actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function so we actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function so we actually write
+down a well to n which I think I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a well to n which I think I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a well to n which I think I think I
+have in my slides letter so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my slides letter so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my slides letter so basically
+the answer what I think the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer what I think the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer what I think the right thing
+to do is to write down a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to write down a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to write down a utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+you know then you got to pick a pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then you got to pick a pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then you got to pick a pick up
+curvature parameter so you pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature parameter so you pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature parameter so you pick some
+curvature parameter that you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature parameter that you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature parameter that you think is
+sort of broadly sensible or you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broadly sensible or you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of broadly sensible or you're going
+to do some other way which I'll again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some other way which I'll again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some other way which I'll again
+I'll talk about some more of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about some more of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about some more of this but
+you you I think the right answer is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you I think the right answer is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you I think the right answer is you
+should do it continuously and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it continuously and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it continuously and you should
+take that into account more seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account more seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account more seriously
+and that's what we do in the paper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we do in the paper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we do in the paper so
+because I agree with you this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I agree with you this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I agree with you this is like
+way too discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too discreet
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I think that a lot of these measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that a lot of these measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that a lot of these measures
+have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+poverty like a lot of them I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty like a lot of them I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty like a lot of them I think are
+aiming for sort of it I think people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming for sort of it I think people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming for sort of it I think people in
+the in a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a lot of um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contexts are find it very easy to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts are find it very easy to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts are find it very easy to think
+about like people who are above or below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like people who are above or below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like people who are above or below
+the poverty line or what is the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line or what is the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line or what is the fact of
+people who are poor whatever which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are poor whatever which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are poor whatever which are
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um easier Concepts to think about than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easier Concepts to think about than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easier Concepts to think about than
+like I'm going to run a welfare metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to run a welfare metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to run a welfare metric
+with CRA utility function in row equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CRA utility function in row equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CRA utility function in row equals
+three so like uh I think that that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so like uh I think that that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so like uh I think that that's why
+these measures get a lot of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measures get a lot of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measures get a lot of attention
+but I think that conceptually you're 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that conceptually you're 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that conceptually you're 100
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah there are a few there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are a few there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are a few there's not a
+there's not a huge number there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a huge number there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a huge number there's the
+one I mentioned before there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mentioned before there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mentioned before there's one
+called um targeting with agents which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um targeting with agents which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um targeting with agents which is
+sort of about about this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about about this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about about this issue
+um which you should look at there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you should look at there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you should look at there are a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the context I have looked at it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context I have looked at it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context I have looked at it has
+been less of an issue than I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less of an issue than I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less of an issue than I would have
+expected I would say that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I would say that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I would say that yeah
+well part of it is also if the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well part of it is also if the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well part of it is also if the formulas
+if the government if the agents don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the government if the agents don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the government if the agents don't
+know the formula it's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula it's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula it's actually a pretty
+tricky problem right so if if I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky problem right so if if I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky problem right so if if I'm the
+agent right so that's I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent right so that's I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent right so that's I think I think
+that was the challenge in that Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the challenge in that Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the challenge in that Columbia
+example is the formula got out once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the formula got out once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the formula got out once I
+know the formula then I can sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula then I can sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula then I can sort of do
+this kind of efficiently if I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of efficiently if I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of efficiently if I don't know
+the formula then the corruption problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then the corruption problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then the corruption problem
+is kind of tricky because I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of tricky because I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of tricky because I could say
+well if I'm the if I'm the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm the if I'm the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm the if I'm the the the
+person who's doing the thing I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the thing I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the thing I could
+write you down as like all zeros I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you down as like all zeros I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you down as like all zeros I have
+no assets that's going to look kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assets that's going to look kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assets that's going to look kind of
+suspicious right that's gonna be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious right that's gonna be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious right that's gonna be very
+easy for them to get caught so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get caught so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get caught so they
+don't want to like make distort your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to like make distort your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to like make distort your
+things too much because then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too much because then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too much because then they're
+going to get caught on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get caught on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get caught on the other hand if
+they don't know what to do you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do you're like
+it's very hard to have a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to have a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to have a contract
+because like you could pay them to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you could pay them to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you could pay them to sort
+of restrict your stuff but they'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restrict your stuff but they'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of restrict your stuff but they'll start
+a little bit maybe you won't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit maybe you won't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit maybe you won't get the
+program so I think kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so I think kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so I think kind of the the
+opaqueness about exactly how the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaqueness about exactly how the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaqueness about exactly how the formula
+Works makes the corruption problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works makes the corruption problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works makes the corruption problem
+actually a lot harder in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and in fact I will say a sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I will say a sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I will say a sort of a a
+little anecdote you know how does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little anecdote you know how does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little anecdote you know how does how
+does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+kind of uh the the research process kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh the the research process kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh the the research process kind
+of happened actually when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happened actually when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happened actually when we started
+actually working on some of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working on some of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working on some of this stuff
+in Indonesia actually that was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Indonesia actually that was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Indonesia actually that was one of
+the things we were really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we were really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we were really worried about
+and actually had a whole thing of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually had a whole thing of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually had a whole thing of like
+maybe we're gonna like Define like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're gonna like Define like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're gonna like Define like
+really simple kind of easily verifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple kind of easily verifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple kind of easily verifiable
+things that kind of weren't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that kind of weren't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that kind of weren't going to be
+were easy for other people to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were easy for other people to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were easy for other people to kind of
+cross-check and we had a whole kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-check and we had a whole kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-check and we had a whole kind of
+plan about that anything in the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan about that anything in the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan about that anything in the end we
+we ended up concluding that at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up concluding that at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up concluding that at least in
+that context that was not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context that was not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that context that was not the first
+order issue there were other issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order issue there were other issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order issue there were other issues that
+were more for sure and I think that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more for sure and I think that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more for sure and I think that for
+kind of the reasons I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the reasons I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the reasons I mentioned
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh this clicker is not oh it's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this clicker is not oh it's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this clicker is not oh it's the wrong
+clicker that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is like
+positive R square imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive R square imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive R square imperfect
+okay so what else can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what else can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what else can you do
+so the the first thing that we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the first thing that we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the first thing that we sort of
+investigated really seriously was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated really seriously was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated really seriously was this
+idea of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of using
+um communities to sort of make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um communities to sort of make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um communities to sort of make these
+decisions uh okay and so allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh okay and so allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions uh okay and so allowing
+communities to kind of identify local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to kind of identify local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to kind of identify local
+households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea
+and I think this is an idea that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is an idea that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is an idea that comes
+up in a bunch of different contexts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a bunch of different contexts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a bunch of different contexts in
+development economics is that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics is that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics is that there is a
+lot of local information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of local information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of local information
+about uh about people people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about people people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about people people seem to
+know a lot about about stuff so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot about about stuff so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot about about stuff so they
+know so this is going to be do they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so this is going to be do they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so this is going to be do they know
+who's poor and who's rich and can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's poor and who's rich and can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's poor and who's rich and can we use
+that for targeting there's another paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for targeting there's another paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for targeting there's another paper
+which I think I'll talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think I'll talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think I'll talk about in the
+credit section which is do we know who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit section which is do we know who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit section which is do we know who's
+like a good entrepreneur who has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good entrepreneur who has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good entrepreneur who has a lot
+of entrepreneurial ability right who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrepreneurial ability right who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrepreneurial ability right who
+would benefit a lot from Alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would benefit a lot from Alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would benefit a lot from Alone
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there in the whole kind of uh stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the whole kind of uh stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the whole kind of uh stuff on
+informal insurance which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal insurance which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal insurance which we'll talk
+about kind of in The Next Period or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of in The Next Period or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of in The Next Period or the
+next lecture semester there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture semester there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture semester there's there's a
+whole literature about like do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole literature about like do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole literature about like do we know
+who's got who's had shocks and like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got who's had shocks and like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got who's had shocks and like how
+do we sort of like can we condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sort of like can we condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sort of like can we condition
+transfers based on shocks there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers based on shocks there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers based on shocks there's a sort
+of a whole series of themes where kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a whole series of themes where kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a whole series of themes where kind
+of a common theme I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a common theme I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a common theme I think is that
+um if the form the formal institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the form the formal institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the form the formal institutions
+aren't necessarily working as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily working as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily working as well but
+maybe there's sort of this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's sort of this local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's sort of this local
+information that can actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that can actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that can actually kind of
+like take their place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take their place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take their place
+so that's what we wanted to investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we wanted to investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we wanted to investigate
+here and um the problem of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um the problem of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um the problem of course is
+that if I actually try to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I actually try to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I actually try to use this
+information for like you know it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for like you know it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for like you know it may be
+all well and good like in a survey if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well and good like in a survey if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well and good like in a survey if I
+say well please like you know uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well please like you know uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well please like you know uh here
+are 10 people in the village can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 10 people in the village can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 10 people in the village can you
+rank them from sort of or just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank them from sort of or just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank them from sort of or just to
+poorest people actually know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people actually know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people actually know and
+actually we do do that exercise kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we do do that exercise kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we do do that exercise kind of
+in in a survey in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a survey in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a survey in this context
+um and and people do seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and people do seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and people do seem to have
+actually pretty good information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty good information
+um the question is if I tell you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is if I tell you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is if I tell you I'm
+going to use that to give out cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that to give out cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that to give out cash
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+like what do I get back from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do I get back from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do I get back from that
+process do I get back kind of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process do I get back kind of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process do I get back kind of the people
+who are actually poor or do I get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are actually poor or do I get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are actually poor or do I get back
+you know the village heads Uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the village heads Uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the village heads Uncle
+um you know or or some other thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know or or some other thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know or or some other thing like
+what what what ends up what do I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what ends up what do I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what ends up what do I what
+actually comes out of that process can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes out of that process can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes out of that process can I
+actually get that information out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that information out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that information out in
+kind of a High-Tech high stakes capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a High-Tech high stakes capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a High-Tech high stakes capacity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so that's what that's what I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what that's what I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what that's what I think um
+that was our sort of perspective as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our sort of perspective as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our sort of perspective as kind
+of we went into this project uh was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we went into this project uh was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we went into this project uh was that
+there was this trade-off potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this trade-off potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this trade-off potentially
+between maybe there's better local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between maybe there's better local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between maybe there's better local
+information uh but there's this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh but there's this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh but there's this kind of
+risk of kind of local capture whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of kind of local capture whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of kind of local capture whereas in
+the data-driven approach kind of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data-driven approach kind of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data-driven approach kind of maybe
+that's not going to happen as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and I think there were some existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there were some existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there were some existing
+evidence when we sort of started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence when we sort of started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence when we sort of started this
+project that I was saying because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I was saying because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I was saying because this
+is now talking about a couple of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now talking about a couple of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now talking about a couple of papers
+that I was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was involved in
+um that communities do know more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that communities do know more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that communities do know more so
+there's papers from here so so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's papers from here so so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's papers from here so so how can
+we actually test this so what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually test this so what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually test this so what we did is
+we we did a randomized uh trial where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we did a randomized uh trial where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we did a randomized uh trial where we
+compared three different targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared three different targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared three different targeting
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+uh one was a proxy means test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one was a proxy means test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one was a proxy means test
+which we basically had the government go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we basically had the government go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we basically had the government go
+out and do their kind of data driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do their kind of data driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and do their kind of data driven
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+we did a community ranking exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a community ranking exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a community ranking exercise
+we'll talk about in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a sec
+and we get a hybrid method and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a hybrid method and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a hybrid method and the idea
+of the hybrid was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hybrid was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hybrid was
+um say well if we're really worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say well if we're really worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say well if we're really worried
+about kind of a elite cap everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a elite cap everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a elite cap everything
+there's local information but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's local information but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's local information but there's
+Elite capture what what should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite capture what what should we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite capture what what should we do
+well we should get the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should get the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should get the community
+information and then run a data screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then run a data screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then run a data screen
+on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and
+um we'll get the community well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll get the community well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll get the community well
+basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+um use the kind of data screen to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use the kind of data screen to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use the kind of data screen to sort
+of throw out people who look really rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throw out people who look really rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throw out people who look really rich
+okay so that was that was the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and villages we worked with we worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and villages we worked with we worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and villages we worked with we worked in
+Indonesia with about 600 Villages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia with about 600 Villages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia with about 600 Villages that
+were randomized into sort of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomized into sort of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomized into sort of these three
+schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the other thing which we did which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing which we did which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing which we did which I
+sort of want to mention a bit kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to mention a bit kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to mention a bit kind of as
+an experimental design issue is we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental design issue is we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental design issue is we had a
+whole bunch of sub-treatments uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of sub-treatments uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of sub-treatments uh to
+tease out kind of why the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out kind of why the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out kind of why the community and
+the PMT were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMT were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMT were different
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+uh we were worried about Elite capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were worried about Elite capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were worried about Elite capture
+so we said let's in these Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said let's in these Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said let's in these Community
+meetings I'll describe in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings I'll describe in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings I'll describe in a second
+should we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we have
+should we like invite the whole village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we like invite the whole village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we like invite the whole village
+to run these meetings to these meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run these meetings to these meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run these meetings to these meetings
+or a whole neighborhood or should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a whole neighborhood or should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a whole neighborhood or should we
+just have kind of local Elites like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have kind of local Elites like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have kind of local Elites like
+Diddy out the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diddy out the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diddy out the stuff
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+if we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we thought
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this process is actually kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is actually kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is actually kind of hard
+maybe people get tired of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people get tired of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people get tired of doing this
+ranking and so we actually had the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking and so we actually had the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking and so we actually had the kind
+of community rankings done in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community rankings done in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community rankings done in random
+order we which I'll talk about in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we which I'll talk about in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we which I'll talk about in a sec
+um we were we thought preferences might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were we thought preferences might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we were we thought preferences might
+matter like who comes to the like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like who comes to the like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like who comes to the like if
+we're having a community meeting make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having a community meeting make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having a community meeting make
+these decisions who comes to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions who comes to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions who comes to that
+meeting could be really important so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting could be really important so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting could be really important so we
+we randomized the time of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomized the time of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we randomized the time of the day
+because we know that if we hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that if we hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that if we hold a
+meeting in the afternoon more women will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in the afternoon more women will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in the afternoon more women will
+show up and if you hold a meeting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up and if you hold a meeting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up and if you hold a meeting in the
+in the evening more men will show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the evening more men will show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the evening more men will show up in
+this context so by randomizing the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context so by randomizing the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context so by randomizing the time
+of the day of the meeting we could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day of the meeting we could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day of the meeting we could sort
+of change the composition of kind of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change the composition of kind of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change the composition of kind of who
+was going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be there
+um and the final thing is so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the final thing is so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the final thing is so we're going
+to start this this is a paper where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start this this is a paper where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start this this is a paper where the
+the the the survey where the the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the survey where the the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the survey where the the timing
+is is backwards of what you normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is backwards of what you normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is backwards of what you normally do
+we do a survey at Baseline the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a survey at Baseline the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a survey at Baseline the the key
+data actually the survey of Baseline to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data actually the survey of Baseline to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data actually the survey of Baseline to
+sort of measure people's kind of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of measure people's kind of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of measure people's kind of true
+consumption in a low stage setting then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in a low stage setting then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in a low stage setting then
+we do the targeting and they said to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the targeting and they said to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the targeting and they said to see
+who they picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they picked
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and then we do an inline actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we do an inline actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we do an inline actually to
+measure satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure satisfaction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+a couple other things just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple other things just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple other things just sort of
+important kind of research related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important kind of research related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important kind of research related
+tidbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidbits
+um one is it is really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is it is really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is it is really important to
+Pilot uh what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilot uh what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilot uh what you are doing
+so in the end this is what what we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end this is what what we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end this is what what we ended
+up doing was this is a this is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing was this is a this is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing was this is a this is a system
+where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically
+um uh how we do the community targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how we do the community targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how we do the community targeting
+was we had uh we put up a string kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we had uh we put up a string kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we had uh we put up a string kind of
+across the wall across the room they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wall across the room they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wall across the room they
+first had a list of kind of everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first had a list of kind of everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first had a list of kind of everyone in
+the neighborhood they then kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood they then kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood they then kind of like
+um uh brainstorm kind of a list of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brainstorm kind of a list of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brainstorm kind of a list of kind
+of what they meant by local but poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they meant by local but poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they meant by local but poverty
+in this context they could actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context they could actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context they could actually do
+stuff then they sort of picked up cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff then they sort of picked up cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff then they sort of picked up cards
+kind of one after another in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one after another in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one after another in random
+order and they said Okay first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and they said Okay first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and they said Okay first we're
+gonna do you know Ben versus opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do you know Ben versus opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do you know Ben versus opposite
+you know who do you think is kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who do you think is kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who do you think is kind of uh
+better off in this Village and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in this Village and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in this Village and you know
+maybe we all say one of the two of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all say one of the two of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all say one of the two of us
+maybe you say opposite so obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you say opposite so obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you say opposite so obviously it
+gets put to the left or to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put to the left or to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets put to the left or to the right of
+bend on the string then we pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend on the string then we pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend on the string then we pick up the
+next card and say now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next card and say now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next card and say now we're going to do
+you know Glenn Ellison where do you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Glenn Ellison where do you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Glenn Ellison where do you put
+Glenn Allison kind of on this list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenn Allison kind of on this list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glenn Allison kind of on this list and
+so on and so forth until the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth until the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth until the whole
+string is kind of full with filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is kind of full with filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is kind of full with filled with
+people with a complete rank ordering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with a complete rank ordering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with a complete rank ordering of
+people uh from kind of that's most well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh from kind of that's most well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh from kind of that's most well
+off to least well off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to least well off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to least well off
+so this worked actually pretty well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this worked actually pretty well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this worked actually pretty well in
+terms of actually like succeeding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of actually like succeeding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of actually like succeeding and
+actually getting to the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting to the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting to the end of this
+process without kind of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process without kind of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process without kind of a lot of
+disagreement or discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement or discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement or discussion
+I will say when we piloted this the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say when we piloted this the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say when we piloted this the one
+thing we we also thought could work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we also thought could work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we also thought could work was
+um uh we thought well maybe this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we thought well maybe this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we thought well maybe this whole
+ranking thing is really complicated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking thing is really complicated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking thing is really complicated if
+I've got 100 people sort of ranking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 100 people sort of ranking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 100 people sort of ranking them
+exactly it's really tricky maybe it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's really tricky maybe it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's really tricky maybe it'll
+be easier if I first had the the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if I first had the the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if I first had the the group
+sort people into bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort people into bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort people into bins
+you know four quartiles say so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four quartiles say so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four quartiles say so like
+let's do a quick sort first you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a quick sort first you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a quick sort first you know
+been one been two been three been four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one been two been three been four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one been two been three been four
+you know and then we'll do it after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then we'll do it after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then we'll do it after that
+and so actually that follows some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so actually that follows some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so actually that follows some some
+sorting algorithms to kind of have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms to kind of have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms to kind of have that
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that it turned out was a terrible idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turned out was a terrible idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turned out was a terrible idea
+because everyone immediately figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone immediately figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone immediately figured out
+that if I want to get the transfer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to get the transfer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to get the transfer I
+have to get my name in bin one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get my name in bin one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get my name in bin one and so
+there was a lot of contention in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of contention in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of contention in that
+process about how do I get because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about how do I get because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about how do I get because
+everyone was like no I don't know I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was like no I don't know I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was like no I don't know I want
+to be in bin one whereas this one it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in bin one whereas this one it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in bin one whereas this one it was
+sort of all kind of continuous and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all kind of continuous and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all kind of continuous and we
+didn't exactly know where the costs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exactly know where the costs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't exactly know where the costs were
+going to be and you don't know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and you don't know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and you don't know where the
+cops were going to be when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were going to be when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops were going to be when you're doing
+all the rankings we don't know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rankings we don't know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rankings we don't know kind of
+what else is going to come last so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going to come last so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going to come last so this
+one sort of it turned out that by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of it turned out that by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of it turned out that by not
+discretizing it the it was a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing it the it was a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing it the it was a totally
+sort of fluid process that we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fluid process that we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fluid process that we could do
+kind of hundreds of times that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hundreds of times that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hundreds of times that same
+process but just changing the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but just changing the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but just changing the mechanics
+of how you do the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do the sort
+um and first having people put into bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and first having people put into bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and first having people put into bins
+did not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not work
+um and even this one actually was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even this one actually was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even this one actually was only
+one of I think we had like six or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of I think we had like six or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of I think we had like six or eight
+things that we that we piloted in six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we that we piloted in six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we that we piloted in six or
+eight different Villages the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different Villages the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different Villages the first
+version of this match we did it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this match we did it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this match we did it on the
+floor and then it was kind of we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then it was kind of we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then it was kind of we had to
+like move all the cards around and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move all the cards around and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move all the cards around and so
+they're interested someone came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested someone came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested someone came up with
+a string idea that actually worked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string idea that actually worked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string idea that actually worked a lot
+better so my point is if we had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so my point is if we had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so my point is if we had just
+sort of like had this initial idea of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like had this initial idea of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like had this initial idea of oh
+we're gonna like the exact same design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna like the exact same design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna like the exact same design
+but had gone to the field just with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had gone to the field just with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had gone to the field just with our
+initial version we might have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial version we might have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial version we might have had the
+four bins and the thing would like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bins and the thing would like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bins and the thing would like have
+totally not worked so I think to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not worked so I think to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not worked so I think to sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+before you sort of go to the the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you sort of go to the the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you sort of go to the the scale
+where you're actually kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're actually kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're actually kind of like
+testing things and trying to evaluate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing things and trying to evaluate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing things and trying to evaluate if
+they work or not just making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work or not just making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work or not just making sure that
+each of the things you're working you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the things you're working you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the things you're working you're
+doing is actually kind of feasible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually kind of feasible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is actually kind of feasible in
+your setting is really important and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your setting is really important and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your setting is really important and I
+just want to sort of emphasize that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort of emphasize that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort of emphasize that yeah
+it's like do you usually have like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like do you usually have like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like do you usually have like you
+know playing person on the ground you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know playing person on the ground you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know playing person on the ground you
+can kind of tell you in advance or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of tell you in advance or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of tell you in advance or like
+help you work very easily very local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you work very easily very local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you work very easily very local
+cultural you can do it yourself I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural you can do it yourself I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural you can do it yourself I mean
+so yes you should always be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes you should always be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes you should always be working with
+people who so okay on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who so okay on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who so okay on the one hand
+yes local collaborators are great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes local collaborators are great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes local collaborators are great and
+can certainly help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly help you
+uh with this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this stuff
+um and we had local collaborators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we had local collaborators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we had local collaborators in
+this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project
+um number two in this case you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number two in this case you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number two in this case you know we
+had we had a research assistants who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had a research assistants who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had a research assistants who
+were local who also could help us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were local who also could help us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were local who also could help us but
+number three we went to a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three we went to a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three we went to a lot of these
+meetings ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings ourselves
+and like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know
+there's no substitute for that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no substitute for that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no substitute for that process
+as well so that that the the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so that that the the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so that that the the answer is
+yes but like the local collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but like the local collaborators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but like the local collaborators
+were involved too and they thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involved too and they thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involved too and they thought that
+like that the bin thing was a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the bin thing was a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the bin thing was a good idea
+so like there's no substitute for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like there's no substitute for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like there's no substitute for trying
+it yourself and I mean obviously no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself and I mean obviously no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yourself and I mean obviously no
+local colleges in local economics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local colleges in local economics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local colleges in local economics is
+important but I also think like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but I also think like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but I also think like as
+researchers we also like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers we also like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers we also like you know I
+always when possible I always try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when possible I always try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when possible I always try to go
+to at least some of my Pilots for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least some of my Pilots for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least some of my Pilots for
+projects because like you see stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects because like you see stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects because like you see stuff
+that it's just very hard to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just very hard to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just very hard to sort of
+replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate
+the other kind of experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other kind of experimental design
+thing I wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanna
+uh to say and maybe I'll I'll end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say and maybe I'll I'll end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say and maybe I'll I'll end here
+because we almost have time I'll pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we almost have time I'll pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we almost have time I'll pick up
+with the results next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results next time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the results next time is
+this is what the design Matrix look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the design Matrix look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the design Matrix look like
+okay so what did we do here so I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did we do here so I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did we do here so I told
+you you know we had these three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know we had these three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know we had these three main
+treatments Community targeting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments Community targeting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments Community targeting this
+hybrid and the proxy means test but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid and the proxy means test but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid and the proxy means test but then
+we had a whole bunch of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a whole bunch of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a whole bunch of sort of
+additional things we wanted to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional things we wanted to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional things we wanted to learn
+and so what we did is we cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we did is we cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we did is we cross
+randomized a bunch of different stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized a bunch of different stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized a bunch of different stuff
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is
+none of these individual cells was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these individual cells was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these individual cells was
+designed to be analyzed on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be analyzed on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be analyzed on their own
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if I want to say on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to say on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to say on average
+like you know does it matter if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know does it matter if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know does it matter if we have
+the elites running these meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elites running these meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elites running these meetings
+they're not Elites running running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Elites running running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Elites running running the
+meetings I can compare this group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings I can compare this group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings I can compare this group to
+this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+or if I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I want to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is it like you know is it matter if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like you know is it matter if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like you know is it matter if we
+have more women in the meeting versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more women in the meeting versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more women in the meeting versus
+more men in the meeting I can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more men in the meeting I can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more men in the meeting I can compare
+the all I can pool all the days together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all I can pool all the days together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all I can pool all the days together
+with all the nights together like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the nights together like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the nights together like this
+and so this kind of cross-randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this kind of cross-randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this kind of cross-randomized
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+can be really helpful insofar as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really helpful insofar as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really helpful insofar as you can
+learn a lot more stuff from your given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot more stuff from your given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot more stuff from your given
+600 up 600 observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 up 600 observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 up 600 observations
+the downside of this is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of this is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of this is that what you
+are learning is kind of a a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning is kind of a a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning is kind of a a weighted
+average so when I compare Community to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so when I compare Community to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so when I compare Community to
+hybrid what I'm learning is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid what I'm learning is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid what I'm learning is what is the
+effect of the community treatment with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the community treatment with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the community treatment with a
+weighted average of all this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of all this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of all this other
+different kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of stuff
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+that is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what it is
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+in in many cases I have found that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many cases I have found that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in many cases I have found that that
+is a trade-off worth making and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trade-off worth making and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trade-off worth making and so if
+you're ever doing experiment you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever doing experiment you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever doing experiment you could
+think through like are there additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through like are there additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through like are there additional
+kind of these cross-cutting separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these cross-cutting separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these cross-cutting separate
+randomizations I want to do which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizations I want to do which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizations I want to do which I
+don't think are going to sort of affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think are going to sort of affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think are going to sort of affect
+my overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my overall
+um interpretation of the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interpretation of the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interpretation of the kind of the
+main thing I'm doing but could help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing I'm doing but could help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing I'm doing but could help me
+learn a lot more from the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot more from the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot more from the same set of
+data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+um they're not without cost it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not without cost it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not without cost it's
+complicated because now if I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because now if I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because now if I'm sort of
+working with a team of facilitators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a team of facilitators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a team of facilitators that
+have to go run these meetings I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go run these meetings I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go run these meetings I have to
+you know there's like whatever uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's like whatever uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's like whatever uh how
+many different versions there's a 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different versions there's a 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different versions there's a 16
+different versions uh in this table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions uh in this table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions uh in this table so
+they have to keep track of the 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to keep track of the 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to keep track of the 16
+different versions and which one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions and which one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions and which one I'm
+doing in which place and make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in which place and make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in which place and make sure they
+follow the randomization so it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the randomization so it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the randomization so it is not
+without costs but relative to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without costs but relative to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without costs but relative to kind of
+the grand scheme of things you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand scheme of things you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand scheme of things you can learn
+a lot from your same data points with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from your same data points with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from your same data points with
+kind of approach so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approach so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of approach so I just wanted to
+think that through as well so I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that through as well so I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that through as well so I'll stop
+here I will go through the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will go through the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will go through the uh the the
+the the answer you know what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer you know what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer you know what did we
+actually learn from this paper and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this paper and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this paper and how
+do we evaluate it and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we evaluate it and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we evaluate it and then the other
+thought I'll paper I'll pick up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'll paper I'll pick up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'll paper I'll pick up with
+that at the beginning of next class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning of next class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning of next class on
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1VoDpRYS7GM.txt b/1VoDpRYS7GM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddd2d93d4a9ad7a179cfbfe273cbc842922f90df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1VoDpRYS7GM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the evaluations main Dimensions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluations main Dimensions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluations main Dimensions as
+uncertainty best is not defined what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty best is not defined what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty best is not defined what we
+can do first is to dominate to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do first is to dominate to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do first is to dominate to screen
+out the Dominate Solutions as we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Dominate Solutions as we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Dominate Solutions as we can go
+through a process and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process and say
+of the thousand different solutions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thousand different solutions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thousand different solutions or
+the 10 different solutions eight of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 different solutions eight of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 different solutions eight of them
+for example are good and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are good and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are good and there's a
+dominant three four five that uh are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant three four five that uh are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant three four five that uh are the
+dominant ones I'll give it a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant ones I'll give it a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant ones I'll give it a graph of
+this and then we want to recognize if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we want to recognize if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we want to recognize if
+we're talking about individuals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about individuals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about individuals they
+must have a trade-off in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a trade-off in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a trade-off in some way
+between risk and reward is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and reward is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and reward is one way to
+think about it and groups have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and groups have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and groups have to
+basically have to negotiate in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to negotiate in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to negotiate in some way
+a deal uh to get things going I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal uh to get things going I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal uh to get things going I mean you
+might say that the factory owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that the factory owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that the factory owners
+are the bosses at rule but as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bosses at rule but as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bosses at rule but as you know
+from me from experience that the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me from experience that the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me from experience that the workers
+have something to say they may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to say they may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to say they may not have
+that much power but if they go on strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much power but if they go on strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much power but if they go on strike
+uh the factory owners just can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the factory owners just can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the factory owners just can't tell
+them everything so there's in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them everything so there's in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them everything so there's in some ways
+whether it's explicitly or implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's explicitly or implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's explicitly or implicitly
+there's typically some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically some kind of
+negotiation between what individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation between what individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation between what individuals
+might prefer or groups might prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might prefer or groups might prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might prefer or groups might prefer to
+what they actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually get
+so the first thing to look at is cons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to look at is cons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to look at is cons uh
+concept of dominance that is if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of dominance that is if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of dominance that is if we look
+at two axes of benefits uh we will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two axes of benefits uh we will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two axes of benefits uh we will kind
+of think of a a locus of the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of a a locus of the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of a a locus of the dominant
+one there are various solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are various solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are various solutions that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh
+represent a an amount of one access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a an amount of one access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a an amount of one access and
+one or the other one and there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other one and there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other one and there are all
+kinds of other possible solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other possible solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other possible solutions
+interior to this space so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior to this space so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior to this space so that this
+point where my arrow is right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where my arrow is right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where my arrow is right at the
+point of the arrow we're going to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the arrow we're going to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the arrow we're going to agree
+there are solutions that are better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are solutions that are better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are solutions that are better not
+on all counts it's not that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all counts it's not that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all counts it's not that is this
+particular X Y uh point there are points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X Y uh point there are points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X Y uh point there are points
+which have uh the same y but better X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have uh the same y but better X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have uh the same y but better X so
+the same X and better Y and so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X and better Y and so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X and better Y and so that they
+are better Solutions so the ones in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better Solutions so the ones in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better Solutions so the ones in here
+are inferior and we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inferior and we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inferior and we don't want to
+consider them so the first thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them so the first thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them so the first thing to do
+is to try to focus on the dominated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to focus on the dominated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to focus on the dominated uh
+data get out of the dominated uh tourism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data get out of the dominated uh tourism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data get out of the dominated uh tourism
+look for the dominant ones the ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the dominant ones the ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the dominant ones the ones are
+on the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier
+and uh I would quickly say that expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I would quickly say that expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I would quickly say that expected
+value by itself is just one measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by itself is just one measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by itself is just one measure and
+we've we've emphasized it so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've emphasized it so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've emphasized it so for
+implicitly emphasized it as a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly emphasized it as a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly emphasized it as a meaningful
+way to sort of talk about distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sort of talk about distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sort of talk about distributions
+but it's only one of the possible ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only one of the possible ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only one of the possible ones
+and we need to go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to go beyond that
+so we other dimensions are for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we other dimensions are for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we other dimensions are for example
+the worst that could happen and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst that could happen and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst that could happen and people
+are typically a risk averse don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically a risk averse don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically a risk averse don't like
+it uh and sensitive loss so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and sensitive loss so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and sensitive loss so that
+um they are looking at the good value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are looking at the good value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are looking at the good value on
+average but it may be concern about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it may be concern about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but it may be concern about the
+downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside
+on the other hand you may also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you may also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you may also be
+considering the upside so that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the upside so that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the upside so that uh you
+know that most startups will fail so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that most startups will fail so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that most startups will fail so but
+the reason you're in them is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you're in them is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you're in them is because if
+you hit it big it'd be life-changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it big it'd be life-changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it big it'd be life-changing and
+therefore uh although the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh although the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh although the expected value
+for a startup is not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a startup is not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a startup is not positive
+um that it may make a difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it may make a difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it may make a difference so
+that's why you do it so the downside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you do it so the downside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you do it so the downside the
+upside the capital expenditure may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside the capital expenditure may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside the capital expenditure may be
+important how much do I have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how much do I have to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important how much do I have to put in
+to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this
+you might have some measure of benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have some measure of benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have some measure of benefit
+cost I'm simply saying that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I'm simply saying that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I'm simply saying that there are
+many dimensions besides an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dimensions besides an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dimensions besides an expected
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the more is it's a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more is it's a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the more is it's a very common
+one usually known as this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one usually known as this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one usually known as this notion of
+value at risk and it reflects uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk and it reflects uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk and it reflects uh in a
+standard way the lowest five percent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way the lowest five percent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way the lowest five percent or
+ten percent of the of a distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent of the of a distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent of the of a distribution the
+Tails a distribution and is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails a distribution and is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails a distribution and is a standard
+Concept in finance that they will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in finance that they will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept in finance that they will often
+Banks and others will be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and others will be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and others will be interested in
+saying well what's the worst can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well what's the worst can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well what's the worst can happen
+how probable it is that this company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how probable it is that this company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how probable it is that this company is
+going to have a big loss or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a big loss or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a big loss or this
+borrower is going to have a big loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower is going to have a big loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower is going to have a big loss
+it's not going to be able to repay us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be able to repay us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be able to repay us so
+they are interest not only how good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are interest not only how good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are interest not only how good it
+can get that's fine but they want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that's fine but they want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that's fine but they want to get
+their money back and are concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money back and are concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money back and are concerned with
+what's the downside so you would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the downside so you would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the downside so you would they
+might want to have this figure of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to have this figure of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to have this figure of what's
+the value at risk either at the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at risk either at the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at risk either at the five
+percent or ten percent level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or ten percent level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or ten percent level
+uh conversely you can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversely you can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversely you can talk about the
+value and gain this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and gain this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and gain this is not a
+well-established notion but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established notion but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established notion but it's
+important uh in fact my colleagues and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in fact my colleagues and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in fact my colleagues and I
+have set this up as a as a counterpart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have set this up as a as a counterpart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have set this up as a as a counterpart
+uh it's sort of uh as a way of bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of uh as a way of bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of uh as a way of bouncing
+off the equation so to speak and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the equation so to speak and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the equation so to speak and of
+course the investors are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the investors are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the investors are mostly
+interested in that why am I going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that why am I going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that why am I going to a
+startup well because it might pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup well because it might pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup well because it might pay off
+really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the notion that we use a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the notion that we use a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the notion that we use a lot and
+you've seen it and you've seen it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it and you've seen it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it and you've seen it in the
+garage cases this notion of a Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage cases this notion of a Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage cases this notion of a Target
+curve says the distribution of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve says the distribution of outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve says the distribution of outcomes
+uh I particularly like the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I particularly like the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I particularly like the cumulative
+distribution but some others like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but some others like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but some others like a
+frequency distribution but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution but it's the
+distribution and it goes from the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it goes from the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it goes from the worst
+case to the best case and you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to the best case and you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to the best case and you can sort
+of see read from it the value at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see read from it the value at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see read from it the value at risk
+and the value and gain so if we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value and gain so if we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value and gain so if we looked
+at this these curves which were done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this these curves which were done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this these curves which were done uh
+in conjunction with some studies for BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with some studies for BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with some studies for BP
+by jejun Lin when he did his PhD with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jejun Lin when he did his PhD with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jejun Lin when he did his PhD with us
+that here at the the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here at the the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here at the the cumulative
+probability and the benefits of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the benefits of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and the benefits of this
+project and billions of dollars as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and billions of dollars as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and billions of dollars as it
+was it was fun to play with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was fun to play with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was fun to play with that kind of
+money uh the value at risk at 10 level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh the value at risk at 10 level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh the value at risk at 10 level
+was a net PV of about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a net PV of about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a net PV of about a
+million for their the original design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million for their the original design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million for their the original design a
+million plus for that five percent level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million plus for that five percent level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million plus for that five percent level
+it was a loss and so that you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a loss and so that you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a loss and so that you can read
+off those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off those
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh extremes fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extremes fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extremes fairly easily
+um now a small question if the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a small question if the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a small question if the target
+curve is always to the right of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is always to the right of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is always to the right of another
+does it dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it dominate
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+um if you have uh this black line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have uh this black line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have uh this black line uh
+which represents One Design it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents One Design it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents One Design it's always
+to the right that is in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right that is in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right that is in the positive
+direction to the green line does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to the green line does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to the green line does that
+mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that
+a design of represented by the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design of represented by the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design of represented by the black
+line will always be better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will always be better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will always be better than the
+design uh represented by the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh represented by the green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh represented by the green line
+now the obvious reaction is well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the obvious reaction is well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the obvious reaction is well yeah
+it's always to the right so how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always to the right so how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always to the right so how could it
+not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is
+that the situation that may be bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the situation that may be bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the situation that may be bad for
+this design that is that that occur for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design that is that that occur for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design that is that that occur for
+these low returns here maybe exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low returns here maybe exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low returns here maybe exactly
+what's good for the other ones so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's good for the other ones so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's good for the other ones so that
+although overall the distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although overall the distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although overall the distribution for
+the green line is inferior to that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line is inferior to that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line is inferior to that for
+the black line they are cases where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line they are cases where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line they are cases where the
+bad performance and the of this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad performance and the of this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad performance and the of this design
+are the situations where there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the situations where there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the situations where there's a good
+performance for another line you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for another line you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for another line you can
+imagine it easily that you're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it easily that you're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it easily that you're having a
+gold mining and you're digging in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mining and you're digging in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mining and you're digging in One
+Direction or another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or another and
+um it could happen that the choice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could happen that the choice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could happen that the choice that
+was great for one case was the bad one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great for one case was the bad one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great for one case was the bad one
+for the other case so it's it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other case so it's it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other case so it's it's possible
+just a subtlety to alert you to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1XdKoZKHj5M.txt b/1XdKoZKHj5M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4094390e99aa6b595ba54642be5ceb23211a89a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1XdKoZKHj5M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+defraction by Thin fibers or wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction by Thin fibers or wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction by Thin fibers or wires
+opposite to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to uh
+slits the setup is essentially very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits the setup is essentially very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits the setup is essentially very
+simple we even took out the lens that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we even took out the lens that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we even took out the lens that we
+had here so the the the laser beam can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so the the the laser beam can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so the the the laser beam can
+go directly onto onto these wires so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly onto onto these wires so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go directly onto onto these wires so if
+we take a close look at what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a close look at what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a close look at what we have
+here we have just uh uh four four wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have just uh uh four four wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have just uh uh four four wires
+then I can just put in the way of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just put in the way of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just put in the way of the uh
+of the laser beam and then we on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laser beam and then we on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laser beam and then we on the on
+the screen then we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen then we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen then we can see the
+associated defraction P so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated defraction P so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated defraction P so let's start
+with the with the thickest with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the thickest with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the thickest with the
+thickest wire so here is as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest wire so here is as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest wire so here is as you can see
+on the screen here is the the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen here is the the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen here is the the defraction
+P pattern associated with this wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P pattern associated with this wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P pattern associated with this wire and
+what you can see uh well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see uh well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see uh well first of all
+let me remind you that we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you that we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you that we have the the
+little circles there which are the 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles there which are the 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles there which are the 5 cm
+markers so you get a feel for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers so you get a feel for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers so you get a feel for for the
+spacing again the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing again the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing again the distance between the
+wire and the screen is 200 cm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and the screen is 200 cm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and the screen is 200 cm and the
+wavelength of the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the laser is
+6328 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 uh
+angstroms the um I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms the um I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms the um I'm not going to tell
+you the diameter of the wire because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the diameter of the wire because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the diameter of the wire because I'm
+going to uh let you work that out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh let you work that out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh let you work that out for
+yourself uh but first you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh but first you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh but first you want to look
+at the defraction pattern what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the defraction pattern what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the defraction pattern what you can
+see it looks very similar to the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it looks very similar to the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it looks very similar to the single
+slit defraction pattern except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit defraction pattern except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit defraction pattern except for the
+blob in the in the center and the blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob in the in the center and the blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob in the in the center and the blob
+in the center is a little complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center is a little complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center is a little complicated uh
+but I can attenuate the the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can attenuate the the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can attenuate the the laser
+beam and you can see that it is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you can see that it is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you can see that it is pretty
+bright because it's essentially it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright because it's essentially it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright because it's essentially it is
+the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam and so it's very difficult to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and so it's very difficult to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and so it's very difficult to get
+information uh from it the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh from it the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh from it the information
+is is hidden in the in the lobes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hidden in the in the lobes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hidden in the in the lobes on the
+sides and the spacing uh between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and the spacing uh between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and the spacing uh between them
+because that will be then related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will be then related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will be then related to the
+diameter of the of the wire so then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the of the wire so then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the of the wire so then for
+the our thickest uh wire we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our thickest uh wire we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our thickest uh wire we see this
+kind of pattern this kind of spacing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern this kind of spacing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern this kind of spacing now
+let me move on to wire number two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move on to wire number two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move on to wire number two which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+thinner here's wire here's wire number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner here's wire here's wire number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner here's wire here's wire number
+two and and we can see that uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and we can see that uh first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and and we can see that uh first of
+all there's less less light in the wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's less less light in the wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's less less light in the wings
+because the the the wire is thinner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the the wire is thinner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the the wire is thinner so
+we don't see as many uh side loes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see as many uh side loes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see as many uh side loes and uh
+and then again you'll see this blob in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again you'll see this blob in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again you'll see this blob in
+the ugly blob in the center but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ugly blob in the center but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ugly blob in the center but the
+information is in the in the loes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in the in the loes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in the in the loes on the
+side and you can see them very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can see them very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can see them very clearly
+and you can see they're spacing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see they're spacing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see they're spacing very
+clearly now let me go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly now let me go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly now let me go on
+to wire number three which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wire number three which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wire number three which is again
+thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner
+still and maybe here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and maybe here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and maybe here we can
+uh zoom in a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zoom in a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zoom in a little bit so
+that we can see it a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see it a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see it a little bit better
+and again you can see the central spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can see the central spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can see the central spot
+is a little messy but the uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little messy but the uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little messy but the uh information
+as I said before is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before is in the in the
+fringes on the uh on the side now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes on the uh on the side now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes on the uh on the side now here
+again if I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I reduce
+the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser
+intensity and see what the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and see what the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and see what the central
+Fringe looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fringe looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fringe looks
+like and as I bring it up we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and as I bring it up we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and as I bring it up we'll see the
+rest of the fringer now finally I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the fringer now finally I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the fringer now finally I'm
+going to go to my thinnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to my thinnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to my thinnest
+wire which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire which
+is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here
+and now now we may have to zoom out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now we may have to zoom out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now we may have to zoom out a
+little bit so that we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that we can see the
+spacing and maybe we can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing and maybe we can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing and maybe we can increase the
+sensitivity a little bit because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity a little bit because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity a little bit because there
+isn't all that much light so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't all that much light so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't all that much light so we can see
+good now we can see the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we can see the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we can see the separation
+between the uh the fringes in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh the fringes in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh the fringes in the in the
+wings so I hope you've been uh watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings so I hope you've been uh watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings so I hope you've been uh watching
+carefully uh the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully uh the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully uh the spacing between the
+between the fringes so that you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fringes so that you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fringes so that you can uh
+come up with the diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the diameter of the
+individual individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individual
+wires now this is uh brings me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires now this is uh brings me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires now this is uh brings me to the
+end of the one-dimensional Fran hoofer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the one-dimensional Fran hoofer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the one-dimensional Fran hoofer
+defraction patterns next what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns next what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns next what we're
+going to do is look at two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is look at two dimensional
+front halfa defraction patterns and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfa defraction patterns and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front halfa defraction patterns and I
+assure you they're even more fun than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure you they're even more fun than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure you they're even more fun than
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimension
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1pFv7e9xtHo.txt b/1pFv7e9xtHo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20241ccfa11229743a8c377c6c7ff981fbc5172a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1pFv7e9xtHo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'd like to pick up again on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'd like to pick up again on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'd like to pick up again on the
+ion this neat family of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion this neat family of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion this neat family of matrices
+circulant matrices but first let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices but first let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices but first let me say
+here and then put it on the web my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then put it on the web my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then put it on the web my
+thought about the projects so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the projects so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the projects so I think
+the last deadline and I can give is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last deadline and I can give is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last deadline and I can give is the
+final class so I think that's not next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final class so I think that's not next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final class so I think that's not next
+week but Wednesday of the following week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but Wednesday of the following week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but Wednesday of the following week
+I think is our last class meeting so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is our last class meeting so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is our last class meeting so be
+great to get them then or earlier and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to get them then or earlier and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to get them then or earlier and if
+anybody or everybody would like to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody or everybody would like to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody or everybody would like to tell
+the class a little bit about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class a little bit about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class a little bit about their
+project you know it's a friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you know it's a friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you know it's a friendly
+audience and and I'd be happy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and and I'd be happy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and and I'd be happy to make
+space and time for that so so send me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time for that so so send me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time for that so so send me an
+email if you or and and give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email if you or and and give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email if you or and and give me the
+project earlier if you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project earlier if you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project earlier if you would like to
+just say a few words in class or even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a few words in class or even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say a few words in class or even if
+you are willing to say a few words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to say a few words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to say a few words in
+class I'll say yeah because I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'll say yeah because I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I'll say yeah because I realize
+yeah okay so other questions about so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so other questions about so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so other questions about so so
+we're finished with all p-sets and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finished with all p-sets and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finished with all p-sets and so on
+so it's really just a project and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really just a project and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really just a project and yeah
+how is it graded good question but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it graded good question but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it graded good question but it's
+going to be me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be me
+I guess so so I'll read all the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess so so I'll read all the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess so so I'll read all the projects
+and come up with a grade somehow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a grade somehow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a grade somehow you
+know I my I hope you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I my I hope you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I my I hope you guys have
+understood that I'm you know my feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that I'm you know my feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that I'm you know my feeling
+is that the grades in this course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the grades in this course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the grades in this course are
+going to be on the high side because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the high side because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the high side because
+they should be yeah I think it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be yeah I think it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be yeah I think it's a it's
+that kind of a course and I'm asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a course and I'm asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a course and I'm asked you
+for to do a fair amount and anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to do a fair amount and anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to do a fair amount and anyway
+that's my starting basis and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my starting basis and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my starting basis and there's a
+lot of topics like circulant matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of topics like circulant matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of topics like circulant matrices
+that I'm not going to be able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to be able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to be able to give
+you a piece set about but I of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a piece set about but I of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a piece set about but I of course
+these are closely can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are closely can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are closely can
+that to the discrete Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the discrete Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the discrete Fourier transform
+so let me just write the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write the name of the
+great man Fourier so the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man Fourier so the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man Fourier so the discrete
+Fourier transform is as you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is as you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is as you know very
+very important algorithm in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important algorithm in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important algorithm in in
+engineering and in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and in mathematics
+everywhere Fourier is just a key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere Fourier is just a key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere Fourier is just a key idea
+and so I think it's just good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think it's just good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think it's just good to know
+about those so circulant matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those so circulant matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those so circulant matrices are
+connected with with the finite size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with with the finite size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with with the finite size
+matrices matrices of size and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices matrices of size and some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices matrices of size and some are
+circulant matrices will be n by n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices will be n by n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices will be n by n and
+you remember this special form so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this special form so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this special form so this
+is a key point about these matrices see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key point about these matrices see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a key point about these matrices see
+that they are defined by not n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are defined by not n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are defined by not n squared
+entries only n if you tell me just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries only n if you tell me just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries only n if you tell me just the
+first row of the matrix and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of the matrix and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of the matrix and that's all
+you would tell MATLAB say C 0 C 1 C 2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tell MATLAB say C 0 C 1 C 2 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tell MATLAB say C 0 C 1 C 2 C
+and minus 1 and for a circulant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 and for a circulant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 and for a circulant that's
+all I need to know because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to know because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to know because these
+diagonals are constant this diagonal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals are constant this diagonal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals are constant this diagonal is
+constant C 1 and then gets completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C 1 and then gets completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C 1 and then gets completed
+here C two diagonal come to C 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C two diagonal come to C 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C two diagonal come to C 2 and then
+gets completed cyclically here so M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets completed cyclically here so M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets completed cyclically here so M
+numbers and not n squared and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and not n squared and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and not n squared and that the
+reason I mention that or a reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mention that or a reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mention that or a reason is
+that's there that's a big selling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there that's a big selling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there that's a big selling point
+when you go to applications same machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to applications same machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to applications same machine
+learning in for images so you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in for images so you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in for images so you remember
+the big picture of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture of machine learning
+deep deep learning was that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep deep learning was that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep deep learning was that you had
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+a lot of samples let's say n samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of samples let's say n samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of samples let's say n samples
+maybe and then each sample in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then each sample in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then each sample in this image
+part will be an image so the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be an image so the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be an image so the thing is
+that an image is described by its pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an image is described by its pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an image is described by its pixels
+and if I have a thousand by thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have a thousand by thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have a thousand by thousand
+pixel so that's a million a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so that's a million a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so that's a million a million
+pixels it the the feature vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels it the the feature vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels it the the feature vector the
+vector that's associated with one sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's associated with one sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's associated with one sample
+is enormous is enormous so so so I vents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous is enormous so so so I vents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous is enormous so so so I vents
+ampuls but maybe maybe well if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampuls but maybe maybe well if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampuls but maybe maybe well if they're
+in color that million suddenly becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in color that million suddenly becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in color that million suddenly becomes
+three million so say three million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three million so say three million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three million so say three million
+features so our vectors our vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so our vectors our vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so our vectors our vector of
+that the whole computation of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole computation of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole computation of deep
+learning works with our vectors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning works with our vectors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning works with our vectors with
+three million components and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three million components and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three million components and that means
+that in the ordinary way if we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the ordinary way if we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the ordinary way if we didn't do
+anything special we would be multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special we would be multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special we would be multiplying
+those by matrices of size like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by matrices of size like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by matrices of size like three
+million times three million we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times three million we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times three million we would be
+computing that many weights that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that many weights that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that many weights that's like
+impossible that's like and we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that's like and we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that's like and we would be
+computing that for for each layer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that for for each layer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that for for each layer in the
+deep network so it would go up a normai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep network so it would go up a normai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep network so it would go up a normai
+it go up so three million by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go up so three million by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go up so three million by three
+million is just we can't compute we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is just we can't compute we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is just we can't compute we
+can't use gradient descent to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use gradient descent to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use gradient descent to optimize
+that many weight so the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many weight so the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many weight so the point is that
+the matrices in deep learning are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices in deep learning are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices in deep learning are
+special and they don't depend they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and they don't depend they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and they don't depend they they
+are like circulant matrices they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like circulant matrices they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like circulant matrices they might
+not loop around so circulant matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not loop around so circulant matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not loop around so circulant matrices
+have this cyclic feature that that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cyclic feature that that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cyclic feature that that makes
+the theory perfect extremely nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory perfect extremely nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory perfect extremely nice
+but of course in general we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in general we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in general we have
+matrices let's say T t0 constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let's say T t0 constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let's say T t0 constant
+diagonals and maybe bunch of diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and maybe bunch of diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and maybe bunch of diagonals
+in here not necessarily symmetric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here not necessarily symmetric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here not necessarily symmetric or
+they might be symmetric but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be symmetric but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be symmetric but they're not
+cyclic so what are these matrices called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so what are these matrices called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so what are these matrices called
+well they have a bunch of names because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they have a bunch of names because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they have a bunch of names because
+they're so important they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important they're they're
+linear shift invariant or linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift invariant or linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift invariant or linear time
+invariant whatever is the right word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant whatever is the right word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant whatever is the right word in
+your context so so they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your context so so they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your context so so they're they're
+convolutions you could call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions you could call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions you could call it a
+convolution matrix when they multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution matrix when they multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution matrix when they multiply by
+one of these matrices I guess I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these matrices I guess I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these matrices I guess I'm going
+to call it t you're doing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it t you're doing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it t you're doing our
+convolution and I'll better write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I'll better write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I'll better write down
+the formula for our convolution you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for our convolution you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for our convolution you're
+not doing a cyclic convolution unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing a cyclic convolution unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing a cyclic convolution unless
+the matrix cycles round this would when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix cycles round this would when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix cycles round this would when
+you multiply by C this would give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by C this would give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by C this would give you a
+cyclic convolution say if I multiply C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution say if I multiply C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution say if I multiply C
+by some vector V the result is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some vector V the result is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some vector V the result is the
+cyclic convolution of the C vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution of the C vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution of the C vector with
+the V vector so big C is a matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V vector so big C is a matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V vector so big C is a matrix but
+but it's completely defined by its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's completely defined by its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's completely defined by its first
+row or first column so it's really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or first column so it's really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or first column so it's really I
+just have a vector operation there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a vector operation there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a vector operation there and
+it's a cyclic one and over here T times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cyclic one and over here T times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cyclic one and over here T times
+a vector V will be the convolution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector V will be the convolution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector V will be the convolution of a
+T vector with V but not cyclic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T vector with V but not cyclic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T vector with V but not cyclic and
+probably these are the ones that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably these are the ones that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably these are the ones that would
+actually come in to machine learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come in to machine learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come in to machine learning so
+linear shift invariant linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift invariant linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift invariant linear time
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+I would call it so mask people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call it so mask people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call it so mask people would
+call it a triplets matrix so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a triplets matrix so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a triplets matrix so that's
+that's why I used the letter T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I used the letter T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I used the letter T in
+engineering it would be a filter or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it would be a filter or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it would be a filter or a
+convolution or are constant diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution or are constant diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution or are constant diagonal
+matrix these come up all sorts of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these come up all sorts of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these come up all sorts of places
+and they come up in in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come up in in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come up in in machine learning
+and with image processing but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with image processing but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with image processing but basically
+because what you're doing at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're doing at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're doing at one point
+in an image it's pretty much what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an image it's pretty much what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an image it's pretty much what you're
+going to do at the other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at the other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do at the other points
+you're not gonna figure out special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna figure out special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna figure out special
+weights for each little pixel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for each little pixel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for each little pixel in the
+image you're going to take if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you're going to take if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you're going to take if you have
+an image say you have an image with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image say you have an image with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image say you have an image with with
+zillions of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of pixels
+well you might want to cut down I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might want to cut down I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might want to cut down I mean
+you'd be very sensible to do some max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be very sensible to do some max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be very sensible to do some max
+pooling some pooling operations to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling some pooling operations to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling some pooling operations to make
+it smaller so that's really like okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smaller so that's really like okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it smaller so that's really like okay we
+can't we don't want this larger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we don't want this larger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we don't want this larger system
+let's just reduce it so max pooling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just reduce it so max pooling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just reduce it so max pooling that
+operation would be say take them three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation would be say take them three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation would be say take them three
+at a time from nine pixels and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time from nine pixels and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time from nine pixels and replace
+that nine pixels by one pixel so the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nine pixels by one pixel so the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nine pixels by one pixel so the max
+of those nine numbers that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those nine numbers that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those nine numbers that would be a
+very simple operation that just reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple operation that just reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple operation that just reduces
+the dimension that's make it smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension that's make it smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension that's make it smaller
+reduce the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a cheap way to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a cheap way to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a cheap way to make it
+make an image for four times or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an image for four times or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an image for four times or nine
+times or 64 times smaller but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or 64 times smaller but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or 64 times smaller but the
+convolution part now so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution part now so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution part now so that's not
+involving convolution that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving convolution that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving convolution that's a different
+operation here not even linear if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here not even linear if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here not even linear if I take
+the max in each box that's not a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max in each box that's not a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max in each box that's not a linear
+operation so but it's a fast one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so but it's a fast one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so but it's a fast one okay so
+now where do circulant soar convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where do circulant soar convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where do circulant soar convolution
+or triplets matrices or filters come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triplets matrices or filters come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triplets matrices or filters come
+into it so I'll forget about the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so I'll forget about the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so I'll forget about the max
+cooling suppose that's happened and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling suppose that's happened and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling suppose that's happened and I
+still have a very big system with N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a very big system with N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a very big system with N
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+pixels and squared features in for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and squared features in for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and squared features in for each
+sample so that's so I want to operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that's so I want to operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that's so I want to operate on
+that by matrices as usual I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by matrices as usual I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by matrices as usual I want to
+choose the weights to bring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the weights to bring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the weights to bring out the
+important points so the whole idea is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points so the whole idea is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points so the whole idea is on
+a image like that I'll use a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image like that I'll use a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image like that I'll use a convolution
+I'll use this the same operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use this the same operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use this the same operation is
+happening at each point so if so forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at each point so if so forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at each point so if so forget
+the max part let me erase if I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max part let me erase if I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max part let me erase if I can find
+an eraser here okay so I'm I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eraser here okay so I'm I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eraser here okay so I'm I'm not gonna
+we've done this so that's done now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this so that's done now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this so that's done now I
+want to multiply it by weight so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply it by weight so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply it by weight so that
+that's already done okay so what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already done okay so what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already done okay so what am I
+looking to do what was it what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to do what was it what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to do what was it what kind of a
+job would a filter do a low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job would a filter do a low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job would a filter do a low-pass filter
+would kill or nearly kill the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kill or nearly kill the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kill or nearly kill the high
+frequencies the noise so if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get a simpler image there I would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a simpler image there I would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a simpler image there I would use a
+lope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lope
+filter which might just it might be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which might just it might be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which might just it might be this
+this filter here with let me just put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter here with let me just put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter here with let me just put in
+some numbers that would that would say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers that would that would say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers that would that would say a
+half and a half so I'm averaging each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and a half so I'm averaging each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and a half so I'm averaging each
+pixel with its neighbor just to take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel with its neighbor just to take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel with its neighbor just to take out
+some of the high frequencies the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the high frequencies the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the high frequencies the low
+frequencies are constant image a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are constant image a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are constant image a black
+all black image would come out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all black image would come out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all black image would come out not
+changed but a very highly speckled image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but a very highly speckled image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but a very highly speckled image
+would get largely removed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get largely removed by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get largely removed by that
+averaging so I it's the same idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so I it's the same idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so I it's the same idea that
+comes up in all of say no processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in all of say no processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in all of say no processing
+filtering so just to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so just to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so just to complete this
+thought of how why does a wider neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of how why does a wider neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of how why does a wider neural
+nets so I'm answering this question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets so I'm answering this question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets so I'm answering this question why
+how do they come in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they come in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they come in machine learning
+so they come when when the samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they come when when the samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they come when when the samples are
+images and then it's natural to use a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and then it's natural to use a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and then it's natural to use a a
+constant diagonal matrix a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant diagonal matrix a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant diagonal matrix a shift
+invariant matrix and not an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant matrix and not an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant matrix and not an arbitrary
+matrix so we're we only have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we're we only have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we're we only have to compute
+n weights and not N squared yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n weights and not N squared yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n weights and not N squared yeah
+so that's the point so that's one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point so that's one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point so that's one reason
+for talking about convolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about convolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about convolution and
+circulant matrices in this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices in this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant matrices in this course I
+guess I feel another reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I feel another reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I feel another reason is that
+everything to do with the DFT with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with the DFT with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with the DFT with
+Fourier it with Fourier and Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier it with Fourier and Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier it with Fourier and Fourier
+transforms and phoria matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and phoria matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and phoria matrices
+that's just like stuff you got to know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just like stuff you got to know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just like stuff you got to know I
+mean that's every time you have a you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's every time you have a you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's every time you have a you're
+dealing with vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with vector
+that are sort of shift we're shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of shift we're shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of shift we're shifting
+the vectors comes into it that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors comes into it that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors comes into it that's for
+EA's gonna come in so it's just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA's gonna come in so it's just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA's gonna come in so it's just we
+should see for you okay so now can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see for you okay so now can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see for you okay so now can i
+I'll go back to this specially nice case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to this specially nice case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to this specially nice case
+where the where the the matrix loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the the matrix loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the the matrix loops
+around where I have this cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where I have this cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where I have this cyclic
+convolution so so this are-- cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so so this are-- cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so so this are-- cyclic
+because of the looping around stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the looping around stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the looping around stuff and
+let's find oh so what was the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find oh so what was the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find oh so what was the point of
+last time I I started with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I I started with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I I started with this
+permutation matrix and the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation matrix and the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation matrix and the permutation
+matrix has C 0 equals 0 C 1 equal 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has C 0 equals 0 C 1 equal 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has C 0 equals 0 C 1 equal 1 and
+the rest of the C's are 0 so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the C's are 0 so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the C's are 0 so it's just
+the effect of multiplying by this get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of multiplying by this get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of multiplying by this get a
+box around it here the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around it here the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around it here the effect of
+multiplying by this permutation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this permutation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this permutation matrix
+is to shift everything and then bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to shift everything and then bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to shift everything and then bring
+the last one up to the top so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one up to the top so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one up to the top so it's a
+cyclic shift so six things sheriff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic shift so six things sheriff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic shift so six things sheriff is
+outside and I guess at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and I guess at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and I guess at the very end of
+last time I was asking about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I was asking about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I was asking about its
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors so can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors so can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors so can we
+come to that question so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that question so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that question so that's a
+starting question for everything here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting question for everything here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting question for everything here I
+guess we've understood that too to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we've understood that too to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we've understood that too to get
+deeper into a matrix its eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into a matrix its eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into a matrix its eigenvalues
+eigenvectors or singular value singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors or singular value singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors or singular value singular
+vectors are the way to go actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are the way to go actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are the way to go actually what
+would be the singular values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the singular values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the singular values of that
+matrix so that's uh yeah just lets let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so that's uh yeah just lets let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so that's uh yeah just lets let's
+just think about singular values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about singular values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about singular values and
+then we'll see why why its eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see why why its eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see why why its eigenvalues
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+saying - they're one of the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying - they're one of the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying - they're one of the singular
+values of a permutation matrix they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a permutation matrix they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a permutation matrix they're
+all one all one that matrix is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one all one that matrix is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all one all one that matrix is a
+orthogonal matrix so the the SVD of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so the the SVD of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so the the SVD of the
+matrix just has like the permutation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix just has like the permutation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix just has like the permutation and
+then the identity is therefore the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the identity is therefore the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the identity is therefore the Sigma
+so Sigma is I for this mate for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma is I for this mate for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma is I for this mate for this
+matrix not so the singular values don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not so the singular values don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not so the singular values don't
+and now I guess if we that's because P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess if we that's because P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess if we that's because P
+transpose P is the identity matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anytime I have that that's an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I have that that's an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I have that that's an orthogonal
+matrix then maybe anytime P transpose P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then maybe anytime P transpose P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then maybe anytime P transpose P
+is the identity the singular values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity the singular values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity the singular values will
+be the eigen values of the identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eigen values of the identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eigen values of the identity and
+that's there they're all just ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there they're all just ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there they're all just ones the
+eigen values of P that's what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of P that's what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of P that's what we want to
+find so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so let's do that
+okay eigen values of P so one way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay eigen values of P so one way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay eigen values of P so one way is to
+take P minus lambda I that's the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take P minus lambda I that's the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take P minus lambda I that's the way we
+teach in 1806 and never use again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in 1806 and never use again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach in 1806 and never use again so
+it's minus lambda on the diagonal and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus lambda on the diagonal and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus lambda on the diagonal and of
+course P is sitting up here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now following the 1806 rule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now following the 1806 rule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now following the 1806 rule I
+should take that determinate right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take that determinate right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take that determinate right and
+set it to zero why don't one this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to zero why don't one this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to zero why don't one this is one
+of the very few occasions we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very few occasions we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very few occasions we can
+actually do it so allow me to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it so allow me to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it so allow me to do it so
+what is the determinant of this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the determinant of this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the determinant of this well
+yeah there's that there's that lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's that there's that lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's that there's that lambda to
+the fourth and I guess I think it's lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth and I guess I think it's lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth and I guess I think it's lamb
+to the fourth minus one I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth minus one I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth minus one I think that's
+the right determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right determinant
+that certainly has has property so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly has has property so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly has has property so I
+would set that to zero then I would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set that to zero then I would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set that to zero then I would find
+that the the eigenvalues for that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the eigenvalues for that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the eigenvalues for that will
+be one and minus one and I and minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and minus one and I and minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and minus one and I and minus I
+and they're the for for if they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're the for for if they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're the for for if they're the
+fourth roots of one lambda the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of one lambda the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth roots of one lambda the fourth
+equal one that's our that's our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one that's our that's our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one that's our that's our equation
+that's our eigenvalue equation lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our eigenvalue equation lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our eigenvalue equation lambda
+the fourth equal 1 or lambda to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth equal 1 or lambda to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth equal 1 or lambda to the N
+sequel one so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel one so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequel one so what would be the
+eigenvalues for for the free p 8x8 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for for the free p 8x8 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for for the free p 8x8 this
+is the complex plane of course real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complex plane of course real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complex plane of course real and
+imaginary so that's got a Tigan values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary so that's got a Tigan values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary so that's got a Tigan values
+we want to be the 8th power would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be the 8th power would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be the 8th power would be the
+identity and that means that lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that means that lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that means that lambda to
+the 8th power is one for the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th power is one for the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8th power is one for the eigenvalues
+and what are the eight solutions every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the eight solutions every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the eight solutions every
+polynomial equation of degree eight has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial equation of degree eight has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial equation of degree eight has
+got to have eight solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have eight solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have eight solutions
+that's Gauss's fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Gauss's fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Gauss's fundamental theorem of
+algebra eight solutions so what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra eight solutions so what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra eight solutions so what are they
+what are the eight numbers whose eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eight numbers whose eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eight numbers whose eighth
+power gives one you all probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power gives one you all probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power gives one you all probably know
+them so they're one of course the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they're one of course the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they're one of course the eighth
+power of one is power of -1 the 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of one is power of -1 the 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of one is power of -1 the 8th
+power of minus I and the other guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of minus I and the other guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of minus I and the other guys are
+just here the roots of one are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here the roots of one are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here the roots of one are equally
+spaced around the circle so Fourier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced around the circle so Fourier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced around the circle so Fourier is
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+you know Fourier wakes up when they sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Fourier wakes up when they sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Fourier wakes up when they sees
+that picture for here is gonna be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture for here is gonna be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture for here is gonna be here
+and it'll be in the eigenvectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be in the eigenvectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be in the eigenvectors so
+you okay with the eigenvalues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay with the eigenvalues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay with the eigenvalues the
+eigenvalues of p will be this number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of p will be this number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of p will be this number so
+we better give a name to this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better give a name to this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better give a name to this number
+let's see I'm gonna call that number W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm gonna call that number W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm gonna call that number W
+and it'll be e to the 2 pi I over 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be e to the 2 pi I over 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be e to the 2 pi I over 8
+right because the angle is 2 pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the angle is 2 pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the angle is 2 pi the
+whole angle is 2 pi divided it by in 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole angle is 2 pi divided it by in 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole angle is 2 pi divided it by in 8
+pieces so the that's 2 pi over 8 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so the that's 2 pi over 8 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so the that's 2 pi over 8 2 pi
+over and for a matrix of four the end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and for a matrix of four the end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and for a matrix of four the end by
+end permutation yeah so that's number W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end permutation yeah so that's number W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end permutation yeah so that's number W
+and of course this guy is is w squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this guy is is w squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this guy is is w squared
+this one is WQ w 4 w v 6 7 and w 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is WQ w 4 w v 6 7 and w 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is WQ w 4 w v 6 7 and w 8 is
+the same as 1 right so right well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as 1 right so right well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as 1 right so right well those
+the reason I put those numbers up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I put those numbers up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I put those numbers up there
+is that they come into the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they come into the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they come into the eigenvectors
+as well as the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the eigenvalues
+they are the eigenvalues these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the eigenvalues these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the eigenvalues these eight
+numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 are the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 are the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 are the eight
+eigenvalues of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the matrix
+it's a here's the 4 4 by 4 case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a here's the 4 4 by 4 case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a here's the 4 4 by 4 case the
+matrix is an orthogonal matrix Oh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is an orthogonal matrix Oh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is an orthogonal matrix Oh what
+does that tell us about the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell us about the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell us about the eigenvectors
+the eigenvectors of an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of an orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of an orthogonal matrix
+are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal
+just like symmetric matrices so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like symmetric matrices so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like symmetric matrices so do you
+know that little list of matrices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal eigenvectors so ok I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so ok I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so ok I'm going
+to call them Q so Q I dotted with Q J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them Q so Q I dotted with Q J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them Q so Q I dotted with Q J
+the inner product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product is
+1 or 0 1 if I would say 0 if I is not J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or 0 1 if I would say 0 if I is not J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or 0 1 if I would say 0 if I is not J
+orthogonal eigenvectors now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors now what
+matrices have orthogonal eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have orthogonal eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have orthogonal eigenvectors
+we're going back to linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going back to linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going back to linear algebra
+because this is this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is like a
+fundamental fact to know this family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact to know this family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact to know this family of
+wonderful matrices matrices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful matrices matrices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful matrices matrices with
+orthogonal eigenvectors so tell me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so tell me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so tell me one
+bunch of matrices that you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of matrices that you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of matrices that you know has
+orthogonal eigenvectors symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors symmetric and
+what is special about the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is special about the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is special about the eigenvalues
+they're real but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real but there are other
+matrices that have orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that have orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that have orthogonal
+eigenvectors and we really should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and we really should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and we really should know
+the whole story about those guys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story about those guys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story about those guys that
+they're too important not to know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too important not to know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too important not to know so
+what's another famine other-- bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another famine other-- bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another famine other-- bunch of
+matrices so these symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so these symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so these symmetric matrices
+have orthogonal eigenvectors and real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orthogonal eigenvectors and real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orthogonal eigenvectors and real
+symmetric then the eigenvalues will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric then the eigenvalues will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric then the eigenvalues will be
+real well what other family what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well what other family what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real well what other family what other
+kind of matrices have orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrices have orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrices have orthogonal
+eigenvectors but they might be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors but they might be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors but they might be complex
+and the eigenvalues might be complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues might be complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues might be complex so
+and you just have to you can't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to you can't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have to you can't know
+Fourier without saying ok I can deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier without saying ok I can deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier without saying ok I can deal
+with this complex number ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this complex number ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this complex number ok
+so what's another family of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another family of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another family of matrices
+that has orthogonal eigenvectors yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has orthogonal eigenvectors yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has orthogonal eigenvectors yes
+diagonal for sure right and then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal for sure right and then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal for sure right and then we know
+that we we have the eigenvectors are go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we have the eigenvectors are go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we have the eigenvectors are go
+into the identity matrix right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the identity matrix right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the identity matrix right yeah so
+we know everything about diagonal ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know everything about diagonal ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know everything about diagonal ones
+you could say those are included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say those are included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say those are included in
+symmetric now let's get some new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric now let's get some new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric now let's get some new ones
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+orthogonal matrices count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices count
+orthogonal matrices like permutations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices like permutations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices like permutations or
+like rotations or like reflections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rotations or like reflections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rotations or like reflections
+orthogonal matrices and what's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices and what's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices and what's special
+about their eigenvalues the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their eigenvalues the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their eigenvalues the eigenvalues
+of an orthogonal matrix the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an orthogonal matrix the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an orthogonal matrix the magnitude is
+1 exactly there has to be one because an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 exactly there has to be one because an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 exactly there has to be one because an
+orthogonal matrix doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix doesn't change the
+length of the vector q times x has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the vector q times x has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the vector q times x has the
+same length as x 4 for all vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length as x 4 for all vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length as x 4 for all vectors and
+in particular for eigenvectors so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for eigenvectors so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for eigenvectors so if
+this was an eigenvector q x would equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an eigenvector q x would equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an eigenvector q x would equal
+the lambda X and now if that equals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda X and now if that equals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda X and now if that equals that
+then lambda has to be 1 the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda has to be 1 the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda has to be 1 the magnitude of
+lambda has to be 1 of course complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda has to be 1 of course complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda has to be 1 of course complex
+numbers are expected here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are expected here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are expected here and that's
+exactly what we're seeing here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're seeing here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're seeing here all the
+eigenvalues of permutations are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of permutations are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of permutations are very
+special orthogonal matrices I I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special orthogonal matrices I I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special orthogonal matrices I I won't
+add permutations separately to the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add permutations separately to the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add permutations separately to the list
+but they count now what so this has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they count now what so this has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they count now what so this has the
+fact that this is on the list tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is on the list tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is on the list tells us
+that the eigenvectors that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigenvectors that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigenvectors that we're going
+to find are orthogonal we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find are orthogonal we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find are orthogonal we don't have to
+do a separate check to see that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a separate check to see that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a separate check to see that they are
+once we compute them they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we compute them they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we compute them they have to be
+there are the eigenvectors of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the eigenvectors of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the eigenvectors of our
+orthogonal matrix now I could ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix now I could ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix now I could ask you
+let's keep going with this get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going with this get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going with this get the whole
+list here along with symmetric there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here along with symmetric there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list here along with symmetric there's
+another bunch of guys anti-symmetric big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bunch of guys anti-symmetric big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bunch of guys anti-symmetric big
+deal but those are important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but those are important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but those are important so
+symmetric means a transpose equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric means a transpose equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric means a transpose equals a
+diagonal you know a transpose equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you know a transpose equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal you know a transpose equals a
+inverse orthogonal matrices now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse orthogonal matrices now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse orthogonal matrices now I'm
+going to put in anti-symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in anti-symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in anti-symmetric matrices
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+a transpose is minus a what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose is minus a what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose is minus a what do you think
+you know about the eigenvalues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the eigenvalues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the eigenvalues for
+anti-symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shall we take an example anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we take an example anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we take an example anti-symmetric
+matrix say zero zero one and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix say zero zero one and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix say zero zero one and minus one
+what are the eigenvalues of that well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigenvalues of that well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigenvalues of that well if
+I subtract lambda from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract lambda from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract lambda from the from the
+diagonal and takes a determinate I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and takes a determinate I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and takes a determinate I get
+lambda squared plus 1 right equals 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared plus 1 right equals 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared plus 1 right equals 0 so
+lambda is I or minus I that's a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is I or minus I that's a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is I or minus I that's a rotation
+matrix itself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix itself yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix itself yeah
+yeah it's a it's a rotation through 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a it's a rotation through 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a it's a rotation through 90
+degrees so there could not be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so there could not be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so there could not be a real
+eigenvalue have you thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue have you thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue have you thought about that
+or a real eigenvector if i rotate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a real eigenvector if i rotate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a real eigenvector if i rotate every
+vector how could a vector come out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how could a vector come out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how could a vector come out a
+multiple of itself how could I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of itself how could I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of itself how could I have a
+transpose times a vector equal lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a vector equal lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a vector equal lambda
+times a vector I've rotated it and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector I've rotated it and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector I've rotated it and yet
+it's in the same direction well somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the same direction well somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the same direction well somehow
+that's possible in imaginary in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible in imaginary in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible in imaginary in in
+imaginary space and not not possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary space and not not possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary space and not not possible in
+real space okay so so here's a lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space okay so so here's a lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space okay so so here's a lambdas
+are imaginary and now finally tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imaginary and now finally tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imaginary and now finally tell me
+you if you know the name of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know the name of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know the name of the whole
+family of matrices that includes all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matrices that includes all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matrices that includes all of
+those and more of matrices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and more of matrices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and more of matrices with
+orthogonal eigenvectors so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigenvectors so what is that
+what are the special properties then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the special properties then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the special properties then
+these would be matrices so I call them M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be matrices so I call them M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be matrices so I call them M
+for matrix so it's a has orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrix so it's a has orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrix so it's a has orthogonal
+you're vector so it's a Q times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're vector so it's a Q times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're vector so it's a Q times the
+diagonal times q transpose that's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal times q transpose that's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal times q transpose that's well
+I've really written down somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've really written down somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've really written down somehow I
+haven't written a name down for them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written a name down for them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written a name down for them but
+that's the way they way to get them I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way they way to get them I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way they way to get them I'm
+allowing any orthogonal eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing any orthogonal eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing any orthogonal eigenvectors
+sorry this is diagonal I've diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is diagonal I've diagonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is diagonal I've diagonalized
+the the matrix and here the I get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the matrix and here the I get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the matrix and here the I get any
+eigenvalue so I want to the final guy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so I want to the final guy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so I want to the final guy on
+this list allows any eigenvalues any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list allows any eigenvalues any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list allows any eigenvalues any
+complex numbers but there I can vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers but there I can vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers but there I can vectors
+I'm want to be orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm want to be orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm want to be orthogonal
+so that's why I have the Q so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I have the Q so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I have the Q so how would
+you recognize such a matrix and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize such a matrix and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognize such a matrix and what is
+the name for them so that is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for them so that is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for them so that is so this
+we're going beyond 1806 because probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going beyond 1806 because probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going beyond 1806 because probably
+I don't mention that name the name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mention that name the name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mention that name the name for
+these matrices in 1806 but I could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices in 1806 but I could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices in 1806 but I could and
+anybody know it a matrix of that form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know it a matrix of that form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know it a matrix of that form is
+a normal matrix normal so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal matrix normal so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal matrix normal so that's the
+total list is a normal name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so normal matrices look like that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normal matrices look like that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normal matrices look like that I have
+to apologize for whoever thought up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apologize for whoever thought up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apologize for whoever thought up that
+name normal I mean like that's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name normal I mean like that's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name normal I mean like that's like okay
+in a little more thought you could've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little more thought you could've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little more thought you could've
+come up with something more meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something more meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something more meaningful
+than just say normal oh god says matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just say normal oh god says matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just say normal oh god says matrix
+that's the absolute opposite of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the absolute opposite of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the absolute opposite of normal
+almost all matrices are not normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all matrices are not normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all matrices are not normal
+so anyway but that's what they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway but that's what they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway but that's what they're called
+normal matrices and finally how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrices and finally how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrices and finally how do you
+recognize a normal matrix everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a normal matrix everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a normal matrix everybody
+knows how to recognize a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to recognize a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how to recognize a symmetric
+matrix or a diagonal matrix and we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or a diagonal matrix and we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or a diagonal matrix and we even
+know how to recognize an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to recognize an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to recognize an orthogonal
+matrix or skew or anti-symmetric but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or skew or anti-symmetric but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or skew or anti-symmetric but how
+do you what's the quick test for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you what's the quick test for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you what's the quick test for a
+normal matrix well I'll just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix well I'll just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix well I'll just tell you
+that a normal matrix has m transpose m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a normal matrix has m transpose m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a normal matrix has m transpose m
+equal m m transpose I'm talking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m m transpose I'm talking here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m m transpose I'm talking here
+about real matrices and I really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real matrices and I really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real matrices and I really should
+move to complex but let me just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to complex but let me just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to complex but let me just think of
+them as real so if well the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as real so if well the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as real so if well the trouble is
+they the matrices might be real but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the matrices might be real but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the matrices might be real but the
+eigenvectors are not going to be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are not going to be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are not going to be real
+and the eigenvalues are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues are not going to be
+real so really I I'm sorry to say really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so really I I'm sorry to say really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so really I I'm sorry to say really
+again I should get out of the out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I should get out of the out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I should get out of the out of the
+limitation to real yeah and how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation to real yeah and how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation to real yeah and how do I get
+out of the limitation to real what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the limitation to real what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the limitation to real what do I
+change here if M is a complex matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here if M is a complex matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here if M is a complex matrix
+instead of a real matrix then whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a real matrix then whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a real matrix then whenever
+you transpose it you should take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transpose it you should take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you transpose it you should take its
+complex conjugate so now that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate so now that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate so now that that's the
+real thing that's the normal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing that's the normal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing that's the normal thing
+that's the right thing yeah right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing yeah right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing yeah right right
+things better okay so that's a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better okay so that's a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better okay so that's a normal
+matrix and and you can check that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and you can check that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and you can check that if you
+took that m and you figured out m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that m and you figured out m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that m and you figured out m
+transpose and did that it would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and did that it would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and did that it would work
+because in the end the queues cancel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end the queues cancel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end the queues cancel and
+you're just have two diagonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just have two diagonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just have two diagonal matrices
+there and that's sort of automatic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's sort of automatic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's sort of automatic that
+diagonal matrices commute so a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices commute so a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrices commute so a normal
+matrix is one that commutes with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is one that commutes with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is one that commutes with its
+transpose commutes with its transpose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose commutes with its transpose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose commutes with its transpose or
+its conjugate transpose in the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conjugate transpose in the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conjugate transpose in the complex
+case ok why did I say all that simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case ok why did I say all that simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case ok why did I say all that simply
+because oh I guess that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh I guess that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh I guess that so the
+permutation P is is orthogonal so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation P is is orthogonal so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation P is is orthogonal so so
+it's eigen vectors which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's eigen vectors which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's eigen vectors which we're going to
+write down in a minute are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down in a minute are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down in a minute are orthogonal
+but actually this matrix C will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually this matrix C will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually this matrix C will be a
+normal matrix I didn't see that coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix I didn't see that coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrix I didn't see that coming
+as I started talking about these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I started talking about these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I started talking about these guys
+yeah so that's a normal matrix if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a normal matrix if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a normal matrix if I
+because because circulant matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because circulant matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because circulant matrices
+commute any two circulant matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute any two circulant matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute any two circulant matrices
+commute C 1 C 2 equals C 2 C 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute C 1 C 2 equals C 2 C 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute C 1 C 2 equals C 2 C 1 and now
+if C 2 is the transpose of so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C 2 is the transpose of so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C 2 is the transpose of so here's a
+matrix yeah so these are matrices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circulant Sall commute it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant Sall commute it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant Sall commute it's a little
+family of matrices when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matrices when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of matrices when you multiply
+them together you get more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you get more of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together you get more of them
+you're just staying in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just staying in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just staying in that little
+circulant world with n parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant world with n parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulant world with n parameters and
+once you know the first row you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the first row you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the first row you know all
+the other rows and so in fact they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows and so in fact they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other rows and so in fact they all
+have the same eigen vector so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same eigen vector so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same eigen vector so now let me
+that may be sure we get the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sure we get the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sure we get the eigenvectors
+straight okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can vectors of of P will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can vectors of of P will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can vectors of of P will also be
+I can vectors of C is because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can vectors of C is because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can vectors of C is because it's a
+combination of powers of P so once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of powers of P so once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of powers of P so once I
+find the eigenvectors of P I've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvectors of P I've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvectors of P I've found
+the eigenvectors of any circulant matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of any circulant matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of any circulant matrix
+and these eigenvectors are very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eigenvectors are very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eigenvectors are very special
+and that's the connection to fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the connection to fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the connection to fourier
+that's why we expect a connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we expect a connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we expect a connection to
+fourier because we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier because we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier because we have something
+periodic and that's what free is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and that's what free is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and that's what free is
+entirely about okay so what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely about okay so what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely about okay so what are these
+eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors
+let's take p to be four by four okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take p to be four by four okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take p to be four by four okay so
+the eigenvectors are so we remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are so we remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are so we remember the
+eigenvalues are lambda equal 1 lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are lambda equal 1 lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are lambda equal 1 lambda
+equal minus 1 lambda equal I and lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus 1 lambda equal I and lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus 1 lambda equal I and lambda
+equal minus I got four eigenvectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus I got four eigenvectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus I got four eigenvectors to
+find and when we find those you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and when we find those you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and when we find those you'll have
+a picture ok what's the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture ok what's the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture ok what's the eigenvalue
+eigenvector for a lambda equal 1 1 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for a lambda equal 1 1 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for a lambda equal 1 1 1 1 1
+so let me make it into a vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me make it into a vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me make it into a vector and the
+eigenvector for lambda equal minus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for lambda equal minus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector for lambda equal minus 1 is
+so I want this shift to change every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want this shift to change every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want this shift to change every
+sign so if I I better alternate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if I I better alternate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if I I better alternate those
+signs so that if I shift it the one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so that if I shift it the one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so that if I shift it the one goes
+to the -1 -1 goes to the 1 so the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the -1 -1 goes to the 1 so the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the -1 -1 goes to the 1 so the eigen
+value is minus 1 now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is minus 1 now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is minus 1 now what about the
+eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of
+we're sorry the eigenvector that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sorry the eigenvector that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sorry the eigenvector that goes
+with eigenvalue i so i'm looking i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue i so i'm looking i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue i so i'm looking i want
+if i start it with one and i do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i start it with one and i do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i start it with one and i do the
+permutation i think i just want i I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation i think i just want i I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation i think i just want i I
+squared I cubed there and I think with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I cubed there and I think with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I cubed there and I think with
+this guy with minus I I think I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with minus I I think I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with minus I I think I want the
+vector 1 minus I minus I squared minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 minus I minus I squared minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 minus I minus I squared minus I
+cubed so without stopping to check let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so without stopping to check let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so without stopping to check let's
+just see the the nice point here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the the nice point here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the the nice point here all the
+all the components of eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components of eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components of eigenvectors are
+on in this picture all the here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this picture all the here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this picture all the here we've
+got eight eigenvectors a Tigan values a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight eigenvectors a Tigan values a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight eigenvectors a Tigan values a
+digan vectors the eigenvectors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digan vectors the eigenvectors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digan vectors the eigenvectors have
+eight components and every component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight components and every component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight components and every component is
+a power is one of these eight numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power is one of these eight numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power is one of these eight numbers
+the whole thing is constructed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is constructed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is constructed from the
+same eight numbers the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eight numbers the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eight numbers the eigenvalues and
+the eigenvectors and really the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors and really the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors and really the key
+point is what is the matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what is the matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what is the matrix of
+eigenvectors so let's just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so let's just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so let's just write that
+down so the matrix the eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the matrix the eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the matrix the eigen vector
+matrix for all circulant s-- of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they all have the same eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have the same eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have the same eigen vectors
+including including p all circulant c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including including p all circulant c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including including p all circulant c of
+size and including p of size n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and including p of size n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and including p of size n which
+where that's what we so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's what we so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's what we so what's the
+eigenvector matrix what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector matrix what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector matrix what are the
+eigenvectors well the first vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors well the first vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors well the first vector
+is all one's just as their so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all one's just as their so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all one's just as their so that's an
+eigenvector of p right because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of p right because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of p right because if I
+multiply by P I I do a shift a cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P I I do a shift a cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by P I I do a shift a cyclic
+shift and I've got all one's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and I've got all one's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and I've got all one's the next
+eigenvector is powers of W and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is powers of W and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is powers of W and let me
+remind you everything is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you everything is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you everything is going to be
+powers of W e to the 2 pi I over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of W e to the 2 pi I over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of W e to the 2 pi I over N
+it's that complex number that's one inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that complex number that's one inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that complex number that's one inch
+of the way round so that's C so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way round so that's C so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way round so that's C so what
+happens if I multiply that by P it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I multiply that by P it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I multiply that by P it
+shifts it and it multiplies by W or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts it and it multiplies by W or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts it and it multiplies by W or 1
+over W double which is W transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W double which is W transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W double which is W transitive
+which is another eigenvector okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another eigenvector okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another eigenvector okay and
+then the next one in this list will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one in this list will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one in this list will be
+well being going with W squared so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well being going with W squared so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well being going with W squared so it'll
+be W fourth W to the sixth w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W fourth W to the sixth w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W fourth W to the sixth w to the
+eighth whoa wait a minute so I get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth whoa wait a minute so I get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth whoa wait a minute so I get these
+lined up right tell me your goes with W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up right tell me your goes with W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up right tell me your goes with W
+squared up whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W squared now it's W the fourth W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W squared now it's W the fourth W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W squared now it's W the fourth W the
+six W to the 8 W the tenth W the twelfth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six W to the 8 W the tenth W the twelfth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six W to the 8 W the tenth W the twelfth
+and W to the fourteenth and you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W to the fourteenth and you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W to the fourteenth and you keep
+going so that's the eigen eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that's the eigen eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so that's the eigen eigen vector
+with eigenvalue 1 this will happen i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue 1 this will happen i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigenvalue 1 this will happen i
+have the eigenvalue it's either w or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eigenvalue it's either w or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eigenvalue it's either w or of
+a conjugate might be the conjugate w bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjugate might be the conjugate w bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjugate might be the conjugate w bar
+and you see this matrix so what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this matrix so what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this matrix so what would be
+the last icon vector it would be w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last icon vector it would be w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last icon vector it would be w so
+this is 8 by 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 8 by 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 8 by 8
+I'm gonna call that the Fourier matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call that the Fourier matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call that the Fourier matrix
+of size eight and it's the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size eight and it's the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size eight and it's the eigenvector
+matrix so Fourier matrix equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so Fourier matrix equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so Fourier matrix equals
+eigenvector matrix so I'm just what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector matrix so I'm just what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector matrix so I'm just what I'm
+saying is that the linear algebra for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the linear algebra for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the linear algebra for
+these circulant s-- is fantastic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circulant s-- is fantastic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circulant s-- is fantastic they
+all have the same eigen vector matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same eigen vector matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same eigen vector matrix it
+happens to be the most important complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the most important complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the most important complex
+matrix in the world and its properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the world and its properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the world and its properties
+are golden and it allows the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are golden and it allows the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are golden and it allows the fast
+Fourier transform which we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform which we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform which we could write
+in matrix language next time and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language next time and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language next time and all the
+entries are powers of W all the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are powers of W all the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are powers of W all the entries
+are in the on the unit circle at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the on the unit circle at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the on the unit circle at one of
+those eight points and the last guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eight points and the last guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eight points and the last guy
+would be W to the seventh w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be W to the seventh w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be W to the seventh w to the
+fourteenth W the twenty first twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteenth W the twenty first twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteenth W the twenty first twenty
+eight thirty fifth forty seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thirty fifth forty seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thirty fifth forty seconds and
+forty nine so W of the forty-ninth would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty nine so W of the forty-ninth would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty nine so W of the forty-ninth would
+be the last w tu7 squared it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last w tu7 squared it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last w tu7 squared it starts out
+with W to the 0 times 0 all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with W to the 0 times 0 all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with W to the 0 times 0 all these are
+the entry is yeah you see the picture W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry is yeah you see the picture W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry is yeah you see the picture W
+xlix what is actually W xlix if W is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlix what is actually W xlix if W is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlix what is actually W xlix if W is the
+eighth root of one so we have W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth root of one so we have W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth root of one so we have W to the
+8th it's 1 because I'm doing 8 by 8 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th it's 1 because I'm doing 8 by 8 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th it's 1 because I'm doing 8 by 8 what
+is W to the 49th power W it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W to the 49th power W it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W to the 49th power W it's the same
+as W okay because W is a 48 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I take the sixth power of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I take the sixth power of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I take the sixth power of this and
+I get the W 48 says one so W there 49 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the W 48 says one so W there 49 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the W 48 says one so W there 49 is
+the same as W every every ever every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as W every every ever every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as W every every ever every
+column every entry in the matrix is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column every entry in the matrix is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column every entry in the matrix is a
+power of W and if in fact that power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of W and if in fact that power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of W and if in fact that power is
+just column number times the room number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just column number times the room number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just column number times the room number
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so those are those are the good matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are those are the good matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are those are the good matrices
+so that so that is an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that is an orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that is an orthogonal matrix
+oh well almost it's not it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well almost it's not it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well almost it's not it has
+orthogonal columns but it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal columns but it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal columns but it doesn't have
+orthonormal columns what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns what's the what's
+the length of that column of that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of that column of that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of that column of that column
+vector square root of eight right I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector square root of eight right I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector square root of eight right I add
+up 1 squared eight times and I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 1 squared eight times and I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 1 squared eight times and I take the
+square root I get the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root I get the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root I get the square root of
+eight so so this is really it's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so so this is really it's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so so this is really it's a square
+root of eight times an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course the square base just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the square base just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the square base just a a
+number to divide out to make matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to divide out to make matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to divide out to make matrix to
+make the columns orthonormal instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the columns orthonormal instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the columns orthonormal instead of
+just orthogonal but how do I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just orthogonal but how do I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just orthogonal but how do I know that
+those are orthogonal huh well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are orthogonal huh well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are orthogonal huh well I know
+they have to be but I'd like to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be but I'd like to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be but I'd like to see it
+clearly why is that vector orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why is that vector orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why is that vector orthogonal to
+that vector first of all they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector first of all they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector first of all they have to be
+because the matrix is a normal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the matrix is a normal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the matrix is a normal matrix
+normal matrices have orthogonal oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrices have orthogonal oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal matrices have orthogonal oh yeah
+how do I know it's a normal matrix oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know it's a normal matrix oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know it's a normal matrix oh I
+guess I can do the test if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I can do the test if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I can do the test if I have
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+if I have the permutation P I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the permutation P I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the permutation P I know that
+P transpose P equals P P transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P transpose P equals P P transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P transpose P equals P P transpose
+permutations commute so so it's a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations commute so so it's a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations commute so so it's a normal
+matrix but I'd like to see directly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but I'd like to see directly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but I'd like to see directly why
+is that why is the dot product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why is the dot product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why is the dot product of the
+first or the zeroth eigen vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the zeroth eigen vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the zeroth eigen vector and the
+next eigenvector equals zero let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector equals zero let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next eigenvector equals zero let me take
+that dot product 1 times 1 is 1 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dot product 1 times 1 is 1 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dot product 1 times 1 is 1 1 times
+w is w 1 times W squares W squared up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is w 1 times W squares W squared up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is w 1 times W squares W squared up to
+W to the seventh I guess I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the seventh I guess I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the seventh I guess I'm going to
+finish that equals 0 well that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that equals 0 well that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that equals 0 well that's what's
+that saying those numbers are the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saying those numbers are the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saying those numbers are the are
+the are these points in my picture those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are these points in my picture those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are these points in my picture those
+eight points so those are the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight points so those are the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight points so those are the eight
+numbers that go into the that column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go into the that column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that go into the that column of
+that eigen vector why do they add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigen vector why do they add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigen vector why do they add to
+zero how do you see that some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how do you see that some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how do you see that some of those
+eight numbers is zero yeah the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight numbers is zero yeah the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight numbers is zero yeah the symmetry
+would do it when I add that guy - that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it when I add that guy - that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it when I add that guy - that
+guy W to the zero or W to the 8th or W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy W to the zero or W to the 8th or W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy W to the zero or W to the 8th or W
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+yeah when I add one and minus one I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when I add one and minus one I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when I add one and minus one I get
+zero and I had these guys I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I had these guys I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I had these guys I get zero
+when I add these these by pairs but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add these these by pairs but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add these these by pairs but but
+what about a three by three so three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a three by three so three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a three by three so three by
+three I'll go to W to the this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I'll go to W to the this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I'll go to W to the this would be
+e to the 2 pi over 3 and then this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2 pi over 3 and then this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2 pi over 3 and then this would
+be W to the 4 PI this would be W squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W to the 4 PI this would be W squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W to the 4 PI this would be W squared
+e to the 4 PI over 3 and I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 4 PI over 3 and I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 4 PI over 3 and I believe that
+those ads those three vectors add to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ads those three vectors add to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ads those three vectors add to 0
+and therefore they're orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're orthogonal to the
+one-one-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-one-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-one-one
+Argan vector because the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argan vector because the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argan vector because the dot product
+will just bail just want to add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just bail just want to add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just bail just want to add those
+three numbers so why is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers so why is that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers so why is that true
+one plus either 2 PI over 3 plus either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus either 2 PI over 3 plus either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus either 2 PI over 3 plus either
+4 PI over 3 equals last minute of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI over 3 equals last minute of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI over 3 equals last minute of class
+today we can figure out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we can figure out how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we can figure out how to do that
+well I could get a formula for that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could get a formula for that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could get a formula for that that
+sum is 1 I could get a closed form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is 1 I could get a closed form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is 1 I could get a closed form and
+check that I get the answer 0 the quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I get the answer 0 the quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I get the answer 0 the quick
+way to see it is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see it is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see it is maybe
+suppose I multiply by e to the 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I multiply by e to the 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I multiply by e to the 2 pi over
+3 so I multiply every term so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I multiply every term so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I multiply every term so let's see
+the 2 PI over 3 e to the 4 PI over 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 PI over 3 e to the 4 PI over 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 PI over 3 e to the 4 PI over 3 and
+e to the 6 PI over 3 okay what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 6 PI over 3 okay what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 6 PI over 3 okay what do I
+learn from this it's the same because e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this it's the same because e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this it's the same because e
+to the 6 PI over 3 is is 1 that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 PI over 3 is is 1 that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 PI over 3 is is 1 that's that's
+2 pi I so that's 1 so I got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi I so that's 1 so I got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi I so that's 1 so I got the same
+someone Plus this Plus this this Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Plus this Plus this this Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Plus this Plus this this Plus
+this plus one so I got the same sum when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one so I got the same sum when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one so I got the same sum when
+I multiplied by that number and that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied by that number and that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied by that number and that sum
+has to be 0 I can't get the same sum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 0 I can't get the same sum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 0 I can't get the same sum I
+can't multiply by this and get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't multiply by this and get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't multiply by this and get the same
+answer unless I'm multiplying 0 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer unless I'm multiplying 0 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer unless I'm multiplying 0 so that
+shows me that that that also in the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me that that that also in the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me that that that also in the odd
+when n is odd I also have that those n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is odd I also have that those n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is odd I also have that those n
+numbers adding to 0 ok that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers adding to 0 ok that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers adding to 0 ok that's those are
+the basic the beautiful picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic the beautiful picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic the beautiful picture of the
+eigen values the eigen vectors being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values the eigen vectors being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values the eigen vectors being
+orthogonal and then the actual details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and then the actual details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and then the actual details
+here of what those eigen vectors are ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what those eigen vectors are ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what those eigen vectors are ok
+good I hope you have a good weekend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I hope you have a good weekend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I hope you have a good weekend and
+so we've just got a week and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just got a week and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just got a week and a half
+left of class I may probably have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of class I may probably have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of class I may probably have one
+more thing to do about Fourier and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing to do about Fourier and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing to do about Fourier and then
+we'll come back to other topics but ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to other topics but ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to other topics but ask
+any questions and that you'd topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and that you'd topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and that you'd topics that
+you'd like to see included here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to see included here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to see included here where
+we're closing out 1806 five while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're closing out 1806 five while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're closing out 1806 five while you
+guys do the projects okay thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/28WhZvnvsAg.txt b/28WhZvnvsAg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e4f83079b55288d7e35b6faf45a18b50e832af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/28WhZvnvsAg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we continue
+our uh theme of approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh theme of approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh theme of approximation
+lower bounds in approximability uh quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds in approximability uh quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds in approximability uh quick
+recap of last time we talked about lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of last time we talked about lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of last time we talked about lots
+of different reductions um we I guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different reductions um we I guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different reductions um we I guess in
+particular talked about pest AP and L um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular talked about pest AP and L um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular talked about pest AP and L um
+and here's in particular we'll be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's in particular we'll be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's in particular we'll be using
+L reductions almost exclusively today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L reductions almost exclusively today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L reductions almost exclusively today
+except the occasional strict uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the occasional strict uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the occasional strict uh
+reduction which is even stronger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction which is even stronger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction which is even stronger in a
+sense uh so uh what's an L reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh so uh what's an L reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh so uh what's an L reduction
+we're trying to go from one problem a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go from one problem a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go from one problem a to
+another problem B uh we're given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem B uh we're given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem B uh we're given an
+instance X of a we convert it via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X of a we convert it via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X of a we convert it via
+function f to an instance X Prime of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to an instance X Prime of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to an instance X Prime of B
+uh then we imagine that somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we imagine that somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we imagine that somehow we
+obtain a solution we don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a solution we don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a solution we don't know anything
+about it y Prime to X Prime that's in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it y Prime to X Prime that's in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it y Prime to X Prime that's in b
+space and then we're in the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then we're in the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then we're in the reduction
+we're supposed to be able to map any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to be able to map any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to be able to map any
+such solution y Prime to X Prime via g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such solution y Prime to X Prime via g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such solution y Prime to X Prime via g
+into a solution y of X in a problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a solution y of X in a problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a solution y of X in a problem uh
+so that's given by the function G such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's given by the function G such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's given by the function G such
+that two things hold uh the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two things hold uh the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two things hold uh the first one is
+that the uh for f the optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh for f the optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh for f the optimal solution
+of x Prime should be at most some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x Prime should be at most some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x Prime should be at most some
+constant times the optimal solution to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the optimal solution to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the optimal solution to x
+uh so we don't blow up opt too much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we don't blow up opt too much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we don't blow up opt too much and
+secondly uh the absolute difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly uh the absolute difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly uh the absolute difference
+between the cost of Y versus the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cost of Y versus the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cost of Y versus the optimal
+solution for X should be within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for X should be within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for X should be within a
+constant factor of the this kind of Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the this kind of Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor of the this kind of Gap
+additive gap between the cost of Y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive gap between the cost of Y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive gap between the cost of Y Prime
+versus uh the optimal solution to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh the optimal solution to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh the optimal solution to X
+prime meaning that if we were given a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime meaning that if we were given a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime meaning that if we were given a y
+Prime that's very close to Optimal for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's very close to Optimal for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's very close to Optimal for X
+Prime then the Y we produce is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then the Y we produce is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then the Y we produce is very
+close to Optimal for X okay so and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Optimal for X okay so and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to Optimal for X okay so and we
+want that in an addtive sense additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that in an addtive sense additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that in an addtive sense additive
+sense that will imply that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that will imply that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that will imply that things are
+good in a multiplicative sense last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in a multiplicative sense last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in a multiplicative sense last time
+we proved that for the Min case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that for the Min case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that for the Min case for
+minimization problems if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problems if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problems if you're curious
+I worked out the details for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked out the details for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked out the details for
+maximization problems uh it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problems uh it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problems uh it's a little
+bit uglier in terms of the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uglier in terms of the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uglier in terms of the arithmetic
+but you again get that if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you again get that if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you again get that if you had a
+constant Factor approximation over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximation over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximation over here
+you preserve a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preserve a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preserve a constant Factor
+approximation over here uh and you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation over here uh and you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation over here uh and you only
+you lose a reasonable factor that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a reasonable factor that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a reasonable factor that it
+turns out from a from we also have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out from a from we also have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out from a from we also have that
+if you had a if you can get a ptas over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a if you can get a ptas over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a if you can get a ptas over
+here so you can get an arbitrarily good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can get an arbitrarily good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can get an arbitrarily good
+approximation you also get a ptas over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you also get a ptas over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you also get a ptas over
+here that was the ptas reduction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was the ptas reduction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was the ptas reduction and it
+turns out the constant in the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the constant in the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the constant in the end is
+roughly Epsilon over Alpha Beta where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly Epsilon over Alpha Beta where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly Epsilon over Alpha Beta where
+Alpha was this constant and beta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was this constant and beta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was this constant and beta was
+this constant that's what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant that's what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant that's what we had before
+it's a little bit different for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different for small
+Epsilon it's about the same but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's about the same but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's about the same but for
+large Epsilon it does make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Epsilon it does make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Epsilon it does make a difference
+and this is why in case uh you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why in case uh you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why in case uh you were
+confused an L reduction does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused an L reduction does not imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused an L reduction does not imply
+in the maximization case an AP reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the maximization case an AP reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the maximization case an AP reduction
+uh because you have this nonlinear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you have this nonlinear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you have this nonlinear term
+here everything was linear in epsilon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything was linear in epsilon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything was linear in epsilon uh
+with maximization with minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximization with minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximization with minimization
+that's true L implies AP but uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true L implies AP but uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true L implies AP but uh for
+maximization not quite true it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization not quite true it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization not quite true it's close
+but uh so there's some funny what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so there's some funny what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so there's some funny what I said
+didn't quite match this picture that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite match this picture that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite match this picture that's
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+explanation uh and then we did a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh and then we did a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh and then we did a few
+reductions uh I claimed that uh Max E E3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions uh I claimed that uh Max E E3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions uh I claimed that uh Max E E3
+sat E5 this was exactly three distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat E5 this was exactly three distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat E5 this was exactly three distinct
+literals per Clause exactly five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals per Clause exactly five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals per Clause exactly five
+occurrences of each variable in in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of each variable in in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of each variable in in five
+different Clauses um I claimed that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Clauses um I claimed that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Clauses um I claimed that was
+apx complete we didn't prove it uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete we didn't prove it uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete we didn't prove it uh what
+we did prove is that assuming Max 3at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did prove is that assuming Max 3at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did prove is that assuming Max 3at is
+apx complete we reduced that to Max 3at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete we reduced that to Max 3at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete we reduced that to Max 3at
+3 which was at most three occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which was at most three occurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 which was at most three occurrences
+each thing U first by using expander and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing U first by using expander and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing U first by using expander and
+then splitting the constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then splitting the constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then splitting the constant size
+constant occurrence variables in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant occurrence variables in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant occurrence variables in with
+the cycle of implications trick and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of implications trick and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of implications trick and then
+we reduced from that to bounded degree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced from that to bounded degree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced from that to bounded degree I
+think we did like Max degree four uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did like Max degree four uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did like Max degree four uh but
+all all of these can be done in Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all of these can be done in Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all of these can be done in Max
+degree 3 uh independent set vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 uh independent set vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 3 uh independent set vertex cover
+and dominating set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominating set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominating set
+uh vertex cover we've seen a lot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex cover we've seen a lot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex cover we've seen a lot you
+want to cover all the edges by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover all the edges by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover all the edges by choosing
+vertices dominating set you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices dominating set you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices dominating set you want to
+cover all the vertices by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all the vertices by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all the vertices by choosing
+vertices each vertex covers its neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices each vertex covers its neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices each vertex covers its neighbor
+set an independent Set uh this was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set an independent Set uh this was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set an independent Set uh this was for
+General graphs this is super hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General graphs this is super hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General graphs this is super hard but
+for bounded degree graphs there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bounded degree graphs there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bounded degree graphs there is a
+constant Factor approximation this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximation this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximation this was
+choosing vertices that induce no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing vertices that induce no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing vertices that induce no
+edges so with that in mind let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so with that in mind let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so with that in mind let's do some
+more apis apx reductions apx hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apis apx reductions apx hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apis apx reductions apx hardness
+using L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using L
+reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions
+so the next problem we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next problem we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next problem we're going to do is
+Max three set or sorry Max two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sat so uh because we're in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sat so uh because we're in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sat so uh because we're in the world of
+optimization in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization in some sense the
+distinction between two sat and threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between two sat and threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between two sat and threat
+is not so uh important it turns out Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so uh important it turns out Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so uh important it turns out Max
+two Sat will be apx complete just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sat will be apx complete just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sat will be apx complete just like
+Max 3at was so when we didn't have Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max 3at was so when we didn't have Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max 3at was so when we didn't have Max
+of course the complexities were quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the complexities were quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the complexities were quite
+different three set was hard two set was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different three set was hard two set was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different three set was hard two set was
+easy uh with maximization they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh with maximization they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh with maximization they're going
+to be equivalent in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equivalent in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equivalent in this
+perspective so I'm going to do um an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction from independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set let's say degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three this would work with any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this would work with any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this would work with any constant
+degree but we'll get a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but we'll get a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree but we'll get a different number
+of occurrences and the reduction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences and the reduction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences and the reduction is the
+following uh there are two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh there are two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh there are two types of
+gadgets for every vertex so I'm given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets for every vertex so I'm given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets for every vertex so I'm given an
+independent set instance for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set instance for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set instance for every
+vertex uh V we're going to convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh V we're going to convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh V we're going to convert that
+into a clause namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clause namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clause namely
+V I want I want V to be true if possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I want I want V to be true if possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I want I want V to be true if possible
+okay this is it's a funny way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is it's a funny way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is it's a funny way of
+thinking when you're maximizing a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking when you're maximizing a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking when you're maximizing a number
+of Clauses because a lot of the Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Clauses because a lot of the Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Clauses because a lot of the Clauses
+won't be satisfied but you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be satisfied but you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be satisfied but you're going to
+try to put V in the independent set if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put V in the independent set if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put V in the independent set if
+you can that's the meaning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that's the meaning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that's the meaning of that
+clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+then uh for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh for every
+Edge let's say connecting V to W we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge let's say connecting V to W we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge let's say connecting V to W we're
+going to convert that into a clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to convert that into a clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to convert that into a clause
+which is not V or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not V or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not V or not
+w we don't want them both to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w we don't want them both to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w we don't want them both to be in the
+independent set that's the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set that's the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set that's the meaning of
+yeah I'm trying to simulate independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm trying to simulate independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm trying to simulate independent
+set so I don't want these both to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I don't want these both to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I don't want these both to be in
+this is a two set Clause so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two set Clause so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two set Clause so what's the
+claim here uh suppose you have a su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here uh suppose you have a su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here uh suppose you have a su
+assignment to the variable so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to the variable so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to the variable so there's
+one variable per vertex over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable per vertex over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable per vertex over here the
+idea is that variable should indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that variable should indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that variable should indicate
+whether the uh the vertex is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the uh the vertex is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the uh the vertex is in the
+independent set and the claim is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set and the claim is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set and the claim is uh that
+we will never violate an edge constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never violate an edge constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never violate an edge constraint
+or it's never useful to violate claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's never useful to violate claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's never useful to violate claim is
+that there exists an opt optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists an opt optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists an opt optimal
+solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+all of these Edge constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Edge constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Edge constraints
+uh because so we're doing Max two set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because so we're doing Max two set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because so we're doing Max two set so
+we get a point for every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a point for every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a point for every one of these
+things that we satisfy uh and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we satisfy uh and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we satisfy uh and so in
+particular if you didn't get this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you didn't get this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if you didn't get this point
+not V or not W the converse of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not V or not W the converse of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not V or not W the converse of this is
+that they are both in then the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are both in then the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are both in then the idea is
+that you instead take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instead take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instead take one of those
+variable one of those vertices out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one of those vertices out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one of those vertices out of
+the independent set and that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent set and that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent set and that will be
+better for you in general when you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for you in general when you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for you in general when you put a
+variable in an indep said it only helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in an indep said it only helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in an indep said it only helps
+you for one Clause there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for one Clause there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for one Clause there's only one
+occurrence of positive V in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of positive V in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of positive V in all of these
+things you might have many edges coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might have many edges coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might have many edges coming
+into a vertex and they're they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vertex and they're they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vertex and they're they all
+prefer the case that V is false so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the case that V is false so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the case that V is false so
+things are going to be easier if you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be easier if you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be easier if you set
+V to false so if you discover a clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to false so if you discover a clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to false so if you discover a clause
+like this which is currently false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is currently false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is currently false
+meaning both V and W are true uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning both V and W are true uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning both V and W are true uh you're
+going to gain a point by setting V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gain a point by setting V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gain a point by setting V to
+false you'll also lose a point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you'll also lose a point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you'll also lose a point but
+you'll only lose one point potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only lose one point potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only lose one point potentially
+you gain many points but you gain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gain many points but you gain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gain many points but you gain at
+least one point and lose at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one point and lose at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one point and lose at most one
+point by switching from both V and W uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point by switching from both V and W uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point by switching from both V and W uh
+true into just one of them true so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true into just one of them true so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true into just one of them true so it's
+always you can always convert without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can always convert without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you can always convert without
+losing anything in opt from into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing anything in opt from into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing anything in opt from into a
+solution that satisfies all Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that satisfies all Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that satisfies all Edge
+constraints and then we know we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and then we know we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and then we know we have an
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+set that's what the edge constraints say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's what the edge constraints say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's what the edge constraints say
+and therefore we're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we're just trying to
+maximize the remaining problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the remaining problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the remaining problem is to
+maximize the number of vertices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of vertices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of vertices that are
+in the independent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the independent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the independent set
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means if we're given any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if we're given any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if we're given any
+solution y Prime to this Max two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y Prime to this Max two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y Prime to this Max two set
+instance we can convert it back into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we can convert it back into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we can convert it back into an
+independent set now it's not quite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set now it's not quite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set now it's not quite of
+the same value uh in general the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value uh in general the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value uh in general the optimal
+solution here for the two set instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here for the two set instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here for the two set instance
+is going to be the optimal solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the optimal solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the optimal solution for
+the independent set instance plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent set instance plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent set instance plus the
+total number of edges right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of edges right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of edges right because
+we're going to satisfy all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to satisfy all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to satisfy all of these
+that's what we just should uh so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just should uh so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just should uh so um this
+is where we get a kind of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we get a kind of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we get a kind of additive
+Behavior like in this uh L reduction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior like in this uh L reduction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior like in this uh L reduction the
+Gap is an additive thing but here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is an additive thing but here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is an additive thing but here it's a
+nice fixed thing and so these are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fixed thing and so these are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fixed thing and so these are pretty
+much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the
+same uh there's just this additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh there's just this additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh there's just this additive
+offset so that's going to be fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so that's going to be fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so that's going to be fine in
+terms of the second property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the second property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the second property the
+additive difference between one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive difference between one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive difference between one of these
+Solutions and opt will be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and opt will be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and opt will be exactly the
+same the beta here and this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the beta here and this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the beta here and this constant
+will be one uh but we do have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one uh but we do have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one uh but we do have to worry
+about the first condition we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first condition we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first condition we need to
+make sure opt doesn't blow up too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure opt doesn't blow up too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure opt doesn't blow up too much
+because we did make it bigger uh so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did make it bigger uh so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did make it bigger uh so for
+that all we need is that this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all we need is that this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all we need is that this is uh
+Omega the number of vertices and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the number of vertices and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the number of vertices and that's
+because we assumed our graph had bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed our graph had bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed our graph had bounded
+degree and so we can always find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so we can always find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so we can always find an
+independent set of size something like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set of size something like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set of size something like n
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+constant so because that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so because that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so because that's already
+linear we only added another linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we only added another linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we only added another linear
+thing again also this is uh uh order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again also this is uh uh order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again also this is uh uh order
+number of vertices so we're not adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices so we're not adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices so we're not adding
+too much relative to this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much relative to this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much relative to this because
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+degree cool so that's Max two set apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hardness um fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness um fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness um fun
+fact which I won't prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which I won't prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which I won't prove uh
+Max E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+E3 is also apx complete so here we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 is also apx complete so here we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 is also apx complete so here we got
+some bounded number of occurrences each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bounded number of occurrences each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bounded number of occurrences each
+I guess each variable is going to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess each variable is going to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess each variable is going to appear
+in one plus three four Clauses you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one plus three four Clauses you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one plus three four Clauses you can
+get that down to three Clauses per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now that we have Max 2 set we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that we have Max 2 set we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that we have Max 2 set we can
+do another one uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another one uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another one uh which is
+Max not all equal three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so
+from uh from sat land we have threat not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from sat land we have threat not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from sat land we have threat not
+all equal threat and one and three set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal threat and one and three set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal threat and one and three set
+we're going to get all of those actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all of those actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all of those actually
+we can even get one in two Sat A Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even get one in two Sat A Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even get one in two Sat A Little
+Bit Stronger uh but let's do not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bit Stronger uh but let's do not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bit Stronger uh but let's do not all
+equal three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal three
+set so here we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so here we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so here we are going to
+do uh I believe a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction from Max two set which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from Max two set which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from Max two set which we just
+proved apx complete right uh yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved apx complete right uh yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved apx complete right uh yeah it's
+again in apx because you can say take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in apx because you can say take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in apx because you can say take a
+random assignment you'll satisfy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment you'll satisfy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment you'll satisfy some
+constant fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of the
+Clauses uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh and
+okay so here's the reduction again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the reduction again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the reduction again very
+easy uh suppose we're starting from Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh suppose we're starting from Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh suppose we're starting from Max
+two set so all our Clauses look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set so all our Clauses look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set so all our Clauses look like
+this these may be negated or not um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these may be negated or not um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these may be negated or not um and
+we're going to convert it into uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to convert it into uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to convert it into uh not
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+equal of x y and a a is a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal of x y and a a is a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal of x y and a a is a new variable
+and it appears in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it appears in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it appears in every single
+Clause okay so this kind of funny um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause okay so this kind of funny um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause okay so this kind of funny um
+maybe uh so a appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh so a appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh so a appears
+everywhere and not all equal has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and not all equal has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and not all equal has this
+nice symmetry right there wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice symmetry right there wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice symmetry right there wasn't really
+as zero or one you could think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zero or one you could think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zero or one you could think of them
+as red as blue doesn't matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as red as blue doesn't matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as red as blue doesn't matter whether
+red is true or blue is true so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is true or blue is true so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is true or blue is true so in
+particular we can use that symmetry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we can use that symmetry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we can use that symmetry to
+make a consider it as false so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a consider it as false so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a consider it as false so by
+possible flipping everything we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible flipping everything we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible flipping everything we can
+imagine that a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a equals
+zero if not flip all the bits and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if not flip all the bits and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if not flip all the bits and you'll
+still be not all equal or all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be not all equal or all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be not all equal or all the things
+that were not all equal before will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not all equal before will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not all equal before will
+still be not all equal you'll preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be not all equal you'll preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be not all equal you'll preserve
+opt now once you think of a as false uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt now once you think of a as false uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt now once you think of a as false uh
+then not all equals saying that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not all equals saying that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not all equals saying that these
+are not both zero which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not both zero which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not both zero which is the same
+thing as saying two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying two set
+done okay uh again you need check I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay uh again you need check I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay uh again you need check I mean
+this is saying opt is preserved but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying opt is preserved but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying opt is preserved but if
+you take any solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any solution to this problem
+you first possibly flip it so that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first possibly flip it so that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first possibly flip it so that a is
+zero and then convert the XY just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then convert the XY just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then convert the XY just to
+exactly the XY over here and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the XY over here and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the XY over here and you'll
+preserve the size of the solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the size of the solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the size of the solution you
+won't get any scale here and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get any scale here and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get any scale here and you also
+preserved opt exactly so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved opt exactly so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved opt exactly so it's in
+particular an L reduction but it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular an L reduction but it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular an L reduction but it's even
+a strict reduction didn't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict reduction didn't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict reduction didn't lose
+anything no additive slop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no additive slop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no additive slop or
+whatever okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay that's
+nice next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice next
+is uh usually called Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh usually called Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh usually called Max
+cut uh you're given a graph you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut uh you're given a graph you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut uh you're given a graph you want to
+split it into two parts to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into two parts to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into two parts to maximize the
+number of edges between the two parts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges between the two parts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges between the two parts uh
+but this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the same thing as
+Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set which is simpler than one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is simpler than one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is simpler than one and three
+Set uh you have I mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh you have I mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh you have I mean in a
+cut again you have two sides call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut again you have two sides call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut again you have two sides call them
+true or false or red and blue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false or red and blue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false or red and blue or
+whatever you would like to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you would like to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you would like to assign
+exactly one of these to be true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of these to be true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of these to be true then
+that edge will be in the cut so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge will be in the cut so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge will be in the cut so it's the
+same problem and you can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem and you can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem and you can also think of
+it as Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as Max
+positive exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exor
+set maybe I should call it two exor Set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set maybe I should call it two exor Set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set maybe I should call it two exor Set
+uh same thing it's just every constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thing it's just every constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thing it's just every constraint
+is of the form this X or this you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form this X or this you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form this X or this you want
+to maximize the number of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the number of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the number of those
+constraints so a lot of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so a lot of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so a lot of these problems
+have different formulations depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different formulations depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different formulations depending on
+whether you're thinking about logic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're thinking about logic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're thinking about logic or
+thinking about a graph problem uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a graph problem uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a graph problem uh so
+we're going to get all of these for with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all of these for with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get all of these for with
+one reduction and it's going to be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reduction and it's going to be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reduction and it's going to be from
+probably this one yes it's great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this one yes it's great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this one yes it's great great
+chain of reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we're going to reduce from Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to reduce from Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going to reduce from Max
+not all equal threat uh I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all equal threat uh I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all equal threat uh I should mention
+all of the reductions we've been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reductions we've been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reductions we've been seeing
+uh including this ini batch where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including this ini batch where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including this ini batch where we
+started from threat converted to threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from threat converted to threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from threat converted to threat
+3 converted into independent set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 converted into independent set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 converted into independent set to
+vertex cover to dominating Set uh to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover to dominating Set uh to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex cover to dominating Set uh to Max
+two set to Max equal three set to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set to Max equal three set to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two set to Max equal three set to Max
+cut are all in this seal paper by Papa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut are all in this seal paper by Papa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut are all in this seal paper by Papa
+demitro and yanak kakas 1991 uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demitro and yanak kakas 1991 uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demitro and yanak kakas 1991 uh this is
+before apx was really a thing uh it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before apx was really a thing uh it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before apx was really a thing uh it had
+a different name at that point Max SMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different name at that point Max SMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different name at that point Max SMP
+which later is proved to be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which later is proved to be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which later is proved to be essentially
+equal to apx or the completeness version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to apx or the completeness version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to apx or the completeness version
+is the same you don't need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same you don't need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same you don't need to know about
+that it's another uh comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's another uh comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's another uh comes from a
+different world but all the reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world but all the reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different world but all the reductions
+apply here so here is the reduction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply here so here is the reduction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply here so here is the reduction for
+Max cut uh so again we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max cut uh so again we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max cut uh so again we're trying to
+simulate Max not all equal three set now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate Max not all equal three set now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate Max not all equal three set now
+we actually saw in the planer lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually saw in the planer lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually saw in the planer lecture
+planer three set that you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer three set that you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer three set that you can reduce
+planer not all equal three set to planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer not all equal three set to planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer not all equal three set to planer
+Max uh cut and we use that to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max uh cut and we use that to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max uh cut and we use that to get a
+polinomial Time algorithm for planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time algorithm for planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time algorithm for planer
+notal equal three set we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal equal three set we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal equal three set we're just going
+to do the reverse and if you recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the reverse and if you recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the reverse and if you recall this
+was the the heart of that reduction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the heart of that reduction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the heart of that reduction the
+point is that you can represent a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you can represent a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you can represent a not
+all equal Clause uh as a cut as a Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal Clause uh as a cut as a Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal Clause uh as a cut as a Max
+cut problem on a triangle because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut problem on a triangle because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut problem on a triangle because in a
+triangle either they're all equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle either they're all equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle either they're all equal and
+then there's no cut edges or they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no cut edges or they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no cut edges or they're not
+all equal and then there's exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal and then there's exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal and then there's exactly two
+cut edges okay so that's for a clause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut edges okay so that's for a clause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut edges okay so that's for a clause of
+size three we also need to handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three we also need to handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three we also need to handle the
+case of a clause of size two uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a clause of size two uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a clause of size two uh but
+that's a two gone I guess instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two gone I guess instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two gone I guess instead of a
+triangle it works the same way here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it works the same way here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it works the same way here you
+get one if they're not all equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one if they're not all equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one if they're not all equal and
+zero otherwise this is shown as the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise this is shown as the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero otherwise this is shown as the zero
+case okay now uh the one thing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay now uh the one thing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay now uh the one thing we need
+because not all equal three set here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all equal three set here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all equal three set here we
+need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh
+negation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation uh
+so uh we're going to build uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we're going to build uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we're going to build uh each
+variable and its negation with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and its negation with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and its negation with this
+gadget this is a new Gadget variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget this is a new Gadget variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget this is a new Gadget variable
+Gadget it's just a whole bunch of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget it's just a whole bunch of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget it's just a whole bunch of edges
+connecting XI and xib bar um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting XI and xib bar um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting XI and xib bar um and you can
+make this you can avoid the multi-graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this you can avoid the multi-graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this you can avoid the multi-graph
+aspect here but let's not worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect here but let's not worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect here but let's not worry about it
+here uh so in general if there are K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so in general if there are K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so in general if there are K
+occurrences of this variable uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of this variable uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of this variable uh then
+we're going to have 2K parallel edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have 2K parallel edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have 2K parallel edges
+because the cost over here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cost over here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cost over here is the
+potential benefit here is two again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefit here is two again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefit here is two again we
+want to argue that in if we take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that in if we take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that in if we take an
+optimal solution we can make it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution we can make it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution we can make it another
+optimal solution where XI and x i bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where XI and x i bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where XI and x i bar
+are on opposite sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on opposite sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on opposite sides of the
+cut and the reason is if they're both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and the reason is if they're both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and the reason is if they're both on
+the same side of the cut you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side of the cut you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side of the cut you're not
+getting this benefit if you when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this benefit if you when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this benefit if you when you put
+if you flip one of the sides you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip one of the sides you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip one of the sides you get
+this huge benefit which is 2K and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge benefit which is 2K and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge benefit which is 2K and you
+say well how much do I lose if I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how much do I lose if I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how much do I lose if I flip
+this from one side of the cut to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from one side of the cut to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from one side of the cut to the
+other uh well it appears in at most K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh well it appears in at most K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh well it appears in at most K
+different Clauses each of them gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Clauses each of them gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Clauses each of them gives me
+at most two points so I'm losing at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most two points so I'm losing at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most two points so I'm losing at most
+2K points by making these opposite but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K points by making these opposite but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K points by making these opposite but I
+gain 2K points so it never hurts me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain 2K points so it never hurts me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain 2K points so it never hurts me to
+do that switch so I can assume these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that switch so I can assume these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that switch so I can assume these two
+guys are on opposite sides and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are on opposite sides and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are on opposite sides and therefore
+uh I can assume it's sort of validly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can assume it's sort of validly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can assume it's sort of validly
+doing the negation part and then it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the negation part and then it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the negation part and then it just
+reduces to not all equal uh three s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to not all equal uh three s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to not all equal uh three s
+there's you know uh a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know uh a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know uh a difference between
+this one where you only get one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you only get one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you only get one point
+this one where you only get two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you only get two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you only get two points
+but you get two points uh you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get two points uh you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get two points uh you get two
+points here oh yeah you get two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here oh yeah you get two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here oh yeah you get two points
+that's why we doubled The Edge uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we doubled The Edge uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we doubled The Edge uh so
+that's cool I don't think I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool I don't think I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool I don't think I think it
+would be fine it would still be an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine it would still be an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine it would still be an L
+reduction even if you have one Edge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction even if you have one Edge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction even if you have one Edge but
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+nicer and uh yeah that's it cool this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and uh yeah that's it cool this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and uh yeah that's it cool this is
+Max cut it will be uh bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max cut it will be uh bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max cut it will be uh bounded
+degree based on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree based on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree based on the number of
+occurrences we got which was like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences we got which was like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences we got which was like four
+we can use three and then we'll multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use three and then we'll multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use three and then we'll multiply
+uh in general you can prove Max cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general you can prove Max cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general you can prove Max cut
+remains apx complete for degree 3 graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains apx complete for degree 3 graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains apx complete for degree 3 graphs
+so we're not going to prove it here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to prove it here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to prove it here it's
+another kind of reduction trick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of reduction trick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of reduction trick to
+reduce degrees but just say uh degree 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce degrees but just say uh degree 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce degrees but just say uh degree 3
+is possible it's also Max cut in degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible it's also Max cut in degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible it's also Max cut in degree
+3 graphs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 graphs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 graphs is
+uh apx complete so you could call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apx complete so you could call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apx complete so you could call that
+Max positive one and two set hyphen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max positive one and two set hyphen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max positive one and two set hyphen
+3 maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E3 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 all
+right so this gives you a flavor this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this gives you a flavor this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this gives you a flavor this is
+a fun series of reductions each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun series of reductions each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun series of reductions each one
+building on the previous one uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on the previous one uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on the previous one uh but it
+it gives you kind of starting point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you kind of starting point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you kind of starting point a
+lot of the problems we're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the problems we're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the problems we're familiar with
+in mp completeness land if you just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mp completeness land if you just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mp completeness land if you just add
+Max in front they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max in front they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max in front they become
+hard um so I mean I guess Max cot always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um so I mean I guess Max cot always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um so I mean I guess Max cot always
+had a Max in front uh and Max two Sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Max in front uh and Max two Sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a Max in front uh and Max two Sat
+for MP completeness we also had a Max in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for MP completeness we also had a Max in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for MP completeness we also had a Max in
+front so those are familiar and our apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so those are familiar and our apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so those are familiar and our apx
+complete all the problems I've described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete all the problems I've described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete all the problems I've described
+at least for bounded degree graphs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for bounded degree graphs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for bounded degree graphs have
+constant Factor approximations so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximations so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor approximations so this
+is the right level they are apx complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right level they are apx complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right level they are apx complete
+and that determines their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that determines their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that determines their
+approximability constant Factor No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability constant Factor No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability constant Factor No
+Pest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pest uh
+now it would be nice to know uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would be nice to know uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would be nice to know uh which
+problems are hard um with MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are hard um with MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are hard um with MP
+completeness and in the SAT Universe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and in the SAT Universe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and in the SAT Universe we
+had schaer's dichotomy theorem that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had schaer's dichotomy theorem that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had schaer's dichotomy theorem that said
+let me cheat and look at my notes from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me cheat and look at my notes from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me cheat and look at my notes from I
+think lecture four uh that sat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lecture four uh that sat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lecture four uh that sat is
+polinomial if and only if the Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial if and only if the Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial if and only if the Clauses
+that you're allowed to do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're allowed to do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're allowed to do the the
+operations you're allowed to do with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're allowed to do with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're allowed to do with uh
+variables are either have the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are either have the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are either have the property
+that when you set all the variables true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you set all the variables true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you set all the variables true
+everything's satisfied or you said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's satisfied or you said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's satisfied or you said all
+the variables false everything satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables false everything satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables false everything satisfied
+or every single Clause is a conjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every single Clause is a conjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every single Clause is a conjunction
+of horn Clauses horn Clauses were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horn Clauses horn Clauses were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horn Clauses horn Clauses were uh
+like um a few variables and at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um a few variables and at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um a few variables and at most one
+of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is
+positive or all the Clauses you have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or all the Clauses you have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or all the Clauses you have are
+conjunctions of dual horn which was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions of dual horn which was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions of dual horn which was uh
+in every Clause at most one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every Clause at most one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every Clause at most one of them is
+negated or all of the Clauses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated or all of the Clauses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated or all of the Clauses are
+conjunctions of 2 CNF only like two Sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions of 2 CNF only like two Sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctions of 2 CNF only like two Sat
+or uh what I didn't give a name at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh what I didn't give a name at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh what I didn't give a name at the
+time but is essentially uh a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but is essentially uh a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but is essentially uh a slight
+generalization of exor set let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of exor set let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of exor set let me give
+it a name here I'm going to call it X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a name here I'm going to call it X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a name here I'm going to call it X
+parenthesis n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis n
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+sat uh this was the you can also phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat uh this was the you can also phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat uh this was the you can also phrase
+them as linear equations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is zero and one and it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero and one and it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero and one and it's either
+exor meaning uh you know you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor meaning uh you know you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor meaning uh you know you take the
+xor of all the things that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor of all the things that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor of all the things that's like the
+summation of all the things or it's xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of all the things or it's xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of all the things or it's xor
+meaning when you take that sum it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning when you take that sum it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning when you take that sum it should
+equal zero uh and such systems of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero uh and such systems of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero uh and such systems of linear
+equations can be solved uh in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can be solved uh in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can be solved uh in polinomial
+time uh using gussian elimination over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh using gussian elimination over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh using gussian elimination over
+Z2 and those were all of the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and those were all of the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and those were all of the all the
+things I just mentioned are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I just mentioned are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I just mentioned are all the
+situations where set is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where set is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where set is polinomial
+uh every other type of clause set is EMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every other type of clause set is EMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every other type of clause set is EMP
+complete or set of Clauses now why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or set of Clauses now why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or set of Clauses now why do I
+mention this because there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because there is an
+analogous theorem for it's not quite sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorem for it's not quite sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorem for it's not quite sat
+because we need something like this Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need something like this Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need something like this Max
+we need to turn it into an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to turn it into an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to turn it into an optimization
+problem s is not normally an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem s is not normally an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem s is not normally an
+optimization Problem by itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization Problem by itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization Problem by itself and
+characterizing how approximal those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing how approximal those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing how approximal those
+problems are now uh it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are now uh it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are now uh it is uh
+a complicated theorem uh so complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated theorem uh so complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated theorem uh so complicated
+that I don't want to write it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't want to write it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't want to write it on the
+board because there's a lot of cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because there's a lot of cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because there's a lot of cases but
+the point is it's exhaustive it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's exhaustive it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it's exhaustive it will
+tell you if you have anything of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if you have anything of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if you have anything of the
+type we had with schaer which was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type we had with schaer which was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type we had with schaer which was you
+define a kind of clause function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a kind of clause function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a kind of clause function it's
+either satisfied or not it applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either satisfied or not it applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either satisfied or not it applies to
+some number of variables and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of variables and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of variables and then once
+you define that Clause type uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define that Clause type uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define that Clause type uh you can
+apply it to any combination of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to any combination of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to any combination of variables
+you want uh that family of problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh that family of problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh that family of problems with
+no other restrictions is what we get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other restrictions is what we get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other restrictions is what we get and
+and I will just tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will just tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will just tell you what the
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+are there's four of them this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's four of them this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's four of them this is part of
+what makes the theorem long but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the theorem long but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the theorem long but also
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+powerful first dichotomy is Max versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful first dichotomy is Max versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful first dichotomy is Max versus
+Min and then the second dichotomy is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and then the second dichotomy is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and then the second dichotomy is uh
+they call it CSP for constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it CSP for constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it CSP for constraint
+satisfaction problem so you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction problem so you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction problem so you have a bunch
+of constraints you want to satisfy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constraints you want to satisfy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constraints you want to satisfy as
+many as possible so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as possible so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as possible so this would be the
+number of satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied
+constraints is your objective or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is your objective or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is your objective or your
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function uh or the other version is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh or the other version is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh or the other version is
+What's called the ones problem or Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the ones problem or Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the ones problem or Max
+ones or Min ones this is uh the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or Min ones this is uh the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or Min ones this is uh the number
+of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so again we have a schaer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so again we have a schaer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so again we have a schaer like
+sat style con set of Clauses either we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat style con set of Clauses either we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat style con set of Clauses either we
+want to maximize the number of satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize the number of satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize the number of satisfied
+Clauses or we want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses or we want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses or we want to minimize the
+number of satisfied Clauses or or uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied Clauses or or uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfied Clauses or or uh we
+want to maximize the number of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize the number of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize the number of true
+variables and satisfy everything or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and satisfy everything or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and satisfy everything or we
+want to minimize the number of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of true
+variables and satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and satisfy
+everything okay now obviously if the SAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay now obviously if the SAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay now obviously if the SAT
+problem is hard it's going to be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is hard it's going to be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is hard it's going to be hard to
+do this but it's uh still interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but it's uh still interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this but it's uh still interesting
+you can still think about it and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still think about it and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still think about it and even
+when the SAT problem is easy uh Max ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the SAT problem is easy uh Max ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the SAT problem is easy uh Max ones
+can be hard so I'm going to I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard so I'm going to I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard so I'm going to I wrote it
+all down and then I realized how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down and then I realized how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down and then I realized how long it
+was and so I will just show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so I will just show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so I will just show you the
+imagine I just handw wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I just handw wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I just handw wrote
+this so uh this is the easy case U Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh this is the easy case U Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh this is the easy case U Max
+CSP so we want to maximize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP so we want to maximize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP so we want to maximize the number of
+constraints that we satisfy uh and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we satisfy uh and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we satisfy uh and I'm
+going to characterize when it is polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to characterize when it is polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to characterize when it is polom
+now here uh P I haven't defined but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here uh P I haven't defined but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here uh P I haven't defined but
+that's the analog of P for optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the analog of P for optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the analog of P for optimization
+problem so it's the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it's the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it's the set of all
+optimization problems that uh are in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems that uh are in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems that uh are in P
+that have a polinomial Time algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a polinomial Time algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a polinomial Time algorithm to
+solve them exactly so it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them exactly so it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them exactly so it turns out in
+this situ you are either polom or apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situ you are either polom or apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situ you are either polom or apx
+complete so it's only about constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so it's only about constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so it's only about constant
+Factor versus uh perfect there's never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor versus uh perfect there's never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor versus uh perfect there's never a
+p unless there's a polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p unless there's a polinomial Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p unless there's a polinomial Time
+algorithm and the cases should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the cases should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the cases should look
+familiar it's either uh when you set all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar it's either uh when you set all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar it's either uh when you set all
+the variables true or all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables true or all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables true or all the variables
+false that satisfies everything in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that satisfies everything in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that satisfies everything in that
+case Max CSP is of course easy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Max CSP is of course easy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Max CSP is of course easy you can
+satisfy everything uh another case is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy everything uh another case is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy everything uh another case is um
+if you write the Clauses in disjunctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write the Clauses in disjunctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write the Clauses in disjunctive
+normal form this is a new type uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form this is a new type uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form this is a new type uh that
+we hadn't seen before all Clauses are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hadn't seen before all Clauses are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hadn't seen before all Clauses are in
+when you write them in dnf they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write them in dnf they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write them in dnf they have
+exactly two terms so it's the or of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two terms so it's the or of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two terms so it's the or of two
+things that are Ed together sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are Ed together sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are Ed together sorry
+there's an or in the middle and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an or in the middle and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an or in the middle and you have
+a bunch of things ended together in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things ended together in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things ended together in each
+of my hands and all the ones in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my hands and all the ones in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my hands and all the ones in here are
+positive and all the ones in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and all the ones in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and all the ones in here are
+negative if every Clause looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if every Clause looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if every Clause looks like that
+then you can solve this in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can solve this in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can solve this in polinomial
+time and in all other cases this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in all other cases this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in all other cases this problem
+is apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apx
+complete so that's a nice very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's a nice very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's a nice very clean
+characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization
+wait is that the same disjunctive normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is that the same disjunctive normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is that the same disjunctive normal
+form that we learned about earlier or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we learned about earlier or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that we learned about earlier or is
+this different yes this is disjunctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different yes this is disjunctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different yes this is disjunctive
+normal form okay so it's the ore of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form okay so it's the ore of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form okay so it's the ore of
+ANS as a usually we deal with CNF ANS of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ANS as a usually we deal with CNF ANS of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ANS as a usually we deal with CNF ANS of
+ores uh but for this characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores uh but for this characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores uh but for this characterization
+every every you know um every Clause can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every you know um every Clause can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every you know um every Clause can
+be uniquely converted into a dnf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniquely converted into a dnf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniquely converted into a dnf and
+uniquely converted into CNF so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely converted into CNF so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely converted into CNF so that's a
+well defined thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined thing to
+say with schaer we just had to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with schaer we just had to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with schaer we just had to look at
+the CNF form but here we get a new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CNF form but here we get a new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CNF form but here we get a new new
+set of things all right that was one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things all right that was one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things all right that was one out
+of four Max man CS p1s next one is Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four Max man CS p1s next one is Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four Max man CS p1s next one is Max
+ones um this is not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um this is not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um this is not the most
+complicated uh so let's but let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so let's but let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so let's but let's go
+through them so again we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them so again we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them so again we want to
+maximize the number of true variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of true variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of true variables so
+of course if we set all the variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we set all the variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we set all the variables to
+true and everything's satisfied yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and everything's satisfied yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and everything's satisfied yay
+polinomial okay but curiously if you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay but curiously if you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay but curiously if you set
+all the variables to false and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variables to false and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variables to false and that
+satisfies everything uh that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies everything uh that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies everything uh that's going to
+be here that's poly apx complete poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here that's poly apx complete poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here that's poly apx complete poly
+apx complete you can translate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete you can translate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete you can translate to
+something like n the 1 minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n the 1 minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n the 1 minus Epsilon
+approximable and that's the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable and that's the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable and that's the best you can
+do or there's a lower bound of n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or there's a lower bound of n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or there's a lower bound of n the
+oneus Epsilon upper bound might be n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus Epsilon upper bound might be n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus Epsilon upper bound might be n or
+something uh okay so uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh okay so uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh okay so uh because
+maximizing ones when you when setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing ones when you when setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing ones when you when setting
+things all false is not necessarily help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all false is not necessarily help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all false is not necessarily help
+you there are some more positive cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are some more positive cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are some more positive cases
+uh if you have a dual horn setup so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a dual horn setup so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a dual horn setup so this
+is another one of the schaer situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another one of the schaer situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another one of the schaer situations
+if every Clause when you write it in CNF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every Clause when you write it in CNF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every Clause when you write it in CNF
+every sub Clause is dual horn at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sub Clause is dual horn at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sub Clause is dual horn at most
+one negated thing that is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negated thing that is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negated thing that is a good
+situation for maximizing ones because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for maximizing ones because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for maximizing ones because
+only one of them has to be negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them has to be negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them has to be negative uh
+but with horn for example you get poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with horn for example you get poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with horn for example you get poly
+apx Complete because you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx Complete because you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx Complete because you have an
+asymmetry here between ones and zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry here between ones and zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry here between ones and zeros
+question this list do we like read down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this list do we like read down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this list do we like read down
+until we hit the thing that yes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit the thing that yes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit the thing that yes good
+question uh this is uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh this is uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh this is uh this is a
+sequential algorithm for determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential algorithm for determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential algorithm for determining
+what you have if any of these says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have if any of these says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have if any of these says oh
+you're in po then you should stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in po then you should stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in po then you should stop
+reading the rest of the theorem the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the rest of the theorem the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the rest of the theorem the way
+they write the theorem is as uh less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write the theorem is as uh less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write the theorem is as uh less is
+probably clearer they write an elsif for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably clearer they write an elsif for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably clearer they write an elsif for
+each one but I wrote it backwards so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but I wrote it backwards so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but I wrote it backwards so it
+was hard for me to write elsif uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard for me to write elsif uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard for me to write elsif uh yeah
+occasionally I I'll mention that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally I I'll mention that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally I I'll mention that the
+previous things don't apply but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous things don't apply but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous things don't apply but you
+should read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read this
+sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially
+um okay so that was dual Horn uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that was dual Horn uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that was dual Horn uh another
+polinomial case is what I call 2 x nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial case is what I call 2 x nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial case is what I call 2 x nor
+sat where the N is in parentheses so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat where the N is in parentheses so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat where the N is in parentheses so in
+other words you have linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you have linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you have linear equations
+each equation only has two terms so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each equation only has two terms so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each equation only has two terms so like
+two Set uh and you have equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Set uh and you have equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Set uh and you have equations that
+say equal zero or equal one on those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal zero or equal one on those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say equal zero or equal one on those two
+terms that is also polom solvable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that is also polom solvable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that is also polom solvable this
+is a special case we didn't need the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case we didn't need the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case we didn't need the two
+for schaer here we need the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for schaer here we need the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for schaer here we need the two uh
+because if you have xor sat in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have xor sat in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have xor sat in general
+and when I say this I mean that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say this I mean that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say this I mean that all
+constraints uh fall fall into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh fall fall into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh fall fall into this
+category if all constraints are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category if all constraints are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category if all constraints are of this
+form all clauses are of this form then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form all clauses are of this form then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form all clauses are of this form then
+you're good if uh all clauses are of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good if uh all clauses are of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good if uh all clauses are of the
+form X norat but they're not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form X norat but they're not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form X norat but they're not in this
+class they're not all of length two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they're not all of length two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they're not all of length two then
+the problem becomes apx complete by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes apx complete by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes apx complete by
+contrast to schaer where I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to schaer where I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to schaer where I mean uh
+deciding whether you can satisfy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether you can satisfy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether you can satisfy all
+those things is easy maximizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things is easy maximizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things is easy maximizing the
+number of ones when you do it is apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones when you do it is apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones when you do it is apx
+complete so that's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's particularly
+interesting uh not all equal all in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh not all equal all in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh not all equal all in that
+Set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set
+uh not all equal three set those are X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not all equal three set those are X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not all equal three set those are X
+more Clauses should no they should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Clauses should no they should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Clauses should no they should not
+be xor Clauses because it's MP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be xor Clauses because it's MP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be xor Clauses because it's MP complete
+and the when you have xor Clauses it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the when you have xor Clauses it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the when you have xor Clauses it's
+always polinomial to decide well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always polinomial to decide well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always polinomial to decide well you can
+satisfy everything so it uh it's it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy everything so it uh it's it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy everything so it uh it's it's in
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case uh but good question because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but good question because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but good question because we
+should be getting apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting apx
+completeness yeah but Max not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness yeah but Max not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness yeah but Max not equal
+threat is different here we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is different here we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is different here we're trying to
+maximize the number of claws that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of claws that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the number of claws that we
+satisfied so if you have not all equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so if you have not all equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so if you have not all equal
+threat and you want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and you want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and you want to maximize the
+number of ones that means first you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones that means first you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones that means first you have
+to satisfy all equal 3at which is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy all equal 3at which is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy all equal 3at which is hard
+so that's going to fall into this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to fall into this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to fall into this this
+the bottom one is feasibility just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom one is feasibility just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom one is feasibility just
+finding a feasible solution is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a feasible solution is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a feasible solution is NP
+hard uh but you're the the exor set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh but you're the the exor set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh but you're the the exor set is
+this thing linear equations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing linear equations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing linear equations over
+Z2 and it could be equal to zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and it could be equal to zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 and it could be equal to zero or
+equal to one this is what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one this is what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one this is what you might call
+call an exor clause or this is an exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an exor clause or this is an exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an exor clause or this is an exor
+Clause this is an exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause this is an exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause this is an exor
+Clause so if they don't all have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so if they don't all have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so if they don't all have size
+two then your apx complete you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then your apx complete you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then your apx complete you can find
+a solution by schaer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution by schaer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution by schaer
+theem okay uh so as I mentioned horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theem okay uh so as I mentioned horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theem okay uh so as I mentioned horn
+Clauses and two set Clauses are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and two set Clauses are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and two set Clauses are actually
+really hard they're poly apx complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard they're poly apx complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard they're poly apx complete
+and to the oneus Epsilon and also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the oneus Epsilon and also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the oneus Epsilon and also these
+are all situations where you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all situations where you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all situations where you can find
+feasible Solutions easily by schaer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible Solutions easily by schaer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible Solutions easily by schaer uh
+like when you can set them all false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you can set them all false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you can set them all false and
+that satisfies everything doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies everything doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies everything doesn't help
+you when you're try to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're try to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're try to maximize the
+number of ones it just gets you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones it just gets you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones it just gets you to
+zero then you want to do better and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you want to do better and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you want to do better and it's
+really hard to get any better Factor um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get any better Factor um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get any better Factor um
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+situation ah sorry uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation ah sorry uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation ah sorry uh this
+is uh there's a slight distinction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there's a slight distinction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there's a slight distinction here
+so suppose you have the feature that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have the feature that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have the feature that you
+can set one variable true and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set one variable true and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set one variable true and the rest
+false if that satisfies all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if that satisfies all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if that satisfies all your
+constraints then great you found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints then great you found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints then great you found the
+value one and there's a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and there's a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and there's a big difference
+between 0 and one when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and one when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and one when you're looking at
+relative approximation because anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative approximation because anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative approximation because anything
+divided by Z is huge uh so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Z is huge uh so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Z is huge uh so it's really
+hard to get a good Factor that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a good Factor that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a good Factor that's this
+situation distinguishing between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation distinguishing between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation distinguishing between Z and
+greater than Z which is an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z which is an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z which is an infinite
+ratio uh could be NP hard that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh could be NP hard that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh could be NP hard that's when
+you in this situation you set all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this situation you set all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this situation you set all the
+variables false you get zero but finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables false you get zero but finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables false you get zero but finding
+any other solution is going to be NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other solution is going to be NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other solution is going to be NP
+hard uh here if you can at least get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh here if you can at least get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh here if you can at least get one
+you can get an N approximation whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an N approximation whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an N approximation whereas
+here you can't get an N approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can't get an N approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can't get an N approximation
+here you can get poly approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can get poly approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can get poly approximation and
+finally if you have none of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you have none of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you have none of the above
+situations then testing feasibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations then testing feasibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations then testing feasibilities
+empty hard by schaer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty hard by schaer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty hard by schaer
+theorem okay so it's like schaer theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so it's like schaer theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem okay so it's like schaer theorem
+but some of the cases split up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the cases split up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the cases split up into
+parts now that was maximization question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts now that was maximization question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts now that was maximization question
+so what's special about one here like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's special about one here like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's special about one here like it
+seems to me that if you're replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that if you're replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that if you're replace that
+one by K it should still be in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by K it should still be in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by K it should still be in that case
+this case yeah yeah like if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah yeah like if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah yeah like if I just
+replace that one with a fixed K like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that one with a fixed K like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that one with a fixed K like
+two yes uh so that problem will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes uh so that problem will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes uh so that problem will still be
+so uh if you can set all but K of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you can set all but K of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you can set all but K of them
+true I think you can also set all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I think you can also set all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I think you can also set all but
+one of them true and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them true and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them true and still
+satisfy yeah so here's the thing uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy yeah so here's the thing uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy yeah so here's the thing uh this
+is all variables right so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all variables right so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all variables right so you have the
+idea is you have tons of variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you have tons of variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you have tons of variables and
+let's say two of them are set to true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say two of them are set to true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say two of them are set to true so
+if you look at a clause the Clause might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a clause the Clause might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a clause the Clause might
+just apply to these guys or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply to these guys or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply to these guys or it might
+apply all the false guys or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all the false guys or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all the false guys or it might
+apply to false guys and one of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to false guys and one of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to false guys and one of the true
+guys or it might apply to false guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys or it might apply to false guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys or it might apply to false guys and
+and two of the uh true guys all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of the uh true guys all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of the uh true guys all of those
+would have to be satisfied in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be satisfied in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be satisfied in your
+hypothetical situation if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical situation if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical situation if that's true
+that implies that all the Clauses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that all the Clauses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that all the Clauses are
+satisfied when only one of them is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied when only one of them is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied when only one of them is set
+true and the rest are false so your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the rest are false so your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the rest are false so your your
+case would fall into this case as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would fall into this case as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case would fall into this case as well
+and you get poly apx completeness again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get poly apx completeness again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get poly apx completeness again
+so yeah it's not totally obvious when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's not totally obvious when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's not totally obvious when
+these things apply but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things apply but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things apply but this is the
+complete list of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete list of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete list of different
+cases other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay uh two out of four next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh two out of four next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh two out of four next
+one this is the longest one is min CSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the longest one is min CSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the longest one is min CSP
+now here we don't get as nice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we don't get as nice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we don't get as nice a
+characterization because there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization because there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization because there are some
+open problems left I haven't checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems left I haven't checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems left I haven't checked
+whether all of these open problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether all of these open problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether all of these open problems
+remain open but uh as of 2001 they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open but uh as of 2001 they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain open but uh as of 2001 they were
+open which is a while ago uh and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open which is a while ago uh and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open which is a while ago uh and we can
+check whether there's more explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether there's more explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether there's more explicit
+status but I have the status as of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status but I have the status as of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status but I have the status as of this
+paper here so uh Min CSP this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here so uh Min CSP this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here so uh Min CSP this is you
+want to minimize the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of uh
+constraints that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that are
+satisfied uh whereas before we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied uh whereas before we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied uh whereas before we looked at
+maximization there were only three cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization there were only three cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization there were only three cases
+which were something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were something like this
+uh again if setting all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if setting all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if setting all the variables
+false or true satisfies all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true satisfies all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true satisfies all the
+Clauses uh this is good apparently um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh this is good apparently um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh this is good apparently um
+that's less obvious in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less obvious in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less obvious in this case in
+general minimization problems behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general minimization problems behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general minimization problems behave
+quite differently from maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently from maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently from maximization
+problems in terms of approximability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in terms of approximability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in terms of approximability
+maximization is generally easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is generally easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is generally easier to
+approximate because your Solutions tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate because your Solutions tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate because your Solutions tend
+to be big and it's easier to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big and it's easier to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be big and it's easier to approximate
+big things minimization small is hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big things minimization small is hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big things minimization small is hard uh
+also we had this situation uh from Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we had this situation uh from Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we had this situation uh from Max
+CSP if if when you write it in dnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP if if when you write it in dnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP if if when you write it in dnf
+there's exactly two terms for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly two terms for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly two terms for every
+Clause one of them is all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause one of them is all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause one of them is all positive
+variables the others all negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the others all negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the others all negative
+variables that's also easy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that's also easy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that's also easy um
+and here's a a new case of apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a a new case of apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a a new case of apx
+completeness so if the problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness so if the problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness so if the problem you're
+trying to solve is exactly this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is exactly this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve is exactly this problem
+they call this I think implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call this I think implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call this I think implication
+hitting set so uh you have a clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting set so uh you have a clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting set so uh you have a clause
+which lets you say X1 implies X2 for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lets you say X1 implies X2 for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lets you say X1 implies X2 for any
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+variables um and you have some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and you have some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and you have some set of
+Clauses like this where uh you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses like this where uh you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses like this where uh you can say
+here's five variables uh the or of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's five variables uh the or of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's five variables uh the or of them
+is true no negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true no negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true no negation
+here uh so this is called hitting set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so this is called hitting set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so this is called hitting set
+meaning I give you a set of of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I give you a set of of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I give you a set of of vertices
+in a graph and I want at least one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph and I want at least one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph and I want at least one of
+them to be hit to be included to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be hit to be included to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be hit to be included to be true
+and we're trying to minimize the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to minimize the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to minimize the number
+of such things that we satisfy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such things that we satisfy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such things that we satisfy so this
+uh turns out to be hard but only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turns out to be hard but only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turns out to be hard but only uh
+there's no ptas but it's uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ptas but it's uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ptas but it's uh there's a
+constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor
+approximation and then we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and then we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and then we have these
+four cases which uh show that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cases which uh show that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cases which uh show that they are
+equivalent to known studied problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to known studied problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to known studied problems so
+there're these special cases other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're these special cases other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're these special cases other than
+these um getting any approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um getting any approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um getting any approximation
+Factor less than infinity would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor less than infinity would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor less than infinity would require
+you to distinguish between zero is opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish between zero is opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish between zero is opt
+and opt is greater than zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opt is greater than zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opt is greater than zero and it's
+empty complete unless you have these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty complete unless you have these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty complete unless you have these uh
+so there are some special cases like Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some special cases like Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some special cases like Min
+uncut this is the reverse of Max cut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncut this is the reverse of Max cut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncut this is the reverse of Max cut you
+want to minimize the number of uncut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of uncut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of uncut
+edges so that plus Max cut should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so that plus Max cut should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so that plus Max cut should be
+equal to the number of edges but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of edges but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of edges but the
+approximability of the two sides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability of the two sides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability of the two sides is
+quite different and here the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different and here the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different and here the best
+results that I know of are apx hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that I know of are apx hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that I know of are apx hardness
+and log n upper Bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log n upper Bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log n upper Bound for
+approximation so that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so that's a little bit
+harder maybe it's at least as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder maybe it's at least as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder maybe it's at least as hard as
+this but um and that happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um and that happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um and that happens when you
+are in the two ex norat situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the two ex norat situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the two ex norat situation
+something we saw from the last slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we saw from the last slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we saw from the last slide um
+so here it reduces to this other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it reduces to this other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it reduces to this other problem
+basically the same but you the exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but you the exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same but you the exor
+don't buy you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy you anything
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+uh in the case of tat you get a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of tat you get a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of tat you get a problem
+known as min2 CNF deletion uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as min2 CNF deletion uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as min2 CNF deletion uh and it's
+similar apx hard and best approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar apx hard and best approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar apx hard and best approximation
+is log Times log log uh if in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log Times log log uh if in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log Times log log uh if in the case
+where you have X norat in general but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have X norat in general but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have X norat in general but
+it's not all of the linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all of the linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all of the linear equations
+have only two terms so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only two terms so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only two terms so you have some
+larger ones then it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ones then it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ones then it turns out to be
+equivalent to nearest code word so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to nearest code word so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to nearest code word so it
+turns out you can write all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can write all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can write all such
+equations using either equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations using either equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations using either equations of
+length using equations of length three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length using equations of length three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length using equations of length three
+always so this is linear equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so this is linear equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so this is linear equation this
+should equal one uh or this says equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should equal one uh or this says equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should equal one uh or this says equal
+zero um and that from that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and that from that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and that from that you can
+construct all such things this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct all such things this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct all such things this is a
+really hard problem I don't think poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard problem I don't think poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard problem I don't think poly
+apx or no yeah poly apx hardness is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx or no yeah poly apx hardness is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx or no yeah poly apx hardness is not
+known Uh current lower best lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Uh current lower best lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Uh current lower best lower bound
+is this 2 to the log to the 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this 2 to the log to the 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this 2 to the log to the 1 minus
+Epsilon which we saw in the table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which we saw in the table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which we saw in the table of
+various in approximability results last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various in approximability results last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various in approximability results last
+time so this is a little bit smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a little bit smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a little bit smaller
+than log than n to the Epsilon but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log than n to the Epsilon but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log than n to the Epsilon but it's
+kind of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh and finally in the didn't write if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and finally in the didn't write if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and finally in the didn't write if
+if you're in CNF form and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in CNF form and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in CNF form and all of the
+subclauses are either horn or all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclauses are either horn or all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclauses are either horn or all of the
+sub Clauses are dual horn then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Clauses are dual horn then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Clauses are dual horn then you get
+something called Minn horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Minn horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Minn horn
+deletion uh and this has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion uh and this has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion uh and this has the same
+inapproximability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability
+uh here it's known so up here the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's known so up here the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's known so up here the best
+approximation is n nothing basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is n nothing basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is n nothing basically um
+put them all in and here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all in and here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all in and here there's a
+slightly better approximation known I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better approximation known I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better approximation known I
+think n the one minus Epsilon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think n the one minus Epsilon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think n the one minus Epsilon or
+something but these are all super hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but these are all super hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but these are all super hard
+the main point of this is so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point of this is so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point of this is so you're
+aware of these problems if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these problems if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these problems if you ever
+encounter a problem that looks anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a problem that looks anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a problem that looks anything
+like this or it looks like some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or it looks like some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or it looks like some kind of
+CSP problem you should go to this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP problem you should go to this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSP problem you should go to this list
+and check it out so don't memorize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check it out so don't memorize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check it out so don't memorize these
+but look at the notes definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at the notes definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at the notes definitely
+memorize these guys this good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these guys this good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these guys this good to know
+but uh there's few obscure problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's few obscure problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's few obscure problems here
+okay last one is minimizing the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last one is minimizing the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last one is minimizing the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ones so this is like the hardest of Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so this is like the hardest of Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so this is like the hardest of Two
+Worlds minimization is kind of harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds minimization is kind of harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds minimization is kind of harder
+and here you have to satisfy everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have to satisfy everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have to satisfy everything
+but minimize the number of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minimize the number of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but minimize the number of true
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+uh so this is easy if you can set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is easy if you can set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is easy if you can set them
+all false then you win uh this is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all false then you win uh this is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all false then you win uh this is easy
+in the horn case horn case is when at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the horn case horn case is when at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the horn case horn case is when at
+most one is positive so most of them can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one is positive so most of them can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one is positive so most of them can
+be set to zero uh this is easy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set to zero uh this is easy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set to zero uh this is easy in the
+two exor case so if you have linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two exor case so if you have linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two exor case so if you have linear
+equations two terms each equals Zer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two terms each equals Zer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two terms each equals Zer or
+equals one that's also and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one that's also and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one that's also and you want to
+minimize the number of true variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the number of true variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the number of true variables
+that's good if you're in 2 CNF form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good if you're in 2 CNF form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good if you're in 2 CNF form
+there's 's a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 's a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 's a constant Factor
+approximation that's the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's the best you can do
+apx complete uh if uh this is an examp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete uh if uh this is an examp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete uh if uh this is an examp
+uh case from the last slide if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case from the last slide if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case from the last slide if you have
+the hitting set constraints on constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hitting set constraints on constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hitting set constraints on constant
+number of uh constant size vertex sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh constant size vertex sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh constant size vertex sets
+and you have implication constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have implication constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have implication constraints
+then your problem is apx complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your problem is apx complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your problem is apx complete
+again uh if you and then we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh if you and then we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh if you and then we have these
+guys appearing again nearest code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys appearing again nearest code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys appearing again nearest code word
+and Minh horn deletion this one we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Minh horn deletion this one we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Minh horn deletion this one we get
+in the Dual horn case the horn case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dual horn case the horn case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dual horn case the horn case is
+good dual horn we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dual horn we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dual horn we get
+this thing which was like log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which was like log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which was like log n
+approximable or no this was the 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable or no this was the 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable or no this was the 2 the
+log n the 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n the 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n the 1us
+Epsilon and this is X nor sat when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this is X nor sat when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this is X nor sat when it
+are not all binary then we get nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all binary then we get nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all binary then we get nearest
+code word complete and finally uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word complete and finally uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word complete and finally uh two
+more uh the Dual to this if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh the Dual to this if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh the Dual to this if all the
+variables being set true satisfies your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables being set true satisfies your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables being set true satisfies your
+constraint that gives you a solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that gives you a solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that gives you a solution but
+it's like the worst solution possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the worst solution possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the worst solution possible uh
+as you get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get n
+and uh so in that case you can get poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in that case you can get poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in that case you can get poly
+a poly approximation not very impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poly approximation not very impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poly approximation not very impressive
+um and that's actually the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's actually the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's actually the best you can
+do some n to the one minus Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some n to the one minus Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some n to the one minus Epsilon and
+in all other cases by schaer theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all other cases by schaer theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all other cases by schaer theorem
+deciding whether even finding a feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether even finding a feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether even finding a feasible
+solution is NP hard so good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is NP hard so good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is NP hard so good luck
+approximating cool this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating cool this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating cool this is the kind of
+Sudan Trevis and Williamson uh multic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudan Trevis and Williamson uh multic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudan Trevis and Williamson uh multic
+Coty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coty
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do uh some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh my goal on this page is to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my goal on this page is to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my goal on this page is to get to a
+good friend from one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend from one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friend from one of the first
+lectures uh Edge matching puzzles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh Edge matching puzzles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh Edge matching puzzles you
+have little square tiles colors on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little square tiles colors on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have little square tiles colors on the
+edges Max uh in so normally we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges Max uh in so normally we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges Max uh in so normally we want to
+satisfy all the edge constraints only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the edge constraints only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the edge constraints only uh
+equal colors match or are adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal colors match or are adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal colors match or are adjacent to
+each other now the problem is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now the problem is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now the problem is going to
+be maximize the number of satisfied Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maximize the number of satisfied Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maximize the number of satisfied Edge
+constraints uh so but before I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh so but before I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh so but before I show you
+that reduction I need another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduction I need another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduction I need another problem
+which is apx complete so that problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is apx complete so that problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is apx complete so that problem is
+apx complete uh so here's problem I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete uh so here's problem I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete uh so here's problem I need
+two more problems uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more problems uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more problems uh one
+is Max independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Max independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Max independent
+Set uh and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regular Three Edge colorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs okay I'm not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs okay I'm not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs okay I'm not going to prove this
+one because we already did a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we already did a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we already did a version of
+independent set and it's just tedious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set and it's just tedious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set and it's just tedious to
+make it first make it uh exactly degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it first make it uh exactly degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it first make it uh exactly degree
+3 everywhere and secondly make it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 everywhere and secondly make it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 everywhere and secondly make it three
+Edge colorable three regular Three Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge colorable three regular Three Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge colorable three regular Three Edge
+color is is a nice kind of graph because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is is a nice kind of graph because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is is a nice kind of graph because
+every vertex you've got one edge of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex you've got one edge of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex you've got one edge of each
+class uh so that's kind of cool and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so that's kind of cool and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so that's kind of cool and we
+can use this this problem is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this this problem is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this this problem is basically
+equivalent to the actual problem I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the actual problem I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the actual problem I want
+which is a variation of threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a variation of threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a variation of threedimensional
+matching so remember threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so remember threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so remember threedimensional
+matching you have uh three sets a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you have uh three sets a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you have uh three sets a b and
+c you look at the triples on a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c you look at the triples on a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c you look at the triples on a b and c
+and you're given some set of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're given some set of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're given some set of interesting
+triples uh among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh among
+those and with 3dm uh what we wanted was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and with 3dm uh what we wanted was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and with 3dm uh what we wanted was
+to choose uh a set of such triples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose uh a set of such triples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose uh a set of such triples that
+covers all the vertices and no two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all the vertices and no two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers all the vertices and no two of
+them intersect that's the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them intersect that's the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them intersect that's the matching
+aspect uh in this problem we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect uh in this problem we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect uh in this problem we want to
+choose as many triples as we can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as many triples as we can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as many triples as we can that
+don't intersect each other okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't intersect each other okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't intersect each other okay so the
+problem is choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is choose uh
+Max uh subset S Prime of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with no
+duplicate coordinates I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say so let's assume ab and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so let's assume ab and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so let's assume ab and C are
+disjoint then I don't want any element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint then I don't want any element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint then I don't want any element
+in a union B Union C to appear twice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a union B Union C to appear twice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a union B Union C to appear twice in
+this chosen set S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chosen set S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chosen set S
+Prime okay so that's the problem now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so that's the problem now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so that's the problem now uh
+I'm going to prove that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to prove that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to prove that that's
+hard it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is
+basically the same as Max independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same as Max independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same as Max independent
+set in three regular Three Edge colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in three regular Three Edge colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in three regular Three Edge colored
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+uh because what I do is I take such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what I do is I take such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what I do is I take such a
+graph and for each uh Edge color class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and for each uh Edge color class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and for each uh Edge color class
+so there are three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh those are going to be a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are going to be a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are going to be a and
+C so if I have red green and blue all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if I have red green and blue all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if I have red green and blue all
+the red edges are going to be elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red edges are going to be elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red edges are going to be elements
+of a all the blue Ed green edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a all the blue Ed green edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a all the blue Ed green edges are
+going to be the elements of b g b for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the elements of b g b for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the elements of b g b for
+green and then all the blue elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and then all the blue elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and then all the blue elements are
+elements of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of C
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh a
+Vertex as I said has exactly one of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex as I said has exactly one of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex as I said has exactly one of each
+class so that's going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triple and that's it uh so now if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple and that's it uh so now if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple and that's it uh so now if I want
+to solve threedimensional matching among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve threedimensional matching among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve threedimensional matching among
+those triples that's going to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triples that's going to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those triples that's going to correspond
+to choosing a set of vertices in here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choosing a set of vertices in here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choosing a set of vertices in here no
+two of which share a color or no no two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of which share a color or no no two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of which share a color or no no two
+of which yeah share say an item of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which yeah share say an item of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which yeah share say an item of a
+let's say a is this color of edge uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a is this color of edge uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a is this color of edge uh so
+that means that they do the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they do the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they do the vertices
+over here are not connected by an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here are not connected by an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here are not connected by an edge
+so the cool thing here is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cool thing here is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cool thing here is that each
+element of a b and c only appears in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a b and c only appears in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of a b and c only appears in two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh triples right corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh triples right corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh triples right corresponding to the
+two ends of the edge okay so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends of the edge okay so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends of the edge okay so now we have
+Max threedimensional matching where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max threedimensional matching where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max threedimensional matching where
+every element in ABC appears in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in ABC appears in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in ABC appears in in
+exactly two triples so I guess I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two triples so I guess I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two triples so I guess I can
+even write e too if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even write e too if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even write e too if I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay that was our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was our sort of
+homework uh now we have Max Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh now we have Max Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh now we have Max Edge
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+puzzles again want to we're given square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles again want to we're given square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles again want to we're given square
+tiles uh there's different colors on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles uh there's different colors on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles uh there's different colors on the
+tiles any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles any number of
+colors and we would like to uh lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and we would like to uh lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and we would like to uh lay
+things out and I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out and I'll tell you the
+instance here is going to be 2 byn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here is going to be 2 byn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here is going to be 2 byn so
+it's fairly narrow unlike the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly narrow unlike the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly narrow unlike the the
+construction we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction we saw in
+class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um
+and we're reducing from Max 3D M2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're reducing from Max 3D M2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're reducing from Max 3D M2 that's
+why I introduced it this is a four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I introduced it this is a four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I introduced it this is a four years
+ago result uh so the idea is the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago result uh so the idea is the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago result uh so the idea is the triple
+is represented by these three tiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by these three tiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by these three tiles and
+some more but for starters these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but for starters these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but for starters these three
+tiles um the U glue is unique globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles um the U glue is unique globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles um the U glue is unique globally
+unique so it wants to be on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique so it wants to be on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique so it wants to be on the boundary
+and the uh here tiles are not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh here tiles are not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh here tiles are not allowed to
+rotate so it wants to be on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so it wants to be on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate so it wants to be on the bottom
+boundary uh so this is supposed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh so this is supposed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh so this is supposed to uh
+this AB glues only appear uh as single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this AB glues only appear uh as single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this AB glues only appear uh as single
+pairs so or for the I guess they'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so or for the I guess they'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so or for the I guess they'll also
+appear over there but not very many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over there but not very many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over there but not very many of
+them so basically a b and c have to glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so basically a b and c have to glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so basically a b and c have to glue
+together in sequence like that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in sequence like that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in sequence like that and the
+percent signs are going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent signs are going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent signs are going to be the same
+on the bottom row so nothing else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom row so nothing else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom row so nothing else uh
+this is basically forced to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically forced to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically forced to do this
+we'll actually have to do it a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually have to do it a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually have to do it a few times
+but uh you have to build this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you have to build this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you have to build this bottom
+structure then the question is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then the question is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then the question is what do
+you build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build on
+top and the idea is they're exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the idea is they're exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the idea is they're exactly one
+each of these three tiles which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these three tiles which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these three tiles which just
+communicate dollar sign left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate dollar sign left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate dollar sign left to right
+and have ABC on the bottom so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have ABC on the bottom so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have ABC on the bottom so those are
+cool and if you want to put a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and if you want to put a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and if you want to put a triple
+into your threedimensional matching then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your threedimensional matching then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your threedimensional matching then
+you do uh you put those in sequence no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh you put those in sequence no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh you put those in sequence no
+mismatches this is great you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches this is great you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches this is great you can take a
+whole bunch of these stick them next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of these stick them next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of these stick them next to
+each other that everything will match no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that everything will match no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that everything will match no
+errors so you're getting you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so you're getting you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so you're getting you know some
+constant number of points for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of points for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of points for each of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+uh but uh you will have to build more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh you will have to build more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh you will have to build more uh
+at least two copies of this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two copies of this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two copies of this bottom
+structure and there's only one copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and there's only one copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and there's only one copy of
+this top thing so that's the annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top thing so that's the annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this top thing so that's the annoying
+part but there are some variations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but there are some variations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but there are some variations of
+these tiles which look like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiles which look like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiles which look like something
+like this I'll show you all of them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'll show you all of them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'll show you all of them in a
+moment uh which have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh which have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh which have exactly one
+mismatch so you don't get quite as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch so you don't get quite as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch so you don't get quite as many
+points you get I don't know 15 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get I don't know 15 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get I don't know 15 instead
+of 16 points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 16 points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 16 points or
+whatever uh the bottom structure looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh the bottom structure looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh the bottom structure looks
+the same and the point of this is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and the point of this is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and the point of this is uh you
+know we know a appears in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know a appears in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know a appears in two different
+places so we need two versions of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so we need two versions of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so we need two versions of the a
+tile uh but we only want one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile uh but we only want one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile uh but we only want one of them to
+be happy and give you all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy and give you all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy and give you all the points
+because you should only be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should only be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should only be able to
+choose the a Thing Once so yet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the a Thing Once so yet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the a Thing Once so yet this
+triple will still exist ADC will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple will still exist ADC will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple will still exist ADC will be
+floating around there you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around there you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around there you want it to
+still be buildable but at a cost of ne1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be buildable but at a cost of ne1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be buildable but at a cost of ne1
+so uh this part's still built then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this part's still built then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this part's still built then you
+have these sort of filler tiles your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sort of filler tiles your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sort of filler tiles your
+goal is then to just get rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is then to just get rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is then to just get rid of all the
+stuff and pay a penalty and but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and pay a penalty and but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and pay a penalty and but uh you
+want to minimize the number of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the number of times you
+do this or maximize the number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or maximize the number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or maximize the number of times
+you do this and then uh it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this and then uh it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this and then uh it will be
+simulating Max 3dm there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating Max 3dm there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating Max 3dm there'll be some
+additive consistent cost which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive consistent cost which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive consistent cost which is the
+cost of all the unpicked triples um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of all the unpicked triples um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of all the unpicked triples um and
+yeah then this will be an L reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then this will be an L reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then this will be an L reduction so
+I have some more slides it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some more slides it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some more slides it's a bit
+complicated to do all of the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to do all of the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to do all of the details but
+this is a fully worked oned example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fully worked oned example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fully worked oned example with
+two triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two triples
+we have ABC and ADC and because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ABC and ADC and because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ABC and ADC and because they
+share a we don't want them both to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a we don't want them both to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a we don't want them both to be
+picked so it's same as what I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked so it's same as what I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked so it's same as what I showed you
+just in the previous slide uh but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the previous slide uh but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the previous slide uh but then
+there are all these other tiles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these other tiles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these other tiles that are
+floating around uh in order to make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around uh in order to make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around uh in order to make all
+the combinations possible and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations possible and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations possible and there's
+all these tiles to basically make allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tiles to basically make allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tiles to basically make allow
+them to get thrown away and the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get thrown away and the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get thrown away and the so
+that's not so clear uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so clear uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so clear uh this is the
+overall um construction for every triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um construction for every triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um construction for every triple
+you're going to have exactly these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have exactly these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have exactly these three
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+that we saw uh I it got rotated relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw uh I it got rotated relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw uh I it got rotated relative
+to the previous picture maybe rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the previous picture maybe rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the previous picture maybe rotations
+are allowed um and then for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed um and then for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed um and then for every
+variable here they're called XYZ instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here they're called XYZ instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here they're called XYZ instead
+of ABC but same thing for every a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ABC but same thing for every a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ABC but same thing for every a thing
+we'll have some constant set of tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some constant set of tiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some constant set of tiles
+that includes the really good one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the really good one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the really good one uh
+sorry where's the good one has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where's the good one has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where's the good one has two
+dollar signs this is the one you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar signs this is the one you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar signs this is the one you really
+like um and there's all this stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um and there's all this stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um and there's all this stuff to
+make sure things can get consumed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure things can get consumed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure things can get consumed and
+you can get rid of the triples and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of the triples and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of the triples and pay
+exactly one per unpicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one per unpicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one per unpicked
+triple so I don't want to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple so I don't want to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple so I don't want to go through the
+details but once you have that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but once you have that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but once you have that you get
+an L reduction from Max 3dm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L reduction from Max 3dm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L reduction from Max 3dm
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to go up the hierarchy we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go up the hierarchy we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go up the hierarchy we've
+been focusing on constant Factor prox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focusing on constant Factor prox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focusing on constant Factor prox
+mobile problems and that have no ptases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile problems and that have no ptases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile problems and that have no ptases
+um I will mention there before we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will mention there before we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I will mention there before we go on
+that there are some constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some constant Factor
+approximable problems that are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable problems that are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable problems that are not that
+have no ptas and yet are not apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ptas and yet are not apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ptas and yet are not apx
+complete so apx complete is not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so apx complete is not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so apx complete is not all of
+the uh is not all of apx minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is not all of apx minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is not all of apx minus P
+tests so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests so there's
+apx minus pest problems that are not apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx minus pest problems that are not apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx minus pest problems that are not apx
+complete so these these are still useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so these these are still useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so these these are still useful
+from a reduction standpoint you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a reduction standpoint you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a reduction standpoint you can use
+them to show that your problem has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show that your problem has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show that your problem has no
+pest uh but you have to State them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pest uh but you have to State them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pest uh but you have to State them
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+uh so here and there's somewhat familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here and there's somewhat familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here and there's somewhat familiar
+problems one of them is bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one of them is bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems one of them is bin
+packing uh this is you're moving out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing uh this is you're moving out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing uh this is you're moving out of
+your house you have a bunch of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house you have a bunch of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house you have a bunch of objects
+uh you live in a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you live in a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you live in a one-dimensional
+universe so each box each box is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so each box each box is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe so each box each box is exactly
+the same size and it's onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size and it's onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size and it's onedimensional
+size you have a bunch of items which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you have a bunch of items which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you have a bunch of items which are
+one-dimensional and you want to pack as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional and you want to pack as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional and you want to pack as
+many as you can into each box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you can into each box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as you can into each box but
+overall use the minimum number of boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall use the minimum number of boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall use the minimum number of boxes
+as a minimization problem um this has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a minimization problem um this has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a minimization problem um this has no
+constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor
+approximation but you can find uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but you can find uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but you can find uh what's
+called a Asm totic ptas where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Asm totic ptas where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Asm totic ptas where you can
+get like a ptas style result 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like a ptas style result 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like a ptas style result 1 plus
+Epsilon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon time
+opt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt plus
+one so an additive uh error and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so an additive uh error and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so an additive uh error and so in
+particular distinguishing between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular distinguishing between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular distinguishing between like
+two bins and three bins is weekly MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bins and three bins is weekly MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bins and three bins is weekly MP
+complete that's or yeah that's um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that's or yeah that's um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that's or yeah that's um that's
+like uh partition right between two bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh partition right between two bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh partition right between two bins
+and three bins uh so you need this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three bins uh so you need this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three bins uh so you need this sort
+of additive one you can't get a p test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additive one you can't get a p test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additive one you can't get a p test
+without the additive one uh so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the additive one uh so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the additive one uh so it's not
+as hard as all constant factor in approx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as all constant factor in approx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as all constant factor in approx
+mobile problems but somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile problems but somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile problems but somewhere in
+between apx intermediate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between apx intermediate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between apx intermediate is the
+technical term uh some other ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical term uh some other ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical term uh some other ones are
+minimum m do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum m do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum m do
+not oh this is all assuming P does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh this is all assuming P does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh this is all assuming P does not
+equal NP yes if P equals NP then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal NP yes if P equals NP then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal NP yes if P equals NP then I think
+all these things are equal so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are equal so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are equal so thank
+you uh another problem I've seen in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh another problem I've seen in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh another problem I've seen in some
+situations is uh you want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is uh you want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is uh you want to find the
+spanning tree in a graph that minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree in a graph that minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree in a graph that minimizes
+the maximum degree this is also apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum degree this is also apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum degree this is also apx
+intermediate there's a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate there's a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate there's a constant Factor
+approximation uh no P tasks but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh no P tasks but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh no P tasks but not as
+hard as all of apx and another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as all of apx and another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as all of apx and another one is
+min Edge coloring which is quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min Edge coloring which is quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min Edge coloring which is quite a bit
+easier than vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than vertex
+coloring so these are problems to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so these are problems to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so these are problems to watch
+out for they're the only ones I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for they're the only ones I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for they're the only ones I know of
+that are apx intermediate there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are apx intermediate there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are apx intermediate there may be
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known okay uh so unless there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay uh so unless there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay uh so unless there are
+questions I want to go up to log Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want to go up to log Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want to go up to log Factor
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation surprisingly in the CSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation surprisingly in the CSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation surprisingly in the CSP
+Universe we didn't get any log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe we didn't get any log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe we didn't get any log
+approximation as the right answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as the right answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation as the right answer but
+there are problems where log is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems where log is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems where log is the
+right answer uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer uh so this is
+the again there's probably intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the again there's probably intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the again there's probably intermediate
+problems but here are some problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but here are some problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but here are some problems that
+are actually complete over all log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually complete over all log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually complete over all log
+approximable problems so there's a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable problems so there's a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable problems so there's a log
+lower bound and upper bound on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and upper bound on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and upper bound on their
+approximability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability
+uh I've mentioned two of them set cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've mentioned two of them set cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've mentioned two of them set cover
+and dominating set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first thing I'd like to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'd like to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'd like to show is that
+these two problems are the same we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems are the same we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems are the same we're
+not going to try to prove lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to try to prove lower bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to try to prove lower bounds
+on them at least for now uh but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them at least for now uh but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them at least for now uh but let me
+show that you can L ruce one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you can L ruce one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you can L ruce one to the
+other so uh the easy direction is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so uh the easy direction is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so uh the easy direction is L
+reducing dominating set to set cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing dominating set to set cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing dominating set to set cover
+because dominating set says well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dominating set says well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because dominating set says well if I
+choose this vertex then I cover these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this vertex then I cover these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this vertex then I cover these
+vertices okay so let's call this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so let's call this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so let's call this vertex
+V and then maybe a b c d i can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then maybe a b c d i can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then maybe a b c d i can represent
+that by a set namely V A B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a set namely V A B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a set namely V A B C
+D okay if I choose that set it covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay if I choose that set it covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay if I choose that set it covers
+those elements just like when I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements just like when I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements just like when I choose
+this vertex it covers those vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex it covers those vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex it covers those vertices
+okay so that's a strict reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a strict reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a strict reduction from
+dominating set to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set to set
+cover uh some sense the bipar type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh some sense the bipar type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh some sense the bipar type
+version gives you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version gives you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version gives you more
+control okay this is the nonb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay this is the nonb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay this is the nonb the
+non-bipartite version of set cover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bipartite version of set cover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bipartite version of set cover so
+what about the other reduction reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other reduction reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other reduction reducing
+set cover to dominating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cover to dominating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cover to dominating
+set um so this is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um so this is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um so this is a little more
+fun what we're going we need to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun what we're going we need to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun what we're going we need to build a
+graph uh dominating set that somehow has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh dominating set that somehow has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh dominating set that somehow has
+two very different types of vertices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very different types of vertices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very different types of vertices we
+want to represent sets and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent sets and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent sets and we want to
+represent elements so here is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent elements so here is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent elements so here is what we're
+going to do we build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we build a
+click representing the sets so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click representing the sets so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click representing the sets so there are
+nodes in this click one for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in this click one for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in this click one for every
+set and then we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we're going to have an
+independent set over here here that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set over here here that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set over here here that will
+represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+elements and then whenever a set over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then whenever a set over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then whenever a set over
+here contains an element over there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here contains an element over there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here contains an element over there we
+will add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add an
+edge okay so in general an an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge okay so in general an an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge okay so in general an an element
+may appear in several sets and a set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may appear in several sets and a set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may appear in several sets and a set is
+going to consist of many elements uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consist of many elements uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consist of many elements uh but
+over here there's not going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here there's not going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here there's not going to be any
+edges between these elements these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between these elements these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between these elements these are
+independent and over here all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and over here all the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and over here all the edges
+exist so the intent is you choose a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so the intent is you choose a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so the intent is you choose a set
+of these vertices corresponding to sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vertices corresponding to sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these vertices corresponding to sets
+in order to cover those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to cover those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to cover those
+vertices and that's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and that's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and that's going to work
+because these vertices are super easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these vertices are super easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these vertices are super easy to
+cover in the dominating set you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in the dominating set you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in the dominating set you choose
+any of them you cover all of them these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them you cover all of them these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them you cover all of them these
+guys you never want to put them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you never want to put them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you never want to put them in a
+dominating set why would you put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set why would you put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set why would you put this in
+a dominating set when you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominating set when you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominating set when you could just
+follow one of these edges and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow one of these edges and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow one of these edges and put this
+in instead that vertex will cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead that vertex will cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead that vertex will cover this
+one and it will cover all of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it will cover all of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it will cover all of these and
+the only edges from here are to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only edges from here are to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only edges from here are to over
+here so if you choose a set you'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you choose a set you'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you choose a set you'll cover
+all the sets and that one element if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets and that one element if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets and that one element if you
+choose the element you'll cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the element you'll cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the element you'll cover the
+element and some of the sets so in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and some of the sets so in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and some of the sets so in any
+optimal solution if this ever appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution if this ever appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution if this ever appears
+you can keep it optimal and move over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep it optimal and move over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep it optimal and move over
+here those sort of arguments we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those sort of arguments we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those sort of arguments we've been
+doing over and over so there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing over and over so there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing over and over so there is an
+optimal solution where you only choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where you only choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution where you only choose
+uh vertices on the left and then that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices on the left and then that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices on the left and then that is
+a set cover again it's a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set cover again it's a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set cover again it's a strict
+reduction no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction no
+loss cool so that is why these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss cool so that is why these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss cool so that is why these two
+problems are equivalent now we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are equivalent now we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are equivalent now we're just
+going to take on faith for now that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take on faith for now that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take on faith for now that they
+are log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are log and
+approximable and you've probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable and you've probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable and you've probably seen
+that this one is log approximable so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one is log approximable so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one is log approximable so now
+you know that this is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximable uh so here's a there um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable uh so here's a there um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable uh so here's a there um I
+would say most of the uh most I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say most of the uh most I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say most of the uh most I don't
+there's there's most of the literature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's most of the literature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's most of the literature I
+see for inapproximability is either apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for inapproximability is either apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for inapproximability is either apx
+hardness or what people usually call set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness or what people usually call set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness or what people usually call set
+cover hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover hardness
+um I mean the fact that set covers log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the fact that set covers log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the fact that set covers log
+apx complete that is complete for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete that is complete for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete that is complete for that
+class not just a log lower bound uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not just a log lower bound uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not just a log lower bound uh is
+fairly recent so people usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recent so people usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recent so people usually have
+called it set cover hardness now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it set cover hardness now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it set cover hardness now you can
+call it log apx hardness uh so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it log apx hardness uh so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it log apx hardness uh so let me
+show you one example uh there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one example uh there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you one example uh there there are
+a lot of both out there I just shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of both out there I just shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of both out there I just shown you
+sort of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a small
+sampling because there's so much uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling because there's so much uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling because there's so much uh so
+here's a fun problem it's called Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun problem it's called Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun problem it's called Uh
+token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token
+reconfiguration and the idea is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfiguration and the idea is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfiguration and the idea is you're
+doing some kind of motion planning in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of motion planning in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of motion planning in a
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+uh so something like pushing blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so something like pushing blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so something like pushing blocks
+except uh the it's it's you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh the it's it's you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh the it's it's you have a bunch
+of robots which here represented well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of robots which here represented well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of robots which here represented well uh
+you have a graph and each vertex can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph and each vertex can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a graph and each vertex can
+either have a robot or not in some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a robot or not in some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a robot or not in some you
+have you're given an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you're given an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you're given an initial
+configuration of how the robots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of how the robots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of how the robots are
+placed and you're given a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed and you're given a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed and you're given a final
+configuration of how you want the robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of how you want the robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of how you want the robots
+to be placed and they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be placed and they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be placed and they have the same
+number of robots because you can't eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of robots because you can't eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of robots because you can't eat
+robots or create them uh yet when robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots or create them uh yet when robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots or create them uh yet when robots
+can create robots that's a will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create robots that's a will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create robots that's a will be
+another problem um so here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem um so here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem um so here you have
+robot conservation and uh this is a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot conservation and uh this is a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot conservation and uh this is a so
+in in a configuration there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a configuration there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a configuration there are three
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+vertices in that situation it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in that situation it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in that situation it could be
+you have a Vertex that currently has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Vertex that currently has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Vertex that currently has a
+robot here they're called tokens uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot here they're called tokens uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot here they're called tokens uh to
+be a little more generic uh it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more generic uh it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more generic uh it could
+have a robot but not be a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robot but not be a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robot but not be a place that
+should have a robot so in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a robot so in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a robot so in the initial
+configuration it has a robot but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it has a robot but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it has a robot but in the
+final configuration it does not it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final configuration it does not it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final configuration it does not it could
+be you have some robots that are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you have some robots that are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you have some robots that are both
+where that are basically where they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that are basically where they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that are basically where they want
+to be they are a robot and also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be they are a robot and also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be they are a robot and also in the
+Target configuration there's a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target configuration there's a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target configuration there's a robot
+there or I guess there's four cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or I guess there's four cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or I guess there's four cases but
+in this case we'll only have three or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we'll only have three or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we'll only have three or it
+could be that you want to have a Rob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you want to have a Rob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you want to have a Rob
+robot there but currently you do not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot there but currently you do not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot there but currently you do not so
+this is an instance that simulates set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an instance that simulates set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an instance that simulates set
+cover um and this is a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um and this is a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um and this is a situation where
+robots are all treated identically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are all treated identically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are all treated identically so
+you don't care which robot goes where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care which robot goes where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care which robot goes where uh
+so you've got these robots over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got these robots over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got these robots over here
+which don't want to be here they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't want to be here they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't want to be here they want to
+be over there and if you measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over there and if you measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over there and if you measure this
+length it's the same as this length Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's the same as this length Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's the same as this length Okay
+so uh and these robots don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and these robots don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and these robots don't want to
+move but they're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but they're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move but they're going to have to
+because they're in the way in this triar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in the way in this triar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in the way in this triar
+graph they're in the way from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they're in the way from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they're in the way from here to
+there I didn't tell you a move in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I didn't tell you a move in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I didn't tell you a move in this
+scenario is that you can take a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario is that you can take a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario is that you can take a robot
+and follow any empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow any empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow any empty
+path okay so you can make a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so you can make a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so you can make a sequence of
+moves all at a cost of one as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves all at a cost of one as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves all at a cost of one as long as it
+doesn't hit any other robots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit any other robots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit any other robots so
+Collision free path you follow it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision free path you follow it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision free path you follow it then
+you can pick up another robot move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up another robot move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up another robot move it
+along a collision free path pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a collision free path pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a collision free path pick up
+another robot and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another robot and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another robot and so
+on uh so if you want to move all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so if you want to move all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh so if you want to move all these
+guys over to here you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys over to here you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys over to here you're going to have
+to move some of these out of the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move some of these out of the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move some of these out of the way how
+many set cover many here's the set cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many set cover many here's the set cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many set cover many here's the set cover
+instance in this bipartite graph so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in this bipartite graph so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in this bipartite graph so what
+you can do is take this robot move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is take this robot move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is take this robot move it
+out of the way move it to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way move it to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way move it to one of these
+elements and then for the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then for the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then for the remainder of
+the set which are these two these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set which are these two these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set which are these two these two
+nodes you can take this guy and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you can take this guy and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you can take this guy and move it
+there in one step take this guy and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in one step take this guy and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in one step take this guy and move
+it there in one step the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there in one step the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there in one step the length of this
+doesn't matter because you can follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because you can follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because you can follow a
+long path and you just drain out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long path and you just drain out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long path and you just drain out this
+thing uh one at a time except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh one at a time except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh one at a time except for this
+guy uh who you moved out of the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh who you moved out of the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh who you moved out of the way uh
+you you'll move one of these to fill his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll move one of these to fill his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll move one of these to fill his
+his spot and if you can cover all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his spot and if you can cover all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his spot and if you can cover all the
+elements over here with only K of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here with only K of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here with only K of these
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+moving then uh the number of moves will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving then uh the number of moves will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving then uh the number of moves will
+be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K
+plus a so that's what's written here opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a so that's what's written here opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a so that's what's written here opt
+is uh this is a fixed additive Cost Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a fixed additive Cost Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a fixed additive Cost Plus
+the set cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set cover
+and this is going to be an L reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be an L reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be an L reduction
+provided this is uh linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided this is uh linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided this is uh linear in
+a which is easy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is easy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is easy enough to
+arrange uh so that's the unlabeled case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange uh so that's the unlabeled case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange uh so that's the unlabeled case
+you can also solve the labeled case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also solve the labeled case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also solve the labeled case
+maybe you want robot one to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want robot one to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want robot one to go to
+position one and you want robot two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one and you want robot two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one and you want robot two to
+go to position two same thing uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to position two same thing uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to position two same thing uh but
+here these robots are going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these robots are going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these robots are going to have to
+go back where they started so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back where they started so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back where they started so you just
+add a little vertex so they can get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little vertex so they can get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little vertex so they can get out
+of the way everything can move where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way everything can move where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way everything can move where
+they want to again choose a set cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to again choose a set cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to again choose a set cover
+move those over uh and then move them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move those over uh and then move them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move those over uh and then move them
+back so you end up paying two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so you end up paying two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so you end up paying two times the
+set cover but just constant Factor loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cover but just constant Factor loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set cover but just constant Factor loss
+still an L reduction uh and this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an L reduction uh and this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an L reduction uh and this problem
+is motivated it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is motivated it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is motivated it's sort of a
+generalization of the 15 puzzle you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the 15 puzzle you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the 15 puzzle you know
+you have a little 4x4 grid you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little 4x4 grid you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little 4x4 grid you've got
+movable tiles you can only move one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable tiles you can only move one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable tiles you can only move one at a
+time in that case because there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that case because there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that case because there's only a
+single Gap this is sort of a generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Gap this is sort of a generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Gap this is sort of a generalized
+form of that uh where you have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that uh where you have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that uh where you have various
+tiles you want to get them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles you want to get them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles you want to get them into the
+right spots uh but you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spots uh but you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right spots uh but you can't have
+collisions during that motion so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions during that motion so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions during that motion so that's
+where this problem came from 15 puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this problem came from 15 puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this problem came from 15 puzzle
+by the way in in the generalized n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in in the generalized n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in in the generalized n by
+end form is NP hard and in apx but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end form is NP hard and in apx but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end form is NP hard and in apx but I
+think it's open whether it's apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's open whether it's apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's open whether it's apx
+complete I would show you the proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I would show you the proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I would show you the proof but
+it's very complicated so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very complicated so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very complicated so I
+won't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh
+cool well in the last little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool well in the last little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool well in the last little bit I
+wanted to tell you about the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about the super
+high-end so we went to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end so we went to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end so we went to log
+approximation uh the there I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh the there I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh the there I mean there
+are other things known but not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other things known but not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other things known but not a lot of
+completeness results uh so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness results uh so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness results uh so we're going
+to get to other kinds of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to other kinds of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to other kinds of in
+approximability next class uh for now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability next class uh for now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability next class uh for now I
+want to stick to something apx complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick to something apx complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick to something apx complete
+and the most studied class above log is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most studied class above log is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most studied class above log is
+poly which is like n the one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my main goal here is to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my main goal here is to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my main goal here is to tell you
+about some problems that you should if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some problems that you should if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some problems that you should if
+you think your problem is like poly apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think your problem is like poly apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think your problem is like poly apx
+hard these are the standard problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard these are the standard problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard these are the standard problems to
+start from there are two of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from there are two of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from there are two of them and
+I've mentioned them but not quite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned them but not quite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned them but not quite in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are click and independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are click and independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are click and independent
+set these are really the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these are really the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these are really the same problem
+one is the complement graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the complement graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the complement graph of the
+other both maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and those are the standard ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and those are the standard ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and those are the standard ones
+I'll leave it at that uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it at that uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it at that uh I'm going to
+keep going up the next level most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up the next level most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up the next level most
+studied is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied is X
+apx complete so for these problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete so for these problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete so for these problems the
+best known approximation is like n / log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best known approximation is like n / log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best known approximation is like n / log
+s n and there's a lower bound of n 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n and there's a lower bound of n 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n and there's a lower bound of n 1us
+Epsilon so there's a gap in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so there's a gap in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so there's a gap in terms of
+approximability but what we know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability but what we know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability but what we know is that
+they are the hardest problems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the hardest problems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the hardest problems that have
+any n to the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n to the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n to the C
+approximation they're all reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they're all reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they're all reducible to
+each other via ptas reductions so fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other via ptas reductions so fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other via ptas reductions so fairly
+preserving uh so next class up is X apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving uh so next class up is X apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving uh so next class up is X apx
+complete things uh problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete things uh problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete things uh problems uh
+approximable in in exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable in in exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximable in in exponential
+Inn uh approximation factors how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inn uh approximation factors how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inn uh approximation factors how would
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+happen uh this is kind of funny and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh this is kind of funny and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh this is kind of funny and the
+canonical problem here is uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical problem here is uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical problem here is uh the the
+basic reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic reason is
+numbers uh there's if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh there's if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh there's if we take the
+traveling salesman problem and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problem and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problem and every
+Edge can have a weight let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge can have a weight let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge can have a weight let's say it's
+integer weights but any integer weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer weights but any integer weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer weights but any integer weight
+that can be expressable in n Bits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be expressable in n Bits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be expressable in n Bits is
+fair gam which means the actual value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair gam which means the actual value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair gam which means the actual value of
+that edge is going to be exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge is going to be exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge is going to be exponential in
+n and from that you can get a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and from that you can get a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and from that you can get a very easy
+lower bound and in fact all problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and in fact all problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and in fact all problems
+that are approximable and exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are approximable and exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are approximable and exponential
+apx can be reduced to uh General tsp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx can be reduced to uh General tsp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx can be reduced to uh General tsp
+where you're just given a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just given a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're just given a bunch of
+distances between Pairs of vertices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between Pairs of vertices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between Pairs of vertices it
+doesn't satisfy triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy triangle inequality
+that's the non-metric aspect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the non-metric aspect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the non-metric aspect with
+triangle inequality tsp which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality tsp which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality tsp which is what
+normally happens there's constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally happens there's constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally happens there's constant factor
+it's apx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's apx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's apx
+complete uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh but
+for not General uh weights between Pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not General uh weights between Pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not General uh weights between Pairs
+of vertices non-metric it's X VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices non-metric it's X VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices non-metric it's X VX
+Complete because uh you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complete because uh you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complete because uh you can basically
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+graph and solve hamiltonicity by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and solve hamiltonicity by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and solve hamiltonicity by saying
+all the edges in the graph have weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in the graph have weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in the graph have weight
+one or zero and all the edges uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero and all the edges uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero and all the edges uh I guess
+one would be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be a little bit more
+legitimate um and all the non-edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate um and all the non-edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate um and all the non-edges in
+the graph are going to give weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph are going to give weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph are going to give weight
+infinity infinity is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity is the largest
+expressible number which is one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressible number which is one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressible number which is one one one
+one one n Bits long and so either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one n Bits long and so either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one n Bits long and so either you
+use one of those edges or you don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of those edges or you don't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of those edges or you don't and
+there's an exponential Gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exponential Gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exponential Gap between
+them so even if we disallow Zer being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so even if we disallow Zer being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so even if we disallow Zer being an
+output then we get exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then we get exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then we get exponential
+separation that doesn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation that doesn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation that doesn't prove
+completeness but it proves that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness but it proves that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness but it proves that you
+can't hope for better than exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hope for better than exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hope for better than exponential
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+there okay uh two more even crazier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay uh two more even crazier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay uh two more even crazier
+classes uh now we did see these classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh now we did see these classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh now we did see these classes
+come up with the characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the characterization
+theorem so these uh but these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so these uh but these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so these uh but these are some
+probably how those results were proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you might think well uh doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think well uh doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think well uh doubly
+exponential I don't know what's next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I don't know what's next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I don't know what's next uh
+next you could Define that but the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you could Define that but the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you could Define that but the what
+seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to
+most often as the this is the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often as the this is the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often as the this is the ultimate
+class among all NP optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class among all NP optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class among all NP optimization problems
+you could imagine being complete against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine being complete against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine being complete against
+all of them and this is with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and this is with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and this is with respect
+to AP reductions one of the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AP reductions one of the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AP reductions one of the ones we
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+uh and I'm going to define a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to define a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to define a very
+closely related class which is NPO NPO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related class which is NPO NPO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related class which is NPO NPO
+polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is these are the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is these are the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is these are the hardest
+problems to approximate uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to approximate uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to approximate uh this is
+basically the problems that have numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the problems that have numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the problems that have numbers
+in them and this is the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and this is the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and this is the problem that
+have no numbers or if they have numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no numbers or if they have numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no numbers or if they have numbers
+they are polom bounded like the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are polom bounded like the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are polom bounded like the pseudo
+polinomial situation so non-metric tsp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial situation so non-metric tsp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial situation so non-metric tsp
+well it's not as hard as NPO complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not as hard as NPO complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not as hard as NPO complete
+but it's more in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more in this
+category is there a notion of strongness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category is there a notion of strongness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category is there a notion of strongness
+and weakness in these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weakness in these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weakness in these kinds of things
+that's funny this is a stronger result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny this is a stronger result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny this is a stronger result
+so it's there's not quite an analog but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there's not quite an analog but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there's not quite an analog but
+this is you can do trick exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can do trick exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can do trick exponential
+tricks and give yourself a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and give yourself a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and give yourself a hard time
+over here uh and here you're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh and here you're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh and here you're just not
+allowed to use everything's polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use everything's polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use everything's polinomial
+so three partition is sort of more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three partition is sort of more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three partition is sort of more in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+universe uh but in this situation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh but in this situation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh but in this situation if you
+sort of have three partition but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have three partition but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have three partition but with
+exponential numbers then you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential numbers then you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential numbers then you get this
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+class uh so there so this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so there so this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh so there so this is not the
+analog of week you could maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of week you could maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of week you could maybe
+imagine well yeah in some sense weak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well yeah in some sense weak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine well yeah in some sense weak is
+a modifier in the problem where you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modifier in the problem where you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modifier in the problem where you say
+I want to restrict all the numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to restrict all the numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to restrict all the numbers to
+have polinomial size so uh when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polinomial size so uh when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polinomial size so uh when you do
+something like three partition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like three partition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like three partition it's
+uh it's sort of a weak problem or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of a weak problem or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of a weak problem or it's a
+polom bounded problem strong MP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom bounded problem strong MP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom bounded problem strong MP hardness
+means that that is MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that is MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that is MP
+complete anyway it's vague analog but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete anyway it's vague analog but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete anyway it's vague analog but
+not quite uh it's possible some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite uh it's possible some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite uh it's possible some of these
+you could add a weak modifier and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could add a weak modifier and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could add a weak modifier and it
+would mean something but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean something but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean something but I don't
+know all right so I just want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so I just want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so I just want to give
+you some sample problems on both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sample problems on both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sample problems on both of
+these sides uh maybe let's start with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sides uh maybe let's start with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sides uh maybe let's start with uh
+this side which is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side which is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side which is a little more
+interesting uh because you get some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh because you get some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh because you get some kind
+of familiar problems they're super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of familiar problems they're super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of familiar problems they're super
+hard uh minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh minimum
+independent dominating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent dominating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent dominating
+set we've seen independent set we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we've seen independent set we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we've seen independent set we've
+seen dominating set independent set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen dominating set independent set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen dominating set independent set is
+already hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hard to
+approximate uh but this problem is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate uh but this problem is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate uh but this problem is worse
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because even finding an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even finding an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even finding an independent
+dominating set is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating set is NP
+complete uh whereas finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh whereas finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh whereas finding an
+independent set I can choose nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set I can choose nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent set I can choose nothing but
+if I want to simultaneously be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to simultaneously be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to simultaneously be
+dominating and independent that's NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and independent that's NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and independent that's NP
+hard to find any solution in general in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find any solution in general in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find any solution in general in
+NP PB uh problems NPO PB complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP PB uh problems NPO PB complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP PB uh problems NPO PB complete
+problems uh you it's always MP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh you it's always MP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh you it's always MP complete
+to find a feasible solution but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a feasible solution but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a feasible solution but it's
+worse than that so the first level would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than that so the first level would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than that so the first level would
+be to find a feasible solution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to find a feasible solution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to find a feasible solution and this
+is saying on top of that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying on top of that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying on top of that you want to
+minimize the size I think Max would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the size I think Max would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the size I think Max would also
+be hard but uh I think there's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard but uh I think there's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard but uh I think there's a general
+theorem that if you're hard in the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that if you're hard in the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that if you're hard in the Min
+case you're also harder in the max case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're also harder in the max case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're also harder in the max case
+uh but depends on the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but depends on the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but depends on the exact
+setup uh so this is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup uh so this is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup uh so this is sort of an
+optimization version that makes it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization version that makes it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization version that makes it even
+harder than NP complete so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than NP complete so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than NP complete so I think you
+know this is NP complete and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is NP complete and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is NP complete and this is
+kind of even worse it's saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of even worse it's saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of even worse it's saying a
+stronger thing about uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger thing about uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger thing about uh when you're
+trying to optimize over a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize over a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize over a space of
+solutions that's NP complete to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that's NP complete to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that's NP complete to decide
+notice that's still in an NPO problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's still in an NPO problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's still in an NPO problem we
+Define that Solutions need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that Solutions need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that Solutions need to be
+recognizable in polinomial time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable in polinomial time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable in polinomial time but we
+didn't say that you can generate one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that you can generate one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that you can generate one in
+polinomial time so it could be MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so it could be MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so it could be MP
+complete to find a single solution like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to find a single solution like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to find a single solution like
+here all of these problems will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these problems will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these problems will have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+uh another fun problem is shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another fun problem is shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another fun problem is shortest
+computation this should be this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation this should be this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation this should be this is sort
+of the most intuitive one at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most intuitive one at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most intuitive one at a certain
+level if you know touring machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you know touring machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you know touring machines and
+you have a non-deterministic turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a non-deterministic turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a non-deterministic turning
+machine which can take non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which can take non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which can take non-deterministic
+branches you want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches you want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches you want to find the
+computation in such a machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in such a machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in such a machine that
+terminates the earliest using the fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates the earliest using the fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates the earliest using the fewest
+steps so that's kind of you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so that's kind of you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so that's kind of you might think
+of that as canonical NP PB problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as canonical NP PB problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as canonical NP PB problem
+there's no numbers in it but it's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no numbers in it but it's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no numbers in it but it's can
+imagine that's super hard to do uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's super hard to do uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's super hard to do uh here
+are some more graph theoretic ones quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some more graph theoretic ones quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some more graph theoretic ones quite
+natural problems but super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural problems but super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural problems but super
+hard uh longest induced path induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh longest induced path induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh longest induced path induced
+means there no other edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there no other edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there no other edges between
+between the chosen vertices so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chosen vertices so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chosen vertices so this is
+sort of longest path uh is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of longest path uh is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of longest path uh is one thing
+that's that's quite hard to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's quite hard to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's quite hard to approximate
+like I think into the one minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think into the one minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think into the one minus Epsilon
+uh that's sort of the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's sort of the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's sort of the analog of
+hamiltonicity long as induced path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonicity long as induced path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonicity long as induced path is
+worse even finding an induced path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse even finding an induced path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse even finding an induced path of
+length K finding a feasible solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length K finding a feasible solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length K finding a feasible solution uh
+is finding a an induced path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finding a an induced path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finding a an induced path is
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good another fun one is is longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good another fun one is is longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good another fun one is is longest path
+with forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with forbidden
+pairs so there are pairs of edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so there are pairs of edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so there are pairs of edges that
+you're not allowed to choose together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to choose together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to choose together
+and subject to those constraints you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subject to those constraints you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subject to those constraints you
+want to find the longest path so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the longest path so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the longest path so these
+are all NP PB complete no numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all NP PB complete no numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all NP PB complete no numbers and
+any of them now let me give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them now let me give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them now let me give you some
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so ones was you want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ones was you want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ones was you want to maximize the
+number of true variables now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of true variables now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of true variables now we're going
+to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add
+weights so uh we want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so uh we want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so uh we want to maximize the
+sum of the weights of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the weights of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the weights of the true
+variables and while satisfying a Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and while satisfying a Boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and while satisfying a Boolean
+formula so again finding a feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so again finding a feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so again finding a feasible
+solution is hard that's not surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is hard that's not surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is hard that's not surprising
+uh here the weights can be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the weights can be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the weights can be exponential
+in value because we allow n Bits for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value because we allow n Bits for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value because we allow n Bits for the
+weights and that push you into NPO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and that push you into NPO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and that push you into NPO
+completeness um if you say the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness um if you say the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness um if you say the weights
+have to be polom bounded then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be polom bounded then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be polom bounded then this
+problem is NPO PB complete and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NPO PB complete and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NPO PB complete and that's
+sort of the starting problem that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the starting problem that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the starting problem that they
+use to prove all of these are hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to prove all of these are hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to prove all of these are hard so
+their reductions from this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reductions from this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reductions from this with
+polinomial weights to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial weights to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial weights to these
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+uh yeah anything about the formula what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah anything about the formula what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah anything about the formula what
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+threat I I don't know how like whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat I I don't know how like whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat I I don't know how like whether
+you could go down to Tad is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go down to Tad is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go down to Tad is interesting
+here they say I think probably three set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they say I think probably three set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they say I think probably three set
+or or CNF set those reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or CNF set those reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or CNF set those reductions
+definitely still work uh whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still work uh whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still work uh whether you
+could put the two set into the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put the two set into the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put the two set into the max
+aspect I don't know but it's could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect I don't know but it's could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect I don't know but it's could be
+fun to look at there isn't a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to look at there isn't a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to look at there isn't a there
+aren't a ton of papers about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a ton of papers about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a ton of papers about these two
+classes but there there are a few before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but there there are a few before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but there there are a few before
+they nailed down any interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they nailed down any interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they nailed down any interesting
+problems here's another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here's another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here's another interesting
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh suppose you want to do integer linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose you want to do integer linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose you want to do integer linear
+programming uh to keep it simple we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh to keep it simple we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh to keep it simple we
+assume that the variables are zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the variables are zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the variables are zero or
+one um and then that is equally hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then that is equally hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and then that is equally hard uh
+here it's a little unless you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little unless you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little unless you know a lot
+about linear programming it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear programming it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear programming it's not so
+obvious that finding a feasible solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that finding a feasible solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that finding a feasible solution
+here is hard but in general linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is hard but in general linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is hard but in general linear
+programming at least in the non- integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming at least in the non- integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming at least in the non- integer
+case you can reduce optimization to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can reduce optimization to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can reduce optimization to to
+feasibility so I think the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility so I think the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility so I think the same thing
+applies here if you're not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here if you're not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here if you're not familiar with
+linear linear programming is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear programming is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear programming is basically a
+bunch of inequality constraints linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of inequality constraints linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of inequality constraints linear
+inequality constraints and now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality constraints and now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality constraints and now this is a
+bunch of integers these are both given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integers these are both given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integers these are both given
+integer matrices and vectors uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer matrices and vectors uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer matrices and vectors uh and they
+can have exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have exponential
+value uh question for the maxman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh question for the maxman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh question for the maxman
+weighted ones for polinomial bounded is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted ones for polinomial bounded is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted ones for polinomial bounded is
+it still hard if you just do like ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still hard if you just do like ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still hard if you just do like ones
+and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus
+ones I think Min or Max ones without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I think Min or Max ones without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I think Min or Max ones without
+weights is NP PB complete I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights is NP PB complete I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights is NP PB complete I should
+double check um I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check um I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check um I didn't actually
+mention but this this characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but this this characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but this this characterization
+theorem works for weighted problems also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works for weighted problems also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works for weighted problems also
+for every single case they show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single case they show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single case they show that
+weighted and unweighted are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted and unweighted are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted and unweighted are the same
+complexity except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity except for this
+one uh in the Min one's case if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh in the Min one's case if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh in the Min one's case if all the
+variables true satisfy it uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables true satisfy it uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables true satisfy it uh you get
+poly apx completeness if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly apx completeness if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly apx completeness if you're
+unweighted if you're weighted then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted if you're weighted then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted if you're weighted then you
+get uh you can't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you can't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you can't find any
+approximation uh it's empty hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh it's empty hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh it's empty hard to find
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+Factor uh which I think this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh which I think this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh which I think this is I think
+before the introduction or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the introduction or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the introduction or or
+popularization of these classes so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularization of these classes so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularization of these classes so uh
+that may be distinguishing between poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be distinguishing between poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be distinguishing between poly
+apx complete which is definitely smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete which is definitely smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx complete which is definitely smaller
+than npop PB complete this might be npop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than npop PB complete this might be npop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than npop PB complete this might be npop
+PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB
+completeness unclear but it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness unclear but it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness unclear but it's definitely
+worse than po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than po
+apx yeah so how is it distinguished from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx yeah so how is it distinguished from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apx yeah so how is it distinguished from
+like exp because I'm I'm just confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exp because I'm I'm just confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exp because I'm I'm just confused
+like how you would ever get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how you would ever get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how you would ever get anything
+worse than exp because that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than exp because that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than exp because that's like the
+biggest that you can even inut way to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest that you can even inut way to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest that you can even inut way to be
+so this problem is exponential apx hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this problem is exponential apx hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this problem is exponential apx hard
+if you forbid zero if you allow zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you forbid zero if you allow zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you forbid zero if you allow zero
+then you can't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't get any
+approximation uh here I think even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh here I think even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh here I think even when
+you allow zero or even when you forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow zero or even when you forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow zero or even when you forbid
+zero you still can't get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you still can't get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you still can't get an
+approximation I think that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I think that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I think that's the the
+idea here uh here um these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here uh here um these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here uh here um these problems
+generally you can get uh but depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you can get uh but depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you can get uh but depending
+on your setup or these problems you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your setup or these problems you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your setup or these problems you can
+all get like a factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get like a factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get like a factor and
+approximation uh well maybe not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh well maybe not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh well maybe not in
+polinomial time this is hard to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time this is hard to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time this is hard to find uh
+some of these you can longest induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these you can longest induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these you can longest induced
+path just have a path of length one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just have a path of length one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just have a path of length one that
+will be induced so that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be induced so that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be induced so that gives you a
+factor and approximation there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and approximation there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and approximation there is a
+lower bound uh this situation of n the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound uh this situation of n the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound uh this situation of n the 1
+minus Epsilon in approximability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon in approximability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon in approximability
+I think morally it should be a factor n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think morally it should be a factor n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think morally it should be a factor n
+u but this is the best result I found so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but this is the best result I found so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but this is the best result I found so
+it's funny uh you know this is only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny uh you know this is only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's funny uh you know this is only for
+number problems uh so I presented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number problems uh so I presented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number problems uh so I presented this
+as in between but this is actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in between but this is actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in between but this is actually some
+sense lower than x apx completeness more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense lower than x apx completeness more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense lower than x apx completeness more
+more it's sort of a harder version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's sort of a harder version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's sort of a harder version of
+poly apx I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly apx I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly apx I
+think uh this is a slightly harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh this is a slightly harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh this is a slightly harder
+version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of
+xpx yeah I think it's a small difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xpx yeah I think it's a small difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xpx yeah I think it's a small difference
+but it's good to know there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to know there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to know there is this
+difference other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference other
+questions all right so this ends uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this ends uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this ends uh what
+I plan to say about um L reduction style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to say about um L reduction style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to say about um L reduction style
+proofs which are all about preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs which are all about preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs which are all about preserving
+approximability the next class we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability the next class we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability the next class we're
+going to look at a different take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a different take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a different take on
+inapproximability which is uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability which is uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability which is uh called
+gaps where and GAP preserving reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps where and GAP preserving reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps where and GAP preserving reductions
+where you can set up a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can set up a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can set up a problem that
+either it has a great solution or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it has a great solution or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it has a great solution or the
+next solution below that is way lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next solution below that is way lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next solution below that is way lower
+and there's a gap between the best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gap between the best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gap between the best and
+the next to best and whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to best and whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to best and whenever you have
+such a gap you also have an in approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a gap you also have an in approxim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a gap you also have an in approxim
+inapproximability gap because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability gap because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability gap because you know
+there's this solution out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this solution out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this solution out there but
+finding it uh if it's MP complete to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding it uh if it's MP complete to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding it uh if it's MP complete to
+find this uh to solve it exactly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this uh to solve it exactly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this uh to solve it exactly and so
+the next level down you lose some factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level down you lose some factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level down you lose some factor
+and whatever that Gap is is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever that Gap is is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever that Gap is is your
+inapproximability bound it doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability bound it doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inapproximability bound it doesn't give
+you completeness results like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you completeness results like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you completeness results like this in
+general not always but it tends to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not always but it tends to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not always but it tends to give
+you really good an approximability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really good an approximability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really good an approximability
+bounds here I've I've completely ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds here I've I've completely ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds here I've I've completely ignored
+what the constant factors are most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant factors are most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant factors are most of
+them are not so great uh like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are not so great uh like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are not so great uh like when you
+prove apx hardness usually you get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove apx hardness usually you get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove apx hardness usually you get like
+a 1 plus one over a th000 kind of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 plus one over a th000 kind of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 plus one over a th000 kind of lower
+bound on the approximability factor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the approximability factor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the approximability factor but
+the best upper bound is like two or 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best upper bound is like two or 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best upper bound is like two or 1.5
+uh and what what we'll talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what what we'll talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what what we'll talk about next
+time you can get much closer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get much closer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get much closer uh
+sometimes exact balance between upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exact balance between upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exact balance between upper
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+lower but that will be next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2DbwtCePzWg.txt b/2DbwtCePzWg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0f925551ceb6631efb598ac945e7eefecb666a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2DbwtCePzWg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3409 @@
+FEMALE VOICE: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+creative commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We've just started
+talking about wireless
+
+communication.
+
+We spent a lot of time talking
+about how do you communicate,
+
+essentially on wire lines, where
+essentially the only
+
+problem is white
+Gaussian noise.
+
+Namely, you transmit a signal,
+noise gets added to it, you
+
+receive the sum of the
+transmitted signal plus noise
+
+and all of the going from
+base band to pass band.
+
+All of that stuff is all messy
+analytically, but essentially
+
+all that's happening is that
+you're going from --
+
+you take a signal, you move up
+to pass band, you add noise,
+
+you move back to base band,
+in which case you get the
+
+original transmitted signal
+plus the noise
+
+moved back to --
+
+move back --
+
+moved to base band.
+
+So what we wound up
+with there was a
+
+relatively simple situation.
+
+Wireless communication
+is not so simple.
+
+As you all know, if you use a
+cell phone, and I'm sure most
+
+of you do, because of something
+called fading --
+
+what we want to understand is
+where this fading comes from,
+
+how it arises and some of the
+things you might do about it.
+
+One of the things you should
+recognize right at the
+
+beginning -- and we won't
+spend much time
+
+talking about it --
+
+is if you happen to be trying
+to use a cellular phone and
+
+there's a big wall, which is
+perfectly reflecting right in
+
+front of you and the base
+station you're trying to
+
+communicate with is on the
+other side of that wall,
+
+you're not going
+to get through.
+
+In other words, there are some
+situations where no matter how
+
+you design a cellular phone,
+you just can't get any
+
+communication.
+
+It's part of life.
+
+What we want to do, however, is
+to make sure that when you
+
+can get communication,
+you will get
+
+it as well as possible.
+
+You will prolong the period, but
+you're still communicating
+
+while the channel's getting
+worse and worse --
+
+and part of the way to do that
+is to understand what it is in
+
+the physical mechanisms that's
+making the problem difficult.
+
+OK, so to start out with this,
+we'll start out kind of easy.
+
+We'll assume an input, which is
+just a cosine of 2 pi ft at
+
+some ficed antenna --
+
+and this is radiating outwards
+and the electric field --
+
+anywhere in free space, if you
+go a long distance away.
+
+If you go a very short distance
+from the antenna, if
+
+you study electromagnetism,
+you know that all sorts of
+
+crazy things are going on.
+
+When you get very far away,
+there's something called the
+
+far field and essentially what
+happens is that all of these
+
+disturbances close in just sort
+of disappear and very far
+
+away what's happening is that
+the field strength --
+
+and this is true for the
+magnetic field also,
+
+which is just in --
+
+if the electric field is
+this way, the magnetic
+
+field is that way.
+
+They're both propogating
+outwards and they're going
+
+down as 1 over r, just like
+when we deal with linear
+
+systems, we never talk about
+voltage and current anymore.
+
+This is why we use a square
+root of minus 1
+
+at this point --
+
+because after you learn about
+voltage and current, you don't
+
+have to talk about
+them anymore.
+
+You just deal with one of them
+for the function that exists
+
+someplace and the other
+one just follows
+
+along from the impedance.
+
+Same thing happens for
+electric fields
+
+and magnetic fields.
+
+You don't have to bother about
+both of them, unless you're
+
+really trying to solve Maxwell's
+field equations,
+
+which is a very challenging
+endeavor.
+
+I admire any of you
+who can do this.
+
+I used to be able to do it many,
+many years ago and I've
+
+given up on it because I decided
+that's for younger
+
+people than me.
+
+This far field has a very
+simple kind of behavior,
+
+because what happens is it has
+to go down as 1 over r.
+
+How do you know it has to
+go down as 1 over r?
+
+Namely, the distance away from
+this radiating antenna.
+
+If you look at a sphere, which
+is very, very far away from
+
+the radiating antenna, all you
+find is this field that's
+
+radiating outwards and you look
+at how much energy is
+
+radiating outwards.
+
+The energy which is radiating
+outwards, there's no place to
+
+lose it because we're
+transmitting just an open
+
+space now -- or at least that's
+what we're imagining at
+
+this point.
+
+So we're transmitting
+out in open space.
+
+Energy doesn't get beaten up
+any place so it just keeps
+
+going out until it disappears
+out of the outer edges of the
+
+known universe.
+
+It travels out there with
+the speed of light.
+
+That's what Maxwell's laws
+say if you solve them.
+
+Since this sphere has an area
+which is proportional to r
+
+squared, the only thing that can
+be happening in this wave,
+
+which is propogating outward
+spherically, is it has to be
+
+going down as 1 over r, because
+that's the only way
+
+for the power to balance out.
+
+You can't be creating power out
+in this free space and you
+
+can't be losing power.
+
+Whatever you're sending is just
+radiating outwards, so we
+
+have to have this 1 over r
+dependence any time you're
+
+dealing with free space.
+
+The other thing that's happening
+is we have an
+
+antenna pattern.
+
+The antenna pattern is a
+function of two angles.
+
+We'll think of theta as being
+the angle around this way and
+
+psi as being the
+angle this way.
+
+If you like to think
+of angles in some
+
+other way, be my guest.
+
+The only thing is, when we're
+radiating outwards through
+
+this sphere, if the antenna is
+directional, it's going to be
+
+radiating more in some
+directions than it is in other
+
+directions and this simply
+takes that into account.
+
+I'm not going to pay any
+attention to this at all.
+
+It just exists and it's there.
+
+For people who design antennas,
+that's an important
+
+issue: How do you make
+antennas which are
+
+directional, which will shine
+their energy in one direction
+
+rather than another?
+
+We're not going to go
+into that at all.
+
+We're just representing the
+fact that it's there.
+
+This is just a factor which
+says, how much loss do you
+
+have in the antenna and how much
+of the power that you're
+
+radiating goes in each one of
+these directions and how does
+
+it depend on the frequency that
+you're transmitting at?
+
+Antennas are sometimes
+designed to be rather
+
+frequency dependent,
+so they're tuned
+
+to a certain frequency.
+
+They work very well at that
+frequency and on other
+
+frequencies, they
+just go to pot.
+
+The other part of this equation
+is that if I send a
+
+signal, as it radiates outward,
+it's going to be
+
+radiating outward at
+the speed of light.
+
+Therefore, whatever I receive is
+going to be delayed by the
+
+distance that I am away divided
+by the speed of light.
+
+So this equation is something
+you don't really have to know
+
+any electromagnetics
+to derive.
+
+If you want to find out what
+this term is, yes, you'd need
+
+some electromagnetics.
+
+All this is saying is the power
+has to be going down as
+
+1 over r and you have a
+propogation delay, which has
+
+to be going as r divided
+by the speed of light.
+
+Now, if we look at what
+happens when we put a
+
+receiving antenna out at some
+distance r away from the
+
+transmitting antenna and in this
+direction theta and psi,
+
+that receiving antenna is
+going to distort this
+
+electromagnetic wave locally
+around the receiving antenna,
+
+but it's not going to distort
+the whole thing.
+
+In other words, its power
+is radiating outwards.
+
+It doesn't know anything about
+this little receiving antenna
+
+until it gets close to it, then
+the electromagnetic wave
+
+gets distorted somewhat.
+
+The only thing that's happening
+because of this
+
+receiving antenna is that
+there's some added antenna
+
+pattern due to the receiving
+antenna -- namely, some added
+
+attenuation which multiplies
+by the attentuation in the
+
+source antenna.
+
+You have both the source antenna
+pattern, the receiving
+
+antenna pattern.
+
+We put the two together.
+
+We call that alpha and we don't
+bother about it anymore
+
+except recognizing that
+it might change
+
+with frequency also.
+
+Then we have this propagation
+delay between transmitting
+
+antenna and receiving antenna If
+you're transmitting in free
+
+space from one antenna to
+another antenna, this is what
+
+happens, with some arbitrary
+pattern here for the two
+
+antennas, which depends on
+whether they radiate
+
+spherically or whether
+they radiate in
+
+some sort of direction.
+
+That's the received wave form.
+
+That said, if you look at it,
+at the received field --
+
+this is supposed to be
+valid for any --
+
+oh, sorry.
+
+Yes, that would help.
+
+This equation is supposed to be
+valid for any frequency we
+
+want to transmit at, at
+any time, and if we're
+
+transmitting two signals, both
+together, the response is
+
+going to be the sum of the
+response to one signal and a
+
+response to the other signal.
+
+In other words, Maxwell's laws
+are linear and therefore the
+
+response that you get when you
+solve Maxwell's laws --
+
+I've never solved Maxwell's
+laws for anything this
+
+complicated and probably
+none of you had either.
+
+You might have, but anyway, they
+are linear and therefore,
+
+in fact, what's going on is that
+this gives you a system
+
+function which says what the
+response is to any given input
+
+that you might want
+to transmit.
+
+It says the response --
+
+at frequency f to a sinusoidal
+input, which is what we were
+
+assuming before.
+
+We were assuming that we
+transmitted cosine 2 pi ft.
+
+The system function is just this
+antenna pattern times e
+
+to the minus 2 pi i times f
+times the distance away
+
+divided by c divided by r.
+
+Namely, this takes into account
+the propogation delay.
+
+The only thing it doesn't
+take into account is
+
+what the input is.
+
+The received field is then the
+real part of the system
+
+function times what we already
+assume that we were going to
+
+be transmitting.
+
+Namely, the real part --
+e to the 2 pi i ft.
+
+So at this point, what we're
+doing is taking into account
+
+the fact that the solution to
+Maxwell's equations is going
+
+to be linear and therefore we
+can just add up what happens
+
+for each frequency of input.
+
+What you notice from looking at
+that is that when we have a
+
+fixed transmitting antenna, a
+fixed receiving antenna and
+
+free space between them, we are
+right back to the problem
+
+that we started with.
+
+Namely, white Gaussian noise on
+a channel, because nothing
+
+is varying with time.
+
+There isn't any fading.
+
+Nothing interesting
+is going on.
+
+This is sort of like the case
+of microwave towers.
+
+Microwave towers are set up and
+they have nice directional
+
+antennas, nice horns which are
+blowing at each other.
+
+Nothing changes except every
+once in awhile is a rainstorm
+
+or something and the
+communication goes to pot.
+
+Usually, you're just
+transmitting as if it was
+
+white Gaussian noise and you
+usually view microwave towers
+
+sending microwave as being
+almost equivalent to wire line
+
+communication.
+
+So there's nothing very
+interesting there.
+
+Now if the receiving antenna
+starts to move --
+
+at this point, we are
+transmitting from a fixed
+
+sending antenna.
+
+We have a receiving antenna,
+which for example, is in a car
+
+where somebody's running along,
+driving a car with
+
+their feet and talking on
+two cellular phones at
+
+the same time --
+
+and the car's driving along
+at 100 miles an hour and
+
+something's going to
+happen soon, but it
+
+hasn't happened yet.
+
+At this point what we're
+interested in is not the
+
+response of some fixed place r,
+but what we're interested
+
+in is the electromagnetic
+field in the absence of
+
+receiver at this point,
+which is moving.
+
+We're interested in the
+electromagnetic field at a
+
+point r 0 plus v2, where v is
+the velocity of this vehicle.
+
+We'll assume for the time being
+that the vehicle is
+
+going directly away from the
+transmitting antenna.
+
+If it's going at some angle,
+it just changes these
+
+equations a little bit.
+
+And the electric field there,
+before we put the car in the
+
+car changes all of the field
+patterns, but just changes it
+
+in a local way again.
+
+Just like when we put the
+receiving end antenna in a
+
+fixed location, it changed all
+the local field equation, but
+
+it didn't change anything
+globally.
+
+Again, what we have
+when we put in the
+
+receiving antenna --
+
+is now the electric field
+at a point r, which is
+
+varying with time.
+
+There's a time dependence
+with this now.
+
+1 over r 0 plus v.t.
+
+times the real part of this
+antenna pattern -- which we'll
+
+assume remains fixed -- times e
+to the 2 pi if times t minus
+
+r 0 plus vt over c.
+
+This is for a velocity away
+from the antenna.
+
+That's just what this same
+equation says, but we can now
+
+interpret this nicely if we take
+the vt over c and combine
+
+it with the ft here and then we
+get something which looks
+
+like this antenna
+pattern again --
+
+e to the 2 pi i f times 1
+minus v over c times t.
+
+This v over c here is
+just this term here.
+
+It's coming down to there.
+
+Nothing mysterious has happened
+here, but what you
+
+see is this well known
+phenomenon
+
+called Doppler shift.
+
+If you throw some screaming
+person over a cliff, what
+
+you'll hear coming back to you
+is a scream in velocity much
+
+smaller than the actual scream
+that the person is actually
+
+transmitting to you.
+
+You're all familiar with this.
+
+You're familiar with having
+planes fly overhead and when
+
+you hear them coming towards
+you, you hear a
+
+higher pitched sound.
+
+When it passes by you -- this
+is a nicer example than
+
+throwing somebody over
+a cliff, obviously --
+
+and you then hear a lower
+frequency sound as the plane
+
+starts moving away from you.
+
+This Doppler shift is a well
+known phenomena as far as
+
+sound is concerned.
+
+The same phenomena exists with
+electromagnetic radiation.
+
+And there's nothing more
+to it than just this --
+
+it's just that as you are
+transmitting from here to a
+
+point which is moving away, it
+keeps taking longer for the
+
+electromagnetic wave to get out
+to there than it takes to
+
+get here, so if you look at the
+wave fronts going along,
+
+the peak of the wave as it
+travels along, the peak of the
+
+wave takes a little longer to
+get out here than it took to
+
+get here, which means that
+from the viewpoint of the
+
+receiver, it looks like the
+receive frequency is much
+
+smaller than it was when
+it was actually being
+
+transmitted.
+
+We get this thing called
+the Doppler shift.
+
+Just to get some idea of the
+magnitude of this Doppler
+
+shift, what you're interested in
+is the speed of the vehicle
+
+divided by the speed of light.
+
+That's the relative
+change in the
+
+frequency that you observe.
+
+The situation here is quite
+different than it is in sound.
+
+Sound travels rather slowly.
+
+Light travels pretty fast and
+therefore, you need a really
+
+rapidly speeding vehicle to make
+this be any appreciable
+
+fraction of one.
+
+So it looks like this is
+a very small effect.
+
+The trouble is, what you are
+multiplying this effect by is
+
+the carrier frequency,
+which can be up in
+
+the gigahertz range.
+
+To look at it another way, we
+are looking at situations
+
+where the wavelength is small
+fractions of the meter.
+
+What this equation says is that
+any time this receiving
+
+vehicle moves by one wavelength,
+namely a small
+
+fraction of a meter, the crest
+of this wave goes from maximum
+
+down to minimum back up
+to maximum again.
+
+In other words, in a quarter
+wavelength, it will go from
+
+maximum down to zero.
+
+What you are observing at this
+carrier frequency is very,
+
+very different and it keeps
+changing rather rapidly.
+
+All these other terms are
+just junk, of course.
+
+This f times r 0 over c --
+
+all that is is just a fixed
+phase difference, so we don't
+
+care about that.
+
+This is just some fixed term.
+
+This quantity here is changing
+with t also.
+
+If we're thinking of a distance
+away, it's several
+
+kilometers and we're thinking of
+the amount of time for this
+
+to become an appreciable
+fraction of one.
+
+For this to becoming an
+appreciable fraction of this,
+
+that's a pretty long time.
+
+The amount of time for this to
+change appreciably is seconds
+
+or minutes.
+
+The amount of time for this to
+go through a wavelength change
+
+is milliseconds.
+
+So despite the fact that you
+see this sitting in an
+
+important place down there,
+this is not important.
+
+Everything that goes on as far
+as fading is concerned is tied
+
+up with that term there.
+
+This is important.
+
+So we now have a system
+which is linear.
+
+We still have the linear field
+equation, but it's not time
+
+invariant anymore.
+
+It's changing with time.
+
+The response is changing
+with time.
+
+You send an exponential,
+what you received.
+
+If you have a linear time
+invariant system, when you
+
+send an exponential of frequency
+f, you receive an
+
+exponential with frequency f.
+
+The only thing that a linear
+time invariant system can do
+
+is change the phase of that
+signal and change the
+
+amplitude of it.
+
+Can't do anything more
+complicated than that.
+
+That's why we love to study it;
+because it's so simple.
+
+Now we have something more.
+
+We have a system that can also
+change the frequency of what's
+
+getting received.
+
+This small change down here --
+
+and of course, if obstacles get
+in the way or something
+
+then there's this huge shadowing
+difference and all
+
+those important things,
+but you can't do
+
+anything about that.
+
+You can do something about
+this, which is why we're
+
+focusing on that.
+
+Let's go to the next example.
+
+Incidentally, that example
+is no problem at all for
+
+communication.
+
+I'll show you why
+in a little bit.
+
+You can get around that problem
+very, very easily and
+
+I'll show you why.
+
+This is a problem you can't
+get around so easily.
+
+Here we have a vehicle, which
+is travelling, say, at 60
+
+kilometers an hour.
+
+Person's talking on his two
+cell phones, has his eyes
+
+closed because something
+surprising is happening,
+
+there's this big reflecting wall
+right in front of him and
+
+he doesn't see it at all, so
+he's speeding into this wall.
+
+We're going to analyze
+this problem right
+
+before he hits the wall.
+
+We have two paths here.
+
+We have one path which is the
+path from here out to the
+
+vehicle, which has a
+length, r of t --
+
+this is the distance away from
+the sending antenna to the
+
+receiving antenna.
+
+We have another path which has
+a length d, then it gets
+
+reflected and this distances
+is d minus r of t.
+
+The total length --
+
+and you're adding up this length
+with this length -- is
+
+2d minus r of t.
+
+The reason is -- do I have
+an extra picture there?
+
+No, I didn't make my extra
+pretty picture.
+
+The reason is that one way to
+deal with electromagnetic
+
+radiation is when you see a
+wall, the thing that happens
+
+is that you get a reflection
+which is coming back this way.
+
+The reflection has a strength
+which is equal to the
+
+radiation that you would get if
+there weren't any wall --
+
+uhhuh except, of course, that
+you've changed directions.
+
+In other words, this wall has
+generated a new plane wave
+
+which is going backwards, which
+is just enough to make
+
+the electric field strength on
+this wall equal to zero,
+
+because we're assuming a
+perfectly reflecting wall.
+
+You can satisfy Maxwell's
+equations by having this
+
+incoming electromagnetic wave.
+
+You would like to have an
+outgoing electromagnetic wave,
+
+but you can't do that because
+there's no way for the wave to
+
+get through it.
+
+The only way you can do it is to
+generate a new wave, which
+
+is moving backwards, which
+cancels out the incoming wave
+
+right at this point.
+
+We really have a path here of
+length 2d minus r of t and as
+
+a result of that, the electric
+wave has two components.
+
+One is the component we were
+dealing with before where
+
+there's this Doppler shift
+because this is moving away
+
+from the sending antenna.
+
+The other term --
+
+in fact, we are moving closer
+to the wall and the distance
+
+in this path is getting shorter
+and shorter as doom
+
+approaches.
+
+Here we have a positive
+Doppler shift.
+
+Here we have a negative Doppler
+shift and we have
+
+these junk terms
+in both places.
+
+One is fr 0 over c.
+
+One is 2d minus rc over c.
+
+Here we have r0 plus vt.
+
+Here we have 2d minus
+r0 zero minus v.t..
+
+As we said before, this term and
+this term are not changing
+
+very rapidly.
+
+It makes it a little easier to
+analyze this if we say, let's
+
+suppose that this is
+equal to this.
+
+In other words, we'd like to
+look at this right before the
+
+car strikes the wall.
+
+That also is where this
+approximation is best because
+
+for those of you who have
+studied electromagnetism, you
+
+know that if a plane wave
+impinges on a wall, funny
+
+things happen.
+
+If you look very far away from
+the wall, you will find this
+
+electromagnetic wave, which
+looks like a plane wave if the
+
+wall is distant from
+the source.
+
+So this electromagnetic wave
+coming in, there's this wall
+
+in here and what happens to the
+electromagnetic radiation
+
+is outside of the wall that's
+going to go out
+
+past the wall --
+
+and because of Maxwell's
+equations, it just sort of
+
+gathers together beyond
+the wall and it
+
+sort of comes together.
+
+What you find is a disturbance,
+which is just
+
+around the wall.
+
+Far away from the wall, you get
+the same electromagnetic
+
+radiation that you had before
+and close to the wall you have
+
+this disturbance.
+
+If you look at the
+situation --
+
+here it is.
+
+If you look at what happens here
+and the wall is not big
+
+enough, if the wall is very
+small, this reflection is
+
+really going to look like what
+happens when you have an
+
+electromagnetic wave hitting
+the wall and the wall then
+
+re-radiates an electromagnetic
+wave, which very far away,
+
+this wall just looks like
+a point source.
+
+What you have is instead of a
+1 over r, 1 over 2r minus 1
+
+over 2d minus r attenuation,
+you have a 1 over d
+
+attenuation multiplied by a 1
+over d minus r attenuation.
+
+If you didn't get all
+of that, fine.
+
+Doesn't make any difference.
+
+The point that I'm trying to
+make is that this analysis is
+
+really limited to the case where
+there the wall is rather
+
+small, where the wall is very
+large, because otherwise you
+
+won't have just this plane
+wave radiation effect.
+
+What we wind up with these two
+terms instead of one term.
+
+If I throw away all of the phase
+terms and I assume that
+
+the denominators are equal --
+
+I'm going through this for
+some sort of reason --
+
+I wind up with two sinusoids:
+e to the blah
+
+and e to blah plus.
+
+When I take the real part of the
+sum of two sinusoids, and
+
+I look in all of the high school
+books I can think of
+
+about elementary geometry and
+playing around with sine
+
+waves, what I find is that this
+collapses into 2 alpha
+
+times the sine of 2 pi
+ftv over c times the
+
+sine of 2 pi ft.
+
+In other words, it collapses
+into a sinusoidal term, which
+
+is the major part of this term,
+ft, and the major part
+
+of this term.
+
+In other words, I can cancel
+out the terms here that are
+
+the same as the terms here.
+
+When I cancel out those
+same terms, that's the
+
+term that comes out.
+
+When I look at the other terms,
+I get an e to the minus
+
+vc over t and an e to the
+plus vc over to t.
+
+When we look at e to the minus
+vc over to t and e to the plus
+
+vc over t, even I know how
+to deal with that.
+
+It looks like either a cosine
+term or sine term, depending
+
+on whether the sines
+in the same or
+
+the sines are different.
+
+What we have at that point is
+this sinusoid is really a
+
+sinusoid at the carrier that
+we're transmitting at.
+
+This term here is really
+something which expands and
+
+contracts slowly.
+
+So it's a beat, which says that
+if you're transmitting
+
+from this source at this
+receiver, what you're hearing
+
+is something which contracts,
+expands, then contracts, then
+
+expands again.
+
+There's nothing you can do about
+that problem either.
+
+There's just no energy there
+part of the time.
+
+This sine term here is running
+along, sort of changing from
+
+maximum to minimum at a few
+milliseconds time period.
+
+If you have this vehicle
+traveling at 60
+
+kilometers per hour --
+
+you just work out the numbers
+there with the velocity of
+
+light and all of that stuff.
+
+You find that you really can't
+communicate over your
+
+cellphone in that situation,
+because of these peak
+
+frequencies.
+
+It's too fast.
+
+It's too slow to ignore and ride
+over it and it's too fast
+
+to be able to get
+all of your data
+
+transmitted before it happens.
+
+It sort of is a catastrophe.
+
+So that's what happens because
+of Doppler shift.
+
+You get a response which is
+periodically fading at the
+
+Doppler frequency.
+
+This is called multipath
+fading or fast fading.
+
+It's called fast fading because
+it happens so fast.
+
+It's called multipath fading
+because it happens because of
+
+multiple paths, which each
+have lengths which are
+
+changing relative
+to each other.
+
+Let's go back and look at the
+thing we had before, where we
+
+just had a moving antenna.
+
+Here you have a Doppler
+shift also.
+
+Why doesn't it bother you?
+
+Here you have this Doppler shift
+and you're transmitting,
+
+let's say, a gigahertz and what
+the receiver is getting
+
+is the gighertz minus --
+
+perhaps a kilohertz
+or something.
+
+So why isn't that a problem?
+
+If I demodulate at the carrier
+frequency, I'm sort of in bad
+
+luck because I have a
+signal then which is
+
+changing very rapidly.
+
+I have something which looks
+like a time varying system.
+
+But what's going to happen?
+
+If I use the same kind of
+frequency recovery system that
+
+we talked about earlier, that
+frequency recovery system has
+
+all the time in the world to
+track that frequency which is
+
+one gigahertz minus
+a kilohertz.
+
+It can track it perfectly, which
+says so what happens is
+
+we start out with a signal.
+
+We move it up in frequency
+by one gigahertz.
+
+The Doppler shift moves it
+down by a kilohertz.
+
+We track that frequency, then
+we move it down again by a
+
+gigahertz minus a kilohertz and
+everything works fine and
+
+nobody even knows that there's
+any Doppler shift there.
+
+So the problem is not
+Doppler shift.
+
+The problem is multiple Doppler
+shifts which are at
+
+different speeds relative
+to each other.
+
+That's an important point and we
+will come back to it as we
+
+move along.
+
+If you put all of those phases
+that we neglected in the
+
+analysis that we just went
+through, this is the equation
+
+that arises.
+
+I write this down not because
+it's important, but because
+
+the notes -- this is
+in lecture 20 --
+
+have an error.
+
+In the sine term, it fails to
+put an i in, which should be
+
+there and this is the correct
+term and that is off like
+
+ninety degrees.
+
+If you write this down, you will
+then see what's going on.
+
+Equation 7 in the notes has
+an e to the 2 pi f.t.
+
+minus f.d.
+
+over c, which is not
+the right thing.
+
+As we said, the fading is due
+to Doppler spread between
+
+different paths.
+
+The single Doppler shift does
+not bother us at all.
+
+If you have a vehicle which
+is traveling away from the
+
+sending antenna and you have
+some kind of reflector, which
+
+is not something you're running
+into, but which is a
+
+reflector above, a reflector
+below or something like that,
+
+the thing which is going to
+happen is that both of those
+
+paths then are going to have
+roughly the same Doppler shift
+
+in them and if they both have
+roughly the same Doppler
+
+shift, it's not going to be this
+kind of beat cancellation
+
+that we have here, which
+is something you really
+
+can't get rid of.
+
+The other thing that this points
+out again is that this
+
+variation is going to be in
+terms of minutes or seconds
+
+and anything you're doing to
+track the signal is going to
+
+be adequate for that until you
+get to the point where there
+
+just isn't enough energy anymore
+and then of course you
+
+have to move to a different
+base station
+
+or something else.
+
+Want go through one more example
+of electromagnetism
+
+because it's so surprising -- at
+least, it was surprising to
+
+me when I found this out.
+
+If you have a sending antenna
+-- think of this as a base
+
+station, which is high
+up at about maybe
+
+15 meters or something.
+
+It's sending to some receive
+antenna, which is at some
+
+height above the ground --
+
+usually quite a bit smaller.
+
+Suppose there is some more or
+less partly reflecting plane,
+
+like a road.
+
+Here we have a vehicle which is
+travelling along a road and
+
+we have ascending antenna, which
+is also close to the
+
+road, which is sending the
+signal so we have two paths,
+
+one which is the direct path
+from sending antenna to
+
+receive antenna.
+
+The other is a reflecting path
+which goes down here and comes
+
+back up again.
+
+The rather surprising thing
+here, the thing that I
+
+couldn't believe when I saw it,
+because it contradicted
+
+all of my intuition, is that
+when r gets quite big, the
+
+difference between these two
+path lengths goes to 0.
+
+Is that surprising
+to anybody else?
+
+Anybody awake enough
+to be surprised?
+
+This difference in path length
+here really goes
+
+down as 1 over r.
+
+That's an easy geometric
+problem to solve.
+
+You just write down what this
+length is and the sum of these
+
+two lengths and you will find
+when you do it that the
+
+difference is proportional
+to 1 over r.
+
+What happens then is that as
+r gets big, these two path
+
+lengths get closer and
+closer together.
+
+As they get closer and closer
+together, eventually they're
+
+much closer than one wavelength
+to each other.
+
+When they're much closer than
+one wavelength to each other,
+
+the thing that happens is that
+we get a reflection in the
+
+electric field here, so.
+
+This field and this field
+are going to be
+
+canceling each other.
+
+They'll be canceling each other,
+except for this phase
+
+difference which is proportional
+to 1 over r, and
+
+the phase difference which is
+proportional to 1 over r is
+
+the only thing that gives us
+any power here at all.
+
+As we move further and further
+away, that phase difference
+
+goes down as 1 over r, which
+means what's happening is the
+
+overall electric field that you
+receive here, instead of
+
+going down as 1 over r, which
+it would in free space, is
+
+going down as 1 over
+r squared.
+
+Since it's going down as 1 over
+r squared, it means that
+
+the power that we're receiving
+is proportional to 1 over r
+
+4th instead of 1
+over r squared.
+
+The analysis of this is not
+particularly important.
+
+Why it is that surfaces such as
+macadam reflects so well is
+
+not particularly important
+to us either.
+
+The point is that when you look
+at all the problems of
+
+electromagnetic radiation, in
+actual situations, you find
+
+some situations which behave
+like this, you find some
+
+situations which behave
+like this nice plane
+
+wave and free space.
+
+You find other things where in
+fact the radiation goes down
+
+as 1 over r 6th, rather than 1
+over r squared, so that we
+
+wind up with each path has its
+own particular kind of
+
+attenuation in with path lengths
+and it's kind of hard
+
+to figure out what
+all of those are.
+
+Then you go on and say that
+things are even worse than
+
+this because sometimes you're
+communicating through a wall
+
+which is only partly absorbing
+and if you're transmitting
+
+through a wall which is partly
+absorbing, then the
+
+attenuation is exponential
+in the width of the wall.
+
+You have a lot of different
+paths, all of which are very
+
+messy electromagnetic radiation
+problems and all of
+
+which have attenuations which
+range from 1 over r squared to
+
+1 over r 6th, sometimes with an
+exponential thrown in for
+
+good measure, which says that if
+you really try to find the
+
+electromagnetic field at a
+wireless cell phone, you're in
+
+very deep trouble.
+
+It's certainly not something
+that your cellular phone is
+
+going to solve for you and it's
+certainly not something
+
+that you're going to have
+solved ahead of time and
+
+program into your cellular phone
+or into the base station
+
+or anything else.
+
+The question is, what
+do we do about this?
+
+One thing is, we're not going to
+study these electromagnetic
+
+phenomena any further because
+it's a losing game.
+
+If the thing that you're
+interested in is finding out
+
+where to place base stations,
+all of this kind of analysis
+
+is useful and you can go much
+further with it and you should
+
+go much further with it.
+
+If your interest is in, how do
+you build third or fourth or
+
+fifth or 20th generation
+wireless systems?
+
+All the electromagnetics that
+you study is only going to
+
+give you gross ideas of what
+kind of phenomena you
+
+have to deal with.
+
+We already have some idea of the
+kind of phenomena we have
+
+to deal with.
+
+We have to deal with paths
+which have different
+
+attenuations on them, which
+have different propogation
+
+delays on them, and all of
+these multiple paths are
+
+things that we have to somehow
+deal with without analyzing
+
+them in detail.
+
+The question is, how
+do we do this?
+
+Everything that we've done so
+far is called rate tracing.
+
+In fact, even with all the
+complexity that we're dealing
+
+with now, we have highly
+oversimplified it.
+
+Each of these paths that we have
+is going to give rise to
+
+an attenuation.
+
+We'll now call the attenuation
+beta of j of t and a
+
+propogation delay, which we'll
+call passive j of t and the
+
+propogation delay is just what
+we get by assuming that a
+
+plane wave is going from source
+to destination and we
+
+add up the distance from
+source to reflector to
+
+destination and that gives us
+this propogation delay.
+
+These are going to vary with
+time, but in our rate tracing
+
+approximation, we've assumed
+that they're
+
+independent of frequency.
+
+I originally assumed that the
+antenna pattern was a function
+
+of frequency.
+
+We didn't want to say
+anything about that.
+
+So we have a total of
+capital J paths.
+
+we put in an input of cosine 2
+pi ft, what's going to come
+
+out is an electromagnetic
+radiation, which is a sum of
+
+these different attenuation
+factors times e to the 2 pi ft
+
+minus this propogation delay.
+
+Everything you can do
+with ray tracing is
+
+included in this formula.
+
+What you might be able to do
+in a wireless system is you
+
+might, by looking at the
+received wave form and knowing
+
+things about the transmitted
+wave form, you might be able
+
+to figure out what these
+attenuation factors are and
+
+what these propogation
+delay factors are.
+
+Just like when we tried to do
+frequency recovery, we can
+
+find out what the transmitted
+frequency was.
+
+We can play the same sorts of
+games here, but they're harder
+
+and we'll talk about
+that later.
+
+If you ever hear the term rake
+receiver, a rake receiver is a
+
+receiver that in fact measures
+all this stuff and responds to
+
+it and we'll talk about that
+probably next Monday.
+
+If we want to look at that the
+reflecting wall just as an
+
+example of what this formula
+means: beta 1 of t, namely for
+
+the direct path.
+
+We have an attenuation, which
+is the magnitude of the
+
+antenna patterns divided
+by r0 plus vt.
+
+For the attenuation on the
+return path from the wall,
+
+it's the same alpha.
+
+Why is it the same alpha?
+
+Because we assumed it was the
+same alpha to make things
+
+simple for ourselves
+-- divided by 2d
+
+minus r0 minus vt.
+
+If you look at these propogation
+delay terms, the
+
+propogation delay terms are r0
+plus vt divided by c and this
+
+gives us the Doppler shift that
+we're interested in here.
+
+We're also going to have an
+extra term here, which is
+
+really caused by the phase
+change at the transmitting
+
+antenna and the phase change at
+the receiving antenna and a
+
+phase change at a reflector,
+if there's any there.
+
+We have the same sort of term
+at both of these places.
+
+The reason that I talk about
+that is if you look at the
+
+electromagnetic wave that you
+received for this reflecting
+
+wall problem that we've talked
+about a good deal, the second
+
+term is there with a negative
+sign rather than a plus sign.
+
+Here, everything is put
+in with plus signs.
+
+You can create negative signs
+by phase changes of pi.
+
+So the assumption is, we put
+in a phase change of pi as
+
+part of this term here.
+
+So all of these terms can be
+expressed in this general
+
+forum here.
+
+As we said before, you only
+have two choices with a
+
+cellular system.
+
+You cannot solve the
+electromagnetic field problem
+
+at the cell phone.
+
+The person using the cell phone
+is not going to do it.
+
+The cell phone is not
+going to do it.
+
+The base station is not going to
+do it and you're not going
+
+to store all those changes
+because these radiations
+
+change remarkably within a
+period of just small fractions
+
+of one meter.
+
+You have a coverage here, which
+in fact, is at least
+
+area coverage of one kilometer
+times one kilometer.
+
+Then the reflectors are going
+to be moving also, so you
+
+can't deal with them
+very easily either.
+
+It's a hopeless problem,
+to try to solve the
+
+electromagnetic problem and
+store it some place.
+
+Electromagnetism helps us to
+limit the range and likelihood
+
+of choices, but it doesn't
+help in actual detection.
+
+So we're now going to deal with
+the kind of thing we just
+
+talked about, which is this sort
+of general expression for
+
+electric field in terms of
+attenuation factors and phase
+
+changes, as opposed to
+anything which is
+
+wh much more detailed.
+
+We're going to define a channel
+system function as
+
+just this sum of these
+attenuation terms times phase
+
+change terms.
+
+The reason that we're doing this
+is that if we put in an
+
+input -- e to the 2 pi ift,
+then what we get is this
+
+system function here -- times x
+of t, which is e to the 2 pi
+
+ift, so we get this
+quantity here.
+
+Here's the minus
+2 pi if tau --
+
+that's that term coming down
+there and here is the e to the
+
+2 pi ift coming down here.
+
+So all of this term and this
+term are both included in this
+
+system response term.
+
+This is linear also, so we know
+what the response is to
+
+an exponential that we put in.
+
+I'm cheating you a little
+bit here by going
+
+from real to complex.
+
+And the notes do that a little
+more carefully, but we ought
+
+to be used to that now.
+
+If I put in an input, x hat of
+f e to the 2 pi ift df and
+
+integrate it.
+
+In other words, if I put in an
+arbitrary input, which I
+
+represent in terms of its
+Fourier transform, I now know
+
+what the response is to
+every x-hat of f.
+
+It's given by this
+response here.
+
+So I just integrate over that
+and I find that the response y
+
+of t to an arbitrary input now
+is the integral of x-hat of f,
+
+h-hat of ft, e to the
+2 pi ift df --
+
+namely, the same game
+that we always play.
+
+Namely, that's just the system
+analysis way of looking at
+
+arbitrary systems in terms of
+their Fourier transforms.
+
+So the output y of t is just
+this integral here.
+
+Important point: When you look
+at this, this says this is the
+
+same as any old linear time
+invariant system.
+
+This is not a linear time
+invariant system.
+
+If you try to take the Fourier
+transform of this to get y-hat
+
+of f, you're not going to get
+x-hat of f times h-hat of f.
+
+Namely, this is not
+equal to that.
+
+Why isn't it equal to it?
+
+First reason is, try to take the
+Fourier transform of this
+
+and see what you get over here
+and when you deal with the
+
+fact that there's a t in here,
+you will find that there's
+
+nothing you can do.
+
+You'll find you're stuck.
+
+So you can't derive this
+equation here.
+
+Next, argument is this quantity
+here is not a
+
+function of t.
+
+This quantity here is
+a function of t.
+
+You can't have a quality between
+something which is not
+
+a function of t and something
+else which is a function of t.
+
+It just can't happen.
+
+The final argument is, if you
+look at what's happening here,
+
+when you put in a single
+frequency -- when you put in x
+
+of t equals e to the 2 pi
+ift, what comes out?
+
+In terms of this reflecting wall
+example, the thing that
+
+came out was not one sinusoid,
+but two sinusoids.
+
+One sinusoid a little bit above
+the carrier, the other
+
+sinusoid a little bit
+below the carrier.
+
+In other words, because of
+Doppler shifts, when you put
+
+in a sinusoid, what comes out
+is not a sinusoid, but a
+
+modulated sinusoid.
+
+It's something spread out over
+a region of frequencies.
+
+So one of your favorite tools
+for dealing with linear time
+
+invariant systems is
+no longer adequate.
+
+Doesn't work.
+
+Just make a mark of that,
+because every time you see a
+
+problem like this, everytime I
+see it, the first thing I try
+
+to do is go through that most
+familiar and most favorite
+
+form of linear system analysis,
+which is the Fourier
+
+transform of convolution, is the
+same as multiplication in
+
+the frequency domain.
+
+You cannot do that anymore.
+
+However, convolution still work,
+so that's the next thing
+
+we want to look at.
+
+So the thing that we have is
+the output of the system is
+
+now going to be this integral
+over frequency --
+
+x-hat of f times the frequency
+response function for the
+
+linear but time varying
+system, times
+
+e to the 2 pi ift.
+
+This is what we derived on the
+last page, on the last slide.
+
+It is the thing which just
+automatically happens here.
+
+If I let h of tau and t be the
+inverse Fourier transform of
+
+h-hat of ft --
+
+and here what I'm doing is I'm
+regarding t as a parameter.
+
+So this is a function of tau now
+and this is a function of
+
+tau for a given t, I can take
+the Fourier transform of this.
+
+Take the Fourier transform of
+any old thing at all, so long
+
+as it's L2.
+
+I will sort of half-pretend
+it's L2.
+
+We'll worry about that later.
+
+So this is the Fourier
+transform of this.
+
+So then, the thing that happens
+is that y of t is
+
+going to be equal to this
+quantity here, except in place
+
+of the system function, h and f
+of t, for a particular value
+
+of t, I'm going to put in this
+inverse Fourier transform.
+
+So it'll be h of tau and
+t, e to the minus 2
+
+pi i of tau d tau.
+
+This integral here is just
+h-hat of f and t.
+
+If I take this quantity here
+and I move this term inside
+
+and I interchange orders
+of integration --
+
+incidentally, when we're dealing
+with wireless, we're
+
+going to forget about all of the
+nice things that we know
+
+about L2 functions.
+
+There's just too much new stuff
+that's going on here to
+
+worry about that.
+
+So what you want to do is just
+take Fourier transforms like
+
+while, interchange orders of
+integration, interchange
+
+everything you want to and
+simply forgot about all the
+
+mathematical problems
+that might arise.
+
+After you understand this, at
+that point, go back and
+
+straighten out the mathematical
+issues.
+
+This in fact is the way we deal
+with any problem, or the
+
+way you should deal
+with any problem.
+
+You don't bring the mathematics
+in unless it's
+
+going to help you solve
+the problem.
+
+You don't bring it in to
+frustrate yourselves.
+
+So the thing we're going to do
+now is to interchange these
+
+orders of integration.
+
+We're going to integrate over
+tau on the outside and f on
+
+the inside.
+
+So we're going to bring the
+function of tau outside.
+
+This is an integral in tau.
+
+The function of f is going to go
+on the inside. we have e to
+
+the 2 pi ft --
+
+that's this quantity here.
+
+We have this term there.
+
+When we look at this, we see
+something very nice because
+
+this is in fact just the
+Fourier transform of
+
+x of t minus tau.
+
+When we take that out, what we
+get is the integral of x of t
+
+minus tau times h of
+tau and t be tau.
+
+In other words, this is time
+varying convolution.
+
+Nice, simple equation,
+makes a lot of sense.
+
+It says you have this impulse
+response here. h of tau and t
+
+now can be interpreted as the
+response at time t to an
+
+impulse tau seconds earlier.
+
+If you have a system which is
+changing very, very very,
+
+slowly, then this is essentially
+just a function of
+
+tau and it's the usual impulse
+response that you're familiar
+
+with -- namely, this convolution
+equation gives you
+
+the response at time t to an
+impulse tau seconds early.
+
+Now we just have something which
+says this is a linear
+
+time varying filter and in all
+the cases, we're interested in
+
+this linear time varying filter,
+changes its impulse
+
+response very slowly
+as time changes.
+
+Relatively fast change
+with tau, relatively
+
+slow change with t.
+
+So this is very similar to
+linear time invariant
+
+convolution.
+
+Channel behaves like a slowly
+time varying filter and that's
+
+the bottom line of this.
+
+For these ray tracing models we
+were looking at, the system
+
+function is a sum of terms at
+the sum of attenuations times
+
+phase change terms.
+
+If we take the inverse Fourier
+transform of this --
+
+remember, we're taking the
+inverse Fourier transform on f
+
+and putting in a tau.
+
+So we're taking this inverse
+Fourier transform for a
+
+particular t.
+
+We have a function
+of f and of t.
+
+We take the inverse Fourier
+transform with respect to the
+
+f and get a tau here.
+
+This then becomes this
+quantity here.
+
+How do I interpret that?
+
+If I look at a single term
+here, what is it?
+
+A single term here is just
+an attentuation factor, a
+
+constant times a sinusoid.
+
+At a particular value of
+t, this is just the
+
+constant here also.
+
+So for a particular t, all
+I have is a sinusoid.
+
+What's the inverse Fourier
+transform of a sinusoid?
+
+I told you all along that it
+doesn't exist, but for the
+
+time being we will assume that
+it's what you learned early,
+
+that the inverse Foruier
+transform of the sinusoid is
+
+an impulse.
+
+So here we are with
+our impulse there.
+
+This says that the response at
+time t to an impulse at tau is
+
+going to be zero unless tau
+is equal to one of these
+
+propogation delay terms.
+
+In other words, I have a system
+where I'm putting in an
+
+input and this input comes in.
+
+The response to the input is
+a number of different path
+
+delays and at each path delay,
+what I'm going to get out of
+
+the system is just a delayed
+and attenuated version
+
+of what I put in.
+
+Namely, the system isn't a
+function of frequency at all.
+
+That's what I get through
+using ray tracing.
+
+I mean, it's one of
+the consequences
+
+of using ray tracing.
+
+So what I wind up with is a
+system function which is a
+
+string of impulses and the
+output then, the convolution
+
+of this with that --
+
+you're probably better at
+working with impulses than I
+
+am -- and it's y of t is just
+the sum of these attenuation
+
+terms times x of t at these
+various delays.
+
+So what we're doing is we're
+putting in an arbitrary input.
+
+What's coming out is that
+attenuated input coming out at
+
+various different times,
+due to these
+
+various different paths.
+
+I get various paths that are
+delaying the input by
+
+different amounts and out
+that delayed input
+
+comes at various times.
+
+This is a nice sanity check
+because if you think about it,
+
+that's exactly what ought
+to come out of here.
+
+On the other hand, you ought to
+wonder about this impulsive
+
+impulse response, because that
+clearly doesn't make any sense
+
+physically.
+
+So what's going on here?
+
+The thing that's going on is
+that when we started, we said,
+
+if we're putting in a narrow
+band input, we don't care
+
+about the frequency response
+because the frequency response
+
+on these different paths cannot
+change very quickly and
+
+therefore, we're just going
+to have a fixed frequency
+
+response term.
+
+Then we've worked with that
+thing which is not a function
+
+of frequency and then finally
+we get down here, where in
+
+fact, what we're doing is
+looking at the output.
+
+Due to a bunch of delayed input
+terms, if this input
+
+term here --
+
+if x of t is in fact the
+narrow band term --
+
+I guess the way to see
+that as to look at --
+
+where do I look at it?
+
+I want to look at this
+expression here.
+
+If I have a narrow
+band or maybe --
+
+I guess this one
+is better here.
+
+Let's look at this expression.
+
+If my input is in fact narrow
+band, it's only going to be
+
+non zero over a small range
+of frequencies.
+
+If it's only non zero over a
+small range of frequencies, I
+
+don't care what this is, except
+over that small range
+
+of frequencies.
+
+All of this gets filtered out.
+
+In other words, this filters
+out this, opposite of the
+
+usual case.
+
+So I don't care about what this
+is at different frequency
+
+ranges and therefore, we simply
+have the consequences
+
+of this, which is something that
+you see in linear system
+
+theory all the time.
+
+We've sort of ruled out impulses
+and sine waves
+
+because they don't carry
+information, but in terms of
+
+looking at things as
+intermediate points and going
+
+through filters and things like
+that, they're perfectly
+
+fine
+
+So here, for simplicity, we
+assume that these channel
+
+filters really do
+not have any --
+
+don't respond to frequency
+changes, whereas in fact they
+
+do, and all we're doing is
+modelling them in certain
+
+frequency bands, which, when
+we get all done, is what
+
+really gets rid of all our
+problems, due to this sort of
+
+input because this input is
+smooth now and therefore, the
+
+output is smooth also.
+
+The next thing I want to spend
+a little bit of time on and
+
+we'll come back to it next time
+is, how do you deal with
+
+all of this at baseband?
+
+I should warn you here that the
+notes don't do a terribly
+
+good job of this.
+
+They have all of the results
+that you need.
+
+They don't seem to put
+them in a very nice,
+
+well organized fashion.
+
+I'm not sure there is a
+nice, well organized
+
+fashion to put them in.
+
+But anyway there's a lot of
+stuff going on when you try to
+
+move this down from pass
+band down to baseband.
+
+I will try to change the notes a
+little bit to make it clear,
+
+but I'm not sure that I can.
+
+The kind of system that we're
+looking at now is our usual
+
+QAM type system, which can
+be generalized somewhat.
+
+We have a binary input
+coming in.
+
+We have a baseband encoder.
+
+That baseband encoder is
+creating baseband signals,
+
+which are being added together
+to give us a baseband complex
+
+input to the channel.
+
+This is being frequency
+modulated up to some function,
+
+x of t, which is just the real
+part of ut times e to the 2 pi
+
+if of ct as usual.
+
+So we now have a real part of
+this signal here, modulated up
+
+by the carrier frequency.
+
+This is going through what we'll
+now regard as a time
+
+varying channel filter.
+
+We talked a little bit about
+channel filters before when we
+
+were talking about Nyquist
+theory, because we said in
+
+general, you want to take your
+input, you want to pass it
+
+through a pulse p of t.
+
+That goes through another
+filter, which is some h of t
+
+and that goes into another
+filter, which is at the
+
+receiver, which is q of t and
+you want the product of t and
+
+you want the convolution of all
+of those to satisfy the
+
+Nyquist criteria.
+
+So we're back with that in
+spades because now this is
+
+varying with t also.
+
+So this goes through
+this channel
+
+filter, up at pass band.
+
+The channel filter up at pass
+band, we've seen that one of
+
+the things that it can be viewed
+as doing is putting
+
+Doppler shift into this input.
+
+So what comes in at some
+frequency f is now going to be
+
+coming through here at some
+slightly different frequency.
+
+We then add white noise to it.
+
+We then get y of t out, which
+has now been shifted around
+
+and smudged in frequency
+a little bit.
+
+We go through a frequency
+demodulation.
+
+We get down frequency
+to modulation by
+
+this carrier frequency.
+
+We get down to v of t, which
+is now a baseband complex
+
+function again, which is
+supposed to be the same as
+
+this except for the white
+Gaussian noise and except for
+
+the fact we've gone through this
+filtering operation here.
+
+Then we want to do base band
+detection at this point.
+
+What we would like to do and
+what will make life a little
+
+easier for ourselves because
+we all got sick of this
+
+business of looking at filters
+at baseband and also looking
+
+at filters at pass band, we
+would like to be able to take
+
+some baseband equivalent
+of this filter here.
+
+So what we're going to do
+is look at the baseband
+
+equivalent.
+
+The system function at baseband
+corresponding to this
+
+system at carrier frequency
+will just be this response
+
+moved down by s of t.
+
+In other words, when you take
+what comes out of here, you
+
+multiply it, and you shift it
+down in frequency by s sub c,
+
+what happens is that this gets
+shifted down in frequency by s
+
+sub c and this channel filter
+gets shifted down in frequency
+
+by f of c and therefore, what
+happens is the effect of
+
+passing y of t through
+a base band filter --
+
+h-hat of f plus fc and t or
+0 for f, less than or
+
+equal to minus fc.
+
+So far, this is all kind of
+straightforward and not too
+
+mysterious.
+
+So you wind up then in --
+
+and this is pure analogy to
+what we did before --
+
+the output is then going to be
+the integral of this Fourier
+
+transform of the input.
+
+The system function for the
+baseband filter times e to the
+
+2 pi ift df.
+
+Same equation as we had before,
+but before we did it
+
+at pass band and now we're
+doing it at baseband .
+
+For the ray tracing model that
+we looked at, this function
+
+here down at baseband is going
+to be the same as it was at
+
+pass band, except in place of
+the 2 pi i tau jft, we now
+
+have f plus the carrier
+frequency times tau jft.
+
+So when we take the inverse
+Fourier transform of this,
+
+we're given parameter t.
+
+What we're going to wind up with
+is this quantity here.
+
+This is the same as we had
+before, with the difference
+
+that now we're stuck with this
+carrier frequency times
+
+propogation delay, which
+is occurring in time t.
+
+We still have the same delta
+functions here and the output
+
+v of t is the same time variant
+
+convolution as we had before.
+
+I'm doing this much too
+fast for you to follow
+
+this in real time.
+
+What I'm saying is, this is
+exactly the same thing as we
+
+did before and the only thing
+new that happens is now this
+
+carrier frequency term is coming
+in here on this term.
+
+If we're using the ray tracing
+model then, v of t is equal to
+
+this quantity here.
+
+The reason I write this down is
+that this shows you quite
+
+simply what's going on in terms
+of the Doppler shift,
+
+because these terms here, these
+delay terms are changing
+
+with Doppler shift and now we're
+going to see exactly
+
+what they do to us.
+
+So we're going to represent
+the propogation
+
+delay on each path.
+
+That's tau j of t, which is
+tau j prime, which is the
+
+propogation delay of time zero
+minus the Doppler shift times
+
+t divided by f.
+
+This is just Doppler shift,
+which is a frequency term, and
+
+it's increasing linearly.
+
+The propogation delay is
+increasing linearly with t.
+
+The Doppler shift is a shift in
+frequency and, as I think
+
+we saw before, you need a 1 over
+f to compensate for this
+
+Doppler shift.
+
+Namely, this is in
+terms of hertz.
+
+This is in terms of hertz.
+
+This is in terms of time.
+
+This is in terms of time.
+
+So you need this frequency here
+to be dimensionally right
+
+at any rate.
+
+If we're using narrow band
+communication, then v of t is
+
+just going to be this difference
+here, which is just
+
+the last equation with the
+Doppler shift put into it.
+
+So all of this says that when
+we're now looking at things at
+
+base band instead of a pass
+band, what has happened is
+
+that this term has been added.
+
+Before, we just had these delay
+terms here and we had
+
+these attenuation terms.
+
+Now what's happening is because
+we are modulating up
+
+with carrier frequency s sub c,
+we then get a Doppler shift
+
+that moves us down
+a little bit.
+
+We're then moving
+down by s sub c.
+
+What we wind up with is
+something which is off by that
+
+Doppler shift.
+
+If we only had a single
+term, we wouldn't be
+
+demodulating by s sub c.
+
+We'd be demodulating by
+something which would get rid
+
+of this term for us.
+
+Then all we'd have is just
+some arbitrary phase term
+
+here, because this
+isn't important.
+
+This is just a phase term.
+
+This is the term which
+is important.
+
+The reason for going through
+all of this --
+
+and I'm going to come back
+to this next time --
+
+is that when you use frequency
+recovery at the receiver and
+
+you always use frequency
+recovery at the receiver,
+
+what's going to happen is you're
+not going to shift
+
+down by s of c.
+
+You're going to shift down s of
+c, plus some average value
+
+of Doppler shift.
+
+If they have a bunch of terms,
+each with different Doppler
+
+shifts in them, when you try to
+measure how much Doppler --
+
+when you try to measure what
+the received carrier is,
+
+you're going to be frustrated
+by all of these different
+
+Doppler shifts.
+
+You're going to come up with
+some average value in your
+
+frequency circuit, which means
+that in place of this
+
+quantity, you will get something
+which replaces each
+
+of these D sub j's by not the
+actual Doppler shift, but by
+
+how far this Doppler shift
+is away from the
+
+main Doppler shift.
+
+So these terms here, which are
+the things that make this
+
+system function in here change
+with time, are in fact
+
+changing according to how far
+away each of these Doppler
+
+shifts are from the main Doppler
+shift, which means
+
+that the amount of time this
+system function in here is
+
+going to remain stable depends
+on how much the Doppler shifts
+
+vary from each other on
+these different paths.
+
+In other words, the important
+thing is the Doppler spread
+
+between the biggest Doppler
+shifts and the smallest
+
+Doppler shifts.
+
+That Doppler spread is going to
+determine how long you've
+
+got something that looks like a
+linear time invariant system
+
+function which says that every
+once in awhile, if you're
+
+trying to measure what's going
+on at the channel, at
+
+intervals of time approximately
+one over two
+
+times the Doppler spread, you're
+going to have to change
+
+those measurements.
+
+So whether you can make cellular
+telephony work or not
+
+depends on whether you can make
+measurements at a speed
+
+which is equal to one over two
+times the Doppler spread.
+
+I'm going to do more about
+that next time.
+
+I don't expect you to
+understand it now.
+
+Maybe after you read about it
+and we talk about it more,
+
+because in fact that's --
+
+if you look at this question of
+Doppler spread and what its
+
+effect is on how long a system
+looks like it's time
+
+invariant, this is one of
+the key parameters to
+
+understanding how any
+kind of wireless
+
+system is going to work.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2OmTX1AeVAg.txt b/2OmTX1AeVAg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbde84dfe533e935e9df3dde40703dd4a05951dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2OmTX1AeVAg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
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+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
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+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
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+quality educational resources for free
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+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but I'm open for questions as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I'm open for questions as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I'm open for questions as always
+on every aspect or comments on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every aspect or comments on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every aspect or comments on every
+aspect of the course yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the course yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the course yeah
+the MATLAB problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MATLAB problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MATLAB problem
+yes ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so so let's remember I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so let's remember I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so so let's remember I better
+remember what that MATLAB problem is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that MATLAB problem is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that MATLAB problem is so
+it's solving the equation minus u double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving the equation minus u double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving the equation minus u double
+prime plus V u prime equals some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus V u prime equals some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus V u prime equals some Delta
+function halfway along ok just two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function halfway along ok just two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function halfway along ok just two and
+and I chose kind of unlike bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I chose kind of unlike bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I chose kind of unlike bound
+boundary conditions like those so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions like those so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions like those so that
+this gets replaced by a matrix K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets replaced by a matrix K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets replaced by a matrix K over
+Delta x squared and this term gets is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared and this term gets is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared and this term gets is V
+times some Center difference I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some Center difference I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some Center difference I don't
+know whether I should use C we called C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether I should use C we called C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether I should use C we called C
+earlier in the book C was a circulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the book C was a circulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the book C was a circulant
+this is a centered first difference over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a centered first difference over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a centered first difference over
+Delta X equal ax a right hand side ok oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X equal ax a right hand side ok oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X equal ax a right hand side ok oh
+oh sorry all that multiplies the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry all that multiplies the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry all that multiplies the the the
+discrete solution you okay I didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete solution you okay I didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete solution you okay I didn't get
+that very well for the camera but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very well for the camera but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very well for the camera but maybe
+it's I'll say it again we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'll say it again we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'll say it again we have the the
+second difference that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference that corresponds to
+minus u double Prime and V times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime and V times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime and V times the
+first difference that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference that correspond
+the vu Prime and then the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vu Prime and then the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vu Prime and then the problem is
+what happens so the the physical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the the physical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the the physical problem
+is what happens is V gets larger V grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens is V gets larger V grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens is V gets larger V grows
+what how does the solution change as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does the solution change as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does the solution change as V
+increases so it's a very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so it's a very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so it's a very practical
+problem the V measures the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the V measures the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the V measures the importance of
+this convection that the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convection that the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convection that the velocity of the
+fluid and then n is the which is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and then n is the which is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and then n is the which is well
+maybe maybe Delta X is Delta X is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Delta X is Delta X is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Delta X is Delta X is 1 over
+n plus 1 maybe so that we would have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 maybe so that we would have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 maybe so that we would have n
+interior points and we know the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior points and we know the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior points and we know the boundary
+values so as then yeah it's a so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so as then yeah it's a so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so as then yeah it's a so the
+question is what how do we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what how do we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what how do we interpret
+this increasing in i-s we expect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increasing in i-s we expect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increasing in i-s we expect more
+and more accuracy right as n increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accuracy right as n increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accuracy right as n increases
+Delta X getting smaller our idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X getting smaller our idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X getting smaller our idea is that
+the this should be a better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this should be a better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this should be a better and better
+approximation to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the differential
+equation the question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the question about the
+eigenvalues of this matrix I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of this matrix I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of this matrix I don't know
+exactly the answer what how the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the answer what how the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the answer what how the so the
+eigenvalues did you discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues did you discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues did you discover that the
+eigenvalues suddenly they change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues suddenly they change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues suddenly they change their
+real for small values of V n n but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real for small values of V n n but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real for small values of V n n but then
+there's some point at which they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some point at which they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some point at which they become
+complex and and a point that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and and a point that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and and a point that involves
+both V and Delta X actually we end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both V and Delta X actually we end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both V and Delta X actually we end in
+it's kind of interesting I guess at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting I guess at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting I guess at this
+moment I interesting is the key word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I interesting is the key word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I interesting is the key word I
+don't know what physical I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what physical I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what physical I don't know
+really the so what is the physics going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the so what is the physics going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the so what is the physics going
+on here so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here so I have a
+I have a a 1d flow and it's blocked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a a 1d flow and it's blocked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a a 1d flow and it's blocked by
+these boundary conditions are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary conditions are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary conditions are sort of
+walking it at both ends okay and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it at both ends okay and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it at both ends okay and I'm
+looking for a steady state and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a steady state and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a steady state and I'm
+feeding in this source here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in this source here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in this source here so I'm
+feeding in a source halfway along so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in a source halfway along so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in a source halfway along so I
+think that would be right now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be right now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be right now what's
+going to happen the roughly the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the roughly the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the roughly the the this
+term is I think flowing to the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is I think flowing to the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is I think flowing to the right so
+it's going to carry suppose this was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to carry suppose this was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to carry suppose this was you
+know smoke or particles or whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know smoke or particles or whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know smoke or particles or whatever it's
+a this is like an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is like an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is like an environmental
+differential equation or chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or chemical
+engineering equation just oh and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering equation just oh and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering equation just oh and more
+more applications so I think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more applications so I think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more applications so I think of it is
+this term is carrying the flow with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is carrying the flow with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is carrying the flow with it
+like that way so I'm expecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that way so I'm expecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that way so I'm expecting your
+solutions to be larger on this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to be larger on this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to be larger on this side and
+how did how do we get any action at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did how do we get any action at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did how do we get any action at all
+on the left that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that comes from the
+diffusion the the the the particles when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion the the the the particles when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion the the the the particles when
+they enter get carried away and faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter get carried away and faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter get carried away and faster
+and faster as V increases but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster as V increases but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster as V increases but at the
+same time they diffuse they they bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they diffuse they they bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they diffuse they they bounce
+back and forth and some little some bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and some little some bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and some little some bit
+of it goes this way but not a lot I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it goes this way but not a lot I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it goes this way but not a lot I'm
+guessing that that the solution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that that the solution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that that the solution would
+have a profile you know that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a profile you know that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a profile you know that would be
+kind of small and then there's whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of small and then there's whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of small and then there's whatever
+jump there has to be here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump there has to be here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump there has to be here and then
+larger there oh but then I have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger there oh but then I have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger there oh but then I have to get
+it to zero it's a it's a it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to zero it's a it's a it's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to zero it's a it's a it's a strange
+situation and maybe I take this chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and maybe I take this chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and maybe I take this chance
+to mention it what happens as V gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it what happens as V gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it what happens as V gets
+really really large the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could say okay as as we gets good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay as as we gets good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay as as we gets good
+gets extremely large forget that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets extremely large forget that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets extremely large forget that term
+this is the important term vu prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the important term vu prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the important term vu prime
+equals that which we could easily solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that which we could easily solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that which we could easily solve
+but this equation with just this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation with just this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation with just this term is
+only first order right it only has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only first order right it only has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only first order right it only has a
+first derivative and how many boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative and how many boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative and how many boundary
+conditions would we expect to have if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions would we expect to have if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions would we expect to have if I
+gave you an if this wasn't here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you an if this wasn't here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you an if this wasn't here and I
+gave you just a first-order equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you just a first-order equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you just a first-order equation one
+and we've got two which we're imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got two which we're imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got two which we're imposing
+so this sort of limit as V increases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of limit as V increases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of limit as V increases it
+produces something called a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces something called a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces something called a boundary
+layer the the solution it's forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the the solution it's forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the the solution it's forced to
+satisfy these boundary conditions one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy these boundary conditions one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy these boundary conditions one of
+them it's quite happy about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's quite happy about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's quite happy about the other
+one it didn't really want to satisfy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it didn't really want to satisfy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it didn't really want to satisfy it
+only satisfied them because this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only satisfied them because this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only satisfied them because this because
+I had to originally with this part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to originally with this part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to originally with this part but
+as this takes over the the struggle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this takes over the the struggle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this takes over the the struggle to
+satisfy that second boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that second boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that second boundary condition
+that it really doesn't want to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really doesn't want to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really doesn't want to satisfy
+is resolved by something a layer that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resolved by something a layer that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resolved by something a layer that it
+just makes a sort of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes a sort of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes a sort of exponential
+correction at the boundary to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction at the boundary to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction at the boundary to get to
+where it's supposed to go so anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to go so anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to go so anyway this
+is a model problem that has boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model problem that has boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model problem that has boundary
+layers those are terrifically important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers those are terrifically important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers those are terrifically important
+in aero aerodynamics you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aero aerodynamics you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aero aerodynamics you know you have a
+layers around the actual aircraft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers around the actual aircraft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers around the actual aircraft so
+lots of physics and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physics and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of physics and computational
+sciences hiding in this type of example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences hiding in this type of example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences hiding in this type of example
+well so those are a few words but not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so those are a few words but not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so those are a few words but not an
+answer to your question which was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to your question which was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to your question which was I
+guess I'm happy if you if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm happy if you if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm happy if you if you for
+example let me know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me know where the
+eigenvalues changed from real to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues changed from real to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues changed from real to complex
+I mean it happens but you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it happens but you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it happens but you can probably
+if you look at the matrix you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the matrix you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the matrix you can see
+what happens at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the point where
+that that change have change takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that change have change takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that change have change takes place
+okay that some comets and with my with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that some comets and with my with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that some comets and with my with
+the MATLAB pure MATLAB part I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MATLAB pure MATLAB part I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MATLAB pure MATLAB part I guess I'm
+hoping and the graders are hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping and the graders are hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping and the graders are hoping that
+by providing a code we'll get a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing a code we'll get a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing a code we'll get a pretty
+systematic set of answers for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic set of answers for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic set of answers for the for
+the requested V equal what was it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requested V equal what was it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requested V equal what was it three
+and twelve maybe or something and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twelve maybe or something and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twelve maybe or something and they
+requested ends Delta X's but so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested ends Delta X's but so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested ends Delta X's but so I'm
+hoping that like everybody's graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that like everybody's graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that like everybody's graph is
+going to look pretty similar for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look pretty similar for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look pretty similar for those
+those requests and then if you could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requests and then if you could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requests and then if you could add
+if you could do a little exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do a little exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do a little exploration
+yourself and make that a fifth page or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and make that a fifth page or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and make that a fifth page or
+really less than a page about take V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really less than a page about take V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really less than a page about take V
+larger take n larger what what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger take n larger what what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger take n larger what what happens
+I'm very happy or you know like or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy or you know like or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy or you know like or any
+direction I mean just think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I mean just think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I mean just think of it as a
+mini project to do the requested ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini project to do the requested ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini project to do the requested ones
+and then to do a little experimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to do a little experimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to do a little experimentation
+yeah yeah and and I'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and I'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and I'll just be
+interested with any about any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested with any about any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested with any about any anything
+you observe right so so there's no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe right so so there's no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe right so so there's no right
+answer to that to that part okay is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that to that part okay is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that to that part okay is that
+any help with a MATLAB so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any help with a MATLAB so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any help with a MATLAB so let me just
+say since you showed up today if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say since you showed up today if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say since you showed up today if you
+have trouble with a MATLAB and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with a MATLAB and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble with a MATLAB and you need
+Peters help at noon Friday it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters help at noon Friday it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters help at noon Friday it would be
+okay to turn into MATLAB later on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to turn into MATLAB later on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to turn into MATLAB later on Friday
+I shouldn't say that but I just did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say that but I just did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say that but I just did okay
+so there there you are right so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there you are right so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there you are right so yeah so
+I mean this is this course as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is this course as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is this course as you've
+begun to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to see
+you know I know that you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know that you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know that you have lots of
+demands on your time and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands on your time and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands on your time and at some point
+sometimes you have funeral job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have funeral job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have funeral job
+interviews all sorts of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews all sorts of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews all sorts of stuff
+conferences that you have to go to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences that you have to go to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences that you have to go to we
+deal with that so just give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that so just give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that so just give me the
+homeworks as soon as you can if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks as soon as you can if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks as soon as you can if you're
+ready Friday at in class time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready Friday at in class time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready Friday at in class time that's
+perfect if you are stuck on MATLAB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if you are stuck on MATLAB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect if you are stuck on MATLAB and
+you want Peters just to go to Peters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want Peters just to go to Peters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want Peters just to go to Peters
+discussion here which is follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here which is follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here which is follows the
+Friday class in here that's fine too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday class in here that's fine too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday class in here that's fine too
+okay so that's some thoughts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's some thoughts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's some thoughts about the
+MATLAB and and it's that part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB and and it's that part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB and and it's that part of it
+partly open-ended okay what about lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly open-ended okay what about lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly open-ended okay what about lots
+of other things in this course homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things in this course homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things in this course homework
+came in but what how was the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in but what how was the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in but what how was the homework
+maybe I just take this chance to ask was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just take this chance to ask was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just take this chance to ask was
+it a reasonable length the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a reasonable length the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a reasonable length the homework
+three they're probably the pset oh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're probably the pset oh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're probably the pset oh not
+too bad okay yeah yeah okay and I'll I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad okay yeah yeah okay and I'll I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad okay yeah yeah okay and I'll I
+will be able to post solutions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to post solutions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to post solutions because
+several people are contributing typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people are contributing typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people are contributing typed
+solutions that that will there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that that will there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that that will there can be
+that could go on on the math at mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could go on on the math at mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could go on on the math at mit.edu
+slash CSE website yeah or they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash CSE website yeah or they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash CSE website yeah or they could
+also go on our eighteen oh eight five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go on our eighteen oh eight five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go on our eighteen oh eight five
+website for this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for this semester
+good okay help me out with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay help me out with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay help me out with some
+questions thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that was fast and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that was fast and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that was fast and of course
+Wilson so the question is about element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson so the question is about element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson so the question is about element
+matrices in lecture eight I guess it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in lecture eight I guess it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in lecture eight I guess it was
+where we where we were we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we were we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we were we were
+assembling this I use the word that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling this I use the word that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling this I use the word that's
+used in finite element by finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in finite element by finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in finite element by finite element
+people we were assembling K and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we were assembling K and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we were assembling K and one way
+to do it was to multiply the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it was to multiply the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it was to multiply the three
+matrices but that's not how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but that's not how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but that's not how it's
+actually done at least yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done at least yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done at least yeah it's it's
+actually assembled out of small matrice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assembled out of small matrice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually assembled out of small matrice
+maybe small K would be there the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe small K would be there the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe small K would be there the right
+so this would be a K element out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a K element out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a K element out of out
+of smaller element matrices okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smaller element matrices okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smaller element matrices okay so for
+example what's the element matrix for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the element matrix for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the element matrix for a
+safe one for each spring in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe one for each spring in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe one for each spring in in this
+particular problem of Springs and masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem of Springs and masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem of Springs and masses
+so so let me draw some Springs some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me draw some Springs some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me draw some Springs some
+masses some Springs another mass more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses some Springs another mass more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses some Springs another mass more
+Springs fix not fixed whatever may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs fix not fixed whatever may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs fix not fixed whatever may be
+fixed free the way I've drawn it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free the way I've drawn it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed free the way I've drawn it there
+so here's a Springs with spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a Springs with spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a Springs with spring constant
+c2 and we could look at the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 and we could look at the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 and we could look at the contribution
+to the whole matrix coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole matrix coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole matrix coming from this
+piece of the problem this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the problem this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the problem this was actually
+the the finite element method has a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the finite element method has a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the finite element method has a like
+a wonderful history of people and it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful history of people and it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful history of people and it had
+different names way back of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names way back of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names way back of people
+seeing the structure as broken in pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the structure as broken in pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the structure as broken in pieces
+and then connected together and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then connected together and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then connected together and and then
+what did a typical piece look like so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did a typical piece look like so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did a typical piece look like so a
+typical piece there well you know let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical piece there well you know let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical piece there well you know let me
+just write down what this matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down what this matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down what this matrix is
+going to be the little element matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the little element matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the little element matrix is
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+coming from spring - so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from spring - so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from spring - so this would be
+like element two will be it'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like element two will be it'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like element two will be it'll have a
+situ outside yeah up with the situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ outside yeah up with the situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ outside yeah up with the situ
+outside and then inside will be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then inside will be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then inside will be a little
+this guy okay and we we can talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay and we we can talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay and we we can talk more
+about why it's that one okay but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why it's that one okay but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why it's that one okay but just to
+have the element matrix there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the element matrix there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the element matrix there on the
+board okay so my claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so my claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so my claim is that this
+piece of the this is a small piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the this is a small piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the this is a small piece of
+the big K so the big K matrix what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big K so the big K matrix what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big K so the big K matrix what's
+what's the size of the big K of K itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the big K of K itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the big K of K itself
+3x3 in this case yeah three masses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 in this case yeah three masses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 in this case yeah three masses so
+it'll be three by three okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be three by three okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be three by three okay so I'm
+thinking that this spring this spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that this spring this spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that this spring this spring
+which connects mass one to mass - so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects mass one to mass - so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects mass one to mass - so
+it's it's it's only going to be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's only going to be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's only going to be like a
+two by two piece a little local piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two piece a little local piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two piece a little local piece
+you could say that that little K fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that that little K fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that that little K fits in
+this is assembled into that I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is assembled into that I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is assembled into that I better
+call that K - right k - so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that K - right k - so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that K - right k - so it's a little
+K that sits up in this two by two block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that sits up in this two by two block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that sits up in this two by two block
+and and doesn't contribute to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and doesn't contribute to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and doesn't contribute to the rest
+okay then let's just draw the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then let's just draw the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then let's just draw the rest of
+the picture so this would produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture so this would produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture so this would produce an
+element matrix that looks just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrix that looks just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrix that looks just the same
+that's the beauty of this that that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beauty of this that that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beauty of this that that all
+the elements apart from change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements apart from change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements apart from change in the
+spring constant look the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant look the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant look the same so
+there'll be a little CC a little a k3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a little CC a little a k3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a little CC a little a k3
+and where will it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where will it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where will it go
+this is the whole part of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole part of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole part of the point
+it'll go to the lower right down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlapping overlapping because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping overlapping because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping overlapping because this
+mass is part of it is to attach of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is part of it is to attach of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is part of it is to attach of that
+spring and to that one so these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and to that one so these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and to that one so these little
+element matrices they overlap and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrices they overlap and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrices they overlap and and
+you just need if you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need if you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need if you can imagine
+the the the code that's going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the code that's going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the code that's going to do this
+is you you need a list of Springs and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you need a list of Springs and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you need a list of Springs and a
+list of masses and a list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of masses and a list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of masses and a list of the
+connections between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between them
+and it'll sit in here because it's 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll sit in here because it's 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll sit in here because it's 2 by
+2 so that's 2 by 2 that's 2 by 2 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that's 2 by 2 that's 2 by 2 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that's 2 by 2 that's 2 by 2 and and
+in this over this overlap entry will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this over this overlap entry will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this over this overlap entry will be
+a c2 from the upper box and a seat it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c2 from the upper box and a seat it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c2 from the upper box and a seat it'll
+be a C 2 plus C 3 as we discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a C 2 plus C 3 as we discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a C 2 plus C 3 as we discovered by
+direct multiplication so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct multiplication so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct multiplication so that's that
+spring now what about this first spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring now what about this first spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring now what about this first spring
+so there's a little k1 now k1 is should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little k1 now k1 is should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little k1 now k1 is should
+be you look the same as this except what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you look the same as this except what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you look the same as this except what
+so is it gonna be a difference with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it gonna be a difference with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it gonna be a difference with the
+with this spring because because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this spring because because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this spring because because it's
+it's it's because of this fixed in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's because of this fixed in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's because of this fixed in so
+you know there's no mass zero you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no mass zero you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no mass zero you know
+it k1 would normally sit up here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it k1 would normally sit up here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it k1 would normally sit up here but
+actually there's only it's only it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's only it's only it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's only it's only it's
+only going to be one by one it's k1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be one by one it's k1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be one by one it's k1 well
+so the k1 little element matrix would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the k1 little element matrix would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the k1 little element matrix would be
+well it would look like C 1 1 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would look like C 1 1 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would look like C 1 1 minus 1
+minus 1 1 and then the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 and then the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 and then the boundary
+conditions knock those out and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions knock those out and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions knock those out and an
+interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point
+if you're writing big code you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing big code you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing big code you have to
+decide do I as I create k1 this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide do I as I create k1 this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide do I as I create k1 this little
+element matrix do I pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrix do I pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element matrix do I pay attention to the
+boundary conditions and then k1 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and then k1 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and then k1 would
+just be that that single number C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be that that single number C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be that that single number C 1
+which would sit there so so up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would sit there so so up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would sit there so so up there
+will be C 1 from the k1 matrix and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be C 1 from the k1 matrix and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be C 1 from the k1 matrix and C 2
+from the k2 matrix that's the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the k2 matrix that's the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the k2 matrix that's the entry
+that's the entry there and then as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the entry there and then as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the entry there and then as I say
+encoding finite elements which you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding finite elements which you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding finite elements which you guys
+may do at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may do at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may do at some point
+there's a question what's efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question what's efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question what's efficient
+shall I pay attention to the boundary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I pay attention to the boundary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I pay attention to the boundary in
+creating these element matrices or shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these element matrices or shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these element matrices or shall
+we do it later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it later and
+rule seems to be do it later so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule seems to be do it later so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule seems to be do it later so what
+gets created in finite elements is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets created in finite elements is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets created in finite elements is a is
+is in our language it would be a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in our language it would be a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in our language it would be a free
+free matrix it's a matrix with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix it's a matrix with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix it's a matrix with with
+where even this spring has a two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where even this spring has a two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where even this spring has a two by two
+piece and then so so what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then so so what's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then so so what's the problem
+with the free free matrix the free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the free free matrix the free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the free free matrix the free free
+free matrices those with no supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrices those with no supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrices those with no supports
+those matrices will be singular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those matrices will be singular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those matrices will be singular right
+singular because the the vector of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular because the the vector of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular because the the vector of all
+ones if you multiply that K the the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you multiply that K the the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you multiply that K the the free
+free matrix times the vector of all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix times the vector of all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free matrix times the vector of all ones
+you get zero I mean the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero I mean the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero I mean the whole thing
+could shift and we'll have other rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could shift and we'll have other rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could shift and we'll have other rigid
+motions in two dimensions so yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions in two dimensions so yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions in two dimensions so yeah let's
+just think ahead here what are the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think ahead here what are the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think ahead here what are the rigid
+motions the null space of K you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions the null space of K you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions the null space of K you could
+say in a two dimensional for a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in a two dimensional for a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in a two dimensional for a two
+dimensional truss so the the whole I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional truss so the the whole I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional truss so the the whole I've
+got a bunch of boards and Springs think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of boards and Springs think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of boards and Springs think
+of a mattress okay I'm in two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mattress okay I'm in two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mattress okay I'm in two dimensions
+a mattress as a bunch of Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mattress as a bunch of Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mattress as a bunch of Springs
+connected in a 2d grid what what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a 2d grid what what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a 2d grid what what do i
+and and say say it's free it at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say say it's free it at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say say it's free it at both
+ends so what can I do grow a mattress oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends so what can I do grow a mattress oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends so what can I do grow a mattress oh
+my gosh I didn't expect that to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gosh I didn't expect that to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gosh I didn't expect that to be on
+videotape but what so it's in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape but what so it's in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape but what so it's in the plane
+we're in 2d here what can I do with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in 2d here what can I do with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in 2d here what can I do with if
+there are no no boundary conditions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no no boundary conditions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no no boundary conditions well
+I can shift it to the right right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shift it to the right right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shift it to the right right that's
+our one one one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our one one one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our one one one one one
+what else can I do I can rotate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can I do I can rotate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else can I do I can rotate and I
+can shift it the other way so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift it the other way so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift it the other way so there
+would be three rigid motions for the 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be three rigid motions for the 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be three rigid motions for the 2d
+problem two translations and a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two translations and a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two translations and a rotation
+and when you get up to three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get up to three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get up to three dimensions
+do you want to guess how many what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to guess how many what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to guess how many what's the
+number and 3d six number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and 3d six number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and 3d six number six
+three translations and rotations around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translations and rotations around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translations and rotations around
+three axes so those either one rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes so those either one rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes so those either one rigid
+motion or three rigid motions or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or three rigid motions or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or three rigid motions or six
+rigid motions have to get the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid motions have to get the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid motions have to get the boundary
+conditions eventually have to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions eventually have to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions eventually have to remove
+those have to have to knock out rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to have to knock out rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to have to knock out rows and
+columns and remove them but my point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and remove them but my point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and remove them but my point was
+just that quite efficient to do it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that quite efficient to do it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that quite efficient to do it later
+you know the picture is so clear here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture is so clear here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture is so clear here so
+so the actual matrix would be four by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual matrix would be four by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual matrix would be four by
+four the unreduced matrix and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the unreduced matrix and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the unreduced matrix and then and
+then when we fix node zero there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we fix node zero there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we fix node zero there that
+would knock out that part and leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would knock out that part and leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would knock out that part and leave the
+three by three that we want so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three that we want so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three that we want so this is
+just discussion of how to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussion of how to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussion of how to think of this
+matrix K so the direct way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K so the direct way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K so the direct way to think of
+it was as was as a product of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as was as a product of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as was as a product of big
+matrices but in reality it's assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but in reality it's assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but in reality it's assembled
+from these element pieces and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these element pieces and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these element pieces and of course
+our goal in talking about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal in talking about finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal in talking about finite
+elements will be to see that it'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements will be to see that it'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements will be to see that it'll come
+up again of course yeah okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again of course yeah okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again of course yeah okay so that
+your good question led me there but did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your good question led me there but did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your good question led me there but did
+I answer the question okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I answer the question okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I answer the question okay so that's a
+thought about and maybe the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about and maybe the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about and maybe the way I
+mentioned it in class was to notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it in class was to notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it in class was to notice that
+these guys these element matrices can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys these element matrices can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys these element matrices can be
+thought of this way yeah it's made it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way yeah it's made it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this way yeah it's made it is
+matrix multiplication but done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication but done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication but done
+differently it's a column of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's a column of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's a column of this matrix
+times the number see here times a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number see here times a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number see here times a row of
+this so so it's matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so it's matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so it's matrix multiplication
+columns times rows so you can multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times rows so you can multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times rows so you can multiply a
+B columns times columns of a times rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B columns times columns of a times rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B columns times columns of a times rows
+of B and and then add add over from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and and then add add over from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and and then add add over from 1 to
+n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over
+so column of a times row of B so a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so column of a times row of B so a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so column of a times row of B so a a
+column man is a vector like this a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column man is a vector like this a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column man is a vector like this a row
+is a vector like that I'm yeah and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector like that I'm yeah and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector like that I'm yeah and so
+this is and the result is a full size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and the result is a full size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and the result is a full size
+matrix but if the column is concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but if the column is concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but if the column is concentrated
+at a couple of nodes and the row is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of nodes and the row is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of nodes and the row is then
+it will have zeros everywhere except at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will have zeros everywhere except at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will have zeros everywhere except at
+that so this is like this is the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is like this is the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is like this is the element
+matrix with the C included that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with the C included that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with the C included that would be
+the element matrix already blown up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element matrix already blown up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element matrix already blown up to
+full size by by adding zeros elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full size by by adding zeros elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full size by by adding zeros elsewhere
+so I mean the heart of the the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean the heart of the the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean the heart of the the heart of
+the element matrix is is is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element matrix is is is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element matrix is is is where the
+action is on that spring and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is on that spring and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is on that spring and then when
+we assemble it of course it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assemble it of course it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assemble it of course it it doesn't
+contribute down there yeah so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute down there yeah so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute down there yeah so it's the
+technology I find that elements it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I find that elements it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I find that elements it's
+just it's quite interesting and it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's quite interesting and it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's quite interesting and it fits
+it's it's a beautiful way to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a beautiful way to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a beautiful way to see the
+discrete problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete problem okay
+ready for another question of any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for another question of any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for another question of any sort
+so thank you good yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you good yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you good yes
+oh yeah yeah sorry it got under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah sorry it got under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah sorry it got under the
+problem set and then I thought so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and then I thought so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and then I thought so this
+is let me write those words down first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me write those words down first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me write those words down first
+singular value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I won't write all those words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I won't write all those words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I won't write all those words that
+would that's the only it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that's the only it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that's the only it's a wonderful
+thing great it's a highlight of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing great it's a highlight of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing great it's a highlight of matrix
+theory except for the length of its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory except for the length of its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory except for the length of its name
+so SVD is what everybody calls it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SVD is what everybody calls it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SVD is what everybody calls it yeah
+yeah it's only you know like every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's only you know like every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's only you know like every year
+now people appreciate more and more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people appreciate more and more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people appreciate more and more the
+importance of this SVD the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of this SVD the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of this SVD the singular
+value decomposition so shall I say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so shall I say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so shall I say a few
+words about it now it's just a few it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about it now it's just a few it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about it now it's just a few it's
+yeah so yeah so it's section 1.7 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so it's section 1.7 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so it's section 1.7 of the
+book and my ID my thought was hey we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and my ID my thought was hey we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and my ID my thought was hey we've
+we've done so much matrix theory let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so much matrix theory let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so much matrix theory let's
+including eigenvalues and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including eigenvalues and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including eigenvalues and positive
+definiteness let's get on and use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness let's get on and use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness let's get on and use it and
+then I can come back to the SVD in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can come back to the SVD in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can come back to the SVD in a
+sort of lighter moment because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lighter moment because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lighter moment because I'm not
+thinking you will be responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you will be responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you will be responsible for the
+SVD eigen values I hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD eigen values I hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD eigen values I hope you're
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+positive definite I hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I hope you're
+understanding you know that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you know that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you know that's that's
+part of the course stuff but SVD is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course stuff but SVD is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course stuff but SVD is a
+key idea in linear algebra but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea in linear algebra but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea in linear algebra but we can't
+do everything okay but we can say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything okay but we can say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything okay but we can say what
+it is okay so what what what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay so what what what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay so what what what's the first
+point the first point is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the first point is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the first point is that every
+matrix even a rectangular matrix has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix even a rectangular matrix has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix even a rectangular matrix has got
+a singular value decomposition so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular value decomposition so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singular value decomposition so the
+matrix a can be M by n it wouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a can be M by n it wouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a can be M by n it wouldn't I
+wouldn't speak about the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't speak about the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't speak about the eigenvalues of
+a rectangular matrix you know because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular matrix you know because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular matrix you know because if
+I multiply it you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it you remember the
+eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation
+wouldn't make sense ax equal lambda X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense ax equal lambda X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make sense ax equal lambda X is
+no good if a is rectangular right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good if a is rectangular right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good if a is rectangular right the
+input would be of length N and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input would be of length N and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input would be of length N and the
+output would be of length M and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output would be of length M and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output would be of length M and I could
+never this wouldn't work so so I ghen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never this wouldn't work so so I ghen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never this wouldn't work so so I ghen
+vectors are not what I what I'm after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are not what I what I'm after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are not what I what I'm after
+but somehow the goal of eigenvectors was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow the goal of eigenvectors was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow the goal of eigenvectors was
+to diagonalize the goal of eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diagonalize the goal of eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diagonalize the goal of eigenvectors
+was to find these special directions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to find these special directions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to find these special directions in
+which the a matrix a just like acted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the a matrix a just like acted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the a matrix a just like acted
+like a number and then as we saw today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a number and then as we saw today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a number and then as we saw today
+in part that that's partly still up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part that that's partly still up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part that that's partly still up here
+we could solve equations by eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could solve equations by eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could solve equations by eigen
+vectors by looking for these following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors by looking for these following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors by looking for these following
+these special guys okay what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special guys okay what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special guys okay what do we do
+for a rectangular matrix what replaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rectangular matrix what replaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rectangular matrix what replaces
+this so this is now not good the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is now not good the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is now not good the idea is
+simply we need two sets of vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply we need two sets of vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply we need two sets of vectors we
+need some V's and some use okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some V's and some use okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some V's and some use okay so
+that's the that's the central equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the central equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the central equation
+of the SVD now what can we get so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SVD now what can we get so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SVD now what can we get so now we
+have more freedom because we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more freedom because we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more freedom because we're getting
+a bunch of V's that have these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of V's that have these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of V's that have these these
+guys are in RN they have length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are in RN they have length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are in RN they have length and
+write to multiply m8 a times V and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to multiply m8 a times V and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to multiply m8 a times V and the
+output is is so the n of these envies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is is so the n of these envies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is is so the n of these envies
+they're in we're in n dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in we're in n dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in we're in n dimensional space
+I'm so those are called singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so those are called singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so those are called singular vectors
+they're called write singular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called write singular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called write singular vectors
+because they're sitting to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're sitting to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're sitting to the right of
+a and these guys these outputs will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and these guys these outputs will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and these guys these outputs will be
+in these RVs in RN and dimensions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these RVs in RN and dimensions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these RVs in RN and dimensions these
+I have M of these M use in M dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have M of these M use in M dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have M of these M use in M dimensional
+space and these things are numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and these things are numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and these things are numbers of
+course and actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and actually there
+they're all greater equal zero so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equal zero so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all greater equal zero so we can
+get by allowing ourselves the freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by allowing ourselves the freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by allowing ourselves the freedom of
+to singular write singular vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to singular write singular vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to singular write singular vectors and
+left singular vectors we can get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors we can get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors we can get a lot
+more and we can get here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we can get here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we can get here's here's the
+punchline we can get the V's to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline we can get the V's to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline we can get the V's to be
+orthogonal worse than normal just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal worse than normal just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal worse than normal just like
+the eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix
+we can get these V's these singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get these V's these singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get these V's these singular
+vectors to be perpendicular to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to be perpendicular to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to be perpendicular to each
+other and we can get the use to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we can get the use to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we can get the use to be
+perpendicular to each other what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other what we
+can't what we're not shooting for is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't what we're not shooting for is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't what we're not shooting for is the
+V's to be the same as the use that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's to be the same as the use that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's to be the same as the use that that
+they're not even in the same space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even in the same space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even in the same space now
+if if the matrix a is rectangular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the matrix a is rectangular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the matrix a is rectangular and
+even if the matrix a is square but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the matrix a is square but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the matrix a is square but not
+symmetric we wouldn't get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we wouldn't get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we wouldn't get this
+perpendicularity but we get it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularity but we get it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicularity but we get it in the
+SVD by having different V's and use yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD by having different V's and use yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD by having different V's and use yeah
+yeah here's my picture of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's my picture of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here's my picture of linear algebra
+I don't so this is the this is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't so this is the this is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't so this is the this is the big
+picture of linear algebra we have the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra we have the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra we have the we
+have all we this is this over here is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all we this is this over here is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all we this is this over here is n
+dimensional space we have V's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space we have V's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space we have V's okay
+think of that as n-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as n-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as n-dimensional space
+it's kind of a puny picture but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a puny picture but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a puny picture but when I
+multiply by a I take a vector here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a I take a vector here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a I take a vector here I
+multiply by a so let me just do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a so let me just do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a so let me just do that for
+this is I multiply by a I take a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I multiply by a I take a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I multiply by a I take a vector
+V well I already put V I take a V and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V well I already put V I take a V and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V well I already put V I take a V and I
+get something over here and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something over here and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something over here and this will be
+the space of use now okay now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of use now okay now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of use now okay now I have to
+ask you one thing about linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you one thing about linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you one thing about linear algebra
+that I keep hammering away if I take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I keep hammering away if I take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I keep hammering away if I take any
+vector and multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and multiply by a
+what sort of what what do I get if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of what what do I get if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of what what do I get if I
+take any vector V like one two and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any vector V like one two and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any vector V like one two and I
+here's here's a a say three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a a say three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a a say three four five
+six seven eight so that's a times V what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight so that's a times V what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight so that's a times V what
+can you tell me about a times V that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me about a times V that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me about a times V that
+goes a little deeper than just telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a little deeper than just telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a little deeper than just telling
+me the numbers it's a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the numbers it's a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the numbers it's a linear combination
+of the columns so this is what I'll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns so this is what I'll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns so this is what I'll the
+these are the outputs the Avs so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the outputs the Avs so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the outputs the Avs so this
+space is called the column space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is called the column space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is called the column space it's
+all combinations of the columns these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations of the columns these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations of the columns these
+these are all combinations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all combinations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all combinations of the
+columns that's the column space it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that's the column space it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that's the column space it's a
+bunch of vectors and so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors and so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors and so the point is
+that these use are that I have that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these use are that I have that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these use are that I have that like
+a fantastic choice of axes linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fantastic choice of axes linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fantastic choice of axes linear
+algebra person would use the word basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra person would use the word basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra person would use the word basis
+but geometrically I'm saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but geometrically I'm saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but geometrically I'm saying they're
+fantastic axes in these spaces so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic axes in these spaces so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic axes in these spaces so that
+if I choose the right axes then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose the right axes then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose the right axes then in the
+two spaces then one axis will go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spaces then one axis will go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spaces then one axis will go to that
+one when I multiply by a the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I multiply by a the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when I multiply by a the next one
+will go to that one the third will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to that one the third will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to that one the third will go to
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+it just could not be better and the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just could not be better and the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just could not be better and the part
+that and that's the statement okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's the statement okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's the statement okay why
+no maybe I'll just say a word about Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe I'll just say a word about Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe I'll just say a word about Y
+where it's used or Y why it's useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's used or Y why it's useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's used or Y why it's useful in
+Owens in so many applications where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Owens in so many applications where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Owens in so many applications where
+where do we get yeah well most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get yeah well most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get yeah well most of you
+are not biologists and I'm not certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not biologists and I'm not certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not biologists and I'm not certainly
+but we are we know that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are we know that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are we know that there's a lot of
+interesting math these days and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting math these days and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting math these days and a lot of
+interesting experiments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiments with
+say jeans so what happens so so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say jeans so what happens so so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say jeans so what happens so so we've
+got about 40 people here and we take we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about 40 people here and we take we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about 40 people here and we take we
+measure say the well we get data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure say the well we get data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure say the well we get data that's
+what I'm really gonna say somehow we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really gonna say somehow we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really gonna say somehow we get
+a giant amount of data right probably 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant amount of data right probably 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giant amount of data right probably 40
+columns everybody here is entitled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns everybody here is entitled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns everybody here is entitled to
+its column to be a column of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its column to be a column of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its column to be a column of the matrix
+okay and and the entries will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and the entries will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and the entries will be like
+you know have you got TB what height all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have you got TB what height all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have you got TB what height all
+this stuff right okay so so you got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff right okay so so you got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff right okay so so you got an
+enormous amount of data and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of data and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of data and the question
+is what's important in that data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's important in that data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's important in that data you
+know you've got say a million entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got say a million entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got say a million entries in
+in a giant matrix and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a giant matrix and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a giant matrix and you want to
+extract the important thing well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the important thing well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the important thing well it's
+the SVD that does it you take that giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD that does it you take that giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD that does it you take that giant
+matrix of data you find the V's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of data you find the V's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of data you find the V's and the
+Sigma's and the use and then the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's and the use and then the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's and the use and then the largest
+Sigma's are the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's are the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's are the most important
+information in in the if things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in in the if things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in in the if things are
+scaled and statistics is coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and statistics is coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and statistics is coming into
+here into this also I could give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this also I could give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this also I could give a
+sensible you know more much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible you know more much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible you know more much more
+mathematical discussion of one word one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical discussion of one word one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical discussion of one word one
+name it goes under is principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it goes under is principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it goes under is principal
+component analysis so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis so that's that's a
+standard tool for for statisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard tool for for statisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard tool for for statisticians
+looking at giant amounts of data is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at giant amounts of data is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at giant amounts of data is to
+find the principal components and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the principal components and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the principal components and those
+will be come from these eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be come from these eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be come from these eigen vectors
+okay well your question about the SVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well your question about the SVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well your question about the SVD
+set off that discussion I only add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set off that discussion I only add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set off that discussion I only add a
+couple of words these V's and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words these V's and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words these V's and these
+views are actually eigenvectors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views are actually eigenvectors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views are actually eigenvectors but
+they're not eigenvectors of a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not eigenvectors of a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not eigenvectors of a they're
+these are happen to be the eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are happen to be the eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are happen to be the eigen vectors
+of a transpose a and the use happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose a and the use happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose a and the use happen to
+be eigenvectors of a a transpose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eigenvectors of a a transpose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eigenvectors of a a transpose and the
+just the the linear algebra comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the linear algebra comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the linear algebra comes
+together to give you this key equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give you this key equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give you this key equation
+and and of course you and I know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course you and I know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course you and I know that if
+I'm looking at the eigen vectors V of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the eigen vectors V of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the eigen vectors V of a
+transpose a they a transpose a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a they a transpose a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a they a transpose a is a
+symmetric matrix in fact positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix in fact positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix in fact positive
+definite so that the eigenvectors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so that the eigenvectors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so that the eigenvectors will
+be orthogonal the eigen values will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal the eigen values will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be orthogonal the eigen values will be
+positive and then this one is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then this one is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then this one is coming
+from the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+which is different right yeah so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different right yeah so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different right yeah so if the
+matrix a happened to be square happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a happened to be square happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a happened to be square happen to
+be symmetric happen to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric happen to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric happen to be positive
+definite this would just be ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite this would just be ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite this would just be ax equal
+lambda X I didn't have to cross it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X I didn't have to cross it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X I didn't have to cross it out
+so if it was I'll use K for that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it was I'll use K for that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it was I'll use K for that right
+so if the matrix a was one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the matrix a was one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the matrix a was one of our
+favorite matrices was a K that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite matrices was a K that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite matrices was a K that would be
+the case in which the SVD is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in which the SVD is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case in which the SVD is no
+different from eigen values the V's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from eigen values the V's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from eigen values the V's are
+the same as the use the Sigma's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the use the Sigma's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the use the Sigma's are the
+same as the lambdas all fine but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the lambdas all fine but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the lambdas all fine but so
+we're this is sort of the way to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is sort of the way to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is sort of the way to get the
+beauty of positive definite symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of positive definite symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of positive definite symmetric
+matrices when the matrix itself that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when the matrix itself that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when the matrix itself that you
+start with isn't even square like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with isn't even square like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with isn't even square like like
+this one like that okay more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like that okay more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like that okay more than I
+wanted to say more than you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say more than you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say more than you wanted to
+hear about the SVD anyway that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about the SVD anyway that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about the SVD anyway that's what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes more about sure okay let me repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes more about sure okay let me repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes more about sure okay let me repeat
+the question so this was refers to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question so this was refers to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question so this was refers to this
+morning's lecture lecture nine about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning's lecture lecture nine about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning's lecture lecture nine about
+time-dependent problems and I and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent problems and I and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent problems and I and the
+point was that when I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was that when I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was that when I have a
+differential equation in time there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in time there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in time there are
+lots of ways to replace it by difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to replace it by difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to replace it by difference
+equations okay and one big so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay and one big so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay and one big so let's take
+the equation D u DT let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation D u DT let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation D u DT let's make it
+first-order is some function of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order is some function of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order is some function of you
+often NT that would be a first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often NT that would be a first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often NT that would be a first-order
+yeah it's good to look at just when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's good to look at just when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's good to look at just when when
+I write that much down what have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that much down what have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that much down what have I got
+I've got a first-order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a first-order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a first-order differential
+equation right is it linear no I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right is it linear no I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right is it linear no I I'm
+allowing something like this function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing something like this function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing something like this function of
+you could be sine of U it could be U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be sine of U it could be U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be sine of U it could be U to
+the 10th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10th power
+it could be e to the U so this so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be e to the U so this so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be e to the U so this so that
+this is how equations really come you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how equations really come you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how equations really come you
+know the linear ones are the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear ones are the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear ones are the model
+problems that we can solve this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we can solve this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we can solve this is how
+linear equations really come ok now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations really come ok now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations really come ok now I
+could think of Euler thought of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of Euler thought of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of Euler thought of let's
+give away their credit here so forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away their credit here so forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away their credit here so forward
+Euler forward Euler and backward oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler forward Euler and backward oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler forward Euler and backward oil and
+the point will be that this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point will be that this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point will be that this guy is
+explicit so can I write that word so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so can I write that word so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so can I write that word so I
+don't forget to write it explicit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to write it explicit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to write it explicit and
+that this guy will be implicit and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy will be implicit and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this guy will be implicit and this
+is a big a big distinction and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big a big distinction and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big a big distinction and and it
+will see it alright so this says u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it alright so this says u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it alright so this says u n
+plus 1 minus u and over delta T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus u and over delta T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus u and over delta T is the
+value of the slope at the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the slope at the start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the slope at the start of the
+step so that's a weather that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so that's a weather that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so that's a weather that's the most
+important most basic first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important most basic first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important most basic first thing you
+would think of it replaces this by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of it replaces this by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of it replaces this by this
+you you start with you 0 and from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start with you 0 and from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you start with you 0 and from this
+you get you one and then you know you 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you one and then you know you 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you one and then you know you 1
+and from this you get you 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this you get you 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this you get you 2 and the
+point is at every step you just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is at every step you just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is at every step you just this
+equation is telling you what you one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is telling you what you one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is telling you what you one is
+from you zero you know you just move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you zero you know you just move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you zero you know you just move you
+zero over to that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over to that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over to that side
+you've only got stuff you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got stuff you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got stuff you know and then
+you know you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want
+contrast that with backward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with backward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that with backward Euler
+so that's u n plus 1 minus u n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's u n plus 1 minus u n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's u n plus 1 minus u n over
+delta T is f now what am I going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is f now what am I going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is f now what am I going to put
+there I'm gonna put the end the point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm gonna put the end the point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm gonna put the end the point we
+don't know yet so is the slope at U n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet so is the slope at U n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet so is the slope at U n
+plus 1 and the time that goes with it T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and the time that goes with it T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and the time that goes with it T
+n plus 1 that would be T n is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 that would be T n is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 that would be T n is just a
+shorthand a shorthand for n delta T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand a shorthand for n delta T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand a shorthand for n delta T you
+know n steps forward in time got us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n steps forward in time got us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n steps forward in time got us to
+TM this is one more step now why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM this is one more step now why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM this is one more step now why is this
+called implicit because how do I find u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called implicit because how do I find u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called implicit because how do I find u
+n plus 1 out of this I've kind of solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 out of this I've kind of solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 out of this I've kind of solved
+for it it's much more expensive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it's much more expensive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it's much more expensive because
+there will be a probably a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a probably a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a probably a nonlinear
+system of equations to solve will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations to solve will take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations to solve will take a
+little time on that but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time on that but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time on that but of course
+there's one outstanding method to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one outstanding method to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one outstanding method to solve
+a system of nonlinear equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of nonlinear equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of nonlinear equations and
+that's called Newton's method so Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Newton's method so Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Newton's method so Newton
+is come in Newton's method is this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is come in Newton's method is this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is come in Newton's method is this sort
+of the first yeah the really the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first yeah the really the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first yeah the really the good
+way if you can if you can do it to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you can if you can do it to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you can if you can do it to solve
+well when I say solve I mean set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I say solve I mean set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I say solve I mean set up
+iteration which f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration which f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration which f
+maybe three three loops or five loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three three loops or five loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three three loops or five loops
+will be accurate to enough digits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accurate to enough digits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be accurate to enough digits that
+you can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay
+that's un plus one on to the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's un plus one on to the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's un plus one on to the next step
+then the next step will have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step will have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step will have the same
+equation but within up one so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but within up one so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but within up one so it would
+be un plus two minus UN plus 1 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be un plus two minus UN plus 1 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be un plus two minus UN plus 1 so you
+see the extra work here but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extra work here but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extra work here but it's more
+stable this the way this one spiraled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this the way this one spiraled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this the way this one spiraled
+out this one spiraled in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this one spiraled in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this one spiraled in in the in the
+model problem I hope you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem I hope you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem I hope you look at that
+section 2.2 which was about the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.2 which was about the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 2.2 which was about the model
+problem that that we discussed today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that we discussed today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that we discussed today
+there's more to say I mean this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say I mean this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say I mean this is the
+central problem of time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central problem of time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central problem of time dependent
+evolving initial value problems your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving initial value problems your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving initial value problems your
+this is your sort of marching forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your sort of marching forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your sort of marching forward
+but here each step of the march takes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here each step of the march takes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here each step of the march takes an
+inner loop which has to work hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop which has to work hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop which has to work hard to
+solve to find the where you march to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve to find the where you march to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve to find the where you march to
+yeah is that a help to indicate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that a help to indicate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that a help to indicate what
+because that this is a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that this is a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that this is a very fundamental
+difference right then as I said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right then as I said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right then as I said and
+Chapter six of the book develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chapter six of the book develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chapter six of the book develops
+higher-order methods these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order methods these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order methods these are both
+first order first order accurate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order first order accurate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order first order accurate the
+error that you're making is of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you're making is of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you're making is of the order
+of delta T that's not great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta T that's not great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta T that's not great right
+because you would have to take many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to take many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to take many many
+small steps to have a reasonable error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to have a reasonable error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to have a reasonable error
+but so these higher order methods allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so these higher order methods allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so these higher order methods allow
+you to get to a great answer with bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get to a great answer with bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get to a great answer with bigger
+steps yeah yeah a lot of thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yeah yeah a lot of thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yeah yeah a lot of thinking has
+gone into that and it's somehow it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into that and it's somehow it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into that and it's somehow it's a
+pretty basic problem just to mention say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic problem just to mention say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic problem just to mention say
+for matlab OD e45 yes maybe the work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matlab OD e45 yes maybe the work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matlab OD e45 yes maybe the work or
+code to solve this type of a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to solve this type of a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to solve this type of a problem and
+it's the method is not Euler that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the method is not Euler that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the method is not Euler that would
+not be good enough it's called runner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be good enough it's called runner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be good enough it's called runner
+Kutta two guys one could have figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kutta two guys one could have figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kutta two guys one could have figured
+out a formula that got up to a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a formula that got up to a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a formula that got up to a fourth
+order accurate yeah so it's just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate yeah so it's just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate yeah so it's just that's
+the that's the thing and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the thing and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the thing and then if we
+looked further about this subject we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked further about this subject we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked further about this subject we
+would we would distinguish some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we would distinguish some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we would distinguish some
+equations that are called stiff so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are called stiff so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are called stiff so I'll
+just write that word down some equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that word down some equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that word down some equations
+the iteration is particularly difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration is particularly difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration is particularly difficult
+to you have two time scales maybe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you have two time scales maybe you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you have two time scales maybe you've
+got things happening on a slow scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got things happening on a slow scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got things happening on a slow scale and
+a high scale multi scale computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high scale multi scale computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high scale multi scale computations
+that's where the subject is now and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the subject is now and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the subject is now and so
+there would be separate codes with an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be separate codes with an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be separate codes with an S
+in their names suitable for for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their names suitable for for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their names suitable for for these
+tougher problems stiff equations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher problems stiff equations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher problems stiff equations okay
+that's a I guess one thing you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a I guess one thing you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a I guess one thing you sometimes
+get on this in the review session is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this in the review session is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this in the review session is a
+you know look outside the scope of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look outside the scope of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look outside the scope of what
+I can cover and ask homework problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cover and ask homework problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cover and ask homework problems
+about okay I'm sure hoping that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assembling the elements of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling the elements of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling the elements of computational
+science here you know yeah first what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science here you know yeah first what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science here you know yeah first what
+are the questions what are some answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions what are some answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions what are some answer
+is what are the do the issues what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the do the issues what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the do the issues what what
+what do you have to balance to to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to balance to to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to balance to to make a
+good decision okay another time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decision okay another time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decision okay another time for
+another question if we like if you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question if we like if you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question if we like if you yeah
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability yeah right correct I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability yeah right correct I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability yeah right correct I will tell
+you that yes right this here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that yes right this here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that yes right this here okay so
+let's see first if we want a matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see first if we want a matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see first if we want a matrix then
+this has to be a vector of unknown so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be a vector of unknown so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be a vector of unknown so I
+I'm thinking now of a system of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking now of a system of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking now of a system of this is
+n equations I've got you as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equations I've got you as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equations I've got you as a vector
+with n components I've got n equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n components I've got n equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n components I've got n equations
+here the notation I can just I can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the notation I can just I can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the notation I can just I can put a
+little arrow over it just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow over it just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow over it just to remind
+myself okay and if I want to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay and if I want to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay and if I want to get to a
+matrix I better do the linear case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I better do the linear case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I better do the linear case right
+so I'll do the linear case okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do the linear case okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do the linear case okay yeah so
+yeah so if I the the big picture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I the the big picture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I the the big picture is that
+the new values come from the old values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new values come from the old values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new values come from the old values
+some there has to be a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there has to be a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there has to be a matrix
+multiplying anytime we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying anytime we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying anytime we have a linear
+process so that you know so that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that you know so that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that you know so that new
+values come from old values by it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values come from old values by it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values come from old values by it by
+some linear map a matrix is doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear map a matrix is doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear map a matrix is doing it and
+if we right so there's a sort of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we right so there's a sort of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we right so there's a sort of growth
+matrix can I just put down some letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can I just put down some letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can I just put down some letters
+here I won't be able to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I won't be able to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I won't be able to give you a
+complete answer but this will do it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete answer but this will do it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete answer but this will do it okay
+so so UN plus 1 is some matrix times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so UN plus 1 is some matrix times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so UN plus 1 is some matrix times you
+in that's that's the way that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's that's the way that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's that's the way that's what I
+wrote down this morning for a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down this morning for a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down this morning for a special
+case it's got to look like that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's got to look like that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's got to look like that for a
+linear problem so now and let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problem so now and let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear problem so now and let's suppose
+that we have this nice situation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this nice situation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this nice situation as
+today where it's the same G at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today where it's the same G at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today where it's the same G at every
+step so the problem is not changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so the problem is not changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so the problem is not changing in
+time it's it's not it's not it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's it's not it's not it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's it's not it's not it's it's
+linear it's all good what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's all good what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's all good what is the
+solution F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution F
+n time steps compared to the start so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time steps compared to the start so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time steps compared to the start so
+give me a simple formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a simple formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a simple formula for the
+solution to this step step step equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this step step step equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this step step step equation
+if I started at initial value u zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I started at initial value u zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I started at initial value u zero and
+I look to see well what matrix gets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look to see well what matrix gets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look to see well what matrix gets me
+over n steps would Y right there G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n steps would Y right there G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n steps would Y right there G to
+the N right G to the N ok so now comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N right G to the N ok so now comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N right G to the N ok so now comes
+the question let's see the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question let's see the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question let's see the stability
+question is whether do the powers of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether do the powers of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether do the powers of G
+to the enth grow and here's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enth grow and here's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enth grow and here's the point
+that the continuous problem that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the continuous problem that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the continuous problem that this
+came from it's got its own growth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it's got its own growth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from it's got its own growth or
+decay or oscillation this guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay or oscillation this guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay or oscillation this guy the
+discrete one has got its they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete one has got its they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete one has got its they're going
+to be closed for a step or two for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closed for a step or two for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closed for a step or two for one
+or two steps I'm expecting G - I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two steps I'm expecting G - I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two steps I'm expecting G - I'm
+expecting that this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that this is a reasonable
+consistent approximation to my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent approximation to my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent approximation to my problem
+but after I take a thousand steps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after I take a thousand steps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after I take a thousand steps this
+one could still be closed or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could still be closed or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could still be closed or it could
+have exploded and that's the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exploded and that's the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exploded and that's the stability
+thing that the the choice the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the the choice the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the the choice the choice of
+the difference method can be stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference method can be stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference method can be stable or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and the only it's V is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only it's V is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only it's V is going to be the
+eigenvalues of G that are the best guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of G that are the best guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of G that are the best guide
+yeah so in the end people compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the end people compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in the end people compute the
+eigenvalues of the growth matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the growth matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the growth matrix and
+look to see are they bigger than 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see are they bigger than 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see are they bigger than 1 or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's just let's close with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just let's close with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's just let's close with that
+example cuz that's a that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example cuz that's a that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example cuz that's a that's a good
+example so it it fits this but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so it it fits this but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so it it fits this but not quite
+because it wasn't completely forward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wasn't completely forward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wasn't completely forward or
+completely backward and let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely backward and let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely backward and let's just write
+down what it was in that model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what it was in that model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what it was in that model problem
+and find the matrix okay so can can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the matrix okay so can can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the matrix okay so can can you
+remind me what I wrote today so you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me what I wrote today so you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me what I wrote today so you was
+it you first you n plus one was u n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you first you n plus one was u n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you first you n plus one was u n plus
+delta T V n right and then the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T V n right and then the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T V n right and then the new
+velocity was the old velocity and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was the old velocity and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was the old velocity and it
+should be minus delta T times the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be minus delta T times the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be minus delta T times the you
+say because our equation is what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because our equation is what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because our equation is what if
+these are representing the equation u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are representing the equation u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are representing the equation u
+prime equal V is the first one V prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equal V is the first one V prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equal V is the first one V prime
+equal minus U is my second equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus U is my second equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus U is my second equation so
+and then the point was I could take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the point was I could take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the point was I could take that
+because I know it already I could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know it already I could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know it already I could take
+it there right okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there right okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there right okay good
+where is the matrix here okay could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the matrix here okay could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the matrix here okay could you
+create I want to find the growth matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I want to find the growth matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create I want to find the growth matrix
+that that tells me now my growth matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells me now my growth matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells me now my growth matrix
+of course U is standing this is U n V N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course U is standing this is U n V N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course U is standing this is U n V N
+and this is U n plus 1 VN plus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is U n plus 1 VN plus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is U n plus 1 VN plus 1 and
+this is a 2 by 2 matrix and I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 2 by 2 matrix and I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 2 by 2 matrix and I hope you
+can we can read it off or find it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can read it off or find it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can read it off or find it anyway
+because that's the key alright let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the key alright let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the key alright let's
+let's get how could we how can we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get how could we how can we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get how could we how can we get a
+matrix out of these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix out of these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix out of these two equations
+let me just ask you to look at them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ask you to look at them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ask you to look at them and
+think what what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a that's a good question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a good question what
+what shall I do I would like to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I do I would like to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I do I would like to know the
+new use UV from the old what will I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bring stuff on to a UN plus one on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring stuff on to a UN plus one on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring stuff on to a UN plus one on its
+side and in on its side okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and in on its side okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and in on its side okay so that
+just means then that I can I just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means then that I can I just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means then that I can I just this
+guy I want to get over here can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I want to get over here can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I want to get over here can I do
+that with it with my wither racing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with it with my wither racing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with it with my wither racing okay
+so it's going to come over with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to come over with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to come over with a plus
+sign okay so I guess I see here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so I guess I see here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so I guess I see here an
+implicit matrix acting on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit matrix acting on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit matrix acting on the left and
+an explicit matrix acting on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit matrix acting on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit matrix acting on the right
+so I see a unvn and I see my explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see a unvn and I see my explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see a unvn and I see my explicit
+matrix shall I call it e that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix shall I call it e that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix shall I call it e that's the
+right sides I see a 1 and a 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sides I see a 1 and a 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sides I see a 1 and a 1 and a
+delta T and now my left side of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and now my left side of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and now my left side of my
+equation the the n plus 1 stuff what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the n plus 1 stuff what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the n plus 1 stuff what's
+my implicit matrix on the left sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my implicit matrix on the left sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my implicit matrix on the left sides of
+the equation well a 1 and a 1 and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation well a 1 and a 1 and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation well a 1 and a 1 and plus
+delta T is here right and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is here right and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is here right and it's called
+that I for implicit or yeah okay are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I for implicit or yeah okay are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I for implicit or yeah okay are we
+close I think that looks pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I think that looks pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I think that looks pretty good
+what's G what's the matrix G now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's G what's the matrix G now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's G what's the matrix G now you
+just have to have a like oh we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to have a like oh we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to have a like oh we begin to
+develop a little faith and yeah I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little faith and yeah I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little faith and yeah I can
+deal with matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with matrices
+I couldn't move them around get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't move them around get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't move them around get them
+there under my control so I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there under my control so I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there under my control so I want I
+wanted this picture I want the I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this picture I want the I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this picture I want the I want to
+move everything to the right what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move everything to the right what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move everything to the right what what
+mate what do I do to move everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate what do I do to move everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate what do I do to move everything to
+the right-hand side to move I want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side to move I want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side to move I want that
+to be over there it's an inverse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be over there it's an inverse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be over there it's an inverse it's
+the inverse so G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse so G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse so G
+the matrix G there is I bring I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix G there is I bring I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix G there is I bring I over
+here it's the inverse of I times the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can figure out what that matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can figure out what that matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can figure out what that matrix is
+and I can find its eigenvalues and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find its eigenvalues and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can find its eigenvalues and it'll
+be interesting yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting yeah yeah
+so that actually that's the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually that's the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually that's the perfect
+problem I mean if you want to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean if you want to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean if you want to see what's
+going on well the book will be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on well the book will be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on well the book will be a good
+help I think but that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I think but that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I think but that's the that's the
+growth matrix for leapfrog and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth matrix for leapfrog and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth matrix for leapfrog and I'll tell
+you the result the eigenvalues are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the result the eigenvalues are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the result the eigenvalues are right
+of magnitude one as you hope up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude one as you hope up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude one as you hope up to a
+certain value of delta T and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value of delta T and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value of delta T and then when
+delta T passes that stability limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T passes that stability limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T passes that stability limit the
+eigenvalues take off so that this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues take off so that this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues take off so that this method
+is great provided you don't you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great provided you don't you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great provided you don't you're not
+too ambitious and take too large a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too ambitious and take too large a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too ambitious and take too large a delta
+T yeah yeah okay thanks for that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah yeah okay thanks for that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah yeah okay thanks for that last
+question thanks for coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2QdI6_gEyx4.txt b/2QdI6_gEyx4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b744c094cd71f504ea888786f20a71c9c9ffe915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2QdI6_gEyx4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2130 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Alright, so last time
+we started talking about
+
+more complicated mixtures.
+
+To get into colligative
+properties.
+
+And the example we gave was a
+binary system that has two
+
+components.
+
+And two phases.
+
+So we have a liquid phase
+on the bottom.
+
+A gas phase on top, and two
+components, A and B, where
+
+compositions xA and xB are
+in the liquid phase.
+
+Those are the mole fractions.
+
+And yA and yB in the gas phase,
+the mole fractions in
+
+the gas phase.
+
+And what we did last time was
+to begin to say how many
+
+degrees of freedom do we have,
+how many variables do we need
+
+to completely describe
+this mixture.
+
+And it turned out that for this
+mixture, we only needed
+
+two variables.
+
+Two degrees of freedom.
+
+We started out with four
+variables; the temperature,
+
+the pressure, and the components
+in the composition
+
+in the liquid phase and the
+composition in the gas phase.
+
+We need one of these, either
+xA or xB, and one of these,
+
+either yA or yB because
+they add up to 1.
+
+So you start with four, but
+because you are in a mixture,
+
+an equilibrium, you
+have constraints.
+
+You have the chemical potentials
+that have to be
+
+equal to each other.
+
+The chemical potential of A in
+the gas phase has to be equal
+
+to the chemical potential of
+A in the liquid phase.
+
+And the chemical potential of
+B in the gas phase has to B
+
+equal to the chemical
+potential of B
+
+in the liquid phase.
+
+So you start with
+four variables.
+
+Temperature, pressure, xA, yA,
+then you have the constraints
+
+that mu A, in the liquid phase
+has to be equal to mu
+
+A in the gas phase.
+
+Because you're at equilibrium.
+
+And mu B in the liquid phase
+has to be equal to mu
+
+B in the gas phase.
+
+So four minus two constraints
+means you have
+
+two degrees of freedom.
+
+And so if you want to know
+everything about this mixture,
+
+all you need is the temperature
+
+and the total pressure.
+
+And that's enough.
+
+It's kind of amazing.
+
+Give me the temperature and
+pressure and these two
+
+components, like water and
+alcohol, for instance, and I
+
+can tell you everything about
+the compositions.
+
+It's very powerful.
+
+And then we said that this
+turned out to be a special
+
+case, or sub-case of the more
+general Gibbs phase rule.
+
+where the Gibbs phase rule tells
+you that if you have C
+
+components, in this case here
+we have two, and the general
+
+case of C components with p
+phases, the number of degrees
+
+of freedom is C minus
+p plus two.
+
+This is components.
+
+And phases.
+
+And where we're going to start
+today is by proving this.
+
+And then we'll do more with
+this problem here.
+
+So the first thing is for us
+to prove Gibbs' phase rule.
+
+So Gibbs phase rule.
+
+We start out with all the
+variables that we have.
+
+And then we add the
+constraints.
+
+And for the Gibbs phase rule,
+then we start with the two
+
+knobs that we can
+turn externally.
+
+Which are the temperature
+and the pressure.
+
+So we start with temperature and
+pressure, as two variables
+
+that we have.
+
+And then we have a
+bunch of phases.
+
+We have C phases.
+
+And in each phase we have to
+describe the composition in
+
+that phase.
+
+So, for each phase
+alpha, we have to
+
+describe its mole fraction.
+
+So here we needed to describe
+xA for phase A. And yA for
+
+phase A. For component
+A in the gas phase.
+
+So now we have alpha
+components.
+
+And for each component we have
+to describe its mole fraction
+
+in that particular phase.
+
+So we have to describe
+x sub i.
+
+But we have a constraint
+on that.
+
+The constraint is that the sum
+of all the mole factions has
+
+to be equal to one.
+
+That's what it is, to
+be a mole fraction.
+
+So the constraint is that x sub
+i, i from one to alpha, is
+
+equal to one.
+
+So the constraint on the number
+of the components,
+
+instead of having, actually, i
+goes from one to C, because
+
+that's the number components.
+
+So instead of having C different
+compositions that we
+
+need to take care of, we
+only need C minus one.
+
+Just like here we only
+needed one, just xA.
+
+We didn't need both xA and xB,
+because we knew the sum was
+
+equal to one.
+
+So that means that we really
+need C minus one variables to
+
+describe the composition
+in one of the phases.
+
+But we have p phases,
+so let me fix this.
+
+We had C components.
+
+We have p phases.
+
+And so for each phase, we have
+to describe the composition.
+
+So that means that we need p
+times C minus one variables to
+
+describe all the components
+and all the phases,
+
+plus these extra two.
+
+So the total number variables
+then that we start out with
+
+before putting the fact that
+we're in equilibrium, is going
+
+to be two plus p times
+C minus one.
+
+So that's a basic description
+of the system.
+
+Then we put in the
+same constraints
+
+that we had up here.
+
+In terms of the chemical
+potentials.
+
+If I take any of the components,
+let's take the
+
+alpha component, or the
+i'th component.
+
+Because it's in equilibrium, the
+chemical potential of that
+
+particular component has to be
+the same in all the phases.
+
+So let's take the
+i'th component.
+
+So yi in phase one has to be
+equal to yi in phase two, has
+
+to be equal to yi in phase
+three, has to be equal to yi
+
+in phase p.
+
+All the chemical potentials have
+to be the same across all
+
+the phases for that component.
+
+And if you count the number of
+equations, the number of
+
+equals signs here, that's p
+minus one. p minus one equals
+
+signs, constraints due to
+the fact that I have an
+
+equilibrium here.
+
+So this gives me p minus
+one constraints.
+
+And this is true for every
+single component.
+
+Every single component has to
+have its chemical potential,
+
+its chemical potential equal
+throughout the phases.
+
+So p minus one's constraint
+for one component times C
+
+components.
+
+So for a total of C times p
+minus one total constraints.
+
+My variables, my constraints.
+
+So the number of degrees of
+freedom then becomes p times C
+
+minus one minus C times p minus
+one and then plus two.
+
+And if you multiply this out,
+p times C gets rid of the p
+
+times C here.
+
+And you get the plus
+C minus p plus two.
+
+Which is the Gibbs phase
+rule, right?
+
+Which I'm going to bring
+back up here.
+
+C minus p plus two.
+
+So just purely in accounting,
+just accounting for the
+
+variables and the constraints.
+
+OK, any questions on
+how we did this?
+
+Great.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's move on, then, to
+these ideal solutions.
+
+Which is this case right here.
+
+And the first thing we're going
+to do is look at the
+
+case where we have A is a
+solvent, and it's volatile.
+
+And B is a solute, which
+is non-volatile.
+
+So let's take the first case.
+
+We have A volatile,
+that's a solvent.
+
+Could be water.
+
+And B is going to
+be the solute.
+
+It's non-volatile.
+
+And let's interchange solute
+or non-volatile to be
+
+consistent here.
+
+So this could be sugar.
+
+A sweet water.
+
+So, Mr. Raoult looked at such
+solutions, and found that they
+
+could be well described by the
+following diagram here.
+
+So if I plot on the x-axis here,
+from zero to one, I'm
+
+going to plot the partial molar
+fraction of the solute.
+
+Partial molar fractions of the
+solute, that's going to be xB.
+
+So when xB equals to zero, I
+have a pure water solution.
+
+When xB is equal to one,
+I have pure sugar.
+
+Then on the y axis, I'm going
+to plot the total pressure.
+
+So when I have a pure water
+solution, the total pressure
+
+is going to be the same as the
+vapor pressure of water at a
+
+particular temperature.
+
+Let's take temperature
+fixed at some value.
+
+Temperature is fixed
+at some value.
+
+I'm going to have the total
+pressure is going to be the
+
+partial pressure of the water.
+
+And clearly, when I don't have
+any water left, all I have is
+
+the sugar, there's
+no pressure.
+
+We're going to assume that it's
+totally non-volatile.
+
+Obviously there's going to
+be a little bit of vapor
+
+pressure, even at room
+temperature.
+
+Ten to the minus, I don't know,
+13 torr or something.
+
+But anyway, it's basically
+zero here.
+
+And what Raoult said is that
+while these two points are
+
+just connected by
+a straight line.
+
+Simplest way to connect
+two points.
+
+Basically, he said that the
+pressure of, the vapor
+
+pressure of the water in
+this case, is equal
+
+to xA times pA star.
+
+I could also plot this with xA,
+going from one to zero,
+
+since xA plus xB is
+equal to one.
+
+Or I could write this as one
+minus xB times pA star.
+
+Where a star, the star,
+means pure water.
+
+So pure A. And pA is the vapor
+pressure of the mixture.
+
+Which in this case here is the
+total pressure, because I
+
+don't have anything else
+that's volatile.
+
+And this is Raoult's law.
+
+And the first thing that you can
+use this for is to look at
+
+your first colligative property
+which is vapor
+
+pressure lowering.
+
+And let me point out another
+thing first.
+
+So if a solution obeys that
+property here, it's called an
+
+ideal solution.
+
+So if the water-sugar solution
+really did behave like a
+
+straight line like this, as
+you increase the amount of
+
+sugar, then it would be
+an ideal solution.
+
+Many things are very
+close to it.
+
+It's not such a bad
+approximation.
+
+Especially in that
+region up here.
+
+Around zero, when the amount
+of sugar is pretty small.
+
+You expect to obey an ideal
+solution behavior.
+
+Alright, so let's look now at
+a glass of water that has
+
+sugar in it.
+
+We've got my glass
+of water, H20.
+
+With some sugar dissolved
+in it.
+
+And it's got a certain vapor
+pressure on top. pA, or pH2O.
+
+And I'm going to ask the
+question, what's the
+
+difference between the vapor
+pressure what it would be
+
+without the sugar in it.
+
+What is pA star minus pA?
+
+Obeys Raoult's law. pA star,
+pA is xA pA star,
+
+plug that in here.
+
+That's one minus xA pA star,
+one minus xA is xB.
+
+xB pA star.
+
+Well, the first thing I know
+is that this is a positive
+
+number. xB is a positive
+number. pA star
+
+is a positive number.
+
+This is greater than zero.
+
+That means that the act of
+putting some solute in my
+
+water decreases the vapor
+pressure of the
+
+water in the gas phase.
+
+Pretty simple.
+
+It's called vapor
+pressure law.
+
+And we can actually take
+this one step further.
+
+We can draw a phase diagram.
+
+So our usual phase diagram here
+with temperature on this
+
+axis here and pressure on this
+axis here, and we've got our
+
+triple point sitting here.
+
+And our gas-liquid line, with
+a critical point here.
+
+So this is gas here, there's
+a liquid here.
+
+And we've got our, this
+is going to be water.
+
+So it's got a negative slope.
+
+I think I've got it
+right this time.
+
+And there's the solid
+phase here.
+
+OK, this is for the
+pure stuff.
+
+So now I can draw a similar
+diagram for sugared water.
+
+And I just looked at
+this, assuming it
+
+obeys Raoult's law.
+
+What we looked at here was the
+gas-liquid coexistence.
+
+And we found that the gas-liquid
+coexistence point,
+
+the vapor pressure of
+the water, was less
+
+than if it were pure.
+
+So that means that if I looked
+at the gas-liquid coexistence,
+
+which is this line right here.
+
+In the presence of sugar,
+that whole line is
+
+going to get lowered.
+
+The pressure, the vapor
+pressure, of the water is
+
+going to be lower when
+the sugar is there.
+
+So the whole thing is
+going to get lower.
+
+Now, if I have a solid, if the
+water is a solid, it's going
+
+to crystallize the water, the
+sugar is going to be separated
+
+from the water.
+
+The sugar and the water are not
+going to really know about
+
+each other.
+
+They're just going to have big
+chunks of pure water, with
+
+every now and then a molecule
+of sugar that's in there.
+
+So you don't really expect to
+see any difference between the
+
+pure solid water, in terms of
+the gas-solid interface, and
+
+the pure liquid water.
+
+There's no sugar in
+the gas phase.
+
+And as far as the gas phase is
+concerned, that solid phase is
+
+pure water.
+
+It's just seeing pure ice
+crystals on the surface.
+
+Every now and then there's
+a molecule of sugar.
+
+So you expect this to be
+pretty close here.
+
+So you expect the triple
+point to go down.
+
+And if I now, I go up to the
+solid-liquid coexistence, and
+
+go up like this, I can make a
+prediction about solid-liquid
+
+coexistence.
+
+I can predict that if I'm
+looking at, let's put one bar
+
+here somewhere.
+
+One bar.
+
+Room temperature, sitting
+here somewhere.
+
+One bar, room temperature,
+water is all liquid.
+
+This is what it would usually,
+solid, liquid, that would be
+
+273 degrees Kelvin.
+
+That's the melting
+point of water.
+
+So now if I put sugar in the
+water, and I follow my diagram
+
+here, what I find is that the
+new melting point of water is
+
+some new temperature T, T1,
+where T1 is less than 273
+
+degrees Kelvin.
+
+You all know this.
+
+When you put something, like an
+impurity, a salt or sugar
+
+in the water, the melting
+point gets depressed.
+
+It goes down.
+
+Straight from here.
+
+You can build it up straight
+from here.
+
+When we get to the colligative
+properties, we'll attack it
+
+from the point of chemical
+potentials.
+
+We'll equate chemical potentials
+and we'll look at
+
+the change in the chemical
+potential in the water, and
+
+the presence of the sugar and
+we'll do it rigorously.
+
+But this is sort of the first
+indication that these
+
+colligative properties are all
+connected to each other.
+
+They're connected to
+this diagram here.
+
+OK.
+
+So when I was a kid, and I knew
+that this was the case.
+
+Everybody knows this
+is the case, right?
+
+You put salt in the water
+and you expect all sorts
+
+of things to happen.
+
+You expect the vapor pressure
+to go down.
+
+And certainly you know that you
+add salt to the roads and
+
+the water melts, et cetera.
+
+And my mother always told me
+that the reason why you added
+
+salt to the water was so that
+the temperature of the water
+
+would get higher when you
+try to boil pasta.
+
+And for, I don't know, fifteen
+years I believed her.
+
+Until I taught thermodynamics.
+
+And I actually calculated the
+change in the temperature by
+
+adding a few pinches of
+salt to the water.
+
+And you know how small that
+temperature change is?
+
+You should calculate it.
+
+It's really tiny.
+
+It won't make any difference
+for the water.
+
+Probably the difference in the
+temperature of the water will
+
+be the same as if I cooked here
+versus halfway up Mount
+
+Washington in New Hampshire
+or something.
+
+Probably even less.
+
+There's no difference.
+
+The reason why you add salt is
+so that it tastes better.
+
+That's the only reason.
+
+It has nothing to do with
+thermodynamics.
+
+Alright, any questions
+on this?
+
+So we going to make it a little
+bit more complicated
+
+now, if there's no questions.
+
+We're going to now have,
+instead of having one
+
+non-volatile solute, use we're
+going to have two, we're going
+
+to have this mixture.
+
+Where both components
+are volatile.
+
+Can we erase this?
+
+Actually, I may not
+erase this.
+
+Because I want to keep
+Raoult's law here.
+
+OK, we're going to have a
+mixture of two volatile
+
+components.
+
+For instance, water
+and alcohol.
+
+Your your typical martini
+type situation.
+
+Or margarita.
+
+Whatever's your favorite
+drink.
+
+So now we have xA, we have xB,
+we have yA, we have yB.
+
+And we're going to assume that
+both obey Raoult's law with
+
+respect to each other.
+
+So now if I draw a diagram,
+and I just focus on, so
+
+there's the total pressure
+sitting here.
+
+And I just focus on
+one component
+
+and ignore the other.
+
+Suppose I focus on A. And I know
+that A in the presence of
+
+B, the partial pressure of A is
+going to obey Raoult's law.
+
+And let's take A to be the more
+volatile component in
+
+this case here.
+
+So pA star is bigger
+than pB star.
+
+The partial pressure, pure A,
+had a particular temperature,
+
+T fixed is bigger than pB star,
+it's the more volatile
+
+of the two.
+
+So if I were to plot pA as a
+function of xB, going from
+
+zero to one, so it'll be
+Raoult's law, I'm going to
+
+start at pA star.
+
+And I'm going to go down
+linearly to xB equals one.
+
+Now I can do the same thing for
+the partial pressure of B.
+
+And assume that in the presence
+of A, just looking at
+
+this component B, now, and I'm
+looking at the partial
+
+pressure of B, and it's got its
+impurity in it, A. B obeys
+
+Raoult's law with A in there.
+
+But now if I want to keep the
+same x axis here, I can look
+
+at xA here, going from
+zero to one.
+
+So I just basically flip
+the thing over.
+
+So at xA equals zero that's
+pure B. pB star is
+
+less than pA star.
+
+I'm starting here, on that side
+here. pB star, and I'm
+
+going down in a straight line to
+zero. pB is equal to xB pB
+
+star, straight line all
+the way to zero when
+
+xB is equal to zero.
+
+So that's pB.
+
+And that's pA.
+
+Now, the total pressure is the
+sum of the two. pA plus pB.
+
+So the total pressure in this
+system here, that I measure
+
+here, is just the sum of these
+two straight lines.
+
+Let me do it in blue.
+
+The total pressure, if you add
+up these two straight lines
+
+together, you got another
+straight line.
+
+Two straight lines make a
+straight line. p is pA plus pB
+
+is equal to xA pA star
+plus xB pB star.
+
+Now, xA and xB are related.
+xB is one minus xA.
+
+And so really, this is only a
+function of one variable here.
+
+Linearly, with respect
+to one variable.
+
+OK, what does this
+diagram tell me?
+
+So now, let's ignore
+how we built it.
+
+And let's take a look at it.
+
+So I have, going to take
+xB on the bottom here.
+
+From zero to one.
+
+We could choose either one, and
+I've got the straight line
+
+for the total pressure going
+from pA star to pB star.
+
+T is fixed.
+
+I need to tell you that T is
+fixed because I have two
+
+degrees of freedom, right?
+
+I have two degrees of freedom.
+
+My degrees of freedom are the
+temperature, which I'm fixing.
+
+And the composition
+in the liquid
+
+phase, which I'm fixing.
+
+So my two variables are
+xB and T. Those are my
+
+two degrees of freedom.
+
+And I'm telling you what
+the total pressure is.
+
+I'm giving you total pressure as
+a function of xB and T. By
+
+fixing T, I'm really telling
+you what the pressure is of
+
+the function of xB.
+
+So the Gibbs phase rule then
+tells me that the pressure
+
+should be only a function
+of xB if T is fixed.
+
+Should be a line.
+
+Not necessarily straight,
+but it should be a
+
+line in this diagram.
+
+To have coexistence.
+
+So what this line is, then,
+this line is the line of
+
+points that tells me when I have
+coexistence between the
+
+gas phase and the
+liquid phase.
+
+The coexistence line.
+
+This is the gas-liquids
+coexistence
+
+line for the mixture.
+
+It's not so different than this
+coexistence line up here.
+
+So you can think of this as a
+phase diagram, kind of like
+
+you thought, you know this
+as a phase diagram.
+
+It's got a coexistence line.
+
+And then if I'm above this
+line, if I'm at a certain
+
+pressure here, I'm at this
+point here, this pressure
+
+well, let's go to a
+slightly higher
+
+different pressure here.
+
+And this composition here.
+
+I'm not on the line.
+
+That means that I don't
+have coexistence
+
+between liquid and gas.
+
+I'm above the line.
+
+I'm at a pressure higher then
+where I would get coexistence.
+
+The pressure is higher,
+means I probably don't
+
+have a gas any more.
+
+Probably means that the total
+pressure pushing down on my
+
+mixture is too high to have
+a gas phase around.
+
+It means that the top part
+here is a liquid phase.
+
+So I'm in the liquid phase if
+I'm above this line and I have
+
+a coexistence between the
+gas and the liquid
+
+if I'm on the line.
+
+Now, if I'm below this line
+here, well, I get in trouble.
+
+I get in trouble because my
+first instinct would be, well
+
+this is just gas.
+
+I go from liquid, and then
+I have coexistence.
+
+Then I go into the gas phase.
+
+But my x-axis here is
+the composition
+
+in the liquid phase.
+
+There's no liquid around.
+
+So I really can't say
+anything here.
+
+This diagram is a little bit
+meaningless down here.
+
+Because my x-axis is describing
+a phase which
+
+doesn't exist on the diagram.
+
+On this diagram, here.
+
+So when you see it, this diagram
+here with Raoult's law
+
+on it, you've got to remember
+that the part that's really
+
+interesting is above the line
+and at the line itself.
+
+So you could do an experiment,
+then, on this line here.
+
+T fixed.
+
+This is the liquid phase.
+
+So suppose I start
+with some high
+
+pressure up here somewhere.
+
+At this point, let's call
+this point one.
+
+We've got my container, my
+piston here. p is equal to p1.
+
+Again, I put the point
+in an awkward place.
+
+Let's put it right there.
+p1, and composition xB.
+
+p1 and xB here.
+
+And I'm going to slowly
+decrease the pressure.
+
+I start in this composition.
+
+The composition doesn't
+change.
+
+I'm just decreasing
+the pressure.
+
+Decrease the pressure, decrease
+the pressure,
+
+decrease the pressure.
+
+And at some point, I
+get to that line.
+
+Get to that line, what happens
+when I get to that line?
+
+I start to see bubbles coming
+out of the liquid.
+
+Vapor starts to form, because
+it wants to be in the
+
+coexistence line.
+
+So I get to that line.
+
+And I get a little bit
+of bubbles forming.
+
+And a little bit of vapor.
+
+That's the liquid here.
+
+Little bit of gas.
+
+And that's why this line here
+is called the bubble line.
+
+So I've gone down, decreased
+the pressure.
+
+So p has gone down now.
+
+Decreased the pressure.
+
+And if I keep on decreasing
+pressure, well, I'm not going
+
+to jump into this area
+of the diagram.
+
+Because this area of the diagram
+means there's no
+
+liquid, it's a meaningless
+area.
+
+If I keep decreasing the
+pressure, I'm still going to
+
+be in coexistence.
+
+I'm just going to
+make more gas.
+
+More vapor.
+
+I'm going to transfer
+more of the liquid
+
+into the vapor phase.
+
+I'm going to ride
+down that line.
+
+I'm going to ride
+down the line.
+
+I'm decreasing the pressure.
+
+I'm not going to
+skip into here.
+
+I'm going to ride down
+the line here.
+
+We're going to keep decreasing
+the pressure even more. p goes
+
+down even more.
+
+Now, I make even more vapor.
+
+There's my piston right there.
+
+There's the gas phase.
+
+There's the liquid phase.
+
+Now I've transferred material
+from the liquid
+
+phase to the gas phase.
+
+But I also changed
+the composition
+
+of my liquid phase.
+
+And if I read my new
+composition, this is what I
+
+started out with. xB.
+
+My new composition in the liquid
+phase is going to be,
+
+let's call it xB prime.
+
+There's going to be more
+solute in there.
+
+Or more B in there, than what
+I started out with.
+
+Now which one was the
+more volatile one?
+
+A or B?
+
+A was more volatile, right?
+
+So as I decreased the pressure
+and I started bubbling off the
+
+material, which one's going to
+bubble off preferentially?
+
+A is going to.
+
+So it makes sense that I would
+concentrate B in there.
+
+Decrease the pressure.
+
+Bubbles that are rich
+in A come out.
+
+Both A and B come out.
+
+But more A comes out than B. And
+what's left over is rich
+
+and then more than the less
+volatile material which is B.
+
+So we're beginning to see how
+distillation comes about.
+
+This is the first step in it.
+
+In a distillation process.
+
+So let's make this a little
+bit more complicated now.
+
+Any questions, first?
+
+Alright, now, suppose
+I wanted to know.
+
+So I found out where the
+composition in the liquid
+
+phase is here.
+
+And I know that should tell
+me immediately whether the
+
+composition in the gas
+phase is here.
+
+So I have all, I have everything
+I need to know to
+
+calculate what the composition
+in the gas phase is.
+
+So I have everything I need,
+then, to calculate and draw a
+
+diagram that looks
+just like this.
+
+Except where my x-axis is the
+y's instead of the x's.
+
+Going to make the same diagram,
+except now I'm going
+
+to use the gas phase as
+my reference point.
+
+The composition in
+the gas phase.
+
+So I need to get, so here I
+got p as a function of xB.
+
+I want p, total pressure,
+as a function of yB.
+
+So I can draw a diagram that
+looks just like this except
+
+now with the x-axis being the
+gas phase composition.
+
+Let's turn the crank.
+
+What do I know?
+
+I know Dalton's law. pA is
+yA times total pressure.
+
+I'm trying mix up the partial
+pressures and the total
+
+pressure in all ways that
+I know how to write it.
+
+And then hope that something's
+going to come out that's going
+
+to be helpful.
+
+So that's Dalton's law.
+
+I know Raoult's law. pA is
+xA star times pA star.
+
+And that's Raoult.
+
+And I can write Raoult's
+law in a different way.
+
+I can write as pB is equal to
+xB pB star, that's just
+
+Raoult's law for B. One
+minus xA pB star.
+
+And I'm looking for this.
+
+I'm looking for the composition
+in the gas phase.
+
+Or the total pressure as a
+function of the composition in
+
+the gas phase.
+
+Let's start by finding the
+composition in the gas phase
+
+as a function of
+the composition
+
+in the liquid phase.
+
+And the total pressure.
+
+Rewrite yA is equal to
+pA over P. Total
+
+pressure is pA plus pB.
+
+Sum of the two partial
+pressures. pA over pA plus pB.
+
+And I'm trying to get yA
+in terms of the xA's.
+
+Or xB's, in terms
+of composition
+
+in the liquid phase.
+
+And I know how to relate
+that to a constant.
+
+Which is the vapor pressure of
+the pure material times the,
+
+and the composition of the
+liquid phase, Raoult's law.
+
+This is xA pA star divided by
+xA pA star plus xB pB star.
+
+And I know that xB
+is one minus xA.
+
+So this is xA pA star times pB
+star plus pA star minus pB
+
+star times xA.
+
+Where all I did was replace
+xB with one minus xA.
+
+And rearrange my equation
+on the bottom.
+
+So I've gotten the composition
+in the gas phase in terms of
+
+the composition in
+the liquid phase.
+
+They're not independent.
+
+I knew they weren't
+independent.
+
+And this just shows me
+that math works.
+
+OK.
+
+So I've got that.
+
+And I can invert this to get the
+composition in the liquid
+
+phase in terms of the
+composition in the gas phase.
+
+It's not so straightforward,
+but you can get xA as a
+
+function of yA, as well.
+
+You've got xA, if you reverse
+this you get xA is
+
+equal to yA pB star.
+
+It looks kind of the same. pB
+star plus pA star plus pB star
+
+minus pA star times yA. xA
+as a function of yA.
+
+Alright.
+
+So now you can actually put
+everything together, starting
+
+from Dalton's law.
+
+Because really what we want
+is the total pressure as a
+
+function of the composition
+in the gas phase.
+
+So there's our total
+pressure here.
+
+There's the composition
+in the gas phase.
+
+There's pA.
+
+We've found composition in
+the gas phase in terms of
+
+composition in the
+liquid phase.
+
+P is equal to yA over pA.
+
+Which is equal to yA
+over xA pA star.
+
+So if we could get rid of
+this here, in terms of
+
+yA, we'd be all set.
+
+We'd get the total pressure as
+a function of the composition
+
+in the gas phase.
+
+And there's what we need.
+
+So we plug that in here.
+
+And now we have the total
+pressure in terms of constants
+
+like these pure vapor pressures
+and the composition
+
+of A in the gas phase.
+
+So let me find a way to
+write that somewhere.
+
+Let me write it right here
+in this little box here.
+
+Plug it in, you get something
+that's not a straight line.
+
+Unfortunately.
+
+Doesn't look like Raoult's law.
+pA star pB star. pA star
+
+plus pB star minus
+pA star times yA.
+
+It's not a straight line.
+
+It's a more complicated
+function.
+
+What does it look like?
+
+Looks like this.
+
+I'm going to use the
+same sort of plot.
+
+I going to plot the total
+pressure on this axis here, on
+
+the y axis.
+
+I'm going to keep the T fixed.
+
+Temperature is fixed.
+
+So I'm going to find the total
+pressure as a function of the
+
+composition in the gas phase.
+
+I'm going to put yB here. yB
+going from zero to one.
+
+So it's kind of looking like
+what I had before.
+
+Total pressure is going
+to look the same.
+
+If you want to do it in terms of
+B, you just have everywhere
+
+you see B replace it with A.
+And everywhere you see A
+
+replace it with B. You just
+need to change the two.
+
+You know that if yB is equal to
+zero, that you have pure A.
+
+So you know that this is going
+to be pA star here.
+
+You know if you have yB equals
+to one in the gas phase, you
+
+have pure B in the gas phase.
+
+You know that what you have is
+the vapor pressure of the pure
+
+B, in this case the pure
+water. pB star, OK?
+
+Where A is more volatile then B.
+A would be the ethanol and
+
+B would be the water.
+
+And it's not a straight line.
+
+If it were Raoult, he would
+say just connect these two
+
+with a straight line.
+
+But it's not.
+
+It's not, we just figured out
+with an equation here.
+
+And it turns out to be a line
+that looks like this.
+
+It's a curved line that
+looks a bit like this.
+
+OK, what does this line mean?
+
+This line is also a
+coexistence line.
+
+That's what we started
+out with.
+
+We started out with Raoult.
+
+That was part of
+our derivation.
+
+Raoult's law tells you the
+composition at coexistence.
+
+Tells you the pressure of, the
+total pressure, or partial
+
+pressure at coexistence
+and the composition.
+
+So this is a coexistence
+line between the
+
+liquid and the gas.
+
+Coexistence between
+liquid and gas.
+
+But now, it's not as a function
+of the composition at
+
+the liquid phase.
+
+It's a function of the
+composition in the gas phase.
+
+Which was missing before.
+
+So now if I do my experiment,
+and I'm, so
+
+what does this mean?
+
+So if I have a point, if I have
+a pressure which is lower
+
+than the line here, then
+I have pure gas.
+
+Pressure, low pressure,
+I have pure gas.
+
+Don't have any liquids.
+
+And that's fine, because
+I can, I know
+
+what that point is.
+
+If I'm sitting below the
+line here somewhere,
+
+so I'm sitting here.
+
+Some composition in the gas
+phase, a certain pressure.
+
+That's fine.
+
+It's a meaningful point.
+
+So my container here
+has a piston on it.
+
+And I'm starting out with
+this pressure, p1 here.
+
+p1 pressing down.
+
+And I got yB in this here.
+
+And I increase the pressure,
+pressure goes up.
+
+Composition doesn't change.
+
+I'm just increasing
+the pressure.
+
+Increasing the pressure,
+increasing the pressure.
+
+Now, at some point the pressure
+becomes big enough
+
+that I start to see
+liquid forming.
+
+Little drops of liquid forming
+in my container.
+
+So now I have little drops of
+liquid that are forming in my
+
+container, that are going to
+start to rain down and form a
+
+little bit of liquid
+pooling at the
+
+bottom of the container.
+
+And that's called
+the dew line.
+
+The other one was called the
+bubble line, this is called
+
+the dew line.
+
+So when I reach the dew line,
+I start forming liquid.
+
+And again, just like in the
+previous case, if I keep
+
+increasing the pressure, I don't
+go into this area here.
+
+First of all, this area's
+meaningless for
+
+this diagram here.
+
+Because this area's
+pure liquid.
+
+But the x-axis here doesn't tell
+me about the composition
+
+of pure liquid.
+
+It's all yB.
+
+It's all about the composition
+in the gas -- yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Between the dew
+line and the bubble line?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: This never,
+never world.
+
+Where you're not allowed
+to inhabit.
+
+We're going to go into
+that next time.
+
+On how to use those two
+curves together.
+
+OK, but the same thing
+happens here.
+
+If I increase the pressure,
+I'm going to ride the
+
+coexistence line up.
+
+I ride it up, and keep
+riding it up.
+
+And I get liquid forming
+in here.
+
+And I can find out the
+composition in
+
+the gas phase now.
+
+The composition in the gas
+phase, as I increase the
+
+pressure, I get yB prime,
+there's yB that I
+
+started out with with.
+
+With yB prime is less than yB.
+
+And remember, B was the less
+volatile of the two.
+
+As I increase the pressure,
+I am forming liquid.
+
+The composition in the
+gas phase changes.
+
+You decrease the mole fraction
+of the less volatile material
+
+in the gas phase.
+
+The more volatile
+A becomes more
+
+prevalent in the gas phase.
+
+And what's coming down is
+mostly, then, it's enriched in
+
+B. You've done an enrichment of
+the less volatile material
+
+down in here.
+
+And now you can put the
+two together, as the
+
+question was asked.
+
+Now we can have, we mix
+the two together.
+
+We mix our Raoult diagram with
+our dew line diagram.
+
+We mix the bubble line and
+the dew line together.
+
+In one diagram, which
+is going to be a
+
+powerful diagram to use.
+
+Total pressure.
+
+Temperature fixed.
+
+You've got two materials, pA
+star is bigger than pB star.
+
+So I'm going to have pA star
+here, pB star down here.
+
+And if I choose, as my x-axis,
+to have xB going from zero to
+
+one, I can draw a coexistence
+line on this axis.
+
+On this diagram.
+
+That's the coexistence
+line in terms of xB.
+
+And any point up here is
+well-described by this xB
+
+value, and the p value.
+
+And as long as I have xB here,
+I'm not allowed to touch the
+
+bottom part of this diagram.
+
+But now if I add another x-axis,
+I'm going to add yB.
+
+From zero to one.
+
+I draw a coexistence line
+in terms of yB.
+
+Like this.
+
+So this line is p
+as a function of
+
+yB coexistence line.
+
+This line is total pressure
+of function of xB.
+
+And as long as I'm on this line
+or below this line, then
+
+this axis makes sense.
+
+That's how we build
+this diagram here.
+
+It's got a bubble line
+on top, and the
+
+dew line on the bottom.
+
+So I'm up here going down, I'm
+going to hit the bubble line.
+
+If I'm down here and go up
+in pressure, I'm going
+
+to hit the dew line.
+
+And next time -- well, next
+time we have an exam.
+
+But on Friday, we'll figure out
+how to use this diagram.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2Y0cpVGuDoM.txt b/2Y0cpVGuDoM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f044a1cb1c2faa15e78b4ee4418cbdcec3291063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2Y0cpVGuDoM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the confirmity of contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confirmity of contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confirmity of contemporary
+architecture worldwide and the inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture worldwide and the inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture worldwide and the inherent
+loss of local identities is a paradox of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of local identities is a paradox of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of local identities is a paradox of
+the century hello my name is gupia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the century hello my name is gupia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the century hello my name is gupia and
+I'm from the mitm Malaysia sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the mitm Malaysia sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the mitm Malaysia sustainable
+cities program in this video I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities program in this video I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities program in this video I'll be
+presenting the significance of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the significance of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the significance of local
+involvement in continuing architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in continuing architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement in continuing architectural
+identity within rapidly globalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity within rapidly globalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity within rapidly globalized
+cities Malaysia is experiencing rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities Malaysia is experiencing rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities Malaysia is experiencing rapid
+development from Little Villages into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development from Little Villages into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development from Little Villages into
+mega cities steered by a series of grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega cities steered by a series of grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega cities steered by a series of grand
+transformation plans such as the 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation plans such as the 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation plans such as the 2020
+Vision one consequence of Rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision one consequence of Rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision one consequence of Rapid
+development is The Disappearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is The Disappearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is The Disappearance of
+local architectural values embodied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local architectural values embodied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local architectural values embodied in
+the functional buil form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional buil form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional buil form
+the living culture and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the living culture and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the living culture and their
+relationship with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the
+environment the transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the transformation of
+Malaysian local architectural identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian local architectural identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian local architectural identity
+can be seen in government-led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen in government-led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen in government-led
+developments and is epitomized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and is epitomized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and is epitomized by the
+new federal administrative Center Putra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new federal administrative Center Putra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new federal administrative Center Putra
+jaaya there and elsewhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaaya there and elsewhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaaya there and elsewhere the
+government's attempts to Define identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's attempts to Define identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's attempts to Define identity
+through architecture have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through architecture have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through architecture have been
+characterized as topown and exclusive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as topown and exclusive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as topown and exclusive in
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+instead of elevating Malaysia's local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of elevating Malaysia's local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of elevating Malaysia's local
+Architectural Traditions the top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architectural Traditions the top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architectural Traditions the top-down
+approach to a sitting identities tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a sitting identities tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a sitting identities tends
+to lead to mimicry or copying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to mimicry or copying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to mimicry or copying of
+architectural styles from other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural styles from other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural styles from other parts of
+the world meanwhile some attempts for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world meanwhile some attempts for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world meanwhile some attempts for a
+local identity are trapped in Prestige
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local identity are trapped in Prestige
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local identity are trapped in Prestige
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+parody The Challenge of preserving local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody The Challenge of preserving local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody The Challenge of preserving local
+identity poses several questions how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity poses several questions how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity poses several questions how do
+we ensure the continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ensure the continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ensure the continuity of
+architectural identities in the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural identities in the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural identities in the phase of
+Rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapid
+development would a more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development would a more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development would a more inclusive
+approach to the formation of identity be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the formation of identity be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the formation of identity be
+the way forward one project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way forward one project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way forward one project that
+exemplifies the struggle over local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies the struggle over local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies the struggle over local
+identity in Malaysia is katar iscandar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in Malaysia is katar iscandar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in Malaysia is katar iscandar
+the Johor new state administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Johor new state administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Johor new state administrative
+center located outside J baru the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center located outside J baru the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center located outside J baru the state
+capital intended as the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intended as the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intended as the economic
+Catalyst project for iscandar putri the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalyst project for iscandar putri the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalyst project for iscandar putri the
+site for Kota iscandar was offered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for Kota iscandar was offered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for Kota iscandar was offered by a
+land developer em land a joint venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land developer em land a joint venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land developer em land a joint venture
+between the state of jar and emland was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the state of jar and emland was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the state of jar and emland was
+created a jointly appointed property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a jointly appointed property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a jointly appointed property
+developer was entrusted to design build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer was entrusted to design build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer was entrusted to design build
+and manage the project working within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage the project working within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage the project working within
+tight budget and time frame work onite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight budget and time frame work onite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight budget and time frame work onite
+began in 2004 and was completed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began in 2004 and was completed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began in 2004 and was completed in
+2008 uem L did development strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 uem L did development strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 uem L did development strategy for
+Kota iscandar was dominated by outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kota iscandar was dominated by outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kota iscandar was dominated by outside
+Consultants the criteria of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants the criteria of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants the criteria of having
+strong project references and proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong project references and proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong project references and proven
+track record sidelined local consultants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track record sidelined local consultants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track record sidelined local consultants
+for the master planning process the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the master planning process the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the master planning process the only
+local involvement was a user requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local involvement was a user requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local involvement was a user requirement
+survey no engagement with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey no engagement with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey no engagement with local
+professionals no engagement with a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals no engagement with a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals no engagement with a local
+community no design competition and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community no design competition and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community no design competition and no
+public forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public forum
+these were not required by contract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were not required by contract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were not required by contract and
+involve more time and cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve more time and cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve more time and cost to
+execute although stakeholder workshops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute although stakeholder workshops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute although stakeholder workshops
+were held but did not provide any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were held but did not provide any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were held but did not provide any real
+opportunity to offer feedback on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to offer feedback on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to offer feedback on the
+design of the buildings the Urban Design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the buildings the Urban Design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the buildings the Urban Design
+and Architectural concept guideline made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Architectural concept guideline made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Architectural concept guideline made
+it clear that this project was intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear that this project was intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear that this project was intended
+to Showcase johor's cultural heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Showcase johor's cultural heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Showcase johor's cultural heritage
+J's two main leaders the chief minister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's two main leaders the chief minister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's two main leaders the chief minister
+and the Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Sal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Sal
+had different design preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different design preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different design preferences
+committed to preserving local identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to preserving local identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to preserving local identity
+through cultural heritage the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cultural heritage the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cultural heritage the chief
+minister had traditional Jor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister had traditional Jor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister had traditional Jor
+architecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in
+mind the sultant of Jor on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the sultant of Jor on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the sultant of Jor on the other
+hand suggested B timbalan Administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand suggested B timbalan Administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand suggested B timbalan Administrative
+Building as the reference for G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building as the reference for G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building as the reference for G
+iscandar designed by a British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iscandar designed by a British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iscandar designed by a British
+consultant in 1942 the building is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant in 1942 the building is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant in 1942 the building is an
+Anglo Indian structure with traces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglo Indian structure with traces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglo Indian structure with traces of
+various Islamic styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Islamic styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Islamic styles
+but to avoid the stigma of colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to avoid the stigma of colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to avoid the stigma of colonial
+architecture the design team and several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the design team and several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the design team and several
+state governments officials made a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state governments officials made a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state governments officials made a study
+tour to the alhamra Palace in Spain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour to the alhamra Palace in Spain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour to the alhamra Palace in Spain a
+14th century morish Andalusian heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th century morish Andalusian heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th century morish Andalusian heritage
+site the resulting culta iscandar master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the resulting culta iscandar master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the resulting culta iscandar master
+plan does compromise of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan does compromise of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan does compromise of two
+identities first a mish Andalusian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities first a mish Andalusian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities first a mish Andalusian
+identity for the central axis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for the central axis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for the central axis which
+includes the State Legislative Assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the State Legislative Assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the State Legislative Assembly
+Building and the state Secretariat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building and the state Secretariat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building and the state Secretariat
+office and the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and the main
+plaza second a Jor traditional identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaza second a Jor traditional identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaza second a Jor traditional identity
+for the State office complexes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the State office complexes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the State office complexes at the
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+clusters the moish Andalusian identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters the moish Andalusian identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters the moish Andalusian identity
+came out of a process that was top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of a process that was top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of a process that was top down
+and exclusive all the projects were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusive all the projects were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusive all the projects were
+exclusively awarded to the architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively awarded to the architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively awarded to the architect
+member from the master planning team who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member from the master planning team who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member from the master planning team who
+was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another
+local there was no B selection there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local there was no B selection there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local there was no B selection there was
+no opportunity for local engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no opportunity for local engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no opportunity for local engagement
+there was no local feedback for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no local feedback for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no local feedback for the
+Johor traditional identity the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johor traditional identity the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johor traditional identity the process
+was more inclusive and locally engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more inclusive and locally engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more inclusive and locally engaging
+because the chief minister asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the chief minister asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the chief minister asked for
+involvement from local Consultants one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement from local Consultants one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement from local Consultants one
+local consultant submitted bits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consultant submitted bits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consultant submitted bits that
+were twice rejected because his track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were twice rejected because his track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were twice rejected because his track
+record and project references were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and project references were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and project references were not
+comparable to a larger firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to a larger firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to a larger firms
+to overcome this obstacle he formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome this obstacle he formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome this obstacle he formed a
+joint venture with another passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint venture with another passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint venture with another passionate
+local consultant to understand the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consultant to understand the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consultant to understand the local
+value and aspiration in forging identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and aspiration in forging identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and aspiration in forging identity
+the new team sold out a Heritage expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new team sold out a Heritage expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new team sold out a Heritage expert
+from a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local
+University in comparison the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in comparison the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in comparison the process
+that lead to jeor traditional identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to jeor traditional identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to jeor traditional identity
+was more inclusive and locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more inclusive and locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more inclusive and locally
+engaging it engaged a local consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging it engaged a local consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging it engaged a local consultant
+it was a joint venture with a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a joint venture with a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a joint venture with a local
+partner it sought a local Heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner it sought a local Heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner it sought a local Heritage
+expert it studied local design values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert it studied local design values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert it studied local design values
+the outcome of the top down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the top down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the top down and
+exclusive Mish Andalusian identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive Mish Andalusian identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive Mish Andalusian identity is
+impressively Grand but foring to jeor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressively Grand but foring to jeor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressively Grand but foring to jeor a
+tower mimic that of buket timbalan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower mimic that of buket timbalan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower mimic that of buket timbalan but
+add pseudo Andalusian detailing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add pseudo Andalusian detailing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add pseudo Andalusian detailing and
+copies of alhamra arches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of alhamra arches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of alhamra arches and
+columns now here in the modern times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns now here in the modern times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns now here in the modern times uh
+we simply uh uh take things uh at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply uh uh take things uh at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply uh uh take things uh at its
+end form and so a building like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end form and so a building like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end form and so a building like the
+alhamra okay supposed to represent great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alhamra okay supposed to represent great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alhamra okay supposed to represent great
+Islam so we just transplant it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam so we just transplant it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam so we just transplant it I
+wouldn't even use the word replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even use the word replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even use the word replicating
+would be like copying directly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like copying directly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like copying directly you know
+something from the past and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the past and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the past and I think it's
+too much of a of a copy of a imitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a of a copy of a imitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a of a copy of a imitation
+the uncritical direct copy of foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncritical direct copy of foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncritical direct copy of foreign
+identity results in designs unsuitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity results in designs unsuitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity results in designs unsuitable
+for the the local climate what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the local climate what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the local climate what do we see
+huge skylights too hot for Jar's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge skylights too hot for Jar's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge skylights too hot for Jar's
+equatorial climate which require costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial climate which require costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial climate which require costly
+technology to reduce heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to reduce heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to reduce heat
+gain cour yards that are made of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain cour yards that are made of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain cour yards that are made of heat
+radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating
+surfaces curtain without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shade vast open space makes for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade vast open space makes for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade vast open space makes for an
+unbearable s unbaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable s unbaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable s unbaked
+Plaza if we really consider our tropical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plaza if we really consider our tropical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plaza if we really consider our tropical
+climate which is generally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate which is generally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate which is generally like
+uh warm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh warm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh warm and
+humid so if we want to make places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid so if we want to make places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid so if we want to make places
+comfortable for people and this need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable for people and this need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable for people and this need to
+be really taken into consideration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really taken into consideration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really taken into consideration in
+the design in how we arrange buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design in how we arrange buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design in how we arrange buildings
+in how we plant trees provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we plant trees provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how we plant trees provide
+shading even though these foreign forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading even though these foreign forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading even though these foreign forms
+produced unsuitable design for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced unsuitable design for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced unsuitable design for the
+climate they Prevail in Malaysia's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate they Prevail in Malaysia's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate they Prevail in Malaysia's
+administrative and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative and public
+architecture by contrast the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture by contrast the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture by contrast the more
+inclusive and locally engaging process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive and locally engaging process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive and locally engaging process
+for capturing local identity translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for capturing local identity translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for capturing local identity translates
+to her identity in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reinterpreting local identity as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting local identity as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting local identity as opposed
+to adopting foreign Styles pav the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopting foreign Styles pav the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adopting foreign Styles pav the path
+to cultural and environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultural and environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cultural and environmental
+sustainability today the design creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability today the design creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability today the design creates
+functional contemporary forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional contemporary forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional contemporary forms
+accommodates the social features for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodates the social features for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodates the social features for
+office culture and respond symbiotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office culture and respond symbiotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office culture and respond symbiotically
+to the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment
+A-frame porches make friendly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A-frame porches make friendly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A-frame porches make friendly and
+welcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcoming
+entryways multible Verandas cater space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entryways multible Verandas cater space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entryways multible Verandas cater space
+for meeting and greeting under generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meeting and greeting under generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meeting and greeting under generous
+roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+shade common Lobby features drama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade common Lobby features drama of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade common Lobby features drama of
+traditional forms in space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional forms in space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional forms in space and
+volume layered roofs allow greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume layered roofs allow greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume layered roofs allow greater
+ventilation and frame a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation and frame a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation and frame a visual
+experience delightful over hangs provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience delightful over hangs provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience delightful over hangs provide
+ample weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ample weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ample weather
+protection and craft tradition extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and craft tradition extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and craft tradition extended
+exessive contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exessive contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exessive contemporary
+detailing the chief minister the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailing the chief minister the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailing the chief minister the
+approving committee the master planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving committee the master planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving committee the master planner
+and most of the professional Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the professional Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the professional Community
+were impressed inclusive engagement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were impressed inclusive engagement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were impressed inclusive engagement and
+design methodology were quickly adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design methodology were quickly adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design methodology were quickly adopted
+as a benchmark for the remaining design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a benchmark for the remaining design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a benchmark for the remaining design
+puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles
+comparison between the two identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the two identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the two identity
+processes in Kota iscandar shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in Kota iscandar shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in Kota iscandar shows the
+importance of local value and the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of local value and the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of local value and the role
+of local involvement in continuing local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local involvement in continuing local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local involvement in continuing local
+identity here are some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here are some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here are some key
+lessons include local consultants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons include local consultants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons include local consultants and
+local experts to allow for deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experts to allow for deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experts to allow for deeper
+intrinsic attitude and approach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic attitude and approach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic attitude and approach in
+incorporating local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating local
+values practice a transparent and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values practice a transparent and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values practice a transparent and open
+bit process to promote competitiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit process to promote competitiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit process to promote competitiveness
+and to prevent design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prevent design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prevent design
+complacency consider local citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacency consider local citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacency consider local citizen
+involvement for sense of commitment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement for sense of commitment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement for sense of commitment and
+attachment in order to reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment in order to reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment in order to reflect the
+culture and values of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and values of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and values of the population
+planning process must move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process must move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process must move from
+exclusive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive to
+inclusive this is vital for cultural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive this is vital for cultural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive this is vital for cultural and
+environmental sustainability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental sustainability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental sustainability in
+developing cities today it is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing cities today it is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing cities today it is our
+responsibility to make sure our cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to make sure our cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to make sure our cities
+do not end up looking the same help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not end up looking the same help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not end up looking the same help
+preserve our local Heritage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2f9EfEga4Oo.txt b/2f9EfEga4Oo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c730b14b5dc88ae95485e20cf5a66f876683a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2f9EfEga4Oo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now put to use our understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now put to use our understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now put to use our understanding
+of the coin tossing model and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin tossing model and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin tossing model and The
+Associated binomial probabilities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated binomial probabilities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated binomial probabilities we
+will solve the following problem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve the following problem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve the following problem we have
+a coin which is tossed 10 times and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin which is tossed 10 times and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin which is tossed 10 times and we
+are told that exactly three out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told that exactly three out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are told that exactly three out of the
+ten tosses resulted in heads given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten tosses resulted in heads given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten tosses resulted in heads given this
+information we would like to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would like to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would like to calculate
+the probability that the first 2 tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the first 2 tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the first 2 tosses
+were heads this is a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were heads this is a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were heads this is a question of
+calculating a conditional probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a conditional probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a conditional probability of
+one event given another the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event given another the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event given another the conditional
+probability of event a namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event a namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event a namely that the
+first 2 tosses were heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 2 tosses were heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 2 tosses were heads
+given that another event B has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that another event B has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that another event B has occurred
+namely that we had exactly 3 hands out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that we had exactly 3 hands out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that we had exactly 3 hands out
+of the 10 tosses however before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 tosses however before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 tosses however before we can
+start working towards the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working towards the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working towards the solution to
+this problem we need to specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we need to specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we need to specify a
+probability model that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model that we will be
+working with we need to be explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with we need to be explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with we need to be explicit
+about our assumptions to this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our assumptions to this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our assumptions to this effect
+let us introduce the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us introduce the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us introduce the following
+assumptions we will assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we will assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we will assume that the
+different coin tosses are independent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin tosses are independent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin tosses are independent in
+the statistical sense in addition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical sense in addition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical sense in addition we
+will assume that each coin toss has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that each coin toss has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that each coin toss has a
+fixed probability P the same for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability P the same for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability P the same for each
+toss that a particular toss results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss that a particular toss results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss that a particular toss results in
+hands these are the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands these are the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands these are the exact same
+assumptions that we made earlier when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we made earlier when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we made earlier when we
+derived the binomial probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the binomial probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the binomial probabilities and
+in particular we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we have the following
+formula that if we have n tosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that if we have n tosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that if we have n tosses the
+probability that we obtain exactly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we obtain exactly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we obtain exactly K
+heads is given by this expression so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is given by this expression so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads is given by this expression so now
+we have a model in place and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a model in place and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a model in place and also the
+tools that we can use to analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we can use to analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we can use to analyze this
+particular model let us start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model let us start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model let us start working
+towards a solution actually we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a solution actually we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a solution actually we will
+develop two different solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop two different solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop two different solutions and
+compare them at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them at the end
+the first approach which is the safest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approach which is the safest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approach which is the safest
+one is the following since we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the following since we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the following since we want to
+calculate the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the conditional probability
+let us just start with the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us just start with the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us just start with the definition of
+conditional probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities the
+conditional probability of an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of an event
+given another event is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given another event is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given another event is the probability
+that both events happen divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both events happen divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both events happen divided by the
+probability of the conditioning event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the conditioning event
+now let us specialize to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us specialize to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us specialize to the particular
+example that we're trying to solve so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we're trying to solve so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we're trying to solve so in
+the numerator we are talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator we are talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator we are talking about the
+probability that event a happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that event a happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that event a happens and
+event B happens what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B happens what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B happens what does that mean
+this means that event a happens that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that event a happens that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that event a happens that is
+the first two tosses resulted in heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two tosses resulted in heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two tosses resulted in heads
+which I'm going to denote symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to denote symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to denote symbolically
+this way but in addition to that event B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but in addition to that event B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but in addition to that event B
+happens and event B requires that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and event B requires that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and event B requires that there
+is a total of three heads which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total of three heads which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a total of three heads which means
+that we had one more head in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had one more head in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had one more head in the
+remaining tosses so we have one head in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining tosses so we have one head in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining tosses so we have one head in
+tosses three all the way to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as for the denominator let's keep it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the denominator let's keep it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the denominator let's keep it the
+way it is for now so let's continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is for now so let's continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is for now so let's continue with
+the numerator we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator we're talking about the
+probability of two events happening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two events happening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two events happening that
+the first 2 tosses were heads and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 2 tosses were heads and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 2 tosses were heads and that
+in toss is 3 up to 10 we had exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in toss is 3 up to 10 we had exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in toss is 3 up to 10 we had exactly one
+head here comes the independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head here comes the independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head here comes the independence
+assumption because the different tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption because the different tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption because the different tosses
+are independent whatever happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent whatever happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent whatever happens in the
+first two tosses is independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two tosses is independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two tosses is independent from
+whatever happened in tosses 3 up to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in tosses 3 up to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in tosses 3 up to 10
+so the probability of these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of these two events
+happening is the product of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the product of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the product of their
+individual probabilities so we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities so we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities so we first
+have the probability that the first 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that the first 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that the first 2
+tosses were heads which is P squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses were heads which is P squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses were heads which is P squared and
+we need to multiply it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply it with the
+probability that there was exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there was exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there was exactly one
+head in the tosses numbered from 3 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the tosses numbered from 3 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the tosses numbered from 3 up to
+10 these are 8 tosses the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 these are 8 tosses the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 these are 8 tosses the probability of
+one head in 8 tosses is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one head in 8 tosses is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one head in 8 tosses is given by the
+binomial formula with k equal to 1 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial formula with k equal to 1 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial formula with k equal to 1 and n
+equal to 8 so this expression this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8 so this expression this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8 so this expression this part
+becomes 8 choose 1 P to the first power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 8 choose 1 P to the first power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 8 choose 1 P to the first power
+times 1 minus P to the 7th power so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus P to the 7th power so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus P to the 7th power so this
+is the numerator the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numerator the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numerator the denominator is
+easier to find this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to find this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to find this is the probability
+that we had three heads in 10 tosses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had three heads in 10 tosses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had three heads in 10 tosses so
+we just use this formula the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use this formula the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use this formula the probability
+of 3 heads is given by 10 tosses choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 heads is given by 10 tosses choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 heads is given by 10 tosses choose
+3 P to the third times 1 minus P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 P to the third times 1 minus P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 P to the third times 1 minus P to the
+7th power and here we notice that terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th power and here we notice that terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th power and here we notice that terms
+in the numerator and denominator cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and denominator cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and denominator cancel
+out and we obtain 8 choose 1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we obtain 8 choose 1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we obtain 8 choose 1 divided by
+10 choose 3 and to simplify things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 choose 3 and to simplify things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 choose 3 and to simplify things just
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+or what is 8 choose one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what is 8 choose one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what is 8 choose one this is the
+number of ways that we can choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that we can choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that we can choose one
+item out of 8 items and this is just 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item out of 8 items and this is just 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item out of 8 items and this is just 8
+we can choose any one of those items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any one of those items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any one of those items
+understand of them and let's leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand of them and let's leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand of them and let's leave the
+denominator the way it is so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the way it is so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the way it is so this is the
+answer to this to the question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this to the question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this to the question that we
+had and now let us work towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and now let us work towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and now let us work towards
+developing a second approach towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a second approach towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a second approach towards
+this particular answer in our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular answer in our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular answer in our second
+approach we start first by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we start first by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we start first by looking at
+the sample space and understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space and understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample space and understanding what
+conditioning is all about in our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is all about in our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is all about in our model
+we have a sample space as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sample space as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sample space as usual
+we can denote it by Omega and the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can denote it by Omega and the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can denote it by Omega and the sample
+space contains a bunch of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains a bunch of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space contains a bunch of possible
+outcomes a typical outcome is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes a typical outcome is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes a typical outcome is going to
+be a sequence of length 10 the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sequence of length 10 the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a sequence of length 10 the sequence
+of heads or tails and it's a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads or tails and it's a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads or tails and it's a sequence
+that has length 10 we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has length 10 we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has length 10 we want to calculate
+conditional probabilities and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities and this
+places us in a conditional universe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places us in a conditional universe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places us in a conditional universe we
+have the conditioning event B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conditioning event B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conditioning event B which is
+some set and conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set and conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set and conditional probabilities
+are probabilities defined inside sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probabilities defined inside sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probabilities defined inside sum
+inside this sub in this set B and define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this sub in this set B and define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this sub in this set B and define
+the probabilities the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities the conditional
+probabilities of the different outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different outcomes
+what are the elements of the set B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements of the set B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements of the set B a
+typical element of the set B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical element of the set B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical element of the set B is a
+sequence which is a game of length 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is a game of length 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is a game of length 10
+but has exactly three heads so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has exactly three heads so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has exactly three heads so these are
+the three head sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since we're conditioning on event B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since we're conditioning on event B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since we're conditioning on event B
+we can just work with conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just work with conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just work with conditional
+probabilities so let us find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so let us find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so let us find the
+conditional probability law recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability law recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability law recall that
+any three head sequence has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any three head sequence has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any three head sequence has the same
+probability of occurring in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of occurring in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of occurring in the original
+unconditional probability model namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability model namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability model namely
+as we discussed earlier any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier any particular
+three head sequence has a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three head sequence has a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three head sequence has a probability
+equal to this expression so three head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression so three head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression so three head
+sequences are all equally likely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are all equally likely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are all equally likely this
+means that the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the unconditional
+probabilities of all the elements of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the elements of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the elements of B
+are the same when we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same when we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same when we construct
+conditional probabilities given an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities given an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities given an event
+B what happens is that the ratio or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what happens is that the ratio or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what happens is that the ratio or the
+relative proportions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative proportions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative proportions of the
+probabilities remain the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities remain the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities remain the same so
+conditional probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities are
+proportional to unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to unconditional
+probabilities these elements of B were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities these elements of B were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities these elements of B were
+equally likely in the original model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely in the original model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely in the original model
+therefore they remain equally likely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they remain equally likely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they remain equally likely in
+the conditional model as well what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional model as well what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional model as well what this
+means is that the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the conditional
+probability law on the set B is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law on the set B is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law on the set B is uniform
+given that B occurred all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B occurred all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B occurred all the possible
+outcomes now have the same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes now have the same probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes now have the same probability
+since we have a uniform probability law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a uniform probability law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a uniform probability law
+this means that we can now answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we can now answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we can now answer
+probability questions by just counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability questions by just counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability questions by just counting
+we're interested in the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the probability of a
+certain event a given that B occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event a given that B occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event a given that B occurred
+now given that B occurred this part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given that B occurred this part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given that B occurred this part of a
+cannot happen so we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen so we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen so we're interested in the
+probability of outcomes that belong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of outcomes that belong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of outcomes that belong in
+this shaded region those outcomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shaded region those outcomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shaded region those outcomes that
+belong within the set B to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong within the set B to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong within the set B to find the
+probability of this shaded region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this shaded region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this shaded region
+occurring we just need to count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring we just need to count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring we just need to count how many
+outcomes belong to the shaded region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes belong to the shaded region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes belong to the shaded region and
+divide them by the number of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them by the number of outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them by the number of outcomes
+that belong to the set B that is we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the set B that is we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the set B that is we work
+inside this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this condition
+universe all the elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe all the elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe all the elements in this
+conditional universe are equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe are equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe are equally likely
+and therefore we calculate probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we calculate probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we calculate probabilities
+by Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Counting
+so the desired probability is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the desired probability is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the desired probability is going to
+be the number of elements in the shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of elements in the shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of elements in the shaded
+region which is the intersection of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is the intersection of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is the intersection of a
+with B divided by the number of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B divided by the number of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B divided by the number of elements
+that belong to the set B how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the set B how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the set B how many
+elements are there in the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there in the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are there in the intersection
+of a and B these are the outcomes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B these are the outcomes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B these are the outcomes or
+sequences of length 10 in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of length 10 in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of length 10 in which the
+first two tosses were heads no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two tosses were heads no choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two tosses were heads no choice
+here and there is one more head that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there is one more head that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there is one more head that
+additional head can appear in one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional head can appear in one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional head can appear in one out of
+eight possible places so there's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible places so there's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible places so there's eight
+possible sequences that have the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sequences that have the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sequences that have the desired
+property how many elements are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property how many elements are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property how many elements are there in
+the set B how many three had sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B how many three had sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set B how many three had sequences
+are there well the number of three had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well the number of three had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well the number of three had
+sequences is the same as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is the same as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is the same as the number of
+ways that we can choose three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can choose three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can choose three three
+elements out of set of cardinality 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements out of set of cardinality 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements out of set of cardinality 10
+and this is 10 choose 3 as we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 10 choose 3 as we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 10 choose 3 as we also
+discussed earlier so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier so this is the same
+answer as we derived before with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as we derived before with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as we derived before with our
+first approach so both approaches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approach so both approaches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approach so both approaches of
+course give the same solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course give the same solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course give the same solution this
+second approach is a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second approach is a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second approach is a little easier
+because we never had to involve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never had to involve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never had to involve any
+piece in our calculation we got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in our calculation we got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in our calculation we got to the
+answer directly the reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer directly the reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer directly the reason that this
+approach worked was that the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach worked was that the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach worked was that the conditional
+universe the event B had a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the event B had a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the event B had a uniform
+probability law on it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2z33hyYG6Js.txt b/2z33hyYG6Js.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dc8e5a590b2ad3f4192be394a955247a8c518cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2z33hyYG6Js.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think the idea of like a workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the idea of like a workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the idea of like a workshop
+based class hands-on class like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based class hands-on class like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based class hands-on class like that's
+what's becoming trendy in education at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's becoming trendy in education at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's becoming trendy in education at
+least that MIT right now is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that MIT right now is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that MIT right now is like
+bringing it back to mind in hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it back to mind in hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it back to mind in hand they
+won't work if students don't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work if students don't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work if students don't bring
+anything to workshop or like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to workshop or like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to workshop or like have
+anything ready so that's why the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything ready so that's why the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything ready so that's why the first
+you know two three days of class were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two three days of class were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two three days of class were
+very very information intense to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very information intense to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very information intense to bring
+them up to the point where they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to the point where they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to the point where they had a
+script that they could actually read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that they could actually read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that they could actually read
+aloud at the table read or that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloud at the table read or that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloud at the table read or that they
+would have a scene they could storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a scene they could storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a scene they could storyboard
+mm-hmm I don't know how how was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm I don't know how how was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm I don't know how how was it
+leading the workshops because I get kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading the workshops because I get kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading the workshops because I get kind
+of let you guys take over for those yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let you guys take over for those yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let you guys take over for those yeah
+I mean I think I it was great i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think I it was great i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I think I it was great i mean i
+think we couldn't have done what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we couldn't have done what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we couldn't have done what we did
+if they hadn't come to the class with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hadn't come to the class with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hadn't come to the class with a
+portion of a script that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of a script that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of a script that they could
+storyboard or do some sort of storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard or do some sort of storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard or do some sort of storyboard
+work on I think maybe in the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I think maybe in the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I think maybe in the future you
+might think about having well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about having well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about having well I don't
+know having setting it up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having setting it up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having setting it up so that
+there's instruction about say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's instruction about say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's instruction about say
+storyboarding and in examples and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding and in examples and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding and in examples and kind
+of models then have them do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models then have them do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models then have them do that and
+then have them return for the critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have them return for the critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have them return for the critique
+yeah as opposed to trying to compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as opposed to trying to compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as opposed to trying to compress
+all of that into one yes so but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that into one yes so but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that into one yes so but again
+that's that requires more time mm-hmm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that requires more time mm-hmm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that requires more time mm-hmm so
+yeah my my only workshop workshops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my my only workshop workshops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my my only workshop workshops are
+great because it means that you rely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it means that you rely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it means that you rely a
+lot more on stuff that you sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more on stuff that you sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more on stuff that you sort of just
+know and can talk off-the-cuff about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and can talk off-the-cuff about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and can talk off-the-cuff about and
+don't have to prepare long lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to prepare long lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to prepare long lectures
+which is fantastic but that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fantastic but that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fantastic but that requires
+that you actually are just natively an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually are just natively an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually are just natively an
+expert in that the nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in that the nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in that the nice thing about that
+is that you can reduce the time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can reduce the time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can reduce the time that you
+spend speaking and increase the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend speaking and increase the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend speaking and increase the time
+that they spend working and and speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they spend working and and speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they spend working and and speaking
+and I think the earlier that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the earlier that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the earlier that you get the
+students talking and doing things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students talking and doing things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students talking and doing things in a
+workshop the quick more quickly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop the quick more quickly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop the quick more quickly there
+they like realize that it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like realize that it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like realize that it's not a
+lecture and that they're not just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and that they're not just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and that they're not just going
+to sit there and absorb that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and absorb that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and absorb that they have
+to actually do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do something
+so you had like people reading their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had like people reading their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had like people reading their
+scripts from the beginning of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts from the beginning of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts from the beginning of your
+workshop there was no easing into it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop there was no easing into it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop there was no easing into it it
+was pretty much just like all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much just like all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty much just like all right this
+is the script that someone so submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the script that someone so submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the script that someone so submitted
+last night okay come up and read it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night okay come up and read it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night okay come up and read it for
+us yeah yeah and and then like they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah yeah and and then like they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah yeah and and then like they get
+over their nerves and they just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their nerves and they just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their nerves and they just do it
+and and and and then and then you roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and then and then you roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and then and then you roll
+into I mean the other heart the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I mean the other heart the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I mean the other heart the hard
+thing about doing that is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about doing that is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about doing that is giving
+feedback in a workshop is tough because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in a workshop is tough because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback in a workshop is tough because
+you have to I mean you can't just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to I mean you can't just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to I mean you can't just be
+like great job and you know go sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like great job and you know go sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like great job and you know go sit down
+that was great that you did it but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was great that you did it but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was great that you did it but we're
+not going to give you any like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you any like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you any like
+constructive criticism but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive criticism but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive criticism but you have to
+do it in such a way that it's not ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in such a way that it's not ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in such a way that it's not ego
+destroying and that applies for any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying and that applies for any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying and that applies for any of
+the any of the stuff you know so it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any of the stuff you know so it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any of the stuff you know so it's I
+mean it's hard to do especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's hard to do especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's hard to do especially if
+you're hosting because they're your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hosting because they're your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hosting because they're your
+scent you're commenting on their tone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scent you're commenting on their tone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scent you're commenting on their tone of
+voice there you know delivery style like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice there you know delivery style like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice there you know delivery style like
+a twisted the way they talk you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twisted the way they talk you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twisted the way they talk you know the
+way there yeah so it's a tricky thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there yeah so it's a tricky thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there yeah so it's a tricky thing to
+like get to sort of err on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get to sort of err on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get to sort of err on the side of
+being a little bit softer than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little bit softer than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little bit softer than you
+probably then you it's also sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably then you it's also sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably then you it's also sorry sorry
+I just going to say it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just going to say it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just going to say it's also
+interesting to get them I think it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to get them I think it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to get them I think it just
+for my you know basic pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my you know basic pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my you know basic pedagogical
+experience because I did teach creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because I did teach creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience because I did teach creative
+writing for a while you know it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for a while you know it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing for a while you know it's nice
+to get them to get students as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to get students as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to get students as you said
+talky doing peer work or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talky doing peer work or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talky doing peer work or they're
+critiquing each other yeah so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing each other yeah so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing each other yeah so there
+isn't just this authority figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just this authority figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just this authority figure that
+has all the answers there's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the answers there's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all the answers there's also this
+innate sense that we all have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate sense that we all have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate sense that we all have and
+students have of what's working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have of what's working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have of what's working and
+what's not because they're our audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not because they're our audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not because they're our audience
+members too and they have that audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members too and they have that audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members too and they have that audience
+sensibility actually a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility actually a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibility actually a really important
+thing was to establish that the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was to establish that the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was to establish that the medium
+in which we were working had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we were working had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we were working had no
+established best practices and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established best practices and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established best practices and that was
+something that I tried to emphasize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I tried to emphasize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I tried to emphasize a
+lot and say you know I very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and say you know I very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and say you know I very strong
+opinions on what I think is good hosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on what I think is good hosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions on what I think is good hosting
+and what isn't but at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isn't but at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what isn't but at the end of the day
+you do what you want as long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what you want as long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what you want as long as you can
+justify it to me you know like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it to me you know like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it to me you know like you can
+take or leave my advice on how I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take or leave my advice on how I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take or leave my advice on how I think
+you should edit the section but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should edit the section but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should edit the section but if you
+want to stick with what you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick with what you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stick with what you have and
+you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to
+right out but an A for effort you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out but an A for effort you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out but an A for effort you know
+like that's fine as long as I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's fine as long as I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's fine as long as I see that
+they're like consciously processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like consciously processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like consciously processing
+their own personal taste yeah yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal taste yeah yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal taste yeah yeah um
+what was the thing you just said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the thing you just said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the thing you just said I'm
+saying that you know it's you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know it's you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know it's you don't want
+to just be the only person yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just be the only person yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just be the only person yeah
+critiquing yeah it is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing yeah it is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing yeah it is really important
+it's really really important I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really important I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really important I think
+yeah one of the things about that too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one of the things about that too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one of the things about that too is
+trying to make the classroom I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the classroom I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the classroom I guess
+kind of a safe space where people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a safe space where people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a safe space where people can be
+really honest and you know it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really honest and you know it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really honest and you know it's like you
+know what someone is probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what someone is probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what someone is probably going to
+go at you and your work at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at you and your work at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go at you and your work at some point
+but you need to be okay with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be okay with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be okay with that and
+you if you feel that you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you feel that you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you feel that you need to be
+honest with somebody about their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest with somebody about their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest with somebody about their work
+that's okay too as long as you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay too as long as you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay too as long as you're not
+doing it on some kind of you know I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on some kind of you know I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on some kind of you know I you
+know illegitimate grounds if you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know illegitimate grounds if you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know illegitimate grounds if you have if
+it's a legitimate critique you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legitimate critique you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legitimate critique you should
+feel okay about saying it yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay about saying it yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay about saying it yeah that's a
+good point i think to their can it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point i think to their can it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point i think to their can it can
+sometimes be helpful to just kind of lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be helpful to just kind of lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be helpful to just kind of lay
+the ground rules of critique like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground rules of critique like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground rules of critique like what's
+person I mean sometimes it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean sometimes it's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean sometimes it's not obvious
+to students like what's what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students like what's what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students like what's what's a
+personal attack what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal attack what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal attack what's what's
+constructive criticism of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive criticism of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive criticism of the work
+sometimes people need yes I don't a peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people need yes I don't a peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people need yes I don't a peer
+review yeah exactly and expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review yeah exactly and expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review yeah exactly and expect that
+people know the rules I know luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know the rules I know luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know the rules I know luckily
+just having Jamie at every single class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having Jamie at every single class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having Jamie at every single class
+was really helpful and I I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really helpful and I I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really helpful and I I mean it's
+hard like in an ideal world every class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard like in an ideal world every class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard like in an ideal world every class
+would have a staff was like five people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a staff was like five people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a staff was like five people
+who are all experts on different facets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are all experts on different facets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are all experts on different facets
+of the industry and then a dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry and then a dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry and then a dedicated
+instructional designer facilitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer facilitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer facilitating
+group discussion every day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group discussion every day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group discussion every day to
+instructors for right let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors for right let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors for right let's do this
+right but you know what like that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know what like that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know what like that's what
+it takes it really does because if Jamie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes it really does because if Jamie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes it really does because if Jamie
+wasn't there like I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't there like I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't there like I don't know how to
+facilitate classroom discussion I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate classroom discussion I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate classroom discussion I really
+you know she would be able to interject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she would be able to interject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she would be able to interject
+and sort of coach these things sublimity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of coach these things sublimity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of coach these things sublimity
+subliminally without having to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminally without having to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminally without having to establish
+like guys these are the classroom were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like guys these are the classroom were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like guys these are the classroom were a
+little bit like no picking on people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like no picking on people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like no picking on people you
+know like it was just all done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like it was just all done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like it was just all done very
+organically and yeah and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organically and yeah and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organically and yeah and that's actually
+very hard I mean I'm it is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard I mean I'm it is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard I mean I'm it is such a
+cop-out answer to be like it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop-out answer to be like it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop-out answer to be like it's important
+to foster a good classroom space go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster a good classroom space go do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster a good classroom space go do
+it you know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know but I
+don't really know how to give actionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to give actionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to give actionable
+items to people who are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to people who are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to people who are trying to do
+this in their schools I think um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their schools I think um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in their schools I think um one
+thing I tried to do was and this was off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I tried to do was and this was off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I tried to do was and this was off
+of Jamie suggestion was to do every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jamie suggestion was to do every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jamie suggestion was to do every
+single assignment that I assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single assignment that I assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single assignment that I assigned to the
+students so on day one when they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so on day one when they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so on day one when they had to
+record a selfie pitch I did it and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a selfie pitch I did it and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a selfie pitch I did it and I was
+like this is not perfect and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is not perfect and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is not perfect and the next
+day I pointed out things that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I pointed out things that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I pointed out things that I didn't
+like about it or things that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it or things that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about it or things that could have
+been better about my own work so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better about my own work so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better about my own work so I think
+having something physical to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something physical to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something physical to be able to
+critique to sort of show people how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique to sort of show people how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique to sort of show people how to
+recruit a kit you know it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit a kit you know it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit a kit you know it's not even
+just show people what's wrong but show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show people what's wrong but show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show people what's wrong but show
+people the act of critiquing right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the act of critiquing right oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the act of critiquing right oh
+it's really important because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because if you
+don't have the physical examples I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the physical examples I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the physical examples I mean
+it's just like saying like lighting has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like saying like lighting has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like saying like lighting has
+to be done well you know well I do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done well you know well I do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done well you know well I do you
+don't show them an example of a well-lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show them an example of a well-lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show them an example of a well-lit
+seen they're not going to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they're not going to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they're not going to be able to to
+do this yeah the things you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this yeah the things you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this yeah the things you get from
+from students who aren't used to giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from students who aren't used to giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from students who aren't used to giving
+that kind of critique tend to be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of critique tend to be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of critique tend to be either
+oh it was good or I didn't like it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was good or I didn't like it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was good or I didn't like it yeah
+neither one of it is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither one of it is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither one of it is particularly
+helpful they are invited writing class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful they are invited writing class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful they are invited writing class
+students will be like this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will be like this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will be like this is really
+deep yeah but then like to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep yeah but then like to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep yeah but then like to be able to be
+there as an instructor and say okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an instructor and say okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an instructor and say okay why
+do you think it yeah exactly why why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it yeah exactly why why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it yeah exactly why why is
+it good why is it deep why didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it good why is it deep why didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it good why is it deep why didn't you
+like it like the questions that drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like the questions that drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it like the questions that drive
+them to to give a more tangible answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to give a more tangible answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to to give a more tangible answer I
+mean that's really important in the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's really important in the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's really important in the live
+discussion like yeah it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion like yeah it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion like yeah it and it's
+important I think to have it in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think to have it in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think to have it in real
+time which is why I don't know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is why I don't know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is why I don't know how you
+can scale this experience up like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale this experience up like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale this experience up like if you
+offer this as an online class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer this as an online class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer this as an online class for
+instance like I guess you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like I guess you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like I guess you could have
+forms where students critique each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms where students critique each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms where students critique each other
+but again like without the guidance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again like without the guidance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again like without the guidance of
+you know someone who's practiced it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone who's practiced it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone who's practiced it that
+limits you and then you know someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits you and then you know someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits you and then you know someone who
+responds like why do you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds like why do you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds like why do you think you know
+this was deep like the next day he sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was deep like the next day he sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was deep like the next day he sort
+of lose that momentum I mean the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lose that momentum I mean the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lose that momentum I mean the really
+great thing is when when when this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing is when when when this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing is when when when this sort
+of stuff happens on set like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff happens on set like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff happens on set like when we
+were shooting the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting the episode
+the exploding wire and our student host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploding wire and our student host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exploding wire and our student host
+got to see you me and the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see you me and the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see you me and the director
+photography get into a fight about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography get into a fight about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography get into a fight about why
+we thought the framing was wrong and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought the framing was wrong and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought the framing was wrong and I
+mean it was literally like what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was literally like what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was literally like what do you
+think of this framing I hate it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this framing I hate it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this framing I hate it why
+because it looks like an episode of home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like an episode of home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like an episode of home
+improvement like an actual episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement like an actual episode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement like an actual episode of
+home improvement or the like show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home improvement or the like show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home improvement or the like show that
+they were Perry parroting in home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Perry parroting in home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Perry parroting in home
+improvement no the crappy version okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement no the crappy version okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement no the crappy version okay
+well let's figure out how to fix it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's figure out how to fix it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's figure out how to fix it you
+know like that's the kind of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that's the kind of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that's the kind of discussion
+that happens on set yeah and that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens on set yeah and that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens on set yeah and that is so
+much more helpful for someone to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more helpful for someone to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more helpful for someone to see
+then sometimes people struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes people struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes people struggle with
+framing here are some tips try to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing here are some tips try to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing here are some tips try to you
+know put the people in this framing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put the people in this framing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put the people in this framing it
+might be more engaging right like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more engaging right like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more engaging right like that's
+sort of how media things are presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how media things are presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how media things are presented
+right now but to see like George and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but to see like George and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but to see like George and me
+fight is one way more entertaining but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight is one way more entertaining but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight is one way more entertaining but
+to like I think like she probably took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like I think like she probably took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like I think like she probably took a
+lot more out of that than I'm watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more out of that than I'm watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more out of that than I'm watching
+like a lecture series
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3D51nqZ-97Q.txt b/3D51nqZ-97Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67260eeb439d91df47dc3819ebfcccbfb7b55595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3D51nqZ-97Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8882 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+as you expect the big news is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you expect the big news is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you expect the big news is that
+there's a quiz next week so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quiz next week so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quiz next week so hopefully
+that's all square everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all square everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all square everybody knows
+everything uh questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh questions comments
+everybody's pretty comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's pretty comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's pretty comfortable with
+what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with the
+quiz if you have a conflict please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz if you have a conflict please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz if you have a conflict please
+contact me shortly because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact me shortly because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact me shortly because I have to
+arrange rooms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange rooms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange rooms and
+Proctors no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctors no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctors no
+questions good so last time we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good so last time we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good so last time we looked at
+discreet time frequency responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time frequency responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time frequency responses
+lots of things were similar a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things were similar a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things were similar a few things
+were different the biggest the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different the biggest the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different the biggest the the first
+difference we saw was that in discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we saw was that in discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we saw was that in discret
+time we like to think about complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we like to think about complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we like to think about complex
+geometric sequences rather than complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequences rather than complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequences rather than complex
+exponential sequences and the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequences and the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequences and the effect of
+that is that the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the frequency response
+lives on the unic circle so if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on the unic circle so if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on the unic circle so if you try
+to think about a discrete time system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a discrete time system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about a discrete time system
+say characterized by a a z transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say characterized by a a z transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say characterized by a a z transform and
+think about what would be its output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would be its output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would be its output
+when there's a sin input just like CT if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a sin input just like CT if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a sin input just like CT if
+you have a sinusal input there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sinusal input there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sinusal input there's going
+to be a sinusal output at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a sinusal output at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a sinusal output at the same
+frequency but the amplitude and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the amplitude and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the amplitude and phase
+can be shifted but to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shifted but to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shifted but to compute the
+amplitude and phase for a DT system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and phase for a DT system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and phase for a DT system you
+look at the unit circle of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the unit circle of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the unit circle of the Z
+transform that's as distinct from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's as distinct from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's as distinct from the
+the plus transform in CT we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus transform in CT we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus transform in CT we looked at
+the J Omega axis so now everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega axis so now everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega axis so now everything we
+used to say about the J Mega axis we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say about the J Mega axis we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say about the J Mega axis we say
+about the unit circle other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the unit circle other than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the unit circle other than that
+things are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are extremely
+similar and just to boost your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and just to boost your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and just to boost your
+confidence that you know exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that you know exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that you know exactly what's
+going on here's a question what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here's a question what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here's a question what if I
+gave you a system that had a single pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a system that had a single pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a system that had a single pole
+and a single zero and say the pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single zero and say the pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single zero and say the pole and
+zero are related that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero are related that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero are related that
+way how would you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how would you think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how would you think about that
+system low Pass High Pass all pass ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system low Pass High Pass all pass ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system low Pass High Pass all pass ban
+pass band stop High stop L stop all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some very early votes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some very early votes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some very early votes that are
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct you had it in recitation so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you had it in recitation so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you had it in recitation so then
+there's no excuse so if I see any wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no excuse so if I see any wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no excuse so if I see any wrong
+answers and I see wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I see wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and I see wrong
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah so maybe I should have the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so maybe I should have the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so maybe I should have the recitation
+instructor well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor well no
+no okay everybody votes so uh High Pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay everybody votes so uh High Pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay everybody votes so uh High Pass
+low pass B pass all pass B stop none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass B pass all pass B stop none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass B pass all pass B stop none of
+the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above
+vote okay the vast majority is 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay the vast majority is 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay the vast majority is 100%
+correct the vast majority is correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the vast majority is correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the vast majority is correct but
+it's not quite 100% so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite 100% so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite 100% so the answer is
+four or all pass why can somebody make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or all pass why can somebody make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or all pass why can somebody make
+an argument why that should be all pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument why that should be all pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument why that should be all pass
+other than you saw yesterday in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than you saw yesterday in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than you saw yesterday in
+recitation I mean that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+yeah you go along Omega exis uh for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go along Omega exis uh for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go along Omega exis uh for low
+Omega the magnitude of Z divid by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the magnitude of Z divid by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the magnitude of Z divid by the
+magnitude of the pole is uh pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the pole is uh pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the pole is uh pretty large
+and then as you go up to infinite Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you go up to infinite Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you go up to infinite Omega
+it's goes to one so everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's goes to one so everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's goes to one so everything's going
+to pass so I'm a little bothered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass so I'm a little bothered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass so I'm a little bothered by
+infinite Omega where where should we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Omega where where should we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite Omega where where should we be
+when we think about things as low Pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about things as low Pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about things as low Pass
+High Pass whatever what are we thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Pass whatever what are we thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Pass whatever what are we thinking
+about when we say something is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we say something is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we say something is a low
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter so somebody says this so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so somebody says this so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so somebody says this so what's
+that mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that's
+correct so a large fraction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so a large fraction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so a large fraction of this
+class is learning to interpret sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is learning to interpret sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is learning to interpret sign
+language in the air so what's it mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in the air so what's it mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in the air so what's it mean if
+a system is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system is low
+pass what what do I look for when I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass what what do I look for when I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass what what do I look for when I look
+at this diagram to see that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this diagram to see that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this diagram to see that something's
+low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where's low frequencies on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's low frequencies on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's low frequencies on this
+diagram cut cut it in half cut it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram cut cut it in half cut it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram cut cut it in half cut it in
+half top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half top and
+bottom take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom take that
+side so low P low frequencies are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so low P low frequencies are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so low P low frequencies are there
+right so we're thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're thinking about uh
+frequencies being uh e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies being uh e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies being uh e to the J Omega
+right because what we were thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what we were thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what we were thinking of
+thinking about we'd like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about we'd like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about we'd like to think about
+cosine of Omega n but we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega n but we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega n but we want to make
+that look like an igen function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like an igen function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like an igen function so we
+want to make that look like e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make that look like e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make that look like e to the J
+Omega n uh plus e the minus J Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n uh plus e the minus J Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n uh plus e the minus J Omega n
+that kind of thing that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing that kind of thing
+okay and divide by half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+okay so the question so this is all pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question so this is all pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question so this is all pass
+and that's actually kind of tricky if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually kind of tricky if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually kind of tricky if
+you think about how it would become that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how it would become that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how it would become that
+way yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's precisely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's precisely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's precisely right so
+somehow uh if you took this distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh if you took this distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh if you took this distance and
+that distance which is not which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance which is not which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance which is not which is
+intended in this figure not to look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended in this figure not to look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended in this figure not to look the
+same but if you took the ratio because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but if you took the ratio because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but if you took the ratio because
+this one's a zero so it's in the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a zero so it's in the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a zero so it's in the top and
+this one's a pole so it's in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a pole so it's in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's a pole so it's in the bottom
+and if you took that ratio somehow if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you took that ratio somehow if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you took that ratio somehow if
+you took that ratio divided by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took that ratio divided by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took that ratio divided by that
+ratio and compared it to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and compared it to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and compared it to this one
+divided by that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that one
+those numbers would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers would be the same
+thing that's what would have have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what would have have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what would have have to
+happen right you would compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right you would compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right you would compute the
+frequency response the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response the magnitude of the
+frequency response by taking the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response by taking the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response by taking the ratio
+of the magnitudes of the angles uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitudes of the angles uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitudes of the angles uh the
+magnitudes of the vectors that connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the vectors that connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the vectors that connect
+the zero to the point of interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero to the point of interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero to the point of interest and
+the pole to the point of Interest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole to the point of Interest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole to the point of Interest the
+point of Interest being on the unic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of Interest being on the unic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of Interest being on the unic
+circle okay it's not at all obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay it's not at all obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle okay it's not at all obvious to
+me that that ratio is a constant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that that ratio is a constant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that that ratio is a constant if you
+move along a circle that's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along a circle that's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along a circle that's another one
+of those things that I think I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that I think I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that I think I need a
+Greek to to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek to to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek to to convince
+me oh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me oh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me oh somebody
+knows wonderful so you should explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows wonderful so you should explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows wonderful so you should explain it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+me explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain to
+me putting you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me putting you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me putting you on the
+spot it's okay if you want to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine thing you do is so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine thing you do is so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine thing you do is so if you have any
+point on the unit circle yep you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the unit circle yep you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the unit circle yep you draw
+like a line from that point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a line from that point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a line from that point to
+the so if you have any point on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if you have any point on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if you have any point on the unit
+circle say that one so you draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle say that one so you draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle say that one so you draw a line
+actually can you do it on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can you do it on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can you do it on the other side
+like the second so you like this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second so you like this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second so you like this side
+better okay so you draw a line from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so you draw a line from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so you draw a line from that
+point the origin okay you also have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the origin okay you also have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the origin okay you also have like
+c one A and A on the xais so one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one A and A on the xais so one over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one A and A on the xais so one over a
+and a dra lines from those to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dra lines from those to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dra lines from those to the point
+up here yeah so now like you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here yeah so now like you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here yeah so now like you have two
+triangles that have like the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that have like the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that have like the same side
+and the same angle and like if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same angle and like if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same angle and like if you just
+use the L of cosiness you have two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the L of cosiness you have two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the L of cosiness you have two so
+you have the big triangle and small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the big triangle and small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the big triangle and small so
+we have this triangle and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this triangle and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this triangle and we have this
+triangle those are the two you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle those are the two you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle those are the two you want and
+yeah so like they have the like the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like they have the like the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like they have the like the line
+on at the left most is like same impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the left most is like same impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at the left most is like same impose
+and like the angle at the center is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the angle at the center is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the angle at the center is the
+same for both and so so this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for both and so so this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for both and so so this angle is
+equal to this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this angle
+central angle the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central angle the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central angle the central
+angle take the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle take the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle take the whole
+triangle take the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle and the angle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin so that angle in both the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that angle in both the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that angle in both the big
+triangle and that angle in the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and that angle in the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and that angle in the big
+triangle and the low L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes like the sides at the bottom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sides at the bottom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like the sides at the bottom are
+like one/ a and a for the two triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one/ a and a for the two triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one/ a and a for the two triangles
+yep yep you just use and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep you just use and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep you just use and that's very
+good isn't that pretty what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good isn't that pretty what was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good isn't that pretty what was that
+isn't that pretty it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that pretty it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that pretty it's that's
+amazing so wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so wonderful
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+congratulations uh so you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations uh so you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations uh so you're also
+working on the triangle thing don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the triangle thing don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the triangle thing don't have
+that yet okay I'll keep checking in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet okay I'll keep checking in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet okay I'll keep checking in so
+the way uh people who don't do quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh people who don't do quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh people who don't do quite so
+well intrigued do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well intrigued do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well intrigued do
+it so you can also just uh empty-headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can also just uh empty-headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can also just uh empty-headed
+substitute zal Z to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute zal Z to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute zal Z to the J
+Omega and then if you want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then if you want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then if you want to make the
+top look a little bit more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top look a little bit more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top look a little bit more like the
+bottom you could take out the e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you could take out the e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you could take out the e to the J
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part and then you see that these look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then you see that these look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then you see that these look
+like complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjugates okay so this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates okay so this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates okay so this is kind of the
+math way and what you said was the trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math way and what you said was the trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math way and what you said was the trig
+way I like the trig way much better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I like the trig way much better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I like the trig way much better the
+plain G way yes so uh like con you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain G way yes so uh like con you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain G way yes so uh like con you get
+same magnitude done okay okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same magnitude done okay okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same magnitude done okay okay so the
+whole point was just to motivate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point was just to motivate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point was just to motivate the
+idea of thinking about an all pass why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thinking about an all pass why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of thinking about an all pass why
+would you build an all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you build an all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you build an all
+pass what's an all pass good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 63 exercises of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 63 exercises of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 63 exercises of
+course what so an all path doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what so an all path doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what so an all path doesn't
+change the magnitude so what's it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude so what's it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude so what's it good
+for changes the phase so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for changes the phase so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for changes the phase so if you were to
+think about what's the phase of the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's the phase of the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what's the phase of the all
+pass you get a a function that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you get a a function that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you get a a function that depends
+differently right so you would have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently right so you would have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently right so you would have so
+you have to compute the angles of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to compute the angles of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to compute the angles of these
+vectors right so this one the angle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right so this one the angle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right so this one the angle at
+the zero starts out at Pi the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero starts out at Pi the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero starts out at Pi the angle
+associated with the pole starts out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the pole starts out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the pole starts out at
+zero there's actually a minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's actually a minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's actually a minus sign in
+here because I took one minus Z compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I took one minus Z compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I took one minus Z compared
+to Z minus a right so I put the Z at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z minus a right so I put the Z at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z minus a right so I put the Z at the
+two places so there's a net minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places so there's a net minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places so there's a net minus sign
+in the whole transfer function so the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole transfer function so the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole transfer function so the pi
+cancels out the pi so we start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out the pi so we start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out the pi so we start at zero
+at zero everybody know what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said so the the angle associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so the the angle associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so the the angle associated with
+the zero is pi but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero is pi but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero is pi but there's also a
+negative sign associated with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign associated with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign associated with the uh
+transfer function because we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function because we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function because we would
+normally like to write uh Z minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like to write uh Z minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like to write uh Z minus
+0 divid Z minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divid Z minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divid Z minus
+pole and I didn't write it that way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and I didn't write it that way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and I didn't write it that way I
+wrote um the top one I wrote backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a net minus sign because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a net minus sign because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a net minus sign because
+of the net minus sign the phase starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the net minus sign the phase starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the net minus sign the phase starts
+out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at
+zero instead of Pi that's how that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero instead of Pi that's how that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero instead of Pi that's how that got
+to be zero so this starts out at PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so this starts out at PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so this starts out at PI
+right the angle starts out at Pi it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the angle starts out at Pi it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the angle starts out at Pi it
+becomes less and then it goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less and then it goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes less and then it goes back to
+being Pi but the angle associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Pi but the angle associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Pi but the angle associated with
+the pole starts at zero and goes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole starts at zero and goes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole starts at zero and goes around
+the pi so the net from the pole is a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi so the net from the pole is a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi so the net from the pole is a pi
+shift which account for why this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift which account for why this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift which account for why this goes
+from Z to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Z to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Z to minus
+Pi okay you could all do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay you could all do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay you could all do that
+right so the idea is that the alt pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea is that the alt pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea is that the alt pass
+would alter the phase and that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would alter the phase and that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would alter the phase and that's one of
+the things I wanted to talk about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I wanted to talk about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I wanted to talk about what's
+the effect of changing the phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of changing the phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of changing the phase and
+I'll do a demo now thinking about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a demo now thinking about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a demo now thinking about how it
+affects audio and at the end of the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects audio and at the end of the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects audio and at the end of the hour
+thinking about how it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how it affects
+video so to uh to think about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so to uh to think about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so to uh to think about this I
+took this fraction and I used a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this fraction and I used a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this fraction and I used a equals
+o0 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.95 and I took uh wave form that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 and I took uh wave form that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 and I took uh wave form that I
+generated with python I just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated with python I just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated with python I just added
+together three tones in the ratio 135 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together three tones in the ratio 135 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together three tones in the ratio 135 in
+frequency so it would sound somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it would sound somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it would sound somewhat
+harmonic and when you add those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and when you add those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and when you add those together
+you get a sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this what you hear is a very dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you hear is a very dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you hear is a very dominant
+tone a very dominant pitch because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone a very dominant pitch because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone a very dominant pitch because I
+made the harmonics be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the harmonics be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the harmonics be
+um integer multiples so I I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um integer multiples so I I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um integer multiples so I I made the
+overtones be integer multiples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones be integer multiples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones be integer multiples of the
+fundamental so the fundamental was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental so the fundamental was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental so the fundamental was
+a440 and I put in the third some third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a440 and I put in the third some third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a440 and I put in the third some third
+harmonic and some fifth harmonic so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and some fifth harmonic so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and some fifth harmonic so you
+get something that sounds very um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that sounds very um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that sounds very um uh
+very constant pitch then I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very constant pitch then I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very constant pitch then I took that
+waveform and put it through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and put it through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and put it through this
+filter and that changes this looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that changes this looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that changes this looking
+waveform into that looking waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform into that looking waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform into that looking waveform
+those are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are real
+waveforms and then it changes the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and then it changes the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and then it changes the sound
+so that instead of sounding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you can all hear the enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can all hear the enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can all hear the enormous
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+right so even with headphones I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even with headphones I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even with headphones I can't
+hear any difference at all and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any difference at all and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any difference at all and that's
+kind of a property of the way you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a property of the way you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a property of the way you hear
+you kind of hear I'll say some caveats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of hear I'll say some caveats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of hear I'll say some caveats
+about this this is not exactly true um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is not exactly true um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is not exactly true um
+so Oh's law of hearing same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Oh's law of hearing same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Oh's law of hearing same
+oh uh says that you hear sounds by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh says that you hear sounds by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh says that you hear sounds by the
+frequencies that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that they
+contain roughly speaking you hear sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain roughly speaking you hear sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain roughly speaking you hear sounds
+according to the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the magnitude of the
+frequencies that you hear now that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that you hear now that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that you hear now that's not
+quite true but it's sort of true uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true but it's sort of true uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true but it's sort of true uh so
+let me do a more complicated example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a more complicated example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a more complicated example so
+the first sound is a consonant vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sound is a consonant vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sound is a consonant vowel
+consonant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant that
+and I put it through the same all pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put it through the same all pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put it through the same all pass
+so I screw up the phases so it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I screw up the phases so it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I screw up the phases so it goes from
+looking like this to looking like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this to looking like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like this to looking like this
+and sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sounding
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that okay hard to hear the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay hard to hear the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay hard to hear the difference
+here's an even more complicated sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an even more complicated sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an even more complicated sound
+this is Bob Donovan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thesis put that through the all pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis put that through the all pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis put that through the all pass and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get was speaking on my what do you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get was speaking on my what do you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get was speaking on my what do you see I
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+brain if I listen to that on headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain if I listen to that on headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain if I listen to that on headphones
+I can actually hear a difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually hear a difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually hear a difference right
+but I study hearing and I know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I study hearing and I know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I study hearing and I know what to
+listen for so uh it's it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen for so uh it's it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen for so uh it's it's still
+difficult to tell the difference now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to tell the difference now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to tell the difference now
+that's because I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because I kind of
+cheated to let you know how I cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated to let you know how I cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated to let you know how I cheated
+let me do something more drastic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do something more drastic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do something more drastic to the
+phase let me play the waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now you could probably hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could probably hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could probably hear the
+difference okay so now check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so now check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so now check
+yourself how does the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how does the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how does the phase of the
+second signal compare to the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second signal compare to the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second signal compare to the phase of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+so look at each other so you can blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at each other so you can blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at each other so you can blame
+each other you know if you if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you know if you if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you know if you if you work
+on this in solitire then I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in solitire then I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in solitire then I'll have to
+blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the phase relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the phase relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the phase relationship between
+the X signal and the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal if I showed you the 48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal if I showed you the 48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal if I showed you the 48 transform
+for the X signal and looked at the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X signal and looked at the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X signal and looked at the Y
+signal which is X of minus n how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is X of minus n how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is X of minus n how would
+the two look the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two look the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two look the same or
+different I sort of gave it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I sort of gave it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I sort of gave it away
+flipping in time does what to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping in time does what to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping in time does what to the
+magnitude of the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the 48
+transform flipp in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time doesn't change the magnitude at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doesn't change the magnitude at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doesn't change the magnitude at all
+what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do flips the sign of the phase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do flips the sign of the phase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do flips the sign of the phase that's
+exactly right so uh you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so uh you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so uh you know if you're
+into mathy sort of things uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathy sort of things uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mathy sort of things uh you can
+think about representing the two as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing the two as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing the two as for
+a series the AKs and the bks and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series the AKs and the bks and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series the AKs and the bks and if you
+think about what happens if you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you have X
+of minus n you can do a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus n you can do a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus n you can do a change of
+variable make that look like X of n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable make that look like X of n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable make that look like X of n then
+it looks more like the 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like the 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks more like the 4A series
+equation except that now I lost my minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation except that now I lost my minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation except that now I lost my minus
+sign so that so a sub K is the same as B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that so a sub K is the same as B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that so a sub K is the same as B
+sub minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub minus
+K the effect is to flip the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the effect is to flip the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the effect is to flip the sign of the
+phase why would that be so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase why would that be so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase why would that be so much more
+audible than the other things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible than the other things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible than the other things that I
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you flipping the sign of the phase why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flipping the sign of the phase why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flipping the sign of the phase why
+would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+audible what would it mean if I flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible what would it mean if I flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible what would it mean if I flip the
+sign from 68° to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+68° not a clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° not a clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° not a clue
+yes would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+butm so would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butm so would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butm so would
+invert right let's see if you went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert right let's see if you went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert right let's see if you went from
+from if you went from plus 68 to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you went from plus 68 to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you went from plus 68 to minus
+68 so say I had cosine of Omega n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so say I had cosine of Omega n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so say I had cosine of Omega n +
+68° and cosine Omega N -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° and cosine Omega N -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° and cosine Omega N -
+68° so I changed the phase by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° so I changed the phase by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° so I changed the phase by by
+flipping the sign of it how would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the sign of it how would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the sign of it how would that
+change the relationship between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the relationship between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the relationship between between
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signals what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals what's
+phase intuitively what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase intuitively what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase intuitively what's
+phase yeah it's this way right it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase yeah it's this way right it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase yeah it's this way right it's time
+shift so the problem with this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so the problem with this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so the problem with this phase
+shift is that you're shifting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is that you're shifting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is that you're shifting all the
+different components by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components by different
+amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of
+phase so you might have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so you might have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so you might have a little bit of
+68 Herz and 72 Herz and 3 khz and 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 Herz and 72 Herz and 3 khz and 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 Herz and 72 Herz and 3 khz and 512
+Hertz and all of those are getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and all of those are getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz and all of those are getting their
+phase flipped so whatever it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase flipped so whatever it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase flipped so whatever it came
+out 13 128 whatever it becomes minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 13 128 whatever it becomes minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 13 128 whatever it becomes minus
+that the all of those pH shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the all of those pH shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the all of those pH shifts
+represent a a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a a Time
+shift right all the components are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift right all the components are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift right all the components are being
+shifted in time so you're shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time so you're shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time so you're shifting
+around things all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around things all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around things all the different
+components by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by some
+amount and what your ear is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and what your ear is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and what your ear is actually
+very sensitive to is the low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to is the low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to is the low frequencies
+when you shift the low frequencies by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shift the low frequencies by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shift the low frequencies by an
+amount of phase that's a big time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of phase that's a big time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of phase that's a big time
+so if you think about the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the fundamental
+frequency that started when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that started when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that started when the
+utterance began and went to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance began and went to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance began and went to the end of
+the utterance that was like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utterance that was like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utterance that was like two
+seconds so whatever that phase is it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so whatever that phase is it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so whatever that phase is it got
+inverted which is a large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted which is a large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted which is a large fraction of
+two seconds probably you can easily hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds probably you can easily hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds probably you can easily hear
+a Time shift of two seconds yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time shift of two seconds yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time shift of two seconds yeah
+you just pureone if it were just a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pureone if it were just a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pureone if it were just a pure
+tone you would have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clue so to make um oh's law a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue so to make um oh's law a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue so to make um oh's law a little
+more precise what your ear really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise what your ear really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise what your ear really does
+is it does low pass it does band pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does low pass it does band pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does low pass it does band pass
+filters if the components fall very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters if the components fall very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters if the components fall very
+close to each other you can hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other you can hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other you can hear the
+phase shift if the components are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift if the components are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift if the components are far
+from each other you can't even the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other you can't even the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other you can't even the notes
+even uh uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh uh the second
+overtone of a fundamental is far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtone of a fundamental is far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtone of a fundamental is far enough
+away that you can't hear the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that you can't hear the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that you can't hear the relative
+phase of it the frequency components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of it the frequency components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of it the frequency components
+have to be very close together so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very close together so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very close together so so you
+can hear phase only in a very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear phase only in a very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear phase only in a very particular
+case when there's frequency components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when there's frequency components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when there's frequency components
+that are very close to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very close to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very close to each other and
+there's a relatively big shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively big shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively big shift in the
+phase of those two signals except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of those two signals except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of those two signals except for
+that ohms lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ohms lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ohms lost
+TR okay the point is just that the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR okay the point is just that the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR okay the point is just that the 4A
+transform the 4A series gives us a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the 4A series gives us a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the 4A series gives us a way
+of thinking about a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about a very interesting
+dimension of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of a
+signal one that separates things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal one that separates things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal one that separates things that
+are audible from things that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are audible from things that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are audible from things that are not
+audible so when you're doing signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible so when you're doing signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audible so when you're doing signal
+processing you can pay less attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing you can pay less attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing you can pay less attention to
+the thing that's not audible you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's not audible you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's not audible you can go
+ahead and distort that and nobody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and distort that and nobody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and distort that and nobody will
+know but you have to pay close attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you have to pay close attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you have to pay close attention
+to the things that's very audible which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the things that's very audible which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the things that's very audible which
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+magnitude we'll see at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we'll see at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we'll see at the end of the
+hour that that that situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour that that that situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour that that that situation is
+completely flipped for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flipped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flipped for
+video okay but before we get there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video okay but before we get there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video okay but before we get there so
+the first thing to think about was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to think about was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to think about was the
+idea of um circular frequency the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of um circular frequency the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of um circular frequency the fact
+that we're looking at frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at frequency
+responses living on the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses living on the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses living on the unit circle
+rather than on the J Omega the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on the J Omega the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than on the J Omega the second
+big difference with DT is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference with DT is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference with DT is the
+frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are
+cyclic so rather than having harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so rather than having harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic so rather than having harmonics
+Go the whole way up to Infinity as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go the whole way up to Infinity as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go the whole way up to Infinity as we
+did in in CT in CT we would have a 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in in CT in CT we would have a 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in in CT in CT we would have a 48
+series Constructor the fundamental the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Constructor the fundamental the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Constructor the fundamental the
+second harmonic the third harmonic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonic the third harmonic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonic the third harmonic the
+fourth harmonic the fifth harmonic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth harmonic the fifth harmonic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth harmonic the fifth harmonic the
+whole way out to Infinity in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole way out to Infinity in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole way out to Infinity in principle
+at least in DT they wrap so that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in DT they wrap so that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in DT they wrap so that you get
+a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number of
+them in fact you get if there if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in fact you get if there if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in fact you get if there if you're
+taking a sequence of length n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a sequence of length n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a sequence of length n here
+Illustrated for eight you get eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated for eight you get eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated for eight you get eight
+possible frequencies half of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible frequencies half of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible frequencies half of which are
+negative and you don't care about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you don't care about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you don't care about those
+anyway so the number of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the number of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the number of frequency
+components for a DT signal is finite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for a DT signal is finite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for a DT signal is finite the
+for DT 4 a series that has enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT 4 a series that has enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT 4 a series that has enormous
+implications it means that when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications it means that when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications it means that when you do a
+4A series decomposition there's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series decomposition there's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series decomposition there's a finite
+number of terms that's enormous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms that's enormous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms that's enormous because
+that means that if you started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if you started out with
+a sequence of length Cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of length Cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of length Cap
+N say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N say
+1024 and you take the 4A series of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and you take the 4A series of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 and you take the 4A series of it in
+order to think about the four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to think about the four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to think about the four the
+frequency content you can replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content you can replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content you can replace the
+1024 U numbers in time with 1024 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 U numbers in time with 1024 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 U numbers in time with 1024 numbers
+in frequency there's no well no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency there's no well no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency there's no well no is
+exaggeration there's a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration there's a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration there's a factor of two
+kind of explosion of data because I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explosion of data because I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explosion of data because I went
+from n real valued signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n real valued signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n real valued signals
+samples to n complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to n complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to n complex
+valued signals that's not quite true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued signals that's not quite true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued signals that's not quite true
+either because of reasons about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because of reasons about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because of reasons about how
+information works the um how do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information works the um how do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information works the um how do I want
+to say it the resolution that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it the resolution that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it the resolution that you need
+for the frequency domain representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the frequency domain representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the frequency domain representation
+is actually slightly smaller to A first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually slightly smaller to A first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually slightly smaller to A first
+order you're replacing n with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you're replacing n with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you're replacing n with
+n okay that's really good because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay that's really good because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay that's really good because if you
+think about the alternative in CT you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the alternative in CT you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the alternative in CT you
+would be replacing a signal with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replacing a signal with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replacing a signal with an
+infinite number and that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number and that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number and that's just not
+reasonable if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable if you want to think about
+processing signals with digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing signals with digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing signals with digital
+electronics there's no way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics there's no way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics there's no way that you
+could process an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could process an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could process an infinite number of
+signals in a finite amount of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in a finite amount of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in a finite amount of time so
+the fact that you're replacing n samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're replacing n samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're replacing n samples
+in time with n samples in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time with n samples in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time with n samples in frequency
+really lends itself to doing signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lends itself to doing signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lends itself to doing signal
+processing using uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing using uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing using uh digital
+techniques now the problem is and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques now the problem is and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques now the problem is and and uh
+just one way of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one way of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one way of thinking about the
+finite length is that you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length is that you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length is that you think about it
+by matrix that's just a a neonic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by matrix that's just a a neonic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by matrix that's just a a neonic that
+helps me a lot to think about how if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me a lot to think about how if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me a lot to think about how if I
+have a four length sequence you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a four length sequence you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a four length sequence you go
+through some Matrix and what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some Matrix and what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some Matrix and what comes out
+is a four length frequency response you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four length frequency response you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a four length frequency response you
+have some eight length sequence you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some eight length sequence you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some eight length sequence you go
+through some Matrix and comes out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some Matrix and comes out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some Matrix and comes out some
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+length um frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length um frequency
+representation and there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and there's actually a
+lot of intuition that you can draw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of intuition that you can draw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of intuition that you can draw in
+making the parallels between Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the parallels between Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the parallels between Matrix
+representations and the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and the 4A
+representation because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because it is a
+transformation a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a linear transformation
+just like The Matrix implies there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like The Matrix implies there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like The Matrix implies there is a
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+problem with that finite representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that finite representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that finite representation
+idea and that is that it scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that is that it scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that is that it scales
+poorly if you think about having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly if you think about having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly if you think about having a
+two-length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-length
+sequence the two-length sequence has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the two-length sequence has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the two-length sequence has a
+two- length representation in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- length representation in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- length representation in frequency
+via the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the fora
+series and that representation has how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that representation has how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that representation has how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+coefficients four 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients four 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients four 2 by two
+now if I do a four I get four how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I do a four I get four how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I do a four I get four how many
+coefficients 4x4 is 16 now some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 4x4 is 16 now some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 4x4 is 16 now some of these
+are ones right some all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ones right some all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ones right some all of these are
+ones as you make the sequence bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as you make the sequence bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as you make the sequence bigger and
+bigger and bigger however the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger however the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger however the number of
+trivial entries gets smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial entries gets smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial entries gets smaller and smaller
+and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller
+relative so as you go from uh a two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative so as you go from uh a two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative so as you go from uh a two a
+two length sequence to a four length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two length sequence to a four length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two length sequence to a four length
+sequence to an eight length sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to an eight length sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to an eight length sequence
+now we're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're up to
+64 multiplies in order to convert a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 multiplies in order to convert a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 multiplies in order to convert a Time
+domain representation into a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation into a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation into a frequency
+domain representation well that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation well that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation well that's bad
+because the kinds of things we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kinds of things we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kinds of things we want to
+do are not two and four and eight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are not two and four and eight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are not two and four and eight the
+kinds of things we want to do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we want to do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we want to do are
+manipulations on signals of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations on signals of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations on signals of 10 to the
+6th 10 to the e8th 10 to the 12th right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th 10 to the e8th 10 to the 12th right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th 10 to the e8th 10 to the 12th right
+for my uh doctoral thesis I did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my uh doctoral thesis I did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my uh doctoral thesis I did some
+fluid Dynamic problems where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid Dynamic problems where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid Dynamic problems where the
+calculations had um 10 the 6th unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations had um 10 the 6th unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations had um 10 the 6th unknown
+and I used frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used frequency domain
+techniques which I was able to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which I was able to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which I was able to implement
+with with things that I'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with things that I'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with things that I'll talk about in
+a minute if we had used the scaling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute if we had used the scaling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute if we had used the scaling by
+the square it just wouldn't have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square it just wouldn't have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square it just wouldn't have worked
+right if you have 10 to the six unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have 10 to the six unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have 10 to the six unknowns
+and if you're using a method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're using a method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're using a method that
+converts from one representation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts from one representation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts from one representation to
+another that involves 10 of the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that involves 10 of the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that involves 10 of the 12
+operations uh that's just not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh that's just not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh that's just not a good
+idea okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so that's
+bad so by the theory of lectures what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so by the theory of lectures what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so by the theory of lectures what
+I'm about to tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a great way to fix this right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great way to fix this right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great way to fix this right if
+there weren't I wouldn't tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't I wouldn't tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't I wouldn't tell you I
+wouldn't pose the problem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pose the problem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pose the problem so the
+question is how to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to think about this
+scaling in order to not have the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling in order to not have the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling in order to not have the number
+of calculations that you need to do blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculations that you need to do blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculations that you need to do blow
+up with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with n
+Square so I in order to to motivate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so I in order to to motivate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so I in order to to motivate this
+I've used a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used a funny
+notation where the W represents the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where the W represents the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where the W represents the n
+primary root of one that just saves me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary root of one that just saves me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary root of one that just saves me
+from writing out e to the J 2 pi/ N 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from writing out e to the J 2 pi/ N 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from writing out e to the J 2 pi/ N 64
+times which when I did it it didn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which when I did it it didn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which when I did it it didn't fit
+on one slide right I had to compress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one slide right I had to compress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one slide right I had to compress it
+too much and you couldn't see it so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and you couldn't see it so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and you couldn't see it so just
+to save space every time I say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save space every time I say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save space every time I say uh
+w80 all I mean is compute the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w80 all I mean is compute the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w80 all I mean is compute the eighth
+root of one and then raise it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one and then raise it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of one and then raise it to the
+zero power comp the E root of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero power comp the E root of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero power comp the E root of one and
+then raise it to the seventh power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then raise it to the seventh power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then raise it to the seventh power
+that's all that means okay so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that means okay so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that means okay so the idea
+is is there a way that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a way that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a way that we can think
+about the structure of this Matrix more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of this Matrix more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of this Matrix more
+simply and in particular is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and in particular is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and in particular is there a way
+to use divide and conquer right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use divide and conquer right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use divide and conquer right that's
+our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best
+algorithm it would be great if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it would be great if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it would be great if we could
+take the eighto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the eighto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the eighto
+sequence and in and substitute in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and in and substitute in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and in and substitute in its
+place finding for frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place finding for frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place finding for frequency
+representations for two fourpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations for two fourpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations for two fourpoint
+references uh two fourpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references uh two fourpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references uh two fourpoint
+sequences and by the theory of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and by the theory of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and by the theory of lectures
+that's what I'm about to do so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm about to do so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm about to do so the idea
+is what if I just simply took the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if I just simply took the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if I just simply took the even
+entries in this more complicated problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this more complicated problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this more complicated problem
+so I have eight entries that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have eight entries that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have eight entries that none of
+which are necessarily zero so I have x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are necessarily zero so I have x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are necessarily zero so I have x0
+through X7 and I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X7 and I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X7 and I want to find the
+frequency representation c0 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation c0 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation c0 through
+C7 what if I just did the evens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C7 what if I just did the evens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C7 what if I just did the evens and the
+odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+separately that'd be great right inorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that'd be great right inorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately that'd be great right inorder
+order to do them Eight in One fail swoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do them Eight in One fail swoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do them Eight in One fail swoop
+I need 64 multiplications in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need 64 multiplications in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need 64 multiplications in order to do
+each of these problems I have 16 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these problems I have 16 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these problems I have 16 for
+each that's only 32 I have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that's only 32 I have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that's only 32 I have a big
+win okay but now I'm left with is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay but now I'm left with is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay but now I'm left with is there
+a way to relate these things these a KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to relate these things these a KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to relate these things these a KS
+and bks back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bks back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bks back to the original
+CK so the idea then is how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK so the idea then is how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK so the idea then is how would you
+think about the contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the contribution of the
+evens as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens as opposed to the
+odds in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds in the overall
+calculation so uh think about the U even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so uh think about the U even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so uh think about the U even
+sequences uh the even numbered entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh the even numbered entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh the even numbered entries
+in the signal think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signal think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signal think about the
+transformation if you were to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if you were to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation if you were to do a
+frequency representation for that via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation for that via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representation for that via
+the 4A Series so that you would get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A Series so that you would get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A Series so that you would get uh
+a0 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 through
+A3 the first thing you see is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 the first thing you see is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 the first thing you see is that these
+numbers have W sub4 the fourth root I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have W sub4 the fourth root I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have W sub4 the fourth root I
+need W sub 8 the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need W sub 8 the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need W sub 8 the eth
+root but there a simple identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but there a simple identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but there a simple identity right
+if I know the eighth root I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the eighth root I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the eighth root I can just
+Square it to get the fourth root right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it to get the fourth root right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it to get the fourth root right
+so I can rewrite the fourth root guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite the fourth root guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite the fourth root guys in
+terms of equivalent eighth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of equivalent eighth root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of equivalent eighth root
+guys okay that was trivial right nod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay that was trivial right nod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay that was trivial right nod
+your head completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head completely
+trivial and then I can say well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and then I can say well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and then I can say well okay
+here's my problem that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my problem that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my problem that I would like to
+solve what if I was only thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what if I was only thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what if I was only thinking about
+the contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of the
+evens if I'm only worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens if I'm only worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens if I'm only worried about the
+contributions of the evens then I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of the evens then I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of the evens then I don't
+need to worry about some of the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about some of the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about some of the columns
+because they don't contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't contribute to the
+evens that's where're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens that's where're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens that's where're thinking about
+things in terms of the Matrix helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of the Matrix helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of the Matrix helps us
+right we can visualize operations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can visualize operations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can visualize operations as
+operations on a matrix so now if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a matrix so now if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a matrix so now if I'm
+only worried about the evens I only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worried about the evens I only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worried about the evens I only need
+to worry about four of these columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about four of these columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about four of these columns and
+if I if I squint at this I can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I squint at this I can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I squint at this I can see that
+w800 000000 that's the same row as up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w800 000000 that's the same row as up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w800 000000 that's the same row as up
+here so this is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one W so they're all W8 right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one W so they're all W8 right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one W so they're all W8 right I
+don't need to say that 0246
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to say that 0246
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to say that 0246
+0246 0404
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0246 0404
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0246 0404
+0404 these numbers are just the a the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0404 these numbers are just the a the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0404 these numbers are just the a the a
+coefficients furthermore it repeats 0000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients furthermore it repeats 0000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients furthermore it repeats 0000
+0 is the same as 0000 0 so that's a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is the same as 0000 0 so that's a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is the same as 0000 0 so that's a z
+and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a
+z what I just found was that the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what I just found was that the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what I just found was that the way the
+evens affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens affect the
+answer is prec precisely by taking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is prec precisely by taking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is prec precisely by taking their
+forier representation and repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier representation and repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier representation and repeating it
+twice in time well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in time well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice in time well that's pretty
+cute uh so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute uh so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute uh so therefore the
+contribution of the four length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the four length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the four length
+sequences to the eight length sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to the eight length sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to the eight length sequences
+is showed this way stack up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showed this way stack up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showed this way stack up the
+frequency representations for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representations for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representations for the the
+four and that is their contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that is their contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that is their contribution to
+the eight similar the same sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight similar the same sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight similar the same sort of thing
+happens when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do the
+odds now if I only look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds now if I only look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds now if I only look at the
+odds I throw away a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds I throw away a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds I throw away a different set of
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+columns and now if I try to compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now if I try to compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and now if I try to compare that
+to what I what I have up here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I what I have up here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I what I have up here for the
+odds I don't quite get something as easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds I don't quite get something as easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds I don't quite get something as easy
+so if I look down this uh column they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look down this uh column they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look down this uh column they
+should have all been zero but if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have all been zero but if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have all been zero but if I look
+down this column it's 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this column it's 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this column it's 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
+7 if I look down this column 024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 if I look down this column 024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 if I look down this column 024
+036 I'm not quite getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+036 I'm not quite getting the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+036 I'm not quite getting the right
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+but it turns out that if I simply Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that if I simply Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that if I simply Factor
+this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number
+out so that I make the first coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that I make the first coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that I make the first coefficient
+right all the other coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the other coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the other coefficients are
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too so I've got an easy Rule now for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I've got an easy Rule now for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I've got an easy Rule now for how
+the uh 3A coefficients for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 3A coefficients for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh 3A coefficients for the
+odds contribute to the answer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds contribute to the answer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds contribute to the answer for the
+eight length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight length
+sequence and now all I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and now all I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and now all I need to do is
+glue those two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way I can calculate the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I can calculate the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I can calculate the eight
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+sequence is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is to
+calculate the uh A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the uh A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the uh A's and
+B's from four length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's from four length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's from four length
+sequences and then paste them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and then paste them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and then paste them together
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way and I'll get the eight length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll get the eight length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll get the eight length
+answer now pacing them together takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now pacing them together takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now pacing them together takes
+some multiplies right so it took me 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiplies right so it took me 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiplies right so it took me 16
+to compute the uh uh a z A3 it took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the uh uh a z A3 it took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the uh uh a z A3 it took me
+16 multiplies to figure out um B 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 multiplies to figure out um B 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 multiplies to figure out um B 0 to
+B3 so I'm up to 32 then I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so I'm up to 32 then I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 so I'm up to 32 then I have to do
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+more to piece to to make the bees look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to piece to to make the bees look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to piece to to make the bees look
+right so if I just count multiplies I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I just count multiplies I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I just count multiplies I'm
+now doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing
+40 but that's a win because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 but that's a win because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 but that's a win because that's
+compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+64 and I get precisely the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and I get precisely the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and I get precisely the same answer
+that algorithm that's an algorithm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm that's an algorithm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm that's an algorithm right
+that's a a rule based system for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a rule based system for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a rule based system for how you
+take one set of eight numbers and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one set of eight numbers and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one set of eight numbers and turn
+it into a different set of eight numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a different set of eight numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a different set of eight numbers
+that algorithm is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm is called the
+fft the fast 4A transform that's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft the fast 4A transform that's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft the fast 4A transform that's mostly
+to confuse you because it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse you because it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse you because it's not a
+transform but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but it is
+fast so it's really a fast forier Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so it's really a fast forier Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so it's really a fast forier Series
+right and in fact the guys who figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact the guys who figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact the guys who figured
+it out knew that I don't know why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out knew that I don't know why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out knew that I don't know why we
+insist on trying to confuse you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on trying to confuse you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on trying to confuse you that's
+perhaps our job but the fft fast fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps our job but the fft fast fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps our job but the fft fast fora
+transform is really the fast fora series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is really the fast fora series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is really the fast fora series
+and the idea is that uh it's a divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that uh it's a divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that uh it's a divide
+and conquer thing so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer thing so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer thing so if you think about
+extending it so I motivated it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it so I motivated it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it so I motivated it by
+thinking about how to calculate an 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to calculate an 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to calculate an 8
+by8 from two 4x4s but let's start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 from two 4x4s but let's start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 from two 4x4s but let's start from
+zero and say let's let capital M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and say let's let capital M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and say let's let capital M
+represent however multiplies it took to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent however multiplies it took to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent however multiplies it took to
+get an endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an endpoint
+fft how many multiplies does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft how many multiplies does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft how many multiplies does it take to
+do a onepoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a onepoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a onepoint
+fft if my signal is periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft if my signal is periodic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft if my signal is periodic in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the relationship between the
+series representation and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation and the time
+representation if the length is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation if the length is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation if the length is n
+capital N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 the relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the relationship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the relationship is
+identity if my sequence was 17 17 17 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if my sequence was 17 17 17 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if my sequence was 17 17 17 17
+17 17 17 17 17 17 which is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 17 17 17 17 17 which is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 17 17 17 17 17 which is a sequence
+that has period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has period of
+one then the series representation is 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the series representation is 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the series representation is 17
+17 17 17 not all that surprising so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 17 17 not all that surprising so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 17 17 not all that surprising so it
+takes exactly zero multiplies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes exactly zero multiplies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes exactly zero multiplies to
+calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+one how many multiplies does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many multiplies does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many multiplies does it take to
+calculate a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a length
+two well you do two length One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well you do two length One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well you do two length One
+problems and then because it's length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then because it's length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then because it's length
+two you have to do those two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you have to do those two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you have to do those two extra
+multiplies then to take a length two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies then to take a length two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies then to take a length two and
+turn it into a four how many multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into a four how many multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into a four how many multiplies
+for four well you have to do two length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four well you have to do two length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four well you have to do two length
+two but now it's length four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but now it's length four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but now it's length four
+so there's four gluing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's four gluing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's four gluing
+multiplies uh to do 32 you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies uh to do 32 you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies uh to do 32 you have to do
+two length 16 and then there's 32 gluing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two length 16 and then there's 32 gluing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two length 16 and then there's 32 gluing
+when you're all done it takes uh n * log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're all done it takes uh n * log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're all done it takes uh n * log
+n and the point is that n * log n can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the point is that n * log n can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the point is that n * log n can be
+a lot smaller than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller than n
+s okay so let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so let's go back to the
+motivational example the idea was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational example the idea was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational example the idea was what
+if I had uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had uh about
+uh 10 the 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 the 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 the 6
+unknowns right so that's about uh 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right so that's about uh 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right so that's about uh 2 to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+20 yeah that's right so 2 to the 10th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 yeah that's right so 2 to the 10th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 yeah that's right so 2 to the 10th is
+10 cubed roughly 1024 is 1,000 right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cubed roughly 1024 is 1,000 right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cubed roughly 1024 is 1,000 right in
+CS terms so I have about 2 to the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS terms so I have about 2 to the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS terms so I have about 2 to the 20th
+so what would be the savings if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be the savings if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be the savings if I did
+the fft rather than the direct form N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it' be uh so I need to take two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be uh so I need to take two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be uh so I need to take two to
+the 20 * 2 20 would be the N2 algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 * 2 20 would be the N2 algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 * 2 20 would be the N2 algorithm
+and the other algorithm would be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other algorithm would be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other algorithm would be 2
+20 divided by 20 it's enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 divided by 20 it's enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 divided by 20 it's enormous
+difference that's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that's the point
+okay so uh just a little bit of historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh just a little bit of historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh just a little bit of historic
+context that algorithm has been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that algorithm has been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that algorithm has been uh
+repeatedly invented in in uh time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly invented in in uh time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly invented in in uh time right
+so we usually cite Kul and Tui they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we usually cite Kul and Tui they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we usually cite Kul and Tui they
+wrote a classic paper in 1965 the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a classic paper in 1965 the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a classic paper in 1965 the title
+of their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their paper
+was an algorithm for the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an algorithm for the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an algorithm for the machine
+calculation of complex 4A series they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of complex 4A series they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of complex 4A series they
+knew it was series that was 1965 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was series that was 1965 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was series that was 1965 that
+was when computers were starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when computers were starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when computers were starting to get
+big uh they actually went on and solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh they actually went on and solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh they actually went on and solved
+some very interesting problems including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very interesting problems including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very interesting problems including
+Neuroscience they were the first people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience they were the first people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience they were the first people
+who solved Hut and huxley's model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved Hut and huxley's model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved Hut and huxley's model for a
+propagated action potential and showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated action potential and showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated action potential and showed
+that the equations that Hut hxy had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equations that Hut hxy had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equations that Hut hxy had
+found for biology actually work so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for biology actually work so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for biology actually work so that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+1965 however uh before them in 1942
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 however uh before them in 1942
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 however uh before them in 1942
+Danielson and Lanos had uh independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danielson and Lanos had uh independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danielson and Lanos had uh independently
+discovered it in 1903 renja had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it in 1903 renja had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it in 1903 renja had
+discovered it and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it and in
+1805 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1805 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1805 uh
+G described it now there's a good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G described it now there's a good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G described it now there's a good reason
+why all these uh uh brilliant scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all these uh uh brilliant scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all these uh uh brilliant scientists
+so gal noted it and even used it but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gal noted it and even used it but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gal noted it and even used it but he
+commented on how useless it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on how useless it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on how useless it
+was why why would gal think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why why would gal think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why why would gal think it was
+useless he was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smart uh forier so gal actually died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart uh forier so gal actually died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart uh forier so gal actually died
+before he published this but it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he published this but it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he published this but it got
+published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+postly before forier started to work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postly before forier started to work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postly before forier started to work so
+this came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forier so why did gals think this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier so why did gals think this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier so why did gals think this was
+useless and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless and that's
+1805 and now we come around to 1965 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1805 and now we come around to 1965 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1805 and now we come around to 1965 and
+kulie and Tuki make this huge deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulie and Tuki make this huge deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulie and Tuki make this huge deal and
+they're world famous because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're world famous because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're world famous because of their
+rediscovery of something that GA knew in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovery of something that GA knew in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovery of something that GA knew in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's exactly right that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right that's exactly
+right so when gaus was thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when gaus was thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when gaus was thinking about it
+he was thinking about 16 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking about 16 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking about 16 by
+16 and so yeah you save two who big de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and so yeah you save two who big de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and so yeah you save two who big de
+be big deal right he was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big deal right he was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big deal right he was much more
+actually impressed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impressed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impressed with
+logarithms because he was doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms because he was doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms because he was doing the
+multiplies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by
+hand and the log made it much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the log made it much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the log made it much easier to
+do multiplies because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do multiplies because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do multiplies because you could
+substitute addition right so he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute addition right so he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute addition right so he actually
+commented on how useful logarithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on how useful logarithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented on how useful logarithms are
+and he didn't comment on how useful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't comment on how useful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't comment on how useful this
+is but now we make a big deal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but now we make a big deal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but now we make a big deal in the
+other order uh and it's entirely digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order uh and it's entirely digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order uh and it's entirely digital
+computation right so when we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation right so when we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation right so when we solve
+systems of 10 the 6th or 10 the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of 10 the 6th or 10 the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of 10 the 6th or 10 the 10th
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+this is an enormous deal logarithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an enormous deal logarithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an enormous deal logarithms are
+good too but this is an enormous deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good too but this is an enormous deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good too but this is an enormous deal
+okay so uh one more piece of theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh one more piece of theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh one more piece of theory and
+then one more ending thing the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one more ending thing the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one more ending thing the piece of
+theory is going from periodic signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going from periodic signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going from periodic signals to
+AP periodic and not surprisingly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP periodic and not surprisingly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP periodic and not surprisingly that
+works just the way it did in CT in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just the way it did in CT in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just the way it did in CT in fact
+there's nothing new here we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing new here we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing new here we can think
+about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you
+um how would you make a 48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you make a 48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you make a 48 transform
+compared to a 48 series with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a 48 series with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a 48 series with the
+CT we developed the theory for series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT we developed the theory for series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT we developed the theory for series
+first because it was easier and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because it was easier and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because it was easier and then we
+derived the theory for AP periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the theory for AP periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the theory for AP periodic
+signals by something called periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals by something called periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals by something called periodic
+extension we took an AP periodic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension we took an AP periodic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension we took an AP periodic signal
+like this DT signal made it periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this DT signal made it periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this DT signal made it periodic
+like that DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that DT
+signal and then took the limit as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and then took the limit as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and then took the limit as the
+period goes to Infinity had we stayed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period goes to Infinity had we stayed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period goes to Infinity had we stayed in
+time domain the whole time that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain the whole time that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain the whole time that would be
+a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial
+noop but the trick was that after after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noop but the trick was that after after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noop but the trick was that after after
+we did the periodic extension we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the periodic extension we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the periodic extension we then
+took the series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the series of
+this and then passed the limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then passed the limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then passed the limit on the
+series okay so that's the trick so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay so that's the trick so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay so that's the trick so we
+think about generalizing the AP periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about generalizing the AP periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about generalizing the AP periodic
+into periodic then we take the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into periodic then we take the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into periodic then we take the series
+then we pass the limit and we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we pass the limit and we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we pass the limit and we ask
+whether the series converges and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the series converges and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the series converges and just
+like CT the answer for DT will converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CT the answer for DT will converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CT the answer for DT will converge
+so you start with a periodic signal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with a periodic signal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with a periodic signal you
+write out the DT forier series just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the DT forier series just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the DT forier series just as
+we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+doing and uh you get an answer that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh you get an answer that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh you get an answer that for
+the square polish looks very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square polish looks very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square polish looks very much like
+the answer we got before the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we got before the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer we got before the tricky
+thing that I've done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I've done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I've done here is I've
+written the series on two axes just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the series on two axes just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the series on two axes just like
+CT a k axis which is the harmonic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT a k axis which is the harmonic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT a k axis which is the harmonic number
+and an Omega axis which is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Omega axis which is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an Omega axis which is the frequency
+the frequency is represents the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is represents the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency is represents the position
+around the unit circle so Capital uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle so Capital uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle so Capital uh
+Omega is the angle on the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the angle on the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the angle on the unit circle
+then if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I change the
+period the effect of making the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the effect of making the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the effect of making the period
+bigger is to put the frequency comp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is to put the frequency comp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is to put the frequency comp the
+harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics
+closer but in a magical way because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but in a magical way because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but in a magical way because the
+envelope the thing showed by the thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the thing showed by the thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the thing showed by the thin
+black line doesn't change as I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line doesn't change as I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line doesn't change as I take the
+limit that's what enables me to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that's what enables me to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that's what enables me to think
+about there being a limit as you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there being a limit as you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there being a limit as you put
+more and more uh as you make the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more uh as you make the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more uh as you make the period
+bigger and bigger you get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger you get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger you get more and more
+lines in an envelope that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in an envelope that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in an envelope that doesn't change
+and then you can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can think about the
+envelope as being a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope as being a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope as being a function of the
+continuous variable Omega rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable Omega rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable Omega rather than
+the discrete variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete variable
+K and then you can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you can think about what
+would happen if you pass the limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you pass the limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you pass the limit and
+the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is
+that uh if you do the synthesis equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you do the synthesis equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you do the synthesis equation
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+AK that depends on 1/ N which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK that depends on 1/ N which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AK that depends on 1/ N which you can
+write in terms of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in terms of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in terms of the fundamental
+frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega
+KN and then as you pass the limit Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and then as you pass the limit Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and then as you pass the limit Omega
+KN is the spacing between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is the spacing between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is the spacing between these
+harmonics so if you multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics so if you multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics so if you multiply by the
+spacing you get the area of that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing you get the area of that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing you get the area of that block
+so the area associated with n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the area associated with n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the area associated with n equals 0
+is this area the area associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this area the area associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this area the area associated with
+Nal 1 is that one Nal 2 Nal 3 Etc and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 is that one Nal 2 Nal 3 Etc and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 is that one Nal 2 Nal 3 Etc and so
+by doing the sum the sum increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the sum the sum increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the sum the sum increasingly
+converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the
+integral so you get precisely the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so you get precisely the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so you get precisely the same
+kinds of formulas we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of formulas we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of formulas we've been using
+before the one thing that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the one thing that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the one thing that's a little bit
+weird in the dt4a series we had a sum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird in the dt4a series we had a sum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird in the dt4a series we had a sum in
+the synthesis equation a sum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis equation a sum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synthesis equation a sum in the
+analysis equation here we get one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis equation here we get one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis equation here we get one of
+both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+dt4a transform that's this thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt4a transform that's this thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt4a transform that's this thing is a
+function of the continuous variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the continuous variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the continuous variable
+uh discrete time fora transform has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discrete time fora transform has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discrete time fora transform has a
+continuous frequency variable Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous frequency variable Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous frequency variable Capital
+Omega because it has a continuous even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because it has a continuous even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega because it has a continuous even
+though it's a discrete time for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's a discrete time for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's a discrete time for for a
+transform screet time fora transform has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform screet time fora transform has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform screet time fora transform has
+a continuous frequency variable cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous frequency variable cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous frequency variable cap
+Omega so when we do the um synthesis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so when we do the um synthesis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so when we do the um synthesis we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+integrate so One Direction it's a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so One Direction it's a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so One Direction it's a sum
+the other direction it's an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction it's an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction it's an integral
+other than that it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that it's just the
+same okay so there's a striking parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so there's a striking parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so there's a striking parallel
+all of these things are highly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are highly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are highly related
+the dt4a transforms highly related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt4a transforms highly related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt4a transforms highly related to
+the dt4a series as is the CT transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt4a series as is the CT transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt4a series as is the CT transformed
+to the CT series and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CT series and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CT series and there's lots of
+connections and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and we'll talk about that
+more next week how you can infer how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more next week how you can infer how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more next week how you can infer how one
+of these transform relationships would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transform relationships would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transform relationships would
+have worked from all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked from all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked from all of the
+others uh for the time being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh for the time being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh for the time being the
+important thing is just that um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is just that um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is just that um when you
+do the DT 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the DT 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the DT 48
+transform you can think about that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you can think about that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you can think about that just
+like the ct4a transform the ct4a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ct4a transform the ct4a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ct4a transform the ct4a
+transform was uh evaluate the llao trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform was uh evaluate the llao trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform was uh evaluate the llao trans
+transform on the J Omega axis now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform on the J Omega axis now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform on the J Omega axis now you
+you evaluate the Z transform on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the Z transform on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the Z transform on the unit
+circle the unit circle is no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the unit circle is no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the unit circle is no surprise
+that's what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been
+doing because of the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because of the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because of the relationship
+between the DT 48 transform and the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the DT 48 transform and the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the DT 48 transform and the Z
+transform the DT transform the the DT 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the DT transform the the DT 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the DT transform the the DT 48
+transform inherits all the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform inherits all the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform inherits all the nice
+properties of the Z transform we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Z transform we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the Z transform we'll make
+a bigger deal that of that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger deal that of that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger deal that of that in the
+upcoming two weeks in fact that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming two weeks in fact that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming two weeks in fact that's the
+next two weeks of this course is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two weeks of this course is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two weeks of this course is to
+figure out the implications of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the implications of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the implications of all of
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+properties but for today what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but for today what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but for today what I want to
+just close with is is one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just close with is is one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just close with is is one more example
+of how you can think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you can think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you can think about these
+frequency representations helping you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representations helping you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency representations helping you to
+imagine the kinds of signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the kinds of signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the kinds of signal processing
+that you do or would like to do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do or would like to do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do or would like to do and so
+the last image the last example now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last image the last example now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last image the last example now is
+one from image processing instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from image processing instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from image processing instead of
+audio processing I started with audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio processing I started with audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio processing I started with audio
+processing now I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing now I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing now I want to think about
+image processing image has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing image has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing image has the property
+that I'm going to have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have to do something
+with 2D right and in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2D right and in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2D right and in this class we
+primarily think about 1D but you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily think about 1D but you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily think about 1D but you saw in
+the zebra problem that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra problem that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra problem that sometimes
+extending to 2D is not hard and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending to 2D is not hard and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending to 2D is not hard and it
+certainly is the case that in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is the case that in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is the case that in the case
+that the frea methods extending to 2D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frea methods extending to 2D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frea methods extending to 2D is
+really easy right or at least I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy right or at least I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy right or at least I'm going
+to say that um so the the way you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that um so the the way you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that um so the the way you you
+can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about a
+forier series in two Dimensions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series in two Dimensions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series in two Dimensions is
+illustrated by this picture picture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by this picture picture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by this picture picture I
+took a picture that was 512 by 12 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture that was 512 by 12 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture that was 512 by 12 512
+that's the boat and I made a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the boat and I made a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the boat and I made a new
+picture by taking this row calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture by taking this row calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture by taking this row calculating
+the 4A series for that row that had 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A series for that row that had 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A series for that row that had 512
+so it's 512 by 512 so I took these 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 512 by 512 so I took these 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 512 by 512 so I took these 512
+numbers took the 48 series and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers took the 48 series and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers took the 48 series and wrote
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+here then I took these 512 numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I took these 512 numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I took these 512 numbers and
+put the 48 series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 48 series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 48 series
+here and uh repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh repeat
+right so fill the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fill the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fill the whole thing
+up okay so I took 512 512 length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so I took 512 512 length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so I took 512 512 length
+sequences then I took 500 I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences then I took 500 I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences then I took 500 I took that
+string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of
+numbers took the 48 series and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers took the 48 series and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers took the 48 series and put it
+there and then that one take the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that one take the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that one take the 48
+series put it there take that one take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series put it there take that one take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series put it there take that one take
+the 48 series put it there and build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 series put it there and build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 series put it there and build up
+an image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that
+way okay so I row by row took all the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so I row by row took all the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so I row by row took all the 4A
+series pasted them together column by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series pasted them together column by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series pasted them together column by
+column took all the fora series Paces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column took all the fora series Paces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column took all the fora series Paces
+them together when you're done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together when you're done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together when you're done with that
+you get what we call a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get what we call a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get what we call a two-dimensional
+4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A
+series and what you see on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and what you see on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and what you see on the right
+then so here's my original picture 512 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so here's my original picture 512 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so here's my original picture 512 x
+512 here's the picture of the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 here's the picture of the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 here's the picture of the magnitude
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle you can clearly see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can clearly see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can clearly see the
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's it's much clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's much clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's much clearer
+here so the phase looks kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the phase looks kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the phase looks kind of random
+so to gain some insight into what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to gain some insight into what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to gain some insight into what's in
+the magnitude and what's in the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and what's in the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and what's in the phase
+what I can do is generate a new picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is generate a new picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is generate a new picture
+by setting the angle everywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so what I I took the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I I took the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what I I took the picture
+magnitude and I did this to it I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and I did this to it I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and I did this to it I got the
+magnitude and angle I set the angles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle I set the angles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle I set the angles to
+zero and that's the picture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's the picture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that's the picture I
+got okay so the I I was able to munge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay so the I I was able to munge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay so the I I was able to munge
+the angle in the auditory thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle in the auditory thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle in the auditory thing and you
+could barely tell can you tell that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely tell can you tell that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely tell can you tell that I've
+munged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munged the
+angle okay there's some there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay there's some there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay there's some there's some
+Distortion caused by the angles there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion caused by the angles there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion caused by the angles there
+are some things that you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that you can still
+see right so if you go back to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right so if you go back to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right so if you go back to to uh
+this one right there's these things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right there's these things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right there's these things here
+and there's these things here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's these things here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's these things here and
+there's and if you go to this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and if you go to this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and if you go to this one uh
+there's some lines here and some L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lines here and some L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lines here and some L you
+know may yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may yeah
+there's maybe there's something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe there's something there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe there's something there
+right but to A first order it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but to A first order it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but to A first order it kind of
+messed things up so then I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed things up so then I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed things up so then I did the
+opposite just take throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite just take throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite just take throw away the
+magnitude and substitute one put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and substitute one put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and substitute one put one
+everywhere there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere there was a
+magnitude but put the angle back now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but put the angle back now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but put the angle back now you
+can almost see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can almost see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can almost see the
+ship so throw away the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship so throw away the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship so throw away the magnitude is
+better than throw away the phase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than throw away the phase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than throw away the phase that's
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+cute can somebody think of why throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute can somebody think of why throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute can somebody think of why throw
+away the magnitude might be better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the magnitude might be better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the magnitude might be better than
+throw away the angle when you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the angle when you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away the angle when you're trying
+to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's exactly right so if you muck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right so if you muck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right so if you muck
+around with the phase you're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the phase you're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the phase you're changing
+the position right even in audio when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position right even in audio when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position right even in audio when
+you muck around the phase you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you muck around the phase you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you muck around the phase you're
+changing when the component comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing when the component comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing when the component comes out
+earlier or later in the picture you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or later in the picture you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or later in the picture you're
+changing when the brightness comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing when the brightness comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing when the brightness comes out
+earlier or later if you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or later if you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier or later if you want to have a
+nice straight line you better keep all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice straight line you better keep all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice straight line you better keep all
+the phases lined up if you scramble them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phases lined up if you scramble them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phases lined up if you scramble them
+they end up scrambled and you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up scrambled and you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up scrambled and you don't see
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+anymore and as you said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and as you said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and as you said that the
+magnitude is controlling the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is controlling the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is controlling the the uh
+intensity so my intensities are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so my intensities are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so my intensities are all
+screwed up but you can kind of still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up but you can kind of still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up but you can kind of still see
+the lines you can almost even read if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines you can almost even read if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines you can almost even read if
+you know polish you can almost read what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polish you can almost read what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polish you can almost read what
+the what the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the title
+says okay so one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay so one more
+manipulation I took a different picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and substituted the magnitude of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substituted the magnitude of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substituted the magnitude of that
+different picture in place of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture in place of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture in place of the
+magnitude of the boat picture so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the boat picture so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the boat picture so uh
+angle of the boat magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the boat magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the boat magnitude of the
+mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery
+picture and it came out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and it came out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and it came out pretty
+good right but by the theory of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right but by the theory of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right but by the theory of lectures
+of course you know that the way I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that the way I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you know that the way I did
+this was to get a picture of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was to get a picture of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was to get a picture of a different
+boat you know so that it would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat you know so that it would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat you know so that it would be very
+similar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar right
+and so that's what the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was so it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so it doesn't really matter
+much so uh started with this magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so uh started with this magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so uh started with this magnitude
+and angle substitute the mandrels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle substitute the mandrels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle substitute the mandrels
+magnitude and you get that so it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you get that so it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you get that so it comes
+out pretty good so the idea then is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pretty good so the idea then is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pretty good so the idea then is just
+that we've looked at frea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've looked at frea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've looked at frea
+representations as an alternative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations as an alternative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations as an alternative way of
+thinking about the content of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the content of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the content of a signal
+and for many purposes like audio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many purposes like audio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many purposes like audio and
+video that alternative representation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that alternative representation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that alternative representation is
+easy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and and
+insightful no class tomorrow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful no class tomorrow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful no class tomorrow it's
+Veterans Day party next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3GdMaDzIUeQ.txt b/3GdMaDzIUeQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce04d304a231f390414df1bf38ced6aa2a9689ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3GdMaDzIUeQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2453 @@
+OK.
+Good morning.
+
+Let's get going.
+As always, I will start with a
+
+review.
+And today we embark on another
+
+major milestone in our analysis
+of lumped circuits.
+
+And it is called the
+"Sinusoidal Steady-state".
+
+Again, I believe this will be
+the second and the last lecture
+
+for which I will be using view
+graphs.
+
+And the idea here is that,
+just like in the last lecture,
+
+there is a bunch of
+mathematical grunge that needs
+
+to be gone through.
+And I want to show you a
+
+sequence in a little chart today
+that talks about the effort
+
+level in doing some problems
+based on time domain
+
+differential equations,
+as in the last lecture,
+
+something slightly different
+today and something much better
+
+on Thursday.
+And so, in some sense,
+
+Thursday's lecture and today's
+lecture involve talking about
+
+the foundations of the behavior
+of certain types of circuits.
+
+And it is good for you to have
+this foundation as background,
+
+but when you actually go to
+solve circuits you don't quite
+
+use these methods.
+You use much easier techniques,
+
+which I will talk about next
+Thursday.
+
+Let's start with a quick
+review, and then we will go into
+
+sinusoidal steady state.
+The last lecture we talked
+
+about this circuit and we did
+the same two lectures ago on
+
+Tuesday.
+We had one inverter driving
+
+another inverter.
+And we said that the wire over
+
+ground had some inductance.
+CGS is the capacitor of the
+
+gate and R is the resistance at
+the drain of the first inverter.
+
+And if you look at this
+circuit, that circuit formed an
+
+RLC pattern.
+And what we did was we said
+
+let's drive this with a one to
+zero transition at the input.
+
+And the one to zero transition
+at the input would cause this
+
+transistor to switch off,
+and this node would then go
+
+from a very low value to a high
+value.
+
+So it as if a 5 volt step was
+applied at this input.
+
+We also saw that using time
+domain differential equations
+
+that by applying a step input
+here the output looked like
+
+this.
+The output would show some
+
+oscillatory behavior when we
+have a capacitor and inductor.
+
+I also gave you some insight as
+to why it oscillates like this.
+
+And you also heard in
+recitation that the reason for
+
+this oscillation was because of
+these two storage elements.
+
+Each of these storage elements
+tries to hold onto its state
+
+variable.
+For example,
+
+the capacitor tries to maintain
+its voltage while the inductor
+
+tries to maintain its current.
+And, much like a pendulum which
+
+oscillates back and forth,
+it swaps potential energy
+
+versus kinetic energy down here
+and swings back and forth.
+
+In the same way,
+in an LC circuit like this,
+
+energy swaps back and forth
+between a potential energy and a
+
+kinetic energy equivalent,
+which swaps back and forth
+
+between energy stored in the
+inductor and energy stored in
+
+the capacitor and sloshes back
+and forth.
+
+And because of this resistor
+the energy eventually dissipates
+
+and you end up getting a final
+value which corresponds to the 5
+
+volts appearing here.
+And why is that?
+
+That is because remember the
+capacitor is a long-term open
+
+for DC.
+It is a DC voltage.
+
+After a long time this
+capacitor looks like an open
+
+circuit and the inductor looks
+like a complete short circuit,
+
+an ideal inductor as a complete
+short circuit for DC.
+
+And so therefore in the
+long-term it is as if this guy
+
+is a short, this guy is an open,
+so 5 volts simply appears here.
+
+And this is the transient
+behavior.
+
+Then we just switch the first
+transistor off.
+
+In the last lecture,
+I left off with intuitive
+
+analysis.
+Let me quickly cover that and
+
+redo the intuitive analysis for
+you.
+
+I left it the last time by
+having you think about whether
+
+the transient response would
+begin by going down or begin by
+
+going up.
+And I will cover that today.
+
+This was the circuit that we
+analyzed.
+
+A VI input with a step and an
+RLC out here.
+
+And we were plotting the
+capacitor voltage.
+
+And intuitively we can plot
+this in the following way.
+
+I have also marked for you the
+section number in the course
+
+notes which has a discussion of
+this intuitive analysis,
+
+(Section 13.8).
+Let's do the easy stuff first.
+
+Notice that the capacitor wants
+to hold its voltage.
+
+And so given that we don't have
+any infinite impulse here,
+
+I am going to start out with
+the capacitor voltage being
+
+where it is.
+And the initial conditions are
+
+given to you.
+You are given that the
+
+capacitor voltage starts out
+being positive at v zero and the
+
+current starts out being
+negative at time zero.
+
+So I am telling you that there
+is a voltage v across the
+
+capacitor at time t=0 and there
+is a current that is flowing.
+
+Since i is negative there is a
+current initially that is
+
+flowing in the opposite
+direction to this arrow here.
+
+The i zero is negative.
+In light of that,
+
+I can start plotting my curve
+here by intuition.
+
+I start by saying at time t=0 I
+am told that the initial voltage
+
+of the capacitor is at zero.
+This is about as simple as it
+
+gets.
+Completely intuitive.
+
+I also know that after a long
+time, can someone tell me after
+
+a long time what the voltage
+will be at the end of the
+
+capacitor?
+You should be able to get his
+
+by observation?
+VI.
+
+And why is it VI?
+It is vI because this is a DC
+
+value VI.
+And after a long time this guy
+
+behaves like an open circuit to
+DC.
+
+This guy behaves like a short
+circuit to DC.
+
+So since this is an open
+circuit, VI will appear here
+
+after a long time.
+And so therefore,
+
+after a long time,
+the capacitor voltage is going
+
+to be at VI.
+And I just showed you that.
+
+There you go.
+You already have the two
+
+endpoints of your curve
+completely by observation,
+
+intuition.
+No DEs, no nothing.
+
+Just by staring at it and
+understanding the fundamentals
+
+of how simple primitive circuit
+elements work.
+
+Absolutely simple stuff.
+So you've nailed the two ends
+
+now and you cannot go wrong with
+the stuff in the middle.
+
+Let's see.
+As a next step what I do is I
+
+need to understand what the
+dynamics of the circuit looks
+
+like here.
+What I do is I develop the
+
+characteristic equation.
+And initially you will write
+
+the differential equation and
+then substitute e^st and get
+
+this characteristic equation.
+But you could also remember it
+
+as a pattern.
+For a series RLC circuit you
+
+always get an equation of this
+form, always.
+
+If this were R,
+L and C.
+
+And whether you are looking at
+L up here or C up here,
+
+as long as you're looking at
+the capacitor voltage,
+
+the capacitor voltage is going
+to behave the same.
+
+And for this circuit the
+characteristic equation remains
+
+the same as well for a series
+RLC.
+
+It is exactly this.
+And I write the standard
+
+canonic form as s squared plus
+two alpha s + omega nought
+
+squared.
+And omega nought is simply one
+
+by square root of LC and alpha
+is simply R divided by L and I
+
+have two in the denominator as
+well.
+
+And then I get omega d which is
+my damped frequency given by
+
+omega nought squared minus alpha
+squared.
+
+And Q is simply called the
+quality factor.
+
+And we will learn about Q in a
+lot more detail in about a
+
+couple of lectures from today.
+That is given where omega
+
+nought divided by two alpha.
+These parameters,
+
+alpha, omega nought,
+Q and omega d pretty much
+
+characterize everything else
+that I need to know about the
+
+circuit.
+First of all,
+
+omega d is the frequency of
+oscillation.
+
+And so since omega d is a
+frequency of oscillation then I
+
+know that the time period of
+oscillation is two pi by omega
+
+d.
+Omega is in radians.
+
+Notice that for typical values
+of circuits like this when R is
+
+pretty small,
+alpha squared is going to be
+
+very small.
+It's a common case for
+
+underdamped circuit that omega d
+will more or less be equal to
+
+omega nought.
+Commonly that is going to be
+
+the case.
+This frequency is governed by
+
+LC.
+And if R is large it is
+
+governed by this omega d here.
+So I have the frequency of
+
+oscillation.
+I also know that Q is related
+
+to the frequency of oscillation
+divided by alpha.
+
+It is a ratio of the frequency
+divided by how badly I am being
+
+damped.
+So it is a fight between the
+
+frequency of oscillation and now
+heavily I damp.
+
+And the ratio of that is an
+indication of how many cycles I
+
+ring.
+So Q tells me that the ringing
+
+stops approximately after Q
+cycles.
+
+These four values,
+omega d, Q, alpha and omega
+
+nought are telling me more and
+more now.
+
+So I have got these two
+factors.
+
+So I know now,
+based on omega d and Q,
+
+that it is going to look
+something like this.
+
+Some ringing here and then I
+stop at this point.
+
+The last thing that is left to
+do here for me for now is to
+
+figure out whether I start out
+going down or I start out going
+
+up.
+I start out going down or I
+
+start out going up?
+I don't know that yet.
+
+And I stopped at this point in
+the last lecture and let you
+
+think about how you can stare at
+the circuit and intuitively
+
+figure out whether this goes
+down or that goes up.
+
+So here is the insight.
+Let's stare at this for a
+
+minute purely through intuition.
+The capacitor has a voltage v
+
+across it, right?
+And that is because I am
+
+telling you that it has an
+initial voltage v.
+
+Now, I want to find out at
+prime t equals zero plus,
+
+in which direction does a
+capacitor voltage go?
+
+Increase or decrease?
+What do I do?
+
+Let me take a look at the
+inductor current.
+
+I am told that the inductor
+current is negative which means
+
+I am told that the inductor
+current is going in this
+
+direction initially.
+The inductor current is pushing
+
+in this direction.
+Now, remember,
+
+just as the capacitor is one
+stubborn nut trying to hold its
+
+voltage, the inductor is as
+stubborn.
+
+It is trying to hold its
+current.
+
+It is trying to maintain its
+current.
+
+And its initial current i(0) is
+in this direction.
+
+Capacitor has a voltage here,
+that is v(0),
+
+and the inductor is yanking the
+current in that direction.
+
+So what should happen to the
+capacitor voltage initially?
+
+If I am at v(0) and someone is
+yanking current out,
+
+at least initially in that
+direction, what should the
+
+initial dynamics of the
+capacitor voltage look like?
+
+Pardon?
+It should drop,
+
+which means that if the initial
+current is being pulled in that
+
+direction the capacitor voltage
+must droop to begin with.
+
+Completely through intuition.
+No math here.
+
+This means that i(0) is
+negative.
+
+It is as if i(0) is being
+pulled out in this manner,
+
+so the capacitor voltage must
+drop to begin life.
+
+Therefore, the dynamics look
+somewhat like this.
+
+Notice that this is very
+reminiscent of the ringing that
+
+we saw at the gate node of the
+second inverter.
+
+Let's stop here in terms of
+time domain analysis of RLC,
+
+and today let's take another
+big step forward.
+
+Today marks another transition
+in life here.
+
+This is actually a huge
+transition so I want to just
+
+pause and take like ten seconds
+of a breather just to clearly
+
+demarcate the fact that we have
+a huge transition coming up.
+
+The key to this transition is
+that I want to look at today the
+
+steady-state response of
+networks to a sinusoidal drive.
+
+We are going to do two things
+differently starting today on
+
+this new journey of ours.
+In the past,
+
+we looked at time domain
+behavior of circuits.
+
+For RLC, for example,
+we looked at the transient
+
+response.
+And what happened the instant I
+
+turn something on?
+The transient response.
+
+Today we are going to look at a
+steady-state response.
+
+Steady-state response says that
+if I wait long enough,
+
+for whatever the circuit wants
+to do in the beginning of life
+
+to die out.
+If I wait long enough,
+
+how is the circuit going to
+behave after a long time?
+
+I will tell you why that is
+important in a second.
+
+I look at the steady-state
+behavior.
+
+Second, I am going to look
+today at sinusoidal drive.
+
+Two things that are different
+from, say for example,
+
+what I covered in the past ten
+minutes.
+
+In the past ten minutes I
+covered two things which were
+
+different.
+One is that I looked at the
+
+transient response and then
+steady-state.
+
+And remember for a DC input,
+for a DC voltage the
+
+steady-state was a DC voltage
+across the capacitor,
+
+correct?
+So the steady-state was pretty
+
+boring, it was steady-state DC.
+But what we are going to do
+
+today is instead of having DC
+inputs or step inputs which
+
+settle to a DC value after some
+time, we are going to drive a
+
+circuit through the sinusoidal
+input.
+
+So you may ask me,
+Agarwal, are you nuts?
+
+Why do you want to drive
+something with a sinusoidal
+
+input?
+Why not just steps in DC and so
+
+on?
+That was painful enough.
+
+Why sinusoidal?
+Why not do triangular or why
+
+not do some other exponentially
+decaying stuff or something
+
+really cool like a whacko music
+signal?
+
+What is special about
+sinusoidal stuff?
+
+The key thing to realize is
+that, well, let me ask you a
+
+question first.
+How many people here know about
+
+Fourier series?
+Good.
+
+It looks like some of you have
+taken the prerequisites.
+
+Good.
+Need I say more as to why this
+
+is important?
+Just that question should give
+
+you the answer,
+right?
+
+You've learned about Fourier
+series.
+
+And when you learned about
+Fourier series you were
+
+wondering why on earth are we
+learning about Fourier series?
+
+Who cares that you can
+represent the periodic signals
+
+as a summation of a series of
+sine waves?
+
+Why is that interesting?
+Why are you telling me that I
+
+can take a square wave and
+represent that as a summation of
+
+periodic square waves and
+represent that as a summation of
+
+sines?
+Who cares that I can take a
+
+sequence of pulses with a fixed
+period and represent that as a
+
+sum of sines?
+Who cares that I can take a
+
+triangular wave and represent
+that as a sum of sines?
+
+I am not sure what answer your
+math professors gave you when
+
+they taught you Fourier series.
+But in math they are purists.
+
+They don't care about
+applications.
+
+The answer could well have been
+because it is aesthetically
+
+pleasing.
+I mean isn't it cool that you
+
+can represent a sequence of
+pulses as a sum of sines?
+
+That is good enough for
+mathematicians.
+
+But I am an engineer.
+If it I cannot see how it helps
+
+humanity in the short-term then
+I probably don't care too much
+
+about it.
+Let me give you some practical
+
+significance of this.
+So it turns out that,
+
+since we know that we can
+represent periodic signals with
+
+sums of sines.
+What this means is that if I
+
+can figure out the behavior of
+networks to a sinusoidal input,
+
+if I can understand how to
+analyze a network for a
+
+sinusoidal input that means that
+if the circuit is linear I can
+
+then compute the response of the
+circuit to any periodic
+
+waveform.
+Here is the argument.
+
+I can represent any periodic
+waveform as a sum of sines.
+
+The Fourier series,
+remember?
+
+If I just figure out the
+response of my network for a
+
+sine wave, then if this is a
+linear network,
+
+I can compute the response to
+any sequence of scaled sum of
+
+sines.
+A some sine,
+
+B sine two, omega whatever,
+C sine something or the other.
+
+I can simply take the response
+of the one sine.
+
+And from there I can go ahead,
+and knowing the response of a
+
+sine wave I can compute the
+response to a sum of sines.
+
+That is pretty cool.
+Therefore, doing it for
+
+sinusoidal drives is really
+important.
+
+Why steady-state now?
+Hopefully, I have convinced you
+
+that looking at the response of
+circuits to sinusoidal drive is
+
+important and interesting
+because we can long ways from
+
+there.
+What about steady-state?
+
+Well, it turns out that,
+and I am going to show you,
+
+when you listen to music,
+you have an amplifier and
+
+listen to music,
+what you are observing by and
+
+large is the steady-state
+behavior of the amplifier.
+
+You are listening to something
+over many seconds or many hours.
+
+And the transients used for
+most of our common circuits,
+
+the transients die out pretty
+quickly.
+
+And so the transients are quite
+complicated and they die out
+
+quickly.
+We say we are engineers.
+
+Let's focus on what is
+practically important.
+
+And we focus on the
+steady-state behavior as a large
+
+part of our analysis and just
+completely ignore the transient
+
+response when we care about the
+response to sinusoidal input.
+
+The transient response will die
+away, and I will show that
+
+mathematically to you in a few
+seconds.
+
+And let's focus on the
+steady-state because that what I
+
+am going to hear most of the
+time.
+
+I am going to listen to an
+average over long periods of
+
+time.
+That's the motivation behind
+
+this.
+And let me put this in
+
+perspective for you.
+By now this should bring
+
+memories to your mind.
+This is the playground that we
+
+are in.
+This is the lumped circuit
+
+playground here.
+Remember we came from the
+
+playground of nature to the
+playground of EECS where we made
+
+the big leap from Maxwell's
+equations to lumped circuits,
+
+that's lumped circuit
+abstraction.
+
+And within there we spent a
+large part of the last couple of
+
+months doing linear circuits.
+We also analyzed nonlinear
+
+circuits.
+Remember the amplifier circuit
+
+of the MOSFET large signal
+analysis was nonlinear?
+
+Well, there is linear and
+nonlinear.
+
+Within linear we also showed
+that if you take a digital
+
+circuit, at least as we
+understood them,
+
+and draw the subcircuit for a
+given set of switch settings,
+
+if I set the switches in a
+given way what I was left with
+
+was another linear circuit for a
+given value of all the switch
+
+settings.
+My small signal analysis was
+
+also linear.
+If I focused on small signals I
+
+also had linear analysis.
+Today what we are going to do
+
+is this.
+We are going to articulate a
+
+different part of the
+playground.
+
+This was a big linear
+playground.
+
+We've done this.
+We've done this.
+
+We are going to explore this
+territory.
+
+This is that territory of the
+playground in which we have
+
+sinusoidal inputs to circuits.
+Furthermore,
+
+we are going to look at a
+subcircuit of that region which
+
+is steady-state.
+We will look at sinusoidal
+
+input and in the steady-state.
+So that is going to be our
+
+focus for the next two or three
+lectures just to give you a
+
+perspective of where we are.
+To motivate this,
+
+what I would like to do is
+consider your amplifier.
+
+This is our friend the
+amplifier circuit,
+
+this part here.
+And remember,
+
+even though this is an
+amplifier, I am using a MOSFET
+
+here.
+And a MOSFET,
+
+as you know,
+has this gate capacitance CGS.
+
+I am explicitly drawing it out
+for you here.
+
+And I am going to drive this
+with a bias voltage plus some
+
+small signal vI,
+the usual template for
+
+amplifiers.
+And there is some Thevenin
+
+resistance attached to that
+source.
+
+I am going to model my source
+as a bias voltage,
+
+a small signal plus some source
+resistance.
+
+And I want to apply a sine wave
+here and I am going to look at
+
+what this looks like.
+You may think,
+
+look, this is a linear
+amplifier.
+
+And so if I apply a sine wave
+here I should see some response
+
+here, and that should be the
+same amplitude if I feed the
+
+same amplitude here over any
+frequency.
+
+But let's see what happens.
+Keep a look at,
+
+switch over to that view graph
+while I show you a little
+
+demonstration here.
+What you see here are three
+
+sine waves, a yellow sine wave
+which is the input here,
+
+you see a green sine wave which
+is the input vC at the gate of
+
+the MOSFET, and then you see the
+blue which is the output here.
+
+For now simply focus on the
+yellow and the blue.
+
+The yellow is the input and the
+blue is the output.
+
+So I apply some input and I get
+an output that looks more or
+
+less some linear function of
+this input here.
+
+It is a small signal.
+What I am going to do is I am
+
+going to change the frequency of
+the input.
+
+Remember, I want to look at the
+response of the circuit to a
+
+sinusoid.
+I am feeding a sinusoid here.
+
+I look at the response.
+I am going to change the
+
+frequency.
+That is a big shift that we are
+
+making in that the curve that we
+drew in the last lecture had to
+
+do with varying time.
+Now I am going to focus on
+
+sinusoids and vary their
+frequency.
+
+I am going to change the
+frequency.
+
+Stare at the blue curve as I
+increase the frequency and just
+
+think of what you might expect.
+Based on the knowledge you have
+
+so far you would expect that
+look, as I change the frequency,
+
+the frequency should change but
+I should see the same amplitude.
+
+OK but take a look.
+Let me increase the frequency
+
+of the input.
+What do you see at the output?
+
+I am increasing the frequency.
+
+What do you see happening
+there?
+
+If you don't see anything
+changing there you will need to
+
+see an optometrist.
+What do we see here?
+
+As I changed the frequency,
+as I increased the frequency
+
+what happened to the blue?
+The blue kept decreasing in
+
+amplitude.
+And you are saying whoa,
+
+what is happening here?
+We don't have the tools to deal
+
+with this.
+I expected that when I changed
+
+my frequency,
+my frequency here should change
+
+of course, but why is the
+amplitude changing?
+
+What is happening here?
+That is weird.
+
+I noticed that this amplitude
+became smaller because the
+
+amplitude of the green became
+smaller.
+
+And remember the green was the
+voltage across the capacitor.
+
+So this is your RC.
+And here is my input.
+
+My input has the amplitude,
+which I am holding more or less
+
+constant.
+And notice that vC decreased in
+
+value as I increased my
+frequency.
+
+Just hold that thought.
+As I increased the frequency of
+
+my input the amplitude of the
+output kept diminishing.
+
+In other words,
+the gain of the system seemed
+
+to have decreased as I increased
+by frequency.
+
+And today we will look at why
+that is so and how we can
+
+analyze that.
+The other thing that is not so
+
+obvious here is there is a phase
+shift.
+
+What I am going to do is try to
+see if we can observe the phase
+
+shift here.
+
+Notice here.
+What we have been used to is
+
+for the amplifier we get a
+complete inversion at the
+
+output.
+Inversion means a phase
+
+difference of 180 degrees for a
+sine wave, right?
+
+This peak should have been
+here, but notice that there is a
+
+shifting of the peak.
+In other words,
+
+if the yellow was my input my
+output should have had its
+
+minimum when the input had its
+maximum.
+
+But notice there is a shifting
+of the signal such that the
+
+output is a maximum,
+not quite at the point where
+
+the input is a minimum but a
+little bit after that.
+
+Also weird.
+Not only has this little
+
+circuit here lost its gain
+somehow, but also it seems to
+
+have shifted the signal in
+phase.
+
+That is weird.
+And today we will look at why
+
+that is so and try to understand
+the frequency behavior of this
+
+little subcomponent here.
+Notice that vC is exactly 180
+
+out of phase with vO.
+So vO is faithfully an inverted
+
+amplified form of the input vC.
+However, vC itself should have
+
+been the same as vI but it looks
+quite different.
+
+So let's understand why that is
+so.
+
+The subcircuit to model is the
+subcircuit comprising the
+
+source, resistor and the
+capacitor.
+
+And I am just showing that to
+you here.
+
+I have a vI,
+a resistor and capacitor.
+
+And I am going to understand
+how this behaves.
+
+And it is a first order
+circuit, single capacitor.
+
+My input is a vI cosine of
+omega t.
+
+vI is a real number for t
+greater than zero.
+
+And I am telling you that the
+capacitor voltage starts out
+
+being zero.
+And my vI is a sinusoid.
+
+It's not a step this time.
+It's a sinusoid.
+
+So vI is a sinusoid and I want
+to find out what vC looks like.
+
+The behavior here tells me,
+I will give you the answer,
+
+that when I feed a sinusoidal
+input as the frequency
+
+increases, vC should be
+decreasing somehow and also be
+
+shifting in phase.
+Let's do the derivation for
+
+that and see what happens.
+To give you some insight as to
+
+how to go about analyzing this
+let me draw a little graph as to
+
+the effort level of doing this.
+To determine vC of t on the
+
+y-axis here is our effort.
+How hard do we have to work to
+
+solve this circuit for a
+sinusoidal input?
+
+And on this graph,
+down here is easy and up here
+
+is pure agony.
+Sheer agony up here.
+
+So it's the scale of effort
+level ranging from easy to
+
+complete agony.
+And this is the time axis.
+
+And the time axis starts out at
+11 o'clock, the early part of
+
+today's lecture,
+and ends at roughly 12,
+
+that is today's lecture and
+this is next lecture.
+
+What I am going to show you
+today is a method that uses a
+
+usual differential equation
+approach, and this is going to
+
+be pure agony.
+If you thought last Thursday
+
+was agony watch today.
+This is going to be sheer,
+
+sheer, sheer hell.
+So I am going to grunge through
+
+that, and I think I will sort of
+give up halfway because it's
+
+just too painful even for me
+here.
+
+Then what I am going to do is
+at the end of this lecture I am
+
+going to show you an approach
+that I give a cutesy name.
+
+I call it the "sneaky
+approach".
+
+We are going to sneak something
+in there it is going to be a lot
+
+easier.
+And then in the next lecture I
+
+am going to show you an even
+sneakier approach that is just
+
+going to be absolute bliss.
+So let's start here.
+
+Indulge me as I go through the
+agony part.
+
+I am going to blast through it
+because that is not of how we
+
+are going to do things,
+but you just need to know that
+
+that is agony.
+Let's do a usual differential
+
+equation approach.
+Steps one, two,
+
+three and four.
+Set up differential equation,
+
+find the particular solution,
+find the homogenous solution,
+
+add up the two and solve for
+the unknowns.
+
+It's a mantra.
+The four-step manta.
+
+Let's do it.
+Step one, write the DE.
+
+That's easy.
+We have done this before the RC
+
+circuit.
+It's RC dvc/dt+vc=vI.
+
+This is no different from what
+you got from what you got from
+
+your RC circuit with a step
+input, just that my input is VI
+
+cosine of omega t in this case.
+It is not just a DC voltage VI.
+
+Stare at that.
+Enjoy it while the going is
+
+easy.
+It's like traversing rapids,
+
+and before you come to a class
+five, you have calm and raging
+
+waters there,
+you kind of sit there saying
+
+oh, the scenery around here
+looks really good and so on.
+
+All you are doing is stalling
+before you have dive down to
+
+class five.
+We will get to class five
+
+rapids in a few seconds here,
+so just enjoy this.
+
+RC dvc/dt+vC=vI.
+You've seen this before.
+
+Nothing fancy.
+Good old stuff.
+
+VI cosine of omega t.
+You want to hold onto your
+
+seatbelts?
+OK.
+
+Let's find the particular
+solution to the cosine input.
+
+Let's use our standard method.
+What I will do is just so,
+
+there is going to be so much
+crapola up there,
+
+so that I draw your attention
+to vP, which is what we are
+
+trying to get,
+I am just going to put a box
+
+around vP in red.
+If you see like all sorts of
+
+garbage appear,
+just look for the red square.
+
+That is what we are trying to
+get at.
+
+That's the equation.
+Let's try.
+
+First try, A worked before.
+A constant value A worked
+
+before for DC inputs.
+Let's try that again.
+
+If it worked then it may work
+now.
+
+If I use A, a constant value,
+and I substitute it here,
+
+I get dA/dt goes to zero,
+vP is A, but on the right-hand
+
+side I have VI cosine omega t.
+So clearly A doesn't work.
+
+Sorry.
+I struck out.
+
+Well, cosine omega t here,
+let's try A cosine omega T as
+
+my particular solution.
+Things are getting a little
+
+harder now, a little more
+painful.
+
+So substitute A cosine omega t
+here.
+
+So I do get A cosine omega T
+for vP, but out here I get RCA
+
+sine omega t times omega times
+minus one.
+
+So I have a sine and a cosine,
+and I have a cosine on the
+
+right-hand side.
+Sorry, it doesn't work.
+
+Nope, doesn't work either.
+Well, let's try A cosine omega
+
+t plus phi.
+We are now embarking into the
+
+rapids here.
+You can begin feeling the
+
+pressure.
+Just to refresh your memories
+
+of sines and cosines.
+A is the amplitude of the
+
+cosine.
+Omega is the frequency.
+
+Phi is the phase.
+Remember the signal I showed
+
+you earlier?
+If something happens to the
+
+amplitude of the sine,
+something happens to the phase.
+
+A cosine omega t plus phi.
+Let me plug it in here and go
+
+by standard practice.
+Here is what I get.
+
+I plug in A cosine omega t to
+this equation,
+
+and this is what I get.
+I differentiate it.
+
+I get omega out minus sine,
+sine of negative d plus phi,
+
+A cosine omega t plus phi
+equals VI cosine omega t.
+
+That might work.
+Now we get into the class six
+
+part of the class five.
+All class fives have a little
+
+bit of class six rapids.
+Remember, the rapids go up on
+
+an exponential scale so it like
+earthquakes.
+
+What I do now is expand out
+sine omega t plus phi,
+
+blah, blah, blah,
+it goes on and on.
+
+I could go on and on,
+but this is even tiring me.
+
+This can be made to work,
+but I am not sure I want to put
+
+all of us through this trig
+nightmare here.
+
+If I am really,
+really nasty I could give this
+
+to you as a homework assignment
+or something,
+
+but I am not that nasty so you
+won't see that.
+
+But if I go down this path it
+will get me to the answer,
+
+but I would have to soon
+negotiate class six,
+
+class seven rapids to get to
+where I want.
+
+So let me punt on it,
+let me start from scratch.
+
+I am at step two,
+let me start from scratch.
+
+Instead what I would like to do
+is let's get sneaky here.
+
+Rather than negotiating the
+class five rapids,
+
+what we can say is ah-ha,
+we can take our canoes and jump
+
+onto shore and run down and then
+get back onto the river.
+
+Let's do that.
+That is called the sneaky
+
+approach.
+So that all our friends who are
+
+behind us think we are
+negotiating the rapids,
+
+but what we are going to do is
+get sneaky and take the shore
+
+path.
+Let's get sneaky,
+
+just walk down the shore and
+see what is there.
+
+I want to do something
+completely weird here.
+
+I want to look at solving this
+equation through the shore
+
+method.
+S stands for shore or S stands
+
+for sneaky, whatever you want.
+What I am going to do is rather
+
+than trying to solve for VI
+cosine omega t.
+
+I am going to say let's try a
+different input all together.
+
+And you will understand why in
+a second.
+
+It's like I am the captain of
+my canoe and I tell my
+
+teammates, hey,
+let's not negotiate the rapids,
+
+let's go and explore the shore.
+Maybe down the shore we can
+
+find a path that gets us across
+to the other side more easily.
+
+So here is me and my colleagues
+carrying our canoe and getting
+
+onto shore and taking a sneaky
+path.
+
+This is not what I set out to
+solve.
+
+I don't know where this will
+lead me.
+
+But let's see where the shore
+path leads us.
+
+I want to try solving this
+equation Vie^st.
+
+S stands for shore or sneaky or
+whatever you want.
+
+I don't know where I am going,
+but let's see where this leads
+
+us.
+Let's explore.
+
+Make believe you are Columbus
+or something.
+
+I don't know.
+Let's use the usual techniques
+
+and see how this works out.
+Let's try a particular
+
+solution, Vpe^st.
+My input is Vie^st.
+
+I am trying to solve the
+circuit for a different input.
+
+And let me try solution Vpe^st
+and see if that works out
+
+nicely.
+I substitute Vpe^st into my
+
+equation here,
+so RCVpe^st blah blah blah.
+
+What I get here is Vie^st,
+Vpe^st stays the same,
+
+but here vP comes out,
+s comes out and e^st stays the
+
+same.
+That is nice property of
+
+exponentials.
+This is what I get.
+
+A really cool property of
+exponentials is that when I
+
+differentiate it I get the
+exponential back.
+
+Unlike a cosine I got a sine,
+and for a sine I got a cosine.
+
+Exponentials are very plain and
+simple, are straightforward.
+
+What you see is what you get.
+You differentiate it.
+
+You get the same thing,
+you get scaling vP,
+
+S and so on,
+and some scaling here.
+
+You get S scaling here,
+but the basic form stays the
+
+same.
+This is quite nice.
+
+I have e^st in all three
+places, so I can cancel those
+
+out and I get this expression.
+And I get this.
+
+Wow.
+So if I go down the shore I get
+
+some place fast.
+I don't know where I am yet,
+
+but whatever I did,
+it was easy.
+
+I am just exploring this path,
+down the shore path.
+
+I am making progress.
+I don't know where I have
+
+gotten yet.
+We will see where we got to in
+
+a second, but I got some place
+quickly, fast.
+
+I was able to solve for this
+input Vie^st and get this
+
+solution very quickly.
+So what happened here?
+
+I assumed the solution of the
+form Vpe^st, substituted it
+
+back, and found that if vP were
+equal to Vi/(1+sRC) then Vpe^st
+
+is a solution.
+What I have done here is that
+
+Vi/(1+sRC) is a particular
+solution to this equation for
+
+the input Vie^st.
+I put a box around it because
+
+this is important.
+This was easy.
+
+We went down the shore,
+and said let's try this other
+
+input.
+We made rapid progress on shore
+
+and I got some place.
+I don't know where I am yet.
+
+I got this.
+Let me pause here and let me
+
+give you the final answer.
+I am going to show you over the
+
+next five minutes that this is
+our answer.
+
+You are staring at the answer
+already.
+
+I am a party,
+I have taken a shore path and
+
+we have gotten some place.
+We see the river there,
+
+so it turns out we are exactly
+where we want to be,
+
+just after the rapids.
+All I have to do now is get my
+
+colleagues into the river with
+myself in the canoe and we are
+
+done.
+You don't know that yet.
+
+My colleagues and I are sitting
+on the shore looking at the
+
+river.
+We've gotten some place.
+
+There are no rapids there.
+We have gotten some place.
+
+We don't quite know is this
+just after the rapids or not.
+
+We don't know yet,
+but I got there very quickly.
+
+And I will tell you right now,
+that is the place we wanted to
+
+go to.
+The next five view graphs I am
+
+going to blast through.
+There is going to be more pain
+
+and agony to show you why that
+is the case.
+
+It's me thinking I am Columbus
+and proving to my colleagues
+
+that this is where we want to
+be.
+
+And pulling out my sextant,
+and the compasses and so on
+
+that cartographers and people
+use to prove to my colleagues
+
+that this is where I want to be.
+This is the answer.
+
+The next five view graphs will
+be demonstrating that this is
+
+indeed the answer,
+or close enough to the answer
+
+that we will be satisfied.
+Isn't this spectacular?
+
+I am going to show you in about
+five minutes that this gives us
+
+all the information we need to
+know to compute the sinusoidal
+
+steady-state response to this
+differential equation.
+
+Let me write that down here
+just so you know.
+
+Just so you remember.
+I am going to put a marker on
+
+the shore that says this is
+where we are right now.
+
+Now let me prove to you.
+As I just said,
+
+vPS is Vi, it's this stuff here
+multiplied by e^st is the
+
+solution to Vie^st.
+This guy here is a solution for
+
+Vie^st and vP is simply the
+coefficient that multiplies
+
+e^st.
+Similarly, if I substitute S
+
+equals j omega.
+I told you five view graphs of
+
+more hell, but I am just going
+to prove to you that this is it.
+
+I am substituting S equals j
+omega.
+
+This is Columbus giving a big
+speech at the end convincing his
+
+colleagues that we are where we
+want to be.
+
+I substitute j omega for S and
+this is what I get.
+
+This is a solution for e to the
+st, and so this is a solution
+
+for e to the j omega t.
+And let me mark this for you as
+
+something to remember.
+Vi/(1+j omega RC).
+
+In terms of that,
+I am substituting j omega for
+
+S.
+And this is a complex number.
+
+It is a complex amplitude.
+It is a complex number because
+
+of j here, and it multiplies e
+to the j omega t.
+
+Just keep this in mind.
+So that was easy.
+
+The steps were easy.
+I am still proving to you that
+
+this is where we want to be.
+Now let me draw the connection
+
+back to vP.
+And the first fact was that
+
+finding the response to Vie^(j
+omega t) was easy.
+
+We know that.
+Second was the following
+
+observation that Vi cosine omega
+t is simply the real part of
+
+this number here.
+So Vi cosine omega t is simply
+
+the real part of Vie^(j omega t)
+from the Euler relation.
+
+So cosine omega t is simply the
+real part of this guy.
+
+Light bulbs beginning to go
+off?
+
+The first fast was that finding
+the response to Vie^(j omega t)
+
+was easy.
+And the response was this,
+
+right?
+Times e to the j omega t.
+
+That was easy.
+All right.
+
+And the second part is that the
+real part of this is Vi cosine
+
+omega t was our input.
+Draw the connection between two
+
+steps.
+Finding the response to Vie^(j
+
+omega t) was easy.
+The real part of that was the
+
+input we cared about.
+Are light bulbs going off?
+
+Let me draw you a little
+picture here to show you what is
+
+happening.
+Response to vI is vP.
+
+It's the particular response we
+are looking for.
+
+Remember the red square?
+But we threw in a sneaky input
+
+vIS and we formed the response
+vPS to that.
+
+This step was easy.
+This step was hard.
+
+vI to vP was hard,
+trig nightmare,
+
+remember?
+But vIS to vPS was easy.
+
+It was a simple Vpe^st thing.
+We also know that the real part
+
+of vIS is vI.
+The real part of this is simply
+
+vI.
+If you have a real circuit,
+
+if you have a real linear
+circuit, for a linear circuit,
+
+if the real part of this gives
+me vI then the real part of the
+
+solution should give me vP.
+So computing vPS was easy.
+
+If I take the real part of
+this, I take the corresponding
+
+real part of this.
+This is sort of an inverse
+
+superposition argument.
+Superposition,
+
+I said, take the response for
+A, take the response for B,
+
+add them up and you get the
+response for A plus B.
+
+Here what we are saying is that
+get the response to A plus B,
+
+or to A plus jB and the real
+part of the input will produce
+
+the response given by the real
+part of the output.
+
+So this is an inverse
+superposition argument.
+
+If it is a linear circuit,
+then if vI is the real part of
+
+this sneaky input then I find
+the response to the sneaky input
+
+and take its real part I should
+get vP.
+
+Here I am, Columbus,
+staring down at the entrance to
+
+this part of the river.
+I just proved to my colleagues
+
+that all we have to do is take
+the real part of what we have.
+
+We can just jump right back
+into the river and get back to
+
+vP.
+And what I am going to do next
+
+is just grind through the math
+and just show you that.
+
+I will just blast through it.
+It is not important,
+
+but you have it in your notes.
+I am telling you that vP is
+
+simply the real part of the
+sneaky output.
+
+And I take the real part of vP
+e to the j omega t.
+
+And I take the real part.
+And just a bunch of math here.
+
+I am just taking the real part
+and doing a bunch of complex
+
+math.
+Remember vP was given by this
+
+quantity here.
+And I take the real part and I
+
+end up with vP is simply this
+quantity multiplied by cosine
+
+omega t plus phi,
+where phi is given by is given
+
+by tan inverse of omega RC,
+and this is the coefficient
+
+multiplying the cosine.
+So by taking the sneaky path
+
+and then taking the real part of
+that output answer,
+
+I was able to very quickly get
+to where I wanted to be.
+
+So from here to here it is only
+math.
+
+Recall, that vP,
+the thing in the red was what
+
+we set out to find out,
+which was the particular
+
+response to VI cosine of omega
+t.
+
+And remember that two grunge is
+all of this stuff.
+
+I am going to blast through two
+or three more view graphs that
+
+just give you more insight and
+more math, nothing particular.
+
+And remember to solve the
+equation we have to find a
+
+homogenous solution,
+too.
+
+But recall that the homogenous
+solution for an RC circuit is of
+
+the form Ae^-t/RC.
+This means that as time becomes
+
+very large this part goes to
+zero.
+
+As time becomes large in the
+steady state,
+
+remember I care about the
+steady state?
+
+This goes to zero.
+I don't care about the
+
+homogenous solution.
+Isn't that fantastic?
+
+Most the circuits we will deal
+with, except for purely
+
+oscillatory ones,
+the homogenous part dies away.
+
+You have something like e to
+the -t whatever.
+
+It just dies away.
+It's gone.
+
+So the total solution has vH
+going away.
+
+And what I end up with is just
+vP.
+
+My total solution in the steady
+state is simply vP.
+
+And A is given by this that we
+just calculated.
+
+I just have a bunch more
+insight that I talk about that
+
+you can look through in your
+notes.
+
+And I just want to show you a
+very quick summary.
+
+In summary, what we have is we
+computed vP.
+
+It was a complex coefficient.
+And all these steps,
+
+2 grunge, 3 and 4 were a waste
+of time.
+
+And what I showed you was that
+for the input VI the coefficient
+
+vP was complex.
+And I can take the ratio and
+
+represent it in this manner as
+well.
+
+And from vP,
+I can then compute the
+
+multiplier for the cosine as
+follows.
+
+I divide by vP here.
+Remember the cosine was
+
+multiplied by,
+in the mathematical step that I
+
+did, VI divided one plus,
+this stuff here,
+
+so I could get the magnitude
+and phase of the transfer
+
+function of this circuit in the
+following manner.
+
+And to wrap up very quickly,
+I am going to cover this again
+
+the next time and show you a
+magnitude plot.
+
+Notice here that if I plot
+Vp/Vi.
+
+Remember this was Vp here.
+That's the answer.
+
+The magnitude looks like this.
+On a log scale Vp/Vi for small
+
+frequencies omega is at one,
+but as omega increases Vp/Vi
+
+keeps decreasing.
+That is the output.
+
+Remember Vp was the amplitude
+of the output?
+
+That keeps decreasing.
+And this is the reason why.
+
+As I increase the frequency,
+the amplitude of my output
+
+cosine kept decreasing.
+I could also plot the phase for
+
+you.
+And the phase,
+
+in the same manner as omega
+increased, my phase also kept
+
+shifting from zero initially to
+pi/2 finally.
+
+Let me stop here and start with
+this the next time and revisit
+
+this.
+Unfortunately,
+
+I won't have time for the demo.
+I will show it to you next
+
+time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3k7enjPPLSI.txt b/3k7enjPPLSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dcd200fbf1b8d773d546fdd0d4ddd5642ec1818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3k7enjPPLSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+
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+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I went out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went out to
+the because a fire was in my head and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because a fire was in my head and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because a fire was in my head and c
+and PE a he one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PE a he one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PE a he one
+and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+white on the wing and mo like stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white on the wing and mo like stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white on the wing and mo like stars
+flickering out I Dr the b in a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering out I Dr the b in a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickering out I Dr the b in a stream
+and caught a little silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drout
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I had laid it on the floor I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had laid it on the floor I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had laid it on the floor I went
+to blow the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow the fire
+of but something rustled on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but something rustled on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but something rustled on the
+floor and someone called me by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and someone called me by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and someone called me by my
+name it had become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it had become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it had become a
+ging girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in who call me by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in who call me by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in who call me by my
+name and R and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+brightening though I am always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightening though I am always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightening though I am always
+wondering through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering through
+H land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H land and
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+lands I will find out where she has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands I will find out where she has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands I will find out where she has gone
+and kiss her lips and take her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kiss her lips and take her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kiss her lips and take her
+heart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and
+walk on grass and pluck till time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on grass and pluck till time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on grass and pluck till time and
+times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are
+done those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done those
+Sil apples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sil apples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sil apples of the
+Moon the gold in apples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sun that's just wonderful I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun that's just wonderful I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun that's just wonderful I love
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I love the sparse texture and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the sparse texture and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the sparse texture and I think it
+works for this poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for this poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for this poem
+and for for the way you've set the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for the way you've set the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for the way you've set the the
+text in the vocal line occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in the vocal line occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in the vocal line occasionally
+there are harmonic shifts where I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are harmonic shifts where I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are harmonic shifts where I feel
+like I wanted to support Jan a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I wanted to support Jan a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I wanted to support Jan a little
+more with the harmony that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with the harmony that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with the harmony that that that
+you've written um and it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written um and it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written um and it just means
+filling out the chords a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out the chords a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out the chords a little more
+like places where I just have one note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like places where I just have one note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like places where I just have one note
+in each hand um quarter notes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each hand um quarter notes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each hand um quarter notes um and
+things like that you might consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you might consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you might consider
+filling those out into more realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling those out into more realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling those out into more realized
+full harmonies um just there were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full harmonies um just there were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full harmonies um just there were I
+don't know if I can think of the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I can think of the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I can think of the exact
+spots but there were a couple spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots but there were a couple spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots but there were a couple spots
+where the harmony kind of came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the harmony kind of came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the harmony kind of came through
+but it was a little vague just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a little vague just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a little vague just because
+of how few notes that were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how few notes that were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how few notes that were actually
+being played I would say the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played I would say the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played I would say the middle of
+the song where the Dynamics or the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song where the Dynamics or the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song where the Dynamics or the girl
+comes into the picture yes yes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the picture yes yes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the picture yes yes um and
+then in 55 too I just had a question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in 55 too I just had a question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in 55 too I just had a question for
+you there I that g seems to be a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there I that g seems to be a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there I that g seems to be a rather
+dissonant note there and it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonant note there and it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonant note there and it it's it's
+left hanging um and I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hanging um and I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hanging um and I'm not sure what
+what your intention was was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your intention was was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your intention was was there
+um I guess I wasn't sure quite what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I wasn't sure quite what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I wasn't sure quite what to
+do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it
+but I would argue that the the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that the the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that the the left hand
+would work better as a quarter note at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work better as a quarter note at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work better as a quarter note at
+that point to let the singer through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to let the singer through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to let the singer through
+that beautiful romantic falling turn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beautiful romantic falling turn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beautiful romantic falling turn of
+phrase sort of establish the tempo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase sort of establish the tempo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase sort of establish the tempo on
+her own and then pick up in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own and then pick up in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own and then pick up in the next
+thing MH but that's just a suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing MH but that's just a suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing MH but that's just a suggestion
+that's one of many options that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of many options that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of many options that could
+solve that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particulars yes I think that's I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars yes I think that's I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars yes I think that's I want to
+compliment you on uh having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the having a really be symmetrical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the having a really be symmetrical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the having a really be symmetrical in
+the best sense of the word piece it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best sense of the word piece it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best sense of the word piece it's
+well weighted on either end it takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well weighted on either end it takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well weighted on either end it takes us
+on this adventure without going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this adventure without going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this adventure without going too
+crazy you know what I mean it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy you know what I mean it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy you know what I mean it doesn't go
+any any uh peculiar angular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any uh peculiar angular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any uh peculiar angular or
+um or oddly shaped Flights of Fancy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or oddly shaped Flights of Fancy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or oddly shaped Flights of Fancy it
+just sort of tells the story in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of tells the story in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of tells the story in a really
+pleasing organic way it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing organic way it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing organic way it's really
+lovely um I was going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely um I was going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely um I was going to make a
+suggestion to twofold suggestion one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to twofold suggestion one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion to twofold suggestion one go
+and listen to Beethoven's song cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to Beethoven's song cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to Beethoven's song cycle and
+have you ever heard it before it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever heard it before it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever heard it before it is it
+is sort of why they recognized as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of why they recognized as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of why they recognized as being
+the very first song cycle ever written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first song cycle ever written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first song cycle ever written
+which sounds amazing considering it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sounds amazing considering it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sounds amazing considering it was
+someone as late as bethoven but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone as late as bethoven but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone as late as bethoven but the
+entire cycle is through composed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cycle is through composed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cycle is through composed and
+it's it's relentlessly and impossibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's relentlessly and impossibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's relentlessly and impossibly
+strophic I just ask anyone and myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic I just ask anyone and myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic I just ask anyone and myself
+included who tried to memorize it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included who tried to memorize it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included who tried to memorize it but
+it's a great lesson in taking a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great lesson in taking a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great lesson in taking a harmonic
+language and a texture and switching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and a texture and switching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and a texture and switching it
+up from verse to verse with the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from verse to verse with the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from verse to verse with the direct
+effect of altering our emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of altering our emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of altering our emotional
+impression of what's Happening um I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of what's Happening um I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression of what's Happening um I love
+too the spareness of what you've begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the spareness of what you've begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the spareness of what you've begun
+with and what you've ended with and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and what you've ended with and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and what you've ended with and I
+think to really make that spareness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to really make that spareness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to really make that spareness and
+that sort of Elegance and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of Elegance and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of Elegance and sort of you
+know blank sheet of paper to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blank sheet of paper to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blank sheet of paper to make that
+really stand out you need to contrast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stand out you need to contrast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stand out you need to contrast it
+with something else in the middle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else in the middle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else in the middle what
+Daniel suggested was perfect um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel suggested was perfect um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel suggested was perfect um sort of
+feeling things out I would suggest also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling things out I would suggest also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling things out I would suggest also
+um be be braver with how you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be be braver with how you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be be braver with how you approach
+things rhythmically instead of striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things rhythmically instead of striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things rhythmically instead of striking
+single chords or single notes um Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chords or single notes um Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chords or single notes um Let
+There be moving notes I mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There be moving notes I mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There be moving notes I mean not
+necessarily like the effect of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like the effect of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like the effect of an
+alberty bass but something moving like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alberty bass but something moving like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alberty bass but something moving like
+that would be totally appropriate I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be totally appropriate I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be totally appropriate I mean
+think think of the images we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think of the images we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think of the images we have here
+um you know dappled leaves and sunshine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know dappled leaves and sunshine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know dappled leaves and sunshine
+walking out in the Hazelwood um a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking out in the Hazelwood um a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking out in the Hazelwood um a fire
+in my head wanting to and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head wanting to and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head wanting to and then later
+reference to wanting to Fan the fire um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to wanting to Fan the fire um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to wanting to Fan the fire um
+the image of fishing I mean the I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of fishing I mean the I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of fishing I mean the I'm sure
+you've listened to De forella by schuber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've listened to De forella by schuber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've listened to De forella by schuber
+or have you it's called the trout it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you it's called the trout it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you it's called the trout it's
+the the song which is from which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the song which is from which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the song which is from which the
+trout quintet takes its name anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trout quintet takes its name anyway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trout quintet takes its name anyway it's
+a wonderful strophic song that isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful strophic song that isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful strophic song that isn't a
+strophic song There are the phrases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic song There are the phrases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strophic song There are the phrases are
+imitative but it still tells the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitative but it still tells the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitative but it still tells the story
+and it it's always different as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's always different as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's always different as it goes
+along it has a very specific narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it has a very specific narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it has a very specific narrative
+it's also about fishes and fishing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about fishes and fishing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about fishes and fishing um
+take your cue from that a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your cue from that a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your cue from that a little bit in
+terms of can you bring out some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of can you bring out some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of can you bring out some of the
+images and it's a very Vivid Bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and it's a very Vivid Bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and it's a very Vivid Bright
+Beautiful set of images that come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful set of images that come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful set of images that come here
+very colorful very very specific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very colorful very very specific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very colorful very very specific and
+very clean and I think you can do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean and I think you can do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean and I think you can do more
+with tone paint in particular where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tone paint in particular where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tone paint in particular where
+water and fish images are concerned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and fish images are concerned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and fish images are concerned and
+maybe even be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even be a little bit more
+extravagant um a fish turns into a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagant um a fish turns into a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagant um a fish turns into a girl
+that's crazy I mean maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crazy I mean maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crazy I mean maybe a little bit
+more sweep a little bit more variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sweep a little bit more variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sweep a little bit more variance
+and Dynamics or a little bit more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dynamics or a little bit more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dynamics or a little bit more sense
+of this sort of thing happening I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of thing happening I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of thing happening I mean I
+don't know if You' ever seen the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if You' ever seen the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if You' ever seen the old
+movie the old cartoon Pinocchio it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the old cartoon Pinocchio it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the old cartoon Pinocchio it was
+do you know the all right you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the all right you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know the all right you know the
+scene where the Blue Fairy comes to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene where the Blue Fairy comes to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene where the Blue Fairy comes to life
+it's this sort of like a little spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of like a little spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this sort of like a little spark
+that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+goes there's this gorgeous Dame and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there's this gorgeous Dame and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there's this gorgeous Dame and a
+blue dress so if you can find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dress so if you can find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dress so if you can find a way
+through the accompaniment because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the accompaniment because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the accompaniment because the
+melody is wonderful and it the Arc of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody is wonderful and it the Arc of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody is wonderful and it the Arc of it
+is really superb if you can find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really superb if you can find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really superb if you can find a way
+to sort of back that up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of back that up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of back that up in the
+accompaniment that would make it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment that would make it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment that would make it even
+more magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more magical
+um I wanted to talk to you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to talk to you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to talk to you about the
+subject of be flat your use of B flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of be flat your use of B flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of be flat your use of B flat
+here I love the fact that you have a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I love the fact that you have a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I love the fact that you have a B
+flat in the opening measure because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in the opening measure because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in the opening measure because well
+here my suggestion first I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my suggestion first I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my suggestion first I'm going to
+suggest that in measure seven you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that in measure seven you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that in measure seven you change
+that B flat that first B flat to a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B flat that first B flat to a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B flat that first B flat to a B
+natural and the next B flat does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the next B flat does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the next B flat does not
+function in the same way as that first B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way as that first B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same way as that first B
+flat does the next B flat is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat does the next B flat is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat does the next B flat is you know
+it's it sort of hangs in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it sort of hangs in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it sort of hangs in with the
+mellody it doesn't sort of come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellody it doesn't sort of come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellody it doesn't sort of come out and
+sound all sad save that B flat the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound all sad save that B flat the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound all sad save that B flat the first
+B flat in that position for though I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B flat in that position for though I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B flat in that position for though I am
+with let let the beginning sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let let the beginning sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let let the beginning sound
+brighter and more like you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter and more like you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter and more like you know this is
+the beginning of an interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of an interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of an interesting and
+exciting story and let this be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting story and let this be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting story and let this be like the
+sort of pensive day newal let the B flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pensive day newal let the B flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pensive day newal let the B flat
+outline that um I think if you use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline that um I think if you use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline that um I think if you use it in
+that way we'll recognize that be flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we'll recognize that be flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way we'll recognize that be flat
+from the opening measure but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opening measure but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opening measure but you have to
+take it away from us for it to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from us for it to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from us for it to have more
+specialness so don't always use the be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialness so don't always use the be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialness so don't always use the be
+flat when you have that little turn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat when you have that little turn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat when you have that little turn of
+phrase you understand what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you understand what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase you understand what I'm talking
+about okay it's it's just an idea just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay it's it's just an idea just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay it's it's just an idea just
+to sort of give be natural versus be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of give be natural versus be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of give be natural versus be
+flat in that context mean two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in that context mean two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat in that context mean two different
+things one is sort of youthful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is sort of youthful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is sort of youthful and
+hopeful and and full of anticipation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeful and and full of anticipation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeful and and full of anticipation and
+the B flat is like ruul and longing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B flat is like ruul and longing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B flat is like ruul and longing and
+sort of looking backwards um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking backwards um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking backwards um and it's
+weird but that's immediately what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but that's immediately what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but that's immediately what it
+appeared to me so be more judicious with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to me so be more judicious with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to me so be more judicious with
+where you employ it um unless you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you employ it um unless you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you employ it um unless you have
+some comments I don't I'm all I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments I don't I'm all I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments I don't I'm all I have no
+more it's a really lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a really lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a really lovely
+song
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3me_PJvOOxs.txt b/3me_PJvOOxs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22c64dac2b4cff35a8a546a9d0d7d16a0db57a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3me_PJvOOxs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Knowledge is a Force that flows through the OCW Scholar. Use it!
+
+OCW
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3sB64Au76h0.txt b/3sB64Au76h0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..838ebee2bceb6f77b54f753d97a6bc576572d841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3sB64Au76h0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+are we going to talk about aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to talk about aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to talk about aircraft
+performance which is figuring out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance which is figuring out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance which is figuring out all of
+this stuff if you're an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff if you're an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff if you're an airplane
+basically how much runway you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how much runway you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how much runway you're going
+to use on both ends how long it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use on both ends how long it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use on both ends how long it's going
+to take you to get there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you to get there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you to get there which is
+another way of saying how much fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying how much fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying how much fuel
+you're going to use if it's a helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use if it's a helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use if it's a helicopter
+it's a little bit different mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different mostly
+you're worried about hover performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about hover performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about hover performance
+so if you're going to a friend's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to a friend's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to a friend's house
+are you going to be able to park the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be able to park the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to be able to park the
+helicopter in midair that's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter in midair that's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter in midair that's called an
+out of ground effect hover and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ground effect hover and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ground effect hover and very
+slowly descend into the backyard dodging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly descend into the backyard dodging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly descend into the backyard dodging
+the trees and powerlines and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees and powerlines and anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees and powerlines and anything
+else so these are all things that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so these are all things that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so these are all things that can be
+found in the aircraft manuals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the aircraft manuals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the aircraft manuals and the
+FAA will test you on them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA will test you on them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA will test you on them a little bit
+this is important partly because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important partly because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important partly because you
+want to be able to complete your flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to complete your flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to complete your flight
+safely and also because of our 91 103
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely and also because of our 91 103
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely and also because of our 91 103
+which is that before you do a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that before you do a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that before you do a flight
+you've got to become a it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to become a it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to become a it's pretty
+all-embracing all available information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-embracing all available information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-embracing all available information
+concerning weather and aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning weather and aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning weather and aircraft
+performance how the aircraft's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance how the aircraft's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance how the aircraft's going to
+perform given the altitude of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform given the altitude of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform given the altitude of where
+you're going and the temperature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going and the temperature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going and the temperature that's
+prevailing there at the time wind also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing there at the time wind also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevailing there at the time wind also
+you know if you find out that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you find out that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you find out that there's a
+40 knot wind scheduled for where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 knot wind scheduled for where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 knot wind scheduled for where you're
+going and it's a direct crosswind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and it's a direct crosswind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and it's a direct crosswind to the
+only runway then that might cause you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only runway then that might cause you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only runway then that might cause you to
+choose a different airport okay here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a different airport okay here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a different airport okay here's a
+reminder of thrust and drag whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of thrust and drag whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of thrust and drag whenever
+you're generating lift you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating lift you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating lift you're also
+generating some drag and that's lift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some drag and that's lift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some drag and that's lift in
+the unwanted direction of backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unwanted direction of backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unwanted direction of backwards
+usually so the aircraft is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so the aircraft is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so the aircraft is also
+producing parasitic drag by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing parasitic drag by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing parasitic drag by trying to
+punch its way through this viscous fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch its way through this viscous fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch its way through this viscous fluid
+of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air
+where these sums up drag curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these sums up drag curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these sums up drag curves
+intersect is pretty much the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect is pretty much the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect is pretty much the bottom of
+the total drag curve the minimum drag or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total drag curve the minimum drag or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total drag curve the minimum drag or
+L over D max the climb performance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over D max the climb performance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over D max the climb performance the
+best speeds to go are all kind of tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best speeds to go are all kind of tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best speeds to go are all kind of tied
+into this drag curve and the best angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this drag curve and the best angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this drag curve and the best angle
+of climb is what you use that's a slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climb is what you use that's a slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climb is what you use that's a slower
+airspeed and the best rate of climb if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and the best rate of climb if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and the best rate of climb if
+you're in a small airport trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a small airport trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a small airport trying to
+clear the trees at the end of the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the trees at the end of the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the trees at the end of the runway
+you're gonna fly the X the best angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna fly the X the best angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna fly the X the best angle of
+climb this is one of the few V speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this is one of the few V speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this is one of the few V speeds
+that you're actually expected to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're actually expected to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're actually expected to know
+the abbreviation for and if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviation for and if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviation for and if you're going
+to just take off out of a big airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take off out of a big airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take off out of a big airport
+like Hanscom field and just want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Hanscom field and just want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Hanscom field and just want to get
+up to your cruising altitude reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to your cruising altitude reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to your cruising altitude reasonably
+quickly then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then you
+hey thanks Richard Richard's a Moony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey thanks Richard Richard's a Moony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey thanks Richard Richard's a Moony
+pilot made it to California many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you actually look at the VX one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually look at the VX one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually look at the VX one
+thing to notice is that it'll depend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that it'll depend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is that it'll depend a
+bit on the wind let's say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the wind let's say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the wind let's say there's a
+hundred knot wind blowing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knot wind blowing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knot wind blowing down the
+runway you don't need to fly very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway you don't need to fly very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway you don't need to fly very fast
+in order to clear the trees at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to clear the trees at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to clear the trees at the end
+of the runway because you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the runway because you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the runway because you're basically
+already flying and you can go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already flying and you can go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already flying and you can go straight
+up like a helicopter in terms of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like a helicopter in terms of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like a helicopter in terms of your
+path over the ground whereas vui just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path over the ground whereas vui just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path over the ground whereas vui just to
+gain altitude that doesn't depend at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain altitude that doesn't depend at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain altitude that doesn't depend at all
+on the prevailing wind so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prevailing wind so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prevailing wind so if you're
+trying to clear something on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clear something on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clear something on the ground
+the wind matter so tailwind would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind matter so tailwind would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind matter so tailwind would be
+very destructive they'll be pushing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very destructive they'll be pushing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very destructive they'll be pushing you
+towards the obstacle and a headwind will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the obstacle and a headwind will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the obstacle and a headwind will
+be very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful
+crews climb most of the time you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews climb most of the time you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews climb most of the time you don't
+actually push the airplane to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually push the airplane to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually push the airplane to these
+speeds they're pretty far nose up which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds they're pretty far nose up which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds they're pretty far nose up which
+is a little bit alarming to passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit alarming to passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit alarming to passengers
+and it's harder to see over the nose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's harder to see over the nose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's harder to see over the nose and
+the engine isn't getting as much cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine isn't getting as much cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine isn't getting as much cooling
+here at these lower speeds so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at these lower speeds so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at these lower speeds so typically
+we'll fly about ten knots faster in a ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fly about ten knots faster in a ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fly about ten knots faster in a ga
+airplane so from the cirrus for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so from the cirrus for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so from the cirrus for example
+ninety six is the book VII at sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety six is the book VII at sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety six is the book VII at sea level
+and applying something like 105 knots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying something like 105 knots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying something like 105 knots is
+more conventional the pc-12 climbs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conventional the pc-12 climbs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conventional the pc-12 climbs you
+know might be able to do three thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be able to do three thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might be able to do three thousand
+feet a minute at 120 knots but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet a minute at 120 knots but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet a minute at 120 knots but if you're
+not in a desperate hurry to get up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a desperate hurry to get up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a desperate hurry to get up above
+the bumpy clouds or something then 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumpy clouds or something then 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bumpy clouds or something then 150
+knots is more conventional okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots is more conventional okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots is more conventional okay so let's
+remember that you've got thrust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you've got thrust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you've got thrust and
+power so the thrust is you know a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so the thrust is you know a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so the thrust is you know a force
+that lets you climb up over the trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you climb up over the trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you climb up over the trees
+the power is thrust times the speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power is thrust times the speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power is thrust times the speed and
+its thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thrust
+operating over a period of time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating over a period of time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating over a period of time so the
+more excess power you have the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more excess power you have the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more excess power you have the higher
+the rate at which you can climb anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which you can climb anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which you can climb anyway
+we'll see some more of that here you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some more of that here you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some more of that here you've
+got best glide ratio if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got best glide ratio if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got best glide ratio if you want to get
+to the decent place to land and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decent place to land and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decent place to land and you've
+lost your engine what's a good speed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost your engine what's a good speed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost your engine what's a good speed to
+fly well L over D max is an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly well L over D max is an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly well L over D max is an excellent
+speed to fly because that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to fly because that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to fly because that's where the
+lift over drag is that a is at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift over drag is that a is at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift over drag is that a is at its
+highest point and you'll make the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest point and you'll make the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest point and you'll make the best
+time over the ground again that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over the ground again that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over the ground again that has to
+be adjusted a little bit for wind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjusted a little bit for wind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjusted a little bit for wind if
+you're going into a hundred knot wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going into a hundred knot wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going into a hundred knot wind
+and the Cirrus best glide speed is 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Cirrus best glide speed is 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Cirrus best glide speed is 96
+knots that's not going to work out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots that's not going to work out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots that's not going to work out very
+well you're not going to go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not going to go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not going to go anywhere
+over the ground that's a photo that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the ground that's a photo that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the ground that's a photo that I
+took at the Newport Jazz Festival I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took at the Newport Jazz Festival I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took at the Newport Jazz Festival I
+don't want to say self portrait anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say self portrait anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say self portrait anyway
+wait has a huge factor on all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait has a huge factor on all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait has a huge factor on all these
+speeds because actually a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds because actually a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds because actually a lot of them
+are related to angle of attack and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to angle of attack and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to angle of attack and it
+certainly affects your performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly affects your performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly affects your performance so
+everything about higher weight is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about higher weight is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about higher weight is pretty
+bad wind you might think that a tailwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad wind you might think that a tailwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad wind you might think that a tailwind
+is always good but really the tailwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always good but really the tailwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always good but really the tailwind
+is only good for extending your cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only good for extending your cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only good for extending your cruise
+range everything else pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range everything else pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range everything else pretty much the
+headwind is better for so they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind is better for so they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind is better for so they think
+about the headwind again and think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the headwind again and think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the headwind again and think of
+these extreme cases if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extreme cases if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extreme cases if you've got a
+hundred knot wind right in your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knot wind right in your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knot wind right in your face
+then you can fly without moving that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can fly without moving that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can fly without moving that's
+basically a wind tunnel okay senator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a wind tunnel okay senator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a wind tunnel okay senator of
+gravity this is also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity this is also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity this is also a little bit
+counterintuitive if you load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive if you load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive if you load the
+airplane up so that all the weights at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane up so that all the weights at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane up so that all the weights at
+the back and it's you know super nose up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and it's you know super nose up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and it's you know super nose up
+and you're having to push the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're having to push the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're having to push the stick
+forward to keep the plane level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to keep the plane level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to keep the plane level that
+actually is where you get your maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is where you get your maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is where you get your maximum
+performance everything is better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance everything is better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance everything is better about
+having a nap center of gravity with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a nap center of gravity with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a nap center of gravity with one
+exception which is the stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception which is the stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception which is the stability of the
+handling of the aircraft and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of the aircraft and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of the aircraft and obviously
+if you load it up so much in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you load it up so much in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you load it up so much in the back
+that you can't push the nose over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't push the nose over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't push the nose over that
+would be outside of the CG range or well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be outside of the CG range or well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be outside of the CG range or well
+outside of the CG range let's hope then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the CG range let's hope then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the CG range let's hope then
+you know you wouldn't even be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you wouldn't even be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you wouldn't even be able to
+control the aircraft because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the aircraft because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the aircraft because you can't
+get the nose down enough so having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nose down enough so having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the nose down enough so having that
+forward CG gives you more stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG gives you more stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG gives you more stability
+that's where you're going to be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to be when
+you're a student pilot if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a student pilot if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a student pilot if you're in a
+four-seat aircraft and it's just you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat aircraft and it's just you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seat aircraft and it's just you and
+the instructor in front and the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor in front and the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor in front and the back
+seats are empty then it's pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats are empty then it's pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats are empty then it's pretty obvious
+that that's going to be a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to be a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to be a somewhat
+forward CG because the aircraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG because the aircraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG because the aircraft is
+designed to hold you know at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to hold you know at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to hold you know at least some
+weight in the back seats one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in the back seats one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in the back seats one thing you
+can do is sort of just as a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is sort of just as a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is sort of just as a first
+approximation you know pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know pay attention
+you're gonna have we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have we're gonna have a
+talk on weight and balance later from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on weight and balance later from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on weight and balance later from
+Tina but just keep in mind that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina but just keep in mind that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina but just keep in mind that the
+aircraft is kind of designed for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is kind of designed for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is kind of designed for you
+know two adults in the front and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two adults in the front and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two adults in the front and maybe
+one adult in the back or two kids in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one adult in the back or two kids in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one adult in the back or two kids in the
+back so if you load it up that way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so if you load it up that way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so if you load it up that way it's
+almost always going to work if on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always going to work if on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always going to work if on the
+other hand you have you know a big heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you have you know a big heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you have you know a big heavy
+friend and you know his other big heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and you know his other big heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and you know his other big heavy
+friend or his you know box of anvils and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or his you know box of anvils and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or his you know box of anvils and
+the guy says look I just want to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy says look I just want to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy says look I just want to sleep
+in the back you know I don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back you know I don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back you know I don't want to be
+up front and get distracted and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and get distracted and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and get distracted and you're
+all and you're a lightweight person all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you're a lightweight person all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you're a lightweight person all
+by yourself in the front you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by yourself in the front you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by yourself in the front you know that's
+the situation where you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where you know it's
+important to really do the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to really do the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to really do the calculations
+and think carefully about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think carefully about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think carefully about it because
+that wasn't something that Cessna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't something that Cessna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't something that Cessna and
+Piper we're thinking about when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper we're thinking about when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper we're thinking about when they
+designed the aircraft okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the aircraft okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the aircraft okay
+atmospheric pressure a simple remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure a simple remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure a simple remember
+we talked about how the atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how the atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how the atmosphere is
+going to be expanded when it's hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expanded when it's hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expanded when it's hot and
+contracted when it's cold and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted when it's cold and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted when it's cold and the
+altimeter is really telling you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter is really telling you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter is really telling you how much
+of the atmosphere you've climbed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere you've climbed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere you've climbed up
+through so you can see here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look over here you're and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look over here you're and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look over here you're and you're
+measuring your altitude you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring your altitude you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring your altitude you're basically
+getting this whole stack of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this whole stack of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this whole stack of molecules
+contributing to the pressure whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the pressure whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the pressure whereas if
+you're up high in the stratosphere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up high in the stratosphere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up high in the stratosphere or
+something only a handful of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something only a handful of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something only a handful of molecules
+are on top of you putting pressure into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on top of you putting pressure into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on top of you putting pressure into
+your altimeter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altimeter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altimeter okay
+here's that standard atmosphere again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that standard atmosphere again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that standard atmosphere again so
+you can see it's $2.99 or two and 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's $2.99 or two and 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's $2.99 or two and 15
+degrees at sea level so the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sea level so the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sea level so the aircraft
+performance is hugely affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is hugely affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is hugely affected by
+changes in air density which themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in air density which themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in air density which themselves
+are affected by the prevailing pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by the prevailing pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by the prevailing pressure
+which is you know mostly a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know mostly a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know mostly a function of
+altitude the temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude the temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude the temperature and the
+humidity usually the conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity usually the conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity usually the conditions are
+referenced to the eisah the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to the eisah the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced to the eisah the standard
+atmosphere if it's the summertime it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere if it's the summertime it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere if it's the summertime it'll
+be you know I so plus 15 or I said plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know I so plus 15 or I said plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know I so plus 15 or I said plus
+20 and if it's the wintertime it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and if it's the wintertime it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and if it's the wintertime it might
+be you know ISO or right at minus 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know ISO or right at minus 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know ISO or right at minus 20
+when the air density is reduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the air density is reduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the air density is reduced and
+there are fewer molecules around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer molecules around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer molecules around the
+engine is not taking in as much air for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is not taking in as much air for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is not taking in as much air for
+combustion remember that the jet engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion remember that the jet engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion remember that the jet engines
+are normally aspirated and the piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normally aspirated and the piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normally aspirated and the piston
+engines also that are without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines also that are without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines also that are without a
+turbocharger they're just trying to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbocharger they're just trying to burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbocharger they're just trying to burn
+up a fixed volume of air and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a fixed volume of air and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a fixed volume of air and that's
+going to correspond to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to a different
+number of molecules of air and fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of molecules of air and fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of molecules of air and fuel
+depending on the altitude the only good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the altitude the only good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the altitude the only good
+thing about going up high the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about going up high the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about going up high the propeller
+is also not grabbing as much air for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not grabbing as much air for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not grabbing as much air for
+thrust the only thing good about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust the only thing good about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust the only thing good about going
+up high is that drag is reduced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up high is that drag is reduced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up high is that drag is reduced and
+that's why you see the airliners up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you see the airliners up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you see the airliners up high
+they go faster and they save a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go faster and they save a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go faster and they save a lot of
+fuel okay some definitions the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel okay some definitions the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel okay some definitions the pressure
+altitude is just the it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is just the it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is just the it's going to be
+your height above sea level with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your height above sea level with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your height above sea level with the
+altimeter set to two nine or nine or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter set to two nine or nine or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter set to two nine or nine or two
+you just have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to take
+the $2.99 or two minus the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $2.99 or two minus the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $2.99 or two minus the actual
+altimeter setting that's being published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting that's being published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting that's being published
+multiply that by a thousand so a full a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by a thousand so a full a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by a thousand so a full a
+full inch of altimeter adjustment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full inch of altimeter adjustment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full inch of altimeter adjustment like
+from to nine or nine or two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to nine or nine or two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to nine or nine or two to three
+zero nine or two would correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nine or two would correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nine or two would correspond to a
+thousand foot difference in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand foot difference in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand foot difference in pressure
+altitude and you can calculate that by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and you can calculate that by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and you can calculate that by a
+chart here's a chart that they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart here's a chart that they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart here's a chart that they give you
+if you don't like the formula so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like the formula so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like the formula so they're
+saying this is something again you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is something again you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is something again you might
+have to do on a test I'll say okay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on a test I'll say okay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do on a test I'll say okay at
+209 or two the correction is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+209 or two the correction is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+209 or two the correction is zero at
+three zero point zero the correction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero point zero the correction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero point zero the correction is
+minus seventy three so up here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus seventy three so up here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus seventy three so up here you can
+see we've got this formula where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we've got this formula where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we've got this formula where are we
+interpolated between the two to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated between the two to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated between the two to try to
+figure out what would the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what would the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what would the pressure
+altitude be if we start with Field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude be if we start with Field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude be if we start with Field
+elevation of thirty five sixty three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation of thirty five sixty three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation of thirty five sixty three and
+the altimeter is two nine or nine or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter is two nine or nine or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altimeter is two nine or nine or six
+which is just a little bit non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a little bit non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a little bit non-standard
+we would expect a forty foot difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect a forty foot difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect a forty foot difference
+if we look at the table and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the table and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the table and we
+interpolate we come up with a thirty six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate we come up with a thirty six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate we come up with a thirty six
+point five foot difference and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five foot difference and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five foot difference and we find
+out that the the airplane feels as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the the airplane feels as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the the airplane feels as
+though it's only at thirty five twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's only at thirty five twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's only at thirty five twenty
+six feet above sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet above sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet above sea level
+assuming the temperature matches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the temperature matches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the temperature matches that
+Isis standard alright so density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis standard alright so density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis standard alright so density
+altitude is a lot more important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is a lot more important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is a lot more important and
+often times it'll be reported on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times it'll be reported on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times it'll be reported on the a
+sauce or Aegis so the airport will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce or Aegis so the airport will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce or Aegis so the airport will
+actually tell you density altitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you density altitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you density altitude is
+three thousand feet or two thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand feet or two thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand feet or two thousand feet
+or whatever it is that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is that you get from
+correcting the what's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting the what's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting the what's usually a
+relatively small correction for pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small correction for pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small correction for pressure
+altitude compared to the actual altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude compared to the actual altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude compared to the actual altitude
+but correcting it for the non standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but correcting it for the non standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but correcting it for the non standard
+temperature I think as I said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I think as I said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I think as I said earlier
+you know flying is a lot more popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flying is a lot more popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flying is a lot more popular
+New England in the summertime then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England in the summertime then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England in the summertime then in
+the winter time so it's usually warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter time so it's usually warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter time so it's usually warmer
+than standard density altitude has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than standard density altitude has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than standard density altitude has a
+huge effect on performance and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect on performance and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect on performance and it's a
+nonlinear relationship so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationship so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationship so you have to
+look it up in a table or calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a table or calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a table or calculate it
+with the e6b we'll see maybe I'll play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the e6b we'll see maybe I'll play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the e6b we'll see maybe I'll play
+around with the e6b or also people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the e6b or also people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the e6b or also people can
+look at it during breaks I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it during breaks I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it during breaks I have
+the slide rule and the manual right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide rule and the manual right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide rule and the manual right here
+I think I will try to get the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I will try to get the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I will try to get the document
+camera going so maybe I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera going so maybe I can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera going so maybe I can show you
+guys some exciting slide rule activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can calculate it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can calculate it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can calculate it though
+using the e6b like I said using charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the e6b like I said using charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the e6b like I said using charts
+and there's various web and app way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's various web and app way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's various web and app way of
+doing it so the density altitude here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so the density altitude here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so the density altitude here's
+a chart so again this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart so again this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart so again this is the kind of
+stuff that's on the written exam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the written exam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the written exam you
+guys are all pretty good at working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all pretty good at working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all pretty good at working with
+charts and tables so I'm sure you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and tables so I'm sure you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and tables so I'm sure you won't
+have any trouble they're giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble they're giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble they're giving you
+these initial conditions up here on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these initial conditions up here on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these initial conditions up here on your
+left so you look to find where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so you look to find where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so you look to find where the
+pressure altitude is on the chart and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude is on the chart and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude is on the chart and it
+says to you know add 626 feet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to you know add 626 feet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to you know add 626 feet which is
+interpolating between those two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolating between those two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolating between those two then
+you've got this pressure altitude line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this pressure altitude line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this pressure altitude line
+of going from here down to here at 5856
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going from here down to here at 5856
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going from here down to here at 5856
+and now we've got to correct that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got to correct that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got to correct that for
+temperature so here's our temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so here's our temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so here's our temperature of
+about 80 degrees 81 degrees and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 degrees 81 degrees and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 degrees 81 degrees and then we
+go over to the left and we can read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to the left and we can read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to the left and we can read that
+I think I told you guys that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told you guys that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told you guys that in the
+summertime usually the density altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime usually the density altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summertime usually the density altitude
+is about 2000 feet higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2000 feet higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2000 feet higher than the
+pressure altitude and sure enough here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude and sure enough here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude and sure enough here
+it's 80 250 which is about 2,400 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 80 250 which is about 2,400 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 80 250 which is about 2,400 feet
+higher than the pressure altitude so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the pressure altitude so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the pressure altitude so the
+density altitude gave us a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density altitude gave us a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density altitude gave us a little more
+than a 2,000 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a 2,000 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a 2,000 foot
+boost for that non-standard temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost for that non-standard temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost for that non-standard temperature
+the reason it's so much I guess is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's so much I guess is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's so much I guess is it's
+not you know 80 degrees at sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know 80 degrees at sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know 80 degrees at sea level
+wouldn't be that high above the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be that high above the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be that high above the standard
+temperature but 81 degrees Fahrenheit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but 81 degrees Fahrenheit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but 81 degrees Fahrenheit at
+a mile above sea level is is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mile above sea level is is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mile above sea level is is quite a
+spectacular temperature given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular temperature given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular temperature given the
+compared to the standard atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the standard atmosphere
+let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+standard atmosphere yeah so at 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere yeah so at 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere yeah so at 5,000
+feet it's only supposed to be seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet it's only supposed to be seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet it's only supposed to be seven
+degrees Celsius and here we said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and here we said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius and here we said it was
+you know about 27 degrees Celsius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 27 degrees Celsius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 27 degrees Celsius so
+that's ice applause 20 just like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ice applause 20 just like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ice applause 20 just like I said
+if you look a lot of jet performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look a lot of jet performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look a lot of jet performance
+charts you have ISO minus 20 ice ax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts you have ISO minus 20 ice ax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts you have ISO minus 20 ice ax and
+ice ax plus 20 ooh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flight computer demo if there's time let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight computer demo if there's time let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight computer demo if there's time let
+me just what's with that at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just what's with that at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just what's with that at the end of
+all this I'll give you an e6b intro when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I'll give you an e6b intro when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I'll give you an e6b intro when
+are they the same when the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they the same when the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they the same when the temperature
+just I think this is an FAA test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think this is an FAA test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think this is an FAA test
+question when the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when the temperature
+distribution is the same as that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the same as that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the same as that of the
+standard atmosphere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere okay
+humidity is also another enemy a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity is also another enemy a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity is also another enemy a little
+bit more surprisingly the water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more surprisingly the water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more surprisingly the water vapor
+molecules actually in the air actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules actually in the air actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules actually in the air actually
+reduced the instant density of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the instant density of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the instant density of the air
+you might think that they would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that they would increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that they would increase
+it I don't know maybe there's a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know maybe there's a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know maybe there's a chemist
+or a physicist in this crowd who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a physicist in this crowd who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a physicist in this crowd who can
+explain why I'm not exactly sure myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why I'm not exactly sure myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why I'm not exactly sure myself
+but it's just something to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just something to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just something to remember that
+contrary if the air feels heavy to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if the air feels heavy to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if the air feels heavy to you
+it feels light to your aircraft engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels light to your aircraft engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels light to your aircraft engine
+and to your wings it's a smaller effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your wings it's a smaller effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your wings it's a smaller effect
+in temperature but the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature but the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature but the engine
+performance supposedly can be reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance supposedly can be reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance supposedly can be reduced by
+about 7% this is not something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7% this is not something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7% this is not something that we
+normally correct for however there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally correct for however there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally correct for however there is
+this nice web calculator that I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice web calculator that I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice web calculator that I found
+for free on pilot friend calm and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free on pilot friend calm and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free on pilot friend calm and you
+got to enter the relative humidity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to enter the relative humidity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to enter the relative humidity of
+the air so there is that we have the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so there is that we have the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so there is that we have the air
+temperature we have the dew point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we have the dew point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we have the dew point right
+so we said it was a third degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said it was a third degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said it was a third degree
+temperature and a 28 degree dew point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and a 28 degree dew point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and a 28 degree dew point so
+that's a pretty that's a pretty narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty that's a pretty narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty that's a pretty narrow
+spread and therefore it's a pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and therefore it's a pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and therefore it's a pretty high
+humidity day so they say well it's 78%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity day so they say well it's 78%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity day so they say well it's 78%
+humidity and we're correcting that up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity and we're correcting that up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity and we're correcting that up to
+80 107 if we reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 107 if we reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 107 if we reduce the
+can play around with us on your own if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play around with us on your own if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play around with us on your own if
+you reduced the dew point to ten degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduced the dew point to ten degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduced the dew point to ten degrees
+Celsius which is going to be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius which is going to be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius which is going to be a really
+dry you know 30 - 10 split as a nice dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry you know 30 - 10 split as a nice dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry you know 30 - 10 split as a nice dry
+day out west or you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day out west or you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day out west or you know here
+occasionally at Christmas a crisp day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally at Christmas a crisp day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally at Christmas a crisp day
+then it's only 77 35 so that the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's only 77 35 so that the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's only 77 35 so that the change
+in humidity had about a 300 foot effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humidity had about a 300 foot effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humidity had about a 300 foot effect
+on the altitude but the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the altitude but the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the altitude but the change in
+temperature was you know nearly nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was you know nearly nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was you know nearly nearly
+three thousand feet okay the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand feet okay the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand feet okay the maximum
+convenient way to do this is with apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to do this is with apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to do this is with apps
+so for flight for example will just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for flight for example will just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for flight for example will just tell
+you the density altitude this was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the density altitude this was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the density altitude this was I
+think Sunday night at Bedford let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Sunday night at Bedford let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Sunday night at Bedford let's look
+at this beautiful I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this beautiful I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this beautiful I don't know how many
+people will come to New England now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come to New England now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come to New England now so
+benefits approximately at sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits approximately at sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits approximately at sea level
+about 130 feet above sea level it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 130 feet above sea level it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 130 feet above sea level it was
+minus 4 degrees and the density altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 degrees and the density altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 degrees and the density altitude
+was minus 1400 so we were like flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus 1400 so we were like flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus 1400 so we were like flying
+you know skimming the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know skimming the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know skimming the surface of the
+Dead Sea or something in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead Sea or something in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead Sea or something in terms of
+performance so the airplane will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so the airplane will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so the airplane will be
+really happy about flying all wintertime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy about flying all wintertime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happy about flying all wintertime
+and it will climb better than the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will climb better than the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will climb better than the book
+this most of the numbers in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most of the numbers in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most of the numbers in the book
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the density altitude is often just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density altitude is often just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density altitude is often just kind
+of baked into the performance chart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baked into the performance chart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baked into the performance chart so
+here is Piper's normally takeoff with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Piper's normally takeoff with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Piper's normally takeoff with no
+flaps but if you want to get off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps but if you want to get off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps but if you want to get off the
+ground really quickly like taking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground really quickly like taking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground really quickly like taking off
+over grass or mud or something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over grass or mud or something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over grass or mud or something you can
+put down the flaps and try to have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the flaps and try to have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the flaps and try to have less
+time on the ground and not be going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the ground and not be going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the ground and not be going so
+fast over the ground your ground roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast over the ground your ground roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast over the ground your ground roll
+will be shortened anyway so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shortened anyway so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shortened anyway so here you
+don't actually ask you to ever calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually ask you to ever calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually ask you to ever calculate
+the density altitude they just say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density altitude they just say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density altitude they just say okay
+it's almost 30 degrees outside and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost 30 degrees outside and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost 30 degrees outside and it
+looks like we're up here at about 1,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we're up here at about 1,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we're up here at about 1,500
+feet so we'll start here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet so we'll start here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet so we'll start here on the
+performance chart these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance chart these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance chart these people are
+virtuous the only way 2175 total so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous the only way 2175 total so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous the only way 2175 total so we
+come down a little bit and we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down a little bit and we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down a little bit and we can go
+over here and we find that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we find that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we find that it's going to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a wind here 15 knots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a wind here 15 knots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a wind here 15 knots of
+headwind so we come down this graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind so we come down this graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind so we come down this graph and
+we find that it'll take us 1500 feet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that it'll take us 1500 feet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that it'll take us 1500 feet to
+take off over a 50-foot obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fair enough so anyway we never figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair enough so anyway we never figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair enough so anyway we never figured
+out what the density altitude was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the density altitude was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the density altitude was it was
+just something that affected where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that affected where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that affected where we
+started on the chart I guess maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on the chart I guess maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on the chart I guess maybe it's
+implicit in here I think it is implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in here I think it is implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in here I think it is implicit
+right because we're starting up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're starting up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're starting up high
+maybe somebody who's smarter can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody who's smarter can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody who's smarter can figure
+this out yeah so sea level at zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out yeah so sea level at zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out yeah so sea level at zero yeah
+I think we can pull it out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we can pull it out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we can pull it out of those
+how do those graphs but nobody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those graphs but nobody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those graphs but nobody would
+because you're what you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're what you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're what you're really
+interested in is the number of how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is the number of how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is the number of how long
+you're going to be on the runway all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be on the runway all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be on the runway all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you'll have to slow down if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to slow down if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to slow down if you're in
+turbulence so if you plan for some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so if you plan for some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so if you plan for some kind
+of flight a certain amount of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight a certain amount of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight a certain amount of time and
+it's going to be very bumpy remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very bumpy remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very bumpy remember we
+talked about maneuvering speed depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about maneuvering speed depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about maneuvering speed depending
+on your weight you'll have to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your weight you'll have to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your weight you'll have to slow down
+to avoid bending the aircraft or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid bending the aircraft or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid bending the aircraft or you
+know turbulence is severe enough to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turbulence is severe enough to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turbulence is severe enough to bend
+then the aircraft is extremely rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the aircraft is extremely rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the aircraft is extremely rare
+about turbulence it's sufficient to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turbulence it's sufficient to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turbulence it's sufficient to make
+you know you and your passengers unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you and your passengers unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you and your passengers unhappy
+is a lot more common and in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot more common and in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot more common and in both cases
+you know you pull way back on the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pull way back on the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pull way back on the speed
+so in the Pilatus for example you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Pilatus for example you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Pilatus for example you'll
+pull back to 150 knots from 200 knots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull back to 150 knots from 200 knots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull back to 150 knots from 200 knots in
+the Cirrus you know you might pull back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus you know you might pull back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus you know you might pull back
+from 130 down to 100 and in a helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 130 down to 100 and in a helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 130 down to 100 and in a helicopter
+you know you'll pull back from 110 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll pull back from 110 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll pull back from 110 knots
+to maybe 70 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe 70 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe 70 okay
+pilot technique so all the book numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot technique so all the book numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot technique so all the book numbers
+you know depend on the pilot doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depend on the pilot doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depend on the pilot doing what
+the book says so think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book says so think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book says so think about you know
+clearing an obstacle at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing an obstacle at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing an obstacle at the end of the
+runway that's depending on the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's depending on the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's depending on the pilot
+rotating you know within a couple knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating you know within a couple knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating you know within a couple knots
+of the specified rotation speed getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the specified rotation speed getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the specified rotation speed getting
+the gear and the flaps retracted if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear and the flaps retracted if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear and the flaps retracted if
+there's if they've been deployed or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if they've been deployed or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if they've been deployed or if
+the gear are retractable at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear are retractable at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear are retractable at the
+recommended airspeed and just generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended airspeed and just generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended airspeed and just generally
+having you know the pitch attitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know the pitch attitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know the pitch attitude and
+the air speeds where the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air speeds where the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air speeds where the manufacturer
+tested the aircraft and think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested the aircraft and think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested the aircraft and think about it
+go or you might say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go or you might say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go or you might say well you know
+anybody can do that you're rolling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can do that you're rolling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can do that you're rolling down
+the runway at Hanscom field it's a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway at Hanscom field it's a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway at Hanscom field it's a mile
+and a half long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half long
+you know you're fresh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're fresh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're fresh so that
+performance is you're probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is you're probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is you're probably going to
+come pretty close to the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come pretty close to the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come pretty close to the book
+performance but think about doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but think about doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but think about doing a
+go-around you've just done a two-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-around you've just done a two-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-around you've just done a two-hour
+flight you were trying to land at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you were trying to land at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you were trying to land at the
+airport you know somehow either there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport you know somehow either there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport you know somehow either there
+was somebody else on the runway or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somebody else on the runway or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somebody else on the runway or you
+know you didn't get the approach just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you didn't get the approach just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you didn't get the approach just
+right so you decided you're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you decided you're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you decided you're gonna go
+around and try again at that point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and try again at that point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and try again at that point you
+know you've got to reconfigure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to reconfigure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to reconfigure the
+airplane change the flap configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane change the flap configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane change the flap configuration
+change the gear configuration there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gear configuration there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gear configuration there's a
+couple interesting incidents that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple interesting incidents that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple interesting incidents that have
+happened like one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened like one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened like one of them was
+unfortunately not very interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not very interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not very interesting for
+the people involved but there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people involved but there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people involved but there was an
+American Airlines flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Airlines flight
+they've got disoriented in Columbia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got disoriented in Columbia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got disoriented in Columbia in
+the clouds and the terrain warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds and the terrain warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds and the terrain warning
+system said you know terrain terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system said you know terrain terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system said you know terrain terrain
+pull up pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up pull up
+and so they advanced the thrust levers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they advanced the thrust levers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they advanced the thrust levers
+you can follow that link and read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow that link and read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow that link and read about
+it they advanced the thrust levers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they advanced the thrust levers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they advanced the thrust levers and
+had maximum power but they neglected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maximum power but they neglected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maximum power but they neglected to
+they had the spoilers deployed for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the spoilers deployed for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the spoilers deployed for a
+descent they didn't retract the spoilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent they didn't retract the spoilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent they didn't retract the spoilers
+so the airplane was still was climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the airplane was still was climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the airplane was still was climbing
+but not nearly as well as it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nearly as well as it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nearly as well as it would have
+without the spoilers retracted so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the spoilers retracted so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the spoilers retracted so that's
+an example where you know in a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you know in a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you know in a critical
+situation or a fatigue situation you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation or a fatigue situation you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation or a fatigue situation you may
+not I wish I could I wish I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I wish I could I wish I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I wish I could I wish I could get
+this I don't know if I can move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if I can move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't know if I can move this
+under the screen I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the screen I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the screen I want to show you a
+picture of this crazy airplane that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this crazy airplane that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this crazy airplane that I
+flew tada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew tada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew tada
+look at that Russian seaplane it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that Russian seaplane it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that Russian seaplane it's got
+too serious engines in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't even see the second engine well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even see the second engine well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even see the second engine well
+there it is you can see that propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is you can see that propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is you can see that propeller
+over there so sorry there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so sorry there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so sorry there's one
+propeller sticking up there's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller sticking up there's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller sticking up there's the other
+one so it's got too serious engines 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's got too serious engines 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's got too serious engines 200
+horsepower each mounted on pods and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower each mounted on pods and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepower each mounted on pods and if
+you say like how can the airplane climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say like how can the airplane climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say like how can the airplane climb
+after an engine failure on one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an engine failure on one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an engine failure on one little
+Cirrus engine when it has I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus engine when it has I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus engine when it has I don't know I
+think it could seat seven people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could seat seven people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it could seat seven people the
+answer is it really can't so I tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it really can't so I tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it really can't so I tested
+that airplane out because I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplane out because I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplane out because I thought it
+was cool and they went flying with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cool and they went flying with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cool and they went flying with an
+airline captain and piston twins aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline captain and piston twins aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline captain and piston twins aren't
+really required to demonstrate any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really required to demonstrate any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really required to demonstrate any kind
+of climb performance or jets there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climb performance or jets there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climb performance or jets there are
+certain minimums you know on one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain minimums you know on one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain minimums you know on one engine
+it has to be able to you know still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be able to you know still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be able to you know still
+climb 750 feet per minute or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb 750 feet per minute or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb 750 feet per minute or something
+but for these piston twins the FAA says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for these piston twins the FAA says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for these piston twins the FAA says
+you know you should know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you should know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you should know that you're
+buying a pig anyway and if you care go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a pig anyway and if you care go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a pig anyway and if you care go
+and get yourself a turbine or don't or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get yourself a turbine or don't or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get yourself a turbine or don't or
+don't load everybody in there but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't load everybody in there but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't load everybody in there but anyway
+this barrier thing it could not climb on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier thing it could not climb on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier thing it could not climb on
+one engine like we couldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engine like we couldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engine like we couldn't even
+maintain altitude on one engine and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain altitude on one engine and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain altitude on one engine and it
+turned out that we'd forgotten to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that we'd forgotten to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that we'd forgotten to close
+the cowl flaps it had these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cowl flaps it had these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cowl flaps it had these extra
+openings for cooling to provide extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings for cooling to provide extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings for cooling to provide extra
+cooling at high power settings and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling at high power settings and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling at high power settings and if
+you don't close them there's extra drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't close them there's extra drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't close them there's extra drag
+and that extra drag was enough to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that extra drag was enough to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that extra drag was enough to turn
+what should have been you know a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should have been you know a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should have been you know a hundred
+and fifty foot climb rate or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fifty foot climb rate or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fifty foot climb rate or something
+into a 150 foot sync rate or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 150 foot sync rate or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 150 foot sync rate or something
+so that's another thing that can affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another thing that can affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another thing that can affect
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+okay runway condition this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay runway condition this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay runway condition this really
+affects your planning whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects your planning whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects your planning whether you can
+takeoff whether you can land how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff whether you can land how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff whether you can land how much
+weight you can put in there so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you can put in there so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you can put in there so for
+example if it's dry grass it's you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's dry grass it's you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's dry grass it's you need
+a longer runway then if it's paved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer runway then if it's paved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer runway then if it's paved
+alternatively you can take off at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively you can take off at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively you can take off at a
+lower weight if it's wet grass you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weight if it's wet grass you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weight if it's wet grass you need
+a lot more room to land and you know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more room to land and you know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more room to land and you know yet
+more room to take off at the airline if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more room to take off at the airline if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more room to take off at the airline if
+the runway was grooved which almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway was grooved which almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway was grooved which almost all
+bigger US airports have these groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger US airports have these groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger US airports have these groove
+runways we didn't make any adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways we didn't make any adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways we didn't make any adjustments
+didn't matter how heavy the rain was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter how heavy the rain was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter how heavy the rain was it
+didn't matter how long I've been rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter how long I've been rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter how long I've been rating
+we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+assume it was going to perform exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it was going to perform exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it was going to perform exactly
+the same as if it were dry if it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as if it were dry if it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as if it were dry if it's not a
+groove Drummle though and water can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove Drummle though and water can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove Drummle though and water can sit
+on the runway it can have a big effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the runway it can have a big effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the runway it can have a big effect
+on performance so here are some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance so here are some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance so here are some numbers
+that I pulled I'm type rated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pulled I'm type rated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pulled I'm type rated in the
+Cessna Mustang which is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang which is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang which is an interesting
+little business jet it lands at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little business jet it lands at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little business jet it lands at about
+the same speed as a Beechcraft Baron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed as a Beechcraft Baron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed as a Beechcraft Baron so
+it's a great beginner jet anyway so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great beginner jet anyway so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great beginner jet anyway so in
+conditions where you need 3,000 feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where you need 3,000 feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where you need 3,000 feet of
+runway that's up at pretty high altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's up at pretty high altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's up at pretty high altitude
+you're gonna need 40 to 40 Cessna says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need 40 to 40 Cessna says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need 40 to 40 Cessna says
+if it's wet if water is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's wet if water is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's wet if water is actually
+standing on it I think point 1 inches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on it I think point 1 inches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on it I think point 1 inches of
+water was even more you'll need yet more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was even more you'll need yet more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was even more you'll need yet more
+runway if it's snow a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway if it's snow a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway if it's snow a little bit more
+wet ice it was just off the chart but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet ice it was just off the chart but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet ice it was just off the chart but if
+you started at 2,200 feet of dry runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started at 2,200 feet of dry runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started at 2,200 feet of dry runway
+you would need sixteen thousand six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need sixteen thousand six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need sixteen thousand six
+hundred feet so actually oftentimes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet so actually oftentimes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet so actually oftentimes when
+the surface is contaminated that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is contaminated that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is contaminated that's one
+reason why even fairly small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why even fairly small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why even fairly small business
+jets may need a long runway like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets may need a long runway like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets may need a long runway like at
+Logan or at Hanscom field even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan or at Hanscom field even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan or at Hanscom field even an
+airport like Nashua has 6,000 feet may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport like Nashua has 6,000 feet may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport like Nashua has 6,000 feet may
+not be enough if they're reporting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be enough if they're reporting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be enough if they're reporting that
+there's snow on the runway okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's snow on the runway okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's snow on the runway okay what
+about slope so going downhill is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about slope so going downhill is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about slope so going downhill is
+obviously a lot easier than going uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot easier than going uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot easier than going uphill
+and you can see here and also stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here and also stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here and also stopping
+going uphill it's a lot easier so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill it's a lot easier so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill it's a lot easier so here
+are some numbers from the Cirrus book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some numbers from the Cirrus book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some numbers from the Cirrus book
+that every one degree of slope increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every one degree of slope increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every one degree of slope increases
+your takeoff run by 22% at sea level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your takeoff run by 22% at sea level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your takeoff run by 22% at sea level for
+example and if you you also get a nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if you you also get a nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if you you also get a nine
+percent reduction in the landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent reduction in the landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent reduction in the landing
+distance okay sealing the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay sealing the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay sealing the service
+ceiling of the aircraft is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of the aircraft is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of the aircraft is a little bit
+below the absolute ceiling that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the absolute ceiling that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the absolute ceiling that's where
+the FAA says the plane will climb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA says the plane will climb a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA says the plane will climb a
+hundred feet per minute or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet per minute or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet per minute or the
+manufacturer has demonstrated to the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer has demonstrated to the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer has demonstrated to the FAA
+that the airplane could at least when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the airplane could at least when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the airplane could at least when it
+was brand new make 100 feet per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brand new make 100 feet per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brand new make 100 feet per minute
+and climb rate so that's at 13,500 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climb rate so that's at 13,500 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climb rate so that's at 13,500 feet
+for a 172 Cessna and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 172 Cessna and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 172 Cessna and I think that's
+pretty typical for these normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical for these normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical for these normally
+aspirated for Cedars somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated for Cedars somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirated for Cedars somewhere around
+there is where it'll stop climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is where it'll stop climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is where it'll stop climbing
+the Cirrus there's a limitation in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus there's a limitation in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus there's a limitation in there
+that says maximum operating altitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says maximum operating altitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says maximum operating altitude is
+17,500 feet I think that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17,500 feet I think that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17,500 feet I think that's more
+regulatory because you can't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory because you can't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory because you can't take the
+cirrus up into the flight levels we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cirrus up into the flight levels we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cirrus up into the flight levels we need
+extra equipment to go up you know above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra equipment to go up you know above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra equipment to go up you know above
+18,000 feet maybe I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 feet maybe I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 feet maybe I don't think it's
+really practical to get up to 17,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical to get up to 17,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical to get up to 17,500
+feet at maximum gross weight in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet at maximum gross weight in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet at maximum gross weight in a
+standard atmosphere I've gotten into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere I've gotten into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere I've gotten into
+about 13,000 feet out west in the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13,000 feet out west in the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13,000 feet out west in the summer
+so that is more like being at 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is more like being at 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is more like being at 15,000
+feet but it was barely climbing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet but it was barely climbing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet but it was barely climbing okay
+range versus endurance so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range versus endurance so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range versus endurance so we're gonna
+get back into the power and drag curbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back into the power and drag curbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back into the power and drag curbs
+here the max range airspeed is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max range airspeed is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the max range airspeed is going to
+depend on the wind like I said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the wind like I said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the wind like I said earlier
+if you have a hundred knot head wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred knot head wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a hundred knot head wind
+then you have to go faster than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to go faster than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to go faster than 100
+knots in order to go anywhere if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots in order to go anywhere if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots in order to go anywhere if you
+want a loiter for some reason this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a loiter for some reason this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a loiter for some reason this year
+at Oshkosh was a nightmare for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oshkosh was a nightmare for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oshkosh was a nightmare for people
+who didn't go IFR they had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't go IFR they had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't go IFR they had a lot of
+marginal VFR weather so for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal VFR weather so for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal VFR weather so for the first
+couple of days when people were arriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days when people were arriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days when people were arriving
+you know there were these short windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were these short windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were these short windows
+just an hour or two when people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an hour or two when people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an hour or two when people could
+really get in legally the VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get in legally the VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get in legally the VFR
+homebuilder types so they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homebuilder types so they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homebuilder types so they were just
+holding they people were literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding they people were literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding they people were literally
+holding for three hours and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding for three hours and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding for three hours and then finally
+had to give up and go and refuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to give up and go and refuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to give up and go and refuel
+somewhere but if you're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but if you're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but if you're in that
+situation you want to set your speed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you want to set your speed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you want to set your speed to
+whatever the minimum fuel consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the minimum fuel consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the minimum fuel consumption
+speed is and it can be quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is and it can be quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is and it can be quite different
+the Robinson r44 manual talks about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robinson r44 manual talks about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robinson r44 manual talks about a
+hundred knots for max range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knots for max range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knots for max range
+I believe that's assuming a tend not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that's assuming a tend not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that's assuming a tend not
+headwind since usually we're suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind since usually we're suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind since usually we're suffering
+with the headwind more often than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the headwind more often than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the headwind more often than for
+the tailwind and you might say how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tailwind and you might say how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tailwind and you might say how is
+that possible how is it possible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible how is it possible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible how is it possible to have
+a headwind unless God hates you how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headwind unless God hates you how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headwind unless God hates you how is
+it possible to have a headwind more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to have a headwind more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to have a headwind more than
+half the time if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time if you think about it
+Richard you know the answer what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in zero minutes how long does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero minutes how long does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero minutes how long does it take to
+fly you got an airplane that flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you got an airplane that flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you got an airplane that flies
+hundred miles an hour how long does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred miles an hour how long does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred miles an hour how long does it
+take to fly round-trip soon fifty nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to fly round-trip soon fifty nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to fly round-trip soon fifty nine
+Edwin it's exactly 50 knots and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin it's exactly 50 knots and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin it's exactly 50 knots and fifty
+nine tails and on the way back how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine tails and on the way back how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine tails and on the way back how long
+does it take wrong work it out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take wrong work it out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take wrong work it out well
+that's one aspect you're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one aspect you're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one aspect you're going to spend
+more of your time as Richard as Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your time as Richard as Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your time as Richard as Richard
+saying it's gonna take you two hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's gonna take you two hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's gonna take you two hours to
+get there in one direction and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there in one direction and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there in one direction and then it
+won't take you zero time to get back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take you zero time to get back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take you zero time to get back so
+you're spending more of your time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending more of your time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending more of your time in the
+headwind than in the tailwind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind than in the tailwind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind than in the tailwind but
+there's something even worse I saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something even worse I saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something even worse I saw this
+the other day in the cirrus there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day in the cirrus there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day in the cirrus there was
+about a 70 knot wind that was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 knot wind that was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 knot wind that was actually a
+little bit it should have been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it should have been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it should have been a little
+bit of a tailwind it was so it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a tailwind it was so it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a tailwind it was so it was more
+than 90 degrees off my desired track but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 90 degrees off my desired track but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 90 degrees off my desired track but
+if you think about it the airplane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it the airplane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it the airplane is
+constantly having to fight its way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly having to fight its way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly having to fight its way back
+into that wind so it's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that wind so it's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that wind so it's effectively
+taking a longer flight path so even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a longer flight path so even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a longer flight path so even the
+wind is directly a beam wind 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is directly a beam wind 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is directly a beam wind 90 degrees
+off there's actually the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's actually the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's actually the majority of the
+circle of the 360 degree circle of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the 360 degree circle of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the 360 degree circle of wind
+directions the majority of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the majority of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the majority of that is
+subtracting from your performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting from your performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting from your performance and
+has at least some headwind component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound crazy I think about it yeah so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound crazy I think about it yeah so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound crazy I think about it yeah so if
+you're going 100 miles and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going 100 miles and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going 100 miles and there's also
+this hundred not side wind you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hundred not side wind you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hundred not side wind you're having
+to spend quite a bit of your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend quite a bit of your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend quite a bit of your energy
+continuing to steer into that side wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to steer into that side wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to steer into that side wind
+okay here is a power and drag curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a power and drag curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a power and drag curve for
+an RV sex-ay the experimental guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RV sex-ay the experimental guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RV sex-ay the experimental guys are
+in this case more aggressive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case more aggressive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case more aggressive about
+producing charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing charts
+so if you actually care about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually care about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually care about where
+you're going you want to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you want to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you want to be a little bit
+up the power required curve you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the power required curve you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the power required curve you want to
+find out where it's tangent to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where it's tangent to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where it's tangent to one of
+these lines going back to zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines going back to zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines going back to zero and if
+all you care about is maximum endurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about is maximum endurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about is maximum endurance
+you just want to be at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to be at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to be at the point where
+the curve is at its bare minimum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is at its bare minimum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is at its bare minimum because
+then you're consuming the least power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're consuming the least power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're consuming the least power
+and in theory burning the least amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in theory burning the least amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in theory burning the least amount
+of fuel does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the terms ground roll these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the terms ground roll these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the terms ground roll these
+performance charts in the book that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance charts in the book that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance charts in the book that you
+get with the airplane they will assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with the airplane they will assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with the airplane they will assume a
+static start so that means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static start so that means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static start so that means you're
+holding the brakes you slam the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the brakes you slam the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the brakes you slam the power
+forward you let off the brakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward you let off the brakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward you let off the brakes and
+you're gonna get the book numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get the book numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get the book numbers
+because there's no acceleration time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no acceleration time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no acceleration time for
+the engine and actually that's how Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and actually that's how Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and actually that's how Jets
+are supposed to take off too but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to take off too but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to take off too but you
+probably remember from your commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remember from your commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remember from your commercial
+flights that's not really how it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that's not really how it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights that's not really how it happens
+the pilots don't hold the brakes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilots don't hold the brakes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilots don't hold the brakes you
+know spend it takes maybe 10 seconds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spend it takes maybe 10 seconds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spend it takes maybe 10 seconds for
+a really heavy jet engine to spool up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really heavy jet engine to spool up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really heavy jet engine to spool up to
+full power they don't just sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full power they don't just sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full power they don't just sit there
+holding the brakes yeah this is the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the brakes yeah this is the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the brakes yeah this is the max
+and everything's screaming in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's screaming in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's screaming in the
+airplane shaking because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane shaking because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane shaking because it's just
+uncomfortable so they usually cheat oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable so they usually cheat oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable so they usually cheat oh
+there aren't really technically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't really technically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't really technically they're
+not really supposed to do it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supposed to do it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supposed to do it because you
+know at that point your test pilot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at that point your test pilot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at that point your test pilot so
+you don't really have any data for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have any data for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have any data for a
+rolling takeoff but you know it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling takeoff but you know it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling takeoff but you know it's again
+it would be kind of unnerving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of unnerving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of unnerving for
+passengers I think if they were sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers I think if they were sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers I think if they were sitting
+there with the airplane straining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with the airplane straining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with the airplane straining
+against the brakes okay same deal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the brakes okay same deal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the brakes okay same deal here
+ground roll and the total distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground roll and the total distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground roll and the total distance to
+clear the 50-foot obstacle this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the 50-foot obstacle this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the 50-foot obstacle this is why I
+was telling you about the other day with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about the other day with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling you about the other day with
+the Cirrus hero we wanted to go to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus hero we wanted to go to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus hero we wanted to go to I
+think about 2,500 feet of runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 2,500 feet of runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 2,500 feet of runway
+actually we had to subtract some now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we had to subtract some now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we had to subtract some now I
+think it was 2,700 minus 400 he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was 2,700 minus 400 he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was 2,700 minus 400 he had
+about 2300 feet of runway and he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2300 feet of runway and he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2300 feet of runway and he wanted
+to go there in the cirrus which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go there in the cirrus which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go there in the cirrus which takes
+2,100 feet another guy actually wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,100 feet another guy actually wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,100 feet another guy actually wanted
+to go to there's a private air park in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to there's a private air park in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to there's a private air park in
+Falmouth Massachusetts where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falmouth Massachusetts where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falmouth Massachusetts where you can
+have a house right next to the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a house right next to the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a house right next to the runway
+and keep the airplane in your garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep the airplane in your garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep the airplane in your garage
+and that airports only 2300 feet long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that airports only 2300 feet long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that airports only 2300 feet long
+and another East Coast arrow club guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another East Coast arrow club guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another East Coast arrow club guy
+you know I was handing the airplane over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was handing the airplane over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was handing the airplane over
+to him and he has huge friend with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him and he has huge friend with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him and he has huge friend with him
+this guy was like a NFL linebacker so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was like a NFL linebacker so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was like a NFL linebacker so it
+was just the two of them but big and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the two of them but big and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the two of them but big and he
+wanted to fill he wanted also at full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fill he wanted also at full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fill he wanted also at full
+topped off on fuels they're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topped off on fuels they're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topped off on fuels they're gonna be
+writing a gross weight I said where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a gross weight I said where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a gross weight I said where are
+you going he said Falcon I said he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going he said Falcon I said he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going he said Falcon I said he just
+got in his private pilot's certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in his private pilot's certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in his private pilot's certificate
+it you know a few months earlier this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know a few months earlier this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know a few months earlier this
+guy was not commercial IFR rated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was not commercial IFR rated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was not commercial IFR rated like
+the other and I said look you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and I said look you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and I said look you know if
+you do everything perfect you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do everything perfect you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do everything perfect you're gonna
+use up 92% of that runway because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up 92% of that runway because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up 92% of that runway because it's
+him didn't buy these obstacles so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him didn't buy these obstacles so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him didn't buy these obstacles so don't
+do it so he did end up going to Hyannis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so he did end up going to Hyannis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so he did end up going to Hyannis
+I think all right landing technique can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all right landing technique can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all right landing technique can
+actually affect the performance so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect the performance so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect the performance so they
+talked about like an average pilot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like an average pilot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like an average pilot the
+book numbers they're predicated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book numbers they're predicated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book numbers they're predicated on
+extremely aggressive braking like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely aggressive braking like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely aggressive braking like right
+to the point where you good flat flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you good flat flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you good flat flat
+spot the tires so don't count on getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the tires so don't count on getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the tires so don't count on getting
+those book numbers unless you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those book numbers unless you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those book numbers unless you're willing
+to be more aggressive than probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more aggressive than probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more aggressive than probably you
+would want to be and actually I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be and actually I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be and actually I'll tell
+you a story about my airline days I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a story about my airline days I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a story about my airline days I did
+a visual approach in the LaGuardia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual approach in the LaGuardia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual approach in the LaGuardia and
+with jets it's not conventional to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jets it's not conventional to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jets it's not conventional to try
+to do the really greaser landings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the really greaser landings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the really greaser landings that
+you would do in a little airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do in a little airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do in a little airplane
+because you need to get the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to get the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to get the airplane
+down and the spoilers to pop up the jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the spoilers to pop up the jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the spoilers to pop up the jets
+are very efficient gliders they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very efficient gliders they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very efficient gliders they don't
+have a big prop in front and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big prop in front and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big prop in front and when you
+pull the power back on a piston aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the power back on a piston aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the power back on a piston aircraft
+it really slows down dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really slows down dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really slows down dramatically
+because the prop has a lot of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prop has a lot of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prop has a lot of air
+resistance none of that's going for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance none of that's going for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance none of that's going for you
+with the jet which is more efficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the jet which is more efficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the jet which is more efficient to
+begin with so basically the task of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so basically the task of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with so basically the task of an
+airline pilot is really to slam it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline pilot is really to slam it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline pilot is really to slam it on
+and that way the spoilers pop up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way the spoilers pop up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way the spoilers pop up and
+then the brakes start really working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the brakes start really working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the brakes start really working
+effectively and you turn off the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and you turn off the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and you turn off the runway
+and LaGuardia before you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LaGuardia before you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LaGuardia before you go into the
+river so I landed like a Cirrus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river so I landed like a Cirrus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river so I landed like a Cirrus because
+it was my first you know month on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my first you know month on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was my first you know month on the
+job and I chewed up you know probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and I chewed up you know probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and I chewed up you know probably
+1,500 feet of runway before the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 feet of runway before the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 feet of runway before the airplane
+touched down and I applied fairly gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched down and I applied fairly gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched down and I applied fairly gentle
+braking and thrust reverse and turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking and thrust reverse and turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking and thrust reverse and turned
+off after about 5,000 feet of runway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off after about 5,000 feet of runway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off after about 5,000 feet of runway and
+the captain was like that sucked I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captain was like that sucked I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captain was like that sucked I'm
+going to show you how it's done the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how it's done the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how it's done the next
+leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg
+we went to we did LaGuardia to Charlotte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to we did LaGuardia to Charlotte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to we did LaGuardia to Charlotte
+North Carolina who else did that leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+captain Sully so he dumped his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully so he dumped his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully so he dumped his
+passengers into a filthy cold river and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers into a filthy cold river and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers into a filthy cold river and
+they called him a hero I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called him a hero I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called him a hero I got my
+passengers to Charlotte warm and dry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers to Charlotte warm and dry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers to Charlotte warm and dry and
+where was my medal where was my fame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was my medal where was my fame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was my medal where was my fame
+nowhere all right so life is unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere all right so life is unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere all right so life is unfair
+you've learned that anyway so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned that anyway so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned that anyway so the
+captain takes this one air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain takes this one air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain takes this one air traffic
+control lines us up instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control lines us up instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control lines us up instead of the
+visual approach where you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual approach where you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual approach where you're doing
+everything by eye and following another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by eye and following another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by eye and following another
+aircraft and you can't use any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and you can't use any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and you can't use any of the
+fancy automation we were lined up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy automation we were lined up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy automation we were lined up you
+know 10 or 15 miles out for a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 or 15 miles out for a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 or 15 miles out for a straight
+an approach to this angled runway at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach to this angled runway at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach to this angled runway at
+Charlotte and all the captain headed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlotte and all the captain headed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlotte and all the captain headed it
+was on autopilot all I had to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on autopilot all I had to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on autopilot all I had to do was
+tweak the thrust levers for the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the thrust levers for the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the thrust levers for the perfect
+airspeed the autopilots flying he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed the autopilots flying he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed the autopilots flying he
+disconnects the autopilot a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects the autopilot a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects the autopilot a couple
+hundred feet above the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet above the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet above the ground
+now he's hand flying all he has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's hand flying all he has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's hand flying all he has to do
+the CRJ doesn't have the 50 seater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CRJ doesn't have the 50 seater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CRJ doesn't have the 50 seater
+doesn't have any leading-edge devices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any leading-edge devices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any leading-edge devices so
+it has to be pointed down a bit like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be pointed down a bit like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be pointed down a bit like a
+lawn dart it's not that different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawn dart it's not that different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawn dart it's not that different from
+landing a cirrus it's unconventional for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing a cirrus it's unconventional for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing a cirrus it's unconventional for
+an airliner the airliners you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airliner the airliners you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airliner the airliners you notice
+they usually because of the leading edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually because of the leading edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually because of the leading edge
+devices even when they're going 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices even when they're going 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices even when they're going 120
+knots or so they can be kind of nose up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots or so they can be kind of nose up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots or so they can be kind of nose up
+and they still fly pretty well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still fly pretty well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still fly pretty well so the
+airplane almost can be flown you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane almost can be flown you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane almost can be flown you know
+and it can all al and in some cases onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can all al and in some cases onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can all al and in some cases onto
+the runway by itself with just a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway by itself with just a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway by itself with just a slight
+additional flare at the end the CRJ has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional flare at the end the CRJ has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional flare at the end the CRJ has
+to be kept nose down 145 knots faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kept nose down 145 knots faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kept nose down 145 knots faster
+than all but the very biggest jets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all but the very biggest jets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all but the very biggest jets and
+then it has to be you know flared from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to be you know flared from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to be you know flared from
+minus five to maybe plus five or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five to maybe plus five or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five to maybe plus five or plus
+seven at the end so the captain after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the end so the captain after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven at the end so the captain after
+telling me what a bad job I had done he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what a bad job I had done he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what a bad job I had done he
+flared about five feet too high and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared about five feet too high and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared about five feet too high and the
+airplane just sailed over 4,500 feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane just sailed over 4,500 feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane just sailed over 4,500 feet of
+runway I think before it finally touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway I think before it finally touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway I think before it finally touched
+down and he slammed on the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and he slammed on the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and he slammed on the brakes
+maximum thrust reverser we barely made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum thrust reverser we barely made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum thrust reverser we barely made
+it off and he who made it off at after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off and he who made it off at after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off and he who made it off at after
+7,200 feet of runway so it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,200 feet of runway so it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,200 feet of runway so it would have
+been I think in the water in LaGuardia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I think in the water in LaGuardia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I think in the water in LaGuardia
+so that's the kind of thing where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kind of thing where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kind of thing where you
+know you can't that's why these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't that's why these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't that's why these these
+safety margins are good to build into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety margins are good to build into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety margins are good to build into
+your own flying because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own flying because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own flying because you know
+that the book number said the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the book number said the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the book number said the airplane
+would land a lot shorter than that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land a lot shorter than that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land a lot shorter than that also
+in a jet there's really not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a jet there's really not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a jet there's really not a good
+go-around technique once you're below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-around technique once you're below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-around technique once you're below
+fifty feet you're not supposed to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty feet you're not supposed to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty feet you're not supposed to try to
+add power and go around because it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add power and go around because it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add power and go around because it takes
+a while to spool the engines up alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while to spool the engines up alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while to spool the engines up alright
+in turbulence you usually will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turbulence you usually will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turbulence you usually will increase
+your approach speed which means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your approach speed which means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your approach speed which means you're
+gonna chew up more runway you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna chew up more runway you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna chew up more runway you're
+supposed to add half the gust factor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to add half the gust factor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to add half the gust factor has
+a rule of thumb so if the wind is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule of thumb so if the wind is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule of thumb so if the wind is 15
+gusting 25 you're gonna speed up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusting 25 you're gonna speed up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusting 25 you're gonna speed up your
+approach by 5 knots and I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by 5 knots and I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach by 5 knots and I got the
+numbers here for the Cirrus 75 is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here for the Cirrus 75 is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here for the Cirrus 75 is kind
+of a good overall number and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good overall number and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good overall number and then you'll
+beef it up to 80 but that means unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef it up to 80 but that means unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef it up to 80 but that means unless
+it really is a headwind when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is a headwind when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is a headwind when you're
+landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing
+you're gonna chew up a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna chew up a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna chew up a little more
+runway than expected okay flaps as Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway than expected okay flaps as Tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway than expected okay flaps as Tina
+mentioned they enable you to keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned they enable you to keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned they enable you to keep your
+approach speed low while having a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach speed low while having a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach speed low while having a nice
+steep approach angle so that's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep approach angle so that's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep approach angle so that's good for
+getting over trees and stuff if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting over trees and stuff if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting over trees and stuff if you're
+in an aerobatic airplane or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an aerobatic airplane or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an aerobatic airplane or something
+else it doesn't have flaps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it doesn't have flaps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it doesn't have flaps you can
+actually slip and kind of go sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slip and kind of go sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slip and kind of go sideways
+down towards the runway and get over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down towards the runway and get over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down towards the runway and get over the
+obstacles but it's a lot easier just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles but it's a lot easier just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles but it's a lot easier just to
+put the flaps down okay the charts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the flaps down okay the charts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the flaps down okay the charts are
+come in all kinds of variations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in all kinds of variations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in all kinds of variations in the
+poh especially for the bigger airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poh especially for the bigger airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poh especially for the bigger airplanes
+you'll have you know ten charts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have you know ten charts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have you know ten charts that
+look identical except for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look identical except for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look identical except for a couple
+numbers like the exact flap position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like the exact flap position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like the exact flap position
+whether the anti-icing is on or off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the anti-icing is on or off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the anti-icing is on or off the
+piper warrior pH is a lot simpler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior pH is a lot simpler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior pH is a lot simpler and
+that's some of the charts were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some of the charts were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some of the charts were going to
+cover and in addition to some of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and in addition to some of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and in addition to some of the you
+know anonymous airplane charts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anonymous airplane charts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anonymous airplane charts of the
+FAA gives you with the test so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA gives you with the test so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA gives you with the test so one thing
+to remember if you're a renter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember if you're a renter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember if you're a renter in
+addition to the fact that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fact that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fact that you know you
+want to build in maybe some charter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build in maybe some charter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build in maybe some charter and
+airline minimums into your flying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline minimums into your flying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline minimums into your flying is
+that all those numbers were were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those numbers were were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those numbers were were the
+brand-new airplane that was perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new airplane that was perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand-new airplane that was perfectly
+straight and had a perfect engine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and had a perfect engine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and had a perfect engine okay
+so wind components you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wind components you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wind components you're going to get
+shorter takeoff and landing distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter takeoff and landing distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter takeoff and landing distances
+with a headwind a tailwind actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a headwind a tailwind actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a headwind a tailwind actually it
+may not be legal to operate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be legal to operate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be legal to operate a
+high-performance aircraft on a runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-performance aircraft on a runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-performance aircraft on a runway
+with a tailwind of more than a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tailwind of more than a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tailwind of more than a certain
+amount I think for the CRJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I think for the CRJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I think for the CRJ
+it was ten knots we just simply could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ten knots we just simply could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ten knots we just simply could
+not land I would attend not tell and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not land I would attend not tell and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not land I would attend not tell and or
+more than attend not tell and crosswind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than attend not tell and crosswind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than attend not tell and crosswind
+is a little bit different you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different you'll get a
+maxed him and straight across one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed him and straight across one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxed him and straight across one
+component in the manual so it'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the manual so it'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the manual so it'll tell
+you a test pilot managed to hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test pilot managed to hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test pilot managed to hold this
+airplane straight on the runway with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane straight on the runway with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane straight on the runway with
+full flaps or whatever the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full flaps or whatever the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full flaps or whatever the normal
+landing configuration is and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing configuration is and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing configuration is and there was
+enough rudder to you know land for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rudder to you know land for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rudder to you know land for the
+fifteen not crosswinds that's max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen not crosswinds that's max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen not crosswinds that's max
+demonstrated it's not a limitation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated it's not a limitation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated it's not a limitation so
+you may and if it is you know it'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may and if it is you know it'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may and if it is you know it'll say
+this is a limitation but max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a limitation but max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a limitation but max
+demonstrated just means a test pilot did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated just means a test pilot did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated just means a test pilot did
+it it'll probably work for you too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll probably work for you too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll probably work for you too
+if you manipulate the controls in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you manipulate the controls in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you manipulate the controls in the
+same way and beyond that you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way and beyond that you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way and beyond that you can't be
+sure so one thing that people will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so one thing that people will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so one thing that people will do is
+they will adjust the flap amount to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will adjust the flap amount to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will adjust the flap amount to have
+a reduced and reduced use of flaps and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced and reduced use of flaps and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduced and reduced use of flaps and a
+heavy cross wind that keeps the airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cross wind that keeps the airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cross wind that keeps the airspeed
+up you will chew up more runway but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you will chew up more runway but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you will chew up more runway but when
+the wheels actually touch the ground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels actually touch the ground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels actually touch the ground the
+wheels provide a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels provide a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels provide a little bit of
+stabilization and help keep you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization and help keep you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization and help keep you from
+getting blown off the runway you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting blown off the runway you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting blown off the runway you're
+gonna see tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see tomorrow
+dojo from the Brazilian Air Force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dojo from the Brazilian Air Force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dojo from the Brazilian Air Force is
+going to tell you about testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about testing the
+various airplanes but especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various airplanes but especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various airplanes but especially the
+Super Tucano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Tucano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Tucano
+in very heavy crosswinds you know down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very heavy crosswinds you know down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very heavy crosswinds you know down
+there in South America they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in South America they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in South America they have some
+pretty heavy winds I think they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy winds I think they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy winds I think they went to
+Chile to do that it could be wrong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile to do that it could be wrong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile to do that it could be wrong or
+maybe it was just right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was just right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was just right next to the
+Andes in Brazil okay crosswinds right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andes in Brazil okay crosswinds right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andes in Brazil okay crosswinds right so
+this here shows you that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here shows you that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here shows you that if you have
+a 40 knot wind at a 30-degree angle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 40 knot wind at a 30-degree angle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 40 knot wind at a 30-degree angle you
+go over here on the chart to the 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here on the chart to the 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here on the chart to the 30
+degree line you use this 40 knot ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line you use this 40 knot ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line you use this 40 knot ring
+and then you can find that it's a 35 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can find that it's a 35 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can find that it's a 35 not
+headwind and it's 1 knot crosswind does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind and it's 1 knot crosswind does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind and it's 1 knot crosswind does
+that make sense I will tell you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense I will tell you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense I will tell you when I
+was getting a type rating for the Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting a type rating for the Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting a type rating for the Cessna
+Mustang at flight safety there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mustang at flight safety there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mustang at flight safety there were a
+couple Boeing 737 pilots there and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple Boeing 737 pilots there and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple Boeing 737 pilots there and they
+had no idea how to use this chart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea how to use this chart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea how to use this chart and
+they they couldn't even give the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't even give the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they couldn't even give the right
+answers like if you said you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers like if you said you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers like if you said you know your
+landing on runway two-seven and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing on runway two-seven and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing on runway two-seven and the
+wind's coming from you know three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind's coming from you know three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind's coming from you know three one
+five is that a head tail wonder or head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is that a head tail wonder or head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is that a head tail wonder or head
+wind and they couldn't answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and they couldn't answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and they couldn't answer that
+question either it's a quick you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question either it's a quick you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question either it's a quick you know
+all they do is go from towered airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do is go from towered airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do is go from towered airports
+at Howard Airport the tower tells them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Howard Airport the tower tells them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Howard Airport the tower tells them
+what runway to use they were from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what runway to use they were from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what runway to use they were from the
+Philippines so I guess it's not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines so I guess it's not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines so I guess it's not you know
+insanely windy there like it would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely windy there like it would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insanely windy there like it would be in
+Argentina I once landed in Argentina and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina I once landed in Argentina and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina I once landed in Argentina and
+knew sh Y ax on a commercial airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew sh Y ax on a commercial airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew sh Y ax on a commercial airline
+flight and it was 50 not it was the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and it was 50 not it was the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and it was 50 not it was the wind
+was I think 35 gusting 50 and the pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think 35 gusting 50 and the pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think 35 gusting 50 and the pilots
+you know is just I talked to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is just I talked to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is just I talked to them
+afterwards they said it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards they said it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards they said it was just a
+normal day like they wouldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal day like they wouldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal day like they wouldn't even
+bother talking about that so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother talking about that so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother talking about that so anyway
+these skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skills
+apparently rust I'm sure those guys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently rust I'm sure those guys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently rust I'm sure those guys you
+know had used a chart like that at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had used a chart like that at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had used a chart like that at one
+point in their training they did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in their training they did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in their training they did get
+their type rating so the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their type rating so the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their type rating so the good news is
+you can get your type rating without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your type rating without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your type rating without
+knowing how to use that ok here's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to use that ok here's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to use that ok here's one of
+the FAA charts this is what they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA charts this is what they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA charts this is what they give
+you on the test it's a lot easier to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the test it's a lot easier to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the test it's a lot easier to use
+and the poh here's a problem they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poh here's a problem they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poh here's a problem they're
+giving you an example problem let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an example problem let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an example problem let's see
+we're at somewhere in Colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at somewhere in Colorado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at somewhere in Colorado
+apparently 56 50 feet we weighed 2900 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 56 50 feet we weighed 2900 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 56 50 feet we weighed 2900 50
+pounds in this airplane that they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds in this airplane that they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds in this airplane that they won't
+tell us what it is it's 9 knots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+headwind notice these associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind notice these associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind notice these associated
+conditions these are really critical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions these are really critical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions these are really critical and
+again if they give you a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if they give you a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if they give you a choice of
+multiple charts that's where the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple charts that's where the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple charts that's where the trick
+is you know they don't trying to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know they don't trying to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know they don't trying to get you
+you as the wrong chart that's more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as the wrong chart that's more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as the wrong chart that's more on
+the ATP exam than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP exam than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP exam than on
+the private one but ya see here powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private one but ya see here powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private one but ya see here powerful
+throttle Cal flaps are open this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle Cal flaps are open this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle Cal flaps are open this is some
+kind of more complicated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more complicated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more complicated more
+complicated plane that you got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated plane that you got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated plane that you got the right
+mixture set even before you take off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture set even before you take off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture set even before you take off for
+high altitude alright so what do we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high altitude alright so what do we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high altitude alright so what do we got
+here we got temperature of 15 we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got temperature of 15 we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got temperature of 15 we go up
+to the pressure altitude pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure altitude pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure altitude pretty close to
+6,000 we come over here we're apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 we come over here we're apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 we come over here we're apparently
+writing a gross weight so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a gross weight so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a gross weight so at least
+that's realistic most aircraft take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's realistic most aircraft take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's realistic most aircraft take off
+you know ready a gross weight for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ready a gross weight for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ready a gross weight for most
+flights there's nine knots of wind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights there's nine knots of wind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights there's nine knots of wind so
+that's going to subtract a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to subtract a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to subtract a little bit
+from our arm weigh requirements and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our arm weigh requirements and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our arm weigh requirements and here
+we can see it's 1,500 feet of ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it's 1,500 feet of ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it's 1,500 feet of ground
+roll and a little over what is that 2300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and a little over what is that 2300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and a little over what is that 2300
+yeah 2,300 to clear the 50-foot obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 2,300 to clear the 50-foot obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 2,300 to clear the 50-foot obstacle
+so these charts are not hard to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these charts are not hard to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these charts are not hard to use and
+in the real world maybe in the maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world maybe in the maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world maybe in the maybe in
+the FAA figure they actually give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA figure they actually give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA figure they actually give you
+this example so you can see how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so you can see how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so you can see how it's
+done and then you know you just draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then you know you just draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then you know you just draw the
+lines in a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in a different place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in a different place
+so you're not trying to trick you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not trying to trick you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not trying to trick you here's
+a chart for the Pilatus pc-12 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart for the Pilatus pc-12 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart for the Pilatus pc-12 there's
+also apps to do it which i'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also apps to do it which i'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also apps to do it which i'll show you a
+little bit later similar to that piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later similar to that piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later similar to that piper
+chart we saw earlier where you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we saw earlier where you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart we saw earlier where you you
+calculate the density altitude without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the density altitude without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the density altitude without
+realizing that you've calculated it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that you've calculated it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that you've calculated it yeah
+so here you've got pressure altitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you've got pressure altitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you've got pressure altitude and
+temperature and you're implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you're implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you're implicitly
+calculating them to the altitude then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating them to the altitude then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating them to the altitude then
+you go over to wait look at this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over to wait look at this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over to wait look at this one the
+pelada skies I think they're having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelada skies I think they're having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelada skies I think they're having some
+fun here they're saying you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun here they're saying you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun here they're saying you're taking
+off at 7,000 pounds so like you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at 7,000 pounds so like you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at 7,000 pounds so like you you're
+missing a whole 3,000 pounds of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a whole 3,000 pounds of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a whole 3,000 pounds of people
+in bags and you paid all this money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bags and you paid all this money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bags and you paid all this money for
+this airplane and you're barely using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane and you're barely using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this airplane and you're barely using it
+so I don't think that happens too often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think that happens too often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think that happens too often
+unless you just dropped everybody off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you just dropped everybody off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you just dropped everybody off at
+an airport with no fuel and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport with no fuel and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport with no fuel and you're
+repositioning anyway so they got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositioning anyway so they got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositioning anyway so they got the
+headwind they got uphill and downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind they got uphill and downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind they got uphill and downhill
+all bacon this nice chart you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bacon this nice chart you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bacon this nice chart you can get
+all these good numbers this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these good numbers this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these good numbers this is why
+serious is better either the best-seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious is better either the best-seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious is better either the best-seller
+they just say look here's this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just say look here's this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just say look here's this table
+there's a few Corrections that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few Corrections that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few Corrections that you can
+use if you want to up there in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if you want to up there in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if you want to up there in the upper
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for headwind tailwind grass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for headwind tailwind grass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for headwind tailwind grass but
+basically they make the usual case very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they make the usual case very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they make the usual case very
+simple of a level runway a paved runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple of a level runway a paved runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple of a level runway a paved runway
+it's always more conservative to go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always more conservative to go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always more conservative to go more
+you know you don't have to interpolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't have to interpolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't have to interpolate
+you can just say well it's 25 degrees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say well it's 25 degrees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say well it's 25 degrees so
+I'll use the 30-degree number okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the 30-degree number okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the 30-degree number okay what
+is the rate of climb here we're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of climb here we're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of climb here we're at a
+gross weight of 1670 pounds it's 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross weight of 1670 pounds it's 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross weight of 1670 pounds it's 2,000
+feet how do we figure that out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet how do we figure that out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet how do we figure that out this is
+one of the FAA example tables and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the FAA example tables and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the FAA example tables and it's
+as simple as finding the right row in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as finding the right row in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as finding the right row in
+the table row and column in the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table row and column in the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table row and column in the table so
+actually I have a look here so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have a look here so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have a look here so they're
+saying the mixture has to be lean to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the mixture has to be lean to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the mixture has to be lean to get
+these numbers the flaps have to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers the flaps have to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers the flaps have to be up
+you got to be at full throttle okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be at full throttle okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be at full throttle okay same
+deal max rate of climb I forget if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal max rate of climb I forget if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal max rate of climb I forget if this
+is a this might be a Piper chart but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this might be a Piper chart but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this might be a Piper chart but you
+can see that associated conditions up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that associated conditions up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that associated conditions up at
+there in the top left that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the top left that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the top left that's absolutely
+critical you know the gross weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you know the gross weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you know the gross weight
+serious actually a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious actually a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious actually a lot of the
+performance numbers in the Cirrus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance numbers in the Cirrus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance numbers in the Cirrus for
+cruise speed are at a 2600 pounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise speed are at a 2600 pounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise speed are at a 2600 pounds and
+you're flying along at you know 2950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying along at you know 2950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying along at you know 2950
+because you took off the 3000 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you took off the 3000 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you took off the 3000 you're
+wondering like how come I'm not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like how come I'm not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like how come I'm not getting
+these numbers but of course you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers but of course you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers but of course you know
+they're they're being optimistic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're being optimistic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're being optimistic about
+they're putting their airplane in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're putting their airplane in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're putting their airplane in the
+best light by positing some weight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best light by positing some weight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best light by positing some weight that
+probably doesn't exist in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doesn't exist in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doesn't exist in real life
+all right here they give us an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here they give us an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here they give us an example
+of 5,000 feet pressure altitude Oh 80 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5,000 feet pressure altitude Oh 80 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5,000 feet pressure altitude Oh 80 of
+16 degrees so I said plus 11 max rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 degrees so I said plus 11 max rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 degrees so I said plus 11 max rate of
+climb 374 so I guess yeah 5,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb 374 so I guess yeah 5,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb 374 so I guess yeah 5,000 feet
+here's ice ax plus 11 it says 376 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ice ax plus 11 it says 376 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ice ax plus 11 it says 376 with
+some kind of an elaborate interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of an elaborate interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of an elaborate interpolation
+I guess you find that last couple feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you find that last couple feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you find that last couple feet
+per minute that you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's cruise charts I think again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's cruise charts I think again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's cruise charts I think again this
+is from the FAA test supplement they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the FAA test supplement they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the FAA test supplement they're
+just giving you a remember I told you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you a remember I told you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you a remember I told you it
+would be ice and minus 20 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ice and minus 20 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ice and minus 20 that's the
+chart on the left the one in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart on the left the one in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart on the left the one in the middle
+is a standard day and on the right as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard day and on the right as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard day and on the right as a
+summer day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer day
+ISO plus 20 notice that they'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO plus 20 notice that they'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO plus 20 notice that they'll give you
+fuel flow and the true airspeed given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel flow and the true airspeed given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel flow and the true airspeed given
+various engine speed and manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various engine speed and manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various engine speed and manifold
+pressure settings this looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure settings this looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure settings this looks like it's
+four piston twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four piston twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four piston twin
+okay landing performance is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay landing performance is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay landing performance is pretty
+similar kind of chart I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of chart I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of chart I'm not going to
+go through this exactly but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this exactly but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this exactly but you can see
+they're giving you the work to example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you the work to example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you the work to example
+and you come up with let's see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come up with let's see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come up with let's see it's
+going to be about a thousand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about a thousand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about a thousand a little
+over a thousand feet of ground roll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1700 feet they claim of to clear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 feet they claim of to clear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1700 feet they claim of to clear a
+50-foot obstacle here's an FAA question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-foot obstacle here's an FAA question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-foot obstacle here's an FAA question
+actually so let's see determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's see determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's see determine the
+total distance required for takeoff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance required for takeoff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance required for takeoff to
+clear a 50-foot obstacle standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a 50-foot obstacle standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear a 50-foot obstacle standard
+temperature sea level so actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sea level so actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sea level so actually this
+is this is testing you this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is testing you this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is testing you this is pretty
+advanced right they're saying it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced right they're saying it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced right they're saying it's the
+standard temperature at sea level so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature at sea level so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature at sea level so you
+have to know that it's 15 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that it's 15 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know that it's 15 degrees
+we only weigh twenty-six twenty-seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only weigh twenty-six twenty-seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only weigh twenty-six twenty-seven
+hundred pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna have to ride down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have to ride down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have to ride down this
+curve a little bit and the winds calm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a little bit and the winds calm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a little bit and the winds calm so
+we're not going to get any boost from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get any boost from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get any boost from
+the wind so what do you guys think have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind so what do you guys think have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind so what do you guys think have
+any of you have any of you been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have any of you been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have any of you been able to
+kind of see what the most likely number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what the most likely number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what the most likely number
+is by following these somebody says eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by following these somebody says eh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by following these somebody says eh
+let's see it's a little bit lighter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it's a little bit lighter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it's a little bit lighter that
+kind of makes sense but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense but on the other
+hand the winds calm so we didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the winds calm so we didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the winds calm so we didn't get
+that reduction from the wind let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduction from the wind let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduction from the wind let's see
+so if we came down here it's gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we came down here it's gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we came down here it's gonna start
+from sea level 15 degrees come over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sea level 15 degrees come over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sea level 15 degrees come over here
+come down here over a 50-foot obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here over a 50-foot obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here over a 50-foot obstacle
+then we have to go up anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to go up anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to go up anybody want to
+revise their estimate a we heard a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise their estimate a we heard a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise their estimate a we heard a last
+time it seems a little short to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it seems a little short to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it seems a little short to clear
+the 50-foot obstacle I agree with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50-foot obstacle I agree with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50-foot obstacle I agree with you
+that you'd be well off the ground by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be well off the ground by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be well off the ground by a
+thousand feet all right obviously in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet all right obviously in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet all right obviously in the
+chicken you know if you have a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken you know if you have a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken you know if you have a pencil
+and a little more time to do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more time to do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more time to do that it's
+easier all right let's look at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier all right let's look at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier all right let's look at you know
+that's kind of the hard way let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the hard way let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the hard way let's look
+at the easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the easy way
+getting the runway numbers for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the runway numbers for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the runway numbers for low
+performance aircraft it actually remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance aircraft it actually remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance aircraft it actually remains
+pretty common to just use the Poh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common to just use the Poh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common to just use the Poh people
+aren't usually in a situation where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't usually in a situation where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't usually in a situation where they
+have to worry about it if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about it if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about it if you're going
+from Hanscom field or Martha's Vineyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hanscom field or Martha's Vineyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hanscom field or Martha's Vineyard
+and back you know both airports are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back you know both airports are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back you know both airports are big
+enough for a Boeing and you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for a Boeing and you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for a Boeing and you're not going
+to be carefully calculating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be carefully calculating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be carefully calculating these
+numbers unless you really don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers unless you really don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers unless you really don't have
+much else to do apps though are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much else to do apps though are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much else to do apps though are
+available even for low performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available even for low performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available even for low performance
+aircraft and they're very useful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and they're very useful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and they're very useful if
+you're going you know into tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you know into tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you know into tighter
+airports and you might have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and you might have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and you might have to worry
+about that the time and fuel stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the time and fuel stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the time and fuel stuff is
+everywhere on the web and the apps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the web and the apps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the web and the apps but
+the actual runway numbers are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual runway numbers are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual runway numbers are a little
+bit less common let me show you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less common let me show you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less common let me show you a couple
+things here's Geronimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here's Geronimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here's Geronimo
+so this is they sell these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is they sell these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is they sell these four
+different aircraft this is just off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aircraft this is just off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aircraft this is just off
+their website and for an sr-22 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and for an sr-22 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their website and for an sr-22 you can
+see you put in they must be European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you put in they must be European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you put in they must be European
+because they say aircraft mass 33:59 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say aircraft mass 33:59 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say aircraft mass 33:59 and
+you've got your temperature your takeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your temperature your takeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your temperature your takeoff
+elevation your altimeter runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation your altimeter runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation your altimeter runway
+conditions I don't know what that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I don't know what that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I don't know what that plus
+5% is maybe they're saying oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is maybe they're saying oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is maybe they're saying oh I don't
+know if that's between is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's between is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's between is that there's
+at half grass and half paved anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at half grass and half paved anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at half grass and half paved anyway you
+can put in everything relevant and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in everything relevant and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in everything relevant and it's
+going to tell you how much ground roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how much ground roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how much ground roll
+and how much takeoff distance so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much takeoff distance so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much takeoff distance so that's
+pretty slick it's a lot easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slick it's a lot easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slick it's a lot easier than
+relying on the poh the the calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on the poh the the calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on the poh the the calculator
+for the Pilatus is free that's the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Pilatus is free that's the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Pilatus is free that's the good
+news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news
+and here same deal you put in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here same deal you put in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here same deal you put in your
+weight the temperature if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the temperature if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the temperature if there's any
+headwind the airport elevation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind the airport elevation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind the airport elevation and you
+get the numbers all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can try to get the dock camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to get the dock camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to get the dock camera
+working for a demo in a minute here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a demo in a minute here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a demo in a minute here but
+in the meantime first of all are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime first of all are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime first of all are there
+questions and secondly what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and secondly what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and secondly what is this
+aircraft and what's it designed for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and what's it designed for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and what's it designed for yeah
+print the test supplement that's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the test supplement that's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the test supplement that's public
+it's in our Dropbox and also the FA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in our Dropbox and also the FA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in our Dropbox and also the FA
+makes this chart supplement public so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this chart supplement public so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this chart supplement public so
+you can see all the figures that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the figures that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the figures that you're
+gonna see before the test I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see before the test I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see before the test I think I
+think actually when you're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually when you're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually when you're done with
+your test in ink you can print out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test in ink you can print out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test in ink you can print out all
+the questions and we'll show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions and we'll show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions and we'll show you what
+you got right yeah just print out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got right yeah just print out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got right yeah just print out the
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+yeah print out sure print out the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah print out sure print out the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah print out sure print out the chart
+supplement anybody have any brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement anybody have any brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement anybody have any brilliant
+ideas about this aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says Greer's on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a Burt Rutan design the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Burt Rutan design the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Burt Rutan design the climate
+change denier and this is a super short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change denier and this is a super short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change denier and this is a super short
+filled airplane it's not it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled airplane it's not it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled airplane it's not it actually
+doesn't land as short as you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't land as short as you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't land as short as you might think
+I think it might be a four-seater though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it might be a four-seater though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it might be a four-seater though
+so I guess it is pretty darn short for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess it is pretty darn short for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess it is pretty darn short for a
+four-seater but it has huge flaps and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seater but it has huge flaps and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-seater but it has huge flaps and a
+lot of wing area and it's got that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wing area and it's got that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wing area and it's got that I
+think it has ordinary sea it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has ordinary sea it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has ordinary sea it has
+essentially three free surfaces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially three free surfaces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially three free surfaces right
+it's got kind of a helper wing or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got kind of a helper wing or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got kind of a helper wing or a
+canard out in front the regular wing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canard out in front the regular wing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canard out in front the regular wing and
+then an ordinary conventional tail plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see if I can get this dock camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can get this dock camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can get this dock camera
+working all right so let's say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all right so let's say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all right so let's say we want
+to know how much fuel we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much fuel we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much fuel we're going to use
+see that fuel pounds there we can where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that fuel pounds there we can where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that fuel pounds there we can where
+is that somewhere along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well actually I happen to know it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I happen to know it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I happen to know it's got
+to be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere
+we're ten pounds yeah see there's US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ten pounds yeah see there's US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ten pounds yeah see there's US
+gallons right there so we line this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons right there so we line this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons right there so we line this up
+and you can tell this was designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell this was designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell this was designed for
+piston folks because their idea of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston folks because their idea of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston folks because their idea of fuel
+weight is six pounds per gallon and jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is six pounds per gallon and jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is six pounds per gallon and jet
+fuel weighs six point seven but at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel weighs six point seven but at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel weighs six point seven but at this
+point now we got our handy slide rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now we got our handy slide rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now we got our handy slide rule so
+we know if we load on for example ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know if we load on for example ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know if we load on for example ten
+gallons of fuel it's going to be 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of fuel it's going to be 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of fuel it's going to be 60
+pounds and if we load on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds and if we load on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds and if we load on you know the
+series holds 56 gallons that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series holds 56 gallons that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series holds 56 gallons that's gonna
+weigh 300 and looks like 345 sorry 335
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh 300 and looks like 345 sorry 335
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh 300 and looks like 345 sorry 335
+gallons its 335 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more to the point you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the point you can calculate
+density altitude so over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density altitude so over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density altitude so over here for
+example you can say the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can say the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can say the pressure
+altitude is let's call it sea level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is let's call it sea level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude is let's call it sea level and
+it's very hot though it's plus 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hot though it's plus 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hot though it's plus 40
+degrees so now you see the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so now you see the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so now you see the density
+altitude up there is about 2,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude up there is about 2,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude up there is about 2,000 feet
+that makes sense so you've set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you've set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you've set the
+pressure altitude at the bottom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude at the bottom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude at the bottom or
+inside this little window at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this little window at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this little window at zero and
+then the density altitude gets read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the density altitude gets read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the density altitude gets read out
+here after you line it up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after you line it up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here after you line it up with the
+temperature it's also something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's also something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's also something that you
+can do well just with the basic rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do well just with the basic rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do well just with the basic rate so
+let's say you decide that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you decide that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you decide that you're going
+to be going this is more for performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going this is more for performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be going this is more for performance
+planning but let's say you're a Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning but let's say you're a Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning but let's say you're a Cirrus
+and you're going 150 knots if you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going 150 knots if you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going 150 knots if you end up
+needing to go let's say 300 nautical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to go let's say 300 nautical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to go let's say 300 nautical
+miles it tells you that I'll take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles it tells you that I'll take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles it tells you that I'll take you
+two hours not too exciting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours not too exciting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours not too exciting but
+the wind side is a little more exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind side is a little more exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind side is a little more exciting
+I'll bring a pencil tomorrow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring a pencil tomorrow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring a pencil tomorrow for the
+flight planning talk and we can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight planning talk and we can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight planning talk and we can play
+around with wind vectors on there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with wind vectors on there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with wind vectors on there but
+anyway fortunately a lot of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway fortunately a lot of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway fortunately a lot of this stuff
+is explained in the book you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explained in the book you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is explained in the book you guys are
+free to come up and play around with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to come up and play around with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to come up and play around with it
+anytime there's temperature conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime there's temperature conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime there's temperature conversion
+scale here on the bottom and it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here on the bottom and it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here on the bottom and it's a fun
+toy teen or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy teen or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy teen or anything else
+that we should cover here or should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should cover here or should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should cover here or should we
+segue what's the next okay the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue what's the next okay the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue what's the next okay the next one
+is weather data you you'll need a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weather data you you'll need a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weather data you you'll need a break
+for that one that's how you find out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one that's how you find out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one that's how you find out all
+this stuff let me go back to the PC who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff let me go back to the PC who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff let me go back to the PC who
+else has questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ and looking at pH craft like which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ and looking at pH craft like which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ and looking at pH craft like which one
+what you want to do with the FAA exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do with the FAA exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do with the FAA exam
+ones land landing performance or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones land landing performance or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones land landing performance or this
+one from the actual test this one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the actual test this one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the actual test this one okay
+so I don't think they ever give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think they ever give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think they ever give it
+worked out for you let me switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for you let me switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for you let me switch to the
+laser pointer mode okay so what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer mode okay so what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer mode okay so what did they
+tell us they told us it was standard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us they told us it was standard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us they told us it was standard in
+sea level that's the one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea level that's the one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea level that's the one part of the
+standard atmosphere that people I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere that people I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard atmosphere that people I think
+are expected to remember it at sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to remember it at sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to remember it at sea level
+it should be 15 degrees Celsius so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be 15 degrees Celsius so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be 15 degrees Celsius so we
+come down here we say it's 15 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here we say it's 15 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here we say it's 15 degrees
+out we're gonna hit the sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're gonna hit the sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're gonna hit the sea level
+pressure altitude we're gonna slide over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude we're gonna slide over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure altitude we're gonna slide over
+this way just like in the example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way just like in the example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way just like in the example and
+then we're gonna slide down following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna slide down following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna slide down following
+this curve to 2,700 pounds and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve to 2,700 pounds and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve to 2,700 pounds and we're
+gonna go over here and we're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go over here and we're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go over here and we're gonna say
+look there's no wind the winds calm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's no wind the winds calm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's no wind the winds calm so
+we'll keep going over here and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep going over here and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep going over here and we find
+that we need about a little less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need about a little less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need about a little less than a
+thousand feet maybe 800 feet for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet maybe 800 feet for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet maybe 800 feet for a
+ground roll but to clear the 50-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground roll but to clear the 50-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground roll but to clear the 50-foot
+obstacle look at the bottom there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle look at the bottom there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle look at the bottom there we
+need to go up following one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go up following one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go up following one of these
+lines and that's how we get to the 1,400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and that's how we get to the 1,400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and that's how we get to the 1,400
+number did that help you still look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number did that help you still look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number did that help you still look a
+little bit skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember remember we would be doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember we would be doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember we would be doing this
+with a virtual pencil none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a virtual pencil none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a virtual pencil none of these
+lines these lines are just for reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these lines are just for reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these lines are just for reference
+telling you kind of what slope to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you kind of what slope to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you kind of what slope to follow
+your with your pencil so it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your with your pencil so it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your with your pencil so it's not like
+the it's not like these are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's not like these are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's not like these are the only
+available points so it's not like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available points so it's not like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available points so it's not like it's
+going to be either this for the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be either this for the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be either this for the answer
+this for the answer or this for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the answer or this for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the answer or this for your
+answer even in their work example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even in their work example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even in their work example you
+can see their red line for the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see their red line for the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see their red line for the answer is
+just parallel to that gray line it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parallel to that gray line it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parallel to that gray line it's not
+they're not picking one of the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not picking one of the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not picking one of the gray
+lines so they're their guidelines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so they're their guidelines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so they're their guidelines for
+you know how you should move your pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you should move your pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you should move your pencil
+in each phase I hope this motivates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each phase I hope this motivates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each phase I hope this motivates you
+to buy that Jai ronimal app I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy that Jai ronimal app I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy that Jai ronimal app I certainly
+wouldn't motivate me to do it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't motivate me to do it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't motivate me to do it if you
+want to look at it on a real book I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at it on a real book I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at it on a real book I'll
+pass around again this is my this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around again this is my this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around again this is my this is my
+Poh for Cessna 172 so this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poh for Cessna 172 so this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poh for Cessna 172 so this might be the
+type of plane that you're using as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of plane that you're using as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of plane that you're using as your
+training aircraft and I have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training aircraft and I have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training aircraft and I have a couple
+pages that are marked with a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that are marked with a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that are marked with a piece of
+paper so one talks about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so one talks about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so one talks about how you
+calculate the take-off distance and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the take-off distance and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the take-off distance and one
+is weight and balance will actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weight and balance will actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weight and balance will actually have
+a whole section dedicated to weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole section dedicated to weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole section dedicated to weight and
+balance but just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but just to give you a sense of
+you know how you can follow with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you can follow with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you can follow with your
+pencil and you'll actually see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and you'll actually see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and you'll actually see some
+pencil markings of my own fairly fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil markings of my own fairly fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil markings of my own fairly fairly
+close to the limits here of our center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the limits here of our center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the limits here of our center
+of gravity moment envelope here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity moment envelope here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity moment envelope here but
+still within the box so just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still within the box so just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still within the box so just to give you
+an idea of how you can do that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how you can do that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how you can do that with a
+real paper and pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the question is you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is you know we don't
+have any kind of readout in the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of readout in the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of readout in the aircraft
+for density altitude so is that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for density altitude so is that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for density altitude so is that why
+we're always calculating with our handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always calculating with our handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always calculating with our handy
+6 B or listening to the a sauce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 B or listening to the a sauce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 B or listening to the a sauce or
+whatever so yeah yeah basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so yeah yeah basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so yeah yeah basically your
+instruments in the aircraft can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in the aircraft can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in the aircraft can tell you
+the temperature outside air temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature outside air temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature outside air temperature
+maybe not quite as accurate as the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite as accurate as the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite as accurate as the one
+from the airport if you're on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the airport if you're on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the airport if you're on the ground
+and they can also show you if you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can also show you if you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can also show you if you set
+your altimeter two to nine and nine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altimeter two to nine and nine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your altimeter two to nine and nine or
+two you can see the pressure altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can see the pressure altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can see the pressure altitude
+but the relationship between the two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the relationship between the two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the relationship between the two is
+not simple and there's nothing on board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple and there's nothing on board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple and there's nothing on board
+the aircraft conventionally that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft conventionally that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft conventionally that will
+calculate it for you and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it for you and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it for you and I think that's
+quite true I think a lot of modern GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true I think a lot of modern GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true I think a lot of modern GPS
+boxes will do that calculation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you have to type in all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to type in all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to type in all the numbers
+they don't usually just grab it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't usually just grab it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't usually just grab it they
+will give you things like true airspeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you things like true airspeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you things like true airspeed
+like they'll definitely calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll definitely calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll definitely calculate that
+so you know if you're indicating 150 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're indicating 150 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're indicating 150 but
+you're up really high they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up really high they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up really high they'll tell you
+well now you're going 200 knots in true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you're going 200 knots in true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you're going 200 knots in true
+airspeed and then they'll give you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and then they'll give you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and then they'll give you your
+ground speed too and they'll even show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed too and they'll even show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed too and they'll even show
+you a little wind vector any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little wind vector any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little wind vector any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great so we'll just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so we'll just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so we'll just take a
+ten-minute break and start up again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-minute break and start up again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-minute break and start up again at
+2:15 with weather data and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:15 with weather data and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2:15 with weather data and that's the
+one you guys seem to keep asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you guys seem to keep asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you guys seem to keep asking about
+so we'll talk about also towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about also towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about also towards the end
+of that talk how you build build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that talk how you build build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that talk how you build build your
+own ats-v receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/46Ym07yKf4A.txt b/46Ym07yKf4A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69ebe48f6a244630538bab5b8a7bd29fe5b1cca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/46Ym07yKf4A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now go through an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through an example that
+involves a continuous unknown parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a continuous unknown parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a continuous unknown parameter
+the unknown bias of a coin and discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown bias of a coin and discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown bias of a coin and discrete
+observations namely the number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations namely the number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations namely the number of heads
+that are observed in a sequence of coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are observed in a sequence of coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are observed in a sequence of coin
+flips this is an example that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips this is an example that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips this is an example that we will
+study in some detail now and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in some detail now and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in some detail now and we will
+also revisit later on and in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also revisit later on and in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also revisit later on and in the process
+we will also have the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also have the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also have the opportunity to
+introduce a new class of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new class of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new class of probability
+distributions this example is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this example is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this example is an
+extension of an example that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of an example that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of an example that we have
+already seen when we first introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen when we first introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen when we first introduced
+the relevant version of the Bayes rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant version of the Bayes rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant version of the Bayes rule
+we have a coin it has a certain bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coin it has a certain bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a coin it has a certain bias
+between 0 & 1 but the bias is unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 but the bias is unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 but the bias is unknown
+and consistent with the Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consistent with the Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consistent with the Bayesian
+philosophy we treat this unknown bias as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy we treat this unknown bias as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy we treat this unknown bias as
+a random variable and we assign a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and we assign a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable and we assign a prior
+probability distribution to it we flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution to it we flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution to it we flip
+this coin n times independently where n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coin n times independently where n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coin n times independently where n
+is some positive integer and we record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some positive integer and we record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some positive integer and we record
+the number of heads that are obtained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads that are obtained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads that are obtained on
+the basis of the value of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the value of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the value of this random
+variable we would like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we would like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we would like to make
+inferences about theta now to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about theta now to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about theta now to make some
+more concrete progress let us make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete progress let us make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete progress let us make a
+specific assumption let us assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific assumption let us assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific assumption let us assume that
+the prior on theta is uniform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior on theta is uniform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior on theta is uniform on the
+unit interval in some sense reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval in some sense reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval in some sense reflecting
+complete ignorance about the true value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete ignorance about the true value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete ignorance about the true value
+of theta we observe the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta we observe the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta we observe the value of this
+random variable some little K we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable some little K we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable some little K we fix
+that value and we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value and we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value and we're interested in the
+functional dependence on theta of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence on theta of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence on theta of this
+particular quantity when K is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular quantity when K is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular quantity when K is given to
+us how do we do this we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how do we do this we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how do we do this we use the
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form of the Bayes rule which
+in this setting is as follows it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting is as follows it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting is as follows it is the
+usual form but we have F indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual form but we have F indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual form but we have F indicating
+densities whenever we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities whenever we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities whenever we are talking about
+the distribution of theta because theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of theta because theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of theta because theta
+is continuous and whenever we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and whenever we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and whenever we talk about
+the distribution of K which is discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of K which is discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of K which is discrete
+we use the symbol P because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the symbol P because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the symbol P because we are
+dealing with probability mass functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with probability mass functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with probability mass functions
+as always the denominator term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always the denominator term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always the denominator term
+is such that the integral of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that the integral of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that the integral of the whole
+expression over theta is equal to 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression over theta is equal to 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression over theta is equal to 1 this
+is the necessary normalization property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the necessary normalization property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the necessary normalization property
+and because of this this denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this this denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this this denominator
+term has to be equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has to be equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has to be equal to the integral of
+the numerator over all theta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator over all theta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator over all theta which is
+what we have here so now let us move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here so now let us move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here so now let us move and
+let us apply this formula we first have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us apply this formula we first have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us apply this formula we first have
+the prior which is equal to 1 then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior which is equal to 1 then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior which is equal to 1 then we
+have the probability that K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the probability that K is equal to
+little K this is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K this is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K this is the probability of
+obtaining exactly K heads if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining exactly K heads if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining exactly K heads if I tell you
+the bias of the coin but if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin but if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin but if I tell you
+the bias of the coin were dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin were dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias of the coin were dealing with
+the usual model of independent coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual model of independent coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual model of independent coin
+flips and the probability of K heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and the probability of K heads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and the probability of K heads is
+given by the binomial probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the binomial probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the binomial probabilities
+which takes this form and finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes this form and finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes this form and finally we
+have the denominator term which we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the denominator term which we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the denominator term which we do
+not need to evaluate at this point now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to evaluate at this point now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to evaluate at this point now I
+said earlier that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier that we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier that we're interested in
+the dependence on theta which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on theta which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on theta which comes
+through these terms on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these terms on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these terms on the other hand
+the remaining terms do not involve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms do not involve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms do not involve any
+Thetas and so they can be lumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas and so they can be lumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas and so they can be lumped
+together in just a constant and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in just a constant and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in just a constant and so we
+can write the answer that we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the answer that we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the answer that we have found
+in this more suggestive form we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this more suggestive form we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this more suggestive form we have
+some normalizing constant and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some normalizing constant and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some normalizing constant and here we
+keep separately the dependence on theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep separately the dependence on theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep separately the dependence on theta
+of course this answer that we derived is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this answer that we derived is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this answer that we derived is
+valid for little theta belonging to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for little theta belonging to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for little theta belonging to the
+unit interval outside the unit interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval outside the unit interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit interval outside the unit interval
+either the prior density or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the prior density or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the prior density or the
+posterior density of theta would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior density of theta would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior density of theta would be
+equal to 0 this particular form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 this particular form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 this particular form of the
+posterior distribution for theta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution for theta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution for theta is a
+certain type of a density and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of a density and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of a density and it shows
+up in various contexts and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in various contexts and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in various contexts and for this
+reason it has a name it is called a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it has a name it is called a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it has a name it is called a beta
+distribution with certain parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with certain parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with certain parameters and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rameters reflect the exponents that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rameters reflect the exponents that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rameters reflect the exponents that we
+have up here in the two terms note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here in the two terms note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here in the two terms note that
+these parameters are the exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters are the exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters are the exponents
+augmented by one this is for historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented by one this is for historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented by one this is for historical
+reasons that do not concern us here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that do not concern us here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that do not concern us here it
+is just a convention the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a convention the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a convention the important thing
+is to be able to recognize what it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to recognize what it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to recognize what it takes
+for a distribution to be a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a distribution to be a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a distribution to be a beta
+distribution that is the dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is the dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is the dependence on
+theta is of the form theta to some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is of the form theta to some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is of the form theta to some power
+times one minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus theta
+to some other power any distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other power any distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other power any distribution of
+this form is called the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form is called the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form is called the beta
+distribution so now let's continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so now let's continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so now let's continue this
+example by considering a different prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by considering a different prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by considering a different prior
+suppose that the prior is itself a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the prior is itself a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the prior is itself a beta
+distribution of this form where alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this form where alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this form where alpha
+and beta are some non-negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta are some non-negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta are some non-negative numbers
+what is the posterior in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the posterior in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the posterior in this case we
+just go through the same calculation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the same calculation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through the same calculation as
+before but instead of using one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but instead of using one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but instead of using one in the
+place of the prior we now use the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the prior we now use the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the prior we now use the prior
+that's given to us the probability of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us the probability of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us the probability of k
+heads in the entosis when we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the entosis when we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the entosis when we know the
+bias is exactly as before it is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is exactly as before it is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is exactly as before it is given by
+the binomial probabilities and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial probabilities and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial probabilities and finally
+we need to divide by the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to divide by the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to divide by the denominator
+term which is the normalizing constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the normalizing constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the normalizing constant
+what do we observe here the dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we observe here the dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we observe here the dependence
+on theta comes through these terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta comes through these terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta comes through these terms the
+remaining terms do not involve theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining terms do not involve theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining terms do not involve theta and
+they can all be absorbed in a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can all be absorbed in a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can all be absorbed in a constant
+let's call that constant D and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that constant D and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that constant D and collect
+the remaining terms we have theta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms we have theta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms we have theta to the
+power alpha plus K and then 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power alpha plus K and then 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power alpha plus K and then 1 minus
+theta to the power of beta plus n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the power of beta plus n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta to the power of beta plus n minus
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and once more this is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once more this is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once more this is the form of the
+posterior for Thetas belonging to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior for Thetas belonging to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior for Thetas belonging to this
+range the posterior is zero outside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the posterior is zero outside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the posterior is zero outside this
+range so what do we see we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so what do we see we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so what do we see we started with
+the prior that came from the beta family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior that came from the beta family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior that came from the beta family
+of this form and we came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and we came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and we came up with a
+posterior that is still a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior that is still a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior that is still a function of
+theta of this form but with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of this form but with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of this form but with different
+values of the parameters alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the parameters alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the parameters alpha and beta
+namely alpha gets replaced by alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely alpha gets replaced by alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely alpha gets replaced by alpha plus
+K beta gets replaced by beta plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K beta gets replaced by beta plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K beta gets replaced by beta plus n
+minus K so we see that if we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K so we see that if we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K so we see that if we start with
+a prior from the family of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prior from the family of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prior from the family of beta
+distributions the posterior will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the posterior will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the posterior will also be
+in that same family this is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same family this is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same family this is a beautiful
+property of beta distributions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of beta distributions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of beta distributions that can
+be exploited in various ways one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploited in various ways one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploited in various ways one of
+which is that it actually allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it actually allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it actually allows for
+recursive ways of updating the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive ways of updating the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive ways of updating the posterior
+of theta as we get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta as we get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta as we get more and more
+observations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4P_3VkNsKho.txt b/4P_3VkNsKho.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd024992d13edf2ccd9d6cecd5a9940cb2b882f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4P_3VkNsKho.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface currents induced in a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface currents induced in a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface currents induced in a ground
+plane by an overhead conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane by an overhead conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane by an overhead conductor
+illustrate the method of images also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the method of images also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the method of images also
+illustrated is the superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated is the superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated is the superposition of
+fields due to line currents to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields due to line currents to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields due to line currents to satisfy
+boundary conditions now the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions now the situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions now the situation is
+magneto Kwazii static mqs here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto Kwazii static mqs here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magneto Kwazii static mqs here's the
+metal cylinder mounted over the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal cylinder mounted over the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal cylinder mounted over the metal
+ground plane the cylinder is driven by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane the cylinder is driven by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane the cylinder is driven by a
+current source at one end and insured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source at one end and insured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current source at one end and insured it
+to the ground plane at the other end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground plane at the other end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground plane at the other end the
+ground plane consists of an aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane consists of an aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane consists of an aluminum
+sheet having a thickness of about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet having a thickness of about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet having a thickness of about one
+millimeter its resting on a plywood base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our magnetic field is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our magnetic field is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our magnetic field is the same as that
+due to a line current here just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a line current here just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a line current here just below
+the center of the conductor and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the conductor and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the conductor and it's
+image here below the ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we drive a current from a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we drive a current from a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we drive a current from a 3
+kilohertz source through the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz source through the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz source through the circular
+conductor the actual currents are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the actual currents are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the actual currents are in the
+metal conductor walls distributed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal conductor walls distributed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal conductor walls distributed in
+just such a way that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a way that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a way that there is no
+magnetic flux normal to every point on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux normal to every point on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux normal to every point on a
+given conductor surface similarly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given conductor surface similarly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given conductor surface similarly these
+currents are returned in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are returned in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are returned in the ground
+plane in just such a way that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in just such a way that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in just such a way that there is
+essentially no magnetic flux density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no magnetic flux density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no magnetic flux density
+normal to the ground plane either we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the ground plane either we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the ground plane either we can
+measure the magnetic field using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic field using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the magnetic field using this
+induction coil the induced voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction coil the induced voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction coil the induced voltage is
+related through Faraday's law to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related through Faraday's law to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related through Faraday's law to the
+time rate of change of the link magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of change of the link magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of change of the link magnetic
+flux with the coil oriented this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux with the coil oriented this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux with the coil oriented this way the
+vertical field component is recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical field component is recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical field component is recorded
+when oriented this way the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oriented this way the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oriented this way the horizontal
+field component is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at the center line the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the center line the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the center line the tangential
+field is horizontal just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is horizontal just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is horizontal just because of
+symmetry let's see if the flux density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry let's see if the flux density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry let's see if the flux density
+normal to the conducting sheet does tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the conducting sheet does tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the conducting sheet does tend
+to be zero off the center line here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero off the center line here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero off the center line here to
+the side the normal flux density appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side the normal flux density appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side the normal flux density appears
+to remain small compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain small compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain small compared to that
+tangential so the current is returned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential so the current is returned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential so the current is returned in
+the sheet with just that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet with just that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet with just that distribution
+required to make the normal flux density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to make the normal flux density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to make the normal flux density
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the sensing coil is moved out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sensing coil is moved out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sensing coil is moved out from
+under the conductor the tangential flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the conductor the tangential flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the conductor the tangential flux
+density decreases because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density decreases because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density decreases because there is
+little normal flux density just above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little normal flux density just above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little normal flux density just above
+the sheet there is little of either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet there is little of either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet there is little of either of
+the components of magnetic field below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of magnetic field below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of magnetic field below
+the sheet so what we see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet so what we see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheet so what we see is the
+distribution of surface current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of surface current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of surface current density
+returning in the sheet at high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in the sheet at high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in the sheet at high frequency
+the current distributes itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current distributes itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current distributes itself in the
+sheath in just such a way as to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheath in just such a way as to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheath in just such a way as to make the
+normal flux density near zero our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal flux density near zero our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal flux density near zero our
+experiments have shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments have shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments have shown that the
+perpendicular field that the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular field that the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular field that the surface of
+the ground plane is much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane is much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane is much smaller than
+the tangential field this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential field this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangential field this is true
+because the frequency of three kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the frequency of three kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the frequency of three kilohertz
+is high enough that the ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough that the ground plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough that the ground plane
+behaves as a perfect conductor let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a perfect conductor let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a perfect conductor let's see
+what happens if we lower the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we reduce the frequency by 10 to 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reduce the frequency by 10 to 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reduce the frequency by 10 to 300
+Hertz the induced voltage decreases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz the induced voltage decreases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz the induced voltage decreases by
+10 that's just because of Faraday's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's just because of Faraday's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that's just because of Faraday's law
+so let's compensate by turning up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's compensate by turning up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's compensate by turning up the
+scope gain by 10 at this lower frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope gain by 10 at this lower frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope gain by 10 at this lower frequency
+we see that the ratio of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the ratio of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the ratio of normal
+component to tangential component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to tangential component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to tangential component is
+larger than a 3 kilohertz at 300 Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than a 3 kilohertz at 300 Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than a 3 kilohertz at 300 Hertz
+here's the tangential component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tangential component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tangential component and
+here's the normal component at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal component at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal component at three
+kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the normal component and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal component and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the normal component and here's
+the tangential component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at 3 kilohertz the ground plane is thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 kilohertz the ground plane is thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 kilohertz the ground plane is thick
+enough to act as a perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to act as a perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to act as a perfect conductor
+giving the tangential field predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the tangential field predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the tangential field predicted
+using the fields of a line current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fields of a line current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fields of a line current and
+it's image
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4WtaFLayz_w.txt b/4WtaFLayz_w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1df152a0648c1c797289059ed79556ca77426a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4WtaFLayz_w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we have two strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have two strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we have two strings
+S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 first we're going to check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 first we're going to check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 first we're going to check if the
+length of S1 is equal to length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of S1 is equal to length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of S1 is equal to length
+two anyone really really quickly can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two anyone really really quickly can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two anyone really really quickly can you
+tell me what is this the length of S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what is this the length of S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what is this the length of S1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+S2 how many characters are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there 10 right because we're including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 10 right because we're including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 10 right because we're including
+spaces so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 so they
+are equal first of all so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal first of all so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal first of all so we're going to
+go inside this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go inside this if
+statement then we're going to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement then we're going to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement then we're going to go for
+every character in S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every character in S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every character in S1
+and then we're going to have a nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a nested
+Loop for every character in S2 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop for every character in S2 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop for every character in S2 we're
+going to check if the two characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check if the two characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check if the two characters are
+the same and if they are we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and if they are we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and if they are we're going to
+print this common letter statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print this common letter statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print this common letter statement and
+then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to
+break okay great we have we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay great we have we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay great we have we have some
+good competition here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see the outer for Loop is first going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the outer for Loop is first going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the outer for Loop is first going to
+go through the letter M okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the letter M okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the letter M okay so this is
+so first it's going to look at M right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for chart in S1 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for chart in S1 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for chart in S1 the first
+character in S1 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S1 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S1 is an
+M then we're entering inside this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then we're entering inside this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then we're entering inside this other
+for Loop for charart 2 in S2 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop for charart 2 in S2 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop for charart 2 in S2 so I'm
+going to say for this m I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say for this m I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say for this m I'm going to
+look at I which is the first character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I which is the first character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I which is the first character
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 if the character one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 if the character one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 if the character one is equal to
+character two they're not don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character two they're not don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character two they're not don't do
+anything keep going to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything keep going to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything keep going to the next
+character in S2 okay so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S2 okay so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S2 okay so that you don't
+you don't do anything there the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do anything there the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do anything there the next
+character in S2 is a space m does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S2 is a space m does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in S2 is a space m does not
+equal a space so you don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a space so you don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a space so you don't do anything
+uh R does not the next character is an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R does not the next character is an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R does not the next character is an R
+don't do anything the next character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything the next character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything the next character is
+U don't do anything then an L don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U don't do anything then an L don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U don't do anything then an L don't do
+anything then an e don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then an e don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then an e don't do anything
+space and then suddenly we get to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then suddenly we get to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then suddenly we get to an
+m so we're still in the outer for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so we're still in the outer for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so we're still in the outer for loop
+we're still looking at M right and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still looking at M right and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still looking at M right and we're
+comparing M with every other letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing M with every other letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing M with every other letter
+inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+S2 and suddenly we reach here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and suddenly we reach here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and suddenly we reach here where
+we're comparing M with an m and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing M with an m and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing M with an m and we say
+yes they are equal so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they are equal so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they are equal so we're going to
+print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print
+out something make that into better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something make that into better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something make that into better
+check we're going to print common letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we're going to print common letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we're going to print common letter
+and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to
+break this break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this break
+says do not keep looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do not keep looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do not keep looking at the
+remaining letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining letters in
+S2 okay so once we've found one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay so once we've found one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay so once we've found one that
+fits that that once we found one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits that that once we found one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits that that once we found one that
+matches stop right here break and print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches stop right here break and print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches stop right here break and print
+PR out the thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR out the thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR out the thing and
+then go on to looking at I which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to looking at I which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go on to looking at I which is the
+next letter in S1 and you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter in S1 and you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter in S1 and you do the same
+thing compare I with I we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing compare I with I we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing compare I with I we have a
+match perfect right off the bat so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match perfect right off the bat so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match perfect right off the bat so you
+print out another common letter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out another common letter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out another common letter and then
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+break which means don't keep looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break which means don't keep looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break which means don't keep looking at
+the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining
+letters and then you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and then you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and then you look
+at since you broke out of the inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at since you broke out of the inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at since you broke out of the inner loop
+you go to the outer loop the next letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the outer loop the next letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the outer loop the next letter
+is a t and so on and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a t and so on and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a t and so on and so on so
+essentially you're comparing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're comparing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you're comparing every
+letter out here in S1 with every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter out here in S1 with every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter out here in S1 with every single
+letter in S2 until you find one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in S2 until you find one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in S2 until you find one that
+matches as soon as you do you exit so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches as soon as you do you exit so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches as soon as you do you exit so if
+you if you actually run this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you actually run this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you actually run this program
+it's going to print out seven times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to print out seven times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to print out seven times I
+think we can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay one two three four five six
+seven times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice majority of the people are right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice majority of the people are right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice majority of the people are right if
+you got this wrong please go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this wrong please go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this wrong please go back and
+try to trace through your program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to trace through your program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to trace through your program so
+that means step by step try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means step by step try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means step by step try to figure
+out what values of variables are just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what values of variables are just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what values of variables are just to
+make sure that you're on the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're on the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're on the right track
+and you understand exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you understand exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you understand exactly what's
+happening okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4ZnijNan49U.txt b/4ZnijNan49U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52f4abd6dd3248d74094904ae78dd07003d2a20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4ZnijNan49U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we analyzed our one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we analyzed our one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we analyzed our one-dimensional
+collision where we had an object one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision where we had an object one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision where we had an object one
+moving with some initial velocity object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with some initial velocity object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with some initial velocity object
+two also moving some initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also moving some initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also moving some initial velocity
+and after the collision we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the collision we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the collision we just
+arbitrarily said object one is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily said object one is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily said object one is moving
+this way and object two was moving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and object two was moving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and object two was moving that
+way we called that our I hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we called that our I hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we called that our I hat direction
+in this collision we assumed that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision we assumed that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision we assumed that it was
+a frictionless surface and there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless surface and there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frictionless surface and there were no
+external forces so momentum is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces so momentum is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces so momentum is constant
+now what about energy well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about energy well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about energy well we know that
+if there's external force if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's external force if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's external force if there's no
+external forces then in principle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces then in principle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces then in principle there
+could be no external work however during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be no external work however during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be no external work however during
+the collision we've established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision we've established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision we've established
+different types of collisions we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of collisions we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of collisions we said
+elastic collision is when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision is when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collision is when we are
+assuming that the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the kinetic energy of the
+system that's K system final minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's K system final minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's K system final minus K
+system initial is zero the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system initial is zero the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system initial is zero the statement
+that the kinetic energy is constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic energy is constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic energy is constant we
+have an inelastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which delta k system has decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which delta k system has decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which delta k system has decreased
+and that can come from some deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can come from some deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can come from some deformation
+of the objects during the collision heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the objects during the collision heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the objects during the collision heat
+is generated some sound some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated some sound some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated some sound some other
+source of energy in which is energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy in which is energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy in which is energy is
+always constant but the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always constant but the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always constant but the kinetic energy
+the system could diminish and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system could diminish and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system could diminish and we also
+talked about a super elastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a super elastic collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a super elastic collision
+and in this type of collision the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this type of collision the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this type of collision the
+kinetic energy of the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the system has
+increased now that's a little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased now that's a little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased now that's a little bit tricky
+in terms of what we're calling our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what we're calling our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what we're calling our
+system but imagine that when these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but imagine that when these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but imagine that when these two
+objects collided there was some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects collided there was some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects collided there was some type of
+chemicals on it that exploded and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals on it that exploded and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals on it that exploded and so
+that there's some chemical energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some chemical energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some chemical energy that
+was converted into excessive can extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converted into excessive can extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converted into excessive can extra
+kinetic energy so in order to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so in order to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so in order to make a
+model of our problem we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of our problem we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of our problem we have to
+beforehand make some assumptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand make some assumptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand make some assumptions about
+the nature of the collision now for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the collision now for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the collision now for our
+particular collision let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular collision let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular collision let's assume that
+the collision is elastic so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision is elastic so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision is elastic so we have two
+conservation principles we have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation principles we have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation principles we have that the
+kinetic energy the system is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the system is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the system is constant
+and we've already said that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already said that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already said that because
+there's no external forces the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external forces the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external forces the momentum
+the system is constant so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is constant so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is constant so now we can
+write down our kinetic energy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our kinetic energy condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our kinetic energy condition
+we have m1 v1 now here this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 v1 now here this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have m1 v1 now here this can be a
+little bit tricky how we're gonna write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky how we're gonna write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky how we're gonna write
+this because remember kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because remember kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because remember kinetic energy is
+a magnitude squared plus one-half m2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude squared plus one-half m2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude squared plus one-half m2 the
+two initial squared equals one-half m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two initial squared equals one-half m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two initial squared equals one-half m1
+v1 final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+final squared now because a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final squared now because a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final squared now because a component
+although it can be positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it can be positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it can be positive or negative
+in one dimension if you square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one dimension if you square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one dimension if you square the
+component you get the magnitude so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you get the magnitude so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you get the magnitude so I can
+also write this equation and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write this equation and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write this equation and I'm going
+to divide through by the halves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide through by the halves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide through by the halves or
+cancel all those as one X initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all those as one X initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all those as one X initial
+squared equal to the magnitude squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal to the magnitude squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal to the magnitude squared
+plus M to be 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M to be 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M to be 2x
+initial squared equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial squared equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial squared equals and
+be 1x final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1x final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1x final squared plus one-half m2 v2
+X final squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've already cancelled all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already cancelled all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already cancelled all the
+halves so we have no half there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so we have no half there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so we have no half there now
+given this equation we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this equation we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this equation we'll call this
+equation one we can also had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one we can also had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one we can also had our
+momentum equation which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation which I'm going to
+write down as to m1 the X initial plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as to m1 the X initial plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as to m1 the X initial plus
+m2v2 X initial equals m1 the 1x final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2v2 X initial equals m1 the 1x final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2v2 X initial equals m1 the 1x final
+plus m2 be 2x final reminding us of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 be 2x final reminding us of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 be 2x final reminding us of our
+condition of the constancy of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the constancy of momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the constancy of momentum
+so now if you look at this if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you look at this if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you look at this if we're
+given the masses all the M is and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the masses all the M is and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the masses all the M is and we're
+also given the initial state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given the initial state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given the initial state of the
+system B 2 X initial then we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B 2 X initial then we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B 2 X initial then we have two
+equations and two unknowns and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and two unknowns and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and two unknowns and we can
+solve algebraically for the 1x final and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve algebraically for the 1x final and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve algebraically for the 1x final and
+V 2 X final and by determining the sout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 X final and by determining the sout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 X final and by determining the sout
+the signs of these components we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs of these components we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs of these components we can
+figure out the actual final state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the actual final state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the actual final state of the
+system so this is going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so this is going to end up
+involving the quadratic equation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5PU-b1HFyDU.txt b/5PU-b1HFyDU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61219067a4743dc1a16f00e8c407d1100a91a7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5PU-b1HFyDU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+right cool was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can take you don't need a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take you don't need a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take you don't need a sharp
+knife but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife but you
+want nicely and then the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should to wash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we wash them but we use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we wash them but we use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we wash them but we use them
+afterwards you can either use your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards you can either use your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards you can either use your hands
+or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use um these potatoes are already boiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um these potatoes are already boiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um these potatoes are already boiled
+but I'm boiling some other potatoes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm boiling some other potatoes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm boiling some other potatoes so
+you can have an idea of how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an idea of how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an idea of how much you
+should cook una for it to be ready good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cook una for it to be ready good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cook una for it to be ready good
+so here we have potatoes you see I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have potatoes you see I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have potatoes you see I put
+some water I'm going to add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water I'm going to add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water I'm going to add a little bit
+of Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+salad it's okay doesn't need to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad it's okay doesn't need to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad it's okay doesn't need to okay
+this much so they have been boiling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much so they have been boiling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much so they have been boiling for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+while I want to check if they're ready I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I want to check if they're ready I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I want to check if they're ready I
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+fork I poke them and you see ah no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork I poke them and you see ah no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fork I poke them and you see ah no it's
+still a little hard so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little hard so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little hard so we're going to
+come back here in a few minutes uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back here in a few minutes uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back here in a few minutes uh and
+um I want each of you to take their fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want each of you to take their fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want each of you to take their fork
+and Pock it and these potatoes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pock it and these potatoes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pock it and these potatoes will be
+full of boie of H but when you feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of boie of H but when you feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of boie of H but when you feel that
+there is not much resistance then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not much resistance then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not much resistance then the
+potatoes are ready so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes are ready so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes are ready so this is what
+happened with the potatoes that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with the potatoes that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with the potatoes that you're
+peeling right now okay good back to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling right now okay good back to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling right now okay good back to work
+they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been
+boiled no we're magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magic we're just going to use a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic we're just going to use a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic we're just going to use a couple
+of oh pieces that's good you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh pieces that's good you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh pieces that's good you want to
+remove this part that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this part that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this part that's a little bit
+dirty and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty and this
+part and then you're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then you're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then you're just going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+yes can I and you can cut them like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can I and you can cut them like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can I and you can cut them like when
+you have manyi it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have manyi it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have manyi it's going to be
+easier to chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to chop
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+okay there you don't need too much olive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there you don't need too much olive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there you don't need too much olive
+oil again you just need enough to a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil again you just need enough to a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil again you just need enough to a bit
+more cuz this pan is really large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cuz this pan is really large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cuz this pan is really large but
+just enough so that the veggies do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough so that the veggies do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough so that the veggies do not
+stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick
+perf as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perf as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perf as well okay
+yeah yeah put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah put
+it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay so what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so what is going on
+here apart from the potatoes that potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apart from the potatoes that potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apart from the potatoes that potato
+you're making a sweat and then you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a sweat and then you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a sweat and then you got
+some boiling water yes I'm preparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boiling water yes I'm preparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boiling water yes I'm preparing the
+water cuz that's where we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cuz that's where we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cuz that's where we will uh
+thei when they're ready in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thei when they're ready in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thei when they're ready in the meantime
+we are preparing three different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are preparing three different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are preparing three different kinds
+of sauces we're making a tomato sauce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sauces we're making a tomato sauce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sauces we're making a tomato sauce
+and for that we are making a Sofrito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we are making a Sofrito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we are making a Sofrito
+that's a bit more Rich than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit more Rich than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit more Rich than what we
+prepared last time in this Sofrito we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+put yes so then we will add the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put yes so then we will add the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put yes so then we will add the past
+Pomodoro a little bit of salt tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pomodoro a little bit of salt tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pomodoro a little bit of salt tiny bit
+of sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar
+and we just let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so here I'm preparing another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so here I'm preparing another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so here I'm preparing another kind of
+sauce very very simple so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce very very simple so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce very very simple so this is just
+crumbled Gorgonzola and a few spoons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbled Gorgonzola and a few spoons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbled Gorgonzola and a few spoons of
+milk so while the are cooking we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk so while the are cooking we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk so while the are cooking we will
+just melt this cream and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just melt this cream and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just melt this cream and then we will
+have somei with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somei with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somei with the
+gonzala and then finally another classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonzala and then finally another classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonzala and then finally another classic
+which is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so we will slowly fry the Salia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we when they were dry I weighted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when they were dry I weighted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when they were dry I weighted them
+and they were 4 kilos of P so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were 4 kilos of P so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were 4 kilos of P so for each
+kilo you want to add 70 G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo you want to add 70 G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo you want to add 70 G of
+flour again I'm giving you numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour again I'm giving you numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flour again I'm giving you numbers but
+you will need to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to adjust
+things yes first step we need to to mash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes first step we need to to mash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes first step we need to to mash
+to mash the potatoes you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mash the potatoes you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mash the potatoes you can use the
+Masher you can use forks there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masher you can use forks there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masher you can use forks there are
+potato risers we don't have one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato risers we don't have one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potato risers we don't have one here
+right now potato Riser yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now potato Riser yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now potato Riser yeah it's it's
+you know what it is you put it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what it is you put it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what it is you put it in and
+smush smush yeah it's a tool you have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smush smush yeah it's a tool you have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smush smush yeah it's a tool you have p
+with the potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potato
+oh comes out we have one we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh comes out we have one we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh comes out we have one we don't have
+one no no but we can use the Mash mash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no no but we can use the Mash mash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no no but we can use the Mash mash
+and so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first
+step on the counter and yes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on the counter and yes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on the counter and yes on the
+counter on the counter yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter on the counter yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter on the counter yeah yeah yeah
+just like that and then um we will add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that and then um we will add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that and then um we will add
+so 70 G of flour per kilo there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 70 G of flour per kilo there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 70 G of flour per kilo there are four
+kilos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos
+so and then we add one egg per kilo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we add one egg per kilo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we add one egg per kilo so
+four eggs you want first to lightly beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eggs you want first to lightly beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eggs you want first to lightly beat
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+eggs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then so this is it that's what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is it that's what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is it that's what you want
+to do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do as a
+starter um then we will make this D we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter um then we will make this D we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter um then we will make this D we
+want it to be smooth and elastic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be smooth and elastic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be smooth and elastic you
+don't need to like to knead it no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to like to knead it no just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to like to knead it no just
+put everything together and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything together and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything together and then we will
+roll it and make some strings like bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll it and make some strings like bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll it and make some strings like bread
+sticks and then cut them P but one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks and then cut them P but one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks and then cut them P but one step
+at the time so first prepare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so first prepare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so first prepare the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+dough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and then we need to add salt to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to add salt to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to add salt to the
+water as if we were cooking pasta ba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as if we were cooking pasta ba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as if we were cooking pasta ba
+okay no stop saying ba pasta no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no stop saying ba pasta no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no stop saying ba pasta no more
+pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+30 it's okay it's okay they will cook at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 it's okay it's okay they will cook at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 it's okay it's okay they will cook at
+a different personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different personality
+yeah the they got character we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the they got character we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the they got character we know that
+they're homemade and they're real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're homemade and they're real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're homemade and they're real and
+then when the B is duck what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the B is duck what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the B is duck what happens
+with oh they they rise when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oh they they rise when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oh they they rise when they're
+cooked so it's really helpful cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked so it's really helpful cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked so it's really helpful cuz
+because you just F like pick them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just F like pick them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just F like pick them off
+the top yes so we will just pick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up the spoons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the spoons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the spoons that have
+holes all right I super easy like TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes all right I super easy like TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes all right I super easy like TR
+then they're ready and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're ready and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're ready and then we're going
+to put your favorite sauce and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we gently put them oh yeah this spt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gently put them oh yeah this spt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gently put them oh yeah this spt is a
+little bit too big for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too big for this
+purpose okay I want you to come and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay I want you to come and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay I want you to come and see
+you see that there are somei that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there are somei that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there are somei that are
+coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this it's really good oh and it's pickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's really good oh and it's pickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's really good oh and it's pickle
+parmesan on it I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5kdv3r-YgK0.txt b/5kdv3r-YgK0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a80e3d1798535c3bcb55e86c47fd220d50b66550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5kdv3r-YgK0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is an example of a problem related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of a problem related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of a problem related
+to the Bernoulli process which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Bernoulli process which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Bernoulli process which can be
+tricky but is actually easy to answer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but is actually easy to answer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but is actually easy to answer if
+one makes good use of the fresh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one makes good use of the fresh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one makes good use of the fresh start
+property here is the setting time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here is the setting time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here is the setting time is
+discrete divided into slots we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete divided into slots we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete divided into slots we have a
+server that receives tasks to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that receives tasks to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that receives tasks to process
+tasks received get processed in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks received get processed in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks received get processed in the same
+time slot so slots are divided into busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot so slots are divided into busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot so slots are divided into busy
+ones those are the slots during which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are the slots during which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are the slots during which a
+task gets processed and idle slots these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task gets processed and idle slots these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task gets processed and idle slots these
+are the slots during which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slots during which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slots during which there is no
+task to be processed we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to be processed we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to be processed we assume that the
+process of job arrivals is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of job arrivals is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of job arrivals is described by
+a Bernoulli process with some known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bernoulli process with some known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bernoulli process with some known
+parameter P so during each slot there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P so during each slot there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P so during each slot there is
+probability P that the job is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the job is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the job is present
+and different slots are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different slots are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different slots are independent of
+each other we're interested in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we're interested in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we're interested in the first
+busy period of the server the first busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy period of the server the first busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy period of the server the first busy
+period starts at the first slot during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period starts at the first slot during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period starts at the first slot during
+which there is a job present and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is a job present and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is a job present and the
+busy period extends until just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy period extends until just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy period extends until just before
+the next idle slot for an example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next idle slot for an example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next idle slot for an example it
+could be the case that the first slot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the first slot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the case that the first slot is
+busy in which case the busy period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy in which case the busy period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy in which case the busy period
+starts right here and the busy period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts right here and the busy period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts right here and the busy period in
+this example extends for three time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example extends for three time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example extends for three time
+units it ends just before the next idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units it ends just before the next idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units it ends just before the next idle
+slot it could also be the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot it could also be the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot it could also be the case that the
+first slot is idle in that case the busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slot is idle in that case the busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slot is idle in that case the busy
+period starts with the first busy slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period starts with the first busy slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period starts with the first busy slot
+that shows up it's this slot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up it's this slot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up it's this slot in this
+example and extends until just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and extends until just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and extends until just before
+the first idle slot that we observe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idle slot that we observe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idle slot that we observe so
+in this example the busy period extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example the busy period extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example the busy period extends
+for four time steps what is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four time steps what is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four time steps what is the length
+of the first busy period well the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period well the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period well the length
+of the first busy period is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period is a random
+variable so what we mean by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so what we mean by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so what we mean by this
+question is what is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the distribution of
+this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable
+here's how we go about it the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we go about it the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we go about it the process
+starts we wait until a first busy slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we wait until a first busy slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we wait until a first busy slot
+appears this is a random time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears this is a random time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears this is a random time which is
+actually the first arrival time and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first arrival time and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first arrival time and at
+that time by our earlier discussion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time by our earlier discussion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time by our earlier discussion the
+process will start fresh starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will start fresh starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will start fresh starting from
+this next slot here and going on forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next slot here and going on forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next slot here and going on forward
+what we have is a Bernoulli process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is a Bernoulli process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is a Bernoulli process and
+at each slot there's probability P that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each slot there's probability P that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each slot there's probability P that
+it is busy and probability 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is busy and probability 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is busy and probability 1 minus P
+that it is idle now what is this slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is idle now what is this slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is idle now what is this slot
+here this is the first idle slot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the first idle slot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the first idle slot in this
+Bernoulli process that starts fresh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process that starts fresh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process that starts fresh at
+this particular time at each time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time at each time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time at each time step
+there is probability 1 minus P that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability 1 minus P that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probability 1 minus P that the
+slot is idle think now of idle slots as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot is idle think now of idle slots as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot is idle think now of idle slots as
+successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+how long does it take until the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take until the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take until the first
+success we know that this is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we know that this is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we know that this is a geometric
+random variable with parameter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter with
+parameter equal to the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to the probability of
+success since we are thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success since we are thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success since we are thinking of the
+idle slot as being a success the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle slot as being a success the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle slot as being a success the
+parameter in this case is going to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in this case is going to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in this case is going to be 1
+minus P so the length of this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P so the length of this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P so the length of this blue
+interval that starts at this slot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that starts at this slot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that starts at this slot and
+extends until the first idle slot has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends until the first idle slot has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends until the first idle slot has a
+geometric distribution with parameter 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distribution with parameter 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric distribution with parameter 1
+minus P but now notice that the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P but now notice that the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P but now notice that the length
+of this blue interval is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this blue interval is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this blue interval is exactly the
+same as the length of this red interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the length of this red interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the length of this red interval
+the red interval is just the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red interval is just the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red interval is just the same as the
+blue interval but shifted by one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue interval but shifted by one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue interval but shifted by one but
+their lengths are the same and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lengths are the same and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lengths are the same and the
+length of the red interval is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the red interval is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the red interval is the length
+of the first busy period so we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period so we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first busy period so we conclude
+that the first busy period is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first busy period is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first busy period is also a
+geometric random variable with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric random variable with parameter
+1 - P
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/63U4_OxohOw.txt b/63U4_OxohOw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b942edc1143ed48382d523715f6352ecf5049626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/63U4_OxohOw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the big difficulties students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big difficulties students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big difficulties students
+have in a problem that involves many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a problem that involves many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a problem that involves many
+objects is to successfully identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is to successfully identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is to successfully identify
+Third Law interaction pairs so today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third Law interaction pairs so today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third Law interaction pairs so today I'd
+like to look at a problem which shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at a problem which shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at a problem which shows us
+how to think about that so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about that so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about that so what we're
+going to look at is third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is third law
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+pairs now the problem I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs now the problem I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs now the problem I'd like to
+consider is the following suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the following suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the following suppose we
+have a block one and another block two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a block one and another block two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a block one and another block two
+sitting on block block one on a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on block block one on a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on block block one on a surface
+and our surface has friction and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our surface has friction and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our surface has friction and I'd
+like to push block one with a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to push block one with a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to push block one with a force
+F and now I'd like to use Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and now I'd like to use Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and now I'd like to use Newton's
+Second Law to determine what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law to determine what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law to determine what is the
+maximum Force I can push that block two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Force I can push that block two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Force I can push that block two
+will not slip so I'm trying to find F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not slip so I'm trying to find F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not slip so I'm trying to find F
+Max such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max such
+that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block
+two does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slip now how do we even begin to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip now how do we even begin to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip now how do we even begin to think
+about this well the first thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well the first thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well the first thing that we
+have to decide is when we apply Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide is when we apply Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide is when we apply Newton's
+Second Law our first question will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law our first question will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law our first question will be
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system that will choose and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will choose and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will choose and in this
+problem there are three separate ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are three separate ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there are three separate ways to
+think about this just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this just to show you
+example so system a will be block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so system a will be block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so system a will be block
+one system B will be block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one system B will be block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one system B will be block
+two and system c will be blocks one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and system c will be blocks one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and system c will be blocks one and
+block two and given these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two and given these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two and given these different
+systems I can get different I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I can get different I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I can get different I can
+address different questions and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address different questions and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address different questions and we'll
+see that as we develop this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as we develop this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as we develop this so let's
+start with block one and let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with block one and let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with block one and let's look at
+um we'll start with breaking our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll start with breaking our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll start with breaking our problem
+down into blocks one and block two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into blocks one and block two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into blocks one and block two and
+let's draw the free body diagrams on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the free body diagrams on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the free body diagrams on
+those blocks trying to identify Action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blocks trying to identify Action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blocks trying to identify Action
+Reaction pairs so let's begin with block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction pairs so let's begin with block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction pairs so let's begin with block
+one first off we know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first off we know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first off we know there's
+gravitational force and the Earth is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and the Earth is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force and the Earth is the
+other pair there which we're not drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair there which we're not drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pair there which we're not drawing
+there is friction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is friction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is friction between the
+surfaces so there's a friction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so there's a friction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so there's a friction between
+the ground and block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and block
+one there is the normal force of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there is the normal force of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there is the normal force of the
+ground on block one block two is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground on block one block two is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground on block one block two is sitting
+on block one so there's a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on block one so there's a normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on block one so there's a normal force
+of block two on block one and finally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of block two on block one and finally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of block two on block one and finally as
+you push block one there's a friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push block one there's a friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push block one there's a friction
+force between block two and block one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between block two and block one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between block two and block one
+that's opposing the fact that block one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opposing the fact that block one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's opposing the fact that block one
+is being pushed forward so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being pushed forward so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being pushed forward so we have a
+friction Force here between blocks two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force here between blocks two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction Force here between blocks two
+and one now this friction down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one now this friction down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one now this friction down here is
+ktic but if the blocks are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic but if the blocks are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic but if the blocks are moving
+together this friction here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this friction here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this friction here is
+static so those are the free body Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static so those are the free body Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static so those are the free body Force
+diagrams on one I'll choose unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams on one I'll choose unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams on one I'll choose unit vectors
+in a moment now what about two so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment now what about two so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment now what about two so let's
+draw two well again m2g the Earth is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw two well again m2g the Earth is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw two well again m2g the Earth is the
+other element of the interaction pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element of the interaction pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other element of the interaction pair
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now block one is pushing block two up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now block one is pushing block two up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now block one is pushing block two up so
+we have block one pushing block two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have block one pushing block two up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have block one pushing block two up
+and notice our indices make it very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice our indices make it very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice our indices make it very easy
+to see that our first Newton's third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that our first Newton's third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that our first Newton's third law
+interaction pair is the normal force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair is the normal force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair is the normal force of
+contact between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact between the two
+blocks now what else here's the subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now what else here's the subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now what else here's the subtle
+thing is that this whole system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this whole system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this whole system will
+move to the right what's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the right what's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the right what's the force
+that's making block two move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making block two move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making block two move to the
+right well it's static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's static
+friction so static friction from block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction so static friction from block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction so static friction from block
+one on block two this is the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on block two this is the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on block two this is the static
+friction is causing block two to move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is causing block two to move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is causing block two to move to
+the right and now we can see again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and now we can see again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and now we can see again our
+third law interaction pair so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law interaction pair so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law interaction pair so in this
+problem we have two Third Law pairs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have two Third Law pairs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have two Third Law pairs this
+one and I won't I'll connect the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I won't I'll connect the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I won't I'll connect the line
+there and those are the third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and those are the third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and those are the third law
+pairs now we can call these We Know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs now we can call these We Know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs now we can call these We Know by
+the third law that they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third law that they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third law that they're equal
+opposite in magnitude we can identify F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in magnitude we can identify F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in magnitude we can identify F
+we can call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call this one
+n if we want just to save ourselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if we want just to save ourselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if we want just to save ourselves the
+problem of writing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of writing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of writing a lot of
+indices once we've done that we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices once we've done that we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices once we've done that we're now
+ready to apply Newton's Second Law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to apply Newton's Second Law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to apply Newton's Second Law we
+have haven't yet figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have haven't yet figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have haven't yet figured out what the
+condition is that it will just slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that it will just slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that it will just slip
+we'll get to that but for the moment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that but for the moment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that but for the moment we
+can now apply Vector decomposition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now apply Vector decomposition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now apply Vector decomposition so we
+need to choose some unit vectors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to choose some unit vectors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to choose some unit vectors because
+I'm pushing the system this way it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pushing the system this way it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pushing the system this way it makes
+sense for me to choose my I hat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for me to choose my I hat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for me to choose my I hat to the
+right so here I'm going to choose I 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I'm going to choose I 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I'm going to choose I 1
+and J hat one now over here I can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J hat one now over here I can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J hat one now over here I can choose
+the same unit vectors even though I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit vectors even though I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit vectors even though I'm
+thinking about this as a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as a complete
+completely separate problem with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate problem with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate problem with its own
+coordinate system and I'll choose I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and I'll choose I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and I'll choose I hat
+2 and J hat two but because these unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and J hat two but because these unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and J hat two but because these unit
+vectors are in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are in the same direction
+they're equal and they're both moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal and they're both moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal and they're both moving in
+the positive I directions and so the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive I directions and so the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive I directions and so the I
+expect both A1 and A2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect both A1 and A2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect both A1 and A2 to be
+positive and now I can write down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and now I can write down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and now I can write down on
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+one I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can write
+down F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down F1
+equals M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M1
+A1 and because we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and because we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and because we have two different
+directions I'll separate out I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I'll separate out I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I'll separate out I like to
+call this my scorecard and now I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this my scorecard and now I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this my scorecard and now I look at
+the forces oh I missed the pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces oh I missed the pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces oh I missed the pushing
+force um but that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um but that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um but that's an interesting
+exercise when you I looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise when you I looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise when you I looked at this
+diagram I saw I had two forces going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I saw I had two forces going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I saw I had two forces going
+this way I had no force acting that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I had no force acting that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I had no force acting that way
+I went back I checked my free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back I checked my free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back I checked my free body
+diagram and recognize that I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and recognize that I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and recognize that I forgot to
+put F in there always a good exercise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F in there always a good exercise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F in there always a good exercise to
+double check your free body diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check your free body diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check your free body diagrams
+before you apply Newton's Laws so now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you apply Newton's Laws so now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you apply Newton's Laws so now in
+the X direction we have the pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction we have the pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction we have the pushing
+force minus the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force minus the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force minus the static
+friction minus we'll call this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction minus we'll call this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction minus we'll call this um
+FK minus the kinetic friction and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK minus the kinetic friction and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK minus the kinetic friction and that's
+equal to M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M1
+A1 now in the vertical Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 now in the vertical Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 now in the vertical Direction
+we have the ground friction and ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ground friction and ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ground friction and ground
+one minus block two pushing down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus block two pushing down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus block two pushing down on
+block one minus the gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block one minus the gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block one minus the gravitational force
+and there is no acceleration in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no acceleration in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no acceleration in that
+direction and I double check my freed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I double check my freed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I double check my freed
+body diagrams I check my signs and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagrams I check my signs and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body diagrams I check my signs and that
+looks right to me now for Block two I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks right to me now for Block two I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks right to me now for Block two I'll
+apply the same analysis F2 equal M2 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same analysis F2 equal M2 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same analysis F2 equal M2 A2
+separate out my two unit directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out my two unit directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out my two unit directions
+notice even though these unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice even though these unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice even though these unit vectors
+are the same I'm emphasizing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same I'm emphasizing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same I'm emphasizing that I'm
+talking about block two I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about block two I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about block two I could have
+chosen different coordinate systems if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen different coordinate systems if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen different coordinate systems if I
+want now I look at my free body diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now I look at my free body diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now I look at my free body diagrams
+on block two I see that its static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on block two I see that its static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on block two I see that its static
+friction is the only one in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is the only one in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is the only one in the positive
+I have Direction so I have f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Direction so I have f equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Direction so I have f equals
+M2 A2 and in the vertical directions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 A2 and in the vertical directions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 A2 and in the vertical directions I
+have that my force between the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that my force between the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that my force between the blocks
+the normal force between the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force between the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force between the blocks
+minus gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6LMR2YZrBJo.txt b/6LMR2YZrBJo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81f7eaf7d1056155d21ad0d41e9d938def914f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6LMR2YZrBJo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got a pretty good overview without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a pretty good overview without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a pretty good overview without
+any rules except those we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules except those we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules except those we kind of
+intuited um uh and I told you about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuited um uh and I told you about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuited um uh and I told you about um
+of verbs let in the mini texts already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verbs let in the mini texts already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verbs let in the mini texts already
+last week um including strong verbs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week um including strong verbs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week um including strong verbs from
+that uh first sentence of mini text B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first sentence of mini text B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first sentence of mini text B
+where the verb uh was yamp from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the verb uh was yamp from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the verb uh was yamp from
+yimon um and for for today you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yimon um and for for today you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yimon um and for for today you actually
+got to study them um so 71 uh of Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to study them um so 71 uh of Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to study them um so 71 uh of Baker
+is an excellent overview um and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an excellent overview um and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an excellent overview um and I'm
+going to start by reinforcing a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by reinforcing a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by reinforcing a few of
+those main points here um the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those main points here um the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those main points here um the good news
+about Old English um so first of all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Old English um so first of all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Old English um so first of all I
+suspect for many of you if not most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect for many of you if not most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect for many of you if not most um
+verbs are the hardest part of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs are the hardest part of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs are the hardest part of learning
+any foreign language um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any foreign language um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any foreign language um and I think
+that's probably true of Old English as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true of Old English as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true of Old English as
+well um nevertheless um the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um nevertheless um the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um nevertheless um the good news is
+that old English has very few verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old English has very few verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old English has very few verb
+endings to memorize um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings to memorize um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings to memorize um especially
+compared to say Latin or Greek um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to say Latin or Greek um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to say Latin or Greek um and
+this becomes dramatically obvious on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes dramatically obvious on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes dramatically obvious on
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+7.2 uh uh page 66 um of Baker you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2 uh uh page 66 um of Baker you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2 uh uh page 66 um of Baker you can
+see all of the plural forms are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all of the plural forms are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all of the plural forms are the same
+um in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in all
+instances all persons of the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances all persons of the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances all persons of the singular
+subjunctive are the same um it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjunctive are the same um it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjunctive are the same um it's just
+not and that that's it this is partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that that's it this is partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that that's it this is partly a
+function of the fact that old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that old English
+has very few verb tenses specifically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very few verb tenses specifically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very few verb tenses specifically to
+um past and present we'll get back um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um past and present we'll get back um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um past and present we'll get back um to
+that in a second the main complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second the main complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second the main complication
+however with Old English verbs and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with Old English verbs and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with Old English verbs and it is
+a big one is that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big one is that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big one is that there are two
+different kinds of verbs strong verbs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of verbs strong verbs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of verbs strong verbs um
+and weak verbs where weak verbs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak verbs where weak verbs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak verbs where weak verbs are
+those that form the past by adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that form the past by adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that form the past by adding the
+past tense by adding a dental suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past tense by adding a dental suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past tense by adding a dental suffix
+like the e D of Modern English walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the e D of Modern English walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the e D of Modern English walk
+walked um whereas strong verbs change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked um whereas strong verbs change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked um whereas strong verbs change
+the root vowel in lie of adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root vowel in lie of adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root vowel in lie of adding and
+ending um this by the way is a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um this by the way is a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um this by the way is a feature
+of all Germanic languages the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Germanic languages the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Germanic languages the strong
+weak verb distinction um and you we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verb distinction um and you we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verb distinction um and you we have
+it in Modern English as well so Sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Modern English as well so Sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Modern English as well so Sing
+sang s is the classic Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sang s is the classic Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sang s is the classic Modern English
+strong verb where there is no ending at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verb where there is no ending at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verb where there is no ending at
+all it's just the vowel uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's just the vowel uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's just the vowel uh that
+changes and sure enough if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and sure enough if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and sure enough if you take a
+look at the uh past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the uh past
+indicative um so the sort of middle left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative um so the sort of middle left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative um so the sort of middle left
+of that table 7.2 you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that table 7.2 you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that table 7.2 you can see that the
+past indicative uh singular is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past indicative uh singular is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past indicative uh singular is where we
+have actual differences in the endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual differences in the endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual differences in the endings
+of uh of verbs from uh strong and weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of verbs from uh strong and weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of verbs from uh strong and weak
+um very helpfully the all plurals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very helpfully the all plurals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very helpfully the all plurals are
+the same applies to strong verbs as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same applies to strong verbs as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same applies to strong verbs as well
+so you don't have to worry about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to worry about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to worry about any of
+what follows um in the plural um and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what follows um in the plural um and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what follows um in the plural um and as
+you can see that uh the first and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh the first and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh the first and third
+person singular past indicative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person singular past indicative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person singular past indicative of the
+strong verbs there's a little Dash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verbs there's a little Dash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verbs there's a little Dash in
+lie of an ending which indicates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie of an ending which indicates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie of an ending which indicates that
+there is no ending um and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no ending um and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no ending um and so when you
+reproduce table 7.2 on your exams which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce table 7.2 on your exams which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce table 7.2 on your exams which
+you will every single exam this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will every single exam this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will every single exam this is the
+last table by the way that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last table by the way that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last table by the way that's going to be
+on every single exam so 5.3 and 5.4 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single exam so 5.3 and 5.4 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single exam so 5.3 and 5.4 from
+um from chapter 5 obviously um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from chapter 5 obviously um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from chapter 5 obviously um the
+strong noun endings uh 6.1 from chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong noun endings uh 6.1 from chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong noun endings uh 6.1 from chapter
+6 and then the the personal endings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and then the the personal endings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and then the the personal endings of
+the verbs in in table 7.2 those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs in in table 7.2 those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs in in table 7.2 those are the
+four tables that you will reproduce 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tables that you will reproduce 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tables that you will reproduce 68
+points worth it turns out um on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points worth it turns out um on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points worth it turns out um on every
+single exam all right um and just as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single exam all right um and just as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single exam all right um and just as you
+need to indicate the absence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to indicate the absence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to indicate the absence of an
+instrumental form in the feminine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental form in the feminine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental form in the feminine and
+plural um back in those uh back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural um back in those uh back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural um back in those uh back for
+table 5.3 so too you have to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 5.3 so too you have to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 5.3 so too you have to indicate
+the absence of an ending um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of an ending um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of an ending um for the
+first and third person past indicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third person past indicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third person past indicative
+of strong verbs um and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong verbs um and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong verbs um and that's one of the
+things that makes Old English verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that makes Old English verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that makes Old English verbs
+tricky is uh they often lack an ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is uh they often lack an ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is uh they often lack an ending
+in the past indicative um which can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past indicative um which can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past indicative um which can make
+it hard to find the conjugated verb of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to find the conjugated verb of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to find the conjugated verb of a
+given Clause um the other yeah did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Clause um the other yeah did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Clause um the other yeah did you
+have a question for the second person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the second person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the second person
+pass the indicative the strong yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the indicative the strong yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the indicative the strong yes the
+vowel also changing along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel also changing along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel also changing along with the
+endine okay yes this and this is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endine okay yes this and this is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endine okay yes this and this is I'm
+glad you asked that um Lambert because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you asked that um Lambert because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you asked that um Lambert because
+this that's the other thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the other thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the other thing that is
+arguably trickier about strong verbs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably trickier about strong verbs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably trickier about strong verbs is
+they are constantly changing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constantly changing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are constantly changing their
+vowels um so if you take a look at 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels um so if you take a look at 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels um so if you take a look at 7.1
+which has the actual conjugated uh form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the actual conjugated uh form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the actual conjugated uh form
+and our two examples are fron um to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our two examples are fron um to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our two examples are fron um to do
+and helon to help um you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helon to help um you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helon to help um you can see that
+that e of that short e of fremon never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e of that short e of fremon never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e of that short e of fremon never
+changes very obligingly through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very obligingly through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very obligingly through that
+whole whole uh column um in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole uh column um in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole uh column um in every single
+form it does switch between having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it does switch between having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it does switch between having two
+M's and 1 M we'll get to that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's and 1 M we'll get to that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's and 1 M we'll get to that um that
+phenomenon which is called gemination um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is called gemination um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is called gemination um
+in a little bit um but in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit um but in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit um but in terms of the
+vowel no differences at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel no differences at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel no differences at all
+whereas helon on the right quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas helon on the right quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas helon on the right quite
+unhelpfully see what I did there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhelpfully see what I did there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhelpfully see what I did there uh
+changes its vows from helon to H to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its vows from helon to H to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its vows from helon to H to help
+to hulon to hen so and moreover it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hulon to hen so and moreover it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hulon to hen so and moreover it's
+it's it's not you know it's it's bopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not you know it's it's bopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not you know it's it's bopping
+around if you if you read down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you if you read down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you if you read down that
+column um so you can hear five quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column um so you can hear five quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column um so you can hear five quite
+distinct vowel sounds there a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct vowel sounds there a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct vowel sounds there a e
+a um which we'll talk uh more about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um which we'll talk uh more about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um which we'll talk uh more about in
+the moment now here you may be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment now here you may be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment now here you may be thinking
+I speak Modern English and I do not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak Modern English and I do not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak Modern English and I do not say
+I help in the past I say I helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I help in the past I say I helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I help in the past I say I helped
+um and you are correct um that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you are correct um that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you are correct um that's because
+Modern English shows a strong preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English shows a strong preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English shows a strong preference
+for weak verbs so a lot of verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weak verbs so a lot of verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weak verbs so a lot of verbs that
+were strong in Old English like helon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were strong in Old English like helon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were strong in Old English like helon um
+have over the centuries become weak like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over the centuries become weak like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have over the centuries become weak like
+help so that we've we've just changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so that we've we've just changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so that we've we've just changed
+how we uh how we form the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we uh how we form the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we uh how we form the past
+nevertheless this process doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this process doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this process doesn't happen
+um sort of overnight it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of overnight it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of overnight it happens
+gradually so if you've read um or heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually so if you've read um or heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually so if you've read um or heard
+uh the King James Bible which has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the King James Bible which has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the King James Bible which has um
+which has which was written in the 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has which was written in the 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has which was written in the 17
+early 17th um Century um he hath hen his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 17th um Century um he hath hen his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 17th um Century um he hath hen his
+servant Israel is one of the phrases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant Israel is one of the phrases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant Israel is one of the phrases so
+they're still using that that strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still using that that strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still using that that strong
+past participle that you see down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past participle that you see down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past participle that you see down at the
+bottom of the column Hulen um into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the column Hulen um into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the column Hulen um into the
+1600s albeit in already what what then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s albeit in already what what then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s albeit in already what what then
+is already so sort of an archaic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already so sort of an archaic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already so sort of an archaic um
+formulation um so one way in which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation um so one way in which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation um so one way in which which
+Modern English prefers weak verbs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English prefers weak verbs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English prefers weak verbs is
+that many verbs are just getting weak um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many verbs are just getting weak um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many verbs are just getting weak um
+but it's also the case that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also the case that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also the case that when we
+adopt a verb into Modern English um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a verb into Modern English um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a verb into Modern English um it's
+always weak as well even if there's uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always weak as well even if there's uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always weak as well even if there's uh a
+even if it sounds like a strong verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it sounds like a strong verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it sounds like a strong verb
+that we might analogize it to so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might analogize it to so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might analogize it to so for
+example um Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um Modern English
+drive because it comes from Old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive because it comes from Old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive because it comes from Old English
+drivon which is strong is still strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivon which is strong is still strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivon which is strong is still strong
+in Modern English but contrive which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Modern English but contrive which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Modern English but contrive which
+sort of rhymes with Drive um is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rhymes with Drive um is weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rhymes with Drive um is weak
+because it was adopted into Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was adopted into Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was adopted into Modern
+English right at the end of the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English right at the end of the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English right at the end of the Middle
+Ages um and that explains why we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages um and that explains why we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ages um and that explains why we say
+Drive drove driven but not contrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive drove driven but not contrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive drove driven but not contrive
+controv conten um although I love strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controv conten um although I love strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controv conten um although I love strong
+verbs and so I'm constantly like hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and so I'm constantly like hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and so I'm constantly like hoping
+that we can like mobilize and like find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can like mobilize and like find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can like mobilize and like find
+weak verbs that could be strengthened um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs that could be strengthened um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs that could be strengthened um
+you know this is deeply nerdy OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is deeply nerdy OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is deeply nerdy OB
+obviously but but we're all we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but but we're all we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but but we're all we're all
+here so that so we're among our people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that so we're among our people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that so we're among our people
+um melt is another good example so melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um melt is another good example so melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um melt is another good example so melt
+used to be uh used to be strong in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be uh used to be strong in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be uh used to be strong in Old
+English um and you can hear that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um and you can hear that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English um and you can hear that same
+melt molten so molten the adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt molten so molten the adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt molten so molten the adjective
+which we tend to use as an adjective now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we tend to use as an adjective now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we tend to use as an adjective now
+and mostly for just like things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly for just like things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly for just like things like
+lava molten lava molon lead um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava molten lava molon lead um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava molten lava molon lead um but it
+would sound sort of odd to say here Chef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound sort of odd to say here Chef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound sort of odd to say here Chef
+I have molten this butter for you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have molten this butter for you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have molten this butter for you I mean
+they you'd probably be understood right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you'd probably be understood right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you'd probably be understood right
+but um so I encourage you to to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so I encourage you to to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so I encourage you to to go off
+and um and refer to having molten things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and refer to having molten things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and refer to having molten things
+um similarly today what is today in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly today what is today in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly today what is today in the
+in the Christian calendar it is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Christian calendar it is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Christian calendar it is um uh
+shroov Tuesday it's the day before Ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shroov Tuesday it's the day before Ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shroov Tuesday it's the day before Ash
+Wednesday um Marty gr also shroov um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um Marty gr also shroov um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um Marty gr also shroov um is
+the p is the strong past tense of shrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is the strong past tense of shrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is the strong past tense of shrive
+to shrive means to forgive uh to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shrive means to forgive uh to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shrive means to forgive uh to convey
+Penance and Absolution for for sins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penance and Absolution for for sins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penance and Absolution for for sins so
+today I shrive yesterday I shove I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I shrive yesterday I shove I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I shrive yesterday I shove I have
+shriven um so you know there there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shriven um so you know there there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shriven um so you know there there there
+are uh there are temporally uh consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh there are temporally uh consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh there are temporally uh consonant
+examples of this happening um that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this happening um that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this happening um that's all
+just for fun you do not have to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun you do not have to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun you do not have to memorize
+the vowel gradations um of the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel gradations um of the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowel gradations um of the strong
+verbs but you do have to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs but you do have to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs but you do have to understand how
+they work um and we'll come to that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work um and we'll come to that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work um and we'll come to that um
+in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a
+moment but before we get there go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but before we get there go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but before we get there go to the
+bottom of page 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of page 64
+and those um and these numbered lists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those um and these numbered lists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those um and these numbered lists um
+so as I mentioned briefly just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned briefly just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned briefly just two
+tenses past and present um you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenses past and present um you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenses past and present um you'll also
+hear predate um as a as a synonym for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear predate um as a as a synonym for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear predate um as a as a synonym for
+past um p r t preterit p r e t e r i t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past um p r t preterit p r e t e r i t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past um p r t preterit p r e t e r i t
+um how does it so how do we express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does it so how do we express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does it so how do we express
+Futurity typically um Old English uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futurity typically um Old English uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futurity typically um Old English uses
+auxiliary verbs which are also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary verbs which are also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary verbs which are also called
+modal verbs um like willan or shul we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal verbs um like willan or shul we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal verbs um like willan or shul we'll
+get to those um in a moment um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to those um in a moment um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to those um in a moment um but
+sometimes it's just context um it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just context um it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just context um it's just
+a present tense and you have to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a present tense and you have to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a present tense and you have to infer
+from Context that it's future meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Context that it's future meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Context that it's future meaning
+similarly there's no conjugated form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's no conjugated form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's no conjugated form of
+the perfect or the pl perfect um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect or the pl perfect um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect or the pl perfect um that is
+to say I have done something I had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I have done something I had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I have done something I had done
+something um but Old English most often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um but Old English most often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um but Old English most often
+expresses it frankly the way Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses it frankly the way Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses it frankly the way Modern
+English does with a form of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English does with a form of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English does with a form of the verb
+haban um to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban um to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban um to have
+sometimes with the adverb are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with the adverb are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with the adverb are
+um but again that shouldn't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again that shouldn't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again that shouldn't be that
+shouldn't be too tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so turning the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so turning the page to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so turning the page to
+66 um numbers three and four uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 um numbers three and four uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 um numbers three and four uh is that
+basically just talks about the endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just talks about the endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just talks about the endings
+um we've covered that with number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've covered that with number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've covered that with number five
+we come to the first of the vowel shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the first of the vowel shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the first of the vowel shifts
+um that occur in uh Old English strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that occur in uh Old English strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that occur in uh Old English strong
+verbs um and and it's actually I IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um and and it's actually I IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um and and it's actually I IM
+mutation so number five the root vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation so number five the root vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation so number five the root vowels
+of strong verbs undergo IM mutation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong verbs undergo IM mutation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong verbs undergo IM mutation in
+the present second and third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present second and third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present second and third person
+singular indicative that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular indicative that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular indicative that's where we
+that's how we get from help on to hilst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get from help on to hilst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get from help on to hilst
+from far on to farst and and from chos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from far on to farst and and from chos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from far on to farst and and from chos
+on to chist um and you can go back uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to chist um and you can go back uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to chist um and you can go back uh to
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+2 um and uh the table uh the IM mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um and uh the table uh the IM mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um and uh the table uh the IM mutation
+table on page 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on page 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on page 17
+um to see to remind yourself what all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see to remind yourself what all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to see to remind yourself what all of
+those shifts look uh and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shifts look uh and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shifts look uh and sound
+like um this does not occur in the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um this does not occur in the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um this does not occur in the weak
+paradigms or with strong verbs whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms or with strong verbs whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms or with strong verbs whose
+vowels are not subject to IM mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are not subject to IM mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are not subject to IM mutation
+such as Ron um whose second person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Ron um whose second person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Ron um whose second person
+singular is Reit um and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is Reit um and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is Reit um and as you can see
+on page 17 there is no I there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 17 there is no I there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 17 there is no I there is no
+unmutated ey um so there's nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmutated ey um so there's nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmutated ey um so there's nothing to do
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um number six so while a Modern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number six so while a Modern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number six so while a Modern English
+verb descended from strong verbs never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb descended from strong verbs never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb descended from strong verbs never
+has more than one vowel um in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more than one vowel um in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more than one vowel um in the past
+tense right we say I drove you drove we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense right we say I drove you drove we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense right we say I drove you drove we
+drove they drove it's always just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove they drove it's always just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove they drove it's always just that
+same o sound um Old English strong verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same o sound um Old English strong verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same o sound um Old English strong verbs
+have two past forms with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two past forms with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two past forms with different
+vowels um the form used for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels um the form used for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels um the form used for the first
+and third singular past indicative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third singular past indicative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third singular past indicative so
+halp is called the first past and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halp is called the first past and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halp is called the first past and the
+form used everywhere else in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form used everywhere else in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form used everywhere else in the past
+tense such as the past plural hulon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense such as the past plural hulon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense such as the past plural hulon um
+and the second singular uh hul um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second singular uh hul um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second singular uh hul um
+through hul you helped um is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hul you helped um is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hul you helped um is called the
+second past and then there's a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second past and then there's a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second past and then there's a fourth
+vowel that is um the the vowel of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that is um the the vowel of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that is um the the vowel of the
+past participle um which in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past participle um which in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past participle um which in the case of
+helon is goes to hen um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helon is goes to hen um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helon is goes to hen um so this is
+important because it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it means that the
+second of those vowels the second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of those vowels the second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of those vowels the second of
+those uh the first shifted vowel from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh the first shifted vowel from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh the first shifted vowel from
+help on to hilst that's not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help on to hilst that's not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help on to hilst that's not part of the
+so-called principal parts or vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called principal parts or vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called principal parts or vowel
+gradations of the strong verb series um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradations of the strong verb series um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradations of the strong verb series um
+so if you take a look um and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a look um and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take a look um and you don't
+have to right now but it's very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to right now but it's very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to right now but it's very useful
+to know that at the end of um at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that at the end of um at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that at the end of um at the end
+of word horde there's a very nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of word horde there's a very nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of word horde there's a very nice little
+table that just has all of the uh strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that just has all of the uh strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that just has all of the uh strong
+verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb
+classes um with multiple examples um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um with multiple examples um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um with multiple examples um and
+there are only four uh there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only four uh there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only four uh there are only
+four parts because or only four uh forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four parts because or only four uh forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four parts because or only four uh forms
+for each verb because they're ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each verb because they're ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each verb because they're ignoring
+the um the IM mutated second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the IM mutated second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the IM mutated second and third
+singular present all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any questions
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics
+there we'll see more examples in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we'll see more examples in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we'll see more examples in a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit all right let's take a look at page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit all right let's take a look at page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit all right let's take a look at page
+67 um and the two forms of to be um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 um and the two forms of to be um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 um and the two forms of to be um the
+the verb Bon to be in Old English is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb Bon to be in Old English is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb Bon to be in Old English is a
+mess um but so is to be in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess um but so is to be in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess um but so is to be in Modern
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+um table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um table
+7.3 you will need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 you will need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 you will need to be able to
+recognize the forms of Bon um in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the forms of Bon um in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the forms of Bon um in and and
+wayon it's it's uh it's occasional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wayon it's it's uh it's occasional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wayon it's it's uh it's occasional
+infinitive but Bas but Bon is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive but Bas but Bon is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive but Bas but Bon is really the
+the main um you'll need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main um you'll need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main um you'll need to be able to
+recognize these on exams but you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these on exams but you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these on exams but you do not
+have to be able to reproduce them um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to reproduce them um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to reproduce them um the
+good news is that they're many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that they're many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that they're many of the
+forms are pretty similar to Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are pretty similar to Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are pretty similar to Modern
+English you can easily hear how each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you can easily hear how each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you can easily hear how each
+becomes I am through ART becomes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I am through ART becomes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I am through ART becomes you
+Thou Art which of course now is you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thou Art which of course now is you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thou Art which of course now is you are
+hey is literally he is um and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey is literally he is um and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey is literally he is um and so on um
+now the there is there is a these verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the there is there is a these verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the there is there is a these verbs
+the rather these two forms of Bon can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rather these two forms of Bon can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rather these two forms of Bon can be
+used interchangeably um but uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used interchangeably um but uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used interchangeably um but uh there is
+there is an important difference often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an important difference often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an important difference often
+in how they're used which is that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how they're used which is that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how they're used which is that um the
+B forms of the of the verb that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B forms of the of the verb that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B forms of the of the verb that is to
+say beo Bist bth beo the right hand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say beo Bist bth beo the right hand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say beo Bist bth beo the right hand of
+those two columns down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two columns down in
+7.3 um those are often used to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 um those are often used to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 um those are often used to express
+Futurity um or or and to express a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futurity um or or and to express a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futurity um or or and to express a
+constant sort of always true State of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sort of always true State of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant sort of always true State of
+Affairs so if I say in Old English that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affairs so if I say in Old English that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affairs so if I say in Old English that
+the sun is a distant star I would almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is a distant star I would almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is a distant star I would almost
+certainly use the B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly use the B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly use the B for
+sea um Bith um as opposed to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea um Bith um as opposed to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea um Bith um as opposed to because
+right it's always a a distant Star as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's always a a distant Star as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's always a a distant Star as
+distinct from a sentence like the sun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from a sentence like the sun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from a sentence like the sun is
+shining which is obviously a changeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining which is obviously a changeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining which is obviously a changeable
+State of Affairs um where I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of Affairs um where I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State of Affairs um where I would say
+something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+SE um is um sh um I mean probably in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE um is um sh um I mean probably in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE um is um sh um I mean probably in Old
+English I would just say I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English I would just say I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English I would just say I would just
+use sheith the um but but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sheith the um but but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sheith the um but but that's the
+that's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the difference
+um but as um as Baker says just above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as um as Baker says just above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as um as Baker says just above
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+7.3 sometimes the B forms are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 sometimes the B forms are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 sometimes the B forms are simple
+presents um analogous to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents um analogous to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents um analogous to the to the
+vowel forms the am um art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel forms the am um art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel forms the am um art
+is any questions on the two on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any questions on the two on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any questions on the two on these two
+forms of to be Tara so to clarify so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of to be Tara so to clarify so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of to be Tara so to clarify so
+like you would use Bon like specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would use Bon like specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would use Bon like specifically
+with like um consistent things exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like um consistent things exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like um consistent things exactly
+does this sort of show up like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of show up like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this sort of show up like not
+necess like grammatically in like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necess like grammatically in like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necess like grammatically in like let's
+say Middle English or maybe oh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Middle English or maybe oh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Middle English or maybe oh great
+question no by Middle English um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no by Middle English um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no by Middle English um the the
+the two the two bees have or the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two bees have or the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two the two bees have or the two
+bees um the two forms of 2 be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees um the two forms of 2 be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees um the two forms of 2 be have
+collapsed into one no I mean just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed into one no I mean just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed into one no I mean just in the
+sense of using an infinitive as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of using an infinitive as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of using an infinitive as like a
+sort of the infinitive to need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the infinitive to need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the infinitive to need to be
+like an internal thing oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's a good question I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question I'm trying to
+think I don't think so I think that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think so I think that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't think so I think that's I
+think this is specific to Old English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is specific to Old English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is specific to Old English um
+you can however see in the B forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can however see in the B forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can however see in the B forms of
+the verb if those of you who anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb if those of you who anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb if those of you who anyone
+who's studied German um the B of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studied German um the B of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studied German um the B of of the
+second singular that's just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second singular that's just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second singular that's just that's
+literally dubis in MO of modern German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally dubis in MO of modern German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally dubis in MO of modern German
+um so um so that's kind of fun you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um so that's kind of fun you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um so that's kind of fun you can
+notice and take a look at the past um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and take a look at the past um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and take a look at the past um
+indicative and past subjunctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative and past subjunctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative and past subjunctive
+was was um that's that's very that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was um that's that's very that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was um that's that's very that's
+very close to I was you were he was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to I was you were he was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to I was you were he was um
+we've lost the endings on won we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost the endings on won we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost the endings on won we still
+just say we were um but but yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we were um but but yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we were um but but yeah good
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+all right um 7.1.3 predate present verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um 7.1.3 predate present verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um 7.1.3 predate present verbs
+you're going to read quite a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to read quite a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to read quite a lot about
+um for next time which is just tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for next time which is just tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for next time which is just tomorrow
+since we're in our unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in our unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in our unfortunate
+compressed week thanks to thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed week thanks to thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed week thanks to thanks to
+President's Day and the registar um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President's Day and the registar um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President's Day and the registar um and
+predate present verbs are socalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate present verbs are socalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate present verbs are socalled
+because the present tense of these verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the present tense of these verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the present tense of these verbs
+looks like the past tense um which as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the past tense um which as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the past tense um which as I
+pointed out many grammar books call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out many grammar books call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out many grammar books call
+predate of the strong verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate of the strong verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate of the strong verbs
+um so can could May might shall should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so can could May might shall should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so can could May might shall should
+um we'll get we'll get to those uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll get we'll get to those uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll get we'll get to those uh next
+time so but this is sort of so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so but this is sort of so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so but this is sort of so this is
+really just a preview of Coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a preview of Coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a preview of Coming
+Attractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attractions
+um all right uh 7.2 um more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right uh 7.2 um more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right uh 7.2 um more about
+endings so a similation this explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings so a similation this explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings so a similation this explains
+the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process by which
+um D becomes T when it immediate Number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D becomes T when it immediate Number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um D becomes T when it immediate Number
+One D becomes T when it immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D becomes T when it immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D becomes T when it immediately
+follows an unvoiced consonant oh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows an unvoiced consonant oh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows an unvoiced consonant oh what's
+the difference between voiced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between voiced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between voiced and
+unvoiced by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unvoiced by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unvoiced by the way
+anybody uh yeah well sorry um yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh yeah well sorry um yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh yeah well sorry um yeah um
+ROM oh well when you make wise sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROM oh well when you make wise sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROM oh well when you make wise sounds
+your uh L vibrates yeah exactly so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh L vibrates yeah exactly so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh L vibrates yeah exactly so if I
+say D D D D D um that um that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say D D D D D um that um that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say D D D D D um that um that you can
+feel that vibr if I just say t t it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that vibr if I just say t t it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that vibr if I just say t t it
+doesn't um so the so the D is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um so the so the D is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um so the so the D is going to
+become t uh right before the unvoiced P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become t uh right before the unvoiced P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become t uh right before the unvoiced P
+of slap on um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slap on um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slap on um so
+slap um mate it's going to double that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap um mate it's going to double that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap um mate it's going to double that t
+instead of adding a D um and as as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of adding a D um and as as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of adding a D um and as as they
+point out we do the same thing in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out we do the same thing in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out we do the same thing in Modern
+English because even though we spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English because even though we spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English because even though we spell
+reached with an ed at the end if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached with an ed at the end if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached with an ed at the end if you
+actually um say the word you can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um say the word you can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um say the word you can hear
+that what you're saying is a is a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're saying is a is a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're saying is a is a t
+reached um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached um not
+reached all right um and then some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached all right um and then some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached all right um and then some more
+some more some more rules uh down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more some more rules uh down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more some more rules uh down there
+these are really just um these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really just um these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really just um these are all
+uh in the as the word assimilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the as the word assimilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the as the word assimilation
+suggests based on what is easier to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests based on what is easier to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests based on what is easier to say
+in the mouth um you don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth um you don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth um you don't need to worry
+too much about that or about uh 7.2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about that or about uh 7.2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about that or about uh 7.2.2
+plurals ending in e before the pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurals ending in e before the pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurals ending in e before the pronoun
+we and yay we and you um any plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and yay we and you um any plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and yay we and you um any plural
+ending May appears may appear as as an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending May appears may appear as as an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending May appears may appear as as an e
+um this is uh I'm not going to test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh I'm not going to test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh I'm not going to test you
+on this it's just something to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it's just something to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it's just something to be aware
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um also important to note in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also important to note in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also important to note in
+7.2.3 is that the subjunctive um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2.3 is that the subjunctive um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2.3 is that the subjunctive um is
+already starting to fall out of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already starting to fall out of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already starting to fall out of old
+English by the late Old English period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by the late Old English period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English by the late Old English period
+so the subjunctive in in English is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subjunctive in in English is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the subjunctive in in English is this
+kind of fascinating example of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fascinating example of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fascinating example of something
+that is always already about to die and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always already about to die and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always already about to die and
+yet never quite does it's like the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet never quite does it's like the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet never quite does it's like the you
+know the the the the monster in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the the monster in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the the monster in the in
+the horror movie that's never never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horror movie that's never never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horror movie that's never never
+quite finally stabbable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right more about weak verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right more about weak verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right more about weak verbs
+7.3 so there are three classes of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 so there are three classes of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3 so there are three classes of weak
+verbs but only two of them listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs but only two of them listed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs but only two of them listed here
+um on the top of page 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the top of page 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the top of page 70
+7.4 um we'll get to class three in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 um we'll get to class three in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 um we'll get to class three in a
+moment um so the most important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um so the most important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um so the most important thing to
+know about these two form these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these two form these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these two form these two
+classes I should say um of the verb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I should say um of the verb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I should say um of the verb is
+that in class two which are most verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in class two which are most verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in class two which are most verbs
+that end in Ian most weak verbs that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end in Ian most weak verbs that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end in Ian most weak verbs that end
+in Ian like louon harion is an is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ian like louon harion is an is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ian like louon harion is an is a is a
+is an exception that I'll we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exception that I'll we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exception that I'll we'll get to
+in a moment most of those verbs have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment most of those verbs have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment most of those verbs have uh
+different third person present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different third person present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different third person present
+indicative um and present plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative um and present plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative um and present plural
+indicative endings I you can see this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative endings I you can see this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative endings I you can see this on
+um uh 71 the little boxed exclamation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 71 the little boxed exclamation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 71 the little boxed exclamation
+point um so hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so hey
+she he um those are all class one weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she he um those are all class one weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she he um those are all class one weak
+verbs um but hey luath in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um but hey luath in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um but hey luath in the third
+singular of louon which is Class 2 um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular of louon which is Class 2 um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular of louon which is Class 2 um so
+we would normally expect that a thorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would normally expect that a thorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would normally expect that a thorn
+ending to indicate the plural which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending to indicate the plural which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending to indicate the plural which is
+what it does indicate in class one verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does indicate in class one verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does indicate in class one verbs
+um but in class two it's just uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in class two it's just uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in class two it's just uh it's
+it's it's the singular and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the singular and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the singular and you get
+lth um when you have the plural all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lth um when you have the plural all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lth um when you have the plural all
+right so um if the root syllable ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um if the root syllable ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um if the root syllable ends
+this is the end of that little box um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the end of that little box um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the end of that little box um on
+page 71 if the root syllable ends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 71 if the root syllable ends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 71 if the root syllable ends with
+any consonant but R and is followed by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consonant but R and is followed by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any consonant but R and is followed by I
+chances are it is a class two week verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it is a class two week verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it is a class two week verb
+and the present third person singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the present third person singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the present third person singular
+will end in a e or a thorn all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um flipping back to page 70 um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flipping back to page 70 um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flipping back to page 70 um the
+bottom of the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the page
+7.3.1 class one is marked by IM mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.1 class one is marked by IM mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.1 class one is marked by IM mutation
+and you may be thinking oh God more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be thinking oh God more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be thinking oh God more
+mutation um you don't have to to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation um you don't have to to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation um you don't have to to worry
+um all that means is that the verbs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that means is that the verbs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that means is that the verbs um
+sorry the verb yeah class one week verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the verb yeah class one week verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the verb yeah class one week verbs
+have vowels that are IM mutated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vowels that are IM mutated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vowels that are IM mutated uh
+vowels that so I don't I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that so I don't I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that so I don't I don't know why
+they um I don't know why they went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um I don't know why they went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um I don't know why they went into
+that if the root vow if the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the root vow if the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the root vow if the root
+syllable is short then gination which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable is short then gination which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable is short then gination which is
+the doubling of the consonant at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling of the consonant at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling of the consonant at the end
+of the root syllable include occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the root syllable include occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the root syllable include occurs in
+certain forms including the infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms including the infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms including the infinitive
+okay so this is this explains why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this explains why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this explains why in
+back in table 7.1 on fremon we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in table 7.1 on fremon we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in table 7.1 on fremon we had some
+cases where it was FR with the doubled M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it was FR with the doubled M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it was FR with the doubled M
+and others like in the third singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others like in the third singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others like in the third singular
+where it was just frth where it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was just frth where it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was just frth where it was just
+a single M you can see that in um she uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single M you can see that in um she uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single M you can see that in um she uh
+the leftmost column to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+injure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then um so that alternation again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so that alternation again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so that alternation again you
+don't have to memorize that but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to memorize that but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to memorize that but it does
+mean that because when you look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that because when you look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that because when you look up a
+verb you're looking up its infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb you're looking up its infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb you're looking up its infinitive
+you may need to add an extra consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to add an extra consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to add an extra consonant
+in order to get in order to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get in order to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get in order to find the
+word you're looking for um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you're looking for um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you're looking for um so for
+example if you're looking up if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're looking up if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're looking up if you see
+he shth with a single Thorn there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shth with a single Thorn there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shth with a single Thorn there um
+you're going to have to look it up under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to look it up under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to look it up under
+with with two Thorns um yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with two Thorns um yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with two Thorns um yeah I'm
+slightly off topic just based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off topic just based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off topic just based on your
+pronunciation is it consistent that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation is it consistent that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation is it consistent that um
+things that would normally voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would normally voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would normally voice
+intervocalic don't voice when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervocalic don't voice when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervocalic don't voice when they're
+geminated oh yes it is yeah it is it ISC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geminated oh yes it is yeah it is it ISC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geminated oh yes it is yeah it is it ISC
+and I think that's be I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's be I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's be I think that's
+just because the second consonant makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the second consonant makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the second consonant makes
+the whole makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole makes it
+not renders it renders it no longer into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not renders it renders it no longer into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not renders it renders it no longer into
+inter vocalic they render each other no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter vocalic they render each other no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter vocalic they render each other no
+longer yes exactly exact exactly um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer yes exactly exact exactly um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer yes exactly exact exactly um no
+that's a so the underlying form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so the underlying form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a so the underlying form is
+always uned correct yeah uh well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uned correct yeah uh well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uned correct yeah uh well the
+underly well the underlying form is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly well the underlying form is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly well the underlying form is the
+sing is the sing single consonant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing is the sing single consonant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing is the sing single consonant so
+maybe that's not true but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not true but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's not true but it doesn't
+matter just if it's doubled unvoiced if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just if it's doubled unvoiced if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just if it's doubled unvoiced if
+it's yeah got it good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah got it good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah got it good question
+um the the the only exception to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the only exception to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the only exception to this um
+Ian means class two is with is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian means class two is with is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian means class two is with is is is
+verbs like Haron where you have r i a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like Haron where you have r i a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs like Haron where you have r i a an
+um you're just going to have to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're just going to have to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're just going to have to to to
+learn that and get used to it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that and get used to it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that and get used to it um but
+it's not something you should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you should try to
+memorize or or really worry about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize or or really worry about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize or or really worry about right
+now it's just something just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just something just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's just something just something
+to be aware of um and then I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of um and then I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of um and then I think the
+reason that they have that they give uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that they have that they give uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that they have that they give uh
+Halon its uh heal to heal its own column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halon its uh heal to heal its own column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halon its uh heal to heal its own column
+there is just because if you take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just because if you take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just because if you take a look
+at the third singular uh it's how not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the third singular uh it's how not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the third singular uh it's how not
+halth um there's no there's no e that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halth um there's no there's no e that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halth um there's no there's no e that we
+as we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+7.3.2 at the bottom of page 71 class one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.2 at the bottom of page 71 class one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3.2 at the bottom of page 71 class one
+weak verbs that change their vowels um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs that change their vowels um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs that change their vowels um
+this sounds like a huge pain and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds like a huge pain and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds like a huge pain and frankly
+it kind of is um but partly because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of is um but partly because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of is um but partly because the
+verbs that do this are pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that do this are pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that do this are pretty common
+actually so if you turn the page to um 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so if you turn the page to um 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so if you turn the page to um 7
+point to 72 table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to 72 table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to 72 table
+7.5 um you don't need to memorize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5 um you don't need to memorize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.5 um you don't need to memorize this
+um but you should try to get familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you should try to get familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you should try to get familiar
+with it um so if you take a look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um so if you take a look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um so if you take a look at um
+Satan to seek um you can see in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satan to seek um you can see in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satan to seek um you can see in the past
+indicative it changes its vowel so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative it changes its vowel so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative it changes its vowel so from
+a to O but it also has all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to O but it also has all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to O but it also has all of the
+normal weak verb endings that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal weak verb endings that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal weak verb endings that we would
+expect ECT so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect ECT so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect ECT so it's
+each not each um because if it were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each not each um because if it were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each not each um because if it were a
+strong verb there would be no ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verb there would be no ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verb there would be no ending
+right in the first and third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the first and third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the first and third person
+singular um similarly fan goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um similarly fan goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular um similarly fan goes
+to um and Quan um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um and Quan um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um and Quan um to
+qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu
+um and you can hear of course you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can hear of course you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can hear of course you know
+seek sought I have sought we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek sought I have sought we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek sought I have sought we still have
+that that past um that past form um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that past um that past form um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that past um that past form um
+think thought this all comes straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think thought this all comes straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think thought this all comes straight
+straight from Old English um so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from Old English um so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from Old English um so again
+just something to be to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to be to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to be to be aware of
+um contracted verbs 7.3.3 don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contracted verbs 7.3.3 don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contracted verbs 7.3.3 don't worry
+about that's just uh I mean unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's just uh I mean unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's just uh I mean unless you
+really unless you're a Linguistics nerd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unless you're a Linguistics nerd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unless you're a Linguistics nerd
+which some of you obviously are so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of you obviously are so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of you obviously are so by
+all means do a deep dive if you care um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all means do a deep dive if you care um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all means do a deep dive if you care um
+but in terms of like the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of like the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of like the purposes of
+this class we're not going to we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're not going to we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we're not going to we're not
+going to dwell on the contracted verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dwell on the contracted verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dwell on the contracted verbs
+particularly um but you can see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um but you can see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um but you can see how they
+work uh from the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh from the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh from the example
+sman uh uh table 7.6 to ponder um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sman uh uh table 7.6 to ponder um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sman uh uh table 7.6 to ponder um which
+I think we had in our very first um mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we had in our very first um mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we had in our very first um mini
+text at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+73 class three weak verbs so uh Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 class three weak verbs so uh Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 class three weak verbs so uh Baker
+says somewhat dry that obeying the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says somewhat dry that obeying the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says somewhat dry that obeying the rule
+that the most common words are the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most common words are the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most common words are the last
+to leave a dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave a dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave a dying
+class class three verbs contain only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class class three verbs contain only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class class three verbs contain only
+haban Lian and San um and huan um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban Lian and San um and huan um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban Lian and San um and huan um and
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+are laid out this way as if to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laid out this way as if to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laid out this way as if to emphasize
+their um their anomalous status you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um their anomalous status you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um their anomalous status you turn
+the page and flip the book around um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and flip the book around um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and flip the book around um and
+you can see these uh these forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these uh these forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these uh these forms of
+these haban is by far the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these haban is by far the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these haban is by far the most important
+partly because as I mentioned um earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because as I mentioned um earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because as I mentioned um earlier
+haban often gets used to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban often gets used to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haban often gets used to indicate the
+perfect and the pl perfect tense just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and the pl perfect tense just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and the pl perfect tense just
+like it does in Modern English um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does in Modern English um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does in Modern English um so you
+should be able to recognize um those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to recognize um those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to recognize um those uh
+those forms of uh have uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms of uh have uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms of uh have uh to have
+fortunately they are pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately they are pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately they are pretty close to
+Modern English and it's not a it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English and it's not a it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English and it's not a it's not a
+um the endings are not that um are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the endings are not that um are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the endings are not that um are not
+that confusing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusing so
+um trying to think if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to think if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to think if there are any
+other moments to highlight here I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other moments to highlight here I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other moments to highlight here I guess
+just to be aware that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be aware that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be aware that there are two
+different forms of libbon um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of libbon um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of libbon um kind of
+like Bon although they don't indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bon although they don't indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Bon although they don't indicate
+different um they don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um they don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um they don't have any
+semantic difference at all um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic difference at all um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic difference at all um the two
+different forms of uh to live and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of uh to live and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of uh to live and even
+some um some different forms of to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um some different forms of to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um some different forms of to think
+um so you can either have past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can either have past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can either have past
+indicative hog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative hog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative hog
+or for um for the past tense um of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for um for the past tense um of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for um for the past tense um of think
+a different verb for to think right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different verb for to think right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different verb for to think right so
+old English like many languages has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old English like many languages has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old English like many languages has
+multiple verbs for to think so thenan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple verbs for to think so thenan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple verbs for to think so thenan is
+where we get think from but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get think from but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get think from but there's also
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hudan which the ba which the bolf poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hudan which the ba which the bolf poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hudan which the ba which the bolf poet
+loves um lots of hon all over bolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves um lots of hon all over bolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves um lots of hon all over bolf
+um all right that was a lot very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right that was a lot very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right that was a lot very quickly
+on weak verbs so any um questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weak verbs so any um questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weak verbs so any um questions about
+weak verbs before we move on to strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs before we move on to strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak verbs before we move on to strong
+verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um so strong verbs um on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so strong verbs um on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so strong verbs um on page
+seven on page 75 Baker gives you his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven on page 75 Baker gives you his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven on page 75 Baker gives you his
+table of the classes of strong verbs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the classes of strong verbs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the classes of strong verbs um
+and this is what I mean when I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I mean when I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I mean when I say that
+um well the second of those columns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the second of those columns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the second of those columns the
+third person singular that's the IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person singular that's the IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person singular that's the IM
+mutated form and that is not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated form and that is not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated form and that is not part of the
+vowel gradations of the strong verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel gradations of the strong verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel gradations of the strong verbs
+which is why I think it's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I think it's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I think it's actually kind
+of unhelpful of Baker to have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unhelpful of Baker to have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unhelpful of Baker to have to have
+included it but whatever it does at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included it but whatever it does at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included it but whatever it does at
+least reinforce that there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least reinforce that there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least reinforce that there is that
+difference um there's that shi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um there's that shi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um there's that shi that
+Vowel Shift in many classes of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vowel Shift in many classes of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vowel Shift in many classes of strong
+verbs um the analogous class or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um the analogous class or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs um the analogous class or the
+analogous table um in Mitchell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous table um in Mitchell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous table um in Mitchell and
+Robinson is on page 37 uh paragraph 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson is on page 37 uh paragraph 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson is on page 37 uh paragraph 93
+you don't have to go to it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go to it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go to it right now
+although you certainly can um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you certainly can um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you certainly can um and that
+gives just the infinitive the first past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives just the infinitive the first past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives just the infinitive the first past
+the second past and the past participle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second past and the past participle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second past and the past participle
+same thing with um with the table at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with um with the table at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with um with the table at the
+back of um at the back of word horde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of um at the back of word horde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of um at the back of word horde
+just the four traditional um principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the four traditional um principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the four traditional um principal
+parts of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the verb
+um so you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know and
+here at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom of
+75 you get that you get another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 you get that you get another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 you get that you get another one of
+these little boxed exclamation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little boxed exclamation point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little boxed exclamation point
+things and Baker says students often ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and Baker says students often ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and Baker says students often ask
+if they should memorize the strong verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they should memorize the strong verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they should memorize the strong verb
+classes the answer is a qualified yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the answer is a qualified yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the answer is a qualified yes I
+am here to say as I did in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am here to say as I did in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am here to say as I did in my
+announcement on um on the canvas site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement on um on the canvas site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement on um on the canvas site
+the answer is actually no I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is actually no I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is actually no I do not
+expect you to memorize these that said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize these that said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize these that said I
+do encourage you to read them out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do encourage you to read them out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do encourage you to read them out loud
+um to just take a few minutes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to just take a few minutes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to just take a few minutes every
+other day um you know as you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day um you know as you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day um you know as you're doing
+your old English homework um as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your old English homework um as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your old English homework um as you're
+memorizing word hord you've got word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing word hord you've got word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing word hord you've got word
+hord out a lot anyway I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hord out a lot anyway I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hord out a lot anyway I know you
+people uh just go just go to the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh just go just go to the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh just go just go to the back
+and say beon bad beon B on bag on ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say beon bad beon B on bag on ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say beon bad beon B on bag on ban
+where than W won Wen if you just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where than W won Wen if you just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where than W won Wen if you just start
+saying these out loud um you'll they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these out loud um you'll they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these out loud um you'll they'll
+kind of get into to your ear and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into to your ear and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get into to your ear and it will
+be easier to recognize them when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to recognize them when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to recognize them when you're
+dealing with them sort of in the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with them sort of in the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with them sort of in the quote
+unquote Real World um the very the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote Real World um the very the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote Real World um the very the very
+rarified version of the real world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarified version of the real world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarified version of the real world in
+which we're all studying Old English but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're all studying Old English but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're all studying Old English but
+fortunately the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the one that we
+inhabit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to
+um you don't have I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have I'm not going to
+expect you to memorize this so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize this so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize this so if I give
+you a strong verb in like the past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a strong verb in like the past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a strong verb in like the past tense
+on on an exam in site translation I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an exam in site translation I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an exam in site translation I'll
+go ahead and give you the infinitive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and give you the infinitive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and give you the infinitive as
+well um so that you'll you'll know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so that you'll you'll know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so that you'll you'll know what
+it comes from um and it will be a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from um and it will be a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from um and it will be a word
+from word hord obviously if it's if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from word hord obviously if it's if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from word hord obviously if it's if it's
+on the exam at all um nonetheless your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam at all um nonetheless your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam at all um nonetheless your
+translation for homework is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for homework is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for homework is going to go
+a lot faster and be a lot um less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster and be a lot um less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster and be a lot um less
+frustrating if you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating if you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating if you have some kind of
+familiarity um with these with these vow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity um with these with these vow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity um with these with these vow
+gradations the reason for that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradations the reason for that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradations the reason for that of course
+is that again we look things up uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again we look things up uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again we look things up uh we
+have to find things under the infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find things under the infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find things under the infinitive
+form um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um
+so Baker's glossery tends to be very use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Baker's glossery tends to be very use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Baker's glossery tends to be very use
+tends to be very helpful um so go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very helpful um so go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very helpful um so go ahead
+and look up this word in Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and see uh see what you see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me what could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone I me I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah so it it it so so on page 291
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so it it it so so on page 291
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so it it it so so on page 291
+um we have two options one is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have two options one is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have two options one is that it's
+a masculine noun which means ring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masculine noun which means ring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masculine noun which means ring and
+the other is that it comes from Bugan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is that it comes from Bugan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is that it comes from Bugan or
+Y on um not all glossies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y on um not all glossies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y on um not all glossies are going to
+are going to be as helpful as Baker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be as helpful as Baker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be as helpful as Baker um
+so um and in fact I think Mitchell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and in fact I think Mitchell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and in fact I think Mitchell and
+Robinson where we do where we do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson where we do where we do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson where we do where we do some of
+our readings it is not actually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our readings it is not actually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our readings it is not actually as
+helpful as as Baker so this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful as as Baker so this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful as as Baker so this is one of
+the reasons that I encourage everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that I encourage everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that I encourage everyone to
+if I may borrow this briefly to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I may borrow this briefly to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I may borrow this briefly to have
+their magic sheet um with them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their magic sheet um with them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their magic sheet um with them because
+it you can see now I hope how it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can see now I hope how it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can see now I hope how it could
+be very helpful to have the classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful to have the classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful to have the classes of
+strong verbs ready to hand so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verbs ready to hand so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong verbs ready to hand so that if
+you look up e e a g and it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up e e a g and it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up e e a g and it gives you a
+nonsensical meaning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsensical meaning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsensical meaning because
+presumably r i mean ring and the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably r i mean ring and the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably r i mean ring and the past
+tense of Bugan are not synonyms right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense of Bugan are not synonyms right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense of Bugan are not synonyms right um
+it could be very helpful to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be very helpful to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be very helpful to have the
+these classes of strong verbs here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes of strong verbs here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes of strong verbs here so
+you can see oh EA that might come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see oh EA that might come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see oh EA that might come from a
+vowel whose root uh is U um it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel whose root uh is U um it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel whose root uh is U um it could
+also come from bogon but that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also come from bogon but that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also come from bogon but that's not a
+word so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so it
+doesn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right verbs affect the all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right verbs affect the all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right verbs affect the all the rest of
+7.4 um I you don't need to worry too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 um I you don't need to worry too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 um I you don't need to worry too
+much about grammatical alternation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about grammatical alternation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about grammatical alternation
+7.9 again you don't have to worry too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.9 again you don't have to worry too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.9 again you don't have to worry too
+much about contracted strong verbs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about contracted strong verbs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about contracted strong verbs um
+although it's it's always useful anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's it's always useful anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's it's always useful anytime
+you have one of these tables to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one of these tables to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one of these tables to just say
+them out loud cuz usually the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out loud cuz usually the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out loud cuz usually the reason
+that exception that seeming exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exception that seeming exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exception that seeming exceptions
+exist like contracted strong verbs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist like contracted strong verbs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist like contracted strong verbs is
+simply because the the form that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because the the form that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because the the form that we have
+in this case cont contracted is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case cont contracted is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case cont contracted is just
+easier to say so if you say these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to say so if you say these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to say so if you say these things
+out loud you'll probably hear in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud you'll probably hear in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud you'll probably hear in your
+mouth how it's easier to say and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth how it's easier to say and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth how it's easier to say and that in
+turn will help um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn will help um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn will help um kind of
+uh fix it um in your head how it how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fix it um in your head how it how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fix it um in your head how it how it
+works okay um so I'm going to take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay um so I'm going to take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay um so I'm going to take us
+through the boxed section on page 78 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boxed section on page 78 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the boxed section on page 78 and
+79 and then take questions um this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79 and then take questions um this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79 and then take questions um this would
+be a good time to go over all the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good time to go over all the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good time to go over all the verb
+paradigms you've seen so far Mark noting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms you've seen so far Mark noting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms you've seen so far Mark noting
+basic similarities especially the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic similarities especially the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic similarities especially the fact
+that the in the present tense the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the present tense the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in the present tense the second
+and third person singular forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third person singular forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third person singular forms are
+usually different from all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually different from all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually different from all the others
+present tense strong verbs cause few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present tense strong verbs cause few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present tense strong verbs cause few
+difficulties since the endings make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties since the endings make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties since the endings make them
+easy to identify past plurals are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to identify past plurals are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to identify past plurals are easy
+as well for the same reason but past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for the same reason but past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for the same reason but past
+singulars which either lack an ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulars which either lack an ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singulars which either lack an ending in
+the first and third singular or and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and third singular or and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and third singular or and only
+an e in the second singular um are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e in the second singular um are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e in the second singular um are easy
+to confuse with nouns and adjectives um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse with nouns and adjectives um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confuse with nouns and adjectives um
+as you gain experience this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you gain experience this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you gain experience this kind of
+confusion will become less likely but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion will become less likely but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion will become less likely but in
+the meantime here are some tips to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime here are some tips to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime here are some tips to to
+help you get it right um so one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get it right um so one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get it right um so one is to
+look up words carefully um learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up words carefully um learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up words carefully um learn what
+kinds of spelling variations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spelling variations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spelling variations you can
+expect um see table 2.1.3 in appendix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um see table 2.1.3 in appendix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um see table 2.1.3 in appendix a
+when two words look alike but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two words look alike but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two words look alike but their
+spelling differences are not what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling differences are not what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling differences are not what you'd
+expect you can probably conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you can probably conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you can probably conclude that
+they're different words so w became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different words so w became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different words so w became
+looks like weth value or price but EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like weth value or price but EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like weth value or price but EA
+normally does not vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally does not vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally does not vary with
+EO um n took looks like Nama the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO um n took looks like Nama the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EO um n took looks like Nama the noun
+meaning name but endings are rarely lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning name but endings are rarely lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning name but endings are rarely lost
+in Old English um and so so yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Old English um and so so yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Old English um and so so yeah um
+second examine the grammatical context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second examine the grammatical context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second examine the grammatical context
+of the sentence or Clause you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence or Clause you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sentence or Clause you're reading
+this is what we've been doing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we've been doing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we've been doing from the
+very first mini text find the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first mini text find the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first mini text find the subject
+find the verb if you're still looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the verb if you're still looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the verb if you're still looking
+for uh a if you're still looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a if you're still looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh a if you're still looking for a
+verb and you have bag this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and you have bag this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb and you have bag this is why I
+asked you to look it up um try it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to look it up um try it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to look it up um try it first
+as the past of Bugan to Bow if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the past of Bugan to Bow if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the past of Bugan to Bow if you need
+a noun try it as ring um examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noun try it as ring um examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noun try it as ring um examine the
+word order that's not super helpful yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order that's not super helpful yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order that's not super helpful yet
+because we haven't talked about word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't talked about word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't talked about word
+order much but in due course we will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order much but in due course we will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order much but in due course we will and
+verbs have a pretty um as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs have a pretty um as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs have a pretty um as we've
+discussed the conjugated verb very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the conjugated verb very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the conjugated verb very much
+prefers to be the second element um of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to be the second element um of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to be the second element um of a
+sentence in Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in Old
+English and then once you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and then once you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and then once you've got a
+tentative translation apply a sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative translation apply a sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative translation apply a sanity
+test does it make sense if it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test does it make sense if it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test does it make sense if it seems
+ungrammatical or grammatical but absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical or grammatical but absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungrammatical or grammatical but absurd
+try something else um and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something else um and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something else um and this is where
+um I would now encourage you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would now encourage you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would now encourage you to start
+working sort of at your own pace and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working sort of at your own pace and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working sort of at your own pace and as
+you wish with the old English aerobics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish with the old English aerobics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish with the old English aerobics
+um website that's um on the syllabus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um website that's um on the syllabus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um website that's um on the syllabus um
+I'll send you some um I'll send you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you some um I'll send you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you some um I'll send you some
+some examples but they're they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples but they're they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples but they're they're really
+just they're just drills um and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they're just drills um and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they're just drills um and there's
+no there's no need to do anything but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no need to do anything but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no need to do anything but I
+encourage you to do so um just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do so um just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do so um just because
+uh just as a way of testing out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just as a way of testing out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just as a way of testing out what
+your recognition is because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recognition is because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recognition is because you are
+going to have to recognize things um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to recognize things um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to recognize things um on
+the on the exam which is only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the exam which is only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the exam which is only a little
+over two weeks away at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two weeks away at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two weeks away at this point
+so all right lots of verbs so far um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right lots of verbs so far um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right lots of verbs so far um and
+there's more for next time so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more for next time so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more for next time so for
+tomorrow um pay a special attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um pay a special attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow um pay a special attention to
+predate present verbs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate present verbs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate present verbs um
+7.6 on 8 on pages 80 and 81 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6 on 8 on pages 80 and 81 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.6 on 8 on pages 80 and 81 these are
+hugely important because they show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important because they show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important because they show up
+all the time um many of these predate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time um many of these predate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time um many of these predate
+present verbs are modals um so kunan um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs are modals um so kunan um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs are modals um so kunan um
+to know how to or to be able to um Magan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to or to be able to um Magan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to or to be able to um Magan
+which is another way of saying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of saying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of saying to be
+able to shulan which is where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shulan which is where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shulan which is where we get
+Modern English shall um but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English shall um but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern English shall um but it has a
+much stronger sense of obligation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger sense of obligation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger sense of obligation or
+necessity um in in Old English usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity um in in Old English usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity um in in Old English usually
+when you see shulan you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see shulan you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see shulan you want to
+translate it as like must or need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it as like must or need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it as like must or need to
+rather than will um that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than will um that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than will um that difference
+between that semantic difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that semantic difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that semantic difference between
+will and shall um we find even into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and shall um we find even into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and shall um we find even into
+Shakespeare's day um so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day um so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day um so there's a
+there's a pretty distinct sem difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pretty distinct sem difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pretty distinct sem difference
+in a Shakespeare play between saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Shakespeare play between saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Shakespeare play between saying I
+will do something which implies at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do something which implies at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do something which implies at least
+an element of volition because willan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of volition because willan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of volition because willan
+originally means to want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally means to want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally means to want to do something
+um whereas shulan which is where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas shulan which is where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas shulan which is where we get
+shall implies obligation or necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall implies obligation or necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall implies obligation or necessity
+without the sort of Desire um so when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the sort of Desire um so when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the sort of Desire um so when uh
+opilia is replying to ponus and she and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opilia is replying to ponus and she and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opilia is replying to ponus and she and
+he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like
+uh forget amlet and you know go be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget amlet and you know go be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget amlet and you know go be a
+dutiful daughter she says I shall obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutiful daughter she says I shall obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutiful daughter she says I shall obey
+my Lord um and that the fact that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lord um and that the fact that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lord um and that the fact that she
+doesn't say will um there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say will um there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say will um there's a little
+subtle hint that she's not she's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle hint that she's not she's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle hint that she's not she's not too
+happy about it um and so you can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about it um and so you can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about it um and so you can see on
+page 81 shulan uh it typically means um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 81 shulan uh it typically means um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 81 shulan uh it typically means um
+it typically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it typically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it typically means
+must um of these verbs of these predate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must um of these verbs of these predate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must um of these verbs of these predate
+present verbs the ones that are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs the ones that are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present verbs the ones that are so
+common that you will simply need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that you will simply need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that you will simply need to know
+are kunan so Circle these and and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kunan so Circle these and and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kunan so Circle these and and um and
+start uh start being able to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh start being able to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh start being able to recognize
+their forms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their forms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their forms um
+kunan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kunan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kunan
+Magan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magan
+moton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moton
+shulan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shulan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shulan and
+witon um and here again I encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witon um and here again I encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witon um and here again I encourage you
+to say out loud and just kind of repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say out loud and just kind of repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say out loud and just kind of repeat
+how those how those verbs shift um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those how those verbs shift um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those how those verbs shift um both
+in their forms and in their vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their forms and in their vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their forms and in their vowels
+um but we'll talk more about them next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll talk more about them next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll talk more about them next
+time any questions on the basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verbs it's a lot this week is a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs it's a lot this week is a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs it's a lot this week is a lot I
+know um but you have you have the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but you have you have the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but you have you have the rest
+you have the weekend to kind of get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the weekend to kind of get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the weekend to kind of get it
+reinforced um and then we'll start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced um and then we'll start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced um and then we'll start uh
+and then we'll start using it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start using it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start using it more
+actively um as we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translating
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6az6JlvTtOM.txt b/6az6JlvTtOM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45fe7397e927e3680e3f6f994d3edf2b3bd61ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6az6JlvTtOM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+getting up to speed in biology this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to speed in biology this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting up to speed in biology this is
+lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture three
+class three because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class three because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class three because you're going to
+participate in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the class
+with a number of exercises as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of exercises as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of exercises as you have
+been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing
+today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+information transfer in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer in biology
+information transfer and molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and molecular
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+are some of the most key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most key
+crucial aspects of modern biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial aspects of modern biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial aspects of modern biology
+and you need to know this material very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know this material very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know this material very
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+in order to understand anything at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand anything at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand anything at a
+higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level
+in biology it is very cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understanding information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding information transfer
+explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains
+lots and lots of things for example why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of things for example why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of things for example why
+babies look like their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies look like their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies look like their parents
+how you control a number of fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you control a number of fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you control a number of fingers
+how a bird gets its colors and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a bird gets its colors and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a bird gets its colors and how
+pathogens including viruses make us ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens including viruses make us ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens including viruses make us ill
+this is just the tip of the iceberg when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the tip of the iceberg when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the tip of the iceberg when
+we think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about what
+information transfer and molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and molecular
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+can teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today i want to cover four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to cover four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i want to cover four
+aspects we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects we're going to talk about the
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+and some rules about dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some rules about dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some rules about dna
+then we're going to talk about dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to talk about dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+how dna makes more dna we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dna makes more dna we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dna makes more dna we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+a process called transcription and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process called transcription and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process called transcription and we're
+going to talk about a process called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a process called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a process called
+translation these aspects of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation these aspects of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation these aspects of the lecture
+will draw on what you know before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw on what you know before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw on what you know before and
+you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also
+have an opportunity to expand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to expand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to expand your
+practice of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of the various
+concepts let's get started then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts let's get started then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts let's get started then
+with the notion of a gene and some rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of a gene and some rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of a gene and some rules
+associated with dna we previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with dna we previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with dna we previously
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+that the gene the unit of hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gene the unit of hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gene the unit of hereditary
+of how things are passed on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are passed on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are passed on from
+generation to generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation
+is usually made of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually made of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually made of dna
+if we pose the question what is a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pose the question what is a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pose the question what is a gene
+there's a number of ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of ways that we can
+answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it
+we can say that it is this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that it is this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that it is this unit
+of inheritance hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance hereditary
+and we'll explore that more in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll explore that more in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll explore that more in the next
+lecture of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of the series
+but there's another way that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another way that i want to
+define the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the gene
+which is that it is a piece of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it is a piece of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it is a piece of dna
+that contains all the instructions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains all the instructions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains all the instructions to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+the final product of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to be generic and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be generic and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be generic and talk about
+nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid
+and not dna because genes can be rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not dna because genes can be rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not dna because genes can be rna
+sometimes in a virus for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in a virus for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in a virus for example
+but let us say that a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let us say that a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let us say that a gene
+are the nucleic acid instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nucleic acid instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nucleic acid instructions
+in order to define a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to define a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to define a product
+and the product can be rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product can be rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product can be rna
+or it can be a protein the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be a protein the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be a protein the gene
+is usually dna as i've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually dna as i've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually dna as i've mentioned
+and it is as we discussed the unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is as we discussed the unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is as we discussed the unit of
+hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary
+the notion of information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of information transfer
+is part and parcel of the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part and parcel of the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part and parcel of the field of
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+called molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molecular biology
+so molecular biology a term you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so molecular biology a term you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so molecular biology a term you should
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+includes biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes biological
+information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+and in this notion of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this notion of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this notion of information
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+the gene usually dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene usually dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene usually dna
+replicates it makes more of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates it makes more of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates it makes more of itself
+the gene is copied into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene is copied into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene is copied into another
+related nucleic acid rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related nucleic acid rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related nucleic acid rna
+so the gene is copied into rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene is copied into rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene is copied into rna
+and the process involved here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process involved here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process involved here is called
+transcription and then the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and then the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and then the rna
+is used in a process called translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in a process called translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in a process called translation
+to make a protein so the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a protein so the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a protein so the rna
+is translated into protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translated into protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translated into protein
+this is the information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the information transfer
+and it's often graphically represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often graphically represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often graphically represented
+as dna replicating itself with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dna replicating itself with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dna replicating itself with the
+circular arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular arrow
+leading to production of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to production of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to production of rna
+and leading to production of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leading to production of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leading to production of protein
+some of these arrows can go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these arrows can go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these arrows can go backwards
+but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these
+are really the essential arrows that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the essential arrows that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the essential arrows that you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+to understand information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can depict this graphically dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can depict this graphically dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can depict this graphically dna
+making rna and making protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making rna and making protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making rna and making protein
+so that's something about the gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something about the gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something about the gene and
+information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+let's now talk about some rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now talk about some rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now talk about some rules of
+dna these rules of dna are incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna these rules of dna are incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna these rules of dna are incredibly
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and with them you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with them you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with them you'll be able to
+manipulate nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate nucleic acid
+and understand this information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand this information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand this information transfer
+pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+here they go dna rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go dna rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go dna rules
+it does here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does here they are
+we talked last time about nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about nucleotides
+we talked about a g c and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about a g c and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about a g c and t
+and u in rna what i didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u in rna what i didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u in rna what i didn't tell you
+is that those nucleotides can hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those nucleotides can hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those nucleotides can hydrogen
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+to one another and they do that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another and they do that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another and they do that in a
+very defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very defined
+stereotypical always the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical always the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical always the same way
+such that so the bases hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that so the bases hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that so the bases hydrogen bond
+such that a makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a makes
+two hydrogen bonds with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen bonds with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen bonds with t
+and g makes three hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g makes three hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g makes three hydrogen bonds
+with c this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with c this is called
+base pairing and what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairing and what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairing and what it does
+is to allow two strands of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to allow two strands of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to allow two strands of dna
+to hydrogen bond to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen bond to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen bond to one another
+if the bases match in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bases match in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bases match in
+a way that is called complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is called complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is called complementary
+so the base pairing is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the base pairing is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the base pairing is associated
+with complementary dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complementary dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with complementary dna
+strands for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands for example
+we could write a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a a
+t c and that would be one strand of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t c and that would be one strand of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t c and that would be one strand of dna
+and we would know what the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would know what the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would know what the opposite
+strand of dna looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of dna looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of dna looked like
+because of these rules of base pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these rules of base pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these rules of base pairing
+the other strand would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other strand would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other strand would be
+t opposite the a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t opposite the a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t opposite the a t
+a opposite the t and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a opposite the t and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a opposite the t and g
+those are our complementary strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our complementary strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our complementary strands
+but there's more remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more remember
+that five prime and three prime that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five prime and three prime that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five prime and three prime that we
+talked about the five prime phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the five prime phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the five prime phosphate
+the three prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime hydroxyl
+we have to put those somewhere in i told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to put those somewhere in i told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to put those somewhere in i told
+you you always had to write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you always had to write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you always had to write them
+if we put in the five prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put in the five prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put in the five prime and the
+three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime
+ends look what we see here's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends look what we see here's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends look what we see here's five
+prime aatc and on the other end is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime aatc and on the other end is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime aatc and on the other end is 3
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+the complementary matching strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary matching strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary matching strand
+goes the other way 3 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the other way 3 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the other way 3 prime
+t t a g and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t a g and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t a g and five
+prime on the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime on the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime on the other end
+this arrangement whereby the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrangement whereby the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrangement whereby the
+complementary or base paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary or base paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary or base paired
+strands go in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands go in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands go in opposite directions
+is called an anti-parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an anti-parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an anti-parallel
+arrangement and it is how nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and it is how nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and it is how nucleic acids
+always lie when they are base paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lie when they are base paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always lie when they are base paired
+so these are called anti-parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are called anti-parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are called anti-parallel
+strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+this rule these rules of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule these rules of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule these rules of dna
+really make double stranded nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make double stranded nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make double stranded nucleic acid
+especially dna very very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially dna very very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially dna very very stable
+so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about
+the notion of double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of double stranded
+or ds dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ds dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ds dna
+as the kind of currency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the kind of currency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the kind of currency of
+the gene and then the last thing i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene and then the last thing i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene and then the last thing i want
+to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you
+in these dna rules is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these dna rules is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these dna rules is something we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+previously when you add on nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when you add on nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when you add on nucleotides
+to nucleic acid they always add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleic acid they always add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleic acid they always add
+to the three prime end to that free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three prime end to that free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three prime end to that free
+three prime hydroxyl so we will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl so we will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl so we will write
+this over here as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here as a reminder
+three prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl
+nucleotide addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide addition
+and this is a reminder from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reminder from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a reminder from what we
+spoke about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about last time
+let's look at some slides that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some slides that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some slides that have to
+do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these
+really important dna rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important dna rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important dna rules
+here are the base pairs guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the base pairs guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the base pairs guanine
+base pairing with cytosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adenine base pairing with thymine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine base pairing with thymine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine base pairing with thymine
+through three or two double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this base pairing leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base pairing leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base pairing leads to
+very stable double-stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable double-stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable double-stranded dna
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+that roll up because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roll up because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roll up because of the
+thermodynamics involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics involved
+into this famous double helix that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this famous double helix that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this famous double helix that you
+may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of
+so the double helix is double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the double helix is double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the double helix is double-stranded
+dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+that takes on this particular spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes on this particular spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes on this particular spiral
+or helical structure because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helical structure because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helical structure because it is a
+chemically stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically stable
+structure this is what genes are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is what genes are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is what genes are made of
+and you will see in a moment why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see in a moment why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see in a moment why this is
+so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important
+for hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this reminds you i took it from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reminds you i took it from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reminds you i took it from one of
+our previous slides this reminds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous slides this reminds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous slides this reminds you
+that the free hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the free hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the free hydroxyl group
+on the last nucleotide is the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last nucleotide is the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last nucleotide is the place
+where the next nucleotide adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next nucleotide adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next nucleotide adds
+and the direction of nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction of nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction of nucleic acid
+polymerization goes from five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization goes from five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization goes from five
+prime to three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good now it's time for you to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now it's time for you to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now it's time for you to practice
+using some of these concepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these concepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these concepts and
+practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+some dna rules
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7BpomdjZ_Os.txt b/7BpomdjZ_Os.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ba60bd6dbeb1f763ce4e1f333bf85b5531f0517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7BpomdjZ_Os.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2035 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're going to
+pick up where we left off last
+
+Friday on recursion.
+
+Well first of all, can anyone
+tell me what recursion is or
+
+what a recursive function is?
+
+No one knows.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: To divide
+and conquer.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It's a divide-and-conquer
+technique.
+
+How does it do it?
+
+It's a recursive function.
+
+AUDIENCE: You have
+a base case.
+
+And usually a return function,
+you return
+
+the value of something.
+
+But because you keep returning
+the function back.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it's a function that
+calls itself.
+
+And it works by one, identifying
+a base case, which
+
+is the smallest sub-problem
+possible.
+
+And then in the other case, the
+recursive case, it tries
+
+to chunk the problem down into
+a smaller sub-problem that it
+
+then solves by calling itself.
+
+So we went over a
+few examples.
+
+And one of the things that we
+wanted to talk about is that
+
+for many problems, a recursive
+function can be written
+
+iteratively, or actually
+for most problems.
+
+So there usually is some sort of
+a subjective choice in how
+
+to write a function.
+
+And it really comes down to
+ease of understanding.
+
+So what we've done is we've
+taken a couple of the
+
+algorithms that we
+showed last week.
+
+And we've written them
+iteratively.
+
+We also have the recursive
+version.
+
+We'll compare and contrast and
+see where we would want to use
+
+a recursive function.
+
+So on the screen on the
+left here, we have the
+
+multiplication version, the
+recursive multiplication, that
+
+we showed you last week.
+
+It's a little different because
+it turns out there's a
+
+couple of simplifications
+you can make.
+
+Can someone walk me through
+how this works?
+
+So what's my base case first?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0
+
+PROFESSOR: 0, right?
+
+And so obviously when n is 0, if
+we multiply by 0, then our
+
+result is 0.
+
+Now there are two
+recursive cases.
+
+And I'm not really sure how to
+explain this intuitively.
+
+But let's say that
+my n is positive.
+
+So I'm multiplying
+by a positive n.
+
+Well, then all I'm going to do
+is take m and just add it to
+
+the recursive version of
+itself n minus 1 times.
+
+That's how to read that.
+
+And then analogously, if n is
+less than or equal to 1, then
+
+I'm going to take negative m and
+add the recursive result
+
+of n plus 1 times m.
+
+It is not too intuitive right?
+
+So if we implement it
+iteratively though, I think
+
+it's a little easier
+to understand.
+
+Now this is also a subjective
+judgment,
+
+so you might disagree.
+
+You're free to.
+
+Here's our base case again. n is
+equal to 0 or m is equal to
+
+0, return 0.
+
+In this case though, if we don't
+have the base case, then
+
+we're going to initialize
+the result variable.
+
+And then for n is greater than
+or equal to 1, we're just
+
+going to enter a while
+loop and keep adding
+
+m to result n times.
+
+It's a little bit easier to
+understand I think than the
+
+recursive version.
+
+And then same thing for--
+
+Oh I have a bug here.
+
+Same thing for n is less than
+equal to negative 1.
+
+So I'm going to run the two
+versions of this function.
+
+So here's the recursive
+version and here's the
+
+iterative function.
+
+They both return the
+same exact thing.
+
+They both work in generally
+the same manner.
+
+It's just that in one case we're
+using recursion to solve
+
+it, which I don't find
+too intuitive.
+
+And the other case, we're
+using WHILE loops.
+
+All right.
+
+So in this case in my opinion,
+writing this iteratively, it
+
+makes a little bit more
+intuitive sense.
+
+But in other cases, let's say
+good old Fibonacci, we can
+
+write the recursive
+version and then
+
+the iterative version.
+
+So here's recursive Fibonacci.
+
+We have our base
+case or cases.
+
+And then we have our
+recursive case.
+
+You can almost rewrite
+the mathematical
+
+formula from this directly.
+
+All right now.
+
+Now what was it?
+
+So here's the iterative
+version of Fibonacci.
+
+We still have our base case.
+
+But when we get to what was the
+recursive case, we have to
+
+do a lot of bookkeeping.
+
+We have to save off the previous
+Fibonacci what we're
+
+currently computing.
+
+And then we have to iterate,
+get the next Fibonacci and
+
+then save off the prior
+versions of it.
+
+This is all stuff that in the
+recursive version gets done
+
+for us by virtue of just calling
+another function.
+
+So this is an example of a
+case where your recursive
+
+version is actually a little
+bit easier to understand.
+
+Doesn't mean that it's
+more efficient.
+
+And later on in the class we'll
+actually use this to
+
+talk about complexity.
+
+But the left version I think is
+easier to understand than
+
+the right version.
+
+Are there any disagreements?
+
+If you disagree, I'm not
+going to bite you.
+
+So anyway, we can run this.
+
+And we can see that the
+output's identical.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's x-range?
+
+PROFESSOR: x-range?
+
+Probably something I shouldn't
+have put in there.
+
+x-range is like range, except
+that it returns what's known
+
+as a generator object that
+you can iterate over.
+
+So that I don't have to explain
+that right now--
+
+Well actually, we'll probably
+talk about it
+
+later in the semester.
+
+The difference is efficiency.
+
+Range will return an
+entire list to you.
+
+Whereas x-range is a little bit
+more conservative in how
+
+it manages it's memory
+for these purposes.
+
+But changing it won't make a
+difference in the program.
+
+And for a program as simple as
+this, range is perfectly fine.
+
+I just used x-range
+out of habit.
+
+So we'll do one last example.
+
+And then we'll move on
+to a different topic.
+
+If I didn't mention it before,
+in problem set 4, recursion is
+
+highly recommended for the
+final portion of it.
+
+So it's kind of important you
+understand what's going on.
+
+Anyway, so remember we
+looked at bisection
+
+early on in the semester.
+
+And we showed you an iterative
+version of bisection.
+
+This shouldn't really
+be unfamiliar to
+
+anyone at this point.
+
+So all this is doing is finding
+the square root of a
+
+number using bisection search.
+
+And we set our low and our
+high, get our midpoint.
+
+And we just keep looping until
+we get a value that when we
+
+square it is close
+enough to x.
+
+And on each iteration we set
+our lows and our highs,
+
+depending on how good
+our guess was.
+
+Now the recursive version
+looks like this.
+
+It has a few more
+lines of code.
+
+And before I launch into it,
+did we explain default
+
+parameters to you,
+for functions?
+
+So Python has this feature where
+if you have a function
+
+such as rec bisection search,
+you can specify that certain
+
+parameters are optional
+or you can give
+
+default values to them.
+
+So let's just show a
+simple example so I
+
+can get past this.
+
+So if I define this function,
+this one's really easy.
+
+All it's going to do
+is print out x.
+
+I can call it like this, in
+which case it's going to pass
+
+150 in and x will be 150 when
+the function's executing.
+
+See I'm not lying.
+
+Or I can call it like this.
+
+And it'll be 100.
+
+So that's, in a nutshell, what
+default parameters do for you.
+
+They're useful in some
+instances, as in this example.
+
+So in this recursive version of
+bisection square root, we
+
+have a low and a high parameter
+that we specify.
+
+It's exactly equivalent to the
+low and the high parameter in
+
+this iterative version.
+
+This is a common idiom for
+recursive functions in Python.
+
+If we're calling it for the
+first time, we're not going to
+
+specify in a low and a high.
+
+So low and high will be none
+coming into this function.
+
+And then we just set
+them as we did in
+
+this iterative version.
+
+And then we set the midpoint.
+
+And then we have slightly
+different structure here.
+
+If the midpoint that we guess is
+close enough to the square
+
+root of x, then we just
+return the midpoint.
+
+On the other hand, if it's too
+low of a guess, then we're
+
+going to recursively call
+ourselves with the same x,
+
+same epsilon, but we're
+going to use
+
+midpoint for the low parameter.
+
+So midpoint, in this
+case, is here and
+
+the same high parameter.
+
+And then if we've guessed
+too high, then our low
+
+parameter is low.
+
+And then our high parameter's
+the midpoint.
+
+So it's doing the exact
+same thing as
+
+the iterative version.
+
+We have recursive, iterative,
+recursive, iterative.
+
+Same thing, just different
+forms.
+
+All right.
+
+Before I leave recursion, does
+anyone have any questions, or
+
+want to ask anything,
+or complain?
+
+No?
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you use a lot of
+recursion in your work?
+
+Do you normally use iterative
+or recursion?
+
+Or is it just case by case?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's case by case.
+
+It depends on the problem.
+
+And what we are trying to show
+here is that there are some
+
+problems that are better
+expressed recursively and
+
+others that are better expressed
+iteratively.
+
+And by better, it's a very
+subjective term.
+
+In my mind, it means more
+intuitive, easier to
+
+understand.
+
+It allows you to focus on
+solving the problem rather
+
+than fiddling with code.
+
+On the other hand, sometimes
+efficiency comes into play.
+
+And we're going to be talking
+about that pretty shortly.
+
+And in that case, you might want
+to do a recursive version
+
+because it's easier
+to understand.
+
+But it takes too long
+to run, so you write
+
+an iterative version.
+
+Computer programming, in a lot
+of cases, actually in all
+
+cases, is a bunch
+of trade offs.
+
+Often times you'll trade off
+speed for memory, elegance for
+
+efficiency, that
+sort of thing.
+
+And part of the skill of
+becoming good computer
+
+programmers is figuring
+out where those
+
+balance points are.
+
+And it's something that I think
+comes only comes with
+
+experience.
+
+All right, so we've talked about
+floating point to death.
+
+But we just want to really
+emphasize it.
+
+Because it's something that
+even for experienced
+
+programmers, still
+trips us up.
+
+So the thing that we want you to
+understand is that floating
+
+point is inexact.
+
+So you shouldn't compare
+for exact equality.
+
+So looking at the code here,
+I have to find a variable
+
+10/100, which is just 10 over
+100, and 1/100, which is just
+
+1 over 100, and then 9/100,
+which is 9 over 100.
+
+And so in real math, this
+condition would be true.
+
+I add 1/100 and 9/100.
+
+I should get 10/100.
+
+So if we were not dealing
+in computer land,
+
+this would print out.
+
+But because we are dealing in
+computer-land, we get that.
+
+And the reason is because of
+Python's representation.
+
+Now when you write print x, if
+x is a float variable, Python
+
+does a little bit of nice
+formatting for you.
+
+It kind of saves you from its
+internal representation.
+
+So here is 10/100, as you
+just printed out.
+
+It's what you would
+expect it to be.
+
+But this is what Python sees
+when it does its math.
+
+And it's not just Python.
+
+This applies for anything
+on a binary computer.
+
+It's an inherent limitation.
+
+And you know we can
+get arbitrarily
+
+close, but never exact.
+
+And then again, we have 1/100
+and 9/100, Python
+
+will show us 0.1.
+
+So when you print these out,
+they'll look fine.
+
+If you were writing debugging
+code and you were wondering
+
+why if you compared x to y, it
+wasn't exactly equal, you
+
+would naturally print out
+x and then print out y.
+
+But it would look
+equal to you.
+
+But the code wouldn't
+be working properly.
+
+Well the reason is, is that the
+internal application that
+
+Python is using to compare
+them is that.
+
+So what's the solution?
+
+It's a natural question.
+
+I don't know the answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they're close
+enough, then it would be
+
+inside variance--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We're going to say
+good enough.
+
+And the traditional way of
+representing that is epsilon.
+
+Epsilon, you've seen in
+your problem sets.
+
+And you've seen it
+in code before.
+
+And if you've come to office
+hours, someone's probably
+
+explained it to you.
+
+Epsilon is the amount of error
+we're willing to tolerate in
+
+our calculations.
+
+So in Python-land, you can
+have arbitrary precision.
+
+Don't quote me on that though.
+
+But for purposes of this class,
+if you're using an
+
+epsilon it's like 0.0001,
+we're not
+
+going to get too upset.
+
+All this function does, and this
+is a handy function to
+
+keep around, is it just tests to
+see if the distance between
+
+x and y are less than epsilon.
+
+If it is, then we say they're
+close enough to each other to
+
+be considered equal.
+
+So I don't like the function
+named compare.
+
+I don't think it's intuitive.
+
+Close enough is probably
+better.
+
+But it's also going
+to break my code.
+
+Uh oh.
+
+This is an actual bug.
+
+Line 203.
+
+What did I do to myself?
+
+I commented out my definition
+is what I did.
+
+All right.
+
+So if we compare the two values,
+10/100 and 1/100 plus
+
+9/100 and we use our close
+enough, our compare function,
+
+then yeah it's within epsilon.
+
+Again, notice here that we're
+using a default parameter.
+
+So if we don't pass in
+something explicitly.
+
+So I can say something
+like this.
+
+Let's make epsilon
+really tiny.
+
+So if I make epsilon really,
+really tiny, then it's
+
+going to say no.
+
+So how you determine epsilon
+really depends on your
+
+specific application.
+
+If you're doing high precision
+mathematics, you're modeling
+
+faults on a bridge or something,
+probably I want to
+
+be pretty precise.
+
+Because if you have the wrong
+epsilon, then you might have
+
+cars falling of the bridge
+or the bridge collapsing.
+
+And it would just
+be a bad day.
+
+So are there any questions so
+far about floating point?
+
+No.
+
+AUDIENCE: You normally
+go as close as the
+
+areas will let you.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can't get
+as close anymore.
+
+How can you make the
+error that small.
+
+Because it's not going
+to get that close.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well yeah,
+that's what I mean.
+
+So there is a limit to how
+close you can get.
+
+And it depends on the
+language and it also
+
+depends on the hardware.
+
+There are, and this group is
+getting a little bit more
+
+technical than I want, but you
+can define pretty precisely
+
+the smallest value that
+epsilon can be.
+
+In a language like C, its
+defined as the minimum
+
+difference between two floating
+point variables
+
+that's representable on the
+host machine's hardware.
+
+So yeah, there is a limit.
+
+There are some math packages
+though, and we'll be using
+
+something called NumPy later
+on the semester, that allow
+
+you to do pretty high precision
+mathematics.
+
+Keep that in the back
+of your mind.
+
+But yeah you're right.
+
+You do eventually hit a limit.
+
+OK so the last thing that I
+want to cover on floating
+
+point is that even though it's
+inexact, it's consistent.
+
+So let's say I define a variable
+9/100 plus 1/100.
+
+And it's exactly what it
+says, 9/100 plus 1/100.
+
+Now we know that this is not
+going to equal 10/100, right.
+
+We just demonstrated
+that ad nauseum.
+
+And also, yeah, still defined.
+
+The question though is, if I
+subtract 1/100 from this
+
+variable that I've defined, this
+9/100 plus 1/100, will
+
+9/100 now be equal to
+9/100 plus 1/100?
+
+So in other words, will
+this be true?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+And the reason is that if I'm
+adding or subtracting, even
+
+though 1/100 we know is an
+inexact representation, it's
+
+still the same.
+
+And so when we do the
+subtraction, we're subtracting
+
+the same inexact value.
+
+So this appeared as a quiz
+question at one point.
+
+It probably won't
+this semester.
+
+But it's something
+to keep in mind.
+
+So any questions on
+floating point?
+
+If you're a mathy type and want
+to, look up IEEE 754.
+
+And this will give you all
+the gory details about
+
+representation and mathematical
+operations on
+
+floating point.
+
+And if you don't, then
+don't worry about it.
+
+It's not required
+for the class.
+
+OK.
+
+So the next topic we want
+to cover is pseudocode.
+
+So can someone take a stab at
+defining pseudocode for me?
+
+AUDIENCE: From what I gathered,
+it's basically
+
+you're writing out what you're
+planning on doing in just
+
+normal English.
+
+PROFESSOR: I wouldn't just
+say normal English.
+
+But it's an English of sorts.
+
+And a lot of the difficulty
+that programmers have with
+
+writing programs or new programs
+is that we don't
+
+naturally think in computer
+languages.
+
+You think in English.
+
+Or well, you think in
+a human language.
+
+So what pseudocode allows us to
+do is to kind of be in the
+
+intermediate.
+
+We still want to develop a
+step by step process for
+
+solving a problem, but we want
+to be able to describe it in
+
+words and not variables
+and syntax.
+
+Sometimes what'll happen is
+programmers will get so
+
+wrapped around kind of getting
+the syntax right that they'll
+
+forget the problem that they're
+
+actually trying to solve.
+
+So let's walk through
+an example.
+
+Let's talk about pseudocode
+for Hangman.
+
+And because you've all done
+this on the problem set, I
+
+don't have to explain
+the rules right.
+
+So what would be a good
+kind of English
+
+first step for Hangman?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have
+to choose a word.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So let's not be too specific.
+
+We'll just say, select
+random word.
+
+OK.
+
+Now what would be another
+good step, next step.
+
+AUDIENCE: Display the amount
+of spaces maybe?
+
+PROFESSOR: So display a masked
+version of the word.
+
+AUDIENCE: Exactly.
+
+Hide the word but display it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hide the word
+but display it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, display
+the amount of spaces.
+
+You probably want to state how
+many letters are in the word
+
+at some point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah, that's
+a good point.
+
+Where should that go?
+
+AUDIENCE: That should probably
+be before the display.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So tell how many letters.
+
+All right.
+
+Now what would come
+after this?
+
+AUDIENCE: After display?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: See how many letters
+you have to choose from.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: First time
+you don't.
+
+PROFESSOR: At first
+time you don't.
+
+But the nice thing about
+pseudocode is that we can barf
+
+things onto paper and then
+rearrange them as we--
+
+It's sort of like brainstorming
+in a sense.
+
+You're trying to derive
+the structure.
+
+And it's easier to do like
+this than to try
+
+and do it in code.
+
+But yeah, you're right.
+
+You don't have to.
+
+AUDIENCE: You would ask the
+person to put a letter.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+For a letter.
+
+And then what would
+come after that?
+
+AUDIENCE: So then you want
+to check if it's the --
+
+PROFESSOR: Check if
+it's in the word.
+
+All right.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: If it is--
+
+PROFESSOR: If it is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Add it to the word.
+
+PROFESSOR: Add, let's say,
+to correct letters guess.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And if it isn't?
+
+AUDIENCE: If it isn't,
+reject it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's say--
+
+AUDIENCE: You want to remove
+it from the options.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if it's not, then
+we're going to remove
+
+from options.
+
+So letters remaining.
+
+Probably want to tell the
+user they're wrong too.
+
+AUDIENCE: And use up a turn.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You want
+to use up a turn.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then you
+use up a turn.
+
+If you had a set amount
+of turns.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so we're
+actually going get
+
+to that in a second.
+
+AUDIENCE: I sent last week.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] game.
+
+PROFESSOR: I actually played
+all of your Hangman games.
+
+It was quite fun.
+
+So again, yeah you're right.
+
+So we have a number of guesses
+that are remaining.
+
+And the thing is that we know
+that the user has a certain
+
+number of terms.
+
+So we're probably going to
+repeat a lot of this.
+
+So at some point, we probably
+want to have a WHILE.
+
+It'll just say, WHILE we have
+guesses left remaining.
+
+By the way, the reason why I
+program computers is because
+
+my handwriting is horrible.
+
+So WHILE we have guesses
+remaining, we're going to keep
+
+doing all this.
+
+All right?
+
+And then we're going
+to remove--
+
+But is this the only
+stopping criteria?
+
+What if they win?
+
+So WHILE they have guesses
+remaining and
+
+the word is not guessed.
+
+So this is in essence your
+Hangman program.
+
+It's English language.
+
+It's not easy to read because
+that's my handwriting.
+
+But it's kind of easy
+to understand it at
+
+an intuitive level.
+
+And the reason we're talking
+about this is because we're
+
+going to get to some more
+complicated programs as we
+
+move through the semester.
+
+And a good starting off point
+for a lot of you, when you're
+
+trying to do your problem sets,
+is instead of trying to
+
+jump right into the coding
+portion of it, to sit down
+
+with a piece of paper, index
+cards, or a whiteboard and
+
+kind of sketch out a high level
+view of the algorithm.
+
+So that we can see this
+in code form.
+
+So let's say that I want to
+write a function that tests a
+
+number to see if it's prime.
+
+First question is, what
+is a prime number?
+
+AUDIENCE: One where the only
+factors are 1 and itself.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So a number that is only
+divisible by itself and 1.
+
+Are even numbers prime?
+
+Can they ever be prime?
+
+Really?
+
+What about 2?
+
+Right.
+
+So 2 is one of our
+special cases.
+
+All right.
+
+So what would be maybe a good
+starting off point for
+
+pseudocode to test primality,
+knowing those facts.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Can I erase this or should
+I leave it up?
+
+Because I can go over there.
+
+It's not like I'm erasing
+any deep dark secrets.
+
+There's no magic here.
+
+All right so test number, if,
+what, equal to, say what?
+
+2?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Why not?
+
+And maybe 3.
+
+Now what do I do if it is?
+
+Are they prime?
+
+So I'm done right.
+
+So I'm going to return true.
+
+Now what do I do if the number
+given is not 2 or 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You're talking about
+the module operator.
+
+Right.
+
+So we will use that.
+
+That will tell us whether or not
+an integer divides evenly
+
+into another integer or the
+remainder after an integer is
+
+divided into another integer.
+
+Let me ask you another
+question.
+
+What is the maximum value of
+an integer divisor for a
+
+non-prime number?
+
+So for a composite number.
+
+AUDIENCE: So itself.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Number itself.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, excluding
+the number itself.
+
+Well let's say that I have n
+as the number I'm testing,
+
+square root of n, because I'm
+not going to have a factor
+
+that's larger than that.
+
+And I ask that because there's
+a loop involved.
+
+So how would I go about
+this systematically?
+
+I'd probably start
+at, let's say 5.
+
+OK.
+
+And then test if n modula, let's
+say 5, is equal to 0.
+
+Now if n is evenly divisible by
+5, then that must mean that
+
+n is composite, because
+5 is a factor.
+
+So if it is then return false.
+
+Now what if it isn't?
+
+So that means that n is not
+evenly divisible by 5.
+
+Does that mean that the number's
+automatically prime?
+
+So after 5, what would
+be a good number to
+
+test, to move to?
+
+All right.
+
+6?
+
+No.
+
+That wouldn't be it.
+
+Because if 6 is a factor,
+then obviously it's not.
+
+Whatever.
+
+So we're going to
+move on to 7.
+
+So basically we're going to
+test all the odd numbers.
+
+And this is going to be
+the same as that.
+
+So this repetition indicates
+here that I
+
+probably need a loop.
+
+So instead of doing this, I want
+to say x is equal to 5
+
+while x is less than--
+
+We're going to test if
+x evenly divides n.
+
+And if it does, return false.
+
+And if it doesn't, then we just
+increment x and repeat.
+
+And what happens when x
+becomes greater than
+
+square root of n?
+
+Well the WHILE loop's
+going to stop.
+
+And that also means that if I've
+made it to that point,
+
+then I've not found any numbers
+between 5 and square
+
+root of n that will
+evenly divide n.
+
+So that means that n is prime.
+
+So if I translate this into
+code, it would look
+
+something like this.
+
+Now I see.
+
+So first we're going to
+check if n is less
+
+than or equal to 3.
+
+If it's 2 or 3, then
+we'll return true.
+
+If it's not 2 or 3, then
+that means it's 1 or 0.
+
+So return false.
+
+So we've got those cases.
+
+And then we're going
+to iterate--
+
+or if n is greater than 3,
+we're going to iterate--
+
+now why would you go from 2--
+
+we're going to integrate through
+all the possible
+
+divisors and check
+for divisibility.
+
+And if we evenly divide
+it, return false.
+
+And if we make it through the
+loop, we'd return true.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that RETURN
+stop the loop?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Well think about what
+RETURN is doing.
+
+You're in this function, test
+primality, And as soon as
+
+Python sees return, that's
+telling Python to kick out of
+
+the function and return
+whatever is
+
+after the return statement.
+
+So this false here, it says
+return false, that means that
+
+it doesn't matter where you are,
+it's just going to kick
+
+out of the innermost function or
+the function that encloses
+
+that return and return
+that value.
+
+Any questions?
+
+All right.
+
+So testing primality, 1 is
+false, 2 is true, 3 is true, 4
+
+is false, and 5 is true.
+
+So it looks like the
+program works.
+
+And if no one has any questions,
+I'm going to move
+
+on to the last major topic.
+
+Everyone's good on pseudocode?
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: What would the main
+purpose of pseudocode is for
+
+yourself when you're writing a
+program or when you want to
+
+explain it to other people?
+
+PROFESSOR: Both.
+
+So the question was, is writing
+pseudocode useful for
+
+just understanding a program
+yourself or for explaining it
+
+to other people?
+
+The answer is both.
+
+I don't know.
+
+It's the difference between
+showing someone the derivative
+
+of the function and then
+explaining that what you're
+
+doing is finding a function that
+gives you the slope of a
+
+function at that point.
+
+So it's one is more
+intuitive for some
+
+people than the other.
+
+A mathematician would
+understand the
+
+former pretty quickly.
+
+An English major would
+understand the latter maybe.
+
+So when I explain my research
+to people, I don't tell them
+
+that I mess around with Gaussian
+Mixture models and
+
+Hidden Markov models.
+
+I tell them that I'm trying
+to figure out how people
+
+mispronounce words when they
+speak foreign languages.
+
+A lot easier for people
+to digest.
+
+With debugging, what are bugs?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mistakes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mistakes.
+
+And if you see one bug, there
+are probably many more.
+
+So when you're debugging, your
+goal is not to move quickly.
+
+This is an instance where the
+maxim fast is slow and slow is
+
+fast comes into play.
+
+You want to be very deliberate
+and systematic when you're
+
+trying to debug code.
+
+You want to ask the question
+why your code is
+
+doing what it does.
+
+And remember, the first
+recitation I said, that your
+
+computer's not going to do
+anything that you do
+
+not tell it to do.
+
+It's not something that
+people do naturally.
+
+If you watch some of the TAs and
+sometimes a student will
+
+say, how do you find
+the bug so quickly?
+
+Well it's because I've been
+programming for 18 years.
+
+Professor Guttag's
+been programming
+
+for longer than that.
+
+So a lot of it is experience.
+
+And it's just when we've debug
+our own programs and when we
+
+were learning to program, it
+was as painful for us as it
+
+was for you.
+
+So that said, you want to start
+with asking, how could
+
+your code have produced the
+output that it did?
+
+Then you want to figure out
+some experiments that are
+
+repeatable and that you have
+an idea of what the
+
+output should be.
+
+So after you do that, then you
+want to test your code one by
+
+one on these different test
+cases and see what it does.
+
+And in order to see
+what it does, you
+
+can use a print statement.
+
+So when you think you found a
+bug and you think you have a
+
+solution to your code, you want
+to make as few changes as
+
+possible at a time, it's because
+as you're making
+
+corrections, you can still
+introduce bugs.
+
+Let's see.
+
+So a useful way to do this
+is to use a test harness.
+
+So when we actually grade your
+problem sets, a lot of the
+
+time the TAs will put together
+a set of test
+
+cases for your code.
+
+So one of the things is a lot of
+the times when you get one
+
+of the problems or when you look
+at the problems, it'll
+
+have some example input
+and output.
+
+But that doesn't necessarily
+mean that we
+
+only test on that.
+
+There's additional test
+cases that we use.
+
+And it's not to trip you up.
+
+It's because there's a lot
+of different variations.
+
+And it's also, if you read the
+specification, you follow the
+
+specification, then
+you'll be fine.
+
+Moving on.
+
+So let's look at an example.
+
+I have a function here,
+is palindrome.
+
+You've seen this
+before, right?
+
+Yes?
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's supposed to return
+true if string s is a
+
+palindrome.
+
+And so I've written
+this function.
+
+And I've also written
+a test harness.
+
+Now there's a lot more code in
+the test harness, but it's
+
+pretty simple code.
+
+When you're writing functions,
+you want to think of the type
+
+of input you could receive.
+
+And you want to think
+of, what are the
+
+kind of boundary cases?
+
+So the extremes of input
+that you can get.
+
+We call these boundary
+cases, edge cases.
+
+For the is_palindrome function,
+it would be like the
+
+empty string would be one.
+
+Or just a single character.
+
+These are the kind of minimum
+we can have or
+
+we could think of.
+
+On the opposite end of the
+spectrum, theoretically we
+
+could have an infinitely
+long string.
+
+So we're not going to
+actually test for an
+
+infinitely long string.
+
+Anyway, all we're going to do is
+in our test harness, we're
+
+just going to run the function
+on these inputs.
+
+And we know that an empty
+string should be true.
+
+We know that a single character
+
+string should be true.
+
+We know that if I have a string
+that's two characters
+
+long and they're the
+same character,
+
+that should be true.
+
+If they're two characters,
+then it should be false.
+
+And what I'm going to do now
+is I'm looking at kind of
+
+expecting what we call
+expected input.
+
+So after I've hit my edge cases,
+I'm going to look at
+
+all the strings of an even
+length and make sure that the
+
+function works properly.
+
+And then I'm going to look at
+strings with an odd length.
+
+And then once I get to this
+point where I've tested a
+
+number of different lengths, and
+in this case, it's just 2
+
+through 5 or 0 through
+5, if you want to
+
+include the edge cases.
+
+Then I'm going to say, well it
+looks like all tests are pass.
+
+And I think that this function
+works pretty good for anything
+
+we can expect it to encounter
+reasonably.
+
+So the way that you use test
+harnesses, is every time you
+
+make a change to your program,
+you want to run the test
+
+harness, because that'll catch
+any bugs you may have
+
+introduced.
+
+And so I'm going to finish up
+with this really quickly
+
+because I know my time's up.
+
+So I got a bug.
+
+It's telling me that one of
+my test cases failed.
+
+So line 299, which is
+this test case.
+
+So what we can do is now that we
+know that it fails, we can
+
+say, maybe printout our input
+and see what we have.
+
+And instead of just running, I'm
+just going to run that one
+
+test case that failed.
+
+So obviously this
+should be true.
+
+And what we're seeing is that
+on the first call to
+
+is_palindrome, s is abba.
+
+And then on the recursive call
+to it, we only get bba.
+
+That means that we've
+only chopped
+
+of the front character.
+
+So you see the bug?
+
+Well here.
+
+So there we go.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8ueUXUTRlSQ.txt b/8ueUXUTRlSQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fad7c57533be9aeabad1c928dc00e657f3115c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8ueUXUTRlSQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+In this video, we're going to
+do an example in which we
+
+derive the probability density
+function of the sum of two
+
+random variables.
+
+The problem tells us
+the following.
+
+We're given that X and Y are
+independent random variables.
+
+X is a discrete random
+variable with PMF Px.
+
+Y is continuous with PDF Fy.
+
+And we'd like to compute the PDF
+of Z which is equal to X
+
+plus Y. We're going to use the
+standard approach here--
+
+compute the CDF of Z
+and then take the
+
+derivative to get the PDF.
+
+So in this case, the CDF, which
+is Fz, by definition is
+
+the random variable Z being
+less than little z.
+
+But Z is just X plus Y. So now,
+we'd actually like to,
+
+instead of having to deal with
+two random variables, X and Y,
+
+we'd like to deal with
+one at a time.
+
+And the total probability
+theorem allows us to do this
+
+by conditioning on one of the
+two random variables.
+
+Conditioning on Y here is a
+bit tricky, because Y is
+
+continuous, and you have to be
+careful with your definitions.
+
+So conditioning on X seems
+like the way to go.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+ 
+
+This is just the probability
+that X equals little x, which
+
+is exactly equal to the PMF
+of X evaluated at x.
+
+ 
+
+Now we're given we're fixing
+X equal to little x.
+
+So we can actually replace every
+instance of the random
+
+variable with little x.
+
+ 
+
+And now I'm going to just
+rearrange this so that it
+
+looks a little nicer.
+
+So I'm going to have Y on the
+left and say Y is less than z
+
+minus x, where z minus
+x is just a constant.
+
+Now, remember that X and
+Y are independent.
+
+So telling us something about X
+shouldn't change our beliefs
+
+about Y. So in this case,
+we can actually drop the
+
+conditioning.
+
+ 
+
+And this is exactly the CDF of
+Y evaluated at z minus x.
+
+ 
+
+So now we've simplified
+as far as we could.
+
+So let's take the derivative and
+see where that takes us.
+
+ 
+
+So the PDF of Z is, by
+definition, the derivative of
+
+the CDF, which we just
+computed here.
+
+This is sum over x
+Fy z minus x Px.
+
+What next?
+
+Interchange the derivative
+and the summation.
+
+ 
+
+And a note of caution here.
+
+ 
+
+So if x took on a finite number
+of values, you'd have a
+
+finite number of terms here.
+
+And this would be completely
+valid.
+
+You can just do this.
+
+But if x took on, for
+example, a countably
+
+infinite number of values--
+
+a geometric random variable,
+for example--
+
+this would actually require
+some formal justification.
+
+But I'm not going to
+get into that.
+
+So here, the derivative with
+respect to z-- this is
+
+actually z--
+
+is you use chain rule here.
+
+Px doesn't matter, because
+it's not a function of z.
+
+So we have Fy evaluated at z
+minus x according to the chain
+
+rule, and then the derivative of
+the inner quantity, z minus
+
+x, which is just 1.
+
+So we don't need to put
+anything there.
+
+And we get Px of x.
+
+So there we go.
+
+We've derived the PDF of z.
+
+Notice that this looks quite
+similar to the convolution
+
+formula when you assume that
+both X and Y are either
+
+continuous or discrete.
+
+And so that tells us that
+this looks right.
+
+So in summary, we've basically
+computed the PDF of X plus Y
+
+where X is discrete and
+Y is continuous.
+
+And we've used the standard
+two-step approach--
+
+compute the CDF and then take
+the derivative to get the PDF.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/92WaNz9mPeY.txt b/92WaNz9mPeY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfd31b6e475adc3c77dbffec9560f7a10b8f9166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/92WaNz9mPeY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15813 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu as I said my name is Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as I said my name is Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as I said my name is Ken
+Abbott uh I am the operating officer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abbott uh I am the operating officer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abbott uh I am the operating officer for
+firm risk management at Morgan Stanley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm risk management at Morgan Stanley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm risk management at Morgan Stanley
+which means I'm the everything else guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm the everything else guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm the everything else guy
+uh I'm like the the the normal stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm like the the the normal stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm like the the the normal stuff
+with a bar over it the complement of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar over it the complement of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar over it the complement of of
+of normal I I get all the odd stuff uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal I I get all the odd stuff uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal I I get all the odd stuff uh I
+I consider myself the Harvey kitel uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider myself the Harvey kitel uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider myself the Harvey kitel uh uh
+character you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you know the
+fixer uh and so I get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixer uh and so I get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixer uh and so I get a lot of
+interesting stuff to do I've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff to do I've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff to do I've covered
+Commodities I've covered fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities I've covered fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities I've covered fixed income
+I've covered equities I've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've covered equities I've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've covered equities I've covered
+credit ders I've covered mortgages now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ders I've covered mortgages now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ders I've covered mortgages now
+I'm also the the chief risk officer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also the the chief risk officer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also the the chief risk officer for
+the buy side at Morgan Stanley the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buy side at Morgan Stanley the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buy side at Morgan Stanley the
+investment management business and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment management business and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment management business and and
+the the private Equity Holdings that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private Equity Holdings that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the private Equity Holdings that we
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+and uh I look after a lot of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I look after a lot of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I look after a lot of that stuff
+and I sit on probably 40 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sit on probably 40 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sit on probably 40 different
+committees because it's become very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees because it's become very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees because it's become very very
+very bureaucratic but that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bureaucratic but that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bureaucratic but that's that's the
+way it goes um what I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it goes um what I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it goes um what I want to talk about
+today is some of the core approaches we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is some of the core approaches we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is some of the core approaches we
+use to measure risk in a market risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to measure risk in a market risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to measure risk in a market risk
+setting this is part of a a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this is part of a a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this is part of a a larger
+course I teach at a couple places uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I teach at a couple places uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I teach at a couple places uh uh
+I'm a I'm a triple Alum at NY NYU no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a I'm a triple Alum at NY NYU no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a I'm a triple Alum at NY NYU no I'm
+a double Alum and now I'm on the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double Alum and now I'm on the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double Alum and now I'm on the faculty
+different school I have a of Masters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different school I have a of Masters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different school I have a of Masters in
+in economics from their uh Arts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics from their uh Arts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics from their uh Arts and
+Sciences program I have a MERS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences program I have a MERS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences program I have a MERS in
+statistics from Stern when Stern used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics from Stern when Stern used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics from Stern when Stern used to
+have a stat program and now I teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stat program and now I teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stat program and now I teach at
+kurant um I also teach at Claremont and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kurant um I also teach at Claremont and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kurant um I also teach at Claremont and
+I teach at Baro part of that program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach at Baro part of that program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach at Baro part of that program so
+I've been through this material many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been through this material many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been through this material many
+times so what I want to do is lay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what I want to do is lay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what I want to do is lay the
+foundation for this this notion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for this this notion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for this this notion that we
+call Value risk this this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VAR about the let me put this back on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR about the let me put this back on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAR about the let me put this back on I
+got it I'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I'll make it
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+uh talk about it from a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about it from a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about it from a mathematical
+standpoint and from a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint and from a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint and from a statistical
+standpoint but also give you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but also give you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but also give you some of the
+intuition behind what it is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind what it is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind what it is that we're
+trying to do when we measure this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do when we measure this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do when we measure this thing
+um first a couple words about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first a couple words about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first a couple words about risk
+management what is it that risk do 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management what is it that risk do 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management what is it that risk do 25
+years ago uh maybe three firms had risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh maybe three firms had risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh maybe three firms had risk
+management groups I was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management groups I was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management groups I was part of the
+first Risk Management Group at Banker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Risk Management Group at Banker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Risk Management Group at Banker
+trust in 198 198 86 all right uh no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in 198 198 86 all right uh no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in 198 198 86 all right uh no one
+else had a risk management group as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had a risk management group as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had a risk management group as far
+as I know uh risk management really came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know uh risk management really came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know uh risk management really came
+to be or Market risk management really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or Market risk management really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or Market risk management really
+came to be in the uh in the late 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be in the uh in the late 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be in the uh in the late 80s
+credit risk management had obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk management had obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk management had obviously
+been around at in large financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around at in large financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around at in large financial
+institutions the whole time so our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the whole time so our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the whole time so our job
+is to make sure that management knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make sure that management knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make sure that management knows
+what's on the books so Step One is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the books so Step One is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the books so Step One is what
+is the risk profile of the firm how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk profile of the firm how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk profile of the firm how do I
+make sure that management is informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that management is informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that management is informed
+about this so it requires two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so it requires two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so it requires two things
+things one I have to know what the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one I have to know what the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one I have to know what the risk
+profile is because I have to know it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is because I have to know it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is because I have to know it in
+order to be able to communicate it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to communicate it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to communicate it but
+second thing equally importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing equally importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing equally importantly
+particularly important for you guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important for you guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important for you guys and
+girls is that you you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls is that you you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls is that you you need to be able to
+express relatively complex Concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express relatively complex Concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express relatively complex Concepts in
+simple words and pretty pictures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple words and pretty pictures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple words and pretty pictures all
+right chances are if you go to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chances are if you go to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chances are if you go to work for
+a big firm your boss won't be a Quant my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big firm your boss won't be a Quant my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big firm your boss won't be a Quant my
+boss happens to have a degree from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss happens to have a degree from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss happens to have a degree from
+Carnegie melan he can count to 11 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melan he can count to 11 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie melan he can count to 11 with
+his shoes on all right his boss is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his shoes on all right his boss is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his shoes on all right his boss is a
+lawyer his boss is the chairman all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer his boss is the chairman all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer his boss is the chairman all
+right commonly the most senior people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right commonly the most senior people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right commonly the most senior people
+are very very intelligent very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very intelligent very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very intelligent very very
+articulate very very learned but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate very very learned but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate very very learned but not
+necessarily quants many of them have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily quants many of them have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily quants many of them have had
+a year or two of calculus maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year or two of calculus maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year or two of calculus maybe even
+linear algebra but you can't count you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but you can't count you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but you can't count you
+you can't show them look when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't show them look when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't show them look when when you
+and I chat we talk about regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I chat we talk about regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I chat we talk about regression
+analysis I could say x transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I could say x transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I could say x transpose X
+inverse X transpose Y and those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose Y and those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose Y and those of you
+taking a regression course think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a regression course think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a regression course think
+Ah that's beta hat and we don't we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's beta hat and we don't we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's beta hat and we don't we could
+just stop it there I can just put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop it there I can just put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stop it there I can just put this
+form up there and and you may recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form up there and and you may recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form up there and and you may recognize
+it I'd have to spend 45 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd have to spend 45 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd have to spend 45 minutes
+explaining this to people on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this to people on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this to people on the top
+floor because this is not what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor because this is not what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor because this is not what they're
+studying so we can talk the code amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying so we can talk the code amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying so we can talk the code amongst
+ourselves but when we go outside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves but when we go outside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves but when we go outside our
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+group getting bigger uh we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group getting bigger uh we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group getting bigger uh we have to make
+sure that we can express ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we can express ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we can express ourselves
+clearly that's done in clear effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's done in clear effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's done in clear effective
+Pros and in graphs and I'll I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros and in graphs and I'll I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros and in graphs and I'll I'll show
+you some of that stuff as we go on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of that stuff as we go on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of that stuff as we go on so
+step one make sure management knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one make sure management knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one make sure management knows what
+the profile is step two protect the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile is step two protect the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile is step two protect the firm
+against unacceptably large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against unacceptably large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against unacceptably large
+concentrations this is the subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations this is the subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations this is the subjective
+part I can know the risk but how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I can know the risk but how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I can know the risk but how big is
+big how much is too much how much is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big how much is too much how much is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big how much is too much how much is too
+concentrated if I have a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated if I have a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated if I have a million dollars
+of sensitivity per basis point that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensitivity per basis point that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensitivity per basis point that's a
+one 100 to 1% move in a rate is that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 100 to 1% move in a rate is that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 100 to 1% move in a rate is that big
+is that small how do I know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that small how do I know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that small how do I know how much
+how much of a particular stock issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a particular stock issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a particular stock issue
+should I own how much of a bond issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I own how much of a bond issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I own how much of a bond issue
+how much of a Futures open how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a Futures open how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a Futures open how much
+Futures open interest how big a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures open interest how big a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures open interest how big a limit
+should I have in this type of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I have in this type of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I have in this type of risk
+that's where intuition and experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where intuition and experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where intuition and experience
+come into play so that's the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play so that's the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play so that's the second part
+of our job is to protect against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our job is to protect against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our job is to protect against
+unacceptably large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptably large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptably large
+losses so the third no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses so the third no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses so the third no
+surprises you can liken the trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises you can liken the trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises you can liken the trading
+business it's taking calculated risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's taking calculated risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's taking calculated risks
+sometimes sometimes you're going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes you're going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes you're going to lose
+many times you're going to lose if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you're going to lose if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times you're going to lose if in
+fact if you win 51% of the time life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you win 51% of the time life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you win 51% of the time life's
+pretty good all right so what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good all right so what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good all right so what you want
+to do is make sure you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is make sure you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is make sure you have the right
+information so you can estimate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you can estimate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you can estimate if
+things get bad how bad will they get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get bad how bad will they get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get bad how bad will they get and
+to use that we leverage a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that we leverage a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that we leverage a lot of
+relatively relatively simple uh Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively relatively simple uh Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively relatively simple uh Notions
+that we see in statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in statistics and
+so I should use a a coloring mask here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should use a a coloring mask here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should use a a coloring mask here
+not Spotlight we do a couple things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Spotlight we do a couple things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Spotlight we do a couple things just
+like the way when when they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way when when they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way when when they talk about
+the press in in your course about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press in in your course about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press in in your course about
+journalism we can shine a light anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalism we can shine a light anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalism we can shine a light anywhere
+we want and we do all the time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and we do all the time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and we do all the time you know
+what I'm going to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to think about this
+particular kind of risk I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of risk I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of risk I'm going to
+point out that this is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is really important
+you need to pay attention to it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay attention to it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay attention to it and then
+I can shade it I can make it blue I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shade it I can make it blue I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can shade it I can make it blue I can
+make it red I can make it green I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it red I can make it green I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it red I can make it green I can
+say this is good this is bad this is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is good this is bad this is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is good this is bad this is too
+big this is too small this is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this is too small this is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this is too small this is perfectly
+fine so that's just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's just a little bit of
+quick background on what we do all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick background on what we do all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick background on what we do all right
+so I'm going to go through as much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through as much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through as much of
+this as I can uh I'm going to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as I can uh I'm going to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as I can uh I'm going to fly
+through the first part and I want to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first part and I want to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the first part and I want to hit
+these because these are the ways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because these are the ways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because these are the ways that we
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we actually estimate risk variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually estimate risk variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually estimate risk variance
+co-variance is a quadratic form U mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance is a quadratic form U mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance is a quadratic form U mon
+Carl simulation the way I'll show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl simulation the way I'll show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl simulation the way I'll show you is
+based on a quadratic form and historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a quadratic form and historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a quadratic form and historical
+simulation is mon Carlo simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is mon Carlo simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is mon Carlo simulation
+without the mon Carlo part it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mon Carlo part it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the mon Carlo part it's it's
+using historical data and and I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using historical data and and I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using historical data and and I'll go
+through that uh fairly quickly questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that uh fairly quickly questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that uh fairly quickly questions
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+no excellent stop me if I say look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excellent stop me if I say look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excellent stop me if I say look if
+any one of you doesn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of you doesn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of you doesn't understand
+something I say probably many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I say probably many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I say probably many of you
+don't understand it I I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand it I I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand it I I don't know you
+guys so I don't know what you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so I don't know what you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so I don't know what you know and
+what you don't know so if there's a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't know so if there's a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't know so if there's a term
+that comes up you're not sure just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up you're not sure just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up you're not sure just say
+Ken and it's Ken I I I don't have a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken and it's Ken I I I don't have a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken and it's Ken I I I don't have a PhD
+I I work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I work for a
+living I make fun of academics you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living I make fun of academics you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living I make fun of academics you'll
+have to I know you work for a living too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I know you work for a living too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I know you work for a living too
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right there's a guy I teas at clont I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a guy I teas at clont I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a guy I teas at clont I in
+this class I said who has this pointy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I said who has this pointy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class I said who has this pointy
+headed academic for no only kiding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed academic for no only kiding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed academic for no only kiding all
+right so all right so I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all right so I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all right so I'm going to talk
+about one asset value risk first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one asset value risk first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one asset value risk first I'm
+going to introduce the notion of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce the notion of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce the notion of value
+risk talk about one asset about price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk talk about one asset about price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk talk about one asset about price
+based instruments we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based instruments we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based instruments we're going to go into
+into yield space we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into yield space we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into yield space we're going to talk
+about the conversions we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conversions we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the conversions we have to do
+there uh one thing I will do after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh one thing I will do after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh one thing I will do after this
+class is over since I know I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is over since I know I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is over since I know I'm going to
+fly through some material and since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through some material and since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through some material and since this
+is MIT I'm sure you're used to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT I'm sure you're used to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT I'm sure you're used to just
+flying through material and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through material and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through material and and there's
+a lot of this the proof of which is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this the proof of which is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this the proof of which is left
+to the reader as an exercise I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reader as an exercise I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reader as an exercise I'm sure
+you get a fair amount of that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a fair amount of that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a fair amount of that I will
+give you papers if you have questions my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you papers if you have questions my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you papers if you have questions my
+email is on the first page I welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email is on the first page I welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email is on the first page I welcome
+your questions I tell my students that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions I tell my students that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions I tell my students that
+every year I'm okay with you sending me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I'm okay with you sending me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I'm okay with you sending me
+an email asking me for a reference on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email asking me for a reference on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email asking me for a reference on a
+citation something I'm perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation something I'm perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation something I'm perfectly fine
+with that don't don't worry oh ke's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that don't don't worry oh ke's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that don't don't worry oh ke's too
+busy I'm not I'm fine just you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy I'm not I'm fine just you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy I'm not I'm fine just you got a
+question something's not clear uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question something's not clear uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question something's not clear uh I've
+got access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got access
+to thousands of papers and I've screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thousands of papers and I've screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thousands of papers and I've screened
+them I've read thousands of papers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I've read thousands of papers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I've read thousands of papers you
+know this is a good one that's a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a good one that's a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a good one that's a waste
+of time but I can I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I can I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time but I can I can give you
+background material on regulation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background material on regulation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background material on regulation on
+bond pricing on derivative algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond pricing on derivative algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond pricing on derivative algorithms
+let me know I'm happy to provide that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'm happy to provide that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know I'm happy to provide that at
+any point in time you get that with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time you get that with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time you get that with your
+tuition all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition all
+right um couple of key metrics I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um couple of key metrics I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um couple of key metrics I don't
+want to spend too much time on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend too much time on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend too much time on this uh
+interest rate exposure how how sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate exposure how how sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate exposure how how sensitive
+am I to changes in interest rates Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I to changes in interest rates Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I to changes in interest rates Equity
+exposure commodity exposure credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure commodity exposure credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure commodity exposure credit
+spread exposure we'll talk about uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread exposure we'll talk about uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread exposure we'll talk about uh uh
+linearity we'll talk about we won't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity we'll talk about we won't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity we'll talk about we won't talk
+too much about regularity of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about regularity of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about regularity of cash flows
+we won't really get into that here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't really get into that here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't really get into that here and
+we need to know correlation across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know correlation across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know correlation across
+different asset classes and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset classes and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset classes and I'll show
+you what that means all right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that means all right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that means all right at the
+heart of this notion of value at risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of this notion of value at risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of this notion of value at risk is
+this idea of a statistical order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a statistical order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a statistical order
+statistic who here has heard of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic who here has heard of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic who here has heard of order
+statistics all right want to give me 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics all right want to give me 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics all right want to give me 30
+second the best the best simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the best the best simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the best the best simple
+description of an or of an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of an or of an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of an or of an order
+statistic maximum or the minimum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic maximum or the minimum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic maximum or the minimum of a
+set of observations all right when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of observations all right when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of observations all right when we
+talk about value at risk I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about value at risk I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about value at risk I want to know
+the worst 1% of the outcomes and why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst 1% of the outcomes and why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst 1% of the outcomes and why do
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+what's cool about order statistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cool about order statistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cool about order statistics is
+they're well established in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well established in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well established in the
+literature pretty well understood all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature pretty well understood all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature pretty well understood all
+right and so every people are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so every people are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so every people are familiar
+with it once we once we we we put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it once we once we we we put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it once we once we we we put our
+toe into the academic water and we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toe into the academic water and we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toe into the academic water and we start
+talking about this notion there's a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this notion there's a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this notion there's a vast
+body of literature that says this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of literature that says this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of literature that says this is how
+this thing is this is how it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this is how it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this is how it behaves
+this is how what the distribution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how what the distribution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how what the distribution looks
+like and and so we we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and so we we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and so we we can we can
+estimate these things um and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate these things um and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate these things um and so what
+we're looking at in value risk if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at in value risk if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at in value risk if my
+distribution of returns how much I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of returns how much I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of returns how much I make
+all right on on a in a particular if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on on a in a particular if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on on a in a particular if I
+look historically I have a position how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look historically I have a position how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look historically I have a position how
+much would this position have earned me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would this position have earned me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would this position have earned me
+over the last end days and weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last end days and weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last end days and weeks and
+months if I look at a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months if I look at a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months if I look at a frequency
+distribution of that I'm likely don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of that I'm likely don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of that I'm likely don't
+have to I'm likely to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I'm likely to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I'm likely to get something
+that's symmetric I'm likely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's symmetric I'm likely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's symmetric I'm likely to get
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+unimodal all right uh it may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal all right uh it may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal all right uh it may or may not
+have fat tails we'll talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fat tails we'll talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fat tails we'll talk about that a
+little later if if my return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later if if my return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later if if my return
+distribution were beautifully symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution were beautifully symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution were beautifully symmetric
+and beautifully normal and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautifully normal and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautifully normal and and
+independent then the risk I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then the risk I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then the risk I could
+measure this 1% order statistic what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this 1% order statistic what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this 1% order statistic what's
+what's the the 1% likely worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the 1% likely worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the 1% likely worst case
+outcome tomorrow all right I might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome tomorrow all right I might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome tomorrow all right I might do
+that by integrating the normal function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by integrating the normal function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by integrating the normal function
+from negative Infinity for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative Infinity for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from negative Infinity for all intents
+and purposes five or six standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes five or six standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes five or six standard
+deviations anyway from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations anyway from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations anyway from negative
+Infinity to2 2.33 standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to2 2.33 standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to2 2.33 standard deviations
+why because the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the area under the curve
+that's 01 now this is a one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 01 now this is a one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 01 now this is a one-sided
+confidence interval as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval as opposed to a
+two-sided confidence CLE and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided confidence CLE and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided confidence CLE and this is one
+of these things that as an undergrad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that as an undergrad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that as an undergrad you
+learn two-sided and then the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn two-sided and then the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn two-sided and then the first time
+somebody shows you oneid like wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody shows you oneid like wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody shows you oneid like wait a
+minute what is what is this then oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what is what is this then oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what is what is this then oh I
+get it you're just looking at this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you're just looking at this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you're just looking at this area
+I could build a gazan two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build a gazan two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could build a gazan two-sided
+confidence intervals one-sided it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals one-sided it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals one-sided it's got
+to stop at one place all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at one place all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at one place all right so this
+set of outcomes and this is standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes and this is standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of outcomes and this is standardized
+it says in standard deviation space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says in standard deviation space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says in standard deviation space
+all right negative Infinity to 2.33 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right negative Infinity to 2.33 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right negative Infinity to 2.33 if I
+want 95% or or 5% likely loss so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 95% or or 5% likely loss so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 95% or or 5% likely loss so I can
+say tomorrow there's a 5% chance my loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tomorrow there's a 5% chance my loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tomorrow there's a 5% chance my loss
+is going to be X or greater I would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X or greater I would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X or greater I would go
+to 1.645 standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.645 standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.645 standard
+deviations because the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations because the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations because the integral from
+negative Infinity to 1.645 standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Infinity to 1.645 standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Infinity to 1.645 standard
+deviations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations is
+about n uh is about 0.5 it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n uh is about 0.5 it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n uh is about 0.5 it's not just a
+good idea it's the law all right does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea it's the law all right does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea it's the law all right does
+that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+sense so and again I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so and again I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so and again I'm going to say
+assuming the normal that's like the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the normal that's like the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the normal that's like the old
+Economist joke assume a can opener when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist joke assume a can opener when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist joke assume a can opener when
+he when he's on the desert island you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he when he's on the desert island you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he when he's on the desert island you
+guys don't know that one I got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't know that one I got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't know that one I got lots of
+Economics jokes I'll tell them later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics jokes I'll tell them later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics jokes I'll tell them later on
+maybe or after class um if I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or after class um if I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe or after class um if I'm assuming
+normal distribution and and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and and that's what
+I'm going to do what I want to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do what I want to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do what I want to do is I'm
+going to set this thing up in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set this thing up in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set this thing up in a normal
+distribution framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution framework
+now doing this approach and assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing this approach and assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing this approach and assuming
+normal distributions i i i liken it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions i i i liken it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions i i i liken it to
+to using Latin nobody really uses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using Latin nobody really uses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using Latin nobody really uses it
+anymore all right but everything we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all right but everything we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all right but everything we do
+is based upon it so that's our starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based upon it so that's our starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based upon it so that's our starting
+point and it's it's really easy to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's it's really easy to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's it's really easy to teach
+it this way and then we relax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then we relax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then we relax the
+assumptions like so many things in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions like so many things in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions like so many things in life
+I teach you the the strict case and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach you the the strict case and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I teach you the the strict case and we
+relax the assumptions to get to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax the assumptions to get to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax the assumptions to get to to the
+way it's done now right so this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's done now right so this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's done now right so this makes
+sense all right so let's let's get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so let's let's get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so let's let's get there
+this isn't way oversimplified but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't way oversimplified but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't way oversimplified but let's
+say I have something like this who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have something like this who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have something like this who's
+taking intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking intermediate
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+all right we have a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have a notion of
+stationarity all right uh that we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity all right uh that we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity all right uh that we talk
+about all the time the mean and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the time the mean and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the time the mean and variance
+constant is one simplistic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one simplistic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one simplistic way of
+thinking about this do you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this do you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this do you have a a
+better way for me to put that to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way for me to put that to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way for me to put that to them
+because you know what their background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what their background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what their background
+would be no that's all right just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no that's all right just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no that's all right just the
+mean and variance are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance are constant
+a when I look at the time series itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when I look at the time series itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when I look at the time series itself
+the time series mean and the time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series mean and the time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series mean and the time series
+variance are not constant all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance are not constant all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance are not constant all right this
+is and there also could be other time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and there also could be other time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and there also could be other time
+serious stuff going on there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious stuff going on there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious stuff going on there could be
+seasonality there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality there could be
+autocorrelation um but this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation um but this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation um but this looks
+something like a random walk but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a random walk but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a random walk but it's
+non-stationary all right it's hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary all right it's hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary all right it's hard for
+me to draw inference by looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to draw inference by looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to draw inference by looking at that
+alone so if I want to try to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so if I want to try to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so if I want to try to predict
+what's going to happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future
+it's kind of hard and and the game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard and and the game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of hard and and the game here
+that we're playing is we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're playing is we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're playing is we want to know
+how much money do I need to hold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money do I need to hold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money do I need to hold to
+support that position now who here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that position now who here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that position now who here's
+taking an accounting course all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an accounting course all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an accounting course all right
+word to the W there's two things I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to the W there's two things I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to the W there's two things I I
+tell students in Quant Finance programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell students in Quant Finance programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell students in Quant Finance programs
+first of all I know you have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I know you have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I know you have to take a
+Time serious course I'm sure it's MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time serious course I'm sure it's MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time serious course I'm sure it's MIT
+right um if you don't get a Time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you don't get a Time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you don't get a Time series
+course get your money back because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course get your money back because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course get your money back because you
+got you got to take time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got to take time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got to take time series
+accounting is important accounting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting is important accounting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting is important accounting is
+important because so much of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because so much of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because so much of what we do
+the way we think about things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think about things is
+predicated on the dollars and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated on the dollars and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated on the dollars and you need
+to know how the dollars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how the dollars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how the dollars are
+recorded quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aside balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside balance sheet
+I'll give you a 30C accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture assets what we own all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture assets what we own all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture assets what we own all right
+everything we own we have stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we own we have stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we own we have stuff it's
+assets we came to that stuff one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets we came to that stuff one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets we came to that stuff one of two
+ways we have paid for it out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have paid for it out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have paid for it out of our
+pocket or we borrowed money there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or we borrowed money there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or we borrowed money there's
+there's no Third Way so everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Third Way so everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Third Way so everything we
+own we either paid for out of our pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own we either paid for out of our pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own we either paid for out of our pocket
+or borrowed money the amount we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or borrowed money the amount we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or borrowed money the amount we the
+amount we paid for out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount we paid for out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount we paid for out of our
+pocket is the equity the ratio of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket is the equity the ratio of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket is the equity the ratio of this
+to this is called Leverage among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is called Leverage among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is called Leverage among other
+things all right if I am this company I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right if I am this company I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right if I am this company I
+have this much stuff and I bought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much stuff and I bought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this much stuff and I bought it
+with this much debt and this much equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this much debt and this much equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this much debt and this much equity
+and again that's a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's a gross
+oversimplification when this gets down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification when this gets down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification when this gets down
+to zero it's game over belly up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's game over belly up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's game over belly up all
+right does that make sense it's now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense it's now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense it's now you
+taking a semester of accounting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a semester of accounting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a semester of accounting you know
+no only kidding uh but uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no only kidding uh but uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no only kidding uh but uh it's it's
+actually important to to have a grip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually important to to have a grip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually important to to have a grip on
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+hey on on how that works because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey on on how that works because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey on on how that works because what
+what we need to make sure of is if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to make sure of is if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to make sure of is if we're
+going to take this position and hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this position and hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this position and hold it
+we can make sure that with some level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make sure that with some level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make sure that with some level of
+certainty every time we lose money this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty every time we lose money this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty every time we lose money this
+gets reduced when this goes down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced when this goes down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced when this goes down to zero
+I go bankrupt all right so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go bankrupt all right so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go bankrupt all right so that's that's
+what we're trying to do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do we need to
+protect this and we do it by knowing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect this and we do it by knowing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect this and we do it by knowing how
+much this can move against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this can move against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this can move against
+us everybody with me anybody not with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us everybody with me anybody not with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us everybody with me anybody not with me
+it's okay to have questions really it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent all right so if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right so if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent all right so if I do a
+frequency distribution of of this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution of of this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution of of this time
+series all right I just say show me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series all right I just say show me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series all right I just say show me the
+frequency with which this thing shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with which this thing shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with which this thing shows
+up I get this thing it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I get this thing it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I get this thing it's it's kind of
+Tri modal it's all over the place it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri modal it's all over the place it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri modal it's all over the place it it
+doesn't tell me anything if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me anything if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me anything if I look at
+the levels the frequency distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels the frequency distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels the frequency distribution
+the relative frequency distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative frequency distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative frequency distribution of
+the levels themselves I don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels themselves I don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels themselves I don't get a
+whole lot of intuition if I go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of intuition if I go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of intuition if I go into
+return space which is either looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return space which is either looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return space which is either looking at
+the log differences from day to day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log differences from day to day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log differences from day to day or
+the percentage changes from day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage changes from day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage changes from day to day
+or perhaps the absolute changes from day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps the absolute changes from day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps the absolute changes from day
+to day varies from Market to Market all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day varies from Market to Market all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day varies from Market to Market all
+right oh look now we're in familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh look now we're in familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh look now we're in familiar
+territory so what I'm doing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory so what I'm doing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory so what I'm doing here and
+this is why I started out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I started out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I started out with the
+normal distribution because this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution because this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution because this thing's
+unimodal it's more or less symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal it's more or less symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal it's more or less symmetric
+right now is it a perfect measure no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is it a perfect measure no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is it a perfect measure no
+because it's it's probably got fat tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's probably got fat tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's probably got fat tails
+so it's a little bit like looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit like looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit like looking for
+the glasses you lost up on 67th Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses you lost up on 67th Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses you lost up on 67th Street
+down on nth street because there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on nth street because there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on nth street because there's more
+light there but it's a starting point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there but it's a starting point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there but it's a starting point so
+what I'm saying to you is once once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying to you is once once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying to you is once once I
+difference it all right uh like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it all right uh like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it all right uh like the the
+the I won't talk about Rema uh once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I won't talk about Rema uh once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I won't talk about Rema uh once I
+difference the time series Once I once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the time series Once I once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the time series Once I once I
+take the time series and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time series and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time series and look at the
+percentage changes and I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage changes and I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage changes and I look at the
+frequency distribution of those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution of those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distribution of those changes
+I get this Which is far more amable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this Which is far more amable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this Which is far more amable and
+I can I can draw inference from that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can draw inference from that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can draw inference from that I
+can say ah now if this thing's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say ah now if this thing's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say ah now if this thing's normal
+then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that
+x% of my observations will take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x% of my observations will take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x% of my observations will take place
+over here now I can start drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here now I can start drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here now I can start drawing
+inference all right and a thing to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference all right and a thing to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference all right and a thing to keep
+in mind here one thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind here one thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind here one thing we do
+constantly in in statistics is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in in statistics is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in in statistics is is we
+make we do parameter estimates all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we do parameter estimates all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make we do parameter estimates all right
+and remember every time you estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember every time you estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember every time you estimate
+something you estimate it with error I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you estimate it with error I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you estimate it with error I
+think that may be the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that may be the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that may be the single most
+important thing I learned when I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing I learned when I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing I learned when I got my
+statistics degree everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics degree everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics degree everything you
+estimate you estimate with error people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you estimate with error people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you estimate with error people
+do means they say oh the it's x no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do means they say oh the it's x no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do means they say oh the it's x no
+that's the average and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the average and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the average and that's an
+unbiased estimator but guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator but guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator but guess what
+there's a huge amount of noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of noise and
+there's a certain probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain probability that
+you're wrong by x%c so every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong by x%c so every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong by x%c so every time we
+come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a
+number when somebody tells me the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when somebody tells me the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when somebody tells me the risk
+is 10 that means it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 that means it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 that means it's probably not
+10,000 it's probably not zero just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 it's probably not zero just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 it's probably not zero just keep
+that in mind just sort of throw that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind just sort of throw that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind just sort of throw that in
+on the side for nothing all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side for nothing all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side for nothing all right so
+when I take the returns of this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the returns of this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the returns of this same
+time series I get something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series I get something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series I get something that's
+unimodal symmetric may or may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal symmetric may or may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal symmetric may or may not have
+fat tails that has important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat tails that has important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat tails that has important
+implications for whether or not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for whether or not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for whether or not my
+normal distribution underestimates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution underestimates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution underestimates the
+amount of risk I'm taking everybody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk I'm taking everybody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of risk I'm taking everybody with
+me on that more or less questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that more or less questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on that more or less questions now
+would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+time questions am I good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time questions am I good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time questions am I good
+enough he's lived this all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he's lived this all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he's lived this all right all
+right so once I have my once I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once I have my once I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once I have my once I have my
+time series of returns which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of returns which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of returns which I just
+plotted there uh I can gauge their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted there uh I can gauge their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted there uh I can gauge their
+dispersion with this measure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion with this measure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion with this measure called
+variance and you guys probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and you guys probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and you guys probably know
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance the expected value of x i - xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the expected value of x i - xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the expected value of x i - xar
+I love these thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love these thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love these thick
+chalks squared and it's the sum of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalks squared and it's the sum of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalks squared and it's the sum of x i
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+xar squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar squar
+nus1 all right it's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 all right it's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 all right it's a measure of
+dispersion all right uh variance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion all right uh variance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion all right uh variance has
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+now I should say that this is sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should say that this is sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should say that this is sigma
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+H all right you guys just right estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H all right you guys just right estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H all right you guys just right estimate
+parameter estimate parameter parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter estimate parameter parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter estimate parameter parameter
+estimate all right this is measured with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate all right this is measured with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate all right this is measured with
+error anybody here know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error anybody here know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error anybody here know what the
+distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this
+is anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyone
+$5 close and Kai squ or $2 talking me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 close and Kai squ or $2 talking me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 close and Kai squ or $2 talking me
+class it's a Kai Square distribution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's a Kai Square distribution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's a Kai Square distribution now
+what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means
+that all right we know it can't be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we know it can't be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we know it can't be zero
+or Le less than zero if you figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Le less than zero if you figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Le less than zero if you figure out a
+way to get Varian is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get Varian is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get Varian is less than zero
+let's talk all right U it's got a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk all right U it's got a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk all right U it's got a long
+right tail but that's because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tail but that's because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tail but that's because this is
+squared by to it then that that one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared by to it then that that one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared by to it then that that one one
+point can move it up anyway so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can move it up anyway so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can move it up anyway so I have
+this once I have my returns I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this once I have my returns I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this once I have my returns I have a
+measure of the dispersion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the dispersion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the dispersion of these
+returns called variance all right I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns called variance all right I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns called variance all right I take
+the square of the variance which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the variance which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the variance which is the
+standard deviation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation or the
+volatility um when I'm doing it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility um when I'm doing it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility um when I'm doing it with a
+data set I usually refer to it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set I usually refer to it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set I usually refer to it as the
+standard deviation when I'm referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation when I'm referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation when I'm referring to
+the the the standard deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the standard deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the standard deviation of the
+distribution I usually call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I usually call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I usually call it the
+standard error that just is that a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error that just is that a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error that just is that a law
+or is that just common parlament well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is that just common parlament well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is that just common parlament well
+the standard error is typically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error is typically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error is typically for
+something random like an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something random like an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something random like an estimate
+whereas the standard deviation is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the standard deviation is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the standard deviation is more
+like for a sample see this is this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a sample see this is this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a sample see this is this it's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+because when when you first learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when when you first learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when when you first learn this
+they don't tell you that and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't tell you that and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't tell you that and they they
+flip them back and forth and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them back and forth and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip them back and forth and then when
+you take the intermediate courses they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the intermediate courses they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the intermediate courses they
+say no you got don't use standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no you got don't use standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no you got don't use standard
+deviation when you mean standard error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation when you mean standard error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation when you mean standard error
+right and you'll get points off on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you'll get points off on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you'll get points off on your
+exam for that right all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam for that right all right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam for that right all right so uh
+standard deviation volatility uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation volatility uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation volatility uh is is
+the square root of the variance also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the variance also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the variance also
+called the volatility in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the volatility in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the volatility in a normal
+distribution 1% of the observations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution 1% of the observations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution 1% of the observations is
+outside of 2.33 standard deviations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of 2.33 standard deviations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of 2.33 standard deviations and
+uh for 95% it's outp pass 1.64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 95% it's outp pass 1.64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 95% it's outp pass 1.64
+1.645 standard deviations now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.645 standard deviations now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.645 standard deviations now you're
+saying wait a minute where' my 1.96 go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying wait a minute where' my 1.96 go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying wait a minute where' my 1.96 go
+that I learned as an undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned as an undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned as an undergrad
+two-sided so if I go from the mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided so if I go from the mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided so if I go from the mean to
+1.96 standard deviations on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 standard deviations on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 standard deviations on either side
+that encompasses 95% of the total area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encompasses 95% of the total area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encompasses 95% of the total area
+of the integral from negative Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral from negative Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral from negative Infinity
+to positive Infinity everybody with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive Infinity everybody with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive Infinity everybody with me
+on that does that make sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that does that make sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that does that make sense the
+two-sided versus one-sided that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided versus one-sided that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided versus one-sided that's
+confused me when I was your age it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me when I was your age it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me when I was your age it
+confused me a lot but I got there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me a lot but I got there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me a lot but I got there all
+right all right so this is how we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is how we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is how we do it
+uh Excel functions arear say you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Excel functions arear say you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Excel functions arear say you don't
+need to know that all right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that all right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that all right so in this
+case I estimated the variance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I estimated the variance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I estimated the variance of this
+particular time series I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time series I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time series I took the
+standard deviation by Tak square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation by Tak square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation by Tak square of the
+variance um it's in percentages when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance um it's in percentages when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance um it's in percentages when you
+do this I tell you it's like physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I tell you it's like physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I tell you it's like physics
+your units will screw you up every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units will screw you up every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your units will screw you up every time
+all right what am I measuring what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what am I measuring what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what am I measuring what are
+my units what I I still make units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my units what I I still make units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my units what I I still make units
+mistakes I want you to know that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I want you to know that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I want you to know that and
+I've in this business 30 years I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've in this business 30 years I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've in this business 30 years I still
+make units mistakes just like physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make units mistakes just like physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make units mistakes just like physics
+all right I'm in percentage change space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm in percentage change space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm in percentage change space
+so I want to talk in terms of percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk in terms of percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk in terms of percentage
+changes the standard deviation is 1.8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the standard deviation is 1.8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the standard deviation is 1.8%
+of that time series I showed you so 2.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time series I showed you so 2.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time series I showed you so 2.33
+standard deviations times the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations times the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations times the standard
+deviation is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is about
+4.2% what that says is given this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% what that says is given this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% what that says is given this data
+set one time series I am making the I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one time series I am making the I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one time series I am making the I am
+saying I expect to lose on any given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I expect to lose on any given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I expect to lose on any given day
+if I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have that
+position 99% of the time I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 99% of the time I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 99% of the time I'm going to
+lose 4.2% of it or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very important think about that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important think about that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important think about that is that
+clear that's how I get there I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's how I get there I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's how I get there I'm making
+an I'm making a statement about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I'm making a statement about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I'm making a statement about the the
+probability of loss I'm saying there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of loss I'm saying there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of loss I'm saying there's a
+1% probability if I for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% probability if I for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% probability if I for that particular
+time series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series which
+is all right if I if I if this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right if I if I if this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right if I if I if this is my
+historical data set and it's my only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data set and it's my only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data set and it's my only
+historical data set and I own this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data set and I own this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data set and I own this
+tomorrow I may be 4.2% lighter than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I may be 4.2% lighter than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I may be 4.2% lighter than I
+was today because the market could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was today because the market could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was today because the market could move
+against me and I'm 99% sure if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me and I'm 99% sure if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me and I'm 99% sure if the
+future is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like the
+past that my loss tomorrow is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that my loss tomorrow is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that my loss tomorrow is going to
+be 4.2% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4.2% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4.2% or
+less that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that's
+far simplest simplest case assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far simplest simplest case assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far simplest simplest case assuming
+normal distribution single asset not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution single asset not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution single asset not
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+income yes no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+yes yes assuming my distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes assuming my distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes assuming my distribution is
+symmetric now that's that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric now that's that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric now that's that's this is
+where this is where I that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is where I that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is where I that's the right
+assumption to point out because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to point out because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to point out because in the
+real world it may not be symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world it may not be symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world it may not be symmetric and
+when when we go into historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we go into historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we go into historical
+simulation we use empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we use empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we use empirical
+distributions where we don't care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions where we don't care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions where we don't care of the
+symmetric because we're only looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because we're only looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric because we're only looking at
+the downside and whether I'm long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside and whether I'm long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside and whether I'm long or
+short I might care about the downside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short I might care about the downside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short I might care about the downside or
+the putative upside because if I'm short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putative upside because if I'm short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putative upside because if I'm short
+I care about how much is going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about how much is going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about how much is going to move
+up make sense that's the right question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make sense that's the right question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up make sense that's the right question
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+yes uh if you're doing it for upside as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh if you're doing it for upside as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh if you're doing it for upside as
+well yes would just be the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes would just be the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes would just be the same thing
+yes in fact in this case in what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in fact in this case in what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in fact in this case in what we're
+doing here a variance co-variance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here a variance co-variance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here a variance co-variance or
+closed form our it's for long or short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form our it's for long or short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form our it's for long or short
+but getting your signs right I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting your signs right I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting your signs right I'm telling
+it's like physics it's I still make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like physics it's I still make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like physics it's I still make that
+mistake I still make that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I still make that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake I still make that mistake
+yes relatively symmetry do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes relatively symmetry do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes relatively symmetry do you guys
+still use this process to say okay I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use this process to say okay I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use this process to say okay I use
+it all the time as as as a curist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time as as as a curist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time as as as a curist
+all right uh because I let's say I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh because I let's say I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh because I let's say I've
+got and that's a very good question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and that's a very good question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and that's a very good question uh
+let's say I've got you know the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I've got you know the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I've got you know the five
+years worth of data and I don't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of data and I don't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of data and I don't have I
+don't have time to do an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do an empirical
+estimate it could be lops side it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it could be lops side it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it could be lops side it could
+be crazy all right if you tell me a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crazy all right if you tell me a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crazy all right if you tell me a two
+standard deviation move is X that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation move is X that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation move is X that means
+something to me now there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to me now there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to me now there's a problem
+with that and the problem is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the problem is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and the problem is that people
+extrapolate that people sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate that people sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate that people sometimes people
+talk to me oh it was an eight standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me oh it was an eight standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me oh it was an eight standard
+deviation move eight standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation move eight standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation move eight standard deviation
+moves don't happen I I don't think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves don't happen I I don't think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves don't happen I I don't think we've
+seen an eight standard deviation move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen an eight standard deviation move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen an eight standard deviation move in
+the cenozoic era all right all right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cenozoic era all right all right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cenozoic era all right all right it
+just doesn't it just doesn't happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't it just doesn't happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't it just doesn't happen um
+three standard deviation moves you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three standard deviation moves you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three standard deviation moves you you
+will see a three standard Aviation move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a three standard Aviation move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a three standard Aviation move
+once every 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once every 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once every 10,000
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+now I learned this the hard way by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I learned this the hard way by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I learned this the hard way by just
+see how many how many times do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many how many times do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many how many times do I have to
+do this and then I looked it up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then I looked it up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then I looked it up in the
+table hell I was right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table hell I was right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table hell I was right but
+so when when people when we oversimplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when people when we oversimplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when people when we oversimplify
+and start talking about everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start talking about everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start talking about everything in
+terms of that normal distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that normal distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that normal distribution we
+really lose our grip on reality but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose our grip on reality but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lose our grip on reality but I
+use it as a heris all the time a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as a heris all the time a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as a heris all the time a lot
+I'll do it even now and and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it even now and and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it even now and and I know
+better but I'll go what's two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but I'll go what's two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but I'll go what's two standard
+deviations what's three cent deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations what's three cent deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations what's three cent deviations
+because by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by and
+large and I still I still do this I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and I still I still do this I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and I still I still do this I get
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+data uh and I line it up and and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and I line it up and and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and I line it up and and I do
+frequency distributions hold on I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distributions hold on I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency distributions hold on I do I
+do this all the time with my data is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this all the time with my data is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this all the time with my data is it
+symmetric is it fat tail is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric is it fat tail is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric is it fat tail is it is it
+unimodal so that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal so that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal so that's a very good
+question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh we introduced it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh we introduced it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh we introduced it in the
+last lecture um and the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture um and the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture um and the problems that
+this week does relate to that but uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week does relate to that but uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week does relate to that but uh all
+right perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right perfect
+leading so the statement I made is 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading so the statement I made is 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading so the statement I made is 1% of
+the time i' expect to lose more than 4.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i' expect to lose more than 4.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i' expect to lose more than 4.2
+pesos on 100 peso position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesos on 100 peso position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesos on 100 peso position
+all right that's that's what my that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's that's what my that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's that's what my that's
+my my state my inferential statement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my state my inferential statement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my state my inferential statement in
+fact over the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact over the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact over the same time
+period I lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I lost
+4.2% one and a half% of the time instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% one and a half% of the time instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% one and a half% of the time instead
+of 1% of the time what that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1% of the time what that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1% of the time what that tells me
+what that suggests to me is my data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that suggests to me is my data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that suggests to me is my data set
+has fat tails what that means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fat tails what that means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fat tails what that means is the
+likelihood of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of a
+loss a simple way of thinking about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss a simple way of thinking about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss a simple way of thinking about it I
+be careful between what that means in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful between what that means in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful between what that means in a
+metaphysical sense for the a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical sense for the a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical sense for the a way to
+interpret it the likelihood of a loss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it the likelihood of a loss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it the likelihood of a loss is
+greater than would be implied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than would be implied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than would be implied by the
+normal distribution all right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution all right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution all right so when
+you hear people say fat tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear people say fat tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear people say fat tails
+generally generally that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally generally that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally generally that's what they're
+talking there are different ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking there are different ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking there are different ways you can
+interpret that statement but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that statement but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that statement but when
+somebody when somebody's talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody when somebody's talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody when somebody's talking about a
+financial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial time
+series it has fed Tails three qus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it has fed Tails three qus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series it has fed Tails three qus
+roughly three qus of financial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly three qus of financial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly three qus of financial time
+series I have fat tails they'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I have fat tails they'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I have fat tails they'll also
+have time series properties they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time series properties they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time series properties they won't
+be true random walks true random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true random walks true random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true random walks true random walk
+says that I don't know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I don't know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I don't know whether it's
+going to go up or down based on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up or down based on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up or down based on the data
+I have it it's the the time Series has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have it it's the the time Series has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have it it's the the time Series has
+no memory time when we start introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory time when we start introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory time when we start introducing
+time series properties which many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series properties which many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series properties which many
+Financial time series have all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial time series have all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial time series have all right
+then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+seasonality there's mean reversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality there's mean reversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonality there's mean reversion
+there's all kinds of other stuff other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of other stuff other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of other stuff other
+ways that we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have to think about
+modeling the data make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense has higher div we say it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense has higher div we say it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense has higher div we say it once
+again better K does it mean that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again better K does it mean that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again better K does it mean that we have
+a higher standard deviation than we no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher standard deviation than we no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher standard deviation than we no
+the standard deviation is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation is the standard
+deviation all right that's no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation all right that's no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation all right that's no matter
+what I do this is this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do this is this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do this is this is you know
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviation that's it they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that's it they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that's it they don't have a
+higher standard deviation all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher standard deviation all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher standard deviation all right but
+the likelihood of the put it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of the put it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of the put it this way
+the likelihood of of a move of 2.33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of of a move of 2.33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of of a move of 2.33
+standard deviations is more than 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations is more than 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations is more than 1%
+that's the way that's the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that's the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that's the way I would
+that's way I think of it make sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way I think of it make sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's way I think of it make sense yes
+is there any way for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to sorry is there any way to for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sorry is there any way to for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sorry is there any way to for you to
+like graph what a f tail looks like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like graph what a f tail looks like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like graph what a f tail looks like oh
+be patient well if we we have time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be patient well if we we have time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be patient well if we we have time in
+fact we do that all the time and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we do that all the time and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we do that all the time and one of
+our techniques doesn't care it it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our techniques doesn't care it it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our techniques doesn't care it it goes
+to the empirical distribution so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the empirical distribution so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the empirical distribution so it
+captures the fat taals completely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the fat taals completely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the fat taals completely in
+fact one of the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the homework
+assignment which I usually proceed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which I usually proceed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which I usually proceed this
+lecture by has people graphing all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by has people graphing all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by has people graphing all kinds
+of distributions to see what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributions to see what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributions to see what these
+things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look
+like we won't have time for that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we won't have time for that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we won't have time for that but I
+I'll I'll see if I if you have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll see if I if you have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll see if I if you have questions
+send them to me I'll send you some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them to me I'll send you some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them to me I'll send you some stuff
+to read about this all right so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about this all right so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read about this all right so now you
+know one outet far now you're qualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one outet far now you're qualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one outet far now you're qualified
+to go work for a big Bank all right get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go work for a big Bank all right get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go work for a big Bank all right get
+your data calculate returns now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data calculate returns now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data calculate returns now as you
+put in Step 2B graph your data and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Step 2B graph your data and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Step 2B graph your data and look
+at it all right because everybody's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it all right because everybody's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it all right because everybody's data
+has dirt in it everybody's don't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dirt in it everybody's don't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dirt in it everybody's don't trust
+anyone else if you're going to get fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else if you're going to get fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else if you're going to get fired
+get fired for being incompetent don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fired for being incompetent don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fired for being incompetent don't
+get get fired for using someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get fired for using someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get fired for using someone else's
+bad data all right don't trust anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad data all right don't trust anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad data all right don't trust anyone
+your my mother gives me data Mom I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your my mother gives me data Mom I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your my mother gives me data Mom I'm
+graphing it cuz I think you let some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing it cuz I think you let some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing it cuz I think you let some
+poop slip into my data all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop slip into my data all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop slip into my data all right all
+right Mother Teresa could come to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Mother Teresa could come to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Mother Teresa could come to me
+with a thumb drive Ken S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thumb drive Ken S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thumb drive Ken S&P
+500 sorry Mother Teresa I'm graphing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 sorry Mother Teresa I'm graphing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 sorry Mother Teresa I'm graphing it
+before I use it all right so I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I use it all right so I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I use it all right so I I don't
+want to say that this is usually in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that this is usually in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that this is usually in here
+we do extensive error testing because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do extensive error testing because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do extensive error testing because it
+there could be bad data there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be bad data there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be bad data there could be
+missing data and missing data is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data and missing data is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data and missing data is a whole
+other lecture that I give you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lecture that I give you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lecture that I give you might be
+shocked that how no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room um all right so for one asset VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um all right so for one asset VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um all right so for one asset VAR
+get my data get my create my return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my data get my create my return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my data get my create my return
+series percentage changes log changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series percentage changes log changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series percentage changes log changes
+sometimes absolute differences take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes absolute differences take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes absolute differences take the
+variance take the square Ro of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance take the square Ro of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance take the square Ro of the
+variance multiply by 2.33 done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance multiply by 2.33 done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance multiply by 2.33 done and
+dusted go home take your shoes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relax okay percentage changes versus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax okay percentage changes versus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax okay percentage changes versus log
+changes for all intents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for all intents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for all intents and
+purposes it doesn't really matter and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes it doesn't really matter and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes it doesn't really matter and I
+will often use one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often use one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often use one or the
+other um way I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right there'll be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right there'll be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right there'll be a little bit
+of bias at the ends but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bias at the ends but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bias at the ends but for the
+overwhelming bulk of the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming bulk of the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming bulk of the observations
+whether you use percentage changes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you use percentage changes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you use percentage changes or
+log changes doesn't matter generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log changes doesn't matter generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log changes doesn't matter generally
+even though even though I know the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though even though I know the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though even though I know the data
+is closer to log normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to log normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closer to log normally distributed
+than normally distributed I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than normally distributed I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than normally distributed I'll use
+percentage changes just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage changes just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage changes just because it's
+easier uh why would we use log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh why would we use log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh why would we use log normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+well when we're doing simulation the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we're doing simulation the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we're doing simulation the log
+normal distribution has this very Nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution has this very Nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution has this very Nifty
+property of keeping your your yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of keeping your your yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of keeping your your yields
+from going negative all right but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going negative all right but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going negative all right but even
+that is I can call that into question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I can call that into question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I can call that into question
+because there there are instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are instances of
+yields going negative all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields going negative all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields going negative all right it's
+happened doesn't happen a lot but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened doesn't happen a lot but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened doesn't happen a lot but it
+happens all right so I talk about bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all right so I talk about bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all right so I talk about bad
+data talk about one-sided versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data talk about one-sided versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data talk about one-sided versus
+two-sided I'll talk about Longs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided I'll talk about Longs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided I'll talk about Longs and
+shorts a little bit later when we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts a little bit later when we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts a little bit later when we we're
+talking multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking multi
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+um I'm going to cover a fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to cover a fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to cover a fixed income
+piece we use this thing called the pv1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece we use this thing called the pv1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece we use this thing called the pv1
+because what I measure in fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I measure in fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I measure in fixed income
+markets isn't a price as should measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets isn't a price as should measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets isn't a price as should measure
+yield I have to get from a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield I have to get from a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield I have to get from a change of
+yield to a change of price sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to a change of price sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to a change of price sounds like a
+Jacobian right with kind of a poor man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian right with kind of a poor man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian right with kind of a poor man's
+Jacobian all right it's a it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian all right it's a it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian all right it's a it's a a
+measure that captures the fact that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that captures the fact that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that captures the fact that my
+price yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship all right price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship all right price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship all right price
+yield is nonlinear for any small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is nonlinear for any small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is nonlinear for any small
+approximation I look at the tangent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I look at the tangent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I look at the tangent all
+right and I use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I use my
+pv1 which has a similar notion of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 which has a similar notion of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 which has a similar notion of to
+duration but pv1 is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration but pv1 is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration but pv1 is a little more
+practical all right the slope of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical all right the slope of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical all right the slope of that
+tells me how much my price will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much my price will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much my price will change
+for a given change of yield see there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given change of yield see there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given change of yield see there it
+is you knew you were going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you knew you were going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you knew you were going to use the
+calculus right you're always using using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right you're always using using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right you're always using using
+the calculat you can't escape it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculat you can't escape it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculat you can't escape it all
+right but the price yield line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the price yield line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the price yield line is
+nonlinear but for all intents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but for all intents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear but for all intents and
+purposes what I'm doing is I'm shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes what I'm doing is I'm shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes what I'm doing is I'm shifting
+it the price yield relationship I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the price yield relationship I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the price yield relationship I'm
+shifting my yield change into price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting my yield change into price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting my yield change into price
+change by multiplying my yield change by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by multiplying my yield change by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by multiplying my yield change by
+my pvo one my which is my price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pvo one my which is my price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pvo one my which is my price
+sensitivity to a one 100% move in yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to a one 100% move in yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to a one 100% move in yields
+think about that for a second we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that for a second we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that for a second we don't
+have time I would love to spend an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time I would love to spend an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time I would love to spend an hour
+on this and about trading strategies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and about trading strategies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and about trading strategies and
+about Bull steepers and bare steep ERS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bull steepers and bare steep ERS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bull steepers and bare steep ERS
+and and barbell trades but we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and barbell trades but we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and barbell trades but we don't have
+time for that suffice to say if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that suffice to say if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for that suffice to say if I'm
+measuring yields all right the thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring yields all right the thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring yields all right the thing's
+going to trade as a 789 or a 622 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trade as a 789 or a 622 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trade as a 789 or a 622 or a
+401 yield all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401 yield all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401 yield all
+right how do I get that into change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I get that into change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I get that into change in
+price because I can't tell my boss hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because I can't tell my boss hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price because I can't tell my boss hey I
+had a good day I I bought it at 402 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good day I I bought it at 402 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good day I I bought it at 402 and
+sold it at 401 no how much money did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold it at 401 no how much money did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold it at 401 no how much money did you
+make yield to coffee break yield to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yield to coffee break yield to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yield to coffee break yield to
+lunchtime yeld to go home at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunchtime yeld to go home at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunchtime yeld to go home at the end of
+the day all right how do I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day all right how do I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day all right how do I get from
+changeing yield to change in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeing yield to change in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeing yield to change in price
+usually people 1 I could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people 1 I could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people 1 I could use
+duration Bond traders who think in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration Bond traders who think in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration Bond traders who think in terms
+of yield the coffee break yield to lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yield the coffee break yield to lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yield the coffee break yield to lunch
+time yield to go home at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yield to go home at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yield to go home at the end of the
+day typically think in terms of P1 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day typically think in terms of P1 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day typically think in terms of P1 do
+you agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with that
+statement did you how often on the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement did you how often on the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement did you how often on the fixed
+income desk did you use duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measures would because the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures would because the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures would because the investor
+Horizon y okay the insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon y okay the insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon y okay the insurance companies
+that's very important point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important point I want to
+raas here is a quick as side you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raas here is a quick as side you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raas here is a quick as side you're
+going to hear this notion of pv1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear this notion of pv1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear this notion of pv1 which
+is called pvbp or dv1 that's the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called pvbp or dv1 that's the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called pvbp or dv1 that's the price
+sensitivity to a one basis point move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to a one basis point move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to a one basis point move
+one basis point is one 100% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basis point is one 100% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basis point is one 100% in
+yield all right duration measure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield all right duration measure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield all right duration measure it's
+the half-life essentially of my cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life essentially of my cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life essentially of my cash
+flow when what's the what's the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow when what's the what's the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow when what's the what's the weighted
+expected time to all my cash flows if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time to all my cash flows if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time to all my cash flows if my
+duration is 7.9 years my pb1 is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is 7.9 years my pb1 is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is 7.9 years my pb1 is probably
+about $790 per million all right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $790 per million all right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $790 per million all right in
+terms of significant digits they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of significant digits they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of significant digits they're
+roughly the same but they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same but they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same but they have different
+meanings and units are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and units are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and units are different
+duration is measured in yield pb1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is measured in yield pb1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration is measured in yield pb1 is
+measured in in dollars all right in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in in dollars all right in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in in dollars all right in in
+bond space I typically think in pv1 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond space I typically think in pv1 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond space I typically think in pv1 if
+I'm selling to long-term investors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm selling to long-term investors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm selling to long-term investors they
+have particular demands because they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have particular demands because they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have particular demands because they've
+got cash flow payments they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cash flow payments they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cash flow payments they have to
+hedge so they may think of in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge so they may think of in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge so they may think of in terms of
+duration for our purposes we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for our purposes we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for our purposes we we're
+talking dvo1 or pv1 or pvbp those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking dvo1 or pv1 or pvbp those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking dvo1 or pv1 or pvbp those three
+terms more or less equal make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms more or less equal make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms more or less equal make sense
+yes in terms of one%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in terms of one%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes in terms of one%
+we could in some in some instances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could in some in some instances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could in some in some instances in
+some areas and options we might look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas and options we might look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas and options we might look at
+an overall 1% move but it we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall 1% move but it we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall 1% move but it we have to
+look at what trades in the market what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what trades in the market what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what trades in the market what
+trades in the market is the yield all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades in the market is the yield all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades in the market is the yield all
+right when we quote the yield I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we quote the yield I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we quote the yield I'm going
+to quote it going from 72 to 701 I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote it going from 72 to 701 I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote it going from 72 to 701 I'm not
+going to have the calculator handy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the calculator handy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the calculator handy to
+say a 702 move to a 701 what's 702 - 701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a 702 move to a 701 what's 702 - 701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a 702 move to a 701 what's 702 - 701
+divided by 702 you know make sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 702 you know make sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 702 you know make sense it's
+the path of least resistance all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of least resistance all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of least resistance all right
+what's difference between a bond and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's difference between a bond and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's difference between a bond and a
+Bond Trader a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond Trader a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond Trader a bond
+matures little fixed income humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures little fixed income humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures little fixed income humor
+therefore apparently very little all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore apparently very little all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore apparently very little all
+right all right I don't want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right I don't want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right I don't want to spend
+too much time on this because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time on this because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time on this because we just
+don't have the time um I provide an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the time um I provide an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the time um I provide an
+example here if you guys want examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here if you guys want examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here if you guys want examples
+contact me I'll send you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact me I'll send you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact me I'll send you the
+spreadsheets I use for other classes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets I use for other classes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets I use for other classes if
+you just want to play around with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to play around with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to play around with it
+um when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I talk about
+pv1 when I talk about yields I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 when I talk about yields I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 when I talk about yields I usually
+have some kind of a risk-free rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a risk-free rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a risk-free rate
+although this whole notion of the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this whole notion of the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this whole notion of the risk
+free rate which is so much of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free rate which is so much of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free rate which is so much of modern
+Finance is predicated on this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is predicated on this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is predicated on this assumption
+that there is a risk-free rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a risk-free rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a risk-free rate which
+used to be considered the US Treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered the US Treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered the US Treasury
+used to be considered risk- free well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered risk- free well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered risk- free well
+there's a credit spread out there for US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a credit spread out there for US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a credit spread out there for US
+Treasury it's just I don't mean to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury it's just I don't mean to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury it's just I don't mean to throw
+a monkey wrench into the works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monkey wrench into the works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monkey wrench into the works but
+there's no such thing I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing I'm not going to
+question 75 years of academic Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 75 years of academic Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 75 years of academic Finance
+but it's Troublesome just like when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Troublesome just like when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's Troublesome just like when I
+was taking economics 30 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taking economics 30 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taking economics 30 years ago
+inflation just mucked with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation just mucked with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation just mucked with everything
+all the models fell apart there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the models fell apart there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the models fell apart there were
+there were there were appendices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there were appendices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there were appendices to
+every chapter on how you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every chapter on how you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every chapter on how you have to change
+this model to address inflation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to address inflation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to address inflation and then
+inflation went away everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation went away everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation went away everything was
+better but this may not go away I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but this may not go away I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but this may not go away I've got
+two components here if the yield is 6% I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components here if the yield is 6% I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components here if the yield is 6% I
+might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a
+450 treasury rate and 150 basis point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 treasury rate and 150 basis point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 treasury rate and 150 basis point
+credit spread the credit spread reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spread the credit spread reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spread the credit spread reflects
+the probability of default and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of default and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of default and I don't
+want to get into measures of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into measures of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into measures of risk
+neutrality here but I have to pay if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality here but I have to pay if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality here but I have to pay if if
+I'm an issuer and and I have a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an issuer and and I have a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an issuer and and I have a chance of
+default I have to pay my investors more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default I have to pay my investors more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default I have to pay my investors more
+all right usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right usually the
+sensitivity uh is measured to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity uh is measured to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity uh is measured to
+to we measure we talk about the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we measure we talk about the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we measure we talk about the credit
+spread sensitivity and the the risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread sensitivity and the the risk-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread sensitivity and the the risk-free
+sensitivity you say well how could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity you say well how could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity you say well how could they
+possibly be different and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be different and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be different and I don't want
+to get into detail here but the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into detail here but the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into detail here but the notion
+is when when credit spreads start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when when credit spreads start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when when credit spreads start
+getting high it implies a probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting high it implies a probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting high it implies a probability of
+default a higher probability of default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default a higher probability of default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default a higher probability of default
+um when you have to think about credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you have to think about credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you have to think about credit
+spread c a little differently because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread c a little differently because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread c a little differently because
+when you get to a th000 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to a th000 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to a th000 basis points
+1500 basis points credit spread it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 basis points credit spread it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 basis points credit spread it's a
+high probability of default and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability of default and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability of default and your
+credit models will think differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit models will think differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit models will think differently
+your credit models will say ah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit models will say ah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit models will say ah that
+means I'm not going to get my next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm not going to get my next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm not going to get my next week
+payments there's an expected there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments there's an expected there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments there's an expected there's a
+probability default there's a loss given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability default there's a loss given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability default there's a loss given
+default and there's recovery a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and there's recovery a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and there's recovery a bunch of
+other stochastic measures come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stochastic measures come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stochastic measures come into play
+I don't want to spend any more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to spend any more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to spend any more time on
+it because it's just going to confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's just going to confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's just going to confuse
+you now suffice to say we have these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now suffice to say we have these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now suffice to say we have these the
+yields and yields composed are composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields and yields composed are composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields and yields composed are composed
+of risk-free rates anded sprits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk-free rates anded sprits all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk-free rates anded sprits all
+right and I apologize for rushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I apologize for rushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I apologize for rushing
+through that but we don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that but we don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that but we don't have time to
+do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all
+right typically I have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right typically I have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right typically I have more than one
+asset so in this framework where I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so in this framework where I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset so in this framework where I take
+2.33 standard deviations times my dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.33 standard deviations times my dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.33 standard deviations times my dollar
+investment or my renman B investment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or my renman B investment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or my renman B investment or
+my Sterling investment all right um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Sterling investment all right um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Sterling investment all right um that
+example was with one asset if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was with one asset if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was with one asset if I want to
+expand this and I can expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this and I can expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this and I can expand
+this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using
+this notion of co-variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of co-variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of co-variance and
+correlation you guys covered cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you guys covered cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you guys covered cor
+correlation and covariance at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and covariance at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and covariance at some point
+in your careers yes no all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your careers yes no all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your careers yes no all
+right both of them measure the way an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right both of them measure the way an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right both of them measure the way an
+asset moves one asset moves Vis another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset moves one asset moves Vis another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset moves one asset moves Vis another
+asset correlation is scaled between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset correlation is scaled between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset correlation is scaled between
+negative one and positive one all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one and positive one all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one and positive one all right
+so I think of correlation as an index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of correlation as an index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of correlation as an index of
+linearity coari is not scaled I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity coari is not scaled I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity coari is not scaled I'll give
+you an example of the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of the difference between
+coari and correlation what if I have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari and correlation what if I have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari and correlation what if I have 50
+years of data on crop yields and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of data on crop yields and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of data on crop yields and that
+same 50 years of data on tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 50 years of data on tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 50 years of data on tons of
+fertilizer used I would expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer used I would expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer used I would expect a
+positive correlation between tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive correlation between tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive correlation between tons of
+fertilizers used and crop yields so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizers used and crop yields so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizers used and crop yields so the
+correlation would exist between negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation would exist between negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation would exist between negative
+one and positive one the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and positive one the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and positive one the covariance
+could be any number and that covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any number and that covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any number and that covariance
+will change depending on whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change depending on whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change depending on whether I
+measure my fertilizer in tons or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure my fertilizer in tons or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure my fertilizer in tons or in
+pounds or in ounces all right or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or in ounces all right or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or in ounces all right or in
+kilos the correl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos the correl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos the correl
+will always be exactly the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be exactly the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be exactly the same the
+linear relationship is captured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship is captured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship is captured by the
+correlation all right but the units in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all right but the units in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all right but the units in
+coari the units count all right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari the units count all right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari the units count all right if I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+covariance uh there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is coari matrices are symmetric they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coari matrices are symmetric they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coari matrices are symmetric they
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+variance along the diagonal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance along the diagonal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance along the diagonal and the
+co-variances on the off diagonal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances on the off diagonal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances on the off diagonal which
+is to say that the variance is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the variance is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the variance is the the
+coari of an item with itself all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari of an item with itself all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coari of an item with itself all right
+the correlation Matrix also symmetric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation Matrix also symmetric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation Matrix also symmetric is
+the same thing scaled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing scaled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing scaled all
+right with correlations where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with correlations where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with correlations where the the
+diagonal is 1.0 if I have covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is 1.0 if I have covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is 1.0 if I have covariance
+because correlation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because correlation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because correlation is
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+covariant divided by the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant divided by the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant divided by the product of the
+standard deviations gets me Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations gets me Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations gets me Co
+sorry correlation half all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh this is like the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is like the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this is like the the the the
+apostrophe in French you'll forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe in French you'll forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe in French you'll forget it
+all the time but the one time you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but the one time you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but the one time you really
+need it you won't do it you'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it you won't do it you'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it you won't do it you'll be in
+trouble all right um if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right um if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right um if you have the
+covariances you can get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances you can get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances you can get to the
+correlations if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations if you have the
+correlations you can't get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations you can't get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations you can't get to the
+co-variances unless you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances unless you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances unless you know the
+variances That's a classic midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances That's a classic midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances That's a classic midterm
+question I I give that almost not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I I give that almost not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I I give that almost not every
+year maybe every other year all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year maybe every other year all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year maybe every other year all right
+don't have time to spend much more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to spend much more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to spend much more time
+on it so if I to say this measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so if I to say this measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so if I to say this measure of
+covariance it says when X is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance it says when X is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance it says when X is a certain
+distance from its mean how far is y from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from its mean how far is y from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from its mean how far is y from
+its mean and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and in what
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes now this is just a little empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now this is just a little empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes now this is just a little empirical
+stuff because I'm not as clever as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because I'm not as clever as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because I'm not as clever as you
+guys and I don't trust anyone I read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and I don't trust anyone I read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and I don't trust anyone I read it
+in textbooks I don't trust anyone all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks I don't trust anyone all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in textbooks I don't trust anyone all
+right A B here's a plus b so I just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right A B here's a plus b so I just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right A B here's a plus b so I just look
+variance of a plus b is variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a plus b is variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a plus b is variance of a
+plus variance B plus two times coari a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus variance B plus two times coari a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus variance B plus two times coari a b
+it's not just a good idea it's the law I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a good idea it's the law I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a good idea it's the law I
+saw it in a thousand statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it in a thousand statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it in a thousand statistics
+textbooks I tested it anyway because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks I tested it anyway because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks I tested it anyway because if
+I want to get fired I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get fired I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get fired I'm going to get
+fired from making my own mistake not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired from making my own mistake not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired from making my own mistake not
+making someone else's mistake I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making someone else's mistake I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making someone else's mistake I do this
+all the time and I just prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and I just prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and I just prove it
+empirically here the proof of which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically here the proof of which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically here the proof of which will
+be left to the reader as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left to the reader as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left to the reader as an
+exercise I book books said that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I book books said that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I book books said that I think
+a should never trust you know output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should never trust you know output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should never trust you know output
+from computer programs or packages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computer programs or packages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computer programs or packages or
+your mother or Mother Teresa should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother or Mother Teresa should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother or Mother Teresa should
+check Che all the calculations all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check Che all the calculations all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check Che all the calculations all right
+Mother Teresa will slip you some bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mother Teresa will slip you some bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mother Teresa will slip you some bad
+data if she can I'm telling you she will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if she can I'm telling you she will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if she can I'm telling you she will
+she tricky that way all right don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tricky that way all right don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tricky that way all right don't
+trust anyone I've caught mistakes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust anyone I've caught mistakes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust anyone I've caught mistakes in
+software all right I had a program on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software all right I had a program on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software all right I had a program on
+it's my my one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my my one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my my one of my favorite
+stories all right we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories all right we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories all right we're talking about
+we're doing one of our first mon Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing one of our first mon Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing one of our first mon Carlo
+simulations and we're factoring a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and we're factoring a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations and we're factoring a matrix
+and we're going to get into we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get into we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get into we have time
+so I factor a covariance matrix into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I factor a covariance matrix into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I factor a covariance matrix into
+uh uh e transpose Lambda e it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh e transpose Lambda e it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh e transpose Lambda e it's our
+front in the quadratic form we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front in the quadratic form we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front in the quadratic form we're going
+to see this again all right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this again all right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this again all right and this is
+the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal matrix
+of I values and I can take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I values and I can take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I values and I can take the square
+root of that so this I can say this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that so this I can say this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that so this I can say this is e
+transpose Lambda to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Lambda to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Lambda to the 12
+Lambda to 12 e and so my programmer had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to 12 e and so my programmer had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to 12 e and so my programmer had
+gotten this and I said do me a favor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten this and I said do me a favor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten this and I said do me a favor I
+said take this and transpose it multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take this and transpose it multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take this and transpose it multiply
+by itself so take the square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself so take the square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself so take the square root and
+multiply it by the other square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the other square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the other square root and
+show me that you get this just show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me that you get this just show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me that you get this just show me
+he said I got it I said you got it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I got it I said you got it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I got it I said you got it he
+said at the 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the 16
+decimals I said stop on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals I said stop on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals I said stop on my
+block the 2 * 2 = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the 2 * 2 = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the 2 * 2 = 2
+.0 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.0 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.0 all right
+2.0 what do you mean out to 16 decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.0 what do you mean out to 16 decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.0 what do you mean out to 16 decimal
+places what planet are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places what planet are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places what planet are you
+on and we I scratched a surface and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we I scratched a surface and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we I scratched a surface and I
+dug and asked a bunch of questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug and asked a bunch of questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug and asked a bunch of questions and
+it turned out in his code he was passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out in his code he was passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out in his code he was passing
+a float to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a float to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a float to a
+fixed all right don't trust anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all right don't trust anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all right don't trust anyone's
+software check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software check it
+yourself all right that just someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself all right that just someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself all right that just someday
+when I'm dead and you guys in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm dead and you guys in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm dead and you guys in my
+position you'll be thanking me for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'll be thanking me for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'll be thanking me for that
+all right put a stone on My Grave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right put a stone on My Grave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right put a stone on My Grave or
+something all right um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right um all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right um all right so
+co-variance co-variance tells me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance co-variance tells me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance co-variance tells me some
+measure of when X moves how far does y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of when X moves how far does y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of when X moves how far does y
+move for any other asset could I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move for any other asset could I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move for any other asset could I have a
+pie of your cookie I've hardly had lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie of your cookie I've hardly had lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie of your cookie I've hardly had lunch
+you want me to have a piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's it's looking very good there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey ex foraging I'm convinced that 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey ex foraging I'm convinced that 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey ex foraging I'm convinced that 10 10
+10 million years ago my ape ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million years ago my ape ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million years ago my ape ancestors
+were the first one at the dead antelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first one at the dead antelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first one at the dead antelope
+on on the planes all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the planes all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the planes all right all
+right so I talk about choralation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I talk about choralation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I talk about choralation and
+covariant coari is not unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant coari is not unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant coari is not unit
+free I can use either but I have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free I can use either but I have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free I can use either but I have to make
+sure I get my units right units units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I get my units right units units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I get my units right units units
+are screw up every time they still screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screw up every time they still screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screw up every time they still screw
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+up what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what good
+cookie all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie all
+right all right some more facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right some more facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right some more facts
+variance of x a * y b x s Vari variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of x a * y b x s Vari variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of x a * y b x s Vari variance
+a y^ s variance B plus 2xy covariant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y^ s variance B plus 2xy covariant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y^ s variance B plus 2xy covariant a
+you guys seen this before I I assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys seen this before I I assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys seen this before I I assume you
+have all right now I can get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all right now I can get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all right now I can get pretty
+silly with this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly with this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly with this if I
+want x a y b zc w you get the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want x a y b zc w you get the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want x a y b zc w you get the picture
+right but what you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what you should be
+thinking if this is a cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix let's see Sigma squ Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's see Sigma squ Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's see Sigma squ Sigma squ
+Sigma squ right it's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ right it's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ right it's the sum of the
+variances plus 2 * the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances plus 2 * the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances plus 2 * the sum of the
+co-variances so if I have one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances so if I have one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances so if I have one unit of
+every asset and I've got n assets all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every asset and I've got n assets all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every asset and I've got n assets all I
+have to do to get the portfolio variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to get the portfolio variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to get the portfolio variance
+is sum up the whole co-variance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sum up the whole co-variance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sum up the whole co-variance Matrix
+now you never get only one unit but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you never get only one unit but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you never get only one unit but just
+saying but you notice that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but you notice that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but you notice that this this is
+kind of a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a regular
+pattern that we see here and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we see here and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we see here and so what I
+can do is I can use a combination of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is I can use a combination of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is I can use a combination of my
+correlation Matrix and a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix and a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix and a little bit of
+linear algebra Ledger domain all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra Ledger domain all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra Ledger domain all right
+to to do some very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do some very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do some very convenient
+calculations and here I just give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and here I just give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and here I just give an
+example of a coari matrix and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a coari matrix and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a coari matrix and a
+correlation Matrix note the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix note the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix note the correlation
+Matrix is between uh negative one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is between uh negative one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is between uh negative one and
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let me cut to the chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here here I'll draw it here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I'll draw it here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I'll draw it here because I
+really want to get into some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to get into some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to get into some of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+stuff what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what this
+means if I have a covariant structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have a covariant structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have a covariant structure
+Sigma and I have a vector of positions X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and I have a vector of positions X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and I have a vector of positions X
+Dollar in dollar Yen y Dollar in Gold Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollar in dollar Yen y Dollar in Gold Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollar in dollar Yen y Dollar in Gold Z
+Dollar in oil all right and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollar in oil all right and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollar in oil all right and let's say
+I've got a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a position
+Vector X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X1
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+X3 X the N all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right if I have all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right if I have all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right if I have all my
+positions recorded as a vector this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions recorded as a vector this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions recorded as a vector this is
+POS asset one asset two and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS asset one asset two and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS asset one asset two and this is in
+dollars all right and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars all right and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars all right and I have the
+covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant
+structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the
+variance of this portfolio that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of this portfolio that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of this portfolio that has
+these assets and this coant structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assets and this coant structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assets and this coant structure
+this is where the magic happens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the magic happens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the magic happens all
+right is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is X
+transpose Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+equals Sigma squ hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+portfolio now you really could go work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now you really could go work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now you really could go work
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+bank this is how portfolio variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank this is how portfolio variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank this is how portfolio variance
+using the variance covariance method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the variance covariance method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the variance covariance method is
+done in fact when we were doing it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fact when we were doing it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in fact when we were doing it this
+way 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way 20 years
+ago spreadsheets only had 256 columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago spreadsheets only had 256 columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago spreadsheets only had 256 columns so
+we tried to simpli everything into or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to simpli everything into or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to simpli everything into or
+sometimes you had to sum it up using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you had to sum it up using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you had to sum it up using two
+two different spreadsheets we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different spreadsheets we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different spreadsheets we didn't
+have multitap multitap spreadsheets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitap multitap spreadsheets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitap multitap spreadsheets that
+was a that was a dream multi tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a that was a dream multi tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a that was a dream multi tab
+spreadsheet this was this is lotus 123
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet this was this is lotus 123
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet this was this is lotus 123
+we're talking about here okay you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here okay you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here okay you guys
+don't even know what Lotus 123 is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what Lotus 123 is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what Lotus 123 is it's
+like it's like an abacus but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like an abacus but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like an abacus but on the
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+yes this position Vector let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this position Vector let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this position Vector let's say I
+tell you that you've got dollen golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you've got dollen golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you've got dollen golden
+oil you got $100 a dollar Yen $50 of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil you got $100 a dollar Yen $50 of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil you got $100 a dollar Yen $50 of oil
+and $25 a gold all right it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $25 a gold all right it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and $25 a gold all right it'
+be50 25 now I should say if it's a $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be50 25 now I should say if it's a $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be50 25 now I should say if it's a $100
+a dollar Yen your position Vector would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar Yen your position Vector would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar Yen your position Vector would
+actually show up as negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show up as negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show up as negative
+1525 why is that because if I if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1525 why is that because if I if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1525 why is that because if I if I'm
+measuring my dollar Yen and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring my dollar Yen and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring my dollar Yen and this is just
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+aside um typically I measure dollar yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside um typically I measure dollar yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside um typically I measure dollar yen
+in Yen per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Yen per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Yen per
+dollar all right so dollar Yen might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right so dollar Yen might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar all right so dollar Yen might be
+95 if I own yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 if I own yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 if I own yen
+and Yen and I'm a dollar investor and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yen and I'm a dollar investor and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yen and I'm a dollar investor and I
+own Yen and Yen go from 95 per dollar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Yen and Yen go from 95 per dollar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Yen and Yen go from 95 per dollar to
+100 per dollar do I make or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 per dollar do I make or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 per dollar do I make or lose
+money I lose money negative 100 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I lose money negative 100 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I lose money negative 100 all
+right and that's save that for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's save that for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's save that for just
+store that you you won't you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that you you won't you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that you you won't you won't be
+tested on that but just we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on that but just we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on that but just we think about
+that all the time same thing with yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time same thing with yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time same thing with yields
+typically when I record my pv1 and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when I record my pv1 and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when I record my pv1 and I'll
+record some version something like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record some version something like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record some version something like my
+pv1 in that Vector my interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 in that Vector my interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv1 in that Vector my interest rate
+sensitivity I'm going to record it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity I'm going to record it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity I'm going to record it as an
+negative because when yields go up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because when yields go up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative because when yields go up and I
+own the bond I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the bond I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the bond I lose
+money signs very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money signs very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money signs very
+important so and again we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so and again we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so and again we've covered
+usually I do this in in a two-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I do this in in a two-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I do this in in a two-hour
+lecture um and we've covered it in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um and we've covered it in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um and we've covered it in less
+than an hour it's pretty good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an hour it's pretty good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an hour it's pretty good all right
+um I spend a lot more time on the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I spend a lot more time on the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I spend a lot more time on the fixed
+income you are you taking something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you are you taking something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you are you taking something for
+that that does not sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does not sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does not sound
+healthy I don't mean to embarrass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy I don't mean to embarrass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy I don't mean to embarrass you
+but I just want to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to make sure that you're
+taking care of yourself because grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of yourself because grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of yourself because grad
+students don't I was a grad student I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students don't I was a grad student I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students don't I was a grad student I
+didn't take care of myself very well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worry all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry all right
+um big picture variance co-variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um big picture variance co-variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um big picture variance co-variance
+collect data calculate returns test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data calculate returns test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data calculate returns test the
+data Matrix construction get my position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Matrix construction get my position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Matrix construction get my position
+Vector multiply my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector multiply my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector multiply my
+matrices all right quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all right quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all right quick and
+dirty that's how we do it that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty that's how we do it that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty that's how we do it that's the
+simplified approach to measuring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified approach to measuring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified approach to measuring this
+order statistic called value at risk Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic called value at risk Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic called value at risk Des
+using this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technique questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique questions
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+anyone anything you think I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anything you think I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anything you think I need to
+elucidate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and this is in fact how we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is in fact how we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is in fact how we did this
+up until the late 90s all right firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the late 90s all right firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the late 90s all right firms
+use variance covariance I heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use variance covariance I heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use variance covariance I heard a
+statistic in in Europe in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic in in Europe in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic in in Europe in in
+1996 that 80% of the European Banks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 that 80% of the European Banks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 that 80% of the European Banks were
+using this technique to do the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this technique to do the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this technique to do the value
+risk there's no more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk there's no more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk there's no more complicated than
+this I use a little flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I use a little flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I use a little flow
+diagram get your data returns graph your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram get your data returns graph your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram get your data returns graph your
+data to make sure you don't screw it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to make sure you don't screw it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to make sure you don't screw it up
+uh get your covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get your covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get your covariance
+Matrix multiply your matrices at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply your matrices at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply your matrices at X
+transpose Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma
+x uh using the position vectors and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh using the position vectors and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh using the position vectors and then
+you can do your analysis normally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your analysis normally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your analysis normally I
+would spend some more time on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spend some more time on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spend some more time on that
+bottom row and different things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row and different things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row and different things you can
+do with it but that suffice that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it but that suffice that that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it but that suffice that that'll
+device for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device for
+now couple points I want to make before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now couple points I want to make before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now couple points I want to make before
+we move on about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on about the
+assumptions I have to worry about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I have to worry about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I have to worry about where
+actually I'll fly through this here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll fly through this here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll fly through this here so
+we can get into Monty Carlo simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into Monty Carlo simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into Monty Carlo simulation
+um where am I going to get my data where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where am I going to get my data where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where am I going to get my data where
+do I get my data I often get a lot I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get my data I often get a lot I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get my data I often get a lot I get
+a lot of my data from Bloomberg I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of my data from Bloomberg I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of my data from Bloomberg I get it
+from public sources I get it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from public sources I get it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from public sources I get it from the
+internet especially when you get look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet especially when you get look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet especially when you get look if
+it says so on the internet it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says so on the internet it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says so on the internet it must be
+true right didn't AB Lincoln say don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right didn't AB Lincoln say don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right didn't AB Lincoln say don't
+re don't uh believe everything you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re don't uh believe everything you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re don't uh believe everything you read
+on the internet that was a quot I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet that was a quot I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet that was a quot I saw
+that someplace um all right you get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someplace um all right you get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someplace um all right you get data
+from people you check it all right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people you check it all right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people you check it all right there
+are some sources that are very reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some sources that are very reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some sources that are very reliable
+if you looking for yield data or foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looking for yield data or foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looking for yield data or foreign
+exchange data the Federal Reserve has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange data the Federal Reserve has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange data the Federal Reserve has it
+and they have it back 20 years daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have it back 20 years daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have it back 20 years daily
+data it's the h15 and h10 all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's the h15 and h10 all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's the h15 and h10 all right uh
+it's it's there it's free it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's there it's free it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's there it's free it's easy to
+download just be aware of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download just be aware of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download just be aware of it
+exchange a steady posted on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a steady posted on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a steady posted on the website
+that goes through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through uh
+calculations computations for regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations computations for regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations computations for regression
+analysis and asset pricing models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and asset pricing models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and asset pricing models and
+the data that's used there is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's used there is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's used there is from the
+Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal
+Reserve for yields it's probably from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve for yields it's probably from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve for yields it's probably from
+the h those files and you'll see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h those files and you'll see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h those files and you'll see how to
+actually get that data for yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that data for yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get that data for yourselves
+now another great source of data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another great source of data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another great source of data is
+Bloomberg now the good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg now the good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg now the good thing about
+Bloomberg data is everybody uses it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg data is everybody uses it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg data is everybody uses it so
+it's clean relatively clean I still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clean relatively clean I still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clean relatively clean I still find
+errors in it from time to time but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in it from time to time but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in it from time to time but what
+happens is when you find an error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is when you find an error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is when you find an error in
+your Bloomberg data you get on a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bloomberg data you get on a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bloomberg data you get on a phone
+Bloomberg right away and say I found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg right away and say I found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg right away and say I found an
+error in your data they said what date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your data they said what date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your data they said what date
+June 14th you know uh 2012 and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June 14th you know uh 2012 and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June 14th you know uh 2012 and they'll
+say okay we'll fix it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we'll fix it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we'll fix it all right so
+everybody does that and the data set's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that and the data set's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that and the data set's
+pretty clean I I found consistently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean I I found consistently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean I I found consistently that
+that that Bloomberg data is the cleanest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Bloomberg data is the cleanest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Bloomberg data is the cleanest
+in my experience how much data do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience how much data do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience how much data do we use
+in doing this I could use one year data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this I could use one year data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this I could use one year data
+I could use two weeks of data now time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use two weeks of data now time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use two weeks of data now time
+series we usually want a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we usually want a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series we usually want a 100
+observations that's always been my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that's always been my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that's always been my my
+rule of film I can use one year of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of film I can use one year of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of film I can use one year of data
+the our Regulators require use use at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our Regulators require use use at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our Regulators require use use at
+least a year of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a year of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a year of data
+you could use two years of data in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use two years of data in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use two years of data in fact
+some firms use one year data there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firms use one year data there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firms use one year data there's one
+firm that uses five years of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that uses five years of data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that uses five years of data in
+doing the resp and and there we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resp and and there we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resp and and there we could
+say well am I going to wait it am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well am I going to wait it am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well am I going to wait it am I
+going to wait my more recent data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wait my more recent data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wait my more recent data
+heavily I could do that with a with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily I could do that with a with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily I could do that with a with an
+exponential smoothing which we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential smoothing which we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential smoothing which we won't
+have time to talk about it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk about it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk about it's a it's a
+technique I can use to to lend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I can use to to lend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique I can use to to lend more
+Credence to the more recent data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credence to the more recent data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credence to the more recent data
+now I'm a relatively simple guy I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm a relatively simple guy I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm a relatively simple guy I use
+tend to use equally weighted data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use equally weighted data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use equally weighted data
+because I believe in aam's Razer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I believe in aam's Razer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I believe in aam's Razer which
+is the simp explanation is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simp explanation is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simp explanation is usually the
+best um I think we get too clever by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um I think we get too clever by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best um I think we get too clever by
+half when we try to parameterize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half when we try to parameterize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half when we try to parameterize you
+know how fast is my memory did how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how fast is my memory did how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how fast is my memory did how how
+much more does last week's data have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more does last week's data have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more does last week's data have an
+impact than from two weeks ago three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than from two weeks ago three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than from two weeks ago three
+weeks ago I'm not saying that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago I'm not saying that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago I'm not saying that it doesn't
+I'm not what I am saying is I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not what I am saying is I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not what I am saying is I'm not
+smart enough to know exactly how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to know exactly how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to know exactly how much it
+does that's and assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's and assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's and assuming that
+everything's equally weighted throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's equally weighted throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's equally weighted throughout
+time is just as strong an assumption all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just as strong an assumption all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is just as strong an assumption all
+right but it's a very simple assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's a very simple assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's a very simple assumption
+I love simple all right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes all right
+quickly actually I think I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly actually I think I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly actually I think I have some
+slides on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on
+that let me just finish this and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just finish this and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just finish this and I'll
+get to that all right uh gaps in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that all right uh gaps in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that all right uh gaps in data
+missing data is a problem how do I fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data is a problem how do I fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data is a problem how do I fill
+in missing data I can do a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in missing data I can do a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in missing data I can do a linear
+interpolation I I can use the prior days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation I I can use the prior days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation I I can use the prior days
+data I can do a brownie and Bridge which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I can do a brownie and Bridge which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I can do a brownie and Bridge which
+is I just do a Monte Carlo between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just do a Monte Carlo between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just do a Monte Carlo between them
+uh I could do a regression base I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could do a regression base I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could do a regression base I can
+use regression to project changes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use regression to project changes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use regression to project changes from
+one onto changes another that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one onto changes another that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one onto changes another that's usually
+a whole other lecture I give on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole other lecture I give on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole other lecture I give on how to
+do missing data now you got that lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do missing data now you got that lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do missing data now you got that lecture
+for free all right it's all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free all right it's all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free all right it's all you need to
+know it's not only lecture it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not only lecture it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not only lecture it's it's a
+very hard homework assignment but uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard homework assignment but uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard homework assignment but uh how
+frequently do I update my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently do I update my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently do I update my
+data some people update their covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data some people update their covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data some people update their covariant
+structures daily I think that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures daily I think that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures daily I think that's an
+Overkill we update our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overkill we update our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overkill we update our data set
+weekly all right that's that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly all right that's that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly all right that's that's what we
+do and that I think Overkill but tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that I think Overkill but tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that I think Overkill but tell
+that to my Regulators um and do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to my Regulators um and do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to my Regulators um and do we use
+daily data weekly data monthly data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily data weekly data monthly data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily data weekly data monthly data we
+typically use daily data some firms may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically use daily data some firms may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically use daily data some firms may
+do it differently all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right here's your exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right here's your exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right here's your exponential
+smoothing all right remember I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing all right remember I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing all right remember I usually
+uh measure covariance uh sum of x i -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure covariance uh sum of x i -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure covariance uh sum of x i -
+xar * y - y barid n minus one what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar * y - y barid n minus one what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar * y - y barid n minus one what if
+what if I stuck an Omega in there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I stuck an Omega in there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I stuck an Omega in there all
+right and and I use this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and I use this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and I use this calculation
+instead where the denominator is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead where the denominator is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead where the denominator is the sum
+of all the omegas you should be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the omegas you should be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the omegas you should be thinking
+finite series all right at least when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite series all right at least when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite series all right at least when I
+you have I was a decent math student I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I was a decent math student I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I was a decent math student I
+wasn't a great math student and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a great math student and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a great math student and when I
+found when I when I was studying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found when I when I was studying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found when I when I was studying this
+I'm like wow all that stuff that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like wow all that stuff that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like wow all that stuff that I
+learned it actually finite series who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it actually finite series who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it actually finite series who
+knew who knew that I actually use it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew who knew that I actually use it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew who knew that I actually use it all
+right so I take this and let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I take this and let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I take this and let's say I'm
+working backwards in time so today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working backwards in time so today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working backwards in time so today's
+observation is t0 tomorrow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is t0 tomorrow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is t0 tomorrow uh
+yesterday's observation is T1 T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's observation is T1 T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday's observation is T1 T2
+T3 so today's observation would get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 so today's observation would get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 so today's observation would get and
+and stay let's assume for the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay let's assume for the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay let's assume for the time that
+the that this Omega is on the order of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that this Omega is on the order of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that this Omega is on the order of 0
+N5 just it could be anything all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N5 just it could be anything all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N5 just it could be anything all right
+so today would be 0.95 to the zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today would be 0.95 to the zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today would be 0.95 to the zero one
+right divided by the sum of all omegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right divided by the sum of all omegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right divided by the sum of all omegas
+tomorrow be 0.95 divided by the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow be 0.95 divided by the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow be 0.95 divided by the sum of
+the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega
+the next would be 95 SAR divid by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next would be 95 SAR divid by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next would be 95 SAR divid by the
+sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+omegas 95 cubed and gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas 95 cubed and gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omegas 95 cubed and gets smaller and
+smaller all right when you're using 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller all right when you're using 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller all right when you're using 0.9
+for example if you use 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you use 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you use 0.
+N4 99% of your weight will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N4 99% of your weight will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N4 99% of your weight will be in the
+last 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 76
+days 76 observations I shouldn't say 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days 76 observations I shouldn't say 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days 76 observations I shouldn't say 76
+days 76 observations so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days 76 observations so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days 76 observations so there's this
+notion that the that the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that the that the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that the that the impact
+declines exponentially does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines exponentially does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines exponentially does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+the reason that people use this pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that people use this pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that people use this pretty
+commonly but what scares me about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly but what scares me about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly but what scares me about it
+somebody stuck these fancy transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody stuck these fancy transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody stuck these fancy transitions
+in between these sides anyway is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these sides anyway is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between these sides anyway is that
+here's here's my standard deviation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's my standard deviation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's my standard deviation with
+a rolling six W window and here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rolling six W window and here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rolling six W window and here's my
+standard deviation using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation using different
+weights and the point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the point I want to make
+here it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's an important
+point my assumption about my waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my assumption about my waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my assumption about my waiting
+coefficient has a material impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a material impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a material impact on the
+size of my measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my measured
+volatility right now when I see this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility right now when I see this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility right now when I see this and
+this is just me and there's no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just me and there's no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just me and there's no there's
+no Finance or statistics theory behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Finance or statistics theory behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Finance or statistics theory behind
+this anytime the choice anytime an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anytime the choice anytime an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anytime the choice anytime an
+assumption has this material an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption has this material an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption has this material an impact
+bells and whistles go off and Sirens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and whistles go off and Sirens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and whistles go off and Sirens all
+right and red lights flash be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and red lights flash be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and red lights flash be very very
+careful now you know lies damn lies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful now you know lies damn lies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful now you know lies damn lies and
+statistics you tell me the tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you tell me the tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you tell me the tell me the
+outcome you want and I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you want and I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you want and I'll tell you what
+statistics to use that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics to use that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics to use that's what that's
+where this could be abused oh you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this could be abused oh you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this could be abused oh you want
+to show high volatility well let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show high volatility well let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show high volatility well let's uh
+let's use this you want to Show Low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this you want to Show Low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use this you want to Show Low
+volatility let's use this see I choose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility let's use this see I choose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility let's use this see I choose I
+choose to just take the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to just take the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to just take the simplest
+approach all right and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach all right and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach all right and that's that's
+that's me that's not a terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me that's not a terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me that's not a terribly
+scientific opinion but that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific opinion but that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific opinion but that's what I
+think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all
+right weekly percentage V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right weekly percentage V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right weekly percentage V
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+units just like uh dollar Yen interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units just like uh dollar Yen interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units just like uh dollar Yen interest
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+you know am I long or am I short and am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know am I long or am I short and am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know am I long or am I short and am
+I long or am I short if I'm long gold I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I long or am I short if I'm long gold I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I long or am I short if I'm long gold I
+show it as a positive number if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it as a positive number if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it as a positive number if I'm
+short gold in my position Vector I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short gold in my position Vector I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short gold in my position Vector I show
+it as a negative number if I'm long Yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a negative number if I'm long Yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a negative number if I'm long Yen
+and yen is measured in Yen per dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yen is measured in Yen per dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yen is measured in Yen per dollar
+then I show it as a negative number if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I show it as a negative number if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I show it as a negative number if
+I'm long Yen but my covariance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm long Yen but my covariance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm long Yen but my covariance Matrix
+measures Yen as dollars per Yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures Yen as dollars per Yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures Yen as dollars per Yen
+0.0094 whatever then I show it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0094 whatever then I show it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0094 whatever then I show it as a
+positive number all right it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number all right it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number all right it's just it's
+it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like
+physics only worse because it'll cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics only worse because it'll cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics only worse because it'll cost
+you real now I guess physics could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you real now I guess physics could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you real now I guess physics could be
+worse because you get the units wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because you get the units wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because you get the units wrong
+you blow up right this will just cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blow up right this will just cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blow up right this will just cost
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+money I've made this mistake I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I've made this mistake I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I've made this mistake I've made
+the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units
+mistake all right uh we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right uh we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake all right uh we talked about
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+income all right so that's what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income all right so that's what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income all right so that's what I want
+to cover from from the the the bare bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover from from the the the bare bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover from from the the the bare bone
+setup for VAR now what I I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for VAR now what I I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for VAR now what I I'm going to
+skip the historical simulation and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the historical simulation and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the historical simulation and go
+right to the Monte Carlo I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the Monte Carlo I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the Monte Carlo I want to show
+you another way we can use covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures some it's going to happen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures some it's going to happen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures some it's going to happen two
+or three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three more
+times somebody did this somebody made my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times somebody did this somebody made my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times somebody did this somebody made my
+presentation cute some years ago and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation cute some years ago and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation cute some years ago and I
+just it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apologize all right see there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize all right see there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize all right see there's a lot of
+meat in this presentation that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat in this presentation that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat in this presentation that we don't
+have time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+approach to doing Viet risk is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to doing Viet risk is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to doing Viet risk is rather
+than use this parametric approach is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than use this parametric approach is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than use this parametric approach is to
+simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the
+outcomes simulate the outcomes a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes simulate the outcomes a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes simulate the outcomes a 100
+times a thousand times 10,000 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a thousand times 10,000 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a thousand times 10,000 times a
+million times and say these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times and say these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times and say these are all the
+possible outcomes based on my simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes based on my simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes based on my simulation
+assumptions and if I have 10,000 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and if I have 10,000 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and if I have 10,000 let's
+say I simulate 10,000 times and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I simulate 10,000 times and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I simulate 10,000 times and I have
+10,000 possible outcomes for tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 possible outcomes for tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 possible outcomes for tomorrow
+and I want to measure my value at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to measure my value at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to measure my value at risk
+at the 1% significance level all I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 1% significance level all I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 1% significance level all I would
+do is take my 10,000 outcomes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take my 10,000 outcomes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take my 10,000 outcomes I would
+sort them and take my 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them and take my 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them and take my 100th
+worst put in your pocket go home all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst put in your pocket go home all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst put in your pocket go home all
+right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+it this is a a a a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a a a a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a a a a different way of
+getting to that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to that order
+statistic all right it lends a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic all right it lends a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic all right it lends a lot more
+flexibility because I can go and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility because I can go and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility because I can go and I can
+tweak the way I do that simulation I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the way I do that simulation I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak the way I do that simulation I can
+relax my assumptions of normality I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax my assumptions of normality I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax my assumptions of normality I
+could I could do a uh I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could do a uh I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could do a uh I don't have to
+use normal distribution I could use a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use normal distribution I could use a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use normal distribution I could use a t
+distribution I could do lots of I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I could do lots of I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I could do lots of I could
+tweak my distribution I could customize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak my distribution I could customize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak my distribution I could customize
+I could put I could put mean reversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put I could put mean reversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could put I could put mean reversion
+in there I could do all kinds of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I could do all kinds of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I could do all kinds of stuff
+all right so another way we do buy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another way we do buy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so another way we do buy at
+risk is we simulate possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is we simulate possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is we simulate possible
+outcomes we rank the outcomes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes we rank the outcomes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes we rank the outcomes and we
+just count if I've got if I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count if I've got if I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count if I've got if I've got the
+10,000 observations and I want my 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 observations and I want my 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 observations and I want my 5%
+order statistic well I just take my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic well I just take my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic well I just take my my
+500th all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500th all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500th all
+right make sense it's that it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right make sense it's that it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right make sense it's that it's that
+simple W I don't want to make it s it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple W I don't want to make it s it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple W I don't want to make it s it's
+that simple because it actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple because it actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple because it actually gets
+gets a little messy in there but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little messy in there but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little messy in there but that's
+when we do mtic cardal simulation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do mtic cardal simulation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do mtic cardal simulation we're
+simulating what we think is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating what we think is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating what we think is going to
+happen all subject to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all subject to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen all subject to our
+assumptions all right and we run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions all right and we run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions all right and we run through
+this mon Carlo simulation simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mon Carlo simulation simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mon Carlo simulation simulation
+method using sequences of random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method using sequences of random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method using sequences of random numbers
+coin during the Manhattan Project is Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin during the Manhattan Project is Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin during the Manhattan Project is Sim
+similar to games of chance you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to games of chance you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to games of chance you need to
+require you need to describe your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you need to describe your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you need to describe your system
+in terms of probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of probability density
+functions what is what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what is what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what is what type of
+distribution is this is this normal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this is this normal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this is this normal is
+it t is it Ki squ is it f all right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t is it Ki squ is it f all right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it t is it Ki squ is it f all right that
+that's the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we do
+it so quickly how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I have to have random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to have random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to have random numbers
+now they're truly random numbers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're truly random numbers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're truly random numbers I'm
+somewhere in MIT you can buy I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in MIT you can buy I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in MIT you can buy I used to
+say tape but people don't use tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tape but people don't use tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tape but people don't use tape
+they'll give you they'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you they'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you they'll give you a
+website where you can get Atomic decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you can get Atomic decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where you can get Atomic decay
+all right that's random all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's random all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's random all right
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else is pseudo random what you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is pseudo random what you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is pseudo random what you see when
+you go into mat lab you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into mat lab you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into mat lab you have a random
+number generator it's an algorithm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator it's an algorithm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator it's an algorithm it
+probably takes some number and and takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably takes some number and and takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably takes some number and and takes
+the square root of that number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of that number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of that number and then
+goes 54 decimal places to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 54 decimal places to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes 54 decimal places to the right and
+takes those and the 55 decimal place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those and the 55 decimal place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those and the 55 decimal place to
+the right multiplies those two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right multiplies those two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right multiplies those two numbers
+together all right and then takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right and then takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right and then takes the
+fifth route and then goes 16 decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth route and then goes 16 decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth route and then goes 16 decimal
+places to the right to get that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to the right to get that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to the right to get that it's
+some some algorithm true story before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some algorithm true story before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some algorithm true story before I
+came to appreciate that these were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to appreciate that these were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to appreciate that these were all
+highly algorithmically driven I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly algorithmically driven I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly algorithmically driven I was in
+my 20s I was taking a computer class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 20s I was taking a computer class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 20s I was taking a computer class I
+saw two computers they're both running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two computers they're both running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two computers they're both running
+random number generators and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generators and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generators and they were
+generating the same random numbers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the same random numbers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the same random numbers and I
+thought I was at the Event Horizon all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was at the Event Horizon all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was at the Event Horizon all
+right I thought I thought that light was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I thought I thought that light was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I thought I thought that light was
+bending and the world was coming to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and the world was coming to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and the world was coming to an
+end all right because this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all right because this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all right because this can't
+this stuff can't happen all right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff can't happen all right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff can't happen all right it was
+happening right in front it was it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right in front it was it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right in front it was it was a
+sud Rand number generator I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sud Rand number generator I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sud Rand number generator I I didn't
+know I was 24 all right but it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was 24 all right but it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was 24 all right but it's it
+anyway um quasi numbers it's sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um quasi numbers it's sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um quasi numbers it's sort of a a
+way of imposing some order on your Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of imposing some order on your Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of imposing some order on your Rand
+your random numbers one particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random numbers one particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random numbers one particular set
+of draws may not have enough draws in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of draws may not have enough draws in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of draws may not have enough draws in a
+particular area to give you the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area to give you the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area to give you the numbers
+you want I can impose some conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I can impose some conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I can impose some conditions
+upon that I don't want to get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon that I don't want to get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon that I don't want to get into a
+discussion of of Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of Random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of Random
+numbers um how do I get from uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um how do I get from uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um how do I get from uh random
+uniform to most random number generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to most random number generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to most random number generators
+give you a random uniform number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a random uniform number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a random uniform number between
+zero and one what you'll typically do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one what you'll typically do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one what you'll typically do is
+you'll take that random uniform number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take that random uniform number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take that random uniform number
+you'll map it over to the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll map it over to the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll map it over to the cumulative
+density function all right and map it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function all right and map it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function all right and map it
+down so this gets you from random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this gets you from random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this gets you from random
+uniform space into standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform space into standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform space into standard deviation
+space all right we used to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right we used to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right we used to worry about
+how we did this now your software does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did this now your software does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did this now your software does
+it for you all right I've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you all right I've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you all right I've gotten
+comfortable enough truth be told I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable enough truth be told I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable enough truth be told I
+usually trust my random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trust my random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trust my random number
+generators in Excel in Matt lab all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators in Excel in Matt lab all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators in Excel in Matt lab all
+right so I I kind of violate my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I kind of violate my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I kind of violate my own
+rules I don't I don't check I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I don't I don't check I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I don't I don't check I don't
+but most I think most of your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most I think most of your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most I think most of your your
+standard random M generators are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard random M generators are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard random M generators are are are
+are decent enough now and you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decent enough now and you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decent enough now and you can go
+straight to normal you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to normal you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to normal you don't have to do
+random uniform and and back into random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uniform and and back into random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uniform and and back into random
+normal you can get a norm you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal you can get a norm you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal you can get a norm you can get it
+distributed any way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed any way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed any way you
+want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I do when I do a Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulation and this is again we rushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this is again we rushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and this is again we rushed
+because we only got like 20 minutes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only got like 20 minutes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only got like 20 minutes all
+right if I take a co-variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I take a co-variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I take a co-variance
+matrix you have to trust me on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you have to trust me on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you have to trust me on this
+because again I'm covering like eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again I'm covering like eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again I'm covering like eight
+hours of lecture in an hour and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of lecture in an hour and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of lecture in an hour and a half
+all right but you guys go to MIT so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you guys go to MIT so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you guys go to MIT so I
+have no doubt you're going to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no doubt you're going to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no doubt you're going to be all
+over this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extra all right let just take this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra all right let just take this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra all right let just take this out
+of here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here for
+a I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I can
+Factor my co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor my co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor my co
+structure all right I can Factor my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all right I can Factor my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all right I can Factor my
+covariant structure like this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant structure like this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant structure like this and this
+is the transpose of this I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of this I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of this I didn't
+realize that the first time we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the first time we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the first time we did this
+commercially I saw this instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially I saw this instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially I saw this instead of this
+and I thought we'd send bad data to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought we'd send bad data to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought we'd send bad data to the
+customer I got physically sick and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I got physically sick and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I got physically sick and then
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+remembered AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered AB
+transpose equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals B
+transpose these things keep happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose these things keep happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose these things keep happening
+and my high school math keep coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my high school math keep coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my high school math keep coming back
+to me all right but I'd forgotten this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me all right but I'd forgotten this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me all right but I'd forgotten this
+and I got physically sick because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got physically sick because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got physically sick because I
+thought we'd sent bad data because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we'd sent bad data because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we'd sent bad data because I was
+looking at this when it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this when it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this when it's just the
+transpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this
+anyway I can Factor this into this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I can Factor this into this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I can Factor this into this where
+this is the this is a matrix of igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a matrix of igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a matrix of igen
+vectors this is a diagonal matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is a diagonal matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is a diagonal matrix of the
+igen values all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values all
+right this is this is the vaunted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is the vaunted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is the vaunted
+gussian Cula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian Cula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian Cula
+this is it I mean most people view it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it I mean most people view it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it I mean most people view it as
+a black box if you've had any more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box if you've had any more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black box if you've had any more than
+introductory statistics this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory statistics this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory statistics this should be a
+glass box to you that's why I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass box to you that's why I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass box to you that's why I want to go
+through this even though I'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this even though I'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this even though I'd love to
+spend another hour and a half and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend another hour and a half and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend another hour and a half and do
+about 50 examples because this is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 examples because this is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 examples because this is how I
+learned this I didn't learn it I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this I didn't learn it I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this I didn't learn it I didn't
+learn it from looking at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it from looking at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it from looking at this equation
+and say oh I get it I learned it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh I get it I learned it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh I get it I learned it from
+actually doing it about a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it about a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing it about a thousand times
+in a spreadsheet and it sunk in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spreadsheet and it sunk in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spreadsheet and it sunk in like
+water into a stone all right so I factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water into a stone all right so I factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water into a stone all right so I factor
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Matrix and then I take this which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then I take this which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then I take this which is the
+square root mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix which is my transpose of my igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is my transpose of my igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is my transpose of my igen
+Vector Matrix and a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Matrix and a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Matrix and a diagonal matrix
+containing the square root of my igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the square root of my igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the square root of my igen
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+now could this ever be negative and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now could this ever be negative and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now could this ever be negative and take
+me into imaginary root land well if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into imaginary root land well if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into imaginary root land well if my
+variances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are
+positive or zero then that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or zero then that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or zero then that will be a
+problem so here we get it remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here we get it remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here we get it remember you
+guys studied positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys studied positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys studied positive semi-definite
+positive definite once again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite once again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite once again it's
+another one of these high school math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these high school math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these high school math
+things like here it is I had to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here it is I had to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here it is I had to know
+this all right suddenly I care whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right suddenly I care whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right suddenly I care whether
+it's positive semi-definite covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive semi-definite covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive semi-definite covariant
+structures have to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have to be positive
+semi-definite uh if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite uh if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite uh if you don't have a
+complete data set let's say you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete data set let's say you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete data set let's say you've got
+100 observations 100 observations 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 observations 100 observations 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 observations 100 observations 100
+observations 25 observations 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 25 observations 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 25 observations 100
+observations 100 you may have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 100 you may have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations 100 you may have a negative
+I value if you just measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value if you just measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value if you just measure the
+co-variances with the amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances with the amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances with the amount of data
+that you have my intuition and I I doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have my intuition and I I doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have my intuition and I I doubt
+this is the the is that you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the is that you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the is that you're measuring
+with error and you have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with error and you have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with error and you have fewer
+observations you're measur with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations you're measur with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations you're measur with more
+error so it's possible if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so it's possible if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so it's possible if you're using
+some of if some of your covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of if some of your covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of if some of your covariance
+measures have 25 observations and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures have 25 observations and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures have 25 observations and some
+of them have 100 observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have 100 observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have 100 observations that
+there's more error in some than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more error in some than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more error in some than in
+others and so there's the POS the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so there's the POS the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so there's the POS the
+theoretical possibility for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical possibility for negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical possibility for negative
+variance true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance true
+story we didn't know this in the 90s I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we didn't know this in the 90s I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we didn't know this in the 90s I I
+took this problem to the chairman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this problem to the chairman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this problem to the chairman of the
+statistics department at NYU inad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics department at NYU inad of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics department at NYU inad of
+getting negative I values and he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting negative I values and he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting negative I values and he didn't
+know it he he got he had no idea he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it he he got he had no idea he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it he he got he had no idea he's a
+smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+guy you have to fill in your missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you have to fill in your missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you have to fill in your missing
+data all right you have to fill in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right you have to fill in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right you have to fill in your
+missing data if you got thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data if you got thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data if you got thousand
+observations thousand observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations thousand observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations thousand observations
+thousand observations 200 observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand observations 200 observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand observations 200 observations
+and you want to make sure you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make sure you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to make sure you don't have
+uh negative igen value you got to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative igen value you got to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative igen value you got to fill
+in those observations which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those observations which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those observations which is why
+missing data is a whole other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data is a whole other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data is a whole other thing we
+talk about all right I again I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about all right I again I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about all right I again I could
+spend a lot of time on that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on that and I
+learned that the hard way I learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the hard way I learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the hard way I learned that
+the hard way all right but anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard way all right but anyway so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard way all right but anyway so I
+take the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root
+Matrix if I pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if I pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if I pre
+multiply that square root matrix by row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that square root matrix by row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that square root matrix by row
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+row of normals all right I will get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of normals all right I will get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of normals all right I will get out
+an array that has the same coant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that has the same coant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that has the same coant
+structure as that which I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as that which I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as that which I started with
+which I started we're good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I started we're good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I started we're good it
+interpreted the I've got some is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted the I've got some is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted the I've got some is another
+story here I've been using the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here I've been using the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here I've been using the same I
+value I believe in full attribution I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I believe in full attribution I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I believe in full attribution I'm
+not a clever guy I I I have I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a clever guy I I I have I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a clever guy I I I have I have not
+an original thought in my head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original thought in my head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an original thought in my head and
+whenever I use someone else's stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I use someone else's stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I use someone else's stuff I
+give them credit for it and the guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them credit for it and the guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them credit for it and the guy who
+wrote the code that did the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the code that did the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the code that did the igen value
+decom this is something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decom this is something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decom this is something that was
+translated from for Tran 4 all right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from for Tran 4 all right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from for Tran 4 all right it
+wasn't even watt five we're talking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even watt five we're talking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even watt five we're talking for
+there's a dichotomy in the world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dichotomy in the world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dichotomy in the world there
+are people that have written for Tran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that have written for Tran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that have written for Tran
+and people that have it I'm guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people that have it I'm guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people that have it I'm guessing
+that there are two people in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two people in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two people in this room
+that have ever written the line of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have ever written the line of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have ever written the line of for
+TR anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR anyone
+here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just
+saying yeah did with cards or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards I didn't use cards I that was see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards I didn't use cards I that was see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards I didn't use cards I that was see
+you're an oldtime because you Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards the the the punch line is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards the the the punch line is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards the the the punch line is I've
+been using this guy's code and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using this guy's code and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using this guy's code and I could
+show you the code it's like in The Lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code it's like in The Lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code it's like in The Lone
+Ranger I didn't even get a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ranger I didn't even get a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ranger I didn't even get a chance to
+thank him because he didn't put his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank him because he didn't put his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank him because he didn't put his name
+on the code I mean like on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the code I mean like on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the code I mean like on the internet
+now if you do something clever on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you do something clever on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you do something clever on the
+Quant news groups you're going to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant news groups you're going to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant news groups you're going to post
+your name all over it I I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name all over it I I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name all over it I I've been
+wanting to thank this guy for like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to thank this guy for like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to thank this guy for like 20
+years and I haven't been able to anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I haven't been able to anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I haven't been able to anyway
+some IED code this Transit let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IED code this Transit let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IED code this Transit let me let me
+show you what what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what this
+means all right here's some Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data here's some percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data here's some percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data here's some percentage
+changes just like we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes just like we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes just like we talked
+about here is the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is the empirical
+correlation of those percentage changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of those percentage changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of those percentage changes
+all right so the correlation of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the correlation of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the correlation of my
+government 10e to my AAA 10 year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government 10e to my AAA 10 year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government 10e to my AAA 10 year is
+083 to my able a84 all right you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+083 to my able a84 all right you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+083 to my able a84 all right you see
+this all right and I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right and I have this
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+Matrix which is the the the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is the the the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is the the the correlation
+Matrix is a scaled version of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a scaled version of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a scaled version of The
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+Matrix and I do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I do a little bit of
+statistical Ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain igen values and igen
+vectors take the square root of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors take the square root of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors take the square root of that and
+again I I I'd love to spend a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I I'd love to spend a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I I'd love to spend a lot more
+time on this but we just don't suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this but we just don't suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this but we just don't suffice
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+say I call this a transformation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I call this a transformation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I call this a transformation matrix
+that's my term this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is this if we had another hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this if we had another hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this if we had another hour and
+a half I'd take the step by step to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I'd take the step by step to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I'd take the step by step to get
+you there the proof of which is left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there the proof of which is left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there the proof of which is left to
+the reader as an exercise all right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader as an exercise all right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader as an exercise all right I'll
+leave the spreadsheet for you I'll send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the spreadsheet for you I'll send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the spreadsheet for you I'll send
+it to you I have this metrix this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you I have this metrix this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you I have this metrix this Matrix
+this Matrix is like a prism I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is like a prism I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is like a prism I'm going
+I'm going to pass white light through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass white light through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass white light through it
+I'm going to get a beautiful rainbow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a beautiful rainbow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a beautiful rainbow all
+right let me show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me show you what I
+mean so remember that Matrix this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so remember that Matrix this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so remember that Matrix this this
+Matrix I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T remember my Matrix is 10 x 10 one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T remember my Matrix is 10 x 10 one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T remember my Matrix is 10 x 10 one two
+three four five six seven 8 nine 10 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six seven 8 nine 10 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six seven 8 nine 10 all
+right 10 Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 Columns of
+data 10x 10 correlation Matrix let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 10x 10 correlation Matrix let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 10x 10 correlation Matrix let's
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+all right 10 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 now I've got row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 now I've got row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 now I've got row
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+of sorry uncorrelated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry uncorrelated random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry uncorrelated random
+normals all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what I'm doing then is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm doing then is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm doing then is I'm
+premultiplying that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premultiplying that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premultiplying that transformation
+matrix row by row by this each row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix row by row by this each row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix row by row by this each row of
+uncorrelated random normals and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated random normals and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated random normals and what I
+get is correlated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is correlated random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is correlated random
+normals so what I'm telling you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals so what I'm telling you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals so what I'm telling you here is
+this this array happens to be 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wide and a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide and a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide and a th
+long and I'm telling you that I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I'm telling you that I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I'm telling you that I started
+with my historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my historical
+data and I only let me see how much data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I only let me see how much data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I only let me see how much data
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+there have a couple hundred observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have a couple hundred observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have a couple hundred observations
+of historical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've
+done is once I have that covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is once I have that covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is once I have that covariant
+structure I can create a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which has the same statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right not quite the same all right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not quite the same all right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not quite the same all right I can
+it can have the same means and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have the same means and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have the same means and the same
+variances all right this is what money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances all right this is what money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances all right this is what money
+Carlo simulation about I wish we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation about I wish we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation about I wish we had
+another hour because I I'd like to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour because I I'd like to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour because I I'd like to spend
+time and this is one of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is one of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is one of these things and
+again I didn't when I first saw it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I didn't when I first saw it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I didn't when I first saw it's
+like oh my God I I I I feel like I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my God I I I I feel like I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my God I I I I feel like I got
+the keys to the kingdom when I and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys to the kingdom when I and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys to the kingdom when I and I did
+this manually did it all on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manually did it all on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manually did it all on a
+spreadsheet didn't believe anyone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet didn't believe anyone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet didn't believe anyone else's
+code did it all spreadsheet all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code did it all spreadsheet all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code did it all spreadsheet all right
+but what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means quickly let me just go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means quickly let me just go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means quickly let me just go back over
+here for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a
+second I've got 700 I happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I've got 700 I happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I've got 700 I happen to have
+about 800 observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 800 observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 800 observations
+here all right historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right historical
+observations what I did was I happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what I did was I happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what I did was I happened
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate a th000 samples here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a th000 samples here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a th000 samples here but I
+could generate 10,000 or 100,000 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate 10,000 or 100,000 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could generate 10,000 or 100,000 or a
+million or 10 million or a billion just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or 10 million or a billion just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or 10 million or a billion just
+by doing more random normals I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing more random normals I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing more random normals I could
+generate in effectively what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in effectively what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate in effectively what I'm
+generating here is synthetic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating here is synthetic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating here is synthetic time
+series that have properties similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that have properties similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that have properties similar to
+my underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my underlying
+data all right that's what mon caral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right that's what mon caral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right that's what mon caral
+simulation is about the mean means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is about the mean means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is about the mean means and
+the variances and the co-variances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variances and the co-variances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variances and the co-variances of
+this data set are just like that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set are just like that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set are just like that now
+again true story when somebody first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again true story when somebody first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again true story when somebody first
+showed me this I did not believe them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed me this I did not believe them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed me this I did not believe them so
+I developed a bunch of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I developed a bunch of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I developed a bunch of little
+tests and I said let me just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and I said let me just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and I said let me just look at the
+correlation of my Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of my Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of my Monte Carlo
+data versus my original correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data versus my original correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data versus my original correlation
+Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8585 67 081 you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8585 67 081 you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8585 67 081 you look at the
+corresponding ones of the r of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ones of the r of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ones of the r of the the
+random numbers I just generated 8182
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers I just generated 8182
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers I just generated 8182
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64520 54 versus 0 5218 8 versus .12 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64520 54 versus 0 5218 8 versus .12 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64520 54 versus 0 5218 8 versus .12 51
+versus 47 somebody want to tell me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 47 somebody want to tell me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 47 somebody want to tell me why
+they're not spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not spot
+on sampling error the more data I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sampling error the more data I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sampling error the more data I use
+the closer it'll get to that if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer it'll get to that if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer it'll get to that if I do a
+million I I better get right on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I I better get right on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I I better get right on top of
+that does that make sense so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so what I'm
+telling you here is that I can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you here is that I can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you here is that I can generate
+synthetic time series now why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic time series now why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic time series now why would I
+generate so many well because remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate so many well because remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate so many well because remember I
+care what's going on out in that tail if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's going on out in that tail if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what's going on out in that tail if
+I only have 100 observations and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have 100 observations and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have 100 observations and I'm
+looking empirically at my tail I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking empirically at my tail I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking empirically at my tail I only
+got one observation out in the 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one observation out in the 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one observation out in the 1%
+tail it doesn't that doesn't tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail it doesn't that doesn't tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail it doesn't that doesn't tell me a
+whole lot what's going on if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot what's going on if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot what's going on if I can
+simulate that distribution exactly I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that distribution exactly I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that distribution exactly I can
+say you know what I want a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what I want a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what I want a billion
+observations in that tail now we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in that tail now we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in that tail now we can we
+can look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that
+tail all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if I have a bon observ let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I have a bon observ let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I have a bon observ let's say
+I'm looking at some kind of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at some kind of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at some kind of normal
+distribution you know I'm circling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you know I'm circling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you know I'm circling it
+out here I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I can really dig in and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I can really dig in and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I can really dig in and see
+what the properties of this thing are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the properties of this thing are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the properties of this thing are in
+fact this can really only take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this can really only take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this can really only take two
+distributions and really it's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and really it's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and really it's only one
+but that's another story um so what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's another story um so what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's another story um so what I do
+in Monte Carlo simulation is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Monte Carlo simulation is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Monte Carlo simulation is I'm
+simulating these outcomes so I can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating these outcomes so I can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating these outcomes so I can get a
+lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+meat in this tail to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat in this tail to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat in this tail to understand what's
+happening out there does drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening out there does drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening out there does drop off
+quickly does it not drop off quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly does it not drop off quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly does it not drop off quickly
+that's that's kind of what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kind of what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's kind of what it's
+about so we're about at I normally I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're about at I normally I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're about at I normally I we
+just covered like four weeks of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered like four weeks of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered like four weeks of material
+all right but you guys are from MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you guys are from MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but you guys are from MIT I
+have complete confidence in you I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete confidence in you I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete confidence in you I say
+that to the people who work for me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the people who work for me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the people who work for me I
+have complete confidence in your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete confidence in your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have complete confidence in your ability
+to get that done by tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that done by tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that done by tomorrow
+morning um questions or comments I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning um questions or comments I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning um questions or comments I I
+know I've I've you're sipping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've I've you're sipping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've I've you're sipping from the
+fire hose here I I I fully appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire hose here I I I fully appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire hose here I I I fully appreciate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so those are examples when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are examples when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are examples when I do this
+with historical simulation I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with historical simulation I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with historical simulation I won't
+generate these Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these Monte Carlo
+trials I'll just use historical data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials I'll just use historical data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials I'll just use historical data and
+my my fat tails are built into it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my fat tails are built into it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my fat tails are built into it all
+right but what I've shown you today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I've shown you today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I've shown you today is
+we developed a one asset VAR model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a one asset VAR model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a one asset VAR model then
+we developed a multi-asset variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a multi-asset variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a multi-asset variance
+co-variance model and then I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance model and then I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance model and then I showed you
+quickly in far less time that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in far less time that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in far less time that I would
+like to have shown you is how I can how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have shown you is how I can how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have shown you is how I can how
+I can use another statistical technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use another statistical technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use another statistical technique
+which is called the gussian copula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the gussian copula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the gussian copula to
+generate his synthetic data sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate his synthetic data sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate his synthetic data sets that
+will have the same properties as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same properties as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same properties as my
+source historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source historical
+data all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there you have oh you know please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you have oh you know please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there you have oh you know please
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+please all right and tell for me one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right and tell for me one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right and tell for me one of
+the coolest things was actually being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest things was actually being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest things was actually being
+able to apply so much of the math I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply so much of the math I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply so much of the math I
+learned in high school and in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in high school and in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in high school and in college
+and never thought I'd apply again one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never thought I'd apply again one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never thought I'd apply again one of
+my best moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best moments
+was actually finding a use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually finding a use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually finding a use for
+trigonometry all right I I thought if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry all right I I thought if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry all right I I thought if
+you're not an engineer where you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not an engineer where you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not an engineer where you going
+to use it all right where you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it all right where you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it all right where you use it
+seasonals you do seasonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonals you do seasonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonals you do seasonal
+estimation and and what you do is you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and and what you do is you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and and what you do is you do
+fast 4A transform because I can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4A transform because I can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4A transform because I can describe
+any seasonal pattern with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any seasonal pattern with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any seasonal pattern with a linear
+combination of s and cosine functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of s and cosine functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of s and cosine functions
+and and it actually works I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it actually works I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it actually works I have my
+students do it as an exercise every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do it as an exercise every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do it as an exercise every year
+I say go get New York City temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say go get New York City temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say go get New York City temperature
+data and show me some linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and show me some linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and show me some linear combination
+of s and cosine functions that will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and cosine functions that will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and cosine functions that will show
+me the seasonal pattern of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the seasonal pattern of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the seasonal pattern of of
+temperature data and when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature data and when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature data and when I first
+realized I could use trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I could use trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I could use trigonometry
+yes it wasn't a waste of time I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it wasn't a waste of time I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it wasn't a waste of time I still
+polar coordinates I still haven't found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates I still haven't found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates I still haven't found
+a use for that one but but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a use for that one but but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a use for that one but but but it's
+there I know it's there all right go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I know it's there all right go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I know it's there all right go
+home
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9X6HtUsxnDc.txt b/9X6HtUsxnDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4f2742544eae6cd3fec7c553d3072041947bbbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9X6HtUsxnDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12095 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning good afternoon let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning good afternoon let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning good afternoon let's go
+ahead and get started welcome to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get started welcome to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get started welcome to lecture
+16 this is the last lecture worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 this is the last lecture worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 this is the last lecture worth of
+material that we're covering before our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're covering before our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're covering before our
+quiz all right let's talk about counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz all right let's talk about counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz all right let's talk about counting
+this is lecture 16 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture 16 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture 16 on
+Counting and where we left off last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting and where we left off last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting and where we left off last time
+was I had just mentioned the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I had just mentioned the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I had just mentioned the generalized
+product rule and we used the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and we used the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and we used the generalized
+product rule to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule to count the number of
+permutations of a deck of comically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of a deck of comically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of a deck of comically
+oversized playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversized playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversized playing
+cards uh we had 52 cards and we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh we had 52 cards and we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh we had 52 cards and we decided
+if we want to choose an order among all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to choose an order among all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to choose an order among all
+these cards well we have 52 options for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cards well we have 52 options for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cards well we have 52 options for
+the first card Queen of Diamonds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first card Queen of Diamonds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first card Queen of Diamonds this
+time after that we have 51 options left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after that we have 51 options left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after that we have 51 options left
+for the second card four of clubs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second card four of clubs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second card four of clubs this
+time now we have 50 cards left 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we have 50 cards left 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we have 50 cards left 5050
+options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and
+notice what whatever first two cards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what whatever first two cards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what whatever first two cards I
+chose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um
+initially whatever cards I chose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially whatever cards I chose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially whatever cards I chose is
+going to change the set of available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the set of available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change the set of available
+options left if I had instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options left if I had instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options left if I had instead of
+choosing the queen of diamonds first if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the queen of diamonds first if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the queen of diamonds first if
+I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had
+chosen the eight of clubs first then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the eight of clubs first then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the eight of clubs first then it
+would be this 50 cards that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this 50 cards that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this 50 cards that are
+remaining on step three rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining on step three rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining on step three rather than the
+previous set um but still on step three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set um but still on step three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set um but still on step three
+we always have 50 choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have 50 choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have 50 choices
+left so now we're choosing the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so now we're choosing the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so now we're choosing the two of
+hearts on step four we always have 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts on step four we always have 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts on step four we always have 49
+choices left then 48 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices left then 48 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices left then 48 47
+Etc um and so we were able to sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um and so we were able to sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um and so we were able to sum this
+up into a general principle called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a general principle called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a general principle called the
+generalized product rule which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule which basically
+says if you're making a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you're making a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you're making a sequence of
+choices and at every um at the E choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and at every um at the E choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and at every um at the E choice
+you always have a fixed number n i of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have a fixed number n i of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have a fixed number n i of
+possible choices at that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices at that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices at that I
+step then the number of ways to make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then the number of ways to make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then the number of ways to make all
+your choices in sequence is just N1 * N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices in sequence is just N1 * N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices in sequence is just N1 * N2
+* N3 all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* N3 all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* N3 all the way to
+NK uh and that's what this says in text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK uh and that's what this says in text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK uh and that's what this says in text
+so if a is a set of length K sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a is a set of length K sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a is a set of length K sequences
+where there are exactly N1 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are exactly N1 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are exactly N1 possible
+choices for the first one so 52 choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the first one so 52 choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the first one so 52 choices
+for the first card and then N2 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first card and then N2 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first card and then N2 possible
+choices at the Second Step no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices at the Second Step no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices at the Second Step no matter
+what you chose for the first step then n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you chose for the first step then n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you chose for the first step then n
+three um for the third step no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um for the third step no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um for the third step no matter
+what your first two choices were and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your first two choices were and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your first two choices were and so
+on all the way down then the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the way down then the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the way down then the size of
+your set is just the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set is just the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set is just the product of the
+number of choices you have in step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices you have in step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices you have in step one
+times the number of choices you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of choices you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of choices you have in
+step two etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two etc
+etc does that idea make sense let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc does that idea make sense let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc does that idea make sense let's do
+one more example here um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example here um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example here um and this
+example is about money money is a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is about money money is a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is about money money is a fun
+topic right um so anyone who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic right um so anyone who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic right um so anyone who has a
+dollar bill on them doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on them doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on them doesn't have to be a
+one just any dollar bill go ahead and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just any dollar bill go ahead and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just any dollar bill go ahead and P
+pull it out for a second and then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out for a second and then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out for a second and then give
+it to me no you can keep it um but take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me no you can keep it um but take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me no you can keep it um but take
+a look at the serial number so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the serial number so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the serial number so every
+dollar bill has a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill has a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill has a serial
+number which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is a
+length eight sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits how many possible serial numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits how many possible serial numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits how many possible serial numbers
+are there there might be some letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there might be some letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there might be some letters in
+there ignore the letters there are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ignore the letters there are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ignore the letters there are eight
+digits how many possible serial digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits how many possible serial digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits how many possible serial digits
+are serial numbers are there how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are serial numbers are there how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are serial numbers are there how many
+ways are there to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to choose
+a sequence of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of eight
+digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+yes eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes eight
+factorial eight factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial eight factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial eight factorial
+serials any other suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serials any other suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serials any other suggestions
+yes 10 to the eth 10 to the eth any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 10 to the eth 10 to the eth any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 10 to the eth 10 to the eth any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+three cuz we're only choosing eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cuz we're only choosing eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cuz we're only choosing eight
+digits instead of choosing all 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits instead of choosing all 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits instead of choosing all 10
+digits okay I'm going to put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits okay I'm going to put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits okay I'm going to put another
+suggestion in there 8 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 so which of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so importantly I never said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so importantly I never said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so importantly I never said that
+the digits had to be distinct and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits had to be distinct and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits had to be distinct and in
+fact very often they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very often they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very often they're not
+distinct so if we choose so here 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so if we choose so here 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so if we choose so here 2 3
+four five six 7even here are the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six 7even here are the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six 7even here are the eight
+digits we're going to choose a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits we're going to choose a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits we're going to choose a number
+for each like if I choose a seven for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each like if I choose a seven for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each like if I choose a seven for
+our first digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first digit
+well I had 10 options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had 10 options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had 10 options
+right how many options do I have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many options do I have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many options do I have for the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+digit 10 right I'm allowed to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit 10 right I'm allowed to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit 10 right I'm allowed to choose
+seven again if I want to so I have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven again if I want to so I have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven again if I want to so I have 10
+options here maybe I do choose seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options here maybe I do choose seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options here maybe I do choose seven
+again how many options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how many options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how many options
+here still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here still
+10 maybe I choose a four this time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 maybe I choose a four this time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 maybe I choose a four this time and
+so on I can fill this in every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on I can fill this in every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on I can fill this in every time I
+have 10 options for my next digit so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 options for my next digit so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 options for my next digit so the
+number of choices is 10 * 10 * 10 8 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices is 10 * 10 * 10 8 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices is 10 * 10 * 10 8 10
+8 does that make sense cool this in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 does that make sense cool this in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 does that make sense cool this in fact
+is just the regular product rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the regular product rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the regular product rule we
+didn't need the generalized product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need the generalized product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need the generalized product rule
+here because the set of choices I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the set of choices I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because the set of choices I have
+is just all 10 digits the set of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just all 10 digits the set of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just all 10 digits the set of choices
+I have is the same all 10 digits um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is the same all 10 digits um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is the same all 10 digits um the
+set of choices isn't changing as I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of choices isn't changing as I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of choices isn't changing as I make
+more choices just ju just regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more choices just ju just regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more choices just ju just regular
+product rule I put 8 to the 10 up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule I put 8 to the 10 up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule I put 8 to the 10 up there
+just to be a bit of a troll um because 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be a bit of a troll um because 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be a bit of a troll um because 8
+to the 10 and 10 to the 8 are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10 and 10 to the 8 are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10 and 10 to the 8 are easy to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+confused um and so if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused um and so if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused um and so if you think about it
+this way how many options do I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way how many options do I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way how many options do I have for
+this choice for that choice for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice for that choice for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice for that choice for that
+choice it'll be easy to tell which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it'll be easy to tell which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it'll be easy to tell which one
+of these is right and which one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is right and which one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is right and which one of them
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+wrong uh so 10 to the8 serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh so 10 to the8 serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh so 10 to the8 serial
+numbers but we had um some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but we had um some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but we had um some of these
+formulas were sounding like we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas were sounding like we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas were sounding like we wanted
+the digits to be distinct they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits to be distinct they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits to be distinct they're not
+always but maybe sometimes they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but maybe sometimes they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always but maybe sometimes they are so
+everyone who pulled out a dollar bill uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who pulled out a dollar bill uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who pulled out a dollar bill uh
+can you check your serial number and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you check your serial number and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you check your serial number and if
+all of your digits are distinct can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your digits are distinct can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your digits are distinct can you
+raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand no
+one can you raise your hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you raise your hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you raise your hand if you
+checked a dollar bill and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked a dollar bill and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked a dollar bill and it
+failed okay so I'm seeing about like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay so I'm seeing about like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay so I'm seeing about like 20
+25 people that carry cash uh so out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 people that carry cash uh so out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 people that carry cash uh so out of
+those $25 bills none of them had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those $25 bills none of them had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those $25 bills none of them had all
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+digits um which is a shame because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits um which is a shame because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits um which is a shame because if
+someone did have all distinct digits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did have all distinct digits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did have all distinct digits I
+brought Candy so maybe check the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought Candy so maybe check the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought Candy so maybe check the other
+dollars in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in your
+wallet um but this gives us a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet um but this gives us a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet um but this gives us a natural
+counting question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct
+digits and let's see if we can count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and let's see if we can count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and let's see if we can count
+this using the product rule or maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the product rule or maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the product rule or maybe the
+generalized product rule um once again 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule um once again 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule um once again 1
+2 3 4 5 six 7even eight I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six 7even eight I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 six 7even eight I like to think
+about my choices in order one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my choices in order one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my choices in order one at a time
+so I just draw a little bar to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just draw a little bar to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just draw a little bar to remind
+myself I'm going to choose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I'm going to choose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I'm going to choose something
+here and remind myself how many options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and remind myself how many options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and remind myself how many options
+I had so let's see if we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had so let's see if we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had so let's see if we can construct
+serial numbers that have all distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial numbers that have all distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial numbers that have all distinct
+digits length eight how many options do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits length eight how many options do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits length eight how many options do
+I have for my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have for my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have for my first
+digit 10 absolutely I have 10 options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit 10 absolutely I have 10 options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit 10 absolutely I have 10 options
+here maybe this time I chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe this time I chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe this time I chose a
+three how many options do I have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how many options do I have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how many options do I have for the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+digit nine is it always nine what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit nine is it always nine what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit nine is it always nine what if
+this digit had been eight still nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this digit had been eight still nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this digit had been eight still nine
+right no matter what I did here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no matter what I did here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no matter what I did here there's
+always nine options left so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nine options left so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nine options left so maybe I
+choose a seven how many options here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a seven how many options here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a seven how many options here
+eight I've used two I'm not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I've used two I'm not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I've used two I'm not allowed to
+reuse them so there are eight options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse them so there are eight options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse them so there are eight options
+left then seven then six then five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then seven then six then five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then seven then six then five
+then four then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four then
+three and therefore by the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and therefore by the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and therefore by the generalized
+product rule by the generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule by the generalized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule by the generalized product
+rule um the number of length eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um the number of length eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um the number of length eight
+serial numbers with all distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial numbers with all distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial numbers with all distinct
+digits is 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is 10 * 9 * 8 all the way down to
+three just the product of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just the product of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just the product of the number of
+choices I have at each step which by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices I have at each step which by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices I have at each step which by the
+way someone had had guessed previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way someone had had guessed previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way someone had had guessed previously
+so well done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well done with
+that um and now you could ask out of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and now you could ask out of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and now you could ask out of all
+the serials out of all 10 to the8 serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serials out of all 10 to the8 serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serials out of all 10 to the8 serial
+numbers now we know how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we know how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we know how many of them
+have all distinct digits what fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all distinct digits what fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all distinct digits what fraction
+is that well we just divide um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well we just divide um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that well we just divide um this
+number divided by 10 e um tells us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number divided by 10 e um tells us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number divided by 10 e um tells us there
+are actually only about 1.8% of dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually only about 1.8% of dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually only about 1.8% of dollar
+bills that have all distinct digits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills that have all distinct digits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills that have all distinct digits so
+about less than 2% so since we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about less than 2% so since we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about less than 2% so since we had like
+25 or $30 bills that we checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 or $30 bills that we checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 or $30 bills that we checked
+collectively it's it's no surprise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively it's it's no surprise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively it's it's no surprise that
+we didn't get any of them uh that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get any of them uh that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get any of them uh that fit
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+Criterion um if more people carried cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion um if more people carried cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion um if more people carried cash
+maybe we'd be seeing some some candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd be seeing some some candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd be seeing some some candy
+payouts today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payouts today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payouts today
+shame um questions about the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame um questions about the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame um questions about the generalized
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+rule wonderful let's move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule wonderful let's move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule wonderful let's move on to the next
+rule which is the division rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonderful um so so far we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um so so far we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um so so far we've seen the
+bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so if F from a set a to a set B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if F from a set a to a set B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so if F from a set a to a set B is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+b um a bje by the way is also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um a bje by the way is also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um a bje by the way is also called a
+one:1 correspondence one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+correspondence um where the picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence um where the picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence um where the picture in
+your head should be that every one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head should be that every one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head should be that every one thing
+on the left corresponds to one thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left corresponds to one thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left corresponds to one thing on
+the right they're paired up one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right they're paired up one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right they're paired up one to one
+um thinking of this function in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking of this function in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking of this function in our
+directed arrow drawing fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed arrow drawing fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed arrow drawing fashion
+everything from a has exactly one Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from a has exactly one Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from a has exactly one Arrow
+out and everything in B has exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and everything in B has exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and everything in B has exactly one
+arrow in that's what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in that's what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in that's what it means to be a
+bje so it's a one to one correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje so it's a one to one correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje so it's a one to one correspondence
+one Arrow out one arrow in let's we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out one arrow in let's we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out one arrow in let's we can
+generalize this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead every a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead every a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead every a in
+a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has
+exactly one Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and every B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and every B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and every B and B
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly K arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in then we can conclude that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then we can conclude that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then we can conclude that the size of
+a divid k equals the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture everything on the left has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture everything on the left has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture everything on the left has one
+out everything on the right has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything on the right has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out everything on the right has two
+arrows in exactly two arrows in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows in exactly two arrows in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows in exactly two arrows in every
+time then there are double as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then there are double as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then there are double as many
+elements on the left as there are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the left as there are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the left as there are on the
+right if it were three arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it were three arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it were three arrows
+in if everything on the right has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if everything on the right has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if everything on the right has
+exactly three arrows in then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly three arrows in then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly three arrows in then there are
+three times as many things on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as many things on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as many things on the left
+as there are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are on the
+right so this is a generalization of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a generalization of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a generalization of a
+bje or a one:1 correspondence uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje or a one:1 correspondence uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje or a one:1 correspondence uh to
+what's called a k to1 correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because what this ends up doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this ends up doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this ends up doing is
+saying that we've divided the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we've divided the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we've divided the left side
+into groups of size K that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups of size K that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups of size K that correspond to
+each one thing on the right so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one thing on the right so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one thing on the right so this one
+thing on the right matches one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the right matches one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the right matches one two three
+things on the left and everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the left and everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the left and everything on the
+right is paired with three distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is paired with three distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is paired with three distinct
+things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the
+left and so this is a useful tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so this is a useful tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so this is a useful tool for
+counting that generalizes the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that generalizes the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that generalizes the projection
+rule we don't have to match up match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we don't have to match up match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we don't have to match up match
+things up one to one as long as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up one to one as long as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up one to one as long as we know
+that we're matching the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're matching the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're matching the same number of
+things every time and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things every time and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things every time and then we just
+divide by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by that
+thing all right let's put this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example Knights of the Round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Table so the set here is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table so the set here is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table so the set here is we're going to
+have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Knights maybe it should have been K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knights maybe it should have been K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knights maybe it should have been K
+Knights n Knights all sitting around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knights n Knights all sitting around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knights n Knights all sitting around a
+round table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round table
+um around a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table at n equally spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seats how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrangements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotations of a seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considered equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so n Knights sitting around a table if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n Knights sitting around a table if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n Knights sitting around a table if
+you have one seating assignment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one seating assignment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one seating assignment and you
+have a second seating assignment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second seating assignment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second seating assignment that's
+just a rotation of the first then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rotation of the first then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rotation of the first then we
+want to consider those two assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider those two assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider those two assignments
+the same seating assignment we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same seating assignment we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same seating assignment we don't
+care which exact seats they're in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which exact seats they're in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care which exact seats they're in as
+long as the cyclic order around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the cyclic order around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the cyclic order around the
+circle is the same so for example if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is the same so for example if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is the same so for example if n
+is four and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four and we
+have um like one here then three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um like one here then three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um like one here then three here
+then four here and two here that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four here and two here that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then four here and two here that's one
+possible seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible seating
+assignment well here's a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment well here's a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment well here's a different one
+one here three here four here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here three here four here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here three here four here two
+here but this assignment is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this assignment is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but this assignment is the same as
+that assignment because we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assignment because we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assignment because we've just
+rotated the table and we're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated the table and we're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated the table and we're just saying
+we don't care about rotating the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about rotating the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about rotating the table
+so in fact we want to consider these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we want to consider these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we want to consider these to
+be equivalent seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent seating
+assignments right just like we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments right just like we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments right just like we want to
+consider this to be equivalent to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this to be equivalent to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this to be equivalent to one
+then three then four then two this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then three then four then two this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then three then four then two this way
+and equivalent to one then three then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equivalent to one then three then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equivalent to one then three then
+four then two this way so all four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then two this way so all four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then two this way so all four of
+these rotated seating assignments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rotated seating assignments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rotated seating assignments are
+equivalent because it's the same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because it's the same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because it's the same order
+they're just starting in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just starting in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just starting in a different
+place does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place does that make
+sense cool so that's our question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool so that's our question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool so that's our question how
+many different seating arrangements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different seating arrangements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different seating arrangements for
+these end nights are possible given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end nights are possible given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these end nights are possible given that
+we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about
+rotations and to solve it let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and to solve it let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and to solve it let's see if
+we can use a k to1 map because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use a k to1 map because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use a k to1 map because that's
+what we're trying to learn at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to learn at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to learn at this point
+in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture
+um so here is the map I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here is the map I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here is the map I'm going to
+recommend um let's let's let a be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend um let's let's let a be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend um let's let's let a be the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutations of one through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of one through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of one through n
+permutation just means a reordering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation just means a reordering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation just means a reordering so
+it's all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all of the
+orders of the set 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of the set 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of the set 1 through
+n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and
+B is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the set
+of cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seating arrangements so B is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating arrangements so B is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seating arrangements so B is the thing
+we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to
+count how many different seating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many different seating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many different seating
+arrangements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements are
+possible well a we know how to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible well a we know how to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible well a we know how to count
+what's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a what is it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what is it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what is it n
+factorial that's exactly right um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial that's exactly right um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial that's exactly right um that
+was our first example of generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first example of generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our first example of generalized
+product rule on Tuesday there're 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on Tuesday there're 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on Tuesday there're 52
+factorial orders for a deck of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial orders for a deck of cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial orders for a deck of cards
+they're n factorial orders for a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n factorial orders for a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n factorial orders for a set of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+nights all right so if we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights all right so if we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights all right so if we want to use
+the division rule we have a set a where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division rule we have a set a where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division rule we have a set a where
+we know the size and we need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the size and we need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the size and we need to be able
+to define a function from a to the set B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a function from a to the set B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a function from a to the set B
+that we care about and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about and make sure that
+it's a k to1 map for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a k to1 map for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a k to1 map for some
+K and here's the map we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here's the map we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and here's the map we're going to do
+so f is going to take in a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is going to take in a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is going to take in a permutation
+so an element of a so A1 A2 up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so it takes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it takes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it takes in a
+permutation an element of a and it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation an element of a and it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation an element of a and it needs
+to spit out an element of B so it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spit out an element of B so it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spit out an element of B so it needs
+to spit out a cyclic ordering of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spit out a cyclic ordering of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spit out a cyclic ordering of these
+numbers and it's going to spit out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and it's going to spit out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and it's going to spit out this
+cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordering that just sits them in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that just sits them in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that just sits them in that
+order around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order around the
+table Yeah the the most straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table Yeah the the most straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table Yeah the the most straightforward
+thing I can think of to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this
+function let's check if it's a k to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's check if it's a k to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's check if it's a k to1
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all
+right so what does it mean for f to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does it mean for f to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does it mean for f to be a
+k to1 map is f a K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k to1 map is f a K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k to1 map is f a K2
+one map well it means that everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one map well it means that everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one map well it means that everything in
+B needs to come from exactly K elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B needs to come from exactly K elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B needs to come from exactly K elements
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+every cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order comes from
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+permutations and when we say comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and when we say comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and when we say comes from
+we mean via this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean via this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean via this function
+f via function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f via function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f via function
+f so as an ex example maybe n is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so as an ex example maybe n is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so as an ex example maybe n is five
+this time and we have the order 4 5 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and we have the order 4 5 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and we have the order 4 5 2 3
+1 some cyclic order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 some cyclic order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 some cyclic order
+here how many different permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many different permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many different permutations of
+1 through five maap to this cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 through five maap to this cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 through five maap to this cyclic
+ordering who can give me one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so we have this this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we have this this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we have this this function f
+that takes a permutation of 1 through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a permutation of 1 through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a permutation of 1 through n
+and just lays it out around the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just lays it out around the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just lays it out around the circle
+so who can give me a permutation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who can give me a permutation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who can give me a permutation that
+becomes this once you lay it out around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this once you lay it out around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this once you lay it out around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+circle I'll see if we can get some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'll see if we can get some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'll see if we can get some new
+hands yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands yes
+please 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please 1
+14523 1 four five 2 3 if we lay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14523 1 four five 2 3 if we lay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14523 1 four five 2 3 if we lay that
+around a circle we're going to get 1 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a circle we're going to get 1 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a circle we're going to get 1 4 5
+2 3 looks good to me excellent who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 looks good to me excellent who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 looks good to me excellent who can
+give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+yes 452 31 452 2 3 1 if we lay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 452 31 452 2 3 1 if we lay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 452 31 452 2 3 1 if we lay that
+around a circle we're going to get 4 5 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a circle we're going to get 4 5 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a circle we're going to get 4 5 2
+3 1 looks good to me same cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1 looks good to me same cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1 looks good to me same cyclic
+ordering all we're doing is choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering all we're doing is choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering all we're doing is choosing a
+starting point if we know what cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point if we know what cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point if we know what cyclic
+ordering we're aiming for well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering we're aiming for well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering we're aiming for well we just
+have to choose who we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose who we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose who we're going to start
+with and then list the rest of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then list the rest of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then list the rest of them in
+order around the circle and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order around the circle and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order around the circle and that's how
+we can reconstruct all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reconstruct all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reconstruct all of the
+permutations that map to the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations that map to the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations that map to the cyclic
+order if we start with two then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if we start with two then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if we start with two then it's
+going to look like 2 3 1 4 5 If instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like 2 3 1 4 5 If instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like 2 3 1 4 5 If instead
+we start with three it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with three it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with three it's going to look
+like 3 1 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 1 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 1 4 5
+2 and the only one we haven't done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the only one we haven't done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the only one we haven't done yet
+is starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting with
+five 5 2 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 5 2 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 5 2 3 1
+4 5 2 314 and I claim that's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 2 314 and I claim that's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 2 314 and I claim that's all of
+them so in this case for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in this case for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so in this case for this particular
+cyclic ordering there were five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic ordering there were five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic ordering there were five
+permutations that map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations that map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations that map to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general
+I claim uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordering there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering there exist
+exactly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n
+permutations that map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um for the same reason we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um for the same reason we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um for the same reason we just saw
+for this example the only additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example the only additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example the only additional
+information we need to reconstruct all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to reconstruct all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need to reconstruct all
+of these permutations is which starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these permutations is which starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these permutations is which starting
+point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're
+choosing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing because
+just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a starting
+point all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point all
+right so every for every cyclic ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so every for every cyclic ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so every for every cyclic ordering
+there exists exactly n permutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists exactly n permutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists exactly n permutations that
+map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to
+it which is exactly the condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is exactly the condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is exactly the condition we
+need for f to be an N to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n21 map everything on the Right comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n21 map everything on the Right comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n21 map everything on the Right comes
+from exactly N Things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly N Things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly N Things on the
+left and what do we conclude now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and what do we conclude now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and what do we conclude now that we
+know f is an N to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map why are why are K to1 maps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map why are why are K to1 maps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map why are why are K to1 maps in
+general helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah we can understand the size of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah we can understand the size of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah we can understand the size of b
+k to1 maps are helpful because they let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k to1 maps are helpful because they let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k to1 maps are helpful because they let
+us relate the size of a to the size of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us relate the size of a to the size of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us relate the size of a to the size of B
+and in this example we know the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this example we know the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this example we know the size of
+a we know it's an N to one map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we know it's an N to one map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we know it's an N to one map and
+therefore we know the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so the size of B is just the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the size of B is just the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the size of B is just the size of a
+divid n cuz we decided it's an N to1 map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid n cuz we decided it's an N to1 map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid n cuz we decided it's an N to1 map
+and therefore the size of B is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the size of B is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the size of B is n
+factorial / n also known as n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial / n also known as n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial / n also known as n minus one
+factorial does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense cool I see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool I see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool I see some
+nods I see some blank stairs again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nods I see some blank stairs again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nods I see some blank stairs again you
+know that's that's fine ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's fine ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's fine ask questions
+when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay let's look at one more example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at one more example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at one more example of
+the division rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the division rule
+um I want to look at increasing serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to look at increasing serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to look at increasing serial
+numbers again but this time just length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers again but this time just length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers again but this time just length
+three let's make it easier on ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's make it easier on ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's make it easier on ourselves
+uh so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Serial uh serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers length
+three and now I want to know how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and now I want to know how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and now I want to know how many of
+them have all three digits that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have all three digits that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have all three digits that are in
+um sorry one moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I got ahead of myself different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I got ahead of myself different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I got ahead of myself different
+example still length three serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example still length three serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example still length three serial
+numbers I just want to count these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I just want to count these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I just want to count these
+that's all I want to do how many length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to do how many length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to do how many length
+three serial numbers are there um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three serial numbers are there um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three serial numbers are there um with
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits and we already have one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and we already have one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and we already have one way that
+we know to count this uh we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to count this uh we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to count this uh we had the
+generalized product rule method that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule method that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule method that we
+used for length eight we can do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for length eight we can do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for length eight we can do the the
+same for length three I want to propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for length three I want to propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for length three I want to propose
+a different method that uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different method that uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different method that uses the
+division rule instead and here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule instead and here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule instead and here's what
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+do let's let P be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's let P be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's let P be the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+permutations of 1 through 10 uh sorry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of 1 through 10 uh sorry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of 1 through 10 uh sorry of
+0 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9 and let's let s be the set of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and let's let s be the set of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and let's let s be the set of length
+three uh serials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I just checked my notes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just checked my notes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just checked my notes again
+I I got myself confused yet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got myself confused yet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I got myself confused yet again
+forgive me let me change the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me let me change the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me let me change the details of
+the uh of the of the example just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the of the example just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the of the example just a
+little bit um I want the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um I want the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um I want the number of
+serials of length three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serials of length three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serials of length three
+with not only distinct digits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not only distinct digits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not only distinct digits but
+actually digits in increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order so I'm okay with two and four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so I'm okay with two and four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so I'm okay with two and four and
+nine I'm okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine I'm okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine I'm okay with
+01 3 012 is fine uh I'm not okay with 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 3 012 is fine uh I'm not okay with 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 3 012 is fine uh I'm not okay with 4
+2 3 cuz four and two are in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 cuz four and two are in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 cuz four and two are in the wrong
+order I'm not okay with two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'm not okay with two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'm not okay with two to
+25 cuz I want strictly increasing so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 cuz I want strictly increasing so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 cuz I want strictly increasing so how
+many length three serials have strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many length three serials have strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many length three serials have strictly
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+digits is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is the question
+clear okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay thank you
+um and let's do the same thing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's do the same thing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's do the same thing we were
+doing before uh let P be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before uh let P be the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing before uh let P be the set of
+permutations of 1 through nine of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of 1 through nine of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of 1 through nine of 0
+through N9 and let s be the set of ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through N9 and let s be the set of ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through N9 and let s be the set of ser
+of length three serials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length three serials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length three serials with
+increasing digits strictly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing digits strictly increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing digits strictly increasing
+digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+and let's see if we can relate p with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if we can relate p with s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if we can relate p with s
+in order to count the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to count the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to count the size of
+s and here's what I'm going to do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and here's what I'm going to do let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and here's what I'm going to do let's
+define a function let's define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function let's define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function let's define a
+function G from P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G from P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G from P to
+S and it's going to look like this uh G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and it's going to look like this uh G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and it's going to look like this uh G
+of a permutation a z A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a permutation a z A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a permutation a z A1
+A2 up to A9 that's a generic element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 up to A9 that's a generic element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 up to A9 that's a generic element of
+P that's going to go to the serial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's going to go to the serial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that's going to go to the serial that
+has a z A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a z A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a z A1
+A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorted so take those three digits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted so take those three digits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted so take those three digits and
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+them all right that's a way to turn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right that's a way to turn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right that's a way to turn a
+permutation into a serial number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation into a serial number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation into a serial number with
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits by the way a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits by the way a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits by the way a different way to
+think about this problem um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem um you can
+think of s um s is equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of s um s is equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of s um s is equivalently
+the set of uh size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of uh size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of uh size
+three size three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of zero through nine if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of zero through nine if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of zero through nine if we know
+they have to come in increasing order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to come in increasing order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to come in increasing order
+then all we care about is which three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chose right so if I tell you my serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose right so if I tell you my serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose right so if I tell you my serial
+has increasing order and has the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has increasing order and has the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has increasing order and has the digits
+of five and four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five and four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five and four and
+N then I know it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then I know it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N then I know it has to be
+459 so just the set of three digits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+459 so just the set of three digits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+459 so just the set of three digits that
+we chose is enough to know which serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose is enough to know which serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose is enough to know which serial
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is so if we want to think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we want to think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if we want to think about this as
+instead the set of size three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the set of size three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the set of size three
+subsets then this function G would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets then this function G would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets then this function G would look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this would just go to the set a z A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 so this is a way to map permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so this is a way to map permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so this is a way to map permutations
+of of the digits 0 through 9 to subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the digits 0 through 9 to subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the digits 0 through 9 to subsets
+of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+three all right and now let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right and now let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right and now let's see if
+this G is a helpful function let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is a helpful function let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is a helpful function let's see
+if it's K to one for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's K to one for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's K to one for some
+K okay so the question becomes for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so the question becomes for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so the question becomes for every
+size 3 subset of the digits how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 3 subset of the digits how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 3 subset of the digits how many
+permutations ma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations ma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations ma to
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+permutations map to Three 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7 one permutation maps to to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 one permutation maps to to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 one permutation maps to to the set
+that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one
+suggestion anyone have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion anyone have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion anyone have different
+suggestions is it more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the
+back three factorial okay um so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back three factorial okay um so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back three factorial okay um so we have
+one we have three factorial any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have three factorial any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have three factorial any other
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+yes 7 factorial times 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial here I'm going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial here I'm going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial here I'm going to put a
+question mark next to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark next to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark next to each of these
+because they're there are guesses let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're there are guesses let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're there are guesses let's
+see if we can figure out which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can figure out which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can figure out which one is
+right okay so let's see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's see how many
+permutations map us to this set well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations map us to this set well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations map us to this set well we
+need to pick some permutation 1 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pick some permutation 1 2 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pick some permutation 1 2 3 4 5
+6 7 8 9 10 some permutation of the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 8 9 10 some permutation of the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 8 9 10 some permutation of the 10
+digits what do we know about these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits our function says you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits our function says you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits our function says you take the
+first three entries and you form them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three entries and you form them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three entries and you form them
+into a set and that's the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set and that's the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set and that's the output
+so if our output is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our output is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our output is going to be
+367 then these first three entries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+367 then these first three entries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+367 then these first three entries have
+to be 3 six and 7even in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 six and 7even in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 six and 7even in some
+order yeah 3 six 7 in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah 3 six 7 in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order yeah 3 six 7 in some
+order I don't care which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I don't care which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I don't care which
+order because I'm just going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order because I'm just going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order because I'm just going to take the
+three of them and plop them into a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and plop them into a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and plop them into a set
+and a set doesn't care what order they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set doesn't care what order they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set doesn't care what order they
+are okay so I know that 3 six and 7 have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so I know that 3 six and 7 have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so I know that 3 six and 7 have
+to be in have to be in some order at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in have to be in some order at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in have to be in some order at the
+beginning of my permutation what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of my permutation what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of my permutation what about
+the end of the permutation what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the permutation what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the permutation what do I
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+this what constraints do I have on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what constraints do I have on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what constraints do I have on it
+knowing that g of this permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that g of this permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that g of this permutation
+equals this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this set
+y right you can't have three six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right you can't have three six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right you can't have three six or
+seven you have to have all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you have to have all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you have to have all the other
+digits in some order but anything goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in some order but anything goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in some order but anything goes
+yeah so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's the
+other seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other seven
+digits in some order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in some order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in some order
+this is exactly the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the set of
+permutations um where G of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations um where G of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations um where G of that
+permutation gives the set 367 so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation gives the set 367 so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation gives the set 367 so we have
+to put 3 six and seven in some order at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put 3 six and seven in some order at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put 3 six and seven in some order at
+the beginning put the other seven digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning put the other seven digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning put the other seven digits
+in some order at the end and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some order at the end and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some order at the end and how many
+ways are there to do that well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to do that well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to do that well this is
+product rule it's 3 factorial here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule it's 3 factorial here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule it's 3 factorial here on
+the left 7 factorial here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left 7 factorial here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left 7 factorial here on the right
+so 3 factorial time 7 factorial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 factorial time 7 factorial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 factorial time 7 factorial is
+indeed the number of permutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the number of permutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the number of permutations that
+map to this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to this set
+was that specific to this set if I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that specific to this set if I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that specific to this set if I chose
+a different set of three digits would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of three digits would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of three digits would I
+get a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pre-images like if I instead chose zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-images like if I instead chose zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-images like if I instead chose zero
+and five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five and
+eight well it would be it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight well it would be it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight well it would be it would be the
+same constraint right I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constraint right I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constraint right I would have to
+have 0 five and eight in some order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 five and eight in some order here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 five and eight in some order here
+and then the other seven digits in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other seven digits in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other seven digits in some
+order here it's still going to be 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here it's still going to be 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here it's still going to be 3
+factorial * 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * 7
+factorial so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G is K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is K to
+1 where k equals 3 factorial time 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial yeah because the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial yeah because the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial yeah because the the same
+argument we did for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we did for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we did for this particular
+example in fact works for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example great and since K is since since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example great and since K is since since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example great and since K is since since
+this map is K to 1 and we know K we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map is K to 1 and we know K we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map is K to 1 and we know K we can
+compute the size of our various sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the size of our various sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the size of our various sets
+on one hand we had permutations of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand we had permutations of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand we had permutations of 0
+through 9 so that was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 9 so that was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 9 so that was 10
+factorial we put it through a a k to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial we put it through a a k to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial we put it through a a k to1
+map where K is this so 3 factorial * 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map where K is this so 3 factorial * 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map where K is this so 3 factorial * 7
+factorial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial in the
+denominator and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this
+equals the size of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so we map from permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we map from permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we map from permutation
+to the set of the first three elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of the first three elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of the first three elements
+and we decided that every time we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decided that every time we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decided that every time we do
+that there U we lose by a factor of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there U we lose by a factor of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there U we lose by a factor of 3
+factorial * 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial * 7
+factorial um and so this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial um and so this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial um and so this is the number
+of size three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size three
+subsets of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 10
+objects this by the way is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this by the way is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects this by the way is an extremely
+useful formula um let me generalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula um let me generalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula um let me generalize this
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+subsets of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K from a set of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K from a set of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K from a set of size
+n is well we can do the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is well we can do the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is well we can do the same kind of
+argument here map permutations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here map permutations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument here map permutations and
+factorial of them where we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of them where we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial of them where we take the
+first K elements and turn them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K elements and turn them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K elements and turn them into a
+set um and that reduces the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and that reduces the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and that reduces the number of
+options we have by K factorial on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we have by K factorial on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we have by K factorial on the
+left and N minus K factorial on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and N minus K factorial on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and N minus K factorial on the
+right right the same way it did here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right the same way it did here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right the same way it did here so
+this is n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n factorial
+/ K factorial time n minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ K factorial time n minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ K factorial time n minus K
+factorial this is a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is a really useful
+formula you're definitely going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you're definitely going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you're definitely going to want
+it on your cheat sheet but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on your cheat sheet but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on your cheat sheet but in fact
+hopefully by the time the quiz comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the time the quiz comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the time the quiz comes
+around next week you'll be so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around next week you'll be so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around next week you'll be so used to
+this formula and so sick of you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and so sick of you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and so sick of you I mean
+you'll love it so much um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll love it so much um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll love it so much um that you
+aren't you aren't going to need it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you aren't going to need it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't you aren't going to need it on
+your cheat sheet because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheat sheet because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheat sheet because you're going to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+and in fact we have a special notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we have a special notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we have a special notation
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+it we write it as n on the top K on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we write it as n on the top K on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we write it as n on the top K on the
+bottom surrounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surrounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom surrounded in
+parentheses notice it's not a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses notice it's not a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses notice it's not a fraction
+we're not dividing n by K so don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not dividing n by K so don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not dividing n by K so don't write
+n divided by K in parentheses it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by K in parentheses it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divided by K in parentheses it's just
+n on top K on the bottom parentheses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n on top K on the bottom parentheses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n on top K on the bottom parentheses on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sides and this is pronounced n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this is pronounced n choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and this is pronounced n choose
+K so n choose K is written like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so n choose K is written like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so n choose K is written like this we
+have a formula for it like this um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formula for it like this um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formula for it like this um and
+it's pronounced n choose K because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced n choose K because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced n choose K because well
+we're choosing K things out of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're choosing K things out of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're choosing K things out of a a
+possible set of end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible set of end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible set of end
+things and like I said really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and like I said really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and like I said really useful
+formula if you're ordering pizza for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if you're ordering pizza for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if you're ordering pizza for
+dinner there are 15 sides or sorry 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner there are 15 sides or sorry 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner there are 15 sides or sorry 15
+toppings that you can choose from to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings that you can choose from to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toppings that you can choose from to put
+on your pizza and you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your pizza and you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your pizza and you're supposed to
+choose three of them for some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose three of them for some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose three of them for some special
+promotion how many ways are there to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion how many ways are there to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion how many ways are there to do
+that if we've got 15 toppings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to
+choose three how many ways are there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose three how many ways are there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose three how many ways are there to
+choose what your pizza is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what your pizza is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what your pizza is going to look
+like we don't care about the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't care about the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't care about the order of
+the toppings we just care about the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toppings we just care about the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toppings we just care about the set
+of three toppings that you pick it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three toppings that you pick it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three toppings that you pick it's in
+the name 15 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name 15 choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name 15 choose
+three 15 choose three also known as 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 15 choose three also known as 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 15 choose three also known as 15
+factorial divided 3 factorial 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided 3 factorial 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided 3 factorial 12
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+yeah wonderful um if I need to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wonderful um if I need to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wonderful um if I need to select
+four volunteers out of this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four volunteers out of this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four volunteers out of this class of
+let's say 200 students um how many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 200 students um how many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 200 students um how many ways
+are there to pick a a set of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to pick a a set of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to pick a a set of four
+volunteers 200 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers 200 choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers 200 choose
+four if I flip a coin 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times flip a coin 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times how many resulting sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quences have 50 heads and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quences have 50 heads and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quences have 50 heads and 50
+tails in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order there are 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order there are 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order there are 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 100 times
+number of options in total 2 to the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of options in total 2 to the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of options in total 2 to the 100
+options how many of those results result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options how many of those results result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options how many of those results result
+in exactly 50 heads and exactly 50 Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly 50 heads and exactly 50 Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly 50 heads and exactly 50 Tales
+possibly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermixed well if we remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermixed well if we remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermixed well if we remember from
+Tuesday we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday we had this
+bijection between binary sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between binary sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between binary sequences and
+subsets where we can turn a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets where we can turn a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets where we can turn a binary
+sequence into a subset by just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence into a subset by just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence into a subset by just taking
+all the ones and leaving out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones and leaving out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones and leaving out all the
+zeros take the indices of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros take the indices of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros take the indices of all the
+ones and you can do that here as well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and you can do that here as well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and you can do that here as well if
+we're looking at length 100 binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at length 100 binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at length 100 binary
+sequences with 50 ones and 50 zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with 50 ones and 50 zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with 50 ones and 50 zeros
+where one is head and zero is tail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one is head and zero is tail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one is head and zero is tail so
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+100 binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences with 50 ones and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with 50 ones and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with 50 ones and 50
+zeros from the bje we talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros from the bje we talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros from the bje we talked about on
+Tuesday this is injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday this is injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday this is injection
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+the number of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of one through
+100 all we're all we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 all we're all we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 all we're all we're doing is
+choosing 50 out of the 100 flips to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing 50 out of the 100 flips to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing 50 out of the 100 flips to be
+ones to be heads and the rest are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to be heads and the rest are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to be heads and the rest are going
+to be tals so we're choosing 50 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tals so we're choosing 50 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tals so we're choosing 50 out of
+the 100 it's in the name 100 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 that's the number of ways to flip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 that's the number of ways to flip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 that's the number of ways to flip a
+coin a 100 times and get exactly 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a 100 times and get exactly 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a 100 times and get exactly 50
+heads and 50 Tails did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and 50 Tails did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and 50 Tails did that make
+sense wonderful interestingly um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense wonderful interestingly um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense wonderful interestingly um it's a
+little wet sorry 100 choose 50 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wet sorry 100 choose 50 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wet sorry 100 choose 50 divided
+by um what is it 2 to the 100 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um what is it 2 to the 100 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um what is it 2 to the 100 so the
+ratio the fraction of all results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the fraction of all results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the fraction of all results that
+have exactly 50 heads and 50 tals out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly 50 heads and 50 tals out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly 50 heads and 50 tals out of
+the total number of results you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of results you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of results you can have
+um turns out this is about 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which to me is a little counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me is a little counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me is a little counterintuitive
+like 50/50 has got to be the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50/50 has got to be the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50/50 has got to be the most common
+result it's right in the middle assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's right in the middle assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it's right in the middle assuming
+we have a fair coin um and yet it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a fair coin um and yet it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a fair coin um and yet it's not
+actually all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that
+likely turns out we're pretty likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely turns out we're pretty likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely turns out we're pretty likely to
+be very near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very near
+50% um but it's kind of hard to hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% um but it's kind of hard to hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% um but it's kind of hard to hit it
+exactly if we doing a thousand flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if we doing a thousand flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if we doing a thousand flips
+instead of 100 I think it's closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 100 I think it's closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 100 I think it's closer to
+like 1% and it gets rarer and rarer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1% and it gets rarer and rarer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1% and it gets rarer and rarer as
+you go but but now we have the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go but but now we have the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go but but now we have the tools to
+count things like that questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count things like that questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count things like that questions about
+this n choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k um for reasons that we'll see next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um for reasons that we'll see next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um for reasons that we'll see next
+week this n choose K is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week this n choose K is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week this n choose K is called a
+binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient so binomial coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so binomial coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so binomial coefficient is
+the general name for these n choose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general name for these n choose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general name for these n choose K
+terms um again we'll see why on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um again we'll see why on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um again we'll see why on on
+Tuesday but if you see this term know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday but if you see this term know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday but if you see this term know
+that that's what we're referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what we're referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what we're referring
+to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+nice now the last technique I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now the last technique I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now the last technique I want to
+talk about the last counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last counting
+technique um is extremely useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um is extremely useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um is extremely useful and
+extremely uh versatile but that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely uh versatile but that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely uh versatile but that also
+means that there are lots of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are lots of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are lots of ways to
+apply it and also lots of ways to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it and also lots of ways to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it and also lots of ways to apply
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+incorrectly so let's talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly so let's talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly so let's talk about how to
+do it and more importantly let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and more importantly let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and more importantly let's talk
+about what we need to make sure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we need to make sure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we need to make sure of
+before we know with confidence that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we know with confidence that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we know with confidence that we
+can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact
+conveniently it's built exactly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently it's built exactly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently it's built exactly on the
+generalized product rule this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule this next
+technique that we're using in fact I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we're using in fact I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we're using in fact I'm
+going to keep that up so we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep that up so we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep that up so we can look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this technique um the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this technique um the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this technique um the book
+calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+counting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences um or counting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recipes excuse me the general idea is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes excuse me the general idea is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes excuse me the general idea is if
+you have some set you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some set you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some set you're trying to
+count well it would be really convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count well it would be really convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count well it would be really convenient
+if you could sort of build up your set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could sort of build up your set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could sort of build up your set
+build all the elements of your set via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all the elements of your set via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all the elements of your set via a
+sequence of convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of convenient
+choices where you always have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices where you always have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices where you always have the same
+number of choices every time um so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices every time um so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices every time um so then
+you can use the generalized product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the generalized product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the generalized product rule
+so counting with sequences or recipes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counting with sequences or recipes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counting with sequences or recipes is
+just a way to construct your set with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to construct your set with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to construct your set with an
+easily digestible sequence of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily digestible sequence of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily digestible sequence of simple
+choices and as long as you ver ify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and as long as you ver ify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and as long as you ver ify that
+that does indeed construct your set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does indeed construct your set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does indeed construct your set
+exactly then you have your count with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly then you have your count with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly then you have your count with
+the generalized product rule um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized product rule um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized product rule um this
+will make a lot more sense when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a lot more sense when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a lot more sense when we start
+applying it so let's start doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it so let's start doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it so let's start doing that
+and the example we're going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example we're going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example we're going to use is
+counting poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting poker
+hands um so we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands um so we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands um so we're going to use a
+standard deck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+um a standard deck of cards has um 13 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a standard deck of cards has um 13 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a standard deck of cards has um 13 of
+what are called ranks and four suits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called ranks and four suits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called ranks and four suits um
+so um I'm told that some of you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm told that some of you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I'm told that some of you in the
+back can't see my comically oversized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back can't see my comically oversized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back can't see my comically oversized
+playing cards um so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better uh so we have four suits we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh so we have four suits we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh so we have four suits we have
+Spades and hearts in my left hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades and hearts in my left hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades and hearts in my left hand we
+have clubs and diamonds in my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clubs and diamonds in my right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clubs and diamonds in my right hand
+those are the four suits and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the four suits and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the four suits and then there
+are 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ranks no way this is going to work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks no way this is going to work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks no way this is going to work that
+goes Ace to I I I'm not going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes Ace to I I I'm not going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes Ace to I I I'm not going to try to
+Fan them out sorry uh three four five 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fan them out sorry uh three four five 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fan them out sorry uh three four five 6
+7 8 8 n 10 then Jack then Queen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8 8 n 10 then Jack then Queen then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8 8 n 10 then Jack then Queen then
+King those are the 13 different ranks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King those are the 13 different ranks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King those are the 13 different ranks um
+sometimes in poker the ace is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in poker the ace is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in poker the ace is the lowest
+of the numbers sometimes it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers sometimes it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers sometimes it's the
+highest of the numbers we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest of the numbers we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest of the numbers we're not really
+going to care about that so much um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about that so much um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about that so much um all
+we need to know is that there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know is that there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know is that there are four
+suits and 13 ranks and the deck consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and 13 ranks and the deck consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits and 13 ranks and the deck consists
+of every combination of one of each so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every combination of one of each so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every combination of one of each so
+13 * 4 is 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 * 4 is 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 * 4 is 52
+cards so 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so 13
+ranks four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranks four
+suits these are called Hearts clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits these are called Hearts clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits these are called Hearts clubs
+Spades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades and
+diamonds um and there are 52 cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds um and there are 52 cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds um and there are 52 cards
+corresponding to every way to choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to every way to choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to every way to choose one
+rank and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suit that is the standard uh deck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit that is the standard uh deck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit that is the standard uh deck of
+cards we're going to be assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards we're going to be assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards we're going to be assuming that
+for these next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these next
+examples come to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come to me
+notes um and in poker a poker hand is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um and in poker a poker hand is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um and in poker a poker hand is a
+set of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of five
+cards so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards so a
+poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker
+hand is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is a subset
+of five cards out of the 52 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five cards out of the 52 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five cards out of the 52 possible
+cards and some subsets have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and some subsets have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and some subsets have more
+specialized properties they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized properties they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized properties they're less
+common and so they're more powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and so they're more powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and so they're more powerful and
+you you get to beat your enemies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get to beat your enemies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get to beat your enemies with
+powerful hands um that's poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful hands um that's poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful hands um that's poker
+right so let's see some different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see some different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see some different kinds
+of poker hands and the first one I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poker hands and the first one I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poker hands and the first one I want
+to look at is four of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind
+so poker hand is called a four of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poker hand is called a four of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poker hand is called a four of a kind
+if you have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have all four
+cards of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of some
+Rank and then some fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and then some fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and then some fifth
+card so four of a kind because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so four of a kind because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so four of a kind because you have
+all four options of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four options of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four options of the same
+Rank and we want to count how many four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and we want to count how many four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and we want to count how many four
+of a kind hands are there in a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind hands are there in a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind hands are there in a standard
+52 deck 52 card deck all right and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 deck 52 card deck all right and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 deck 52 card deck all right and we're
+going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this
+this by counting with a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by counting with a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by counting with a recipe
+here and basically I kind of already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically I kind of already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically I kind of already
+wrote The Recipe but let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote The Recipe but let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote The Recipe but let's do it
+carefully um step one I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um step one I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um step one I'm going
+to choose a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a rank
+R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and
+take all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all four
+cards of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rank and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and then I'm going to
+pick one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one other
+card and putting the these two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and putting the these two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and putting the these two steps
+together we have now constructed a poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have now constructed a poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have now constructed a poker
+hand a set of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a set of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a set of five
+cards um and the claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards um and the claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards um and the claim is that this
+recipe is going to help us count the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe is going to help us count the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe is going to help us count the set
+of four of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands great we can be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands great we can be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands great we can be a little more
+precise with this um what we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise with this um what we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise with this um what we've really
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+done excuse me um so first we've set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done excuse me um so first we've set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done excuse me um so first we've set up
+a set I'm going to call it a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set I'm going to call it a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set I'm going to call it a is going to
+be the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set
+of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and
+C where R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where R is a
+rank C is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card with rank not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with rank not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with rank not equal to
+R so this is sort of following our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is sort of following our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is sort of following our
+recipe we choose a rank for the four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe we choose a rank for the four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe we choose a rank for the four of
+a kind and then we choose a fifth card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind and then we choose a fifth card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind and then we choose a fifth card
+which can't be one of the four we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can't be one of the four we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can't be one of the four we've
+already picked um and B is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picked um and B is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picked um and B is the set of
+four of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of a
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands we have the set a of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands we have the set a of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands we have the set a of pairs of
+sequences this is where counting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences this is where counting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences this is where counting with
+sequences comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences comes
+in but B is really the set we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but B is really the set we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but B is really the set we're trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+count and we've set up a map from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we set up some function f from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up some function f from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up some function f from A to
+B which takes a rank and some other card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which takes a rank and some other card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which takes a rank and some other card
+and turns it into the hand rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns it into the hand rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns it into the hand rank of
+Hearts rank of diamonds rank of Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts rank of diamonds rank of Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts rank of diamonds rank of Spades
+rank of clubs and then this other card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C does that make sense how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C does that make sense how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C does that make sense how this
+description of a recipe turns into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a recipe turns into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a recipe turns into this
+set this set and this map between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them wonderful no objections so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them wonderful no objections so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them wonderful no objections so I'll
+continue um and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bje this is where counting with recipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje this is where counting with recipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje this is where counting with recipes
+this is what the technique is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the technique is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the technique is we want to
+construct some set of sequences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some set of sequences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some set of sequences where
+we're making a sequence of choices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a sequence of choices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a sequence of choices in
+order and we want to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and we want to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and we want to prove that the
+resulting set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting set is
+injection with the set we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection with the set we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection with the set we're actually
+trying to count and as long as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to count and as long as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to count and as long as we can
+verify that bje then we know the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that bje then we know the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that bje then we know the size of
+B because we know the size of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B because we know the size of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B because we know the size of a with
+generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product
+rule so we need to verify f is a bje and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we need to verify f is a bje and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we need to verify f is a bje and
+then we need to count the size of a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to count the size of a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to count the size of a in
+order to figure out the size of B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out the size of B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out the size of B so
+what does it mean for f to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for f to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for f to be a
+bje well we need F to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+surjective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+injective okay so what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective okay so what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective okay so what does it mean for
+f to be a function it means for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f to be a function it means for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f to be a function it means for every
+input there's at most one output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there's at most one output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there's at most one output and
+that's usually built into the process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually built into the process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually built into the process um
+we have some deterministic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some deterministic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some deterministic way of
+turning this pair into this hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning this pair into this hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning this pair into this hand and
+there's not ambiguity this pair can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not ambiguity this pair can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not ambiguity this pair can't
+turn into seven different hands usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into seven different hands usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into seven different hands usually
+we get the function side for free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the function side for free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the function side for free and
+it's not really worth commenting on much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really worth commenting on much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really worth commenting on much
+what does total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does total
+mean total means that um every pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean total means that um every pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean total means that um every pair
+turns into at least one hand and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into at least one hand and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into at least one hand and since
+we know it's a function every pair turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's a function every pair turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's a function every pair turns
+into exactly one hand specifically turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly one hand specifically turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly one hand specifically turns
+into a hand in the set we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hand in the set we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hand in the set we care
+about so we have our first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we have our first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we have our first first
+meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um
+is f of r c a four of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every way we have to fill out our recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way we have to fill out our recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way we have to fill out our recipe
+so is everything we construct are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is everything we construct are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is everything we construct are all of
+the hands that we construct really four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands that we construct really four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands that we construct really four
+of a kind hands or are we constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind hands or are we constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind hands or are we constructing
+some extraneous stuff if we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extraneous stuff if we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extraneous stuff if we're building
+extraneous stuff then we're not counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous stuff then we're not counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous stuff then we're not counting
+the right set cuz we're not building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right set cuz we're not building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right set cuz we're not building the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+set so first meaningful question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so first meaningful question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so first meaningful question for
+every way we have to fill the recipe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way we have to fill the recipe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way we have to fill the recipe is
+the hand that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand that we've
+constructed a hand that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a hand that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a hand that we're trying to
+count and in this case well we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and in this case well we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and in this case well we can see
+that yes yes it is because we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes yes it is because we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes yes it is because we have all
+four cards of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards of the same
+rank um and we have a fifth card that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank um and we have a fifth card that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank um and we have a fifth card that is
+not any of these cards because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any of these cards because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any of these cards because it has
+rank that's different from R so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank that's different from R so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank that's different from R so this
+really is a size five sub set with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a size five sub set with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a size five sub set with four
+cards of the same rank so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of the same rank so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of the same rank so in this case
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+great we need F to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we need F to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we need F to be
+subjective what does it mean to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective what does it mean to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective what does it mean to be
+subjective it means every four of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective it means every four of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective it means every four of a kind
+hand everything in B comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand everything in B comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand everything in B comes from
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all
+right um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um can
+every four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every four of
+aind hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aind hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aind hand
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+built so can we really construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so can we really construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so can we really construct
+everything that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we're trying to
+count uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh let's look at an example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's look at an example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's look at an example if I
+have the four of a kind hand that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the four of a kind hand that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the four of a kind hand that has a
+three of Hearts the seven of Hearts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of Hearts the seven of Hearts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of Hearts the seven of Hearts the
+three of diamonds the three of clubs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of diamonds the three of clubs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of diamonds the three of clubs and
+the three of SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+es how do I build that from my recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es how do I build that from my recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es how do I build that from my recipe
+how do I get that as an output of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get that as an output of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get that as an output of my
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+f what is r and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep okay all right R is three and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay all right R is three and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay all right R is three and C is
+the seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of
+Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts
+oops that's exactly right the rank R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's exactly right the rank R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's exactly right the rank R is
+supposed to tell us the rank that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell us the rank that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to tell us the rank that we
+have four of we have four threes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four of we have four threes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four of we have four threes so the
+rank is three the card C is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is three the card C is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is three the card C is supposed to
+be the fifth extraneous card in the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the fifth extraneous card in the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the fifth extraneous card in the hand
+that isn't part of the four of aind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't part of the four of aind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't part of the four of aind uh
+and that's the seven of hearts in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the seven of hearts in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the seven of hearts in this
+example was there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was there any
+ambiguity um or sorry more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity um or sorry more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity um or sorry more importantly
+will we always be able to do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we always be able to do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we always be able to do this this
+for every four of a kind hand will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every four of a kind hand will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every four of a kind hand will we
+always be able to pick out a rank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to pick out a rank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to pick out a rank and
+pick out the fifth card yeah yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the fifth card yeah yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the fifth card yeah yeah so we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+subjective we can build every hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective we can build every hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective we can build every hand that
+we care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care to
+build the last thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the last thing we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the last thing we need to
+check is our function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is our function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is our function
+injective all right and what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective all right and what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective all right and what it means
+for f to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f to be
+injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective
+is can every for of a Kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can every for of a Kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can every for of a Kind
+hand be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in
+exactly one way exactly one way is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way exactly one way is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way exactly one way is what
+it means to be surjective and injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined so for every four of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so for every four of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so for every four of a kind
+hand is there only one way to build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is there only one way to build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is there only one way to build it
+with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our
+recipe and in this case yeah for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and in this case yeah for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and in this case yeah for for
+kind of the same reason we know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same reason we know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same reason we know which
+rank we have four of we know which card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we have four of we know which card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we have four of we know which card
+is the other card that is that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other card that is that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other card that is that doesn't
+match that Rank and there's only one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that Rank and there's only one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match that Rank and there's only one way
+to do that in fact there's exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in fact there's exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in fact there's exactly one
+way to do that so we have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that so we have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that so we have built
+everything in our set exactly once with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in our set exactly once with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in our set exactly once with
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+recipe so in this case yes which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe so in this case yes which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe so in this case yes which means
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+injective and now we've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective and now we've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective and now we've decided
+therefore f is a bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+done wait what were we even trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done wait what were we even trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done wait what were we even trying to do
+oh yeah we were trying to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah we were trying to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah we were trying to count the
+number of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of for
+kinds okay we did one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds okay we did one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds okay we did one of the two
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+steps we showed that a is injection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we showed that a is injection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we showed that a is injection with
+B but now we need the actual number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but now we need the actual number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but now we need the actual number the
+actual size of B we need we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of B we need we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of B we need we need the
+count and if we want to count the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and if we want to count the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and if we want to count the size
+of B now we know it's enough to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B now we know it's enough to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B now we know it's enough to count
+the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use this time the generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so size of a well remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so size of a well remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so size of a well remember we're
+choosing an r and we're choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an r and we're choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing an r and we're choosing a
+c so how many options do we have for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so how many options do we have for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so how many options do we have for our
+rank r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 there are 13 ranks Ace through King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 there are 13 ranks Ace through King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 there are 13 ranks Ace through King
+we can choose any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose any one of them
+freely how many options do we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely how many options do we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely how many options do we have for
+this last card C that doesn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+MH 48 perfect there are 52 cards in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH 48 perfect there are 52 cards in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH 48 perfect there are 52 cards in the
+deck we've already chosen four of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck we've already chosen four of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck we've already chosen four of them
+of this rank there are 48 options left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rank there are 48 options left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rank there are 48 options left
+so by the generalized product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the size of a is 133 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+48 so that's the other thing our recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 so that's the other thing our recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 so that's the other thing our recipe
+needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+satisfy it needs to form a bje with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it needs to form a bje with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it needs to form a bje with the
+set we care about but it also needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we care about but it also needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we care about but it also needs to
+be easy to count with the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to count with the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to count with the generalized
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+rule and that's the strategy break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and that's the strategy break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and that's the strategy break down
+your set you can think of it as building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set you can think of it as building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set you can think of it as building
+up your set via a sequence of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your set via a sequence of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your set via a sequence of simple
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+make sure it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's a
+bje and then count it with generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje and then count it with generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje and then count it with generalized
+product rule let's do that again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule let's do that again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule let's do that again let's
+look at another example this time I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another example this time I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another example this time I want
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands with all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suits how many hands have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits how many hands have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits how many hands have all four
+suits these are useless in poker this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits these are useless in poker this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits these are useless in poker this
+this doesn't actually get you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't actually get you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't actually get you anything
+um unless it has some other coincidences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless it has some other coincidences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless it has some other coincidences
+as well but it's fun to count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but it's fun to count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but it's fun to count how many
+hands have all four suits and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands have all four suits and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands have all four suits and let's see
+if we can break this down into a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can break this down into a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can break this down into a recipe
+all right here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recipe choose a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card uh choose oh sorry my notes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card uh choose oh sorry my notes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card uh choose oh sorry my notes have
+choose a club card first then choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a club card first then choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a club card first then choose a
+heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card uh then choose a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card choose a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card choose a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card choose a diamond
+card and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and
+then choose a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card here's my recipe choose a a heart a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card here's my recipe choose a a heart a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card here's my recipe choose a a heart a
+card that has clubs a card that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that has clubs a card that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that has clubs a card that has
+hearts a card that has Spades a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts a card that has Spades a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts a card that has Spades a card
+that has diamonds and then whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has diamonds and then whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has diamonds and then whatever
+other card I want to fill the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card I want to fill the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card I want to fill the last
+spot and let's see if this is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and let's see if this is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and let's see if this is a valid
+recipe for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for this problem
+and we can boil that down we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can boil that down we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can boil that down we don't
+always have to think okay injective serg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to think okay injective serg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to think okay injective serg
+all that all that fun stuff we can boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that all that fun stuff we can boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that all that fun stuff we can boil
+it down into sort of these bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down into sort of these bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down into sort of these bullet points
+which we can even compress a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can even compress a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can even compress a little
+further um so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand constructed using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recipe um actually in our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does every hand we construct really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does every hand we construct really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does every hand we construct really
+have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all four
+suits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry can every hand in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set be
+constructed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way these are the two questions we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are the two questions we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these are the two questions we need
+to ask can we build everything we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask can we build everything we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask can we build everything we care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+and uh can we build everything we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh can we build everything we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh can we build everything we care
+about in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and if those two things are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if those two things are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if those two things are true
+then our map is a bje and our recipe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our map is a bje and our recipe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our map is a bje and our recipe is
+valid um but these are maybe easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid um but these are maybe easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid um but these are maybe easier to
+think about and remember than going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and remember than going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and remember than going
+through that bijection rigal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that bijection rigal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that bijection rigal just
+remember that it's a bijection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's a bijection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's a bijection
+underneath that's that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that's that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that's that's what we're
+doing that's what the Shepherds do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's what the Shepherds do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's what the Shepherds do they
+count with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count with
+bijections um so let's answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijections um so let's answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijections um so let's answer these
+questions um is every hand constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um is every hand constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um is every hand constructed
+with this recipe actually a hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this recipe actually a hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this recipe actually a hand that
+has all four sets all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all four sets all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all four sets all four
+suits yeah yeah absolutely these first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits yeah yeah absolutely these first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits yeah yeah absolutely these first
+four cards are always going to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards are always going to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards are always going to have all
+four suits and the fifth card doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four suits and the fifth card doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four suits and the fifth card doesn't
+really help or hurt us so the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help or hurt us so the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help or hurt us so the answer to
+this first question is yes yes yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first question is yes yes yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first question is yes yes yes it
+does can every hand in our set can every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does can every hand in our set can every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does can every hand in our set can every
+hand with all four suits be constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with all four suits be constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with all four suits be constructed
+via our recipe in in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via our recipe in in exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via our recipe in in exactly one
+way and let's look at an example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and let's look at an example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and let's look at an example for
+that examples are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helpful so here's my hand I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so here's my hand I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so here's my hand I'm going to
+look at the six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the six of
+diamonds the Queen of Hearts the Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds the Queen of Hearts the Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds the Queen of Hearts the Ace of
+Spades the two of clubs and the Jack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades the two of clubs and the Jack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades the two of clubs and the Jack of
+Spades let's say we're trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades let's say we're trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades let's say we're trying to build
+this particular hand using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular hand using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular hand using our
+recipe well what does it tell us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe well what does it tell us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe well what does it tell us to do
+first choose a club card all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choose a club card all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choose a club card all right I'm
+going to choose two of clubs then choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose two of clubs then choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose two of clubs then choose
+a heart card great I'm GNA choose um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart card great I'm GNA choose um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart card great I'm GNA choose um the
+Queen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen of
+Hearts then choose a spade card uh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts then choose a spade card uh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts then choose a spade card uh great
+Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace of
+Spades then choose a diamond card uh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades then choose a diamond card uh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades then choose a diamond card uh six
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+diamonds and then my last card whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and then my last card whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and then my last card whatever
+that is it's Jack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spades so these are the choices I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades so these are the choices I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades so these are the choices I make
+in the five steps of my recipe I indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the five steps of my recipe I indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the five steps of my recipe I indeed
+have built this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand can I do that in exactly one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand can I do that in exactly one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand can I do that in exactly one way is
+there only one way to fill out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only one way to fill out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only one way to fill out this
+recipe in order to get this hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can someone find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep yeah the ace and the Jack the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah the ace and the Jack the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah the ace and the Jack the two
+Spade cards those could have swapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spade cards those could have swapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spade cards those could have swapped
+places in step three when I was told to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in step three when I was told to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in step three when I was told to
+pick a spade card I could have picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a spade card I could have picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a spade card I could have picked
+the Jack instead and then the ace would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jack instead and then the ace would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jack instead and then the ace would
+be my fifth my fifth extraneous card at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my fifth my fifth extraneous card at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my fifth my fifth extraneous card at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end so there are in fact two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so there are in fact two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so there are in fact two different
+ways of filling out my recipe in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of filling out my recipe in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of filling out my recipe in order
+to get this particular hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this particular hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this particular hand
+so it's not a bje we have failed our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a bje we have failed our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a bje we have failed our
+second condition this recipe does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition this recipe does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition this recipe does not
+work with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this
+method sometimes you can salvage it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sometimes you can salvage it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sometimes you can salvage it in
+this particular example you can salvage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example you can salvage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example you can salvage
+it it turns out um this map that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constructed is two to one because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed is two to one because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed is two to one because there
+are always exactly two ways to fill out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always exactly two ways to fill out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always exactly two ways to fill out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+recipe whichever card you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe whichever card you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe whichever card you have in the
+spot it can potentially swap places with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it can potentially swap places with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it can potentially swap places with
+its partner that has its same suit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its partner that has its same suit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its partner that has its same suit but
+there are always only two ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always only two ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are always only two ways to do
+that so instead of constructing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of constructing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of constructing a
+baction we've constructed a two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baction we've constructed a two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baction we've constructed a two to one
+map which means we can still count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which means we can still count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which means we can still count the
+number of ways of filling out the recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of filling out the recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of filling out the recipe
+and then just divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just divide it by
+two so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let's do
+that um number of ways to fill out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um number of ways to fill out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um number of ways to fill out this
+recipe actually let's just do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe actually let's just do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe actually let's just do it right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many ways are there to choose a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways are there to choose a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways are there to choose a card
+that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+clubs just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs just call it
+out how many Club cards are there in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many Club cards are there in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many Club cards are there in a
+deck 13 yeah I think I heard that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck 13 yeah I think I heard that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck 13 yeah I think I heard that let's
+pretend I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I
+did um how many heart cards are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um how many heart cards are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um how many heart cards are in a
+deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck
+13 how many Spades 13 how many diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 how many Spades 13 how many diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 how many Spades 13 how many diamonds
+13 how many choices do I have for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 how many choices do I have for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 how many choices do I have for my
+last card 48 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last card 48 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last card 48 again
+I'm allowed to choose any card that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to choose any card that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to choose any card that
+isn't one of the four I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one of the four I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one of the four I've already
+picked which means the number of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked which means the number of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked which means the number of ways to
+fill out this recipe is 13 * 13 * 13 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this recipe is 13 * 13 * 13 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this recipe is 13 * 13 * 13 *
+13 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 *
+48 so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 so our
+answer is 13 to 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is 13 to 4 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is 13 to 4 *
+48 divided by two because we decided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 divided by two because we decided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 divided by two because we decided it
+was a 2: one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 2: one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 2: one
+map so this is the number of hands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map so this is the number of hands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map so this is the number of hands that
+have all four suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all four suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all four suits
+did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that make
+sense this is a perfectly valid way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is a perfectly valid way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is a perfectly valid way to
+do this um this counting with sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this um this counting with sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this um this counting with sequences
+technique um generalizes very nicely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um generalizes very nicely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique um generalizes very nicely to
+this K to1 mapping instead of uh one:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K to1 mapping instead of uh one:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K to1 mapping instead of uh one:
+one mapping a bje BS are maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mapping a bje BS are maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mapping a bje BS are maybe more
+elegant or easier to think about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant or easier to think about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant or easier to think about if you
+can make it but if it's if it's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it but if it's if it's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it but if it's if it's two to
+one instead that's great just divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead that's great just divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead that's great just divide by
+two um just so we can see some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um just so we can see some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um just so we can see some different
+strategies uh here is a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies uh here is a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies uh here is a way that we
+could have done that uh with a bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that uh with a bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that uh with a bje
+instead of needing a two to one map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so a different recipe is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a different recipe is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a different recipe is the
+following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so
+first choose a suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choose a suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choose a suit
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that will have two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in in every hand that has all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in every hand that has all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in every hand that has all four
+suits there's always one suit that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits there's always one suit that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits there's always one suit that has
+two cards and the other three suits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cards and the other three suits have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cards and the other three suits have
+one card so first we're going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one card so first we're going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one card so first we're going to choose
+which suit has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suit has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suit has two
+cards all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards all
+right call the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right call the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right call the other three
+suits uh T1 T2 T3 in alphabetical order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once I've chosen which suit I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once I've chosen which suit I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once I've chosen which suit I'm going
+to single out for the pair I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single out for the pair I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to single out for the pair I've just
+given names to the other three suits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given names to the other three suits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given names to the other three suits and
+it's in alphabetical order so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in alphabetical order so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in alphabetical order so there's no
+ambiguity there so now my four suits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity there so now my four suits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity there so now my four suits are
+s and T1 T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and T1 T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and T1 T2
+T3 all right next thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do choose two
+cards um with suit s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one
+card with suit T1 then choose one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with suit T1 then choose one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with suit T1 then choose one with
+suit T2 then choose one with suit T3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit T2 then choose one with suit T3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit T2 then choose one with suit T3 and
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recipe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe all
+right and it turns out that this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that this really
+does give a bje this is a onetoone map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does give a bje this is a onetoone map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does give a bje this is a onetoone map
+between ways of filling out this recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ways of filling out this recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ways of filling out this recipe
+and hands that have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hands that have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hands that have all four
+suits because that ambiguity of which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits because that ambiguity of which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits because that ambiguity of which of
+these two cards are we choosing first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cards are we choosing first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cards are we choosing first
+well we're not choosing them first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're not choosing them first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're not choosing them first we're
+choosing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing them
+together uh so we've gotten rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh so we've gotten rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh so we've gotten rid of that
+ambiguity by doing it in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity by doing it in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity by doing it in this way and
+let's see how many ways there are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many ways there are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how many ways there are to
+fill out this recipe first we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this recipe first we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out this recipe first we have to
+choose a suit s and there are four suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a suit s and there are four suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a suit s and there are four suits
+to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+from then we have to choose two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then we have to choose two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then we have to choose two cards
+with suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with suit
+s and there are 13 choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and there are 13 choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and there are 13 choose
+two ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to do
+that now choose a card with suit T1 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now choose a card with suit T1 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now choose a card with suit T1 13
+ways with suit T2 13 ways with suit T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways with suit T2 13 ways with suit T3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways with suit T2 13 ways with suit T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so the answer is four * 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so the answer is four * 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so the answer is four * 13
+choose two * 13 * 13 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two * 13 * 13 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two * 13 * 13 *
+13 which does look a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 which does look a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 which does look a little different
+from the answer we got up there but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the answer we got up there but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the answer we got up there but if
+you check they're actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check they're actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check they're actually the same
+answer does that make sense sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer does that make sense sound good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer does that make sense sound good
+wonderful one last example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful one last example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful one last example I want to
+look at how many hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many hands have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many hands have at
+least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair so pair means same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank so how many hands have at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so how many hands have at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so how many hands have at least two
+cards of the same rank so at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of the same rank so at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of the same rank so at least two
+queens at least two sevens something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens at least two sevens something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queens at least two sevens something
+like that maybe you have three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe you have three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe you have three or four
+Queens maybe you have two queens and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens maybe you have two queens and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens maybe you have two queens and two
+sevens or three sevens all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens or three sevens all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens or three sevens all of that is
+fine as long as at least two of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as long as at least two of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as long as at least two of your
+cards have have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards have have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards have have the same
+rank all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank all
+right and here is my proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here is my proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here is my proposed
+recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+okay choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choose a
+rank for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank for the
+pair uh let's let's call it choose rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh let's let's call it choose rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh let's let's call it choose rank
+R for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards with rank r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards here's a recipe to build up hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards here's a recipe to build up hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards here's a recipe to build up hands
+that have at least one pair we know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have at least one pair we know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have at least one pair we know they
+have a pair because here's the pair in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair because here's the pair in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair because here's the pair in
+step two everything we build has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two everything we build has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two everything we build has at
+least one pair and that's the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one pair and that's the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one pair and that's the first of
+our two important questions um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two important questions um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two important questions um does
+everything we build have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we build have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we build have our
+property the answer in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the answer in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the answer in this case is
+yes does every thing we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes does every thing we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes does every thing we want to build
+come from our recipe in exactly one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from our recipe in exactly one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from our recipe in exactly one way
+is the other question we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask does every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask does every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask does every
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+with at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair come from
+recipe in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way right this is the other question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right this is the other question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right this is the other question we
+need we need to ask usually this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need to ask usually this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need we need to ask usually this is the
+harder of the two questions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder of the two questions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder of the two questions because
+usually when trying to build our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when trying to build our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when trying to build our set
+we're building it in order to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building it in order to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building it in order to have the
+property we care about so that first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we care about so that first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we care about so that first of
+the two important questions is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two important questions is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two important questions is usually
+fine is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine is this
+true um and let's let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and let's let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and let's let's look at an
+example here um so what if we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here um so what if we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here um so what if we want the
+hand Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Ace of
+Hearts Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts Ace of
+Spades two of clubs two of diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades two of clubs two of diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades two of clubs two of diamonds
+three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+Hearts how can I get this hand with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts how can I get this hand with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts how can I get this hand with my
+recipe can someone give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's choose our rank as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's choose our rank as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's choose our rank as
+a for our first step second step is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for our first step second step is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for our first step second step is two
+cards with rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ace Ace of Hearts and Ace of Spades for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Ace of Hearts and Ace of Spades for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Ace of Hearts and Ace of Spades for
+our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second
+step um and for our third step the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um and for our third step the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um and for our third step the other
+three cards in this case that's two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cards in this case that's two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cards in this case that's two of
+clubs two of diamonds three of Hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs two of diamonds three of Hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs two of diamonds three of Hearts
+this is a way to fill out our recipe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to fill out our recipe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way to fill out our recipe in
+order to get that hand who can give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get that hand who can give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get that hand who can give me
+another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep all right rank equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two all right um then then the two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right um then then the two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right um then then the two cards
+of rank two we're going to pick are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rank two we're going to pick are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rank two we're going to pick are
+going to be two of clubs and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two of clubs and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two of clubs and two of
+diamonds and then the last step of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and then the last step of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and then the last step of our
+recipe is choose the other three cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe is choose the other three cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe is choose the other three cards
+which in this case are Ace of Hearts Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are Ace of Hearts Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case are Ace of Hearts Ace
+of Spades and three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spades and three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Spades and three of
+Hearts so we found two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts so we found two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearts so we found two different ways of
+filling out our recipe to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out our recipe to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling out our recipe to get this
+hand so we've already broken our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so we've already broken our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so we've already broken our second
+question um this this answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um this this answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um this this answer is
+no but we've already seen a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but we've already seen a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but we've already seen a possible
+backup if it's always two:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup if it's always two:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup if it's always two:
+one then we're fine then we just divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we're fine then we just divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we're fine then we just divide
+by two and get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two and get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two and get our
+answer but let's look at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but let's look at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but let's look at a different
+example uh what if our hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what if our hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh what if our hand is
+instead Ace of Heart Hearts Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead Ace of Heart Hearts Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead Ace of Heart Hearts Ace of
+Diamonds Ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds Ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds Ace of
+clubs three of clubs five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spades a recipe really breaks down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades a recipe really breaks down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spades a recipe really breaks down into
+two phases first pick a pair and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases first pick a pair and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases first pick a pair and then
+pick the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other three
+cards right pick the rank for a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards right pick the rank for a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards right pick the rank for a pair
+then the sorry pick a suit for the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sorry pick a suit for the pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sorry pick a suit for the pair
+then the ranks for the pair really pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ranks for the pair really pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ranks for the pair really pick
+a pair and then pick the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair and then pick the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair and then pick the other three
+cards is what our recipe says well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards is what our recipe says well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards is what our recipe says well there
+are lots of ways to do that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of ways to do that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of ways to do that for this
+hand we could pick this pair for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we could pick this pair for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we could pick this pair for our
+first two steps of the recipe and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two steps of the recipe and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two steps of the recipe and then
+choose the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the other three
+cards or we could pick that pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or we could pick that pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or we could pick that pair and
+then choose the other three cards or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose the other three cards or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose the other three cards or we
+could pick that pair and then choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick that pair and then choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick that pair and then choose the
+other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other three
+cards so this one had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways this hand has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways here's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways here's another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways here's another example
+Ace of Diamonds oops Ace of clubs three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace of Diamonds oops Ace of clubs three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace of Diamonds oops Ace of clubs three
+of clubs and then three of Spades same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clubs and then three of Spades same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clubs and then three of Spades same
+example as before but now these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as before but now these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as before but now these are both
+threes instead of a three and five How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes instead of a three and five How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes instead of a three and five How
+many pairs are there now 1 2 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pairs are there now 1 2 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pairs are there now 1 2 3 four
+different pairs so there are four ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs so there are four ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs so there are four ways
+to build this with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this with our
+recipe let's keep going what if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe let's keep going what if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe let's keep going what if we have
+a four of a kind we have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four of a kind we have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four of a kind we have all four
+aces on and then we have the Queen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces on and then we have the Queen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces on and then we have the Queen of
+Diamonds uh so that was clubs hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds uh so that was clubs hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds uh so that was clubs hearts
+spades diamonds now there are 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades diamonds now there are 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spades diamonds now there are 1 two
+three four five six different pairs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six different pairs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six different pairs so
+there are six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six different
+ways to construct this hand with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recipe did all of these examples make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe did all of these examples make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe did all of these examples make
+sense cool and what we've learned here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool and what we've learned here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cool and what we've learned here
+is that this recipe is utter garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this recipe is utter garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this recipe is utter garbage
+this recipe does not help it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe does not help it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe does not help it doesn't
+make a bje because there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bje because there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bje because there are multiple
+ways to build this hand it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to build this hand it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to build this hand it doesn't make
+a k to1 mapping because there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k to1 mapping because there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k to1 mapping because there a
+different number of ways depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of ways depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of ways depending on
+which hand we're trying to build so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hand we're trying to build so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hand we're trying to build so we
+can't just count this and then divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just count this and then divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just count this and then divide by
+two or divide by three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah uh so with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah uh so with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah uh so with with this
+hand um steps one and two really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um steps one and two really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um steps one and two really say
+pick a pair and then step three says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a pair and then step three says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a pair and then step three says
+pick the other three cards well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other three cards well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other three cards well how many
+pairs can we pick in this hand there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can we pick in this hand there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can we pick in this hand there
+are four choose two ways to pick two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four choose two ways to pick two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four choose two ways to pick two of
+the aces 4 CH two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aces 4 CH two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aces 4 CH two is
+six um or we can just look at it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um or we can just look at it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um or we can just look at it it's
+one two 3 um four five six those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two 3 um four five six those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two 3 um four five six those are all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pairs yeah good question so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs yeah good question so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs yeah good question so this
+recipe does not help I don't care how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe does not help I don't care how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe does not help I don't care how
+many ways there are to fill out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways there are to fill out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways there are to fill out this
+recipe I don't care how easy it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe I don't care how easy it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe I don't care how easy it is to
+count with generalized product rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count with generalized product rule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count with generalized product rule the
+thing it's counting is not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's counting is not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's counting is not at all
+related to the problem we care about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the problem we care about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the problem we care about so
+this is the thing you need to watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing you need to watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing you need to watch out
+for and that's why these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and that's why these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and that's why these two
+questions are the things you should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are the things you should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are the things you should ask
+yourself about every recipe you see can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about every recipe you see can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about every recipe you see can
+you build everything you care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build everything you care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build everything you care about and
+is everything you care about built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything you care about built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything you care about built in
+exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one
+way and it it takes some practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it it takes some practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it it takes some practice and
+some skill and some patience to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some skill and some patience to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some skill and some patience to figure
+out the right recipe in order to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right recipe in order to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right recipe in order to satisfy
+both of these constraints and to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these constraints and to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these constraints and to work
+out any of the ambiguities that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any of the ambiguities that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any of the ambiguities that we see
+in an example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example like
+this all right that's everything I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right that's everything I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right that's everything I have
+thank you so much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A1vOpAxkuZ4.txt b/A1vOpAxkuZ4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..582fea672a12dde7a1fc78b7e561fdc6a9310882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A1vOpAxkuZ4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19056 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you very much for sharing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you very much for sharing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you very much for sharing so
+generously with um our esteem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generously with um our esteem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generously with um our esteem
+distinguished dear guest was very aled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished dear guest was very aled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished dear guest was very aled a
+lot through the back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot through the back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot through the back and forth between
+you and and Prof Kia's questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and Prof Kia's questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and Prof Kia's questions and
+comments I mean that thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I mean that thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I mean that thank you for
+sharing so much knowledge you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing so much knowledge you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing so much knowledge you know it's
+it's just amazing I'm and I'm so glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just amazing I'm and I'm so glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just amazing I'm and I'm so glad
+thank you Tom thank you P Co for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Tom thank you P Co for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Tom thank you P Co for
+recording this you know this is um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording this you know this is um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording this you know this is um this
+is historical I if this is historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is historical I if this is historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is historical I if this is historical
+and and it it does have the potential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it it does have the potential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it it does have the potential I
+think to reach out to to folks on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to reach out to to folks on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to reach out to to folks on both
+ends of the spectrum both the lau end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the spectrum both the lau end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the spectrum both the lau end
+and the LA gjab end both the colonize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LA gjab end both the colonize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the LA gjab end both the colonize
+and the colonizer in many ways in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colonizer in many ways in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colonizer in many ways in a way
+that can enrich all of us so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can enrich all of us so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can enrich all of us so thank you
+for that so now we're going to hear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so now we're going to hear um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so now we're going to hear um
+bosal um introduced this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosal um introduced this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosal um introduced this beautiful
+chapter powerful chapter on the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter powerful chapter on the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter powerful chapter on the power
+and beauty of the Sovereign people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beauty of the Sovereign people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beauty of the Sovereign people and
+we go around the room and ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go around the room and ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go around the room and ask questions
+thank you and discuss and I'm I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and discuss and I'm I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and discuss and I'm I'm very
+happy to be here because I I'm in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to be here because I I'm in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to be here because I I'm in a real
+context where you feel at home because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where you feel at home because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where you feel at home because
+everything you have said up to now even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have said up to now even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have said up to now even
+from the very beginning give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning give you the
+sense what is the the colonial reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what is the the colonial reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what is the the colonial reading
+the colonial study because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonial study because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonial study because it's
+something that is that start with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that start with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that start with your
+personal position you must know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal position you must know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal position you must know where
+you are you must be aware of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you must be aware of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you must be aware of where you
+are and from that you see the world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and from that you see the world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and from that you see the world you
+know I mean because in fact this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean because in fact this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean because in fact this is what
+what this is what is your power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what is your power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what is your power the
+possibility of seeing the word from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of seeing the word from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of seeing the word from your
+position not from the position they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position not from the position they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position not from the position they have
+given you you find your position you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you you find your position you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you you find your position you
+define new position and from new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define new position and from new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define new position and from new
+position you seeing the word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you seeing the word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you seeing the word and
+something I have written into my mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have written into my mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have written into my mind is
+fundamental the use of social sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental the use of social sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental the use of social sciences
+the exist the re of social sciences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist the re of social sciences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist the re of social sciences is
+to regain to give to those who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regain to give to those who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regain to give to those who have been
+disposed to re-empower them if not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposed to re-empower them if not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposed to re-empower them if not I
+don't know why they study I'm not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why they study I'm not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why they study I'm not there
+to empower those who are empowered no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empower those who are empowered no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empower those who are empowered no I
+have been disempowered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been disempowered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been disempowered and
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+my aim is to study to work so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my aim is to study to work so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my aim is to study to work so I can
+regain my position over myself over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regain my position over myself over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regain my position over myself over my
+people and for my people to move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and for my people to move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and for my people to move forward
+now this implies understanding myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this implies understanding myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this implies understanding myself
+understanding my people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding my people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding my people and
+understanding the other and then I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the other and then I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the other and then I move
+from there so the beauty and power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there so the beauty and power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there so the beauty and power of
+the Sovereign people is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sovereign people is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sovereign people is that we
+come from a set of individuals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a set of individuals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a set of individuals because
+capitalism and the European capitalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism and the European capitalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism and the European capitalism
+modern time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern time
+capitalism no is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism no is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism no is based on the
+disaggregation of the communities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregation of the communities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregation of the communities you
+take the communities you make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the communities you make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the communities you make of
+them naked individuals and then you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them naked individuals and then you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them naked individuals and then you give
+them the possibility of rejoin within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the possibility of rejoin within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the possibility of rejoin within
+your own Norms no quality Syndicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own Norms no quality Syndicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own Norms no quality Syndicate
+commity Trade union whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commity Trade union whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commity Trade union whatever you want
+but after you make of them naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after you make of them naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after you make of them naked
+individuals okay we were taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals okay we were taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals okay we were taken from
+Africa from in the case of s Dom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa from in the case of s Dom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa from in the case of s Dom
+ha at least 24 different nations no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha at least 24 different nations no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha at least 24 different nations no they
+mix them up they mix us up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them up they mix us up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them up they mix us up in the
+country and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and we are going to
+recreate ourselves how do we that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate ourselves how do we that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate ourselves how do we that we do
+do do we do that first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do we do that first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do we do that first of all we
+create with nothing a group a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create with nothing a group a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create with nothing a group a social
+group just to protect us because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group just to protect us because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group just to protect us because when
+you reach there as an enslaved person no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach there as an enslaved person no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach there as an enslaved person no
+they are going to beat you to well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to beat you to well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to beat you to well to
+destroy you no when you finish working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy you no when you finish working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy you no when you finish working
+the few time they give you to rest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few time they give you to rest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few time they give you to rest you
+will find consolation you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find consolation you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find consolation you will find
+affection you will find love you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection you will find love you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection you will find love you will
+find reciprocity you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find reciprocity you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find reciprocity you will find
+solidarity you give and takes you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity you give and takes you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidarity you give and takes you find
+human relations no so you will create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations no so you will create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations no so you will create
+you recreate a social group you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recreate a social group you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recreate a social group you mean
+this is this social group you recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this social group you recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this social group you recreate
+is going to have a set of principle set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a set of principle set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a set of principle set
+of norms no and this these Norms going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of norms no and this these Norms going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of norms no and this these Norms going
+to give way to a new individual you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give way to a new individual you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give way to a new individual you're
+going to create a new individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new individual
+according to your old Norms to Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your old Norms to Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your old Norms to Old
+principle and it is that new individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and it is that new individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and it is that new individuals
+that will be a PO in front of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a PO in front of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be a PO in front of the other
+power so that give you the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so that give you the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so that give you the possibility
+of discovering out of nothing now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovering out of nothing now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovering out of nothing now you're
+going to imagine another power and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to imagine another power and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to imagine another power and it is
+so important that the one who brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that the one who brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important that the one who brought
+you in the kiban or in the plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the kiban or in the plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the kiban or in the plantation
+system to exploit you is going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to exploit you is going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to exploit you is going to spend
+all his efforts to destroy you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his efforts to destroy you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his efforts to destroy you because
+you have something and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something and you're going to
+be aware of that something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of that something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of that something for
+instance they will say voodo or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance they will say voodo or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance they will say voodo or whatever
+we do or whatever it is is superstition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do or whatever it is is superstition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do or whatever it is is superstition
+okay if it is superstition is useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it is superstition is useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it is superstition is useless
+let me use it it's not doing anything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use it it's not doing anything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use it it's not doing anything it
+has no solution why do you make so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no solution why do you make so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no solution why do you make so much
+effort to destroy it I mean so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to destroy it I mean so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to destroy it I mean so therefore
+you acknowledging that no another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you acknowledging that no another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you acknowledging that no another
+element that is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is important
+also gr you want me to do that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gr you want me to do that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gr you want me to do that I don't
+do it you beat me up you can't even kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you beat me up you can't even kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you beat me up you can't even kill
+me so I can do it but I never see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I can do it but I never see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I can do it but I never see you
+killing a donkey because he doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing a donkey because he doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing a donkey because he doesn't want
+it doesn't want to drink water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to drink water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't want to drink water because
+you know the donkey is an animal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the donkey is an animal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the donkey is an animal you
+know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean
+so but me you're going to beat me until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but me you're going to beat me until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but me you're going to beat me until
+I'm dead therefore you acknowledge I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dead therefore you acknowledge I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dead therefore you acknowledge I'm
+in called equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in called equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in called equal to
+you if I was not equal to you you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I was not equal to you you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I was not equal to you you would
+not beat me until I'm dead you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not beat me until I'm dead you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not beat me until I'm dead you would do
+like the donkey I stupid men not no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the donkey I stupid men not no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the donkey I stupid men not no no
+you beat me because you know I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you beat me because you know I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you beat me because you know I have a
+will and this will escaped to you escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and this will escaped to you escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and this will escaped to you escape
+you know and this is my power okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and this is my power okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and this is my power okay with
+that power in front of you might because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power in front of you might because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power in front of you might because
+you really have a might no I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have a might no I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have a might no I am going
+now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to
+create myself a being my sovereignty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create myself a being my sovereignty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create myself a being my sovereignty
+know with no nothing no I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with no nothing no I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with no nothing no I'm going to
+recreate a new society that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a new society that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a new society that is the
+beauty of it and this is what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of it and this is what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of it and this is what we have to
+be aware of it aware of now it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of it aware of now it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of it aware of now it is not
+that I feel strong no no no no I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I feel strong no no no no I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I feel strong no no no no I'm going
+to create a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a whole set of
+Institutions you see what I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions you see what I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions you see what I mean a
+language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+religion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion a
+Villages a set of Institutions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages a set of Institutions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages a set of Institutions that I
+create to take care of myself and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to take care of myself and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to take care of myself and to
+reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce
+myself and also to have accountability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and also to have accountability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and also to have accountability
+for the members of of of of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the members of of of of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the members of of of of the group
+you see what I mean so I create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so I create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so I create an
+Another Universe in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another Universe in front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another Universe in front of your
+Universe no and your Universe since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe no and your Universe since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe no and your Universe since you
+despise me cannot see me you I mean even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despise me cannot see me you I mean even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despise me cannot see me you I mean even
+when they see me they they stupid thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they see me they they stupid thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they see me they they stupid thing
+ are doing you see what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are doing you see what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are doing you see what I mean
+even when they see it they cannot adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they see it they cannot adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they see it they cannot adjust
+it so therefore myself to survive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so therefore myself to survive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so therefore myself to survive I
+first learn what you have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn what you have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn what you have in mind
+and I in group no I'm going to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in group no I'm going to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in group no I'm going to imagine
+how to bypass what you have in mind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to bypass what you have in mind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to bypass what you have in mind to
+the small possibility sometime I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small possibility sometime I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small possibility sometime I can't
+sometime I can but I will never lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime I can but I will never lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime I can but I will never lose the
+opportunity of doing that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of doing that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of doing that this is
+therefore some people coming down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore some people coming down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore some people coming down here
+or but down here against their will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but down here against their will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but down here against their will
+after much suffering because you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after much suffering because you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after much suffering because you do not
+leave Africa as a tourist now you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave Africa as a tourist now you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave Africa as a tourist now you are
+beaten and you have to work sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten and you have to work sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten and you have to work sometime
+hundreds and hundreds of miles they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of miles they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and hundreds of miles they put
+you in circumstances you have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in circumstances you have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in circumstances you have never
+imagined they put you on the boat etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined they put you on the boat etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined they put you on the boat etc
+etc you come here and when you come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc you come here and when you come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc you come here and when you come here
+now they start humiliating you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they start humiliating you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they start humiliating you doing
+things that are Beyond imagination no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are Beyond imagination no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are Beyond imagination no
+they sell you they stamp you etc etc I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell you they stamp you etc etc I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell you they stamp you etc etc I
+will not describe all the things but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not describe all the things but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not describe all the things but in
+that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+infinite poverty no and destruction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite poverty no and destruction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite poverty no and destruction you
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+reborn this is is the beauty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reborn this is is the beauty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reborn this is is the beauty of the
+Sovereign people now how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sovereign people now how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sovereign people now how do you do that
+I say you create a community but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say you create a community but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say you create a community but the
+community you created in the plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you created in the plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you created in the plantation
+itself mean while you're working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself mean while you're working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself mean while you're working on the
+plantation no you creating social groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation no you creating social groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation no you creating social groups
+in spite of the intention of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the intention of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the intention of the person
+to call you black black is a colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call you black black is a colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call you black black is a colonial
+word in Africa you're not black You Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Africa you're not black You Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Africa you're not black You Can
+Be aanti You Can Be Nago you can be ebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be aanti You Can Be Nago you can be ebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be aanti You Can Be Nago you can be ebo
+you can be anything but black because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be anything but black because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be anything but black because
+everybody is black so black don't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is black so black don't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is black so black don't not
+distinguish one to another you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish one to another you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish one to another you see I
+mean so you come here no and you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you come here no and you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you come here no and you create
+a little group on the plantation now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little group on the plantation now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little group on the plantation now in
+that group there are that really cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group there are that really cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group there are that really cannot
+survive in the plantation they will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive in the plantation they will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive in the plantation they will run
+away and you have a set of Bandits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and you have a set of Bandits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and you have a set of Bandits and
+people sto living out of stealing Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sto living out of stealing Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sto living out of stealing Goods
+coming in and out looking for weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and out looking for weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and out looking for weapons
+etc etc they are set of generally male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc they are set of generally male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc they are set of generally male
+Maroons no those male Maroons and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maroons no those male Maroons and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maroons no those male Maroons and you
+you are in contact no and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in contact no and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in contact no and at some point
+in time they will with their ladies go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time they will with their ladies go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time they will with their ladies go
+and create the free Village system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create the free Village system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create the free Village system you
+see I mean now from the people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean now from the people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean now from the people on the
+plantation the independent Fighters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation the independent Fighters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation the independent Fighters or
+brigant or whatever they call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brigant or whatever they call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brigant or whatever they call them
+through the filate system you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filate system you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filate system you have a
+constant movement of ideas and flows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant movement of ideas and flows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant movement of ideas and flows of
+going on and this is done through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and this is done through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and this is done through the
+language you know I mean through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you know I mean through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you know I mean through the
+language so you have now a whole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so you have now a whole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so you have now a whole in the
+plantation system before independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system before independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system before independence
+you have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole
+movement of concept of habits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of concept of habits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of concept of habits of
+conducts no that teach you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts no that teach you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts no that teach you the
+possibility of bypassing the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of bypassing the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of bypassing the system
+defending yourself against the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending yourself against the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending yourself against the system
+now this is possible particularly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is possible particularly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is possible particularly in the
+larger anes or in Surin or in the gyas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger anes or in Surin or in the gyas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger anes or in Surin or in the gyas
+no and this give you no what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and this give you no what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and this give you no what I call the
+counter plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation
+system which is the basis the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is the basis the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is the basis the basis for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nation not yet the nation is being born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation not yet the nation is being born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation not yet the nation is being born
+but I mean the Haitians or the Jamaicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean the Haitians or the Jamaicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean the Haitians or the Jamaicans
+etc etc this is one line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc this is one line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc this is one line of
+the development in the case for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development in the case for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development in the case for instance
+of the small island like St Vincent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small island like St Vincent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the small island like St Vincent
+Barbados martinic they have to negotiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados martinic they have to negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados martinic they have to negotiate
+within the system take Barbados is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system take Barbados is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system take Barbados is the
+best example because they were the seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example because they were the seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example because they were the seat
+of the of the royal Navy so you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the royal Navy so you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the royal Navy so you better
+behave yourself or they kill you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave yourself or they kill you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave yourself or they kill you that's
+all you see I mean so you have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you see I mean so you have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you see I mean so you have to learn
+to negotiate within their system no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate within their system no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate within their system no but
+this is the basic the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic the same
+basic position you know I mean they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic position you know I mean they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic position you know I mean they are
+different because the condition in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because the condition in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because the condition in which
+they are negotiating are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are negotiating are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are negotiating are not the
+condition in which for instance sures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which for instance sures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which for instance sures is
+is negotiating and theames have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negotiating and theames have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negotiating and theames have the
+aminan who will show them how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminan who will show them how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminan who will show them how the
+Amazonian etc etc now there are in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazonian etc etc now there are in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazonian etc etc now there are in any
+event this is what we are doing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this is what we are doing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event this is what we are doing we
+prepare ourselves in the negotiation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare ourselves in the negotiation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare ourselves in the negotiation to
+create a group of people know who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a group of people know who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a group of people know who can
+see another reality create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another reality create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another reality create another
+universe and a universe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and a universe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and a universe that the
+powerful soal no tend to erase no and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful soal no tend to erase no and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful soal no tend to erase no and we
+confront those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront those two
+universes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes now
+when the Imperial Imperial Colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Imperial Imperial Colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Imperial Imperial Colonial
+countries enter in conflicts no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries enter in conflicts no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries enter in conflicts no they
+create a possibility for you to break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a possibility for you to break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a possibility for you to break in
+you see what I mean so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so there is no
+difference between the Haitian and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the Haitian and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the Haitian and the
+Jamaican except what I told you so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican except what I told you so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican except what I told you so what
+happened outside there's no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened outside there's no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened outside there's no difference
+between the ha of Jamaican and barban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ha of Jamaican and barban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ha of Jamaican and barban
+except that one is in a small island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that one is in a small island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that one is in a small island
+which is Barbados is something like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Barbados is something like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Barbados is something like 300
+times smaller than the whole island D in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times smaller than the whole island D in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times smaller than the whole island D in
+Hai because we have an island in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hai because we have an island in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hai because we have an island in front
+of our Prince lagonav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Prince lagonav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Prince lagonav
+which is twice bigger than Barbados and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is twice bigger than Barbados and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is twice bigger than Barbados and
+Island only the country is some 70 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island only the country is some 70 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island only the country is some 70 time
+if you put the D so you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the D so you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the D so you can imagine the
+possibility of negotiation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of negotiation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of negotiation in this
+island and those of the vins are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island and those of the vins are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island and those of the vins are quite
+different no not to speak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no not to speak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no not to speak of the
+condition in which Barbados was settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which Barbados was settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which Barbados was settled
+no Barbados was settled by couples by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Barbados was settled by couples by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Barbados was settled by couples by
+British who came with their wives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British who came with their wives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British who came with their wives you
+see what I mean so that one thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so that one thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so that one thing they
+do they do not have a lot of a people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do not have a lot of a people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do not have a lot of a people of
+cola they use no no they have but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cola they use no no they have but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cola they use no no they have but they
+do not have a lot that's one condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have a lot that's one condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have a lot that's one condition
+but we are all in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are all in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are all in fact the
+basic set of position of self self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic set of position of self self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic set of position of self self
+respect sovereignty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect sovereignty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect sovereignty
+group autonomy this is what is our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group autonomy this is what is our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group autonomy this is what is our base
+so Beauty the beauty is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Beauty the beauty is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Beauty the beauty is that in the
+worst condition of living things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst condition of living things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst condition of living things we
+could not possibly imagine that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not possibly imagine that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not possibly imagine that is
+happening I do not want to enter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I do not want to enter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I do not want to enter in the
+relation between the the white males and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the the white males and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the the white males and
+they enslaved and their kids and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enslaved and their kids and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enslaved and their kids and their
+daughters what they have no no no we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters what they have no no no we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters what they have no no no we can
+just imagine now that they are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine now that they are they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine now that they are they are
+they think they are all powerful they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they are all powerful they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think they are all powerful they do
+whatever they want they destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want they destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want they destroy
+themselves but that's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but that's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but that's another problem
+but forget about that we simply create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but forget about that we simply create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but forget about that we simply create
+our world out of nothing and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world out of nothing and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world out of nothing and it's the
+cariban word no and N Out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cariban word no and N Out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cariban word no and N Out of
+Nothing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing we do
+have resources we remember from Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have resources we remember from Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have resources we remember from Africa
+but there are individuals who remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are individuals who remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are individuals who remember
+that we have an advantage though over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an advantage though over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an advantage though over
+the first nations in America the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nations in America the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nations in America the First
+Nations all the Jews also they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations all the Jews also they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations all the Jews also they are
+people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were
+exploited but they were a nation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited but they were a nation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited but they were a nation that
+were exploited you see I mean they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exploited you see I mean they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exploited you see I mean they have
+been forced to witness the destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been forced to witness the destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been forced to witness the destruction
+of their Nation you see the Mayas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their Nation you see the Mayas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their Nation you see the Mayas the
+Aztec or the Incas they see the spard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aztec or the Incas they see the spard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aztec or the Incas they see the spard
+coming and they have Liv that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and they have Liv that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and they have Liv that in our
+case no for instance assuming that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no for instance assuming that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no for instance assuming that they
+get into euroba country or EO country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into euroba country or EO country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into euroba country or EO country
+they they they beat them and they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they beat them and they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they beat them and they take
+you and they bring you here you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they bring you here you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they bring you here you would
+say oh okay I lost I was is that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh okay I lost I was is that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh okay I lost I was is that bad
+luck they got me but the country nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck they got me but the country nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck they got me but the country nobody
+can be the EOS even if it is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the EOS even if it is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the EOS even if it is not true
+but but you will imagine that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you will imagine that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you will imagine that you you
+have not witnessed your Society being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not witnessed your Society being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not witnessed your Society being
+humiliated your kings being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliated your kings being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humiliated your kings being
+a yes humiliated etc etc so we have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes humiliated etc etc so we have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes humiliated etc etc so we have at
+least that we start with a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that we start with a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that we start with a local
+experience from the day we came here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from the day we came here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience from the day we came here in
+America no and from that local inflence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America no and from that local inflence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America no and from that local inflence
+we moveed forward so we can create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moveed forward so we can create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moveed forward so we can create a new
+Society a new world with our experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society a new world with our experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society a new world with our experience
+not with we do not carry all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with we do not carry all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with we do not carry all the
+tradition of our society no and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of our society no and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of our society no and we do
+not carry the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not carry the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not carry the the the
+sorrow of for instance there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorrow of for instance there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorrow of for instance there are some
+wonderful scen in among the first nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful scen in among the first nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful scen in among the first nation
+either all Bolivia where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all Bolivia where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all Bolivia where they are
+playing the the conquest me the amans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the the conquest me the amans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the the conquest me the amans
+are playing the conquest you see I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing the conquest you see I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing the conquest you see I mean
+you can see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the
+sadness in the winning of the the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness in the winning of the the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness in the winning of the the of the
+alien over you now we don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien over you now we don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien over you now we don't have that
+possibility no and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility no and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility no and in general
+our musical production is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our musical production is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our musical production is quite
+different from theirs so this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from theirs so this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from theirs so this is what I
+call the beauty and of of a our nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the beauty and of of a our nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the beauty and of of a our nation
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+are we have witnessed what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have witnessed what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have witnessed what we have
+created the problem is that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the problem is that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the problem is that we have to
+make our people aware of that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our people aware of that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our people aware of that and this
+is what the system and what professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the system and what professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the system and what professor
+the graph was showing wants you not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph was showing wants you not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph was showing wants you not to
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+see for instance the beauty of Creole qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for instance the beauty of Creole qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for instance the beauty of Creole qu
+is switching the meaning of key function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is switching the meaning of key function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is switching the meaning of key function
+one of my great friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my great friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my great friends and
+Professor DFI from Mexico he say Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor DFI from Mexico he say Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor DFI from Mexico he say Indian
+Negroes are Colonial concept there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negroes are Colonial concept there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negroes are Colonial concept there were
+no Indian in America before Christopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Indian in America before Christopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Indian in America before Christopher
+made his mistakes no Negroes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his mistakes no Negroes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his mistakes no Negroes that you
+who call negro I don't know if I a negro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who call negro I don't know if I a negro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who call negro I don't know if I a negro
+I mean that's meaningless that I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's meaningless that I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's meaningless that I am a
+negro etc etc those are key concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negro etc etc those are key concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negro etc etc those are key concept of
+colonialism they create race a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism they create race a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism they create race a set of
+languages in Africa has no word for race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Africa has no word for race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Africa has no word for race
+and in ha race mean family according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ha race mean family according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in ha race mean family according to
+all French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all French
+no as is the race of De gra the race of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no as is the race of De gra the race of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no as is the race of De gra the race of
+kazimir say watch out with the race of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazimir say watch out with the race of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazimir say watch out with the race of
+Rodriguez they are really bad people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodriguez they are really bad people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rodriguez they are really bad people all
+of them they are witches you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them they are witches you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them they are witches you know I mean
+me but they mean the family not the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but they mean the family not the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but they mean the family not the race
+what the the westc race so we came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the westc race so we came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the westc race so we came and
+we create another concept and as I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create another concept and as I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create another concept and as I don't
+know if you know but as everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know but as everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know but as everybody knows
+and I give the example so many times wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give the example so many times wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give the example so many times wh
+do not mean what it means in French or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not mean what it means in French or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not mean what it means in French or
+in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English
+wh for instance I have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh for instance I have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh for instance I have a very good
+friend of mine from Jama I say when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine from Jama I say when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine from Jama I say when I do
+something in my computer I say I trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my computer I say I trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my computer I say I trick
+the white man but I don't mean white man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white man but I don't mean white man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white man but I don't mean white man
+the man who is white I mean I trick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who is white I mean I trick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who is white I mean I trick the
+technology the dominant one the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the dominant one the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the dominant one the one who
+want the are go them to work that way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the are go them to work that way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the are go them to work that way I
+will make it work another way you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it work another way you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it work another way you know I
+mean this is what called the white man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what called the white man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what called the white man
+and in fact in my proposition white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in my proposition white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in my proposition white
+means in h the responsible of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in h the responsible of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in h the responsible of the
+Primitive accumulation of capital it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive accumulation of capital it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive accumulation of capital it
+mean the dominant capitalist fellow who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the dominant capitalist fellow who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the dominant capitalist fellow who
+came and take whatever he sees that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and take whatever he sees that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and take whatever he sees that he
+and he take it if he wants it period now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he take it if he wants it period now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he take it if he wants it period now
+he has been that's why so any for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has been that's why so any for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has been that's why so any for
+instance if he comes home say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if he comes home say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if he comes home say there's a
+negro asking for you yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negro asking for you yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negro asking for you yeah that's right
+that's right so so if Tom goes to Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so if Tom goes to Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so if Tom goes to Haiti
+Tom becomes a negro negro because negro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom becomes a negro negro because negro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom becomes a negro negro because negro
+means human being in Period and reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means human being in Period and reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means human being in Period and reverse
+the reverse is true too my daughter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse is true too my daughter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse is true too my daughter is
+like you all my son also and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you all my son also and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you all my son also and they are
+all white because they are strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all white because they are strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all white because they are strangers
+they can't speak all they do know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't speak all they do know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't speak all they do know the
+habits you know the habits they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits you know the habits they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits you know the habits they have to
+you know I mean that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean that it's not
+discriminatory it's just simply they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminatory it's just simply they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminatory it's just simply they
+they do not know what's going on they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not know what's going on they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not know what's going on they do
+not know the rules of the game no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the rules of the game no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know the rules of the game no that's
+it so you have changed the key concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have changed the key concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have changed the key concept
+of the of the dominant system and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the dominant system and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the dominant system and you
+have created your world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created your world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created your world
+where everybody is a person you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is a person you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is a person you have
+created the world Moon you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the world Moon you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the world Moon you know I mean
+the word moon has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word moon has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word moon has nothing to do with
+white black male female just mean person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white black male female just mean person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white black male female just mean person
+every person is a person and should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every person is a person and should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every person is a person and should be
+respected as such you know I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected as such you know I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected as such you know I mean this
+is something you have done when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you have done when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you have done when you are
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the in the depth of misery no to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the depth of misery no to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the depth of misery no to get out
+and to create that group to that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create that group to that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to create that group to that can
+survive oppression no you had to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive oppression no you had to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive oppression no you had to erase
+that this is why the ebo disappear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is why the ebo disappear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is why the ebo disappear the
+cono disappeared the outa Disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cono disappeared the outa Disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cono disappeared the outa Disappeared
+now you become a moon no and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you become a moon no and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you become a moon no and you have to
+be and as far as I know in Haiti the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and as far as I know in Haiti the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and as far as I know in Haiti the
+worst of all sin is to destroy life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst of all sin is to destroy life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst of all sin is to destroy life you
+have to respect life period you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respect life period you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to respect life period you don't
+cut tree for nothing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut tree for nothing you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut tree for nothing you don't
+kill an insect for nothing no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an insect for nothing no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an insect for nothing no no no no
+no no no that is a sin this is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no that is a sin this is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no that is a sin this is what is a
+scene so the beauty of the Sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene so the beauty of the Sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene so the beauty of the Sovereign
+people is that it has been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that it has been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that it has been able to
+invent his sovereignty you see I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent his sovereignty you see I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent his sovereignty you see I mean
+and invent itself as distinct from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invent itself as distinct from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invent itself as distinct from and
+this is where also he has been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where also he has been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where also he has been able to
+show you make you see what power means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you make you see what power means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you make you see what power means
+in fact power doesn't mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact power doesn't mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact power doesn't mean that you
+stronger you have more strength no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger you have more strength no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger you have more strength no no no
+that is not really power this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really power this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not really power this is
+apparance of power because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparance of power because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparance of power because your
+strengths you have it because I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths you have it because I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths you have it because I am
+powerful you see I like to tell my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you see I like to tell my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you see I like to tell my
+friend well in fact that's an idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend well in fact that's an idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend well in fact that's an idea that
+is inic Williams he did develop now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inic Williams he did develop now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inic Williams he did develop now
+let's see the Haitian to beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the Haitian to beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the Haitian to beat the
+Haitian Napoleon sent 40,000 persons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Napoleon sent 40,000 persons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Napoleon sent 40,000 persons and
+they lost so who are stronger 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost so who are stronger 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost so who are stronger 40,000
+plus one at least you because we they us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one at least you because we they us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one at least you because we they us
+so so if you want to know what power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you want to know what power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you want to know what power is
+ask us because we beat him you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask us because we beat him you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask us because we beat him you see what
+I mean you must understand what power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you must understand what power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you must understand what power is
+obviously in Haiti they are destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in Haiti they are destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in Haiti they are destroying
+the use of Creole they do not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Creole they do not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Creole they do not want
+Creole as you have seen no because cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole as you have seen no because cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole as you have seen no because cre
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+powerful you must be aware of this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you must be aware of this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you must be aware of this power
+that you controll you manage and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you controll you manage and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you controll you manage and you are
+the one who invented when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who invented when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who invented when I say
+something in French the French Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in French the French Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in French the French Academy
+will decide or in Spanish the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide or in Spanish the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide or in Spanish the Royal
+Academy the Academia real will decide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy the Academia real will decide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy the Academia real will decide if
+it is correct if you can say it or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is correct if you can say it or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is correct if you can say it or if
+you cannot say it if I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say it if I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say it if I'm talking
+Jamaican that the Shan town that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican that the Shan town that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican that the Shan town that will
+decide if this can be said or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if this can be said or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if this can be said or not it's
+not the government not even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the government not even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the government not even the
+government it is us us in our most inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government it is us us in our most inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government it is us us in our most inner
+existence without Authority it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence without Authority it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence without Authority it is the
+agreement between us that we decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between us that we decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between us that we decide that
+what is for instance a Shob shacking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is for instance a Shob shacking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is for instance a Shob shacking up
+if this is acceptable or not it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is acceptable or not it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is acceptable or not it is not
+an authority it is the consensus between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an authority it is the consensus between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an authority it is the consensus between
+the few people this is what sovereignty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few people this is what sovereignty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few people this is what sovereignty
+is so I will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I will stop
+there oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boyy you know what you said about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyy you know what you said about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyy you know what you said about um
+white reminds me of James Baldwin he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white reminds me of James Baldwin he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white reminds me of James Baldwin he has
+a yeah exactly that white is a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah exactly that white is a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah exactly that white is a metaphor
+for power there's no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power there's no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power there's no such thing as
+whiteness um white is Chas Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteness um white is Chas Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteness um white is Chas Manhattan
+Bank yeah exactly yeah yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank yeah exactly yeah yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank yeah exactly yeah yeah yeah so
+thank you thank you for this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you for this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you for this you know
+amazing summary of your entire approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing summary of your entire approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing summary of your entire approach
+really to hisan history you so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to hisan history you so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to hisan history you so all right
+so it's a lot like the the the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a lot like the the the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a lot like the the the white
+thing for me I hear it as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for me I hear it as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for me I hear it as it's
+the it's a political position sort of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a political position sort of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a political position sort of of
+your relationality to the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your relationality to the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your relationality to the world to
+things to land to food to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to land to food to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to land to food to
+people um rather than the color of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um rather than the color of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um rather than the color of your
+skin but your mental state of of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin but your mental state of of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin but your mental state of of how you
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+world okay so you going to go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so you going to go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay so you going to go around the
+room and ask questions I so that Gabby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and ask questions I so that Gabby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and ask questions I so that Gabby
+had a hand up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hand up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hand up very
+quickly I think I think okay right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I think I think okay right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I think I think okay right um
+what was interesting that stood out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was interesting that stood out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was interesting that stood out to
+me in the reading was um cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the reading was um cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the reading was um cultural
+homogenization and how come come again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenization and how come come again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenization and how come come again
+cultural homogenization cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural homogenization cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural homogenization cultural
+imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination
+omiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omiz
+calization of how like Customs habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calization of how like Customs habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calization of how like Customs habits
+and aspirations were not pursued by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspirations were not pursued by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aspirations were not pursued by the
+racist and eurocentric public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist and eurocentric public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist and eurocentric public
+authorities but rather Productions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities but rather Productions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities but rather Productions
+carried out by the suffers oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by the suffers oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by the suffers oh by the
+suffers and I thought that was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers and I thought that was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers and I thought that was it was
+super interesting to think of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super interesting to think of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super interesting to think of it that
+way cuz I'd personally always thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cuz I'd personally always thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cuz I'd personally always thought of
+like oh they classify us like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh they classify us like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh they classify us like we're
+classified as black because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as black because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as black because there's a
+racist system that sees us all as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist system that sees us all as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist system that sees us all as like
+just one person and not like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person and not like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one person and not like different
+Ambitions but I never thought of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions but I never thought of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions but I never thought of it as
+like a positive light like how you spun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a positive light like how you spun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a positive light like how you spun
+it how it wasn't it was an aspect of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how it wasn't it was an aspect of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how it wasn't it was an aspect of our
+survival we had to unify under this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival we had to unify under this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival we had to unify under this one
+formed culture um and I actually thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed culture um and I actually thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed culture um and I actually thought
+that was interesting and I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was interesting and I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was interesting and I was wondering
+um how did you get to that point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you get to that point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did you get to that point of
+realizing that we formed this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that we formed this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that we formed this one
+homogenized culture not out of um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized culture not out of um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized culture not out of um just
+simply out of spite in some cases out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply out of spite in some cases out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply out of spite in some cases out of
+survival and out of spite how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and out of spite how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and out of spite how did you
+get to this point that's what I see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point that's what I see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point that's what I see your
+point to be I think now you make me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to be I think now you make me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to be I think now you make me see
+that I think I should go back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I should go back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I should go back to my
+friend I just mentioned G Bonfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend I just mentioned G Bonfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend I just mentioned G Bonfield
+GMO an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anthropologist he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologist he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologist he
+said Indian is an invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Indian is an invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Indian is an invention of the
+Spaniards when you you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spaniards when you you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spaniards when you you take an
+in in from and you take a t or mapi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in from and you take a t or mapi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in from and you take a t or mapi or
+Maya or an Ina and you call all them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maya or an Ina and you call all them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maya or an Ina and you call all them in
+what do you mean why you want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean why you want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean why you want them to be
+inel I mean I mean what is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inel I mean I mean what is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inel I mean I mean what is what does
+somebody who live his life in snow has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who live his life in snow has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who live his life in snow has
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+with t or sem whatever it is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t or sem whatever it is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t or sem whatever it is because you
+want them to work and you geniz them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to work and you geniz them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to work and you geniz them in
+your imagination to make to work and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination to make to work and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination to make to work and to
+exploit them the way you want you invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them the way you want you invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit them the way you want you invent
+that life okay so this is one thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life okay so this is one thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life okay so this is one thing he
+put and I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and I start
+saying that therefore is a colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that therefore is a colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that therefore is a colonial
+concept white is a colonial concept how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept white is a colonial concept how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept white is a colonial concept how
+does the Haitian call himself no and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the Haitian call himself no and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the Haitian call himself no and I
+found in that book of The V our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in that book of The V our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in that book of The V our first
+Haitian historian no he he called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian historian no he he called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian historian no he he called the
+book the colonial system unveiled it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the colonial system unveiled it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the colonial system unveiled it is
+in English it's 90 pctures the book has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English it's 90 pctures the book has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English it's 90 pctures the book has
+no and I realize in these 90 pctures D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I realize in these 90 pctures D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I realize in these 90 pctures D
+use 100 times the word Mal so maler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 100 times the word Mal so maler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 100 times the word Mal so maler and
+we we we call ourselves maler and maler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we call ourselves maler and maler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we call ourselves maler and maler
+can be a rich man or a poor man it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a rich man or a poor man it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a rich man or a poor man it means
+you fragile you are alone you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fragile you are alone you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fragile you are alone you are
+vulnerable no so even if you rich got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable no so even if you rich got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable no so even if you rich got
+for Malia because you can come fell down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Malia because you can come fell down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Malia because you can come fell down
+and break your leg you know I mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break your leg you know I mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break your leg you know I mean not
+only that the importance of the maler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the importance of the maler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the importance of the maler is
+that I was in Africa going to picnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was in Africa going to picnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was in Africa going to picnic
+with my girlfriend and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my girlfriend and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my girlfriend and all of a sudden
+came some Bandits for no reason they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came some Bandits for no reason they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came some Bandits for no reason they
+pick me up and here I am my girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick me up and here I am my girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick me up and here I am my girlfriend
+in St Vincent as a slave me in Cuba as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St Vincent as a slave me in Cuba as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in St Vincent as a slave me in Cuba as
+another slave no we have done nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slave no we have done nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another slave no we have done nothing to
+deserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve
+that s that Destiny no we are the maler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s that Destiny no we are the maler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s that Destiny no we are the maler
+no and up to now today the haian Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and up to now today the haian Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and up to now today the haian Define
+himself as maler and this is why my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as maler and this is why my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself as maler and this is why my
+great friend and translator lauran jua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great friend and translator lauran jua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great friend and translator lauran jua
+take from Bob Marley the word sufferer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from Bob Marley the word sufferer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from Bob Marley the word sufferer
+we are sufferers it is not that we are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sufferers it is not that we are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sufferers it is not that we are a
+poian who came from and we could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poian who came from and we could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poian who came from and we could move
+through a social Mobility outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a social Mobility outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a social Mobility outside of the
+proletariat we do not have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proletariat we do not have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proletariat we do not have a common
+history with the bisi the B and the PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with the bisi the B and the PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with the bisi the B and the PO
+in Europe come from the bo from the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe come from the bo from the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe come from the bo from the city
+and they fought together for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fought together for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fought together for instance
+against the nobility and the clergy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the nobility and the clergy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the nobility and the clergy and
+after the French Revolution they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the French Revolution they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the French Revolution they split
+when capitalism start moving but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when capitalism start moving but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when capitalism start moving but they
+have the same history they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same history they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same history they have the same
+language they have the same religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they have the same religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they have the same religion
+they have a whole hundreds of no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole hundreds of no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole hundreds of no that's
+not my case I just they put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my case I just they put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my case I just they put them
+together in front of that PL Earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in front of that PL Earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in front of that PL Earth and
+I'm Mal because I've done nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Mal because I've done nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Mal because I've done nothing to
+deserve that those suffering things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve that those suffering things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve that those suffering things that
+happen so when I find the word s I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so when I find the word s I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so when I find the word s I say
+boy that's it and this is the cre who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's it and this is the cre who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's it and this is the cre who
+gave it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it to me
+Mal haian do not say I'm poor or mal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal haian do not say I'm poor or mal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal haian do not say I'm poor or mal and
+you can call anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call anybody
+Mal look at that PO you know I mean full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal look at that PO you know I mean full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal look at that PO you know I mean full
+stop but that has nothing to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but that has nothing to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but that has nothing to do okay
+that means also if I get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means also if I get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means also if I get out of the
+malow of that misery which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malow of that misery which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malow of that misery which is not
+something that came from my will from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came from my will from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came from my will from my
+effort it's an accident I an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it's an accident I an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it's an accident I an accident
+put me in it an accident will take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put me in it an accident will take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put me in it an accident will take me
+out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+my mother and my father could work their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mother and my father could work their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mother and my father could work their
+life they will not make of me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they will not make of me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life they will not make of me a
+professor is one day in accident a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is one day in accident a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is one day in accident a
+friend of mine was minister of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine was minister of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine was minister of their
+well minister of what they found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well minister of what they found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well minister of what they found a
+scholarship and I get out of it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and I get out of it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and I get out of it you know
+I mean obviously I'm not going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously I'm not going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean obviously I'm not going to lose
+the but the fact of the matter matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the fact of the matter matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the fact of the matter matter is
+you don't get out of it you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get out of it you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get out of it you don't get
+into it because you poor you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it because you poor you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it because you poor you don't get
+out of it because you work therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because you work therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because you work therefore you
+should respect all other Mal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should respect all other Mal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should respect all other Mal so the
+respect you know I mean is basic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect you know I mean is basic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect you know I mean is basic all
+over in Jamaica when I was there no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Jamaica when I was there no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Jamaica when I was there no they
+they greet you respect that the greeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they greet you respect that the greeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they greet you respect that the greeting
+I mean respect that the greeting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean respect that the greeting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean respect that the greeting because
+I may be very rich I may be very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be very rich I may be very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be very rich I may be very poor
+but I earn the same respect you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I earn the same respect you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I earn the same respect you see what
+I mean so this is how I would say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so this is how I would say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so this is how I would say I
+think I get to the word Mal s because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get to the word Mal s because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I get to the word Mal s because
+it's just in our language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in our language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just in our language so
+to my mind for social scientist now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind for social scientist now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind for social scientist now you
+should be aware and know and study your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware and know and study your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware and know and study your
+language if you have an hypothesis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if you have an hypothesis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if you have an hypothesis you
+cannot put it in your own local language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot put it in your own local language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot put it in your own local language
+those of us who have two languages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who have two languages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who have two languages you
+see what I mean it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean it's not it's not
+working it has to be pH translatable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it has to be pH translatable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it has to be pH translatable to
+our language because we working in if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language because we working in if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language because we working in if we
+work directly in local in our language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work directly in local in our language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work directly in local in our language
+obviously that come out like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that come out like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that come out like I don't
+know if I answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can so so are you going to pick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so so are you going to pick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so so are you going to pick to
+back yeah no just the concept of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah no just the concept of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah no just the concept of um of
+being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mal Mal Mal Mal yeah um it brings me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal Mal Mal Mal yeah um it brings me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal Mal Mal Mal yeah um it brings me to
+think about like The Wider idea of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like The Wider idea of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like The Wider idea of uh
+even like the rational uh movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like the rational uh movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like the rational uh movement of
+like thinking that we are powerful which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking that we are powerful which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking that we are powerful which
+is the concept of capitalism that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept of capitalism that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept of capitalism that we are
+so powerful you work hard you somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful you work hard you somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful you work hard you somewhere
+but you know most people who work really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know most people who work really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know most people who work really
+really hard are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard are
+still yeah so but it kind of for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still yeah so but it kind of for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still yeah so but it kind of for me
+brings the question that I like to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the question that I like to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the question that I like to maybe
+hear your thoughts on is the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your thoughts on is the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your thoughts on is the the idea of
+poverty what is poverty if poverty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty what is poverty if poverty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty what is poverty if poverty is
+still a definition based on acquiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a definition based on acquiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a definition based on acquiring
+property it's even like the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it's even like the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it's even like the relationship
+to to also relation to land like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to also relation to land like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to also relation to land like if
+you're rich if you own land rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rich if you own land rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rich if you own land rather than
+if you have relationship to land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have relationship to land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have relationship to land and
+also the idea that we come in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the idea that we come in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the idea that we come in and out of
+circumstances Often by influences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances Often by influences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances Often by influences that
+are outside of our own doing like I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside of our own doing like I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside of our own doing like I was
+going on a picnic with my girlfriend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a picnic with my girlfriend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a picnic with my girlfriend and
+suddenly I'm an enslaved person in Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm an enslaved person in Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm an enslaved person in Cuba
+like this was not my own doing no no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this was not my own doing no no um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this was not my own doing no no um
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+in specifically antithesis of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifically antithesis of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in specifically antithesis of the whole
+capitalist approach of everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist approach of everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist approach of everything is
+your own doing which doesn't humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own doing which doesn't humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own doing which doesn't humble
+itself to other I I don't I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to other I I don't I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to other I I don't I'm just
+bringing it up to say you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it up to say you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it up to say you know how how
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+we provide a different Paradigm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a different Paradigm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a different Paradigm or
+perspective to look at what is poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to look at what is poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to look at what is poverty
+and what is The Human Condition really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is The Human Condition really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is The Human Condition really
+in terms of you know the arrogance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you know the arrogance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you know the arrogance of
+capitalism which continues to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism which continues to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism which continues to destroy
+our countries today like it is the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our countries today like it is the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our countries today like it is the like
+Haiti today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti today is
+destroyed by the poorest country of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the poorest country of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the poorest country of I
+think this is where I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is where I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is where I find the
+importance of the decolonial studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the decolonial studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the decolonial studies
+because you should see capitalism from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should see capitalism from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should see capitalism from
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+angle with all J respect for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with all J respect for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with all J respect for the
+capitalist they are a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist they are a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist they are a set of
+liars why I'm going to tell you why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liars why I'm going to tell you why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liars why I'm going to tell you why they
+decare private property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decare private property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decare private property is
+sacred no they came here in America they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred no they came here in America they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred no they came here in America they
+took everything that they can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took everything that they can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took everything that they can see they
+took it literally no in Haiti they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it literally no in Haiti they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it literally no in Haiti they call
+they took sandang and the king of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took sandang and the king of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took sandang and the king of
+sandang of Spain will give the third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandang of Spain will give the third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandang of Spain will give the third of
+sang to the French and they decare to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sang to the French and they decare to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sang to the French and they decare to me
+private poverty is is secret was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private poverty is is secret was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private poverty is is secret was what
+who gave them s how could they take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave them s how could they take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave them s how could they take it
+for themselves you said I mean you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves you said I mean you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves you said I mean you the
+semino and this thing presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semino and this thing presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semino and this thing presented
+by by pe no I mean you come there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by pe no I mean you come there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by pe no I mean you come there you
+take my land and you take that man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my land and you take that man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my land and you take that man and
+you're telling me it's used how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me it's used how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me it's used how do you
+manage I don't know if you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage I don't know if you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage I don't know if you see that the
+documentary of rul PE on the it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary of rul PE on the it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary of rul PE on the it's called
+um exterminate all the Brut exter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exterminate all the Brut exter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exterminate all the Brut exter
+exterminate all the brutes you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate all the brutes you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate all the brutes you know I
+mean the come they take the country now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the come they take the country now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the come they take the country now
+they take over the country they take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take over the country they take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take over the country they take all
+the wealth when they finish with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth when they finish with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth when they finish with the
+wealth in the Caribbean they go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth in the Caribbean they go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth in the Caribbean they go in
+Mexico they go in Peru they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico they go in Peru they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico they go in Peru they take
+everything they had no and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they had no and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they had no and they start
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+capitalism you know I mean they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism you know I mean they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism you know I mean they start
+developing and they're telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and they're telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and they're telling me
+private property is sacred that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private property is sacred that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private property is sacred that we have
+to respect that how come if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect that how come if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect that how come if you start
+lying if you seize what is not use now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying if you seize what is not use now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying if you seize what is not use now
+that you declare that God give me half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you declare that God give me half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you declare that God give me half
+of this who God use or mine what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this who God use or mine what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this who God use or mine what do I
+have to see with that you see so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see with that you see so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to see with that you see so the
+question of poverty you impoverish me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of poverty you impoverish me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of poverty you impoverish me
+because you define wealth the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you define wealth the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you define wealth the way you
+want you take it and you say I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you take it and you say I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you take it and you say I have to
+respect it no and you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it no and you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it no and you have a set of
+Institutions School etc etc to prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions School etc etc to prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutions School etc etc to prove to
+me that I deserve to be Pro PO for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that I deserve to be Pro PO for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that I deserve to be Pro PO for
+instance I am black I'm the son of H God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I am black I'm the son of H God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I am black I'm the son of H God
+s of sort of really really lies you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of sort of really really lies you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of sort of really really lies you see
+what I mean not only that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean not only that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean not only that a
+this question of there is a verse I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of there is a verse I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of there is a verse I
+don't have it in mind but that is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it in mind but that is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it in mind but that is put
+where in The Exodus no it said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in The Exodus no it said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in The Exodus no it said if you
+take a person you sell the person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a person you sell the person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a person you sell the person you
+deserve death you know I mean but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve death you know I mean but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve death you know I mean but on the
+other hand they're going to say the son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they're going to say the son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they're going to say the son
+of H well so they are a set of liars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H well so they are a set of liars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H well so they are a set of liars and
+I do not have to believe that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not have to believe that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not have to believe that and I
+don't have to respect that no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to respect that no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to respect that no and
+studies made will show that I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies made will show that I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies made will show that I mean I'm
+talking about Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Ma
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+of historian who was member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historian who was member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historian who was member of the
+oligarchy for the whole 19th century he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchy for the whole 19th century he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchy for the whole 19th century he
+said the the system is corrupt because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the the system is corrupt because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the the system is corrupt because
+corruption made the colonial system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption made the colonial system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption made the colonial system so
+you cannot expect today the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot expect today the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot expect today the the the
+authorities of Haiti not to be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities of Haiti not to be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities of Haiti not to be correct
+corrupt no same thing in the US the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt no same thing in the US the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt no same thing in the US the
+system is based on corruption how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is based on corruption how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is based on corruption how could
+you take the land of the Indians you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the land of the Indians you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the land of the Indians you go
+and kill Indians you know I mean and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill Indians you know I mean and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill Indians you know I mean and now
+you make them po you create them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make them po you create them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make them po you create them you
+create their poverty not only you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their poverty not only you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their poverty not only you create
+their poverty you start ruling them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their poverty you start ruling them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their poverty you start ruling them with
+English when they are they were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English when they are they were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English when they are they were being
+ruled they are etc etc etc so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled they are etc etc etc so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled they are etc etc etc so I think
+poverty and wealth and this is why also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and wealth and this is why also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and wealth and this is why also
+we must be aware of what we call Wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must be aware of what we call Wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must be aware of what we call Wealth
+wealth is what allows us to survive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is what allows us to survive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is what allows us to survive to
+be to exist this is where imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to exist this is where imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to exist this is where imagination
+come invention come all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come invention come all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come invention come all
+nonmaterial knowledge will come I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonmaterial knowledge will come I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonmaterial knowledge will come I'm
+not belittling technology because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not belittling technology because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not belittling technology because you
+have done something with the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done something with the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done something with the way you
+have taken and I want I respect that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken and I want I respect that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken and I want I respect that no
+but this is your interest now my job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is your interest now my job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is your interest now my job is
+with my imagination to I to use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my imagination to I to use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my imagination to I to use your
+technology to Foster to empower my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to Foster to empower my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to Foster to empower my
+people you see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you see what I
+mean I mean this is how more or less I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean this is how more or less I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean this is how more or less I
+see it no h is the poorest country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it no h is the poorest country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it no h is the poorest country in
+the world according to the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world according to the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world according to the The
+Establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment
+set views but as I told you Lloyd best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set views but as I told you Lloyd best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set views but as I told you Lloyd best
+this famous economist from Trinidad say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous economist from Trinidad say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous economist from Trinidad say
+he is the richest country the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is the richest country the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is the richest country the in in
+America according to Lloyd best no ET he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America according to Lloyd best no ET he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America according to Lloyd best no ET he
+he wrote a long article on that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a long article on that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a long article on that I could
+look for it no but to show you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it no but to show you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it no but to show you that you
+have a it's not that we we we we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a it's not that we we we we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a it's not that we we we we like
+poverty we like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty we like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty we like what
+you know I mean no no that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean no no that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean no no that's not the
+point the point is that you respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is that you respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is that you respect
+yourself you like yourself you protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you like yourself you protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you like yourself you protect
+yourself and G is quite quite clear also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and G is quite quite clear also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and G is quite quite clear also
+on that you know I mean this is the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you know I mean this is the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that you know I mean this is the and
+you must be aware of that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must be aware of that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must be aware of that this is the
+problem don't let people divert your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem don't let people divert your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem don't let people divert your
+attention toward those material material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention toward those material material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention toward those material material
+it is important I have to drink water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important I have to drink water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important I have to drink water
+and clean water I cannot you know me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean water I cannot you know me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clean water I cannot you know me do
+without it no but it is not that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it no but it is not that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it no but it is not that that
+make me as we say in here HEI you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me as we say in here HEI you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me as we say in here HEI you're not
+going to have that to the Grave to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have that to the Grave to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have that to the Grave to the
+graveyard with you you're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graveyard with you you're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graveyard with you you're going to go to
+the graveyard naked Okay so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graveyard naked Okay so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graveyard naked Okay so let's go
+around to it write down your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to it write down your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to it write down your question
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then I have like four questions and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have like four questions and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have like four questions and to
+onek oh I have like four questions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onek oh I have like four questions into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onek oh I have like four questions into
+one but like they all center around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but like they all center around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but like they all center around the
+cation system like on the cont plation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation system like on the cont plation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation system like on the cont plation
+system yeah so do you think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah so do you think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah so do you think that the
+fact that France was you know a master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that France was you know a master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that France was you know a master
+away from home help cultivate the cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from home help cultivate the cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from home help cultivate the cation
+system and like you know coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and like you know coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and like you know coming from
+like a Dominican person like someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Dominican person like someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Dominican person like someone who
+was governed by Spain do you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was governed by Spain do you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was governed by Spain do you think this
+is also why Haiti was able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also why Haiti was able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also why Haiti was able to be
+successful in this system meanwhile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in this system meanwhile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in this system meanwhile the
+Dr we still have like scn Das and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr we still have like scn Das and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr we still have like scn Das and you
+know modern plantations and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modern plantations and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know modern plantations and thinking
+about success how successful was the Cil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about success how successful was the Cil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about success how successful was the Cil
+vation system and like are we measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vation system and like are we measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vation system and like are we measuring
+success on the basis of do our people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the basis of do our people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the basis of do our people
+remembered are people knowledgeable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered are people knowledgeable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered are people knowledgeable or
+are we measuring on a have we managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we measuring on a have we managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we measuring on a have we managed
+like dismantle the capital the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dismantle the capital the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dismantle the capital the society
+that the P the anes was built upon I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the P the anes was built upon I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the P the anes was built upon I'm
+going to to answer the first half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to answer the first half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to answer the first half and
+then you re you reformulate the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you re you reformulate the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you re you reformulate the second
+half okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the
+ascenda could be the proper translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascenda could be the proper translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascenda could be the proper translation
+for the word Plantation so the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word Plantation so the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word Plantation so the French
+never help the counter plantation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never help the counter plantation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never help the counter plantation system
+the French has an asenda IT organizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French has an asenda IT organizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French has an asenda IT organizes
+the asenda properly as a capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asenda properly as a capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asenda properly as a capitalist
+system IR rational system where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system IR rational system where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system IR rational system where every
+every single input no oriented toward an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single input no oriented toward an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single input no oriented toward an
+output called a merchandise a commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output called a merchandise a commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output called a merchandise a commodity
+to produce more Commodities that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more Commodities that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more Commodities that is the
+plantation the asenda now to save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation the asenda now to save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation the asenda now to save some
+money no the owner of the asend of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no the owner of the asend of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no the owner of the asend of the
+plantation have some what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation have some what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation have some what we call
+provision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision
+grounds some konus you I mean where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds some konus you I mean where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds some konus you I mean where they
+won't pay you they have you working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't pay you they have you working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't pay you they have you working on
+the konoko okay now you on the konoko on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the konoko okay now you on the konoko on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the konoko okay now you on the konoko on
+the provision grounds you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provision grounds you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provision grounds you're going to
+organize the lau the yard you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the lau the yard you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the lau the yard you're going
+to organize a system of solidarity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize a system of solidarity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize a system of solidarity and
+reciprocity where you protect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity where you protect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity where you protect your
+people so you making use of one move of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you making use of one move of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you making use of one move of
+the dominant system no for your own ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant system no for your own ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant system no for your own ends
+you we call that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we call that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we call that you
+serve you utilize the dominant system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve you utilize the dominant system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve you utilize the dominant system to
+serve your own ends so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve your own ends so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve your own ends so therefore the
+counter plantation system no is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system no is born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system no is born
+within the plantation system within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the plantation system within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the plantation system within the
+asenda and when 1791 let's say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asenda and when 1791 let's say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asenda and when 1791 let's say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 89 when the French Revolution started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 89 when the French Revolution started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 89 when the French Revolution started
+and the Planters the asend start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Planters the asend start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Planters the asend start
+fighting each other no you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting each other no you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting each other no you start
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+yukos no and this is when the nation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yukos no and this is when the nation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yukos no and this is when the nation is
+going really to take his structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going really to take his structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going really to take his structure but
+on a national level no and since I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a national level no and since I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a national level no and since I'm
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+there what is important is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is important is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is important is that the
+counter plantation system The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system The
+Villages it's a village system now The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages it's a village system now The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages it's a village system now The
+Villages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages are
+isolated no they are microclimates they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated no they are microclimates they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated no they are microclimates they
+produce certain Goods if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce certain Goods if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce certain Goods if you're in the
+mountain you can have spices you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you can have spices you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you can have spices you can
+have fruits Etc if you're the FL you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fruits Etc if you're the FL you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fruits Etc if you're the FL you
+have mango you have banana Etc in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mango you have banana Etc in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mango you have banana Etc in the
+mountain you have coffee so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you have coffee so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain you have coffee so you have to
+exchange no and you are going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange no and you are going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange no and you are going to create
+this is our case the internal Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our case the internal Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our case the internal Market
+because there was no internal Market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no internal Market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no internal Market in
+time of in colonial time what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of in colonial time what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of in colonial time what was
+important was only the export of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important was only the export of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important was only the export of the
+commodity so you create the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity so you create the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity so you create the counter
+Plantation you create the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation you create the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation you create the internal
+market and who manage internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and who manage internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and who manage internal
+Market the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the female
+higos the wom who going to tide of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higos the wom who going to tide of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higos the wom who going to tide of the
+nation the women tide of the nation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation the women tide of the nation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation the women tide of the nation not
+the men the men can work whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men the men can work whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men the men can work whatever it is
+but those who are responsible to moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those who are responsible to moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those who are responsible to moving
+goods and moving money are female up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and moving money are female up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and moving money are female up now
+you know I mean your parents when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean your parents when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean your parents when they
+send money home they didn't send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send money home they didn't send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send money home they didn't send it to
+any man they send it to a woman because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any man they send it to a woman because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any man they send it to a woman because
+she managed money she managed resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she managed money she managed resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she managed money she managed resources
+now so she will be the one who will tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so she will be the one who will tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so she will be the one who will tied
+up what I call the 12 the three pillars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what I call the 12 the three pillars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what I call the 12 the three pillars
+of the nation Community internal market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nation Community internal market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nation Community internal market
+and women but what tied them up C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women but what tied them up C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women but what tied them up C
+language you said I mean you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you said I mean you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you said I mean you don't see
+hlo speaking standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlo speaking standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlo speaking standard
+speak rough Jamaican English you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak rough Jamaican English you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak rough Jamaican English you know I
+mean and this is what is sustained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and this is what is sustained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and this is what is sustained the
+nation on top of that an oligarchy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation on top of that an oligarchy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation on top of that an oligarchy is
+going to okay now give me the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to okay now give me the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to okay now give me the second
+part of your question second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your question second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your question second question
+was just like I mean you kind of answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like I mean you kind of answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like I mean you kind of answer
+already but how successful was the cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but how successful was the cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but how successful was the cont
+plation system and are we measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plation system and are we measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plation system and are we measuring
+success on the basis of like do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the basis of like do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on the basis of like do our
+people remember their you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember their you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember their you know their
+history are they knowledgeable or are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history are they knowledgeable or are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history are they knowledgeable or are we
+measuring on a have we managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring on a have we managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring on a have we managed to
+dismantle like the capitalistic society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantle like the capitalistic society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantle like the capitalistic society
+that was established in the Pro of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was established in the Pro of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was established in the Pro of the
+entities or Haiti wonderful the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities or Haiti wonderful the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities or Haiti wonderful the counter
+plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system explained the whole 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system explained the whole 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system explained the whole 19th century
+ha now how we might we can measure his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha now how we might we can measure his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha now how we might we can measure his
+his success we started in dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his success we started in dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his success we started in dependence
+with maximum 350,000 people we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum 350,000 people we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum 350,000 people we ended up
+the 19th century with 2 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century with 2 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century with 2 million people
+you know what I mean we multiplied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean we multiplied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean we multiplied but
+this is not codified by the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not codified by the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not codified by the government
+government want to recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government want to recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government want to recreate
+Plantation want to recreate asend no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation want to recreate asend no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation want to recreate asend no
+they will not talk about that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not talk about that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not talk about that but the
+fact of the matter is we did that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of the matter is we did that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of the matter is we did that not
+only did we did we do that no we I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did we did we do that no we I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did we did we do that no we I mean
+the the Haitians real I call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Haitians real I call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Haitians real I call them
+Haitian ginean Haitians no the Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian ginean Haitians no the Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian ginean Haitians no the Haitian
+real Haitians no start absorbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Haitians no start absorbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Haitians no start absorbing the
+oligarchy no because the oligarchy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchy no because the oligarchy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchy no because the oligarchy has
+no use for French because they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no use for French because they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no use for French because they had no
+relation more relation so this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation more relation so this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation more relation so this are
+speaking qu this and they had no it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking qu this and they had no it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking qu this and they had no it is
+in until 1860 that the the Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until 1860 that the the Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until 1860 that the the Catholic
+Church acknowledge the existence of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church acknowledge the existence of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church acknowledge the existence of H
+start sending priest and 12 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending priest and 12 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending priest and 12 or 15
+whatever it is so the people have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is so the people have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is so the people have to use
+in the spirituality of obia or voo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirituality of obia or voo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirituality of obia or voo you
+see I mean so they start being absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean so they start being absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean so they start being absorbed
+by now what make that possible it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now what make that possible it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now what make that possible it's not
+that we are so special no at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so special no at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are so special no at that time
+the big empires of the West were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big empires of the West were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big empires of the West were
+entering in their Imperial Colonial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering in their Imperial Colonial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering in their Imperial Colonial time
+they are conquering Africa Conquering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are conquering Africa Conquering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are conquering Africa Conquering
+the sou so they could do the cyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sou so they could do the cyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sou so they could do the cyan
+economy becomes totally secondary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy becomes totally secondary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy becomes totally secondary and
+you had beat sugar etc etc you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had beat sugar etc etc you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had beat sugar etc etc you see what
+I mean so they forgot about us thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so they forgot about us thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so they forgot about us thanks
+God so we could develop you see so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God so we could develop you see so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God so we could develop you see so for
+instance if you take the case of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you take the case of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you take the case of let's
+say to come back to Barb boy good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to come back to Barb boy good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to come back to Barb boy good thing
+there is no virin here you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no virin here you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no virin here you will
+challenge me stop thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge me stop thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge me stop thinking about
+Barbados but in Barbados for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados but in Barbados for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados but in Barbados for instance
+the planters had a hole on the land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planters had a hole on the land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planters had a hole on the land and
+the production of sugar cane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of sugar cane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of sugar cane
+after emancipation was higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after emancipation was higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after emancipation was higher than
+before to tell you the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to tell you the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to tell you the level of
+exploitation of the beion to such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of the beion to such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of the beion to such an
+extent they were so attacked by hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent they were so attacked by hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent they were so attacked by hunger
+that they start migrate to Guyana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they start migrate to Guyana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they start migrate to Guyana and
+then to build the Panama Canal same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to build the Panama Canal same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to build the Panama Canal same
+thing with Maric where the Planters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with Maric where the Planters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with Maric where the Planters
+could have a hold on the land so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a hold on the land so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a hold on the land so they
+they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+migrate outside no not only that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate outside no not only that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate outside no not only that the
+migration to the Panama Canal to the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration to the Panama Canal to the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration to the Panama Canal to the oil
+field of vuel ET was such that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of vuel ET was such that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of vuel ET was such that some
+countries in the Caribbean had no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the Caribbean had no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the Caribbean had no more
+men do you have only male a old male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men do you have only male a old male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men do you have only male a old male
+kids and a set of and Eric William point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and a set of and Eric William point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and a set of and Eric William point
+that out homosexuality start developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out homosexuality start developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out homosexuality start developing
+to such an extent for instance in in St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such an extent for instance in in St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such an extent for instance in in St
+Lucia the word zami friend mean lesbian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucia the word zami friend mean lesbian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucia the word zami friend mean lesbian
+no I was making studies inle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was making studies inle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was making studies inle
+in and I said is my my friend and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I said is my my friend and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I said is my my friend and the
+San say you don't say that you can't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San say you don't say that you can't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San say you don't say that you can't he
+can't be your friend I say why friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be your friend I say why friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be your friend I say why friends
+mean lesbian because the world become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean lesbian because the world become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean lesbian because the world become
+normal it's not that lesbian the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal it's not that lesbian the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal it's not that lesbian the sense
+you to to defas or to diminish no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to defas or to diminish no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to defas or to diminish no no no
+no that's normal the two ladies live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's normal the two ladies live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's normal the two ladies live
+together they are zumy you I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they are zumy you I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they are zumy you I mean that
+was normal because there was no male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was normal because there was no male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was normal because there was no male
+figure adult male in s Eric Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure adult male in s Eric Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure adult male in s Eric Williams
+even mentioned that and some Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mentioned that and some Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mentioned that and some Caribbean
+islands start regret I mean their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands start regret I mean their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands start regret I mean their
+population start diminishing you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population start diminishing you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population start diminishing you see I
+mean in the case of Jamaica this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the case of Jamaica this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the case of Jamaica this is the
+moment of the migration toward Costa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the migration toward Costa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the migration toward Costa
+Rica toward the M of Marcus Garvey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rica toward the M of Marcus Garvey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rica toward the M of Marcus Garvey you
+know I mean because there is no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean because there is no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean because there is no way you
+can attack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attack the
+land of the British owners in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of the British owners in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of the British owners in the case
+of Haiti we didn't go frontally toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Haiti we didn't go frontally toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Haiti we didn't go frontally toward
+the land property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land property
+no we start occupying it and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we start occupying it and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we start occupying it and the state
+didn't have strength enough to kick us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have strength enough to kick us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have strength enough to kick us
+out of the land no there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the land no there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the land no there are several
+element there I could I could well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element there I could I could well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element there I could I could well in
+the Dr I think something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dr I think something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dr I think something like that
+happened because Plantation really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because Plantation really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because Plantation really
+started with to you know I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with to you know I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with to you know I mean the
+American came and and they needed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American came and and they needed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American came and and they needed to to
+to help them and you had land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them and you had land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them and you had land
+no not only that the Dominican Republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not only that the Dominican Republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not only that the Dominican Republic
+I think developed a set of a cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think developed a set of a cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think developed a set of a cattle
+raising to to complete to serve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to to complete to serve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to to complete to serve the
+pardon Colonial French plantation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon Colonial French plantation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon Colonial French plantation system
+no they will sell cattles no so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they will sell cattles no so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they will sell cattles no so there's
+a whole tradition of cattle raising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole tradition of cattle raising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole tradition of cattle raising and
+when Haitian start their migration they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Haitian start their migration they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Haitian start their migration they
+start since they were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start since they were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start since they were basically
+agriculturalist no you see peasants they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculturalist no you see peasants they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculturalist no you see peasants they
+start planting and this annoyed to he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start planting and this annoyed to he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start planting and this annoyed to he
+because anything he made to occupy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything he made to occupy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything he made to occupy this
+land if he gave land the Dominicans go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land if he gave land the Dominicans go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land if he gave land the Dominicans go
+toward cattle raising and the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward cattle raising and the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward cattle raising and the one who
+were taking profit of the land given was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking profit of the land given was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking profit of the land given was
+Asian origin because that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian origin because that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian origin because that was their
+tradition they said that created certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition they said that created certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition they said that created certain
+conflicts with the state because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts with the state because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts with the state because the
+capital as they there was this eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as they there was this eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as they there was this eastern
+part of the country not the central part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the country not the central part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the country not the central part
+of the country and incidentally I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country and incidentally I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country and incidentally I don't
+know if you know that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our heroes of this period were from not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heroes of this period were from not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heroes of this period were from not
+if not from the Dominic from the border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not from the Dominic from the border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not from the Dominic from the border
+hes this lasar Bas this part in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes this lasar Bas this part in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes this lasar Bas this part in between
+the two countries now this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two countries now this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two countries now this is where we
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+most strongest opponent to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most strongest opponent to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most strongest opponent to the US
+occupation yes indeed Shaman peral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation yes indeed Shaman peral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation yes indeed Shaman peral the
+name is Peralta in fact not peral you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Peralta in fact not peral you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Peralta in fact not peral you
+know I mean we say peral no but he's Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know did I answer your second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did I answer your second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know did I answer your second question
+thank you I had two questions um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I had two questions um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I had two questions um one of
+them was based on the cons plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was based on the cons plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was based on the cons plantation
+system I had two questions um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I had two questions um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I had two questions um one of
+them was based on the counter plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was based on the counter plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was based on the counter plantation
+system but my question was would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but my question was would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but my question was would you say
+that the counter plantation system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the counter plantation system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the counter plantation system was
+an idea given to the uh enslaved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea given to the uh enslaved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea given to the uh enslaved by the
+colonizers given that they cuz I know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers given that they cuz I know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers given that they cuz I know um
+in history books they tell you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history books they tell you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history books they tell you that the
+colonizers made the enslave plant their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers made the enslave plant their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers made the enslave plant their
+own food to sustain themselves so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own food to sustain themselves so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own food to sustain themselves so I was
+wondering like is that do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like is that do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like is that do you think
+that's an idea that they were given in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an idea that they were given in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an idea that they were given in a
+sense or was that just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or was that just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or was that just a
+byproduct one that's one question and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct one that's one question and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct one that's one question and my
+second question is um while I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is um while I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is um while I was
+reading the chapter I remembered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the chapter I remembered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the chapter I remembered a
+podcast I was listening to and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast I was listening to and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast I was listening to and one of
+the um one of the guests was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um one of the guests was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um one of the guests was saying that
+they believe that Haiti should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe that Haiti should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe that Haiti should have
+waited um before the should not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited um before the should not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited um before the should not have
+done the revolution revolution when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the revolution revolution when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the revolution revolution when they
+did it too early right so my question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it too early right so my question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it too early right so my question so
+my question is what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is what do you think about
+that because in my opinion I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in my opinion I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in my opinion I could see
+if they had waited it would change like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had waited it would change like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had waited it would change like
+the trajectory of the slave the slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of the slave the slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of the slave the slave
+revolutions that came after but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions that came after but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions that came after but I just
+wanted to know what you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what you thought about
+that okay too early listen first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay too early listen first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay too early listen first of
+all the the counter plation system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the counter plation system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the counter plation system I
+call it counter PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it counter PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it counter PL
+system because it's not a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it's not a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it's not a classical
+peasantry simply for that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasantry simply for that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasantry simply for that because the
+classical peasantry is auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical peasantry is auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical peasantry is auto
+self-sufficient if you take for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient if you take for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient if you take for instance
+M America or even Central Europe no The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M America or even Central Europe no The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M America or even Central Europe no The
+Peasants produce even their instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peasants produce even their instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peasants produce even their instrument
+of production of a yes instrument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production of a yes instrument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production of a yes instrument of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+laa okay not only that they have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa okay not only that they have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laa okay not only that they have even
+their textile there is no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their textile there is no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their textile there is no more
+sophisticated textile than the gualan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated textile than the gualan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated textile than the gualan
+textile you know I mean they the weave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile you know I mean they the weave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile you know I mean they the weave
+they thinging something great but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thinging something great but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thinging something great but if you
+are an enslave there's a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an enslave there's a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an enslave there's a certain number
+of things you cannot produce yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you cannot produce yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you cannot produce yourself
+know like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+instrument machete because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument machete because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument machete because you don't
+have any why the Africans who are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any why the Africans who are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any why the Africans who are very
+skillful in in dealing with with iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful in in dealing with with iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful in in dealing with with iron
+but in the Caribbean where you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Caribbean where you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the Caribbean where you going to
+find iron so you have a peasant in quot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find iron so you have a peasant in quot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find iron so you have a peasant in quot
+that must produce an excess to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must produce an excess to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must produce an excess to exchange
+for the other good so it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other good so it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other good so it's not exactly
+represent this why I call it the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this why I call it the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this why I call it the counter
+plantation system now I don't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system now I don't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system now I don't think the
+system comes from the that has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes from the that has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes from the that has nothing
+to do with the Planters because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the Planters because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the Planters because the
+planter cannot imagine a type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planter cannot imagine a type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planter cannot imagine a type of of
+relation family relation like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation family relation like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation family relation like we have
+first of all to understand really our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to understand really our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to understand really our
+family we must take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family we must take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family we must take into account the
+fact that the slave has no gender you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the slave has no gender you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the slave has no gender you
+mean they have sex but no gender like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they have sex but no gender like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they have sex but no gender like a
+cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat
+have no gender no so the first creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no gender no so the first creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no gender no so the first creation
+of the contemp system will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contemp system will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contemp system will be the
+invention of women we create our women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of women we create our women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of women we create our women
+we create our gender we create our men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create our gender we create our men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create our gender we create our men
+we have to imagine a form of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to imagine a form of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to imagine a form of of
+structure where that female and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where that female and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where that female and that
+male can function it did not function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male can function it did not function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male can function it did not function
+under slavery it functioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under slavery it functioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under slavery it functioned in the
+counter plantation system no now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system no now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter plantation system no now we
+create also the form of a pairing marage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create also the form of a pairing marage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create also the form of a pairing marage
+no the form of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the form of because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the form of because
+do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we
+have a mono by I don't know monop par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mono by I don't know monop par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mono by I don't know monop par
+monogamy do we have polygamy do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogamy do we have polygamy do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogamy do we have polygamy do we have
+I mean that's up to now we cannot solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's up to now we cannot solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's up to now we cannot solve
+that question let me tell you an ancot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question let me tell you an ancot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question let me tell you an ancot
+nobody can to particularly in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can to particularly in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can to particularly in our
+countri for instance I was telling my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countri for instance I was telling my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countri for instance I was telling my my
+wife my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife my
+companion that the young lady working by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion that the young lady working by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion that the young lady working by
+me is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is telling
+that so and so of his friend is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and so of his friend is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and so of his friend is not
+there because the husband went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because the husband went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because the husband went to
+visit his married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit his married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit his married
+woman no so her friend no is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman no so her friend no is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman no so her friend no is not is
+available she can visit her friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available she can visit her friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available she can visit her friend
+because the husband of her friend go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the husband of her friend go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the husband of her friend go to
+see her married woman so I tell my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see her married woman so I tell my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see her married woman so I tell my wife
+if I say you my married woman what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say you my married woman what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say you my married woman what would
+you say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say say
+I because the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because the fact of
+assuming that the companion has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the companion has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the companion has a
+married women mean that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married women mean that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married women mean that they are
+polygam and she's not she doesn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygam and she's not she doesn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygam and she's not she doesn't feel
+any bad about that she's living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bad about that she's living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bad about that she's living in
+polygamy and the first lady who married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygamy and the first lady who married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygamy and the first lady who married
+the men is the married woman and she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men is the married woman and she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men is the married woman and she is
+also the woman and for the married woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the woman and for the married woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the woman and for the married woman
+don't don't you believe that this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't you believe that this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't you believe that this means
+for the ladies that means no no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ladies that means no no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ladies that means no no that
+mean the fellow is not there all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the fellow is not there all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the fellow is not there all the
+time to bother them period they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to bother them period they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to bother them period they can do
+their thing they organize their life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thing they organize their life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thing they organize their life you
+know what I mean simply and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean simply and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean simply and they have
+some sexual sexual partner when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sexual sexual partner when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sexual sexual partner when they
+need or well they arrange themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or well they arrange themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or well they arrange themselves
+it's a different set conception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different set conception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different set conception of
+family you see I mean not only that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family you see I mean not only that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family you see I mean not only that when
+you have a quarrel you have a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a quarrel you have a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a quarrel you have a conflict
+now the lady who is the weakest person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lady who is the weakest person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lady who is the weakest person
+in the couple he she is not going toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the couple he she is not going toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the couple he she is not going toward
+the husband to help her she go toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband to help her she go toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband to help her she go toward
+the eldest brother you know I mean she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest brother you know I mean she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest brother you know I mean she
+look in her family who will protect her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in her family who will protect her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in her family who will protect her
+not in the family of the of the husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the family of the of the husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the family of the of the husband
+she may but that's not necessary what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she may but that's not necessary what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she may but that's not necessary what is
+necessary is that the husband I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary is that the husband I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary is that the husband I mean
+sorry the the head of the of her family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the head of the of her family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the head of the of her family
+the eldest brother or whoever is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest brother or whoever is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest brother or whoever is the
+head must come out if theand come that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head must come out if theand come that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head must come out if theand come that
+will help but that's not the point she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help but that's not the point she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help but that's not the point she
+go to the so we have another concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the so we have another concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the so we have another concept
+organization which is not codified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is not codified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is not codified
+because we are so brainwashed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are so brainwashed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are so brainwashed by the
+Catholic Church we're looking for a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Church we're looking for a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic Church we're looking for a for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+couples all over and we're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples all over and we're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples all over and we're saying the
+men are so promis because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men are so promis because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men are so promis because they don't
+take care of their kids it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of their kids it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of their kids it's not the
+father well I won I won't give more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father well I won I won't give more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father well I won I won't give more more
+anecdote I was going to give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote I was going to give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote I was going to give you another
+one okay the other one is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the other one is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the other one is the following
+I was teaching in Congo with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was teaching in Congo with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was teaching in Congo with
+my wife we were both teachers no and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife we were both teachers no and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife we were both teachers no and one
+of the he said that my wife received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the he said that my wife received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the he said that my wife received
+said my eldest father was sleeping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said my eldest father was sleeping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said my eldest father was sleeping on
+under the tree my wife say what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tree my wife say what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tree my wife say what's that
+so we had a conges living with us he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a conges living with us he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a conges living with us he
+said listen no what is an Elder's father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said listen no what is an Elder's father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said listen no what is an Elder's father
+he has youngest one and the conges start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has youngest one and the conges start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has youngest one and the conges start
+laughing like hell it takes five minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing like hell it takes five minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing like hell it takes five minute
+before he answered say yes because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he answered say yes because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he answered say yes because the
+word for father is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uncle that mean the eldest brother of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle that mean the eldest brother of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle that mean the eldest brother of of
+his mother you know I mean so he as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother you know I mean so he as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mother you know I mean so he as
+father and in Haiti everybody call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and in Haiti everybody call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and in Haiti everybody call me
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+when I go southern Mexico they call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go southern Mexico they call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go southern Mexico they call me
+ grandfather you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ grandfather you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ grandfather you know I mean
+everybody called me and you me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody called me and you me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody called me and you me let
+me do that in father to such an extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that in father to such an extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that in father to such an extent
+the police stop me and say father give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the police stop me and say father give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the police stop me and say father give
+me your license I say I'm just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your license I say I'm just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your license I say I'm just a minute
+my son how come you call me son I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son how come you call me son I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son how come you call me son I said
+but you just called me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just called me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just called me
+father but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father but
+he you see I mean these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he you see I mean these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he you see I mean these these uh
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+that are contextual and and we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are contextual and and we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are contextual and and we use it
+but this is not codified and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not codified and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not codified and the state
+do not want to hear from that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to hear from that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to hear from that because
+the state have to be at par with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state have to be at par with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state have to be at par with the
+International Community you see I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Community you see I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Community you see I mean
+and there's no way you make them respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way you make them respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way you make them respect
+that and I give the story to Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I give the story to Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I give the story to Professor
+de of that friend of mine who is member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de of that friend of mine who is member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de of that friend of mine who is member
+of the Great Commission of human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Great Commission of human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Great Commission of human rights
+now when we say they should make laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say they should make laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say they should make laws
+for the people who shack up he told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who shack up he told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who shack up he told me
+shacking up cannot be object of law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shacking up cannot be object of law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shacking up cannot be object of law
+because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a
+crime I mean you can imagine a lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime I mean you can imagine a lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime I mean you can imagine a lawyer
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+that human rights lawyer human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human rights lawyer human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human rights lawyer human rights
+somebody of my you know a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody of my you know a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody of my you know a little bit
+younger than me I mean but this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than me I mean but this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than me I mean but this is what
+he receive at school but AR we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he receive at school but AR we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he receive at school but AR we also
+talking about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the difference between
+citizenship being a citizen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship being a citizen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship being a citizen which is
+what the state wants us to be citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the state wants us to be citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the state wants us to be citizens
+yeah and then being a people of of a lau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then being a people of of a lau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then being a people of of a lau
+or community yes exactly uh of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or community yes exactly uh of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or community yes exactly uh of like
+calling you father not calling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you father not calling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you father not calling you
+citizen citizen in our case in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen citizen in our case in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen citizen in our case in our
+tradition is the land owner who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition is the land owner who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition is the land owner who has a
+certain number of enslave those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of enslave those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of enslave those are
+active citizens and the others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active citizens and the others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active citizens and the others are
+passives but that's like what we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passives but that's like what we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passives but that's like what we're all
+being pushed to become less of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed to become less of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pushed to become less of community
+people and more of citizens no but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and more of citizens no but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and more of citizens no but the
+people do not want to be citizen either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do not want to be citizen either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do not want to be citizen either
+they do not want the state the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want the state the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want the state the state
+never did anything for them since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did anything for them since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did anything for them since they
+exist they start existing I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist they start existing I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist they start existing I mean they
+don't want to participate I mean I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to participate I mean I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to participate I mean I hope
+so but I mean more people want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I mean more people want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I mean more people want to be
+citizens is the problem in the world I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens is the problem in the world I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens is the problem in the world I
+think the no no I'm talking about local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the no no I'm talking about local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the no no I'm talking about local
+local history but for the I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local history but for the I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local history but for the I don't know
+there's a question that J asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question that J asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question that J asked about
+was it too early was oh yeah that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it too early was oh yeah that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it too early was oh yeah that's very
+important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+okay first of all at least in sociology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all at least in sociology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first of all at least in sociology
+you don't decide what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't decide what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't decide what's going to happen
+Society moves no and we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society moves no and we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society moves no and we had an
+opportunity we went through we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity we went through we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity we went through we did we
+were not asked to do for instance speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not asked to do for instance speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not asked to do for instance speak
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Haitians in spite of the first Haan now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians in spite of the first Haan now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians in spite of the first Haan now
+talking about the set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the set of a
+fredman emancipated person who wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman emancipated person who wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman emancipated person who wanted to
+go and to be French and who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and to be French and who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and to be French and who actually
+maintained France French up to now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained France French up to now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained France French up to now as
+the key of H but Napoleon has decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key of H but Napoleon has decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key of H but Napoleon has decided to
+kill them and to or to deport them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them and to or to deport them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill them and to or to deport them you
+know know so they had to fight with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know so they had to fight with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know so they had to fight with the
+Maroons for Independence no so he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them Haitian in spite of themselves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Haitian in spite of themselves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Haitian in spite of themselves for
+haian and those Haitians were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haian and those Haitians were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haian and those Haitians were very
+important in the fight for independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the fight for independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the fight for independence
+together with the Maroons if not we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the Maroons if not we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the Maroons if not we will
+have a Maron society and Bush Negroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Maron society and Bush Negroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Maron society and Bush Negroes
+like in Surinam and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Surinam and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Surinam and then they would
+conquer us again no they so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer us again no they so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer us again no they so they were
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+nonetheless they didn't choose to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless they didn't choose to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless they didn't choose to fight
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+France forc them to fight them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France forc them to fight them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France forc them to fight them that's
+one aspect second aspect which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect second aspect which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect second aspect which is very
+very very important when most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important when most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important when most people are
+saying he is independ was independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he is independ was independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he is independ was independent
+too soon and not anybody said that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too soon and not anybody said that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too soon and not anybody said that I'm
+talking about a I'm talking about a dere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a I'm talking about a dere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a I'm talking about a dere
+wot you know I mean I mean people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wot you know I mean I mean people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wot you know I mean I mean people would
+say how could he is so rich he's so poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how could he is so rich he's so poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how could he is so rich he's so poor
+now that's not possible they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not possible they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not possible they have been
+independent too much no well okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent too much no well okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent too much no well okay I'm
+not saying what is the level of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying what is the level of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying what is the level of living
+in the other countries of the cariban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other countries of the cariban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other countries of the cariban
+because I can the same thing for the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can the same thing for the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can the same thing for the US
+I don't think the US is that good either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think the US is that good either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think the US is that good either
+but okay I went whatever they want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay I went whatever they want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay I went whatever they want I
+them that but what they do not take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that but what they do not take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that but what they do not take into
+account is the fact that the Haitians by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is the fact that the Haitians by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is the fact that the Haitians by
+being independent in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being independent in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being independent in in
+1804 protected the Haan from Death let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1804 protected the Haan from Death let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1804 protected the Haan from Death let
+me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you the
+circumstances by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances by
+183 or2 or01 but anyway before H become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183 or2 or01 but anyway before H become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183 or2 or01 but anyway before H become
+indep Napoleon gave the order to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indep Napoleon gave the order to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indep Napoleon gave the order to kill
+all the blacks who were Rebel and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blacks who were Rebel and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blacks who were Rebel and to
+repe the islands but he didn't give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repe the islands but he didn't give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repe the islands but he didn't give the
+order he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order he
+start implementing this order in guad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start implementing this order in guad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start implementing this order in guad
+Loop by General response he start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop by General response he start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop by General response he start
+killing blacks killing them and the guad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing blacks killing them and the guad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing blacks killing them and the guad
+lupan who had started the revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lupan who had started the revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lupan who had started the revolution
+when they realized they are dying no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they realized they are dying no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they realized they are dying no
+they decided okay let's try to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided okay let's try to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided okay let's try to leave
+another day so we'll fight tomorrow no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day so we'll fight tomorrow no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day so we'll fight tomorrow no
+and they sto fighting the surrender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sto fighting the surrender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sto fighting the surrender and
+they were re-enslaved not because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were re-enslaved not because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were re-enslaved not because they
+were fighting against re-enslavement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fighting against re-enslavement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fighting against re-enslavement
+okay when they stopped fighting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when they stopped fighting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when they stopped fighting they
+found that 10% of them were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that 10% of them were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that 10% of them were already
+killed you see I mean so they were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed you see I mean so they were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed you see I mean so they were about
+to kill them in the case of haes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill them in the case of haes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill them in the case of haes they
+start the same thing at such a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the same thing at such a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the same thing at such a point
+that the polls who he had sent to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polls who he had sent to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polls who he had sent to fight
+us no they were po they were peasants no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us no they were po they were peasants no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us no they were po they were peasants no
+realizing that they said no way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that they said no way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that they said no way we're
+not participating in killing civilians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participating in killing civilians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participating in killing civilians
+and kids we had come here for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids we had come here for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids we had come here for that and
+they move and fight with the Haitians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move and fight with the Haitians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move and fight with the Haitians
+and this is also another reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also another reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also another reason why the
+Salin declared that the pools were black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salin declared that the pools were black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salin declared that the pools were black
+because this is what we call Black it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what we call Black it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what we call Black it's
+not being black tented okay so Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being black tented okay so Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being black tented okay so Haiti
+become independent and Napoleon could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become independent and Napoleon could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become independent and Napoleon could
+not kill those the Haitians to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kill those the Haitians to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kill those the Haitians to have to
+rep people na in the countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep people na in the countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep people na in the countries that
+remain colonies now that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain colonies now that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain colonies now that were not
+independent so soon as I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so soon as I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so soon as I just told you
+you had a let set of out migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a let set of out migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a let set of out migration
+because you had hungers in Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had hungers in Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had hungers in Martin
+hungers in Barbados hungers in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungers in Barbados hungers in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungers in Barbados hungers in great
+hungers because the white people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungers because the white people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungers because the white people
+Barbados is a typical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados is a typical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbados is a typical case
+intensified the exploitation of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensified the exploitation of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensified the exploitation of their
+former enslaved no and produce much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former enslaved no and produce much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former enslaved no and produce much more
+without introducing new technology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without introducing new technology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without introducing new technology you
+see baros was producing more than Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see baros was producing more than Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see baros was producing more than Cuba
+no when Cuba had production with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when Cuba had production with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no when Cuba had production with new
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+increase the exploitation of the be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the exploitation of the be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the exploitation of the be and
+more be die in Barbados and more be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more be die in Barbados and more be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more be die in Barbados and more be have
+to leave the country in condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave the country in condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave the country in condition that
+was very similar to the slave trade you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very similar to the slave trade you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very similar to the slave trade you
+see what I mean so it is you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so it is you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so it is you didn't
+choose to be independent the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be independent the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be independent the opportunity
+come there's a crack in the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there's a crack in the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there's a crack in the system and
+you move no and you establish yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move no and you establish yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move no and you establish yourself
+youself but how did you done that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youself but how did you done that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youself but how did you done that what
+would happen you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen you know I mean
+because now that give was one we out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now that give was one we out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now that give was one we out
+Asians become independent we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians become independent we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians become independent we are we
+multiply the population etc etc etc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the population etc etc etc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the population etc etc etc but
+our development is based on inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our development is based on inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our development is based on inner
+management of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of our
+inner system no while we do not have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner system no while we do not have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner system no while we do not have one
+thing the beans have or the Jamaicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the beans have or the Jamaicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the beans have or the Jamaicans
+also they know how to negotiate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they know how to negotiate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they know how to negotiate with the
+other person we don't know that up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person we don't know that up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person we don't know that up to
+now it is now that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is now that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is now that we are
+learning what happened with the the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what happened with the the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what happened with the the West
+you know when the American occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the American occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the American occupied
+Haiti the president of Haiti DAV had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti the president of Haiti DAV had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti the president of Haiti DAV had no
+idea of what the American were up to he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what the American were up to he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what the American were up to he
+thought they came to help us he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they came to help us he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they came to help us he could
+not imagine they came to exploit us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imagine they came to exploit us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not imagine they came to exploit us you
+can imagine the fellow president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the fellow president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the fellow president of the
+Republic has no idea of the occup not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic has no idea of the occup not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic has no idea of the occup not
+only that the other day when the US no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the other day when the US no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that the other day when the US no
+the UN head of mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN head of mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN head of mission
+visited had visited the the General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited had visited the the General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited had visited the the General
+headquarters of the army no in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters of the army no in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters of the army no in the
+General headquarters of the army all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General headquarters of the army all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General headquarters of the army all the
+big Chiefs of the US occupation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Chiefs of the US occupation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Chiefs of the US occupation was
+there as founder of the Asian army he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as founder of the Asian army he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as founder of the Asian army he
+said where have you found an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said where have you found an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said where have you found an independent
+country where the occupant is put as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country where the occupant is put as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country where the occupant is put as the
+creator of the army of the national Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of the army of the national Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creator of the army of the national Army
+you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jama's headquarters of the army which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jama's headquarters of the army which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jama's headquarters of the army which
+all the bries there who created the Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bries there who created the Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bries there who created the Army
+for God's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for God's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for God's sake
+at least take them off you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least take them off you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least take them off you know I mean
+but in ha up to now they had that no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in ha up to now they had that no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in ha up to now they had that no not
+up to now because I see end of this Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now because I see end of this Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now because I see end of this Army
+no but to tell you no the situation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but to tell you no the situation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but to tell you no the situation so
+is hat independent too early or not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hat independent too early or not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hat independent too early or not okay
+I don't know ask as V would said ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know ask as V would said ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know ask as V would said ask
+those who died you know I mean on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who died you know I mean on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who died you know I mean on the
+boat going and the life of the kiban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat going and the life of the kiban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat going and the life of the kiban
+people in Panama during the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Panama during the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Panama during the construction
+of the life there's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the life there's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the life there's a wonderful
+documentary made here in the US on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary made here in the US on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary made here in the US on the
+cyan people building the Panama Canal oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan people building the Panama Canal oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan people building the Panama Canal oh
+boy you are to cry you are to cry and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy you are to cry you are to cry and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy you are to cry you are to cry and up
+to now they are protesting you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now they are protesting you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now they are protesting you know I
+mean the way they pay them the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the way they pay them the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the way they pay them the way they
+treat them how they die I mean in K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them how they die I mean in K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them how they die I mean in K
+building the Panama Canal because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the Panama Canal because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the Panama Canal because you
+should not forget that the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not forget that the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not forget that the 19th century
+is the time of Jim cros here and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time of Jim cros here and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time of Jim cros here and those
+who are stru building the canal they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are stru building the canal they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are stru building the canal they are
+the gim crell you see what I mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gim crell you see what I mean I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gim crell you see what I mean I mean
+there just have when the Black North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just have when the Black North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just have when the Black North
+American when African-Americans start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American when African-Americans start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American when African-Americans start
+voting to give you an idea what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting to give you an idea what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting to give you an idea what happened
+50 years earlier in countries that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years earlier in countries that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years earlier in countries that were
+not even America you see I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even America you see I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even America you see I mean this is
+how you know you can imagine what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know you can imagine what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know you can imagine what was
+going on there no so was Haiti to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there no so was Haiti to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there no so was Haiti to
+Independent too early you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent too early you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent too early you know I mean
+are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+comparing what is left of Barbados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what is left of Barbados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what is left of Barbados
+because we let a set of barban Die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we let a set of barban Die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we let a set of barban Die
+because this is what happened Barbados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what happened Barbados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what happened Barbados
+is the country in the at least compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the country in the at least compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the country in the at least compared
+to hiii where even everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hiii where even everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hiii where even everybody has
+secondary school diploma everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary school diploma everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary school diploma everybody
+everybody in Haiti we don't I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in Haiti we don't I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in Haiti we don't I think we
+condemn with your hand and those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemn with your hand and those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemn with your hand and those who
+have it would not know how how bad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it would not know how how bad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it would not know how how bad is
+that instruction education schooling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction education schooling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction education schooling is
+you see what I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean so
+obviously this allows certain beion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this allows certain beion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this allows certain beion to
+go forward but how many of them died how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward but how many of them died how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward but how many of them died how
+many of them are not there you said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are not there you said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are not there you said I
+mean obviously I'm not I'm sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean obviously I'm not I'm sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean obviously I'm not I'm sure that the
+state will not speak too much about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will not speak too much about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will not speak too much about this
+the sufferings Martin news knew hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sufferings Martin news knew hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sufferings Martin news knew hunger
+while Haiti was at a time in what man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Haiti was at a time in what man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while Haiti was at a time in what man
+called one of our historian called B The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one of our historian called B The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one of our historian called B The
+Village happiness you know I mean we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village happiness you know I mean we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village happiness you know I mean we had
+full-fledged Village happiness no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-fledged Village happiness no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-fledged Village happiness no and
+the knowledge we without the state One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge we without the state One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge we without the state One
+hospital just the knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital just the knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital just the knowledge of the
+people which was not too much you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which was not too much you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which was not too much you could
+go f but anyway that was enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go f but anyway that was enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go f but anyway that was enough to
+multiply the population by five and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the population by five and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the population by five and not
+only that there is no country in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that there is no country in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that there is no country in the
+whole America where you have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole America where you have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole America where you have a normal
+increase of the population natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the population natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the population natural
+increase of the population all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the population all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the population all of them
+increase their population through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their population through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their population through
+migration coming from Europe and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration coming from Europe and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration coming from Europe and at this
+19th century when they were migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century when they were migrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century when they were migrating
+toward Latin American or South Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward Latin American or South Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward Latin American or South Africa
+etc etc I want to know why they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc I want to know why they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc I want to know why they were
+leing their country not because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leing their country not because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leing their country not because they
+have too much why the Italians left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much why the Italians left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too much why the Italians left
+Italy what the Spaniard left Spain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy what the Spaniard left Spain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy what the Spaniard left Spain the
+vas why the Dutch and the the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vas why the Dutch and the the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vas why the Dutch and the the British
+left in the 19th century when the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the 19th century when the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the 19th century when the when
+Industrial Revolution is taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution is taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution is taking place
+when you have capitalism developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have capitalism developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have capitalism developing
+itself and concurring the whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and concurring the whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and concurring the whole world
+what was the level of living the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the level of living the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the level of living the number
+of Swedish people who went from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Swedish people who went from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Swedish people who went from from
+Sweden to the US no and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden to the US no and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden to the US no and you can see
+their photo when they're showing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their photo when they're showing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their photo when they're showing their
+migrants killing Indians okay but listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrants killing Indians okay but listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrants killing Indians okay but listen
+if you are so well fed in in SW swed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are so well fed in in SW swed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are so well fed in in SW swed
+you're not coming here to K Sweden to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming here to K Sweden to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming here to K Sweden to K
+Indians stay home you know I mean so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians stay home you know I mean so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians stay home you know I mean so all
+the things they are not spoken this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they are not spoken this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they are not spoken this is
+not spoken and in that time the Haan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spoken and in that time the Haan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spoken and in that time the Haan
+will multiply you I mean this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply you I mean this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply you I mean this is another
+idea of wealth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of wealth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of wealth to
+weth what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weth what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weth what is
+weth my question so um I I'll say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weth my question so um I I'll say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weth my question so um I I'll say like
+my general question and then give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my general question and then give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my general question and then give a
+little bit of background as to how I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background as to how I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background as to how I got
+there but it it seems very general but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it it seems very general but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it it seems very general but
+my question is like what is your why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is like what is your why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is like what is your why and
+the way I got to that was like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I got to that was like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I got to that was like I think
+no you say what is your why your why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you say what is your why your why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you say what is your why your why
+like why why you're doing this why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why you're doing this why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why you're doing this why you
+have this like power and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this like power and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this like power and things like
+this um the way I got to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the way I got to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the way I got to this question
+but I think like every week we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think like every week we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think like every week we do
+readings we come someone presents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we come someone presents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we come someone presents and
+while it is based on the readings It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it is based on the readings It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it is based on the readings It's
+So based on themselves as well and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on themselves as well and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on themselves as well and I
+like I feel like I've learned so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like I've learned so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like I've learned so much
+about all the people in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the people in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the people in this class and
+like what is their why and like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is their why and like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is their why and like why
+they're here what what they take from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here what what they take from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here what what they take from
+like every reading and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every reading and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every reading and stuff like that
+so I wanted to know like specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to know like specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to know like specifically
+and personally what is your my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you mean you mean you mean let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you mean you mean you mean let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you mean you mean you mean let me
+tell you that's a good question like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that's a good question like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that's a good question like I
+love you yeah because they study implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you yeah because they study implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you yeah because they study implies
+that you position yourself see yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you position yourself see yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you position yourself see yourself
+absolutely absolutely it's a long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely it's a long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely it's a long story
+you know I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm very
+old my wife is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old my wife is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old my wife is
+long how old are you 84 84 that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long how old are you 84 84 that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long how old are you 84 84 that's what I
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+1938 one of the interviews you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 one of the interviews you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 one of the interviews you said that
+you know it's important to know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to know when you
+were born 1938 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born 1938 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were born 1938 first
+so I belong to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I belong to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I belong to a
+generation that come exactly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that come exactly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that come exactly after the
+war I'm born in 38 the the war first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war I'm born in 38 the the war first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war I'm born in 38 the the war first the
+second world war is starting now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war is starting now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war is starting now and I
+start seeing no con discovering reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing no con discovering reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing no con discovering reality
+after the war in 1946 which is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war in 1946 which is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war in 1946 which is the time
+exactly when we have what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when we have what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when we have what we call the
+1946 Revolution this 19646 this 1946
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 Revolution this 19646 this 1946
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 Revolution this 19646 this 1946
+Revolution is the consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is the consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is the consequence of the
+1915 us occupation when the US occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 us occupation when the US occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 us occupation when the US occupied
+hi they occupied hi with two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi they occupied hi with two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi they occupied hi with two things the
+big stick in one hand no and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stick in one hand no and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stick in one hand no and on the
+other hand they jimro policy so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they jimro policy so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand they jimro policy so you can
+imagine they reintroducing Haiti the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they reintroducing Haiti the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they reintroducing Haiti the
+whole color problem no this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole color problem no this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole color problem no this is when
+price come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price come
+with Etc and when you have the negr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Etc and when you have the negr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Etc and when you have the negr
+issue being BR in Europe and in Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue being BR in Europe and in Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue being BR in Europe and in Haiti
+and you have juval and what we call neg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have juval and what we call neg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have juval and what we call neg
+no going on no to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no going on no to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no going on no to answer the
+opposition in the country where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition in the country where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition in the country where the
+American were putting lightskinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American were putting lightskinned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American were putting lightskinned
+people all over so to give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over so to give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over so to give some
+background was a scholar who gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was a scholar who gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was a scholar who gave the
+idea that look we have to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that look we have to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that look we have to go back to
+Africa to understand we as Haitians so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa to understand we as Haitians so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa to understand we as Haitians so
+Africa is beautiful black is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is beautiful black is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is beautiful black is beautiful
+and that was an opposition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was an opposition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was an opposition to the
+Americans that came in and that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans that came in and that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans that came in and that were
+very racist so that's what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very racist so that's what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very racist so that's what he's
+referring to as nitude yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as nitude yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as nitude yeah and
+interestingly enough jum SM is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough jum SM is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough jum SM is a big
+son of big land owners in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of big land owners in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of big land owners in the
+countryside like peral you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside like peral you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside like peral you know I mean
+because it's good to to not to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's good to to not to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's good to to not to put
+everybody in one bag he's laist a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in one bag he's laist a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in one bag he's laist a big
+landowner no but he is proud of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowner no but he is proud of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landowner no but he is proud of his
+position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of
+his what he's no and he's a doctor he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his what he's no and he's a doctor he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his what he's no and he's a doctor he's
+a diplomat so anyway so in 1946 end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diplomat so anyway so in 1946 end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diplomat so anyway so in 1946 end of
+the war who is well the war ended little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war who is well the war ended little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war who is well the war ended little
+bit earlier who is president is Li SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit earlier who is president is Li SK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit earlier who is president is Li SK
+early school no therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early school no therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early school no therefore the
+students oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students oh
+boy okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy okay the
+students made a So-Cal Revolution and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students made a So-Cal Revolution and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students made a So-Cal Revolution and we
+said heti is a black country the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said heti is a black country the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said heti is a black country the
+president has to be black it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president has to be black it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president has to be black it cannot be
+whatever but they use the term black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but they use the term black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but they use the term black
+which is a colonial concept no you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a colonial concept no you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a colonial concept no you know
+I mean and you had as president a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and you had as president a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and you had as president a black
+fellow J who is a big landowner also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow J who is a big landowner also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow J who is a big landowner also you
+see what I mean so you are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so you are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so you are going to have
+a possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possibility of
+development because that's the EP when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development because that's the EP when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development because that's the EP when
+the US come with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US come with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US come with the idea of
+development I Etc a Trum when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I Etc a Trum when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I Etc a Trum when
+development so they are going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so they are going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so they are going to take a
+whole set of policies toward development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of policies toward development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of policies toward development
+we have to develop the country to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to develop the country to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to develop the country to make
+the country capitalist mod modernize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country capitalist mod modernize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country capitalist mod modernize the
+country etc etc so that the period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country etc etc so that the period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country etc etc so that the period when
+I going to school mean during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to school mean during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to school mean during that
+period okay so to jumping over plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay so to jumping over plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay so to jumping over plenty
+many things here I come I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things here I come I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things here I come I found a
+scholarship and I'm studying in Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and I'm studying in Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and I'm studying in Mexico
+so I want to know why is it that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know why is it that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know why is it that we are
+so poor after such a wonderful economy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poor after such a wonderful economy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so poor after such a wonderful economy a
+wonderful Revolution after such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Revolution after such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Revolution after such a
+wonderful Independence how come we po no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Independence how come we po no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Independence how come we po no
+and I start studying that and I WR I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I start studying that and I WR I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I start studying that and I WR I
+wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote
+my license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my license
+my no no my license this is my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my no no my license this is my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my no no my license this is my first
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+not before Master Bachelor my bachelor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not before Master Bachelor my bachelor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not before Master Bachelor my bachelor
+thesis on the Republic of H where I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis on the Republic of H where I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis on the Republic of H where I went
+to the history trying to explain why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the history trying to explain why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the history trying to explain why we
+are the way we are po good and qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way we are po good and qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way we are po good and qu
+because I am searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I am searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I am searching for
+development at the same time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at the same time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at the same time at the end
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+period I entered the UN and I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I entered the UN and I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I entered the UN and I ended up
+also in the economic commission for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the economic commission for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the economic commission for
+Latin America always after PR so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin America always after PR so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin America always after PR so on
+after development let's develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after development let's develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after development let's develop the
+country so I'm working on development to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so I'm working on development to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so I'm working on development to
+find out that this is a la you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that this is a la you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that this is a la you know I
+mean it's like the carrot you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's like the carrot you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's like the carrot you put in
+front of the donkey you know I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the donkey you know I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the donkey you know I mean you
+can run you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run you can never
+get etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get etc
+etc in the process no I discover culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc in the process no I discover culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc in the process no I discover culture
+I realize that Haitians from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize that Haitians from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize that Haitians from the very
+beginning have two cultures and I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning have two cultures and I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning have two cultures and I wrote
+my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PhD
+thesis with the title The oppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis with the title The oppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis with the title The oppressed
+culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+no I was studying in Mexico I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was studying in Mexico I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was studying in Mexico I was very
+much influenced by the conception of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much influenced by the conception of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much influenced by the conception of the
+qu no so I call the dominant culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu no so I call the dominant culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu no so I call the dominant culture of
+well at that time Mexico was in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that time Mexico was in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that time Mexico was in the in
+the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+castan to teach Spanish to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castan to teach Spanish to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castan to teach Spanish to the
+First Nations no because as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Nations no because as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Nations no because as far as the
+the the ideology was that would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ideology was that would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ideology was that would help
+them to develop now they will modernize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to develop now they will modernize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to develop now they will modernize
+speaking Spanish and because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Spanish and because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Spanish and because their
+language is not a language it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not a language it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not a language it's kind of
+dialogue they're speaking think that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue they're speaking think that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue they're speaking think that are
+older than French and Spanish but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than French and Spanish but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than French and Spanish but anyway
+so they want to erase that to teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to erase that to teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to erase that to teach them
+to speak so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak so the
+qu Mexicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they were the dominant class so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they were the dominant class so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they were the dominant class so the
+dominant culture in ha I call it the cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant culture in ha I call it the cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant culture in ha I call it the cre
+culture as opposed to an oppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as opposed to an oppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as opposed to an oppressed
+culture which is the culture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which is the culture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which is the culture of the
+of the peasants no and I entered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peasants no and I entered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peasants no and I entered in a
+dichotomy between qu and bosal now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between qu and bosal now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between qu and bosal now the
+haian ciz and the bosal just fresh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haian ciz and the bosal just fresh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haian ciz and the bosal just fresh from
+Africa and that give false idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and that give false idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and that give false idea of the
+process but that's not the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but that's not the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but that's not the point that
+give the basis for my for my study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the basis for my for my study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the basis for my for my study on
+oppressed culture and I show how Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed culture and I show how Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed culture and I show how Africa
+was erased from the history of H because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was erased from the history of H because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was erased from the history of H because
+of the dominance of the ques no okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dominance of the ques no okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dominance of the ques no okay so
+qu in the sense of those who were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu in the sense of those who were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu in the sense of those who were born
+in the Caribbean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caribbean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caribbean and
+basically with assimilated too no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with assimilated too no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with assimilated too no and
+also well I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well I I I I
+proposed acculturation so the qus were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed acculturation so the qus were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed acculturation so the qus were
+those who was acculturated who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who was acculturated who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who was acculturated who had
+learned the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the the
+Western culture who ruling the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western culture who ruling the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western culture who ruling the country
+who are the Elite etc etc etc you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the Elite etc etc etc you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the Elite etc etc etc you see
+what I went mean while the other one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I went mean while the other one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I went mean while the other one was
+speaking Creole the language and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Creole the language and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Creole the language and they
+were the oppressed culture they have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the oppressed culture they have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the oppressed culture they have all
+sort of other institution all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of other institution all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of other institution all sort of
+other system who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system who are
+traditional backward I would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional backward I would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional backward I would probably
+not use backward but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use backward but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use backward but they are
+traditional they are not modern no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional they are not modern no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional they are not modern no and
+you had to pull them out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to pull them out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to pull them out of their
+traditionalism to modernize them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionalism to modernize them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionalism to modernize them you
+know I mean more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean more or
+less well that was a let's see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less well that was a let's see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less well that was a let's see one
+stage and at the same time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and at the same time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and at the same time I'm
+discovering that the UN has five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that the UN has five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that the UN has five or six
+decades they all it of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades they all it of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades they all it of development
+always coming back to square one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always coming back to square one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always coming back to square one there
+was no development but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no development but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no development but they were
+investing in decades of development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in decades of development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in decades of development and
+I was working in that following priv at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was working in that following priv at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was working in that following priv at
+the same time I had used and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I had used and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I had used and since
+the theory of dependency I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of dependency I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of dependency I mean the
+problem of development in Latin America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of development in Latin America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of development in Latin America
+and the Caribbean is that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Caribbean is that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Caribbean is that we are
+dependent of the large country the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of the large country the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent of the large country the rich
+countries no and we should try to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries no and we should try to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries no and we should try to have a
+set of a sector of our economy that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of a sector of our economy that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of a sector of our economy that will
+pull the other sector and this sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the other sector and this sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the other sector and this sector
+will control it through through National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will control it through through National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will control it through through National
+Basi you said I mean this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basi you said I mean this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basi you said I mean this was very
+common in the 60s to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the 60s to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the 60s to explain the
+situation and you try to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and you try to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and you try to have an
+independent sector who will be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sector who will be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sector who will be the the
+locomotive no to pull the the to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive no to pull the the to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive no to pull the the to pull
+the train you know I mean etc etc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train you know I mean etc etc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train you know I mean etc etc but
+obviously nobody never had it or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously nobody never had it or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously nobody never had it or those
+who had it were corrupted no but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had it were corrupted no but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had it were corrupted no but this is
+what we were using but I still keep was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using but I still keep was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using but I still keep was
+quite ins satisfied because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ins satisfied because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ins satisfied because that will
+not take Haiti out of poverty and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take Haiti out of poverty and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take Haiti out of poverty and not
+only that that implies no jual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that that implies no jual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that that implies no jual
+as a dictator the son of dual etc etc an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dictator the son of dual etc etc an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dictator the son of dual etc etc an
+effort by the US to institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort by the US to institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort by the US to institutional
+industrialize the country etc etc all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialize the country etc etc all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialize the country etc etc all
+coming always back to this poverty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming always back to this poverty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming always back to this poverty you
+see what I mean so this is when I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so this is when I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean so this is when I start
+I first of all I move out of the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first of all I move out of the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first of all I move out of the idea of
+development realizing that development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development realizing that development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development realizing that development
+is not bringing us anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bringing us anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bringing us anywhere
+no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and
+therefore what in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what in the process of
+studying the oppressed culture I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the oppressed culture I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the oppressed culture I found
+the counter plantation system I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter plantation system I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter plantation system I found
+the village society and I was by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village society and I was by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village society and I was by that
+time working in Trinidad with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time working in Trinidad with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time working in Trinidad with my
+Caribbean friends I start realizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean friends I start realizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean friends I start realizing that
+Plantation because we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation because we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation because we are talking
+development is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is
+the locomotive no the the key part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locomotive no the the key part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locomotive no the the key part of
+the train the engine the engine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train the engine the engine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train the engine the engine of
+development etc etc and I accept with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development etc etc and I accept with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development etc etc and I accept with
+them that the bush Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is L not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L you say that in St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you say that in St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you say that in St
+Lucia oh boy I don't know to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually when you rent the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when you rent the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when you rent the land
+to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody
+arus oh I have an Arabic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arus oh I have an Arabic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arus oh I have an Arabic for
+it anyway so I I I I start thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway so I I I I start thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway so I I I I start thinking of
+this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+of production sharecropping sh cropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production sharecropping sh cropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production sharecropping sh cropping
+no we traditional because you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we traditional because you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we traditional because you should go
+into into Plantation into s Trade union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into Plantation into s Trade union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into Plantation into s Trade union
+etc etc I must tell you also that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc I must tell you also that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc I must tell you also that the
+same time when Cuba is making his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when Cuba is making his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time when Cuba is making his
+Revolution Cuba is is nationalizing Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution Cuba is is nationalizing Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution Cuba is is nationalizing Cuba
+is moving forward and we were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving forward and we were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving forward and we were all
+obviously Pro Cuban etc etc etc so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Pro Cuban etc etc etc so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Pro Cuban etc etc etc so we
+are seeing that but this is not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing that but this is not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing that but this is not working
+in Haiti I mean this is not work not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti I mean this is not work not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti I mean this is not work not
+only this is not working the Cubans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this is not working the Cubans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this is not working the Cubans in
+their efforts no are helping Angola they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts no are helping Angola they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efforts no are helping Angola they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+helping Bolivia Haiti is just around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping Bolivia Haiti is just around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping Bolivia Haiti is just around the
+corner you see what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner you see what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner you see what I mean
+and ET so so people start to have doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ET so so people start to have doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ET so so people start to have doubt
+no and I start seeing that economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I start seeing that economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and I start seeing that economic
+development is not giving us result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is not giving us result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is not giving us result and
+we have to think in term of culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think in term of culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think in term of culture and
+I start moving with the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start moving with the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start moving with the counter
+plantation system looking at it at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system looking at it at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation system looking at it at its
+importance and I start discovering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and I start discovering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and I start discovering the
+need for working with Creole for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for working with Creole for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for working with Creole for
+participation of the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of the people in the
+development system no okay so reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development system no okay so reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development system no okay so reaching
+that point I would to say is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I would to say is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I would to say is about
+article and publish a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and publish a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and publish a book
+called it and its Elites no dialogue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it and its Elites no dialogue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it and its Elites no dialogue of
+death of death people who could hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of death people who could hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of death people who could hear
+death death okay no and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death death okay no and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death death okay no and this is the
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say the the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the book
+announcing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing he
+andon St because it is at that time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andon St because it is at that time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andon St because it is at that time that
+I met my friends of the colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met my friends of the colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met my friends of the colonial
+thinking no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no
+who thought that my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thought that my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thought that my book
+on on oppressed culture in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on oppressed culture in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on oppressed culture in fact
+announces the whole de Colonial thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces the whole de Colonial thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces the whole de Colonial thinking
+because I was trying to see and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was trying to see and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was trying to see and this is
+the question I was asking myself since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question I was asking myself since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question I was asking myself since
+my the book on oppress culture is my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the book on oppress culture is my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the book on oppress culture is my PhD
+thesis no so my PhD thesis is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis no so my PhD thesis is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis no so my PhD thesis is saying is
+asking what is it that we have done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is it that we have done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is it that we have done for
+ourselves I mean Plantation plant all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I mean Plantation plant all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I mean Plantation plant all
+sort of thing but we have nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but we have nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing but we have nothing to do
+in Plantation that was imposed on us no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Plantation that was imposed on us no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Plantation that was imposed on us no
+I didn't raise a question like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't raise a question like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't raise a question like that but
+I could have done done it in that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have done done it in that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have done done it in that book
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+that Plantation is not a Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Plantation is not a Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Plantation is not a Caribbean
+institution it is a time when Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution it is a time when Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution it is a time when Caribbean
+is called Plantation America I said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Plantation America I said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Plantation America I said no
+no we have something else Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we have something else Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we have something else Caribbean
+cannnot be English Caribbean Dutch caran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannnot be English Caribbean Dutch caran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannnot be English Caribbean Dutch caran
+French k k isan period you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French k k isan period you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French k k isan period you know I mean
+there is something we have done which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something we have done which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something we have done which is
+not English friend British or Dutch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not English friend British or Dutch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not English friend British or Dutch what
+have you you see what I mean or Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you see what I mean or Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you you see what I mean or Spanish
+for the so I start looking for what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the so I start looking for what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the so I start looking for what we
+have done no this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done no this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done no this is why I
+call a dialogue of death because my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a dialogue of death because my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a dialogue of death because my the
+elite no no is French the elit speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite no no is French the elit speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite no no is French the elit speak
+French the laws are French etc etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French the laws are French etc etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French the laws are French etc etc etc
+and in one discussion in a no I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one discussion in a no I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one discussion in a no I was
+presenting the book and somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the book and somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the book and somebody said
+but what you're saying there is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're saying there is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you're saying there is not not
+an elite it is an oligarchy I say oh God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elite it is an oligarchy I say oh God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elite it is an oligarchy I say oh God
+I should have thought of that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have thought of that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have thought of that because
+Elite is very simple if we are 10 shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite is very simple if we are 10 shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite is very simple if we are 10 shoe
+makers the best are the Elite of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers the best are the Elite of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers the best are the Elite of the
+shoemakers but if the best do not behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoemakers but if the best do not behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoemakers but if the best do not behave
+as giving best shoes they will go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as giving best shoes they will go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as giving best shoes they will go down
+among the others and other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the others and other people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the others and other people will
+come as Elite this is not the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as Elite this is not the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as Elite this is not the case in
+our societies these Elite of FR speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our societies these Elite of FR speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our societies these Elite of FR speaking
+people never go down you because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people never go down you because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people never go down you because they
+are and oligarchy you see what I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and oligarchy you see what I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and oligarchy you see what I mean so
+I realize that we do not have an elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize that we do not have an elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize that we do not have an elite
+we have an elite the VOD priest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an elite the VOD priest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an elite the VOD priest the
+Mambo and those are Elites you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mambo and those are Elites you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mambo and those are Elites you know I
+mean but those who govern the country of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but those who govern the country of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but those who govern the country of
+French speakers are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French speakers are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French speakers are not necessarily
+Elite in fact they are not Elite they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite in fact they are not Elite they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite in fact they are not Elite they
+are those who are holding us down no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those who are holding us down no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those who are holding us down no and
+therefore I start now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I start now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I start now
+discovering the deonal thought no let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the deonal thought no let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the deonal thought no let me
+study what we have done how we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what we have done how we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what we have done how we have done
+that how did the Haitian came to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how did the Haitian came to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how did the Haitian came to be
+Haitian and what make a Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian and what make a Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian and what make a Haitian
+different from a Jamaican from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a Jamaican from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a Jamaican from a
+vincentian or former Tran you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vincentian or former Tran you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vincentian or former Tran you I mean
+because they local history is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they local history is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they local history is different
+you see when you take for instance I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when you take for instance I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when you take for instance I had
+the Good Fortune through the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Good Fortune through the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Good Fortune through the economic
+commission to work 10 years in Trinidad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission to work 10 years in Trinidad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission to work 10 years in Trinidad
+and I tell the TR you neor new slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell the TR you neor new slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell the TR you neor new slavery
+you are happy people and when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are happy people and when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are happy people and when you think
+of it that's true the Trin Trad was SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it that's true the Trin Trad was SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it that's true the Trin Trad was SP
+Spanish Spaniard no when Haiti start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Spaniard no when Haiti start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Spaniard no when Haiti start the
+his Revolution no beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Revolution no beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Revolution no beginning of
+1790s no Spain start receiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1790s no Spain start receiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1790s no Spain start receiving the
+planter running away from s domain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planter running away from s domain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planter running away from s domain to
+such an extent the tag speak the same qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an extent the tag speak the same qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an extent the tag speak the same qu
+that we speak and we understand each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we speak and we understand each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we speak and we understand each
+other because they will come to Trinidad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they will come to Trinidad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they will come to Trinidad
+with their slaves you see what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their slaves you see what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their slaves you see what I mean
+and there are several example like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are several example like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are several example like that
+and then the Spaniard and the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Spaniard and the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Spaniard and the French
+Planters no which T call French ques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planters no which T call French ques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planters no which T call French ques
+the French and the slave will establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French and the slave will establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the French and the slave will establish
+qule as the basic language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qule as the basic language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qule as the basic language of the
+language of the land together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the land together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of the land together with
+Spanish in Spoke pocket pocket speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish in Spoke pocket pocket speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish in Spoke pocket pocket speak
+Spanish French but do Spanish and qule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish French but do Spanish and qule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish French but do Spanish and qule
+above all Spanish and qule so soon after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all Spanish and qule so soon after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all Spanish and qule so soon after
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+British the span seed the island to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British the span seed the island to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British the span seed the island to the
+British no and in the seed Island the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British no and in the seed Island the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British no and in the seed Island the
+British has to recognize acknowledge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British has to recognize acknowledge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British has to recognize acknowledge the
+internal laws of this land so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal laws of this land so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal laws of this land so the
+British were governing and the tragen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British were governing and the tragen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British were governing and the tragen
+was speaking a qule and French you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was speaking a qule and French you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was speaking a qule and French you see
+mean the British were the owner so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the British were the owner so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the British were the owner so I
+realized at at that point in time no by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized at at that point in time no by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized at at that point in time no by
+1817 we are 183 184 when the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1817 we are 183 184 when the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1817 we are 183 184 when the French
+start flowing in the country by 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start flowing in the country by 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start flowing in the country by 10 years
+or 20 years after the British stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years after the British stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years after the British stopped
+the slave trade and every time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave trade and every time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave trade and every time they
+catch a slave boat in the Atlantic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch a slave boat in the Atlantic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch a slave boat in the Atlantic they
+come with the slave and drop them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with the slave and drop them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with the slave and drop them in the
+so-called slave captive drop them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called slave captive drop them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called slave captive drop them in
+Trinidad so the population of blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinidad so the population of blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinidad so the population of blacks
+inad you know I mean are created without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inad you know I mean are created without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inad you know I mean are created without
+slave trades no so the slave masters now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave trades no so the slave masters now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave trades no so the slave masters now
+had to take care of the slave because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take care of the slave because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take care of the slave because
+they cannot produce and buy other slaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot produce and buy other slaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot produce and buy other slaves
+they was make sure that they reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they was make sure that they reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they was make sure that they reproduce
+themselves locally not only that soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves locally not only that soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves locally not only that soon
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+1838 the BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1838 the BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1838 the BR
+stop slavery you see I mean so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop slavery you see I mean so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop slavery you see I mean so the the
+slavery Haan I've known for 100 Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery Haan I've known for 100 Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery Haan I've known for 100 Century
+with a slave trade is not what the TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slave trade is not what the TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slave trade is not what the TR
+has known no and when you go to tr they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has known no and when you go to tr they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has known no and when you go to tr they
+are happy happy going happy looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy happy going happy looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy happy going happy looking
+people they have never have problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they have never have problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they have never have problems
+they never fight they do not even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never fight they do not even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never fight they do not even know
+how to fight because they never had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fight because they never had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to fight because they never had to
+fight you see what I mean from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you see what I mean from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you see what I mean from the very
+beginning the Masters has to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the Masters has to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the Masters has to make sure
+that they have a slave for tomorrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a slave for tomorrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a slave for tomorrow you
+see I mean at the beginning then slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean at the beginning then slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean at the beginning then slavery
+become abolished now so I told them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become abolished now so I told them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become abolished now so I told them you
+don't know what slavery is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what slavery is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what slavery is you can
+imagine that not only that they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that not only that they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that not only that they start
+with indentured you see I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with indentured you see I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with indentured you see I mean and
+flooding the country with indentured so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding the country with indentured so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding the country with indentured so
+that an whole other Dynamic and whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an whole other Dynamic and whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an whole other Dynamic and whole
+different sets of okay this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of okay this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of okay this experience
+in Trinidad no come and give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Trinidad no come and give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Trinidad no come and give me the
+possibility of seeing local history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of seeing local history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of seeing local history
+developing and how we are in our local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and how we are in our local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and how we are in our local
+history producing a way out of quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history producing a way out of quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history producing a way out of quote
+unquote our misery you said I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote our misery you said I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote our misery you said I mean this
+is how I went and see the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I went and see the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I went and see the importance of
+the language the importance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language the importance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language the importance of the
+community the importance of the hegers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the importance of the hegers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community the importance of the hegers
+because a series of s and I must say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a series of s and I must say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a series of s and I must say
+also the importance of the yard I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the importance of the yard I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the importance of the yard I have
+some strong friends Jamaican friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strong friends Jamaican friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strong friends Jamaican friends
+particularly era brodber who wrote on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly era brodber who wrote on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly era brodber who wrote on
+yards no you know I mean that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way the yard is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the yard is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the yard is important in
+Jamaica in Kingston she wrote that me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica in Kingston she wrote that me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica in Kingston she wrote that me
+I'm seeing the word in the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the word in the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the word in the countryside
+then you go to Dominica there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to Dominica there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to Dominica there are
+several studies in Dominica and St Lucia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several studies in Dominica and St Lucia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several studies in Dominica and St Lucia
+on the family poverty system all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the family poverty system all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the family poverty system all those
+are institution that are kiban it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are institution that are kiban it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are institution that are kiban it's not
+that you don't have family poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have family poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have family poverty
+system in France but it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in France but it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in France but it does not
+characterize the Lous system why in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the Lous system why in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the Lous system why in our
+countries it is the basis of Lous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it is the basis of Lous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it is the basis of Lous system
+system and the work I have used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the work I have used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the work I have used in
+Dominica shows that those who who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominica shows that those who who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominica shows that those who who has
+learned in the Lous system produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in the Lous system produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in the Lous system produce more
+than those who have learned in the ET so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those who have learned in the ET so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those who have learned in the ET so
+this is how I end up in my my why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I end up in my my why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how I end up in my my why that's
+my why no because I reach a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why no because I reach a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why no because I reach a point where
+I can explain to myself what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can explain to myself what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can explain to myself what they call
+poverty no and why we are quite happy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty no and why we are quite happy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty no and why we are quite happy in
+that poverty if you want to see it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poverty if you want to see it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poverty if you want to see it that
+way no we will be unhappy in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no we will be unhappy in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no we will be unhappy in the in the
+city because in the city we are not able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city because in the city we are not able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city because in the city we are not able
+to reproduce the yard properly to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce the yard properly to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reproduce the yard properly to have
+our resources to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources to reproduce
+it okay that's a great question than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's a great question than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's a great question than you
+my wife that's a good one and I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife that's a good one and I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife that's a good one and I had to
+answer yes give beautiful answer so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes give beautiful answer so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes give beautiful answer so just
+all right so I guess my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I guess my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I guess my question is
+don't ask oh so Creo languages are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask oh so Creo languages are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask oh so Creo languages are like
+very important to the Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to the Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to the Caribbean
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+but we like refer to English Creole as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we like refer to English Creole as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we like refer to English Creole as
+broken English or you promote French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken English or you promote French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken English or you promote French
+over Asian Creole so my question is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Asian Creole so my question is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Asian Creole so my question is like
+what do you think will happen to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen to our
+communities if we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities if we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities if we keep
+projecting cre enough this question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting cre enough this question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting cre enough this question if
+you keep projecting rejecting rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep projecting rejecting rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep projecting rejecting rejecting
+rejecting yeah that's if the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting yeah that's if the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting yeah that's if the state
+apparat okay but first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparat okay but first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparat okay but first of
+all let me say that I have an impr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me say that I have an impr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me say that I have an impr
+proven Theory and I'm am trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven Theory and I'm am trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven Theory and I'm am trying to
+convince some Lage to work on it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince some Lage to work on it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince some Lage to work on it because
+I cannot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot but
+they they don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't pay
+attention forget about the English quel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention forget about the English quel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention forget about the English quel
+and French creel because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and French creel because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and French creel because they are
+identified they exist they are bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they exist they are bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they exist they are bodies
+they are their their syntaxes they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are their their syntaxes they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are their their syntaxes they are
+their vocabulary they their word for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vocabulary they their word for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vocabulary they their word for in
+I don't go make I see you you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't go make I see you you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't go make I see you you know I
+mean these exist they are there to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these exist they are there to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these exist they are there to see
+my problem start when I speak with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem start when I speak with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem start when I speak with the
+Puerto an and the Dominicans they speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto an and the Dominicans they speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto an and the Dominicans they speak
+Spanish they speak the an imperial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish they speak the an imperial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish they speak the an imperial
+language yet I'm pretty sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language yet I'm pretty sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language yet I'm pretty sure that this
+Imperial language carry a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial language carry a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial language carry a historical
+tradition that depart from the castillan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition that depart from the castillan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition that depart from the castillan
+na even Spanish from the castillan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na even Spanish from the castillan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na even Spanish from the castillan
+tradition yeah you see what I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition yeah you see what I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition yeah you see what I mean and
+they must have concept like we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have concept like we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have concept like we have like
+whites which is not white black which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites which is not white black which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites which is not white black which is
+not black like you I mean and I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black like you I mean and I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black like you I mean and I this
+what I call linguistical archology I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call linguistical archology I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call linguistical archology I
+want somebody to tell me what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want somebody to tell me what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want somebody to tell me what is the
+Puerto Rican or the Dominican or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rican or the Dominican or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rican or the Dominican or the
+Cuban you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuban you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuban you know are
+producing you know I mean that Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing you know I mean that Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing you know I mean that Define
+them and make them different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make them different from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Imperial from the castillan you said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial from the castillan you said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial from the castillan you said I
+mean okay now in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay now in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay now in our case
+no the problem basic problem and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the problem basic problem and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the problem basic problem and this is
+a problem with France and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with France and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with France and the
+French UNESCO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French UNESCO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French UNESCO
+so they have to justify their existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to justify their existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to justify their existence
+no they come with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they come with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they come with the idea of
+universality you know I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality you know I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality you know I mean the
+universal civilization Universal God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal civilization Universal God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal civilization Universal God
+knows what and they want to destroy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what and they want to destroy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what and they want to destroy all
+diversity you see what I mean and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity you see what I mean and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity you see what I mean and our
+Elite buy into that Universal things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite buy into that Universal things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite buy into that Universal things you
+see what I mean but and they will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean but and they will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean but and they will tell
+you for instance if the Haitians feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for instance if the Haitians feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for instance if the Haitians feel
+Cal they will be isolated I say let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal they will be isolated I say let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal they will be isolated I say let's go
+quiet hi has now 8 to 12 million when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet hi has now 8 to 12 million when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet hi has now 8 to 12 million when I
+visited K sou they had 90 million 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited K sou they had 90 million 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited K sou they had 90 million 90
+yeah 90,000 90,000,000 one day I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 90,000 90,000,000 one day I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 90,000 90,000,000 one day I was
+living in Trinidad and I wanted you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Trinidad and I wanted you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Trinidad and I wanted you know
+Trad is very strict quite British and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trad is very strict quite British and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trad is very strict quite British and
+you cannot buy everything IBM everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot buy everything IBM everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot buy everything IBM everything
+is controlled so I'm going to kulasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled so I'm going to kulasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled so I'm going to kulasa
+which is a commercial place I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a commercial place I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a commercial place I have to
+buy something from IBM but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something from IBM but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something from IBM but I don't know
+where IBM is in so I come on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where IBM is in so I come on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where IBM is in so I come on the street
+I saw pH he should know I ask why is IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw pH he should know I ask why is IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw pH he should know I ask why is IBM
+he said no no I don't know ask that lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no no I don't know ask that lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no no I don't know ask that lady
+and the lady is selling fruits so I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lady is selling fruits so I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lady is selling fruits so I tell
+the lady sorry excuse me where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady sorry excuse me where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady sorry excuse me where is
+IBM in what language do you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM in what language do you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM in what language do you want the
+information the is froma she speak Papo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the is froma she speak Papo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the is froma she speak Papo
+but she speak Dutch she speak English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she speak Dutch she speak English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she speak Dutch she speak English
+she speak French she speak all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she speak French she speak all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she speak French she speak all sort of
+language I could choose the language to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I could choose the language to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I could choose the language to
+receive my information because Ina as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive my information because Ina as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive my information because Ina as
+they would say Papo SCH they teach Papo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say Papo SCH they teach Papo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say Papo SCH they teach Papo
+in the schools you know I mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schools you know I mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schools you know I mean and the
+people speaking Papo can speak learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people speaking Papo can speak learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people speaking Papo can speak learn and
+speak because of the commercial any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because of the commercial any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because of the commercial any
+language you want you I mean they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you want you I mean they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you want you I mean they are
+not isolated by Papo Papo help them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not isolated by Papo Papo help them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not isolated by Papo Papo help them to
+to to be linked with the others you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be linked with the others you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be linked with the others you see
+what I mean no so if we manage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean no so if we manage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean no so if we manage and
+control our local languages no Jamaican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control our local languages no Jamaican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control our local languages no Jamaican
+Haitians V etc etc and we can find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians V etc etc and we can find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians V etc etc and we can find out
+what is the specificity of our language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the specificity of our language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the specificity of our language
+together with do that we learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with do that we learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with do that we learn to
+appreciate our language to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate our language to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate our language to appreciate
+their language and to appreciate us who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their language and to appreciate us who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their language and to appreciate us who
+have invented a way of respecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invented a way of respecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invented a way of respecting
+everybody you see what I mean so to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you see what I mean so to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you see what I mean so to my
+mind this is the point and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this is the point and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this is the point and this is uh
+not a theory but I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory but I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theory but I don't know how to
+call it they are a venon they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it they are a venon they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it they are a venon they are
+putting down oh if H ISP SC they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting down oh if H ISP SC they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting down oh if H ISP SC they will be
+isolated aren't we isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated aren't we isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated aren't we isolated
+now and since when do we speak French if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and since when do we speak French if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and since when do we speak French if
+France just learn how to speak French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France just learn how to speak French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France just learn how to speak French
+but just learn it's 100 year I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just learn it's 100 year I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just learn it's 100 year I mean
+French is a is I don't know for oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is a is I don't know for oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is a is I don't know for oh
+English is what they told me French is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is what they told me French is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is what they told me French is
+the language of the administration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the administration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the administration and
+of Paris and France was imposed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Paris and France was imposed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Paris and France was imposed on the
+on the provinces of France to strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the provinces of France to strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the provinces of France to strengthen
+the central power no and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central power no and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central power no and it
+remains I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains I mean the
+Eugene vber present that on in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugene vber present that on in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eugene vber present that on in his
+book no it's really important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book no it's really important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book no it's really important because
+French is not a country that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is not a country that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is not a country that come from
+all French people no no because French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all French people no no because French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all French people no no because French
+was a country of peasants and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a country of peasants and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a country of peasants and the
+plantation is the first capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation is the first capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation is the first capitalist
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+economic concern now this is why when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic concern now this is why when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic concern now this is why when
+you have English in Jamaica you have Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have English in Jamaica you have Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have English in Jamaica you have Cal
+English Jamaicans speak Cal English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Jamaicans speak Cal English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Jamaicans speak Cal English
+period all Jamaicans while in France you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period all Jamaicans while in France you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period all Jamaicans while in France you
+leave one Village you go to another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one Village you go to another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave one Village you go to another one
+you cannot understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot understand what they're
+saying because they have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because they have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying because they have a small
+microclimate micro Village without these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microclimate micro Village without these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microclimate micro Village without these
+connection that would give you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that would give you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that would give you in the
+end into comprehension you see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into comprehension you see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into comprehension you see what I
+mean this is a fact and when they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a fact and when they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is a fact and when they say
+Haiti and then well let Say Ha speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti and then well let Say Ha speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti and then well let Say Ha speak
+French from Colonial time up to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French from Colonial time up to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French from Colonial time up to now
+please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please
+no now it's they find that insolent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now it's they find that insolent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now it's they find that insolent and
+insulant that in some Canadian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulant that in some Canadian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulant that in some Canadian and
+French University they request the haian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French University they request the haian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French University they request the haian
+to present a kind of trle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present a kind of trle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present a kind of trle
+examination prove that this French and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination prove that this French and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination prove that this French and
+this is a fact they don't I teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fact they don't I teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fact they don't I teach at
+University now is University student who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University now is University student who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University now is University student who
+really cannot express cannot present an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cannot express cannot present an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cannot express cannot present an
+say in proper French yeah yeah it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in proper French yeah yeah it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in proper French yeah yeah it's also
+like interesting on top of that how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interesting on top of that how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interesting on top of that how they
+keep that structure in like French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that structure in like French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that structure in like French
+Canada despite despite even French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada despite despite even French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada despite despite even French
+Canadians being treated as lesser in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadians being treated as lesser in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadians being treated as lesser in the
+French eyes because they they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French eyes because they they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French eyes because they they call
+Canadian French disgusting French like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian French disgusting French like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian French disgusting French like
+they call it lesser French so it's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it lesser French so it's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it lesser French so it's funny
+how even in Canada where it's like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even in Canada where it's like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even in Canada where it's like their
+French is deemed lesser they still keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is deemed lesser they still keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French is deemed lesser they still keep
+yeah because they have the English also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they have the English also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they have the English also
+because they have the English they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the English they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the English they think
+is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I
+mean so this is this is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this is this is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this is this is really really
+really good so we've had an amazing set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good so we've had an amazing set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good so we've had an amazing set
+of questions and I wanted to follow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions and I wanted to follow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions and I wanted to follow up
+on jara's question um and and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on jara's question um and and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on jara's question um and and here I
+want to go back to to the UNESCO issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to to the UNESCO issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to to the UNESCO issue
+because we we heard this very eloquent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we heard this very eloquent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we heard this very eloquent
+plea from uh Ambassador Dom J asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plea from uh Ambassador Dom J asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plea from uh Ambassador Dom J asking
+UNESCO on what grounds are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNESCO on what grounds are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNESCO on what grounds are you
+classifying cre languages as lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying cre languages as lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying cre languages as lesser
+languages they languages that's it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they languages that's it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages they languages that's it um
+but your work one thing which I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your work one thing which I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your work one thing which I love
+about your is that you show the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your is that you show the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your is that you show the the
+beauty and power of hisan you show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty and power of hisan you show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty and power of hisan you show the
+richness of the of the vocabulary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the of the vocabulary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the of the vocabulary and
+how the vocabulary can tell us so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the vocabulary can tell us so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the vocabulary can tell us so much
+about our history and and those facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our history and and those facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our history and and those facts
+that you put out so so beautifully words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put out so so beautifully words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put out so so beautifully words
+like R AB Mo NE BL Blan you show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R AB Mo NE BL Blan you show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R AB Mo NE BL Blan you show that
+that all these words for them to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these words for them to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these words for them to have
+evolved that semantics in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved that semantics in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved that semantics in fact that's
+yet another argument against the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another argument against the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another argument against the the
+idea that Crees evolve from Pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Crees evolve from Pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Crees evolve from Pigeon
+because you see a pigeon supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see a pigeon supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see a pigeon supposed to be
+like like a tasa like like like an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a tasa like like like an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a tasa like like like an empty
+void of language from which you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void of language from which you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void of language from which you create a
+new language and your argument is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new language and your argument is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new language and your argument is that
+no look at all this richness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no look at all this richness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no look at all this richness in the
+language you see so I I I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you see so I I I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you see so I I I I want to
+stress that because often we still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that because often we still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that because often we still find
+in various circles notion that Creos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various circles notion that Creos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various circles notion that Creos
+evolve from pigeons and yet you've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve from pigeons and yet you've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve from pigeons and yet you've given
+us through history yet another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us through history yet another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us through history yet another set of
+arguments against that view you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments against that view you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments against that view you see and
+and one thing I to ask you as well is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing I to ask you as well is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing I to ask you as well is so
+in in your introduction to your lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your introduction to your lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your introduction to your lecture
+on um on Monday you were introduced as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um on Monday you were introduced as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um on Monday you were introduced as a
+as a historical sociologist right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a historical sociologist right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a historical sociologist right and
+but when I speak to you I often speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I speak to you I often speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I speak to you I often speak to
+you as a langu you see what you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a langu you see what you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a langu you see what you what you
+tell me about crol about our national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about crol about our national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about crol about our national
+language you share all these data that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you share all these data that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you share all these data that I
+as a language can so deeply appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a language can so deeply appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a language can so deeply appreciate
+you see so so I want to ask you so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so so I want to ask you so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so so I want to ask you so why
+do you why are you being called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you why are you being called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you why are you being called a
+retical sociologist when in fact so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retical sociologist when in fact so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retical sociologist when in fact so much
+of your work is linguistic and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your work is linguistic and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your work is linguistic and and and
+here actually I'm thinking Advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually I'm thinking Advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually I'm thinking Advocate
+right I don't want to say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't want to say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't want to say that you know
+you should be one of the other I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be one of the other I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be one of the other I just
+want I just want to hear you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I just want to hear you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I just want to hear you talk about
+the the the role that Linguistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the role that Linguistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the role that Linguistics and
+language make it even more explicit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language make it even more explicit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language make it even more explicit how
+it plays into your your work as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays into your your work as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays into your your work as a
+sociologist and as a historian because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist and as a historian because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist and as a historian because I
+I love it and I and I think that you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love it and I and I think that you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love it and I and I think that you in
+a way you give us a model of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way you give us a model of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way you give us a model of how the
+human Sciences can really operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Sciences can really operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Sciences can really operate
+together to discover our Humanity our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to discover our Humanity our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to discover our Humanity our
+common Humanity so that's and I so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Humanity so that's and I so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Humanity so that's and I so I
+want to praise you for that but I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to praise you for that but I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to praise you for that but I I want
+you to to say something more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to say something more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to say something more about it
+let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+idea come from the group of friends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea come from the group of friends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea come from the group of friends with
+whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom
+I unite every every year the the Maya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I unite every every year the the Maya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I unite every every year the the Maya
+Lon the colonial school now it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lon the colonial school now it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lon the colonial school now it's a it's
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+summer school we have every year during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer school we have every year during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer school we have every year during
+three weeks or four three weeks no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or four three weeks no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or four three weeks no in
+Holland organized by the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland organized by the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland organized by the University of
+UT and Juke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT and Juke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT and Juke
+University's center with Walter molo no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University's center with Walter molo no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University's center with Walter molo no
+and they do not believe in disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do not believe in disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do not believe in disciplines
+you know this group is formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this group is formed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this group is formed by
+philosophers historians economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers historians economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers historians economists
+sociologist artist of performers and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist artist of performers and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist artist of performers and all
+sort of artists and we are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of artists and we are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of artists and we are things
+and oh I forgot Catherine she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh I forgot Catherine she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh I forgot Catherine she's a
+sociologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist and
+activist C but anyway and this group no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist C but anyway and this group no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activist C but anyway and this group no
+they do not even speak of University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not even speak of University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not even speak of University
+they speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak of
+pivers you know I mean I mean this is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivers you know I mean I mean this is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivers you know I mean I mean this is we
+have to save the our plurality we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save the our plurality we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save the our plurality we have
+to save our diversity because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save our diversity because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save our diversity because this is
+what I was saying on the universality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying on the universality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying on the universality
+that French and the capitalist system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that French and the capitalist system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that French and the capitalist system
+want because they want not one universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because they want not one universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because they want not one universal
+civilization God knows what no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization God knows what no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization God knows what no no no no
+is we will probably have that Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we will probably have that Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we will probably have that Universal
+thing I won't be there to look at it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I won't be there to look at it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I won't be there to look at it but
+when we all in our diversity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we all in our diversity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we all in our diversity we
+contribute now we we are negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute now we we are negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute now we we are negotiating
+maybe University for the time being is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe University for the time being is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe University for the time being is
+prity so therefore you raise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prity so therefore you raise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prity so therefore you raise a
+question how is Haiti so quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how is Haiti so quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how is Haiti so quote unquote
+poor so I say go hold what is hate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so I say go hold what is hate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so I say go hold what is hate well
+the Haitians what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Haitians what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Haitians what is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+forian is anybody living in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forian is anybody living in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forian is anybody living in the country
+having no other place to live so the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having no other place to live so the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having no other place to live so the T
+Asian as all others are Haitians okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian as all others are Haitians okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian as all others are Haitians okay
+but if they came from Africa one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they came from Africa one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they came from Africa one by one
+how come they become Haitians or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come they become Haitians or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come they become Haitians or
+whatever other countries you have no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other countries you have no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other countries you have no and
+you see what are the institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what are the institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what are the institutions and
+the process and local history become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process and local history become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process and local history become the
+heart of the you Affliction local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the you Affliction local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the you Affliction local
+history I mean by local history it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I mean by local history it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I mean by local history it's not
+the local you find in the archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you find in the archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you find in the archives
+because in the archiv you will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the archiv you will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the archiv you will find the
+local history of those who won the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local history of those who won the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local history of those who won the war
+you see I mean so you have to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I mean so you have to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I mean so you have to see you
+people who is speaking because you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who is speaking because you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who is speaking because you and
+to whom are you speaking you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom are you speaking you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom are you speaking you are
+speaking to you people you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to you people you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to you people you have to
+explain to them what is it that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to them what is it that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to them what is it that they
+have done themselves this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done themselves this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done themselves this is why I
+cannot accept that the Caribbean will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accept that the Caribbean will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot accept that the Caribbean will be
+British Caribbean French Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Caribbean French Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Caribbean French Caribbean
+Spanish Caribbean come on where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Caribbean come on where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish Caribbean come on where are the
+Caribbean there I mean are we British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean there I mean are we British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean there I mean are we British
+are we French are we no no no no we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we French are we no no no no we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we French are we no no no no we are
+Caribbean and we have made certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean and we have made certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean and we have made certain
+number of things but not because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things but not because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things but not because we are
+Caribbean we are all similars we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean we are all similars we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean we are all similars we have
+also a variety in that no and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a variety in that no and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a variety in that no and this is
+for instance a real problem when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance a real problem when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance a real problem when they
+say we are blacks we are blacks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we are blacks we are blacks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we are blacks we are blacks okay
+black is an invention of the colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black is an invention of the colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black is an invention of the colonial
+world now of the modern Colonial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now of the modern Colonial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now of the modern Colonial world
+the modern Colonial world when us all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern Colonial world when us all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern Colonial world when us all of
+us to be the same so we can do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to be the same so we can do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to be the same so we can do whatever
+they want so for instance the richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want so for instance the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want so for instance the richest
+blacks on our black will teach the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks on our black will teach the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks on our black will teach the other
+black no no no no no no we all of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black no no no no no no we all of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black no no no no no no we all of have
+our values we all respect ourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our values we all respect ourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our values we all respect ourselves and
+we want to listen to you we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to listen to you we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to listen to you we want you to
+listen to us no and out of this variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to us no and out of this variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to us no and out of this variety
+of blacks if you want to call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blacks if you want to call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blacks if you want to call them
+blacks I don't call them black but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks I don't call them black but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks I don't call them black but
+that's okay no etc etc and I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay no etc etc and I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay no etc etc and I think this
+is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you
+have while you conquering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have while you conquering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have while you conquering your
+sovereignty for instance as far as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereignty for instance as far as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereignty for instance as far as I'm
+concerned Hai 197
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned Hai 197
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned Hai 197
+1991 was able to join together people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 was able to join together people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 was able to join together people
+from different n nations of Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different n nations of Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different n nations of Africa and
+create hate no but when you reach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create hate no but when you reach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create hate no but when you reach for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+2010 2011 in the US you see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 2011 in the US you see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 2011 in the US you see all the
+oppress of the US come and say black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppress of the US come and say black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppress of the US come and say black
+lives matters you see what I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives matters you see what I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives matters you see what I mean and
+when you look at those who are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at those who are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at those who are saying
+that you have to make an effort to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make an effort to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make an effort to find
+all the blacks you find all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blacks you find all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blacks you find all the people
+that are the most most exploited is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the most most exploited is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the most most exploited is the
+black but you find all sort of Latins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black but you find all sort of Latins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black but you find all sort of Latins
+all sort of amaran all sort of whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of amaran all sort of whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of amaran all sort of whites
+you who have been exploited in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have been exploited in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have been exploited in their
+Black's life matters you know I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's life matters you know I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's life matters you know I mean and
+if this respect for the life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this respect for the life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this respect for the life of the
+oppressed become effective if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed become effective if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppressed become effective if you can
+impose that on the dominant system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose that on the dominant system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose that on the dominant system I
+think many things are going to change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many things are going to change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many things are going to change in
+fact what you have is the end of an era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what you have is the end of an era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what you have is the end of an era
+you know I mean an era that is the era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean an era that is the era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean an era that is the era
+where life does not matter period you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where life does not matter period you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where life does not matter period you
+know I mean there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean there's a
+wonderful movie that just come out don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful movie that just come out don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful movie that just come out don't
+look up I don't you see that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up I don't you see that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up I don't you see that's a
+wonderful life does not matter simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful life does not matter simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful life does not matter simply
+not you know I mean they have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know I mean they have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know I mean they have to make
+more money it's a nice move it's sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money it's a nice move it's sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money it's a nice move it's sad
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+uh it's sad but it's comical I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sad but it's comical I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sad but it's comical I mean it's
+cynic I don't know more s is cynical no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynic I don't know more s is cynical no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynic I don't know more s is cynical no
+more than you see what I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you see what I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you see what I mean this is
+the point we are saying black lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point we are saying black lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point we are saying black lives
+matters we are saying life matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we are saying life matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we are saying life matters
+period the life of the Earth the life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the life of the Earth the life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the life of the Earth the life of
+every every life matters and if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every life matters and if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every life matters and if you can
+reach that point you stop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that point you stop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that point you stop that
+system defined as a producer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system defined as a producer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system defined as a producer of
+inequality I mean this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality I mean this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality I mean this is the point
+because black is simply an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because black is simply an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because black is simply an element of
+inequality you can imagine that fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you can imagine that fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you can imagine that fellow
+made a mistake and he called all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake and he called all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake and he called all those
+indigenous people all those Indians but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people all those Indians but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people all those Indians but
+that his mistake why should I carry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his mistake why should I carry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his mistake why should I carry that
+mistake today when I know it's a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake today when I know it's a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake today when I know it's a mistake
+this is worse you know I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worse you know I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worse you know I mean this is
+the problem no how in that we call East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem no how in that we call East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem no how in that we call East
+Indian C well why should I say East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian C well why should I say East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian C well why should I say East
+Indian and we are supposed to be West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian and we are supposed to be West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian and we are supposed to be West
+Indians a set of mistakes because West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians a set of mistakes because West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians a set of mistakes because West
+Indian originally you know it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian originally you know it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian originally you know it ends
+no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in
+Philippines everything that was from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines everything that was from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines everything that was from the
+West Was West indans from us America way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Was West indans from us America way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Was West indans from us America way
+down to Philippine that was the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Philippine that was the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Philippine that was the West
+Indian I mean this m I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian I mean this m I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian I mean this m I don't have to
+carry it in the 21st century you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it in the 21st century you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it in the 21st century you see
+what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean
+so okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so it's
+257 so we should think of closing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+257 so we should think of closing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+257 so we should think of closing but I
+see that Mar um so can you make you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Mar um so can you make you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Mar um so can you make you have
+question yes this whole idea is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes this whole idea is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes this whole idea is like how
+do we have these conversations out oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have these conversations out oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have these conversations out oh
+how do we have these conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have these conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have these conversations
+outside of the classroom and like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the classroom and like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the classroom and like if
+black and race is a social construct I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and race is a social construct I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and race is a social construct I
+don't get you come again oh like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get you come again oh like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get you come again oh like how do
+we have these types of conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these types of conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these types of conversations
+outside of the classroom cuz we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the classroom cuz we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the classroom cuz we are
+having it and it's like a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it and it's like a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it and it's like a difficult
+conversation and also like if black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and also like if black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and also like if black and
+race are a social construct then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race are a social construct then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race are a social construct then what
+are we supposed to identify with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we supposed to identify with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we supposed to identify with
+especially like in a country where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like in a country where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like in a country where you
+know Americans really like to categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Americans really like to categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Americans really like to categorize
+things so it's like what do we do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's like what do we do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's like what do we do like
+for me I struggle I struggle a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I struggle I struggle a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I struggle I struggle a lot to
+say what I am like I am Dominican I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what I am like I am Dominican I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what I am like I am Dominican I am
+Caribbean but like in the US they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean but like in the US they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean but like in the US they do
+focus a lot on like race so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a lot on like race so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus a lot on like race so it's like
+what are we supposed to no I I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we supposed to no I I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we supposed to no I I cannot
+tell you what I can tell you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I can tell you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I can tell you is that
+it's a matter of local history in Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of local history in Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of local history in Haiti
+we end up creating the Haitians in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up creating the Haitians in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up creating the Haitians in
+Jamaica we end up creating the Jamaicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica we end up creating the Jamaicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica we end up creating the Jamaicans
+in Haiti or in Jamaica or in any country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti or in Jamaica or in any country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti or in Jamaica or in any country
+of the Caribbean blacks are the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Caribbean blacks are the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Caribbean blacks are the majority
+no then I will tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no then I will tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no then I will tell you about the
+Dominican something that I am the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican something that I am the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican something that I am the only
+one to accept not the Dominicans not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to accept not the Dominicans not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to accept not the Dominicans not the
+Haitians Make Me Remember that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians Make Me Remember that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians Make Me Remember that you
+know the problem is local history blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem is local history blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem is local history blacks
+in the US are one out of 10 in Haiti we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US are one out of 10 in Haiti we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US are one out of 10 in Haiti we
+are 99 out of 100 or in most Kyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 99 out of 100 or in most Kyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 99 out of 100 or in most Kyan
+countries so blacks is what exists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so blacks is what exists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so blacks is what exists so
+you cannot say one day I told a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say one day I told a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say one day I told a friend
+in you say black is beautiful you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you say black is beautiful you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you say black is beautiful you know
+what they're going to tell you is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to tell you is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're going to tell you is there
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else because we're all black how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because we're all black how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because we're all black how do you
+want it not to be beautiful I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it not to be beautiful I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it not to be beautiful I you know I
+mean okay it's to it's too I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay it's to it's too I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay it's to it's too I know that
+Tom to has to close right Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom to has to close right Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom to has to close right Tom
+yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um
+if so no I haven't finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so no I haven't finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so no I haven't finished
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me
+try so I think this is where the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so I think this is where the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try so I think this is where the local
+history I can understand the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I can understand the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I can understand the US
+African-American ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American ending
+up identifying himself as black because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up identifying himself as black because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up identifying himself as black because
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+what unite them that her their local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unite them that her their local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unite them that her their local
+history that is not our local history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that is not our local history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that is not our local history
+you see what I mean and I can tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean and I can tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I mean and I can tell you I
+suffer for that but because I went one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer for that but because I went one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer for that but because I went one
+day and see something about black ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and see something about black ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and see something about black ha
+blacks that's not an issue oh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks that's not an issue oh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks that's not an issue oh boy
+imagine okay that's one thing you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay that's one thing you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay that's one thing you see so
+the problem is to see how black appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is to see how black appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is to see how black appears
+in the given context now for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the given context now for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the given context now for my
+Dominican Republic problems I told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic problems I told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic problems I told the
+Dominican Republic black that in ha I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic black that in ha I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominican Republic black that in ha I'm
+not black I'm dark Indian yeah yes not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black I'm dark Indian yeah yes not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black I'm dark Indian yeah yes not a
+black obviously this is scandalous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black obviously this is scandalous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black obviously this is scandalous for
+those who are not Dominican public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are not Dominican public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are not Dominican public
+except because I say listen go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except because I say listen go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except because I say listen go to
+Dominica the island of Dominica an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominica the island of Dominica an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominica the island of Dominica an
+island which have received large part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island which have received large part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island which have received large part of
+land as a reserve where the amans or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land as a reserve where the amans or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land as a reserve where the amans or the
+Dominicans lives no and they reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominicans lives no and they reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominicans lives no and they reproduce
+themselves in their society since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in their society since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in their society since
+Colonial time men who make a kid with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial time men who make a kid with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial time men who make a kid with a
+I mean they are Indians they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they are Indians they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they are Indians they are not
+kind of SC a man who have an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of SC a man who have an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of SC a man who have an an
+offspring with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring with a
+black woman no the kid is Aman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman no the kid is Aman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman no the kid is Aman is
+Carib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carib
+women of the Caribs who make a kid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of the Caribs who make a kid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of the Caribs who make a kid with
+the black outside the kid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black outside the kid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black outside the kid is
+black so you can imagine you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so you can imagine you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black so you can imagine you cannot
+distinguish between black and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between black and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between black and and
+because if you living in the Carib among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you living in the Carib among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you living in the Carib among
+the Carib you're kib no and if etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Carib you're kib no and if etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Carib you're kib no and if etc etc
+okay if you are in Dominican Republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you are in Dominican Republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you are in Dominican Republic
+you are a Laino or you are a slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a Laino or you are a slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a Laino or you are a slave
+brought by Christopher Columbus no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by Christopher Columbus no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by Christopher Columbus no and
+you get in marage you go and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in marage you go and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in marage you go and you are
+received in in in an Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indiano Community you have a kid the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiano Community you have a kid the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiano Community you have a kid the kid
+is going to be black he's to be t period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be black he's to be t period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be black he's to be t period
+he's not black no matter how the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not black no matter how the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not black no matter how the color
+is and so on and so forth now if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so on and so forth now if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so on and so forth now if you are
+receiving blacks in hati no and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving blacks in hati no and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving blacks in hati no and they
+will come in the Dr they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in the Dr they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in the Dr they are
+blacks because they are not born in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks because they are not born in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks because they are not born in an
+Indian Society you see what I mean so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Society you see what I mean so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Society you see what I mean so I
+find normal that the Indians say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find normal that the Indians say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find normal that the Indians say the
+Haitians are black they are not black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians are black they are not black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians are black they are not black
+you know what I mean they are Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean they are Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean they are Indians
+dark Indian but they are Indians because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark Indian but they are Indians because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark Indian but they are Indians because
+this is the population now Christopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population now Christopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the population now Christopher
+Christopher yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sleep will use that that the sleep will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep will use that that the sleep will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep will use that that the sleep will
+use that no to make of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that no to make of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that no to make of the black
+something different and to discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and to discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and to discriminate
+against the Haitians and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Haitians and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Haitians and also to
+discriminate against the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate against the black
+Dominicans no because etc etc but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominicans no because etc etc but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dominicans no because etc etc but I am
+not supposed to carry the SC of of Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to carry the SC of of Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to carry the SC of of Mr
+RAF the same way I don't want to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAF the same way I don't want to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAF the same way I don't want to carry
+the scene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the of Columbus no so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of Columbus no so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of Columbus no so I have to
+acknowledge the normal Dominican is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the normal Dominican is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the normal Dominican is
+right he blacks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he blacks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he blacks is
+Haitian he's not dark well but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian he's not dark well but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian he's not dark well but nobody
+accept that yeah but but you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that yeah but but you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that yeah but but you see you
+also um might I've mentioned but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um might I've mentioned but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um might I've mentioned but it's
+it's a whole discussion that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whole discussion that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whole discussion that there's no
+time to get into that in Haiti there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get into that in Haiti there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get into that in Haiti there is
+colorism right if that's mixed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorism right if that's mixed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorism right if that's mixed with
+class so there's that famous thing of AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's that famous thing of AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's that famous thing of AA
+that rich a rich black is a mulat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rich a rich black is a mulat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rich a rich black is a mulat and
+pul is black right no no no no providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pul is black right no no no no providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pul is black right no no no no providing
+he knows how to read and right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows how to read and right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows how to read and right exactly
+exactly exactly so so anyway so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly so so anyway so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly so so anyway so that's a
+whole we have no time for that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole we have no time for that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole we have no time for that so let's
+let's be extremely extremely thankful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be extremely extremely thankful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be extremely extremely thankful
+and let's give you big of appers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give you big of appers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give you big of appers to
+Professor that was nice that was nice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor that was nice that was nice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor that was nice that was nice I
+appla to you for your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appla to you for your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appla to you for your questions
+would thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AH26nVIv4TQ.txt b/AH26nVIv4TQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3010983249a33176628050bce5e46512785a33a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AH26nVIv4TQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and this gets me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this gets me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this gets me now
+to oh our last why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh our last why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh our last why this matters
+right do i need a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do i need a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do i need a ball
+and i'm doing it on the backdrop of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm doing it on the backdrop of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm doing it on the backdrop of this
+beautiful periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful periodic table
+right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a lot of energy by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of energy by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of energy by the way
+you know first you had to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first you had to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first you had to make these
+iron pipes and now you gotta you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pipes and now you gotta you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pipes and now you gotta you gotta
+case harden them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case harden them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case harden them
+right or maybe you gotta put even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or maybe you gotta put even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or maybe you gotta put even more
+iron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron in
+look at the oven 900c is really hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oven 900c is really hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oven 900c is really hot
+how much energy do we take to make stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do we take to make stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do we take to make stuff
+as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as
+as concrete right doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as concrete right doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as concrete right doesn't it
+it's just liquid stone didn't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just liquid stone didn't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just liquid stone didn't you just
+grind some stones down or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind some stones down or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind some stones down or something and
+then pour it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pour it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pour it out
+right actually if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually if you think about
+concrete and other materials like steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and other materials like steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and other materials like steel
+right the use of them is going is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the use of them is going is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the use of them is going is
+skyrocketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketing
+right this is how much we're making okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is how much we're making okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is how much we're making okay
+so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+so look at this the millions of tons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this the millions of tons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this the millions of tons um
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+uh let's see there's steel and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see there's steel and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see there's steel and there's
+cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+look at that there's the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that there's the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that there's the world
+population right there and this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right there and this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right there and this only
+runs out this runs out in 29 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs out this runs out in 29 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs out this runs out in 29 2010
+11 but it's continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 but it's continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 but it's continuing
+it's continuing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuing because
+because it's not just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not just that the
+population is growing it's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing it's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing it's that the
+places that the population is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that the population is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that the population is growing
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+are also industrializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also industrializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also industrializing
+and that means building you go to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means building you go to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means building you go to some
+of these places and there's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places and there's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places and there's a new
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+literally every block there's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every block there's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every block there's a new
+building being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building being built
+that takes that takes this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes that takes this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes that takes this stuff
+that takes a lot of ovens and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a lot of ovens and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a lot of ovens and a lot of
+really high temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high temperatures
+the the just the cement alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is is accounting for seven percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is accounting for seven percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is accounting for seven percent of
+all co2 emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co2 emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co2 emissions
+all co2 emissions on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co2 emissions on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all co2 emissions on the planet
+seven percent of that goes into simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent of that goes into simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent of that goes into simply
+making this liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this liquid
+this magic liquid stone this powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic liquid stone this powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic liquid stone this powder
+and and at the core of it what is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and at the core of it what is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and at the core of it what is at the
+core of it it's chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it it's chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it it's chemistry
+it's clinker it's called a clinker what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clinker it's called a clinker what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clinker it's called a clinker what
+is a clinker it's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clinker it's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clinker it's this thing
+it's simply a calcium silicate group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a calcium silicate group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a calcium silicate group
+making that is what takes all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that is what takes all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that is what takes all this
+energy it takes half of it at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it takes half of it at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it takes half of it at least
+making that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and it's it's as always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's as always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's it's as always the
+chemistry gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry gives us
+the the chance to get out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance to get out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance to get out of our
+constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization
+right and so you so you got to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you so you got to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you so you got to make this
+mixture of of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of of different types of
+synthetic rock you got to make mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic rock you got to make mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic rock you got to make mixtures
+of allite and ballet they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allite and ballet they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allite and ballet they have different
+names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+and and and you might be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you might be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you might be able to make
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+bell ice which takes less energy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell ice which takes less energy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell ice which takes less energy you can
+you can cool your oven down by 300 c to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cool your oven down by 300 c to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cool your oven down by 300 c to
+make bellight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bellight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bellight
+compared to allied yeah but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to allied yeah but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to allied yeah but then
+even though it's structurally okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's structurally okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's structurally okay it
+takes 90 days to dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 90 days to dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 90 days to dry
+so you can't do that so you got to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't do that so you got to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't do that so you got to spend
+the 300 extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 extra
+celsius to make more allied why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsius to make more allied why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsius to make more allied why
+it's all the count it's in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the count it's in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the count it's in the chemistry
+right it's in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's in the chemistry
+and and and understanding what seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and understanding what seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and understanding what seems
+like not a very interesting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not a very interesting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not a very interesting you know
+cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+is it really that interesting you bet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really that interesting you bet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really that interesting you bet it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+seven percent of all co2 emissions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent of all co2 emissions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent of all co2 emissions is
+just making this one material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making this one material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making this one material
+and we're making a lot of it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making a lot of it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making a lot of it we're
+making a lot of it there's a tower 164
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of it there's a tower 164
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a lot of it there's a tower 164
+tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+in dubai that opened in 2010 that took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dubai that opened in 2010 that took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dubai that opened in 2010 that took a
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+kilograms of this stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of this stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of this stuff right
+so um now this makes a lot of co2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um now this makes a lot of co2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um now this makes a lot of co2 and
+i've talked about co2 throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've talked about co2 throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've talked about co2 throughout the
+semester right and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester right and and so
+so one thing i wanted to leave you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing i wanted to leave you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing i wanted to leave you with
+was also some things that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also some things that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also some things that we're doing
+about it what do we do about co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what do we do about co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what do we do about co2
+so how is carbon capture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is carbon capture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how is carbon capture and
+sequestration going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration going
+right could we take it all out we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could we take it all out we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could we take it all out we put it
+in could we take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in could we take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in could we take it out
+um and so i'll share a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i'll share a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i'll share a couple of things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know one of the problems with co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the problems with co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the problems with co2
+capture is that if you don't do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is that if you don't do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is that if you don't do it right
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you make it then you have to transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it then you have to transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it then you have to transport
+it and it turns out that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it turns out that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it turns out that's actually
+really it's really hard to transport co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really hard to transport co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's really hard to transport co2
+and there's a lot of problems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of problems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of problems that have
+happened over the years in the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the years in the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the years in the 80s
+there was a leak that killed thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a leak that killed thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a leak that killed thousands
+of people there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people there have been
+massive leaks in in canada in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive leaks in in canada in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive leaks in in canada in
+transporting this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting this material
+so transporting is actually really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transporting is actually really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transporting is actually really hard
+to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um
+there's metal pipe corrosion this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's metal pipe corrosion this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's metal pipe corrosion this is a
+great chemistry problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great chemistry problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great chemistry problem
+unsolved um and and then the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved um and and then the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved um and and then the the next
+part of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of co2
+sequestration so one is transporting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration so one is transporting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration so one is transporting it
+that's challenging and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenging and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's challenging and the other is
+storing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing it
+what do you do with it let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with it let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with it let's suppose we
+could capture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture it
+well then what and and there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what and and there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what and and there's there's
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+around this right so you can pump it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this right so you can pump it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this right so you can pump it
+maybe underground geosequestration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe underground geosequestration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe underground geosequestration
+maybe that that that's that's not a sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that that that's that's not a sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that that that's that's not a sure
+thing we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we don't
+know we don't understand at those scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't understand at those scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't understand at those scales
+exactly how well we can encase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how well we can encase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how well we can encase this
+material and how long it will last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how long it will last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how long it will last
+there's a lot of questions with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of questions with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of questions with that
+there's a whole line of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole line of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole line of thinking
+on putting it in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right really so so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really so so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really so so you want to
+fix the co2 problem by by acidifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the co2 problem by by acidifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the co2 problem by by acidifying the
+oceans even faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans even faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans even faster
+okay interesting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interesting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interesting right
+um um so so so so transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so so so so transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so so so so transport and
+sequestration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration is
+is a big problem but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big problem but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big problem but what about
+technologies where you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where you simply
+sequester it right there where you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequester it right there where you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequester it right there where you make
+it like clean coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like clean coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like clean coal
+right you might have heard of clean coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might have heard of clean coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might have heard of clean coal
+right so clean coal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so clean coal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so clean coal so
+so i'm going to look at a case study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to look at a case study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to look at a case study of
+a clean coal project in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clean coal project in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clean coal project in the u.s
+in 2005 i got really excited because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 i got really excited because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 i got really excited because
+eight companies joined and it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight companies joined and it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight companies joined and it was called
+futuregen and the us government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futuregen and the us government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futuregen and the us government
+was going to put a lot of money into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to put a lot of money into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to put a lot of money into it
+they were going to capture 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to capture 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to capture 90
+of the co2 you get a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co2 you get a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co2 you get a little bit less
+efficiency depending on how you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency depending on how you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency depending on how you think
+about it it could be 30 percent less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it could be 30 percent less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it could be 30 percent less
+efficiency i mean less power out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency i mean less power out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency i mean less power out of the
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+but you sequester the co2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sequester the co2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sequester the co2 and
+in 2009 construction was planned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 construction was planned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009 construction was planned in
+illinois in 2010 it was canceled in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illinois in 2010 it was canceled in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illinois in 2010 it was canceled in 2010
+it was restarted in 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was restarted in 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was restarted in 2012
+there was all sorts of uh of discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was all sorts of uh of discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was all sorts of uh of discussions
+with the doe that agreed to pay 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the doe that agreed to pay 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the doe that agreed to pay 1.1
+billion dollars it was all located and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars it was all located and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars it was all located and
+then the companies dropped out and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the companies dropped out and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the companies dropped out and the
+doe canceled the project so that was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe canceled the project so that was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe canceled the project so that was 10
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+10 years and 200 million dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and 200 million dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and 200 million dollars of
+taxpayer dollars and absolutely nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer dollars and absolutely nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer dollars and absolutely nothing
+has come out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come out of it
+um so so one of the you know the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so one of the you know the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so one of the you know the things
+i want to point out about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out about this
+direction and i'm not saying that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and i'm not saying that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and i'm not saying that it's
+it's not a good direction to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good direction to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a good direction to keep
+pursuing but the time scales are long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing but the time scales are long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing but the time scales are long
+and so we need to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to be able to make
+decisions that can cover longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that can cover longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that can cover longer time
+scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+that's a huge part of the challenge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge part of the challenge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge part of the challenge with
+this it's a policy challenge as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a policy challenge as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a policy challenge as much as
+it is a technical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a technical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a technical one
+um there is and tying this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is and tying this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is and tying this back
+to the cement um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cement um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cement um there is
+some really interesting research that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting research that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting research that's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+in actually instead of okay so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually instead of okay so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually instead of okay so you got
+the co2 it comes out when you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 it comes out when you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co2 it comes out when you make it
+because the ovens and you're burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ovens and you're burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ovens and you're burning
+stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+and but what if you could take that co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but what if you could take that co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but what if you could take that co2
+and just put it into the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put it into the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put it into the thing you're
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+and and by the way if you're if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way if you're if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way if you're if what
+you're making is a huge scale like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making is a huge scale like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making is a huge scale like
+cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement
+then maybe you could put a lot of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you could put a lot of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you could put a lot of it in
+right and maybe that could have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe that could have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe that could have a real
+global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global
+impact so there's a lot of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so there's a lot of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so there's a lot of interest in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+substantial okay so here substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial okay so here substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial okay so here substantial
+global carbon uptake by cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global carbon uptake by cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global carbon uptake by cement
+carbonation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonation
+so maybe you could get some of it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you could get some of it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you could get some of it in the
+cement i like this paper i'm pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement i like this paper i'm pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement i like this paper i'm pointing
+out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because
+um they say that they use fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they say that they use fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they say that they use fixed
+diffusion law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion law
+they modeled the carbon uptake by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modeled the carbon uptake by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modeled the carbon uptake by
+applying fixed diffusion law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying fixed diffusion law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying fixed diffusion law
+yeah it actually matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you can do this too now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do this too now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do this too now
+and just a few weeks ago on cnn there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a few weeks ago on cnn there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a few weeks ago on cnn there
+was no this concrete yes concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no this concrete yes concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no this concrete yes concrete
+is going high-tech why because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going high-tech why because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going high-tech why because this
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+has managed to figure out how to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has managed to figure out how to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has managed to figure out how to put a
+bunch of co2 into the concrete while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of co2 into the concrete while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of co2 into the concrete while
+they make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it
+and it doesn't change the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't change the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't change the mechanical
+integrity of the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the concrete
+and it's in there it's actually in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in there it's actually in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in there it's actually in there
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this is all chemistry this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all chemistry this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all chemistry this is all
+chemistry so this is i think another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so this is i think another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so this is i think another
+very interesting direction where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting direction where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting direction where uh
+where technology can play a vital role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where technology can play a vital role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where technology can play a vital role
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in this particular global challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ad4HmoAkgBo.txt b/Ad4HmoAkgBo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56dddc26537b40118cacc6550fa2ceed5b480793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ad4HmoAkgBo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+tons of talented people around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of talented people around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of talented people around the world
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+small place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place
+but who are perfectly capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are perfectly capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are perfectly capable of
+handling MIT quality MIT hard material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling MIT quality MIT hard material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling MIT quality MIT hard material
+today on Chalk radio making sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio making sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio making sense of
+computer programming for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming for everyone
+if we could make that accessible to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make that accessible to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make that accessible to them
+and they use that to change careers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use that to change careers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use that to change careers or
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+how can that be anything but good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that be anything but good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that be anything but good
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest for this
+episode wears many hats at MIT he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode wears many hats at MIT he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode wears many hats at MIT he's
+taught computer science for almost four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught computer science for almost four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught computer science for almost four
+decades and serves as mit's Chancellor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and serves as mit's Chancellor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and serves as mit's Chancellor
+for academic advancement he also serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for academic advancement he also serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for academic advancement he also serves
+as the interim vice president for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the interim vice president for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the interim vice president for open
+learning at MIT which ocw is a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at MIT which ocw is a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at MIT which ocw is a part of
+so yes that technically makes him my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes that technically makes him my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes that technically makes him my
+boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss
+this very busy man's name Eric Grimson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very busy man's name Eric Grimson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very busy man's name Eric Grimson
+you might be familiar with Eric from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with Eric from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with Eric from his
+very popular introduction to computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular introduction to computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular introduction to computer
+science courses on ocw there's 6001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science courses on ocw there's 6001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science courses on ocw there's 6001
+introduction to computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer science and
+programming in Python and 6002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in Python and 6002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in Python and 6002
+introduction to computational thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computational thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computational thinking
+and data science he also has an intro to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data science he also has an intro to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data science he also has an intro to
+python mooc on mitx which recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python mooc on mitx which recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python mooc on mitx which recently
+surpassed 2 million enrollments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed 2 million enrollments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed 2 million enrollments
+for this episode we're going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this episode we're going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this episode we're going to break
+down what makes this introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what makes this introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what makes this introductory
+computer programming courses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming courses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming courses so
+effective and what he recommends for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and what he recommends for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and what he recommends for
+newcomers to the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers to the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newcomers to the field
+to start I was curious what computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start I was curious what computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start I was curious what computer
+science and more specifically his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and more specifically his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and more specifically his
+specialty computer vision looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty computer vision looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialty computer vision looked like
+when he first entered the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he first entered the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he first entered the field
+I started in computer vision 47 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started in computer vision 47 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started in computer vision 47 years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+and so it's fun to see where it's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's fun to see where it's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's fun to see where it's come
+over 47 years in 1975 it didn't do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 47 years in 1975 it didn't do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 47 years in 1975 it didn't do very
+much AI was something you scraped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much AI was something you scraped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much AI was something you scraped off
+the bottom of your shoe and today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of your shoe and today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of your shoe and today it's
+everywhere it literally was Punch Cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it literally was Punch Cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it literally was Punch Cards
+which you only now see in museums the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you only now see in museums the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you only now see in museums the
+experience was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience was
+you would go to a what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go to a what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go to a what's called a
+teletype you would type in these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletype you would type in these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletype you would type in these things
+that would be a set of Punch Cards which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a set of Punch Cards which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a set of Punch Cards which
+have holes in them that would then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have holes in them that would then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have holes in them that would then get
+read in order to read in instructions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in order to read in instructions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in order to read in instructions if
+you wanted to run a program you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to run a program you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to run a program you got a
+budget because it cost to run on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget because it cost to run on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget because it cost to run on a
+computer if you had an infinite Loop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer if you had an infinite Loop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer if you had an infinite Loop in
+your code you were in deep trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you were in deep trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you were in deep trouble
+because it would just keep running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would just keep running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would just keep running and
+burn up all of your budget and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn up all of your budget and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn up all of your budget and you were
+done for the rest of the term to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the rest of the term to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the rest of the term to run it
+you submitted your deck to an office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you submitted your deck to an office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you submitted your deck to an office and
+you waited an hour and you came back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waited an hour and you came back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waited an hour and you came back to
+get your print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your print out
+you can imagine this was not fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this was not fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this was not fun
+students used to walk around with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students used to walk around with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students used to walk around with these
+boxes of Punch Cards in them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes of Punch Cards in them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes of Punch Cards in them and the
+worst thing that would happen would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing that would happen would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing that would happen would be
+you trip and fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trip and fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trip and fall
+and your cards now are spread out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cards now are spread out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cards now are spread out all
+over the floor and you have no idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the floor and you have no idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the floor and you have no idea how
+to put them back into order you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them back into order you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them back into order you don't
+want to program that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have autonomous vehicles face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have autonomous vehicles face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have autonomous vehicles face
+recognition even technology assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition even technology assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition even technology assisted
+surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery
+we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we built
+some of the pioneering systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pioneering systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pioneering systems for
+what's often referred to as image guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's often referred to as image guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's often referred to as image guided
+surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery
+the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is
+subject sadly has a brain tumor it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sadly has a brain tumor it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sadly has a brain tumor it needs
+to come out you want the surgeon to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out you want the surgeon to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out you want the surgeon to get
+it out without doing any other damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out without doing any other damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out without doing any other damage
+subject will go through an MR scan will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject will go through an MR scan will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject will go through an MR scan will
+build a very detailed three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a very detailed three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a very detailed three-dimensional
+model of that subject so all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of that subject so all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of that subject so all of the
+different tissues here's cerebral spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues here's cerebral spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues here's cerebral spinal
+fluid here's uh it's skull here's white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid here's uh it's skull here's white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid here's uh it's skull here's white
+matter gray matter here's motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter gray matter here's motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter gray matter here's motor cortex
+here's the tumor then we very accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tumor then we very accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tumor then we very accurately
+align that with the actual patient on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align that with the actual patient on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align that with the actual patient on
+the operating table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operating table
+and it lets the surgeon have X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lets the surgeon have X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lets the surgeon have X-ray
+vision they can see inside the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision they can see inside the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision they can see inside the patient
+they can operate through very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can operate through very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can operate through very narrow
+openings but it's as if they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings but it's as if they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings but it's as if they see the
+entire patient opened up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire patient opened up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire patient opened up
+helping people enhance their skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people enhance their skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people enhance their skills and
+abilities is something Eric cares deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities is something Eric cares deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities is something Eric cares deeply
+about I asked him about bringing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I asked him about bringing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I asked him about bringing people
+into the field who might not ever have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the field who might not ever have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the field who might not ever have
+considered a career in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a career in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a career in computer science
+one of the things I love about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I love about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I love about MIT
+is that I think there's a deep held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I think there's a deep held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I think there's a deep held
+belief that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that
+anybody with enough curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with enough curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with enough curiosity
+ought to be able to explore a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to explore a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to explore a field and
+we ought to be able to teach at a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to teach at a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to teach at a level
+that opens it up to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens it up to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens it up to them
+now there's a little bit misleading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a little bit misleading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a little bit misleading you
+want to do quantum physics you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do quantum physics you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do quantum physics you need some
+math background but to me when I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math background but to me when I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math background but to me when I hear
+young people say I'm not good at this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people say I'm not good at this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people say I'm not good at this or
+I really don't think I could do that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really don't think I could do that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really don't think I could do that my
+reaction is you haven't given it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is you haven't given it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is you haven't given it a
+chance my career at MIT I've almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance my career at MIT I've almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance my career at MIT I've almost
+always taught large introductory courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always taught large introductory courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always taught large introductory courses
+my colleagues tell me it's because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues tell me it's because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues tell me it's because I'm
+not capable of teaching Advanced courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of teaching Advanced courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of teaching Advanced courses
+but my view is that's the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my view is that's the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my view is that's the place where
+you can reach out and grab somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reach out and grab somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reach out and grab somebody's
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+one of the most important things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important things about
+teaching an introductory course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching an introductory course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching an introductory course is
+making sure your audience can grasp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure your audience can grasp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure your audience can grasp the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+this is something Eric gives serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something Eric gives serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something Eric gives serious
+thought to and it's part of what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to and it's part of what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to and it's part of what makes
+him such an effective instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him such an effective instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him such an effective instructor
+I think there are two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are two parts
+to how I would approach trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how I would approach trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how I would approach trying to
+explain something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain something
+the first one is maybe a little silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is maybe a little silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is maybe a little silly
+but I think it carries with the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it carries with the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it carries with the student
+and I'm doing it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing it now
+when I'm talking you'll notice when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm talking you'll notice when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm talking you'll notice when I'm
+gathering my thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering my thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering my thoughts
+I pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pause
+I do that because when I was a junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that because when I was a junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that because when I was a junior
+faculty member a senior colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member a senior colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member a senior colleague
+teaching a course I was helping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a course I was helping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a course I was helping with
+he was a card-carrying member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a card-carrying member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a card-carrying member of the
+actor's guild I don't know what he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor's guild I don't know what he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor's guild I don't know what he had
+done but he was an actor he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but he was an actor he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but he was an actor he talked about
+how a verbal tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a verbal tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a verbal tick
+um and er can just annoy a listener to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and er can just annoy a listener to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and er can just annoy a listener to
+the point where they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where they start
+tuning out and so part of presenting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning out and so part of presenting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning out and so part of presenting is
+being conscious of how you're projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conscious of how you're projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conscious of how you're projecting
+how you're saying things how you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're saying things how you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're saying things how you are
+interacting because it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting because it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting because it should be a
+conversation what I always try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation what I always try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation what I always try and do
+when I'm thinking about presenting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm thinking about presenting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm thinking about presenting a
+concept in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in class
+especially a complicated concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a complicated concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a complicated concept
+is to try and put myself in the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try and put myself in the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try and put myself in the position
+of the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the student
+I know this stuff at least I should I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this stuff at least I should I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this stuff at least I should I've
+been teaching it for 40 years but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching it for 40 years but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching it for 40 years but don't
+just assume that I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that I know it
+what are the places that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the places that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the places that might be
+confusing what are the detailed steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing what are the detailed steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing what are the detailed steps
+something may look obvious to me it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something may look obvious to me it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something may look obvious to me it is
+not to a novice in the air my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to a novice in the air my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to a novice in the air my
+explanations I hope come across as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations I hope come across as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations I hope come across as this
+very specific very logical sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific very logical sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific very logical sequence of
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+one other trick that I've learned over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other trick that I've learned over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other trick that I've learned over
+again a long time of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a long time of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a long time of teaching
+and this I think surprised to some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I think surprised to some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I think surprised to some of my
+current students you know I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current students you know I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current students you know I've been
+teaching this class for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class for a very long time
+I'll do a complete dry run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a complete dry run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do a complete dry run
+the night before at least once twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before at least once twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before at least once twice
+sometimes three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes three times
+I want to know the exact timing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know the exact timing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know the exact timing I want
+to know where I need to hit a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where I need to hit a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where I need to hit a certain
+Mark in my class but also my experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark in my class but also my experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark in my class but also my experience
+is if I in my mind say oh I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I in my mind say oh I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I in my mind say oh I know how to
+explain that and then I get up in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that and then I get up in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that and then I get up in front
+of 600 students and I get in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 600 students and I get in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 600 students and I get in the middle
+of the explanation and I go oh crap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the explanation and I go oh crap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the explanation and I go oh crap you
+know I just messed it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just messed it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just messed it up
+I raise it because for people that want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I raise it because for people that want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I raise it because for people that want
+to be a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a teacher
+practice rehearse go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice rehearse go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice rehearse go through these
+things because it will be natural when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it will be natural when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it will be natural when
+you're in the middle of that explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of that explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of that explanation
+I'd like to talk for a minute about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk for a minute about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk for a minute about your
+use of specific examples in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of specific examples in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of specific examples in your
+lectures particularly I noticed you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures particularly I noticed you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures particularly I noticed you used
+a New England Patriots example this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a New England Patriots example this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a New England Patriots example this sort
+of I guess explain and engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess explain and engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess explain and engage
+well I won't do it this year because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I won't do it this year because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I won't do it this year because
+they're not going to do nearly as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to do nearly as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to do nearly as well
+as they used to but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they used to but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they used to but uh
+one of the things I try and do when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I try and do when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I try and do when I'm
+thinking about examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about examples
+is I'd like to pull in something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'd like to pull in something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'd like to pull in something that
+doesn't feel dry and boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel dry and boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel dry and boring
+but can relate to something a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can relate to something a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can relate to something a student
+has interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interest in
+it might be something from biology where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be something from biology where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be something from biology where
+it's covid-19 and how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's covid-19 and how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's covid-19 and how do you think about
+actually controlling that which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually controlling that which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually controlling that which is a
+lecture that we do in one of our classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that we do in one of our classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that we do in one of our classes
+I used the pages just because I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used the pages just because I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used the pages just because I happen
+to be a fan I've been in New England for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fan I've been in New England for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fan I've been in New England for
+47 years but I also knew that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 years but I also knew that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 years but I also knew that there were
+a lot of students in the class whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of students in the class whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of students in the class whether
+it was the Patriots or some other team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the Patriots or some other team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the Patriots or some other team
+it was something they could relate to of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something they could relate to of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something they could relate to of
+how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about
+clustering players which is the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering players which is the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering players which is the example
+we did we were using grouping to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we were using grouping to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we were using grouping to try and
+categorize players and so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize players and so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize players and so are there
+physical characteristics that would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical characteristics that would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical characteristics that would tell
+you what this player is likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what this player is likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what this player is likely to be
+able to do whether you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do whether you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do whether you're doing a
+football fantasy team or not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football fantasy team or not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football fantasy team or not is
+irrelevant but but you want that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant but but you want that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant but but you want that example
+another thing that makes this teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that makes this teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that makes this teaching
+so effective is his emphasis on student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective is his emphasis on student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective is his emphasis on student
+participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+for many people of my generation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many people of my generation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many people of my generation the
+phrase that sometimes uses they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that sometimes uses they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that sometimes uses they're the
+sage on the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sage on the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sage on the stage
+they go down into The Well of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down into The Well of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down into The Well of a big
+lecture hall and they give a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture hall and they give a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture hall and they give a performance
+and some of them are phenomenal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are phenomenal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are phenomenal there
+are great teachers at MIT and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great teachers at MIT and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great teachers at MIT and other
+places that really hold an audience well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that really hold an audience well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that really hold an audience well
+but it's a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a performance
+it shouldn't be it should be a dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be it should be a dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be it should be a dialogue
+it should be a conversation that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a conversation that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a conversation that's why I
+think skilled teachers of a newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think skilled teachers of a newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think skilled teachers of a newer
+generation realize it's that dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation realize it's that dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation realize it's that dialogue
+it's that engagement that's as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that engagement that's as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that engagement that's as important
+as the performance that you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the performance that you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the performance that you're putting
+on you want a partner in exploring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you want a partner in exploring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you want a partner in exploring a
+journey through material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey through material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey through material
+in keeping with Eric's emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with Eric's emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with Eric's emphasis
+audiencing Gantt we asked you to send us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiencing Gantt we asked you to send us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiencing Gantt we asked you to send us
+some questions you'd like to ask him we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions you'd like to ask him we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions you'd like to ask him we
+gathered some of our favorites from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered some of our favorites from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered some of our favorites from
+Twitter Instagram and YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter Instagram and YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter Instagram and YouTube
+what advice do you have for medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what advice do you have for medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what advice do you have for medical
+students interested in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students interested in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students interested in computer science
+and its applications to Medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its applications to Medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its applications to Medicine
+great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+study it it's going to change medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it it's going to change medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it it's going to change medicine
+absolutely dramatically take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely dramatically take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely dramatically take some
+courses in computer science especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in computer science especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in computer science especially
+in machine learning it's already changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning it's already changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning it's already changed
+in the field whether it's discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field whether it's discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field whether it's discovery of
+new drugs or it's dealing with better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs or it's dealing with better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new drugs or it's dealing with better
+diagnosis or is dealing with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis or is dealing with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis or is dealing with just
+personalizing medicine Healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalizing medicine Healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalizing medicine Healthcare is
+going to change dramatically over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change dramatically over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change dramatically over the
+next five to ten years and if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five to ten years and if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five to ten years and if you're not
+comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable
+with the idea of using computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of using computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of using computation
+thinking a little bit like a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little bit like a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little bit like a computer
+scientist you're not going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you're not going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you're not going to be the
+best physician or surgeon or clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best physician or surgeon or clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best physician or surgeon or clinician
+that you could be absolutely crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could be absolutely crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could be absolutely crucial
+that you'd be comfortable with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be comfortable with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd be comfortable with those
+kinds of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ideas
+from Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Instagram
+what is the best way to get into an AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best way to get into an AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best way to get into an AI
+or machine learning career with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machine learning career with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machine learning career with little
+experience in the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go online and take a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go online and take a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go online and take a course
+that's an obnoxious plug but go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an obnoxious plug but go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an obnoxious plug but go online
+and take a course I would add two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a course I would add two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a course I would add two things
+to it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it which is
+don't be intimidated there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be intimidated there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be intimidated there's a lot of
+deep math behind cutting-edge AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep math behind cutting-edge AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep math behind cutting-edge AI
+algorithms and if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and if you're really
+interested go study it getting a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested go study it getting a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested go study it getting a sense
+of what those tools can do doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what those tools can do doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what those tools can do doesn't need
+a ton of background knowledge but take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of background knowledge but take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ton of background knowledge but take a
+class on it take a couple of classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on it take a couple of classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on it take a couple of classes on
+it the same way that in medicine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same way that in medicine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same way that in medicine if you
+don't know some computation you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know some computation you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know some computation you're not
+going to be successful it's hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful it's hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful it's hard to find
+a field today where if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field today where if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field today where if you're not
+comfortable with what AI can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with what AI can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with what AI can do
+you're not going to be a successful go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be a successful go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be a successful go
+take a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a course
+I think you'll appreciate that hate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll appreciate that hate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll appreciate that hate this
+one this was Facebook what is the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was Facebook what is the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this was Facebook what is the worst
+computer science joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science joke
+Grimson has ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson has ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson has ever heard
+the worst computer science joke oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst computer science joke oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst computer science joke oh my
+goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness
+I can tell you my worst choke if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you my worst choke if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you my worst choke if you
+really want to ask the worst computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to ask the worst computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to ask the worst computer
+science joke well three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science joke well three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science joke well three
+programmers walk into a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers walk into a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers walk into a bar
+and put up their hand with two fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put up their hand with two fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put up their hand with two fingers
+raised and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised and say
+we'd like three beers please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like three beers please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like three beers please
+why is that a really bad joke in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that a really bad joke in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that a really bad joke in
+computer science you do what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you do what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you do what's called
+zero indexing you start at zero one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero indexing you start at zero one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero indexing you start at zero one two
+so for a computer scientist two fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a computer scientist two fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a computer scientist two fingers
+means three yeah that's bad it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means three yeah that's bad it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means three yeah that's bad it's really
+bad it's really terrible absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it's really terrible absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it's really terrible absolutely
+terrible Jokes Aside Eric cares deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible Jokes Aside Eric cares deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible Jokes Aside Eric cares deeply
+about sharing the joy of teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing the joy of teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing the joy of teaching and
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+enthusiasm is contagious and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm is contagious and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm is contagious and has
+translated into one of ocw's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into one of ocw's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into one of ocw's most
+popular and influential courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and influential courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and influential courses
+stem why it's so important to him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem why it's so important to him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem why it's so important to him to
+share his work with the world Beyond MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share his work with the world Beyond MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share his work with the world Beyond MIT
+I'm going to give you a quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a quote from
+Raphael Wright when we launched or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael Wright when we launched or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael Wright when we launched or when
+he launched with help with some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he launched with help with some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he launched with help with some of us
+mitx 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitx 10 years ago
+as Raphael said there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Raphael said there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Raphael said there are
+tons of talented people around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of talented people around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of talented people around the world
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will never have the Good Fortune to
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come to MIT because we're a
+small place but who are perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place but who are perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small place but who are perfectly
+capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable
+of handling MIT quality MIT hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of handling MIT quality MIT hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of handling MIT quality MIT hard
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+if we could make that accessible to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make that accessible to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make that accessible to them
+and they use that to change careers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use that to change careers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use that to change careers or
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start an Enterprise or do something
+how can that be anything but good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that be anything but good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that be anything but good that's
+really why I am a huge fan of ocw I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why I am a huge fan of ocw I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why I am a huge fan of ocw I'm a
+huge fan of moocs on mitx is I hope I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fan of moocs on mitx is I hope I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fan of moocs on mitx is I hope I'm
+a small part of helping somebody improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small part of helping somebody improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small part of helping somebody improve
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+Sarah if I can give you a little story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah if I can give you a little story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah if I can give you a little story
+about five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago
+I got a letter in the mail physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a letter in the mail physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a letter in the mail physical
+letter in the mail it's from a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in the mail it's from a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in the mail it's from a young
+woman in Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in Texas
+who was writing to say I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was writing to say I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was writing to say I just want to
+let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know
+I just finished your mooc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just finished your mooc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just finished your mooc
+she said my background is I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said my background is I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said my background is I have a
+bachelor's degree in Russian literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree in Russian literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree in Russian literature
+and I have been unemployed for two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have been unemployed for two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have been unemployed for two years
+not a lot of jobs in Russian literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of jobs in Russian literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of jobs in Russian literature
+my husband got tired of me complaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my husband got tired of me complaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my husband got tired of me complaining
+and said on a dare why don't you go take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said on a dare why don't you go take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said on a dare why don't you go take
+a class so I took your class convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class so I took your class convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class so I took your class convinced
+that I would do really poorly in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would do really poorly in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would do really poorly in it
+and discovered I like the stuff I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered I like the stuff I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovered I like the stuff I was
+pretty good at this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at this stuff
+I took four or five more moocs and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took four or five more moocs and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took four or five more moocs and she
+said and I'm writing to let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and I'm writing to let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and I'm writing to let you know
+that I just started my new job as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just started my new job as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just started my new job as a
+project manager at Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project manager at Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project manager at Google
+the fun part about the letter why was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun part about the letter why was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun part about the letter why was it
+a physical letter but it was wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical letter but it was wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical letter but it was wonderfully
+touching she said I know it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching she said I know it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching she said I know it doesn't make
+a big difference but please in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference but please in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference but please in finding
+clothes to check for fifty dollars it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes to check for fifty dollars it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes to check for fifty dollars it's
+my way of saying thank you well it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of saying thank you well it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of saying thank you well it was a
+nice gesture my point of this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice gesture my point of this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice gesture my point of this story
+if myself or some other faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if myself or some other faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if myself or some other faculty member
+can have that impact on somebody to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have that impact on somebody to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have that impact on somebody to get
+them a little bit of a nudge they worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of a nudge they worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of a nudge they worked
+hard to make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make it happen
+but to provide the basis where they now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to provide the basis where they now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to provide the basis where they now
+improve their personal setting why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their personal setting why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their personal setting why not
+how is it anything but good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it anything but good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it anything but good that
+somebody's doing a little better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's doing a little better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's doing a little better because
+we made materials available to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer science and programming check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and programming check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and programming check
+out Eric's course materials on ocw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Eric's course materials on ocw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Eric's course materials on ocw all
+of them are shared under a Creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are shared under a Creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are shared under a Creative
+Commons license which means you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons license which means you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons license which means you can keep
+them remix them and share them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them remix them and share them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them remix them and share them with
+others all for free thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all for free thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all for free thank you so much
+for listening until next time signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening until next time signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening until next time signing
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware
+MIT chalk radios producers include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radios producers include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radios producers include
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+show notes for this episode were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+by Peter Chipman Eric crimson's ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Peter Chipman Eric crimson's ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Peter Chipman Eric crimson's ocw
+coresight was built by Sheba nemat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coresight was built by Sheba nemat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coresight was built by Sheba nemat
+Nasser we're funded by MIT open learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nasser we're funded by MIT open learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nasser we're funded by MIT open learning
+and supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supporters like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supporters like you
+and for those of you who are not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who are not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who are not done
+with a bad computer science jokes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bad computer science jokes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bad computer science jokes here
+are a few more so why are computers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few more so why are computers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few more so why are computers not
+good boxers at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good boxers at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good boxers at all
+because their barks are always worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their barks are always worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their barks are always worse
+than their bites b-y-t-e-s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did the professor know how to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the professor know how to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the professor know how to teach
+computer science programming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science programming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science programming to the
+inpatient student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inpatient student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inpatient student
+he taught the student about computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he taught the student about computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he taught the student about computers
+bit by bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit by bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit by bit
+what did the computer do on its much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the computer do on its much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the computer do on its much
+awaited vacation at the beach it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awaited vacation at the beach it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awaited vacation at the beach it had a
+great time surfing the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time surfing the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time surfing the net
+thanks everyone I'll be here all week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks everyone I'll be here all week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks everyone I'll be here all week
+foreign
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BlO3xyeaZME.txt b/BlO3xyeaZME.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8feb3b30868d45bbdb6d786a3bc53a772584ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BlO3xyeaZME.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we're going to go over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we're going to go over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we're going to go over a
+few theoretical properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few theoretical properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few theoretical properties of the
+estimation error in list min squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error in list min squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error in list min squares
+estimation recall that our list min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation recall that our list min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation recall that our list min
+squares estimator is the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator is the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator is the conditional
+expectation of the unknown random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the unknown random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the unknown random
+variable given our observations let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given our observations let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given our observations let us
+define the error which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the error which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the error which is the difference
+between the estimator and the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the estimator and the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the estimator and the random
+variable that we're trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're trying to estimate
+let us start with some observations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us start with some observations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us start with some observations what
+is the expected value of our estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expected value of our estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expected value of our estimator
+well using the law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well using the law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well using the law of iterated
+expectations the expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the expectation of a
+conditional expectation is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is the same as
+the unconditional expectation and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional expectation and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional expectation and using
+this property by moving this theta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property by moving this theta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property by moving this theta to
+the other side what we obtain is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side what we obtain is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side what we obtain is that
+the estimation error has an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation error has an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation error has an expectation
+of 0 so this tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 so this tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 so this tells us that the
+estimation error on the average is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error on the average is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error on the average is equal
+to 0 which is good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 which is good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 which is good news
+in fact something stronger is true not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact something stronger is true not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact something stronger is true not
+just the average the overall average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average the overall average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average the overall average of
+the estimation error is 0 but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation error is 0 but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation error is 0 but even if
+you condition on a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you condition on a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you condition on a particular
+measurement still the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement still the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement still the conditional
+expectation of your estimation error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of your estimation error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of your estimation error is
+going to be equal to 0 let us derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 0 let us derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to 0 let us derive
+this relation we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation we're looking at the
+expected value of theta tilde which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta tilde which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta tilde which is
+theta hat minus theta conditional on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus theta conditional on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus theta conditional on X
+on a value of x now if I tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a value of x now if I tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a value of x now if I tell you the
+value of x then the estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x then the estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x then the estimator is
+completely determined there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined there's no
+uncertainty about it so the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about it so the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about it so the expectation
+of theta hat in this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta hat in this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta hat in this conditional
+universe is just theta hat itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is just theta hat itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is just theta hat itself and
+were left with the second term but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were left with the second term but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were left with the second term but the
+second term is also theta hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is also theta hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term is also theta hat and
+therefore we obtain a difference of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain a difference of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain a difference of 0
+let us now move to a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now move to a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now move to a slightly more
+complicated question what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question what is the
+covariance between the estimation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance between the estimation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance between the estimation error
+and the estimate we will calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the estimate we will calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the estimate we will calculate the
+covariance as follows it is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance as follows it is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance as follows it is the expected
+value of the product of the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the product of the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the product of the two random
+variables that were interested in minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that were interested in minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that were interested in minus
+the product of their expectations now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their expectations now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their expectations now we
+already calculated that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated that the expected
+value of the estimation error is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the estimation error is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the estimation error is equal
+to zero and therefore this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and therefore this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and therefore this term here
+disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears
+this term is equal to zero so we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is equal to zero so we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is equal to zero so we now
+need to calculate the first term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate the first term this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate the first term this
+may seem difficult but conditioning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem difficult but conditioning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem difficult but conditioning is
+always a great trick so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a great trick so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a great trick so let's do that
+let us start by calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us start by calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us start by calculating the
+conditional expectation of this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before in the conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before in the conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before in the conditional universe
+where we're told the value of x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're told the value of x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're told the value of x the
+value of theta hat is known it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta hat is known it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta hat is known it is
+becoming a constant so it can be pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a constant so it can be pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a constant so it can be pulled
+outside the expectation but then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation but then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation but then we can
+apply the fact that we established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the fact that we established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the fact that we established
+earlier that this term is 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that this term is 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that this term is 0 and
+therefore we obtain a 0 here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain a 0 here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we obtain a 0 here now the
+expected value of a random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a random variable is
+the same as the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the expected value of the
+conditional expectation this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation this is again
+the law of iterated expectations since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of iterated expectations since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of iterated expectations since
+the conditional expectation is 0 when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation is 0 when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation is 0 when we
+apply the law of iterated expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the law of iterated expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the law of iterated expectations
+to this quantity we also obtain 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this quantity we also obtain 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this quantity we also obtain 0
+therefore this term is 0 as well and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this term is 0 as well and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this term is 0 as well and we
+have established what we wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using this fact now we can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact now we can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this fact now we can figure out
+that the following is true we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the following is true we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the following is true we write the
+random variable theta as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta as the sum of
+theta hat minus theta tilde this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus theta tilde this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat minus theta tilde this comes
+simply from this definition here by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from this definition here by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from this definition here by just
+moving theta to the side and theta tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving theta to the side and theta tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving theta to the side and theta tilde
+to the other side so theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side so theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side so theta is the
+difference of two random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two random variables and
+these two random variables have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables have zero
+covariance when two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance when two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance when two random variables
+have zero covariance then the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero covariance then the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero covariance then the variance
+of their sum or of their difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their sum or of their difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their sum or of their difference is
+the sum of the variances and this leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the variances and this leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the variances and this leads
+us to this relation that the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to this relation that the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to this relation that the variance of
+our random variable can be decomposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable can be decomposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable can be decomposed
+into two pieces one of them is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces one of them is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces one of them is the
+variance of the estimator and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the estimator and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the estimator and the other
+is the variance of the estimation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the estimation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the estimation error
+this is an interesting fact it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting fact it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting fact it can
+actually be derived in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be derived in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be derived in a different way
+as well it is just a manifestation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it is just a manifestation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it is just a manifestation of
+the law of total variance YZ but hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total variance YZ but hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of total variance YZ but hidden
+in some quite different knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some quite different knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some quite different knot
+and this concludes our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concludes our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concludes our discussion of
+theoretical properties of the estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical properties of the estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical properties of the estimation
+error unfortunately we will not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error unfortunately we will not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error unfortunately we will not have the
+opportunity to use them in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to use them in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to use them in any
+interesting ways on the other hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways on the other hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways on the other hand they
+are a foundational piece for the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a foundational piece for the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a foundational piece for the more
+general theory of least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theory of least squares
+estimation if you try to develop it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation if you try to develop it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation if you try to develop it in a
+more sophisticated and more deep way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated and more deep way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated and more deep way it
+turns out that these properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these properties are
+cornerstones of that theory
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C5SPsY72_CM.txt b/C5SPsY72_CM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5723009d3c625a121a28ea20ae32c1aba110fbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C5SPsY72_CM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2565 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Who's going to lecture?
+
+Wow.
+
+Nice.
+
+Does lecture make sense?
+
+One, two, three-- sort of.
+
+OK.
+
+Then I'm going to
+have an easy job.
+
+So any pointed questions?
+
+Any specific pinpoints?
+
+We talked about DFS, but DFS
+and BFS are sort of related,
+
+so I'm happy to take both.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+classification of edges?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+We're going to talk
+about that for sure.
+
+Anything else?
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought it was
+funny that in undirected graphs,
+
+you could have a backward--
+or something like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: You don't
+have to give a radiance.
+
+I will derive it.
+
+OK So what edges do we have
+in directed versus undirected.
+
+OK.
+
+What else?
+
+Cool.
+
+So I'm going to go through the
+concepts in DFS really quickly.
+
+And we're going
+to focus on this.
+
+Because it seems like this
+is where the issues are.
+
+I want this.
+
+So what's a graph?
+
+AUDIENCE: Interconnected notes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Fancy names.
+
+Come on.
+
+We had this in
+the last workshop.
+
+AUDIENCE: A set of
+edges and vertices.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+How do I draw my vertices?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dots.
+
+Circles.
+
+PROFESSOR: Dots.
+
+How do I draw my edges?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dots.
+
+Lines.
+
+Oops.
+
+PROFESSOR: Looks like a graph?
+
+What kind of graph?
+
+Directed.
+
+Because there are arrows
+and not straight up lines.
+
+Right?
+
+How do we store
+graphs in Python?
+
+Fancy name first and
+then implementation.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] list.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What's an adjacency
+list in Python?
+
+AUDIENCE: It just
+shows what notes
+
+are adjacent to other notes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what data
+structure do we use?
+
+What elementary python
+data structure do we use?
+
+AUDIENCE: A dictionary?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So an adjacency list is a
+dictionary that keys our--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the keys are the vertices.
+
+So on and so forth.
+
+And what are the values?
+
+AUDIENCE: The nodes?
+
+Adjacent nodes?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+A list of something.
+
+So after our presentation,
+is the object the one
+
+that has edges
+and the simplified
+
+one that has vertices.
+
+So suppose I want to
+go for the simple one.
+
+Where vertices do
+I have in A's list?
+
+AUDIENCE: B and G. Right?
+
+PROFESSOR: B and G. Sounds good.
+
+Right.
+
+What vertices do I
+have in B's list?
+
+AUDIENCE: C.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why do I not have A?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's an
+arrow, so it can't get to A.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the nodes that
+I have in the list
+
+are the nodes that are
+reachable from that node.
+
+I have an edge from B to C,
+so C is reachable from B.
+
+I do not have an
+edge from B to A
+
+because my edges are directed.
+
+So A is not there.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's write a bit of pseudo-
+So although it's Python,
+
+let's say our graph is
+represented by a class G. Let's
+
+say in this class I
+have a dictionary called
+
+al, which has what we want.
+
+If I want to get all the
+vertices in the graph,
+
+I want to write the method
+that returns all the vertices.
+
+What should it look like?
+
+Just to make sure that we're
+all getting the data structure.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the keys are in the vertices.
+
+Now, given the vertex,
+I want its neighbors.
+
+How do I write that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You mean only the
+vertices that it can go to?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Dictionary and that vertex.
+
+PROFESSOR: So
+return dictionary--
+
+AUDIENCE: al bracket vertex v.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+OK.
+
+So this makes sense
+for everyone, right?
+
+Let's start writing
+DFS because no one
+
+said they don't understand DFS.
+
+So let's say we have
+a DFS procedure.
+
+And it gets a graph.
+
+And it has to do DFS.
+
+What do you need for DFS?
+
+Starting points would be good.
+
+Just like for DFS, right?
+
+So how do we do DFS?
+
+AUDIENCE: Start with
+one node and then we
+
+keep on following a path down
+by picking the first vertex.
+
+So like for A,
+we'd start with A.
+
+Then we'd pick the first
+vertex in its list.
+
+And then we pick the first
+vertex in that one's list,
+
+first vertex in that one's
+list, until we run out.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So basically you start today.
+
+And for every neighbor,
+you recursively
+
+do DFS on that neighbor.
+
+Right?
+
+So since this is
+recursive, let's write it
+
+in a recursive
+manner, nice and easy.
+
+So say DFS calls DFS
+visit of g and s.
+
+And let's say DFS
+visit takes the graph,
+
+takes the node that
+we're visiting,
+
+and how are we
+implementing this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just
+return [INAUDIBLE].
+
+No.
+
+It marks as visited.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Marking something as visited
+is important to lead this.
+
+So what's the main thing
+that you do in DFS?
+
+Iterate over the
+neighbors and recurse.
+
+Right?
+
+So for n in g neighbors of v
+called DFS visit of g and n.
+
+So this is the basic idea.
+
+It has some holes that we need
+to fill because otherwise it
+
+doesn't quite work.
+
+This is going to
+recurse forever,
+
+which is not very good
+if you have a time
+
+limit that your
+code needs to obey.
+
+So how do I make it
+not recurse forever?
+
+AUDIENCE: Every time you visit,
+you're about to visit a node,
+
+check if you've
+already visited it.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So we should keep
+track of the nodes
+
+that we've already visited
+and not visit them again.
+
+Right.
+
+So you start with
+A, go to B, go to C,
+
+you'd better not go to A
+again because you've already
+
+been there.
+
+So let's implement
+that this way.
+
+Let's make a new object
+called DFS result that
+
+is sort of that
+drawer that you have
+
+where you stick
+everything in where
+
+you don't have a good place.
+
+So everything I do
+not have a good place
+
+to put it, you just
+stick it in a drawer.
+
+And then you can close
+the drawing that be like,
+
+it's clean.
+
+Everything's clean.
+
+So let's say DFS
+result is that drawer.
+
+Everything that they
+need from now on,
+
+we're just going
+to stick in there.
+
+So I have an object DFS result.
+
+And we're going to figure
+out what we put in it.
+
+But at the beginning of DFS,
+I'm going to create that.
+
+So create the new object.
+
+And then I'm going to
+pass it onto to DFS visit.
+
+So now we have a drawer where
+we can put everything we want.
+
+So let's keep track of the
+visited information here.
+
+How would I keep track
+of what nodes I visited?
+
+AUDIENCE: In a list?
+
+PROFESSOR: In a list.
+
+So if I do a list, it
+turns out that in DFS,
+
+and VFS, for that
+matter, you check
+
+if you visited a
+node pretty often.
+
+So it would be kind of slow.
+
+So let's have a dictionary.
+
+What are we going to
+put in that dictionary?
+
+AUDIENCE: The node [INAUDIBLE]
+and listed [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we're going to have
+a visited dictionary.
+
+And then the keys are
+going to be nodes.
+
+And let's say we're only going
+to put the nodes that we visit
+
+in it so we don't
+have to initialize it.
+
+And the values are
+going to be true.
+
+Because if the node
+is in the dictionary,
+
+it means we visited it.
+
+So for all the nodes
+that are in there,
+
+visited is going to be true.
+
+Sorry.
+
+OK.
+
+So where do I fill this in?
+
+Let's use it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Four n and g
+neighbors, set it to true.
+
+But before that--
+
+PROFESSOR: So here?
+
+AUDIENCE: R not.
+
+Um.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's say this.
+
+Let's say these
+are lines 1, 2, 3.
+
+Line 1.5 or 2.5?
+
+AUDIENCE: So at n 1.5, check
+if v is in the dictionary.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here?
+
+OK.
+
+If v in r dot visited, then--
+
+AUDIENCE: Return.
+
+Then 2.5, set r dot n to true.
+
+You would only do it n times--
+
+PROFESSOR: Wait.
+
+So here you're saying say r
+dot visited of n equals true?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, no.
+
+Change the v in
+v visited return,
+
+change that into a loop.
+
+Put that after the loop.
+
+Put that into the loop.
+
+And it's n visited
+to the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: n in r dot visited--
+we probably want not n, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+R dot visited is true
+and then the DFS.
+
+So will this achieve the thing
+that I wanted at the beginning.
+
+You start at A, you
+go to B, you go to C,
+
+and then you do not go to A?
+
+Not quite.
+
+AUDIENCE: We haven't
+had our starting yet.
+
+Yeah.
+
+We could add V at the
+beginning and check at the end.
+
+Because that's only
+the visited, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: So I think I
+like Christian's suggestion.
+
+r dot visited of v is true.
+
+And then we can
+remove it from here.
+
+AUDIENCE: It has
+to be [INAUDIBLE]
+
+because the other
+case is going to cover
+
+for if you visited again.
+
+But the first time it's being
+called, it's not checking--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well you mean
+the first time here?
+
+AUDIENCE: The first
+call that's being made,
+
+and the recursive
+call, it's going
+
+to be as if it's not
+into the visited node.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But this is at the beginning.
+
+Right?
+
+So this calls DFS visit
+to the starting node.
+
+Do we care?
+
+So I think this should work.
+
+It's not the only way to write
+it, but it's reasonably clean.
+
+It's easy to reason
+about, and it works.
+
+Does it make sense to everyone?
+
+OK.
+
+We're going to change
+things a little bit.
+
+So instead of using
+visited, we're
+
+going to keep track for
+every node of its parent.
+
+So the node that
+we visited from.
+
+So we're not going to
+use visited anymore.
+
+Instead we're going
+to use parent of v
+
+is going to be some other node.
+
+So what I want is
+for this graph,
+
+I said I'm going to go from
+A to B, and then from B to C.
+
+So I want the parent of B to be
+A, and the parent of C to be B.
+
+Make sense for everyone?
+
+So what's the parent of A?
+
+AUDIENCE: None.
+
+PROFESSOR: None's a
+good value, right?
+
+There's no parent.
+
+OK.
+
+So how would I modify
+this code to write that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stick a line
+in 2.75 and establish 3b
+
+as the parent of n.
+
+PROFESSOR: So r dot parent?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, of n is v.
+
+PROFESSOR: Of n is v. Good.
+
+And I don't have
+visited anymore,
+
+so this line is
+going to blow up.
+
+So what do I do instead?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+It doesn't have a parent?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So if it doesn't have a
+parent, we didn't visit it.
+
+So the parents works
+just like visited,
+
+except the values are
+not going to be all true.
+
+They're going to be
+something a bit more useful.
+
+AUDIENCE: We can't test for
+none because the first one has
+
+a value of none.
+
+PROFESSOR: But they're
+not testing for none,
+
+we're saying is it in
+the dictionary or not?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a good point.
+
+You could be testing for none.
+
+That wouldn't work.
+
+So you have to write
+the check like this.
+
+And we're going to erase
+this because otherwise, it's
+
+going to throw an exception.
+
+And what else do we need?
+
+There's one missing parent.
+
+AUDIENCE: Inverse form?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Where do I say that?
+
+AUDIENCE: In DFS.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+One, two, three, which line?
+
+1.5, 2.5, 3.5?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2.5.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2.5.
+
+All right, so here.
+
+What do I write?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Parent of s is none.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So r dot parent s is none.
+
+So now this works.
+
+Right?
+
+Any questions so far?
+
+Nope.
+
+Basic DFS works.
+
+Everyone's happy with it?
+
+Let's try to track it
+for this graph here.
+
+And you're going to be in
+a better position than me
+
+because I'm not sure I
+can see the graph all
+
+the way from here.
+
+Almost.
+
+So let's have the parents or
+the parent's dictionary here.
+
+And here, let's write the call
+structure as it will happen.
+
+So where do I start?
+
+DFS of A, right?
+
+DFS of A. And this is
+going to call DFS visit A.
+
+What are A's neighbors?
+
+AUDIENCE: b and g.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Is b in parents?
+
+What's in parents,
+at this point?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a.
+
+Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: A is none.
+
+Good.
+
+Excellent.
+
+So B is not in parents,
+so what am I going to do?
+
+And it's the parents in visited.
+
+Right?
+
+What's B's parents?
+
+AUDIENCE: A.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I'm going to call DFS
+visit of B. These children.
+
+C. Is C parents?
+
+No?
+
+What happens?
+
+Feel free to take over.
+
+When you get it, feel
+free to start talking,
+
+and I can just write.
+
+AUDIENCE: Of C.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What else?
+
+PROFESSOR: C's
+parent is B. So I'm
+
+in B. The only child is
+C. C is not in parents.
+
+C gets in parent.
+
+C's parent is B. Call DFS visit
+of C, what are C's children?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] and d.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're wondering
+about the order, right?
+
+Let's assume that in
+the adjacency list,
+
+all the nodes are in
+alphabetical order.
+
+So I'm going to have
+A, D, and F. OK.
+
+Is A in parents?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Is D in parents?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what happens?
+
+AUDIENCE: Parents visit
+D. D's parent is C.
+
+PROFESSOR: D's neighbors?
+
+AUDIENCE: E and F.
+
+PROFESSOR: E is in the-- no.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Does E have any children?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm done.
+
+I get out of it, right?
+
+Is F in parents?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: F's parent is?
+
+Cool.
+
+F doesn't have any children.
+
+Right?
+
+So I get out of this DFS visit.
+
+I'm done with F. So I
+get out of this visit.
+
+And I get back to this one.
+
+I'm done with D, and I'm
+at F. Is F in parents?
+
+OK.
+
+So what kind of edge is C to F?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forward.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So forward maybe tree.
+
+Let's start with the easy ones.
+
+So now we've gone forward
+with AB, BC, CD, DE, and DF.
+
+What kind of edges
+are these ones?
+
+Tree edges.
+
+Does anyone know why
+they're called tree edges?
+
+So if you look at the parent
+pointers that they have there,
+
+they're going to end
+up defining a tree.
+
+And the tree is, the
+tree shows the order
+
+in which DFS looked
+at the notes.
+
+So let me erase this and
+draw the tree for DFS
+
+that we had so far.
+
+So we started at A, then we went
+to B. Then we went to C, then
+
+we went to D, E, F. So this is
+all part of the DFS tree.You
+
+can see that for
+all these nodes,
+
+their parent pointers
+point the right way.
+
+So if you have parent
+pointers for every node,
+
+this is going to
+give you a tree.
+
+So these are tree edges because
+they're part of this tree.
+
+So now we have this
+edge from C to F.
+
+And this is what kind of edge?
+
+Forward edge.
+
+Why is it a forward edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: Somewhere
+up higher in the tree
+
+is trying to get somewhere
+lower on the tree.
+
+It's going forward in time.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's going
+from a node in the tree
+
+to a node's child in the tree.
+
+Sorry, not child.
+
+Descendant.
+
+So F is strictly
+under C. So yeah.
+
+It takes us forward in time.
+
+It's a shortcut in the tree.
+
+So that's why it's
+a forward edge.
+
+So we now have two
+types of edges so far.
+
+Tree edges and forward edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: So tree
+edges [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So the tree edges are the
+ones that DFS follows.
+
+All of these are tree edges.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So like
+an edge from B to C,
+
+why can't that be
+a forward edge?
+
+Because technically it's
+not a shortcut, right?
+
+But it's saying it's
+pointing to the children,
+
+but it only has one child.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because that's
+the edge that DFS took.
+
+So the edges that we
+actually follow in DFS
+
+have a special name,
+and they're tree edges.
+
+So first off, the
+most important edges
+
+are the edges that
+make up your DFS tree.
+
+And that's why those
+are tree edges.
+
+We don't even look
+at the other types.
+
+If you have an edge and DFS
+followed it, it's a tree edge.
+
+Done.
+
+So these are all tree edges.
+
+We don't care about
+the other definitions.
+
+So don't be ashamed to
+ask questions about this
+
+because this is
+hard to understand.
+
+It's an issue we're
+trying to clarify here.
+
+So the point, why we're
+doing that example,
+
+is to figure this out.
+
+So please do ask your questions.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So is it edges that
+are followed at any point
+
+during the search process?
+
+I guess they're edges
+that never get touched.
+
+Right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So when I'm at C, and
+I look at this edge,
+
+F is already in parents.
+
+So this edge is not going
+to be followed by DFS.
+
+There are some
+other types of edges
+
+that will not be followed.
+
+And we'll get to that by
+the time DFS completes.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You mean that
+like G to C is not--
+
+PROFESSOR: You're
+ruining my example, man.
+
+I'm supposed to ask
+you that later on.
+
+So let's let go through it and
+see what kind of edge it is.
+
+You're right, but let's
+pretend we don't know that.
+
+And we'll see as
+we follow the DFS.
+
+OK.
+
+So yep.
+
+That one's a forward edge.
+
+We'll deal with it later.
+
+We're here.
+
+We decided that C to
+F is a forward edge.
+
+F is already in parents.
+
+So we're going to
+return from DFS visit
+
+C. We're in DFS visit
+V. We're done with C.
+
+Do we have anything
+else to do here?
+
+So we go up to A. We're done
+with B. And we look at G. A
+
+to G. Is G in parents?
+
+No.
+
+So we're going to call it.
+
+So A, B. DFS visit G.
+What are G's neighbors?
+
+AUDIENCE: C.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So is C in parents?
+
+Actually I was wrong.
+
+Sorry.
+
+So C is in parents, so
+we're not going to visit it.
+
+So let's see how the tree
+looks like at this point.
+
+So it looks like this.
+
+Is C a child of G?
+
+So I'm wondering about this edge
+that we chose not to follow.
+
+We followed A to G so we know
+this is actually the edge.
+
+So from this edge, G to C, I'm
+wondering what kind of edge
+
+it is.
+
+So C is not G's child, right?
+
+So another forward edge.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I got confused
+earlier because they
+
+look the same in a drawing.
+
+So it's not a forward edge,
+then it's a cross edge.
+
+There's one more
+edge that we haven't
+
+talked about because it was
+too early in the search.
+
+And that edge is from C
+to A. So if you remember
+
+there, we were in DFS visit
+C. And the first thing we did
+
+was we looked at A, we said,
+hey it's already in parents,
+
+so we're not going to visit it.
+
+So DFS did not follow
+the edge C to A.
+
+That edge looks like this.
+
+What kind of edge is it?
+
+Back edge.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+So it has to be direct
+descendant in order
+
+to be a forward edge?
+
+Because they are related
+through A, right?
+
+C and G?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have to look
+and which direction does it go?
+
+Does it go down the
+tree or up the tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's going down if you
+consider G to C. From G to C,
+
+so it's a cross edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But is C G's descendant?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+But they are related.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're
+related, but they're just
+
+related because
+they're in the tree.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So it's only
+directly descendants?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So DFS puts together a tree.
+
+A forward edge is a
+shortcut in that tree.
+
+It lets you go
+forward in the VFS.
+
+A backward edge points
+to a parent in the tree,
+
+so it lets you go back in time.
+
+A cross edge takes you from
+one point to another point.
+
+And it's not a forward
+edge, not a backward edge.
+
+So it takes you in a
+whole different world.
+
+So C, A, G, has-- A,
+G is the sub-tree,
+
+and then this guy's
+this other sub-tree,
+
+and they're different
+little worlds.
+
+And this edge goes
+from one to the other.
+
+So the algorithm to decide what
+kind of an edge it is, let's
+
+put it together.
+
+Which edge do we look at, which
+type do we think about first?
+
+Tree edge.
+
+So DFS followed the edge.
+
+It's a tree edge.
+
+So we have tree edges.
+
+What do we do next?
+
+So say we have an edge from
+u to v. If DFS follows it,
+
+it's a tree edge.
+
+If not, then what
+question do I ask myself?
+
+AUDIENCE: It could be
+one of three edges then,
+
+back, forward, or cross.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's try to write
+a simple algorithm
+
+so that if I ask
+you this on a quiz,
+
+you can decide which is which.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I think
+that you look forward
+
+if u is the parent of v.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if u is a parent of v--
+well, let's say ascendant.
+
+It's not just the
+direct parent, but this
+
+is the right intuition.
+
+Then what kind of edge is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Then it's
+the forward edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the edge is from
+u to v. If u is a parent of v,
+
+forward edge.
+
+Good.
+
+Otherwise?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Then?
+
+AUDIENCE: Then backward edge.
+
+Else cross edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Does this make sense?
+
+So these are the
+four types of edges.
+
+DFS takes the edge,
+it's a forward edge.
+
+If not, we draw the DFS tree.
+
+And we see does
+the edge go forward
+
+in the tree, forward edge.
+
+Does it go backward,
+backward edge.
+
+Does it grow between completely
+unrelated nodes, cross edge.
+
+OK.
+
+Now let me ask another question.
+
+Let's suppose we do
+this DFS thing again,
+
+but let's suppose we do
+it on an undirected graph.
+
+What types of edges do I have?
+
+Anyone remember off
+the top of their heads?
+
+Don't think so, right?
+
+So let's do it and find out.
+
+So let me see where
+do I get some room.
+
+Here.
+
+Let's write the tree
+that's we're going to go.
+
+So let's do a VFS of this
+quickly and write the tree.
+
+So we start at A, then what?
+
+Then?
+
+Then?
+
+D. E.
+
+AUDIENCE: And go back to
+D. It could go from C to A.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we have C to A. What
+kind of edge is this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Backward edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we still have tree edges
+for sure and backward edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do
+you get from C to A?
+
+PROFESSOR: This was supposed
+to happen way before.
+
+So we went A, B, C, and
+then when we were at C, oh.
+
+Sorry.
+
+My bad.
+
+So we went from A to
+B, B to C, and then A
+
+was the first thing
+in C's adjacency list.
+
+So we saw this back edge.
+
+So C to D, D to E, D to F.
+
+AUDIENCE: E to F?
+
+Or F to C?
+
+PROFESSOR: And then F to C.
+So what kind of edge is this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Backward.
+
+PROFESSOR: So none
+of these guys.
+
+And then we're all the
+way back at A, right?
+
+A to-- oh.
+
+Sorry.
+
+No we're not done.
+
+So C to D, D to E, D to F, then
+we're back at C. And C to G.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's supposed
+to be a line between C and F?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I guess I can't copy.
+
+One, two, three, four, five,
+six, seven, eight, nine.
+
+One, two, three, four, five,
+six, seven, eight, nine.
+
+Now it's right.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+So what am I missing?
+
+Edge from C to G.
+What kind of edge?
+
+AUDIENCE: C and G?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we have tree edges and
+we have backward edges.
+
+What do we not have?
+
+Forward edges and
+cross edges, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: You need one from
+A to G. A and G are related.
+
+PROFESSOR: What edge is this?
+
+Cool.
+
+Thanks.
+
+AUDIENCE: You never add
+those, though, right?
+
+You just see that A was in the
+parent's list, and be like, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So for all the edges
+that are not tree edges,
+
+DFS doesn't actually
+follow them.
+
+We just care about them
+because other algorithms
+
+care about them.
+
+They let you compute
+fancy things on the graph.
+
+OK.
+
+So are we good with the types?
+
+So why can't I have
+a forward edge?
+
+So there are two types
+of edges I can't have,
+
+cross edges and forward edges.
+
+Why can't I have a forward edge?
+
+On an undirected graph?
+
+So in order to have
+a forward edge,
+
+I would have to go C, D, F.
+And then not follow this edge.
+
+I mean not see this edge here.
+
+Right?
+
+If this edge would
+be undirected,
+
+I would say, hey, it goes from
+F to C. It's a background edge.
+
+So I would have seen this edge
+when I would have been in C.
+
+So I'm comparing this
+tree with this tree,
+
+and trying to figure out
+why they're different.
+
+How does a forward
+edge look like?
+
+You have a node u, then you
+have some more tree stuff.
+
+And from here, you got to v.
+And then when you're at v,
+
+you didn't see the edge.
+
+Right?
+
+Because if you
+would have seen it,
+
+it would have been
+a background edge.
+
+So you can only see the
+edge from u to v later on.
+
+So this is tree edges,
+a bunch of tree edges,
+
+and this is a forward edge.
+
+In an undirected
+graph, this never
+
+happens because
+when you're at v,
+
+you're going to see the edge.
+
+And you're going to mark
+it as a backward edge.
+
+So forward edges
+can ever happen.
+
+Yes?
+
+No?
+
+Is everyone happy?
+
+So cross edges.
+
+Why can't they happen?
+
+A cross edge can never
+happen because in order
+
+for a cross edge to happen,
+I would have to go A, B, C,
+
+visit C's children, then go
+up and go somewhere else.
+
+And then see this edge.
+
+But, hey, when I was at C,
+why didn't I see this edge?
+
+Why did I only see it later?
+
+If it's an undirected graph,
+I would see this edge here
+
+and it would be a forward edge.
+
+Sorry.
+
+A tree edge, because
+that would take it.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So is it just
+when you're-- is it just
+
+because it's the way you
+traverse in DFS or would it
+
+apply generally to VFS as well?
+
+PROFESSOR: VFS doesn't
+have forward and backward.
+
+Yeah.
+
+VFS is completely different.
+
+So these are all DFS
+terms, purely DFS.
+
+OK.
+
+So no forward edges,
+no cross edges.
+
+And if you forget which
+ones you can and can't have,
+
+now you know how to reason
+about it quickly and remember.
+
+Yes?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is DFS.
+
+Are we all happy with DFS?
+
+Let's talk about
+topological sorting then.
+
+Because it's really useful.
+
+It's one of the few algorithms
+that is really useful
+
+and that you might have
+to write yourself later.
+
+So suppose these are classes.
+
+So let's get back to
+this oriented thing
+
+and suppose these are classes.
+
+And the edges show
+prerequisites.
+
+So A is a prerequisite
+of B. Like say A is 601
+
+and B is 6006.
+
+And you have to take 601
+before you take 6006.
+
+Otherwise you will cry during
+programming assignments.
+
+So what we want
+to do is these are
+
+all the classes you
+need to graduate.
+
+We need to come up with an
+order in which you can take them
+
+so that when you take a class,
+you took all the prerequisites.
+
+So you don't cry while
+you're taking that class.
+
+How do we do that?
+
+And let's use this
+graph as an example.
+
+AUDIENCE: Use a directed
+graph that's acyclic?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Is this graph acyclic?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what then?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So if the
+graph has a cycle,
+
+you can't solve the problem.
+
+It has no solution.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like
+those cardboard boxes
+
+that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's really annoying.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know
+the cardboard box problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+You know those cardboard
+boxes with the four flaps
+
+when you close them, and
+they close like-- Yeah.
+
+Those are so annoying.
+
+That's just what
+this reminds me of.
+
+That's all.
+
+Continue.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+a cycle there,
+
+so you can't just
+put them in an order.
+
+Right?
+
+You have to violate the
+repeating variance somehow.
+
+And you do that by
+twisting the edges.
+
+So if we had classes A, B, C,
+you cannot take them in any
+
+order.
+
+Right?
+
+If you take A first, you would
+need C. If you take B first,
+
+you would need A. If you take
+C first, you would need B.
+
+So you can't start
+with any of them.
+
+So if you have a
+cycle in a graph,
+
+it's not a dependency graph.
+
+You can't compute dependencies.
+
+So topological sorts only
+works on cyclic graphs.
+
+So acyclic graph.
+
+And what else?
+
+So a dependency graph is
+a special kind of graph.
+
+And I'm looking for
+three fancy words.
+
+You already have two.
+
+So we have acyclic
+and we have graph.
+
+Directed.
+
+So you have to
+have a directed, so
+
+that you know which
+class goes first.
+
+Needs to be acyclic,
+otherwise there's no solution.
+
+Needs to be a graph,
+because that's
+
+what we're talking about.
+
+So the shortening
+for this is a DAG.
+
+OK.
+
+How do you compute an order?
+
+So say we remove that edge.
+
+How do we compute an order?
+
+AUDIENCE: You run DFS and
+then print out the reverse.
+
+PROFESSOR: And then
+print out the reverse?
+
+AUDIENCE: Of your final output.
+
+PROFESSOR: Which is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Your final output?
+
+You want me to do it on a graph?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can tell me
+how to change the codes, too.
+
+So I'm not sure what-- you said
+print the reverse of something,
+
+but what's that thing?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I go
+down a path, right,
+
+until you've hit
+all the nodes, then
+
+basically you start
+from the last node
+
+you visited and print
+out the reverse of that.
+
+Go back to the first node.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you're saying I go
+A, B, C, D, E, and then
+
+I print E, D, C, B, A?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+Because that wouldn't
+hit all the nodes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+He's on the right track, by
+the way, so that's why we're--
+
+AUDIENCE: You go
+A, B, C, D, E, F,
+
+G, and you print G,
+F, E, D, C, B, A.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so we print
+them in the reverse.
+
+So you're printing them in
+the order in which you're
+
+done with them after DFS?
+
+No.
+
+You're printing them
+in the reverse order
+
+of the order which
+you visited them?
+
+So you visited A,
+B, C, D, E, F, G,
+
+so you're saying print
+G, F, E, D, C, B, A.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Because in lecture
+wasn't it flipped,
+
+so if an arrow points from
+A to B then A depends on B.
+
+And we're looking at
+the other way around.
+
+In lecture, based
+on the graph you
+
+gave, if the arrow goes from
+A to B, then A depends on B.
+
+PROFESSOR: If the arrow
+goes from A to B, then what?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're saying A
+is a prerequisite for B and G,
+
+then we just sweep from
+left to right and say,
+
+I have to do this.
+
+And then those two.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+They have to--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the order that--
+because when you're doing DFS,
+
+you recurse.
+
+It's the order that they
+finished the recurse.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You have the right answer.
+
+I'm just trying to build
+out the annotation for it.
+
+I'm pretty sure this
+is the right way.
+
+I can look at this,
+but I can't promise you
+
+that this is the right
+way because I coded it
+
+and it works.
+
+So no.
+
+This is the right way.
+
+Yes.
+
+This is the right way
+to represent them.
+
+So forward edge
+means B depends on A.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's figure
+out how we do this.
+
+Let's do this in
+pseudo-code and then build
+
+the intuition for it.
+
+So you said reverse of
+the finishing times.
+
+So let's build a list
+that has all the nodes
+
+in the order of their
+finishing times.
+
+So let's build a list finished
+that is empty at first.
+
+Then I'm going to add
+all the nodes in the list
+
+as I'm done with them.
+
+And then I'll reverse the list.
+
+Where do I add
+nodes to the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the check.
+
+Line 2.75.
+
+PROFESSOR: Not quite.
+
+So line 4.
+
+So I'm adding them in the order
+in which I'm done with them.
+
+So when I'm about to
+leave a node completely,
+
+I'll add it to that list.
+
+Which node?
+
+What's the name?
+
+AUDIENCE: V.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then where can
+I reverse the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: Line 4 of the first--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How would I do this?
+
+r dot finished dot reverse.
+
+Like this?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+that's OK in Python.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so, too.
+
+So this will give me
+a topological sort.
+
+Let's figure out why
+this works intuitively.
+
+Yes?
+
+So while we're building
+the topological sort,
+
+while we're building the
+inverse of the final list.
+
+So the first thing
+that we put in the list
+
+is the last class
+we're going to take.
+
+So as I go forward
+in this graph,
+
+my VFS is going to go A, B, C,
+D, E. There's nothing after E.
+
+And it's done with E.
+
+So this means there is no class
+that depends on E. Otherwise,
+
+DFS would keep recursing.
+
+So E is the last class I take.
+
+If I take this last, there's
+definitely no dependencies
+
+that I'm violating.
+
+All right?
+
+So it's safe to start with E.
+
+Now I'm out of E, I'm back to D.
+I go from D to F, I print that.
+
+Let's not worry about
+this for a little bit.
+
+And let's go back
+to D. When DFS comes
+
+back, it's going
+to print D. So I
+
+know that by the
+time DFS is out,
+
+I printed all the classes
+that depend on D. Right?
+
+So when I'm at D,
+whenever I have forward
+
+edges that I
+haven't visited yet,
+
+I will call DFS visit on them.
+
+DFS visit returns before
+I can get out of D.
+
+So all the edges that depend
+on D have been printed.
+
+Sorry.
+
+All the nodes that depend
+on D have been printed.
+
+So when I get out of D, I
+know that all the nodes that
+
+depend on D have
+been printed, so it's
+
+safe to print D.
+This is the intuition
+
+behind topological sort.
+
+So you can build sort of an
+induction proof based on this.
+
+So whenever I'm here, I
+assume that all the nodes
+
+that I have forward edges to
+are somewhere in my results.
+
+So I can include my nodes.
+
+So this means that whenever
+you put a node here,
+
+all the nodes that have
+forward edges to this node
+
+have already been output.
+
+So this means that no
+dependency relationships
+
+are going to be violated.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's keep building
+this and see the result.
+
+So D, E, F, we get
+out of B. We get out
+
+of C. What do we do here?
+
+Print C, right?
+
+What classes depend on C?
+
+D, E, and F. I had
+a tree edge to D.
+
+I had DFS visit here, so I
+know that all the classes that
+
+depend on C because they
+depend on D have been output.
+
+And then I have a
+forward edge on F.
+
+So I didn't recurse
+from C to F, but I
+
+know that has been
+covered somewhere.
+
+Right?
+
+Forward edge means that
+I've already seen it in DFS,
+
+and that I've already
+returned from it.
+
+So it has already been printed.
+
+So I'm going to write this.
+
+Now I get out of C. I get out of
+B. I go into G. I get out of B,
+
+and I go into A. And I go
+out of A, and I print it.
+
+OK.
+
+So I have tree edges
+that I can handle.
+
+So these are all tree edges.
+
+And the reason that topological
+sorting works on tree edges
+
+is that I call DFS
+visit on the tree edge,
+
+and I know it returns
+by the time I return.
+
+So I know that
+whatever's underneath
+
+that tree has
+already been printed.
+
+I have forward edges that
+will just take me forward
+
+in the DFS.
+
+So I know that by the
+time I return from a node,
+
+I've already returned
+from all the nodes
+
+that I have forward
+edges to because they're
+
+lower in the tree.
+
+Right?
+
+Forward edges work like this.
+
+So by the time
+I'm out of C, I've
+
+definitely printed F. Now I have
+this cross edge from G to C.
+
+A cross edge means that there
+is no direct relationship here,
+
+but I've already visited C. If
+there's no direct relationship,
+
+it means that for sure
+I'm done visiting C
+
+and I've returned so
+that I can get to G.
+
+So there's some common
+parent between C and G.
+
+I'm already done with C, and
+I've returned to that parent.
+
+And then I went to G.
+
+So all the nodes that are
+pointed to my cross edges
+
+have also been printed
+in topological sort.
+
+OK.
+
+Now what about back edges?
+
+What if I had a back edge?
+
+What if I had this back
+edge between C and A?
+
+What happens then?
+
+If I had a back edge, then that
+would break topological sort.
+
+Right?
+
+Because this is
+saying that hey, you
+
+should print A
+before you print C.
+
+But I know that I'm going
+to come out of C way
+
+before I have a chance
+to come out of A.
+
+So if I have a back edge,
+topological sort doesn't work.
+
+When do I have a back edge?
+
+When I have a cycle.
+
+So this is why I don't
+care about back edges.
+
+Back edges [INAUDIBLE] cycles.
+
+So back edge means I
+have a path forward.
+
+And I have a path backward.
+
+That does a cycle.
+
+OK.
+
+There's an awful
+lot of silence here.
+
+Does everything makes sense or?
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Nope?
+
+Everyone's happy?
+
+So you don't need to
+reason about this formally.
+
+Just remember the intuition that
+the reason we're printing them
+
+in this order is
+the first thing you
+
+print is the last class
+you're going to take.
+
+Because for sure there are
+no dependencies left on it,
+
+otherwise DFS would
+keep recursing.
+
+And then there's that recursive
+structure that makes this work.
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CAKSh3M0y8k.txt b/CAKSh3M0y8k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fb71e0ebfc1573d2affe508daf636042b1e75b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CAKSh3M0y8k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we come to the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to the place where
+uh arithmetic modulo n or remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arithmetic modulo n or remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arithmetic modulo n or remain
+arithmetic starts to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic starts to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic starts to be a little bit
+different and that involves taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and that involves taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and that involves taking
+inverses and canceling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and canceling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and canceling
+let's look at that so first of all we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that so first of all we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that so first of all we've
+already observed that we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed that we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed that we have these
+basic congruence rules that if a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic congruence rules that if a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic congruence rules that if a and b
+are congruent and c and d are congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are congruent and c and d are congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are congruent and c and d are congruent
+then a plus c and b plus d are congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a plus c and b plus d are congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a plus c and b plus d are congruent
+a times c and b times d are congruent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times c and b times d are congruent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times c and b times d are congruent so
+that's the sense in which arithmetic mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense in which arithmetic mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense in which arithmetic mod
+n is a lot like ordinary arithmetic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is a lot like ordinary arithmetic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is a lot like ordinary arithmetic but
+here's the main difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the main difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the main difference
+let's look at this one 8 times 2 is 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one 8 times 2 is 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one 8 times 2 is 16
+which means it's congruent to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's congruent to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's congruent to 6
+mod 10 which is the same as 3 times 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 10 which is the same as 3 times 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 10 which is the same as 3 times 2.
+so 8 times 2 is congruent to 3 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 8 times 2 is congruent to 3 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 8 times 2 is congruent to 3 times 2
+and you'd be tempted maybe to cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd be tempted maybe to cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd be tempted maybe to cancel the
+twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos
+and what happens then well then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens then well then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens then well then you
+could discover that you think that 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could discover that you think that 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could discover that you think that 8 is
+congruent to 3 mod 10 which it ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to 3 mod 10 which it ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to 3 mod 10 which it ain't
+so in short you can't cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short you can't cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short you can't cancel
+arbitrarily you can't cancel 2 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily you can't cancel 2 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily you can't cancel 2 in this
+case in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in particular
+so that leaves naturally the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leaves naturally the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leaves naturally the question
+when can you cancel a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can you cancel a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can you cancel a number
+uh when you can you cancel a number k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you can you cancel a number k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you can you cancel a number k
+when both sides of an equality are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both sides of an equality are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both sides of an equality are
+multiplied by k and i'd like to cancel k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by k and i'd like to cancel k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by k and i'd like to cancel k
+and the answer is simple when k has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is simple when k has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is simple when k has no
+common factors with the modulus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factors with the modulus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factors with the modulus n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the proof of that is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of that is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of that is based on the
+following idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following idea
+let's say that a number k prime is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that a number k prime is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that a number k prime is an
+inverse of k mod n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of k mod n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of k mod n
+if k prime times k is congruent to 1 mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k prime times k is congruent to 1 mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k prime times k is congruent to 1 mod
+n so k prime is like 1 over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so k prime is like 1 over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so k prime is like 1 over k
+with respect to mod n but of course 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to mod n but of course 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to mod n but of course 1
+over k is going to be a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k is going to be a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k is going to be a fraction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+unless k is 1. and so k prime is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless k is 1. and so k prime is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless k is 1. and so k prime is going
+to be an integer that simply acts like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an integer that simply acts like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an integer that simply acts like 1
+over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how are we going to prove this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to prove this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to prove this and
+it's going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out to be
+an easy consequence of the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy consequence of the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy consequence of the fact that the
+gcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd
+is a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination
+so how am i going to prove find this k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how am i going to prove find this k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how am i going to prove find this k
+prime that's an inverse of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that's an inverse of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that's an inverse of k
+well remember given the gcd of k and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember given the gcd of k and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember given the gcd of k and n
+is 1 i have a linear combination of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 i have a linear combination of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 i have a linear combination of k
+and n is one so s times k plus t times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is one so s times k plus t times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is one so s times k plus t times n
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+but if you stare at that for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stare at that for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stare at that for a moment
+what that means is that k prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that k prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that k prime
+is simply the coefficient s of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the coefficient s of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the coefficient s of k
+so all you have to do is apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you have to do is apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all you have to do is apply the
+pulverizer to k and n to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer to k and n to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer to k and n to get the
+coefficient s of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient s of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient s of k
+in the linear combination of s of k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear combination of s of k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear combination of s of k and
+n that's equal to 1. let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's equal to 1. let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's equal to 1. let's look at that
+slightly more carefully and see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more carefully and see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more carefully and see what's
+going on i have that s k plus t n is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on i have that s k plus t n is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on i have that s k plus t n is one
+so that means in particular since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means in particular since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means in particular since
+they're equal they're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal they're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal they're certainly
+congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent
+uh to each other modulo n s k plus t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to each other modulo n s k plus t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to each other modulo n s k plus t n
+is congruent to one mod n but n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is congruent to one mod n but n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is congruent to one mod n but n is
+congruent to zero mod n so it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to zero mod n so it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to zero mod n so it this
+becomes t times zero and we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes t times zero and we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes t times zero and we're left with
+s k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s k
+congruent to one mod n which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod n which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod n which is exactly
+the definition of s being an inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of s being an inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of s being an inverse of
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i can also cancel k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also cancel k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can also cancel k
+if it's relatively prime to n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's relatively prime to n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's relatively prime to n and the
+reason is that if i have a k equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that if i have a k equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that if i have a k equivalent
+to b k mod n and and uh and the gcd of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b k mod n and and uh and the gcd of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b k mod n and and uh and the gcd of k
+n is 1 then i have this k prime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 1 then i have this k prime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 1 then i have this k prime that's
+an inverse of k so i just multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse of k so i just multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse of k so i just multiply both
+sides by the inverse of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by the inverse of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by the inverse of k
+namely k prime and i get that the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely k prime and i get that the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely k prime and i get that the left
+hand side is a times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a times k
+k inverse and the right hand side is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k inverse and the right hand side is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k inverse and the right hand side is b
+times k k inverse and of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times k k inverse and of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times k k inverse and of course that's
+a times 1 is equivalent to b times 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times 1 is equivalent to b times 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times 1 is equivalent to b times 1 and
+so a is congruent to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is congruent to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is congruent to b
+mod n so i can cancel in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n so i can cancel in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n so i can cancel in that case
+trivially and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially and uh
+and in fact you can work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you can work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you can work out the
+converse implications the punch line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse implications the punch line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse implications the punch line of
+this is well first of all this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well first of all this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well first of all this is the
+cancellation rule you can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation rule you can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation rule you can cancel
+providing that the gcd of k and n is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that the gcd of k and n is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that the gcd of k and n is one
+that k is relatively prime to n so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k is relatively prime to n so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k is relatively prime to n so this
+is the summary k is cancelable mod n if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the summary k is cancelable mod n if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the summary k is cancelable mod n if
+and only if k has an inverse mod n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if k has an inverse mod n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if k has an inverse mod n
+if and only if the gcd of k and n is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the gcd of k and n is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the gcd of k and n is 1
+which i can restate as k is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can restate as k is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can restate as k is relatively
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+and that's the story
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CDUH8T6Yg8A.txt b/CDUH8T6Yg8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a3e73d147a4e8051e9edba1064085fe63471d1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CDUH8T6Yg8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+If we want our system to be modular and expandable,
+how should its design accommodate components
+
+that the user might add at a later time?
+
+For many years the approach was to provide
+a way to plug additional printed circuit boards
+
+into the main "motherboard" that holds the
+CPU, memory, and the initial collection of
+
+I/O components.
+
+The socket on the motherboard connects the
+circuitry on the add-in card to the signals
+
+on the motherboard that allow the CPU to communicate
+with the add-in card.
+
+These signals include power and a clock signal
+used to time the communication, along with
+
+the following.
+
+* Address wires to select different communication
+end points on the add-in card.
+
+The end points might include memory locations,
+control registers, diagnostic ports, etc.
+
+* Data wires for transferring data to and
+from the CPU.
+
+In older systems, there would many data wires
+to support byte- or word-width data transfers.
+
+* Some number of control wires that tell the
+add-in card when a particular transfer has
+
+started and that allow the add-in card to
+indicate when it has responded.
+
+If there are multiple slots for plugging in
+multiple add-in cards, the same signals might
+
+be connected to all the cards and the address
+wires would be used to sort out which transfers
+
+were intended for which cards.
+
+Collectively these signals are referred to
+as the system bus.
+
+"Bus" is system-architect jargon for a collection
+of wires used to transfer data using a pre-determined
+
+communication protocol.
+
+Here's an example of how a bus transaction
+might work.
+
+The CLK signal is used to time when signals
+are placed on the bus wires (at the assertion
+
+edge of CLK) and when they're read by the
+recipient (at the sample edge of the CLK).
+
+The timing of the clock waveform is designed
+to allow enough time for the signals to propagate
+
+down the bus and reach valid logic levels
+at all the receivers.
+
+The component initiating the transaction is
+called the bus master who is said to "own"
+
+the bus.
+
+Most buses provide a mechanism for transferring
+ownership from one component to another.
+
+The master sets the bus lines to indicate
+the desired operation (read, write, block
+
+transfer, etc.), the address of the recipient,
+and, in the case of a write operation, the
+
+data to be sent to the recipient.
+
+The intended recipient, called the slave,
+is watching the bus lines looking for its
+
+address at each sample edge.
+
+When it sees a transaction for itself, the
+slave performs the requested operation, using
+
+a bus signal to indicate when the operation
+is complete.
+
+On completion it may use the data wires to
+return information to the master.
+
+The bus itself may include circuitry to look
+for transactions where the slave isn't responding
+
+and, after an appropriate interval,
+generate an error response so the master can
+
+take the appropriate action.
+
+This sort of bus architecture proved to be
+a very workable design for accommodating add-in
+
+cards as long as the rate of transactions
+wasn't too fast, say less than 50 Mhz.
+
+But as system speeds increased, transaction
+rates had to increase to keep system performance
+
+at acceptable levels, so the time for each
+transaction got smaller.
+
+With less time for signaling on the bus wires,
+various effects began loom large.
+
+If the clock had too short a period, there
+wasn't enough time for the master to see the
+
+assertion edge, enable its drivers,
+have the signal propagate down a long bus
+
+to the intended receiver and be stable at
+each receiver for long enough before the sample
+
+edge.
+
+Another problem was that the clock signal
+would arrive at different cards at different
+
+times.
+
+So a card with an early-arriving clock might
+decide it was its turn to start driving the
+
+bus signals, while a card with a late-arriving
+clock might still be driving the bus from
+
+the previous cycle.
+
+These momentary conflicts between drivers
+could add huge amounts of electrical noise
+
+to the system.
+
+Another big issue is that energy would reflect
+off all the small impedance discontinuities
+
+caused by the bus connectors.
+
+If there were many connectors, there would
+be many small echoes which would could corrupt
+
+the signal seen by various receivers.
+
+The equations in the upper right show how
+much of the signal energy is transmitted and
+
+how much is reflected at each discontinuity.
+
+The net effect was like trying to talk very
+fast while yelling into the Grand Canyon.
+
+The echoes could distort the message beyond
+recognition unless sufficient time was allocated
+
+between words for the echoes to die away.
+
+Eventually buses were relegated to relatively
+low-speed communication tasks and a different
+
+approach had to be developed for high-speed
+communication.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CLaRAzHxJGo.txt b/CLaRAzHxJGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..742df4c5baffc78df8461bb4937650c47be11367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CLaRAzHxJGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we'll see how analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll see how analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll see how analytics
+can be used to predict the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to predict the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to predict the outcomes of
+cases in the United States Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the United States Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the United States Supreme Court
+this seems like a very unconventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very unconventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very unconventional
+use of analytics but in 2002 a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of analytics but in 2002 a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of analytics but in 2002 a group of
+political science and law academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science and law academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science and law academics
+decided to test if a model can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to test if a model can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to test if a model can do better
+than a group of experts at predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a group of experts at predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a group of experts at predicting
+the decisions of the Supreme Court in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions of the Supreme Court in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions of the Supreme Court in
+this case a very interpretable analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a very interpretable analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a very interpretable analytics
+method was used called classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was used called classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was used called classification
+and regression trees the legal system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regression trees the legal system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regression trees the legal system of
+the United States operates at the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States operates at the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States operates at the state
+level and at the federal or countrywide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and at the federal or countrywide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and at the federal or countrywide
+level the federal level is necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the federal level is necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the federal level is necessary to
+deal with cases beyond the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with cases beyond the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with cases beyond the scope of
+state law like disputes between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state law like disputes between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state law like disputes between states
+and violations of federal laws the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and violations of federal laws the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and violations of federal laws the
+federal court is divided into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal court is divided into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal court is divided into three
+levels district courts circuit courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels district courts circuit courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels district courts circuit courts
+and the Supreme Court cases start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Supreme Court cases start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Supreme Court cases start at the
+district courts where an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts where an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts where an initial
+decision is made about the case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is made about the case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is made about the case the
+circuit courts hear appeals from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts hear appeals from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts hear appeals from the
+district courts and can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts and can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts and can change the
+decision that was made the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that was made the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that was made the Supreme Court
+is the highest level in the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest level in the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest level in the American
+legal system and makes the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system and makes the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system and makes the final
+decision on cases the Supreme Court of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on cases the Supreme Court of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on cases the Supreme Court of
+the United States consists of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States consists of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States consists of nine
+judges or justices who are appointed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges or justices who are appointed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges or justices who are appointed by
+the president this image shows the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president this image shows the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president this image shows the nine
+Supreme Court justices from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court justices from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court justices from the time
+period in 1994 through 2005 this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in 1994 through 2005 this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in 1994 through 2005 this was the
+longest period of time with the same set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest period of time with the same set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest period of time with the same set
+of justices in over a hundred and eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justices in over a hundred and eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justices in over a hundred and eighty
+years the people appointed a Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the people appointed a Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the people appointed a Supreme
+Court justices are usually distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court justices are usually distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court justices are usually distinguished
+judges professors of law or state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges professors of law or state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges professors of law or state or
+federal attorneys the Supreme Court of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal attorneys the Supreme Court of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal attorneys the Supreme Court of
+the United States or SCOTUS decides on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States or SCOTUS decides on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States or SCOTUS decides on
+the most difficult and controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficult and controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most difficult and controversial
+cases in the United States these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the United States these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the United States these cases
+often involve an interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often involve an interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often involve an interpretation of the
+Constitution and have significant social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and have significant social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and have significant social
+political and economic consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there have been many significant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been many significant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been many significant and
+groundbreaking decisions made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbreaking decisions made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbreaking decisions made by the
+Supreme Court these are a few notable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court these are a few notable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court these are a few notable
+decisions that were made in 1942 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that were made in 1942 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that were made in 1942 the
+Supreme Court decided on the Wickard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court decided on the Wickard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court decided on the Wickard
+versus filburn case this case recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus filburn case this case recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus filburn case this case recognized
+the power of the federal government to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the federal government to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the federal government to
+regulate economic activity philburn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate economic activity philburn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate economic activity philburn was
+a farmer who was growing wheat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer who was growing wheat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer who was growing wheat for
+on-farm consumption however the US had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-farm consumption however the US had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-farm consumption however the US had
+established limits on wheat production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established limits on wheat production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established limits on wheat production
+and filburn was exceeding those limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filburn was exceeding those limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filburn was exceeding those limits
+so even though the extra wheat he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though the extra wheat he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though the extra wheat he was
+producing was for his own use and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing was for his own use and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing was for his own use and he had
+no intention of selling it he was forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intention of selling it he was forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intention of selling it he was forced
+to destroy it in 1973 the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy it in 1973 the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy it in 1973 the Supreme Court
+decided on the Roe versus Wade case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the Roe versus Wade case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the Roe versus Wade case one
+of the most well known cases to this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most well known cases to this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most well known cases to this day
+they decided to legalize abortion and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to legalize abortion and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to legalize abortion and by
+doing this prompted a national debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this prompted a national debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this prompted a national debate
+that continues today about the legality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continues today about the legality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continues today about the legality
+of abortion in 2000 the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abortion in 2000 the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abortion in 2000 the Supreme Court
+actually decided the outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decided the outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decided the outcome of the
+presidential election the race was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential election the race was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential election the race was so
+close in the state of Florida that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in the state of Florida that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in the state of Florida that a
+recount of the ballots was required but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount of the ballots was required but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount of the ballots was required but
+the Florida Secretary of State certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Florida Secretary of State certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Florida Secretary of State certified
+that President Bush was the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that President Bush was the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that President Bush was the winner
+before the recount could be completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the recount could be completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the recount could be completed
+the case then went to the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case then went to the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case then went to the Supreme Court
+where it was ruled that all ballots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was ruled that all ballots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was ruled that all ballots
+needed to be recounted but since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be recounted but since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be recounted but since this
+could not be done before the winner had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be done before the winner had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be done before the winner had
+to be declared President Bush won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be declared President Bush won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be declared President Bush won the
+state of Florida and thus the presidency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Florida and thus the presidency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Florida and thus the presidency
+a very recent case from 2012 dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very recent case from 2012 dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very recent case from 2012 dealt with
+the Patient Protection and Affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Patient Protection and Affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Patient Protection and Affordable
+Care Act commonly called Obamacare which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Act commonly called Obamacare which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Act commonly called Obamacare which
+requires most Americans to have health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires most Americans to have health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires most Americans to have health
+insurance the Supreme Court upheld this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance the Supreme Court upheld this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance the Supreme Court upheld this
+requirement since nonprofits voters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement since nonprofits voters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement since nonprofits voters and
+anybody interested in long-term planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody interested in long-term planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody interested in long-term planning
+can benefit from knowing the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can benefit from knowing the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can benefit from knowing the outcomes of
+the Supreme Court cases before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court cases before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court cases before they
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+legal academics and political scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal academics and political scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal academics and political scientists
+regularly make predictions of Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly make predictions of Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly make predictions of Supreme
+Court decisions from detailed studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court decisions from detailed studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court decisions from detailed studies of
+the cases and individual justices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases and individual justices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases and individual justices in
+2002 Andrew Martin a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 Andrew Martin a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 Andrew Martin a professor of
+political science at Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science at Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science at Washington
+University in Saint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Saint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Saint
+Louis decided to instead predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis decided to instead predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis decided to instead predict
+decisions using a statistical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions using a statistical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions using a statistical model
+built from data together with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from data together with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from data together with his
+colleagues he decided to test the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues he decided to test the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues he decided to test the model
+against a panel of experts they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a panel of experts they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a panel of experts they wanted
+to see if an analytical model could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if an analytical model could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if an analytical model could
+outperform the expertise an intuition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the expertise an intuition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the expertise an intuition of
+a large group of experts Martin used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large group of experts Martin used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large group of experts Martin used a
+method called classification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called classification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called classification and
+regression trees or cart in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees or cart in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees or cart in this case
+the outcome is binary will the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is binary will the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is binary will the Supreme
+Court affirmed the case or reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court affirmed the case or reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court affirmed the case or reject the
+case he could have used logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case he could have used logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case he could have used logistic
+regression for this but logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for this but logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression for this but logistic
+regression models are not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models are not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models are not easily
+interpretable the model coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable the model coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable the model coefficients in
+logistic regression indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression indicate the
+importance and relative effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and relative effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and relative effect of
+variables but do not give a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but do not give a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but do not give a simple
+explanation of how a decision is made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of how a decision is made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of how a decision is made in
+this lecture we'll discuss the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we'll discuss the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we'll discuss the method of
+cart and a related method called random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and a related method called random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart and a related method called random
+forests we will then see if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests we will then see if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests we will then see if these
+methods can actually outperform experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can actually outperform experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods can actually outperform experts
+in predicting the outcome of Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in predicting the outcome of Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in predicting the outcome of Supreme
+Court cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CdBoRHRRG1A.txt b/CdBoRHRRG1A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b108c0e3e1cc43e9b09667cd2b0ffa83d2634f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CdBoRHRRG1A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9224 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Opera that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Opera that's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Opera that's a good one
+that's good was Opera yes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Opera no it wasn't Vagner uh um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera no it wasn't Vagner uh um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera no it wasn't Vagner uh um but it's
+a good guess it's certainly Verismo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good guess it's certainly Verismo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good guess it's certainly Verismo
+style way over the top that was Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style way over the top that was Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style way over the top that was Maria
+Callis singing la mama Mora from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callis singing la mama Mora from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callis singing la mama Mora from uh
+Andrea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrea
+shener which was written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shener which was written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shener which was written in
+1895 and premiered in the spring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 and premiered in the spring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 and premiered in the spring of
+1896 exactly at the time when the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1896 exactly at the time when the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1896 exactly at the time when the world
+was going nuts over this mysterious form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going nuts over this mysterious form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going nuts over this mysterious form
+of radiation that could see inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation that could see inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation that could see inside the
+human body so uh I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body so uh I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body so uh I uh
+I thought that was a good good match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was a good good match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was a good good match
+things Best Best in Class that's Maria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Best Best in Class that's Maria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Best Best in Class that's Maria
+Callis this is Opera for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callis this is Opera for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callis this is Opera for those of you
+who don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't like
+Opera listen to this this by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera listen to this this by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera listen to this this by the way
+some of you may recognize if you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may recognize if you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may recognize if you saw the
+movie Philadelphia this is the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Philadelphia this is the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Philadelphia this is the piece
+that's playing when the Tom Hanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's playing when the Tom Hanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's playing when the Tom Hanks
+character visits the loft of the excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character visits the loft of the excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character visits the loft of the excuse
+me the Denzel Washington character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the Denzel Washington character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the Denzel Washington character
+visits the loft of the Tom Hanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits the loft of the Tom Hanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits the loft of the Tom Hanks
+character and this is playing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and this is playing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and this is playing it's a
+fantastic piece way over the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic piece way over the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic piece way over the top and
+this is Maria Callis who was the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Maria Callis who was the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Maria Callis who was the woman
+that restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that restored
+melodrama to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama to
+Opera it's fantastic so go and listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera it's fantastic so go and listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera it's fantastic so go and listen to
+it enjoy it and there's Bertha rin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enjoy it and there's Bertha rin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enjoy it and there's Bertha rin's
+hand reminding us of the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand reminding us of the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand reminding us of the fact that you
+always irradiate the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always irradiate the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always irradiate the one you
+love okay so uh I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love okay so uh I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love okay so uh I have a few
+announcements uh next week a week from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements uh next week a week from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements uh next week a week from
+today there will be no lecture instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there will be no lecture instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there will be no lecture instead
+celebration of learning celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of learning celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of learning celebration
+number two uh Wednesday the 27th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh Wednesday the 27th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh Wednesday the 27th
+coverage through today's lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage through today's lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage through today's lecture we'll
+go through uh the generation of x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through uh the generation of x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through uh the generation of x-rays
+but we won't touch anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't touch anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't touch anything to do with
+uh the use of X-rays and indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the use of X-rays and indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the use of X-rays and indexing
+crystals brags law any of that stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals brags law any of that stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals brags law any of that stuff so
+anything we talk about today I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we talk about today I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we talk about today I think is
+fair game and we'll go back to uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game and we'll go back to uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game and we'll go back to uh the uh
+early part so I think last time we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part so I think last time we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part so I think last time we set
+up until the until the 22nd so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the until the 22nd so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the until the 22nd so I'm going
+to say the 22nd is fair games and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the 22nd is fair games and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the 22nd is fair games and we
+started talking about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about the properties of
+ionic compounds and uh electron transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic compounds and uh electron transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic compounds and uh electron transfer
+octet stability so we'll go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability so we'll go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability so we'll go through all
+of these we've covered a fair bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we've covered a fair bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we've covered a fair bit of
+ground and we'll end with x-ray Spectre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and we'll end with x-ray Spectre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and we'll end with x-ray Spectre
+but not brags law okay so uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not brags law okay so uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not brags law okay so uh second
+thing I want to remind people that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to remind people that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to remind people that uh
+we've been getting I had a staff meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been getting I had a staff meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been getting I had a staff meeting
+yesterday many of my recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday many of my recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday many of my recitation
+instructors said that some of you are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors said that some of you are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors said that some of you are P
+puzzled to learn that there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled to learn that there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled to learn that there's more than
+one book The text is in fact three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one book The text is in fact three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one book The text is in fact three
+volumes and right now now the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and right now now the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and right now now the X-ray
+readings are coming from this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are coming from this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are coming from this volume
+here called the course supplement so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called the course supplement so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called the course supplement so you
+need to be aware of that and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware of that and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware of that and also uh
+some of the best materials in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best materials in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best materials in the
+archive notes on the web and also all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive notes on the web and also all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive notes on the web and also all of
+these images that I show they get posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images that I show they get posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images that I show they get posted
+as well so some of you are feverishly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so some of you are feverishly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so some of you are feverishly
+taking notes and that's good but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking notes and that's good but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking notes and that's good but uh if
+you missed something you can go and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed something you can go and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you missed something you can go and uh
+take it off the website as well uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off the website as well uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off the website as well uh last
+point that came out of the um staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that came out of the um staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that came out of the um staff
+meeting last night um a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting last night um a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting last night um a number of people
+are becoming tardy about taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming tardy about taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming tardy about taking the
+weekly quizzes you're allowed to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly quizzes you're allowed to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly quizzes you're allowed to miss
+the weekly quiz for either health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekly quiz for either health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekly quiz for either health
+reasons or some crisis in the family but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons or some crisis in the family but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons or some crisis in the family but
+uh not because you just decided to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not because you just decided to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not because you just decided to sleep
+in or you decided You' like to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or you decided You' like to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or you decided You' like to take it
+at a later time so I'm giving the ta's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later time so I'm giving the ta's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later time so I'm giving the ta's
+discretion to deny you uh the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion to deny you uh the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion to deny you uh the right to
+take a makeup unless it's proper I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a makeup unless it's proper I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a makeup unless it's proper I'm not
+asking that you come with medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that you come with medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that you come with medical
+certificate or anything but we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or anything but we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or anything but we'll take
+you on your honor but I do expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your honor but I do expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your honor but I do expect you to
+take those uh tests when they're offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those uh tests when they're offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those uh tests when they're offered
+if you can't take it on the day you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't take it on the day you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't take it on the day you can
+take a makeup up to one week after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a makeup up to one week after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a makeup up to one week after that
+we we want to close the books on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to close the books on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to close the books on it and
+we're not going to allow you as is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to allow you as is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to allow you as is the
+practice in other classes to throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in other classes to throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in other classes to throw away
+your your bottom two or three scores if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your bottom two or three scores if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your bottom two or three scores if
+you don't take them you'll get zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take them you'll get zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take them you'll get zeros and
+that gets averaged into your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets averaged into your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets averaged into your homework
+grade you know I want you to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you know I want you to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you know I want you to have the
+discipline of weekly uh homework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of weekly uh homework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of weekly uh homework and
+weekly homework quizzes so uh I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly homework quizzes so uh I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly homework quizzes so uh I know the
+recitation instructors are uh announcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructors are uh announcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation instructors are uh announcing
+this but but I want you to hear it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but I want you to hear it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but but I want you to hear it from
+me as well so it's only good it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as well so it's only good it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as well so it's only good it's it's
+it's good for your mental health to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for your mental health to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for your mental health to take
+those tests you know it keeps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests you know it keeps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tests you know it keeps you
+sharp okay so uh last day we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp okay so uh last day we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp okay so uh last day we talked
+about renen and uh the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renen and uh the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renen and uh the discovery of
+x-rays renen was working in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays renen was working in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays renen was working in this
+Laboratory um studying gas discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory um studying gas discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory um studying gas discharge
+tubes and his special take was high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and his special take was high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and his special take was high
+voltage and low pressure and under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and low pressure and under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and low pressure and under these
+circumstances he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances he was
+generating uh unbeknown to him until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uh unbeknown to him until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uh unbeknown to him until the
+night of November 88th 1895 photons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of November 88th 1895 photons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of November 88th 1895 photons of
+wavelength approximately one angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength approximately one angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength approximately one angstrom
+and um we looked at the uh relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we looked at the uh relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we looked at the uh relevant
+physics and concluded that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and concluded that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and concluded that we could
+explain the generation of x-rays by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the generation of x-rays by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the generation of x-rays by this
+energy level diagram which is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram which is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram which is the energy
+level diagram of the target this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram of the target this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram of the target this is the
+anode remember the gas discharge tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode remember the gas discharge tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode remember the gas discharge tube
+has a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a
+cathode which is charged negatively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode which is charged negatively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode which is charged negatively and
+electrons are made to boil off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are made to boil off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are made to boil off the
+cathode Accelerate from rest and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode Accelerate from rest and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode Accelerate from rest and they
+crash into the anode over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash into the anode over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash into the anode over here and we
+think when these electrons crash into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when these electrons crash into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when these electrons crash into
+the anode they cause a set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anode they cause a set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anode they cause a set of uh
+operations that ultimately result in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that ultimately result in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that ultimately result in the
+emission of photons in the X region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of photons in the X region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of photons in the X region of
+the spectrum so this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so this is the energy
+levels of the element here in the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the element here in the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the element here in the target
+and we reason that these incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reason that these incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reason that these incident
+electrons coming with the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming with the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming with the kinetic energy
+imparted by acceleration voltages in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted by acceleration voltages in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted by acceleration voltages in the
+range of tens of thousands of volts have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of tens of thousands of volts have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of tens of thousands of volts have
+enough energy to come in and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy to come in and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy to come in and actually
+dislodge come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge come in and
+dislodge inner shell electrons and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge inner shell electrons and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge inner shell electrons and in
+the extreme even n equals one kshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme even n equals one kshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme even n equals one kshell
+electrons and when that happens there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and when that happens there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and when that happens there is
+vacancies that invite a Cascade so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies that invite a Cascade so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies that invite a Cascade so we
+have a Cascade of electrons in the anode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Cascade of electrons in the anode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Cascade of electrons in the anode
+Target from higher levels down to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target from higher levels down to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target from higher levels down to lower
+levels and as you know going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and as you know going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and as you know going back to the
+early part of 3091 when electrons move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of 3091 when electrons move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early part of 3091 when electrons move
+from high energy to low energy photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high energy to low energy photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high energy to low energy photons
+are emitted and these photons are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are emitted and these photons are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are emitted and these photons are the
+source of the x-rays these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the x-rays these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the x-rays these are the
+x-rays here so we saw that if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays here so we saw that if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays here so we saw that if we had a
+vacancy in the kshell we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy in the kshell we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy in the kshell we could get
+electron moving from L shell down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron moving from L shell down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron moving from L shell down to
+kshell and such a photon was termed a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell and such a photon was termed a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell and such a photon was termed a k
+Alpha Photon K because the photon came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon K because the photon came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon K because the photon came
+from an electron Cascade into the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an electron Cascade into the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an electron Cascade into the K
+shell Alpha because it came from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell Alpha because it came from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell Alpha because it came from one
+shell above K there's a slight chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell above K there's a slight chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell above K there's a slight chance
+that the photon excuse me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photon excuse me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photon excuse me that the
+electron may fall from Nal 3 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron may fall from Nal 3 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron may fall from Nal 3 down to
+nals 1 that's a greater energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 1 that's a greater energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 1 that's a greater energy
+difference and we will get a k Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we will get a k Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we will get a k Photon
+but K beta K beta indicating that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but K beta K beta indicating that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but K beta K beta indicating that the
+photon fell to K from two levels up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon fell to K from two levels up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon fell to K from two levels up and
+I even just to complete the picture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even just to complete the picture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even just to complete the picture I
+put K gamma while if there's vacancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K gamma while if there's vacancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put K gamma while if there's vacancies
+in the K shell if we have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the K shell if we have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the K shell if we have enough energy
+to dislodge electrons from from kshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dislodge electrons from from kshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dislodge electrons from from kshell
+we certainly have enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly have enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly have enough energy to
+dislodge electrons from L shell vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge electrons from L shell vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge electrons from L shell vacancy
+here would invite a Cascade from Nal 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would invite a Cascade from Nal 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would invite a Cascade from Nal 3
+to Nal two this would be L Alpha because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nal two this would be L Alpha because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nal two this would be L Alpha because
+L is the destination shell Alpha meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the destination shell Alpha meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the destination shell Alpha meaning
+you came from one shell above and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came from one shell above and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came from one shell above and the
+event that you fall from two shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that you fall from two shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that you fall from two shells
+above Nal 4 down to Nal 2 this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Nal 4 down to Nal 2 this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Nal 4 down to Nal 2 this will be
+an L beta Photon and thus thus was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L beta Photon and thus thus was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L beta Photon and thus thus was the
+way we left it last day and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we left it last day and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we left it last day and the last
+thing was that the instant energy values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was that the instant energy values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was that the instant energy values
+here and therefore the instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore the instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore the instant
+wavelengths are determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are determined by the
+chemical identity of the target if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity of the target if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical identity of the target if I
+change the composition of the target I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the composition of the target I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the composition of the target I
+have a different internal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different internal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different internal energy
+structure and I'll get a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'll get a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'll get a different set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+emissions so that's what was that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so that's what was that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so that's what was that's what
+was left at the end of last day so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was left at the end of last day so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was left at the end of last day so now
+the question is is there a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is there a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is there a quantitative
+relationship between any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between any of this
+specifically is there a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is there a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is there a quantitative
+relationship between the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the chemical
+identity of the Target and any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the Target and any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the Target and any of these
+wave lengths that are observed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave lengths that are observed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave lengths that are observed and the
+answer is yes and for that we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and for that we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and for that we go back to
+Manchester and the person of a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester and the person of a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester and the person of a young
+graduate student by the name of Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of Henry
+Mosley Henry Mosley he was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosley Henry Mosley he was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosley Henry Mosley he was a graduate
+student working under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student working under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student working under
+Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1914 and
+he was conducting a study what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was conducting a study what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was conducting a study what we call a
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic
+study systematic for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study systematic for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study systematic for those of you who
+intend to become graduate students I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to become graduate students I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend to become graduate students I
+want to let you know this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let you know this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to let you know this is a very
+dangerous word what systematic means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous word what systematic means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous word what systematic means
+it's polite talk for tons and tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polite talk for tons and tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's polite talk for tons and tons of
+measurements systematic his systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements systematic his systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements systematic his systematic
+study was to take the X-ray generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was to take the X-ray generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was to take the X-ray generator
+and change the chemical identity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the chemical identity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the chemical identity of the
+Target and he could conducted a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and he could conducted a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and he could conducted a study of
+no fewer than 38 elements 38 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fewer than 38 elements 38 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fewer than 38 elements 38 elements
+systematically changing the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically changing the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically changing the chemical
+identity of the Target and measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the Target and measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the Target and measuring the
+Spectrum the emission spectrum for 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the emission spectrum for 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the emission spectrum for 38
+elements he started as low as aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements he started as low as aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements he started as low as aluminum
+and went all the way up to Gold stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went all the way up to Gold stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went all the way up to Gold stopping
+38 places along the way and he measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 places along the way and he measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 places along the way and he measured
+the wavelengths of these X-rays and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths of these X-rays and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths of these X-rays and he
+found a pattern he found a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a pattern he found a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a pattern he found a pattern
+what he found was that as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he found was that as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he found was that as the as the
+molecular weight or as the atomics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight or as the atomics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight or as the atomics and
+we're just dealing with elements as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with elements as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with elements as the
+atomic weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weight
+Rose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose the
+wavelengths fell so I'm comparing apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths fell so I'm comparing apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths fell so I'm comparing apples
+and apples so let's say let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apples so let's say let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apples so let's say let's compare
+all of the K Alpha lines so the Lambda K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the K Alpha lines so the Lambda K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the K Alpha lines so the Lambda K
+Alpha would fall as the heavier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha would fall as the heavier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha would fall as the heavier and
+heavier elements were used and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements were used and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements were used and here is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+here's the plate from one of his papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plate from one of his papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plate from one of his papers
+this is a a beautiful piece of work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a beautiful piece of work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a beautiful piece of work here
+he's these are the photographic plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's these are the photographic plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's these are the photographic plates
+along the lines of uh the the the Balmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of uh the the the Balmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of uh the the the Balmer
+series only this is from the X region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series only this is from the X region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series only this is from the X region of
+the spectrum so here's calcium titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so here's calcium titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so here's calcium titanium
+vadium chromium manganese iron Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vadium chromium manganese iron Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vadium chromium manganese iron Cobalt
+nickel copper and brass here he's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel copper and brass here he's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel copper and brass here he's here's
+where he's going he there's calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's going he there's calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's going he there's calcium
+didn't have Scandium it was too rare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have Scandium it was too rare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have Scandium it was too rare and
+still to this day very very expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to this day very very expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to this day very very expensive so
+now he's moving across the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's moving across the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's moving across the the
+transition metals he get to copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals he get to copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals he get to copper and
+he can't use zinc for reasons I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't use zinc for reasons I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't use zinc for reasons I'm going
+to show you very shortly namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you very shortly namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you very shortly namely that the
+energy in that tube is so high that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in that tube is so high that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in that tube is so high that he's
+going to melt the zinc so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to melt the zinc so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to melt the zinc so he says
+instead I'll use brass which is an alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I'll use brass which is an alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I'll use brass which is an alloy
+of copper and zinc and uh so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper and zinc and uh so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper and zinc and uh so this is uh
+this is the data from his study and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data from his study and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data from his study and uh
+so here's the first line of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first line of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first line of the first
+page of the paper the author intends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the paper the author intends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the paper the author intends to
+make a General survey of the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a General survey of the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a General survey of the principal
+types of high frequency radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of high frequency radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of high frequency radiation
+examine the Spectre of a few elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the Spectre of a few elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the Spectre of a few elements in
+Greater detail results already obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater detail results already obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater detail results already obtained
+show that such data have an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that such data have an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that such data have an important
+bearing on the question of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing on the question of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing on the question of the internal
+structure of the atom and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom and further
+support the views of Rutherford and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the views of Rutherford and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the views of Rutherford and of
+bore this is what he's this is what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore this is what he's this is what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore this is what he's this is what he's
+putting up here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and
+uh what I want to show is that uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want to show is that uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want to show is that uh when
+he took his results this is what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his results this is what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his results this is what he
+found he tried to get a a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he tried to get a a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he tried to get a a better
+functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality
+of this relationship between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this relationship between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this relationship between uh
+wavelengths and atomic weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and atomic weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and atomic weights and
+here's what he found worked best he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what he found worked best he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what he found worked best he
+found that if he plotted not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that if he plotted not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that if he plotted not the
+wavelength but the wave number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but the wave number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but the wave number which
+we've seen before the wave number as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before the wave number as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen before the wave number as a
+function of proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of proton
+number and in fact the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and in fact the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and in fact the square of the
+proton number he got a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number he got a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number he got a linear
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and let's just say this is this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let's just say this is this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let's just say this is this would
+be L Alpha L beta K Alpha K beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be L Alpha L beta K Alpha K beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be L Alpha L beta K Alpha K beta and
+let's say you're at Copper so copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're at Copper so copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're at Copper so copper
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+29 squared so he would get a he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 squared so he would get a he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 squared so he would get a he would
+get data for the L Alpha line of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data for the L Alpha line of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data for the L Alpha line of copper
+the L beta line of copper K Alpha line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L beta line of copper K Alpha line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L beta line of copper K Alpha line
+of copper K beta line of copper he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper K beta line of copper he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper K beta line of copper he might
+not get all four lines for every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get all four lines for every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get all four lines for every element
+but he would take sets of data and plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would take sets of data and plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would take sets of data and plot
+them out and he found that if he plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and he found that if he plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and he found that if he plotted
+the reciprocal of the wavelength versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the wavelength versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the wavelength versus
+the square of the proton number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the proton number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the proton number the
+points lay on a line so over here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lay on a line so over here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lay on a line so over here would
+be aluminum and over here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aluminum and over here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aluminum and over here would
+be gold over here would be gold and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gold over here would be gold and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be gold over here would be gold and this
+was extremely important this changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely important this changed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely important this changed so
+much because look at what he's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because look at what he's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because look at what he's able to
+conclude here let's let's read his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude here let's let's read his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude here let's let's read his his
+paper here we have here a proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here we have here a proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here we have here a proof that
+there is in the atom a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the atom a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the atom a fundamental
+quantity which increases by Reg steps as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which increases by Reg steps as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which increases by Reg steps as
+we pass from one element to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass from one element to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pass from one element to the next
+this quantity can only be the charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be the charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be the charge on
+the central positive nucleus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central positive nucleus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central positive nucleus of the
+existence of which we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of which we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of which we have already
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+proof and remember when melay have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and remember when melay have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and remember when melay have
+enunciated the law of periodicity he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated the law of periodicity he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated the law of periodicity he
+said that the properties of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the properties of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the properties of the elements
+are a function of the atomic weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a function of the atomic weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a function of the atomic weight
+function of the atomic weight and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the atomic weight and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the atomic weight and people
+were perplexed by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perplexed by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perplexed by the fact that
+potassium is uh less massive than argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium is uh less massive than argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium is uh less massive than argon
+but no one would put argon under sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one would put argon under sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one would put argon under sodium
+but melev's law is that you arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but melev's law is that you arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but melev's law is that you arrange
+things by atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by atomic
+mass Cobalt and nickel are reversed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Cobalt and nickel are reversed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Cobalt and nickel are reversed what
+to do here's Mosley we are therefore led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here's Mosley we are therefore led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here's Mosley we are therefore led
+by experiment to view that n n his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experiment to view that n n his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experiment to view that n n his
+capital N is what we call proton number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is what we call proton number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is what we call proton number
+is the same as the number of the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the number of the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the number of the place
+occupied by the element in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by the element in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by the element in the periodic
+system this atomic number he's pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this atomic number he's pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this atomic number he's pointing
+the term this atomic number is then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term this atomic number is then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term this atomic number is then for
+hydrogen 1 for helium 2 for lithium 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 1 for helium 2 for lithium 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen 1 for helium 2 for lithium 3
+for calcium 20 for zinc 30 Etc we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calcium 20 for zinc 30 Etc we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calcium 20 for zinc 30 Etc we can
+confidently predict that in a few cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidently predict that in a few cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidently predict that in a few cases
+in which the order of the atomic weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the order of the atomic weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the order of the atomic weights
+a clashes with the atomic order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clashes with the atomic order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clashes with the atomic order the
+periodic system the chemical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic system the chemical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic system the chemical properties
+are governed by n while a itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are governed by n while a itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are governed by n while a itself
+probably a complicated function of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a complicated function of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a complicated function of n
+this is brilliant this is a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brilliant this is a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brilliant this is a graduate
+student in 1913
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correcting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting
+menal so what are the implications what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menal so what are the implications what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menal so what are the implications what
+are the implication so this proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implication so this proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implication so this proton
+number we're now going to give it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we're now going to give it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we're now going to give it it's
+due we're going to call it Z the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due we're going to call it Z the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due we're going to call it Z the atomic
+number this is the social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is the social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is the social security
+number of every atom the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of every atom the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of every atom the atomic
+number the atomic number so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the atomic number so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the atomic number so what's the
+significance of this paper first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this paper first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this paper first of all
+corrected Mev not to say that Mev was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected Mev not to say that Mev was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected Mev not to say that Mev was
+bad Mev was brilliant in what he did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Mev was brilliant in what he did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Mev was brilliant in what he did but
+there were a few things that melave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a few things that melave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a few things that melave
+couldn't account for so now we know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't account for so now we know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't account for so now we know in
+the post Mosley world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post Mosley world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post Mosley world that
+periodicity periodicity that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity periodicity that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity periodicity that is the
+periodic variation in properties is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic variation in properties is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic variation in properties is not
+a function of atomic mass it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of atomic mass it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of atomic mass it's no longer
+a function of atomic mass as perendev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of atomic mass as perendev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of atomic mass as perendev
+but rather a function of atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather a function of atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather a function of atomic number
+number function of atomic number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number function of atomic number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number function of atomic number okay
+and this now resolves the problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now resolves the problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this now resolves the problems with
+argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+potassium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium uh
+Cobalt Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt Cobalt
+nickel torium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel torium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel torium
+iodine these three were known these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine these three were known these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine these three were known these
+three were known and M of kept saying go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three were known and M of kept saying go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three were known and M of kept saying go
+and measure them again the atomic masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure them again the atomic masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure them again the atomic masses
+are wrong okay and he was right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong okay and he was right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong okay and he was right in
+certain instances they did find a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances they did find a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain instances they did find a number
+of in uh incorrect values but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in uh incorrect values but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in uh incorrect values but these
+weren't among that group and lastly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't among that group and lastly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't among that group and lastly a
+pair that they wouldn't have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that they wouldn't have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that they wouldn't have known
+uranium and neptunium are in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and neptunium are in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and neptunium are in the wrong
+order all right so you say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order all right so you say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order all right so you say okay well
+that's that's cute but let's let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's cute but let's let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's cute but let's let me show
+you something else by understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something else by understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something else by understanding that
+the atomic number is the critical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number is the critical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic number is the critical factor
+in determining where something belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining where something belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in determining where something belongs
+in the periodic table he was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periodic table he was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periodic table he was able to
+place the lanthanides if you look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the lanthanides if you look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the lanthanides if you look on
+those periodic tables from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those periodic tables from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those periodic tables from the early
+part of the 20th century they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 20th century they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 20th century they don't know
+where to put the lanthanides they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put the lanthanides they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put the lanthanides they're
+they're triail so they tend to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're triail so they tend to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're triail so they tend to put them
+under aluminum but maybe under scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under aluminum but maybe under scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under aluminum but maybe under scanning
+they don't know what to do with them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do with them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what to do with them so
+with this he was able to place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lanthanides and more importantly he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and more importantly he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides and more importantly he was
+able to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um
+predict predict that there are 14 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict predict that there are 14 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict predict that there are 14 of
+them there are 14 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are 14 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are 14 in
+all now how do you do that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now how do you do that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now how do you do that it's really
+simple lanthanum was discovered in 1839
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple lanthanum was discovered in 1839
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple lanthanum was discovered in 1839
+lanum was discovered in 1839 it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum was discovered in 1839 it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum was discovered in 1839 it has an
+atomic mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass of
+13891 and there are various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13891 and there are various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13891 and there are various other
+lanthanides that had been discovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides that had been discovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides that had been discovered and
+I'm going to put in luisium which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put in luisium which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put in luisium which had
+been discovered only recently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered only recently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered only recently in
+1907 and its atomic mass is 140
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+17497 so what what can I learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17497 so what what can I learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17497 so what what can I learn from this
+about how many elements lie between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many elements lie between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many elements lie between
+lanum luisium him it's anybody's guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum luisium him it's anybody's guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum luisium him it's anybody's guess
+but with Mosley Mosley comes along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with Mosley Mosley comes along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with Mosley Mosley comes along and
+he says this isn't the critical figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says this isn't the critical figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says this isn't the critical figure
+the critical figure is the atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical figure is the atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical figure is the atomic number
+I'm going to tell you because we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you because we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you because we can do
+the experiment and we can determine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and we can determine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and we can determine that
+lanum has an atomic mass of 57 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum has an atomic mass of 57 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanum has an atomic mass of 57 and
+luisium has an atomic mass of 71 now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luisium has an atomic mass of 71 now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luisium has an atomic mass of 71 now I
+ask you how many elements are there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you how many elements are there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you how many elements are there how
+many elements are there to be discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements are there to be discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements are there to be discovered
+with the atomic number everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the atomic number everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the atomic number everything is
+resolved in fact once you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in fact once you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved in fact once you know that the
+atomic number of uranium is 92 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number of uranium is 92 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number of uranium is 92 you can
+say with shity that there are 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with shity that there are 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with shity that there are 92
+naturally occurring elements up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring elements up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring elements up to
+uranium they couldn't do this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mosley and he kept going he didn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosley and he kept going he didn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mosley and he kept going he didn't stop
+with this who else was in town in 1913
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this who else was in town in 1913
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this who else was in town in 1913
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Manchester Neil's bore so Mosley looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester Neil's bore so Mosley looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester Neil's bore so Mosley looks
+at these data and he says I wonder if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these data and he says I wonder if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these data and he says I wonder if I
+can fit these data to a line so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit these data to a line so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit these data to a line so he said
+well B is in the building I'll go talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well B is in the building I'll go talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well B is in the building I'll go talk
+to bore and he says why don't I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bore and he says why don't I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bore and he says why don't I use a
+ridberg like equation and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg like equation and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg like equation and this is what
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+writes the new bar varies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes the new bar varies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes the new bar varies with the
+square of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the proton
+number in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the following
+manner R the ridberg constant 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner R the ridberg constant 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner R the ridberg constant 1 over N
+Final minus 1/ n initial each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final minus 1/ n initial each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final minus 1/ n initial each of them
+squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times
+z^ s but he knew those lines don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ s but he knew those lines don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ s but he knew those lines don't all
+go through the origin they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the origin they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the origin they don't go
+through the origin so it's Z minus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin so it's Z minus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin so it's Z minus some
+nonzero constant squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero constant squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero constant squared
+so wave number goes as the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wave number goes as the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wave number goes as the square of the
+proton number but there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number but there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number but there's a little
+little bit of an offset and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an offset and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an offset and this is
+called Mosley's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Mosley's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Mosley's
+law this is Mosley's law so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law this is Mosley's law so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law this is Mosley's law so it's a
+ridberg type equation it's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg type equation it's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg type equation it's essentially a
+bore at ation for the X-ray Spectre that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore at ation for the X-ray Spectre that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore at ation for the X-ray Spectre that
+he had measured and so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had measured and so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had measured and so for example you
+can you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can have a
+lman a lmon like series with the lman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lman a lmon like series with the lman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lman a lmon like series with the lman
+like series would be 2: one right Nal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like series would be 2: one right Nal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like series would be 2: one right Nal 2
+down to Nal 1 so that means that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Nal 1 so that means that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to Nal 1 so that means that's all
+of the K Alpha so the wave number of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the K Alpha so the wave number of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the K Alpha so the wave number of any
+K Alpha line is equal to if I plug in 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Alpha line is equal to if I plug in 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Alpha line is equal to if I plug in 1
+over 2^ 2 - 1 over uh 1^ 2 this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2^ 2 - 1 over uh 1^ 2 this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2^ 2 - 1 over uh 1^ 2 this will
+come out to give me 3/4 the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to give me 3/4 the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out to give me 3/4 the ridberg
+constant time Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time Z
+minus pardon me Z minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pardon me Z minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pardon me Z minus
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+squared well he he keeps going he keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well he he keeps going he keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well he he keeps going he keeps
+going let's see what he does uh he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let's see what he does uh he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let's see what he does uh he he
+goes through and he rewrote the thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and he rewrote the thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and he rewrote the thing in
+a slightly different form But ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different form But ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different form But ultimately
+if you read the highlighted passage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the highlighted passage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the highlighted passage here
+hence the frequency new varies as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the frequency new varies as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the frequency new varies as n
+minus k^2 and N for calcium is really 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k^2 and N for calcium is really 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k^2 and N for calcium is really 20
+then k equals 1 he solves for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then k equals 1 he solves for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then k equals 1 he solves for this thing
+huh solves for it and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh solves for it and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh solves for it and look at this
+little sort of very delicate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of very delicate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of very delicate uh
+extremely important statement but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important statement but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important statement but very
+you know typical British understatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typical British understatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typical British understatement
+uh there is good reason to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is good reason to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is good reason to believe that
+the X-ray Spectra with which we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray Spectra with which we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X-ray Spectra with which we are now
+dealing come from the innermost ring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing come from the innermost ring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing come from the innermost ring of
+electrons Oh Yeah from the innermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Oh Yeah from the innermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Oh Yeah from the innermost
+ring of electrons because he knows he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring of electrons because he knows he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring of electrons because he knows he's
+way down inside so Sigma equals 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down inside so Sigma equals 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down inside so Sigma equals 1 in
+this case 4 K Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 4 K Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 4 K Alpha
+for K Alpha and there's a Balmer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K Alpha and there's a Balmer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K Alpha and there's a Balmer like
+series Balmer Balmer this is to x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Balmer Balmer this is to x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Balmer Balmer this is to x-ray
+what Balmer was to hydrogen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Balmer was to hydrogen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Balmer was to hydrogen and that
+would be lines 3 to2 and if you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lines 3 to2 and if you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lines 3 to2 and if you do so
+that would be by definition the L alpas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be by definition the L alpas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be by definition the L alpas
+lines and that would be 1 over 3^ 2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and that would be 1 over 3^ 2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and that would be 1 over 3^ 2 - 1
+over 2^ 2 which gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2^ 2 which gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2^ 2 which gives you
+536 time R * Z minus Sigma s and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+536 time R * Z minus Sigma s and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+536 time R * Z minus Sigma s and it
+turns out that Sigma equals 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that Sigma equals 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that Sigma equals 7
+.4 for for L Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.4 for for L Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.4 for for L Alpha
+Series 7.4 for L Alpha Series so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series 7.4 for L Alpha Series so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series 7.4 for L Alpha Series so this is
+really good this is really good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good this is really good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good this is really good now
+let's go into the physics let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go into the physics let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go into the physics let's try to
+understand what is this Sigma where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is this Sigma where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is this Sigma where does
+it come from so for that let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come from so for that let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come from so for that let's look at
+let's look at this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this little
+cartoon here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon here's my
+kshell this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell this is
+kshell here's the L shell here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell here's the L shell here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kshell here's the L shell here's the the
+mshell now i' kshell I've got maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mshell now i' kshell I've got maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mshell now i' kshell I've got maximum
+I've got two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two electrons
+Max filled okay L shell I've got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max filled okay L shell I've got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max filled okay L shell I've got eight
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+Max and out here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and out here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and out here I've got
+18 electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 electrons
+Max let's look at first of all Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max let's look at first of all Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max let's look at first of all Sigma
+equals 1 that involves transitions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 that involves transitions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 that involves transitions from
+L down to K so for transitions from L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L down to K so for transitions from L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L down to K so for transitions from L
+down to K normally I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to K normally I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to K normally I've got two
+electrons in the uh n equals 1 shell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the uh n equals 1 shell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the uh n equals 1 shell if
+I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have
+Cascade one of these is missing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade one of these is missing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade one of these is missing there's
+a vacancy down here so let's go up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy down here so let's go up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy down here so let's go up here
+I've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 now the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 now the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 now the eight
+of these electrons are feeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons are feeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons are feeling the
+positive attraction of the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attraction of the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attraction of the nucleus
+mediated by the presence of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by the presence of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by the presence of the one
+electron so you see plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you see plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you see plus Z
+minus1 so we say that the ATT attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so we say that the ATT attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so we say that the ATT attractive
+Force attractive force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force attractive force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force attractive force of
+nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is
+mediated is mediated or we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated is mediated or we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated is mediated or we say the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+screens screens the attractive force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens screens the attractive force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens screens the attractive force of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus so the outer electrons are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so the outer electrons are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so the outer electrons are going
+to fall down don't get the full brunt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall down don't get the full brunt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall down don't get the full brunt of
+the positive force of the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive force of the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive force of the nucleus and
+there's only one electron here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one electron here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one electron here so it's
+instead of Z it's Z minus one makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Z it's Z minus one makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Z it's Z minus one makes
+sense makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense makes
+sense and how about let's do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and how about let's do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and how about let's do the next
+one the next one would be from 3 to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the next one would be from 3 to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the next one would be from 3 to two
+so out here I've got electrons if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out here I've got electrons if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out here I've got electrons if
+they're going to go from 3 to two I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go from 3 to two I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go from 3 to two I need
+at least one vacancy I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one vacancy I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one vacancy I could have a
+vacancy here so there's maybe instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy here so there's maybe instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy here so there's maybe instead of
+eight electrons there's seven right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight electrons there's seven right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight electrons there's seven right here
+there's either one or two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either one or two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either one or two electrons
+suppose there's two here and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's two here and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's two here and there's
+seven here that's nine suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven here that's nine suppose there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven here that's nine suppose there's
+only one here well 1 + 7 is 8 but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one here well 1 + 7 is 8 but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one here well 1 + 7 is 8 but maybe
+I've blown both of these out maybe I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've blown both of these out maybe I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've blown both of these out maybe I've
+blown more than one of these out so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown more than one of these out so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blown more than one of these out so you
+put it all together and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together and it turns out
+that the number has to be somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number has to be somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number has to be somewhere on
+the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+what 8 7 something like that and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 8 7 something like that and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 8 7 something like that and sure
+enough the number is 7.4 so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the number is 7.4 so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the number is 7.4 so there's a
+physical basis for the screening Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis for the screening Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical basis for the screening Factor
+the screening Factor Sigma is termed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening Factor Sigma is termed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screening Factor Sigma is termed the
+screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor the screening Factor defines a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the screening Factor defines a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor the screening Factor defines a z
+effective not the Z there's a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective not the Z there's a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective not the Z there's a z
+effective it's what's mediated and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's what's mediated and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it's what's mediated and to
+show you just to get a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just to get a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just to get a sense of how
+powerful Mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful Mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful Mosley
+was here's the thing I've told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here's the thing I've told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here's the thing I've told you that
+I've had it drilled into my head that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had it drilled into my head that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had it drilled into my head that
+the Lambda of copper K Alpha is 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda of copper K Alpha is 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda of copper K Alpha is 1.
+15418 angstroms there not many things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15418 angstroms there not many things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15418 angstroms there not many things I
+know to five significant figures I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to five significant figures I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to five significant figures I know
+my social security number to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my social security number to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my social security number to nine
+significant figures but I know this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures but I know this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures but I know this one
+to five significant figures and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five significant figures and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five significant figures and if you
+use Mosley's law Lambda of copper K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Mosley's law Lambda of copper K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Mosley's law Lambda of copper K
+Alpha from Mosley is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha from Mosley is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha from Mosley is
+1.54 six angstroms and the Delta here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.54 six angstroms and the Delta here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.54 six angstroms and the Delta here is
+0.3% 1/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% 1/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% 1/3 of
+1% one3 of 1% there's no question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% one3 of 1% there's no question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% one3 of 1% there's no question this
+man should have won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man should have won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man should have won the Nobel Prize
+no question he should have won it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question he should have won it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question he should have won it right
+away but he didn't he didn't Mosley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but he didn't he didn't Mosley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but he didn't he didn't Mosley was
+very politically active and he decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very politically active and he decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very politically active and he decided
+when World War I broke out to enlist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when World War I broke out to enlist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when World War I broke out to enlist in
+the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British
+Military and uh Rutherford was Furious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military and uh Rutherford was Furious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military and uh Rutherford was Furious
+Rutherford called the Secretary of War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford called the Secretary of War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford called the Secretary of War
+and tried to get Mosley a desk job keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to get Mosley a desk job keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to get Mosley a desk job keep
+in London and mosle uh refused so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and mosle uh refused so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and mosle uh refused so he
+ended up in the military and uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in the military and uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in the military and uh one of
+the major battles of uh World War I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major battles of uh World War I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major battles of uh World War I was
+the Battle of su La Bay which was part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Battle of su La Bay which was part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Battle of su La Bay which was part
+of The galipoli Campaign which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The galipoli Campaign which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The galipoli Campaign which was
+managed by none other than Winston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by none other than Winston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by none other than Winston
+Churchill this cost Churchill his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Churchill this cost Churchill his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Churchill this cost Churchill his
+political Capital it took him years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political Capital it took him years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political Capital it took him years to
+recover from the debacle of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from the debacle of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from the debacle of the uh
+Battle of galipoli there were a battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battle of galipoli there were a battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battle of galipoli there were a battle
+of su La Bay took a quarter of a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of su La Bay took a quarter of a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of su La Bay took a quarter of a million
+lives on the Allied side and about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on the Allied side and about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on the Allied side and about a
+third of a million lives on the Turkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a million lives on the Turkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a million lives on the Turkish
+side over half a million people killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over half a million people killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over half a million people killed
+in that uh campaign and on August August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh campaign and on August August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh campaign and on August August
+8th 1915 at the age of 27 Mosley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th 1915 at the age of 27 Mosley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th 1915 at the age of 27 Mosley was
+killed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed in
+action and U they don't give the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and U they don't give the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and U they don't give the Nobel
+Prize posum asly so uh no Nobel for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize posum asly so uh no Nobel for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize posum asly so uh no Nobel for this
+one of the most brilliant pieces of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most brilliant pieces of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most brilliant pieces of work
+in those early days of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those early days of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those early days of the 20th century
+bore said that World War I he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore said that World War I he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore said that World War I he called
+World War I a horrible spectacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War I a horrible spectacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War I a horrible spectacle
+inflicting great losses on Humanity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflicting great losses on Humanity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflicting great losses on Humanity but
+the number one loss to the world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one loss to the world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one loss to the world was
+Henry Gwyn Jeff Mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Gwyn Jeff Mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Gwyn Jeff Mosley
+so that's why you won't see Mosley's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you won't see Mosley's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you won't see Mosley's
+name among the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name among the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name among the physics
+nobelis well this is brilliant work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobelis well this is brilliant work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobelis well this is brilliant work is
+there any data what's the data well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any data what's the data well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any data what's the data well what
+should this look like if we take if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this look like if we take if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this look like if we take if we
+take this uh set of lines and we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh set of lines and we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh set of lines and we make a
+spectrum Spectrum will be intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum Spectrum will be intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum Spectrum will be intensity
+right intensity versus some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right intensity versus some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right intensity versus some energy
+coordinate okay so we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so we should have
+something that looks like this K Alpha K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this K Alpha K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this K Alpha K
+beta and then over here L Alpha L beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and then over here L Alpha L beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and then over here L Alpha L beta
+that's what it should look like and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it should look like and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it should look like and so
+just just to be clear we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to be clear we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to be clear we have an
+emission spectrum that is quantized it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission spectrum that is quantized it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission spectrum that is quantized it's
+quantized because the energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized because the energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized because the energy levels are
+quantized so we have a quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized so we have a quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized so we have a quantized
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+spectrum that's what we should expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's what we should expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's what we should expect to
+find it's a function of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's a function of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's a function of the atomic
+number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the
+specimen um and so we say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen um and so we say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen um and so we say that this
+spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is
+characteristic character istic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic character istic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic character istic of the
+target of the Target or of the anode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target of the Target or of the anode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target of the Target or of the anode and
+I I told you last day if I walked into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I told you last day if I walked into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I told you last day if I walked into a
+room and I saw an x-ray spectrum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I saw an x-ray spectrum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I saw an x-ray spectrum and I
+saw that this was 1.54 angstroms I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that this was 1.54 angstroms I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that this was 1.54 angstroms I'd go
+it's copper because as as Z changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's copper because as as Z changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's copper because as as Z changes so
+does the element in fact look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the element in fact look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the element in fact look at how
+sensitive this technique is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive this technique is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive this technique is it's
+additive look down here at Brass brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive look down here at Brass brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive look down here at Brass brass
+is an alloy of copper and zinc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an alloy of copper and zinc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an alloy of copper and zinc so
+there's the copper lines and in grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the copper lines and in grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the copper lines and in grass
+you see the copper lines and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the copper lines and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the copper lines and you see the
+zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+lines so by this technique I could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so by this technique I could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so by this technique I could give
+I could give you an alloy consisting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could give you an alloy consisting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could give you an alloy consisting of
+three elements and you could see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements and you could see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements and you could see from
+where those lines are what the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those lines are what the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those lines are what the elements
+must be that are present in the alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that are present in the alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that are present in the alloy
+and the relative intensity of the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative intensity of the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative intensity of the lines
+must be related to the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be related to the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be related to the relative
+concentrations of the constituents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the constituents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the constituents that
+are present this is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present this is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present this is so important
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+amazing amazing all right so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing all right so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing all right so let's look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+data here's the data this is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data here's the data this is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data here's the data this is the data
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+mbum uh now remember this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbum uh now remember this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbum uh now remember this is what we're
+expecting and this is what we've got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and this is what we've got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and this is what we've got so
+uh there's something else going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's something else going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's something else going on here
+it looks as though it looks as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks as though it looks as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks as though it looks as though
+what we have is a a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of looks like we've got a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like we've got a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like we've got a combination of
+this Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Plus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+this so we've got this is this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we've got this is this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we've got this is this here is
+our is our characteristic Spectrum all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is our characteristic Spectrum all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is our characteristic Spectrum all
+right it's as though our characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's as though our characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's as though our characteristic
+spectrum is imposed upon something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is imposed upon something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is imposed upon something else
+and this something else is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this something else is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this something else is continuous
+right there's no there's no break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no there's no break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no there's no break in
+this curve so this is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum this is a continuous Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum this is a continuous Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum this is a continuous Spectrum
+um there are various ways of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various ways of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various ways of describing
+this shape it's certainly asymmetric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape it's certainly asymmetric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape it's certainly asymmetric but
+since we're in New England we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in New England we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're in New England we call this
+whale shaped it's whale shaped see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale shaped it's whale shaped see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale shaped it's whale shaped see uh
+and it's got a very steep it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a very steep it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a very steep it's got a
+vertical rise here I want you to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rise here I want you to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rise here I want you to note
+the shape it's not just arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape it's not just arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape it's not just arbitrarily
+drawn it's a steep vertical rise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it's a steep vertical rise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it's a steep vertical rise and
+then an asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tail ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail ASM totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail ASM totic
+tail and of course a a maximum skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and of course a a maximum skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and of course a a maximum skewed
+asymmetrically um so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantized not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized not
+quantized and uh furthermore if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and uh furthermore if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and uh furthermore if you look
+at this uh figure carefully you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh figure carefully you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh figure carefully you'll see
+that there's a family of these there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a family of these there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a family of these there's a
+family of these and they're en they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of these and they're en they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of these and they're en they're
+enveloping one another they envelop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enveloping one another they envelop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enveloping one another they envelop one
+another as shown here so that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as shown here so that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another as shown here so that as the
+plate voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate voltage
+increases as the plate voltage increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as the plate voltage increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as the plate voltage increases
+the height increases and the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height increases and the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height increases and the minimum
+wavelength decreases so if this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength decreases so if this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength decreases so if this is if
+this is wavelength increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wavelength increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wavelength increasing
+from left to right this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right this means that
+energy is increasing from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is increasing from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is increasing from right to left
+which makes sense as you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense as you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense as you go to higher
+plate voltage you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate voltage you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate voltage you go to higher
+energies but what's going on here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but what's going on here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but what's going on here what's
+what's the physics of this spectrum oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physics of this spectrum oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physics of this spectrum oh
+by the way in in the highest one you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in in the highest one you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in in the highest one you see
+the k Alpha K beta designation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k Alpha K beta designation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k Alpha K beta designation if you
+didn't know what they were you just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what they were you just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what they were you just took
+that value of K Alpha it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of K Alpha it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of K Alpha it looks like it's
+around oh about 3/4 of an angstrom by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh about 3/4 of an angstrom by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around oh about 3/4 of an angstrom by my
+eyeballing it it looks like it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing it it looks like it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing it it looks like it's about
+3/4 of an angstrom and if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of an angstrom and if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of an angstrom and if you take the
+calculation of Mosley's law for Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of Mosley's law for Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of Mosley's law for Lambda
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mbum K Alpha you know that mbum Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbum K Alpha you know that mbum Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbum K Alpha you know that mbum Z equals
+42 for Molly Z equals 42 plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 for Molly Z equals 42 plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 for Molly Z equals 42 plug that in
+and you get 0.72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 0.72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 0.72
+angstrom so that seems to be okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so that seems to be okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so that seems to be okay so in
+other words Mosley's predicting the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words Mosley's predicting the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words Mosley's predicting the the
+Peaks and the peak by the way is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and the peak by the way is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and the peak by the way is you
+know I'm drawing a straight line like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm drawing a straight line like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm drawing a straight line like
+this but in reality these Peaks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but in reality these Peaks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but in reality these Peaks have
+some finite width because real materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite width because real materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite width because real materials
+are are not perfect and so there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not perfect and so there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not perfect and so there's going
+to be some variation in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some variation in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some variation in the in the
+spacing and the energies okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing and the energies okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing and the energies okay so what's
+going on here how can we explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here how can we explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here how can we explain this
+what's the underlying physics here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the underlying physics here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the underlying physics here well
+let's take a look here's a body centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look here's a body centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look here's a body centered
+cubic Crystal as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic Crystal as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic Crystal as is
+malib so let's say the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malib so let's say the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malib so let's say the plane of the
+table is the anode and the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the anode and the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the anode and the electrons are
+zooming in from the cathode in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in from the cathode in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in from the cathode in the
+ceiling so the electrons are coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling so the electrons are coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling so the electrons are coming down
+they're coming down and they're smashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming down and they're smashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming down and they're smashing
+into this and something's going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and something's going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and something's going on that
+causes the emission of x-rays in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the emission of x-rays in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the emission of x-rays in all
+directions and we've just seen what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and we've just seen what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and we've just seen what the
+what it's okay that's a good one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's okay that's a good one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's okay that's a good one you've
+seen in the central board there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the central board there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the central board there what
+those energies should be the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies should be the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies should be the discrete
+energies but let's see what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but let's see what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but let's see what else is
+going on I'm going to zoom in at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I'm going to zoom in at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I'm going to zoom in at the at
+the free surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+malinam here's body centered cubic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malinam here's body centered cubic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malinam here's body centered cubic and
+the electrons are coming in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are coming in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are coming in let's say
+electrons coming in from the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming in from the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming in from the top and
+electrons charge negatively and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons charge negatively and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons charge negatively and we know
+that this is net neutral but there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is net neutral but there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is net neutral but there's an
+electron cloud and so we've seen born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud and so we've seen born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud and so we've seen born
+repulsion in the past we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion in the past we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion in the past we're going to see
+it again the mutual repulsion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again the mutual repulsion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again the mutual repulsion of the
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+in the malum atom with the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the malum atom with the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the malum atom with the incident
+electron that's just arrived long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's just arrived long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's just arrived long
+distance from the cathode is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the cathode is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the cathode is going to
+cause some repulsion and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some repulsion and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some repulsion and it's going to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+deflection another electron might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection another electron might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection another electron might come
+in a little bit closer if it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit closer if it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit closer if it comes in
+closer it might be deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it might be deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it might be deflected
+more now when a charged particle changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now when a charged particle changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now when a charged particle changes
+Direction you know any particle forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you know any particle forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you know any particle forget
+charge particle a change in speed or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle a change in speed or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle a change in speed or a
+change in Direction represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Direction represents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Direction represents an
+acceler acceleration but when a charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceler acceleration but when a charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceler acceleration but when a charged
+particle accelerates that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerates that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerates that causes
+emission of radiation so every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of radiation so every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of radiation so every one of
+these changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes in
+Direction Change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Change of
+Direction Change of direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Change of direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Change of direction we
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+acceleration and that's point one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that's point one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and that's point one and
+point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+accelerating charge accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating charge accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating charge accelerating
+produces radiation because it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces radiation because it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces radiation because it's an
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+change so what kind of radiation every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what kind of radiation every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what kind of radiation every
+one of these comes off they give off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photon and different deflections mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and different deflections mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and different deflections mean
+different energy differences modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy differences modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy differences modest
+deflections modest difference intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections modest difference intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflections modest difference intense
+deflection intense difference you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection intense difference you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection intense difference you know
+might even get one that comes in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even get one that comes in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even get one that comes in sort of
+Al Rutherford that comes in and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Rutherford that comes in and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Rutherford that comes in and gets
+gets turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned around
+so what do we see that could explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see that could explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see that could explain
+what's going on here where we have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here where we have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here where we have at
+the one extreme this is very low this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one extreme this is very low this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one extreme this is very low this is
+high wavelength low energy so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high wavelength low energy so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high wavelength low energy so this is
+low energy this is low angle low angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy this is low angle low angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy this is low angle low angle
+deflection low angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection low angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection low angle
+deflection and this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and this is the most
+common this is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is the most common
+angle most common angle and over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle most common angle and over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle most common angle and over here is
+very high angle and there aren't many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high angle and there aren't many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high angle and there aren't many of
+them and we can't predict what this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we can't predict what this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we can't predict what this line
+is there's no way we can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's no way we can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's no way we can calculate that
+curve except for one point on it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve except for one point on it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve except for one point on it one
+point on it and that's the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on it and that's the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on it and that's the remote
+possibility that an electron comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that an electron comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that an electron comes in
+dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+on stops is captured by the malinam atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stops is captured by the malinam atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stops is captured by the malinam atom
+and gives up all of its kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives up all of its kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives up all of its kinetic energy
+and converts it to Photon energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts it to Photon energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and converts it to Photon energy and
+that one we can calculate for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we can calculate for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we can calculate for that one
+we know that if we take the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we take the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we take the energy of
+the incident electron the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident electron the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident electron the total
+energy total energy total kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy total energy total kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy total energy total kinetic energy
+is equal to what the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what the product of the
+charge on the electron times the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the electron times the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the electron times the plate
+voltage the charge on the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the charge on the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the charge on the electron is
+the elementary charge and convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elementary charge and convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elementary charge and convert that
+into the energy of the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the energy of the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the energy of the emitted
+Photon energy of the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy of the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy of the emitted
+Photon which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon which is equal to
+HC over Lambda if we do that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC over Lambda if we do that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HC over Lambda if we do that we can
+invert this and get the value for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this and get the value for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this and get the value for this
+point here which is Lambda shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here which is Lambda shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here which is Lambda shortest
+wavelength Lambda the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Lambda the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Lambda the shortest
+wavelength which is the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which is the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which is the to the
+wavelength represented by the conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength represented by the conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength represented by the conversion
+of the total kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total kinetic energy of the
+incident electron Lambda of the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electron Lambda of the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electron Lambda of the shortest
+wavelength then will equal HC over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then will equal HC over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then will equal HC over e
+time V and if you plug in plank constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time V and if you plug in plank constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time V and if you plug in plank constant
+speed of light Elementary charge you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light Elementary charge you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light Elementary charge you end
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+12,400 over plate voltage in angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 over plate voltage in angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 over plate voltage in angstroms
+you know I'm not fond of the nanometer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not fond of the nanometer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not fond of the nanometer I
+insist on using the angstrom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on using the angstrom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on using the angstrom and
+Defiance of system internasal so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defiance of system internasal so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defiance of system internasal so it's
+12,400 divided by plate voltage so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 divided by plate voltage so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,400 divided by plate voltage so you
+can see that if you have on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you have on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you have on the order of
+10,000 volts 10,000 volts will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 volts 10,000 volts will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 volts 10,000 volts will give you
+a shortest wavelength of 1.24 angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest wavelength of 1.24 angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest wavelength of 1.24 angstrom
+smack dab in the middle of the X region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack dab in the middle of the X region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smack dab in the middle of the X region
+of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum
+and that's what you're seeing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you're seeing up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you're seeing up here
+that's what you're seeing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're seeing up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're seeing up here
+there's another term for this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another term for this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another term for this phenomenon
+of changing directions and it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing directions and it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing directions and it comes from
+the idea that we're decelerating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're decelerating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're decelerating the
+incident electrons decelerating not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electrons decelerating not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electrons decelerating not by
+changing velocity but by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing velocity but by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing velocity but by changing
+direction and it's the German term brm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's the German term brm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's the German term brm
+strum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum
+brm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brm
+strum brim means uh brm means to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum brim means uh brm means to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strum brim means uh brm means to break
+as in putting on the brakes of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in putting on the brakes of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in putting on the brakes of your
+car brim means to break and STW is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car brim means to break and STW is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car brim means to break and STW is the
+word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for
+Ray stal means Ray so this literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray stal means Ray so this literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray stal means Ray so this literally
+means breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means breaking
+radiation it's the radiation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it's the radiation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it's the radiation from the
+breaking of the incident electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of the incident electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of the incident electrons
+breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation so the brem strolin plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so the brem strolin plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so the brem strolin plus the
+characteristic Spectrum uh give us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Spectrum uh give us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Spectrum uh give us what
+we see in the uh figure up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the uh figure up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the uh figure up
+here last topic I want to cover is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last topic I want to cover is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last topic I want to cover is uh
+something on instrumentation and safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on instrumentation and safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on instrumentation and safety
+instrumentation and safety a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and safety a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and safety a number of
+you approached me after the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approached me after the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approached me after the last lecture
+and asked with incredulity how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked with incredulity how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked with incredulity how could
+these people work with these generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people work with these generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people work with these generators
+uh exposed to x-rays these were clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exposed to x-rays these were clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exposed to x-rays these were clear
+glass tubes emanating in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass tubes emanating in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass tubes emanating in all directions
+x-rays well the answer is it was unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays well the answer is it was unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays well the answer is it was unsafe
+and many of them died as a result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them died as a result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them died as a result of a
+radiation exposure because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exposure because they didn't
+know at the time what was going on so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the time what was going on so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the time what was going on so I
+want to show you several things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you several things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you several things that
+that have been done in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been done in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been done in order to make
+things a little bit safer um and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit safer um and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit safer um and also to
+be more efficient and what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more efficient and what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more efficient and what I'm going to
+show you is the design by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is the design by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is the design by
+coolage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolage in
+1913 and coolage made the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 and coolage made the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 and coolage made the following
+improvements and uh I think I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and uh I think I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and uh I think I've got a
+cartoon up here this is taken from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon up here this is taken from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon up here this is taken from one
+of your readings out of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your readings out of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your readings out of the uh
+supplement this is out of the Stout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement this is out of the Stout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement this is out of the Stout and
+yansen uh book so this is figure 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yansen uh book so this is figure 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yansen uh book so this is figure 1.5
+what I did is I turned it on its side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did is I turned it on its side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did is I turned it on its side so
+it would look like all of our gas tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like all of our gas tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like all of our gas tubes
+every gas tube I've ever drawn for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every gas tube I've ever drawn for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every gas tube I've ever drawn for you
+has the anode on the right so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the anode on the right so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the anode on the right so just to
+orient it I I I lay it on its side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient it I I I lay it on its side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient it I I I lay it on its side and
+so the anodes on the right the cathodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the anodes on the right the cathodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the anodes on the right the cathodes
+on the left and now what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and now what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and now what I want to do is
+is highlight what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highlight what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highlight what the what the
+improvements have been so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements have been so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements have been so the first
+thing that kulage did is he used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that kulage did is he used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that kulage did is he used a
+Bonafide vacuum tube Bonafide vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide vacuum tube Bonafide vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide vacuum tube Bonafide vacuum
+tube he got the gas pressure way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube he got the gas pressure way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube he got the gas pressure way way
+down and this did two things first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this did two things first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this did two things first of
+all of all there's no glow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all there's no glow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all there's no glow in the
+visible and secondly it's a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and secondly it's a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and secondly it's a much higher
+efficiency because when you have glow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because when you have glow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because when you have glow
+what it means is that some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that some of those
+electrons leaving the cathode are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons leaving the cathode are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons leaving the cathode are not
+getting to the anode they're colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the anode they're colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the anode they're colliding
+with gas molecules and consuming their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas molecules and consuming their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas molecules and consuming their
+energy so by the time they get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so by the time they get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so by the time they get to the
+anoe they don't have enough punch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anoe they don't have enough punch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anoe they don't have enough punch to
+kick out intershell electrons so vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out intershell electrons so vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out intershell electrons so vacuum
+tube is a is an improvement the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is a is an improvement the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is a is an improvement the second
+thing is hot cathode hot cathode what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is hot cathode hot cathode what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is hot cathode hot cathode what
+happens with a hot cathode you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with a hot cathode you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with a hot cathode you know you
+have to rip the electrons out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rip the electrons out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rip the electrons out of the
+cathode and the electrons are bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode and the electrons are bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode and the electrons are bound so
+if you raise the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise the temperature of the
+cathode the thermal energy then weakens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode the thermal energy then weakens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode the thermal energy then weakens
+the bonds and so it takes less kulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds and so it takes less kulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds and so it takes less kulic
+Force to rip the electrons out now how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to rip the electrons out now how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to rip the electrons out now how's
+he going to heat the cathode let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he going to heat the cathode let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he going to heat the cathode let's think
+about this you can't use a torch because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you can't use a torch because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you can't use a torch because
+you got a vacuum inside so a torch won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a vacuum inside so a torch won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a vacuum inside so a torch won't
+work in a vacuum so I wonder maybe if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a vacuum so I wonder maybe if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a vacuum so I wonder maybe if I
+pass the current and sure enough what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the current and sure enough what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the current and sure enough what he
+does is he's got a second power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is he's got a second power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is he's got a second power supply
+you see here's the anode over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here's the anode over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here's the anode over here
+here's the cathode and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the cathode and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the cathode and there's the
+30,000 40,000 volts between the cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 40,000 volts between the cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 40,000 volts between the cathode
+and the anode the electrons boil off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anode the electrons boil off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anode the electrons boil off
+here and zoom from left to right he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and zoom from left to right he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and zoom from left to right he's
+got a second little circuit here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a second little circuit here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a second little circuit here you can
+put more than one electrical signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more than one electrical signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more than one electrical signal
+through uh an item so let's put a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh an item so let's put a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh an item so let's put a second
+circuit through here and this circuit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit through here and this circuit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit through here and this circuit's
+a little heater circuit and all it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little heater circuit and all it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little heater circuit and all it does
+is it makes this cathode filament um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it makes this cathode filament um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it makes this cathode filament um
+through Jewel heating raise its temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Jewel heating raise its temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Jewel heating raise its temp
+temperature and that makes the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that makes the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that makes the electrons
+less tightly bound and so it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less tightly bound and so it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less tightly bound and so it's easier to
+boil them off so the hot cathode by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil them off so the hot cathode by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil them off so the hot cathode by
+raising raising temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising raising temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising raising temperature
+reduces reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces reduces
+binding of the electrons and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of the electrons and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of the electrons and you're
+trying to get rid of them the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of them the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get rid of them the third
+thing he did was water cooling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he did was water cooling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he did was water cooling water
+cooling you've got all of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling you've got all of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling you've got all of these uh
+electrons they've zoomed across at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they've zoomed across at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they've zoomed across at an
+acceleration voltage of of 30 40 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration voltage of of 30 40 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration voltage of of 30 40 50,000
+volts they're crash crash crash crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts they're crash crash crash crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts they're crash crash crash crash
+hitting that copper malib inum anode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that copper malib inum anode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that copper malib inum anode
+what's where's that kinetic energy going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's where's that kinetic energy going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's where's that kinetic energy going
+some of it's going into light and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's going into light and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's going into light and some
+of it's going into heat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's going into heat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's going into heat and the
+temperature of this anode is rising to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of this anode is rising to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of this anode is rising to
+the point where you could melt this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you could melt this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you could melt this so
+what kulage did is he put the anode on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kulage did is he put the anode on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kulage did is he put the anode on a
+hearth and the Hearth is copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearth and the Hearth is copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearth and the Hearth is copper and
+underneath there's water running through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there's water running through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there's water running through
+copper tubing so by water cooling he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper tubing so by water cooling he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper tubing so by water cooling he's
+able to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep the
+he's able to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able to keep the
+uh the anode cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the anode cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the anode cool so
+dissipate dissipate Heat and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate dissipate Heat and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipate dissipate Heat and the second
+thing remember um renken used pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing remember um renken used pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing remember um renken used pulse
+power it was eight times a second Bam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it was eight times a second Bam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it was eight times a second Bam
+Bam Bam Bam if you've got water cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bam Bam Bam if you've got water cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bam Bam Bam if you've got water cooling
+now you can go to continuous power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can go to continuous power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can go to continuous power
+dissipated heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated heat and
+allowed for continuous current flow if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for continuous current flow if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for continuous current flow if
+you got continuous current that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got continuous current that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got continuous current that means
+you got continuous x-ray emission you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got continuous x-ray emission you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got continuous x-ray emission you
+don't want want an x-ray flash bulb you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want want an x-ray flash bulb you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want want an x-ray flash bulb you
+want an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an x-ray
+beam and the last thing last thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the last thing last thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the last thing last thing he
+did is probably the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is probably the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is probably the most important thing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh he put lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he put lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he put lead
+shielding which I've indicated in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding which I've indicated in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding which I've indicated in yellow
+he put lead shielding and burum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put lead shielding and burum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put lead shielding and burum
+windows burum windows for efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows burum windows for efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows burum windows for efficiency and
+Lead shielding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lead shielding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lead shielding for
+safety okay now let's think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety okay now let's think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety okay now let's think about it
+let's think about why why why we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about why why why we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about why why why we would
+choose these why would you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these why would you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these why would you choose
+lead for the shielding and burum for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead for the shielding and burum for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead for the shielding and burum for the
+window uh for that I decided why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window uh for that I decided why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window uh for that I decided why don't
+we go back to our friend the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to our friend the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to our friend the periodic
+table look at where brillium and Lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table look at where brillium and Lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table look at where brillium and Lead
+lie on the periodic table verillium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on the periodic table verillium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on the periodic table verillium is
+the lightest practical element hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightest practical element hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightest practical element hydrogen
+and helium are gases and lithium as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium are gases and lithium as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium are gases and lithium as a
+metal is unstable in moist air brillium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is unstable in moist air brillium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is unstable in moist air brillium
+is the first me metal that can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first me metal that can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first me metal that can be used
+sensibly in our atmosphere and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibly in our atmosphere and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibly in our atmosphere and look at
+lead lead is down here and remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lead is down here and remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lead is down here and remember it's
+1913 so forget about the actinides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 so forget about the actinides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 so forget about the actinides so
+you got bismuth polonium and EST statine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got bismuth polonium and EST statine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got bismuth polonium and EST statine
+so lead is effectively the heaviest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lead is effectively the heaviest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lead is effectively the heaviest
+practical element why would you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical element why would you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical element why would you choose
+this why would you choose lead as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why would you choose lead as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why would you choose lead as your
+shielding what do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding what do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding what do we know about the
+energy levels in lead first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in lead first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in lead first of all
+there's lots of them there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of them there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of them there's lots of
+them because you don't not have only K L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you don't not have only K L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you don't not have only K L
+M and N you got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and N you got n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and N you got n
+you keep going oh so you've got plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep going oh so you've got plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep going oh so you've got plenty
+of levels and the levels are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels and the levels are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels and the levels are very
+closely spaced so if you've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced so if you've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced so if you've got lots of
+energy levels and they're closely spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and they're closely spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and they're closely spaced
+then that means when an x-ray comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means when an x-ray comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means when an x-ray comes in
+you'll have excitation and cascading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have excitation and cascading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have excitation and cascading
+down into much much longer wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into much much longer wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into much much longer wavelengths
+so because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of the
+extra extra energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra extra energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra extra energy
+levels extra energy levels this causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels extra energy levels this causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels extra energy levels this causes
+the lead to act as a frequency shifter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead to act as a frequency shifter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead to act as a frequency shifter
+as a frequency shifter so it moves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a frequency shifter so it moves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a frequency shifter so it moves you
+out of the X region you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the X region you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the X region you still get
+radiation but it's not so toxic I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but it's not so toxic I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but it's not so toxic I mean
+you have conservation of energy here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have conservation of energy here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have conservation of energy here but
+you don't have things coming at you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have things coming at you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have things coming at you in
+the X region of the spectrum so if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X region of the spectrum so if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X region of the spectrum so if there
+were a shortage of lead or let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a shortage of lead or let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a shortage of lead or let's say for
+for the man or woman who has everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the man or woman who has everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the man or woman who has everything
+when he or she goes to the dentist what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he or she goes to the dentist what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he or she goes to the dentist what
+would be a really Chey material to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really Chey material to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really Chey material to make
+the vest out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mercury is a liquid at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury is a liquid at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury is a liquid at room temperature
+bad choice thalium toxic how about gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad choice thalium toxic how about gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad choice thalium toxic how about gold
+how about a vest made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a vest made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a vest made of
+gold that would work would work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold that would work would work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold that would work would work that
+would be a classy vest classy vest now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a classy vest classy vest now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a classy vest classy vest now
+how about up here burum window buril is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about up here burum window buril is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about up here burum window buril is
+the inverse burum has very few energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse burum has very few energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse burum has very few energy
+levels and they're far apart so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they're far apart so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they're far apart so that we
+don't want the x-rays absorbed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the x-rays absorbed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the x-rays absorbed as
+they're going through the window so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through the window so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through the window so if
+you had a window that wasn't Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a window that wasn't Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a window that wasn't Crystal and
+barilan you run the risk of losing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barilan you run the risk of losing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barilan you run the risk of losing some
+of your X-ray so your efficiency goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your X-ray so your efficiency goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your X-ray so your efficiency goes
+down so you choose a low z element for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you choose a low z element for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so you choose a low z element for
+the window and the high Z element for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and the high Z element for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and the high Z element for
+the shielding for those reasons it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shielding for those reasons it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shielding for those reasons it all
+goes back to the internal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the internal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the internal structure
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+levels okay well let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay well let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay well let's take a look at
+another use of x-rays x-rays in art this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another use of x-rays x-rays in art this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another use of x-rays x-rays in art this
+painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting
+anybody recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one the Angeles by Jean francoa Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Angeles by Jean francoa Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the Angeles by Jean francoa Mi
+painted in 1857 to 1859 on commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted in 1857 to 1859 on commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted in 1857 to 1859 on commission
+for an insurance company in Boston Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an insurance company in Boston Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an insurance company in Boston Mi
+was a real very popular with the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real very popular with the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real very popular with the Boston
+brahin because he painted uh Rural Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahin because he painted uh Rural Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brahin because he painted uh Rural Life
+in uh France in uh 19th century France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh France in uh 19th century France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh France in uh 19th century France
+uh this painting was uh commissioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this painting was uh commissioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this painting was uh commissioned and
+uh and hung here in Boston and it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and hung here in Boston and it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and hung here in Boston and it's now
+at the Muse dors Salvador di had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Muse dors Salvador di had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Muse dors Salvador di had to
+paint this as part of his art education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint this as part of his art education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint this as part of his art education
+he hated this painting and in 1963 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hated this painting and in 1963 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hated this painting and in 1963 it
+was hanging in the Lou and he had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hanging in the Lou and he had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hanging in the Lou and he had the
+painting x-rayed he said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting x-rayed he said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting x-rayed he said there's
+something spooky about this painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spooky about this painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something spooky about this painting
+well D had such Authority that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well D had such Authority that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well D had such Authority that he could
+ask for the X-ray and they x-rayed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the X-ray and they x-rayed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the X-ray and they x-rayed it
+and they discovered that indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that indeed the
+painting had been painted over it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting had been painted over it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting had been painted over it's not
+an art forgery it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art forgery it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art forgery it turns out that this
+Zone down here the little basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone down here the little basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone down here the little basket of
+potatoes was not the basket of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes was not the basket of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes was not the basket of potatoes
+in the original painting there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original painting there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original painting there the
+original painting depicted the casket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original painting depicted the casket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original painting depicted the casket of
+a baby this is this is showing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby this is this is showing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby this is this is showing the the
+poverty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty the
+futility of peasant life in France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futility of peasant life in France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futility of peasant life in France and
+these people are so poor that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are so poor that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are so poor that they've
+just lost their baby now you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lost their baby now you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lost their baby now you can imagine
+that this painting comes to Boston they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this painting comes to Boston they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this painting comes to Boston they
+unveil it and they say my God we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unveil it and they say my God we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unveil it and they say my God we can't
+hang this in the lobby of an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang this in the lobby of an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang this in the lobby of an insurance
+company so my theory is that they sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so my theory is that they sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so my theory is that they sent
+it back and Mi painted it over and put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and Mi painted it over and put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and Mi painted it over and put a
+basket of potatoes but their heads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of potatoes but their heads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of potatoes but their heads are
+not bowed in the form of saying uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bowed in the form of saying uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bowed in the form of saying uh a
+prayer thanking God for the Bounty this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer thanking God for the Bounty this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer thanking God for the Bounty this
+miserable Bounty of potatoes it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable Bounty of potatoes it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable Bounty of potatoes it doesn't
+make sense so x-rays x-rays figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so x-rays x-rays figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so x-rays x-rays figured out
+what was going on so then D got a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on so then D got a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on so then D got a chance
+to paint and this is his revenge this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint and this is his revenge this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint and this is his revenge this is
+his painting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his painting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his painting in
+1935 this is Del and this is his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1935 this is Del and this is his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1935 this is Del and this is his father
+you notice in this case the man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice in this case the man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice in this case the man is
+taller than the woman uh here the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller than the woman uh here the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller than the woman uh here the woman
+is taller than the man there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taller than the man there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taller than the man there's there's
+all kinds of fori and stuff going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of fori and stuff going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of fori and stuff going on
+with where he's got his hat place but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where he's got his hat place but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where he's got his hat place but I
+don't have enough time to go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough time to go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough time to go into that
+um so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can see
+what uh while we're talking about Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh while we're talking about Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh while we're talking about Del
+here's uh the hallucinogenic torador and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh the hallucinogenic torador and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh the hallucinogenic torador and
+I want to show you this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you this because it
+hearkens back to Crystal structures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearkens back to Crystal structures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearkens back to Crystal structures uh
+he went out one day in Manhattan to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went out one day in Manhattan to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went out one day in Manhattan to buy
+some Venus pencils they're pencils but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Venus pencils they're pencils but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Venus pencils they're pencils but
+they were the Venus was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the Venus was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the Venus was the
+manufacturers so you have the Venus Dem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers so you have the Venus Dem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers so you have the Venus Dem
+Milo on the on the pencil box you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milo on the on the pencil box you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milo on the on the pencil box you see a
+bunch of Venus is facing forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Venus is facing forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Venus is facing forward and
+some facing back can you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some facing back can you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some facing back can you see the the
+breast here is the nose of the Tori door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast here is the nose of the Tori door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast here is the nose of the Tori door
+here's his mouth does that help okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's his mouth does that help okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's his mouth does that help okay
+those are the gadflies of St narcisso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the gadflies of St narcisso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the gadflies of St narcisso
+which is I think the patron saint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think the patron saint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think the patron saint of
+Catalonia you see here's his cape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalonia you see here's his cape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalonia you see here's his cape and
+there's the bull and uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the bull and uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the bull and uh you can see
+symmetry planes here uh okay there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry planes here uh okay there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry planes here uh okay there's the
+head of the thing okay there's the bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the thing okay there's the bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the thing okay there's the bull
+yeah yeah okay now look here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay now look here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay now look here's the
+Symmetry see these venuses are forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry see these venuses are forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry see these venuses are forward
+these venuses are facing backward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these venuses are facing backward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these venuses are facing backward uh
+what else do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we
+have I don't know why it's doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know why it's doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know why it's doing this
+oh okay there's now there's the bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay there's now there's the bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay there's now there's the bull
+what's the crystal structure of the see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crystal structure of the see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crystal structure of the see
+This Is The Life Force leaving the bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is The Life Force leaving the bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Is The Life Force leaving the bull
+what's the crystal structure if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crystal structure if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crystal structure if you
+ignore color it's simple cubic you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore color it's simple cubic you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore color it's simple cubic you can
+even see symmetry here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see symmetry here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see symmetry here you see the
+shadow over the fly you see these two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow over the fly you see these two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow over the fly you see these two uh
+atoms here these two atoms here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here these two atoms here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here these two atoms here there's
+even something you see the shadow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something you see the shadow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something you see the shadow of the
+the Venus actually looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venus actually looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venus actually looks a little bit
+like come on come on come on looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on come on come on looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on come on come on looks a
+little bit like this he really hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like this he really hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like this he really hated
+this okay we're going to show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more go through this ah this is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more go through this ah this is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more go through this ah this is his
+tribute to Watson and Crick over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribute to Watson and Crick over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribute to Watson and Crick over here
+you have the DNA double helix and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the DNA double helix and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the DNA double helix and what
+he's we traying here is that now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's we traying here is that now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's we traying here is that now that we
+have the capacity to understand how life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity to understand how life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity to understand how life
+is uh encoded the replication and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh encoded the replication and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh encoded the replication and so on
+ironically Humanity hasn't figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically Humanity hasn't figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironically Humanity hasn't figured out
+how to stop killing itself and so he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to stop killing itself and so he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to stop killing itself and so he has
+this group of people all arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of people all arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of people all arranged in
+cubic arrays with muskets pointing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic arrays with muskets pointing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic arrays with muskets pointing at
+one another again crystallography you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another again crystallography you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another again crystallography you
+could say actually this is simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say actually this is simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say actually this is simple cubic
+but if you put somebody inside it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put somebody inside it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put somebody inside it would
+be body centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be body centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be body centered
+cubic on the last thing lithium why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic on the last thing lithium why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic on the last thing lithium why is
+lithium uh uh why is seven up called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium uh uh why is seven up called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium uh uh why is seven up called
+seven up when it first came out it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven up when it first came out it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven up when it first came out it was
+called lithiated lemon lime soda it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lithiated lemon lime soda it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lithiated lemon lime soda it
+contained lithium citrate in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained lithium citrate in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained lithium citrate in large
+quantities it was supposed to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities it was supposed to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities it was supposed to make you
+happy it was an anti-depressant and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy it was an anti-depressant and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy it was an anti-depressant and uh
+uh it turns out that uh some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out that uh some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turns out that uh some people have
+a sodium deficiency lithium is a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sodium deficiency lithium is a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sodium deficiency lithium is a smaller
+ion if you're already sodium deficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion if you're already sodium deficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion if you're already sodium deficient
+lithium gets in there displaces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium gets in there displaces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium gets in there displaces the
+sodium you die so after some tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium you die so after some tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium you die so after some tens of
+people died they took the lithium out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died they took the lithium out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died they took the lithium out
+around 1950 so you don't have lithium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1950 so you don't have lithium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1950 so you don't have lithium in
+your seven up to date I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seven up to date I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seven up to date I'll see you on
+Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Crut4GvgU6g.txt b/Crut4GvgU6g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..728f6d736ddd5bee9401ba2195d65909c781ef16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Crut4GvgU6g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+okay so now i'm going to get to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to get to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to get to the the
+why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+um not so so there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so so there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so so there's two different
+uh sources two different targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sources two different targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sources two different targets
+remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we
+call them sources or targets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sources or targets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sources or targets and
+and notice okay copper has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice okay copper has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice okay copper has
+they both have this continuous radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have this continuous radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have this continuous radiation
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+strolling we'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strolling we'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strolling we'll end
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+you can do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with that
+but for now let's keep focused on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now let's keep focused on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now let's keep focused on on
+these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+there's the k alpha for copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for copper
+okay now mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mosley
+henry mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry mosley
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+working with rutherford and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rutherford and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rutherford and others
+um and and he was really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and he was really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and he was really interested
+in looking at the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the trends
+and so so he took all of these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he took all of these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he took all of these elements
+so from calcium all the way to zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from calcium all the way to zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from calcium all the way to zinc
+20 to 30 and he said i want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30 and he said i want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30 and he said i want to look at
+the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+alpha lines of all of these i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines of all of these i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines of all of these i want to
+look at the k alpha lines of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the k alpha lines of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the k alpha lines of all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+and what he found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+in total but i'm just going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total but i'm just going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total but i'm just going to show you
+his data for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his data for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his data for these
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+um because what he noticed there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what he noticed there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what he noticed there are the
+lines these are actually his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these are actually his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these are actually his
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+okay these are his k alpha lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are his k alpha lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are his k alpha lines
+and what he noticed in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he noticed in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he noticed in going from
+calcium down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium down to
+oh brass okay we'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh brass okay we'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh brass okay we'll talk about that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+it z well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it z well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it z well
+why is it not zinc let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not zinc let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not zinc let's think about
+that later but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later but for now
+he noticed that this has a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he noticed that this has a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he noticed that this has a square root
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+to the energy so so mosley came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy so so mosley came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy so so mosley came up with
+in knight he was working on this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knight he was working on this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knight he was working on this in
+1912.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912.
+okay you gotta remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you gotta remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you gotta remember
+1913 1912 is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 1912 is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 1912 is when
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+and and published that so for 44 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and published that so for 44 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and published that so for 44 years
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+the thing is there was a huge problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is there was a huge problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is there was a huge problem
+with the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the periodic table
+because i mean mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i mean mendeleev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i mean mendeleev
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+that the periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+remember we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this
+and the properties the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties the chemical
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+that chemical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical properties
+that allowed him to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed him to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed him to create an
+ordering of the elements and ordering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of the elements and ordering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of the elements and ordering of
+the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements
+that is still the ordering essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is still the ordering essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is still the ordering essentially
+that we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have today
+that but the problem is why did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the problem is why did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the problem is why did they
+have that ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ordering
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+he was like well the properties win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like well the properties win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like well the properties win
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+properties win properties need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties win properties need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties win properties need to be
+aligned in this column so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned in this column so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned in this column so i'm going to
+move those over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move those over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move those over
+that's what he did but he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did but he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did but he didn't know
+why except that it made sense to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why except that it made sense to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why except that it made sense to him
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+us the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the why
+oh it was so important and and mosley's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was so important and and mosley's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was so important and and mosley's
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+mosley's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+was essentially him thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially him thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially him thinking about the
+bohr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+for these x-rays for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these x-rays for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these x-rays for these
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+for some k alpha line okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some k alpha line okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some k alpha line okay is
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+times z minus one squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z minus one squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z minus one squared
+and then he did the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he did the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he did the difference in
+energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies
+just like we've done now a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we've done now a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we've done now a number of
+times in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in this class
+that's what he did and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did and this is
+three-fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+second so 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 13.6
+ev times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev times
+3 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 times
+z minus 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two things about this right one is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things about this right one is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things about this right one is why
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+three why is it one over one squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why is it one over one squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why is it one over one squared
+minus one over two squared well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over two squared well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over two squared well that's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they knew or at least they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew or at least they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew or at least they they were
+pretty confident that you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that you had this
+this positive charge in the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive charge in the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive charge in the middle here
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+have these electrons right so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these electrons right so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these electrons right so you had
+like the two the 1s electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two the 1s electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two the 1s electrons
+and then you had another shell out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had another shell out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had another shell out here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and and so they knew okay 2s maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so they knew okay 2s maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so they knew okay 2s maybe
+that's combined with 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combined with 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combined with 2p
+so it goes on so so what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes on so so what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it goes on so so what happens in the
+x-ray experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray experiment
+well what happens is you shoot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is you shoot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is you shoot an
+electron in rent can just crank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in rent can just crank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in rent can just crank the
+voltage up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage up
+so high that an electron could come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that an electron could come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that an electron could come and
+knock that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock that out
+all right and so this one that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so this one that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so this one that's that's
+the that's what did it and so now one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's what did it and so now one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's what did it and so now one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+can cascade down there and give off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cascade down there and give off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cascade down there and give off
+a k alpha photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k alpha photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k alpha photon
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this
+but you see it here in the equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it here in the equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it here in the equation you
+see it in two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in two ways
+first we're going from two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going from two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going from two to one
+one squared minus 1 half squared 3 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared minus 1 half squared 3 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared minus 1 half squared 3 4.
+right but second and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but second and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but second and this was
+critical the z minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical the z minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical the z minus 1.
+the z minus 1 told us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z minus 1 told us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z minus 1 told us that
+this the all these positive charges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the all these positive charges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the all these positive charges in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all these positive charges are screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these positive charges are screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these positive charges are screened
+perfectly by one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly by one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly by one electron
+this one that was left and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that was left and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that was left and it works
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+see there's one so what do all these see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's one so what do all these see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's one so what do all these see
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+if z is related to the atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if z is related to the atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if z is related to the atomic number
+now here's where this was so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where this was so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where this was so powerful
+because when you put you can't read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you put you can't read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you put you can't read this
+don't worry about that i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that i just want to
+show you that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that it is a
+perfectly straight line when you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straight line when you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly straight line when you plot
+the k alpha transitions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha transitions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha transitions these are
+different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+right these are his different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are his different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are his different elements
+and if you plot the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the square root
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+root of the frequency versus element it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the frequency versus element it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the frequency versus element it
+is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect
+line that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that holds
+and and so what mosley wrote in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so what mosley wrote in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so what mosley wrote in the
+paper is we have here a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is we have here a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is we have here a proof
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+fundamental quantity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity a
+fundamental quantity which increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity which increases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity which increases by
+regular steps as one passes from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular steps as one passes from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular steps as one passes from one
+element to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to the next
+this quantity can only be only b the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be only b the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be only b the
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+of the existence of which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existence of which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existence of which we already
+have definite proof now we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite proof now we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite proof now we know about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we know right from the experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right from the experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right from the experiments that
+rutherford did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did
+that that nucleus had the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that nucleus had the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that nucleus had the positive
+charge but they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but they didn't know
+that it was connected to the position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to the position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to the position in
+the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table
+in in fact years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people talking about those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about those experiments
+at the time and said people didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and said people didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and said people didn't even
+take rutherford's experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rutherford's experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rutherford's experiments
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+44 years had come since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 years had come since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 years had come since
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+foundation that it needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that it needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that it needed
+periodicity is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity is because
+of atomic number periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic number periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic number periodicity
+is atomic number that was not known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic number that was not known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic number that was not known
+that z gives you the periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that z gives you the periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that z gives you the periodicity
+right and that gives you also the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that gives you also the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that gives you also the number
+of protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was a time when they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a time when they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a time when they didn't know
+what was going on why did the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on why did the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on why did the mass
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+discovered until 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered until 1932
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered until 1932
+20 years later but this gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years later but this gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years later but this gave the
+grounding that was needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that was needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that was needed
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+it's a very important discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important discovery
+very very important discovery so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important discovery so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important discovery so that's
+my why this matters and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters and it's it's
+um it's a real it's it's really tragic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a real it's it's really tragic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a real it's it's really tragic
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um he died tragically in world war one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he died tragically in world war one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he died tragically in world war one
+at age 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age 27
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+he died in 1915
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1915
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1915
+and most people at the time believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people at the time believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people at the time believed
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+that's how important that discovery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DrBIORgOzSA.txt b/DrBIORgOzSA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a84e78e4ceb23992af21a6b40517b66c2f7d4da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DrBIORgOzSA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have claimed that normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have claimed that normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have claimed that normal random
+variables are very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are very important and
+therefore we would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we would like to be able to
+calculate probabilities associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities associated with
+them for example given a normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example given a normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example given a normal random
+variable what is the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what is the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what is the probability that it
+takes a value less than 5 unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value less than 5 unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value less than 5 unfortunately
+there are no closed-form expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no closed-form expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no closed-form expressions
+that can help us with this in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help us with this in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can help us with this in particular
+the CDF the cumulative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF the cumulative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF the cumulative distribution
+function of normal random variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of normal random variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of normal random variables is
+not given in closed form but fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given in closed form but fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given in closed form but fortunately
+we do have tables for the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have tables for the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have tables for the standard
+normal random variable these tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable these tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable these tables
+which take the form shown here give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take the form shown here give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which take the form shown here give us
+the following information if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following information if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following information if we have a
+normal random variable which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable which is a
+standard normal they tell us the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal they tell us the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal they tell us the values
+of the cumulative distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cumulative distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cumulative distribution function
+for different values of little Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of little Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of little Y in
+terms of a picture if this is the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a picture if this is the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a picture if this is the PDF of
+a standard normal and I give you a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal and I give you a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal and I give you a value
+little Y I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y I'm interested in the
+corresponding value of the CDF which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding value of the CDF which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding value of the CDF which is
+the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the curve
+well that value the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that value the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that value the area under this
+curve is exactly what this table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is exactly what this table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is exactly what this table is
+giving to us and there's a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to us and there's a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to us and there's a shorthand
+notation for referring to the CDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for referring to the CDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for referring to the CDF of the
+standard normal which is just Phi of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal which is just Phi of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal which is just Phi of Y
+let us see how we use this table suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us see how we use this table suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us see how we use this table suppose
+were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in
+Phi of 0 which is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of 0 which is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of 0 which is the probability that
+our standard normal takes a value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard normal takes a value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard normal takes a value less
+than or equal to 0 well by symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 0 well by symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 0 well by symmetry
+since the PDF is symmetric around 0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the PDF is symmetric around 0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the PDF is symmetric around 0 we
+know that this probability should be 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this probability should be 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this probability should be 0.5
+let's see what the table tells us well 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what the table tells us well 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what the table tells us well 0
+corresponds to this entry which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this entry which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this entry which is
+indeed point 5 let us look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed point 5 let us look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed point 5 let us look up the
+probability that our standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our standard normal
+takes a value less than let's say 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value less than let's say 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value less than let's say 1
+point 16 how do we find this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 16 how do we find this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 16 how do we find this information
+one is here and one point 1 is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is here and one point 1 is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is here and one point 1 is here
+one point one and then we have a six in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point one and then we have a six in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point one and then we have a six in
+the next decimal place which leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next decimal place which leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next decimal place which leads us to
+this entry and so this value is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry and so this value is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry and so this value is zero
+point eight seven seven zero similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight seven seven zero similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight seven seven zero similarly
+we can calculate the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate the probability that
+the normal is less than two point nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal is less than two point nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal is less than two point nine
+how do we look up this information two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we look up this information two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we look up this information two
+point nine is here we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine is here we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine is here we do not have
+another decimal digit so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another decimal digit so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another decimal digit so we're looking
+at this column and we obtained this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this column and we obtained this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this column and we obtained this
+value which is zero point nine nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is zero point nine nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is zero point nine nine
+eight one and by looking at this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one and by looking at this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one and by looking at this number
+we can actually tell that a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually tell that a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually tell that a standard
+normal random variable has extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable has extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable has extremely low
+probability of being bigger than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being bigger than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being bigger than two
+point nine now notice that the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine now notice that the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine now notice that the table
+specifies Phi of Y for y being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies Phi of Y for y being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies Phi of Y for y being
+non-negative what if we wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative what if we wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative what if we wish to
+calculate the value for example of Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the value for example of Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the value for example of Phi
+of minus two in terms of a picture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus two in terms of a picture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus two in terms of a picture this
+is a standard normal here is minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard normal here is minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a standard normal here is minus two
+and we wish to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wish to calculate this
+probability there's nothing in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's nothing in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's nothing in the table
+that gives us this probability directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this probability directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us this probability directly
+but we can argue as follows the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can argue as follows the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can argue as follows the normal
+PDF is symmetric so if we look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is symmetric so if we look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is symmetric so if we look at two
+then this probability here which is Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this probability here which is Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this probability here which is Phi
+of minus 2 is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 2 is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 2 is the same as that
+probability here of that tail what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here of that tail what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here of that tail what is
+the probability of that tail it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that tail it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that tail it's one
+which is the overall area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the overall area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the overall area under the
+curve minus the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve minus the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve minus the area under the curve
+when you go up to the value of two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go up to the value of two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go up to the value of two so
+this quantity is going to be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is going to be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is going to be the same as
+Phi of minus two and this one we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of minus two and this one we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of minus two and this one we can now
+get from the tables it's 1 minus let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the tables it's 1 minus let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the tables it's 1 minus let us
+see 2 is here it's 1 minus 0.9 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 2 is here it's 1 minus 0.9 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 2 is here it's 1 minus 0.9 7
+and to the standard normal table gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the standard normal table gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the standard normal table gives
+us probabilities associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us probabilities associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us probabilities associated with the
+standard normal random variable what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variable what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variable what if
+we're dealing with a normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a normal random
+variable that has a mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has a mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has a mean and the
+variance that are different from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that are different from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that are different from those
+of the standard normal what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard normal what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard normal what can we do
+well there's a general trick that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a general trick that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a general trick that you
+can do to a random variable which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to a random variable which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do to a random variable which is the
+following let us define a new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let us define a new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let us define a new random
+variable Y in this fashion Y measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y in this fashion Y measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y in this fashion Y measures
+how far away is X from the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away is X from the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away is X from the mean value
+but because we divide by Sigma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we divide by Sigma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we divide by Sigma the
+standard deviation it measures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation it measures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation it measures this
+distance in standard deviations so if y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in standard deviations so if y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in standard deviations so if y
+is equal to 3 it means that X is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 3 it means that X is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 3 it means that X is three
+standard deviations away from the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations away from the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations away from the mean
+in general Y measures how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general Y measures how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general Y measures how many
+deviations away from the mean argue what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from the mean argue what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from the mean argue what
+properties does this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties does this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties does this random variable
+have the expected value of y is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expected value of y is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expected value of y is going to
+be equal to 0 because we have X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 because we have X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 because we have X and
+we're subtracting the mean of X so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're subtracting the mean of X so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're subtracting the mean of X so the
+expected value of this term is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this term is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this term is equal to
+0 how about the variance of Y whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 how about the variance of Y whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 how about the variance of Y whenever
+we multiply a random variable by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply a random variable by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply a random variable by a
+constant the variance gets multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the variance gets multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the variance gets multiplied by
+the square of that constant so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of that constant so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of that constant so we get
+this expression but the variance of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression but the variance of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression but the variance of X is
+Sigma squared so this is equal to 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared so this is equal to 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared so this is equal to 1 so
+starting from X we have obtained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from X we have obtained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from X we have obtained a
+closely related random variable Y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related random variable Y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related random variable Y that
+has the property that it has 0 mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that it has 0 mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that it has 0 mean and
+unit variance if it also happens that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance if it also happens that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance if it also happens that X
+is a normal random variable then Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal random variable then Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal random variable then Y is
+going to be a standard normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standard normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a standard normal random
+variable so we have managed to relate X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we have managed to relate X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we have managed to relate X
+to a standard normal random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a standard normal random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a standard normal random variable and
+perhaps you can rewrite this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you can rewrite this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you can rewrite this expression
+in this form x equals to MU plus Sigma Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form x equals to MU plus Sigma Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form x equals to MU plus Sigma Y
+where Y is now a standard normal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is now a standard normal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is now a standard normal so
+instead of doing calculations having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing calculations having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing calculations having to
+do with egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with egg
+we can try to calculate in terms of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to calculate in terms of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to calculate in terms of y
+and for y we do have available tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for y we do have available tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for y we do have available tables
+let us look at an example of how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at an example of how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at an example of how this is
+done the way to calculate probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the way to calculate probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the way to calculate probabilities
+associated with general normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with general normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with general normal random
+variables is to take the event whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is to take the event whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is to take the event whose
+probability we want to calculate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we want to calculate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we want to calculate it and
+express it in terms of standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in terms of standard normal
+random variables and then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and then use the
+standard normal tables let us see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal tables let us see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal tables let us see how
+this is done in terms of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done in terms of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done in terms of an example
+suppose that X is normal with mean 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X is normal with mean 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X is normal with mean 6 and
+variance 4 so that the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 4 so that the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 4 so that the standard
+deviation Sigma is equal to 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Sigma is equal to 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Sigma is equal to 2 and
+suppose that we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we want to calculate the
+probability that X lies between 2 & 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's how we can proceed this event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can proceed this event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can proceed this event is
+the same as the event that X minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the event that X minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the event that X minus 6
+takes a value between 2 minus 6 and 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value between 2 minus 6 and 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value between 2 minus 6 and 8
+minus 6 this event is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 this event is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 this event is the same as the
+original event we were interested in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original event we were interested in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original event we were interested in we
+can also divide both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also divide both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also divide both sides of this
+inequality by the standard deviation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality by the standard deviation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality by the standard deviation and
+the event of interest has now been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest has now been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest has now been
+expressed in this form but at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this form but at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this form but at this point
+we recognize that this is of the form X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize that this is of the form X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize that this is of the form X
+minus mu over Sigma so this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu over Sigma so this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu over Sigma so this random
+variable here is a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here is a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here is a standard normal
+random variable so the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable so the probability that
+X lies between 2 & 8 is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X lies between 2 & 8 is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X lies between 2 & 8 is the same as the
+probability that the standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the standard normal
+random variable call it Y falls between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable call it Y falls between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable call it Y falls between
+this number is minus 4 divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is minus 4 divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is minus 4 divided by 2
+that's minus 2 y less than 1 and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus 2 y less than 1 and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus 2 y less than 1 and now we
+can use the standard normal tables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the standard normal tables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the standard normal tables to
+calculate this probability we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this probability we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this probability we have here
+1 and here we have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here we have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here we have minus
+and we want to find the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the probability that
+our standard normal falls inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard normal falls inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard normal falls inside this
+range this is the probability that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this is the probability that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this is the probability that it is
+less than one but we need to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one but we need to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one but we need to subtract
+the probability of that tail so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that tail so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that tail so that
+we're left just with this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left just with this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left just with this intermediate
+area so this is the probability that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so this is the probability that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so this is the probability that Y
+is less than one minus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one minus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one minus the probability
+that Y is less than minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is less than minus two and
+finally as we discussed earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally as we discussed earlier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally as we discussed earlier the
+probability that Y is less than minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than minus 2
+this is 1 minus the probability that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 minus the probability that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 minus the probability that Y
+is less than or equal to 2 and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 2 and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 2 and now we
+can go to the normal tables identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the normal tables identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the normal tables identify the
+values that were interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that were interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that were interested in the
+probability that Y is less than 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than 1 the
+probability that Y is less than 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is less than 2 and
+plug this in and this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this in and this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug this in and this gives us the
+desired probability again the key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired probability again the key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired probability again the key step
+is to take the event of interest and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take the event of interest and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take the event of interest and by
+subtracting the mean and dividing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the mean and dividing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the mean and dividing by the
+standard deviation express that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation express that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation express that same
+event in an equivalent form but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in an equivalent form but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in an equivalent form but which
+now involves a standard normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now involves a standard normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now involves a standard normal random
+variable and then finally use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then finally use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then finally use the
+standard normal tables
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EMy4v-oBTVk.txt b/EMy4v-oBTVk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c46bde2465f0e25d0d08136abada59142ed0cc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EMy4v-oBTVk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+often times I like to ask my students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times I like to ask my students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times I like to ask my students uh
+what if they think that a cell is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they think that a cell is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if they think that a cell is more
+complex compared to a 747 let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex compared to a 747 let's say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex compared to a 747 let's say and
+of course we do not know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we do not know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we do not know the answer to
+this question but the answers I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but the answers I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question but the answers I get from
+them they are about 3 to1 in favor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are about 3 to1 in favor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they are about 3 to1 in favor of a
+cell uh the difference of course between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh the difference of course between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh the difference of course between
+a cell and the 747 is that we have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and the 747 is that we have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and the 747 is that we have built
+the 747 uh so we know how it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 747 uh so we know how it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 747 uh so we know how it works and
+if we don't understand the part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't understand the part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't understand the part of it
+then we can just go there they ected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just go there they ected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just go there they ected and
+find out what's going on inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what's going on inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what's going on inside that
+system uh we could not do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we could not do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we could not do that with
+cells until very recently this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells until very recently this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells until very recently this is all
+changing in recent times because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in recent times because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in recent times because of the
+unprecedented ability that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented ability that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented ability that we are
+developing to go inside the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing to go inside the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing to go inside the cell and
+measure a lot of different components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a lot of different components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a lot of different components of
+the cell and of course as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and of course as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and of course as a result of
+that capability we can now ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capability we can now ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capability we can now ask the
+question how all of these pieces come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how all of these pieces come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how all of these pieces come
+together and how do they work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and how do they work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and how do they work together
+to give us the functions of the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the functions of the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the functions of the cell and
+the cell in connection with the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell in connection with the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell in connection with the bigger
+organism that we try to analyze in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that we try to analyze in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that we try to analyze in the
+context of biotechnology uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of biotechnology uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of biotechnology uh the two
+organisms that we are studying at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that we are studying at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that we are studying at this
+time are aseria coli and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are aseria coli and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are aseria coli and the
+photosynthetic bacterium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacterium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacterium in
+ecosy in eoli we try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosy in eoli we try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosy in eoli we try to understand the
+mechanisms that allow these cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that allow these cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that allow these cells to
+accumulate large amounts of lopine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate large amounts of lopine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate large amounts of lopine and
+beta carotin and then as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta carotin and then as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta carotin and then as a result of
+that understanding to make the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understanding to make the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understanding to make the cells
+produce more of that useful chemical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more of that useful chemical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more of that useful chemical one
+technique that's being used to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that's being used to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that's being used to allow us
+to visualize the activity of genes such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize the activity of genes such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize the activity of genes such
+as these genes uh is to couple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these genes uh is to couple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these genes uh is to couple the
+expression of these genes with a marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of these genes with a marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of these genes with a marker
+such as green fluorescent protein and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as green fluorescent protein and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as green fluorescent protein and if
+you see a large amount of fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a large amount of fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a large amount of fluoresence
+that means that there is a high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is a high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is a high degree
+of expression of the gene that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expression of the gene that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expression of the gene that is
+involved in the synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the synthesis of
+lopine for the cas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lopine for the cas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lopine for the cas of
+cytis uh cytis is a photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytis uh cytis is a photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytis uh cytis is a photosynthetic
+bacterium uh it has the ability to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium uh it has the ability to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium uh it has the ability to fix
+carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
+it also has the capability to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has the capability to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has the capability to convert
+that carbon dioxide into a a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon dioxide into a a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon dioxide into a a number of
+different valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different valuable
+products one of these products is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products one of these products is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products one of these products is a
+biopolymer and what we try to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer and what we try to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer and what we try to do in the
+lab is basically two things one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is basically two things one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is basically two things one to
+accelerate the rate of fixation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the rate of fixation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the rate of fixation of
+carbon dioxide and the other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide and the other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide and the other to
+accelerate the conversion of that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the conversion of that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the conversion of that fixed
+carbon dioxide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide into
+biopolymer some practical applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer some practical applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer some practical applications
+that may come out of this research uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may come out of this research uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may come out of this research uh
+are the uh production of biodegradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh production of biodegradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh production of biodegradable
+polymers uh these are polymers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers uh these are polymers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers uh these are polymers which
+will degrade in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will degrade in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will degrade in the environment
+naturally uh leaving no Trace behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh leaving no Trace behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh leaving no Trace behind
+them on top of all of that of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on top of all of that of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on top of all of that of course we
+are reducing the amount of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reducing the amount of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reducing the amount of carbon
+dioxide in the atmosphere so so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide in the atmosphere so so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide in the atmosphere so so all of
+these products come uh free from carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products come uh free from carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products come uh free from carbon
+dioxide that we would like to remove in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide that we would like to remove in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide that we would like to remove in
+the first place so the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so the environmental
+impact is double in this in this regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is double in this in this regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is double in this in this regard
+one characteristic of uh this area is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one characteristic of uh this area is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one characteristic of uh this area is um
+the intense collaboration of scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intense collaboration of scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intense collaboration of scientists
+from different backgrounds and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different backgrounds and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different backgrounds and with
+different interests uh because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interests uh because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interests uh because a lot of
+activity is taking place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is taking place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is taking place at the
+interfaces between engineering and Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces between engineering and Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces between engineering and Life
+Sciences uh this cannot be done in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences uh this cannot be done in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences uh this cannot be done in a
+single Laboratory and it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Laboratory and it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Laboratory and it is important to
+get many people together in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many people together in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get many people together in order to
+answer a particular question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FX4C-JpTFgY.txt b/FX4C-JpTFgY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f011c5a72b37e8abc24cd34d86540c3073d8fec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FX4C-JpTFgY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6880 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+topic I've been talking I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I've been talking I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I've been talking I've been
+multiplying matrices already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying matrices already but
+certainly time for me to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly time for me to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly time for me to discuss the
+rules for matrix multiplication and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for matrix multiplication and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for matrix multiplication and the
+interesting part is the many ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is the many ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is the many ways you
+can do it and they all give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it and they all give the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it and they all give the same
+answer so it's and they're all important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so it's and they're all important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so it's and they're all important
+so matrix multiplication and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matrix multiplication and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matrix multiplication and then uh
+come inverses so we're we we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come inverses so we're we we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come inverses so we're we we mentioned
+the inverse of a matrix but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a matrix but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a matrix but there's
+that's a big deal lots to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal lots to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal lots to do about
+inverses and how to find them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and how to find them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and how to find them okay so
+I'll begin with how to multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin with how to multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin with how to multiply two
+matrices first way okay so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices first way okay so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices first way okay so suppose I
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+a multiplying a matrix B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplying a matrix B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplying a matrix B
+and giving me a result well I could call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving me a result well I could call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving me a result well I could call
+it C A * B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it C A * B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it C A * B
+okay uh so let me just review the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me just review the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so let me just review the rule
+for for this entry that's the entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this entry that's the entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this entry that's the entry in
+row I and column J so that's the IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I and column J so that's the IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I and column J so that's the IJ
+entry right there is CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry right there is CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry right there is CI
+J we always write the row number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we always write the row number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we always write the row number and
+then the column number so I might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the column number so I might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the column number so I might I
+might maybe I take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maybe I take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maybe I take it
+c34 just to make it specific so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34 just to make it specific so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34 just to make it specific so instead
+of i j let me use numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i j let me use numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i j let me use numbers
+c34 so where does that come from the 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34 so where does that come from the 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34 so where does that come from the 34
+entry it comes from Row three here Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry it comes from Row three here Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry it comes from Row three here Row
+three and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and column
+four as you know column four and can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four as you know column four and can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four as you know column four and can I
+just write down or can we write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down or can we write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down or can we write down the
+formula for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it
+c34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c34
+is if we look at the whole row and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we look at the whole row and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we look at the whole row and the
+whole whole column the quick way for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole column the quick way for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole column the quick way for me
+to say it is Row 3 of a I could use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it is Row 3 of a I could use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it is Row 3 of a I could use a
+DOT for dotproduct I won't often use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT for dotproduct I won't often use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT for dotproduct I won't often use
+that actually dot column 4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually dot column 4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually dot column 4 of
+B and but this gives us a chance to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and but this gives us a chance to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and but this gives us a chance to just
+like use a little Matrix not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use a little Matrix not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use a little Matrix not
+ation what are the entries what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation what are the entries what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation what are the entries what's this
+first entry in Row three the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry in Row three the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry in Row three the first the
+first that number that's sitting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that number that's sitting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that number that's sitting right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+is a so it's got two indices and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so it's got two indices and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a so it's got two indices and what
+are they 31 so there's an a 31 there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they 31 so there's an a 31 there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they 31 so there's an a 31 there now
+what's the first guy at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first guy at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first guy at the top of
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+4 so what what's sitting up there B4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so what what's sitting up there B4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so what what's sitting up there B4
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+right so that this dot product starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that this dot product starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that this dot product starts
+with a 31 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 31 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 31 *
+b14 and then what's the next so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b14 and then what's the next so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b14 and then what's the next so this is
+like I'm accumulating this sum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm accumulating this sum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm accumulating this sum then
+comes the next guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the next guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the next guy
+a32 second column times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 second column times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 second column times
+B24 second row so it's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B24 second row so it's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B24 second row so it's B
+a32 B24 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 B24 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a32 B24 and so on
+just practice with indices oh let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just practice with indices oh let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just practice with indices oh let let me
+even practice with the a summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even practice with the a summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even practice with the a summation
+formula so this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is I
+I most of the course I use whole vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I most of the course I use whole vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I most of the course I use whole vectors
+I very seldom uh get down to the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I very seldom uh get down to the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I very seldom uh get down to the details
+of these particular entries but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particular entries but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particular entries but here we
+better do it so I'm it's some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do it so I'm it's some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do it so I'm it's some kind of a
+sum right of things in Row three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right of things in Row three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right of things in Row three
+column K shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column K shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column K shall I
+say times things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say times things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say times things
+in row K column 4 you see that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row K column 4 you see that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row K column 4 you see that that's
+what's that's what we're seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that's what we're seeing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that's what we're seeing here
+this is K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K is
+one here K is two on along so up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here K is two on along so up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here K is two on along so up so the
+sum goes all the way along the row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum goes all the way along the row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum goes all the way along the row and
+down the column say one to n so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the column say one to n so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the column say one to n so that's
+what the a the c34 entry looks like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the a the c34 entry looks like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the a the c34 entry looks like like
+a sum of a 3 k b K4 just takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of a 3 k b K4 just takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of a 3 k b K4 just takes a little
+practice to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to do
+that okay and uh oh well maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and uh oh well maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and uh oh well maybe I should
+say when are we allowed to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when are we allowed to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when are we allowed to multiply
+these matrices what are the shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices what are the shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices what are the shapes of
+these things the shapes are uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the shapes are uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the shapes are uh if we
+allow them to be not necessarily Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to be not necessarily Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to be not necessarily Square
+matrices if they're Square they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices if they're Square they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices if they're Square they've got
+to be the same size if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same size if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same size if they're
+rectangular they're not the same size if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular they're not the same size if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular they're not the same size if
+they're rectangular this might be well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rectangular this might be well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rectangular this might be well I
+always think of a as m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of a as m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of a as m
+byn m rows n columns so that sum goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn m rows n columns so that sum goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn m rows n columns so that sum goes to
+n now what's the point how many rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now what's the point how many rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now what's the point how many rows
+does B have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does B have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does B have to
+have n n the number of rows in B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n n the number of rows in B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n n the number of rows in B the
+number of guys that we meet coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of guys that we meet coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of guys that we meet coming down
+has to match the number of ones across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to match the number of ones across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to match the number of ones across
+so B will have to be n by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B will have to be n by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B will have to be n by something
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P so the the number of columns here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the the number of columns here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so the the number of columns here has
+to match the number of rows there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the number of rows there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the number of rows there and
+then what's the result what's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the result what's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the result what's the shape
+of the result what's the shape of C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result what's the shape of C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result what's the shape of C the
+output well it's got these same M rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well it's got these same M rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well it's got these same M rows
+or it's got M rows and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's got M rows and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's got M rows and how many
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+p m by P okay so they're m time P Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p m by P okay so they're m time P Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p m by P okay so they're m time P Little
+Numbers in there entries and each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Numbers in there entries and each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Numbers in there entries and each one
+looks like that okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that okay so that's the
+standard rule that's the way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rule that's the way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rule that's the way people
+think of multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of multiplying
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+um I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do it
+too but that's that's I I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but that's that's I I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but that's that's I I want to talk
+about other ways to look at that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other ways to look at that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other ways to look at that same
+calculation uh looking at whole columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh looking at whole columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh looking at whole columns
+and whole rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole rows
+okay so can I do ab C again a equaling C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can I do ab C again a equaling C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can I do ab C again a equaling C
+again but now tell me tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now tell me tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now tell me tell me
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh yeah let me I'll put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah let me I'll put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah let me I'll put it up
+here so here goes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here goes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here goes a
+again time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing
+C and again this is is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and again this is is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and again this is is M
+byn this is n by P and this is M by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn this is n by P and this is M by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn this is n by P and this is M by P
+okay now I want to look at whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I want to look at whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I want to look at whole
+columns I I want to look at The Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I I want to look at The Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I I want to look at The Columns
+of in fact here's the second way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in fact here's the second way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in fact here's the second way to
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+matrices cuz I'm going to build on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices cuz I'm going to build on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices cuz I'm going to build on what
+I know already how do I multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know already how do I multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know already how do I multiply a
+matrix by a column how do I I I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a column how do I I I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a column how do I I I know how
+to multiply this matrix by that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply this matrix by that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply this matrix by that column
+shall I call that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I call that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I call that column
+one that tells me column one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer the Matrix times the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the Matrix times the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the Matrix times the First Column
+is that First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that First
+Column cuz none of this stuff entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column cuz none of this stuff entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column cuz none of this stuff entered
+that part of the answer the Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the answer the Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the answer the Matrix times
+the second column is the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column is the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column is the second column
+of the answer do you see what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer do you see what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer do you see what I'm saying
+that I could think of multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could think of multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could think of multiplying a
+matrix by a vector which I already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector which I already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector which I already knew
+how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+and I can think of the V I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can think of the V I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can think of the V I can think of
+just P columns sitting side by side just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just P columns sitting side by side just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just P columns sitting side by side just
+like resting next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resting next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resting next to each
+other and I multiply a times each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and I multiply a times each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and I multiply a times each one of
+those and I get the P Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and I get the P Columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and I get the P Columns of the
+answer do you see this is this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer do you see this is this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer do you see this is this is quite
+nice to be able to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be able to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be able to think
+okay matrix multiplication works so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay matrix multiplication works so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay matrix multiplication works so that
+I could just think of having several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just think of having several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just think of having several
+columns multiplying by a and getting The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns multiplying by a and getting The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns multiplying by a and getting The
+Columns of the answer so like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the answer so like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of the answer so like here's
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+one I call that here's a shall I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I call that here's a shall I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I call that here's a shall I call
+that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column
+one and what's going in there is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's going in there is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's going in there is a *
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 okay so that's the picture a column at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so that's the picture a column at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so that's the picture a column at
+a time so what does that tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so what does that tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so what does that tell me what
+does that tell me about these columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me about these columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me about these columns
+these Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+combinations as we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations as we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations as we've seen that
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a every one of these comes from a * this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a every one of these comes from a * this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a every one of these comes from a * this
+and a * a vector is a combination of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a * a vector is a combination of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a * a vector is a combination of The
+Columns of a and right and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of a and right and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of a and right and it makes
+sense because The Columns of a have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because The Columns of a have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because The Columns of a have
+length M and The Columns of C have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M and The Columns of C have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M and The Columns of C have
+length M and every column of C is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M and every column of C is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M and every column of C is a is
+some combination of The Columns of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of The Columns of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of The Columns of a and
+it's these numbers in here that tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these numbers in here that tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these numbers in here that tell me
+what combination it is do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination it is do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination it is do you see
+that that that out that in that answer C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that out that in that answer C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that out that in that answer C
+I'm seeing stuff that's col that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing stuff that's col that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing stuff that's col that's
+combinations of these columns now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these columns now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these columns now
+suppose I look at it that's two ways now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I look at it that's two ways now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I look at it that's two ways now
+the Third Way is look at it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third Way is look at it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third Way is look at it by
+rows so now let me change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so now let me change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so now let me change to
+rows okay so now I can think of a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows okay so now I can think of a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows okay so now I can think of a row of
+a a a row of a multiplying all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a row of a multiplying all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a row of a multiplying all these
+rows here and producing a row of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here and producing a row of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here and producing a row of the the
+product so this row takes a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so this row takes a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so this row takes a combination
+of these rows and that's the answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rows and that's the answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rows and that's the answer so
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows of
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+of tell me about to finish that the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell me about to finish that the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tell me about to finish that the rows
+of C when I when I I have a matrix B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C when I when I I have a matrix B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C when I when I I have a matrix B
+it's got its rows and I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got its rows and I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got its rows and I multiply by
+a and what does that do it mixes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what does that do it mixes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what does that do it mixes the
+rows up it makes it creates combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows up it makes it creates combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows up it makes it creates combinations
+of the rows of B thanks rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B that's what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's what I wanted to
+see that this that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this that this
+answer I can see where the pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I can see where the pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I can see where the pieces are
+coming from the rows in the answer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the rows in the answer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the rows in the answer are
+coming as combinations of these rows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming as combinations of these rows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming as combinations of these rows the
+columns in the answer are com coming as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the answer are com coming as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in the answer are com coming as
+combinations of of those columns and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of of those columns and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of of those columns and now
+that so that's three ways now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's three ways now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's three ways now you can
+say okay what's the fourth way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what's the fourth way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what's the fourth way the
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so that's now we've got like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's now we've got like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's now we've got like the
+regular way the column way the row way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular way the column way the row way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular way the column way the row way
+and what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the one that I can I I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one that I can I I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one that I can I I want to tell
+you about well one way is columns times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what
+happens if I multiply so this was row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I multiply so this was row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I multiply so this was row
+time column it gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time column it gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time column it gave a
+number okay now I want to ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay now I want to ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay now I want to ask you about
+column times row what does If I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times row what does If I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column times row what does If I multiply
+a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a times a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times a row of
+B what shape am I ending up with so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what shape am I ending up with so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what shape am I ending up with so if I
+take a column times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a column times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a column times a
+row that's definitely different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's definitely different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's definitely different from
+taking a row times a column so a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a row times a column so a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a row times a column so a column
+of a was what what's the shape of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a was what what's the shape of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a was what what's the shape of a
+column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of
+a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m
+by one a column of a is is a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one a column of a is is a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one a column of a is is a column
+it's got M entries and one coln and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got M entries and one coln and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got M entries and one coln and
+what's a row of B it's got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a row of B it's got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a row of B it's got one
+row and P column so what's the shap what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and P column so what's the shap what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and P column so what's the shap what
+do I get if I multiply a column by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row I get a big Matrix I get a fullsize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I get a big Matrix I get a fullsize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I get a big Matrix I get a fullsize
+matrix If I multiply a column by a row I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix If I multiply a column by a row I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix If I multiply a column by a row I
+get should we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get should we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get should we just do
+one let me take the the column 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let me take the the column 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let me take the the column 2 3
+4times the Row 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 that is a that product there I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 that is a that product there I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 that is a that product there I I'm
+just following the rules of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following the rules of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following the rules of matrix
+multiplication those rules are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication those rules are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication those rules are just
+looking like kind of petique kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like kind of petique kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like kind of petique kind of
+small because the the rows here are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because the the rows here are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because the the rows here are so
+short and the columns there are so short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and the columns there are so short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and the columns there are so short
+but they're the same length one in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're the same length one in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're the same length one in so
+what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the answer if I do 234 * 1 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer if I do 234 * 1 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the answer if I do 234 * 1 16
+just for practice well what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for practice well what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for practice well what's the first
+row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+212 and the second row of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 and the second row of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 and the second row of the answer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+318 and the third row of the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+424 actually what am I I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 actually what am I I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 actually what am I I mean that's a
+very special Matrix there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special Matrix there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special Matrix there
+very special Matrix what can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special Matrix what can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special Matrix what can you tell me
+about its columns The Columns of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix they're multiples of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix they're multiples of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix they're multiples of this guy
+right they're multiples of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're multiples of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're multiples of that one
+which follows our rule we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows our rule we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows our rule we said that the
+columns of the answer were combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the answer were combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of the answer were combinations
+but there's only to take a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only to take a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's only to take a combination
+of one guy it's just a multiple the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one guy it's just a multiple the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one guy it's just a multiple the rows
+of the answer what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer what can you tell me about
+those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+rows they're all multip multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows they're all multip multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows they're all multip multiples of
+this row they're all multiples of six as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row they're all multiples of six as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row they're all multiples of six as
+we expect but I'm getting a full siiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect but I'm getting a full siiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect but I'm getting a full siiz
+Matrix and now just to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now just to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and now just to complete this
+thought if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought if I
+have uh now let me write down the Fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way
+AB is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB is a sum
+of columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times rows of
+B so that for example if my if my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that for example if my if my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that for example if my if my Matrix
+was 2 3 4 and then had another column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2 3 4 and then had another column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2 3 4 and then had another column
+say 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9 and my Matrix here has say started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and my Matrix here has say started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and my Matrix here has say started
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+six and then had another column like 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the fourth way okay I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fourth way okay I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fourth way okay I've got two
+columns there I've got two rows there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns there I've got two rows there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns there I've got two rows there so
+the beautiful rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful rule
+is seeing the whole thing by columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seeing the whole thing by columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seeing the whole thing by columns and
+rows is that I can take the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows is that I can take the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows is that I can take the First
+Column times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column times the first
+row and add the second column times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add the second column times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add the second column times the
+second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the fourth way that that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the fourth way that that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the fourth way that that I can
+take columns times rows First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take columns times rows First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take columns times rows First Column
+time first row second column time second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first row second column time second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first row second column time second
+row and add actually what will I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add actually what will I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add actually what will I get
+what will the answer be for that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication well this one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well this one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well this one is just
+going to give us zero so in fact I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us zero so in fact I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us zero so in fact I'm
+back to this that's the answer for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this that's the answer for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this that's the answer for that
+matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication
+I'm I'm sort of like happy to put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm sort of like happy to put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm sort of like happy to put up
+here these facts about matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these facts about matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these facts about matrix
+multiplication because it gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication because it gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication because it gives me a
+chance to write down special matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to write down special matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to write down special matrices
+like this this is a special Matrix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is a special Matrix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is a special Matrix uh
+all those rows lie on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those rows lie on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those rows lie on the same
+line all those rows lie on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all those rows lie on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line all those rows lie on the line
+through one six if I draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one six if I draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one six if I draw a picture of
+all these row vectors they're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these row vectors they're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these row vectors they're all the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+direction if I draw a picture of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if I draw a picture of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if I draw a picture of these
+two column vectors they're in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column vectors they're in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column vectors they're in the same
+direction later I would use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction later I would use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction later I would use this
+language not too much later either I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language not too much later either I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language not too much later either I
+would say the row space which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the row space which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the row space which is like
+all the combinations of the rows is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of the rows is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of the rows is just
+a line for this Matrix the row space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line for this Matrix the row space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line for this Matrix the row space is
+the line through the vector six all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line through the vector six all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line through the vector six all the
+rows lie on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows lie on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows lie on that
+line and the column space is also a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the column space is also a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the column space is also a line
+all the columns l y on the line through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the columns l y on the line through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the columns l y on the line through
+the vector 2 3 4 so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 3 4 so this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 2 3 4 so this is like a
+really minimal Matrix and it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimal Matrix and it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimal Matrix and it's because
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ones okay so that's a third way now even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that's a third way now even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that's a third way now even
+yeah I can I when you will you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can I when you will you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can I when you will you take this
+is I I want to say one more thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I want to say one more thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I want to say one more thing about
+matrix multiplication while we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication while we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication while we're on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+subject and it's this you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's this you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and it's this you could also
+multiply you can also cut the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you can also cut the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply you can also cut the Matrix
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+blocks and do the multiplication by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and do the multiplication by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and do the multiplication by
+blocks yeah that that's actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks yeah that that's actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks yeah that that's actually so
+uh useful that I that I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful that I that I want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful that I that I want to uh
+mention it block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it block
+multiplication so I could take my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I could take my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I could take my Matrix
+a and I could chop it up like maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I could chop it up like maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I could chop it up like maybe just
+for Simplicity let me chop it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity let me chop it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity let me chop it into two
+into Four Square block suppose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Four Square block suppose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Four Square block suppose it's
+Square let's just take a nice case and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square let's just take a nice case and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square let's just take a nice case and B
+suppose it's Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's Square
+also same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size though these sizes don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size though these sizes don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size though these sizes don't have to be
+the same what they have to do is match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what they have to do is match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what they have to do is match
+properly here they certainly will match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly here they certainly will match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly here they certainly will match
+so here's the rule for Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the rule for Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the rule for Block
+multiplication that if this has blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that if this has blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that if this has blocks
+like uh uh a so maybe A1 A2 A3 A4 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh a so maybe A1 A2 A3 A4 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh a so maybe A1 A2 A3 A4 are
+the blocks here and these blocks are B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks here and these blocks are B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks here and these blocks are B1
+B2 B3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 B3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 B3 and
+B4 then the answer I can find block I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 then the answer I can find block I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 then the answer I can find block I
+can find that block and if you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find that block and if you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find that block and if you tell me
+what's in that block then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in that block then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in that block then I'm going to
+be quiet about matrix multiplication for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quiet about matrix multiplication for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quiet about matrix multiplication for
+the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the
+day what goes into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day what goes into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day what goes into that
+block you see these might be this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you see these might be this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block you see these might be this Matrix
+might be these matrices might be like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be these matrices might be like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be these matrices might be like 20
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+20 with blocks that are 10 by 10 to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 with blocks that are 10 by 10 to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 with blocks that are 10 by 10 to take
+the easy case where all the blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy case where all the blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy case where all the blocks are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+shape and the point is that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and the point is that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and the point is that I could
+multiply those by blocks and what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those by blocks and what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those by blocks and what goes
+in here what's that what's that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here what's that what's that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here what's that what's that what's
+that block in the answer A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1 that's a matrix times a matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 that's a matrix times a matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 that's a matrix times a matrix it's
+the right size 10 by 10 anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus what's the what what what else goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus what's the what what what else goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus what's the what what what else goes
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there A2 B3 right it's just like block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there A2 B3 right it's just like block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there A2 B3 right it's just like block
+rows times block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns I don't nobody I think not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I don't nobody I think not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I don't nobody I think not even
+gaus could see instantly that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus could see instantly that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus could see instantly that it
+works but somehow if we check it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but somehow if we check it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but somehow if we check it through
+all five ways were're doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five ways were're doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five ways were're doing the same
+multiplications so this this familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so this this familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications so this this familiar
+multiplication is what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is what we're really
+doing when we do it by columns by rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when we do it by columns by rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when we do it by columns by rows
+by columns times rows and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by columns times rows and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by columns times rows and by
+blocks okay I just have to like get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks okay I just have to like get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks okay I just have to like get the
+rules straight for matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right I'm ready for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I'm ready for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I'm ready for the second
+topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is
+inverses okay ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse and let me do it for square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and let me do it for square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and let me do it for square
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first okay so I've got a square Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and and it may or may not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it may or may not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it may or may not have an
+inverse right not all matrices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse right not all matrices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse right not all matrices have
+inverses in fact like that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses in fact like that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses in fact like that's the most
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+question you can ask about the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask about the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask about the Matrix is
+if it's square if you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's square if you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's square if you know it's
+square is it invertible or not if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is it invertible or not if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is it invertible or not if it is
+invertible then then there is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then then there is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then then there is some other
+Matrix shall I call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix shall I call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix shall I call it a
+inverse and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what's
+the what's if a inverse exists so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's if a inverse exists so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's if a inverse exists so this
+is if there's a big if here if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's a big if here if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's a big if here if this
+Matrix exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and it'll be really Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it'll be really Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it'll be really Central to
+figure out when does it exist and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when does it exist and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when does it exist and then
+if it does exist how would you find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it does exist how would you find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it does exist how would you find it
+but what's the what's the the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the what's the the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the what's the the equation
+here that I haven't uh that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I haven't uh that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I haven't uh that I have to
+finish now this Matrix if it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish now this Matrix if it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish now this Matrix if it exists
+multiplies a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a and
+produces I thanks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces I thanks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces I thanks the
+identity and actually there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and actually there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and actually there's a little
+more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to
+it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally I mean that right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally I mean that right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally I mean that right now that's
+like a left inverse it's sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a left inverse it's sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a left inverse it's sitting on the
+left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of
+X but a real an inverse for a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but a real an inverse for a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but a real an inverse for a square
+Matrix could be on the right as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix could be on the right as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix could be on the right as well so
+so uh this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too that it if I have a yeah in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that it if I have a yeah in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that it if I have a yeah in fact
+this is not this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is probably
+the this is something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is something that's not
+easy to prove but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove but it
+works that a left that for square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that a left that for square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that a left that for square
+matrices a left inverse is also a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a left inverse is also a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a left inverse is also a right
+inverse if I can find a matrix on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse if I can find a matrix on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse if I can find a matrix on the
+left that gets the identity then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that gets the identity then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that gets the identity then also
+that Matrix on the right will produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix on the right will produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix on the right will produce
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+identity for rectangular matrices we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for rectangular matrices we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for rectangular matrices we'll
+see a left inverse that isn't a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a left inverse that isn't a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a left inverse that isn't a right
+inverse in fact the shapes wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse in fact the shapes wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse in fact the shapes wouldn't
+allow it but for square matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it but for square matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it but for square matrices the
+shapes allow it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes allow it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes allow it and it
+happens if a has an inverse okay so give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a has an inverse okay so give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if a has an inverse okay so give
+me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some
+cases let's see I hate to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's see I hate to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's see I hate to be negative
+here but let's talk about the case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let's talk about the case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let's talk about the case with
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+inverse so so this is this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so so this is this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so so this is this is these
+matrices are called invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular those are the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular those are the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular those are the good
+ones and we want to be able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and we want to be able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and we want to be able to identify
+how if we're given a matrix has it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if we're given a matrix has it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if we're given a matrix has it got
+an inverse can I talk about the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse all right uh best to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse all right uh best to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse all right uh best to start with
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example tell me an example let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tell me an example let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example tell me an example let's let's
+get an example up here let's make it 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an example up here let's make it 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an example up here let's make it 2x
+two of a matrix that has not got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a matrix that has not got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a matrix that has not got an
+inverse and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and let's see
+why let me let me write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let me let me write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let me let me write one
+up no inv let's let's see why let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no inv let's let's see why let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no inv let's let's see why let me
+write up 1326
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does that Matrix have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inut you could you could answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut you could you could answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut you could you could answer that
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ways uh Give Me One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh Give Me One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh Give Me One
+Reason well you could if you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reason well you could if you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reason well you could if you know about
+determinant which you're not supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which you're not supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which you're not supposed
+to uh you could take its determinant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you could take its determinant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you could take its determinant and
+you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let me let me ask you other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me let me ask you other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me let me ask you other
+reasons let me ask for other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons let me ask for other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons let me ask for other reasons
+that that Matrix isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix isn't
+invertible here I could use use what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible here I could use use what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible here I could use use what I'm
+saying here suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um suppose a times some other Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose a times some other Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose a times some other Matrix
+gave the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that not
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because yeah tell I'm I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah tell I'm I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah tell I'm I'm thinking about
+columns Here If I multiply this Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns Here If I multiply this Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns Here If I multiply this Matrix a
+by some other Matrix then the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other Matrix then the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other Matrix then the the the
+result what can you tell me about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what can you tell me about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what can you tell me about the
+column they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column they're
+all multiples of those columns right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiples of those columns right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiples of those columns right if
+I multiply a by another Matrix that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply a by another Matrix that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply a by another Matrix that the
+product has columns that come from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product has columns that come from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product has columns that come from those
+columns so can I get the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so can I get the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so can I get the identity Matrix
+no way The Columns of the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way The Columns of the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way The Columns of the identity
+Matrix like one Z it's not a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix like one Z it's not a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix like one Z it's not a combination
+of those columns because those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those columns because those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those columns because those two
+columns lie on the both lie on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns lie on the both lie on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns lie on the both lie on the same
+line every combination is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line every combination is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line every combination is just going to
+be on that line and I can't get one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on that line and I can't get one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on that line and I can't get one zero
+so do you see do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see do you see that
+that sort of column picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of column picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of column picture of the
+Matrix not being invertible in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix not being invertible in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix not being invertible in fact
+here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+reason oh this is even a more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason oh this is even a more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason oh this is even a more important
+reason well how can I say more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason well how can I say more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason well how can I say more important
+all those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are
+important this is another way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is another way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is another way to see
+it a matrix has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a matrix has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a matrix has no
+inverse yeah here now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah here now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah here now this is
+important a matrix has no a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important a matrix has no a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important a matrix has no a square
+Matrix won't have an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix won't have an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix won't have an inverse
+if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if no inverse because I can solve I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no inverse because I can solve I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if no inverse because I can solve I can
+find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an
+x a a a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a * this a * X giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that this is the reason Reon I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that this is the reason Reon I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that this is the reason Reon I like
+best that Matrix won't have an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that Matrix won't have an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that Matrix won't have an inverse
+can you well let me change I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U so tell me a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so tell me a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so tell me a vector
+X that uh solves ax equals z i mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that uh solves ax equals z i mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that uh solves ax equals z i mean this
+is like the key equation in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the key equation in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the key equation in mathematics
+all the key equations have zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the key equations have zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the key equations have zero on the
+right hand side so what's the s tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so what's the s tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so what's the s tell
+tell me an X here so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an X here so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an X here so now I'm going to
+put slip in the x that you tell me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put slip in the x that you tell me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put slip in the x that you tell me and
+I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get
+zero what what x would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what x would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what x would do that
+job 3 and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job 3 and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job 3 and negative
+1 is that the one you picked or yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is that the one you picked or yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is that the one you picked or yeah or
+or another Well if you pick zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another Well if you pick zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another Well if you pick zero and
+zero I'm not so excited right CU that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm not so excited right CU that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm not so excited right CU that
+would always work so it's all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always work so it's all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always work so it's all it's
+really the fact that this Vector isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the fact that this Vector isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the fact that this Vector isn't
+zero is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is important
+it's a nonzero vector and 31 would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nonzero vector and 31 would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nonzero vector and 31 would do it
+that just says three of this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just says three of this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just says three of this column
+minus one of that column is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of that column is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of that column is the zero
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+okay so now I know that uh a couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I know that uh a couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I know that uh a couldn't be
+invertible what what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible what what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible what what's the what's the
+reasoning if if ax is zero suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if if ax is zero suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if if ax is zero suppose I
+multiplied by a inverse yeah here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a inverse yeah here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a inverse yeah here's the
+reason here here this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason here here this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason here here this is why
+This spells disaster for an inverse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This spells disaster for an inverse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This spells disaster for an inverse a
+matrix can't have an inverse if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can't have an inverse if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can't have an inverse if some
+combination of the columns gives gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns gives gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns gives gives
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+because I could take axal z i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could take axal z i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could take axal z i could
+multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a
+inverse and what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what would I
+discover suppose I take that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover suppose I take that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover suppose I take that equation
+and I multiply by I if a inverse existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply by I if a inverse existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply by I if a inverse existed
+which of course I'm going to come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course I'm going to come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course I'm going to come to the
+conclusion it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it can
+cuz if it existed if there was an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if it existed if there was an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if it existed if there was an a
+inverse to this Dopey Matrix I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to this Dopey Matrix I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to this Dopey Matrix I would
+multiply that equation by that inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that equation by that inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that equation by that inverse
+and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would
+discover X is zero If I multiply a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover X is zero If I multiply a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover X is zero If I multiply a by a
+inverse on the left I get X If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse on the left I get X If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse on the left I get X If I
+multiply by a inverse on the right I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a inverse on the right I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a inverse on the right I get
+zero so I would discover X was Zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I would discover X was Zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I would discover X was Zero but
+if X is not Zer X this guy wasn't zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X is not Zer X this guy wasn't zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X is not Zer X this guy wasn't zero
+there it is 3 - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is 3 - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is 3 - one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+conclusion only take us some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion only take us some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion only take us some time to
+really work with that conclusion our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work with that conclusion our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work with that conclusion our
+conclusion will be that that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion will be that that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion will be that that in that
+that noninvertible matrixes singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noninvertible matrixes singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noninvertible matrixes singular
+matrices some combinations of their some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices some combinations of their some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices some combinations of their some
+combination of their columns gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of their columns gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of their columns gives the
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+column they they take some Vector X into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column they they take some Vector X into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column they they take some Vector X into
+zero and there's no way a inverse been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's no way a inverse been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's no way a inverse been
+recovered right that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered right that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered right that's what this
+equation says this equation says I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says this equation says I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says this equation says I take
+this Vector X and multiplying by a gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector X and multiplying by a gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector X and multiplying by a gives
+zero but then when I multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but then when I multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but then when I multiply by a
+inverse I can never escape from zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I can never escape from zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I can never escape from zero so
+there couldn't be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there couldn't be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there couldn't be an a
+inverse where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse where
+here okay now fix all right now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now fix all right now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now fix all right now let me
+take a all right back to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a all right back to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a all right back to the positive
+side let's take a Matrix that does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let's take a Matrix that does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let's take a Matrix that does have
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+inverse and why not invert it okay can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and why not invert it okay can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and why not invert it okay can I
+so let me take on this third board a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take on this third board a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take on this third board a
+matrix so I fix that up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little uh tell me a matrix that has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh tell me a matrix that has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh tell me a matrix that has got
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse well let me say 1 3 2 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well let me say 1 3 2 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well let me say 1 3 2 what
+should I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there well don't put six I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you want any any favorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want any any favorites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want any any favorites
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight I don't care seven seven okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I don't care seven seven okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I don't care seven seven okay
+seven is a lucky all right seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is a lucky all right seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is a lucky all right seven
+okay okay so now what's our idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now what's our idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now what's our idea we
+believe that this Matrix is inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this Matrix is inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this Matrix is inverted
+those who like determinants have quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who like determinants have quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who like determinants have quickly
+taken its determinant and found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken its determinant and found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken its determinant and found it
+wasn't zero those are like columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't zero those are like columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't zero those are like columns and
+probably that that department is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that that department is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that that department is not
+totally popular yet but those are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally popular yet but those are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally popular yet but those are like
+columns we'll look at those two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we'll look at those two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns we'll look at those two columns
+and say hey they point in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey they point in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey they point in different
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+so I can get anything now let let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can get anything now let let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can get anything now let let me see
+what do I mean how am I going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean how am I going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean how am I going to compute
+a inverse so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse so a
+inverse here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse here's a
+inverse and I have to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I have to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I have to find it
+and and what do I get when I'm when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what do I get when I'm when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what do I get when I'm when I do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+multiplication the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity you know forgive me for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity you know forgive me for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity you know forgive me for taking
+2 by two but like it's good to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two but like it's good to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two but like it's good to keep the
+computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations
+manageable and let the ideas come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and let the ideas come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and let the ideas come out
+Okay now what's the idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the idea I
+want I'm looking for this Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm looking for this Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm looking for this Matrix a
+inverse how am I going to find it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse how am I going to find it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse how am I going to find it right
+now it's uh I've got four numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find I'm going to look at the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I'm going to look at the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I'm going to look at the First
+Column let me take this First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's up
+there what equation yeah tell me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what equation yeah tell me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what equation yeah tell me this
+what equation does the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equation does the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equation does the First Column
+satisfy the First Column satisfies a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the First Column satisfies a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the First Column satisfies a *
+that column is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is 1
+Z the First Column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the First Column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the First Column of the
+answer and the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the second column
+CD satisfies a * that second column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD satisfies a * that second column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD satisfies a * that second column is
+01 do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 do you see
+that finding the inverse is like solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finding the inverse is like solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finding the inverse is like solving
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+systems one system when the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems one system when the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems one system when the right hand
+side is one zero I'm just going to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is one zero I'm just going to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is one zero I'm just going to split
+it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two
+pieces that I don't I don't even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that I don't I don't even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that I don't I don't even need to
+rewrite it I can I can take a time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it I can I can take a time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it I can I can take a time so
+let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+A times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A times
+column J of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column J of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column J of a
+inverse is column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is column
+J of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity I've got in equations I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I've got in equations I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I've got in equations I've got
+well two in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two in this
+case and they have the same Matrix a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and they have the same Matrix a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and they have the same Matrix a but
+they have different right hand sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different right hand sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different right hand sides the
+right hand sides are just The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides are just The Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides are just The Columns of
+the identity this guy and this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity this guy and this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity this guy and this guy and
+these are the two solutions do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two solutions do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two solutions do you do
+you see what I'm doing I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm doing I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm doing I'm looking at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation by columns I'm looking at a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by columns I'm looking at a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by columns I'm looking at a *
+this column giving that guy and a * that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column giving that guy and a * that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column giving that guy and a * that
+column giving that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column giving that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column giving that guy
+so essentially so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially so this is like the
+gaus we're back to gaus we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus we're back to gaus we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus we're back to gaus we're back to
+solving systems of equations but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving systems of equations but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving systems of equations but we're
+solving we've got two right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving we've got two right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving we've got two right hand sides
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+one that's where Jordan comes in so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's where Jordan comes in so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's where Jordan comes in so so
+at the very beginning of the lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning of the lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning of the lecture I
+mentioned gal Jordan let me write it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned gal Jordan let me write it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned gal Jordan let me write it up
+again okay here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay here's the
+Gus Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea g j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves
+solve two equations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once okay let me show you how the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay let me show you how the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay let me show you how the how
+the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics
+go H how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go H how do I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go H how do I solve
+a a single equation so the two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single equation so the two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single equation so the two equations
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1327 multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1327 multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1327 multiplying a
+gives 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives 1
+Z and the other equation is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the other equation is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the other equation is the same
+1327 multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1327 multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1327 multiplying
+CD gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that'll tell me the two columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that'll tell me the two columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that'll tell me the two columns of
+the inverse I'll have the inverse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I'll have the inverse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I'll have the inverse in
+other words if I can solve with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I can solve with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I can solve with this
+Matrix a if I can solve with that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a if I can solve with that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a if I can solve with that right
+hand side and that right hand side I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that right hand side I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that right hand side I'm
+inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted
+I've got it okay and the and Jordan sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it okay and the and Jordan sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it okay and the and Jordan sort
+of said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said to
+G solve them together look at the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G solve them together look at the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G solve them together look at the Matrix
+if we just solve this one I would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just solve this one I would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just solve this one I would look
+at 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 13
+27 and how do I deal with the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and how do I deal with the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and how do I deal with the right hand
+side I stick it on as an extra column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you remember that's that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you remember that's that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you remember that's that's this
+augment Matrix that's the Matrix when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment Matrix that's the Matrix when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment Matrix that's the Matrix when
+I'm watching the right hand side at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm watching the right hand side at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm watching the right hand side at the
+same time doing the same thing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time doing the same thing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time doing the same thing to the
+right side that I do to the left so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side that I do to the left so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side that I do to the left so I
+just carry it along as an extra column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carry it along as an extra column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carry it along as an extra column
+now I'm going to carry along two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns and I'm going to do whatever gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and I'm going to do whatever gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and I'm going to do whatever gal
+wants right I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants right I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants right I'm going to do
+elimination I'm going to get this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm going to get this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm going to get this to be
+simple and this this thing will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and this this thing will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and this this thing will turn
+into the inverse this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inverse this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the inverse this is what's
+coming I'm going to do elimination steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I'm going to do elimination steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I'm going to do elimination steps
+to make this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this into the
+identity and lo and behold the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and lo and behold the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and lo and behold the inverse
+will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up
+here let's do it okay so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's do it okay so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's do it okay so what are the
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+steps so you see that here's my Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so you see that here's my Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so you see that here's my Matrix a
+and here's the identity like stuck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the identity like stuck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the identity like stuck on
+augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on suppos to be switched did I oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suppos to be switched did I oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on suppos to be switched did I oh no
+they weren't supposed to be switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't supposed to be switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't supposed to be switched
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+thanks okay thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay thank you very
+much and there I've got them right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks okay so let's do elimination all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so let's do elimination all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay so let's do elimination all
+right it's going to be simple right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be simple right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be simple right so I
+take two of this row away from this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two of this row away from this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two of this row away from this row
+so this row stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this row stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this row stays the
+same and two of those come away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and two of those come away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and two of those come away from
+this that leads me with a zero and a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that leads me with a zero and a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that leads me with a zero and a one
+and two of these away from this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of these away from this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of these away from this is that
+what that is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is that what you're
+getting after one elimination step I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting after one elimination step I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting after one elimination step I let
+me sort of separate the the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of separate the the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of separate the the left half
+from the right half so two of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right half so two of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right half so two of that first
+row got subtracted from the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row got subtracted from the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row got subtracted from the second row
+now now this is an upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now this is an upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now this is an upper triangular
+form gaus would quit but Jordan says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form gaus would quit but Jordan says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form gaus would quit but Jordan says
+keep going you use elimination upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going you use elimination upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going you use elimination upwards
+subtract a multiple of equation two from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of equation two from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of equation two from
+equation one to to get rid of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one to to get rid of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one to to get rid of the three
+so let's go the whole way so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go the whole way so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go the whole way so now I'm
+going to this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this guy is
+fine but I'm going to what do I do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but I'm going to what do I do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but I'm going to what do I do now
+what's my final step that that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my final step that that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my final step that that produces
+the inverse I multiply this by the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I multiply this by the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse I multiply this by the right
+number to get up to there to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to get up to there to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to get up to there to to to
+remove that three so I guess since since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that three so I guess since since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that three so I guess since since
+this is a one there's the pivot sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one there's the pivot sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one there's the pivot sitting
+there I multiply it by three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I multiply it by three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I multiply it by three and
+subtract from that so what do I get I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that so what do I get I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that so what do I get I'll
+have one zero oh yeah that was my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one zero oh yeah that was my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one zero oh yeah that was my whole
+point I'll multiply this by three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll multiply this by three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll multiply this by three and
+subtract from that which will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that which will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that which will give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+7 and I multiply this by three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and I multiply this by three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and I multiply this by three and
+subtract from that which gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that which gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that which gives me a
+minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's
+my hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hope
+belief here here I started with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief here here I started with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief here here I started with with a
+and the identity and I ended up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the identity and I ended up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the identity and I ended up with the
+identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and
+who that better be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea
+start start with this long Matrix double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start with this long Matrix double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start with this long Matrix double
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+AI eliminate eliminate until this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI eliminate eliminate until this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI eliminate eliminate until this part
+is down to I then this one will must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down to I then this one will must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down to I then this one will must be
+for some reason and we got to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and we got to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and we got to find the
+reason must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason must be a
+inverse shall I just check that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works let me just check that can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let me just check that can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let me just check that can I
+multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this
+Matrix this this part times a I'll carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this this part times a I'll carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this this part times a I'll carry
+a over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over here
+here and just do that multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just do that multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just do that multiplication
+you'll see I'll do it the oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I'll do it the oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I'll do it the oldfashioned
+way 7 - 6 is a 1 21 - 21 is a 0 - 2 + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way 7 - 6 is a 1 21 - 21 is a 0 - 2 + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way 7 - 6 is a 1 21 - 21 is a 0 - 2 + 2
+is a 0 - 6 + 7 is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 0 - 6 + 7 is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 0 - 6 + 7 is a 1
+check so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so that is the
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's the gaus Jordan idea so
+you'll one of the homework problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll one of the homework problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll one of the homework problems or
+more than one uh for Wednesday will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one uh for Wednesday will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one uh for Wednesday will ask
+you to go through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go through those
+steps I think you just got to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I think you just got to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I think you just got to go through
+gaus Jordan a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Jordan a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Jordan a couple of
+times but so I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but so I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but so I like
+yeah just to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just to see the
+mechanics but the important thing is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but the important thing is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but the important thing is why
+is like what happened why did we why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what happened why did we why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like what happened why did we why did
+we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a
+inverse let me ask you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let me ask you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let me ask you that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got so we take we we do row reduction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so we take we we do row reduction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so we take we we do row reduction we
+do elimination on this long Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination on this long Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination on this long Matrix
+AI until the first half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI until the first half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI until the first half is
+up then the second half is a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then the second half is a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then the second half is a inverse
+well how do I see that let me put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I see that let me put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I see that let me put up
+here how I see that so here's my here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how I see that so here's my here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how I see that so here's my here's
+my Gus Jordan thing and and I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Gus Jordan thing and and I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Gus Jordan thing and and I'm doing
+stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+I'm well whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ease remember those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease remember those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease remember those are those
+elimination Matrix those are the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination Matrix those are the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination Matrix those are the those
+are the things that we figured out last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we figured out last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that we figured out last
+time yes that's what an elimination step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes that's what an elimination step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes that's what an elimination step
+is is it's it's in Matrix form I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it's it's in Matrix form I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it's it's in Matrix form I'm
+multiplying by some e and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by some e and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by some e and the result
+well so I'm multiplying by a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I'm multiplying by a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I'm multiplying by a whole bunch
+of e so I get a can I call the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e so I get a can I call the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e so I get a can I call the overall
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+e that's the elimination Matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's the elimination Matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's the elimination Matrix the
+product of all those little pieces what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all those little pieces what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all those little pieces what
+do I mean by little pieces well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by little pieces well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by little pieces well there
+was an elimination Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elimination Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elimination Matrix that
+subtracted two of that away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted two of that away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted two of that away from that
+then there was an elimination Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was an elimination Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was an elimination Matrix
+that subtracted three of that away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subtracted three of that away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subtracted three of that away from
+that I I guess in this case that was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I guess in this case that was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I guess in this case that was all
+so there were just two e in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were just two e in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were just two e in this case
+one that did this step and one that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that did this step and one that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that did this step and one that did
+this step and together they give me an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step and together they give me an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step and together they give me an e
+that does both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does both
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+and the net result was to get an I here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can tell me what that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell me what that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell me what that has to
+be this is like the the picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is like the the picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is like the the picture of what
+happened if e multiplied a whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if e multiplied a whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if e multiplied a whatever that
+e is we never figured it out in in by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is we never figured it out in in by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is we never figured it out in in by by
+by in this way but whatever that e *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in this way but whatever that e *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in this way but whatever that e *
+that e is e * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what's E *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's E *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's E *
+a it's a that e whatever the heck it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a that e whatever the heck it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a that e whatever the heck it was
+multiplied a and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied a and produce
+I so e must be EA equally I tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so e must be EA equally I tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so e must be EA equally I tells us
+what e is namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what e is namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what e is namely it
+is it's the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the inverse of a
+great and therefore when the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and therefore when the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and therefore when the second half
+when e multiplies I it's e but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when e multiplies I it's e but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when e multiplies I it's e but that's a
+inverse you see the the picture looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you see the the picture looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse you see the the picture looking
+that way e * a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way e * a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way e * a is the
+identity that tells us what e has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that tells us what e has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that tells us what e has to be
+it has to be the inverse and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be the inverse and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be the inverse and therefore
+on the right hand side where e where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side where e where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side where e where we
+just smartly tucked on the identity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smartly tucked on the identity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just smartly tucked on the identity it's
+turning in step by step it's turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning in step by step it's turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning in step by step it's turning
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+invers there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invers there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invers there is
+the the statement of G Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statement of G Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statement of G Jordan
+elimination that's how you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that's how you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination that's how you find the
+inverse we're we look we can look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we're we look we can look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse we're we look we can look at it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+elimination at solving n equations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination at solving n equations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination at solving n equations at
+the same time and packing on N columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and packing on N columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and packing on N columns
+solving those equations and up shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving those equations and up shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving those equations and up shows the
+end Columns of a okay thanks St ready
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G8LHGY3i01Q.txt b/G8LHGY3i01Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56c26a8ff73ab175006b3c87949e3838ed730116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G8LHGY3i01Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright guys welcome to the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright guys welcome to the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright guys welcome to the the last
+official day of 2201 can't believe we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official day of 2201 can't believe we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official day of 2201 can't believe we've
+actually made it here and you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made it here and you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made it here and you guys have
+learned a ton about how ionizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a ton about how ionizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a ton about how ionizing
+radiation does and doesn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does and doesn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation does and doesn't affect
+different types of matter if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of matter if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of matter if you've
+noticed that the whole class has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that the whole class has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that the whole class has been
+kind of taking a slant towards looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking a slant towards looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of taking a slant towards looking
+at issues in the public sphere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at issues in the public sphere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at issues in the public sphere from
+things like hormesis to dose to risk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like hormesis to dose to risk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like hormesis to dose to risk to
+power plans - today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plans - today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plans - today we're going to talk
+about food irradiation one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about food irradiation one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about food irradiation one of the main
+reasons that we have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we have all sorts of
+incredibly safe food today thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly safe food today thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly safe food today thanks to
+ionizing radiation a lot of the myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing radiation a lot of the myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing radiation a lot of the myths
+and misconceptions and science behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and misconceptions and science behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and misconceptions and science behind
+what does and what doesn't happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does and what doesn't happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does and what doesn't happen when
+youa radiate food and you guys are fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youa radiate food and you guys are fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youa radiate food and you guys are fully
+equipped to determine not just is food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped to determine not just is food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped to determine not just is food
+irradiation safe but how should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation safe but how should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation safe but how should it be
+conducted how should it not be conducted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted how should it not be conducted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted how should it not be conducted
+and what would the effects really be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would the effects really be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would the effects really be and
+where those stuff that we did the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those stuff that we did the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those stuff that we did the last
+few class is actually looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few class is actually looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few class is actually looking up
+research papers and discerning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers and discerning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers and discerning which
+sources are real and which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are real and which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are real and which ones are
+let's just say not for lack of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say not for lack of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say not for lack of a bunch
+of four-letter words you can tell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four-letter words you can tell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four-letter words you can tell for
+yourselves what for what sources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves what for what sources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves what for what sources are
+actually worth looking at so just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth looking at so just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worth looking at so just just
+quickly go over the basics of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over the basics of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over the basics of food
+irradiation and maybe five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation and maybe five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation and maybe five minutes
+before we hit the primary sources so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we hit the primary sources so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we hit the primary sources so the
+general idea here for anyone that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea here for anyone that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea here for anyone that got
+into the reading which I'll pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reading which I'll pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reading which I'll pull up
+right here is that we irradiated to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that we irradiated to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that we irradiated to do a
+whole sorts whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sorts whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sorts whole bunch of different
+things can anyone tell me what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can anyone tell me what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can anyone tell me what are some
+of the reasons one might irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it gets rid of bacteria other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it gets rid of bacteria other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it gets rid of bacteria other
+harmful organisms it just kills other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful organisms it just kills other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful organisms it just kills other
+organisms like what like bacteria anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like what like bacteria anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like what like bacteria anyone
+else yes insects it's actually used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yes insects it's actually used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yes insects it's actually used to
+either kill or sterilize insects so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either kill or sterilize insects so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either kill or sterilize insects so that
+they don't breed and let's say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't breed and let's say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't breed and let's say oh
+yeah totally because the dose required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah totally because the dose required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah totally because the dose required
+to sterilize something is usually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sterilize something is usually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sterilize something is usually a lot
+lower than the dose required to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the dose required to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the dose required to kill
+something why do you guys think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why do you guys think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why do you guys think that is
+yeah that's right and anyone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right and anyone remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right and anyone remember
+what those quality factors look like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those quality factors look like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those quality factors look like for
+those reproductive cells that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reproductive cells that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reproductive cells that's right
+let me let me bring it up let me go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me bring it up let me go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me bring it up let me go into
+the dost of symmetry and background I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dost of symmetry and background I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dost of symmetry and background I
+think it'll help to actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll help to actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll help to actually see the
+numbers here let's go to the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here let's go to the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here let's go to the tissue
+quality factors there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors there we go
+right at the top of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the top of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the top of the list
+reproductive organs so it takes a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive organs so it takes a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive organs so it takes a whole
+lot less dose to sterilize something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less dose to sterilize something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less dose to sterilize something
+like insects or other you know bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like insects or other you know bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like insects or other you know bacteria
+or things or I don't know if you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things or I don't know if you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things or I don't know if you can say
+sterilized viruses it's still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized viruses it's still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized viruses it's still kind of
+under debate whether viruses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under debate whether viruses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under debate whether viruses are
+technically alive they're right on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically alive they're right on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically alive they're right on that
+edge of what people would consider alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of what people would consider alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of what people would consider alive
+or not and there's still a debate going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and there's still a debate going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and there's still a debate going
+on about what does a live really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about what does a live really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about what does a live really mean
+but any rate yeah you can sterilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any rate yeah you can sterilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any rate yeah you can sterilize the
+insect population for example who here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect population for example who here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect population for example who here's
+bought a bag of rice before and who here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a bag of rice before and who here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a bag of rice before and who here
+has found some little rice bugs in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found some little rice bugs in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has found some little rice bugs in that
+bag of rice before are you serious I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of rice before are you serious I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of rice before are you serious I
+must stop at the cheap store I find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stop at the cheap store I find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stop at the cheap store I find them
+all the time but the nice thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but the nice thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but the nice thing is if
+you were radiate them then they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were radiate them then they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were radiate them then they won't
+breed and continue to eat and breed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed and continue to eat and breed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed and continue to eat and breed in
+the bag and then you open the bag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and then you open the bag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and then you open the bag and
+you've got a swarm of I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a swarm of I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a swarm of I don't know what
+those things are rice weevils there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are rice weevils there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are rice weevils there's
+something I think I remember looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think I remember looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think I remember looking
+them up once because I was like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up once because I was like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up once because I was like what is
+this thing in the rice yeah it's gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the rice yeah it's gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the rice yeah it's gross
+but that's why we do food irradiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why we do food irradiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why we do food irradiation
+now what else what other reasons might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else what other reasons might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else what other reasons might
+want to radiate food other than to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to radiate food other than to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to radiate food other than to kill
+or sterilize things in it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does preserve shelf-life especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does preserve shelf-life especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does preserve shelf-life especially
+of things like fresh fruits vegetables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like fresh fruits vegetables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like fresh fruits vegetables
+seeds legumes anyone have any idea why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah one one would be it kills things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one one would be it kills things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one one would be it kills things
+that eat it but the other thing is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eat it but the other thing is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eat it but the other thing is those
+plants have reproductive cells as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have reproductive cells as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have reproductive cells as well
+and what happens let's say let's pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens let's say let's pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens let's say let's pick a
+good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example
+anyone ever had really old really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever had really old really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever had really old really well
+sprouted bean sprouts before like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouted bean sprouts before like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouted bean sprouts before like not
+the fresh ones but the really old ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fresh ones but the really old ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fresh ones but the really old ones
+not like old like they've sat behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like old like they've sat behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like old like they've sat behind the
+fridge or something but okay yeah super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge or something but okay yeah super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridge or something but okay yeah super
+crazy sprouted anyone remember what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy sprouted anyone remember what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy sprouted anyone remember what they
+taste like they get kind of bitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste like they get kind of bitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste like they get kind of bitter and
+rather unpleasant so one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unpleasant so one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather unpleasant so one of the main
+reasons for radiating food is to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for radiating food is to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for radiating food is to prevent
+sprouting and prevent germination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting and prevent germination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting and prevent germination
+because as soon as the plant sprouts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as the plant sprouts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as soon as the plant sprouts and
+starts to say like alright let's grow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to say like alright let's grow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to say like alright let's grow it
+starts to consume its store of sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to consume its store of sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to consume its store of sugars
+water nutrients and everything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water nutrients and everything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water nutrients and everything else and
+start generating other flavors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start generating other flavors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start generating other flavors which
+tend to be fairly off flavors so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be fairly off flavors so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be fairly off flavors so another
+way that you can keep things tasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can keep things tasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can keep things tasting
+good even if they don't have bugs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good even if they don't have bugs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good even if they don't have bugs or
+weevils or insects or viruses in them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weevils or insects or viruses in them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weevils or insects or viruses in them is
+prevent them from changing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from changing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from changing at all
+through their normal metabolic processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their normal metabolic processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their normal metabolic processes
+so it kind of freezes the food in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of freezes the food in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of freezes the food in place
+now there's another little since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another little since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another little since I
+mentioned freezing there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned freezing there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned freezing there's another
+little caveat to that at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caveat to that at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caveat to that at what
+temperature do you think would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do you think would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do you think would be the
+best temperature to a radiator food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think cold and why do you say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let's bring it up we talked about G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's bring it up we talked about G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's bring it up we talked about G
+values and temperature and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and temperature and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and temperature and I think it's
+a little further and it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further and it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further and it's in the
+chemical effects so I'll jog your guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects so I'll jog your guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects so I'll jog your guys
+memory a bit I'm just a week ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory a bit I'm just a week ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory a bit I'm just a week ago where
+we were talking about G values or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about G values or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about G values or the
+number of different radio lytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different radio lytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different radio lytic
+byproducts or radiolysis byproducts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts or radiolysis byproducts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts or radiolysis byproducts that
+are formed as a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed as a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed as a function of temperature
+I'm not going to fullscreen that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to fullscreen that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to fullscreen that because
+it's gonna get all freaky but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna get all freaky but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna get all freaky but you can
+see that there's a whole lot more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a whole lot more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a whole lot more of
+them formed as a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them formed as a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them formed as a function of temperature
+what's not shown here is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not shown here is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not shown here is what happens
+when this reaches 0 zero degrees Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does how it happens to water at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does how it happens to water at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does how it happens to water at
+zero degree Celsius look outside what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degree Celsius look outside what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degree Celsius look outside what
+are we going it freezes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going it freezes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going it freezes okay
+all these G values are calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these G values are calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these G values are calculated
+assuming the free species are diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the free species are diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the free species are diffusing
+in liquid water when you freeze the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid water when you freeze the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid water when you freeze the food
+you pretty much shut down diffusion when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty much shut down diffusion when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty much shut down diffusion when
+you shut down diffusion how do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut down diffusion how do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut down diffusion how do these
+chemicals react or not in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals react or not in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals react or not in a different
+way can they move to find each other no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can they move to find each other no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can they move to find each other no
+they're frozen in place you're stuck at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frozen in place you're stuck at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're frozen in place you're stuck at
+the diffusion coefficient in ice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficient in ice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficient in ice which
+is a whole lot slower than in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole lot slower than in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole lot slower than in free
+flowing water so in this way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing water so in this way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing water so in this way you can
+kill whatever organisms are there even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill whatever organisms are there even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill whatever organisms are there even
+if they can survive freezing by directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can survive freezing by directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can survive freezing by directly
+damaging their DNA without altering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging their DNA without altering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging their DNA without altering as
+many of the foods normal tastes flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the foods normal tastes flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the foods normal tastes flavors
+colors whatever and speaking of taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors whatever and speaking of taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors whatever and speaking of taste
+slavers colors I want to bring up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavers colors I want to bring up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavers colors I want to bring up some
+of the pseudoscience couple it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pseudoscience couple it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pseudoscience couple it didn't
+take long to find a couple of things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take long to find a couple of things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take long to find a couple of things on
+the internet talking about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet talking about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet talking about how we
+shouldn't eat irradiated food and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't eat irradiated food and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't eat irradiated food and to
+that I say well next time you spend five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say well next time you spend five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say well next time you spend five
+weeks straight on the toilet you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks straight on the toilet you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks straight on the toilet you may be
+thankful for food irradiation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for food irradiation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankful for food irradiation so let's
+look to see what sort of things could or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what sort of things could or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see what sort of things could or
+couldn't happen with food irradiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't happen with food irradiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't happen with food irradiation
+based on well random internet article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on well random internet article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on well random internet article
+again not a not a useful source but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not a not a useful source but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not a not a useful source but
+let's see what they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what they say
+damages food by breaking up molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages food by breaking up molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages food by breaking up molecules
+and creating free radicals that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating free radicals that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating free radicals that's true
+what's the question we should be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the question we should be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the question we should be asking
+though is not does it damage molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is not does it damage molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is not does it damage molecules
+but what do you think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so one did the damage molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one did the damage molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one did the damage molecules
+have any effect were those same damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect were those same damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect were those same damage
+molecules there to begin with and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there to begin with and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there to begin with and the
+other question I want to ask us how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I want to ask us how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I want to ask us how much
+how much is always the question you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is always the question you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is always the question you want
+to come back with when somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back with when somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back with when somebody says
+isn't it true that radiation does binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it true that radiation does binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it true that radiation does binary
+effect causes cancer kills babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect causes cancer kills babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect causes cancer kills babies
+whatever you want you know sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want you know sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want you know sure enough
+but the question is how much so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how much so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is how much so there's
+a second source top ten reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second source top ten reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second source top ten reasons for
+opposing food radiation let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing food radiation let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing food radiation let's go through
+these a little bit one-by-one and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little bit one-by-one and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a little bit one-by-one and look
+at some of the references which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the references which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the references which they're
+not all bad so let's see in legalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all bad so let's see in legalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all bad so let's see in legalizing
+food radiation we did not determine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food radiation we did not determine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food radiation we did not determine a
+level which food can be exposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which food can be exposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which food can be exposed and
+still be safe for human consumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be safe for human consumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be safe for human consumption so
+let's think about what that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what that actually
+means we never hit that ld50 or LD ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we never hit that ld50 or LD ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we never hit that ld50 or LD ten
+or whatever dose we found that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever dose we found that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever dose we found that will
+cause ill effects in humans I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause ill effects in humans I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause ill effects in humans I would
+argue this is a good thing if we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue this is a good thing if we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue this is a good thing if we haven't
+had any documented cases of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any documented cases of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any documented cases of people
+getting sick from food or radiation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sick from food or radiation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sick from food or radiation then
+let's and we already get the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and we already get the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and we already get the effects
+that we want like stopping germination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want like stopping germination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want like stopping germination
+and sprouting killing bad things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sprouting killing bad things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sprouting killing bad things then
+great let's not go higher mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great let's not go higher mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great let's not go higher mission
+accomplished let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished let's look at the
+references again reference one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references again reference one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references again reference one they
+actually give a US Code of Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give a US Code of Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give a US Code of Federal
+Regulations reference to I dare you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations reference to I dare you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations reference to I dare you to
+find what they were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what they were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what they were talking about
+various filings over a period of 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various filings over a period of 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various filings over a period of 17
+years I'm not sure I think it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm not sure I think it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm not sure I think it might be
+something more legit but there may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more legit but there may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more legit but there may also
+be a publication called the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a publication called the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a publication called the Federal
+Register I doubt the Federal Register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register I doubt the Federal Register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register I doubt the Federal Register
+publication has what's called filings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication has what's called filings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication has what's called filings
+but these would be more official filings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these would be more official filings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these would be more official filings
+but yeah they're somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they're somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah they're somewhere in the
+archives of somewhere but at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again I would argue that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would argue that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would argue that this is
+actually a good thing we don't know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good thing we don't know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good thing we don't know to
+what level food irradiation can harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level food irradiation can harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what level food irradiation can harm
+people now let's think about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now let's think about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now let's think about some of the
+ways in which if done incorrectly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which if done incorrectly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which if done incorrectly it
+could harm people without me telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could harm people without me telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could harm people without me telling you
+ahead of time and this will see who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time and this will see who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time and this will see who did
+a little bit of the reading what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of the reading what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of the reading what sort of
+types of radiation do we use to radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of radiation do we use to radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of radiation do we use to radiate
+food and why we have our choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and why we have our choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and why we have our choice of
+alphas betas positrons gammas neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas betas positrons gammas neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas betas positrons gammas neutrons
+heavy ions etc what would you use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ions etc what would you use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ions etc what would you use and
+why yeah so you said presumably ionizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah so you said presumably ionizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah so you said presumably ionizing
+okay which of these types of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which of these types of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which of these types of radiation
+are ionizing what do you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ionizing what do you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ionizing what do you mean by
+ionizing oh I would argue that every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing oh I would argue that every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing oh I would argue that every one
+of these types of radiation can ionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of radiation can ionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of radiation can ionize
+as we've seen they can all knock out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen they can all knock out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen they can all knock out
+electrons or other nuclei but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or other nuclei but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or other nuclei but you're
+getting at an important point can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at an important point can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at an important point can anyone
+help out looks clarify cuz you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out looks clarify cuz you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out looks clarify cuz you're you're
+getting onto the right track anyone yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you may not want to use heavy ions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may not want to use heavy ions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may not want to use heavy ions or
+alphas because you don't want to plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas because you don't want to plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas because you don't want to plant
+anything in the material are you worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the material are you worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the material are you worried
+about implanting helium okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implanting helium okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implanting helium okay what about
+iron I mean let's say you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron I mean let's say you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron I mean let's say you want to use
+carbon ions and the food is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon ions and the food is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon ions and the food is
+Carboniferous that's okay but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carboniferous that's okay but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carboniferous that's okay but what about
+some of these types of radiation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these types of radiation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these types of radiation are
+quite different from the others when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from the others when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from the others when we
+were talking about everything from gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about everything from gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about everything from gamma
+to charge particle to Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge particle to Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge particle to Neutron
+interactions what sort of things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what sort of things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what sort of things might
+we look at as criteria to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at as criteria to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at as criteria to determine
+whether or not we want to use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we want to use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we want to use this for
+food irradiation stopping power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food irradiation stopping power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food irradiation stopping power so
+stopping power which is related directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power which is related directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power which is related directly
+to range so let's pick an energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to range so let's pick an energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to range so let's pick an energy of
+around one MeV how do you find the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one MeV how do you find the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one MeV how do you find the range
+of one MeV alphas and food great that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one MeV alphas and food great that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one MeV alphas and food great that's
+what I was gonna say to you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was gonna say to you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was gonna say to you can either
+do the calculations or like most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculations or like most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculations or like most of us
+actually do we just run a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do we just run a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do we just run a quick
+simulation that integrates all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that integrates all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that integrates all those
+calculations so let's do that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so let's do that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so let's do that right now
+so we will take one MeV helium or 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will take one MeV helium or 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will take one MeV helium or 1000
+ke V helium we will approximate food as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V helium we will approximate food as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V helium we will approximate food as
+water with a stoichiometry of two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with a stoichiometry of two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with a stoichiometry of two to one
+a density of one gram per cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a density of one gram per cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a density of one gram per cubic
+centimeter and let's allow for I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and let's allow for I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and let's allow for I think I
+already know what the answer is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what the answer is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what the answer is gonna be
+ten microns what are we getting for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten microns what are we getting for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten microns what are we getting for a
+range five six microns for alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range five six microns for alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range five six microns for alpha
+particles in water how well would alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in water how well would alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in water how well would alpha
+particle sterilize food not so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle sterilize food not so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle sterilize food not so let's say
+you have a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diameter around 40 centimeters the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter around 40 centimeters the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter around 40 centimeters the alpha
+particles would penetrate the chicken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would penetrate the chicken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles would penetrate the chicken to
+a depth of approximately six microns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depth of approximately six microns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depth of approximately six microns so
+alpha particles are probably out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles are probably out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles are probably out what
+else is out based on range alone heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is out based on range alone heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is out based on range alone heavy
+ions how far do you think iron ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions how far do you think iron ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions how far do you think iron ions
+would penetrate into a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would penetrate into a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would penetrate into a chicken
+not far at all let's find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not far at all let's find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not far at all let's find out
+iron ions I'm gonna shrink the scale to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron ions I'm gonna shrink the scale to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron ions I'm gonna shrink the scale to
+one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we actually kind of did this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually kind of did this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually kind of did this on the
+homework didn't we how'd you guys look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework didn't we how'd you guys look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework didn't we how'd you guys look
+at the range of lighter and heavier ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the range of lighter and heavier ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the range of lighter and heavier ions
+so you should get what I'm hoping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should get what I'm hoping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should get what I'm hoping is
+that you'll have some sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have some sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have some sort of an
+intuition for how far ions tend to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for how far ions tend to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for how far ions tend to go in
+materials so as you go heavier does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so as you go heavier does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so as you go heavier does the
+range go up or down range goes down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range go up or down range goes down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range go up or down range goes down as
+we'd expect we're getting just about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd expect we're getting just about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd expect we're getting just about two
+microns of chicken with heavy iron ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns of chicken with heavy iron ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns of chicken with heavy iron ions
+so what could you do to get those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could you do to get those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could you do to get those to
+penetrate farther hmm yeah so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate farther hmm yeah so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate farther hmm yeah so you could
+boost the energy so if you were to boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the energy so if you were to boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the energy so if you were to boost
+the energy of the alphas let's see first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the alphas let's see first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the alphas let's see first
+of all with our typical range relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all with our typical range relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all with our typical range relation
+where a range is roughly proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a range is roughly proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a range is roughly proportional to
+kinetic energy squared how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy squared how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy squared how much more
+energy where we have to impart to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where we have to impart to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where we have to impart to the
+alphas in order to get them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas in order to get them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas in order to get them to the
+center of the chicken well let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the chicken well let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the chicken well let's let's
+try and work it out right the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and work it out right the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and work it out right the range is
+that the range was about six microns at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the range was about six microns at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the range was about six microns at
+an energy of one MeV and we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy of one MeV and we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy of one MeV and we want to get
+to about 20 centimeters let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 20 centimeters let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 20 centimeters let's call that
+six centimeters we're just gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six centimeters we're just gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six centimeters we're just gonna use
+this approximation for now and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation for now and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation for now and we want
+to go from six microns to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from six microns to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from six microns to six
+centimeters that is far four orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters that is far four orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters that is far four orders of
+magnitude so how many orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so how many orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so how many orders of
+magnitude would we need to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would we need to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would we need to increase the
+energy of the alphas to get through okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the alphas to get through okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the alphas to get through okay
+so we'd have to go to let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd have to go to let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd have to go to let's say a
+hundred MeV you said let's find out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred MeV you said let's find out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred MeV you said let's find out we
+can just check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just check this
+so we'll switch back to alphas at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll switch back to alphas at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll switch back to alphas at a
+hundred MeV this is already looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred MeV this is already looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred MeV this is already looking to
+be fairly uncommon right but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly uncommon right but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly uncommon right but this is
+physics so let's find out okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so let's find out okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so let's find out okay so we're
+at about 1.5 centimeters and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 1.5 centimeters and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 1.5 centimeters and that's
+again because at high energies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because at high energies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because at high energies this
+range relation changes to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range relation changes to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range relation changes to about
+proportional to T for really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T for really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T for really high
+energies but so we know we're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but so we know we're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but so we know we're gonna have
+to get to around a GeV alphas in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to around a GeV alphas in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to around a GeV alphas in order
+to food or radiate chicken that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to food or radiate chicken that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to food or radiate chicken that sounds
+really expensive yeah the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive yeah the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive yeah the proton
+cyclotron at MGH is about 250 MeV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclotron at MGH is about 250 MeV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclotron at MGH is about 250 MeV and
+we're talking an eight or nine figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking an eight or nine figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking an eight or nine figure
+installation not worth it to radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation not worth it to radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation not worth it to radiate
+food what else might go wrong with gez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what else might go wrong with gez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what else might go wrong with gez
+alpha particles what may you induce yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles what may you induce yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles what may you induce yeah
+a lot of Bream strong radiation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Bream strong radiation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Bream strong radiation we
+pretty much ignored bremsstrahlung of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much ignored bremsstrahlung of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much ignored bremsstrahlung of
+things like alpha particles and protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like alpha particles and protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like alpha particles and protons
+but once you get into the GeV or tera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get into the GeV or tera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get into the GeV or tera
+electron volt range you are gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt range you are gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt range you are gonna get a
+lot of bremsstrahlung and shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bremsstrahlung and shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bremsstrahlung and shielding
+those x-rays is gonna be a mess okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those x-rays is gonna be a mess okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those x-rays is gonna be a mess okay so
+let's say we've excluded alphas and ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we've excluded alphas and ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we've excluded alphas and ions
+for the purposes of physics and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of physics and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of physics and we are
+left with betas positrons gammas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with betas positrons gammas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with betas positrons gammas and
+neutrons what next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutrons are expensive you either need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are expensive you either need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are expensive you either need a
+reactor aspiration source or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor aspiration source or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor aspiration source or a little
+pulsed fusion device two of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed fusion device two of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsed fusion device two of which we
+actually yeah two of which we have down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah two of which we have down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah two of which we have down
+the street let's say you had a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street let's say you had a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street let's say you had a cheap
+source of neutrons leave one of those if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of neutrons leave one of those if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of neutrons leave one of those if
+you build it and there's money to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it and there's money to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it and there's money to be
+made than able to know if there's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made than able to know if there's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made than able to know if there's money
+to be made they will build it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made they will build it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made they will build it and if you
+build it they will come with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it they will come with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it they will come with their
+chickens for a radiation why else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens for a radiation why else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens for a radiation why else
+physically would you not want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically would you not want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically would you not want to use
+neutrons to radiate food they damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to radiate food they damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to radiate food they damage
+everything that's that's okay right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's that's okay right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's that's okay right if
+they're damaging living organisms more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're damaging living organisms more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're damaging living organisms more
+than the food itself that's okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the food itself that's okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the food itself that's okay but
+what do neutrons tend to do when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do neutrons tend to do when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do neutrons tend to do when they
+interact with matter and that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with matter and that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with matter and that's as
+general or specific as I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or specific as I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or specific as I can make the
+question so far the correct answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so far the correct answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so far the correct answer is
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+like what Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so that's when I said you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's when I said you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's when I said you're getting
+on the right track so thanks you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track so thanks you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right track so thanks you guys
+for doing a teen tag answer yes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing a teen tag answer yes they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing a teen tag answer yes they can
+activate things at pretty much any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate things at pretty much any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate things at pretty much any
+energy for example for this I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for example for this I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for example for this I'm gonna
+jump to Janice like I said I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to Janice like I said I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to Janice like I said I'd like to
+do things live so show you guys that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things live so show you guys that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things live so show you guys that we
+can do it on the fly and respond to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it on the fly and respond to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it on the fly and respond to your
+comments in real time it is showing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments in real time it is showing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments in real time it is showing good
+okay so this is a skill I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a skill I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a skill I want to make
+sure that by the end of this class which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that by the end of this class which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that by the end of this class which
+is about thirty five minutes from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about thirty five minutes from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about thirty five minutes from now
+you guys will know to jump to Janice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys will know to jump to Janice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys will know to jump to Janice and
+start looking for the right cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for the right cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for the right cross
+sections because you're gonna need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections because you're gonna need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections because you're gonna need it
+for the rest of your life career time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of your life career time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of your life career time at
+MIT pick probably two out of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT pick probably two out of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT pick probably two out of the three
+if you guys are going to be nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys are going to be nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys are going to be nuclear
+something's I'm definitely in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's I'm definitely in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's I'm definitely in a
+different database right now I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different database right now I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different database right now I was an
+incident proton data for other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data for other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident proton data for other things
+that we've become apparent soon let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've become apparent soon let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've become apparent soon let's go
+back to incident Neutron data we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to incident Neutron data we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to incident Neutron data we'll use
+the same database that we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same database that we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same database that we've been using
+all the time the end if most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time the end if most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time the end if most recent
+database look at the cross-sections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database look at the cross-sections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database look at the cross-sections and
+let's assume you had some iron in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume you had some iron in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume you had some iron in your
+food you're a radiating red meat nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food you're a radiating red meat nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food you're a radiating red meat nickel
+copper iron pretty common isotope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper iron pretty common isotope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper iron pretty common isotope of
+iron could be iron 58 let's now go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron could be iron 58 let's now go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron could be iron 58 let's now go down
+and find the Z gamma the neutron capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the Z gamma the neutron capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the Z gamma the neutron capture
+cross-section for iron 58 it's decidedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for iron 58 it's decidedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for iron 58 it's decidedly
+nonzero at all energies which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero at all energies which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero at all energies which means
+you're going to make iron 59 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make iron 59 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make iron 59 what
+happens when you make iron 59 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make iron 59 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make iron 59 I don't
+expect you to know but where do we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know but where do we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know but where do we go to
+get the answer wall yep Tyree that wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer wall yep Tyree that wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer wall yep Tyree that wall
+the table of nuclides whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table of nuclides whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table of nuclides whatever you want
+or the you know the Brookhaven table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the you know the Brookhaven table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the you know the Brookhaven table
+whatever you want the point is the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want the point is the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want the point is the table
+of nuclides let's take a look at iron 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides let's take a look at iron 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides let's take a look at iron 59
+see what it does it is not stable it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it does it is not stable it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it does it is not stable it has
+a half-life of greater than 10 days it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half-life of greater than 10 days it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half-life of greater than 10 days it's
+a beta emitter and it beta decays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta emitter and it beta decays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta emitter and it beta decays to
+cobalt 59 which is a stable isotope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 59 which is a stable isotope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 59 which is a stable isotope so
+you would be creating an ingestible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be creating an ingestible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be creating an ingestible
+source of beta particles nasty stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of beta particles nasty stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of beta particles nasty stuff
+let's see what those beta particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what those beta particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what those beta particles
+would do they have about a 1.5 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do they have about a 1.5 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do they have about a 1.5 MeV
+energy let's look at the decay diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let's look at the decay diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let's look at the decay diagram
+there are a few transitions the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few transitions the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few transitions the most
+likely of which would give a beta and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely of which would give a beta and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely of which would give a beta and a
+gamma the most to likely of which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the most to likely of which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the most to likely of which would
+give a beta and a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a beta and a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a beta and a gamma
+so you'd be ingesting a duo beta gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd be ingesting a duo beta gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd be ingesting a duo beta gamma
+emitter now to find out how far would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter now to find out how far would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter now to find out how far would
+those betas go as and are they energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those betas go as and are they energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those betas go as and are they energetic
+enough to escape you or not what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to escape you or not what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to escape you or not what do you
+use shrim done do electrons well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use shrim done do electrons well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use shrim done do electrons well I
+haven't back to calculations over I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't back to calculations over I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't back to calculations over I want
+to show you guys there's a database for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys there's a database for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys there's a database for
+everything and it's always on NIST in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's always on NIST in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's always on NIST in
+addition to I wonder if any of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to I wonder if any of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to I wonder if any of you guys
+have found these for the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found these for the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found these for the homework
+because I didn't use them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't use them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't use them in the
+solutions but they're quite useful NIST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but they're quite useful NIST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but they're quite useful NIST
+has a database called East are stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a database called East are stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a database called East are stopping
+powers for electrons where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers for electrons where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers for electrons where you can
+simply say graph the total stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say graph the total stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say graph the total stopping
+power or arrange for electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or arrange for electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or arrange for electrons in
+elements or materials materials let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or materials materials let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or materials materials let's
+call food as soft tissue they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call food as soft tissue they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call food as soft tissue they don't have
+that let's go to water it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's go to water it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's go to water it gives you the
+range of electrons in grams per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of electrons in grams per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of electrons in grams per square
+centimeter in water what do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter in water what do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter in water what do we have to
+do to make this into an actual range in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this into an actual range in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this into an actual range in
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplied by density or yeah I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by density or yeah I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by density or yeah I'm sorry
+divided in this case so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in this case so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in this case so you have the
+range in grams per square centimeter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in grams per square centimeter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in grams per square centimeter if
+you divide by density you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by density you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by density you're left with
+centimeters on the top the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters on the top the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters on the top the density of
+liquid waters about one so in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid waters about one so in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid waters about one so in the case
+of water you can simply read off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water you can simply read off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water you can simply read off this
+table if you're talking water at 25 C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table if you're talking water at 25 C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table if you're talking water at 25 C so
+a beta particle with an energy of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta particle with an energy of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta particle with an energy of about
+1.5 MeV has a range of about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 MeV has a range of about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 MeV has a range of about a
+centimeter in material not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter in material not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter in material not something
+you'd want to ingest because around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to ingest because around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to ingest because around one
+centimeter away from wherever the betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter away from wherever the betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter away from wherever the betas
+end up they would do a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up they would do a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up they would do a whole lot of
+damage at the end of their range where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage at the end of their range where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage at the end of their range where
+they have the highest stopping power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the highest stopping power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the highest stopping power so
+we for many many reasons the not least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for many many reasons the not least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for many many reasons the not least
+of which is activation neutrons are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is activation neutrons are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is activation neutrons are out
+so we do not irradiated with neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do not irradiated with neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do not irradiated with neutrons
+because they will induce radiotoxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will induce radiotoxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will induce radiotoxicity
+so for anyone that tells you oh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anyone that tells you oh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for anyone that tells you oh don't
+you stick food in a reactor to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick food in a reactor to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick food in a reactor to a
+radiator the answer is definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiator the answer is definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiator the answer is definitely not
+you don't want neutrons nearby so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want neutrons nearby so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want neutrons nearby so we're
+left with different types of betas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with different types of betas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with different types of betas and
+gammas from our study right here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas from our study right here we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas from our study right here we just
+found out that betas penetrate about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that betas penetrate about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that betas penetrate about one
+centimeter into materials at 1.5 MeV so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter into materials at 1.5 MeV so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter into materials at 1.5 MeV so
+how energetic do we have to get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how energetic do we have to get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how energetic do we have to get them to
+get to the center of the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if range is proportional to T squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if range is proportional to T squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if range is proportional to T squared
+and our range at 1 MeV or 1.5 MeV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our range at 1 MeV or 1.5 MeV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our range at 1 MeV or 1.5 MeV is
+about one centimeter if we want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one centimeter if we want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one centimeter if we want to go to
+20 centimeters about how much at more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 centimeters about how much at more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 centimeters about how much at more
+energetic do we have to get the betas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic do we have to get the betas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic do we have to get the betas to
+radiate the whole chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go with ten times let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go with ten times let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go with ten times let's go to
+15 MeV and we can just read off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 MeV and we can just read off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 MeV and we can just read off this
+chart at 15 MeV we're getting on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart at 15 MeV we're getting on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart at 15 MeV we're getting on about
+now keep in mind this appears to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now keep in mind this appears to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now keep in mind this appears to be a
+double log scale so that right there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double log scale so that right there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double log scale so that right there is
+10 that right there is a hundred yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that right there is a hundred yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that right there is a hundred yeah
+we're getting towards 10 centimeters if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting towards 10 centimeters if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting towards 10 centimeters if
+we want to see where it is at 20 the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see where it is at 20 the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see where it is at 20 the the
+log marker line is kind of missing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log marker line is kind of missing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log marker line is kind of missing but
+it comes to about here if we go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to about here if we go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to about here if we go down
+we're getting around 30 or 40 MeV how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting around 30 or 40 MeV how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting around 30 or 40 MeV how
+reasonable does that sound for a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable does that sound for a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable does that sound for a linear
+accelerator fairly it's not unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator fairly it's not unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator fairly it's not unreasonable
+it would still be big yeah I may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be big yeah I may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be big yeah I may not be
+efficient so we may not use betas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so we may not use betas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so we may not use betas to
+irradiated tire chickens what if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated tire chickens what if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated tire chickens what if you're
+radiating strawberries that are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating strawberries that are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating strawberries that are roughly
+about a centimeter in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a centimeter in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a centimeter in diameter
+how does a 1 MeV Linux sound we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a 1 MeV Linux sound we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a 1 MeV Linux sound we've got
+some of those yeah we've got a 2.5 nez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those yeah we've got a 2.5 nez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those yeah we've got a 2.5 nez
+Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux
+just down the street building in 40 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just down the street building in 40 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just down the street building in 40 so
+that's totally okay you could use betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally okay you could use betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally okay you could use betas
+in order to array D 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to array D 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to array D 8
+thin enough foods food for which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin enough foods food for which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin enough foods food for which you can
+reach the center with the range the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the center with the range the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the center with the range the
+betas do you induce any significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas do you induce any significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas do you induce any significant
+radiotoxicity how do you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could run an experiment or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could run an experiment or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could run an experiment or what
+database would you jump to to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database would you jump to to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database would you jump to to try to
+figure this out yeah I would jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out yeah I would jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out yeah I would jump to
+Janice let's go back there let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janice let's go back there let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janice let's go back there let's see if
+they have the incident electron data yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the incident electron data yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the incident electron data yes
+incident electron data the x-4 database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electron data the x-4 database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electron data the x-4 database
+it's good for charged particles let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for charged particles let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good for charged particles let's
+look at iron-56 let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at iron-56 let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at iron-56 let's say you're
+radiating red-meat this is just total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating red-meat this is just total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating red-meat this is just total
+cross-section so that's not gonna tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so that's not gonna tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so that's not gonna tell
+us much it's also not loading and had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us much it's also not loading and had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us much it's also not loading and had an
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+I had another very interesting all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had another very interesting all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had another very interesting all right
+let's see if we have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we have any other
+interesting isotopes that have any good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting isotopes that have any good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting isotopes that have any good
+reactions yes not all right well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions yes not all right well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions yes not all right well that
+any rate it's awfully difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate it's awfully difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate it's awfully difficult to
+induce radiotoxicity with betas there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce radiotoxicity with betas there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce radiotoxicity with betas there's
+another one I didn't get into which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I didn't get into which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I didn't get into which
+would be protons somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be protons somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be protons somewhere between
+alphas betas in terms of range and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas betas in terms of range and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas betas in terms of range and such
+does anyone know perhaps anyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know perhaps anyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know perhaps anyone that
+works in the vault what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the vault what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in the vault what happens when you
+give very high-energy protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed a lot of gammas and neutrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a lot of gammas and neutrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a lot of gammas and neutrons the
+gammas maybe no problem at the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas maybe no problem at the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas maybe no problem at the radiation
+facility the neutrons big problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility the neutrons big problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility the neutrons big problem so
+find it again we head to Janus look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it again we head to Janus look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it again we head to Janus look at
+the incident proton data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident proton data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident proton data
+I've already scoped this out and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already scoped this out and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already scoped this out and I know
+it's on the X 4 database cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the X 4 database cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the X 4 database cross sections
+let's go right back up to our iron 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go right back up to our iron 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go right back up to our iron 56
+let's assume we're a radiating red meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume we're a radiating red meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume we're a radiating red meat
+what sort of reactions do we have proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of reactions do we have proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of reactions do we have proton
+comma n something with a few points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma n something with a few points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma n something with a few points to
+it aha a nonzero cross-section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it aha a nonzero cross-section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it aha a nonzero cross-section so
+typically in the range of 5 to 10 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the range of 5 to 10 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the range of 5 to 10 MeV
+high-energy protons will start to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy protons will start to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy protons will start to create
+neutrons where a proton will come in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons where a proton will come in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons where a proton will come in a
+neutron will come out so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron will come out so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron will come out so you would
+absolutely not want to use protons above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not want to use protons above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not want to use protons above
+let's say a safe limit of around 3 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a safe limit of around 3 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a safe limit of around 3 MeV
+then the problem is what's the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the problem is what's the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the problem is what's the range of
+3 MeV protons and stuff anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 MeV protons and stuff anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 MeV protons and stuff anyone have a
+intuition for that pretty small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for that pretty small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for that pretty small you
+don't know generally the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know generally the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know generally the order of
+magnitude will head back to here dis rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude will head back to here dis rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude will head back to here dis rim
+will use 3 MeV neutrons or 3 MeV protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use 3 MeV neutrons or 3 MeV protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use 3 MeV neutrons or 3 MeV protons
+it's looking about a millimeter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking about a millimeter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking about a millimeter of
+material we're getting about 200 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're getting about 200 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're getting about 200 microns
+in not useful enough to be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not useful enough to be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not useful enough to be useful for
+any sort of food irradiation so protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of food irradiation so protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of food irradiation so protons
+again are out for reasons of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are out for reasons of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are out for reasons of both
+neutron activation and range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure but what energy are the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but what energy are the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but what energy are the protons
+that you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making
+I highly doubt you were sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly doubt you were sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly doubt you were sitting there
+during 10 MeV yeah so 2 to 3 MeV those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during 10 MeV yeah so 2 to 3 MeV those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during 10 MeV yeah so 2 to 3 MeV those
+proton cross-sections jump to zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton cross-sections jump to zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton cross-sections jump to zero in
+fact let me show you that for a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me show you that for a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me show you that for a better
+up I'll kill this RIM thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'll kill this RIM thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I'll kill this RIM thing because
+that'll fry the computer let's look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll fry the computer let's look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll fry the computer let's look at I
+don't know carbon where there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know carbon where there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know carbon where there's a whole
+lot more data natural carbon there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more data natural carbon there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more data natural carbon there
+should be lots of nice cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be lots of nice cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be lots of nice cross-sections
+here so in goes proton maybe not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in goes proton maybe not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in goes proton maybe not for
+natural let's do carbon-12 has over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural let's do carbon-12 has over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural let's do carbon-12 has over a
+hundred different reactions something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different reactions something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different reactions something
+comma end wow there's a lot of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma end wow there's a lot of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma end wow there's a lot of reactions
+to sort through well I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort through well I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort through well I don't want to
+waste your time with that now but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time with that now but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time with that now but anyway
+hopefully the cross-sections I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the cross-sections I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the cross-sections I showed
+you show you that around 5 MeV or so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show you that around 5 MeV or so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show you that around 5 MeV or so you
+do start to make neutrons so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start to make neutrons so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do start to make neutrons so if you
+could get up to 10 MeV that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get up to 10 MeV that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get up to 10 MeV that's why the
+vaults got that four-foot thick door you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults got that four-foot thick door you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults got that four-foot thick door you
+don't want to be in the room when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in the room when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in the room when that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but the class accelerator go only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but the class accelerator go only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but the class accelerator go only
+goes up to about 2 MeV yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to about 2 MeV yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to about 2 MeV yeah
+and that's perfectly safe to be standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly safe to be standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly safe to be standing
+around there for yep because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there for yep because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there for yep because of
+interlock but not because of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlock but not because of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlock but not because of physics
+right ok fair enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok fair enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok fair enough
+cool so now we're left with gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now we're left with gammas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now we're left with gammas
+gammas work pretty well they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas work pretty well they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas work pretty well they have very
+very long ranges even the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long ranges even the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long ranges even the concept of
+range of a gamma is kind of a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a gamma is kind of a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of a gamma is kind of a funny
+thing to say because they undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say because they undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say because they undergo
+exponential attenuation so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential attenuation so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential attenuation so you want
+either a high enough flux of gammas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a high enough flux of gammas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a high enough flux of gammas that
+they're low attenuation won't matter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're low attenuation won't matter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're low attenuation won't matter or
+you use a lower energy gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a lower energy gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a lower energy gamma ray
+so cobalt-60 or radiators that give off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cobalt-60 or radiators that give off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cobalt-60 or radiators that give off
+those one and a half MeV gammas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those one and a half MeV gammas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those one and a half MeV gammas are
+quite commonly used for this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite commonly used for this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite commonly used for this sort of
+thing because the one and a half MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because the one and a half MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because the one and a half MeV
+gammas will get through just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas will get through just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas will get through just about
+everything you just need a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you just need a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you just need a whole lot of
+them has anyone here seen or heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has anyone here seen or heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has anyone here seen or heard of
+the cobalto radiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cobalto radiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cobalto radiator
+downstairs in the basement of building 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs in the basement of building 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs in the basement of building 6
+we've got one of these things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one of these things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one of these things actually
+it's just a seared sealed source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a seared sealed source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a seared sealed source of
+cobalt in the way you start a radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt in the way you start a radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt in the way you start a radiation
+as you simply open the door and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you simply open the door and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you simply open the door and the
+radiation stops being shielded enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation stops being shielded enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation stops being shielded enough
+now what things could go wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what things could go wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what things could go wrong with
+gammas with super high-energy gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization is what you want right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization is what you want right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization is what you want right you
+want to ionize the water and the DNA of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ionize the water and the DNA of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ionize the water and the DNA of
+the bacteria or the germinating cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria or the germinating cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria or the germinating cells so
+that they get destroyed what else could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get destroyed what else could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get destroyed what else could
+you induce with super high-energy gammas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's another form of ionization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form of ionization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form of ionization right
+so that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't I show you a quick thing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I show you a quick thing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I show you a quick thing let's
+go to incident gamma data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to incident gamma data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to incident gamma data
+I think the x/4 database will be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the x/4 database will be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the x/4 database will be pretty
+good let's go back up to iron again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's go back up to iron again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's go back up to iron again
+we'll go with our red-meat example gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go with our red-meat example gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go with our red-meat example gamma
+comma Neutron anyone heard of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Neutron anyone heard of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Neutron anyone heard of gamma
+induced a neutron ejection high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced a neutron ejection high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced a neutron ejection high enough
+any high enough energy gamma rays will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any high enough energy gamma rays will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any high enough energy gamma rays will
+actually cause neutrons to be emitted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause neutrons to be emitted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause neutrons to be emitted so
+gammas are a definite yes from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas are a definite yes from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas are a definite yes from the point
+of view of physics they're also gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of physics they're also gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of physics they're also gonna
+have to be less than about 5 MeV because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than about 5 MeV because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be less than about 5 MeV because
+once you get to around 5 MeV or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to around 5 MeV or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to around 5 MeV or in the
+case of iron-56 10 MeV you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of iron-56 10 MeV you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of iron-56 10 MeV you end up with a
+non zero and actually fairly significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero and actually fairly significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero and actually fairly significant
+like point 1 barn cross-section for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like point 1 barn cross-section for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like point 1 barn cross-section for a
+gamma goes in a neutron comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma goes in a neutron comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma goes in a neutron comes out and
+that Neutron comes out at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron comes out at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron comes out at whatever
+energy it activates what's nearby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it activates what's nearby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it activates what's nearby and
+makes all sorts of nasty isotopes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all sorts of nasty isotopes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all sorts of nasty isotopes that
+decay the way they will you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay the way they will you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay the way they will you guys
+remember too from the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too from the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too from the neutrons
+discussion about photo fission the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about photo fission the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about photo fission the idea
+that a gamma ray can induce fission of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a gamma ray can induce fission of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a gamma ray can induce fission of a
+heavy nucleus so if there's any traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy nucleus so if there's any traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy nucleus so if there's any traces
+of uranium in the food which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium in the food which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium in the food which there
+always are whatever what you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are whatever what you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are whatever what you don't want
+it to do is then make a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do is then make a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do is then make a whole bunch of
+fission products because even a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products because even a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products because even a couple
+parts of mid parts per million of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of mid parts per million of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of mid parts per million of
+uranium which might be no big deal could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium which might be no big deal could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium which might be no big deal could
+be a big deal if you turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big deal if you turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big deal if you turn it into
+fission products instead of plain old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products instead of plain old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission products instead of plain old
+uranium where it's just a heavy metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium where it's just a heavy metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium where it's just a heavy metal
+like lead whatever now we can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lead whatever now we can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lead whatever now we can deal with
+a tiny bit of letting our food totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit of letting our food totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit of letting our food totally
+yeah okay so while looking through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so while looking through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so while looking through these
+internet studies talking about I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet studies talking about I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet studies talking about I don't
+like this kind of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of are
+for irradiation encourages filthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irradiation encourages filthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for irradiation encourages filthy
+conditions I don't think that's a fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I don't think that's a fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I don't think that's a fault
+of the irradiation I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the irradiation I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the irradiation I think that's a
+fault of the people who are like oh cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault of the people who are like oh cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault of the people who are like oh cool
+physics means that we can relax our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics means that we can relax our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics means that we can relax our
+standards these are separate arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards these are separate arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards these are separate arguments
+and going through all these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going through all these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going through all these things that
+frankly either our false are true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly either our false are true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly either our false are true but
+the question is how much and are true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much and are true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much and are true to
+such a small degree that it barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a small degree that it barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a small degree that it barely
+matters in wading through a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters in wading through a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters in wading through a lot of these
+resources or these uh these things let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or these uh these things let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources or these uh these things let's
+say PhD thesis articles in the ecologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say PhD thesis articles in the ecologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say PhD thesis articles in the ecologist
+a lot of other you know FDA papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other you know FDA papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other you know FDA papers
+various filings yeah from the 60s came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various filings yeah from the 60s came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various filings yeah from the 60s came
+upon actually a really useful document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon actually a really useful document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon actually a really useful document
+this World Health Organization study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this World Health Organization study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this World Health Organization study on
+the wholesomeness of food irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wholesomeness of food irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wholesomeness of food irradiated
+with doses above ten kilogram it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doses above ten kilogram it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doses above ten kilogram it's
+modern it was done by a peer-reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern it was done by a peer-reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern it was done by a peer-reviewed
+study group it was commissioned for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study group it was commissioned for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study group it was commissioned for a
+major organization so I pulled it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major organization so I pulled it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major organization so I pulled it up
+yeah it's like okay there's a legit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like okay there's a legit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like okay there's a legit
+reference in here I recommend you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in here I recommend you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in here I recommend you guys
+look through this it's quite fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through this it's quite fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through this it's quite fascinating
+how many studies have been done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many studies have been done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many studies have been done on
+rather higher radiation doses so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather higher radiation doses so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather higher radiation doses so you can
+usually get away with stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get away with stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get away with stopping
+germination at around a gray a kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germination at around a gray a kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germination at around a gray a kilogram
+so rather low dose of radiation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather low dose of radiation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather low dose of radiation the
+highest dose anyone would use is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest dose anyone would use is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest dose anyone would use is about
+50 kilogram agna to dose that we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 kilogram agna to dose that we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 kilogram agna to dose that we use for
+food irradiation and looked not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food irradiation and looked not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food irradiation and looked not just to
+say are there ill effects but what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are there ill effects but what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are there ill effects but what are
+the ill effects what are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ill effects what are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ill effects what are the other
+compounds that are made and do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that are made and do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that are made and do they
+matter in the end and i want to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the end and i want to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the end and i want to walk you
+guys through a few of the bookmarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys through a few of the bookmarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys through a few of the bookmarks that
+i found pretty fascinating i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found pretty fascinating i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found pretty fascinating i asked you
+guys about gee values at low and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys about gee values at low and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys about gee values at low and high
+temperature here's a great plot showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here's a great plot showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here's a great plot showing
+that right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there
+this is food irradiation done at 20 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is food irradiation done at 20 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is food irradiation done at 20 and
+minus 40 Celsius to look at the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 Celsius to look at the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 Celsius to look at the amount
+of ammonia nitrates ferrocyanide x'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia nitrates ferrocyanide x'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia nitrates ferrocyanide x'
+things that you might not want and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might not want and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might not want and look
+at the difference between a radiating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference between a radiating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference between a radiating at
+20 °c and minus 40 see enormous why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 °c and minus 40 see enormous why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 °c and minus 40 see enormous why is
+that so physically exactly diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so physically exactly diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so physically exactly diffusion
+stops when you cease to have a liquid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops when you cease to have a liquid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops when you cease to have a liquid it
+doesn't stop completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop completely
+but the diffusion constant of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the diffusion constant of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the diffusion constant of anything
+in a solid it's gonna be a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solid it's gonna be a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a solid it's gonna be a whole lot
+slower than that same anything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than that same anything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than that same anything in a
+liquid and so this way you can destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so this way you can destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and so this way you can destroy
+the cells without all of the radio lytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells without all of the radio lytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells without all of the radio lytic
+byproducts going around and damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts going around and damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts going around and damaging
+other food molecules and other food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other food molecules and other food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other food molecules and other food
+cells then we got into the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then we got into the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then we got into the question of
+off smells and funny sorts of changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off smells and funny sorts of changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off smells and funny sorts of changes so
+one of the comments said can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the comments said can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the comments said can change the
+flavor odor and texture of food pork can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor odor and texture of food pork can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor odor and texture of food pork can
+turn red beef can smell like a wet dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn red beef can smell like a wet dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn red beef can smell like a wet dog
+vegetables could become mushy etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables could become mushy etcetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables could become mushy etcetera
+etc etc this study or this review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc this study or this review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc this study or this review of
+studies actually looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies actually looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies actually looked at what
+compounds are formed in which foods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are formed in which foods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are formed in which foods and
+by how much the only thing they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how much the only thing they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how much the only thing they didn't
+tell you is how do they smell so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is how do they smell so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is how do they smell so I
+looked up a few of those they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up a few of those they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up a few of those they looked at
+hexanes as a function of fat content for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes as a function of fat content for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes as a function of fat content for
+a rather high dose for 10 kilogram or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather high dose for 10 kilogram or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather high dose for 10 kilogram or at
+least here everything is in normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least here everything is in normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least here everything is in normalized
+per 10 kilogram so this is the yield of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 10 kilogram so this is the yield of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 10 kilogram so this is the yield of
+this compound in nano grams per gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compound in nano grams per gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compound in nano grams per gram
+does that sound like a big deal it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound like a big deal it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound like a big deal it may
+not sound like a big deal but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sound like a big deal but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sound like a big deal but a lot of
+these odiferous compounds are detectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these odiferous compounds are detectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these odiferous compounds are detectable
+by the human nose and parts per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the human nose and parts per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the human nose and parts per billion
+so they actually do matter and I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually do matter and I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually do matter and I looked
+up to see what sort of smell do hexanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to see what sort of smell do hexanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to see what sort of smell do hexanes
+typically have the word was petrol ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have the word was petrol ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have the word was petrol ik
+smelling like petrol or gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling like petrol or gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling like petrol or gasoline
+might not necessarily be something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not necessarily be something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not necessarily be something you
+want and it is true that fat compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it is true that fat compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it is true that fat compounds
+when you break up these uh let's say fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you break up these uh let's say fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you break up these uh let's say fat
+molecules which usually contain 3 fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which usually contain 3 fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which usually contain 3 fatty
+acids those fatty acids themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids those fatty acids themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids those fatty acids themselves are
+very aromatic you've heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aromatic you've heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aromatic you've heard that
+expression fats where the flavor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression fats where the flavor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression fats where the flavor is
+right a lot of it does not just do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot of it does not just do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot of it does not just do too
+well if you just eat butter not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you just eat butter not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you just eat butter not that
+flavorful anyone ever tried I'm glad I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavorful anyone ever tried I'm glad I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavorful anyone ever tried I'm glad I'm
+not the only one okay good but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one okay good but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one okay good but where
+real where fat really comes into play is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real where fat really comes into play is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real where fat really comes into play is
+when you heat it and it undergoes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you heat it and it undergoes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you heat it and it undergoes all
+sorts of different chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different chemical reactions
+with the food nearby liberating some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the food nearby liberating some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the food nearby liberating some of
+the fatty acids it's part of why lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids it's part of why lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids it's part of why lamb
+smells like lamb and nothing else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells like lamb and nothing else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells like lamb and nothing else is
+that's not just what that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just what that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just what that's where the
+flavor is a 90% of flavor is smell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor is a 90% of flavor is smell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor is a 90% of flavor is smell you
+only got five or six tastes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got five or six tastes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got five or six tastes I think
+that's still under debate but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still under debate but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still under debate but you can
+smell thousands of different compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell thousands of different compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell thousands of different compounds
+and so they actually matter so I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually matter so I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually matter so I started
+looking at some of the other ones heptad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of the other ones heptad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of the other ones heptad
+echod I mean in micrograms per gram fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echod I mean in micrograms per gram fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echod I mean in micrograms per gram fat
+per 10 gray for foods containing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 10 gray for foods containing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per 10 gray for foods containing a lot
+of linoleic acid the smell carrion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linoleic acid the smell carrion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linoleic acid the smell carrion
+beetle sex pheromones the sex pheromone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetle sex pheromones the sex pheromone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetle sex pheromones the sex pheromone
+shouldn't be what turns you off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be what turns you off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be what turns you off it
+should be the carrion beetle what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the carrion beetle what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the carrion beetle what is
+carrion it's the beetles that feed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrion it's the beetles that feed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrion it's the beetles that feed on
+rotting meat so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotting meat so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotting meat so this is this is the
+juice that rotting meat beetles secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice that rotting meat beetles secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice that rotting meat beetles secrete
+to attract other rotting meat beetles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract other rotting meat beetles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract other rotting meat beetles
+nearby to use polite language it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby to use polite language it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby to use polite language it's
+probably something that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something that you don't want
+in your food or is it does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your food or is it does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your food or is it does anybody know
+what makes pork smell like pork is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes pork smell like pork is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes pork smell like pork is what
+you're gonna find out who likes full who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna find out who likes full who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna find out who likes full who
+likes pork here awesome I'm gonna ruin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes pork here awesome I'm gonna ruin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes pork here awesome I'm gonna ruin
+your date there's a compound called scat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your date there's a compound called scat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your date there's a compound called scat
+toll can anyone figure out from the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll can anyone figure out from the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll can anyone figure out from the root
+of the word yeah anyone ever heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word yeah anyone ever heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word yeah anyone ever heard of
+that wonderful barnyard e smell from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wonderful barnyard e smell from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wonderful barnyard e smell from a
+cut of free-range pork anyone heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut of free-range pork anyone heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut of free-range pork anyone heard this
+term before it's raise your hands anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term before it's raise your hands anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term before it's raise your hands anyone
+heard the nice pork barnyard e smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the nice pork barnyard e smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the nice pork barnyard e smell
+okay couple people that barnyard e smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple people that barnyard e smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple people that barnyard e smell
+is parts per trillion or parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parts per trillion or parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parts per trillion or parts per
+billion of scat toll so you know tiniest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of scat toll so you know tiniest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of scat toll so you know tiniest
+littlest bit of poop yeah the same sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littlest bit of poop yeah the same sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littlest bit of poop yeah the same sort
+of compounds that you find in scat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compounds that you find in scat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compounds that you find in scat in
+incredibly small amounts contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly small amounts contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly small amounts contribute to
+the wonderful flavor of really good pork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful flavor of really good pork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful flavor of really good pork
+so just because these compounds are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because these compounds are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because these compounds are made
+in higher do't in higher amounts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher do't in higher amounts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher do't in higher amounts with
+higher amounts of fat or dose doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher amounts of fat or dose doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher amounts of fat or dose doesn't
+mean that they're necessarily off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they're necessarily off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they're necessarily off of
+flavors but there is kind of hilarious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors but there is kind of hilarious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors but there is kind of hilarious
+to see what you know what other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what you know what other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what you know what other places
+do you tend to find high concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you tend to find high concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you tend to find high concentrations
+in these the next one down hexa Beck a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these the next one down hexa Beck a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these the next one down hexa Beck a
+train from a radiation of muscle the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train from a radiation of muscle the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train from a radiation of muscle the one
+paper I could find that talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I could find that talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I could find that talked about
+this in a cocktail of smell compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a cocktail of smell compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a cocktail of smell compounds
+comes from the odiferous defensive stink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the odiferous defensive stink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the odiferous defensive stink
+glands of read something beetles yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands of read something beetles yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands of read something beetles yeah
+sounds horrible right so if you stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds horrible right so if you stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds horrible right so if you stopped
+there you might think great so radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might think great so radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you might think great so radiation
+produces odiferous defensive stink gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces odiferous defensive stink gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces odiferous defensive stink gland
+compounds but as we know pork smells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds but as we know pork smells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds but as we know pork smells
+great we don't necessarily know in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we don't necessarily know in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we don't necessarily know in what
+concentrations have to what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations have to what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations have to what is it
+hexa deca train would smell good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexa deca train would smell good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexa deca train would smell good or
+smell bad to the human nose it's just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell bad to the human nose it's just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell bad to the human nose it's just no
+telling there's some compounds in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling there's some compounds in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling there's some compounds in any
+amount if you can detect them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if you can detect them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if you can detect them they're
+terrible there's some compounds that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible there's some compounds that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible there's some compounds that go
+from bad to good there's some pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bad to good there's some pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bad to good there's some pounds
+that go from good to bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from good to bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from good to bad
+anyone ever smells someone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever smells someone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever smells someone that's
+slopped on perfume before would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopped on perfume before would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopped on perfume before would you
+describe the smell as good no but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the smell as good no but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the smell as good no but you
+know perfume relies on lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know perfume relies on lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know perfume relies on lots of different
+compounds in very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds in very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds in very very small
+concentrations is supposed to be subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations is supposed to be subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations is supposed to be subtle
+and enhance your own body chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhance your own body chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhance your own body chemistry
+you're not supposed to smell like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to smell like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to smell like a
+perfume factory explosion so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume factory explosion so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume factory explosion so another
+sort of real-life analogy where too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real-life analogy where too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real-life analogy where too much
+of a good smelling thing can smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good smelling thing can smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good smelling thing can smell
+really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad
+yeah and so then going on from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so then going on from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so then going on from the
+various odiferous compounds where a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various odiferous compounds where a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various odiferous compounds where a few
+other points I wanted to own oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points I wanted to own oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other points I wanted to own oh there's
+another one okay seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one okay seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one okay seems like the
+production is pretty much linear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is pretty much linear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is pretty much linear with
+either dose or with the abundance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dose or with the abundance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either dose or with the abundance of the
+precursor normalised a dose this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor normalised a dose this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor normalised a dose this one you
+tend to find in deodorants what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find in deodorants what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find in deodorants what was the
+name of this compound propane die all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this compound propane die all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this compound propane die all
+died palmitate don't know the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died palmitate don't know the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died palmitate don't know the structure
+cuz I'm not an organic chemist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm not an organic chemist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm not an organic chemist but
+things you might find in deodorant again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might find in deodorant again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you might find in deodorant again
+no telling whether or not this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no telling whether or not this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no telling whether or not this would be
+good or bad in food and how much that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad in food and how much that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad in food and how much that's
+always the question I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the question I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the question I want you to
+remember if somebody asks isn't binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if somebody asks isn't binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if somebody asks isn't binary
+effect bad you know isn't metatag binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect bad you know isn't metatag binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect bad you know isn't metatag binary
+effect bad the question is depends how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect bad the question is depends how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect bad the question is depends how
+much yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do it shows the dose normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it shows the dose normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it shows the dose normalized
+yield per 10 kilogram in micrograms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield per 10 kilogram in micrograms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield per 10 kilogram in micrograms per
+gram so it shows that depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so it shows that depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so it shows that depending on how
+much of whatever precursor in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of whatever precursor in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of whatever precursor in this case
+enzyme and activated muscle there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and activated muscle there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and activated muscle there was
+how much relative amount of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much relative amount of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much relative amount of this
+compound existed what these graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound existed what these graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound existed what these graphs are
+telling us is they're pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is they're pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is they're pretty much all
+linear and they're pretty much all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and they're pretty much all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and they're pretty much all the
+same for I saw that as human for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for I saw that as human for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for I saw that as human for a
+second holy crap it's hard to skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second holy crap it's hard to skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second holy crap it's hard to skip the
+beat ham beef chicken pork oh man hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat ham beef chicken pork oh man hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat ham beef chicken pork oh man hey
+anyway going into the conclusions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway going into the conclusions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway going into the conclusions which
+again are strikingly different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are strikingly different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are strikingly different than the
+internet article would have you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet article would have you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet article would have you believe
+I wanted to point things out interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to point things out interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to point things out interesting
+irradiating moist foods while frozen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating moist foods while frozen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating moist foods while frozen in
+the absence of oxygen significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of oxygen significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of oxygen significantly
+decreases overall chemical yields by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases overall chemical yields by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases overall chemical yields by
+about 80 percent so it's interesting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 percent so it's interesting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 percent so it's interesting you
+can radiate something to 50 kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can radiate something to 50 kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can radiate something to 50 kilogram
+minus 30 C and it does the same chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 C and it does the same chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 30 C and it does the same chemical
+change as tenkill agree at room or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as tenkill agree at room or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as tenkill agree at room or
+chilled temperatures but you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilled temperatures but you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilled temperatures but you do that
+much more damage to the organisms so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more damage to the organisms so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more damage to the organisms so in
+this case yeah there you go better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah there you go better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case yeah there you go better to
+radiate at cold temperatures and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate at cold temperatures and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate at cold temperatures and there's
+a few other interesting conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other interesting conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other interesting conclusions
+these radio lytic compounds are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radio lytic compounds are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radio lytic compounds are they
+found in food otherwise virtually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in food otherwise virtually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in food otherwise virtually all
+the radiolysis products found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiolysis products found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiolysis products found in
+high-dose irradiated foods are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-dose irradiated foods are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-dose irradiated foods are either
+naturally present or foods or produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally present or foods or produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally present or foods or produced
+in thermally processed foods before food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermally processed foods before food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermally processed foods before food
+irradiation you had heat sterilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation you had heat sterilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation you had heat sterilization
+in fact we still do for quite a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we still do for quite a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we still do for quite a bit and
+folks a lot of times we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks a lot of times we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks a lot of times we'll talk about
+the amount of nutritional decline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of nutritional decline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of nutritional decline the
+amount of lack of nutrition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of lack of nutrition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of lack of nutrition from
+irradiated foods and they'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated foods and they'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated foods and they'll just say
+it's a bad thing that's not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad thing that's not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad thing that's not the right
+fact to see here food preservation tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to see here food preservation tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to see here food preservation tends
+to lower the nutritional content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the nutritional content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the nutritional content and
+there's a neat table a few neat tables I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a neat table a few neat tables I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a neat table a few neat tables I
+want you guys to look at in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to look at in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys to look at in terms of
+macronutrients do you lose the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macronutrients do you lose the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macronutrients do you lose the protein
+the fat the carbohydrates from in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat the carbohydrates from in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat the carbohydrates from in this
+case gamma-irradiated mackerel as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case gamma-irradiated mackerel as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case gamma-irradiated mackerel as a
+function of dose does anybody see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of dose does anybody see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of dose does anybody see a
+trend here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a sec look at the numbers mm-hmm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sec look at the numbers mm-hmm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sec look at the numbers mm-hmm it
+does seem like the nutritional content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem like the nutritional content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem like the nutritional content
+goes a little bit up with small doses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a little bit up with small doses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a little bit up with small doses
+doesn't it would you necessarily believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it would you necessarily believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it would you necessarily believe
+these data at first glance at face value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data at first glance at face value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data at first glance at face value
+what's missing from this data set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's missing from this data set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's missing from this data set for
+you to draw a statistically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw a statistically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw a statistically significant
+conclusion arrow bars right we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion arrow bars right we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion arrow bars right we don't
+know if this is the graph of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is the graph of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is the graph of let's say
+protein content versus dose in gray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein content versus dose in gray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein content versus dose in gray and
+this is protein the data appear to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is protein the data appear to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is protein the data appear to do
+something like this if the error bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if the error bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if the error bars
+are like that then you can't draw any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that then you can't draw any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that then you can't draw any
+meaningful conclusion so one would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful conclusion so one would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful conclusion so one would have
+to go back to the study to see hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the study to see hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the study to see hopefully
+they actually had error bars in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had error bars in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had error bars in their
+measurements but so what I can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but so what I can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements but so what I can conclude
+from this is macronutrients basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is macronutrients basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is macronutrients basically
+don't change with up to the highest dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change with up to the highest dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change with up to the highest dose
+of radiation that we give to any food at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation that we give to any food at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation that we give to any food at
+all what about the micronutrients what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what about the micronutrients what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what about the micronutrients what
+about things like vitamins they do go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like vitamins they do go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like vitamins they do go
+down somewhat and they're pretty linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somewhat and they're pretty linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somewhat and they're pretty linear
+they're fairly linear with dose it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fairly linear with dose it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fairly linear with dose it's not
+much to be disputed there is yes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to be disputed there is yes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to be disputed there is yes a
+radiating food does destroy some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating food does destroy some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating food does destroy some of the
+vitamins and not the minerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins and not the minerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins and not the minerals
+why wouldn't gamma irradiation destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't gamma irradiation destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't gamma irradiation destroy
+minerals in food what's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in food what's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in food what's an example of a
+mineral that you need for a survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral that you need for a survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral that you need for a survival
+iron calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron calcium
+yeah a bunch of other elements or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a bunch of other elements or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a bunch of other elements or
+inorganic compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic compounds
+why does food irradiation not affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does food irradiation not affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does food irradiation not affect
+mineral content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right yeah you stay below 5 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah you stay below 5 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah you stay below 5 MeV
+gammas and there's literally no change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas and there's literally no change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas and there's literally no change
+in the elemental composition of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elemental composition of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elemental composition of those
+minerals the vitamins however tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals the vitamins however tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals the vitamins however tend to be
+more complex organic compounds that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex organic compounds that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex organic compounds that can
+be damaged and one of those big ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be damaged and one of those big ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be damaged and one of those big ones is
+thiamine better known as vitamin b1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine better known as vitamin b1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine better known as vitamin b1 so
+irradiated food is a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated food is a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated food is a little bit less
+nutritious but they give a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritious but they give a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritious but they give a pretty good
+explanation let's see I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation let's see I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation let's see I think that's
+later in the conclusion so we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the conclusion so we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the conclusion so we'll get to
+that conclusions on nutrition yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conclusions on nutrition yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conclusions on nutrition yeah there
+we go so in this case what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so in this case what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so in this case what they're
+saying is well yeah it takes away some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is well yeah it takes away some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is well yeah it takes away some
+thiamine but irradiated food does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine but irradiated food does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine but irradiated food does not
+constitute the major source of thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the major source of thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute the major source of thiamine
+in the diet so even though it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diet so even though it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diet so even though it does
+reduce the amount of radiation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amount of radiation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the amount of radiation or the
+amount of thiamine that you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of thiamine that you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of thiamine that you get it
+doesn't make a dent in your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a dent in your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a dent in your overall
+nutritional uptake unless you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional uptake unless you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional uptake unless you eat
+nothing but that irradiated food does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but that irradiated food does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but that irradiated food does
+anyone remember when the last case as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember when the last case as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember when the last case as
+scurvy in the u.s. happened talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurvy in the u.s. happened talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurvy in the u.s. happened talking
+about single food diets have been right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single food diets have been right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single food diets have been right
+here at MIT it was awhile ago I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it was awhile ago I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it was awhile ago I think by
+now it would have been over 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would have been over 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it would have been over 10 or 15
+years ago there was a student that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there was a student that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there was a student that
+decided I'm gonna have the cheapest food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided I'm gonna have the cheapest food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided I'm gonna have the cheapest food
+budget ever and live off nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget ever and live off nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget ever and live off nothing but
+instant packs of ramen now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant packs of ramen now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant packs of ramen now this is
+already a nutritional nightmare but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a nutritional nightmare but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a nutritional nightmare but it
+got worse and worse so it was the ramen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got worse and worse so it was the ramen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got worse and worse so it was the ramen
+the flavor packs and water and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor packs and water and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor packs and water and that's
+just what this person ate the whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what this person ate the whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what this person ate the whole time
+and then they decided you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they decided you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they decided you know what I
+don't really need the flavor pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need the flavor pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need the flavor pack
+because that's just a bunch of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just a bunch of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just a bunch of sodium
+taking out whatever little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out whatever little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out whatever little
+micronutrients were left and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micronutrients were left and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micronutrients were left and then the
+next logical step was why bother cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next logical step was why bother cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next logical step was why bother cooking
+it and a few weeks later a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and a few weeks later a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and a few weeks later a massive
+constipation and scurvy ensued which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constipation and scurvy ensued which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constipation and scurvy ensued which is
+a disease you don't see anymore from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease you don't see anymore from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease you don't see anymore from a
+deficiency of vitamin C so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency of vitamin C so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency of vitamin C so if you're
+only eating one food to begin with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only eating one food to begin with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only eating one food to begin with you
+got other problems that have nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got other problems that have nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got other problems that have nothing to
+do with food irradiation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not surprised at all either I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not surprised at all either I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not surprised at all either I feel
+like this is this is the place I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is this is the place I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is this is the place I'm
+surprised Soylent wasn't invented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised Soylent wasn't invented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised Soylent wasn't invented here
+but seems like the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seems like the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seems like the kind of thing that
+someone here would have done yeah anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone here would have done yeah anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone here would have done yeah anyway
+let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look
+ah irradiation versus heat sterilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah irradiation versus heat sterilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah irradiation versus heat sterilization
+from a nutritional viewpoint irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nutritional viewpoint irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nutritional viewpoint irradiated
+foods are equivalent or superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods are equivalent or superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods are equivalent or superior to
+thermally sterilized foods why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally sterilized foods why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally sterilized foods why do you
+guys think that might be indeed so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think that might be indeed so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys think that might be indeed so you'd
+actually get some macro nutrients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get some macro nutrients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get some macro nutrients to
+disappear if you start to denature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if you start to denature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if you start to denature or
+break down those and even for micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down those and even for micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down those and even for micro
+nutrients the idea here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients the idea here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients the idea here is that the
+amount of micronutrient content will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of micronutrient content will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of micronutrient content will go
+down roughly linearly with dose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down roughly linearly with dose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down roughly linearly with dose what
+happens when you reach the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you reach the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you reach the temperature
+of destabilization of those foods yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destabilization of those foods yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destabilization of those foods yeah
+all of it goes away once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it goes away once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it goes away once it's
+temperature unstable if you if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature unstable if you if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature unstable if you if you keep
+it at that temperature for long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at that temperature for long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at that temperature for long enough
+you'll destroy pretty much all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll destroy pretty much all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll destroy pretty much all the
+nutritional contents so if the choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional contents so if the choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional contents so if the choice is
+between do you heat or do you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between do you heat or do you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between do you heat or do you were
+radiate a radiating does less damage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate a radiating does less damage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate a radiating does less damage in
+the end and who here as well let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and who here as well let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and who here as well let's say
+anyone here ever had an MRE a meal ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here ever had an MRE a meal ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here ever had an MRE a meal ready
+to eat how do they taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're not great but they do last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not great but they do last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not great but they do last
+for like decades yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like decades yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like decades yeah
+like many decades is an entire channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many decades is an entire channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many decades is an entire channel
+on YouTube of this guy that just eats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube of this guy that just eats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube of this guy that just eats
+MREs from further and further back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MREs from further and further back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MREs from further and further back I
+think he's made it as far back as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's made it as far back as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's made it as far back as a
+civil war 1/8 actual moldy hardtack from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil war 1/8 actual moldy hardtack from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil war 1/8 actual moldy hardtack from
+the Civil War but my point here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Civil War but my point here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Civil War but my point here is that
+all the way back is definitely to World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back is definitely to World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back is definitely to World
+War 2 and perhaps beforehand MREs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War 2 and perhaps beforehand MREs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War 2 and perhaps beforehand MREs were
+sterilized with heat you put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized with heat you put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized with heat you put something
+in a metal and plastic lined bag to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metal and plastic lined bag to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metal and plastic lined bag to keep
+out all other organisms you heat it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all other organisms you heat it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all other organisms you heat it for
+long enough to kill every single other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to kill every single other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to kill every single other
+organism and they last for decades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and they last for decades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and they last for decades and
+the question is do you want to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do you want to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do you want to eat
+what's in the bag usually just if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the bag usually just if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the bag usually just if you
+want some fun between studying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some fun between studying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some fun between studying for
+finals listen to this guy's reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals listen to this guy's reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals listen to this guy's reactions
+they eat some of these 60 or 70 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eat some of these 60 or 70 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eat some of these 60 or 70 year old
+MREs from World War two or the Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MREs from World War two or the Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MREs from World War two or the Korean
+War I don't know for attention yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War I don't know for attention yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War I don't know for attention yeah
+anyway well in at any rate canned food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well in at any rate canned food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well in at any rate canned food
+you can tell has an awfully different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell has an awfully different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell has an awfully different
+taste to it a lot of these cans are heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste to it a lot of these cans are heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste to it a lot of these cans are heat
+sterilized they're pasteurized and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized they're pasteurized and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilized they're pasteurized and the
+heat themselves generates a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat themselves generates a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat themselves generates a lot of
+off-flavors that you can tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-flavors that you can tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-flavors that you can tell the
+difference between fresh and canned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fresh and canned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fresh and canned
+green beans right in taste texture color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green beans right in taste texture color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green beans right in taste texture color
+machinists whatever other qualifiers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinists whatever other qualifiers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinists whatever other qualifiers you
+give to food so to those opponents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to food so to those opponents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to food so to those opponents of
+food or Asian radiation I'd say consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or Asian radiation I'd say consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or Asian radiation I'd say consider
+the alternatives either heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives either heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives either heat
+sterilization or spending most of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilization or spending most of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterilization or spending most of your
+waking hours in the bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you can't necessarily a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't necessarily a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't necessarily a lot of
+these there are also spores of bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are also spores of bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are also spores of bacteria
+that are incredibly heat tolerant so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are incredibly heat tolerant so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are incredibly heat tolerant so you
+can't necessarily sterilize meat without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't necessarily sterilize meat without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't necessarily sterilize meat without
+cooking it so the best thing to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking it so the best thing to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking it so the best thing to do is to
+cook it right sealed in a can or sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook it right sealed in a can or sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook it right sealed in a can or sealed
+in something and then don't unseal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something and then don't unseal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something and then don't unseal it
+until consumption type yeah there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until consumption type yeah there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until consumption type yeah there are
+other things that you can sterilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can sterilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you can sterilize
+without cooking them like milk milk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without cooking them like milk milk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without cooking them like milk milk is
+pasteurized you heat it to a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasteurized you heat it to a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasteurized you heat it to a temperature
+that's sufficient to kill most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient to kill most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient to kill most of the
+microorganisms not to sterilize it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms not to sterilize it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms not to sterilize it but
+to increase its shelf life so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase its shelf life so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase its shelf life so that it
+takes months instead of hours for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes months instead of hours for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes months instead of hours for that
+microorganism population to bloom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism population to bloom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism population to bloom and
+ruin the milk I'm sure everyone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the milk I'm sure everyone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the milk I'm sure everyone here
+smelled spoiled milk before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelled spoiled milk before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelled spoiled milk before right
+doesn't matter how pasteurize it is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how pasteurize it is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how pasteurize it is does
+anyone open a carton of expired milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone open a carton of expired milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone open a carton of expired milk
+after its shelf life and yeah that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its shelf life and yeah that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its shelf life and yeah that was a
+study in two-phase flow right liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in two-phase flow right liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in two-phase flow right liquid
+solid yeah yep so there's some proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid yeah yep so there's some proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid yeah yep so there's some proof
+right there a few bacteria survived it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there a few bacteria survived it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there a few bacteria survived it's
+the same thing with food irradiation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with food irradiation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with food irradiation you
+need an enormous dose in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an enormous dose in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an enormous dose in order to
+actually sterilize the food so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sterilize the food so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sterilize the food so this is
+usually the only option for folks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the only option for folks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the only option for folks with
+extremely compromised immune systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely compromised immune systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely compromised immune systems and
+hospitals is if you want to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals is if you want to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals is if you want to give them
+actually sterile food that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sterile food that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sterile food that's actually
+palatable you were radiated to like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable you were radiated to like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable you were radiated to like 50
+kilogram and that kills just about every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and that kills just about every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and that kills just about every
+single organism including the long-lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism including the long-lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single organism including the long-lived
+spores one other side benefit of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spores one other side benefit of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spores one other side benefit of food
+irradiation is the cells that survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation is the cells that survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation is the cells that survive
+have been blasted by radiation they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been blasted by radiation they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been blasted by radiation they tend
+to be a lot weaker and more sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot weaker and more sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot weaker and more sensitive to
+heat and pH and temperature heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and pH and temperature heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and pH and temperature heat
+temperatures the same thing so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the same thing so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the same thing so that the
+cells that make it through the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that make it through the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that make it through the food
+irradiation are more susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation are more susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation are more susceptible to
+damage and then it helps make things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then it helps make things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then it helps make things a
+little bit safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit safer
+I'm trying to see if there's any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to see if there's any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to see if there's any other
+conclusions oh yeah the old who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions oh yeah the old who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions oh yeah the old who cares
+about thymine it's unlikely however that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thymine it's unlikely however that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thymine it's unlikely however that
+the irradiated foods of this type would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irradiated foods of this type would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irradiated foods of this type would
+constitute a large enough proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute a large enough proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitute a large enough proportion of
+the diet to compromise the dietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet to compromise the dietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet to compromise the dietary
+requirement for thiamine and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for thiamine and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for thiamine and this is
+coming from the World Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the World Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the World Health
+Organization if there's any organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization if there's any organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization if there's any organization
+you think you can trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can trust
+about health everywhere it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about health everywhere it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about health everywhere it's it's the
+who these guys and I don't think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who these guys and I don't think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who these guys and I don't think we have
+time for more of the conclusions however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for more of the conclusions however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for more of the conclusions however
+I will post this document up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will post this document up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will post this document up to the
+learning module site so you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module site so you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module site so you guys can
+peruse at your leisure along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peruse at your leisure along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peruse at your leisure along with the
+bookmarks unless I've done it already I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks unless I've done it already I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks unless I've done it already I
+want to open it up the last two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to open it up the last two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to open it up the last two minutes
+to any questions you guys may have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any questions you guys may have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any questions you guys may have about
+anything including final logistics how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything including final logistics how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything including final logistics how
+it's gonna roll calm down the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna roll calm down the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna roll calm down the review
+session on Friday whatever you guys want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+the review is 9:00 to 10:00 or 10:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review is 9:00 to 10:00 or 10:30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review is 9:00 to 10:00 or 10:30
+whenever we finish on Friday I'll email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we finish on Friday I'll email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we finish on Friday I'll email
+out with a room once I secure one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are gamma radiation facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gamma radiation facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gamma radiation facilities
+where they've got these cobalt 60 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've got these cobalt 60 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've got these cobalt 60 or
+cesium sources no this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium sources no this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium sources no this would be
+processing centers yeah you wouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing centers yeah you wouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing centers yeah you wouldn't I
+mean you can't own can't normally own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't own can't normally own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can't own can't normally own
+one of these giant COBOL sources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these giant COBOL sources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these giant COBOL sources so
+these would be specialized processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be specialized processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be specialized processing
+centers yeah oh no it can be done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers yeah oh no it can be done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers yeah oh no it can be done for
+foods grown within and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods grown within and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods grown within and for the
+consumption in the US too if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the US too if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the US too if you want to
+extend its shelf life by small or large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend its shelf life by small or large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend its shelf life by small or large
+amounts you can do it for anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts you can do it for anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts you can do it for anything but
+there are a number of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of different types of
+produce that can only be imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that can only be imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that can only be imported
+because of food irradiation one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of food irradiation one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of food irradiation one of these
+that I was delighted about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was delighted about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was delighted about was
+mangosteens from Thailand mangosteens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangosteens from Thailand mangosteens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangosteens from Thailand mangosteens
+probably almost no one here has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably almost no one here has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably almost no one here has ever
+even heard of her seem surprised anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even heard of her seem surprised anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even heard of her seem surprised anyone
+has they're usually okay - Wow - that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has they're usually okay - Wow - that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has they're usually okay - Wow - that's
+a record they're usually only found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record they're usually only found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record they're usually only found in
+south or Southeast Asia they don't tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south or Southeast Asia they don't tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south or Southeast Asia they don't tend
+to last very long and they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last very long and they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last very long and they tend to be
+riddled with parasites about one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddled with parasites about one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddled with parasites about one time
+out of two that I've opened up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of two that I've opened up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of two that I've opened up a
+mangosteen a whole bunch of bug started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangosteen a whole bunch of bug started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangosteen a whole bunch of bug started
+crawling out you'd imagine that the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawling out you'd imagine that the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawling out you'd imagine that the US
+doesn't want that imported into here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want that imported into here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want that imported into here but
+in 2005 Thailand started or radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 Thailand started or radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 Thailand started or radiating
+their mangosteens they were approved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mangosteens they were approved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mangosteens they were approved for
+sale in this country and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale in this country and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale in this country and you can find
+them at H Mart now down the street even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at H Mart now down the street even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at H Mart now down the street even
+food from Hawaii has to be irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food from Hawaii has to be irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food from Hawaii has to be irradiated
+for consumption in the continental US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption in the continental US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption in the continental US
+why do you guys think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to the USDA Hawaii is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the USDA Hawaii is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the USDA Hawaii is
+effectively a different country when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a different country when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a different country when it
+comes to the sorts of parasites you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the sorts of parasites you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the sorts of parasites you'd
+find in the food it is a part of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the food it is a part of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the food it is a part of the US
+but it is not a Greek ultra Li a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not a Greek ultra Li a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not a Greek ultra Li a part of
+the continental US it's got its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continental US it's got its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continental US it's got its own
+unique parasites and pathogens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique parasites and pathogens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique parasites and pathogens and
+organisms and critters so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and critters so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and critters so a lot of
+things coming from Hawaii have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming from Hawaii have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming from Hawaii have to be
+irradiated for consumption in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated for consumption in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated for consumption in the
+continental US so yeah food irradiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental US so yeah food irradiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental US so yeah food irradiation
+helps food commerce go around any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps food commerce go around any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps food commerce go around any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no it's you I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's you I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's you I don't know what
+percentage of food gets irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of food gets irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of food gets irradiated
+especially depend on the type there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially depend on the type there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially depend on the type there's
+some things that don't need it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that don't need it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that don't need it there's
+some things that do need it I'd I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that do need it I'd I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that do need it I'd I'd
+wager a guess to say that more imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wager a guess to say that more imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wager a guess to say that more imports
+get irradiated than domestic consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get irradiated than domestic consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get irradiated than domestic consumption
+stuff but I don't know that for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GPOUGpF-Sno.txt b/GPOUGpF-Sno.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78c977f4814d70089e88fff002c033490938078f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GPOUGpF-Sno.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll use hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll use hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll use hierarchical
+clustering to cluster the movies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering to cluster the movies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering to cluster the movies in the
+movie lens dataset by genre after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie lens dataset by genre after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie lens dataset by genre after we
+make our clusters we'll see how they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our clusters we'll see how they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our clusters we'll see how they can
+be used to make recommendations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to make recommendations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to make recommendations there
+are two steps to hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two steps to hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two steps to hierarchical clustering
+first we have to compute the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to compute the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to compute the distances
+between all data points and then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all data points and then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all data points and then we need
+to cluster the points to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cluster the points to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cluster the points to compute the
+distances we can use the distant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can use the distant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can use the distant to
+cluster our movies on the genre variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster our movies on the genre variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster our movies on the genre variable
+not on the title variable so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the title variable so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the title variable so we'll
+cluster on columns 2 through 20 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster on columns 2 through 20 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster on columns 2 through 20 so let's
+call the output distances and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the output distances and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the output distances and we'll use
+the dist function where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dist function where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dist function where the first
+argument is movies square bracket 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is movies square bracket 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is movies square bracket 2
+through 20 this is what we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 20 this is what we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 20 this is what we want a
+cluster on and the second argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster on and the second argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster on and the second argument is
+method equals in quotes Euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals in quotes Euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals in quotes Euclidean
+meaning that we want to use Euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we want to use Euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we want to use Euclidean
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+now let's cluster our movies using the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's cluster our movies using the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's cluster our movies using the H
+clust function for hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clust function for hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clust function for hierarchical
+clustering we'll call the output cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering we'll call the output cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering we'll call the output cluster
+movies and use H clust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and use H clust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and use H clust
+where the first argument is distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is distances
+the output of the dist function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the dist function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the dist function and the
+second argument is method equals ward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is method equals ward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument is method equals ward
+the ward method cares about the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ward method cares about the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ward method cares about the distance
+between clusters using centroid distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clusters using centroid distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clusters using centroid distance
+and also the variance in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the variance in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the variance in each of the
+clusters now let's plot the dendogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters now let's plot the dendogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters now let's plot the dendogram of
+our clustering algorithm by typing plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clustering algorithm by typing plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clustering algorithm by typing plot
+and then in parentheses cluster movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this dendrogram might look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dendrogram might look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dendrogram might look a little
+strange we have all this black along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange we have all this black along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange we have all this black along the
+bottom remember that the dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom remember that the dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom remember that the dendrogram
+lists all of the data points along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all of the data points along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all of the data points along the
+bottom but when there are over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom but when there are over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom but when there are over a
+thousand data points it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand data points it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand data points it's impossible to
+read we'll see later how to assign our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read we'll see later how to assign our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read we'll see later how to assign our
+clusters to groups so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters to groups so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters to groups so that we can
+analyze which data points are in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze which data points are in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze which data points are in which
+cluster so looking at this dendrogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so looking at this dendrogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so looking at this dendrogram
+how many clusters would you pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many clusters would you pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many clusters would you pick it
+looks like maybe 3 or 4 clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like maybe 3 or 4 clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like maybe 3 or 4 clusters
+would be a good choice according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good choice according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good choice according to the
+dendrogram but let's keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram but let's keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram but let's keep our
+application in mind too we probably want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in mind too we probably want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in mind too we probably want
+more than two three or even four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two three or even four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two three or even four
+clusters of movies to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of movies to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of movies to make
+recommendations to users it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users it looks like
+there's a nice spot down here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice spot down here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice spot down here where
+there's ten clusters this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ten clusters this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ten clusters this is probably
+better for our application we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for our application we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for our application we could
+select even more clusters if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select even more clusters if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select even more clusters if we want to
+have very specific genre groups if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very specific genre groups if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very specific genre groups if you
+want a lot of clusters it's hard to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a lot of clusters it's hard to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a lot of clusters it's hard to pick
+the right number from the dendrogram you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number from the dendrogram you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number from the dendrogram you
+need to use your understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use your understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use your understanding of the
+problem to pick the number of clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to pick the number of clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to pick the number of clusters
+let's stick with ten clusters for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick with ten clusters for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick with ten clusters for now
+combining what we learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining what we learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining what we learned from the
+dendrogram with our understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram with our understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrogram with our understanding of the
+problem now back in our our console we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now back in our our console we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now back in our our console we
+can label each of the data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can label each of the data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can label each of the data points
+according to what cluster it belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what cluster it belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what cluster it belongs to
+using the CU tree function so let's type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the CU tree function so let's type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the CU tree function so let's type
+cluster groups equals CU tree and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster groups equals CU tree and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster groups equals CU tree and then
+in parentheses the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses the name of our
+clustering cluster movies and then k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering cluster movies and then k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering cluster movies and then k
+equals 10 since we selected ten clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 since we selected ten clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 since we selected ten clusters
+now let's figure out what the clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's figure out what the clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's figure out what the clusters
+are like we'll use the T apply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like we'll use the T apply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like we'll use the T apply function
+to compute the percentage of movies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the percentage of movies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the percentage of movies in
+each genre and cluster so let's type T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each genre and cluster so let's type T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each genre and cluster so let's type T
+apply and then give us the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and then give us the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and then give us the first
+argument movies dollar sign action we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument movies dollar sign action we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument movies dollar sign action we'll
+start with the action genre and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the action genre and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the action genre and then
+cluster groups and then mean so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster groups and then mean so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster groups and then mean so what
+does this do it divides our data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do it divides our data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do it divides our data points
+into the ten clusters and then computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ten clusters and then computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ten clusters and then computes
+the average value of the action variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of the action variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of the action variable
+for each cluster remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each cluster remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each cluster remember that the
+action variable is a binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action variable is a binary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action variable is a binary variable
+with value 0 or 1 so by computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with value 0 or 1 so by computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with value 0 or 1 so by computing the
+average of this variable we're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this variable we're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this variable we're computing
+the percentage of movies in that cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of movies in that cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of movies in that cluster
+that belong in that genre so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong in that genre so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong in that genre so we can see
+here that in cluster 2 about 78% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that in cluster 2 about 78% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that in cluster 2 about 78% of the
+movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+have the action genre label whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the action genre label whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the action genre label whereas in
+cluster four none of the movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster four none of the movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster four none of the movies are
+labeled as action movies let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as action movies let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as action movies let's try this
+again but this time let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time let's look at the
+romance genre here we can see that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance genre here we can see that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance genre here we can see that all
+of the movies in cluster six and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies in cluster six and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies in cluster six and seven
+are labeled as romance movies whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled as romance movies whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled as romance movies whereas
+only four percent of the movies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four percent of the movies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four percent of the movies in
+cluster two are labeled as romance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two are labeled as romance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two are labeled as romance
+movies we can repeat this for each genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we can repeat this for each genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we can repeat this for each genre
+if you do you can create a large table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do you can create a large table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do you can create a large table
+to better analyze the clusters which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better analyze the clusters which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better analyze the clusters which I
+save to a spreadsheet let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we have in each column the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have in each column the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have in each column the cluster
+and in each row the genre I highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each row the genre I highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each row the genre I highlighted
+the cells that have a higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that have a higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that have a higher than
+average value so we can see here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value so we can see here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value so we can see here in
+cluster two as we saw before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two as we saw before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two as we saw before that
+cluster two has a high number of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two has a high number of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two has a high number of action
+movies cluster one has a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster one has a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster one has a little bit of
+everything some animation children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything some animation children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything some animation children's
+fantasy musicals war and westerns so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy musicals war and westerns so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy musicals war and westerns so I'm
+calling this the miscellaneous cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this the miscellaneous cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this the miscellaneous cluster
+cluster two has a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two has a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster two has a lot of the
+action-adventure and sci-fi movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action-adventure and sci-fi movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action-adventure and sci-fi movies
+cluster 3 has the crime mystery thriller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 3 has the crime mystery thriller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 3 has the crime mystery thriller
+movies cluster 4 exclusively has drama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster 4 exclusively has drama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster 4 exclusively has drama
+movies cluster 5 exclusively has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster 5 exclusively has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies cluster 5 exclusively has
+comedies cluster 6 has a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies cluster 6 has a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies cluster 6 has a lot of the
+romance movies cluster 7 has movies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance movies cluster 7 has movies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance movies cluster 7 has movies a
+tower comedies and romance movies so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower comedies and romance movies so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower comedies and romance movies so I'm
+calling these the romantic comedies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling these the romantic comedies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling these the romantic comedies
+cluster 8 has the documentaries cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 8 has the documentaries cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 8 has the documentaries cluster
+9 has a movies a tower comedies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 has a movies a tower comedies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 has a movies a tower comedies and
+dramas so the dramatic comedies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas so the dramatic comedies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas so the dramatic comedies and
+cluster 10 has the horror flicks knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 10 has the horror flicks knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 10 has the horror flicks knowing
+common movie genres these clusters seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common movie genres these clusters seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common movie genres these clusters seem
+to make a lot of sense so now back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a lot of sense so now back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a lot of sense so now back in
+our our console let's see how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our console let's see how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our console let's see how these
+clusters could be used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters could be used in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters could be used in a
+recommendation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that Amy liked the movie men in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Amy liked the movie men in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Amy liked the movie men in
+black let's figure out what cluster men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black let's figure out what cluster men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black let's figure out what cluster men
+in black is in we'll use the subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black is in we'll use the subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black is in we'll use the subset
+function to take a subset of movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take a subset of movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to take a subset of movies and
+only look at the movies where the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the movies where the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the movies where the title
+is equal to men in black and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to men in black and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to men in black and then
+parentheses 1997 close the quotes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 1997 close the quotes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 1997 close the quotes in the
+parentheses I knew that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I knew that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I knew that this is the
+title of men in black because I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of men in black because I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of men in black because I looked
+it up in our data set so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in our data set so it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in our data set so it looks like
+men in black is the 257 throw in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men in black is the 257 throw in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men in black is the 257 throw in our
+data so which cluster to the 250 seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so which cluster to the 250 seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so which cluster to the 250 seventh
+movie go into we can figure this out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie go into we can figure this out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie go into we can figure this out by
+typing cluster groups and then square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing cluster groups and then square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing cluster groups and then square
+brackets 257 it looks like men and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets 257 it looks like men and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets 257 it looks like men and black
+went into cluster two that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into cluster two that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into cluster two that makes sense
+since we just saw that cluster 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we just saw that cluster 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we just saw that cluster 2 is the
+action adventure sci fi cluster so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure sci fi cluster so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure sci fi cluster so let's
+create a new data set with just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new data set with just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new data set with just the
+movies from cluster 2 we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies from cluster 2 we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies from cluster 2 we'll call it
+cluster 2 and use the subset function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 2 and use the subset function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster 2 and use the subset function to
+take a subset of movies only taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subset of movies only taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subset of movies only taking the
+observations for which cluster groups is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which cluster groups is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which cluster groups is
+equal to 2 let's look at the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 let's look at the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 let's look at the first 10
+titles in this cluster we can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles in this cluster we can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles in this cluster we can do this by
+typing cluster - dollar sign title and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing cluster - dollar sign title and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing cluster - dollar sign title and
+then square brackets 1 through 10 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then square brackets 1 through 10 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then square brackets 1 through 10 so it
+looks like good movies to recommend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like good movies to recommend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like good movies to recommend to
+Amy according to our clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy according to our clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy according to our clustering
+algorithm would be movies like Apollo 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would be movies like Apollo 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would be movies like Apollo 13
+and Jurassic Park in this video we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jurassic Park in this video we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jurassic Park in this video we saw
+how clustering can be applied to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how clustering can be applied to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how clustering can be applied to create
+a movie recommendation system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie recommendation system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie recommendation system in the
+next video we'll conclude by learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll conclude by learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll conclude by learning
+who ended up winning the million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ended up winning the million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ended up winning the million dollar
+Netflix prize
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GWMeYKUvj7Y.txt b/GWMeYKUvj7Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fce48c34e4f5160a841e56b86f72c62ae75fccc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GWMeYKUvj7Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen atom again the first thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom again the first thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom again the first thing to
+do is to describe the potential V of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to describe the potential V of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to describe the potential V of R
+and it would be in the units that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be in the units that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be in the units that we
+like to use minus a squared over R E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use minus a squared over R E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use minus a squared over R E is
+the charge of the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge of the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge of the electron and the
+electron proton with the same charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron proton with the same charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron proton with the same charge
+potential energies negative it that sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energies negative it that sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energies negative it that sign
+you should be comfortable with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be comfortable with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be comfortable with it
+suggests idea that as you go closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests idea that as you go closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests idea that as you go closer and
+closer you're going down and energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're going down and energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're going down and energy is
+favored the two particles to go on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored the two particles to go on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored the two particles to go on top
+of each other immediately we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other immediately we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other immediately we want to
+generalize it a little so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it a little so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it a little so that it's
+hydrogen-like atoms and we'll put a Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen-like atoms and we'll put a Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen-like atoms and we'll put a Z
+here assuming that the proton instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assuming that the proton instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assuming that the proton instead of
+the proton there's a nucleus with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton there's a nucleus with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton there's a nucleus with Z
+protons and there probably would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and there probably would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and there probably would be
+about Z electrons but we're worried now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z electrons but we're worried now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z electrons but we're worried now
+about just one electron and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just one electron and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just one electron and in this case
+the charge in the proton is ze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge in the proton is ze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge in the proton is ze
+multiplied by the charge of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the charge of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the charge of the electron
+gives you this as the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this as the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this as the potential energy
+and this is advantageous you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is advantageous you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is advantageous you sometimes
+have an alpha particle that captures an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha particle that captures an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha particle that captures an
+electron and then there's two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then there's two protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then there's two protons
+and you don't want to solve this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to solve this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to solve this again
+from the beginning so just put the Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning so just put the Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning so just put the Z and
+that's what we will do all right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we will do all right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we will do all right so a
+few numbers this we've done some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers this we've done some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers this we've done some of
+these numbers before but the Bohr radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one way of calculating the Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of calculating the Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of calculating the Bohr
+radius is to just think of units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is to just think of units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is to just think of units and
+think of energy energy goes like H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of energy energy goes like H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of energy energy goes like H
+squared over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a squared this has units of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared this has units of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared this has units of energy
+you remember P over to P squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember P over to P squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember P over to P squared over 2m
+and P is H over distance so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is H over distance so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is H over distance so if you have
+a bar radius a 0 this quantity has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar radius a 0 this quantity has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar radius a 0 this quantity has units
+of energy but a potential has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but a potential has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but a potential has units of
+energy and we just put a squared over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we just put a squared over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we just put a squared over a
+0 so this is a consistent equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this is a consistent equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this is a consistent equation
+between two quantities that have units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quantities that have units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quantities that have units
+of energy from which you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy from which you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy from which you can get the
+unique length that has units of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique length that has units of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique length that has units of energy
+which is a 0 and a 0 is H squared over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a 0 and a 0 is H squared over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a 0 and a 0 is H squared over m
+e squared it's a very simple and nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared it's a very simple and nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared it's a very simple and nice
+constant is the Bohr radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuitively one thing that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively one thing that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively one thing that should
+remember is appearing in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is appearing in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is appearing in the right place
+and you could imagine if the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could imagine if the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could imagine if the strength of
+electricity was weaker and weaker like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was weaker and weaker like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was weaker and weaker like
+setting a going to zero the atom would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a going to zero the atom would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a going to zero the atom would
+become bigger and bigger it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger and bigger it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger and bigger it would just
+not be able to hold it so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to hold it so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to hold it so so it's
+reasonable to expect this to happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this moment we can calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we can calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we can calculate what
+this is at least estimated and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at least estimated and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at least estimated and for that
+we'll multiply by a c squared e squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll multiply by a c squared e squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll multiply by a c squared e squared
+over a M M C squared and then we recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a M M C squared and then we recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a M M C squared and then we recall
+that e squared over HC is about 131 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e squared over HC is about 131 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e squared over HC is about 131 over
+137 so we write this as HC over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+137 so we write this as HC over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+137 so we write this as HC over e
+squared over HC times MC squared now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over HC times MC squared now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over HC times MC squared now in
+here what mass is the masses we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what mass is the masses we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what mass is the masses we should
+put I will not be all that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I will not be all that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I will not be all that curve
+it should really be the reduce mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should really be the reduce mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should really be the reduce mass but
+it differs by a factor of one part in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs by a factor of one part in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differs by a factor of one part in a
+thousand or less even from the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or less even from the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or less even from the mass of
+the electrons I'll put just the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons I'll put just the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons I'll put just the mass of
+the electron this is about 197 MeV Fermi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron this is about 197 MeV Fermi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron this is about 197 MeV Fermi
+this is 1 over 137 and for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 over 137 and for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1 over 137 and for the electron
+is 0.5 times 10 to the 6 evey 0.5 MeV I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+won't run the numbers the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run the numbers the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run the numbers the answer is
+about 0.5 to 9 angstroms which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.5 to 9 angstroms which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.5 to 9 angstroms which is about
+53 picometers and sturm is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 picometers and sturm is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 picometers and sturm is 10 to the
+minus 10 meters picometer is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 meters picometer is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 meters picometer is 10 to the
+minus 12 meters so that's a length scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 meters so that's a length scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 meters so that's a length scale
+you've seen several times there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen several times there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen several times there's an
+energy scale that is famous tool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale that is famous tool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale that is famous tool and
+that's a squared over a zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a squared over a zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a squared over a zero because
+energy comes here the energy scale is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes here the energy scale is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes here the energy scale is e
+squared over H zero so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H zero so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over H zero so you can
+substitute what a zero is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what a zero is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute what a zero is because you
+know it already and you get e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it already and you get e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it already and you get e to the
+fourth over um m over H squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth over um m over H squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth over um m over H squared which is
+e to the fourth over H squared C squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the fourth over H squared C squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the fourth over H squared C squared
+times MC squared and you see it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MC squared and you see it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MC squared and you see it's kind
+of nice to see this quantities appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice to see this quantities appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice to see this quantities appearing
+because here you have a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you have a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you have a squared
+over H C squared times M C squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H C squared times M C squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H C squared times M C squared so
+the typical energy of the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical energy of the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical energy of the hydrogen atom
+is the fine-structure constant sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fine-structure constant sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fine-structure constant sometimes
+called alpha squared times an energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called alpha squared times an energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called alpha squared times an energy and
+what energy is available in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what energy is available in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what energy is available in the problem
+the rest energy of the electron so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest energy of the electron so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest energy of the electron so if
+the bound state energy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound state energy should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound state energy should be
+something it should be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it should be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it should be a number
+proportional to the energy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the energy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the energy that the
+problem already has and the problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem already has and the problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem already has and the problem has
+one energy the rest energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one energy the rest energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one energy the rest energy of the
+electron so it's not too surprising so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so it's not too surprising so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so it's not too surprising so
+it's 1 over 137 squared times 511
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over 137 squared times 511
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over 137 squared times 511
+thousand evie and that's about twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand evie and that's about twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand evie and that's about twenty
+seven point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point two
+evie and the reason this may sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie and the reason this may sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie and the reason this may sound
+familiar is because the true ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is because the true ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is because the true ground
+state energy of the hydrogen atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of the hydrogen atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of the hydrogen atom is
+this number divided by 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number divided by 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number divided by 2 which is
+thirteen point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirteen point six
+Evi so of course you would not know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evi so of course you would not know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evi so of course you would not know at
+this stage because you're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage because you're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage because you're just doing
+numbers I may remind you of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I may remind you of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I may remind you of things you
+need a long time ago in this course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a long time ago in this course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a long time ago in this course you
+calculated a couple of other constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated a couple of other constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated a couple of other constants
+and you show that alpha again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show that alpha again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you show that alpha again the
+fine-structure constant times a zero was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant times a zero was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant times a zero was
+the so-called Compton wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Compton wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Compton wavelength of the
+electron with a bar so it's H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with a bar so it's H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with a bar so it's H bar over
+MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that the Broglie wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the Broglie wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the Broglie wavelength is
+H H over the momentum the Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H H over the momentum the Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H H over the momentum the Compton
+wavelength is H over MC and the barred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is H over MC and the barred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is H over MC and the barred
+Compton wavelength is h-bar over MC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton wavelength is h-bar over MC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton wavelength is h-bar over MC and
+that's what alpha times e zero is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what alpha times e zero is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what alpha times e zero is and
+that quantity is about 400 Fermi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity is about 400 Fermi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity is about 400 Fermi it's
+already much smaller than the Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much smaller than the Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much smaller than the Bohr
+radius is smaller by 137 from the Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is smaller by 137 from the Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is smaller by 137 from the Bohr
+radius and then if you do alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and then if you do alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and then if you do alpha squared
+a zero that actually was the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero that actually was the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero that actually was the classical
+electron radius so you must divide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron radius so you must divide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron radius so you must divide this
+by 137 again and it gives you about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 137 again and it gives you about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 137 again and it gives you about two
+point eight Fermi and what you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight Fermi and what you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight Fermi and what you can't
+remember is that the size of a proton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the size of a proton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that the size of a proton is
+about the Fermi so that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fermi so that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fermi so that gives you a
+little bit of intuition so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of intuition so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of intuition so those are the
+basic numbers that we begin with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic numbers that we begin with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic numbers that we begin with with
+the hydrogen atom give you a scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom give you a scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom give you a scale of
+what's going on the size of an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on the size of an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on the size of an atom and
+the energies that were supposed to get
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GhwBpZx3LjI.txt b/GhwBpZx3LjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e9de3e130b8b7b29b3119c7ed77f1f3e1ec14c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GhwBpZx3LjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how's everyone doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing
+it's a goodie bag it's thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goodie bag it's thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goodie bag it's thank you for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it's a goody bag day it's a good day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goody bag day it's a good day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goody bag day it's a good day
+um related to the goodie bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to the goodie bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to the goodie bags
+um you know once again hello once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know once again hello once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know once again hello once again
+um i want to get these out for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to get these out for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to get these out for you
+because you got to have them on a friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to have them on a friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to have them on a friday
+night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+there's no real better way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real better way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real better way to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+spending your time on a friday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending your time on a friday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending your time on a friday night
+then opening up a brand new goodie bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then opening up a brand new goodie bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then opening up a brand new goodie bag
+the topic of the goody bag is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of the goody bag is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of the goody bag is um
+related to reactions which is the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to reactions which is the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to reactions which is the topic
+we're starting today but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting today but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting today but it's really
+also related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to
+uh acids and bases which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acids and bases which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acids and bases which is something
+we'll talk about on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about on monday
+so i'm giving you the goodie bag today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm giving you the goodie bag today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm giving you the goodie bag today
+but i'll talk about the goodie bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll talk about the goodie bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll talk about the goodie bag
+and and contextualize it in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and contextualize it in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and contextualize it in the lecture
+on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as i said today what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i said today what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i said today what we're going to
+do is we're going to start a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to start a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to start a new
+uh topic that we'll be talking about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh topic that we'll be talking about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh topic that we'll be talking about for
+the next couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of weeks
+and that is the topic of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the topic of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the topic of reactions
+okay now this falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this falls
+under the domain of something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the domain of something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the domain of something called
+chemical kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical kinetics
+uh which is the study of reaction rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the study of reaction rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the study of reaction rates
+kinetic move right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic move right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic move right so
+what's moving concentration right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's moving concentration right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's moving concentration right the
+the stuff that's that's you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's that's you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's that's you started with
+is doing something and winding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing something and winding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing something and winding up
+different that's a reaction okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's a reaction okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's a reaction okay now
+we've already written lots of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already written lots of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already written lots of reactions
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+but today we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to talk about the
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+uh and and the rate in particular is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the rate in particular is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the rate in particular is the
+change in concentration of the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in concentration of the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in concentration of the reactants
+and products with time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products with time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products with time now
+so there's a couple of terms that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of terms that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of terms that we
+gotta know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta know
+because we're gonna be working with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna be working with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna be working with them
+and so i'm gonna start by writing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm gonna start by writing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm gonna start by writing those
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay so the first thing is is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing is is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing is is the the
+thing that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to talk about
+changing which is the concentration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing which is the concentration okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing which is the concentration okay
+so the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concentration
+is equal to the moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the moles
+per liter i mean there are lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liter i mean there are lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liter i mean there are lots of ways
+to write concentration this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write concentration this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write concentration this is the way
+we're going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write it
+moles of a substance per liter well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of a substance per liter well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of a substance per liter well that
+has a name for it that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a name for it that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a name for it that's called the
+molarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity
+what's molarity it's moles per liter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's molarity it's moles per liter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's molarity it's moles per liter and
+uh oh and then we can also write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and then we can also write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh and then we can also write it in
+shorthand which i'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand which i'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand which i'll be doing
+as simply some substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply some substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply some substance
+in brackets if i say that i have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets if i say that i have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets if i say that i have some
+substance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance a
+and i say and now i say oh look i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say and now i say oh look i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say and now i say oh look i'm
+writing brackets around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing brackets around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing brackets around it
+then what i mean is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i mean is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i mean is the concentration of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay that's what that means which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what that means which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what that means which is the
+moles per liter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter of
+a good so that's concentration what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good so that's concentration what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good so that's concentration what else
+well there's the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the rate
+there's the rate and the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rate and the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the rate and the rate is
+as you might guess the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might guess the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might guess the change in the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+with time that's the rate that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time that's the rate that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time that's the rate that we're
+going to be talking about a lot today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about a lot today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about a lot today
+the reaction rate there's a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction rate there's a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction rate there's a change in
+the concentration with time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration with time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration with time okay
+what else do we got well we have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we got well we have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we got well we have then
+a law because see the here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law because see the here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law because see the here's the thing
+the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rate is just the rate it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is just the rate it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is just the rate it's the
+change with something with time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with something with time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with something with time right
+you know it's like the change uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like the change uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like the change uh in
+distance with time would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with time would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance with time would be like
+velocity okay but what if i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay but what if i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay but what if i wanted to
+say well could you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well could you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well could you tell me
+what the rate is as some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate is as some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate is as some function
+right as some function that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as some function that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as some function that's called a
+rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+that's called the rate law and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the rate law and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the rate law and it will
+give me a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a rate
+versus concentration that's what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus concentration that's what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus concentration that's what i want
+out of a rate law and then well i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a rate law and then well i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a rate law and then well i could
+integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that
+and you know i could integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i could integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i could integrate that
+because the rate itself is a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rate itself is a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rate itself is a derivative
+with time right it's a change in time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right it's a change in time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right it's a change in time so
+if i integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i integrate it
+well then i've got something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i've got something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i've got something called the
+integrated rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law
+integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+and what's that going to give me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that going to give me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that going to give me it's
+going to give me the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the concentration
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because i so so the rate law is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i so so the rate law is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i so so the rate law is a
+rate versus concentration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate versus concentration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate versus concentration and the
+integrated rate law is the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law is the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law is the concentration
+versus time and then we've got arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time and then we've got arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time and then we've got arrhenius
+let's put it all on the same board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it all on the same board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it all on the same board so
+i'll do one more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do one more here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do one more here
+which is the arrhenius dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the arrhenius dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the arrhenius dependence
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and as you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and as you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and as you might guess
+this is going to give me rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me rate
+versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the things we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things we're going to be
+talking about these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these are
+all the things all these things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things all these things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things all these things we're
+going to talk about today okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today okay in the
+context of reactions i want to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of reactions i want to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of reactions i want to get them
+all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down
+on the board so you can see them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board so you can see them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board so you can see them and
+think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them
+and feel them as we go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel them as we go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel them as we go forward
+so there are a whole bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a whole bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a whole bunch of things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+impact the reaction the rate of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the reaction the rate of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the reaction the rate of a
+reaction what is it that matters well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what is it that matters well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what is it that matters well
+concentration how much do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration how much do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration how much do you have
+that's the brackets thingy right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the brackets thingy right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the brackets thingy right uh
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+catalyst the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst the surface and
+and the structure that you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure that you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure that you're doing the
+reaction on the solvent that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction on the solvent that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction on the solvent that it's in
+though all of these things impact how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though all of these things impact how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though all of these things impact how
+the reaction happens you see i grayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction happens you see i grayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction happens you see i grayed
+out and made a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and made a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and made a little
+darker those bottom two because i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker those bottom two because i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker those bottom two because i'm not
+going to talk about those two but i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about those two but i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about those two but i will
+talk about each of those other items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about each of those other items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about each of those other items
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+that's our goal so how do those items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our goal so how do those items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our goal so how do those items
+play into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play into these
+dependencies that's our goal to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies that's our goal to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies that's our goal to figure
+that out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out okay
+so we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start with
+concentration and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and we're going to talk
+about how concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how concentration
+plays a role in reaction rates and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role in reaction rates and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role in reaction rates and we're
+going to start with something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with something very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+all right i have something called a oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i have something called a oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i have something called a oh
+it's purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purple
+and it turns into something called b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns into something called b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns into something called b
+it's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's green
+there you go it's a there's a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go it's a there's a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go it's a there's a reaction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's start now okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start now okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start now okay so a
+a goes to b b now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b b now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b b now
+the very first thing that i can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first thing that i can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first thing that i can think
+about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+is that nothing is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nothing is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that nothing is lost
+nothing is lost right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is lost right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is lost right so so
+i'm going to assume that nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume that nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume that nothing
+disappeared from my container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from my container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from my container
+you see that the container is there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the container is there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the container is there so
+i've so i haven't lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've so i haven't lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've so i haven't lost
+any mass i haven't lost any mass well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mass i haven't lost any mass well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mass i haven't lost any mass well
+mass conservation is a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation is a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation is a big deal
+right because so mass conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because so mass conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because so mass conservation
+by taking this very simple case mask on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking this very simple case mask on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking this very simple case mask on
+sir oh really converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir oh really converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir oh really converse
+we could have a mass conversation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have a mass conversation too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have a mass conversation too
+con that's okay that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con that's okay that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con that's okay that's kind of what
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+but let's write it as conservation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's write it as conservation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's write it as conservation this
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that if i take away a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take away a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take away a no
+i must add b with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must add b with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must add b with the same
+amount and not lose anything and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and not lose anything and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and not lose anything and if you
+look at that in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that in terms of these
+coefficients remember these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients remember these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients remember these are
+stoichiometric coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometric coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometric coefficients
+right right as part of the reaction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right as part of the reaction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right as part of the reaction then
+what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means
+is that 1 over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 1 over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 1 over b
+times the change in the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the concentration of
+b with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b with time
+must equal minus 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must equal minus 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must equal minus 1 over a
+times the change in concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in concentration of a
+with time that is mass conservation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time that is mass conservation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time that is mass conservation just
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+as changes in concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can see it look if i if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see it look if i if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see it look if i if i
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine that this is one just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is one just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is one just as an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay one h two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one h two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one h two
+goes to two h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right i'm not gonna lose anything those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm not gonna lose anything those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm not gonna lose anything those
+are my circular well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my circular well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my circular well
+okay this this would tell you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this would tell you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this would tell you that the
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+of this if i don't lose anything would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if i don't lose anything would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if i don't lose anything would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+one half the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the change
+in h the concentration of h with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h the concentration of h with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h the concentration of h with time
+equals minus the change in concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus the change in concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus the change in concentration
+of h2 that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h2 that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h2 that's just
+exactly what i wrote but with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i wrote but with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i wrote but with an example
+i didn't lose anything right so the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't lose anything right so the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't lose anything right so the rate
+of change of this must be twice the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of this must be twice the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of this must be twice the rate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+change of that right stoichiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of that right stoichiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of that right stoichiometric
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+come in and they make sure when i write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they make sure when i write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they make sure when i write
+it this way they make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way they make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way they make sure
+i don't lose anything that's why you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't lose anything that's why you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't lose anything that's why you got
+to have these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these there
+now there's a couple other things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple other things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple other things about
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+there's a couple other things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple other things about this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one is that you'll notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you'll notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you'll notice that
+um the the rate is is always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the rate is is always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the rate is is always positive
+maybe we should write that up on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should write that up on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should write that up on the top
+board because it's a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because it's a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because it's a convention
+but we like positive numbers when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we like positive numbers when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we like positive numbers when we
+talk about rates so the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rates so the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rates so the rate
+is always positive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always positive okay
+o is positive so when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is positive so when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is positive so when we have
+uh when we're thinking about a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we're thinking about a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we're thinking about a reaction
+where something's getting consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something's getting consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something's getting consumed
+right we're going to write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to write it as the
+negative of the change in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the change in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the change in that
+concentration because that's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration because that's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration because that's a negative
+and then we're going to write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to write it as a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+of the change in concentration of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in concentration of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in concentration of things
+being formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed
+okay so the rate is written as positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate is written as positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate is written as positive
+um well there's another thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's another thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's another thing which is
+we can go more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go more general
+so if we go let's just think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go let's just think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go let's just think about this
+if we go more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go more general
+more general then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general then
+let's have more than just a to b let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have more than just a to b let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have more than just a to b let's
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+a plus b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus b b
+goes to c c plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c c plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c c plus d
+d so now i've got four things two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so now i've got four things two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so now i've got four things two
+products two reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products two reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products two reactants
+right okay and b are the reactants c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and b are the reactants c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and b are the reactants c and
+d are the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d are the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d are the products
+and they've all got their coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've all got their coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've all got their coefficients
+and well so you could look at the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well so you could look at the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well so you could look at the change
+in any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one of these
+and know the rate you could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know the rate you could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know the rate you could look at the
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+in any one of these and know the rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one of these and know the rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one of these and know the rate so
+so if i look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i look at this
+then the rate would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rate would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rate would be equal to
+minus 1 over a right convention okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a right convention okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a right convention okay
+it's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive
+value that's got to be equal to minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's got to be equal to minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's got to be equal to minus 1
+over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b
+times the change in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with time and it must be equal to plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and it must be equal to plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and it must be equal to plus 1
+over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c
+times the change in c with time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in c with time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in c with time and that
+also must be equal to plus one over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must be equal to plus one over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must be equal to plus one over d
+right times the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right times the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right times the change in the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+d change dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d change dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d change dt
+right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that
+so so i can look at the way any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i can look at the way any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i can look at the way any one of
+these things is disappearing or forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is disappearing or forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is disappearing or forming
+and because those stoichiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because those stoichiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because those stoichiometric
+coefficients are there i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are there i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are there i know
+what the rate of that reaction is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate of that reaction is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate of that reaction is again
+this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically
+a statement of mass conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement of mass conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement of mass conservation
+but there's more because this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more because this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more because this is just a
+definition of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of rate
+rate is changing concentration and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is changing concentration and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is changing concentration and it's
+always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+done yeah but i want a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah but i want a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah but i want a law
+i want to know not just okay yeah i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know not just okay yeah i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know not just okay yeah i see
+how you change with time so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you change with time so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you change with time so that's a
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+but i want to know a law that if i gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to know a law that if i gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to know a law that if i gave
+you any concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any concentration
+if i gave you any set of concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave you any set of concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave you any set of concentrations
+what would the rate be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the rate be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the rate be
+what would the rate be could i could i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the rate be could i could i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the rate be could i could i
+come up with a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a function
+and so we write down the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write down the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write down the rate
+as depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as depending on
+the concentrations now you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations now you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations now you can do this
+with the products reactions we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the products reactions we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the products reactions we're going
+to do this with the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this with the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this with the reactants
+and so you would have that it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would have that it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would have that it depends on
+the concentrations of a and b raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of a and b raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of a and b raised to
+some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power
+with some coefficients so k times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficients so k times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some coefficients so k times the
+concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of
+a to the m times the concentration of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the m times the concentration of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the m times the concentration of b
+to the n okay so we're raising these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n okay so we're raising these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n okay so we're raising these
+now we don't know what these are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't know what these are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't know what these are but
+what we're saying is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is that there's
+there's got to be a way if i just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a way if i just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a way if i just know
+if you know and maybe if i do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know and maybe if i do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know and maybe if i do some
+experiments or something maybe i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or something maybe i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or something maybe i could
+come up with a general function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a general function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a general function
+that depends on just the concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on just the concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on just the concentrations
+wherever they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they are
+of a and b and they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and b and they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and b and they're going to be
+raised to some exponent that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to some exponent that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to some exponent that i don't
+know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet
+and they're going to have some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to have some constant
+that's a rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate law
+that's a rate law okay and so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate law okay and so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rate law okay and so so now
+okay now the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the thing is
+that um the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the rate law
+let's go over to here okay so the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over to here okay so the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over to here okay so the k
+is as you can imagine going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you can imagine going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you can imagine going to be very
+important here that's called a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here that's called a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here that's called a rate
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+k is equal to a rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um and this is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and this is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and this is gonna
+depend on conditions like temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on conditions like temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on conditions like temperature
+pressure solvent so it's gonna depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure solvent so it's gonna depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure solvent so it's gonna depend on
+things like temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like temperature
+pressure solvent etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and we'll we'll see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we'll we'll see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we'll we'll see how this
+how you get k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you get k
+um but m and n cannot come and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but m and n cannot come and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but m and n cannot come and this is
+very important m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important m and
+n and k for that matter must come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and k for that matter must come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and k for that matter must come
+because in tight from experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight from experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight from experiments
+they're determined experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're determined experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're determined experimentally
+determined experiment experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined experiment experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined experiment experiments
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you can't this this is a mistake that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't this this is a mistake that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't this this is a mistake that
+that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often
+you think m and n must somehow be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think m and n must somehow be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think m and n must somehow be
+related to these coefficients no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to these coefficients no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to these coefficients no
+m and n is something else i've created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n is something else i've created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n is something else i've created a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that the rate depends on the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate depends on the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate depends on the rate of
+this reaction depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction depends on
+i put these exponents in there and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put these exponents in there and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put these exponents in there and i'm
+looking for the dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the dependence
+on on m n and the only way to do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on m n and the only way to do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on m n and the only way to do that to
+know that is to do experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is to do experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is to do experiments
+you can't just get that from the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just get that from the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just get that from the way the
+reaction is written you can get mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is written you can get mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is written you can get mass
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+and the you know the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know the relationship
+between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know
+rate rate rate right those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate rate rate right those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate rate rate right those are all the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+but you can't get a rate law unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't get a rate law unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't get a rate law unless you
+do some measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some measurements
+now then when you do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then when you do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then when you do then
+you can get the order of the reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the order of the reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the order of the reaction so
+this is the reaction order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's an important that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an important that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an important that's an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+uh property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property
+and there's one more thing i'll say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one more thing i'll say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one more thing i'll say and
+then what we're going to do i'm setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do i'm setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do i'm setting
+the stage here and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage here and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage here and then we're going to
+do examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do examples
+okay so so don't worry we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so don't worry we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so don't worry we're going to go
+through different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different examples
+that i think will help kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think will help kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think will help kind of
+crystallize these concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize these concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize these concepts
+but the last thing i want to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing i want to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing i want to say in
+terms of setting the stage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of setting the stage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of setting the stage is that
+now the rate the units of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rate the units of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rate the units of rate
+if you look at how i've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how i've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at how i've defined the
+units of rate it's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of rate it's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of rate it's a change
+in you know in concentration with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in concentration with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know in concentration with time
+so the units of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units of rate
+the units of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are going to be molarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be molarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be molarity
+over time that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that doesn't change those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that doesn't change those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that doesn't change those are the
+units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of
+of rate that's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate that's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate that's the definition of the
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+but you can see and we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see and we will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see and we will see that
+if that has to always be true then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that has to always be true then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that has to always be true then the
+units of k may vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of k may vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of k may vary
+and that's we're going to see that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we're going to see that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's we're going to see that as we
+go through examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through examples
+so the units of k could be different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units of k could be different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units of k could be different and
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+depending on the reaction order which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the reaction order which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the reaction order which is
+basically saying it depends on the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying it depends on the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying it depends on the rate
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+okay setting the stage now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay setting the stage now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay setting the stage now
+let's look at some examples and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples and we're
+going to go through this sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this sequential
+we're going to do a zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a zeroth order
+reaction then a first order reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction then a first order reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction then a first order reaction and
+then a second order reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second order reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second order reaction
+okay so zeroth order well zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so zeroth order well zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so zeroth order well zeroth order
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+right in a zero so this is nitrous oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a zero so this is nitrous oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a zero so this is nitrous oxide
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+a reaction of nitrous oxide turning into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction of nitrous oxide turning into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction of nitrous oxide turning into
+n2 and o2 nitroxide is used in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 and o2 nitroxide is used in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 and o2 nitroxide is used in many many
+uh applications not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applications not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applications not just
+laughing gas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing gas um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing gas um
+and you know so if if we we sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so if if we we sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so if if we we sort of go
+with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our
+what we just wrote down okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just wrote down okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just wrote down okay so let's
+take this example i'm going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this example i'm going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this example i'm going to write it
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+2n2o goes to n2n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n2o goes to n2n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n2o goes to n2n2
+plus o2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o2 okay
+well so the rate we know from what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the rate we know from what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the rate we know from what i
+wrote down the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down the rate
+is equal to minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus a half
+times the change in the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the change in the concentration of
+n2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2o
+with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but see now okay so now i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but see now okay so now i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but see now okay so now i'm doing
+some measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements
+and i'm plotting i'm plotting some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm plotting i'm plotting some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm plotting i'm plotting some data
+here so i'm i'm plotting here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i'm i'm plotting here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i'm i'm plotting here the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+of end of these of all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of end of these of all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of end of these of all three of these
+the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactant
+and the two products with time and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two products with time and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two products with time and what
+you notice is if i plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice is if i plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice is if i plot the
+concentration with time it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time it's a linear
+relationship now what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship now what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship now what does that mean
+that means that they don't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they don't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they don't depend on
+concentration because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration because
+the rate is the change right the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is the change right the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is the change right the rate is
+the change in those with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in those with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in those with time
+right the change in the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the change in the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the change in the concentration of
+time it's always the same because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's always the same because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's always the same because it's a
+straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+so if if that's true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if that's true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if that's true then
+the rate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate from
+let's say straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say straight line
+straight line and we'll talk about plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and we'll talk about plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and we'll talk about plots
+as we go straight line plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concentration versus time
+all right straight line plot then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right straight line plot then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right straight line plot then we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration
+is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of time i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate is independent okay hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is independent okay hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is independent okay hold on
+rate is independent of concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is independent of concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is independent of concentration
+okay so the rate in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the rate in the beginning
+is the change in concentration the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in concentration the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in concentration the rate
+in the middle is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle is the change in
+concentration with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration with time
+and it's a straight line so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a straight line so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a straight line so it's always
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+well that means something it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means something it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means something it means
+something in terms of our rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of our rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of our rate law
+because now i know from my rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i know from my rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i know from my rate law
+that the rate is equal to okay k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is equal to okay k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is equal to okay k
+the rate constant times n2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant times n2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant times n2o
+to the m what that's that's from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m what that's that's from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m what that's that's from here
+right you take all the reactants and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take all the reactants and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take all the reactants and you
+you put them down and you put exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them down and you put exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them down and you put exponents
+on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them
+and so i've just got one n2o and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i've just got one n2o and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i've just got one n2o and it's
+raised to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the m
+yeah but i know there's no concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i know there's no concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i know there's no concentration
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+of this rate so i know that m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rate so i know that m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rate so i know that m equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and it's a zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a zeroth order
+reaction our xn oh saves so much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction our xn oh saves so much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction our xn oh saves so much time
+rxn reaction which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxn reaction which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxn reaction which means
+that the rate is simply equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is simply equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is simply equal to k
+the rate must equal k okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case the rate right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the rate right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the rate right so we're
+continuing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing here
+equals k and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k and that means
+that k must have units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of molarity over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molarity over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molarity over time
+why because that's the units of rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that's the units of rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that's the units of rate the
+units of rate don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of rate don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of rate don't change
+the units of k will but in a zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of k will but in a zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of k will but in a zeroth
+order reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order reaction
+the units of k have to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of k have to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of k have to be equal
+to the units of rate there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the units of rate there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the units of rate there's nothing
+else in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in there
+okay again i want to emphasize there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again i want to emphasize there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again i want to emphasize there is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+simple correlation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple correlation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple correlation between the
+stoichiometry you know the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry you know the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry you know the coefficients
+of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+and the rate law you got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate law you got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate law you got to do
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+this data comes here well look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data comes here well look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data comes here well look at it
+there is the mass conservation in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the mass conservation in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the mass conservation in action
+o2 n2 right you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 n2 right you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 n2 right you can see it
+you can feel it slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel it slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel it slopes are
+different they must be now let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they must be now let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they must be now let's take
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+now here's a reaction some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a reaction some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a reaction some of you may
+care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+but so why does the zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so why does the zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so why does the zeroth order
+reaction matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction matter
+why does it matter because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it matter because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it matter because that's the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+of beer uh yeah maybe you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer uh yeah maybe you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer uh yeah maybe you do
+so ethanol okay but we'll call it beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ethanol okay but we'll call it beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ethanol okay but we'll call it beer
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does this mean if i consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean if i consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean if i consume
+beer if i did then the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer if i did then the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer if i did then the concentration of
+ethanol in it there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in it there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in it there it is
+plotted versus time is linear that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted versus time is linear that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted versus time is linear that means
+this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important
+it's a zeroth order reaction it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a zeroth order reaction it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a zeroth order reaction it means
+if i plot the rate of the reaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the rate of the reaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the rate of the reaction you
+see it there it is it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it there it is it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it there it is it's a constant
+it doesn't depend on the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend on the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend on the concentration
+but that's really has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really has a lot of
+ramifications because if i drink a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications because if i drink a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications because if i drink a lot
+of beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer
+right the average 70 kilogram person it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the average 70 kilogram person it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the average 70 kilogram person it
+takes two and a half hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two and a half hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two and a half hours
+to uh for the enzymes in their liver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh for the enzymes in their liver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh for the enzymes in their liver to
+decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+right 15 milliliters of ethanol one beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 15 milliliters of ethanol one beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 15 milliliters of ethanol one beer
+but but so but look at that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so but look at that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so but look at that so that
+means that if i had more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if i had more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if i had more than that
+you gotta wait the body can't there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta wait the body can't there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta wait the body can't there's
+it's not dependent on how much i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dependent on how much i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dependent on how much i have
+the reaction of the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction of the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction of the liver
+the enzymes that are breaking this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that are breaking this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that are breaking this down
+is not dependent on the concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dependent on the concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dependent on the concentration so
+if i load up a lot more in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i load up a lot more in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i load up a lot more in there
+it doesn't matter there's a pipeline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter there's a pipeline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter there's a pipeline and
+there's a rate and it's not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rate and it's not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rate and it's not changing
+well that leads to consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be thought about when you drink beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought about when you drink beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought about when you drink beer
+but there's another thing we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing we can do with
+beer which is we can integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer which is we can integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer which is we can integrate it
+right because if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we know
+that it you know well if we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it you know well if we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it you know well if we know that
+beer if we know that minus i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer if we know that minus i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer if we know that minus i'm going to
+say there's some reaction that beer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's some reaction that beer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's some reaction that beer goes
+to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something
+so minus d beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right dt okay well assuming has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dt okay well assuming has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dt okay well assuming has a
+coefficient of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of one
+is going to equal that's the well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal that's the well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal that's the well that's
+going to equal k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's a zeroth order reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a zeroth order reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a zeroth order reaction
+right it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a constant
+and so okay now i integrate both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay now i integrate both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay now i integrate both sides
+if i integrate then i've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i integrate then i've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i integrate then i've got the
+integrated rate law for beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law for beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law for beer
+which is that the concentration of beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the concentration of beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the concentration of beer
+is equal to some initial concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some initial concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some initial concentration
+of beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beer
+right minus kt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus kt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus kt this
+is the integrated rate law that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integrated rate law that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integrated rate law that's the
+integrated rate law notice what i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law notice what i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law notice what i've
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+i've gone from talking about the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gone from talking about the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gone from talking about the rate of
+the beer being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beer being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beer being
+you know the rate there which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rate there which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rate there which is a
+constant to a dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to a dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to a dependence
+there it is integrated rate law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is integrated rate law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is integrated rate law the
+promise was that would get me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise was that would get me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise was that would get me a
+concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+and that's what it did concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what it did concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what it did concentration
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+how did i get it well i had a rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i get it well i had a rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i get it well i had a rate law
+and i integrated it and i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i integrated it and i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i integrated it and i'm not going
+through the math but you know you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math but you know you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math but you know you put
+the dt over here and you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt over here and you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dt over here and you integrate
+okay okay so that's that's an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's that's an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's that's an integrated
+rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law
+well let's go to the next order if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go to the next order if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go to the next order if i had
+first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+and i looked at the data for that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked at the data for that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked at the data for that then
+you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+it would not be a straight line why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be a straight line why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be a straight line why
+well because for a first order reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because for a first order reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because for a first order reaction
+so now we're in first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then if i what so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then if i what so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then if i what so what that means
+is that the the exponent here is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the exponent here is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the exponent here is a one
+or if i have two reactants the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if i have two reactants the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if i have two reactants the addition
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+is it's first order total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or it might be dependent on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be dependent on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be dependent on two
+reactants and it's first order in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and it's first order in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and it's first order in each
+of them but then second order overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but then second order overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but then second order overall
+because they're multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're multiplied
+but let's take let's stay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take let's stay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take let's stay with the
+simpler case of just one reactant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case of just one reactant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case of just one reactant a
+okay so if it's one reactant and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's one reactant and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's one reactant and let's
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+let's suppose a goes to some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose a goes to some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose a goes to some product
+i'm not even going to write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even going to write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even going to write it out
+now you know that the rate is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know that the rate is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know that the rate is equal to
+minus the change in the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in the concentration of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+with time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right
+and that because it's first order it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that because it's first order it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that because it's first order it
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+on the concentration raised to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the concentration raised to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the concentration raised to the first
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+that's what we said first order meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we said first order meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we said first order meant
+right that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it's
+i'm telling you this is first order now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you this is first order now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you this is first order now
+not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you can see that if it's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can see that if it's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can see that if it's first
+order it depends on the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it depends on the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it depends on the concentration
+and so that means that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that you know you can
+see from that and you can see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from that and you can see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from that and you can see from the
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+if a if the concentration of a doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a if the concentration of a doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a if the concentration of a doubles
+the rate doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rate doubles why can't livers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate doubles why can't livers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate doubles why can't livers do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they're zeroth order but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're zeroth order but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're zeroth order but there are
+lots of reactions that are first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reactions that are first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reactions that are first order
+and so you know now okay here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know now okay here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know now okay here's the
+thing right now if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right now if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right now if this is
+but the rate still has to have units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rate still has to have units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the rate still has to have units of
+molarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity
+change with time right molarity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time right molarity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with time right molarity over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+it can't have that unless k's units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have that unless k's units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have that unless k's units
+are k units in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are k units in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are k units in this case
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see let me write down um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let me write down um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let me write down um okay
+uh rate has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rate has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rate has units
+the overall units are molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall units are molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall units are molar
+molarity over time so now i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity over time so now i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity over time so now i've got
+a k times molarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k times molarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k times molarity
+that has to have units of molarity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to have units of molarity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to have units of molarity over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right and so k must have units of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so k must have units of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so k must have units of one
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+one over time ah but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over time ah but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over time ah but that
+tells us what to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it helps tell us things about like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps tell us things about like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps tell us things about like what
+but the plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the plots
+always come better when we integrate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come better when we integrate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come better when we integrate if
+we think about the integrated rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about the integrated rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about the integrated rate
+law then it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then it leads to
+linearity which is something we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity which is something we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity which is something we always
+want in plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in plots
+linear lines straight line linear lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear lines straight line linear lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear lines straight line linear lines
+really i just said that i did just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i just said that i did just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i just said that i did just say
+that i'm okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm okay with
+it because it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrated rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law
+so now there's my rate law now i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's my rate law now i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's my rate law now i'm going
+to take the dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the dt
+over and the concentration over and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and the concentration over and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and the concentration over and i'm
+going to integrate and i get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate and i get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to integrate and i get this
+a equals some initial concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals some initial concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals some initial concentration
+times e to the minus kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice the units right one over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the units right one over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the units right one over time
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+okay or if you want you could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or if you want you could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or if you want you could say that
+that's a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a log
+a equals log a naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals log a naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals log a naught
+minus kt and this right now this gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus kt and this right now this gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus kt and this right now this gave it
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+right because now you know that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now you know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now you know that if you
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+log versus time if i have a plot of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log versus time if i have a plot of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log versus time if i have a plot of log
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+plot of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of log
+versus time then it's linear and we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time then it's linear and we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time then it's linear and we like
+linear and that's what's plotted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and that's what's plotted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and that's what's plotted on the
+right right so that's a plot of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so that's a plot of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so that's a plot of log
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+and so you know you can kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you can kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you can kind of go
+backwards and forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forth so
+if i had a linear plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a linear plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a linear plot
+with concentration versus time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with concentration versus time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with concentration versus time you know
+it's zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zeroth order
+if i had a linear plot with log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a linear plot with log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a linear plot with log
+concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+you know it's first order and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's first order and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's first order and you know
+that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from
+the integrated rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated rate law
+now if you have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have data
+how do i know what the what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know what the what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know what the what the uh
+you know what the rate law yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the rate law yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the rate law yeah sorry
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+reaction order is often you'll just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction order is often you'll just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction order is often you'll just have
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+you study a reaction and you get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study a reaction and you get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study a reaction and you get data
+here's a very important reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a very important reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a very important reaction
+this molecule is called cisplatin now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is called cisplatin now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule is called cisplatin now
+cisplatin is is maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cisplatin is is maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cisplatin is is maybe the most
+used and one of the certainly very most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and one of the certainly very most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and one of the certainly very most
+important chemotherapy drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important chemotherapy drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important chemotherapy drugs
+and but it's not active in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's not active in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's not active in this state
+with the two chlorines there you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two chlorines there you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two chlorines there you've got
+to get one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one of them
+out and put a water molecule there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and put a water molecule there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and put a water molecule there
+so that with the water molecule it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that with the water molecule it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that with the water molecule it can
+it can go and damage the dna of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go and damage the dna of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go and damage the dna of the
+tumor that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor that's the idea
+right and it can't do that unless this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it can't do that unless this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it can't do that unless this
+reaction happens in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happens in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happens in the body
+and so you can imagine that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that this kind of
+reaction is extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is extremely important
+what and it's the rate is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and it's the rate is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and it's the rate is extremely
+important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here
+right this has to happen in a time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this has to happen in a time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this has to happen in a time frame
+that we know very well so this rate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know very well so this rate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know very well so this rate has
+been studied very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied very carefully
+for this reaction and you can see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction and you can see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction and you can see okay
+you write down numbers how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down numbers how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down numbers how much
+did i start with and and how much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i start with and and how much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i start with and and how much what
+was the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the rate
+and i'm watching the rate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm watching the rate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm watching the rate change
+right away you know the rate changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you know the rate changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you know the rate changes as
+the cisplatin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cisplatin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cisplatin
+concentration changes it's not zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration changes it's not zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration changes it's not zeroth
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+right and the second thing you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the second thing you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the second thing you know is
+well if you take any two of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you take any two of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you take any two of those and
+you take ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take ratios
+right then the ratios are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the ratios are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the ratios are the same
+so it must be first order that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must be first order that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it must be first order that's one way
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+what order you have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order you have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order you have right
+so if i have data so with data like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have data so with data like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have data so with data like that
+with data you could take you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data you could take you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with data you could take you could do
+this you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could take
+ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at two different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what does that get it gets you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that get it gets you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that get it gets you the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from that you can get the order now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you can get the order now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you can get the order now
+we'll see another example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see another example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see another example and then
+you could go further than that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go further than that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go further than that because
+then i could plug in data from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could plug in data from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could plug in data from one of
+the times right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times right
+i could use data once i know the order i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could use data once i know the order i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could use data once i know the order i
+could use data from one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use data from one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use data from one time
+from one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get k right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get k right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get k right because
+once i know the order i know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know the order i know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know the order i know how to
+write down the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the rate law
+and and then i can use any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then i can use any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then i can use any of these
+lines to get k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to get k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to get k
+right so we want to be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to be comfortable
+with reactions with rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reactions with rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reactions with rates
+going back and forth between order rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth between order rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth between order rate
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+integrated rate law plots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law plots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate law plots right
+integrated right level so so so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated right level so so so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated right level so so so if i
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if i had data that looked like this no i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had data that looked like this no i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had data that looked like this no i
+could do the same here's a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same here's a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same here's a here's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+reaction i said what order is it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i said what order is it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i said what order is it well
+i'm not going to do it i'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to do it i'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to do it i'll just say
+so you take any two times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take any two times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take any two times in
+concentrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and
+what you have is that the ratio squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is that the ratio squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is that the ratio squared
+gives you the ratio of the rates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the ratio of the rates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the ratio of the rates that
+means it must be a second-order reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it must be a second-order reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it must be a second-order reaction
+it means it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it must be
+right i had something that went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i had something that went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i had something that went into
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+and the dependence of the rate from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependence of the rate from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependence of the rate from this
+data the dependence of the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the dependence of the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the dependence of the rate is
+is that something's concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something's concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that something's concentration
+squared you can see it from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let's see
+ah i'm going back to the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i'm going back to the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i'm going back to the middle here
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+we just went to we just went to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just went to we just went to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just went to we just went to second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+and you know so for second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you have well you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have well you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have well you have that
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+d of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of something
+some reactant and i'm just i just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactant and i'm just i just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reactant and i'm just i just got
+one reactant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reactant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reactant here
+you know you think about it as a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about it as a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about it as a right
+so the same thing a went to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing a went to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same thing a went to something
+okay so minus the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so minus the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so minus the change
+in concentration of that with time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration of that with time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration of that with time is
+dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+k times the concentration of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times the concentration of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k times the concentration of that
+squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and
+if we integrate this one integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this one integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this one integrate
+then what do you get you get one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you get you get one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you get you get one over
+the concentration of the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the something
+equals one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one over
+its initial value plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its initial value plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its initial value plus
+k t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh you can see that take the t over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can see that take the t over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can see that take the t over here
+and take this over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take this over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take this over there
+and then that's the that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the that's going to be
+the integrated rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated rate law
+and so now look at that what do i plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now look at that what do i plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now look at that what do i plot
+to get linear i got to get to linear i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get linear i got to get to linear i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get linear i got to get to linear i
+don't like curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like curves
+in reaction rate plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reaction rate plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reaction rate plots
+i like linear lines because the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like linear lines because the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like linear lines because the linear
+line will tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will tell me
+right will tell me something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will tell me something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will tell me something about the
+reaction order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction order
+and it by the way the slope could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it by the way the slope could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it by the way the slope could tell
+me something about the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something about the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something about the rate constant
+right and so if it's second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it's second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if it's second order
+the plot that gives you a linear line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot that gives you a linear line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot that gives you a linear line is
+one over concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over concentration versus time
+all right so let's look so let's say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look so let's say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's look so let's say i
+had this data and i tried to plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this data and i tried to plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this data and i tried to plot it
+well the first thing i do is i say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing i do is i say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing i do is i say well
+okay hold on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hold on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hold on um
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plot the concentration versus time
+that's what it looks like not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it looks like not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it looks like not linear
+that means it's not zeroth order well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's not zeroth order well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's not zeroth order well
+then i plot okay i'm gonna take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i plot okay i'm gonna take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i plot okay i'm gonna take the same
+data and i'm gonna plot the log of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and i'm gonna plot the log of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and i'm gonna plot the log of it
+versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus time
+not linear not first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear not first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear not first order
+but if i plot one over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i plot one over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i plot one over that
+concentration versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus time
+it gives me a perfect linear fit so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me a perfect linear fit so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me a perfect linear fit so it
+must be second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be second order
+plots order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots order linear
+okay and and so this is all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so this is all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so this is all we know
+we're not going to go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go beyond
+zero first and second order because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero first and second order because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero first and second order because what
+i want is for you to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want is for you to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want is for you to feel
+your oneness with reaction rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oneness with reaction rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oneness with reaction rates and
+kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+through these three orders zeroth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these three orders zeroth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these three orders zeroth one
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+and through these different concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through these different concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through these different concepts
+that are up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are up there
+and if you and so so one more thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you and so so one more thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you and so so one more thing you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+before i i turn to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i i turn to temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i i turn to temperature
+one more thing you can do with once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing you can do with once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing you can do with once you
+know the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rate law
+is you can calculate how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can calculate how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can calculate how long it takes
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+concentration to be cut in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to be cut in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration to be cut in half
+right if i know the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i know the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i know the rate law
+then i can ah then i can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can ah then i can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can ah then i can calculate
+the half-life that's what that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life that's what that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life that's what that's called
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example if it's first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose it's first order then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose it's first order then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose it's first order then you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+log then the the integrated rate law i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log then the the integrated rate law i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log then the the integrated rate law i'm
+just going to put the two concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to put the two concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to put the two concentrations
+on the same side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same side here
+a over a naught okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over a naught okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over a naught okay
+uh so the integrated rate law gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the integrated rate law gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the integrated rate law gives me
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+it's just what i had before somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just what i had before somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just what i had before somewhere
+okay now but but uh but you can see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but but uh but you can see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but but uh but you can see well
+what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+a what if the concentration of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what if the concentration of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what if the concentration of a is
+exactly half of the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half of the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half of the beginning
+concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so
+when a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a equals
+one half the initial concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the initial concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the initial concentration
+well then but then this becomes a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then but then this becomes a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then but then this becomes a half
+right so so if i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if i want to know
+how much time it takes to get to half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time it takes to get to half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time it takes to get to half
+that's a good thing to know just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to know just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to know just in
+general how long do i have until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how long do i have until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general how long do i have until
+half of this is left well then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this is left well then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this is left well then you know
+that this is going to give you log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to give you log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to give you log
+two right when a equals a half a naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right when a equals a half a naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right when a equals a half a naught
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+log two equals k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log two equals k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log two equals k
+t and we're going to call that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we're going to call that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we're going to call that an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+it's not just any time it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just any time it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just any time it's called the
+half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+it's the time that it took to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time that it took to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time that it took to get to a
+being one half of the initial and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one half of the initial and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one half of the initial and the
+half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+so i've got it right i've got it i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got it right i've got it i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got it right i've got it i've
+got the half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the half-life
+the half-life is a very powerful tool a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life is a very powerful tool a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life is a very powerful tool a
+number of you may have heard of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you may have heard of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of you may have heard of carbon
+dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dating
+this is just a picture of of uh wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a picture of of uh wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a picture of of uh wild
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+but see but what happens those wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see but what happens those wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see but what happens those wild
+animals breathe in oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals breathe in oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals breathe in oxygen
+and other stuff from the air including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other stuff from the air including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other stuff from the air including
+stuff that contains a spread of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that contains a spread of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that contains a spread of carbon
+atoms and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we know
+carbon has isotopes we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has isotopes we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has isotopes we know about
+carbon's isotopes we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon's isotopes we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon's isotopes we've already talked
+about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+c12 c13 c14 c14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c12 c13 c14 c14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c12 c13 c14 c14
+has this wonderful thing about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this wonderful thing about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this wonderful thing about it that
+it radioactively decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it turns out that there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that there's a certain
+concentration of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of that
+in the atmosphere at any given time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atmosphere at any given time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atmosphere at any given time and
+we can go back in history and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back in history and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go back in history and know
+how much concentration there was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much concentration there was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much concentration there was in the
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+and we know if these animals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if these animals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if these animals are
+breathing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing it in
+right we know that they should have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that they should have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that they should have that
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+at a knot except this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a knot except this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a knot except this isn't
+a concentration this is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration this is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration this is a number of
+atoms but it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but it's okay
+it still is a first order process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is a first order process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is a first order process the
+radioactive decay of c14 is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay of c14 is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay of c14 is a first
+order process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order process
+and so because of that we can date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of that we can date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because of that we can date
+we can date things using carbon dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can date things using carbon dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can date things using carbon dating
+very accurately so this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately so this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurately so this is a really
+awesome tool that relies simply on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome tool that relies simply on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome tool that relies simply on the
+half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+on knowing the half-life okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowing the half-life okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowing the half-life okay all right
+here's a summary that i thought would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a summary that i thought would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a summary that i thought would be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+um this is it this is everything we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is it this is everything we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is it this is everything we just
+talked about before we switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before we switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before we switch to
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+rate law zeroth order first order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law zeroth order first order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate law zeroth order first order and
+you all like why did i write this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all like why did i write this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all like why did i write this all
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+it's all on this page no it's good to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on this page no it's good to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on this page no it's good to do
+somebody say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody say yeah
+it's good to write down it helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to write down it helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to write down it helps you
+think about things so but here it all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about things so but here it all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about things so but here it all is
+there's the zeroth order first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the zeroth order first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the zeroth order first order
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+okay integrated rate law that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay integrated rate law that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay integrated rate law that comes from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the units of the rate constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of the rate constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of the rate constant the
+linear plot to determine the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear plot to determine the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear plot to determine the rate
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+right what gives you you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what gives you you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what gives you you know what the
+slope of that line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that line is
+and then what the half-life would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what the half-life would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what the half-life would be if
+you just follow this for the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow this for the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow this for the other two
+orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+okay so this is what this is all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what this is all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what this is all that we
+just talked about the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about the best way
+to fill your oneness with this is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill your oneness with this is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill your oneness with this is to do
+some practice problems more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice problems more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice problems more than what
+we've just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just done
+the next really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next really
+the next topic now i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic now i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic now i'm not going to
+spend the same amount of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the same amount of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the same amount of time on
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+and catalyst obviously but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalyst obviously but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalyst obviously but i want to
+mention how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention how these
+impact reaction rates we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact reaction rates we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact reaction rates we're talking
+about how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how fast
+the concentrations change and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations change and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations change and to do that
+what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do
+is we're going to use the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use the collision
+theory of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of reactions
+and i've just written it down here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just written it down here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just written it down here what
+it is what is the collision theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what is the collision theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what is the collision theory of
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+what it is is it says that they occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is is it says that they occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is is it says that they occur
+when particles collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when particles collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when particles collide
+why does a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a plus b
+go to c well because things collided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to c well because things collided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to c well because things collided
+into each other and they got close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other and they got close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other and they got close
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+or they maybe had the right orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they maybe had the right orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they maybe had the right orientation
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+new bonds could form or others could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bonds could form or others could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bonds could form or others could
+break right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break right
+and and the the theory also says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the theory also says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the theory also says that
+not all collisions result in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all collisions result in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all collisions result in the
+formation of product and that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of product and that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of product and that there are
+two factors that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors that matter
+the energy of the collision and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the collision and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the collision and the
+orientation of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the particles
+so i want to highlight those two factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to highlight those two factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to highlight those two factors
+right so energy of the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so energy of the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so energy of the collision
+we're going to start with the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the energy of
+the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision
+and we're going to talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about that in
+terms of where do you get that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of where do you get that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of where do you get that energy
+you get it from heat you get it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it from heat you get it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it from heat you get it from
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+energy which means these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which means these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which means these things are
+vibrating and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating and moving
+maybe if it's a gas they're bouncing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if it's a gas they're bouncing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if it's a gas they're bouncing off
+of the walls of the container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walls of the container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walls of the container
+that's temperature right how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's temperature right how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's temperature right how does that
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+well in order to understand how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to understand how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to understand how that
+matters we have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we have to understand
+we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think about
+this and this is what collision theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is what collision theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is what collision theory
+for reactions tells us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reactions tells us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reactions tells us to do
+is to think about a reactant a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about a reactant a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about a reactant a reaction
+in terms of an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an energy
+landscape and an energy barrier that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and an energy barrier that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and an energy barrier that you
+have to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to overcome
+okay so here i have this ea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i have this ea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here i have this ea
+which is the energy that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy that it's going to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+i need to put that energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to put that energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to put that energy in
+for the collision to be strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the collision to be strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the collision to be strong enough
+think about it as like well i just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as like well i just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as like well i just kind
+of didn't collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of didn't collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of didn't collide
+i had a very low energy so i'm below ea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a very low energy so i'm below ea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a very low energy so i'm below ea
+and i can't get over this hill it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't get over this hill it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't get over this hill it really
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you know you think about like pushing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about like pushing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about like pushing a
+car did i push it hard enough so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car did i push it hard enough so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car did i push it hard enough so it can
+go over the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the hill
+right or um or is it just pushed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or um or is it just pushed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or um or is it just pushed a
+little bit that's the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's the kinetic energy
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+could it get over that hill because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it get over that hill because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it get over that hill because what
+what we're seeing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is that
+for this reaction to happen there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction to happen there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction to happen there's some
+amount of energy that's needed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that's needed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that's needed that's
+the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy
+that's the activation energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the activation energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the activation energy okay
+so what does that mean well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean well first of all
+you should all be feeling something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all be feeling something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all be feeling something
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+and you know what i'm talking about i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what i'm talking about i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what i'm talking about i'm
+talking about spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about spontaneous
+right somebody said it you were feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somebody said it you were feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somebody said it you were feeling
+it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why
+because i'm talking about a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm talking about a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm talking about a process that
+has a barrier that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a barrier that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a barrier that is
+thermally activated a process that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated a process that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally activated a process that has a
+barrier that is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier that is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier that is normally
+svonte arrhenius crickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crickets and then and then intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets and then and then intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crickets and then and then intrinsic
+carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers
+activated processes reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated processes reactions
+right they have a barrier they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have a barrier they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have a barrier they have a
+barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier
+now here's the thing though ea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing though ea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing though ea is
+typically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know
+like maybe an electron volt and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe an electron volt and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe an electron volt and we know
+that kbt is 0.025 electron volts we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kbt is 0.025 electron volts we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kbt is 0.025 electron volts we've
+talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before
+how is that possible it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that possible it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that possible it's the same as
+what we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about before
+because this comes this is an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this comes this is an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this comes this is an average
+energy if you put the boltzmann constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you put the boltzmann constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you put the boltzmann constant
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to room temperature this is at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature this is at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature this is at room
+temperature if you put the boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if you put the boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if you put the boltzmann
+constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in
+at room temperature you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature you're going to get
+that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small
+energy but we know that thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but we know that thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but we know that thermal energy
+is a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distribution
+this is something we've talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've talked about so
+here it is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is again
+so this is the boltzmann distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the boltzmann distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the boltzmann distribution is
+what this distribution is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this distribution is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this distribution is called
+and and if i have my energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if i have my energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if i have my energy for
+activating a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating a reaction
+my barrier for the reaction to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my barrier for the reaction to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my barrier for the reaction to happen
+shown there with the vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there with the vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there with the vertical line
+let me see i have two temperatures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see i have two temperatures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see i have two temperatures so
+yeah kt may be small but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kt may be small but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kt may be small but there's some
+tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+out there where there is enough thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there where there is enough thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there where there is enough thermal
+energy there's enough kinetic energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's enough kinetic energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's enough kinetic energy for
+this collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collision
+to lead to the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so if we so those tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if we so those tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if we so those tails
+grow larger and larger the amount of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow larger and larger the amount of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow larger and larger the amount of of
+molecules that have enough energy grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have enough energy grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have enough energy grows
+larger as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger as
+you increase the temperature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature that is
+erroneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erroneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erroneous
+the probability for this to happen grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for this to happen grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability for this to happen grows
+that is what arrhenius gives us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what arrhenius gives us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what arrhenius gives us right
+and so here it is map this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here it is map this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here it is map this is something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um uh that is in the textbook that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is in the textbook that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is in the textbook that you
+know it's a nice diagram because it maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a nice diagram because it maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a nice diagram because it maps
+the two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two together
+you got the reactant going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the reactant going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the reactant going to the
+products there's an activated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there's an activated complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there's an activated complex
+it needs that activation energy and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs that activation energy and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs that activation energy and over
+there we've turned on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've turned on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've turned on the side
+these kinetic energy distribution plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinetic energy distribution plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinetic energy distribution plots
+so you can see when do i have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see when do i have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see when do i have enough
+well when i'm over that activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when i'm over that activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when i'm over that activation
+energy there's going to be some fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's going to be some fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's going to be some fraction
+of molecules that have enough and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules that have enough and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules that have enough and that
+fraction depends on temperature and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction depends on temperature and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction depends on temperature and that
+is a radius and so what we get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radius and so what we get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radius and so what we get is that
+the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate
+the the rate k k the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate k k the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate k k the rate
+is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some
+constant a times e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a times e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a times e to the minus
+e a over k b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a over k b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e a over k b
+t and remember we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and remember we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and remember we use
+k b k b for like one collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b k b for like one collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b k b for like one collision
+for like a molecule or an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a molecule or an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a molecule or an atom and
+we would use r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would use r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would use r or
+r for a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here i'm talking about a single event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm talking about a single event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm talking about a single event
+one molecule colliding with another to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule colliding with another to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule colliding with another to
+make the reaction happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reaction happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reaction happen so
+this is now the this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the this is called the
+frequency factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency factor
+and it's a constant constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a constant constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a constant constant
+constant and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's something that
+you could yeah you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could yeah you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could yeah you could you could
+understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+this might depend on a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might depend on a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might depend on a combination of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's it's assumed incorrectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's assumed incorrectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's assumed incorrectly but
+it's a good enough approximation for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good enough approximation for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good enough approximation for us
+but it's assumed to be independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's assumed to be independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's assumed to be independent of
+temperature so we pull it out and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we pull it out and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we pull it out and call
+it a frequency factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a frequency factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a frequency factor
+and it has in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has in it
+information about whether these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about whether these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about whether these things
+really made the right collision or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made the right collision or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made the right collision or not
+that's what a has in it this exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a has in it this exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a has in it this exponent
+you know arrhenius is telling us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know arrhenius is telling us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know arrhenius is telling us this
+exponent tells me about that fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent tells me about that fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent tells me about that fraction
+that fraction but a tells me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction but a tells me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction but a tells me about
+orientation so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so here's an example
+here's no plus o3 and on the top line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's no plus o3 and on the top line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's no plus o3 and on the top line
+you can see the no right so the o the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the no right so the o the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the no right so the o the
+o's are red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o's are red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o's are red
+and the n is blue and the no is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the n is blue and the no is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the n is blue and the no is coming
+in but it's coming in either way whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but it's coming in either way whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but it's coming in either way whether
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+n or whether it's o it's coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or whether it's o it's coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or whether it's o it's coming into the
+wrong oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong oxygen
+it's hitting that wrong oxygen and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hitting that wrong oxygen and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hitting that wrong oxygen and so it
+doesn't do anything because the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything because the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything because the one in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+isn't going to be very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be very reactive
+not at least at this temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at least at this temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at least at this temperature but
+then you got a different case where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got a different case where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got a different case where it
+comes in a little differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a little differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a little differently
+and in fact the nitrogen is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the nitrogen is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the nitrogen is what's
+coming in and leading the way to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and leading the way to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and leading the way to that
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+on the end and that leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end and that leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the end and that leads to the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+so you can imagine now it's not just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine now it's not just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine now it's not just how
+fast they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they're moving
+which is what you know the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you know the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you know the exponent
+tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+it's how it's it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how it's it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how it's it's more complicated
+right and this is called a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is called a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is called a frequency
+factor because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because it's
+it's sort of all these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of all these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of all these complicated
+effects rolled into the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects rolled into the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects rolled into the frequency
+of the collision being right not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the collision being right not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the collision being right not just
+the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+okay and so this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this gives us the
+temperature dependence of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence of the rate
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+this gives us the temperature depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the temperature depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the temperature depends on
+of the rate constant which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rate constant which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rate constant which is very
+important this is not time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is not time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is not time this is
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+right this is a different thing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a different thing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a different thing than
+everything else we talked about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we talked about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we talked about here
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+involved time dependence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved time dependence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved time dependence that's
+temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence
+okay and finally the last thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally the last thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally the last thing and
+just to just to show you this is my very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to show you this is my very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to show you this is my very
+last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point
+is that you know just like before if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know just like before if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know just like before if i
+wanted to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to run a
+reaction and make it go faster one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and make it go faster one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and make it go faster one way
+just like with semiconductors is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with semiconductors is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with semiconductors is to
+increase the temperature but i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the temperature but i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the temperature but i don't
+want to run my phone at 600 kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run my phone at 600 kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run my phone at 600 kelvin
+so what do we do we use chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do we use chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do we use chemistry
+i may have reactions that i want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have reactions that i want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have reactions that i want to run
+a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot faster
+in fact i very often do and what do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i very often do and what do i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i very often do and what do i do
+i use chemistry and those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use chemistry and those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use chemistry and those are called
+catalysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts
+what a catalyst does and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a catalyst does and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a catalyst does and this this
+picture shows it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture shows it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture shows it in the context of
+collision theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision theory
+right i've got these these barriers i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've got these these barriers i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've got these these barriers i'm
+trying to get over here it's flipped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get over here it's flipped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get over here it's flipped it
+doesn't matter there's a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter there's a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter there's a barrier
+so the reactant is higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reactant is higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reactant is higher than the
+products okay there's still a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay there's still a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay there's still a barrier
+that i have to overcome what a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to overcome what a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to overcome what a catalyst
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+is without being consumed what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without being consumed what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without being consumed what a
+catalyst does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst does
+is it's another material in there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's another material in there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's another material in there where
+it allows that reaction to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows that reaction to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows that reaction to happen
+with a lower barrier that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower barrier that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower barrier that's what a
+catalyst is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is
+and you better believe this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you better believe this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you better believe this is important
+so a catalyst lowers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a catalyst lowers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a catalyst lowers that
+without changing the temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the temperature and
+there and in just 20 seconds here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and in just 20 seconds here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and in just 20 seconds here's my
+why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+important technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technologies
+for pollution that has been invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pollution that has been invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pollution that has been invented in
+over the last 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 50 years
+it's changed the game in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changed the game in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's changed the game in terms of what
+comes out of that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of that car
+why does it work it wouldn't work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it work it wouldn't work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it work it wouldn't work you
+wouldn't get rid of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get rid of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get rid of these things
+these toxic things you wouldn't get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these toxic things you wouldn't get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these toxic things you wouldn't get rid
+of them unless you ran it at like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them unless you ran it at like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them unless you ran it at like a
+thousand degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand degrees
+and you're not doing that underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not doing that underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not doing that underneath
+your car next to the gas tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car next to the gas tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car next to the gas tank
+but if you put the right catalyst in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put the right catalyst in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put the right catalyst in all
+of those reactions to get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those reactions to get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those reactions to get rid of those
+toxic chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic chemicals
+can happen much more quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen much more quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen much more quickly and
+efficiently right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently right
+okay have a great weekend see you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have a great weekend see you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have a great weekend see you guys
+on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GnEyIawrWBg.txt b/GnEyIawrWBg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44be9ddd0d5078ae5b599ebd6bcd7c37d9e501cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GnEyIawrWBg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+an important reason why conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important reason why conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important reason why conditional
+probabilities are very useful is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are very useful is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are very useful is that
+they allow us to divide and conquer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow us to divide and conquer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow us to divide and conquer they
+allow us to split complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to split complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to split complicated
+probability models into simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability models into simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability models into simpler
+submodules that we can then analyze one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submodules that we can then analyze one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submodules that we can then analyze one
+at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+let me remind you of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you of the total
+probability theorem that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem that has this
+particular flavor we divide our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavor we divide our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavor we divide our sample
+space into three disjoint events a 1 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space into three disjoint events a 1 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space into three disjoint events a 1 a 2
+and a 3 and these events form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3 and these events form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3 and these events form a
+partition of the sample space that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the sample space that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the sample space that is
+they exhaust all possibilities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exhaust all possibilities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exhaust all possibilities they
+correspond to three alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to three alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to three alternative
+scenarios one of which is going to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one of which is going to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one of which is going to occur
+and then we may be interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we may be interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we may be interested in a
+certain event B that event B may occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event B that event B may occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event B that event B may occur
+under either scenario and the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under either scenario and the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under either scenario and the total
+probability theorem tells us that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem tells us that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem tells us that we can
+calculate the probability of event B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of event B by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability of event B by
+considering the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the probability that it
+occurs under any given scenario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs under any given scenario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs under any given scenario and
+weigh those probabilities according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh those probabilities according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh those probabilities according to
+the probabilities of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of the different
+scenarios now let us bring random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios now let us bring random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios now let us bring random
+variables into the picture let us fix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables into the picture let us fix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables into the picture let us fix a
+particular value little X and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value little X and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value little X and let the
+event B be the event that a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B be the event that a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B be the event that a random
+variable takes on this particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes on this particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes on this particular value
+let us now translate the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now translate the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now translate the total
+probability theorem to this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem to this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem to this situation
+first the picture will look slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the picture will look slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the picture will look slightly
+different our event B has been replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different our event B has been replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different our event B has been replaced
+by the particular event that we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the particular event that we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the particular event that we are now
+considering now what is this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering now what is this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering now what is this probability
+the probability that event B occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that event B occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that event B occurs
+having fixed the particular choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fixed the particular choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fixed the particular choice of
+little X is the value of the PMF at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is the value of the PMF at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is the value of the PMF at that
+particular X how about this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X how about this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X how about this probability
+here this is the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the probability that the
+random variable capital X takes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X takes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X takes on the
+value little X that's what the PMF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value little X that's what the PMF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value little X that's what the PMF is
+but in the conditional universe so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the conditional universe so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the conditional universe so we're
+dealing with the conditional PMF and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the conditional PMF and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the conditional PMF and so
+on with the other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the other terms
+so this equation here is just the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation here is just the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation here is just the usual
+total probability theorem but translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem but translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem but translated
+into PMF notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into PMF notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into PMF notation
+now this version of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this version of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this version of the total
+probability theorem of course is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem of course is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem of course is true
+for all values of little X this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of little X this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of little X this means
+that we can now multiply both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now multiply both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now multiply both sides of
+this equation by X and and then sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by X and and then sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by X and and then sum over
+all possible choices of X we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible choices of X we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible choices of X we recognize
+that here we have the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here we have the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here we have the expected value of
+the random variable X now we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X now we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X now we do the same
+thing to the right hand side we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the right hand side we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the right hand side we multiply
+by X and then we sum over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X and then we sum over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X and then we sum over all possible
+values of X this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X this is going to be the
+first term and then we will have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term and then we will have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term and then we will have similar
+terms now what do we have here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now what do we have here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now what do we have here this
+expression is just the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just the conditional
+expectation of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the random variable X
+under the scenario that event a 1 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the scenario that event a 1 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the scenario that event a 1 has
+occurred so what we have established is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so what we have established is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so what we have established is
+this particular formula which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular formula which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular formula which is called
+the total expectation theorem it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total expectation theorem it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total expectation theorem it tells
+us that the expected value of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the expected value of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the expected value of a random
+variable can be calculated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can be calculated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable can be calculated by
+considering different scenarios finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering different scenarios finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering different scenarios finding
+the expected value under each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value under each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value under each of the
+possible scenarios and weigh them wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scenarios and weigh them wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scenarios and weigh them wave
+the scenarios according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenarios according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenarios according to their
+respective probabilities the picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective probabilities the picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective probabilities the picture is
+like this under each scenario the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this under each scenario the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this under each scenario the random
+variable X has a certain conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X has a certain conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X has a certain conditional
+expectation we take all these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we take all these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we take all these into
+account we wave them according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account we wave them according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account we wave them according to their
+corresponding probabilities and we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probabilities and we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probabilities and we add
+them up to find the expected value of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to find the expected value of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to find the expected value of X
+so we can divide and conquer we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can divide and conquer we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can divide and conquer we can
+replace a possibly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a possibly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a possibly complicated
+calculation of an expected value by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of an expected value by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of an expected value by
+hopefully simpler calculations under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully simpler calculations under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully simpler calculations under
+each one of possible scenarios let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of possible scenarios let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of possible scenarios let me
+illustrate the idea by a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the idea by a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the idea by a simple example
+let us consider this PMF and let us try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider this PMF and let us try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider this PMF and let us try
+to calculate the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the expected value of the
+Associated random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated random variable
+one way to divide and conquer is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to divide and conquer is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to divide and conquer is to
+define an event a one which is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an event a one which is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define an event a one which is that our
+random variable takes values in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in this set
+and another event a two which is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another event a two which is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another event a two which is that a
+random variable takes values in that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values in that set
+let us now apply the total expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now apply the total expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now apply the total expectation
+theorem let us calculate all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem let us calculate all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem let us calculate all the terms
+that are required first we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required first we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required first we find the
+probabilities of the different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the different scenarios
+the probability of event a e1 is 1/9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of event a e1 is 1/9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of event a e1 is 1/9
+plus 1/9 plus 1/9 which is 1/3 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/9 plus 1/9 which is 1/3 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/9 plus 1/9 which is 1/3 and the
+probability of event a 2 is 2/9 plus 2/9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event a 2 is 2/9 plus 2/9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event a 2 is 2/9 plus 2/9
+plus 2/9 which adds up to 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2/9 which adds up to 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2/9 which adds up to 2/3
+how about conditional expectations in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about conditional expectations in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about conditional expectations in a
+universe where event a 1 has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where event a 1 has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where event a 1 has occurred
+only these three values are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these three values are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only these three values are possible
+they had equal probabilities so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had equal probabilities so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had equal probabilities so in the
+conditional model they will also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model they will also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model they will also have
+equal probability so we will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so we will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so we will have a
+uniform distribution over the set 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution over the set 0 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution over the set 0 1 2
+by symmetry the expected value is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the expected value is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the expected value is going
+to be in the middle so this expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the middle so this expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the middle so this expected
+value is equal to 1 and by a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal to 1 and by a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is equal to 1 and by a similar
+argument the expected value of X under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the expected value of X under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the expected value of X under
+the second scenario is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second scenario is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second scenario is going to be the
+midpoint of this range which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this range which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this range which is equal to
+7 and now we can apply the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and now we can apply the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and now we can apply the total
+probability theorem and write that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and write that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and write that the
+expected value of x is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x is equal to the
+probability of the first scenario times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the first scenario times
+the expected value under the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value under the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value under the first
+scenario plus the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario plus the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario plus the probability of the
+second scenario times the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario times the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario times the expected value
+under the second scenario in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the second scenario in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the second scenario in this case
+by breaking down the problem in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by breaking down the problem in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by breaking down the problem in these
+two sub cases the calculations that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sub cases the calculations that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sub cases the calculations that were
+required were somewhat simpler than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required were somewhat simpler than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required were somewhat simpler than if
+you were to proceed directly of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to proceed directly of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to proceed directly of course
+this is a rather simple example but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rather simple example but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rather simple example but as
+we go on with this course we will apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on with this course we will apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on with this course we will apply
+the total probability theorem in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem in much
+more interesting and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting and complicated
+situations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Gqic72B-1MU.txt b/Gqic72B-1MU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ff68b83184d4f339b2e4cdb005ef7e32411f5f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Gqic72B-1MU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is goodie bag number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is goodie bag number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is goodie bag number nine
+in today's video we will be exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's video we will be exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's video we will be exploring
+the topics of polymerization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics of polymerization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics of polymerization and
+crosslinking and learning how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking and learning how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking and learning how these
+processes can be used to make slime at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can be used to make slime at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can be used to make slime at
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+you'll need gloves elmer's glue borax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need gloves elmer's glue borax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need gloves elmer's glue borax
+powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder
+plastic cups and spoons for stirring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic cups and spoons for stirring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic cups and spoons for stirring
+one product made of polymers that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one product made of polymers that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one product made of polymers that many
+people are familiar with is silly putty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are familiar with is silly putty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are familiar with is silly putty
+silly putty is made of a polymer called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty is made of a polymer called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty is made of a polymer called
+polydimethyl ciloxane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polydimethyl ciloxane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polydimethyl ciloxane
+polydimethylsiloxane is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polydimethylsiloxane is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polydimethylsiloxane is made of
+repeating units called monomers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating units called monomers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating units called monomers that
+include a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a silicon
+an oxygen and two ch3 groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen and two ch3 groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen and two ch3 groups
+today we're going to make an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to make an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to make an alternative
+material that behaves a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that behaves a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that behaves a little bit like
+silly putty but is instead made of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty but is instead made of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty but is instead made of a
+different polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polymer
+this can be made by combining elmer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be made by combining elmer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be made by combining elmer's
+glue and crosslinking with borax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can see after i added borax to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see after i added borax to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see after i added borax to
+the elmer's glue the material became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elmer's glue the material became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elmer's glue the material became
+much more viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more viscous
+this is because of crosslinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of crosslinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of crosslinking
+cross-linking is forming a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking is forming a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linking is forming a bond
+to link one polymer chain to another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link one polymer chain to another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link one polymer chain to another in
+this experiment the polyvinyl alcohol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment the polyvinyl alcohol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment the polyvinyl alcohol in
+elmer's glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elmer's glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elmer's glue
+forms hydrogen bonds with the boric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms hydrogen bonds with the boric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms hydrogen bonds with the boric acid
+these cross links make it more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross links make it more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross links make it more difficult
+for the polymer chains to slide past one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the polymer chains to slide past one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the polymer chains to slide past one
+another so the material becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the material becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the material becomes
+more viscous by adding in more borax we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more viscous by adding in more borax we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more viscous by adding in more borax we
+increase the number of crosslinks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of crosslinks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of crosslinks and
+this results in a material more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in a material more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in a material more
+resistant to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to flow
+you may have noticed that when we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have noticed that when we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have noticed that when we pull
+quickly this line breaks in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this line breaks in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this line breaks in half
+but when we pull slowly the slime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we pull slowly the slime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we pull slowly the slime is
+able to stretch this is because the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to stretch this is because the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to stretch this is because the slow
+pulling allows hydrogen bonds to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling allows hydrogen bonds to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling allows hydrogen bonds to break
+and then reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reform
+allowing the chains to more easily slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the chains to more easily slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the chains to more easily slide
+past one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past one another
+in this goody bag we hope you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this goody bag we hope you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this goody bag we hope you had an
+opportunity to make a polymer of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to make a polymer of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to make a polymer of your
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+and witness how crosslinking can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and witness how crosslinking can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and witness how crosslinking can change
+material properties
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H3_TYEeswuM.txt b/H3_TYEeswuM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7594d0f222c05daa6670342ca3c54149059932f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H3_TYEeswuM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2772 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today we're
+going to continue our
+
+discussion of capital markets.
+
+If you remember the introduction
+from last time,
+
+what we talked about was we
+talked about labor as an input
+
+and where it came from.
+
+And these lectures are about
+capitals and input, where it
+
+comes from.
+
+We talked about the fact that
+while capital, ultimately, is
+
+machines, and buildings, and
+things like that, what we
+
+think about in this course,
+we're going to think about
+
+financial capital and what's
+behind all the different kinds
+
+of capital that businesses
+use.
+
+We talked about peoples' savings
+decisions as creating
+
+a pool of capital from which
+businesses draw.
+
+And then we talked about present
+value and the notion
+
+of considering the fact that
+dollars in the future are
+
+worth less than dollars today.
+
+So with that as background, what
+we want to do now is talk
+
+about how firms and individuals
+should make
+
+choices over time.
+
+We talked a couple of lectures
+ago about how firms and
+
+individuals make choices when
+faced with uncertainty.
+
+So that was sort of a choice
+across two different
+
+states of the world.
+
+You could get hit by a car.
+
+You could not get
+hit by a car.
+
+Now we'll talk about choices
+across two different time
+
+periods, today versus tomorrow,
+and how people make
+
+those choices.
+
+And the answer is going to be
+pretty simple following what
+
+we did last time, which is
+whenever you're faced with two
+
+choices that pay off at
+different times, you just want
+
+to choose the choice with the
+highest present value.
+
+So if you're faced with two
+streams of payments, you know
+
+that you can't just
+add them up.
+
+What you need to do is you need
+to add them up in a way
+
+that gets present value.
+
+So, for example, consider the
+example of a professional
+
+athlete who's considering
+two contracts.
+
+One contract pays $1 million
+today, and one contract pays
+
+$500,000 today and $2
+million in deferred
+
+payments in 10 years.
+
+So that's the two contract
+options facing the player.
+
+If you read it in the newspaper,
+they would describe
+
+this is a $2.5 million contract
+and this as a $1
+
+million contract.
+
+However, the newspaper is wrong,
+because they haven't
+
+accounted for the fact
+that some of those
+
+payments are deferred.
+
+So they're worth less.
+
+So how do we compare them?
+
+Well, to compare them, we have
+to take the present value of
+
+these two streams. So the
+present value of the first
+
+stream is just $1 million,
+because it's paid today.
+
+So putting it in today's
+dollars,
+
+it's worth $1 million.
+
+The second stream is worth, the
+present value is $500,000
+
+plus $2 million over 1 plus i
+to the 10th, because it's
+
+being paid in 10 years.
+
+And actually here, I'm
+going to not use i.
+
+I'm going to use r for the
+real interest rate.
+
+Remember last time we talked
+about how what really matters
+
+is the real interest rate, the
+interest rate you get minus
+
+inflation, minus the costs of
+price increases for goods you
+
+have to buy with that interest.
+So remember we want
+
+to use the real interest
+rate here.
+
+So I'll use r now.
+
+So, basically, whether this
+second contract is a better
+
+deal or not depends on what
+the real interest rate is.
+
+So if r equals 5%, then the
+present value of this second
+
+contract is $1.73 million.
+
+So that is a good deal.
+
+On the other hand, if r equalled
+20%, if there's a 20%
+
+interest rate as there was back
+in the late '70s, early
+
+'80s, then the present value
+is $0.82 million.
+
+So it's not a good deal.
+
+So the key is if you want to
+ever compare two streams of
+
+payments that pay off in
+different times, you have to
+
+bring them back to a comparable
+
+unit, to today's dollars.
+
+And the way we do that
+is by calculating
+
+their present value.
+
+And this is a problem people
+have. A common mistake that's
+
+made is people don't
+consider this in
+
+evaluating streams of payments.
+
+So a classic example is when
+you hear someone wins $100
+
+million in the lottery.
+
+It's actually a lot
+less than that.
+
+Because $100 million lottery
+win, what it really is is $5
+
+million a year for 20 years.
+
+And you have a choice.
+
+You could take a lump sum now,
+or you take the $5 million a
+
+year over 20 years.
+
+So basically, the $5 million
+a year over 20 years is, of
+
+course, worth a lot less
+than $100 million.
+
+What's it worth?
+
+Well, it's worth $5 million plus
+$5 million over 1 plus
+
+the real interest rate plus $5
+million over 1 plus the real
+
+interest rates squared plus
+dot dot dot dot plus $5
+
+million over 1 plus the real
+interest rate to the 20th.
+
+So, for example, for an interest
+rate of 5%, if r
+
+equals 5%, this lottery is
+really worth $65 million.
+
+Now, that's still pretty good.
+
+But it's a lot less
+than $100 million.
+
+When you hear a number about a
+player's contract or a lottery
+
+winning, you need to always
+recognize that the effective
+
+value is going to be lower than
+what you hear on the news
+
+because of the time payment
+that takes place.
+
+Now whether that's a big
+deal or not depends on
+
+the interest rate.
+
+So Victor Martinez just signed
+with the Detroit Tigers for
+
+four years and $50 million.
+
+Now, he could have signed with
+the Chicago White Sox for
+
+three years and $42 million.
+
+Or the Boston Red Sox
+were offering.
+
+So the Chicago White Sox
+were offering three
+
+years and $42 million.
+
+Now, you might say that you
+can't really compare those
+
+two, because one is out
+three years, and
+
+one is out four years.
+
+But the truth is the interest
+rate right now is so low that
+
+you can pretty much
+compare them.
+
+Right now, the interest
+rate you can get in a
+
+bank is close to 0.
+
+So, basically, if the interest
+rate is 0, the present value
+
+is the nominal value.
+
+So right now, you can sort
+of compare players'
+
+contracts like that.
+
+On the other hand, when the
+interest rate is higher, you
+
+can't do that comparison.
+
+And, in particular, what you'll
+hear a lot of times is
+
+these contracts have very
+deferred payments.
+
+So even for a low interest rate,
+it's still worth a lot
+
+less in the end.
+
+So that's the key point to
+remember when you hear values.
+
+It's to know that you have
+to discount them
+
+by when they happen.
+
+And that's going to depend on
+how high the interest rate is.
+
+Now, this leads us directly to
+the important implication of
+
+present value which is how firms
+and individuals make
+
+investment decisions.
+
+So we've talked about firms
+choosing a level of capital
+
+and a level of labor.
+
+And we talked about in a simple
+
+isoquant-isocost framework.
+
+But, in reality, firms
+don't really deal
+
+with that simple framework.
+
+In reality, for any given
+investment decision, they
+
+essentially want to compare the
+cost of that investment to
+
+the benefits of that
+investment.
+
+And that depends on
+things like the
+
+isoquants and the isocosts.
+
+But it also depends critically
+on the time frame over which
+
+that investment will pay out.
+
+And what firms consider when
+they make an investment
+
+decision is the net present
+value of that decision.
+
+On net, what's the
+present value?
+
+Because often, for the
+investment decisions, you have
+
+to lay out money up front to
+recoup that money later on.
+
+So this adds an extra
+dimension.
+
+Which is not just you're
+adding up a
+
+stream of future payments.
+
+You're actually contrasting a
+debit now versus credits in
+
+the future.
+
+And the math is the same, but
+it's a little bit more
+
+complicated.
+
+So the net present value of any
+investment is going to be
+
+the revenues from that
+investment in period 0 minus
+
+the cost of that investment in
+period 0 plus the revenues
+
+from that investment in the
+period 1 minus the cost of
+
+that investment in period 1 over
+1 plus r plus dot dot dot
+
+dot dot plus the revenues in
+year t minus the costs in year
+
+t over 1 plus r to the t.
+
+So the net present value is
+going to be a function of at
+
+every year is the investment
+making or losing money and
+
+then adding those future gains
+or losses up discounting by
+
+when they occur.
+
+And the bottom line
+is firm investment
+
+decisions are very simple.
+
+If this is greater than 0, then
+it's a good investment.
+
+If it's less than 0, it's not.
+
+And this matters a lot, because
+you'll often see
+
+investments that have
+cash losses up
+
+front and gains later.
+
+In fact, that's sort of the
+definition of investment.
+
+It's that you're investing some
+money up front to yield
+
+returns later on.
+
+So, for example, if you have an
+investment with an upfront
+
+cost of $100 in year 1, it's
+going to cost you $100 in year
+
+1 to buy some machine, and
+you get no revenues.
+
+So it's minus $100 in year 1.
+
+But in year 2, you're going to
+earn $200 from that machine
+
+minus you're going to have
+a $50 maintenance on the
+
+machine, so $150 in year 2.
+
+So in year 1, you buy the
+machine for $100.
+
+In year 2, the machine produces
+some widgets which
+
+you can sell for $200.
+
+But, along the way, you have
+to maintain that machine.
+
+And that costs you
+$50 in year 2.
+
+The net present value is minus
+$100 plus $150 over 1 plus r.
+
+That's the net present value.
+
+Whether that's positive or not
+is going to depend critically
+
+on what the interest rate is.
+
+So the key thing is we want to
+take that stream of payments,
+
+positive or negative, and put
+them in today's terms. Are
+
+there questions about that?
+
+But this raises the question of
+well, what interest rates
+
+should a firm use?
+
+So the firm has got to
+make this decision.
+
+Should all firms just walk by
+BayBank, or Fleet Bank, or
+
+whatever the hell
+it's called now?
+
+What is the big bank called?
+
+Fleet, I guess.
+
+Should they walk by now and look
+in the window and say the
+
+interest rate is 1%, or
+2%, 3% and use that?
+
+What should firms do?
+
+Basically, the key issue is that
+different firms will have
+
+different interest rates
+that they want to use.
+
+Or firms will have different,
+what we call, discount rates.
+
+You can have a firm-specific
+discount rate.
+
+You can have a firm-specific
+discount rate that firms might
+
+want to use.
+
+And what's going to determine
+that is going to be the
+
+opportunity cost of
+money to the firm.
+
+What is the firm's next
+best use of that
+
+money they're investing.
+
+So, for example, let's say a
+firm has a bunch of cash
+
+sitting around.
+
+Let's say the firm has $100 in
+cash sitting around, and it's
+
+trying to decide whether or not
+to make this investment.
+
+How do we decide on what the
+opportunity cost on that
+
+investment is, what the right
+discount rate is to use?
+
+How should the firm
+think about that?
+
+If it's got the cash sitting
+around, how should the firm
+
+think about whether it
+should invest $100?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, whether or not
+it has some other place that
+
+it can invest it.
+
+Or it's just going to rot
+in a safe somewhere.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, at a minimum,
+we can put it in the bank.
+
+So at a minimum, it can always
+earn 1% or 2% of whatever
+
+banks are paying now.
+
+But what you're saying
+is right.
+
+It may also have other
+investment opportunities.
+
+So, in some sense, the
+discount rate for any
+
+investment opportunity is what
+you could earn on the next
+
+best investment opportunity.
+
+So if I've got $100 sitting
+around, and I've got a
+
+guaranteed 10% I can make
+somewhere, then if I decide
+
+whether or not I should take
+this investment, I should use
+
+a discount rate of 10%.
+
+If I can make 20% somewhere,
+I should use 20%.
+
+So, in some sense, what you
+want to do is you want to
+
+stack up your investment
+opportunities from worst to
+
+best in terms of
+rate of return.
+
+And then you start at the top
+of the list and ask, OK,
+
+discounting at the best
+alternative opportunity, is
+
+this one worth it given
+the steam of payments?
+
+And then work your way down the
+list. So, basically, the
+
+key thing is that for any firm,
+their opportunity cost,
+
+their discount rate is the next
+best thing they could
+
+have done with the money.
+
+Similarly, if a firm doesn't
+have the money and is deciding
+
+whether or not to borrow the
+money to do this investment,
+
+then the discount will be the
+cost of borrowing the money.
+
+Right now the bank only
+pays 1% on your money.
+
+But if you want a loan, you
+still have to pay 4% for it.
+
+So it may be that you could end
+up in a situation where
+
+your $100 doesn't really do
+you that much good saved.
+
+And it would cost so much to
+borrow the $100, that it's
+
+better to use the $100 that's
+sitting around.
+
+So, basically, let's say you
+have $100 sitting around, and
+
+you're trying to decide how
+to finance its investment.
+
+Well let's say you have an
+alternative investment that
+
+yields 10%.
+
+What you do is you put the
+$100 on the alternative.
+
+And then you say, well, should
+I then borrow to finance this
+
+investment?
+
+Well, I have to ask, is the
+borrowing rate low enough that
+
+this net present value
+is positive?
+
+So the firm wants to consider
+all of its options it can do
+
+with its money that it's
+borrowing and consider a
+
+discount rate for each, which
+is the alternative next best
+
+use of the money.
+
+Now it's not just
+firms that make
+
+these investment decisions.
+
+People have to make these
+decisions too.
+
+In fact, I faced one, a number
+of years ago, when I was first
+
+teaching this course.
+
+So it's good for me to work
+it out in the context.
+
+I was decided this just
+about the time I was
+
+delivering this lecture.
+
+And here was my choice.
+
+Basically, I had to decide
+on whether to invest in
+
+insulation for my 100-year-old
+house.
+
+I've got this old house, windy,
+crappy, whatever, and I
+
+had to decide whether to
+invest in insulation.
+
+And the math was that my heating
+bills were costing me
+
+$2,000 a year.
+
+I was spending $2,000
+a year in heat.
+
+It's a lot more now.
+
+Back then it was
+$2,000 a year.
+
+My best estimate was that if I
+insulated my house, I could
+
+lower my heating costs by
+about 25%, or about
+
+minus $500 per year.
+
+But to do that insulation
+would cost $4,000.
+
+So my question was, do I make
+a $4,000 investment to lower
+
+my heating costs
+by $500 a year?
+
+Well, I know how to do that.
+
+I say, I take my $4,000, that's
+a negative in year 1.
+
+So let's say there's no effect
+in year 1 of the heating
+
+costs, because they're
+putting it in.
+
+So the heating savings
+start in year 2.
+
+So then in year 2 I'm
+going to save $500.
+
+But that I'm going to
+have to discount at
+
+some interest rate.
+
+In year 3, I'm going to
+save another $500.
+
+I'll discount that at some
+interest rate, and so on.
+
+Now, the tricky thing about this
+calculation is twofold.
+
+What are the two things I still
+have to figure out to do
+
+this calculation?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The time frame that
+you're going to spend in the
+
+house and the interest rate.
+
+PROFESSOR: One is the
+interest rate.
+
+Now, for that one, I have to
+think well, if I had money
+
+sitting around, what was the
+next best investment
+
+opportunity.
+
+This was the early 2000s when
+the stock market didn't look
+
+like a very good investment
+opportunity.
+
+The next best was the interest
+rates were probably on the
+
+order of about 5% back then.
+
+So let's say I could have put
+it in the bank at 5%.
+
+But the other tricky thing
+is how long will I
+
+have the house for?
+
+If I'm going to own the house
+forever, or for long enough
+
+that it's equivalent to forever,
+then I know I can
+
+just rewrite this as minus
+$4,000 plus $500 over r.
+
+So if the interest rate was 5%,
+then that's minus $4,000
+
+plus $500 over 5% or plus
+$10,000 which is well above 0.
+
+So at a 5% interest rate, if I
+was going to own the house
+
+forever, this is a
+great investment.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't you also have
+to consider how much it
+
+would add to the value of
+your house when you
+
+attempt to sell it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent point.
+
+Even if I'm not going own the
+house forever, it still might
+
+be a good investment.
+
+Let's say I was going to sell
+the house in two years, then
+
+it would be minus $4,000
+plus $500 over 1.05--
+
+Well, let's say I was going to
+sell it after two years.
+
+So this is the first year
+and the second year.
+
+So you might say, well, this
+is clearly a bad deal.
+
+I'm spending $4,000, and
+all I'm saving is $500.
+
+And that's in this future
+where it's worth less.
+
+But then the question is, how
+much does it raise the value
+
+of my house?
+
+In a perfect world, given that
+my house will live on forever,
+
+it should raise the value
+of my house by $10,000.
+
+Because what I've done is
+I've saved $500 forever.
+
+So whoever buys it after me
+should be willing to pay
+
+$10,000 more for it.
+
+But the question is that
+information, will that
+
+percolate down?
+
+Will people actually include
+that in the value?
+
+So in some sense, the decision I
+had to make was, will I live
+
+there long enough that even if
+the next people don't value
+
+it, I'll still end
+up having the
+
+positive net present value.
+
+If I lived there for more than
+about 10 or 12 years, that
+
+would be true.
+
+And the second thing is if I'm
+going to live there less than
+
+that, will the price go up
+enough that the net present
+
+value will be positive?
+
+I decided to do it.
+
+I've been there at least
+10 years since.
+
+So it was a good decision.
+
+But this is exactly how
+consumers face these kinds of
+
+decisions every day.
+
+Just as uncertainty affects
+decision making of people
+
+every day, so does thinking
+about streams of
+
+payments over time.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Did you leave
+out the square on
+
+the $500 over 1+r?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You're right.
+
+Good point.
+
+OK.
+
+so now another very interesting
+application of
+
+this that may be more
+relevant to you.
+
+You guys aren't thinking
+about insulating your
+
+houses right now.
+
+But your family has recently
+thought about a
+
+very important decision.
+
+It's not about investing in
+physical capital, like
+
+investing a machine,
+but investing
+
+in your human capital.
+
+An important theory due to
+Gary Becker, Nobel Prize
+
+winning economist at Chicago,
+was that just as we can think
+
+of firms buying machines as
+investing in physical capital,
+
+we think of people investing in
+education as like building
+
+your human capital.
+
+You're spending money to
+improve your long run
+
+productivity just like buying a
+machine improves the firm's
+
+long run opportunity.
+
+So it's exactly the
+same thing.
+
+It's just instead of investing
+in a building or a machine, we
+
+invest in you.
+
+And, likewise, human capital
+investment decisions are
+
+subject to the same net present
+value considerations
+
+that physical capital production
+decisions are
+
+subject to.
+
+Let's think about this with
+an example from the book.
+
+So imagine that if you don't go
+to college, you're going to
+
+work for age 18 to age 70.
+
+And if you do go to college,
+you work from
+
+age 22 to age 70.
+
+You get the extra year dinking
+around Europe or whatever.
+
+No, that's right, 18
+to 22, four years.
+
+So you either work from 18 to 70
+if you don't go to college
+
+or 22 to 70 if you
+do go to college.
+
+Imagine, moreover, that college
+costs $10,000 a year,
+
+obviously not MIT.
+
+Some state school, $10,000 a
+year is what college is going
+
+to cost. And the cost of going
+to college is twofold.
+
+One is you pay the
+$10,000 a year.
+
+Second, you forgo earning
+while you're in college.
+
+The benefit of going to college
+is you learn a lot
+
+more once you graduate.
+
+On average, at age 22, the
+typical college educated
+
+person-- once again, not MIT--
+but the typical college
+
+educated person earned about
+$30,000 while someone with a
+
+high school diploma only
+earned about $20,000.
+
+So you earn a lot
+more thereafter.
+
+So, basically, the trade-off is
+you pay tuition up front,
+
+and you lose earnings up front,
+but you earn a lot more
+
+starting at age 22.
+
+Well, how do we think about
+whether that's a good
+
+investment or not.
+
+Well, let's look at
+Figure 22-1, the
+
+present value of education.
+
+What you see is a diagram
+of the net present value
+
+calculation.
+
+So from age 18 to 22 there's
+a huge cost, which is your
+
+forgone earnings plus
+the amount that you
+
+had to pay to go.
+
+Then starting at age 22, there's
+a net benefit, which
+
+is you earn more.
+
+Basically, whether the net
+present value is positive
+
+depends on comparing the shape
+of these and discounting the
+
+fact that the earnings you make
+from going to college are
+
+worth a lot less.
+
+So what's striking here is that
+basically if the discount
+
+rate is more than 5.1%, it turns
+out not to make sense to
+
+go to college.
+
+It's pretty amazing, if
+you think about it.
+
+You earn 50% more if you go
+to college, 50% more.
+
+And yet if the discount rate is
+more than 5.1%, which it's
+
+been, typically, in many years
+in our society, it's going to
+
+end up not making sense
+to go to college.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the upfront costs
+are worth so much more.
+
+The upfront benefits of
+excluding college are now.
+
+And the benefits of your
+education are distant.
+
+So, as a result, because
+of net present value
+
+considerations, unless the
+discount rate is very low,
+
+it's not going to make sense
+to go to college.
+
+It turns out now, of course, the
+discount rate is very low.
+
+Now we ask ourselves, OK, what
+is the discount rate your
+
+parents face when they
+decide whether
+
+to send you to college?
+
+Or maybe you faced it?
+
+Maybe you're paying for
+your own college.
+
+What's the discount
+rate you face?
+
+Well, once again, it's the
+opportunity cost of the money
+
+you use to go to college and the
+opportunity cost of what
+
+you could have done with the
+money you made if you were
+
+working now at gap.
+
+The opportunity cost of the
+money you could have made, is
+
+you could have saved that
+at some interest rate.
+
+But the truth is whatever you
+could have saved it at,
+
+nothing is yielding much
+more than 0 right now.
+
+There's no investment that
+yields anything.
+
+So the interest rate is very
+low on that savings.
+
+Moreover, you had to borrow
+the $10,000 a year and, in
+
+your case, the $50,000 a year,
+to come to college.
+
+And that's at the borrowing rate
+which is still above 5%
+
+even in this economy.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain to me
+what the discount rate is.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, the discount rate
+is the interest rate in
+
+this net present value
+calculation.
+
+So when you're considering
+whether to go to college, it's
+
+the rate at which you discount
+those future extra earnings
+
+that you're going to get.
+
+So the discount rate is your
+version of the interest rate.
+
+It's the opportunity cost, the
+opportunity cost to you of
+
+what you could have done
+with that money.
+
+What you could have done with
+the savings from working is
+
+basically nothing.
+
+It would have just sat
+under your mattress.
+
+However, the money you had to
+borrow to come to college,
+
+that you paid 7%, 8%.
+
+That's money that has a pretty
+high discount rate.
+
+That's money that's worth a
+lot less in the future.
+
+So at the end of the day, with
+today's interest rates, it
+
+almost certainly makes sense
+to go to college.
+
+However, when interest rates
+are high, it might not.
+
+And that's an argument for why
+the government may want to
+
+subsidize student loans.
+
+The government is in the
+business of subsidizing
+
+student loans and making
+student loans
+
+artificially cheap.
+
+That's a pretty big government
+expenditure.
+
+It's on the order of
+$30 billion a year.
+
+Why is the government
+doing that?
+
+Well, this table
+tells you why.
+
+If the government thinks that
+there's social benefits for
+
+having a more highly educated
+population, then, essentially,
+
+by intervening to lower the
+discount rate through
+
+subsidizing college loans, the
+government can encourage
+
+people to go to college.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+So that's how we think about
+net present value in
+
+investment decisions which is
+basically to put everything in
+
+today's dollars and then,
+on net, ask if
+
+it's positive or negative.
+
+Now, the other thing I want
+to talk about, in terms of
+
+government policy, and in terms
+of important issues in
+
+this area, is about increasing
+savings.
+
+I want to talk about increasing
+savings in the US.
+
+Why do we care about increasing
+savings in the US?
+
+Why do we care about
+that as a goal?
+
+After all, I said savings
+is a bad.
+
+Consumption is the good.
+
+Why do we care about savings?
+
+Well, the fact is the
+US government does.
+
+The US government spends
+hundreds of billions of
+
+dollars a year encouraging
+individuals to save in ways
+
+I'll describe in a moment.
+
+Why do they do that?
+
+Well, the reason they do that is
+because savings becomes the
+
+engine for growth
+in our economy.
+
+Basically, as savings goes up,
+that increases the pool of
+
+capital available for
+firms to draw from.
+
+In other words, that shifts
+out the capital
+
+market supply curve.
+
+In terms of the diagram that
+we made last time of the
+
+capital market, that shifts out
+the capital market supply
+
+curve or increases that
+pool of capital.
+
+As the capital market supply
+curve shifts out, what happens
+
+to the interest rate?
+
+It falls.
+
+That leads the real interest
+rate to fall.
+
+Because there's a bigger pool.
+
+It's cheaper to get from it.
+
+As a pool grows, it's cheaper
+to draw from it.
+
+That lowers the interest rate.
+
+What does a lower interest
+rate mean for any given
+
+investment to its net
+present value?
+
+It means it's higher.
+
+In means that any given
+investment has a higher net
+
+present value now.
+
+Because a lower interest rate
+means you might as well invest
+
+instead of just putting the
+money off to the future.
+
+And a higher net present value
+means more investment.
+
+So more savings becomes
+the engine of
+
+growth for our economy.
+
+Because savings promotes
+investment.
+
+When people save, it lowers
+the price of borrowing.
+
+Firms are more likely to borrow,
+and they invest more.
+
+And so that's why savings
+is so important.
+
+And this is basically a lot
+of what Bob Solow won
+
+his Nobel Prize for.
+
+A famous professor from MIT
+won his Nobel Prize for
+
+pointing out the critical
+role in savings is
+
+an engine of growth.
+
+It's that basically savings
+becomes the
+
+key engine to growth.
+
+And as a result, society should
+care about how much
+
+individuals save, not just
+how much they consume.
+
+And that's why savings
+is so important.
+
+The problem is we don't save
+a whole lot in the US.
+
+In China, for example, the
+savings rate, depending on how
+
+it's measured, is on
+the order of 30%.
+
+So for every dollar people
+earn in China,
+
+they save about $0.30.
+
+In the US, it's about 3%.
+
+For every dollar we earn,
+we save about $0.03.
+
+It was negative for a while.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are those rates
+including taxes and other
+
+things that people
+have to pay.
+
+So is it like revenue?
+
+PROFESSOR: Its a share of your
+disposable income you save.
+
+The check you take home, how
+much of it do you save, and
+
+how much of it do you spend?
+
+US citizens spend about $0.97 on
+every dollar we take home.
+
+Chinese citizens spend
+about $0.70 on every
+
+dollar they take home.
+
+You might have noticed that
+China's grown a hell of a lot
+
+faster than the US over
+the last 30 years.
+
+It's no coincidence.
+
+They're basically building up
+a stock of capital that's
+
+allowing their firms to draw
+on it at a cheap rate and
+
+invest. And that's why something
+like 20% of all the
+
+world's cranes are in
+Shanghai right now.
+
+Because they have a huge pool
+of capital they can drawn to
+
+build all of those new
+buildings and invest.
+
+So this is a big problem
+for our place
+
+in the world economy.
+
+The US is falling behind in
+the world economy, because
+
+we're not saving enough.
+
+We're not building up
+that pool of capital
+
+that our firms need.
+
+As a result, there's a huge
+public policy effort to
+
+promote savings.
+
+And, in particular, there's an
+enormous amount of emphasis on
+
+tax subsidies to retirement
+savings.
+
+The basic idea here is that when
+you put money in the bank
+
+to save for your retirement, the
+interest you earn on that
+
+money is taxed.
+
+The interest you earn on
+that money is taxed.
+
+That lowers the rate of
+return to savings.
+
+And, assuming substitution
+effects dominate, that means
+
+you save less.
+
+So in today's system, since we
+tax the interest you earn in
+
+the bank, you save less
+people think.
+
+We still don't have quite
+convincing evidence on that.
+
+But people usually presume
+substitution effects dominate.
+
+There's less savings partly
+because we're taxing savings.
+
+And, as a result, there's
+less investment.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: When we're talking
+about savings here, are we
+
+just talking about just
+private savings?
+
+Or are we also concerned with
+what the government is doing?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent question.
+
+Let me actually come
+back to that.
+
+Let me answer that, but I want
+to come back to that.
+
+That's important.
+
+What we care about,
+of course, is the
+
+total net pool of savings.
+
+And if the government draws from
+that, that's less money
+
+that firms can draw from.
+
+So you're absolutely right.
+
+We about the net level of social
+savings which is people
+
+plus government.
+
+If people save a lot, but the
+government has a huge deficit,
+
+that cancels out.
+
+And I want to come
+back to that.
+
+It's very important.
+
+This is a good point
+you raise.
+
+We take these taxes.
+
+We tax your interest. That
+discourages savings, but at
+
+least it raises money
+for the government.
+
+So on net, it's not clear if
+it's a bad thing or a good
+
+thing for savings.
+
+On the one hand, at least we get
+money for the government
+
+which can reduce the
+government's deficit.
+
+On the other hand, we discourage
+your savings which
+
+may reduce your savings.
+
+So on net, it's not clear.
+
+But, generally, the assumption
+is that on net, total social
+
+savings falls.
+
+But as that question points out,
+that assumption relies on
+
+two things.
+
+The first one relies on the
+substitution effects
+
+dominating income effects.
+
+And it relies on the
+substitution effects being so
+
+strong that the reduced savings
+because we're taxing
+
+it exceeds the extra revenues
+we get from taxing it.
+
+But under those two assumptions,
+the government
+
+might want to offer some tax
+subsidies or try to offset
+
+this taxation of capital
+income by offering tax
+
+subsidies to individuals.
+
+And the way we do that is we say
+that you can save for your
+
+retirement tax-free.
+
+Actually, it's not tax-free.
+
+Let me say it again.
+
+We allow you to save for
+your retirement on a
+
+tax-deferred basis.
+
+So, for example, we have
+employer-provided pensions.
+
+Pensions are plans that
+your employer sets up.
+
+where you take part of your
+salary, and that is not taxed.
+
+Instead it's saved.
+
+And when you retire, you
+get that savings,
+
+and then it's taxed.
+
+So, in other words, right now
+MIT takes $2,000 from my
+
+salary every year and
+puts it aside.
+
+When I report my income to the
+IRS, it's $2,000 lower.
+
+So I'm not paying taxes on that
+even though I earned it.
+
+That money is in an MIT
+pension account that's
+
+building up.
+
+MIT has invested, and
+it's building up.
+
+And when I retire, I'm going to
+get that money and then pay
+
+taxes on it.
+
+Now, you might ask yourself,
+so what?
+
+What the hell is the
+advantage of that?
+
+You pay taxes now or you
+pay taxes later.
+
+Who cares?
+
+Why is that a benefit to me?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the present
+value of the money in the
+
+future is less.
+
+The after tax amount is going to
+be less assuming that taxes
+
+don't rise by a substantial
+amount in the future.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Assuming tax rates
+stay the same.
+
+Let's leave that.
+
+The point is just as money in
+the future is worth less than
+
+money today, paying taxes in
+the future is better than
+
+paying taxes today.
+
+So if MIT take the $2,000 aside
+for me and saves it, and
+
+I pay taxes on it in 25 years
+when I retire, that's 25 years
+
+with a 5% discount rate.
+
+That's nothing.
+
+25 years at a 5% discount rate,
+those taxes are worth
+
+like 1/3 of what they are
+if I pay them today.
+
+So basically by deferring
+taxes, we are wealthier.
+
+Just like by deferring payments,
+we're poorer.
+
+We don't have the table here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+No.
+
+That's OK.
+
+Let me just sort of explain
+an example.
+
+Let me just do an example
+here and explain that.
+
+So imagine you've got an
+individual who's a
+
+70-year-old, so someone
+about to retire.
+
+They are a 70-year-old, and
+he earns $100 on his job.
+
+And he wants to save it for
+1 year and then spend it.
+
+And he has two choices.
+
+He can put it in the bank or he
+can have his employer hold
+
+it aside as a pension payment,
+and he can get it next year.
+
+And let's say the interest
+rate is 10%.
+
+And let's say his
+tax rate is 25%.
+
+So the bank route,
+what happens?
+
+First of all, $100 he gets
+is going to get taxed.
+
+So he's going to have $75
+to put in the bank.
+
+He's going to put that
+in the bank.
+
+And that's going to
+yield $7.50 in
+
+interest after one year.
+
+But that will also be taxed.
+
+That $7.50 of interest
+will also be taxed.
+
+He has to pay $1.88 in taxes
+on that $7.50 of interest.
+
+So on net, he's going
+to end up with $75,
+
+$82.50 minus $1.88.
+
+So he's going to end
+up with $80.32.
+
+Is that right?
+
+$80.22.
+
+So he's going to end
+up with $80.22.
+
+Now, if instead he asks his
+employer to hold it aside as a
+
+pension, then he gets the whole
+$100, and that gets
+
+saved at 10%.
+
+So he earns $10 of interest. So
+at the end of the year when
+
+he gets the pension
+payment from the
+
+employer, he gets $110.
+
+That is then taxed at 25%, and
+he ends up with $82.50.
+
+He ends up with more money.
+
+Even though it's just paying
+taxes one year later, he ends
+
+up with more money.
+
+And the reason is because he
+got to earn the interest on
+
+the taxes instead of the
+government earning the
+
+interest on the taxes.
+
+Here, he pays taxes up front.
+
+So he has less to save. So
+he ends up with less.
+
+Here, by paying taxes later, he
+gets to earn the interest
+
+on that extra money.
+
+And he ends up with more.
+
+So by deferring taxes, he's
+effectively richer.
+
+And this is a very
+simple example.
+
+If you did the same example,
+and instead of making it 1
+
+year, you made it 30 years, then
+you'd end up with twice
+
+as much money if you go the
+pension then if you go the
+
+regular savings route, twice
+as much money just from
+
+deferring taxation
+for 30 years.
+
+You get taxed either way.
+
+It's just that you get to earn
+the interest instead of the
+
+government earning the
+interest. Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you earn interest
+on a pension?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's come to that.
+
+Let me make sure people
+understand the math here and
+
+why it's a better deal.
+
+OK.
+
+Do you earn interest
+on a pension.
+
+It's a good question.
+
+There is three ways that you
+can have tax subsidized
+
+retirement savings.
+
+And let me go through
+them clearly now.
+
+One route is the pension.
+
+Under a pension, your employer
+takes money out of your
+
+salary, saves it in some account
+with your name on it,
+
+but they invest it.
+
+And then you get the money
+when you retire.
+
+An alternative, which firms
+are slowly moving to, is
+
+401(k) accounts, which you've
+all heard of by now.
+
+401(k) accounts are just like
+pensions, except you control
+
+the investment of the
+money, not the firm.
+
+So under a pension account, your
+employer takes money out
+
+of your salary, puts it aside,
+and invests it as he likes,
+
+and you get the return
+when you retire.
+
+A 401(k) account is the same
+thing except you decide how
+
+much to take or the employer
+decide how much to take, and
+
+you decide how to invest it.
+
+And then you get the return
+at the end of the day.
+
+But the tax treatment
+is the same.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it also one's
+defined benefits and one's
+
+defined contribution.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, within this,
+within pensions, there's two
+
+kinds of pensions.
+
+There's defined benefits and
+defined contributions.
+
+We can think of this as old
+style and new style.
+
+Defined benefits is what the
+auto companies and the steel
+
+companies had.
+
+It's dying away.
+
+A defined benefit pension is one
+where you don't actually
+
+get an account from
+your employer.
+
+They just take money
+out of your salary.
+
+And then when you retire, they
+pay you some amount which is
+
+unrelated to what
+you put away.
+
+It's related to something like
+how long you worked at the
+
+company and what your
+wages were.
+
+So defined benefit pension is
+they literally define the
+
+pension benefit you get.
+
+And it's got no direct relation
+to how much money
+
+they took away on your behalf.
+
+It's related, instead, to what
+you earned and how long you
+
+worked there.
+
+A defined contribution pension
+is what I described.
+
+It's literally an account
+with your name on it.
+
+And that's what most
+pensions are now.
+
+Almost any firm you guys will
+work for will have a defined
+
+contribution pension, which is
+one where there's literally an
+
+account with your name on it.
+
+And most of you will have
+401(k)s where you actually
+
+control the investment.
+
+And then finally, the
+last option is IRAs.
+
+That's not the Ireland
+thing, but
+
+individual retirement accounts.
+
+These are accounts which
+operate outside
+
+the employment setting.
+
+You can literally set up your
+own pension, effectively, by
+
+taking money, putting
+it in the bank, and
+
+calling it an IRA.
+
+The thing about IRAs
+is IRAs are not
+
+special investment vehicles.
+
+They're just a label for
+savings that you do.
+
+Any kind of savings
+can be an IRA.
+
+You can have gold in your IRA.
+
+You can have cash in your IRA.
+
+You can have whatever you
+want in your IRA.
+
+Any kind of investment
+is an IRA.
+
+What an IRA means is you say to
+the government, this money,
+
+up to $5,000 a year, don't
+tax me on now.
+
+I'm going to put it in a
+specially labelled bank
+
+account, and you'll tax me
+on it when I retire.
+
+So it's just like a pension, but
+you set it up on your own.
+
+And the firm is not involved.
+
+Let me just say something
+on the IRA.
+
+If you're not wealthy, if your
+income is below about $75,000
+
+a year, it operates just
+like I described.
+
+If you are wealthy, if your
+income is above about $75,000
+
+a year, then you can't get
+the tax break on the IRA.
+
+So the IRAs are really more
+focused towards lower income
+
+populations.
+
+Now, here's an interesting
+question that you all face.
+
+You're going to get jobs
+in a couple of years.
+
+And your employers are going
+to offer you pensions, or a
+
+401(k), and you can
+set up an IRA.
+
+And you're going to have
+to decide, do I want
+
+to do that or not?
+
+Now, what are the
+considerations?
+
+Well one consideration is what
+I mentioned last time, which
+
+is that savings earlier in
+your career is a lot more
+
+beneficial than savings
+later in your career.
+
+The second advantage, of course,
+is that there's the
+
+tax break which, of course,
+the earlier you do it, the
+
+more valuable it is than
+the later you do
+
+it by the same logic.
+
+On the other hand, there's a
+huge disadvantage to these
+
+forms of savings.
+
+You can't get them
+until you retire.
+
+If you take them out before
+you retire, you pay a tax
+
+penalty on them.
+
+So this trade-off when you think
+about setting these up
+
+is you only want to put in money
+you're sure you're not
+
+going to need until
+you retire.
+
+So it's a good idea
+to set these up.
+
+It's a good idea to take
+advantage of this tax breaks.
+
+But, in doing so, you have
+to remember that there's
+
+different kinds of savings, and
+there's different needs
+
+for savings.
+
+You can't put savings for
+a house in these.
+
+You don't put savings in case
+you lose your job in these.
+
+These are for savings which you
+can honestly say I won't
+
+need for 30 years.
+
+And that's the trade-off.
+
+You should do it early and
+as much as you can.
+
+But you should also recognize
+that you don't want to leave
+
+yourself with no money in
+the bank to do this.
+
+Because then, if you lose
+your job, there's
+
+nothing to draw on.
+
+And that's how one sort of
+thinks about these things.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you said there
+was a tax penalty if you
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES] early.
+
+Is that greater than the tax
+rate that you would normally
+
+pay on them?
+
+Because then, even with
+that penalty--
+
+PROFESSOR: It depends on how
+long you have the money in.
+
+If you have it in for 20 plus
+years, even with the tax
+
+penalty, it's a good
+idea to do it.
+
+But if you're going to have
+it for five years,
+
+it's not worth it.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's bigger than
+a tax [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+It's 10% of the balance.
+
+You pay 10% of the balance
+for the tax.
+
+So, basically, whether that's a
+good thing or not depends on
+
+how long the money's been in
+there and what the forgone
+
+interest rate is.
+
+But for a short investment, it's
+going to be a bad idea.
+
+If you have an IRA for 20 years
+and then have to take it
+
+out, it's still a better
+deal then having
+
+not put it in there.
+
+One last point about a 401(k)
+that's very interesting.
+
+Basically, in the theory I've
+taught you in the last two
+
+lectures, what determines your
+savings is the interest rate.
+
+If the interest goes up and
+substitution effects dominate,
+
+you save more.
+
+If it goes down,
+you save less.
+
+But, in fact, in the real world,
+savings is determined
+
+by lots of other factors that
+economists are just starting
+
+to think about and model.
+
+One which you've know for a
+long time, of course, is
+
+precaution.
+
+The bigger risk you face in
+your life, the more you'll
+
+want to save. So, for a given
+interest rate, we've found
+
+that individuals who face
+greater risk in
+
+their lives save more.
+
+Likewise, we found that
+government programs which
+
+protect you from risk cause
+you to save less.
+
+So this is another tricky
+thing with government
+
+programs. On the one hand, we
+like government programs like
+
+unemployment insurance or social
+health insurance that
+
+protect us in case we lose
+our job or get sick.
+
+We have to recognize the social
+costs of those programs
+
+is people save less.
+
+And that's less savings equals
+less investment.
+
+So precaution is one reason
+why people save.
+
+But there's other factors which
+fall in the realm of
+
+behavioral economics, which I've
+mentioned earlier in this
+
+course, which drive why people
+save. And this is one of the
+
+most important economic
+findings in the
+
+last couple of decades.
+
+Studies of firms that change the
+structure of their 401(k)s
+
+in a particular way
+that shouldn't
+
+matter but does a lot.
+
+So for most firms, when you go
+decide to join the firm,
+
+they'll say, here's a
+benefits package.
+
+You can sign up.
+
+You can sign up for
+health insurance.
+
+You can sign up for
+life insurance.
+
+You can sign up for a 401(k).
+
+And that's the way
+it usually goes.
+
+And we typically see, as a
+typical large firm, is with
+
+new employees there's about a
+25% sign-up rate for 401(k)s.
+
+And over the next 10 years,
+that grows to about 70%.
+
+So people don't join
+right away.
+
+They join slowly.
+
+Some firms experimented with
+changing the contract in a
+
+very small way that should not
+matter in this course.
+
+They've instead said,
+welcome to our firm.
+
+You are now signed up for the
+401k unless you tell us you
+
+don't want that.
+
+Now, that's the same thing.
+
+I can sign up or I can tell them
+I don't want to be in.
+
+Those are identical things.
+
+It's just a question
+of the default.
+
+It's just a question of the
+default that I have to say
+
+affirmatively yes or I have
+to say affirmatively no.
+
+What they found when they
+switched, is the initial
+
+sign-up rate from 401(k)s went
+from 25% to 75% simply by this
+
+relabeling.
+
+Simply by shifting the default,
+you've got an
+
+incredible change in
+people's behavior.
+
+And what this says is that
+economics is about more than
+
+things like interest rates.
+
+It's about more than prices.
+
+In this course, economics
+is all about prices.
+
+I talked about it in
+the first lecture.
+
+But in the real world, we bring
+psychology into it.
+
+Economics is about more
+than just price.
+
+It's about important
+behavioral factors.
+
+And this says that important
+policies that there may be a
+
+much more significant policy
+than spending all this money
+
+on tax subsidies and raising
+the government deficit.
+
+These tax subsidies, by the way,
+add up to on the order of
+
+$200 billion a year that
+we spend on these.
+
+So that's $200 billiion a year
+that we're increasing the
+
+deficit by to have these
+tax subsidies.
+
+What if, instead, we got rid of
+them all and just defaulted
+
+everyone to 401(k)s.
+
+We'd probably raise savings more
+and potentially save the
+
+government a lot of money.
+
+So, basically, the point is that
+we have a lot of tools at
+
+our disposal besides prices.
+
+And our government policy makers
+have to be thinking
+
+about those.
+
+OK so let me stop there.
+
+Thank you all for coming.
+
+Have a great Thanksgiving.
+
+And we'll come back after
+Thanksgiving and talk about
+
+equity and efficiency.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H4ApbdIFmkA.txt b/H4ApbdIFmkA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8c235a978efd2e95eab5b39a3e7a29bb6251533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H4ApbdIFmkA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+before taking a part the lighter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking a part the lighter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking a part the lighter you
+need to make sure the lighter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure the lighter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure the lighter is
+completely empty out of a flammable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid you can empty it by holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you can empty it by holding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you can empty it by holding it
+vertically upright and depress a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically upright and depress a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically upright and depress a filter
+valve with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screwdriver now you can take apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver now you can take apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver now you can take apart the
+lighter with a screwdriver and razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blade you will see the flamable liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade you will see the flamable liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade you will see the flamable liquid
+is empty a trigger and pzo Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty a trigger and pzo Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty a trigger and pzo Crystal
+connected with two wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the body split apart you can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the body split apart you can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the body split apart you can remove
+the pzo crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully the pizo crystal is embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully the pizo crystal is embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully the pizo crystal is embedded
+in the black rectangular plastic body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black rectangular plastic body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the black rectangular plastic body
+you can only see the wires attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you can hold the ends of the wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can hold the ends of the wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can hold the ends of the wires
+about 7 mm apart and work the trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 mm apart and work the trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 mm apart and work the trigger
+you should see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a
+spark connect it with a LED it lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark connect it with a LED it lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark connect it with a LED it lights
+out when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you
+trigger here is a closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look Pio electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buzzer take apart the plastic housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzer take apart the plastic housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzer take apart the plastic housing
+and remove the pza element from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove the pza element from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove the pza element from the
+buzzer you will near a flathead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screwdriver you will see a DC AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver you will see a DC AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver you will see a DC AC
+inverter connected with a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter connected with a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter connected with a p
+element carefully use a solder iron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element carefully use a solder iron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element carefully use a solder iron to
+disconnect the wires from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect the wires from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect the wires from the
+circuit and then remove the pel element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and then remove the pel element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and then remove the pel element
+from the Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+housing place the pzo element on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing place the pzo element on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing place the pzo element on a
+speaker and connect the wires with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and connect the wires with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and connect the wires with a
+Asel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asel
+scope use a tone generator to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope use a tone generator to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope use a tone generator to create
+sounds with different waveform volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds with different waveform volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds with different waveform volume
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency as shown on the soloscope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency as shown on the soloscope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency as shown on the soloscope the
+PSO element picks out the sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSO element picks out the sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSO element picks out the sound and
+generate electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electrical
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signals or you can apply voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or you can apply voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or you can apply voltage to
+create Noise by having the PS element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Noise by having the PS element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Noise by having the PS element
+hting the base metal
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HT4sxODPR2Q.txt b/HT4sxODPR2Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40d0a1ebc5fafaac5b3ac77d77350a7e0c6f3b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HT4sxODPR2Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all
+right so last time what we uh had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last time what we uh had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last time what we uh had done
+is that we had looked at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had looked at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had looked at the first
+evidence for the uh part particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the uh part particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the uh part particle like
+nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+radiation and that evidence was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and that evidence was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and that evidence was a
+photoelectric effect the evidence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect the evidence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect the evidence was
+that what you had to have was a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you had to have was a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you had to have was a photon
+or a particle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particle of
+energy a Quantum of energy a packet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a Quantum of energy a packet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a Quantum of energy a packet of
+energy in order to get an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to get an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to get an electron
+out and that energy had to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that energy had to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that energy had to be at least
+the energy of the work function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the work function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the work function of the
+metal and so for every packet you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and so for every packet you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and so for every packet you put in
+there you got one electron out all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you got one electron out all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you got one electron out all right
+that's an example of the particle likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of the particle likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of the particle likee
+nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of
+radiation but Einstein he went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but Einstein he went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but Einstein he went on to
+show an even more convincing property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an even more convincing property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an even more convincing property of
+the particle likeness of radiation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle likeness of radiation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle likeness of radiation or a
+photon and that is that what he did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and that is that what he did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and that is that what he did is
+he showed that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he showed that a
+photon has momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has momentum
+it has momentum even though a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has momentum even though a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has momentum even though a photon
+doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+mass although a photon doesn't have rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass although a photon doesn't have rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass although a photon doesn't have rest
+mass for those of you uh in the know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass for those of you uh in the know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass for those of you uh in the know in
+this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area
+okay and you know having momentum hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know having momentum hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know having momentum hey
+that is very much a particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very much a particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very much a particle like
+property right because you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right because you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right because you know how to
+write down momentum momentum is mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down momentum momentum is mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down momentum momentum is mass
+times velocity hey you got a mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity hey you got a mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity hey you got a mass in
+here that's a particle like property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a particle like property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a particle like property
+right and yes I am starting out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and yes I am starting out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and yes I am starting out with the
+lecture notes from number four which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes from number four which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes from number four which I
+didn't finish last time okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish last time okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish last time okay so that's a
+particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like
+property but what Einstein showed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but what Einstein showed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but what Einstein showed was
+from the relativistic equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the relativistic equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the relativistic equations of
+motion what drops out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion what drops out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion what drops out from the
+relativistic equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion
+is the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that a
+photon at a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon at a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon at a frequency
+new has a momentum H new over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new has a momentum H new over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new has a momentum H new over
+C okay and because we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and because we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and because we know the
+relationship between new and C mu *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between new and C mu *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between new and C mu *
+Lambda equal C I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equal C I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equal C I can write the
+momentum of a photon is H over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a photon is H over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a photon is H over Lambda
+okay so if you have some radiation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have some radiation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have some radiation this
+is the photon momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so if you have some radiation at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you have some radiation at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you have some radiation at a
+wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength
+Lambda that radiation or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that radiation or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda that radiation or those
+photons have this momentum P given by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have this momentum P given by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have this momentum P given by H
+over that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that uh
+wavelength now that was a Prett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now that was a Prett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now that was a Prett
+prediction from the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction from the relativistic
+equations of motion and it took another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and it took another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and it took another
+8 10 years or so before there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 10 years or so before there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 10 years or so before there actually
+was an experiment that demonstrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an experiment that demonstrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an experiment that demonstrated the
+momentum of a photon and that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a photon and that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a photon and that experiment
+was called the Compton experiment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the Compton experiment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the Compton experiment what
+went on in that experiment is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in that experiment is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in that experiment is that an
+x-ray beam came into some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray beam came into some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray beam came into some uh
+material or some uh molecules some atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or some uh molecules some atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or some uh molecules some atoms
+and they could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could actually
+see the transfer in the momentum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the transfer in the momentum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the transfer in the momentum from
+the photon to the atom kind of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon to the atom kind of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon to the atom kind of like you
+know in this uh website from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this uh website from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this uh website from the
+University of Colorado here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Colorado here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Colorado here this is a
+just a cartoon of what's happening but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cartoon of what's happening but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cartoon of what's happening but
+here I got this Photon gun and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got this Photon gun and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I got this Photon gun and I got
+this atom coming at me and uh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom coming at me and uh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom coming at me and uh I can't
+move this fast enough I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this fast enough I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this fast enough I'm going to get
+clobbered well all right you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered well all right you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobbered well all right you got a
+different computer then I get oh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computer then I get oh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computer then I get oh I have
+to push push down in okay well if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push push down in okay well if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push push down in okay well if I if I
+get AED here well these photons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AED here well these photons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AED here well these photons are
+coming at this atom coming at me and boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at this atom coming at me and boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at this atom coming at me and boy
+if I do it fast enough hey I can turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it fast enough hey I can turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it fast enough hey I can turn it
+around right hey I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right hey I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right hey I did
+it but now of course if I go and I lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now of course if I go and I lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now of course if I go and I lower
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+power and uh I come on come on come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh I come on come on come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh I come on come on come on
+come on come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come
+come I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed
+ah Christine I don't like your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah Christine I don't like your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah Christine I don't like your computer
+oh wait get it get I get it get it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait get it get I get it get it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait get it get I get it get it get
+it get it get it get it get it please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get it get it get it get it please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get it get it get it get it please
+please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please all right well you guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right well you guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all right well you guys are going
+to be a lot better at this than I am you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot better at this than I am you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot better at this than I am you
+can go and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and play with
+this well Christine's gonna try now oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well Christine's gonna try now oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well Christine's gonna try now oh
+look at that oh she's gonna get it she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that oh she's gonna get it she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that oh she's gonna get it she's
+gonna get it she's gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it three cheers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it three cheers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it three cheers for
+oh now it's something else all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now it's something else all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now it's something else all right
+this is going to keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to keep going
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right you need more power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you need more power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you need more power
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+hey got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey got that
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy FAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy FAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy FAS
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and it's actually just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's actually just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's actually just this
+effect that was used by H Steve Chu at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that was used by H Steve Chu at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that was used by H Steve Chu at
+Stanford and uh Bill Phillips at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford and uh Bill Phillips at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford and uh Bill Phillips at
+nist and Coen and tji Who provided some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist and Coen and tji Who provided some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist and Coen and tji Who provided some
+of the theory behind it it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory behind it it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory behind it it's just that
+effect that they use to literally trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that they use to literally trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that they use to literally trap
+an Adam in space so how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Adam in space so how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Adam in space so how do you do that
+well you take an atom right unsuspecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you take an atom right unsuspecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you take an atom right unsuspecting
+atom and you bring in a uh a laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and you bring in a uh a laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and you bring in a uh a laser beam
+high power laser beam coming out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power laser beam coming out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power laser beam coming out in this
+direction and those photons transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and those photons transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and those photons transfer
+momentum and they push that atom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and they push that atom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and they push that atom this
+way but you're smarter than that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you're smarter than that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you're smarter than that so you
+bring in a laser beam this way right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a laser beam this way right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a laser beam this way right and
+so you have a momentum transfer this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a momentum transfer this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a momentum transfer this way
+and this way hey you just trap the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way hey you just trap the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way hey you just trap the atom
+in this Dimension and then you bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Dimension and then you bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Dimension and then you bring in
+a laser beam this way bring in a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam this way bring in a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam this way bring in a laser
+beam that way you trap the atom now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that way you trap the atom now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that way you trap the atom now in
+this Dimension and then you what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dimension and then you what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dimension and then you what's that
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+dog well that's not part of my lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog well that's not part of my lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog well that's not part of my lecture
+no all right and then um you bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right and then um you bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right and then um you bring in
+the laser beam this way right and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser beam this way right and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser beam this way right and so now
+you've constrained it in in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've constrained it in in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've constrained it in in three
+dimensions and so the atom is trapped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so the atom is trapped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so the atom is trapped in
+Space by this Photon pressure by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by this Photon pressure by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by this Photon pressure by this
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+transfer right and this is called laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer right and this is called laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer right and this is called laser
+Las trapping and these three gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Las trapping and these three gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Las trapping and these three gentlemen
+whose names I gave you just a moment ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose names I gave you just a moment ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose names I gave you just a moment ago
+or Adam trapping laser Adam trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Adam trapping laser Adam trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Adam trapping laser Adam trapping
+received a Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a Nobel Prize in
+1997 uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 uh for this
+demonstration but uh the other reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration but uh the other reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration but uh the other reason
+why this atam trapping this laser atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this atam trapping this laser atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this atam trapping this laser atom
+trapping was really so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping was really so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping was really so
+important is because it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is because it's actually the
+first step in another experiment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in another experiment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step in another experiment it's
+the first step step in producing a Bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step step in producing a Bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step step in producing a Bose
+Einstein uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh
+condensate what this laser trapping does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate what this laser trapping does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate what this laser trapping does
+is literally to slow the atom down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally to slow the atom down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally to slow the atom down
+because um or to cool the atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um or to cool the atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um or to cool the atom right
+because temperature and the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because temperature and the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because temperature and the velocity of
+the atom the speed of the atom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom the speed of the atom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom the speed of the atom are
+related the slower the speed the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the slower the speed the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the slower the speed the lower
+the temperature right and to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature right and to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature right and to produce a
+Bose Einstein condensate you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose Einstein condensate you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose Einstein condensate you have to
+have bons which you lower in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bons which you lower in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bons which you lower in temperature
+and ultimately they they condense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately they they condense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately they they condense and
+the temperatures have to be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures have to be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperatures have to be on the order
+of micr Kelvin and so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of micr Kelvin and so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of micr Kelvin and so this is the first
+step in producing that Bose Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in producing that Bose Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in producing that Bose Einstein
+condensate this will bring you down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate this will bring you down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate this will bring you down to
+temperatures of say a Kelvin or so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of say a Kelvin or so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of say a Kelvin or so all
+right and then there are lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there are lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there are lots of other
+techniques there a couple of other steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there a couple of other steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there a couple of other steps
+that bring you down to the mic uh micr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring you down to the mic uh micr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring you down to the mic uh micr
+Kelvin range and then finally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin range and then finally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin range and then finally you can
+get the bans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the bans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the bans to
+condense and um one of my colleagues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense and um one of my colleagues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense and um one of my colleagues in
+the physics department uh Wolf Gang uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department uh Wolf Gang uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department uh Wolf Gang uh
+kly he was also uh received a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kly he was also uh received a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kly he was also uh received a Nobel
+prize for the formation of the Bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for the formation of the Bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for the formation of the Bose
+Einstein Condon State I actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Condon State I actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Condon State I actually think
+he's teaching a recitation section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's teaching a recitation section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's teaching a recitation section in
+801 maybe some of you have him and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 maybe some of you have him and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+801 maybe some of you have him and uh
+you do no you don't have him okay uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do no you don't have him okay uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do no you don't have him okay uh but
+uh you'll be able to meet him and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll be able to meet him and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll be able to meet him and talk
+to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him
+question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm
+sorry fantastic has he told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry fantastic has he told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry fantastic has he told you about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yet oh he went to a conference okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet oh he went to a conference okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet oh he went to a conference okay all
+right well you can imagine he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you can imagine he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you can imagine he's in
+demand but you'll see him right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but you'll see him right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand but you'll see him right I
+hope okay all righty so very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope okay all righty so very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope okay all righty so very important
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+here so we've got uh radiation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we've got uh radiation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we've got uh radiation which is
+exhibiting uh both wav like properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting uh both wav like properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibiting uh both wav like properties
+and particle like properties and just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle like properties and just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle like properties and just in
+general experiments where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general experiments where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general experiments where the
+radiation produces a change in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation produces a change in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation produces a change in the state
+of the matter such as the photo electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter such as the photo electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter such as the photo electron
+effect in photo electron effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in photo electron effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in photo electron effect the
+matter changes in the sense that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter changes in the sense that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter changes in the sense that an
+electron is pulled off of it in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is pulled off of it in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is pulled off of it in those
+experiments the radiation usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the radiation usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the radiation usually
+exhibits the particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibits the particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibits the particle like
+behavior in experiments where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in experiments where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in experiments where there is
+um a change in the uh spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a change in the uh spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a change in the uh spatial
+distribution of the radiation or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the radiation or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the radiation or where
+the radiation interaction results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation interaction results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation interaction results in a
+change in the spatial distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the spatial distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the spatial distribution of
+the radiation well that is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation well that is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation well that is when the
+radiation exhibits Its wavelike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exhibits Its wavelike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation exhibits Its wavelike
+Behavior and so it really is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and so it really is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and so it really is not
+appropriate to ask is light or radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to ask is light or radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to ask is light or radiation
+a particle or is it a wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle or is it a wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle or is it a wave the
+appropriate question to ask is how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate question to ask is how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate question to ask is how does
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+behave does it behave like a particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave does it behave like a particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave does it behave like a particle or
+does it behave like a wave under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it behave like a wave under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it behave like a wave under
+particular experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experimental
+circumstances and this having both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and this having both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and this having both
+behaviors this wave particle duality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors this wave particle duality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors this wave particle duality of
+radiation is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is not a
+contradiction it just is the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction it just is the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction it just is the fundamental
+nature of radiation of light you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of radiation of light you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of radiation of light you may
+think it's a contradiction because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a contradiction because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a contradiction because you
+know in your everyday experience you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your everyday experience you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your everyday experience you
+either see a wave or you see a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either see a wave or you see a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either see a wave or you see a particle
+right but that's your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's your everyday
+experience and there are parts of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and there are parts of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and there are parts of nature
+that you can't see every single day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't see every single day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't see every single day and
+those deeper parts of nature right have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those deeper parts of nature right have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those deeper parts of nature right have
+different rules and you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules and you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules and you have to be
+accepting of those different rules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of those different rules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of those different rules right
+and so it's not a contradiction in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a contradiction in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a contradiction in terms
+it just seems strange to you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems strange to you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems strange to you just
+because that isn't your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that isn't your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that isn't your everyday
+experience okay it's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay it's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay it's the fundamental
+nature of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of radiation
+okay well not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well not only is
+uh that the fundamental nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the fundamental nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the fundamental nature of
+radiation but the uh wave particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but the uh wave particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but the uh wave particle
+duality of matter is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of matter is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of matter is also the
+fundamental nature of matter and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental nature of matter and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental nature of matter and that's
+what uh we're going to talk about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we're going to talk about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh we're going to talk about right
+now going to move to matter particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh matter the particle like nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh matter the particle like nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh matter the particle like nature
+well that is within your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is within your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is within your everyday
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but it's the wavelike nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's the wavelike nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's the wavelike nature of
+matter that's not within your everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that's not within your everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that's not within your everyday
+experience and so let's uh take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and so let's uh take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and so let's uh take a look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+that suppose we did this experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we did this experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we did this experiment that
+is we had a nickel Crystal and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we had a nickel Crystal and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we had a nickel Crystal and these two
+atoms here are just two of the atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here are just two of the atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here are just two of the atoms on
+the surface of a nickel Crystal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a nickel Crystal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of a nickel Crystal and we
+know the spacings between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spacings between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spacings between these two
+atoms in the crystal because we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the crystal because we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the crystal because we know the
+crystal structure of the nickel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of the nickel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure of the nickel that
+spacing is about 2 * 10us 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is about 2 * 10us 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is about 2 * 10us 10
+met well naively if you brought in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met well naively if you brought in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met well naively if you brought in a
+beam of electrons right particles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of electrons right particles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of electrons right particles we
+know they have mass JJ Thompson taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have mass JJ Thompson taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they have mass JJ Thompson taught
+us they were particles they had Mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us they were particles they had Mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us they were particles they had Mass but
+naively if you brought them in you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively if you brought them in you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively if you brought them in you might
+expect these electrons to scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these electrons to scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these electrons to scatter
+isotropically that is that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically that is that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically that is that they would
+scatter equally in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter equally in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter equally in all
+directions so that when they ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so that when they ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so that when they ultimately
+hit this screen here this curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this screen here this curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this screen here this curved
+phosphor screen and I changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor screen and I changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor screen and I changed the
+geometry here uh to a curve screen just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry here uh to a curve screen just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry here uh to a curve screen just
+so that it'll be a little bit easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it'll be a little bit easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it'll be a little bit easier to
+analyze the geometry of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the geometry of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the geometry of this problem
+which we're going to do in a moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to do in a moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to do in a moment um
+you might expect this screen to be lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect this screen to be lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect this screen to be lit
+up uniformly at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uniformly at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uniformly at all
+angles well this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles well this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles well this is exactly the
+experiment that Davidson and germer did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that Davidson and germer did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that Davidson and germer did
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1927 along with this gentleman G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 along with this gentleman G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 along with this gentleman G
+Thompson George Thompson son of JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson George Thompson son of JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson George Thompson son of JJ
+Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson
+okay and um JJ Thompson actually did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um JJ Thompson actually did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um JJ Thompson actually did an
+experiment a little different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a little different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a little different than
+Davidson and germer I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davidson and germer I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davidson and germer I'm going to show
+the Davidson and germer experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Davidson and germer experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Davidson and germer experiment
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+um here's the same diagram that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's the same diagram that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's the same diagram that I had
+before except that I made the nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before except that I made the nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before except that I made the nickel
+atoms a little bit smaller just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a little bit smaller just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a little bit smaller just so that
+uh this diagram would be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this diagram would be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this diagram would be a little bit
+easier to understand i cleaned up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand i cleaned up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand i cleaned up the
+diagram but I kept the spacing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but I kept the spacing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but I kept the spacing between
+the two nickel atoms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nickel atoms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nickel atoms the
+same and so Davidson and germer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and so Davidson and germer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and so Davidson and germer and
+Thompson came in scattered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson came in scattered these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson came in scattered these
+electrons and and looked how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and and looked how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and and looked how they
+scattered back and lo and behold what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back and lo and behold what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back and lo and behold what
+they saw is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw is that these
+electrons seemed to scatter back at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons seemed to scatter back at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons seemed to scatter back at a
+preferential angle the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential angle the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential angle the angular
+distribution wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution wasn't
+isotropic and instead it looked like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic and instead it looked like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic and instead it looked like the
+electron scattered back at a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattered back at a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattered back at a pretty
+welldefined angle here 50.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welldefined angle here 50.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welldefined angle here 50.7
+de and not only did they scatter back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and not only did they scatter back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and not only did they scatter back at
+that angle but they also scattered right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle but they also scattered right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle but they also scattered right
+back at themselves right back scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at themselves right back scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at themselves right back scattered
+this way so this scattering angle is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so this scattering angle is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so this scattering angle is 0
+degrees and under some uh particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and under some uh particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and under some uh particular
+conditions the electrons also scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the electrons also scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the electrons also scattered
+at a larger angle here right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger angle here right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger angle here right but the
+bottom line is that the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that the scattering
+pattern was an isotropic there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was an isotropic there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was an isotropic there was a
+bright spot lots of electrons scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot lots of electrons scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot lots of electrons scattered
+at this angle a dark spot spot no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this angle a dark spot spot no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this angle a dark spot spot no
+electron scattered at this angle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattered at this angle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattered at this angle a
+bright spot dark spot bright spot hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot dark spot bright spot hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot dark spot bright spot hey
+this looks like interference phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like interference phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like interference phenomena
+right just like the two slit experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like the two slit experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like the two slit experiment
+bright spot dark spot bright spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot dark spot bright spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright spot dark spot bright spot
+constructive destructive constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive destructive constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive destructive constructive
+interference back and forth that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference back and forth that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference back and forth that was
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+so how do we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we understand
+that well it's it's looking like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's it's looking like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's it's looking like these
+electrons are behaving like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are behaving like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are behaving like
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+so suppose these electrons are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose these electrons are coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose these electrons are coming in
+so we have this constant stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this constant stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this constant stream of
+electrons impinging on our nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons impinging on our nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons impinging on our nickel
+Crystal well what's happening here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal well what's happening here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal well what's happening here is
+that when these electrons are reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when these electrons are reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when these electrons are reflecting
+back from the individual nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the individual nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the individual nickel
+atoms these individual nickel atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these individual nickel atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these individual nickel atoms are
+kind of functioning like those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of functioning like those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of functioning like those little
+slits we saw in the two slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we saw in the two slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we saw in the two slit
+experiment that is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that is that they're
+scattering back as a wave these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering back as a wave these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering back as a wave these
+electrons seem to be scattering as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons seem to be scattering as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons seem to be scattering as a
+wave so isotropically in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so isotropically in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so isotropically in all directions
+this semicircle around each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semicircle around each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semicircle around each one of the
+atoms and I only show you two atoms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and I only show you two atoms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and I only show you two atoms here
+each semicircle is the maximum of the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each semicircle is the maximum of the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each semicircle is the maximum of the w
+wave front it's the crest of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave front it's the crest of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave front it's the crest of the wave
+front and then as time goes by of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then as time goes by of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then as time goes by of course
+uh these waves propagate out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these waves propagate out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these waves propagate out and then
+another wave front another wave maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave front another wave maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave front another wave maximum
+appears and the distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and the distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and the distance between these
+two Maxima is of course the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Maxima is of course the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Maxima is of course the wavelength
+right and as time goes on they scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as time goes on they scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as time goes on they scatter
+further right and as time goes on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right and as time goes on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right and as time goes on they
+still scatter and they keep uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still scatter and they keep uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still scatter and they keep uh
+propagating out until they reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating out until they reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating out until they reach the
+screen and lo and behold on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and lo and behold on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and lo and behold on the screen
+you see a bright spot dark spot bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a bright spot dark spot bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a bright spot dark spot bright
+spot dark spot okay interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot dark spot okay interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot dark spot okay interference
+pattern so let's analyze this so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so let's analyze this so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so let's analyze this so here's
+the diagram again I just moved it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram again I just moved it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram again I just moved it over
+and cleaned it up again want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleaned it up again want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleaned it up again want you to look
+at this spot right in there hey that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this spot right in there hey that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this spot right in there hey that's
+where we've got the maximum of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got the maximum of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've got the maximum of a wave
+scattered from atom one at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered from atom one at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered from atom one at the same
+point in space as the maximum of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space as the maximum of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space as the maximum of waves
+scattered from atom 2 constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered from atom 2 constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered from atom 2 constructive
+interference here's another point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference here's another point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference here's another point of
+constructive interference here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference here's another
+point of constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of constructive interference
+everywhere along this line we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere along this line we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere along this line we have
+constructive interference which results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference which results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference which results
+in a large intensity right at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large intensity right at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large intensity right at this
+scattering angle here a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle here a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle here a bright
+spot and we already know the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and we already know the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and we already know the condition
+for constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for constructive
+interference and is in order to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and is in order to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and is in order to get this
+constructive interference the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference the difference
+in the distance traveled by the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance traveled by the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance traveled by the two
+waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that are
+interfering has to be an intergral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering has to be an intergral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering has to be an intergral
+multiple of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the wavelength
+Lambda now I use the term D instead of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda now I use the term D instead of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda now I use the term D instead of R
+but it's the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same thing for the
+condition for constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for constructive interference
+here and if you went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you went and
+analyzed what the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed what the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed what the difference in the
+distance was for this constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance was for this constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance was for this constructive
+interference along this line you'd find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference along this line you'd find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference along this line you'd find
+it was n equal 1 so the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was n equal 1 so the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was n equal 1 so the difference in
+the distance traveled is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance traveled is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance traveled is one
+Lambda and if you looked at the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and if you looked at the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and if you looked at the points
+of constructive interference along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constructive interference along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constructive interference along this
+line that led to this Bright Spot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that led to this Bright Spot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that led to this Bright Spot the
+Difference in the distance traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Difference in the distance traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Difference in the distance traveled
+would be two Lambda so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two Lambda so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two Lambda so this is our
+second order interference feature our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order interference feature our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order interference feature our
+second order defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order defraction
+spot and if you looked at it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and if you looked at it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and if you looked at it along the
+center here normal to the crystal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here normal to the crystal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center here normal to the crystal that
+would be the zero order spot D2 minus D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the zero order spot D2 minus D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the zero order spot D2 minus D1
+is equal to0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to0
+Lambda all right so that's what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda all right so that's what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda all right so that's what it looks
+like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is
+happening now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now what we're going to do is
+we're going to actually Analyze This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually Analyze This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually Analyze This
+geometry a bit more we didn't do so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry a bit more we didn't do so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry a bit more we didn't do so in
+the two slit experiment we could have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two slit experiment we could have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two slit experiment we could have we
+didn't we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we're going to do it
+here and what we're going to be after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're going to be after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're going to be after
+is if these electrons are are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these electrons are are acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these electrons are are acting
+like waves then they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like waves then they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like waves then they have a
+wavelength and we want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we want to know what the
+wavelength is Davidson and germer wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is Davidson and germer wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is Davidson and germer wanted
+to know what the wavelength is and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the wavelength is and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the wavelength is and we're
+going to use this scattering angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this scattering angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this scattering angle here
+Theta this angle from the normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this angle from the normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this angle from the normal to
+where the electrons are scattering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are scattering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are scattering that
+angle Theta we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta we're going to use that
+information Theta equal 50.7 de to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theta equal 50.7 de to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theta equal 50.7 de to back
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+wavelength and we know what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we know what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we know what what the
+condition is for constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is for constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is for constructive
+interference we just talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference we just talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference we just talked about it
+here it is D2 minus D1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is D2 minus D1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is D2 minus D1 that's the
+wavelength that we're after in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that we're after in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that we're after in this uh
+analysis now what's D2 here well D2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now what's D2 here well D2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now what's D2 here well D2 the
+length of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this line
+D2 is the distance that the wave which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is the distance that the wave which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is the distance that the wave which
+scatters from electron 2 travels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters from electron 2 travels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters from electron 2 travels from
+electron 2 to the screen D1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 to the screen D1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 to the screen D1 is the
+distance that the wave that scatters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the wave that scatters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the wave that scatters
+from electron from atom one travels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electron from atom one travels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electron from atom one travels to
+the screen okay that's what D2 and D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen okay that's what D2 and D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen okay that's what D2 and D1
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+here now I'm going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm going to draw a
+perpendicular a perpendicular from atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular a perpendicular from atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular a perpendicular from atom
+one to this line D2 there's my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to this line D2 there's my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to this line D2 there's my right
+angle now you can see then that this leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle now you can see then that this leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle now you can see then that this leg
+of the triangle is D2 minus D1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle is D2 minus D1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the triangle is D2 minus D1 the
+difference in the distance travel it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the distance travel it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the distance travel it's
+this quantity here that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important now you've got to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now you've got to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now you've got to convince
+yourself that this angle right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this angle right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this angle right here in
+the triangle is the same as this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle is the same as this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle is the same as this angle
+the scattering angle all right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angle all right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering angle all right you can
+convince yourself of that pretty easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself of that pretty easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself of that pretty easily
+so now we got this well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we got this well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we got this well defined
+triangle we know one length of it we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle we know one length of it we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle we know one length of it we've
+measured uh the angle Theta and boy D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh the angle Theta and boy D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh the angle Theta and boy D2
+minus D1 is something that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D1 is something that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D1 is something that we'd like to
+know so let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's do a little
+geometry so the sign of theta the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so the sign of theta the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so the sign of theta the sign
+of this angle is equal to the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle is equal to the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle is equal to the opposite
+length which is D2 minus D1 divided by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length which is D2 minus D1 divided by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length which is D2 minus D1 divided by a
+this distance between the two atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance between the two atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance between the two atoms in
+the nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nickel
+Crystal so we got two equations this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so we got two equations this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so we got two equations this is
+the equation that in theory should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that in theory should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that in theory should
+obtain for constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain for constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain for constructive interference
+this is the equation that we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation that we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation that we set up
+given the particular physical geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the particular physical geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the particular physical geometry
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+problem hey these two D2 minus d1's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hey these two D2 minus d1's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hey these two D2 minus d1's
+better be equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be equal to each other
+okay so we got n Lambda is a sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got n Lambda is a sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got n Lambda is a sin Theta
+let's solve for Lambda we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve for Lambda we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve for Lambda we can do that
+that's a sin Theta Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sin Theta Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sin Theta Over
+N so we already know what Theta is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so we already know what Theta is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so we already know what Theta is we
+know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a
+is what's n well n is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's n well n is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's n well n is going to be one
+because this is the bright spot that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the bright spot that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the bright spot that is
+closest to the zero order spot the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to the zero order spot the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to the zero order spot the zero
+order spot which is always present at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order spot which is always present at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order spot which is always present at
+the normal angle there if you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal angle there if you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal angle there if you're coming
+in at normal dist at normal U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at normal dist at normal U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at normal dist at normal U
+orientation okay so n is equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay so n is equal to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay so n is equal to one so
+I can plug things in and when I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can plug things in and when I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can plug things in and when I do that
+I find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that the
+wavelength that I predict is 1.66 * 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that I predict is 1.66 * 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that I predict is 1.66 * 10us
+10 m okay okay so we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 m okay okay so we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 m okay okay so we got this
+wavelength now before I go on I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now before I go on I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now before I go on I just
+want to point out that this geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that this geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that this geometry of
+the problem that I set up here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I set up here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I set up here is
+identical to the geometry in a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the geometry in a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the geometry in a technique
+known as x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as x-ray
+defraction x-ray defraction doesn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction x-ray defraction doesn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction x-ray defraction doesn't use
+electrons coming in but it uses x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming in but it uses x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming in but it uses x-rays
+photons and it is a technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and it is a technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and it is a technique that's
+going to be important to you if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important to you if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important to you if you do
+any uh kind of science involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh kind of science involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh kind of science involving
+materials or biological uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or biological uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or biological uh uh
+systems and it's important because x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it's important because x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it's important because x-ray
+defraction allows you to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction allows you to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction allows you to get the
+structure to determine the structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to determine the structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to determine the structure in
+particular of uh proteins Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular of uh proteins Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular of uh proteins Crystal
+proteins you crystallize the protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you crystallize the protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you crystallize the protein and
+you use this x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this x-ray
+defraction to get out the structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction to get out the structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction to get out the structure and
+the reason why you want the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why you want the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why you want the structure
+the proteins is because the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins is because the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins is because the structure
+gives you a hint as to what the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a hint as to what the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a hint as to what the function
+of the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proteins
+are so in the use of X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defraction we don't go and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction we don't go and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction we don't go and calculate
+what Lambda is right we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Lambda is right we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Lambda is right we already know
+what Lambda is in x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Lambda is in x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Lambda is in x-ray
+defraction right we know the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction right we know the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction right we know the wavelength
+of the incident uh photons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident uh photons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident uh photons the
+x-rays what we don't know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays what we don't know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays what we don't know in the
+technique of X-ray defraction is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of X-ray defraction is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of X-ray defraction is we
+don't know the distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the distance between these
+two nickel atoms or between the atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nickel atoms or between the atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nickel atoms or between the atoms in
+an unknown structure right and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown structure right and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown structure right and so in
+x-ray defraction we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray defraction we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray defraction we know the
+wavelength and we can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we can figure out what
+order it is and we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it is and we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it is and we measure the
+scattering angle all right and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle all right and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering angle all right and we use
+that to determine the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to determine the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to determine the distance between
+the atoms and in that way we back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and in that way we back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms and in that way we back out
+the structure of the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample yes we're just going to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample yes we're just going to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample yes we're just going to get there
+right we're going to do that just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to do that just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to do that just right
+yeah okay all right so same geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so same geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so same geometry
+here so now this experiment of Davidson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now this experiment of Davidson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now this experiment of Davidson
+and germer was really an important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and germer was really an important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and germer was really an important one
+because just three years before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just three years before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just three years before this
+there was a prediction for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a prediction for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a prediction for what the
+wavelength of particles ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of particles ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of particles ought to
+be and that prediction was made by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that prediction was made by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that prediction was made by this
+gentleman Louie de bryley right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman Louie de bryley right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman Louie de bryley right and
+hey in his PhD thesis no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey in his PhD thesis no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey in his PhD thesis no
+less what Mr de bryley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less what Mr de bryley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less what Mr de bryley
+did is that he looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that he looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that he looked at the
+relativistic equations of motion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion that
+Einstein wrote down the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein wrote down the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein wrote down the relativistic
+equations of motion that Einstein used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that Einstein used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that Einstein used
+to propose that a photon or radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose that a photon or radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose that a photon or radiation
+with a wave length Lambda had momentum P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wave length Lambda had momentum P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wave length Lambda had momentum P
+well he took those same equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he took those same equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he took those same equations
+right and he said well you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he said well you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he said well you know these
+relativistic equations of motion apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equations of motion apply
+to matter just as well as they apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter just as well as they apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter just as well as they apply to
+radiation so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so therefore
+if um so therefore if you have um matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um so therefore if you have um matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um so therefore if you have um matter
+or therefore if you have radiation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or therefore if you have radiation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or therefore if you have radiation with
+a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength
+Lambda you then have this momentum P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda you then have this momentum P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda you then have this momentum P for
+the radiation this is what Einstein said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation this is what Einstein said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation this is what Einstein said
+but he turned it around and said well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he turned it around and said well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he turned it around and said well if
+you've got um matter with a momentum P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um matter with a momentum P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um matter with a momentum P
+well that matter ought to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that matter ought to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that matter ought to have a
+wavelength L Lambda okay he turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength L Lambda okay he turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength L Lambda okay he turned
+around Einstein's equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Einstein's equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Einstein's equations of motion
+and proposed that the wavelength of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed that the wavelength of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed that the wavelength of a
+particle be given by H over P where of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle be given by H over P where of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle be given by H over P where of
+course P here is the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course P here is the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course P here is the mass times the
+velocity right fantastic what a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right fantastic what a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right fantastic what a great
+PhD thesis right I'm impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis right I'm impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis right I'm impressed
+all right now let's see how well that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's see how well that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's see how well that uh
+as you can imagine let's see how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine let's see how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine let's see how well
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+predicts the uh wavelength that de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the uh wavelength that de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the uh wavelength that de
+bryley the wavelength that Davidson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bryley the wavelength that Davidson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bryley the wavelength that Davidson and
+germer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germer actually
+measured all right so we know we have 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured all right so we know we have 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured all right so we know we have 54
+electron Vol electrons coming into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Vol electrons coming into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Vol electrons coming into this
+nickel crystal that's their kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel crystal that's their kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel crystal that's their kinetic
+energy that's one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's one2
+mv^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mv^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mv^
+s kinetic energy can also be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s kinetic energy can also be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s kinetic energy can also be written in
+terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+momentum the momentum is p^2 over 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the momentum is p^2 over 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the momentum is p^2 over 2 m
+you can convince yourself of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself of this this
+is a good thing to know for doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing to know for doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing to know for doing these
+problems that the kinetic energy is p^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that the kinetic energy is p^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that the kinetic energy is p^2
+over two times the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two times the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two times the mass of the
+electron and so if you solve that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so if you solve that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so if you solve that what
+you get for the momentum of the electon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the momentum of the electon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get for the momentum of the electon
+R is 4.0 * 10- 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 4.0 * 10- 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is 4.0 * 10- 24
+kg m/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg m/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kg m/
+second and now I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and now I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and now I can take this
+momentum and plug it into the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and plug it into the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and plug it into the expression
+for de bry's wavelength 6.6 * 10us 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for de bry's wavelength 6.6 * 10us 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for de bry's wavelength 6.6 * 10us 34
+juw seconds over the momentum 4 * 10- 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juw seconds over the momentum 4 * 10- 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juw seconds over the momentum 4 * 10- 24
+he what do I get 1 1.7 * 10us 10 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what do I get 1 1.7 * 10us 10 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what do I get 1 1.7 * 10us 10 m
+absolutely the same as experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the same as experiment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the same as experiment right
+so de bryley made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so de bryley made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so de bryley made a
+prediction and few years after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and few years after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and few years after that
+experiments demonstrated that de bryley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments demonstrated that de bryley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments demonstrated that de bryley
+was absolutely correct in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely correct in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely correct in his
+prediction all right so what do we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction all right so what do we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction all right so what do we got
+here well hey we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well hey we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well hey we got
+we have matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have matter
+particles exhibiting wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles exhibiting wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles exhibiting wav like
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+and those particles can be measured to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those particles can be measured to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those particles can be measured to
+have a wavelength which actually agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wavelength which actually agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wavelength which actually agrees
+with a prediction some Theory the de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prediction some Theory the de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prediction some Theory the de
+bryle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bryle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bryle
+wavelength and we also have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we also have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and we also have another
+phenomena here which I really enjoy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena here which I really enjoy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena here which I really enjoy and
+that is Davidson and germer and George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Davidson and germer and George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Davidson and germer and George
+Thompson hey they demonstrated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson hey they demonstrated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson hey they demonstrated that
+electrons behave like waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave like waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave like waves
+right and what did JJ Thompson do father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what did JJ Thompson do father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what did JJ Thompson do father
+of George Thompson well JJ Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of George Thompson well JJ Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of George Thompson well JJ Thompson
+right demonstrated that an electron was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right demonstrated that an electron was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right demonstrated that an electron was
+a particle so here we have both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle so here we have both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle so here we have both the
+father and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and the
+son talking about seemingly opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son talking about seemingly opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son talking about seemingly opposite
+Behavior but they're both right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior but they're both right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior but they're both right right
+how often does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often does that happen
+that's really pretty I think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really pretty I think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really pretty I think that is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+okay but if matter is wav likee right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if matter is wav likee right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if matter is wav likee right if
+electrons can be res represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can be res represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can be res represented by a
+wavelength then uh what about uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then uh what about uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength then uh what about uh your
+wavelength and my wavelength you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and my wavelength you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and my wavelength you know we
+should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a
+wavelength okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay and we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay and just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just briefly
+here let's talk about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's talk about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's talk about what the
+wavelength is of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is of a
+baseball pitched by C chilling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball pitched by C chilling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball pitched by C chilling you know
+at 90 miles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 90 miles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 90 miles per
+hour all right what is that wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour all right what is that wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour all right what is that wavelength
+well baseball is 5 oun 90 mil hour you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well baseball is 5 oun 90 mil hour you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well baseball is 5 oun 90 mil hour you
+can calculate the momentum it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the momentum it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the momentum it's in your
+notes there we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there we will
+uh calculate here the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculate here the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculate here the wavelength
+and what you're going to find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're going to find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're going to find is that
+it's 1.2 * 10us 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1.2 * 10us 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1.2 * 10us 34
+M okay hey that's pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay hey that's pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay hey that's pretty small
+right what's the size the diameter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus 10 - 14 right that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus 10 - 14 right that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus 10 - 14 right that's a good
+number to know here we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to know here we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to know here we got a
+wavelength that's 10 - 34 m is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's 10 - 34 m is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's 10 - 34 m is that
+wavelength of a macroscopic size object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a macroscopic size object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a macroscopic size object
+going to going to have any consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to have any consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to have any consequence
+in our world no absolutely not why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our world no absolutely not why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our world no absolutely not why
+because in order to see any effects from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to see any effects from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to see any effects from
+this wavelength from this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength from this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength from this small
+wavelength we're going to have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we're going to have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we're going to have to have
+slits or atoms that are going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits or atoms that are going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits or atoms that are going to be on
+the order of this close together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of this close together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of this close together but
+there's no way that we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that we're going to have
+two nickel atoms that are this close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nickel atoms that are this close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nickel atoms that are this close
+together right right or two slits in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right right or two slits in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right right or two slits in a
+two slit experiment this close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slit experiment this close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slit experiment this close together
+and so for macroscopic objects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for macroscopic objects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for macroscopic objects the
+wavelength the wav likee properties have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the wav likee properties have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the wav likee properties have
+no consequence in this world right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no consequence in this world right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no consequence in this world right and
+that's simply because the mass is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply because the mass is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply because the mass is too
+large it makes the wavelength too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it makes the wavelength too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it makes the wavelength too small
+to have any effects in our um in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any effects in our um in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any effects in our um in our
+everyday lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday lives
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well right they're actually coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well right they're actually coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well right they're actually coming
+in as waves they're behaving as waves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as waves they're behaving as waves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as waves they're behaving as waves so
+remember my beach picture you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my beach picture you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my beach picture you know I
+drew them coming in you know like a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them coming in you know like a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them coming in you know like a like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+circle but remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but remember my
+uh my picture of this barrier here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my picture of this barrier here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my picture of this barrier here on
+the beach right and then I'm I'm laying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach right and then I'm I'm laying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach right and then I'm I'm laying
+here on the sand right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the sand right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the sand right and then the
+waves are coming in here's blue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are coming in here's blue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are coming in here's blue right
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+electrons as they're coming in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they're coming in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they're coming in right
+really need to be thought of as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to be thought of as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to be thought of as these
+kind of plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of plane waves
+I drew them as kind of just particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew them as kind of just particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew them as kind of just particles
+right but you have to really think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have to really think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have to really think of
+them as plane waves and that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as plane waves and that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as plane waves and that they are
+reflecting off of these two atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off of these two atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off of these two atoms in the
+way that I just explained okay another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question right the thing is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right the thing is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right the thing is that you
+can't get that velocity slow enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that velocity slow enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that velocity slow enough to
+make the wavelength be of large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the wavelength be of large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the wavelength be of large enough
+to be of consequence if you could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of consequence if you could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of consequence if you could then
+you would right you would see the wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would right you would see the wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would right you would see the wav
+like Behavior but you can't practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Behavior but you can't practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Behavior but you can't practically
+speaking get it to that extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well are you asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um no in this in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um no in this in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um no in this in this particular case
+anything that's so massive any little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's so massive any little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's so massive any little
+smaller effects like what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller effects like what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller effects like what you're talking
+about exactly the point of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly the point of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly the point of observation
+is not going to have an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to have an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to have an effect on
+anything that this that is so massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that this that is so massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that this that is so massive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+pardon yes it will your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon yes it will your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon yes it will your point of
+observation will have an effect yes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will have an effect yes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will have an effect yes on
+your interpretation of the experiment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interpretation of the experiment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interpretation of the experiment if
+you are talking about something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are talking about something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are talking about something that has
+a much larger wavelength right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger wavelength right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger wavelength right
+absolutely right in high energy physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right in high energy physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right in high energy physics
+experiments for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so it is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it is just this observation here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is just this observation here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is just this observation here of
+the uh wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh wav like
+uh behavior of electrons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behavior of electrons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behavior of electrons of
+particles that uh led to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that uh led to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that uh led to um
+that led to the interpretation then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the interpretation then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to the interpretation then or
+read led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read led to the
+realization that maybe you have to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that maybe you have to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that maybe you have to treat
+electrons as waves or maybe you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as waves or maybe you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as waves or maybe you have to
+treat the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the behavior of
+electrons as wav like behavior all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as wav like behavior all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as wav like behavior all right
+and that is what this gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what this gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what this gentleman
+Schrodinger did right he said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger did right he said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger did right he said well you
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+maybe this gave them an idea right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this gave them an idea right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this gave them an idea right
+maybe what's wrong is that in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's wrong is that in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's wrong is that in an
+electron in an atom maybe what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an atom maybe what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an atom maybe what's wrong
+is that I can't treat that electron as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I can't treat that electron as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I can't treat that electron as a
+particle instead what I have to do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle instead what I have to do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle instead what I have to do is I
+have to treat it as a wave I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to treat it as a wave I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to treat it as a wave I have to
+treat its wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat its wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat its wav like
+properties and it was that imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and it was that imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and it was that imp
+that led him to write down a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led him to write down a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led him to write down a wave
+equation of motion an equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion an equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion an equation of motion
+for waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for waves
+right he realized or he was guessing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he realized or he was guessing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he realized or he was guessing at
+the moment but he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but he thought
+well maybe in the case when a particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe in the case when a particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe in the case when a particle a
+microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic
+particle has a wavelength that is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a wavelength that is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a wavelength that is on the
+order of the size of its environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the size of its environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the size of its environment
+well in that case case maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case case maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that case case maybe the
+wavelength has an effect makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength has an effect makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength has an effect makes a
+difference so for example in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so for example in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so for example in the case of
+the electrons we had a wavelength I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons we had a wavelength I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons we had a wavelength I
+calculated there of 1.7 x 10us 10 m hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated there of 1.7 x 10us 10 m hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated there of 1.7 x 10us 10 m hey
+that's a wavelength that is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wavelength that is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a wavelength that is on the order
+of the size of the environment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of the environment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of the environment of the
+electron which is on the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is on the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is on the order of the
+size of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of an
+atom maybe in that case I got to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom maybe in that case I got to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom maybe in that case I got to pay
+attention to the wavelength the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the wavelength the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the wavelength the reason
+you and we don't have to pay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we don't have to pay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we don't have to pay any
+attention to our wavelength is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to our wavelength is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to our wavelength is because
+our wavelength is 10us 30 m or so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wavelength is 10us 30 m or so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wavelength is 10us 30 m or so right
+and that's much much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's much much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's much much larger than the
+size of the environment in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the environment in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the environment in this case we
+don't have to pay any attention to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay any attention to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay any attention to our
+wavelength but for an electron in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but for an electron in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but for an electron in an
+atom uh oh we got a problem here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh oh we got a problem here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh oh we got a problem here right
+so what did shrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did shrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did shrodinger
+do well schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well schinger
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+said I got to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I got to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I got to write down
+a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave
+equation an equation of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation an equation of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation an equation of motion for
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+waves and what is that equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and what is that equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and what is that equation of
+motion well that equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion well that equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion well that equation of motion
+is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H
+hat operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat operating on
+S and it gives us back an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and it gives us back an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and it gives us back an energy
+e times a s okay so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times a s okay so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times a s okay so what is this
+well sigh here is a wave I am somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sigh here is a wave I am somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sigh here is a wave I am somehow
+going to let my electron in an atom be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let my electron in an atom be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let my electron in an atom be
+represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by
+sigh this is going to be a waveform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh this is going to be a waveform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh this is going to be a waveform this
+is going to be a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a wave
+function I'm going to let my electron be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm going to let my electron be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm going to let my electron be
+represented by the wave function exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the wave function exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the wave function exactly
+how it's going to be represented presed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to be represented presed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to be represented presed
+by the wave function is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wave function is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wave function is something that
+I'm not going to tell you quite yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you quite yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to tell you quite yet
+right but it's going to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's going to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's going to represent the
+electron this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron this energy
+here that energy is going to turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that energy is going to turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that energy is going to turn out to
+be the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy of the electron in the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron in the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron in the atom
+okay this thing here well this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this thing here well this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this thing here well this thing is
+called the h tonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator that hamiltonian operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that hamiltonian operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that hamiltonian operator is
+specific to a particular problem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to a particular problem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to a particular problem and we
+will look at the hamiltonian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at the hamiltonian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at the hamiltonian operator
+for a hydrogen atom but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hydrogen atom but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hydrogen atom but this
+operator is operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is operating on
+sign and it gives you back a s the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and it gives you back a s the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and it gives you back a s the same
+function multiplied by a constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplied by a constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplied by a constant that
+constant is The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is The Binding
+energy now you think all right well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now you think all right well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now you think all right well let
+me just cancel this and this right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just cancel this and this right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just cancel this and this right which
+you can't do that right because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that right because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that right because this is
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+operator this has got some derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this has got some derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this has got some derivatives
+in it it's operating on side gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's operating on side gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it it's operating on side gives you
+back the same function times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same function times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same function times the
+constant all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so
+now how I how did schinger actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how I how did schinger actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how I how did schinger actually
+derive this equation deriv so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this equation deriv so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this equation deriv so to
+speak well what he did is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what he did is to just guess at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he did is to just guess at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what he did is to just guess at a
+wave function all right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function all right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function all right so we're going
+to use a one-dimensional wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a one-dimensional wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a one-dimensional wave
+function he's going to say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function he's going to say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function he's going to say let me
+represent my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my
+electron by S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron by S of
+x equal to 2 a * cine 2un X over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to 2 a * cine 2un X over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal to 2 a * cine 2un X over Lambda
+okay that's going to be my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to be my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to be my wave
+function why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function why
+not and then he said well what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then he said well what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then he said well what I really
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+here is I need an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I need an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I need an equation of
+motion I need to know how side ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I need to know how side ch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I need to know how side ch
+changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes with
+X so if you wanted an equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if you wanted an equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if you wanted an equation of motion
+if you want to know how s changes with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how s changes with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how s changes with X
+right what would you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would you do to
+sigh take the derivative hey let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh take the derivative hey let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh take the derivative hey let's take
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+derivative derivative of s of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative derivative of s of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative derivative of s of X with
+respect to X that's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that's going to be equal to
+- 2 a * 2 piun over lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 a * 2 piun over lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 a * 2 piun over lamb
+Time s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time s of
+2kx Lambda that's an equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2kx Lambda that's an equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2kx Lambda that's an equation of motion
+now this is actually kind of an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually kind of an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually kind of an equation
+of position but it's telling us how s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position but it's telling us how s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position but it's telling us how s
+changes with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+now since uh that gave us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since uh that gave us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since uh that gave us some
+information of how side Chang ches with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of how side Chang ches with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of how side Chang ches with
+X how would we figure out how the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how would we figure out how the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how would we figure out how the rate
+of change what how would we get the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change what how would we get the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change what how would we get the rate
+of change of s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X second derivative let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X second derivative let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X second derivative let's take the
+second derivative of that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of that second
+derivative of s of X with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s of X with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s of X with respect to X
+right that's - 2 a * 4 pi^ 2 over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's - 2 a * 4 pi^ 2 over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's - 2 a * 4 pi^ 2 over Lambda
+2ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar
+time cosine 2 pix over Lambda hey that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cosine 2 pix over Lambda hey that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cosine 2 pix over Lambda hey that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+good but now what do you see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation side absolutely you see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation side absolutely you see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation side absolutely you see what I
+started with yeah it's recursive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with yeah it's recursive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with yeah it's recursive right
+you see the S of X here so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the S of X here so let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the S of X here so let me write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation in terms of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of the original
+function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right
+second derivative of s of X with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of s of X with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of s of X with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+x minus 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus 2 pi over
+Lambda SAR Time s of X okay hey that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda SAR Time s of X okay hey that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda SAR Time s of X okay hey that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+good you know where I'm trying to go I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know where I'm trying to go I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know where I'm trying to go I'm
+trying to drive so to speak Shing your's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drive so to speak Shing your's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drive so to speak Shing your's
+equation and see it's not very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see it's not very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see it's not very hard
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah yes now this equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah yes now this equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah yes now this equation right
+here this equation is just a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this equation is just a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this equation is just a classical
+wave equation the only thing I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation the only thing I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation the only thing I've done
+so far is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is take
+derivatives I have done nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I have done nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives I have done nothing else
+right I just took derivatives it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just took derivatives it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just took derivatives it could
+represent any kind of wave you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any kind of wave you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent any kind of wave you know
+there's nothing quantum mechanical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing quantum mechanical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing quantum mechanical about
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it but here comes the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but here comes the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but here comes the big
+leap and the big leap that schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap and the big leap that schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap and the big leap that schinger
+made is that he substituted in here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is that he substituted in here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is that he substituted in here for
+Lambda he substituted in the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda he substituted in the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda he substituted in the momentum of
+the particle in other words if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in other words if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in other words if this is a
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+equation and that wave has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that wave has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that wave has some
+wavelength here l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here l
+Lambda he said well if this is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda he said well if this is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda he said well if this is a wave
+equation for a matter wave well then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a matter wave well then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a matter wave well then I
+better get the momentum of that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get the momentum of that particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get the momentum of that particle
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+wave right and he knew how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and he knew how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and he knew how to do that
+because de bryley told him how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because de bryley told him how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because de bryley told him how to do
+that de bryley said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that de bryley said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that de bryley said
+Lambda is equal to H over P all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is equal to H over P all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is equal to H over P all
+right hey that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hey that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hey that's uh
+pretty good so what can I do here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so what can I do here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so what can I do here well
+what I can do is I can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is I can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is I can rearrange this
+and write this in terms of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this in terms of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write this in terms of the momentum
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+particle all right so second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle all right so second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle all right so second derivative
+of s of X with respect to X is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s of X with respect to X is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s of X with respect to X is going to
+be minus p^ 2 over H SAR Time s of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus p^ 2 over H SAR Time s of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus p^ 2 over H SAR Time s of x
+now let me explain what H bar here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me explain what H bar here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me explain what H bar here is
+H is a shorthand way of writing H over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a shorthand way of writing H over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a shorthand way of writing H over 2
+pi if you don't know it already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi if you don't know it already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi if you don't know it already you
+should know it you're going to need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know it you're going to need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know it you're going to need it
+okay it's h over 2 pi so this is H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's h over 2 pi so this is H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's h over 2 pi so this is H bar
+squar so now what do I have now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so now what do I have now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so now what do I have now I have a
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+wave I have an equation of motion I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I have an equation of motion I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I have an equation of motion I have
+something that tells me how s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells me how s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells me how s
+moves with respect to X the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with respect to X the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with respect to X the rate of
+change of s with X and I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of s with X and I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of s with X and I had the
+momentum of the particle buried in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle buried in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle buried in here
+okay from this form I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from this form I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from this form I'm going to get to
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right and I guess I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I guess I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I guess I'm going to get to
+that next Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I7_PfCBBcFI.txt b/I7_PfCBBcFI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce4aec8f4057d403261b2640d32923d10c587c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I7_PfCBBcFI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lightning round is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightning round is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightning round is a nice
+interactive technique that I use in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive technique that I use in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive technique that I use in my
+class and what we do is I divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and what we do is I divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and what we do is I divide the
+group into usually two teams two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group into usually two teams two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group into usually two teams two sides
+and I have them face each other so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have them face each other so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have them face each other so you
+can have them face each other in in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have them face each other in in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have them face each other in in two
+parallel lines or you can have an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines or you can have an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines or you can have an inner
+circle and an Outer Circle as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and an Outer Circle as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and an Outer Circle as long as
+one person is facing only one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is facing only one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is facing only one other
+person and then you can you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then you can you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and then you can you can you can
+do it on a topic similar to the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on a topic similar to the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on a topic similar to the debate
+where there's really two sides and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's really two sides and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's really two sides and you
+ask the one side to take one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the one side to take one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the one side to take one side and
+the other side to take another side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side to take another side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side to take another side but
+the difference with this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference with this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference with this is that the
+communication is only between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is only between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is only between the
+student and the student that here she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and the student that here she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and the student that here she is
+facing and they only have one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing and they only have one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing and they only have one or two
+minutes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the
+interaction so one student gets to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so one student gets to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so one student gets to speak
+for say it's a minute and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say it's a minute and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say it's a minute and the other
+student gets to respond for a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student gets to respond for a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student gets to respond for a minute and
+then after that's over um I ask one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that's over um I ask one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that's over um I ask one line
+to shift or one Circle to to take a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift or one Circle to to take a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift or one Circle to to take a step
+to the right or the left and now each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or the left and now each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or the left and now each
+person has a new partner that they speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a new partner that they speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a new partner that they speak
+with generally speaking if you had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with generally speaking if you had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with generally speaking if you had one
+row be the pro and the other row be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row be the pro and the other row be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row be the pro and the other row be the
+con then for the next iteration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con then for the next iteration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con then for the next iteration you
+would have you would switch roles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you would switch roles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you would switch roles so
+there would be the con and the pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be the con and the pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be the con and the pro the
+advantages of this technique are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of this technique are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of this technique are that
+they students get to hear a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they students get to hear a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they students get to hear a lot of
+different opinions from a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions from a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions from a lot of
+different students the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different students the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different students the fact that it
+takes only 2 minutes at most for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes only 2 minutes at most for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes only 2 minutes at most for each
+interaction means that uh that this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction means that uh that this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction means that uh that this you
+can do it several times four times five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it several times four times five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it several times four times five
+times if you do it five times it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if you do it five times it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if you do it five times it's only
+about 10 minutes maybe 13 minutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes maybe 13 minutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes maybe 13 minutes with
+some time to to translate so so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to to translate so so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to to translate so so it's a
+pretty quick exercise and by by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quick exercise and by by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quick exercise and by by doing
+this lightning round you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lightning round you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lightning round you can get
+different students can get many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different students can get many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different students can get many
+different perspectives from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives from other
+students the other the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the other the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the other the other kind of
+question you can ask with a lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask with a lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask with a lightning
+round is you can ask a question maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is you can ask a question maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is you can ask a question maybe
+you give students a few minutes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give students a few minutes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give students a few minutes before
+hand to do a calculation or to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to do a calculation or to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to do a calculation or to solve a
+particular kind of problem and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of problem and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of problem and then you
+say okay you have one minute to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you have one minute to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you have one minute to explain
+how you did the problem to your partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you did the problem to your partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you did the problem to your partner
+and your partner has one minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your partner has one minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your partner has one minute to
+explain how he or she did the problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how he or she did the problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how he or she did the problem to
+you and again that lets students see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and again that lets students see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and again that lets students see
+other students approaches and it lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students approaches and it lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other students approaches and it lets
+them think about their own um their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them think about their own um their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them think about their own um their own
+approach in the context of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in the context of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in the context of the other
+person's approach you also tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's approach you also tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's approach you also tell them
+they're allowed to change the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're allowed to change the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're allowed to change the way they
+think about the problem or to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the problem or to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the problem or to think
+about the response based on what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response based on what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response based on what they've
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+in their previous um pairing so it lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their previous um pairing so it lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their previous um pairing so it lets
+students kind of iterate and and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students kind of iterate and and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students kind of iterate and and develop
+uh their opinions kind of as they go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their opinions kind of as they go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their opinions kind of as they go um
+a couple disadvantages of the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple disadvantages of the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple disadvantages of the technique
+are that it's it's very very noisy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that it's it's very very noisy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that it's it's very very noisy so
+students are speaking with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are speaking with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are speaking with each other
+they're really only about a foot apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really only about a foot apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really only about a foot apart
+and everyone is speaking at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone is speaking at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone is speaking at the same
+time I originally thought there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I originally thought there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I originally thought there was
+going to be an increase but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an increase but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an increase but then I
+learned that in the 1870s there was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that in the 1870s there was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that in the 1870s there was like
+a mini ice so depending on the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mini ice so depending on the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mini ice so depending on the class
+depending on the personalities depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the personalities depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the personalities depending
+on the people in the class it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people in the class it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people in the class it may not be
+such a great technique but the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a great technique but the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a great technique but the advantage
+is that it it really gets everybody up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it it really gets everybody up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it it really gets everybody up
+it gets everybody moving even people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets everybody moving even people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets everybody moving even people
+that are really shy there's virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really shy there's virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really shy there's virtually
+nobody that will stand there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody that will stand there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody that will stand there for a
+minute and not say anything even people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and not say anything even people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and not say anything even people
+that are extremely shy are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are extremely shy are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are extremely shy are generally
+willing to talk with one other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to talk with one other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to talk with one other person
+and since you can't hear anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since you can't hear anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since you can't hear anything about
+what's going on in other groups or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in other groups or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in other groups or uh
+even the instructor can't hear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the instructor can't hear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the instructor can't hear what's
+going on it's a fairly safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's a fairly safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on it's a fairly safe
+conversational situation so that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational situation so that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational situation so that is an
+advantage of it um my the thing I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it um my the thing I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it um my the thing I like
+about it the most is that it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the most is that it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the most is that it gets
+students up it gets it gives them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students up it gets it gives them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students up it gets it gives them the
+opportunity to formulate an argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to formulate an argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to formulate an argument and
+to listen to the argument of others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to the argument of others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to the argument of others and
+then then put their opinion or argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then put their opinion or argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then put their opinion or argument
+or answer in the context of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or answer in the context of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or answer in the context of other
+answers and it lets them hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and it lets them hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and it lets them hear the
+opinions and responses of a lot of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions and responses of a lot of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions and responses of a lot of their
+peers in a very short period of time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers in a very short period of time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers in a very short period of time uh
+after I finish the lightning round I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I finish the lightning round I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I finish the lightning round I
+always give students a minute or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give students a minute or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give students a minute or two
+minutes three minutes to sort of sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes three minutes to sort of sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes three minutes to sort of sit
+down and reflect on the exercise what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and reflect on the exercise what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and reflect on the exercise what
+they learned uh what what um if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learned uh what what um if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learned uh what what um if their
+answer changed how it changed why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer changed how it changed why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer changed how it changed why it
+changed uh and then we usually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed uh and then we usually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed uh and then we usually do a
+large group report out to say to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group report out to say to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group report out to say to say
+this is uh you know I thought this going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you know I thought this going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you know I thought this going
+in but I heard from so and so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I heard from so and so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I heard from so and so and this
+is what I think now so we do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I think now so we do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I think now so we do a little
+bit of a report out also because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a report out also because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a report out also because of the
+fact that as the instructor since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that as the instructor since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that as the instructor since you
+can't hear what students are saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear what students are saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear what students are saying you
+want to know if there's some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if there's some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if there's some big
+misconception that's been propagated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that's been propagated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that's been propagated um
+during the activity and you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the activity and you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the activity and you want you
+would want to address that so the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to address that so the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to address that so the report
+out in that in that for that exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in that in that for that exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in that in that for that exercise
+can be particularly important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ICdqesajPAk.txt b/ICdqesajPAk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a00fa2079626d11ee3515477c471260b5d911b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ICdqesajPAk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this class is the first finance class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is the first finance class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is the first finance class to
+finance real estate as the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance real estate as the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance real estate as the asset
+level and then basically we recap I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then basically we recap I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then basically we recap I
+think you are very familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you are very familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you are very familiar with this
+because it's also pop up in many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also pop up in many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also pop up in many many of
+our sessions and even in the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sessions and even in the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sessions and even in the midterm
+right so basically we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically we are talking about
+the business case for sustainable real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business case for sustainable real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business case for sustainable real
+estate for here we have green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate for here we have green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate for here we have green buildings
+healthy buildings and also climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and also climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy buildings and also climate
+resident buildings any dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident buildings any dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident buildings any dimension of
+sustainable real estate we know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate we know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate we know there's
+a chin process so we have the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chin process so we have the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chin process so we have the developer
+we have the owner we have the tenants we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the owner we have the tenants we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the owner we have the tenants we
+always say that the end users matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say that the end users matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say that the end users matter
+first so that's be the tenants the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so that's be the tenants the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so that's be the tenants the users
+of the space if they really value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space if they really value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space if they really value this
+sustainable real estate they are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate they are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate they are willing
+to pay a higher rent the premium either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a higher rent the premium either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a higher rent the premium either
+because of the lower operational cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lower operational cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lower operational cost of
+the lower energy bill or better indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy bill or better indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy bill or better indoor
+air quality and all all the things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air quality and all all the things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air quality and all all the things and
+that will be translated to this rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be translated to this rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be translated to this rental
+premium for the owners then later will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium for the owners then later will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium for the owners then later will
+will be translated to the higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be translated to the higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be translated to the higher uh
+purchase price and to the developers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase price and to the developers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase price and to the developers so
+that time we only look at the cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we only look at the cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we only look at the cash flow
+we look at this we understand rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this we understand rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this we understand rational
+we understand the benefit cost analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the benefit cost analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the benefit cost analysis
+now we need to understand Capital so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to understand Capital so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to understand Capital so
+that's on finance right you need really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on finance right you need really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on finance right you need really
+need Capital to build to buy to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Capital to build to buy to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Capital to build to buy to invest
+in those sustainable real estate so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those sustainable real estate so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those sustainable real estate so that
+will be the focus of these three Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the focus of these three Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the focus of these three Finance
+sessions is money money money so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions is money money money so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions is money money money so so
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+idea so basically today I want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so basically today I want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so basically today I want to cover
+three parts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts if
+possible and first is a big picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and first is a big picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and first is a big picture so
+big picture I want to to first let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture I want to to first let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture I want to to first let you
+know what's the current status of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the current status of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the current status of the
+discussion not just in real estate field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion not just in real estate field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion not just in real estate field
+but also in the general Finance field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the general Finance field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the general Finance field so
+the general Finance field now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Finance field now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Finance field now is a
+emerging very very hot area very new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging very very hot area very new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging very very hot area very new
+area called sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called sustainable
+Finance so then there a general Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so then there a general Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so then there a general Finance
+sustainable Finance right all the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance right all the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance right all the F
+Finance principles how that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance principles how that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance principles how that will be
+applied to start the ESG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to start the ESG and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to start the ESG and
+sustainability and how we plug in how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and how we plug in how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and how we plug in how we
+plug in real estate asset as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in real estate asset as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in real estate asset as one of the
+many many assets into this sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many assets into this sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many assets into this sustainable
+Finance big picture and how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance big picture and how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance big picture and how to think
+about this so that's a big picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so that's a big picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so that's a big picture and
+then we will talk about the de side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will talk about the de side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will talk about the de side
+basic mortgage that's mortgage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mortgage that's mortgage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mortgage that's mortgage and
+mortgage and then Equity side will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and then Equity side will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and then Equity side will be
+private equity for the last part I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private equity for the last part I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private equity for the last part I will
+try to invite our guest speaker today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to invite our guest speaker today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to invite our guest speaker today I
+to talk about PE because I know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about PE because I know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about PE because I know little
+about te I know so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about te I know so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about te I know so little
+and you know more more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know more more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know more more than
+me okay so basically I think the birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so basically I think the birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so basically I think the birth
+of this uh the birth of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh the birth of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh the birth of this uh
+sustainable Finance field on in Academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance field on in Academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance field on in Academia
+and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in
+Industry I think the early days was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry I think the early days was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry I think the early days was from
+2020 when this lar Larry thinkink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 when this lar Larry thinkink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 when this lar Larry thinkink the
+CEO of the Black Rock each year he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of the Black Rock each year he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of the Black Rock each year he he
+wrote a letter right each year wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter right each year wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter right each year wrote a
+letter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh
+to to his CLI and all the asset managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to his CLI and all the asset managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to his CLI and all the asset managers
+so in that year 2020 letters to CEOs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that year 2020 letters to CEOs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that year 2020 letters to CEOs so
+his theme was a fundamental reshaping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theme was a fundamental reshaping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his theme was a fundamental reshaping of
+Finance so hey was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so hey was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so hey was one of the first
+business people raised this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business people raised this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business people raised this point and
+say okay now we need to be very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now we need to be very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now we need to be very clear
+climate risk is a Financial Risk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risk is a Financial Risk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risk is a Financial Risk so
+that's basically his mean here the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically his mean here the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically his mean here the point
+of in his p in his letter to all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in his p in his letter to all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in his p in his letter to all the all
+the all the other CEOs saying we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the other CEOs saying we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the other CEOs saying we are
+black dock is a asset manager and is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dock is a asset manager and is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dock is a asset manager and is a
+fiduciary and the basically people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiduciary and the basically people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiduciary and the basically people all
+our common people we put money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our common people we put money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our common people we put money in the
+fund and black do they are managing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund and black do they are managing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund and black do they are managing the
+fund on behalf all these individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund on behalf all these individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund on behalf all these individual
+investors so that fiary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors so that fiary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors so that fiary uh
+responsibility so we really this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility so we really this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility so we really this this
+all the old people's uh pension F not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the old people's uh pension F not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the old people's uh pension F not
+old people all our Pension funds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old people all our Pension funds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old people all our Pension funds and
+later we need to use when we retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we need to use when we retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we need to use when we retire
+right so we really have the clear very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we really have the clear very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we really have the clear very
+important responsibility to look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important responsibility to look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important responsibility to look into
+the future risk and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future risk and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future risk and we need to
+understand the financial um climate risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the financial um climate risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the financial um climate risk
+is a future risk we need to have a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a future risk we need to have a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a future risk we need to have a deep
+responsibility to better manage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to better manage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to better manage and
+control that climate risk so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that climate risk so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that climate risk so from this
+letter then it's just to trigger all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter then it's just to trigger all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter then it's just to trigger all
+this uh discussions conversations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discussions conversations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discussions conversations in the
+inry and later some research on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inry and later some research on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inry and later some research on this
+sustain sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain sustainable
+Finance so think about how to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so think about how to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so think about how to plug in
+real estate in this big picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate in this big picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate in this big picture of the
+sustainable Finance so I I showed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance so I I showed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance so I I showed this
+uh diagram from the beginning of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagram from the beginning of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagram from the beginning of our
+class to show you the layers so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to show you the layers so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to show you the layers so it's a
+kind of a sandwich model remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sandwich model remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sandwich model remember
+sandwich and and this investor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich and and this investor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich and and this investor in the
+middle and then we talk a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then we talk a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then we talk a lot about the
+physical side before the midterm before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical side before the midterm before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical side before the midterm before
+spring break so that's the end users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break so that's the end users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break so that's the end users
+right the tants and households so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the tants and households so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the tants and households so those
+individuals so they choose which city to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals so they choose which city to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals so they choose which city to
+live and work and they choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and work and they choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and work and they choose which
+building to to to to to leave and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to to to to to leave and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to to to to to leave and work
+in and some are green some are not green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and some are green some are not green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and some are green some are not green
+so that's they troose in the Physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's they troose in the Physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's they troose in the Physical
+City and then if they are willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and then if they are willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City and then if they are willing to pay
+higher rent then that that building that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent then that that building that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent then that that building that
+Green Building will get more like higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building will get more like higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building will get more like higher
+return right so that's the upper side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right so that's the upper side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right so that's the upper side
+and users and those people are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and users and those people are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and users and those people are also
+those people the same people all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people the same people all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people the same people all of us
+so we have money we have our salary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have money we have our salary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have money we have our salary we
+we have one our 401K all the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one our 401K all the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one our 401K all the money in
+the pension so we put our money in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pension so we put our money in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pension so we put our money in this
+institutional investors insurance and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors insurance and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors insurance and uh
+and all those invest management firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those invest management firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those invest management firms
+like that and then they start to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then they start to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then they start to invest
+they become giant guys but their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become giant guys but their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become giant guys but their money
+is from us that's why they call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from us that's why they call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from us that's why they call them
+themselves as a fiary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as a fiary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as a fiary right
+and then there are two roles equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are two roles equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are two roles equity and
+debt on the equity side you have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt on the equity side you have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt on the equity side you have small
+guys rich people mediumsized guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys rich people mediumsized guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys rich people mediumsized guys
+private equity and the big guys big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private equity and the big guys big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private equity and the big guys big
+company as R and that you have Moret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as R and that you have Moret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as R and that you have Moret
+than MBS so anyway those our common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than MBS so anyway those our common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than MBS so anyway those our common
+people we can invest in directly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we can invest in directly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we can invest in directly into
+stock market if we are rich enough we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market if we are rich enough we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market if we are rich enough we
+are individual or we we we also invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual or we we we also invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual or we we we also invest
+in private Equity or we just put money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private Equity or we just put money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private Equity or we just put money
+in our pension or insurance and the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our pension or insurance and the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our pension or insurance and the will
+invest on behalf of us so they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest on behalf of us so they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest on behalf of us so they are in
+the middle so this individuals of us if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so this individuals of us if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so this individuals of us if
+we have a preference for sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a preference for sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a preference for sustainable
+real estate we will direct our Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate we will direct our Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate we will direct our Capital
+to those investment firms and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those investment firms and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those investment firms and all those
+um places not more sustainable Greener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places not more sustainable Greener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um places not more sustainable Greener
+so the capital flow from the lower layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the capital flow from the lower layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the capital flow from the lower layer
+The People's Choice of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The People's Choice of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The People's Choice of the physical
+space upper layer then they will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space upper layer then they will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space upper layer then they will push
+into the middle and push those investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle and push those investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle and push those investors
+to invest in sustainable real estate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in sustainable real estate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in sustainable real estate as
+a asset so that's a that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asset so that's a that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a asset so that's a that's a big
+picture and today we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and today we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and today we are looking at
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+guys Thursday we look at like a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys Thursday we look at like a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys Thursday we look at like a bigger
+guys today is a small guys means asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys today is a small guys means asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys today is a small guys means asset
+level either a individual uh wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level either a individual uh wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level either a individual uh wealthy
+family family business or private equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family family business or private equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family family business or private equity
+on the equity side of the mortgage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the equity side of the mortgage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the equity side of the mortgage of
+the loan individual loans so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan individual loans so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loan individual loans so that's
+that's the asset level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the asset level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the asset level
+financing so how to connect the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing so how to connect the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing so how to connect the thing is
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+connect this side physical side before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this side physical side before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect this side physical side before
+the spring break and now the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring break and now the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring break and now the Capital
+Market side the lower end money so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market side the lower end money so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market side the lower end money so just
+want to show you a a basic uh idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a a basic uh idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a a basic uh idea of
+this how to connect Capital Market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how to connect Capital Market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how to connect Capital Market and
+space Market that's basically full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Market that's basically full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Market that's basically full
+quadrant model if uh Professor Albert SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant model if uh Professor Albert SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant model if uh Professor Albert SC
+taught is in real economics of four quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught is in real economics of four quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught is in real economics of four quad
+model we we we touch a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we we we touch a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we we we touch a little bit on
+that so that's a connection that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a connection that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a connection that's a
+unique feature of real estate is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique feature of real estate is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique feature of real estate is in the
+middle Capital Market and a space market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Capital Market and a space market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle Capital Market and a space market
+right so we talk about lot a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talk about lot a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talk about lot a building
+cash flow this cash flow then we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow this cash flow then we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow this cash flow then we use a
+cost of capital as a discount rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital as a discount rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital as a discount rate to
+calculate uh net presentent value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh net presentent value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh net presentent value so
+that's this side so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this side so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this side so this is
+investment uh in asset right you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh in asset right you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment uh in asset right you can put
+money in this and then as a investor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in this and then as a investor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in this and then as a investor the
+investor is looking at this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is looking at this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is looking at this building
+that building different building so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building different building so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building different building so
+that's different buildings they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different buildings they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different buildings they have
+different features of the uh RIS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features of the uh RIS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features of the uh RIS and
+return and this person unless you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and this person unless you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and this person unless you are so
+rich otherwise you need to ra fund you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich otherwise you need to ra fund you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich otherwise you need to ra fund you
+need to go to the Capital Market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the Capital Market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the Capital Market to
+raise fund so that you can invest right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise fund so that you can invest right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise fund so that you can invest right
+when is found it's like you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is found it's like you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is found it's like you think about
+this pizza it's a big pie and always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pizza it's a big pie and always you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pizza it's a big pie and always you
+have some your Equity then you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some your Equity then you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some your Equity then you go to the
+bank to get loan that's a debt right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank to get loan that's a debt right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank to get loan that's a debt right and
+equity even like you can still have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity even like you can still have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity even like you can still have many
+slices and this person that person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and this person that person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and this person that person you
+put together money so that's a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together money so that's a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together money so that's a like
+several investors put together money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several investors put together money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several investors put together money and
+you go to several loans so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to several loans so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to several loans so that's a
+combination of this so then the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this so then the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this so then the idea is
+the following the logic is very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the logic is very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following the logic is very clear
+the logic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic is the
+following the investor this two criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the investor this two criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the investor this two criteria
+is a two siid of a coin is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two siid of a coin is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two siid of a coin is the same
+equivalent right two siid of the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right two siid of the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right two siid of the coin
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so you go to this investor as yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go to this investor as yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go to this investor as yourself
+this investor go to the Capital Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investor go to the Capital Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investor go to the Capital Market
+to RIS and this a seven pieces and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RIS and this a seven pieces and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RIS and this a seven pieces and then
+you will have a weighted average of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a weighted average of cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a weighted average of cost
+of capital which is the seven pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital which is the seven pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital which is the seven pieces
+this two Banks and five five Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Banks and five five Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Banks and five five Equity
+investors and uh and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and uh and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and uh and then you have a
+weighted average some the banks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average some the banks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average some the banks they
+they they require lower interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they require lower interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they require lower interest rate
+because they Deb and they require higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Deb and they require higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Deb and they require higher
+interest rate higher r because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate higher r because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate higher r because they
+Equity so you have a average so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so you have a average so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity so you have a average so that's a
+capital requirement there are the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital requirement there are the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital requirement there are the seven
+people behind this pie and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind this pie and each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind this pie and each of them
+they have a required return you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a required return you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a required return you you go
+to them this person go to the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them this person go to the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them this person go to the seven
+seven entities to ask for money they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven entities to ask for money they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven entities to ask for money they say
+okay my my required return is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my my required return is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay my my required return is how much
+how much how much right so then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much right so then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much right so then you do a
+wait the average of your pizza then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait the average of your pizza then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait the average of your pizza then you
+have the cost of capital that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cost of capital that's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cost of capital that's from the
+seven people's overall requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven people's overall requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven people's overall requirement
+and then you compare that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare that with this
+asset investment this is a market right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset investment this is a market right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset investment this is a market right
+this is Market this is some objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Market this is some objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Market this is some objective
+thing this is the San Francisco office B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the San Francisco office B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the San Francisco office B
+we can say it so high but maybe in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say it so high but maybe in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say it so high but maybe in in in
+Dubai or in Middle East good and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dubai or in Middle East good and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dubai or in Middle East good and and so
+so so like that so this is market demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so like that so this is market demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so like that so this is market demand
+demand supply all the things then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand supply all the things then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand supply all the things then you
+compare if the cost of capital is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare if the cost of capital is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare if the cost of capital is larger
+then your Market no goal because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your Market no goal because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your Market no goal because you can
+only make this much of return but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make this much of return but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make this much of return but your
+seven guys behind you asking for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven guys behind you asking for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven guys behind you asking for this so
+you cannot afford right the cost is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot afford right the cost is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot afford right the cost is is
+much higher than what you can make so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than what you can make so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than what you can make so no
+goal and if if this is smaller then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and if if this is smaller then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and if if this is smaller then go
+why because you you get money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you you get money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you you get money from the
+seven guys at this rate and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven guys at this rate and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven guys at this rate and then you can
+make much higher return so you can own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much higher return so you can own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much higher return so you can own
+your own money you can make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own money you can make your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own money you can make your own
+money so that's on the side that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's on the side that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's on the side that's a
+that's idea or another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's idea or another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's idea or another way to think
+about this okay I I respond from Seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this okay I I respond from Seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this okay I I respond from Seven
+guys I have a weighted uh weighted cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I have a weighted uh weighted cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I have a weighted uh weighted cost
+of capital then I use this weighted cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital then I use this weighted cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital then I use this weighted cost
+of capital to Discount my cash flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital to Discount my cash flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital to Discount my cash flow of
+this asset then I get npv then if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asset then I get npv then if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asset then I get npv then if I get
+npv npv is positive go npv is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv npv is positive go npv is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv npv is positive go npv is negative
+no go so that's the same two sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no go so that's the same two sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no go so that's the same two sides of
+the coin as you learned from the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin as you learned from the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin as you learned from the basic
+101 of the of the of the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 of the of the of the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 of the of the of the finance
+so that's basically just um weighted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically just um weighted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically just um weighted the
+average I so I don't need to talk too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I so I don't need to talk too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I so I don't need to talk too
+much okay now we jump to sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay now we jump to sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay now we jump to sustainable
+finance and how to FL uh how to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and how to FL uh how to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and how to FL uh how to plug in
+real estate into this uh this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate into this uh this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate into this uh this thing so
+this is very high level this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very high level this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very high level this is very
+simpli finded framework but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpli finded framework but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpli finded framework but I think
+that's very useful for us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very useful for us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very useful for us to understand
+why we are talking about this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we are talking about this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we are talking about this because we
+are talking about money we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about money we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about money we are talking
+about not Capital flow is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not Capital flow is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not Capital flow is not like
+buildings but it's money so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings but it's money so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings but it's money so we need to
+have a broader VI we cannot just regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a broader VI we cannot just regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a broader VI we cannot just regard
+oh all we can invest about real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all we can invest about real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all we can invest about real estate
+not true we have so many other uh alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we have so many other uh alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true we have so many other uh alter
+Alternatives so think about this now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives so think about this now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives so think about this now we
+have a portfolio everyone in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio everyone in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a portfolio everyone in in the
+Capital Market they have a portfolio now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market they have a portfolio now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market they have a portfolio now
+I I still simplify it's like thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still simplify it's like thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still simplify it's like thousands
+of assets maybe on manual but not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets maybe on manual but not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets maybe on manual but not we
+only have this we have um we have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this we have um we have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this we have um we have the uh
+Bond bond is relatively lower return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond bond is relatively lower return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond bond is relatively lower return but
+lower risk right Bond then we have stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk right Bond then we have stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk right Bond then we have stock
+market higher return higher risk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market higher return higher risk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market higher return higher risk that's
+this then we have real estate so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have real estate so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have real estate so now
+think about real estate in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about real estate in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about real estate in general we
+can say real estate Simply Fun one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say real estate Simply Fun one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say real estate Simply Fun one is a
+brown building the other is a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown building the other is a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown building the other is a Green
+Building as as a traditional one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building as as a traditional one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building as as a traditional one
+conventional one or or relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional one or or relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional one or or relatively
+sustainable one so now the idea is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable one so now the idea is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable one so now the idea is this
+investor has so much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor has so much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor has so much money
+this may be black Dock and this may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be black Dock and this may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be black Dock and this may be a
+insurance company or this is just um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company or this is just um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company or this is just um uh
+some like RIT so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like RIT so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like RIT so this
+investor has so much money then he need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor has so much money then he need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor has so much money then he need
+to sell he need to sell a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell he need to sell a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell he need to sell a capital
+allocation problem right he has so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation problem right he has so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation problem right he has so much
+money to put which money in on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to put which money in on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to put which money in on which the
+capital flow so that's I that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital flow so that's I that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital flow so that's I that's
+basically the sustainable Finance want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sustainable Finance want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sustainable Finance want
+to solve this problem is the we W1 W2 W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem is the we W1 W2 W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem is the we W1 W2 W3
+W4 Al together will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 Al together will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 Al together will be
+100% 100% of money to put in which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% 100% of money to put in which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% 100% of money to put in which which
+which which so that's a portfolio theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which so that's a portfolio theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which so that's a portfolio theory
+that we learn from Finance so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learn from Finance so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learn from Finance so the key
+thing is we just differentiate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we just differentiate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we just differentiate in the
+general thing in the general when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing in the general when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing in the general when when
+you when you read uh David ganner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you read uh David ganner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you read uh David ganner's
+textbook of R Finance you will say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook of R Finance you will say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook of R Finance you will say three
+things real estate stock Bond as very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things real estate stock Bond as very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things real estate stock Bond as very
+three typical baskets now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three typical baskets now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three typical baskets now we just
+differentiate this two into two one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this two into two one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this two into two one is
+green the other is wrong and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the other is wrong and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the other is wrong and then what
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen so basically the portfolio Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so basically the portfolio Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so basically the portfolio Theory
+suppose let's think about this step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let's think about this step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let's think about this step by
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+way where there's no Green Building like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where there's no Green Building like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where there's no Green Building like
+30 years ago 40 years ago at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago 40 years ago at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago 40 years ago at that time
+no Green Building scene at all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Green Building scene at all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Green Building scene at all in the
+entire world then we have this um space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world then we have this um space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world then we have this um space
+of the risk going to return right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the risk going to return right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the risk going to return right we
+have this space of the risk rain space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this space of the risk rain space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this space of the risk rain space
+and we put these three assets at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put these three assets at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put these three assets at that
+time no green building yet on this R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no green building yet on this R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no green building yet on this R and
+return space we have the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return space we have the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return space we have the stock market
+index as PS 500 we have a bond thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index as PS 500 we have a bond thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index as PS 500 we have a bond thing and
+we have the building so overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the building so overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the building so overall the
+perception is uh like this the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is uh like this the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is uh like this the other is
+like this B is a seist so that's a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this B is a seist so that's a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this B is a seist so that's a lower
+return low risk and the stock is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return low risk and the stock is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return low risk and the stock is very
+high risk and the building real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk and the building real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk and the building real estate
+in the middle so last idea so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so last idea so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so last idea so we know
+from the portfolio theory that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the portfolio theory that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the portfolio theory that we have
+this uh efficient Frontier so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh efficient Frontier so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh efficient Frontier so this this
+is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a
+concave concave curve that so you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave concave curve that so you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave concave curve that so you if you
+mix this two together you have this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix this two together you have this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix this two together you have this if
+you mix this two together you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix this two together you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix this two together you have this
+you you mix this two together you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mix this two together you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mix this two together you have
+this but if you mix three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you mix three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you mix three things
+together you have this efficient front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have this efficient front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have this efficient front
+here is the most the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the most the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the most the most
+Northwest possibilities right the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest possibilities right the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest possibilities right the most
+Northwest Northwest means higher rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest Northwest means higher rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest Northwest means higher rate
+and lower risk so because always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower risk so because always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower risk so because always
+diversification is good so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification is good so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification is good so it will
+reduce your risk and increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your risk and increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your risk and increase your
+return right so you mix them together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right so you mix them together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right so you mix them together in
+a certain weights then you have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain weights then you have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain weights then you have this is
+this is the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the efficient
+Frontier and and this Con Cur means on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and and this Con Cur means on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and and this Con Cur means on
+each point you cannot find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point you cannot find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point you cannot find another
+possible combination of the three assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combination of the three assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible combination of the three assets
+can go to the Northwest Northwest means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the Northwest Northwest means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the Northwest Northwest means
+better right it's north northwest means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right it's north northwest means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right it's north northwest means
+better as un this all the all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as un this all the all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as un this all the all the points
+on this uh in Frontier so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh in Frontier so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh in Frontier so-called
+undominated so all the inside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undominated so all the inside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undominated so all the inside of this
+part dominanted always you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part dominanted always you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part dominanted always you can find a
+better one to go to here so and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one to go to here so and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one to go to here so and then for
+the investors you have your indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors you have your indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors you have your indifference
+curve now this conx thing means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now this conx thing means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now this conx thing means the
+investor are indiff on this also higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor are indiff on this also higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor are indiff on this also higher
+return higher risk so then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher risk so then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher risk so then you have a
+tangent Point here that's the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Point here that's the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Point here that's the optimal
+allocation of your portfolio money into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of your portfolio money into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of your portfolio money into
+this point because in this point you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because in this point you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because in this point you are
+indifferent but then you see what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent but then you see what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent but then you see what's the
+best the best combination of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best combination of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best combination of the three
+things this tangent Point here highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this tangent Point here highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this tangent Point here highest
+the return given the risk or the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return given the risk or the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return given the risk or the lowest
+risk given the return because no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk given the return because no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk given the return because no other
+point can be achieved Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can be achieved Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point can be achieved Beyond
+this so that's the idea that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the idea that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's the idea that you you
+just s this so that's the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just s this so that's the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just s this so that's the traditional
+portfolio theory in order to get to P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory in order to get to P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory in order to get to P1
+how are you supposed to diversify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you supposed to diversify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you supposed to diversify the
+portfolio so then you you use a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so then you you use a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so then you you use a formula
+to calculate W1 this these three weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate W1 this these three weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate W1 this these three weights
+then you combine this three then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+so think about now suddenly it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about now suddenly it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about now suddenly it's not
+three assets but then you plug in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three assets but then you plug in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three assets but then you plug in a new
+asset a new thing which is a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset a new thing which is a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset a new thing which is a green
+building which is a Green Building then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building which is a Green Building then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building which is a Green Building then
+think about this green building this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this green building this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this green building this is
+totally brand new asset to the Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally brand new asset to the Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally brand new asset to the Wall
+Street for example at first the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street for example at first the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street for example at first the investor
+didn't know anything about this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about this then
+they suddenly have the fourth choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suddenly have the fourth choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suddenly have the fourth choice
+instead of three then the investor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three then the investor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three then the investor are
+looking at this formula you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this formula you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this formula you are so
+familiar with this and how this new how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this and how this new how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this and how this new how
+to price that asset how to price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price that asset how to price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price that asset how to price that
+asset then we look at this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset then we look at this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset then we look at this formula and
+then think about this what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about this what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about this what what what
+parts in this formula will change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in this formula will change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in this formula will change if
+this is a True Green not green washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a True Green not green washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a True Green not green washing
+True Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True Green
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+R in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in a
+denominator which one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which one this
+part okay we'll go up or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay we'll go up or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay we'll go up or go
+down why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down why
+less risk less risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risk less risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risk less risk
+yes direct noi should go up why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes direct noi should go up why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes direct noi should go up why because
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a yeah and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so yes that's true so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so yes that's true so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so yes that's true so basically
+you will say this so the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say this so the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say this so the entire
+thing of the sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the sustainable
+sustainable Finance now I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance now I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance now I'm talking
+about General if you go to small school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about General if you go to small school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about General if you go to small school
+they have the sustainable finance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the sustainable finance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the sustainable finance a
+small group now we are a part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group now we are a part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group now we are a part of that
+group to talk about sustainable real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to talk about sustainable real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to talk about sustainable real
+estate but in general this sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate but in general this sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate but in general this sustainable
+Finance group they are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance group they are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance group they are talking about
+part externality so they say traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part externality so they say traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part externality so they say traditional
+Finance they don't consider externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance they don't consider externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance they don't consider externality
+right now sustainable we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now sustainable we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now sustainable we talk about
+externality now it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality now it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality now it's positive
+externality because this is Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality because this is Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality because this is Green
+Building if the Brown building then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building if the Brown building then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building if the Brown building then it's
+a negative externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative externality
+anyway it's because of the externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's because of the externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's because of the externality
+this pricing equation will change how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pricing equation will change how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pricing equation will change how
+that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will
+change so for this Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for this Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for this Green
+Building just now we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building just now we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building just now we already talked
+about a lot about this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot about this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot about this so we
+have regulation for example local law 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have regulation for example local law 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have regulation for example local law 97
+all this uh Europe that say say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this uh Europe that say say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this uh Europe that say say if you
+cannot reach like a level E of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot reach like a level E of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot reach like a level E of the
+Energy Efficiency you cannot lease out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency you cannot lease out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency you cannot lease out
+this kind of Regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Regulation
+so which means compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which means compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which means compared to a
+conventional building this Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional building this Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional building this Green
+Building will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will have a
+higher cash flow noi right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cash flow noi right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cash flow noi right because you
+can lease out you can still lease out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lease out you can still lease out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lease out you can still lease out
+and you don't need to pay penalty then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't need to pay penalty then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't need to pay penalty then
+you compare to the conventional when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare to the conventional when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare to the conventional when you
+have this um incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this um incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this um incremental
+income and then that's a regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and then that's a regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and then that's a regulation
+that's true no matter whether you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true no matter whether you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true no matter whether you care
+about environment or not that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about environment or not that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about environment or not that's very
+clear that's very important distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's very important distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that's very important distinction
+the distinction is no matter whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction is no matter whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction is no matter whether you
+care whether you internally care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether you internally care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether you internally care about
+the society or the global thing good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society or the global thing good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society or the global thing good or
+not this is such a harsh thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is such a harsh thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is such a harsh thing this is
+real so no matter whether you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so no matter whether you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so no matter whether you are
+environmental you are climate deniers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental you are climate deniers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental you are climate deniers or
+climate Believers no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Believers no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate Believers no matter what you
+will have this objective thing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this objective thing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this objective thing here and
+then another thing is preference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing is preference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing is preference that
+one is subjective subjective means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is subjective subjective means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is subjective subjective means that
+depends on whether you be you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether you be you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether you be you really
+prefer whether you have that preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer whether you have that preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer whether you have that preference
+right so if your consumer like tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if your consumer like tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if your consumer like tenants
+they really prefer for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really prefer for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really prefer for example they
+really think this is so important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think this is so important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think this is so important for
+their value or this is so important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value or this is so important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value or this is so important for
+the employees health all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees health all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees health all those things
+they prefer so they are going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer so they are going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer so they are going to pay
+higher rent so you will have a dir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent so you will have a dir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rent so you will have a dir
+incremental positive thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental positive thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental positive thing and the
+investor if you really from your heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor if you really from your heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor if you really from your heart
+you really think that's so important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think that's so important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think that's so important and
+you understand from your investor fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand from your investor fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand from your investor fed
+isy point of view that's less risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isy point of view that's less risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isy point of view that's less risky
+because think about long term it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about long term it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about long term it's less
+risky later the gas price will scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky later the gas price will scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky later the gas price will scale
+rocketing and then the climate risk will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocketing and then the climate risk will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocketing and then the climate risk will
+be so high so we understand this is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so high so we understand this is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so high so we understand this is such
+a safe investment we are waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe investment we are waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe investment we are waiting to
+accept a lower cost of capital a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a lower cost of capital a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a lower cost of capital a lower
+ex return so that means this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex return so that means this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex return so that means this is a
+negative so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so all
+together we will change the formula in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we will change the formula in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we will change the formula in a
+way that the value the pricing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the value the pricing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the value the pricing as
+pricing model value will go up positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model value will go up positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model value will go up positive
+negative go up so that's see fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative go up so that's see fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative go up so that's see fundamental
+thing of this Finance when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of this Finance when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of this Finance when they talk
+about this they use uh stock as example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they use uh stock as example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they use uh stock as example
+now we are using a building as example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are using a building as example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are using a building as example
+but it's very similar a stock like Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very similar a stock like Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very similar a stock like Tesla
+or stock like that so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stock like that so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stock like that so you have this
+positive thing you have this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thing you have this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive thing you have this negative
+thing uh as a discount rate then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as a discount rate then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh as a discount rate then you
+have your stock price go up now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your stock price go up now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your stock price go up now we have
+the building asset price go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then think about the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about the negative
+externality like a brown building you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality like a brown building you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality like a brown building you
+are so dirty you me so much carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so dirty you me so much carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so dirty you me so much carbon
+emission or something like you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission or something like you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission or something like you are in a
+flood plan you have the Hurricanes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood plan you have the Hurricanes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood plan you have the Hurricanes you
+have the flooding like um bostom uh SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flooding like um bostom uh SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the flooding like um bostom uh SE
+Port your your your final product so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port your your your final product so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port your your your final product so in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way we have the netive externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the netive externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have the netive externality
+that's a similar thing regulation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a similar thing regulation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a similar thing regulation or
+penalty or oh it's a it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty or oh it's a it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty or oh it's a it's like you
+cannot Leist out you lose your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Leist out you lose your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Leist out you lose your your
+revenue and no one no one want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and no one no one want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and no one no one want to get
+here uh then then no one want to Le uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then then no one want to Le uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then then no one want to Le uh
+run your space all the talents they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your space all the talents they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your space all the talents they are
+fleeing your building and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing your building and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing your building and then the
+investor is so bad aset so risky then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is so bad aset so risky then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is so bad aset so risky then
+have a risk premium and then all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a risk premium and then all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a risk premium and then all those
+things say go down so that's the casy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things say go down so that's the casy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things say go down so that's the casy
+thing is how to plug in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how to plug in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how to plug in from the
+sustainable Finance perspective is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance perspective is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable Finance perspective is how
+to plug in this tality thing into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in this tality thing into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in this tality thing into this
+asset pricing model question yeah so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset pricing model question yeah so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset pricing model question yeah so is
+Delta C like the preference like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C like the preference like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C like the preference like
+separate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh
+variables oh customer customer oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables oh customer customer oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables oh customer customer oh oh
+it's a c c customer yes so preference as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a c c customer yes so preference as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a c c customer yes so preference as
+two people two group of people customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people two group of people customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people two group of people customers
+like tenants you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tenants you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tenants you don't want to
+rent all the s you don't want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent all the s you don't want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent all the s you don't want to buy
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+bad any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay now think about this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now think about this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now think about this at
+first there were only three Assets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there were only three Assets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there were only three Assets in
+the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+now we have the four one with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the four one with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the four one with a new
+asset the all this portfolio thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset the all this portfolio thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset the all this portfolio thing is
+there's so many assets then is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many assets then is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many assets then is new
+assets and how the capital will like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and how the capital will like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and how the capital will like
+that asset will flow to that asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset will flow to that asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that asset will flow to that asset
+so then as you know the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then as you know the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then as you know the Green Building
+is superior to the Brown building it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is superior to the Brown building it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is superior to the Brown building it has
+lower risk it has higher return so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk it has higher return so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk it has higher return so it
+will be to the Northwest Northwest above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to the Northwest Northwest above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to the Northwest Northwest above
+the Brown building the Brown building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building the Brown building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building the Brown building is
+here push to here North West lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here push to here North West lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here push to here North West lower
+return higher a lower lower risk higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher a lower lower risk higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher a lower lower risk higher
+return here then because one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return here then because one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return here then because one two three
+four now four assets money still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now four assets money still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now four assets money still not
+money then you will push this efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then you will push this efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then you will push this efficient
+Frontier towards that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier towards that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier towards that direction
+Northwest Direction This is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest Direction This is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest Direction This is the the
+original one now it's here then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one now it's here then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one now it's here then of
+course the investors will choose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the investors will choose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the investors will choose here
+and that will be combination that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be combination that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be combination that you
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+combination then this Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination then this Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination then this Green Building
+will absorb Capital will absorb Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb Capital will absorb Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb Capital will absorb Capital
+because it's a superior asset absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a superior asset absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a superior asset absorb
+Capital which means money flow into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's basically this uh we C this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically this uh we C this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically this uh we C this U
+Brown building asset will be dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building asset will be dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building asset will be dominated
+by the Green Building because bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Green Building because bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Green Building because bad
+worse but this is not the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse but this is not the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse but this is not the end of the
+story this is like we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this is like we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this is like we are talking about
+the front runner means the first several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front runner means the first several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front runner means the first several
+the first wave of the investors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of the investors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of the investors the
+first investor who identify this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first investor who identify this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first investor who identify this good
+it's a good asset and then the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good asset and then the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good asset and then the initial
+several first wave of investors run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several first wave of investors run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several first wave of investors run into
+this scen building asset and they re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scen building asset and they re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scen building asset and they re
+allocate the capital hulio wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the capital hulio wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the capital hulio wouldn't you
+have a higher return the on the brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher return the on the brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher return the on the brand
+building because you increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because you increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because you increased the
+hurdle rate and decreased the value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle rate and decreased the value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle rate and decreased the value so
+the investment in the end would yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment in the end would yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment in the end would yield a
+high return right no you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high return right no you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high return right no you cannot just
+increase by yourself you need to resp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by yourself you need to resp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase by yourself you need to resp
+fund from the market so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund from the market so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund from the market so that's a
+equilibrium rate of return as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium rate of return as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium rate of return as your
+required return no yeah but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required return no yeah but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required return no yeah but on the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+uh where we were playing with eni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we were playing with eni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we were playing with eni and
+the we said the hurdle rate for brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we said the hurdle rate for brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we said the hurdle rate for brown
+buildings was higher right yes so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings was higher right yes so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings was higher right yes so that
+means higher risk right they added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means higher risk right they added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means higher risk right they added
+penalties as well but higher return too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties as well but higher return too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties as well but higher return too
+because you're decreasing the value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're decreasing the value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're decreasing the value so
+ultimately you're you Retreat your no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you're you Retreat your no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you're you Retreat your no if
+you think you asset holder you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you asset holder you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you asset holder you are
+holding this and the value is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this and the value is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this and the value is going down
+and you already bought that and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already bought that and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already bought that and later
+the value going down yeah but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value going down yeah but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value going down yeah but for the
+next investor it would be higher return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next investor it would be higher return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next investor it would be higher return
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+if you can do a arit charge right no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do a arit charge right no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do a arit charge right no no
+others want to pay that higher money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others want to pay that higher money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others want to pay that higher money to
+you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all
+right so now this is the first several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now this is the first several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now this is the first several
+uh we call it the Front Runners who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call it the Front Runners who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call it the Front Runners who can
+make this um actual return because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this um actual return because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this um actual return because they
+identify and they they P the money into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and they they P the money into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and they they P the money into
+that and then it's there so many if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then it's there so many if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then it's there so many if
+there's so many new inv all of inv just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many new inv all of inv just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many new inv all of inv just
+F out it's not no longer very new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F out it's not no longer very new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F out it's not no longer very new and
+and increased demand all the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increased demand all the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increased demand all the capital
+want to flow into the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to flow into the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to flow into the Green Building
+they will push down the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will push down the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will push down the equilibrium
+expected return so then the F Runner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return so then the F Runner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return so then the F Runner
+will get some actual return for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some actual return for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some actual return for the
+first several information advantage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first several information advantage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first several information advantage or
+some things like that and then if later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things like that and then if later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things like that and then if later
+all the information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information so
+transparent so then they you will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent so then they you will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent so then they you will go
+back a little bit but not to to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit but not to to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit but not to to go to
+the Brown building point it's still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building point it's still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building point it's still in
+here it's better still building better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's better still building better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's better still building better
+but the mark equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mark equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mark equilibrium
+we'll have a lower return a lower risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a lower return a lower risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a lower return a lower risk
+so that will be went back a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be went back a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be went back a little bit
+so that is market dynamics right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is market dynamics right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is market dynamics right I don't
+know for each market it's not like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for each market it's not like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for each market it's not like very
+clear now which Market is in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now which Market is in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now which Market is in equilibrium
+but overall you are thinking like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall you are thinking like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall you are thinking like this
+when some new asset first emerg good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some new asset first emerg good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some new asset first emerg good and
+the push up push to the northwest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push up push to the northwest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push up push to the northwest of the
+uh this uh this uh this uh this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh this uh this uh this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh this uh this uh this a
+frontier and then if too many capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and then if too many capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and then if too many capital
+too many investors and too much Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many investors and too much Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many investors and too much Capital
+just flow into that asset then you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow into that asset then you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow into that asset then you push
+back a little bit but it's still better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit but it's still better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit but it's still better
+so that's the over idea how to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the over idea how to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the over idea how to plug in
+uh sustainable real estate into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sustainable real estate into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sustainable real estate into this
+diagram so you are thinking when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so you are thinking when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so you are thinking when you
+invest in where you are in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in where you are in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in where you are in this diagram
+and how you allocate your Capital into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you allocate your Capital into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you allocate your Capital into
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+assets so when you allocate we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so when you allocate we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so when you allocate we have this
+2x two Matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two Matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x two Matrix as
+Vehicles right so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles right so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles right so that's basically
+private and the public I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and the public I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and the public I think you
+already know this structure Equity side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know this structure Equity side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know this structure Equity side
+and debt side that side basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debt side that side basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debt side that side basically the
+loans from the banks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans from the banks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans from the banks and the
+Securities and the equity Market will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and the equity Market will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and the equity Market will be
+your own money and without guaranteeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own money and without guaranteeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own money and without guaranteeing
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+return and then on both sides you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and then on both sides you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and then on both sides you have
+the Public Public go to public means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Public Public go to public means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Public Public go to public means uh
+stock market or the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market or the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market or the bond
+market if the GRE building is better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if the GRE building is better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if the GRE building is better to
+Brown building why as that manager put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building why as that manager put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown building why as that manager put
+the Brown building in their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building in their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brown building in their information
+Symmetry and all these market frictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and all these market frictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and all these market frictions
+and also not enough supply of those good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also not enough supply of those good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also not enough supply of those good
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+assets it's not Unlimited Supply if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets it's not Unlimited Supply if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets it's not Unlimited Supply if you
+have limited supply of the better assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limited supply of the better assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limited supply of the better assets
+then money all P push into that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then money all P push into that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then money all P push into that then the
+price will go up then the return will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price will go up then the return will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price will go up then the return will go
+down that will become a equilibrium I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that will become a equilibrium I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that will become a equilibrium I
+mean if the I manager can put the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the I manager can put the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the I manager can put the total
+bu building in their portfolio but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu building in their portfolio but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu building in their portfolio but no
+but because all all the investor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because all all the investor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because all all the investor are
+thinking the same way so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the same way so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the same way so they are
+competing for limited supply of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buildings so so now we are focusing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so so now we are focusing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings so so now we are focusing this
+class we we are focusing the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we we are focusing the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we we are focusing the private
+sector not to go to public sector public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector not to go to public sector public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector not to go to public sector public
+sector will be the stock market and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector will be the stock market and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector will be the stock market and the
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+market so now going to the that part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so now going to the that part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so now going to the that part so
+basically this this cell this cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this this cell this cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this this cell this cell that
+marking here so in this cell two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking here so in this cell two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking here so in this cell two things
+one is bronzing the other is screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is bronzing the other is screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is bronzing the other is screening
+so think about this I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this I'm talking about
+Vehicles remember the space of the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles remember the space of the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles remember the space of the risk
+return return and what are the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return return and what are the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return return and what are the assets
+you can put your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put your money
+on and then this one is a climing risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then this one is a climing risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then this one is a climing risk
+bad defa risk go up and so bad and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad defa risk go up and so bad and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad defa risk go up and so bad and then
+the flow the capital is leaving the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow the capital is leaving the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow the capital is leaving the C
+the capital is leaving this Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital is leaving this Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital is leaving this Green
+Building good the capital is moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building good the capital is moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building good the capital is moving in
+so that's a two two assets two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a two two assets two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a two two assets two two
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+thing so the mortgage actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the mortgage actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the mortgage actually we
+already talk a lot about this in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk a lot about this in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk a lot about this in the in
+the uh climate uh third session remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh climate uh third session remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh climate uh third session remember
+so I will just be quickly go through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will just be quickly go through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will just be quickly go through so
+the key thing is default risk I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is default risk I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is default risk I want you
+understand the rationale the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rationale the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rationale the default
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+thing so basically we talking about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so basically we talking about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so basically we talking about for
+those areas with higher climate risk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas with higher climate risk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas with higher climate risk you
+name what kind of risk flooding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what kind of risk flooding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what kind of risk flooding
+Hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurricane
+wifire uh all those things and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wifire uh all those things and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wifire uh all those things and the key
+thing is the mortgage Market when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the mortgage Market when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the mortgage Market when you
+price a mortgage very important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price a mortgage very important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price a mortgage very important thing is
+the risk there major three risk now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk there major three risk now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk there major three risk now I
+put two because these two are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two because these two are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two because these two are relevant
+do do you know what's the third one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you know what's the third one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you know what's the third one the
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+no prepayment risk right so I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no prepayment risk right so I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no prepayment risk right so I'm not sure
+whether this was taught in the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this was taught in the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this was taught in the finance
+class so we have the delinquency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we have the delinquency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we have the delinquency
+basically temporary you cannot pay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically temporary you cannot pay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically temporary you cannot pay uh
+your monthly payment or finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your monthly payment or finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your monthly payment or finally you
+default or you you you prepay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or you you you prepay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or you you you prepay if you
+prepay it's also a risk for the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepay it's also a risk for the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepay it's also a risk for the bank
+because you prepay then bank has your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you prepay then bank has your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you prepay then bank has your
+money and no other ways to invest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and no other ways to invest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and no other ways to invest but
+for this climate R basically delinquency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this climate R basically delinquency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this climate R basically delinquency
+and a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a default
+temporary or permanent you just cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary or permanent you just cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary or permanent you just cannot
+pay your default think about this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay your default think about this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay your default think about this value
+of a property if this if you borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a property if this if you borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a property if this if you borrow
+money from the bank which is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the bank which is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the bank which is a half
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+money right and then because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right and then because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right and then because of the
+climate risk that area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risk that area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risk that area is
+declining it's not not rich town like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining it's not not rich town like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining it's not not rich town like
+Miami but it's a Porton and the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami but it's a Porton and the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami but it's a Porton and the cities
+cannot do anything to help so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do anything to help so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do anything to help so people are
+leaving jobs are leaving and declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving jobs are leaving and declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving jobs are leaving and declining
+no public service is bad then the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public service is bad then the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public service is bad then the lower
+demand of real estate real estate price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of real estate real estate price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of real estate real estate price
+will go down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down for
+sure so basically the conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so basically the conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so basically the conceptual level
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is the value of the property at first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the property at first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the property at first is
+higher than 0. five half million that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 0. five half million that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 0. five half million that's
+why for example your your profit value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example your your profit value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example your your profit value
+at first is8 million then you borrow 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first is8 million then you borrow 4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first is8 million then you borrow 4.5
+million from the bank right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from the bank right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from the bank right and then
+suddenly because of all the things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly because of all the things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly because of all the things going
+on your value is pushed down to this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your value is pushed down to this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your value is pushed down to this law
+even lower than your loan value then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lower than your loan value then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lower than your loan value then
+from rational perspective not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rational perspective not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rational perspective not because
+you are bad uh um it's not moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are bad uh um it's not moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are bad uh um it's not moral
+perspective it's a rational perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's a rational perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it's a rational perspective
+if your your value of your house is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your your value of your house is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your your value of your house is
+lower than the loan what's the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the loan what's the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the loan what's the rational
+choice is to defa right you def you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to defa right you def you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to defa right you def you give
+the house to the bank because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house to the bank because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house to the bank because if you
+still keep paying back you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep paying back you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still keep paying back you need to pay
+back half million but if you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back half million but if you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back half million but if you give the
+house to the to the bank say at default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to the to the bank say at default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to the to the bank say at default
+then you don't need to pay back and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to pay back and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to pay back and the
+bank has your house but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has your house but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has your house but it's
+only3 million value the bank had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only3 million value the bank had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only3 million value the bank had to
+resell your house get 2.3 million that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell your house get 2.3 million that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resell your house get 2.3 million that's
+a big damage to the bank so Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big damage to the bank so Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big damage to the bank so Bank of
+course the bank they they Banks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bank they they Banks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bank they they Banks they
+don't like default it's too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like default it's too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like default it's too bad
+especially when you default when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you default when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you default when the
+value is so low in the flat zone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so low in the flat zone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so low in the flat zone and
+flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are many many new research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many many new research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many many new research in
+this area last December I hosted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area last December I hosted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area last December I hosted the
+climate real estate Symposium here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate real estate Symposium here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate real estate Symposium here and
+some Scholars came and present this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Scholars came and present this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Scholars came and present this
+Nancy violence is Professor UC Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nancy violence is Professor UC Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nancy violence is Professor UC Berkeley
+they have very good uh strong group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very good uh strong group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very good uh strong group to
+starty this and then they started wifire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starty this and then they started wifire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starty this and then they started wifire
+because they are in California they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are in California they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are in California they
+started Ware and they compare the morg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started Ware and they compare the morg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started Ware and they compare the morg
+performance in fire zone not fly zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in fire zone not fly zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in fire zone not fly zone
+but fire zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fire zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fire zone
+and uh uh not far then you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh not far then you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh not far then you see the
+default really increased by 1% in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default really increased by 1% in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default really increased by 1% in the
+treatment group so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group so that's that's
+basically very clear when you have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically very clear when you have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically very clear when you have when
+you have U when this one is U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have U when this one is U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have U when this one is U is a
+wifire you just decline your property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wifire you just decline your property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wifire you just decline your property
+value then all the people 1% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then all the people 1% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then all the people 1% of the
+people they they they chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they they they chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they they they chose to
+default so then we talk about fny May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so then we talk about fny May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so then we talk about fny May
+and Freddy Mac and uh add go from soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freddy Mac and uh add go from soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freddy Mac and uh add go from soon
+last last time he gave a a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last time he gave a a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last time he gave a a very brief
+quick overview of their role so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview of their role so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick overview of their role so you
+understand if the morget is all went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if the morget is all went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if the morget is all went
+default went bad then this back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default went bad then this back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default went bad then this back this
+morget B based Securities will also lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morget B based Securities will also lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morget B based Securities will also lose
+value right we can all default then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right we can all default then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value right we can all default then they
+will be a in a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a in a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a in a big
+trouble so that's why now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so that's why now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so that's why now we have the
+big problem about all the things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem about all the things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem about all the things the
+mortgage and all the flood insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and all the flood insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and all the flood insurance
+they are all backed by the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all backed by the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all backed by the federal
+government that's all subsidized right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's all subsidized right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's all subsidized right
+so especially for me middle and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so especially for me middle and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so especially for me middle and low
+income people's houses they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income people's houses they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income people's houses they got
+subsidized loan from the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized loan from the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized loan from the government and
+then because they're marginalized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because they're marginalized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because they're marginalized they
+couldn't get the good location they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the good location they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get the good location they live
+in relatively risky location so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relatively risky location so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relatively risky location so they
+have higher flat risk and then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher flat risk and then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher flat risk and then they have
+the national flly insurance program also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national flly insurance program also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national flly insurance program also
+subsidized by the government and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized by the government and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized by the government and they
+have higher risk they need to insure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher risk they need to insure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher risk they need to insure
+their house but this National program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house but this National program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house but this National program
+went also no money run out of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went also no money run out of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went also no money run out of money and
+they had to go to the Congress to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to go to the Congress to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to go to the Congress to get
+more more money but they couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more money but they couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more money but they couldn't get
+enough money this result in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money this result in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough money this result in a lot of
+uninsured properties in the FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured properties in the FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninsured properties in the FL
+loans sub double sub double subsidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans sub double sub double subsidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans sub double sub double subsidized
+one by the government by the mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by the government by the mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by the government by the mortgage
+the other is subsidized by the by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is subsidized by the by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is subsidized by the by the
+insurance National program so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance National program so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance National program so that's all
+the problem the then we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the then we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem the then we understand the
+counterpart of this is they still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of this is they still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of this is they still don't
+know how to how to how to how to ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to how to how to how to ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to how to how to how to ass
+assess this uh climate risk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess this uh climate risk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess this uh climate risk in the
+mortgage that's why our new project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage that's why our new project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage that's why our new project is
+now working with fny May to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working with fny May to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working with fny May to do this
+appreal thing to say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreal thing to say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreal thing to say okay the
+traditional model not enough we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional model not enough we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional model not enough we need to
+incorporate climate risk into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate climate risk into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate climate risk into the
+traditional prism model to assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional prism model to assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional prism model to assess the
+impact of the climate risk into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the climate risk into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the climate risk into the
+properties so that when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so that when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so that when you do this
+later for your new mortgage you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later for your new mortgage you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later for your new mortgage you know how
+to price climate risk so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price climate risk so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price climate risk so that's the
+become after we do the research we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become after we do the research we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become after we do the research we'll go
+there to trat the appraisers so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to trat the appraisers so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to trat the appraisers so that you
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand so and then we know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so and then we know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so and then we know there is
+a counterargument that say okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterargument that say okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterargument that say okay we
+understand this is sence but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is sence but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is sence but we also
+need to understand this uh social side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this uh social side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this uh social side
+because if the fny May and Freddy Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the fny May and Freddy Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the fny May and Freddy Mac
+they they really price very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they really price very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they really price very very
+accurately the the clim risk into when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the the clim risk into when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the the clim risk into when
+they make the loans and then the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the loans and then the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the loans and then the poor
+people they will suffer because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they will suffer because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they will suffer because they
+cannot they they have they need to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot they they have they need to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot they they have they need to leave
+with those places and they are poor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those places and they are poor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those places and they are poor they
+cannot afford then at first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot afford then at first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot afford then at first the
+subsidize now you are seeing because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize now you are seeing because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize now you are seeing because you
+high risk I'm I'm going to charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk I'm I'm going to charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk I'm I'm going to charge you
+higher interest rate so that will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest rate so that will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest rate so that will have a
+burden on them so it I feel it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on them so it I feel it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden on them so it I feel it's a
+dilemma and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and from
+that's a that's that's the equity social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's that's the equity social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's that's the equity social
+justice side of this dilemma and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice side of this dilemma and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice side of this dilemma and we also
+know from ads uh talks that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from ads uh talks that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from ads uh talks that it's not
+just a social social justice problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a social social justice problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a social social justice problem
+it's also a politics problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a politics problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a politics problem because
+it's very hard to see in the Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to see in the Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to see in the Congress
+that in some areas of the city in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some areas of the city in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some areas of the city in some
+areas of the country you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the country you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the country you have different
+interest rate for mortgage it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for mortgage it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for mortgage it's very
+hard to you will face a lot of push back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to you will face a lot of push back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to you will face a lot of push back
+on this but my our point is as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but my our point is as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but my our point is as the as
+the scholars as MIT we first establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholars as MIT we first establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholars as MIT we first establish
+the science and to see this models how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science and to see this models how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science and to see this models how
+to work and how to really do the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and how to really do the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and how to really do the science
+in your real work that's a long way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go finally I want use a few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go finally I want use a few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go finally I want use a few minutes to
+talk about the positive side remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the positive side remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the positive side remember we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bad
+asset inferior inferior asset which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset inferior inferior asset which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset inferior inferior asset which is
+uh some like uh higher risk and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some like uh higher risk and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some like uh higher risk and then we
+have a a good asset as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a good asset as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a good asset as
+uh Superior asset as a sustainable buity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Superior asset as a sustainable buity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Superior asset as a sustainable buity
+so here is a very clear rational is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a very clear rational is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a very clear rational is the
+following I just want you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I just want you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I just want you to understand
+is rational the rational is a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational the rational is a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational the rational is a green
+financing now as many banks they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing now as many banks they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing now as many banks they doing
+so they're doing this is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're doing this is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're doing this is the the the
+common business right now is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common business right now is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common business right now is that if you
+the conventional mortgage and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional mortgage and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional mortgage and then they
+have the energy efficient m mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the energy efficient m mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the energy efficient m mortgage
+called Green mortgage so if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Green mortgage so if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Green mortgage so if you go to
+bank you show you some evidence show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you show you some evidence show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank you show you some evidence show
+your house is more energy efficient they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house is more energy efficient they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house is more energy efficient they
+are willing to reduce their interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to reduce their interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to reduce their interest
+rate they say okay come I will Lear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they say okay come I will Lear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they say okay come I will Lear the
+a mortgage to you and I will charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mortgage to you and I will charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mortgage to you and I will charge
+lower interest rate so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest rate so that's the
+current business common business called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current business common business called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current business common business called
+Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green
+mortgage give you an example it's very I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage give you an example it's very I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage give you an example it's very I
+I think it's a very table example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a very table example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a very table example for
+example a household a family in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a household a family in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a household a family in the US
+go to a bank to get mortgage then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a bank to get mortgage then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a bank to get mortgage then they
+have they found they they have they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they found they they have they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they found they they have they have
+two options so this household this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options so this household this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options so this household this
+family has a totally monthly income like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has a totally monthly income like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has a totally monthly income like
+$500 $5,000 $5,000 that's this family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 $5,000 $5,000 that's this family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 $5,000 $5,000 that's this family
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+family then if you finance if your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family then if you finance if your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family then if you finance if your house
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+regular then the bank says okay the ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular then the bank says okay the ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular then the bank says okay the ma
+maximum allowable monthly payment is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum allowable monthly payment is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum allowable monthly payment is 20
+29% I think we got this data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29% I think we got this data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29% I think we got this data from
+Massachusetts so then you say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so then you say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so then you say we can
+only the bank says we can only let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the bank says we can only let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the bank says we can only let you
+this maximum mortgage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maximum mortgage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maximum mortgage is
+207k to for you to buy the house right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207k to for you to buy the house right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207k to for you to buy the house right
+and if you show them your her report at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you show them your her report at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you show them your her report at
+home energy rating uh system her report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy rating uh system her report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy rating uh system her report
+say my my house is energy efficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my my house is energy efficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my my house is energy efficient so
+you show them and then the bank says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them and then the bank says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them and then the bank says
+okay good now I'm waiting to let you 33%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now I'm waiting to let you 33%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now I'm waiting to let you 33%
+of your income that's this money then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your income that's this money then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your income that's this money then
+you can get a loan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a loan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a loan of
+235k so there's two options so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+235k so there's two options so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+235k so there's two options so you can
+say that that's A bank's Choice the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's A bank's Choice the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's A bank's Choice the bank
+says okay no uh good so since you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay no uh good so since you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay no uh good so since you give
+me you show me you have a ener fishion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you show me you have a ener fishion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you show me you have a ener fishion
+house we are willing to let you a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house we are willing to let you a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house we are willing to let you a higher
+loan to value ratio basically higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to value ratio basically higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to value ratio basically higher
+loan like this then this household if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan like this then this household if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan like this then this household if
+choose this option is able to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this option is able to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this option is able to buy a
+bigger house a more expensive house a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger house a more expensive house a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger house a more expensive house a
+bigger house house is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger house house is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger house house is a better
+location so now I'm I'm going to pause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so now I'm I'm going to pause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so now I'm I'm going to pause a
+little bit to ask you why this bank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to ask you why this bank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to ask you why this bank is
+Bank stupid or the bank is smart to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank stupid or the bank is smart to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank stupid or the bank is smart to give
+you these two options why for this green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these two options why for this green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these two options why for this green
+option the bank is willing to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the bank is willing to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the bank is willing to let you
+more money like in this way the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money like in this way the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money like in this way the same
+household with the same income any SS on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household with the same income any SS on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household with the same income any SS on
+this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah
+by a lot ofs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like what's your plan Andy um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's your plan Andy um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's your plan Andy um the
+Assumption could be that the once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption could be that the once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption could be that the once you
+have the home perator come in and assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the home perator come in and assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the home perator come in and assess
+the house they're going to show it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house they're going to show it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house they're going to show it's
+more energy efficient so utility cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy efficient so utility cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy efficient so utility cost
+could be less so your overall carry cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be less so your overall carry cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be less so your overall carry cost
+for your house over the course of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your house over the course of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your house over the course of a
+month would be lower on a Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month would be lower on a Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month would be lower on a Green Building
+so you could attribute that extra 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could attribute that extra 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could attribute that extra 200
+bucks a month to your mortgage payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a month to your mortgage payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a month to your mortgage payment
+instead of paying for utilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of paying for utilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of paying for utilities and
+repairs Etc yeah good yeah so is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repairs Etc yeah good yeah so is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repairs Etc yeah good yeah so is it just
+because option two has less uh default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because option two has less uh default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because option two has less uh default
+risk because of uh because there's um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk because of uh because there's um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk because of uh because there's um no
+climate nice okay you two cover the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate nice okay you two cover the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate nice okay you two cover the two
+major points I'm not sure also your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major points I'm not sure also your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major points I'm not sure also your
+points is the following the same points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is the following the same points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is the following the same points
+is the following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following two
+aspects see because you are a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects see because you are a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects see because you are a green
+house a green a green housing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house a green a green housing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house a green a green housing right so
+there are two aspects one is your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two aspects one is your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two aspects one is your value
+will go up right if the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up right if the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up right if the market is
+efficient if the market efficient so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if the market efficient so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if the market efficient so if
+the Green Building the same building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building the same building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Building the same building the
+same location all the things the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same location all the things the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same location all the things the same
+then you you you will have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you you will have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you you will have a higher
+value if you have a higher value then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you have a higher value then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you have a higher value then
+the bank is waiting to Lear M higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is waiting to Lear M higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is waiting to Lear M higher
+loan to you bigger WR to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to you bigger WR to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to you bigger WR to you because
+they always look at the long to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always look at the long to Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always look at the long to Value
+ratio so so this is a very key thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so so this is a very key thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so so this is a very key thing is
+long to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio the bank always look at this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the bank always look at this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the bank always look at this as a
+way to control the risk so they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to control the risk so they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to control the risk so they say okay
+if you are green this one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are green this one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are green this one go
+up and then I'm willing to loan you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I'm willing to loan you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I'm willing to loan you let
+you a a a bigger loan because this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a a bigger loan because this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a a bigger loan because this one
+go up you we say okay this must be 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up you we say okay this must be 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up you we say okay this must be 80%
+always say 80% 75% like that your Lo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say 80% 75% like that your Lo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say 80% 75% like that your Lo to
+Value ratio now the value is higher then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value ratio now the value is higher then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value ratio now the value is higher then
+good I'm going to let you uh a bigger Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm going to let you uh a bigger Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm going to let you uh a bigger Lo
+another thing is the energy bill that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is the energy bill that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is the energy bill that's
+monthly thing this is the total value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly thing this is the total value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly thing this is the total value
+thing then is the monthly thing monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then is the monthly thing monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then is the monthly thing monthly
+thing says okay now your energy bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says okay now your energy bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says okay now your energy bill
+will go down so although you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down so although you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down so although you are the
+same income right the same income but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same income right the same income but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same income right the same income but
+now you spend less money on energy bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you spend less money on energy bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you spend less money on energy bills
+so you are able to pay back more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are able to pay back more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are able to pay back more you
+won't like go like no no money for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't like go like no no money for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't like go like no no money for food
+you still have food money and all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have food money and all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have food money and all all
+the daily daily Necessities but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily daily Necessities but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily daily Necessities but you can
+pay back more so because you can pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back more so because you can pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back more so because you can pay
+back more the bank is confident and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back more the bank is confident and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back more the bank is confident and feel
+comfortable to lend more money to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to lend more money to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable to lend more money to you so
+that's the logic this logic is backed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic this logic is backed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic this logic is backed by
+some science scientific research so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some science scientific research so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some science scientific research so for
+example this 2014 the f one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this 2014 the f one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this 2014 the f one of the first
+papers they evaluate they evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they evaluate they evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they evaluate they evaluate
+Energy Efficiency they got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency they got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency they got a lot
+of uh they they got a lot of mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh they they got a lot of mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh they they got a lot of mortgage
+data from uh car logic got so much data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from uh car logic got so much data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from uh car logic got so much data
+from col for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from col for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from col for
+71,000 loans then they evaluate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71,000 loans then they evaluate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71,000 loans then they evaluate each
+each of the house they know their energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the house they know their energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the house they know their energy
+star rating so they run regression as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rating so they run regression as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star rating so they run regression as
+you did the regression they show energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the regression they show energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the regression they show energy
+efficient houses are one third less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient houses are one third less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient houses are one third less
+likely to those non to default so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to those non to default so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to those non to default so that's
+big right one third of the default risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right one third of the default risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right one third of the default risk
+deduction so less likely to default then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction so less likely to default then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction so less likely to default then
+we're happy to to to to offer you a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to to to to offer you a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to to to to offer you a a
+lower interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower interest
+rate now a new paper this paper also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now a new paper this paper also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now a new paper this paper also has
+similar similar results but with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar similar results but with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar similar results but with more
+data I guess so this is a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I guess so this is a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I guess so this is a journal
+Finance economics paper to do study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance economics paper to do study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance economics paper to do study the
+same thing Energy Efficiency to defa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing Energy Efficiency to defa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing Energy Efficiency to defa
+risk and then they also find a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and then they also find a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and then they also find a very
+interesting thing is not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is not just the
+overall effect but also they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect but also they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect but also they look at
+different income households this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different income households this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different income households this
+disposable income groups in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income groups in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposable income groups in fact this
+effect is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much
+larger for the loow income househol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for the loow income househol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for the loow income househol
+because very clear lowincome households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because very clear lowincome households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because very clear lowincome households
+they have very big budget constraint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very big budget constraint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very big budget constraint so
+then this energy build deduction really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this energy build deduction really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this energy build deduction really
+matters a lot to low income household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot to low income household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot to low income household
+they free up their income for them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they free up their income for them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they free up their income for them to do
+other things so they keep paying back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so they keep paying back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so they keep paying back
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+alone and in commercial real estate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and in commercial real estate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and in commercial real estate is
+not about household but my friend is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about household but my friend is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about household but my friend is my
+friend first also is my good friend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend first also is my good friend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend first also is my good friend and
+they they publish a new paper to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they publish a new paper to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they publish a new paper to look at
+commercial real estate office buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate office buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate office buildings
+all the things and the shopping centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things and the shopping centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things and the shopping centers
+they find the same thing because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find the same thing because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find the same thing because they
+are looking at companies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at companies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at companies for the
+companies if they have a more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies if they have a more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies if they have a more energy
+efficient building like energy star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient building like energy star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient building like energy star and
+the lead all this ratings because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead all this ratings because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead all this ratings because they
+are commercial building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are commercial building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are commercial building
+and they also found lower default risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also found lower default risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also found lower default risk
+risk so that's because the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so that's because the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so that's because the companies
+they also have marging constraint right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have marging constraint right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have marging constraint right
+so if they have less operational expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they have less operational expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they have less operational expense
+on energy related things they free on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on energy related things they free on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on energy related things they free on
+money they pay back the law so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they pay back the law so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they pay back the law so that's
+the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so
+then finally a idea is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally a idea is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally a idea is the following
+given this logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this logic
+behind given this logic behind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind given this logic behind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind given this logic behind if
+if it's a Greener building your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a Greener building your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a Greener building your value
+will go up your long to Value ratio will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up your long to Value ratio will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up your long to Value ratio will
+go down your default risk will go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down your default risk will go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down your default risk will go down
+and also another another channel is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also another another channel is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also another another channel is the
+income will free up then you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income will free up then you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income will free up then you you you
+have lower monthly Energy bill you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower monthly Energy bill you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower monthly Energy bill you can
+pay back your loan uh so all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back your loan uh so all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back your loan uh so all the things
+all together then there's a new idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together then there's a new idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together then there's a new idea I
+think it's very Innovative now now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very Innovative now now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very Innovative now now it's
+not new but at that time by juner is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new but at that time by juner is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new but at that time by juner is a a
+European commissioner and many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European commissioner and many years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European commissioner and many years ago
+when he pushed his agenda when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he pushed his agenda when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he pushed his agenda when he
+advocated for his agenda of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated for his agenda of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated for his agenda of the green
+renovation remember uh EU has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation remember uh EU has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation remember uh EU has this
+renovation wave they put a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation wave they put a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation wave they put a lot of money
+to for the existing buildings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the existing buildings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the existing buildings to
+renovate and they have um logic as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate and they have um logic as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate and they have um logic as a
+following traditional way you orate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following traditional way you orate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following traditional way you orate
+alone like your your house is $0000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone like your your house is $0000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone like your your house is $0000 you
+borrow eight $80 from the bank then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow eight $80 from the bank then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow eight $80 from the bank then your
+loan to value ratio is 80% that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to value ratio is 80% that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan to value ratio is 80% that's very
+traditional and then after a year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and then after a year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and then after a year you
+pay back $3 now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back $3 now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back $3 now you have
+$77 uh balance but your house because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$77 uh balance but your house because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$77 uh balance but your house because
+you have some renovation your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some renovation your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some renovation your house
+appreciated become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated become
+$110 so then your Lo to Value ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$110 so then your Lo to Value ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$110 so then your Lo to Value ratio
+decrease a lot right you pay back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease a lot right you pay back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease a lot right you pay back a
+little bit and your house appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and your house appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and your house appreciate
+more than your Lo value ratio go down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your Lo value ratio go down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than your Lo value ratio go down a
+lot then say okay let's take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then say okay let's take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot then say okay let's take advantage
+of that this is like a this is a exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that this is like a this is a exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that this is like a this is a exposed
+right first we do this and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first we do this and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first we do this and then you go
+up like that now think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that now think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that now think about this
+because we understand if you renovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we understand if you renovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we understand if you renovate
+your housing price will go up then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your housing price will go up then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your housing price will go up then the
+bank feel more confident to learn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank feel more confident to learn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank feel more confident to learn your
+money up front for you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money up front for you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money up front for you to do the
+renovation with expectation after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation with expectation after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation with expectation after the
+renovation your housing price will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation your housing price will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation your housing price will go up
+so that's the following now you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the following now you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the following now you go to
+the bank in the same house but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank in the same house but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank in the same house but you can
+borrow $88 instead of 80 you borrow $88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow $88 instead of 80 you borrow $88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow $88 instead of 80 you borrow $88
+at first the bank says I can only lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first the bank says I can only lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first the bank says I can only lend
+you $8 because your house is 100 now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $8 because your house is 100 now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $8 because your house is 100 now the
+bank says okay although your house now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank says okay although your house now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank says okay although your house now
+is 100 but I understand after renovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 but I understand after renovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 but I understand after renovation
+your house be will be cost 110 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house be will be cost 110 so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house be will be cost 110 so now
+I'm willing to let you $88 then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to let you $88 then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to let you $88 then you have
+$8 more actual money then you use $8 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$8 more actual money then you use $8 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$8 more actual money then you use $8 to
+renovate your house because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate your house because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate your house because you need
+money to renovate your house then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to renovate your house then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to renovate your house then you
+renovate the house the house really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate the house the house really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovate the house the house really
+become 110 so the bank is happy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 110 so the bank is happy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 110 so the bank is happy so this
+is the logic is a story say Okay given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the logic is a story say Okay given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the logic is a story say Okay given
+that we understand later we appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand later we appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand later we appreciate
+now the the bank should lend more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the bank should lend more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the bank should lend more money
+to the household to do the renovation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the household to do the renovation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the household to do the renovation so
+that's the idea this is a new like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea this is a new like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea this is a new like a
+financing vehicle for the household to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing vehicle for the household to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing vehicle for the household to
+do the renovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the renovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the renovation
+okay now I talk about all the mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I talk about all the mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I talk about all the mortgage
+now I'm going to pass on to acis to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to pass on to acis to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to pass on to acis to talk
+about private Equity Fund because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about private Equity Fund because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about private Equity Fund because I I
+said I know so little and many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I know so little and many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I know so little and many of you
+took noris class I think many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took noris class I think many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took noris class I think many of you
+know much better than me oh can can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much better than me oh can can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much better than me oh can can you
+stop a little bit I have another slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop a little bit I have another slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop a little bit I have another slide
+to show to show I I still know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show to show I I still know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show to show I I still know some
+Basics I'm not that stupid I still know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics I'm not that stupid I still know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics I'm not that stupid I still know
+some Basics so we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Basics so we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Basics so we will talk about
+private Equity that's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity that's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Equity that's very important
+private side of the financing way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private side of the financing way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private side of the financing way
+because next in on Thursday we will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next in on Thursday we will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next in on Thursday we will go
+to public totally now on the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to public totally now on the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to public totally now on the private
+side we talk about thatt mortgage now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we talk about thatt mortgage now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we talk about thatt mortgage now we
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+Equity then we know some basic of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity then we know some basic of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity then we know some basic of real
+of private Equity I leared from Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private Equity I leared from Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private Equity I leared from Charles
+last year and also from noris class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and also from noris class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and also from noris class and
+the textbook we have this direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook we have this direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook we have this direct
+investing and indirect investing and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and indirect investing and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and indirect investing and we
+focus on the investor many many now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the investor many many now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the investor many many now the
+p on the indirect investing type under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p on the indirect investing type under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p on the indirect investing type under
+the comingled fund right we have a GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comingled fund right we have a GP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comingled fund right we have a GP
+does have investment a little bit five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have investment a little bit five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have investment a little bit five
+to 10% have a stake in that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10% have a stake in that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10% have a stake in that and then you
+have many LPs for money as passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many LPs for money as passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many LPs for money as passive
+investors then the GP will manage all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors then the GP will manage all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors then the GP will manage all
+the things and then so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things and then so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things and then so that's that's
+that's we focus on the coming gold my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we focus on the coming gold my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we focus on the coming gold my
+understanding is last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is last year
+right then they do think ESG is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then they do think ESG is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then they do think ESG is
+important it's not because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's not because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's not because they they
+think they say the social value they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they say the social value they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they say the social value they
+align social value with the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align social value with the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align social value with the business
+value because this as actually will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because this as actually will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because this as actually will show
+you they think the green real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they think the green real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they think the green real estate
+will make higher return for the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make higher return for the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make higher return for the private
+equity and uh actually one student last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and uh actually one student last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and uh actually one student last
+year did his Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year did his Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year did his Ms
+thesis that they they he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis that they they he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis that they they he went to
+interviews of all the private Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews of all the private Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews of all the private Equity
+firms and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and also the
+CB and then they they they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB and then they they they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB and then they they they have this
+report to show how this pees now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to show how this pees now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to show how this pees now is
+incorporating ESG in their investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating ESG in their investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating ESG in their investment
+memo that's important because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo that's important because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo that's important because this is
+what you want to do for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do for the final
+project of course like in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of course like in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project of course like in this uh
+acquisition period stage the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition period stage the do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition period stage the do
+deligence and then later the management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deligence and then later the management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deligence and then later the management
+disposition they have different actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition they have different actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition they have different actions
+that's very practical actions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very practical actions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very practical actions for
+example investment memo you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example investment memo you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example investment memo you need to
+produce at least one page on SGU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least one page on SGU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least one page on SGU
+illustrator and then how you are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrator and then how you are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrator and then how you are taking
+actions to reduce your physical risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to reduce your physical risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to reduce your physical risk and
+to reduce your transition risk they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your transition risk they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce your transition risk they have
+all the tools later we will discuss more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IM5UZCtNKsc.txt b/IM5UZCtNKsc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e13ba823b27e71140adeabd690f12fa51cef32ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IM5UZCtNKsc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu couple of announcements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu couple of announcements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu couple of announcements the
+contest ends today 5:00 at the email to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest ends today 5:00 at the email to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest ends today 5:00 at the email to
+my address um Wednesday will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my address um Wednesday will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my address um Wednesday will be
+uh the test test one and I'll say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the test test one and I'll say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the test test one and I'll say a few
+words about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh coverage through the end of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coverage through the end of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coverage through the end of uh
+lecture on Wednesday so what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Wednesday so what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Wednesday so what I'm talking
+about today um I will not be testing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today um I will not be testing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today um I will not be testing you
+but maybe you might pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you might pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you might pay attention
+because about a month from now we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because about a month from now we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because about a month from now we will
+ask a few skill testing questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a few skill testing questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a few skill testing questions about
+it but it's one of those pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's one of those pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's one of those pedagogical
+things if I test right up until the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I test right up until the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I test right up until the last
+thing I say I don't think that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I say I don't think that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I say I don't think that gives you
+enough dwell time the flip side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough dwell time the flip side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough dwell time the flip side is
+there's going to be a couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a couple of lectures
+now where it's not going to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where it's not going to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where it's not going to be on the
+test so you know I think you'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so you know I think you'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so you know I think you'll deal
+with it um Monday I will be uh giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um Monday I will be uh giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um Monday I will be uh giving a
+seminar on engineering education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar on engineering education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar on engineering education in
+Halifax so in my place will be Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halifax so in my place will be Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halifax so in my place will be Professor
+Ballinger who will competently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ballinger who will competently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ballinger who will competently
+substitute for me and uh keep the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for me and uh keep the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for me and uh keep the ball
+rolling um but I'll be back Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling um but I'll be back Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling um but I'll be back Tuesday and
+uh you can contact me if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can contact me if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can contact me if you have some
+questions in connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in connection with the
+material um so first thing let's uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so first thing let's uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so first thing let's uh I'll
+I'll begin with comments about the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin with comments about the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin with comments about the test
+and that way if if we won't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way if if we won't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way if if we won't have to
+worry about running out of time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about running out of time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about running out of time at the
+end so the test is Wednesday the 29th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the test is Wednesday the 29th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the test is Wednesday the 29th
+and it'll be written during the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be written during the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be written during the normal
+class time so if you take the test at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class time so if you take the test at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class time so if you take the test at
+11: come here but uh there's a plurality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11: come here but uh there's a plurality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11: come here but uh there's a plurality
+of rooms because we want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms because we want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms because we want to have some
+vacancies here all right so if your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies here all right so if your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies here all right so if your last
+name begins a through k e you'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name begins a through k e you'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name begins a through k e you'll come to
+this room if your last name begins KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room if your last name begins KH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room if your last name begins KH
+through ya a you go to 5340 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ya a you go to 5340 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ya a you go to 5340 that's the
+gymnasium on the third floor of Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gymnasium on the third floor of Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gymnasium on the third floor of Walker
+there's a gym up on the third floor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gym up on the third floor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gym up on the third floor and
+we'll accommodate a couple hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll accommodate a couple hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll accommodate a couple hundred
+people there and for those of you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there and for those of you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there and for those of you at the
+very end of the alphabet we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the alphabet we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the alphabet we have a
+special room for you 1-1 190 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special room for you 1-1 190 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special room for you 1-1 190 so
+everybody has some Elbow Room please go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has some Elbow Room please go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has some Elbow Room please go
+to the assigned room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the assigned room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the assigned room
+and by all means if you're scheduled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by all means if you're scheduled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by all means if you're scheduled to
+attend class at 11: please take the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend class at 11: please take the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend class at 11: please take the test
+at 11: uh don't all come crashing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11: uh don't all come crashing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11: uh don't all come crashing into
+1:00 because we don't have uh the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 because we don't have uh the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 because we don't have uh the room
+or the um or the number of exams so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the um or the number of exams so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the um or the number of exams so um
+please go to the assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to the assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to the assigned
+room um so here's what the mechanics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um so here's what the mechanics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um so here's what the mechanics are
+you're going to just go to the room as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to just go to the room as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to just go to the room as
+you normally do come on in sit down down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally do come on in sit down down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally do come on in sit down down
+it's all you got to do just sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all you got to do just sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all you got to do just sit down
+right what's the purpose of the test by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the purpose of the test by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the purpose of the test by
+the way why do I give you a test it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way why do I give you a test it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way why do I give you a test it's to
+give you a status report a status report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a status report a status report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a status report a status report
+I want to give you some feedback tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give you some feedback tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give you some feedback tell
+you how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you're
+doing tell you how you're doing soon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing tell you how you're doing soon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing tell you how you're doing soon so
+there's two messages I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two messages I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two messages I can give you
+either keep up the good work or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either keep up the good work or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either keep up the good work or you
+better change your strategy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better change your strategy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better change your strategy because
+you're not mastering the material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not mastering the material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not mastering the material that's
+all I'm trying to do I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm trying to do I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm trying to do I'm not trying to
+run a cross check on the admissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a cross check on the admissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a cross check on the admissions
+process as I told you I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as I told you I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as I told you I believe that
+everybody that's in this room has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's in this room has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's in this room has the
+intellectual apparatus to pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual apparatus to pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual apparatus to pass this
+class so there's no gamesmanship here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's no gamesmanship here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's no gamesmanship here if
+you've been investing in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been investing in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been investing in the time
+investing the time that I've asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing the time that I've asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing the time that I've asked you
+to you'll pass handily there's no tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you'll pass handily there's no tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you'll pass handily there's no tricks
+right you can look at old exams you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can look at old exams you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can look at old exams you can
+look at your homeworks that's the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your homeworks that's the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your homeworks that's the kind
+of questions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions you can
+expect nothing nothing to broadside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect nothing nothing to broadside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect nothing nothing to broadside you
+on the other hand if you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you haven't been
+keeping up I hope that you won't pass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping up I hope that you won't pass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping up I hope that you won't pass so
+I can tell you look you got to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you look you got to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you look you got to do things
+differently that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that's
+all bring five things with you got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bring five things with you got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bring five things with you got five
+fingers five things periodic table table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers five things periodic table table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers five things periodic table table
+of constants and you're allowed an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constants and you're allowed an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constants and you're allowed an age
+sheet an 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet an 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet an 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet of
+paper you can write anything you want on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can write anything you want on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you can write anything you want on
+it you can write on the front you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can write on the front you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can write on the front you can
+write on the back you can write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back you can write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the back you can write on the
+edge I don't care you can photocopy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge I don't care you can photocopy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge I don't care you can photocopy you
+can photo reduce you can take everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can photo reduce you can take everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can photo reduce you can take everything
+from the last 10 years of 3091 and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last 10 years of 3091 and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last 10 years of 3091 and make
+it in micro dots I don't don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in micro dots I don't don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in micro dots I don't don't care
+whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you
+want so that's three periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that's three periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so that's three periodic table
+table of constants age sheet something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of constants age sheet something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of constants age sheet something
+to calculate with there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate with there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate with there will be some
+computations so something to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so something to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so something to calculate
+with and I don't care if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I don't care if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and I don't care if it's a
+programmable calculator the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable calculator the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable calculator the only thing
+is no wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no wireless
+devices this has wireless internet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices this has wireless internet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices this has wireless internet in
+here you're not going to be sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not going to be sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not going to be sending
+emails during an exam no computers no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails during an exam no computers no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails during an exam no computers no
+wireless devices and Lord help you if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless devices and Lord help you if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless devices and Lord help you if a
+cell phone goes off and last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone goes off and last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone goes off and last thing
+something to write with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with
+and believe it or not I have students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe it or not I have students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe it or not I have students
+walk in and first thing hand goes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in and first thing hand goes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in and first thing hand goes up and
+says do you have a pen can't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do you have a pen can't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do you have a pen can't believe it
+make sure you got batteries that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you got batteries that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you got batteries that are in
+a good state of charge in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good state of charge in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good state of charge in your
+calculator we don't have 450 calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator we don't have 450 calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator we don't have 450 calculators
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and you'll write we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you'll write we'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you'll write we'll give you the
+question paper you just fill in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question paper you just fill in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question paper you just fill in on the
+paper hand it in you don't have to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper hand it in you don't have to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper hand it in you don't have to bring
+any paper at 55 minutes we'll start you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any paper at 55 minutes we'll start you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any paper at 55 minutes we'll start you
+at ' 05 we'll stop you at 55 stop when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ' 05 we'll stop you at 55 stop when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ' 05 we'll stop you at 55 stop when
+we ask you to stop out of courtesy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to stop out of courtesy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to stop out of courtesy to
+your classmates everybody might like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates everybody might like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates everybody might like a
+little more time but 55 you stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time but 55 you stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time but 55 you stop and
+we'll have people collect them either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have people collect them either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have people collect them either
+down here or at the back and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here or at the back and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here or at the back and we'll get
+you out of here in an orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of here in an orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of here in an orderly
+fashion so that's the mechanics now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so that's the mechanics now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so that's the mechanics now uh
+strategy I want you to do well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I want you to do well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I want you to do well I want
+you to be able to put your best foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to put your best foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to put your best foot
+forward I don't want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I don't want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I don't want you to get
+all frustrated and and fail to show what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all frustrated and and fail to show what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all frustrated and and fail to show what
+you know so here's a couple of tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so here's a couple of tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so here's a couple of tips
+first thing read the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing read the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing read the test
+that comes a big shock a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes a big shock a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes a big shock a lot of people
+don't read the test they just open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't read the test they just open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't read the test they just open it up
+and they just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just start
+working you know there's going to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you know there's going to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you know there's going to be I
+don't know four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know four or five
+questions well may I just put them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions well may I just put them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions well may I just put them down
+in the order that came out of my head I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order that came out of my head I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order that came out of my head I
+don't put them in any strategic order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put them in any strategic order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put them in any strategic order I
+don't put them hardest first easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put them hardest first easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put them hardest first easiest
+first I don't I don't even think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I don't I don't even think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I don't I don't even think they're
+in chronological order by topic I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chronological order by topic I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chronological order by topic I think
+it's just whatever I said well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just whatever I said well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just whatever I said well I think
+let's do something on uh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do something on uh let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do something on uh let's do
+something on uh I don't know pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on uh I don't know pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on uh I don't know pick a
+topic what do we you asking them I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic what do we you asking them I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic what do we you asking them I can't
+remember I we got them they're all made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I we got them they're all made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I we got them they're all made
+up and ready to go but pick a pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and ready to go but pick a pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and ready to go but pick a pick a
+topic pick something about the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic pick something about the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic pick something about the periodic
+table maybe that's number one but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table maybe that's number one but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table maybe that's number one but maybe
+that's not your strong suit so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not your strong suit so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not your strong suit so don't
+start on number one but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on number one but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on number one but you don't know
+that there's an easy one for you down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an easy one for you down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an easy one for you down at
+number four if you haven't bothered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four if you haven't bothered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four if you haven't bothered to
+look at number four so take a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at number four so take a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at number four so take a couple of
+minutes read the entire test and zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes read the entire test and zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes read the entire test and zoom in
+on the easiest question for you that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the easiest question for you that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the easiest question for you that way
+two things happen first of all you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things happen first of all you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things happen first of all you build
+some confidence well secondly you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence well secondly you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence well secondly you uh
+settle your nerves and then you move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle your nerves and then you move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle your nerves and then you move in
+ascending order the second thing is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order the second thing is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending order the second thing is try
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+question try every question because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question try every question because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question try every question because I
+give part part marks it's not all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give part part marks it's not all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give part part marks it's not all about
+the number I only give I don't know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I only give I don't know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I only give I don't know 10
+or 20% for getting the right number in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20% for getting the right number in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20% for getting the right number in a
+computation I tell my graders if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I tell my graders if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I tell my graders if the
+student demonstrates minimal acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student demonstrates minimal acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student demonstrates minimal acceptable
+proficiency that student has to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency that student has to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency that student has to get a
+passing score if it's out of nine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing score if it's out of nine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing score if it's out of nine it's
+got to be five out of nine it's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be five out of nine it's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be five out of nine it's out of
+10 it's got to be five out of out of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 it's got to be five out of out of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 it's got to be five out of out of 10
+if the student hasn't mastered the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the student hasn't mastered the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the student hasn't mastered the basic
+concept we will make sure that the grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we will make sure that the grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we will make sure that the grade
+scheme gives a failing grade so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme gives a failing grade so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme gives a failing grade so if you
+demonstrate something by writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate something by writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate something by writing an
+intelligent answer just by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent answer just by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent answer just by saying
+outlining it say well what I do is I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining it say well what I do is I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining it say well what I do is I'd
+equate the energy and then solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate the energy and then solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate the energy and then solve for
+Lambda I can see that you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I can see that you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I can see that you know what's
+going on I can give you five seven out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I can give you five seven out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on I can give you five seven out
+of 10 for that and then the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 for that and then the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 for that and then the person
+actually plugs in all the numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plugs in all the numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plugs in all the numbers and
+gets the right number we get 10 but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the right number we get 10 but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the right number we get 10 but if
+you say I don't know how to do this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I don't know how to do this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I don't know how to do this I'm
+not going to bother don't grade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother don't grade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother don't grade the
+paper I'll grade the paper I some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'll grade the paper I some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I'll grade the paper I some people
+say I I'm not doing this well I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I'm not doing this well I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I'm not doing this well I forget
+it no no keep going keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going and leave tracks write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and leave tracks write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and leave tracks write your
+thoughts you don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you don't have to write
+everything in equations you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in equations you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in equations you could give
+me an outline how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve work parametrically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve work parametrically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve work parametrically to the
+greatest extent possible right as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest extent possible right as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest extent possible right as soon
+as you see let's say you got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see let's say you got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see let's say you got to go
+through three or four operations to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three or four operations to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three or four operations to get
+a final number well do it algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final number well do it algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final number well do it algebraically
+I some people as soon as you oh they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I some people as soon as you oh they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I some people as soon as you oh they got
+the frequency here oh E equals H new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency here oh E equals H new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency here oh E equals H new
+I'll plug in I'll E equals H new so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll plug in I'll E equals H new so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll plug in I'll E equals H new so I
+plug in let's look up H they plug in 6.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in let's look up H they plug in 6.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in let's look up H they plug in 6.6
+10us 3 start plugging in they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 3 start plugging in they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 3 start plugging in they make a
+keystroke a and right off the bat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystroke a and right off the bat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystroke a and right off the bat they
+got some number that looks like the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some number that looks like the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some number that looks like the for
+the wavelength they got the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength they got the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength they got the distance
+from here to Chicago and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Chicago and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Chicago and they're going
+to drag that through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drag that through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drag that through the whole
+calculation what are you doing that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what are you doing that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what are you doing that for
+you know conservation of keystrokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conservation of keystrokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conservation of keystrokes
+don't touch the calculator to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the calculator to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch the calculator to the last
+line work parametrically cuz I can grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line work parametrically cuz I can grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line work parametrically cuz I can grade
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+I can look at that and go she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at that and go she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at that and go she knows
+what's going on eight out of 10 boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on eight out of 10 boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on eight out of 10 boom
+we're done got the wrong number forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done got the wrong number forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done got the wrong number forget
+it she's got a good grasp of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she's got a good grasp of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she's got a good grasp of the
+material instead right off the bat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material instead right off the bat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material instead right off the bat you
+got some stupid number you're dragging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some stupid number you're dragging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some stupid number you're dragging
+that through the calculations you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through the calculations you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through the calculations you got
+negative wavelengths you got square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative wavelengths you got square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative wavelengths you got square root
+of minus one for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else Focus answer the question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Focus answer the question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Focus answer the question you know
+don't play games with me I I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play games with me I I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play games with me I I start
+talking something about the bore model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking something about the bore model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking something about the bore model
+you start giving me some core dump about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start giving me some core dump about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start giving me some core dump about
+what you know about the bore model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the bore model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the bore model it
+doesn't go by the pound I've read an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go by the pound I've read an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go by the pound I've read an
+entire page full of words and given it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire page full of words and given it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire page full of words and given it
+zero because it's not on topic just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's not on topic just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's not on topic just give
+be surgical give me the answer and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surgical give me the answer and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surgical give me the answer and move
+on but don't don't start snowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but don't don't start snowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but don't don't start snowing
+me like my graders are smart smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me like my graders are smart smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me like my graders are smart smarter
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+you they are got smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they are got smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they are got smart
+graders do your own work I mean it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders do your own work I mean it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders do your own work I mean it do
+your own work here we're terrorist keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own work here we're terrorist keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own work here we're terrorist keep
+your eyes on your own paper I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes on your own paper I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes on your own paper I don't want
+to see anybody you know like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see anybody you know like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see anybody you know like this you
+see that I'll just go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'll just go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'll just go up
+I'll rece you and by the way if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll rece you and by the way if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll rece you and by the way if you ever
+feel that you're in a compromising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're in a compromising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you're in a compromising
+position someone's pressuring you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position someone's pressuring you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position someone's pressuring you for
+information just raise your hand and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just raise your hand and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just raise your hand and ask
+to be receeded we don't ask any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be receeded we don't ask any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be receeded we don't ask any
+questions as far as we know person next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as far as we know person next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as far as we know person next
+to you has Bo you just you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you has Bo you just you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you has Bo you just you just want to
+get out of the just take yourself out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the just take yourself out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the just take yourself out of
+the situation just take yourself out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation just take yourself out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation just take yourself out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation and by the way you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and by the way you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and by the way you know this
+this business of working on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of working on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of working on every
+problem is important because i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is important because i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is important because i' I've
+seen some people they start working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some people they start working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some people they start working on
+number one but that's not their strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but that's not their strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one but that's not their strong
+suit so they spend you know if you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit so they spend you know if you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit so they spend you know if you let's
+say you got four questions you got 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you got four questions you got 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you got four questions you got 50
+minutes take out five minutes to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes take out five minutes to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes take out five minutes to read
+the paper it's 45 minutes that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's 45 minutes that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's 45 minutes that's roughly
+10 11 minutes per question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 minutes per question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 minutes per question you know
+there some questions might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some questions might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some questions might be a
+different length so you spend 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different length so you spend 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different length so you spend 10 minutes
+on number one I haven't solved it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number one I haven't solved it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on number one I haven't solved it yet
+another five minutes five more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five minutes five more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five minutes five more minutes
+it's 15 minutes now they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 15 minutes now they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 15 minutes now they're getting
+steamed 20 minutes it's 20 minutes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steamed 20 minutes it's 20 minutes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steamed 20 minutes it's 20 minutes into
+the exam it's still working on number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam it's still working on number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam it's still working on number
+one then they get really angry I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then they get really angry I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then they get really angry I'm going
+to solve this it's the last thing I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this it's the last thing I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this it's the last thing I do
+sure enough 11:55 comes it's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough 11:55 comes it's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough 11:55 comes it's the last
+thing they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're doing
+now think about the math let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about the math let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about the math let's do the
+math here suppose suppose there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here suppose suppose there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here suppose suppose there's an
+epiphany at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany at uh
+11:54 and you get a perfect score on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:54 and you get a perfect score on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:54 and you get a perfect score on
+that question and it's worth 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question and it's worth 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question and it's worth 25% of the
+paper you get 25 out of 25 terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you get 25 out of 25 terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you get 25 out of 25 terrific
+right got zero on arrest because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right got zero on arrest because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right got zero on arrest because you
+didn't write anything do you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write anything do you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write anything do you see what
+I'm saying try all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying try all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying try all the
+questions so and good luck I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so and good luck I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so and good luck I mean it
+there's no there's no attempt to deceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no attempt to deceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no attempt to deceive
+come prepared and you'll do fine and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come prepared and you'll do fine and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come prepared and you'll do fine and our
+goal is to grade those and get them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to grade those and get them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to grade those and get them back
+to you the following day we give a rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you the following day we give a rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you the following day we give a rapid
+turnaround and we'll post the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround and we'll post the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround and we'll post the model
+Solutions and uh there'll be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and uh there'll be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and uh there'll be a different
+exam in the afternoon but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam in the afternoon but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam in the afternoon but I think it
+only makes sense for you not to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense for you not to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense for you not to discuss
+the paper with people that are taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper with people that are taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper with people that are taking it
+in the afternoon trying to run a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon trying to run a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the afternoon trying to run a school
+here that has some standards of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that has some standards of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that has some standards of uh
+Professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professional
+Standards okay and there'll be plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards okay and there'll be plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standards okay and there'll be plenty of
+information to the website and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the website and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the website and whatnot
+all right well let's get on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well let's get on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well let's get on with the
+lesson today um so just to refresh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson today um so just to refresh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson today um so just to refresh our
+memories last day we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories last day we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories last day we looked at the
+average veence electron energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy as a
+measure of reactivity and on rot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of reactivity and on rot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of reactivity and on rot we
+discovered that uh we can divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that uh we can divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that uh we can divide the
+periodic table into uh Metals U which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table into uh Metals U which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table into uh Metals U which is
+about 75% of the periodic table these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75% of the periodic table these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75% of the periodic table these
+have low average valence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low average valence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low average valence electron
+energies which means that they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies which means that they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies which means that they're very
+good these elements are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these elements are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these elements are very good
+electron donors and up in The Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron donors and up in The Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron donors and up in The Other
+Extreme uh are elements with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme uh are elements with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme uh are elements with very high
+average veence electron energy these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average veence electron energy these are
+electronic acceptors they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic acceptors they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic acceptors they they
+they clink to their electrons quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clink to their electrons quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clink to their electrons quite uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tenaciously and subsequently we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenaciously and subsequently we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenaciously and subsequently we looked
+at photo electron spectroscopy which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at photo electron spectroscopy which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at photo electron spectroscopy which uh
+is a technique that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technique that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technique that allows us to
+determine uh binding energies ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh binding energies ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh binding energies ionization
+energies being Ju Just one uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies being Ju Just one uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies being Ju Just one uh example
+but we'll see later on that PFS can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see later on that PFS can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see later on that PFS can give
+us other important information that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us other important information that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us other important information that we
+can't calculate and then towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't calculate and then towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't calculate and then towards the end
+of the lecture we started uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture we started uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture we started uh looking at
+reactivity and we put up this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and we put up this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and we put up this hypothesis
+that our observ ation is that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our observ ation is that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our observ ation is that uh um
+octet stability seems to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability seems to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet stability seems to be an
+attractive electron configuration so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive electron configuration so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive electron configuration so we
+saw the noble gases and then we said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the noble gases and then we said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the noble gases and then we said you
+know you can you can also achieve octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can you can also achieve octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can you can also achieve octet
+stability in electron transfer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in electron transfer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in electron transfer if you
+look at elements that are just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at elements that are just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at elements that are just a little
+bit Rich of electrons versus octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Rich of electrons versus octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Rich of electrons versus octet
+stability or a little bit lean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or a little bit lean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or a little bit lean of
+electrons and so we got to ionic bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so we got to ionic bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so we got to ionic bonding
+and I think we just got to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we just got to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we just got to the point
+where we were able to start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were able to start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were able to start looking at
+the energetics of that and and we ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetics of that and and we ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetics of that and and we ran
+out of time so I want to resume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time so I want to resume that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time so I want to resume that I
+think I managed to get to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I managed to get to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I managed to get to this point
+here where I show what happens when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I show what happens when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I show what happens when the
+cat here sodium as u in contact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat here sodium as u in contact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat here sodium as u in contact with the
+anion here chlorine and we reasoned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion here chlorine and we reasoned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion here chlorine and we reasoned that
+these two eventually reach some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two eventually reach some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two eventually reach some kind of
+an equilibrium separation which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium separation which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium separation which we're
+using lowercase R to represent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using lowercase R to represent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using lowercase R to represent this is
+the separation measured from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation measured from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation measured from the center
+of the sodium nucleus and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium nucleus and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium nucleus and there's this
+separation which is a balance of ATT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation which is a balance of ATT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation which is a balance of ATT
+active forces because the chloride is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active forces because the chloride is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active forces because the chloride is
+net negative and the sodium is net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative and the sodium is net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative and the sodium is net
+positive but both of them regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but both of them regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but both of them regardless of
+net charge have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge have
+electrons and so when they become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so when they become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so when they become very
+very closely spaced there's Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely spaced there's Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely spaced there's Mutual
+repulsion of those electrons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of those electrons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of those electrons and so
+there's a repulsive term here and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a repulsive term here and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a repulsive term here and so the
+balance of the attractive term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the attractive term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of the attractive term and the
+repulsive term eventually leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive term eventually leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive term eventually leads us to
+this situation where we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation where we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation where we have the the
+equilibrium spacing and this equ ibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium spacing and this equ ibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium spacing and this equ ibrium
+spacing is denoted r subz or R not and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is denoted r subz or R not and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is denoted r subz or R not and R
+not really is nothing more than the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really is nothing more than the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really is nothing more than the sum
+of the radius the ionic radius of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radius the ionic radius of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radius the ionic radius of sodium
+and the ionic radius of chloride so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionic radius of chloride so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionic radius of chloride so that
+we could just say r+ plus r minus gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just say r+ plus r minus gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just say r+ plus r minus gives
+you are not and right right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not and right right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not and right right off the bat
+you notice that I'm making a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice that I'm making a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice that I'm making a huge
+assumption here I'm modeling the ions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here I'm modeling the ions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here I'm modeling the ions as
+hard spheres I'm modeling them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres I'm modeling them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres I'm modeling them as
+billiard balls of a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls of a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls of a finite
+Dimension and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so they
+eventually reach this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually reach this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually reach this equilibrium
+position and we saw last day we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we saw last day we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we saw last day we have a
+kulic force of attraction which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulic force of attraction which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulic force of attraction which we've
+seen before cation is plus one anion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before cation is plus one anion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before cation is plus one anion is
+minus one but it doesn't have to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but it doesn't have to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but it doesn't have to be this
+could be magnesium magnesium would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be magnesium magnesium would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be magnesium magnesium would be
+two plus so in here you'd put two e or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus so in here you'd put two e or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus so in here you'd put two e or I
+could have an oxide here so I would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an oxide here so I would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an oxide here so I would put
+minus 2E in this case we just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2E in this case we just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2E in this case we just have one
+and one and then the repulsive term some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and then the repulsive term some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and then the repulsive term some
+positive coefficient and R to very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive coefficient and R to very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive coefficient and R to very high
+number n lies between six and 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n lies between six and 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n lies between six and 12 and
+this is known as the born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the born
+exponent the born exponent this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent the born exponent this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent the born exponent this is a
+very high number because it it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high number because it it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high number because it it depends
+upon electron electron repulsion these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon electron electron repulsion these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon electron electron repulsion these
+electrons first of all there's many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons first of all there's many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons first of all there's many of
+them and they're in motion they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're in motion they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're in motion they're
+moving at very very high speed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at very very high speed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at very very high speed and so
+the result is that this repulsive term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that this repulsive term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that this repulsive term
+is very very um intense but very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very um intense but very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very um intense but very short
+order so beyond a modest distance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so beyond a modest distance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so beyond a modest distance you
+don't feel the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel the electron electron
+repulsion so you need the mathematics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so you need the mathematics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so you need the mathematics to
+imitate reality and that's why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate reality and that's why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate reality and that's why this is
+such a a high number and down here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a high number and down here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a a high number and down here what
+do we have we have the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have the sum of these two
+bottoming out see at very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoming out see at very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottoming out see at very very high
+values of r 1 / R dominates at very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of r 1 / R dominates at very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of r 1 / R dominates at very very
+low values of r 1 / R to the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low values of r 1 / R to the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low values of r 1 / R to the 10th
+dominates and in between the two cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and in between the two cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and in between the two cancel
+and here we are at the minimum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are at the minimum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are at the minimum and we
+can find we can find R KN by looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find we can find R KN by looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find we can find R KN by looking for
+the minimum so how do we get the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so how do we get the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so how do we get the minimum
+we differentiate de by D R we take D byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we differentiate de by D R we take D byd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we differentiate de by D R we take D byd
+R equals z at at Ral R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals z at at Ral R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R equals z at at Ral R and
+coincidentally what's the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally what's the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidentally what's the partial of
+energy with respect to distance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to distance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to distance that's
+Force so what am I saying the net force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so what am I saying the net force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force so what am I saying the net force
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero attractive and repulsive forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero attractive and repulsive forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero attractive and repulsive forces are
+balanced so everything makes sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced so everything makes sense here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced so everything makes sense here
+and we can solve this and if we do so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can solve this and if we do so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can solve this and if we do so we
+can actually get a handle on that born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a handle on that born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a handle on that born
+exponent by solving the equation and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent by solving the equation and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent by solving the equation and I'm
+not going to do it I'm just going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it I'm just going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it I'm just going to put
+it up here without uh taking time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here without uh taking time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here without uh taking time and so
+what I get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is the
+energy the energy of the system at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy of the system at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy of the system at the
+equilibrium separation is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium separation is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium separation is given by
+minus Z plus this is the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z plus this is the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z plus this is the most general
+form this is the veence the charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is the veence the charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is the veence the charge on
+the cation times uh I'll I'll common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cation times uh I'll I'll common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cation times uh I'll I'll common
+factor this the charge on the cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this the charge on the cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this the charge on the cation
+times e the charge on the anion time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e the charge on the anion time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e the charge on the anion time
+minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E
+so there's the minus e^ 2 and divid 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the minus e^ 2 and divid 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the minus e^ 2 and divid 4 pi
+epsilon0 r KN because this is now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 r KN because this is now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 r KN because this is now I'm
+evaluating this function at R KN 1 - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this function at R KN 1 - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this function at R KN 1 - one
+/ n where n is the born exponent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n where n is the born exponent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n where n is the born exponent and
+this applies only at obviously only at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies only at obviously only at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies only at obviously only at R
+equals R but that's good because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R but that's good because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R but that's good because that's
+the equilibrium separation so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium separation so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium separation so that tells
+us the energy of what what have I formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the energy of what what have I formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the energy of what what have I formed
+here I formed a bond an ionic bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I formed a bond an ionic bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I formed a bond an ionic bond so
+this is the energy of a single ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond the energy of an ionic bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond the energy of an ionic bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond the energy of an ionic bond and
+what do we notice we notice that e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we notice we notice that e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we notice we notice that e the
+value of e at R KN is negative as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of e at R KN is negative as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of e at R KN is negative as it
+should be it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's negative
+number and what are the characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what are the characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what are the characteristics
+of this Bond well there's two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Bond well there's two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Bond well there's two things
+that I want to uh highlight first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to uh highlight first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to uh highlight first of all
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+omnidirectional omnidirectional what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional omnidirectional what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional omnidirectional what do
+I mean by that there's no preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that there's no preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that there's no preferred
+Direction could form in any direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction could form in any direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction could form in any direction
+because the field the cumic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field the cumic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the field the cumic field is
+radial in all directions there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial in all directions there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial in all directions there's no
+preferred orientation okay the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred orientation okay the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred orientation okay the field is
+radial what this is the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial what this is the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial what this is the electric field
+so there's no there's no preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no there's no preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no there's no preferred
+Direction and the second thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the second thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the second thing is it's
+unsaturated unsaturated what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated unsaturated what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated unsaturated what do I mean
+by that well I show you one sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well I show you one sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well I show you one sodium and
+one chloride there's nothing saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chloride there's nothing saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chloride there's nothing saying that
+that sodium it's its positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium it's its positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium it's its positive charge
+hasn't been neutralized it still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been neutralized it still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been neutralized it still has
+positive charge and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and there's nothing
+saying another chloride couldn't stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying another chloride couldn't stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying another chloride couldn't stick
+to it we yet another chloride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it we yet another chloride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it we yet another chloride and
+another sodium sticking to the chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sodium sticking to the chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sodium sticking to the chloride
+so this means it's not a it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means it's not a it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means it's not a it's not a
+strict Bond one to one it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict Bond one to one it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict Bond one to one it's not
+monogamous is another way of putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogamous is another way of putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monogamous is another way of putting it
+okay so it allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it allows for
+plurality plurality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurality plurality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurality plurality of
+bonds from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds from any
+ion from any ion plurality of bonds can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion from any ion plurality of bonds can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion from any ion plurality of bonds can
+form from any ion and if you take all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form from any ion and if you take all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form from any ion and if you take all of
+these ideas omnidirectional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas omnidirectional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas omnidirectional and
+unsaturated it means that ions can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated it means that ions can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsaturated it means that ions can keep
+glomming on and that result is we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomming on and that result is we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomming on and that result is we get
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+arrays large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays large
+arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of
+ions what does that give us well if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions what does that give us well if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions what does that give us well if it's
+if I have a large number of of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a large number of of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a large number of of species
+glom together that means it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glom together that means it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glom together that means it's going to
+be solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solid
+solid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature because gases exist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because gases exist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because gases exist as
+discrete particles so we have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete particles so we have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete particles so we have either
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+atoms molecules consisting of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms molecules consisting of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms molecules consisting of small
+numbers of atoms you don't have gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of atoms you don't have gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of atoms you don't have gas
+molecules consisting of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules consisting of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules consisting of thousands of
+atoms it get thousands of atoms things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms it get thousands of atoms things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms it get thousands of atoms things
+start to condense because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to condense because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to condense because there's a
+capacity to form other bonds secondarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to form other bonds secondarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to form other bonds secondarily
+which we'll get to in a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to in a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to in a little bit so
+just take it from take it on faith if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take it from take it on faith if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take it from take it on faith if
+you have a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a large number of
+atoms in an in an aggregate it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in an in an aggregate it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in an in an aggregate it's going
+to require that the substance turn solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require that the substance turn solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require that the substance turn solid
+condensed at room temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed at room temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed at room temperature and the
+word array is loaded these don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word array is loaded these don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word array is loaded these don't just
+sit down anywhere they sit down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down anywhere they sit down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down anywhere they sit down in a
+special way and so what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way and so what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way and so what you're going to
+end up with is let's go over that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with is let's go over that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with is let's go over that here's
+sodium and chloride they keep attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chloride they keep attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chloride they keep attaching
+and attaching and attaching but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attaching and attaching but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attaching and attaching but we've
+got two sizes we're modeling them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two sizes we're modeling them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two sizes we're modeling them as
+hard spheres and so they're going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres and so they're going to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard spheres and so they're going to fit
+together in a regular array and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a regular array and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a regular array and so this
+means that they will form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they will form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they will form a
+Crystal so we're going to have solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so we're going to have solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so we're going to have solids
+and we're going to have Crystal what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have Crystal what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have Crystal what do
+I mean by Crystal crystal is an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by Crystal crystal is an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by Crystal crystal is an ordered
+solid an ordered solid as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid an ordered solid as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid an ordered solid as opposed to a
+disordered solid and we'll we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered solid and we'll we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered solid and we'll we'll talk
+about both in a little bit all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both in a little bit all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about both in a little bit all right so
+now I want to show you that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to show you that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to show you that this this
+comes necessarily from a um energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes necessarily from a um energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes necessarily from a um energetic
+standpoint it's really it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint it's really it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint it's really it's a really
+cool derivation I want to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations here's an ion gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is my humble drawing to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my humble drawing to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my humble drawing to indicate
+discrete sodium chlorine pairs so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete sodium chlorine pairs so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete sodium chlorine pairs so this
+is one of these pairs that I've shown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these pairs that I've shown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these pairs that I've shown up
+here it's got a negative energy we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's got a negative energy we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's got a negative energy we see
+that we get a negative energy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a negative energy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a negative energy by
+attaching the chloride to the sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the chloride to the sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the chloride to the sodium and
+I'm saying suppose these form as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying suppose these form as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying suppose these form as they
+have to initially in the gas phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to initially in the gas phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to initially in the gas phase and
+they remain two ions excuse me two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remain two ions excuse me two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remain two ions excuse me two atoms
+per ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ion
+pair discreetly bombing around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair discreetly bombing around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair discreetly bombing around in the
+gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase
+so that's situation number one situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's situation number one situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's situation number one situation
+number two is I take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is I take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is I take the same
+number and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+row they're all in one row so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row they're all in one row so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row they're all in one row so what
+happens if this is I've only drawn three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if this is I've only drawn three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if this is I've only drawn three
+but now let's let's Pump Up the Volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's let's Pump Up the Volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's let's Pump Up the Volume
+here let's get an avagadro so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's get an avagadro so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's get an avagadro so if I have
+avagadro number of these things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro number of these things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro number of these things in a
+long line you can bet it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long line you can bet it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long line you can bet it's going to be a
+solid it's going to be one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid it's going to be one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid it's going to be one dimension
+Crystal so the question is can I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so the question is can I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so the question is can I show
+you from an energetic standpoint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from an energetic standpoint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from an energetic standpoint that
+the crystal is favored over having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal is favored over having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal is favored over having the
+discrete set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete set of of
+pairs and you know the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and you know the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and you know the answer is yes
+because I wouldn't set myself up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wouldn't set myself up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wouldn't set myself up for
+failure like this would I so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure like this would I so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure like this would I so let's let's
+take a look first of all uh Situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look first of all uh Situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look first of all uh Situation
+Number One well you know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number One well you know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number One well you know how to do that
+because you know the energy of one pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the energy of one pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the energy of one pair
+so let's just multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just multiply that by
+avagadro's num so E1 will simply equal n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's num so E1 will simply equal n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's num so E1 will simply equal n
+avagadro times the energy of the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro times the energy of the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro times the energy of the ion
+pair at R equals R KN which we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair at R equals R KN which we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair at R equals R KN which we can then
+substitute n avagadro I'm doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute n avagadro I'm doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute n avagadro I'm doing this for
+for a one one plus one minus one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one one plus one minus one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one one plus one minus one like
+sodium chloride we can make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride we can make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride we can make it more
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later and you have to get in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and you have to get in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and you have to get in from
+experimental evidence you can't pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence you can't pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence you can't pull
+that out of theory so this is the born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of theory so this is the born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of theory so this is the born
+exponent is determined experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is determined experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is determined experimentally
+and there are tables of that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are tables of that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are tables of that all right
+so now let's get the energy for the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get the energy for the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get the energy for the line
+so for that I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that I'm going to I'm going to
+draw a line of these so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line of these so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a line of these so I'm going to
+start with want to get the color Chu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with want to get the color Chu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with want to get the color Chu
+because doctor says it's good for me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doctor says it's good for me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because doctor says it's good for me so
+all right so here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the here's the
+sodium and the chloride on each side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the chloride on each side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and the chloride on each side and
+then we'll go for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go for another
+sodium and then another chloride on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and then another chloride on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and then another chloride on each
+side and so now what I want to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and so now what I want to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and so now what I want to do is I'm
+going to start here at this Center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start here at this Center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start here at this Center and
+I'm going to count the energetics all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to count the energetics all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to count the energetics all
+right and what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say start with this ion add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say start with this ion add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say start with this ion add up
+the energy associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy associated with the
+interactions between that ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between that ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between that ion and
+everybody else in the row and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else in the row and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else in the row and then
+multiply it by avagadro's number because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by avagadro's number because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by avagadro's number because
+that's the number of atoms there are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of atoms there are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of atoms there are in
+a row so sauce for the goose is sauce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row so sauce for the goose is sauce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row so sauce for the goose is sauce
+for the Gand you say yeah what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Gand you say yeah what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Gand you say yeah what about
+Edge effects I got avagadro's number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge effects I got avagadro's number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge effects I got avagadro's number of
+these things what do you think the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things what do you think the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things what do you think the error
+is going to be by failing to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be by failing to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be by failing to recognize
+that at the end of 6 * 10 the 23rd I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of 6 * 10 the 23rd I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of 6 * 10 the 23rd I've
+overcounted some energy it's vanishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcounted some energy it's vanishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcounted some energy it's vanishingly
+small so don't don't get preoccupied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so don't don't get preoccupied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so don't don't get preoccupied by
+the end work work the big middle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end work work the big middle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end work work the big middle and the
+middle is is everything here so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is is everything here so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is is everything here so we can
+start this distance here is R knot so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this distance here is R knot so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this distance here is R knot so I
+know the the energy in this first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the energy in this first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the energy in this first in
+this first pair the energy in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first pair the energy in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first pair the energy in the first
+pair would equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair would equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair would equal
+uh that's just going to equal uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's just going to equal uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's just going to equal uh minus
+e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r not that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r not that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r not that's just
+what we've seen before but in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen before but in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen before but in addition
+there's the the field is continuing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the field is continuing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the field is continuing to
+radiate so it's unsaturated and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate so it's unsaturated and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate so it's unsaturated and it's
+omnidirectional so this cat feels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional so this cat feels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional so this cat feels the
+repulsive force of the cat over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive force of the cat over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive force of the cat over here
+this cation is attracting the chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cation is attracting the chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cation is attracting the chloride
+next to it and it's repelling the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it and it's repelling the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it and it's repelling the sodium
+as the next nearest neighbor so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the next nearest neighbor so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the next nearest neighbor so that's a
+repulsive term I got to add that up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive term I got to add that up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive term I got to add that up I
+got to put that in because that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put that in because that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to put that in because that's that's
+repulsive energy and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive energy and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive energy and that's going to
+going to decrease the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrease the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrease the energy of the
+system so I've got a distance here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I've got a distance here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I've got a distance here of
+two R KN two R KN and at a distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two R KN two R KN and at a distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two R KN two R KN and at a distance of
+two R KN I have a positive repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two R KN I have a positive repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two R KN I have a positive repulsive
+term I just plug into the the koloms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I just plug into the the koloms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I just plug into the the koloms
+law and so that's going to be plus e^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and so that's going to be plus e^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and so that's going to be plus e^2
+over 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi
+epsilon0 to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 to R
+KN now what happens let's keep counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN now what happens let's keep counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN now what happens let's keep counting
+now the the the next one is a chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the the next one is a chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the the next one is a chloride
+it's of opposite charge and exerts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of opposite charge and exerts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of opposite charge and exerts an
+influence only that's minus to plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence only that's minus to plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence only that's minus to plus so
+that's going to give me a minus term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me a minus term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me a minus term
+here that's 4 Pi epsilon0 3 R not and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's 4 Pi epsilon0 3 R not and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's 4 Pi epsilon0 3 R not and so
+on and so on I think you can see the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on I think you can see the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on I think you can see the way
+this is going say what about the born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going say what about the born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going say what about the born
+term forget the born term the born term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term forget the born term the born term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term forget the born term the born term
+isn't going to be felt except in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be felt except in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be felt except in this
+first one so I'm going to forget it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so I'm going to forget it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so I'm going to forget it now
+and then I'll patch it in at the end all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll patch it in at the end all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll patch it in at the end all
+right you don't need Bor born repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't need Bor born repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't need Bor born repulsion
+that two are not that's a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two are not that's a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two are not that's a waste of
+memory all right and then what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory all right and then what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory all right and then what are we
+going to do oh we got to do this I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do oh we got to do this I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do oh we got to do this I only
+count in One Direction so I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in One Direction so I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in One Direction so I got to
+multiply this whole thing by two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this whole thing by two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this whole thing by two because
+I'm count I got to count in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm count I got to count in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm count I got to count in both
+directions and uh so now what I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh so now what I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh so now what I I'm
+going to common factor this and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to common factor this and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to common factor this and I'll get
+- e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- e^2 over 4 pi epsilon0 r
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+2times this series 1 - a half + a 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times this series 1 - a half + a 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times this series 1 - a half + a 3 -
+a/4 Etc okay so what we've got is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a/4 Etc okay so what we've got is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a/4 Etc okay so what we've got is this
+series is broken into two terms terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is broken into two terms terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is broken into two terms terms
+that are conveniently representing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are conveniently representing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are conveniently representing two
+physical ideas this is electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ideas this is electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ideas this is electrostatics
+right here the prefactor embodies all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the prefactor embodies all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the prefactor embodies all
+the electrostatics and what's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatics and what's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatics and what's all this
+stuff why is it one a half A3 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff why is it one a half A3 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff why is it one a half A3 this is
+the instant geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instant geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instant geometry
+geometry or the atom this is that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or the atom this is that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or the atom this is that is to
+say the instant atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the instant atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the instant atom
+Arrangements the instant atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements the instant atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements the instant atom
+arrangement in this case it's a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what I'm going to do this is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to do this is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to do this is off
+of just that that one Central U cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just that that one Central U cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just that that one Central U cation
+so now let's do it for all of the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do it for all of the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do it for all of the ions
+so what I'm going to do now is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is I'm going
+to multiply by an avagadro and then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by an avagadro and then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by an avagadro and then add
+born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born
+repulsion add born repulsion and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion add born repulsion and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion add born repulsion and we put
+all that together and here's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that together and here's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that together and here's what it
+looks like it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this equal to minus n avagadro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to minus n avagadro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to minus n avagadro
+e^2 over 4 piun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 over 4 piun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 over 4 piun
+epsilon0 r 1 -1 / n and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 r 1 -1 / n and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon0 r 1 -1 / n and I'm going to
+call this whole geometric Factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this whole geometric Factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this whole geometric Factor here
+this whole geometric Factor I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole geometric Factor I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole geometric Factor I'm going to
+put it into one number and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into one number and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into one number and I'm going to
+denote that the matong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that the matong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that the matong
+constant the matong constant the matong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the matong constant the matong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the matong constant the matong
+constant is simply the geometric Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is simply the geometric Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is simply the geometric Factor
+that's a number all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number all
+right so let's put that here and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's put that here and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's put that here and so now
+the question is what I'm trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what I'm trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what I'm trying to prove
+to you is that E2 that E2 is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that E2 that E2 is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that E2 that E2 is more
+negative than E1 so ultimately what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than E1 so ultimately what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than E1 so ultimately what I
+want is what's the relative magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is what's the relative magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is what's the relative magnitude of
+E2 over E1 what is it is it greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 over E1 what is it is it greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 over E1 what is it is it greater than
+one that's the question right if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the question right if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the question right if I can
+prove that it's greater than one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's greater than one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's greater than one that
+means that the line is Stabler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the line is Stabler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the line is Stabler than the
+set of ion Pairs and if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ion Pairs and if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ion Pairs and if you if you look
+at this series this series you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this series this series you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this series this series you know this
+series log of one uh what's it series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series log of one uh what's it series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series log of one uh what's it series
+expansion log of 1 + x is what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion log of 1 + x is what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion log of 1 + x is what is it
+it's x - x^2 / 2 + x Cub over 3 etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x - x^2 / 2 + x Cub over 3 etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x - x^2 / 2 + x Cub over 3 etc etc
+if you plug in xals 1 that's our series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in xals 1 that's our series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in xals 1 that's our series
+1 - a half plus A3 it's all there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - a half plus A3 it's all there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - a half plus A3 it's all there so if
+you if you go and work that out log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you go and work that out log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you go and work that out log of
+two and you got two log two by math you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you got two log two by math you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you got two log two by math you
+can show that for the line our Series M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that for the line our Series M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that for the line our Series M
+is equal to 2 natural logarithm of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 natural logarithm of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2 natural logarithm of 2
+which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1
+386 which is greater than one so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+386 which is greater than one so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+386 which is greater than one so what
+have I shown I've shown that by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I shown I've shown that by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I shown I've shown that by taking
+avagadro's number of individual ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's number of individual ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's number of individual ion
+Pairs and putting them all together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and putting them all together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and putting them all together in a
+line the system's energy became more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the system's energy became more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the system's energy became more
+negative so that's to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that's to say
+that it's favored so we could say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's favored so we could say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's favored so we could say an
+energy level diagram this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram this would be
+energy here's zero if this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here's zero if this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here's zero if this is the energy
+of the pair let's make this e over e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pair let's make this e over e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pair let's make this e over e of
+the ion pair e over e for the pair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion pair e over e for the pair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ion pair e over e for the pair so
+this is one all right and we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one all right and we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one all right and we've just
+showing that for the line so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that for the line so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that for the line so this is
+pairs avagadro's number of pairs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs avagadro's number of pairs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs avagadro's number of pairs this is
+avagadro's number of uh ion pairs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's number of uh ion pairs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro's number of uh ion pairs in a
+line that's 1386 and then if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's 1386 and then if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's 1386 and then if you go to
+the real sodium chloride Crystal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real sodium chloride Crystal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real sodium chloride Crystal and you
+do the same calculation but in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same calculation but in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same calculation but in three
+dimensions so that you take every sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so that you take every sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so that you take every sodium
+and you count all of its nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count all of its nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you count all of its nearest
+neighbors next nearest neighbors next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors next nearest neighbors next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors next nearest neighbors next
+next nearest neighbors not only on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next nearest neighbors not only on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next nearest neighbors not only on a
+line but in the plane and above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but in the plane and above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but in the plane and above and
+below in all three dimensions and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below in all three dimensions and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below in all three dimensions and go
+through that calculation it's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that calculation it's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that calculation it's even more
+negative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+17475 conclusion if I start to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17475 conclusion if I start to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17475 conclusion if I start to react
+sodium with chlorine the result is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium with chlorine the result is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium with chlorine the result is a
+crystal a three-dimensional array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal a three-dimensional array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal a three-dimensional array
+because at every Point first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at every Point first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at every Point first thing
+happens electron transfer why to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens electron transfer why to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens electron transfer why to get a
+stable octad the result I've got ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable octad the result I've got ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable octad the result I've got ion
+pairs pluses attract to minuses minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs pluses attract to minuses minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs pluses attract to minuses minuses
+attract to pluses they start glomming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract to pluses they start glomming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract to pluses they start glomming
+together but they don't stop with 1+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but they don't stop with 1+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but they don't stop with 1+ one
+one plus one and then the ion pair grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one and then the ion pair grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one and then the ion pair grabs
+another one another one and before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one another one and before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one another one and before you
+know it you have a crystal so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it you have a crystal so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it you have a crystal so this is
+simply the energetics of Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the energetics of Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the energetics of Crystal
+formation so this is a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so this is a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so this is a three-dimensional
+Crystal you can consider this line a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can consider this line a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can consider this line a
+one-dimensional crystal because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional crystal because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional crystal because it's
+ordered it's ordered so i' call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered it's ordered so i' call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered it's ordered so i' call a
+onedimensional crystal so this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional crystal so this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional crystal so this says that
+when it comes to ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to ion
+pairs when it comes to ions when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs when it comes to ions when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs when it comes to ions when it
+comes to ions that line dancing trumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to ions that line dancing trumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to ions that line dancing trumps
+ballroom dancing that's what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballroom dancing that's what it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballroom dancing that's what it's saying
+see they' rather be in a line than Dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they' rather be in a line than Dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they' rather be in a line than Dance
+2 by two that doesn't apply to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two that doesn't apply to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by two that doesn't apply to all
+things but it does in this case okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it does in this case okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it does in this case okay so
+now let's look at properties Let's Talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at properties Let's Talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at properties Let's Talk
+About Properties see we've gone a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About Properties see we've gone a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About Properties see we've gone a long
+way we started with this hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we started with this hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we started with this hypothesis of
+octat stability I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octat stability I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octat stability I'm talking about
+properties of I crystals they're solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of I crystals they're solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of I crystals they're solid
+at room temperature why what's the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature why what's the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature why what's the bonds
+these are huge energies these are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are huge energies these are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are huge energies these are huge
+energies columbic forces all right high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies columbic forces all right high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies columbic forces all right high
+melting points and boiling points why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points and boiling points why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting points and boiling points why do
+they have a high melting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a high melting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a high melting point and
+boiling point because when you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point because when you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling point because when you ask
+yourself that question you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that question you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that question you should
+consider what is the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what is the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what is the thermal energy
+versus the bonding energy if the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the bonding energy if the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the bonding energy if the bonding
+energy is very strongly negative thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is very strongly negative thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is very strongly negative thermal
+energy isn't great enough to disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy isn't great enough to disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy isn't great enough to disrupt
+those bonds and allow those bonds to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds and allow those bonds to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds and allow those bonds to be
+broken and then have fluidity so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and then have fluidity so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and then have fluidity so strong
+bonds mean means high melting points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds mean means high melting points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds mean means high melting points and
+boiling points transparent to visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points transparent to visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points transparent to visible
+light transparent to visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light transparent to visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light transparent to visible light
+crystals are V sodium chloride crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are V sodium chloride crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals are V sodium chloride crystal
+is transparent of visible light I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transparent of visible light I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transparent of visible light I know
+table salt is white but that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table salt is white but that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table salt is white but that's because
+you've got powder and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got powder and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got powder and you've got
+multiple surfaces scattering but a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple surfaces scattering but a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple surfaces scattering but a large
+crystal of sodium chloride is clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of sodium chloride is clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of sodium chloride is clear and
+colorless and it's faceted you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and it's faceted you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and it's faceted you can see
+that it has it has the shape if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has it has the shape if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has it has the shape if you take
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+individual grains of sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual grains of sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual grains of sodium chloride
+look at it carefully you'll see the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it carefully you'll see the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it carefully you'll see the edge
+just look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like
+this why is a transparent a visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why is a transparent a visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why is a transparent a visible
+light here's how you ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here's how you ask that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here's how you ask that question
+when you want to know if something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to know if something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to know if something's
+transparent a visible light or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent a visible light or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent a visible light or not
+here's the mystery material and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the mystery material and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the mystery material and here's
+visible light and what what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light and what what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light and what what is going to
+allow for absorption or some interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for absorption or some interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for absorption or some interaction
+with visible light inside here you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visible light inside here you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visible light inside here you've
+got electronic States and you got to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got electronic States and you got to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got electronic States and you got to ask
+yourself is the energy difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is the energy difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is the energy difference here
+the Delta e in the electronic States how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta e in the electronic States how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta e in the electronic States how
+does that compare with the e of visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that compare with the e of visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that compare with the e of visible
+light what's the E of visible light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what's the E of visible light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what's the E of visible light you
+know it's about 2 to three electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's about 2 to three electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's about 2 to three electron
+volts about two to three electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts about two to three electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts about two to three electron volts
+this has what sodium plus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has what sodium plus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has what sodium plus it's
+isoelectronic with neon chloride minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic with neon chloride minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic with neon chloride minus
+ISO electronic with argon what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO electronic with argon what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO electronic with argon what do we
+know about the average veence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the average veence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the average veence electron
+energies we just saw at the first slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we just saw at the first slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies we just saw at the first slide
+it's up around 13 14 15 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up around 13 14 15 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up around 13 14 15 electron volts
+this thing is going to touch it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to touch it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to touch it won't
+lay a glove on it so what happens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay a glove on it so what happens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay a glove on it so what happens it
+goes through nothing nothing all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through nothing nothing all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through nothing nothing all that
+Glitters Is Not Gold but it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glitters Is Not Gold but it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glitters Is Not Gold but it must have
+free electrons this has no free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons this has no free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons this has no free
+electrons they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're all
+bound so that's how you determine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so that's how you determine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so that's how you determine if
+something's transparent it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's transparent it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's transparent it's going to be
+electrical insulator there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical insulator there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical insulator there's no
+electrons to move around they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to move around they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to move around they're all
+bound hard and brittle why because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound hard and brittle why because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound hard and brittle why because we
+got strong bonds strong bonds means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got strong bonds strong bonds means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got strong bonds strong bonds means the
+material will resist an applied force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will resist an applied force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material will resist an applied force
+you apply a force the material will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a force the material will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a force the material will
+resist it until you have a force great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist it until you have a force great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist it until you have a force great
+enough to break the bonds so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to break the bonds so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to break the bonds so you don't
+have ductility which is what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ductility which is what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ductility which is what you have in
+metal that's what makes metal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's what makes metal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's what makes metal so
+fascinating because metallic bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because metallic bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because metallic bonding
+allows the atoms to Glide over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the atoms to Glide over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the atoms to Glide over one
+another without resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another without resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another without resulting in
+catastrophic failure whereas Ceramics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic failure whereas Ceramics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic failure whereas Ceramics
+ionic crystals will resist until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic crystals will resist until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic crystals will resist until they
+shatter there's only two categories it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter there's only two categories it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter there's only two categories it's
+either elastic with full resistance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either elastic with full resistance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either elastic with full resistance or
+destruction again the the bonds soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction again the the bonds soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction again the the bonds soluble
+and water other polar solvents we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water other polar solvents we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water other polar solvents we'll
+have to come back to that later they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to that later they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to that later they
+melt to form ionic liquids ionic solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt to form ionic liquids ionic solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt to form ionic liquids ionic solids
+form ionic liquids so that's that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form ionic liquids so that's that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form ionic liquids so that's that's I
+showed you last day what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last day what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you last day what happens when
+they uh form and we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh form and we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh form and we were able to
+electroly and make fantastic metals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroly and make fantastic metals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroly and make fantastic metals like
+like magnesium okay where do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magnesium okay where do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magnesium okay where do we find
+where do we find these ionic crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we find these ionic crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we find these ionic crystals
+where do we look well you need electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we look well you need electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we look well you need electron
+transfer so you need a donor and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so you need a donor and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so you need a donor and you
+need an acceptor so where are the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an acceptor so where are the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an acceptor so where are the good
+donors donors are over here the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors donors are over here the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors donors are over here the metals
+on the Left End of the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Left End of the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Left End of the periodic table
+and where are the acceptors on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the acceptors on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where are the acceptors on the right
+side of the periodic table so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the periodic table so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the periodic table so if you
+take some from column one or two and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some from column one or two and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some from column one or two and you
+mix it with some from column 8 and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with some from column 8 and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it with some from column 8 and N
+Bingo you've got reaction so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bingo you've got reaction so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bingo you've got reaction so here's an
+example that shows here's here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that shows here's here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that shows here's here's some
+very very metallic elements groups one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very metallic elements groups one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very metallic elements groups one
+and two and some non-metallic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and some non-metallic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and some non-metallic elements
+over here five six and seven and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here five six and seven and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here five six and seven and so you
+can imagine that uh if you mix these if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that uh if you mix these if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that uh if you mix these if
+you take sodium and you mix it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take sodium and you mix it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take sodium and you mix it with
+chlorine you get sodium chloride but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine you get sodium chloride but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine you get sodium chloride but
+there's nothing saying you can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing saying you can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing saying you can't take
+magnesium and mix it with oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and mix it with oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and mix it with oxygen and
+make magnesium oxide and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make magnesium oxide and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make magnesium oxide and you would
+expect that that would be a much Stabler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that that would be a much Stabler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that that would be a much Stabler
+compound because instead of plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound because instead of plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound because instead of plus one
+attracting plus one now you have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting plus one now you have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting plus one now you have plus
+two attracting plus excuse me attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two attracting plus excuse me attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two attracting plus excuse me attracting
+minus two plus two attracting minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two plus two attracting minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two plus two attracting minus two
+so the colic forces are much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the colic forces are much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the colic forces are much much
+greater and that'll be reflected in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and that'll be reflected in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and that'll be reflected in what
+higher melting point higher boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher melting point higher boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher melting point higher boiling
+point greater resistance to reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point greater resistance to reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point greater resistance to reactivity
+so does it strike you odd that maybe mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does it strike you odd that maybe mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does it strike you odd that maybe mag
+ium oxide one of its applications would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ium oxide one of its applications would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ium oxide one of its applications would
+be Refractories that is to say brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Refractories that is to say brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Refractories that is to say brick
+work in high temperature furnaces maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in high temperature furnaces maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in high temperature furnaces maybe
+tiles on the shuttle to resist high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles on the shuttle to resist high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles on the shuttle to resist high
+temperatures because of the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures because of the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures because of the high
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+bonding you see there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding you see there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding you see there's a there's a
+there's a system here chemistry isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system here chemistry isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system here chemistry isn't a
+Litany of facts we started with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Litany of facts we started with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Litany of facts we started with a few
+simple assumptions and look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assumptions and look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple assumptions and look at what
+we're doing now we're designing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now we're designing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now we're designing systems
+we're building Engineering Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building Engineering Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building Engineering Systems
+making materials choices it's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making materials choices it's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making materials choices it's fantastic
+okay so we can do this one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can do this one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can do this one more time
+let's do one more time um I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more time um I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more time um I want to show
+you something else I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something else I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something else I want to show you
+another way to to get a sense of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to to get a sense of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to to get a sense of these
+energies and for that I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and for that I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and for that I want to look at
+the energy starting from real material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy starting from real material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy starting from real material
+see up until now I've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up until now I've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up until now I've been talking about
+gas phase single atoms all this stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase single atoms all this stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase single atoms all this stuff so
+let's look at this reaction sodium solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this reaction sodium solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this reaction sodium solid
+plus chlorine gas it's a it's a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus chlorine gas it's a it's a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus chlorine gas it's a it's a diatomic
+molecule and I want that to react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I want that to react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and I want that to react to
+give me sodium chloride as a solid solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me sodium chloride as a solid solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me sodium chloride as a solid solid
+and Crystal I want it ordered solid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crystal I want it ordered solid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crystal I want it ordered solid so
+for this I need to invoke uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I need to invoke uh a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I need to invoke uh a couple of
+bits of science first one is hess's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of science first one is hess's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of science first one is hess's law
+hess's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law hess's law states that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law hess's law states that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law hess's law states that for any
+chemical reaction the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction the energy
+change the energy change is path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the energy change is path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the energy change is path
+independent path independent that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent path independent that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent path independent that is to
+say I can now reroute that sodium plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can now reroute that sodium plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can now reroute that sodium plus
+chlorine reaction action and go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine reaction action and go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine reaction action and go a
+different way but I still end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way but I still end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way but I still end up with
+the same change in energy and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same change in energy and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same change in energy and why it's
+because it's a state function it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a state function it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a state function it's the
+same thing as uh gravitational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as uh gravitational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as uh gravitational energy
+whether you take the elevator to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you take the elevator to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you take the elevator to the top
+of the Handcock Tower or whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Handcock Tower or whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Handcock Tower or whether you
+walk up the stairs the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the stairs the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up the stairs the change in
+gravitational potential is identical you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential is identical you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential is identical you
+might be winded doing it the second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be winded doing it the second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be winded doing it the second way
+but when you get to the top and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get to the top and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get to the top and you're
+at the 60th story your gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 60th story your gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 60th story your gravitational
+potential is independent of how you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is independent of how you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is independent of how you got
+there that's what this is saying it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's what this is saying it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's what this is saying it's an
+analogy energy change path independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy energy change path independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy energy change path independent
+so now I'm going to break this into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to break this into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to break this into into
+Elementary steps and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary steps and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary steps and look at the
+relative contribution so what did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative contribution so what did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative contribution so what did we do
+so far we talked about this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we talked about this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we talked about this reaction
+here where we had chloride ion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we had chloride ion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we had chloride ion in the
+gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas
+phase right we started with gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right we started with gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right we started with gaseous
+sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and
+gaseous Atomic chlorine to make gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous Atomic chlorine to make gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous Atomic chlorine to make gaseous
+chloride ion through electron transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride ion through electron transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride ion through electron transfer
+all in the gas face very idealistic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the gas face very idealistic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the gas face very idealistic but
+it's not the way the the world works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way the the world works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way the the world works so
+I want to get to there starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get to there starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get to there starting from
+real sodium and real chlorine so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sodium and real chlorine so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sodium and real chlorine so first
+thing I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to do is I'm going to
+convert the sodium into vapor so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the sodium into vapor so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the sodium into vapor so this is
+sodium goes to sodium gas and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium goes to sodium gas and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium goes to sodium gas and then I'm
+going to take sodium gas and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take sodium gas and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take sodium gas and I'm going
+to make this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this into
+sodium gas plus electron oh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium gas plus electron oh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium gas plus electron oh by the way
+this is called sublimation isn't it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called sublimation isn't it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called sublimation isn't it this
+process sublimation solid to Vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process sublimation solid to Vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process sublimation solid to Vapor
+sublimation this is called ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation this is called ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation this is called ionization
+isn't it gas phase go gas phase species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it gas phase go gas phase species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it gas phase go gas phase species
+loses an electron that's the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses an electron that's the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses an electron that's the strict
+definition of ionization so I'm already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of ionization so I'm already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of ionization so I'm already
+there with sodium now chlorine I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with sodium now chlorine I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with sodium now chlorine I got to
+do a little bit more heavy lifting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more heavy lifting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more heavy lifting here
+because chlorine starts as a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chlorine starts as a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chlorine starts as a diatomic
+molecule so the first thing I got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so the first thing I got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so the first thing I got to do
+is bust that in half and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bust that in half and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bust that in half and so this is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+dissociation so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation so I need to
+dissociate the chloride chlorine rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate the chloride chlorine rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate the chloride chlorine rather
+and now I've got to convert Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I've got to convert Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I've got to convert Atomic
+chlorine into ionic chlorine so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into ionic chlorine so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into ionic chlorine so I'm
+going to do that by adding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by adding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by adding an
+electron and this reaction here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this reaction here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this reaction here is the
+inverse of ionization isn't it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of ionization isn't it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of ionization isn't it its
+ionization would be I take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization would be I take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization would be I take one of the
+electrons on chlorine and throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on chlorine and throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on chlorine and throw it away
+here I'm actually throwing an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm actually throwing an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm actually throwing an electron
+onto chlorine so this reaction is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto chlorine so this reaction is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto chlorine so this reaction is called
+electron affinity electron affinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity electron affinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity electron affinity so
+you can think of electron affinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of electron affinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of electron affinity is
+sort of the ionization in Reverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ionization in Reverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ionization in Reverse of the
+ion it's it's the minus loses an ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion it's it's the minus loses an ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion it's it's the minus loses an ion and
+this one here this reaction is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here this reaction is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here this reaction is what we
+call crystallization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystallization so those are the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization so those are the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization so those are the five
+steps so let's see if we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's see if we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let's see if we can find
+information I'm going to call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I'm going to call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I'm going to call this one
+let's see I think I labeled this one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I think I labeled this one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I think I labeled this one to
+ionization I labeled three electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization I labeled three electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization I labeled three electron
+affinity I labeled four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity I labeled four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity I labeled four and
+crystallization I labeled five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization I labeled five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization I labeled five and
+thanks to Professor Hess I can now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Professor Hess I can now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Professor Hess I can now say
+that the total energy to form sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy to form sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total energy to form sodium
+chloride should equal in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride should equal in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride should equal in other words
+Delta H to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H to form
+Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H
+formation of sodium chloride should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sodium chloride should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sodium chloride should be
+independent of path so I should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of path so I should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of path so I should be able
+to take the sum of all of those Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the sum of all of those Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the sum of all of those Delta
+hes oh I'm using H forgive me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes oh I'm using H forgive me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes oh I'm using H forgive me this is
+the term enthalpy enthalpy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term enthalpy enthalpy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term enthalpy enthalpy it's
+essentially equal to internal energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to internal energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to internal energy for
+condensed systems but when you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed systems but when you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed systems but when you look in
+the books sometimes they'll use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books sometimes they'll use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books sometimes they'll use this
+term so as for a first pass let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so as for a first pass let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so as for a first pass let's just
+say for condensed systems we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for condensed systems we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for condensed systems we can we can
+go with it so we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it so we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it so we're going to take the
+sum of the delta H is or the Delta's H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the delta H is or the Delta's H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the delta H is or the Delta's H
+for all of these little reactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these little reactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these little reactions okay
+so we let's go let's get some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we let's go let's get some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we let's go let's get some numbers
+here we got some numbers uh let's see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got some numbers uh let's see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got some numbers uh let's see oh
+no this is called the born hobber cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is called the born hobber cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is called the born hobber cycle
+what I'm showing you right now and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm showing you right now and this
+was put up by two people Max Bourne and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put up by two people Max Bourne and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put up by two people Max Bourne and
+Fritz hober and actually I I put this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritz hober and actually I I put this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritz hober and actually I I put this up
+if you're interested in reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in reading about
+these people you can go there's a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you can go there's a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you can go there's a Nobel
+Prize website you can learn about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize website you can learn about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize website you can learn about all
+these guys so this is hobber he got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so this is hobber he got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so this is hobber he got the
+Nobel in 1918 he invented uh Ammon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in 1918 he invented uh Ammon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel in 1918 he invented uh Ammon I
+synthesis with catalysis by Iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis with catalysis by Iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis with catalysis by Iron
+brilliant chemist um and Bourne Bourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant chemist um and Bourne Bourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant chemist um and Bourne Bourne
+worked on a number of things including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a number of things including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a number of things including
+the born exponent and uh taught himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born exponent and uh taught himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born exponent and uh taught himself
+crystallography sort of as something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography sort of as something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography sort of as something to
+do during World War I and uh that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do during World War I and uh that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do during World War I and uh that's how
+come he got involved in this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come he got involved in this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come he got involved in this because
+obviously this is talking about Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is talking about Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is talking about Crystal
+formation so that's why this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so that's why this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so that's why this is called
+the born hobber cycle so anyways uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born hobber cycle so anyways uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born hobber cycle so anyways uh if
+you go to your periodic table you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to your periodic table you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to your periodic table you'll
+find that uh on the one side you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that uh on the one side you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that uh on the one side you can get
+What's called the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the enthalpy of
+atomization and that's this first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomization and that's this first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomization and that's this first term
+Delta H1 is enthalpy of atomization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H1 is enthalpy of atomization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H1 is enthalpy of atomization and
+if you look it up for sodium it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look it up for sodium it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look it up for sodium it's about
+108 uh kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108 uh kles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108 uh kles per
+mole actually what I did I I used I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole actually what I did I I used I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole actually what I did I I used I used
+the uh a different source so I have 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a different source so I have 107
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh a different source so I have 107
+but this is that's okay what's a what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is that's okay what's a what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is that's okay what's a what's
+a kilog between friends all right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kilog between friends all right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kilog between friends all right number
+two number two is dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number two is dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number two is dissociation energy
+and dissociation energy is 122 k per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dissociation energy is 122 k per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dissociation energy is 122 k per
+mole and number three is number three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and number three is number three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and number three is number three is
+ionization so if you flip the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization so if you flip the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization so if you flip the periodic
+table over you'll have the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over you'll have the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table over you'll have the ionization
+energy of sodium first ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of sodium first ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of sodium first ionization energy
+and it's about 5 EV which when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about 5 EV which when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about 5 EV which when you
+convert is a whopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert is a whopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert is a whopping
+496 K per mole this is looking Bleak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 K per mole this is looking Bleak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 K per mole this is looking Bleak
+people look at this I've got three out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at this I've got three out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at this I've got three out
+of the five energies and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five energies and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five energies and they're all
+positive this things better start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this things better start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this things better start
+turning negative soon or we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning negative soon or we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning negative soon or we're going to
+change the way the world works here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way the world works here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way the world works here and
+I know I know that sodium chloride forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I know that sodium chloride forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I know that sodium chloride forms
+because if I look on the web page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I look on the web page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I look on the web page of
+3091 you see this down here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 you see this down here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 you see this down here this is
+sodium and kerosene that's metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and kerosene that's metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and kerosene that's metallic
+sodium that we're keeping kerosene so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium that we're keeping kerosene so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium that we're keeping kerosene so it
+doesn't react with the oxygen in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't react with the oxygen in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't react with the oxygen in the air
+and that's an Erin me flask that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an Erin me flask that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an Erin me flask that's been
+filled with chlorine and sodium has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with chlorine and sodium has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with chlorine and sodium has been
+added to it and there's the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to it and there's the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to it and there's the sodium
+chloride Crystal that forms between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride Crystal that forms between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride Crystal that forms between the
+two of them so I know because I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them so I know because I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them so I know because I looked
+at the website I know this reaction's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the website I know this reaction's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the website I know this reaction's
+got a negative number there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a negative number there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a negative number there an
+interesting observation about electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting observation about electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting observation about electronic
+structure by the way sodium metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by the way sodium metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by the way sodium metallic
+sodium is toxic to humans chlorine gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is toxic to humans chlorine gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium is toxic to humans chlorine gas
+toxic to humans electron transfer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to humans electron transfer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to humans electron transfer we
+cannot live we die without sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot live we die without sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot live we die without sodium
+chloride okay so it's this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride okay so it's this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride okay so it's this tells you
+that it's electronic structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's electronic structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's electronic structure that
+governs all right so let's find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs all right so let's find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs all right so let's find some
+let's find some good news here well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find some good news here well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find some good news here well I
+got some good news number four electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some good news number four electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some good news number four electron
+affinity chlorine got a high veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chlorine got a high veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chlorine got a high veence
+electron energy it gobbles up electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy it gobbles up electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron energy it gobbles up electrons
+and that's a negative number that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a negative number that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a negative number that turns
+out to be Nega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be Nega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be Nega
+349 that's for part four and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 that's for part four and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 that's for part four and then the
+last one huge if you go through the m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one huge if you go through the m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one huge if you go through the m in
+calculation it's basically this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's basically this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's basically this one over
+here multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here multiply by
+17475 and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17475 and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17475 and you end up with
+787 minus 787 K per mole so when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 minus 787 K per mole so when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+787 minus 787 K per mole so when you add
+this whole thing up it gives you a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing up it gives you a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing up it gives you a net
+of minus 411 K per mole or about 4 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 411 K per mole or about 4 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 411 K per mole or about 4 EV
+per ion pair so good I was worried there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ion pair so good I was worried there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ion pair so good I was worried there
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that's the borne hobber cycle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the borne hobber cycle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the borne hobber cycle and the
+borne hobber cycle allows you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne hobber cycle allows you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne hobber cycle allows you to see
+what the relative values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relative values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relative values of the
+different energy components are borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy components are borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy components are borne
+hobber cycle and again what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobber cycle and again what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobber cycle and again what's the what's
+the utility of the borne hobber cycle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of the borne hobber cycle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of the borne hobber cycle it
+deconvolves that reaction of sodium plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolves that reaction of sodium plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolves that reaction of sodium plus
+chlorine into Elementary steps that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into Elementary steps that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine into Elementary steps that are
+related to uh electron transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to uh electron transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to uh electron transfer and
+acquisition so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition so that's the that's the
+value of borne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of borne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of borne
+hobber um here's a here's a chart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobber um here's a here's a chart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobber um here's a here's a chart that
+just shows there's the positive energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows there's the positive energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows there's the positive energies
+and uh you can see the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can see the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can see the the various
+components then the negative energies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then the negative energies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then the negative energies in
+a net but look at the the latus energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net but look at the the latus energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net but look at the the latus energy
+the melong energy component is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melong energy component is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melong energy component is huge
+which tells you that when the ions form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that when the ions form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you that when the ions form
+they really want to continue to glom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to continue to glom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to continue to glom
+onto one another and form that giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto one another and form that giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto one another and form that giant
+crystal and so this is now a chart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and so this is now a chart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and so this is now a chart of
+just a component number five the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a component number five the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a component number five the lattice
+energies keep this number in mind 787
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies keep this number in mind 787
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies keep this number in mind 787
+all right let's check here's sodium plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's check here's sodium plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's check here's sodium plus
+chlorine is 787 so that's 1 plus against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine is 787 so that's 1 plus against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine is 787 so that's 1 plus against
+1 minus but look at this one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus but look at this one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus but look at this one there's
+magnesium with oxygen that's 3791 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium with oxygen that's 3791 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium with oxygen that's 3791 it's
+almost 4,000 K per mole and magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 4,000 K per mole and magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 4,000 K per mole and magnesium
+oxide has a melting point of 2800° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide has a melting point of 2800° C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide has a melting point of 2800° C
+sodium chloride is about 801 degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is about 801 degrees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is about 801 degrees C
+all right aluminum oxide look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right aluminum oxide look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right aluminum oxide look at
+aluminum plus oxygen look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum plus oxygen look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum plus oxygen look at this
+aluminum oxide 50 almost 16,000 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum oxide 50 almost 16,000 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum oxide 50 almost 16,000 K per
+mole alumina is really stable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole alumina is really stable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole alumina is really stable which is
+why it takes so much energy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it takes so much energy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it takes so much energy to make
+aluminum that's why aluminum is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum that's why aluminum is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum that's why aluminum is so
+expensive because the oxide is so stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because the oxide is so stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because the oxide is so stable
+and why is it so stable because aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it so stable because aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it so stable because aluminum
+ions have charge of plus three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions have charge of plus three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions have charge of plus three and
+oxygen ions have charge of minus two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen ions have charge of minus two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen ions have charge of minus two so
+when you go into the kulic term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into the kulic term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go into the kulic term here
+instead of 1 Time 1 it's 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 Time 1 it's 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 Time 1 it's 3 *
+2 that's it so you want make you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's it so you want make you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's it so you want make you want
+bricks you want high temperature bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks you want high temperature bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks you want high temperature bricks
+what are you going to make them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to make them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to make them out of
+it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty
+obvious it's all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious it's all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious it's all here
+all falls out it's fantastic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all falls out it's fantastic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all falls out it's fantastic it's
+fantastic and this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and this is an interesting
+thing this is ionic radi with a noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is ionic radi with a noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is ionic radi with a noble
+gas configuration so all of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas configuration so all of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas configuration so all of these have
+engaged an electron transfer so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged an electron transfer so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged an electron transfer so just to
+get your bearings there's there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your bearings there's there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your bearings there's there's our
+pal sodium sodium plus so sodium plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pal sodium sodium plus so sodium plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pal sodium sodium plus so sodium plus is
+ISO electronic with neon it's only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO electronic with neon it's only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO electronic with neon it's only got
+10 electrons not 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 electrons not 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 electrons not 11
+but magnesium 2+ it's also ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium 2+ it's also ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium 2+ it's also ISO
+electronic with neon what do you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic with neon what do you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic with neon what do you see you
+start with oble minus so that's oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with oble minus so that's oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with oble minus so that's oxygen
+plus two electrons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two electrons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two electrons it's
+1.45 10 electrons again 1.33 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.45 10 electrons again 1.33 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.45 10 electrons again 1.33 10
+electrons again 10 electrons again 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons again 10 electrons again 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons again 10 electrons again 10
+electrons again what's happening same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons again what's happening same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons again what's happening same
+number of electrons but the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons but the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons but the number of
+protons keeps going up up up up up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons keeps going up up up up up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons keeps going up up up up up the
+positive force of attraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive force of attraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive force of attraction of the
+electrons on the outside is greater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the outside is greater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the outside is greater and
+greater and that pulls everything in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and that pulls everything in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and that pulls everything in and
+so not only is aluminum highly charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is aluminum highly charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is aluminum highly charged
+but it's small it's physically small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's small it's physically small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's small it's physically small so
+it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know
+tight buff lean mean fighting machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight buff lean mean fighting machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight buff lean mean fighting machine
+machine it goes after oxygen see cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it goes after oxygen see cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine it goes after oxygen see cuz
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+small it's high charge density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's high charge density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's high charge density and
+likewise down here so you see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise down here so you see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise down here so you see all of
+these look at buril burum 2+ very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look at buril burum 2+ very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look at buril burum 2+ very very
+tiny charge plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny charge plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny charge plus
+two you know why we need to know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know why we need to know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know why we need to know all
+this I can take you immediately we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can take you immediately we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can take you immediately we can
+start designing batteries because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start designing batteries because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start designing batteries because we
+need ions we need ions in motion we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ions we need ions in motion we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ions we need ions in motion we need
+ions small ions in motion all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions small ions in motion all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions small ions in motion all of this
+stuff is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is is
+related fantastic stuff so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related fantastic stuff so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related fantastic stuff so what you see
+is that the the radius changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the radius changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the radius changes with
+atomic number for constant electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number for constant electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number for constant electron
+number yeah well we're getting close I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah well we're getting close I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah well we're getting close I I
+talked a lot about the a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about the a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about the a lot about the
+uh exam so I I don't have a lot time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exam so I I don't have a lot time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exam so I I don't have a lot time
+left to talk about the structural Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to talk about the structural Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to talk about the structural Metals
+I'll just give you this one little slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you this one little slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you this one little slide
+so you get a sense of what we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a sense of what we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a sense of what we're up
+against here's number one structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against here's number one structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against here's number one structural
+metal is steel number two is iron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is steel number two is iron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is steel number two is iron uh
+excuse me aluminum number three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me aluminum number three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me aluminum number three is
+magnesium aluminum magnesium are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium aluminum magnesium are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium aluminum magnesium are both
+made by ionic liquid electrolysis just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by ionic liquid electrolysis just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by ionic liquid electrolysis just
+as I showed you last day but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I showed you last day but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I showed you last day but look at the
+tonnage differences here's aluminum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonnage differences here's aluminum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonnage differences here's aluminum is
+25 million tons per year for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 million tons per year for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 million tons per year for the whole
+planet magnesium with 600,000 tons iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet magnesium with 600,000 tons iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet magnesium with 600,000 tons iron
+steel 800 million tons 800 Mill almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel 800 million tons 800 Mill almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel 800 million tons 800 Mill almost a
+billion tons of steel that's virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion tons of steel that's virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion tons of steel that's virgin
+metal that's not recycled and steel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's not recycled and steel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's not recycled and steel is
+the most recycled material it sells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recycled material it sells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recycled material it sells for
+about 20 cents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 cents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 cents a
+pound so that represents about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound so that represents about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound so that represents about a third
+of a a trillion dollars 20 cents a pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a trillion dollars 20 cents a pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a trillion dollars 20 cents a pound
+you build a steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build a steel
+plant with a capital cost of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant with a capital cost of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant with a capital cost of several
+billion dollars you bring iron ore from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars you bring iron ore from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars you bring iron ore from
+one part of the planet carbon Limestone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the planet carbon Limestone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the planet carbon Limestone
+you put it into this reactor and you shi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into this reactor and you shi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into this reactor and you shi
+this all over the world go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all over the world go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all over the world go to the
+grocery store tonight tell me what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store tonight tell me what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store tonight tell me what you
+find on the shelf that sells for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on the shelf that sells for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find on the shelf that sells for 20
+cents a pound this is amazing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents a pound this is amazing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents a pound this is amazing this is
+modern industrial chemistry showing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern industrial chemistry showing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern industrial chemistry showing its
+strength all right before you go I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength all right before you go I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength all right before you go I'll
+I'll uh send you it's a weekend so send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh send you it's a weekend so send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh send you it's a weekend so send
+you off uh with a uh with a joke with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off uh with a uh with a joke with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off uh with a uh with a joke with a
+joke so we we studied the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so we we studied the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so we we studied the uncertainty
+principle Heisenberg's uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Heisenberg's uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Heisenberg's uncertainty
+principal so The Story Goes Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal so The Story Goes Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal so The Story Goes Heisenberg
+is given a seminar he's got a rental car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given a seminar he's got a rental car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given a seminar he's got a rental car
+he's zooming back to the airport he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's zooming back to the airport he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's zooming back to the airport he's
+doing 100 miles an hour down a Mass Pike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 100 miles an hour down a Mass Pike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 100 miles an hour down a Mass Pike
+he gets pulled over by the state trooper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets pulled over by the state trooper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets pulled over by the state trooper
+state trooper said I want title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state trooper said I want title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state trooper said I want title
+registration he says hey buddy where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration he says hey buddy where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration he says hey buddy where's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fire you know how fast you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire you know how fast you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire you know how fast you were going
+and he Heisenberg says no but I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he Heisenberg says no but I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he Heisenberg says no but I know
+where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am
+get out of here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IWzYoXKaRIc.txt b/IWzYoXKaRIc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40f95adef05494e147c148121dd0891118647972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IWzYoXKaRIc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2637 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Are people
+understanding AVLs?
+
+That's good, because if
+everyone raised their hands,
+
+we'd be done and out of here.
+
+So we're not covering new
+material in this recitation.
+
+We're talking about AVLs
+again, except this time
+
+you'll tell me
+how we'll do them,
+
+and we'll look at
+the code and see
+
+how the theory matches the code.
+
+And I need one of these.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So let's start simple.
+
+What's a BST?
+
+AUDIENCE: Binary search tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK,
+binary search tree.
+
+It's binary because every
+node has at most two children.
+
+Why is it a search tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's easy to search.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Why is it easy to search?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you
+start [INAUDIBLE],
+
+is my number greater than
+this key or is it less than,
+
+and then you go from there.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if I would have to state
+this as a formal rep invariant
+
+thing, what would I say it is
+so that I can do that operation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Node at
+right is greater than
+
+node at key, which is
+greater than node at left.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, excellent.
+
+So it turns out I can use
+this argument recursively
+
+to say that for a given
+node, everything that
+
+is to the right of
+that node is greater,
+
+and everything that is
+to the left is smaller.
+
+And this allows us
+to do search quickly
+
+because if you're
+looking for a key,
+
+say you have numbers in your
+tree and you're looking for 5.
+
+If you arrive at a node whose
+value is 4, you go right.
+
+If you arrive at a node whose
+value is 7, you go left.
+
+OK So what do we know
+how to do on BSTs?
+
+What are the operations
+that we know?
+
+AUDIENCE: Minimum, maximum.
+
+PROFESSOR: Min, max.
+
+AUDIENCE: Left, right, parent.
+
+PROFESSOR: So those
+are for the node.
+
+I want the queries and the
+updates for the BST type.
+
+AUDIENCE: Insert and delete.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Insert, Delete.
+
+AUDIENCE: Next larger.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then in here, the S in BST.
+
+Someone give me the
+S so we can move on.
+
+AUDIENCE: Find.
+
+PROFESSOR: Find,
+search, depending
+
+on what code you're reading.
+
+What's the running
+time for these guys?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order h.
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+So everything has the
+same running time.
+
+Nice and easy to remember.
+
+Order h.
+
+What's h?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How do we define this height?
+
+What's the height for this tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+What's the height for this tree?
+
+What's the height for this tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: Two.
+
+PROFESSOR: So now for
+a more general case,
+
+where this is the height, and
+the height of my left subtree
+
+is hl.
+
+The height of my
+right subtree is hr.
+
+What's h?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the maximum
+of hr times hl plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Nice save.
+
+I heard a "plus 1"
+somewhere there.
+
+Very good.
+
+This is r.
+
+So if we look at the
+first part of the code,
+
+lines one through eight,
+lines seven and eight
+
+implement the definition
+that we talked about here.
+
+So in our Python
+implementation, each node
+
+knows the height of the
+tree that he's the root of.
+
+And since we're
+storing that, we need
+
+to update it every once in
+awhile when we make changes
+
+to the tree, like
+when we insert nodes.
+
+And the way we do that
+is update height, which
+
+uses the formula that
+we came up with here.
+
+Now, there is a hack on
+lines two, three, four, five.
+
+Can anyone tell me
+what the hack is?
+
+AUDIENCE: The negative 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How does that work?
+
+Why do I need it?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's so if
+you're at the root node,
+
+you can still
+calculate the height.
+
+PROFESSOR: Depends on how
+the root node looks like.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it has no children.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a leaf.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if I'm in this case or
+in this case, what's hl,
+
+what's hr?
+
+In this case, I have
+this node of height zero,
+
+so I can make a small mistake
+here and it'll save me,
+
+but here, I have no
+children, so hl and hr have
+
+to be set in such a way that
+this formula evaluates to 0.
+
+If I set them to minus 1,
+I'll have minus 1, minus 1.
+
+The maximum is minus
+1 plus 1 equals 0.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's just to
+check the nodes for AVLs.
+
+PROFESSOR: We use that
+to update the height.
+
+For AVLs, we need
+to know the height
+
+of a node instantaneously.
+
+We can't afford to
+go down the tree
+
+and compute the height
+every time we need it,
+
+so every node gets
+to store its height.
+
+There's a small field in each
+node that has the height.
+
+So we need to update that
+every once in awhile when
+
+we do insertions and deletions.
+
+This is how we update
+it, and in order
+
+to update it for this case,
+where we're at a leaf,
+
+we have to say that the
+height of a non-existing tree
+
+is minus 1.
+
+Of course, in theory
+and in real life,
+
+there are no non-existing
+trees, so this is a clever hack
+
+to reduce code size.
+
+So we said binary search trees
+would look something like this.
+
+Is this guy an AVL?
+
+Does anyone think it's an a AVL?
+
+Does anyone think
+it's not an AVL?
+
+Can one of you tell me why?
+
+AUDIENCE: The tree with 5
+as its root is not balanced.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this guy
+here is not balanced.
+
+Why is it not balanced?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it has two on
+its right and zero on its left,
+
+so the difference
+is greater than 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're saying
+that there's something here
+
+that's two, and something
+here that's-- OK, so height.
+
+So then it's almost like that.
+
+It's 1 here and minus 1 here.
+
+So the reason I
+asked you to clarify
+
+is that first you
+said two and zero,
+
+and that's the
+node count, and AVL
+
+doesn't care about node count.
+
+AVL cares about height.
+
+So for example, if I
+have something like this,
+
+this is a happy AVL.
+
+Three nodes, here one node here.
+
+The difference in node
+count is greater than 1,
+
+but the difference
+in height is 1.
+
+Therefore, this is a good AVL.
+
+So what's a rep
+invariant for an AVL?
+
+AUDIENCE: The height of the
+left subtree for every node
+
+is within 1 of the height
+of the right subtree.
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+AVL.
+
+The core property is
+that for every node,
+
+the left height and the right
+height differ by at most 1.
+
+What else?
+
+If we want to be
+completely rigorous,
+
+what else do we have to say?
+
+It's a BST.
+
+So an AVL is a
+special kind of BST,
+
+and that's why when
+we write the AVL code,
+
+we inherit from the BST and
+we use some of its methods
+
+heavily.
+
+Why do we like AVLs?
+
+What's so good about them?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's faster because
+it ensures the minimal height
+
+of the entire tree because most
+of our complexities are o of h,
+
+so it would have to be smaller.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we
+care about this.
+
+In a regular binary tree,
+the worst case that you have
+
+is this.
+
+Ignoring this part, this is a
+worst case binary search tree
+
+where it's basically a
+list, so height is order n.
+
+In an AVL, you're
+saying it's better.
+
+So the reason why we
+care about AVLs is
+
+that height is order of log n.
+
+Now, did people understand from
+lecture why that's the case?
+
+Can anyone tell me
+why that's the case?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, it's
+just like every level
+
+you go down, if you split off
+that many times, of course
+
+it's log n.
+
+If you have n nodes and
+they're filled up to the edge,
+
+there's going to
+be log n of them.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's close to a
+full binary tree, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: For some
+definition of "close."
+
+So here's what I
+use to remember,
+
+and I think I can persuade you
+that the height is log n using
+
+the argument that
+I'll show you here.
+
+Let's start building
+a tree this way.
+
+Let's say I have a
+fixed height, and I
+
+want to have as few
+nodes as possible.
+
+If I have a tree with a big
+height and very few nodes,
+
+h is going to be bad when you
+write it as a function of n.
+
+So those trees are unbalanced.
+
+Big height, small
+number of nodes.
+
+So say we're trying to build
+an AVL with the smallest
+
+number of nodes
+and a fixed height.
+
+What if the height is 0?
+
+What does that tree look like?
+
+It's not too complicated, right?
+
+This is an AVL of height 0.
+
+It's the only possible
+AVL of height 0.
+
+Now, what if we're trying
+to build an AVL of height 1
+
+that has as few
+nodes as possible?
+
+This is what it
+looks like, right?
+
+Height 0, height 1.
+
+I could add another
+node here, but I
+
+don't want to because I want
+as few nodes as possible.
+
+Now, what if I tried to
+build an AVL of height 2
+
+that has as few
+nodes as possible?
+
+Can I do this?
+
+AUDIENCE: So at the worst
+case, you have h minus 1
+
+and then h minus 2 there.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You're moving ahead.
+
+You're forcing me to move
+faster, but you're right.
+
+And the reason is
+this is unbalanced.
+
+The height at the left has
+to be the height of the right
+
+plus or minus 1.
+
+Can't be anything else.
+
+So at the very least, I have to
+build a tree of height 0 here,
+
+and I know that the
+best tree of height
+
+0 that I have is this guy.
+
+Cool.
+
+So for height 3, I
+would have to do this.
+
+And then you're saying, what
+would I use at the left?
+
+AUDIENCE: You'd use whatever
+height's on the right minus 2.
+
+The height on the
+right minus 1 per side.
+
+PROFESSOR: So on the
+right, I have a height 2.
+
+On the left, I have a height 1.
+
+If I want to go up to height
+4, I do the same thing.
+
+So if I want to
+build an AVL tree
+
+with as few nodes as
+possible and height h,
+
+I start with the root,
+then at the right,
+
+I build an AVL tree of height
+h minus 1, and at the left,
+
+an AVL tree of height h minus 2.
+
+And if these have the
+minimum number of nodes,
+
+then it turns out
+that the whole thing
+
+has the minimum number of nodes.
+
+I don't want to build a
+tree where the heights are
+
+equal because that would
+mean more nodes here,
+
+so this is the best I can do.
+
+This is the best way I
+can build a tall tree
+
+with as few nodes as possible.
+
+Suppose I want to write
+the number of nodes
+
+as a function of height.
+
+You're telling me what it is.
+
+When I was here, you were
+giving me the answer for this.
+
+So suppose I have
+a height, and I
+
+want to know how many nodes
+I have in my tree that
+
+has a minimum number of nodes.
+
+What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's N h minus 1,
+and then plus N h minus 2.
+
+There might be a constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: There
+might be a constant.
+
+N h minus 1 is this tree,
+N h minus 2 is this tree,
+
+so what's the constant?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+This guy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Doesn't he
+have height 0, though?
+
+AUDIENCE: We're talking
+number of nodes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+Number of nodes, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not
+going to solve this now.
+
+We learned how to solve
+recurrences a long time ago,
+
+so I'll pretend I still
+remember how to do that,
+
+and I will tell you
+that the solution looks
+
+something like this.
+
+N of h is roughly 5, which is
+the magic number that we talked
+
+about in lecture--
+roughly, which
+
+means there might be some things
+there that I forgot-- to the h.
+
+What really matters is that
+it's an exponential in h.
+
+If you look at these guys,
+this is close to the Fibonacci
+
+number formula except
+there's a plus 1 here.
+
+So these guys are bigger
+than the Fibonacci numbers.
+
+This is definitely
+bigger than whatever
+
+the formula for
+Fibonacci numbers
+
+is, which is 5 to the h minus
+something over something.
+
+What really matters is the
+minimum number of nodes
+
+in an AVL of height h is an
+exponential as a function of h.
+
+If you invert that, you
+get that the maximum height
+
+for a tree with N nodes
+is log N. This is a way
+
+to construct an AVL that
+shows you that the height has
+
+to be logarithmic as long
+as we can keep this rep
+
+invariant true.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+I didn't quite follow how you
+got h minus 2 and h minus 1
+
+there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here, here, here?
+
+AUDIENCE: There.
+
+The tree down.
+
+This one?
+
+This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: This one, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So suppose I'm at height 4 here.
+
+What's the best way to
+construct an AVL that
+
+has as few nodes as
+possible but height 4?
+
+If this guy has
+to be at height 4,
+
+then it has to have a child at
+height 3, at least one child.
+
+Otherwise, it's not
+going to be height 4.
+
+Now, I need to build something
+here that has height 3.
+
+What should I build?
+
+The best AVL tree that I know
+that has height 3, right?
+
+I have to get to height 3
+using as few nodes as possible,
+
+so I'm going to use this guy
+because it has as few nodes as
+
+possible and it has height 3.
+
+So this covers my right side.
+
+Now, for my left side, what
+am I going to use here?
+
+Another AVL tree that has as
+few nodes as possible, right?
+
+So I'm definitely keeping that.
+
+But what's going to
+be the height of that?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we want the
+difference to be less than
+
+or equal to 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Otherwise, it's not an AVL.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it
+would be of height 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I know for sure
+that this guy has height 4.
+
+The difference has
+to be plus, minus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it would be 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2, 3, 4.
+
+I know for sure I
+don't want it to be 4,
+
+and now I have to
+choose between 2 and 3.
+
+A tree of height 2
+will have fewer nodes
+
+than a tree of
+height 3, so that's
+
+why we're doing it this way.
+
+So to build a tree of height
+4, build a tree of height 3,
+
+build a tree of height
+2, connect them together.
+
+That's how we get to
+this, and then this.
+
+Cool.
+
+Do people remember how to
+do insertions and deletions
+
+in a regular binary tree?
+
+Yes?
+
+How do I insert 6.5
+here in this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: You take 6.5, you're
+like, oh, it's greater than 4,
+
+then you move to 5.
+
+Then you're like, oh,
+it's greater than 5.
+
+Go to 6.
+
+Oh, it's less than 6, and
+then it goes to the left of 6.
+
+I mean-- sorry.
+
+I meant left of 7.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So it's bigger than--
+
+AUDIENCE: Testing you all, guys.
+
+Oh yeah.
+
+6.5 is bigger than 6, so
+then it goes to the left of 7
+
+because it's less than 7.
+
+PROFESSOR: I thought I had my
+example wrong for a second.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm just tired.
+
+PROFESSOR: Me too,
+so don't scare me.
+
+All right.
+
+So suppose we have heights
+stored in the nodes here,
+
+because we want to
+do that for AVLs.
+
+We'll figure out why in a bit.
+
+The height of this guy used
+to be 0, 1, 2, 3, right?
+
+0, 1, 2, 3.
+
+What happened when
+I added this node?
+
+AUDIENCE: You added 1 to
+everything [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So I went down on
+my insertion path
+
+to find out where to insert
+a node, and then I added it.
+
+I just chose my
+case conveniently,
+
+but in some cases,
+all the heights
+
+of the nodes on that
+path have changed.
+
+So in an AVL,
+after we insert, we
+
+have to make sure
+that the height
+
+of every node on
+the path is updated.
+
+Does this make sense?
+
+So the heights
+will be 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+So the way we
+implemented the AVLs is
+
+that we do regular
+insertions and deletions,
+
+and then at the end, we say,
+well it used to be an AVL.
+
+Now we added or
+removed the node,
+
+so it might be a
+slightly unbalanced AVL,
+
+which means it's not an AVL.
+
+And we have the
+rebalance procedure.
+
+So if you look at on the
+second page of the code,
+
+insert and delete are
+really tiny, lines 20 to 22
+
+and 24 to 28.
+
+And they're really tiny
+because they call the old code
+
+and then they call Rebalance.
+
+So all the magic in an
+AVL is in Rebalance.
+
+The first thing that
+Rebalance does, if you see,
+
+it has a while loop there, and
+the first thing that it does
+
+in the while loop is it updates
+the height, and this is why.
+
+The height might have
+changed after the insert,
+
+so any decision based on
+the old height is bad.
+
+That's why we have that there.
+
+Make sense so far?
+
+So if you look at rebalance,
+don't try to understand it
+
+quite yet, but
+what it does is it
+
+calls Rotate Left
+and Rotate Right.
+
+Well, Left Rotate, Right Rotate.
+
+All the magic is in Rebalance,
+and the tools that it uses
+
+are Left Rotate
+and Right Rotate.
+
+Now, I'm going to show you
+what a rotation is supposed
+
+to do in-- and the children
+of these nodes are a, b, c, d.
+
+Also, this node is hanging
+off of something here, e.
+
+If I want to do a
+Right Rotate here,
+
+so if I want to rotate the tree
+like this, then after rotating,
+
+it's going to look like this.
+
+So notice that c got moved
+from B to A, but it got
+
+moved in such a way that the
+whole thing is still a BST.
+
+These guys show up in the
+same order as children,
+
+and these guys show
+up in the same order,
+
+so search will still work.
+
+This is how it's supposed
+to look like as a picture.
+
+Let's try to write the
+pseudocode for achieving this.
+
+AUDIENCE: First, you
+identify the parent node.
+
+Step one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+let's say we have it.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean from B.
+You say, A is my parent.
+
+That's now going to
+become my right child.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what do you want to change?
+
+By the way, this whole thing
+has to happen in constant time,
+
+so we're not allowed to go
+anywhere inside here, here,
+
+here, or here.
+
+We're allowed to
+change these links,
+
+but if you go
+inside and try to do
+
+more complicated
+restructuring, that's
+
+going to block the running time.
+
+We're only allowed
+to change the links
+
+that you see on the board.
+
+AUDIENCE: I know in the BST, not
+BST node but BST, the delete,
+
+if you're deleting the root,
+they make up the pseudoroot.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+not worry about it.
+
+So Delete already did
+that magic for you, right?
+
+So the pseudoroot would be
+here, so this node has a root.
+
+We're happy.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not
+what I'm talking about.
+
+I'm saying that you could do
+the same with B because you're
+
+going to have to break a
+link with lowercase c onto B
+
+in order to flip it.
+
+So I'm saying you could have
+a placer, some sort of place
+
+to put it so you don't lose it.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's see if we do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: The new right
+child of B will be A,
+
+and the new left child of A will
+be C, and the new parent of c
+
+is A.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK,
+let's move slower.
+
+I have to write them down.
+
+So the new right child of B is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is A.
+Also, you probably
+
+should do temp
+variables to store them.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't
+think you have to.
+
+You can just swap the one
+connection and swap the other.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's do it
+without worrying about temps,
+
+and then we can figure
+out temps later.
+
+So B's right becomes A. So
+it's going to be like this.
+
+Let me erase this
+confusing error.
+
+AUDIENCE: And A's
+left child is c.
+
+PROFESSOR: A's left child is c.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: C's parent is A.
+
+PROFESSOR: C's parent
+is A. OK, very good.
+
+So I changed the child,
+then I changed the parent
+
+so that they would match up.
+
+So if B's right is A, then
+what should I do with--
+
+AUDIENCE: A's parent is B.
+
+PROFESSOR: Always
+do them in pairs
+
+so you don't lose track of them.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: B's parent is
+e and e's subchild is B.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+B's parent is e, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So B's
+parent is e, and--
+
+AUDIENCE: e's left.
+
+PROFESSOR: Child is--
+
+AUDIENCE: B.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I
+drew it like this, right?
+
+But if I drew it like this?
+
+AUDIENCE: e's--
+
+PROFESSOR: It would have
+to be the right child,
+
+so we have to look
+at both cases.
+
+AUDIENCE: If B is
+greater than e,
+
+then it would be right child,
+and if B is less than e,
+
+it would be left child.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if B is greater than
+e, then e's right is B.
+
+Otherwise, e's left is B, right?
+
+Now, suppose comparisons
+are expensive
+
+and they don't want to do a
+comparison to find this out.
+
+I want to play with
+the tree instead.
+
+What do I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you see which
+one A was before that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: If A used
+to be the right child,
+
+now B is the right child.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I haven't changed the child
+yet, so I can do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's still a
+comparison though, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: But now I'm doing
+a pointer comparison and not
+
+a key comparison.
+
+AUDIENCE: If e.r is A, then--
+
+PROFESSOR: If e.right is A,
+then it becomes B. Otherwise.
+
+OK, this looks good.
+
+So there's the issue
+of temp variables
+
+and assigning these
+in the right order
+
+so you don't have too many
+temp variables and too
+
+many lines of code, and the
+Python code in the handout
+
+takes care of that.
+
+But this is the
+logic that you want.
+
+So if you have to
+write it from scratch,
+
+you don't have to memorize that.
+
+Remember that you want
+to get from here to here,
+
+and do exactly the thought
+process that we have here.
+
+What if I want to do a
+left rotation instead
+
+of a right rotation?
+
+AUDIENCE: You just have
+to change the r's to l's.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+Copy, paste.
+
+Swap l's and r's and we're done.
+
+Why do we need rotations?
+
+AUDIENCE: To rebalance stuff.
+
+PROFESSOR: To rebalance stuff.
+
+OK.
+
+Why do we rebalance stuff?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you
+don't want your code
+
+to crash when you add nodes
+that are sequentially larger,
+
+and then you try to find
+something, and then it crashes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Why would it crash?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+the recursion depth
+
+is exceeded because
+you're going down
+
+the line trying
+to find something,
+
+and you go down too far.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So pretending we don't have
+a recursion depth issue,
+
+then it's going to be slow.
+
+So you start from a nice AVL,
+and if you don't rebalance,
+
+you get to a BST that's
+slow, slow, slow,
+
+and then you'll fail our
+tests and still get a 0.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you just
+had a carrot-like tree,
+
+or if you added, for instance,
+4, and then you added in 5,
+
+and then you added in 3,
+and then you added in 6,
+
+and then you added in 2,
+you'd just get a carrot.
+
+So then I feel like AVL
+wouldn't cover that case.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's do
+them in sequence.
+
+So what are we inserting?
+
+So you said 4.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you start with
+4, and then you insert 5,
+
+then you insert 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's see.
+
+4, 3.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then you insert
+6, then you insert 2,
+
+then you insert 7, and then 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: You've
+got to rotate that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, the thing is--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, is this an AVL?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it's balanced.
+
+PROFESSOR: Is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, it's not.
+
+5 is unhappy.
+
+AUDIENCE: That height
+of the tree is only one
+
+greater than the other height.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+height here is 1.
+
+What's the height here?
+
+There's nothing here, so
+the height is minus 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, but the
+other side of the tree.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you're
+looking at this guy,
+
+things look balanced,
+but in an AVL,
+
+this has to hold for every node.
+
+If there's one node where
+the heights are unbalanced,
+
+the whole thing is unbalanced.
+
+Otherwise, the construction
+that we did before
+
+wouldn't make sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's all [INAUDIBLE]
+within the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So now that we're going to
+look at rebalancing, which
+
+is the magic behind
+AVLs, we have
+
+to make sure that after we
+start with something that's
+
+slightly imbalanced, when
+we rotate things around,
+
+we have to make sure that
+everything gets balanced
+
+at the end and happy, so that's
+a good thing to keep in mind.
+
+Good.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it
+obvious that you can
+
+put any number of
+nodes in an AVL tree?
+
+PROFESSOR: Point
+any number of nodes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+It's obvious that you can do
+one node, or two nodes or three
+
+nodes, but is it true that
+for any number of nodes,
+
+you can arrange
+into an AVL tree?
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So if you want to have
+any number of nodes,
+
+you call Insert, AVL Insert,
+and then you'll get an AVL.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+But what I'm trying
+to say is, is it
+
+possible to construct an
+AVL tree out of 13 nodes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or 17 nodes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a limit for
+where that property will not
+
+fit?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+Is there some set of nodes--
+
+PROFESSOR: I like this question.
+
+I like this question.
+
+So what would be the
+perfect binary search tree?
+
+AUDIENCE: An element
+of log N height.
+
+PROFESSOR: An element
+of log N height
+
+and the complete tree, so
+something that looks like this.
+
+Where did we see
+this thing before?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the heap.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So a heap looks
+exactly like this,
+
+except the values inside don't
+fulfill the BST requirement.
+
+Otherwise, we'd know how
+to build perfect BSTs.
+
+It so happens that we don't.
+
+But is this an AVL?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: That
+example or in general?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's start
+with that example.
+
+Is this an AVL?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+The node just to the
+left of the root--
+
+PROFESSOR: This guy?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+That one's of height two,
+so it has height one.
+
+PROFESSOR: This is beautiful.
+
+This is as good as it could get.
+
+This is an optimal
+binary search tree.
+
+This is perfect.
+
+It better match the
+definition of AVL,
+
+because otherwise, it would mean
+AVL doesn't like perfect trees.
+
+So the good news is
+that any complete tree
+
+is going to be an AVL
+because everything
+
+is perfectly balanced or
+almost perfectly balanced.
+
+The only thing that's not
+complete is the last level.
+
+So all the paths from the
+roots to the last level
+
+are either height log N
+or height log N minus 1.
+
+So wherever you do
+the height comparison,
+
+you're going to get
+a difference of 1,
+
+and we can keep
+adding nodes to this.
+
+This is how I'd build a BST
+of as many nodes as we want.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+For the fixed heights, why
+we try to minimize the nodes?
+
+Wouldn't a better way to
+build a more efficient tree
+
+is to try to
+minimize the height?
+
+So instead of adding nodes
+up, just fill in the tree?
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+So you're thinking of how to
+build an efficient tree, how
+
+to build a good tree.
+
+Here, I'm trying to
+prove the property
+
+about the maximum
+height of a tree.
+
+So here I'm playing
+devil's advocate.
+
+I'm thinking, what is
+the worst case for AVLs?
+
+How do I make AVLs look
+as bad as possible?
+
+That's why I started this way.
+
+So usually, we're
+the good guy coding,
+
+but after you're
+done coding and you
+
+know how your algorithm runs, if
+you want to have peace of mind
+
+and go to sleep well and
+get full points afterwards,
+
+it sometimes helps to
+think as devil's advocate.
+
+How would I break
+this algorithm?
+
+What's the worst thing
+that I could do to it?
+
+And if you can find
+something that breaks it,
+
+well, you probably
+know how to fix it.
+
+If not, you can
+sleep well at night
+
+and know that your
+algorithm is sound.
+
+AUDIENCE: In that example
+on the board, where we said
+
+the height of the tree on
+the left side was h minus 1,
+
+and then the other
+side had the h minus 2.
+
+For that h minus 2
+tree, every node in that
+
+has to be h minus 2
+height, every leaf.
+
+Is that what we're saying?
+
+Otherwise, it falls apart
+because there would be one
+
+that's--
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're saying
+that the root of this tree
+
+has to be h minus 2.
+
+And the way we do this
+is we copy this guy over,
+
+so this guy's lopsided, too.
+
+So it's not every path to
+the bottom, just one path.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So it could be an incomplete.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+In that case, is that balanced?
+
+PROFESSOR: So this was an
+AVL of height 2, right?
+
+If I stick it here, it's still
+going to be an AVL of height 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: This thing
+will have height 2.
+
+This thing will have height 3.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So it's not everything
+on the same level,
+
+necessarily, that needs
+to be of the same height.
+
+It's only the children.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So the two children, so two
+nodes on the same level,
+
+might have their heights differ
+by one, but not more than one.
+
+If they could differ
+by more than one,
+
+you could have a link list.
+
+Because they differ by one,
+then it's sort of sane.
+
+It's almost balanced.
+
+Good.
+
+I like the questions.
+
+It means you guys are thinking.
+
+I really like it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If they differ by one.
+
+So you have an
+ideal tree up there,
+
+and then you have the
+worst case possible.
+
+That wouldn't affect
+performance at all, right,
+
+if you have the worst case?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what we know
+what performance is we
+
+have this guarantee.
+
+It's at worst a
+constant times log n.
+
+This is constant times log n.
+
+The constant happens to be 1.
+
+This is a constant times log n.
+
+The constant happens to be
+something bigger than 1.
+
+I think it's somewhere
+between 2 and 3.
+
+AUDIENCE: That just
+varies by the constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And since we only care about
+asymptotics in this class,
+
+we're happy.
+
+But we don't know
+how to build this.
+
+This is just something pretty
+that we draw on a board,
+
+but we don't have an algorithm
+that efficiency builds
+
+this out of a random series
+of insertions and deletions.
+
+I hope we don't.
+
+Otherwise, I look bad.
+
+What do I want to delete?
+
+AUDIENCE: Instead
+of a binary search
+
+tree as the base
+of the AVL, if you
+
+wanted to have four
+children per node,
+
+would this change
+that much except you'd
+
+just have twice
+as many variables?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+good exam question.
+
+So it turns out that
+there's this tree called
+
+a B tree, which has
+1,000 or more nodes.
+
+AUDIENCE: B tree?
+
+Doesn't that stand for binary?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+It's B. Just B. That's
+used for databases on disk.
+
+So there, you want to make the
+height as small as possible,
+
+because every time you get a
+node, you do a disk access,
+
+and that's expensive.
+
+But once you do a
+disk access, the nodes
+
+can be as big as you want.
+
+You can read a few bytes off the
+disk at roughly the same cost
+
+as you can read a megabyte,
+so you're better off
+
+reading a megabyte.
+
+I might be exaggerating a
+bit, but for a few kilobytes,
+
+that's true.
+
+So B trees have
+thousands of children,
+
+and they keep them sorted.
+
+It's sort of like that,
+but the fan out is huge.
+
+And it turns out
+everything is still log n
+
+as long as the number of
+children you have is constant.
+
+AUDIENCE: But for this
+rotation thing, though.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh god, no.
+
+We don't have to rotate.
+
+It gets a lot more complicated.
+
+We haven't gotten to
+rebalancing yet, right?
+
+Wait until you see how
+rebalancing looks like
+
+with two children,
+and then imagine
+
+trying to figure out the
+cases for 1,000 children.
+
+That's not sane.
+
+In B trees, they
+use something else
+
+to make them balance
+the right way.
+
+And of course, they're
+harder than this.
+
+So let me try to get through
+rebalancing somewhat quickly.
+
+This is where I forget
+what I need to do.
+
+Rebalancing.
+
+So suppose we call
+Rebalance on this guy,
+
+and we know that the nodes
+here have heights k minus 1,
+
+this is k minus 1
+or k, and this is k,
+
+and I want to call
+Rebalance here.
+
+Let's first figure out
+if it's an AVL tree
+
+or if there's something
+wrong with it.
+
+What's the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: So no matter
+what the height is here,
+
+the height here
+has to be k plus 1.
+
+What's the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What else can you tell
+me about this node?
+
+If I call Check RI
+on it, it's going
+
+to crash because the
+rep invariant for AVLs
+
+does not hold here.
+
+This child at the
+top of this tree
+
+will have height k minus 1.
+
+This will have height k plus 1.
+
+The difference is more than 1.
+
+Not good.
+
+So this is unhappy.
+
+How do we fix the situation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Rotate
+left around k plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So it better be a rotation,
+because we spent so much
+
+figuring out how to rotate.
+
+Let's see what happens
+if we rotate this way,
+
+and the way to
+keep track of this
+
+is I'm going to label my nodes.
+
+B, A, left child of A
+has height k minus 1.
+
+This guy is k minus 1.
+
+So what's the height of A now?
+
+AUDIENCE: k.
+
+Oh wait, that's not a node.
+
+Just k minus 1 or k.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is a
+tree of height k minus 1.
+
+This is a height of
+tree k minus 1 or k.
+
+The height of this guy is?
+
+AUDIENCE: k.
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Or k plus 1.
+
+The height of this
+guy is definitely k.
+
+The height of this
+guys is k or k plus 1.
+
+Is that an AVL?
+
+Is it happy now?
+
+So this is the easy kind of
+rebalancing, one rotation
+
+and you're done.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+the difference between k
+
+minus 1 and k minus 1 over k?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not
+k minus 1 over k.
+
+It's either k minus 1 or k.
+
+Bad notation.
+
+Thank you for the question.
+
+You saved everyone
+from confusion.
+
+No, there's no
+fractional heights.
+
+Anything else?
+
+Thank you.
+
+That was good.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is easy, right?
+
+This is the easy rotation.
+
+Let's do the hard one now.
+
+What's the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's
+the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: AVL, not AVL?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: k minus
+1 on the left child,
+
+k plus 1 on the right child.
+
+The difference is more than one.
+
+Not an AVL.
+
+How do we fix this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Make a right
+rotation [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Make a right
+rotation on k first.
+
+PROFESSOR: So make a
+right rotation where?
+
+AUDIENCE: On k
+[INAUDIBLE] plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me
+break this up so we
+
+could see how that
+would work out.
+
+So these two are k
+minus 1 and k minus 1,
+
+and these nodes are
+A, B, and C. So you're
+
+saying do a right
+rotation here, right?
+
+Let's see what that gets us to.
+
+So A is the same,
+and then here I'm
+
+going to have C instead of B,
+and B. The right child of B
+
+is the same as it was before.
+
+The left child of
+B is k minus 1.
+
+Then the left child of
+C is another k minus 1,
+
+and this guy is k minus 1.
+
+OK, what's the height at B now?
+
+AUDIENCE: k.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What's the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the height here?
+
+AUDIENCE: k plus 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Is this an AVL?
+
+So we're not done, but what's
+the good news about this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Now you can
+rotate it left around C.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Exactly.
+
+That is this, and we know
+how to fix this in one step.
+
+You said exactly
+the right thing.
+
+This is exactly what we do.
+
+First, rotate here so
+that we get to that,
+
+and then we're in
+the happy case.
+
+So intuitively, the difference
+between the happy case
+
+and the harder case that's
+going to be happy eventually
+
+is where the heavy
+path is, so where
+
+you have the bigger height.
+
+In this case, k
+plus 2, k plus 1, k.
+
+So the heavy path
+is this thing here.
+
+It's a straight line.
+
+Because of that, we can
+rotate here and then
+
+redistribute the
+weights uniformly.
+
+In this case, the
+heavy path is this.
+
+It's a zigzag, so one
+rotation won't fix it.
+
+Instead, we do one
+rotation here so
+
+that we make the
+weights be distributed
+
+in a straight line, and
+then one rotation here,
+
+which makes
+everything look good.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's
+just a general pattern.
+
+And you redistribute
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So the first thing
+we do is say you're at a node
+
+and you need to rebalance.
+
+First thing, you
+check the heights
+
+and see if it's
+already balanced.
+
+If it's not balanced,
+suppose your heavier node
+
+is on the right.
+
+Then you go and see if
+the right child is heavier
+
+or the left child is heavier.
+
+So you see if the height
+distribution is a straight line
+
+or is exact, and then
+you decide whether you're
+
+going to do one rotation
+or two rotations.
+
+So this is all nice and
+good except for one thing.
+
+The heights keep
+changing here, and we're
+
+storing the heights
+in each node.
+
+So if we're doing
+all this rotating
+
+without updating the
+heights, then we're
+
+going to have something
+that looks like an AVL
+
+but doesn't keep track
+of the heights anymore,
+
+so eventually, we're going
+to make bad decisions.
+
+So we need to
+update the heights.
+
+Where do we update the heights?
+
+You can look at
+the code and cheat
+
+or you can try to think and
+tell me the answer, either way.
+
+So this only does
+rotates, right?
+
+If rotates would be able
+to update the heights,
+
+everything would be good.
+
+I wouldn't have to
+worry about this.
+
+Pretend I hadn't deleted
+the original case here,
+
+which I think was A, B,
+C, and then some children.
+
+What heights changed here?
+
+When I did this rotation,
+what heights changed?
+
+AUDIENCE: B's height changed.
+
+AUDIENCE: B, A, and
+C is greater than B.
+
+PROFESSOR: B and potentially
+A. If I'm not sure,
+
+then I'm going to try to
+update the height anyway
+
+to make sure that I
+have the right height.
+
+After I do this, I have
+to update the height on B
+
+and update the heights
+on A. Is this correct?
+
+AUDIENCE: And B.
+
+PROFESSOR: And all the way up.
+
+Let's assume that happens.
+
+Does this look right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Don't you also
+have to update for C?
+
+PROFESSOR: For c.
+
+Did I change anything under c?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think he's
+talking about capital C.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh,
+capital C. Yeah, OK.
+
+So the children are the same.
+
+They were a and b before,
+they're a and b afterwards,
+
+so I don't have to
+worry about this guy.
+
+The heights here
+haven't changed,
+
+so the height here
+hasn't changed.
+
+But you're thinking
+of a problem,
+
+and that is good because
+there is a problem here.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if there's a
+subtree instead of small c?
+
+PROFESSOR: A subtree
+instead of small c?
+
+OK, so yeah, this is a subtree.
+
+After rotating, this
+subtree moves over here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+You have to update A
+first, and then update B.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the height starts
+from the bottom.
+
+The bottom height
+zero, the next one
+
+up, the next one
+up, the next one up.
+
+Keep that in mind.
+
+Nothing changed below this guy,
+nothing changed below this guy,
+
+nothing changed here, so I
+don't have to update these.
+
+But when I compute the
+height, update height
+
+at the beginning of
+the listing assumes
+
+that the height of the
+children is correct.
+
+So when I compute the
+height of my mode,
+
+the height of the children
+has to be updated.
+
+So if I call Update
+Height of B first,
+
+I already know that
+this might have changed,
+
+so whatever answer
+I get is bogus.
+
+So this doesn't work
+and I have to do this.
+
+This is rotation.
+
+That's rebalancing.
+
+One more trick to rebalancing.
+
+So we talked about rebalancing
+the subtree at one node.
+
+What's missing
+from this picture?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you check
+it on all levels?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So I made some changes here.
+
+My tree might look happy
+starting from here on,
+
+but if I did an
+insertion or a deletion,
+
+heights changed all
+the way up, so I
+
+have to go all the way up and do
+more rebalancings potentially.
+
+And that's it.
+
+These are AVLs.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Did you guys get them?
+
+Do they make more sense now?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+You'll have to play with
+them on the next Pset.
+
+AUDIENCE: By "play,"
+what do you mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you're not
+writing it from scratch.
+
+You have to modify
+existing code.
+
+AUDIENCE: What are we
+going to make it do?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you'll have to
+keep track of something other
+
+than heights.
+
+You'll have to keep
+track of a new value.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, like the
+minimum or something?
+
+PROFESSOR: Or something, yeah.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I_ril7ToAi4.txt b/I_ril7ToAi4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..376f9fc22b93a0dbc213079e75c671dc2fd92d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I_ril7ToAi4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1362 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, today's about
+inverse functions, which is a
+
+new way to create one function
+from another one.
+
+And the reason it's so important
+is that we want to--
+
+this, the logarithm, is going to
+be the inverse function for
+
+e to the x.
+
+We can't live without e to
+the x on one side and the
+
+logarithm on the other side.
+
+So here's the idea of
+inverse functions.
+
+Well, here are the
+letters we use.
+
+Usually y is f of x.
+
+That's the standard letters.
+
+Then, for the inverse, I'm going
+to use f with a minus
+
+one above the line.
+
+And notice though, it will
+be x is f inverse of y.
+
+And let me show you
+why that is.
+
+Let's just remember what
+a function is.
+
+So function like f
+is, I take an x--
+
+that's my input--
+
+then the function acts on that
+input and produces an output.
+
+At some level, this is what a
+function is, a bunch of inputs
+
+and the corresponding outputs.
+
+OK, what's the inverse
+function?
+
+You can guess what's coming.
+
+I'll reverse those.
+
+For the inverse function,
+y will be the input.
+
+So y is now the input.
+
+What used to be the output
+is now the input--
+
+just turning them around.
+
+Then the question is, what
+x did it come from?
+
+That x that y came from up here
+is the x that it goes to
+
+with the inverse function.
+
+So you see the point?
+
+X and y are just getting
+reversed.
+
+Let me do an example, because
+that's letters, and we need a
+
+first example.
+
+y is x squared.
+
+So that's my function f of x.
+
+f is this squaring function.
+
+If you give me x equals three,
+the output is y equals nine.
+
+Now, what's the inverse
+function?
+
+The inverse function, I
+want to find x from y.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+I take the square root.
+
+So the inverse function
+will be x is--
+
+do you like to write square root
+of y or do you like to
+
+write y to the one half power?
+
+Both good--
+
+That's the inverse function of
+the other, and, of course,
+
+before we said, if x was
+three y was nine.
+
+And, now, if y is nine, then x
+will come out to be the square
+
+root of nine, three.
+
+Oh, one small point--
+well, not so small.
+
+I was really staying there in
+this example with x greater or
+
+equal zero.
+
+I don't know want to allow
+x equal minus three.
+
+Well, why not?
+
+Because if I allowed x equal
+minus three as one of the
+
+inputs, if I extended the
+function x squared
+
+to go for all x's.
+
+So if x equal minus three was
+allowed input, then y would be
+
+the same answer, nine.
+
+So I would be getting
+nine from both
+
+three and minus three.
+
+And then, in the inverse,
+I wouldn't know which
+
+one to go back to.
+
+In the inverse, the input would
+be nine, but should the
+
+output be three or
+minus three.
+
+So the point is, our functions
+have to be--
+
+one-to-one is a kind of nice
+expression that gives you the
+
+idea, one x for one y,
+one y for one x.
+
+And that means that they're
+graphs have to go steadily
+
+upwards or steadily downwards,
+but not down and up the way y
+
+equal x squared would if
+I went over all x's.
+
+Let me do some more examples
+before I come to the reason
+
+for this lecture, which is the
+exponential and the logarithm.
+
+And let's just look ahead to
+what will come near the end of
+
+the lecture.
+
+We know facts about the
+exponential, e to the x, and
+
+those facts, when I look at the
+inverse function, give me
+
+some different facts, important
+facts still, about
+
+the logarithm.
+
+And here is the most
+important one.
+
+That the log of a product of two
+numbers is the sum of the
+
+two logarithms, very
+important fact.
+
+That simple but important
+fact is what
+
+made logarithms famous.
+
+And it was the whole basis
+for the slide rule.
+
+Well, do you know what
+a slide rule is?
+
+Maybe you haven't
+ever seen one?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Everybody had them, and then
+suddenly nobody has any.
+
+But the point was, on a slide
+rule you had a little stick,
+
+another little stick--
+
+I used to drop the thing--
+
+And you push out log y, and then
+the second stick measures
+
+out log capital Y, and then you
+read off the answer of a
+
+multiplication.
+
+So you were able to multiply,
+but kind of inaccurately.
+
+So--
+
+But that doesn't mean that this
+
+logarithm isn't still important.
+
+It is, just not for
+slide rules.
+
+I promised two more examples.
+
+Also this is a chance to
+think about functions.
+
+So what about the radius of
+a circle r and the area a?
+
+There is a function there.
+
+The input is r, and the
+area is pi r squared.
+
+So that's some function of
+r, input r, output a.
+
+Now, tell me the inverse
+function.
+
+The inverse function, I'm
+going to input a, and
+
+I want to get r.
+
+So the input for the inverse
+function, it's
+
+going to be like this.
+
+I have to solve that
+equation for r.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+I divide by pi.
+
+That gives me r squared.
+
+And then, just as there,
+I take the square
+
+root, and I have r.
+
+So that's the inverse
+function of--
+
+is that a function of r?
+
+No way.
+
+The input is now a.
+
+This is a function of a.
+
+Divide by pi, take the square
+root, and you're back to r.
+
+Let me draw the pictures
+that go with that.
+
+Because the graph of a function
+and its inverse
+
+function are really
+quite neat.
+
+So do you know what the
+graph of a equals pi r
+
+squared would look like?
+
+Again, r is only going to be
+positive, and, now, area's
+
+only going to be positive.
+
+And the graph of pi r squared
+is a parabola.
+
+Say at r equal one, I
+reach area equal--
+
+What would be the area
+if the radius is one?
+
+Plug it in the formula,
+the area is pi.
+
+That's that point.
+
+And those are all the
+other points.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the graph, which
+was nothing new.
+
+The new graph is the graph
+of the inverse function.
+
+OK.
+
+What's up?
+
+This time the input is now
+a, and the output is r.
+
+If the area is 0,
+the radius is 0.
+
+If the area is pi--
+
+Oh, look, I'm just going
+to take this, and
+
+it's going to go here.
+
+If the area is pi, what's
+the radius?
+
+Well, put it in the formula.
+
+If the area is pi, I have
+pi over pi, one,
+
+square root's one.
+
+The radius is one, of
+course it's one.
+
+One there, so that's a point
+on the graph of the inverse
+
+function, of this square
+root of a over pi.
+
+And what's the rest
+of the graph.
+
+Does it look like that?
+
+No way.
+
+Everything is being flipped,
+you could say, Or you could
+
+say, a mirror image just
+turned over here.
+
+This thing, which started out
+like this, is now a square
+
+root function.
+
+The square root function climbs
+and comes around like
+
+that like it's a parabola this
+way, because that one was a
+
+parabola that way.
+
+All right, let me go on
+to a second example.
+
+But that point that these graphs
+just flip over the 45
+
+degree line, it's because y and
+x are getting switched.
+
+Let me do the second example.
+
+What about temperature?
+
+We could measure temperature
+in Fahrenheit, say f.
+
+Or we can measure it in
+centigrade or Celsius, say c.
+
+And what's the function?
+
+If I take f, I want to know c.
+
+The centigrade temperature
+is some function of f.
+
+Let me at the same
+time draw the
+
+picture so we can remember.
+
+So this is now the
+forward function.
+
+I'm creating f first, and then
+I'm going to create f inverse.
+
+OK.
+
+Do you remember the point
+how they're connected?
+
+Here is f.
+
+And we'll start with the
+freezing point of water.
+
+The freezing point of water is
+32 Fahrenheit but is zero
+
+centigrade.
+
+That's why that system
+got created.
+
+So f equals 32, c equals zero.
+
+That's on the graph.
+
+And then what's the
+other key point?
+
+The boiling point of water, so
+say, that's one f is 212.
+
+212 is the boiling point
+of water in Fahrenheit.
+
+And what's the boiling point
+in Celsius, centigrade?
+
+100--
+
+I mean that system was--
+
+I don't know where 32 and 212
+came from, but 0 to 100 is
+
+pretty sensible,
+0 and then 100.
+
+So that's the other point and
+then, actually, the graph is
+
+just straight line.
+
+In fact, let's find
+the formula.
+
+What's the equation
+for that line?
+
+So I take f and I subtract 32,
+so that gets me at the right
+
+start, the right
+freezing point.
+
+And now I want to multiply by
+the right slope to get up to
+
+the right boiling point.
+
+So when I go over 180,
+I want to go up 100.
+
+So it's 100 over 180.
+
+That 180 was the 32 to 212.
+
+So the ratio of 100 to 180
+that's, well, five to nine
+
+would be easier to write, so
+let me write five to nine.
+
+Is that OK for the graph of
+the original function?
+
+This is my function
+of f giving me c.
+
+Ready for the inverse
+function?
+
+Can you do this with me?
+
+c is now the input.
+
+f is now the output.
+
+What was c equals 0 and
+a 100, those were the
+
+key points for c.
+
+f equals 32 and 212 were
+they key points for f.
+
+This was on the graph, right?
+
+0 centigrade gives
+32 Fahrenheit.
+
+100 centigrade matches 212.
+
+That's on the graph.
+
+And again, it's a
+line in between.
+
+Hoo!
+
+My picture isn't so fantastic.
+
+That 212 really should be
+higher, and that line should
+
+be steeper.
+
+Let's see that from the
+formula for f inverse.
+
+What is going to be the
+steepness of the second line?
+
+OK.
+
+Here I've done graphs
+with some numbers.
+
+Here I'm going to do algebra.
+
+I mean, the point
+of algebra is--
+
+you may have wondered, what
+was the point of algebra--
+
+the point is to deal with
+all numbers at once.
+
+I could write down some other
+numbers like, some in between
+
+number like 122 or something,
+probably corresponds to a
+
+centigrade of 50.
+
+But I can't live forever
+with numbers.
+
+I need symbols.
+
+That's where letters,
+algebra, comes in.
+
+So now, I'm going
+to do algebra.
+
+I want to get Fahrenheit
+out of centigrade.
+
+I want to solve this
+equation for f.
+
+How do you solve for f?
+
+Well, first thing is, get rid of
+that 5/9, multiply by 9/5.
+
+So now I have 9/5 of c.
+
+So that 5/9 is now over here.
+
+Now, I have an f minus 32.
+
+I want to bring the 32 over
+on to the c side.
+
+It'll come over as a plus.
+
+So I've solved this equation
+for f, and that's told me,
+
+what's the inverse function.
+
+And you notice, it is
+a straight line.
+
+And what's it's slope
+by the way?
+
+Its slope is 9/5, where this
+had a slope of 5/9.
+
+That's going to happen,
+if you multiply.
+
+And sooner or later, in the
+inverse, you have to divide.
+
+So one slope is the reciprocal
+of the other slope.
+
+Well, it's especially easy when
+we see straight lines.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, are we ready for the real
+thing, meaning exponentials?
+
+OK.
+
+So I come back to this board,
+which tells me what I'm after.
+
+And raise that a little
+and go for it.
+
+So, what am I saying here?
+
+I'm saying that the logarithm
+is going to be the inverse
+
+function of e to the x.
+
+And it's called the natural
+logarithm, and we use this
+
+letter n for natural.
+
+Although, the truth is, that
+it's the only logarithm
+
+I ever think of.
+
+I would freely write L-O-G,
+because I would always mean
+
+this natural logarithm.
+
+So I'm defining it as the
+inverse and probably a graph
+
+is the way to see what
+it looks like.
+
+So I need to graph of e
+to the x, and then, a
+
+graph of its inverse.
+
+And then, by the way, since
+we're doing calculus, our next
+
+lecture is going to
+find derivatives.
+
+We know the derivative
+of e to the x.
+
+It's e to the x.
+
+That's the remarkable property
+that we started with.
+
+Then we'll find the
+derivative of the
+
+log, the inverse function.
+
+And it will come out to be
+remarkable too, amazing,
+
+amazing, just what we
+needed, in fact.
+
+All right, but let's get an idea
+what that log looks like.
+
+I know you've seen logs before,
+but now we have this
+
+base e, e to the x that only
+comes in calculus.
+
+And let's graph it.
+
+So now my function of x
+is e to the x, and I
+
+want to graph it.
+
+This is, of course, y.
+
+Actually, I realize, x
+can be negative or
+
+positive, no problem.
+
+But y--
+
+e to the x, always comes
+out positive.
+
+The graph is going
+to be above--
+
+Here's x.
+
+Let me draw the graph from
+0 to one and say,
+
+back to minus one.
+
+Then the graph is going to
+be above the axis here.
+
+Let's see, where is it?
+
+When x is 0, what's y?
+
+y is e to the 0th power,
+which is one.
+
+e to the 0 is one.
+
+The exponential function starts
+at one, right there.
+
+That height is one.
+
+Now when x is one, y is e to the
+first power, which is e,
+
+about 2.78.
+
+So maybe up there, somewhere
+about here.
+
+So that height is e,
+corresponding to one.
+
+And what about when
+x is minus one?
+
+Then y is e to the minus one.
+
+e to the minus one is--
+
+that minus says, divide.
+
+It's one over e to the first
+power, one over 2.78,
+
+something like 1/3 or so,
+something about there.
+
+And now, if I put in the
+other points here, the
+
+graph looks like that.
+
+And, actually, the reason I
+didn't go beyond x equal one
+
+is that it climbs so fast.
+e to the x takes off.
+
+It grows exponentially, if you
+can allow me to say that.
+
+Which reminds me, we don't
+often say, grows
+
+logarithmically.
+
+Well, let's see what grows
+logarithmically means.
+
+It means creeping along.
+
+If e to the x is zipping up
+real fast, then the log is
+
+going to go up only slowly.
+
+So I want the inverse
+function.
+
+Of course, this graph
+continues,
+
+gets very, very small.
+
+It continues up here.
+
+It gets very, very big
+but keeps going.
+
+Now, ready for x equals log y.
+
+And remember, I'm going to
+draw its picture, and I'm
+
+defining that function as the
+inverse function of the one we
+
+have. So I'm not going
+to give a new
+
+definition, a new function.
+
+It's defined by being the
+inverse function.
+
+That's what it is.
+
+But now we know, from experience
+with two graphs, we
+
+know what its graph is
+going to look like.
+
+So x is now going to be
+this graph, and y is
+
+going to be that one.
+
+So y only is positive.
+
+We can only take the log
+of positive numbers.
+
+The log of a negative number,
+that's something imaginary,
+
+we're not touching that.
+
+The log can come out positive,
+zero, negative.
+
+x could be anything.
+
+Here is x.
+
+Let's put in the
+points we know.
+
+They'll be the same three points
+as here, but you see
+
+that x axis is now vertical, the
+y axis is now horizontal.
+
+I put in these points,
+now let me put in--
+
+So what's the thing?
+
+When y is 0, what's x?
+
+Yeah, can you get that one?
+
+What's the log--oh, no.
+
+y doesn't make it to 0.
+
+When y is one, that's
+what I meant to say.
+
+When y is one, what's
+the log of one?
+
+What is the log of one?
+
+That's a key point here,
+and we see it.
+
+We got y equal one
+when x is 0.
+
+The logarithm of one is--
+
+so when y is one--
+
+is that right?
+
+Logarithm of one, let's
+put in that one.
+
+The logarithm of one is 0.
+
+That's a point on our curve.
+
+That's a point on our curve.
+
+This point flips down
+to this point.
+
+Can I just remind myself,
+because you saw me hesitating,
+
+that the log of one is 0.
+
+It's nice to have a
+couple of numbers.
+
+Then what are the other
+ones I want?
+
+I want to know the log
+of e, and I want to
+
+know the log of 1/e.
+
+And what are those logarithms?
+
+I could look over here.
+
+They're going to be
+one and minus one.
+
+But let's just begin to get
+the idea of the log.
+
+The log is the exponent.
+
+That's what you should say
+to yourself all the time.
+
+What is the logarithm?
+
+The logarithm is the exponent
+in the original.
+
+So here the exponent is one,
+so the log is one.
+
+What's the exponent there?
+
+One over e, that's e to
+the minus one power.
+
+That's log of e to the
+minus one power.
+
+And what is that logarithm?
+
+It's the exponent minus one.
+
+Let me plot those points.
+
+Here is e.
+
+So there is one, here
+is e, here is 1/e.
+
+The logarithm of one was 0.
+
+That point's on my graph.
+
+The logarithm of e is one.
+
+This point's on my graph.
+
+The logarithm of 1/e
+is minus one.
+
+The curve is coming up like that
+but bending down just the
+
+way this curve was bending up.
+
+And if I continue the curve, the
+logarithm would get more
+
+and more negative.
+
+It's headed down there, but y
+is never allowed to be 0.
+
+Headed up here, what happens?
+
+The log of a million, the
+log of a trillion--
+
+I mean, we can deal with the
+national debt, just take its
+
+log, because it climbs
+so slowly.
+
+Notice it kept climbing.
+
+It doesn't peak off here.
+
+That's a little farther than
+I intended to draw it.
+
+That's pretty far out on the
+y axis, but not very
+
+high on the x axis.
+
+Logarithms of big numbers
+are quite small numbers.
+
+And that's actually
+why, as we'll see,
+
+people use log paper.
+
+They draw a log-log graphs.
+
+That's to get big numbers
+on to the graph by
+
+dealing with logs.
+
+So that's what I want to say
+about the logarithm.
+
+Except, to come back to
+these two key facts,
+
+especially the first one.
+
+Can I find space for
+that first one?
+
+So y is e to the x, as always.
+
+Capital Y would be e to the
+capital X. And now, the
+
+interesting property is what
+happens if I multiply.
+
+What happens if I multiply
+y times Y?
+
+I have, that's e to the x times
+e to the X. That's what
+
+the little y and big y were.
+
+Now we're ready to use the
+crucial property of the
+
+exponential curve.
+
+I'm asking you, because
+you have to know this.
+
+What is e to the x times
+e to the capital X?
+
+Suppose x was two and
+capital X was three?
+
+Then I have e times e, e
+squared, multiplying e times e
+
+times e, three e's.
+
+What do I have?
+
+I've got e times e, time
+e times e time e.
+
+All together five e's are
+getting multiplied.
+
+I just add the exponents.
+
+That's the big rule for
+the exponential.
+
+If I multiply exponentials,
+I add the exponents.
+
+Now, I just want to convert that
+to a rule for logarithms.
+
+I'm going to do the
+inverse function.
+
+I'm going to take the log of
+both sides, and, I hope, we're
+
+going to get the right thing.
+
+The logarithm of this is--
+
+Well, what's the logarithm
+of this result?
+
+It's the exponent.
+
+The logarithm of this
+number is that.
+
+Just the way the logarithm of e
+to that number was the one.
+
+The logarithm of e to that
+number was the minus one.
+
+The logarithm of this number is
+the exponent x plus capital
+
+X. And finally what
+is little x?
+
+Well, don't forget where
+it came from.
+
+Little x is the exponent for
+y, so little x is log y.
+
+And capital X is
+log capital Y.
+
+Bunch of symbols
+on that board.
+
+And the last line is the one
+that we were shooting for.
+
+The logarithm of y times Y
+is the sum of the logs.
+
+Because this guy is
+also important--
+
+Maybe I don't even
+give a proof.
+
+Because it's intimately related
+to this one, why don't
+
+I just see it.
+
+What would be the log
+of y squared?
+
+Actually, we already-- here.
+
+If I wanted little y squared,
+what should I do?
+
+I can get that answer
+from what I've done.
+
+The log of little y squared, I
+just take big Y to be the same
+
+as little y, I take big X to be
+the same as little x, and
+
+I've got the log of y squared.
+
+Then is x plus x, two x's--
+
+but x is the log of y.
+
+If you square a number, you
+only double its log.
+
+You're again seeing why these
+numbers can grow very quickly
+
+by squaring and squaring and
+squaring, but the logarithms
+
+only grow by multiplying by
+two, only going up slowly.
+
+And then the general result
+would be for any power, not
+
+just n equals two, not just n
+equals a whole number, not
+
+just n equals positive numbers,
+but all n, will be--
+
+I'll have n of these--
+
+so I'll have n logarithm of y.
+
+So that's a closely related
+property that takes the same y
+
+to different powers.
+
+OK.
+
+Lots of symbols today, but you
+had to get that logarithm
+
+function straight before we
+can take its derivative.
+
+Can I tell you what
+its derivative is?
+
+Would you like to
+know in advance?
+
+The derivative--
+
+I don't know if I
+should tell you.
+
+The derivative of log y, the
+derivative of this log
+
+function, turns out to be 1/y.
+
+Isn't that nice.
+
+A really good answer coming
+from this function that we
+
+created as an inverse
+function.
+
+And I'll just say here that now
+
+we've created the function.
+
+We've got it.
+
+Then I don't mind if you give it
+a different letter, give it
+
+another name.
+
+Well, I hope you keep
+its name log.
+
+Most people use that name.
+
+But you could use a
+different letter.
+
+I'm perfectly happy for you to
+write this as the derivative
+
+of log x is 1/x.
+
+Between that and that, I've
+just changed letters.
+
+That was like after the real
+thinking of this lecture,
+
+which was the when x was an
+input and y was an output, and
+
+I really needed two
+different letters.
+
+OK, good, that's inverse
+functions.
+
+Thank you.
+
+ANNOUNCER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IwA7nVEwqto.txt b/IwA7nVEwqto.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0739cccb92088e727c24535e92fc134b32630b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IwA7nVEwqto.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I hope you all had a good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I hope you all had a good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I hope you all had a good uh
+Columbus Day weekend the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus Day weekend the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus Day weekend the stock market
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did um any questions from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time no okay so what I want to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no okay so what I want to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no okay so what I want to do today
+is to continue uh talking about Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue uh talking about Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to continue uh talking about Futures
+and forward contracts today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward contracts today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward contracts today we're going
+to finish up on these uh interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish up on these uh interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish up on these uh interesting
+instruments with a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments with a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments with a couple of examples
+and then with a specific method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a specific method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a specific method for
+pricing forward and Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing forward and Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing forward and Futures
+contracts so let me uh refresh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so let me uh refresh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts so let me uh refresh your
+memory it's been a week sign know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's been a week sign know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's been a week sign know so
+we're going to go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back and look
+at a specific Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a specific Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a specific Futures
+Contract and I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract and I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract and I'm going to take this
+contract and then try to talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and then try to talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and then try to talk a bit
+about how you might use contracts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you might use contracts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you might use contracts like
+this uh in hedging your risks as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in hedging your risks as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in hedging your risks as well as
+in making uh certain kinds of uh bets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making uh certain kinds of uh bets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making uh certain kinds of uh bets if
+you will so remember that this contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will so remember that this contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will so remember that this contract
+is uh a contract that was issued on July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a contract that was issued on July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a contract that was issued on July
+27th 2007 so the middle of the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27th 2007 so the middle of the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27th 2007 so the middle of the summer
+for oil to be delivered in December and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil to be delivered in December and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oil to be delivered in December and
+there's a specific date in December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specific date in December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specific date in December
+where all oil Futures contracts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all oil Futures contracts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all oil Futures contracts of this
+type will settle that is will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will settle that is will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will settle that is will come to
+maturity where the date is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity where the date is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity where the date is going to be
+specified in advance and everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in advance and everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in advance and everybody knows
+it and so in July when you buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so in July when you buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so in July when you buy this
+contract at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract at a price of
+756 per barrel uh and each contract is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+756 per barrel uh and each contract is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+756 per barrel uh and each contract is
+for a th000 barrels when you quote buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a th000 barrels when you quote buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a th000 barrels when you quote buy
+the contract what that means is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract what that means is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract what that means is that you
+are agreeing today July 27th you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are agreeing today July 27th you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are agreeing today July 27th you are
+agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing
+today that come December you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that come December you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that come December you are going
+to buy a th000 barrels at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a th000 barrels at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy a th000 barrels at a price of
+756 per barrel okay so that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+756 per barrel okay so that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+756 per barrel okay so that that's the
+agreement and the party who is selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and the party who is selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and the party who is selling
+you the contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the contract the
+counterparty is agreeing to provide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is agreeing to provide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty is agreeing to provide you
+with that oil at that price in December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oil at that price in December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oil at that price in December
+so the Futures price is 756 and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Futures price is 756 and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Futures price is 756 and as we
+said last time the current market price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time the current market price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time the current market price
+on July 27th 2007 that's called the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on July 27th 2007 that's called the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on July 27th 2007 that's called the spot
+price the spot price may be higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the spot price may be higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the spot price may be higher or
+lower than the Futures price depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the Futures price depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the Futures price depending
+on what expectations are for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what expectations are for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what expectations are for what's
+going to happen with oil over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with oil over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with oil over the
+subsequent 6-month period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent 6-month period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent 6-month period
+okay now uh the initial margin as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh the initial margin as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh the initial margin as I
+mentioned last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time was
+$4,050 the maintenance margin the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,050 the maintenance margin the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,050 the maintenance margin the margin
+that you need to maintain so that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to maintain so that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to maintain so that if the
+initial margin goes down in value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial margin goes down in value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial margin goes down in value you
+have to actually put money back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually put money back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually put money back into
+your brokerage account your margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brokerage account your margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brokerage account your margin
+account and if you fall below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and if you fall below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and if you fall below that
+$3,000 threshold you will get a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 threshold you will get a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 threshold you will get a phone
+call which is known as a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which is known as a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which is known as a margin
+call uh several weeks ago somebody once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh several weeks ago somebody once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh several weeks ago somebody once
+said that uh somebody told me that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh somebody told me that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh somebody told me that um
+they've been getting lots of phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been getting lots of phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been getting lots of phone calls
+uh all from the same person uh person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all from the same person uh person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all from the same person uh person
+called margin and uh you know that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called margin and uh you know that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called margin and uh you know that can
+happen when markets go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when markets go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when markets go uh
+arai now again no cash changes hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arai now again no cash changes hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arai now again no cash changes hands
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+because the value of the contract when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the value of the contract when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the value of the contract when
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+struck is a zero npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck is a zero npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck is a zero npv
+transaction and how do you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and how do you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and how do you know it's
+zero npv again because if it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero npv again because if it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero npv again because if it's positive
+for one party it's coming from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one party it's coming from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one party it's coming from the other
+party so which party would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party so which party would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party so which party would you like to
+be you'd like to be the party receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you'd like to be the party receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you'd like to be the party receiving
+that positive npv nobody wants to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive npv nobody wants to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive npv nobody wants to be the
+party that is losing the npv so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that is losing the npv so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that is losing the npv so the
+Futures price will adjust in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price will adjust in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price will adjust in order to
+make it zero npv in fact that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it zero npv in fact that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it zero npv in fact that's what we
+mean when we say that it's zero npv it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say that it's zero npv it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say that it's zero npv it
+is the Futures price that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Futures price that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Futures price that makes it
+so so I'll give you an example if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'll give you an example if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'll give you an example if it
+turns out that somebody suggests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that somebody suggests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that somebody suggests a
+Futures price of $60 a barrel on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price of $60 a barrel on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price of $60 a barrel on that
+day lots and lots of people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day lots and lots of people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day lots and lots of people are going to
+want to buy that contract because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy that contract because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy that contract because that's
+a good deal relative to where oil really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal relative to where oil really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good deal relative to where oil really
+should be and that means lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and that means lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be and that means lots of people
+are going to want to buy but nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to want to buy but nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to want to buy but nobody's
+going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to
+sell at that price of $60 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell at that price of $60 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell at that price of $60 so if
+everybody wants to buy and nobody wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to buy and nobody wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to buy and nobody wants
+to sell what has to happen to the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell what has to happen to the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell what has to happen to the price
+exactly goes up and it keeps going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly goes up and it keeps going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly goes up and it keeps going up
+until the number of buyers equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the number of buyers equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the number of buyers equals the
+number of sellers that's the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sellers that's the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sellers that's the point at
+which it's a zero npv transaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's a zero npv transaction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's a zero npv transaction okay
+now let's take a look at what the payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at what the payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at what the payoff
+is of such a contract on date Zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of such a contract on date Zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of such a contract on date Zero in
+this case July 27th 2007 the contract is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case July 27th 2007 the contract is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case July 27th 2007 the contract is
+worth nothing but if the if the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth nothing but if the if the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth nothing but if the if the Futures
+price moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price moves
+tomorrow then the contract could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then the contract could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then the contract could
+actually have value and a diagram of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have value and a diagram of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have value and a diagram of how
+that works is something like this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works is something like this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works is something like this if the
+Futures price not the spot the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price not the spot the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price not the spot the spot
+obviously will move also but I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously will move also but I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously will move also but I'm talking
+about the Futures price because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Futures price because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Futures price because the
+Futures Contract is specified so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract is specified so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract is specified so that
+every day's worth of gains or losses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day's worth of gains or losses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day's worth of gains or losses in
+the Futures Contract relative to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures Contract relative to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures Contract relative to its
+price you will have to either get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you will have to either get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you will have to either get paid
+or you will have to pay so this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will have to pay so this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will have to pay so this blue
+line shows you the payoff if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shows you the payoff if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shows you the payoff if you're
+holding a long position in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a long position in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a long position in one of these
+contracts if you bought a contract okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts if you bought a contract okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts if you bought a contract okay
+if you sold a contract then your payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sold a contract then your payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sold a contract then your payoff
+diagram is the dotted line all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the dotted line all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the dotted line all right now
+the Blue Line basically says that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blue Line basically says that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blue Line basically says that if the
+Futures price goes above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price goes above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price goes above
+$756 then you make money if the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$756 then you make money if the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$756 then you make money if the Futures
+price goes below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes below
+$756 you lose money so when you buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$756 you lose money so when you buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$756 you lose money so when you buy a
+contract like this it is as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract like this it is as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract like this it is as if you
+actually bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bought the
+oil but you haven't really bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but you haven't really bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil but you haven't really bought the
+oil all you've done is to buy the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil all you've done is to buy the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil all you've done is to buy the right
+and obligation to purchase the oil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obligation to purchase the oil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obligation to purchase the oil in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+okay now let me let me give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me let me give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me let me give you another
+example that will make this even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that will make this even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that will make this even more
+concrete all right the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete all right the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete all right the only way to
+understand this because this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this because this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this because this is not a
+natural security for most of us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural security for most of us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural security for most of us okay
+stocks and bonds you might find sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and bonds you might find sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and bonds you might find sort of
+natural Futures contracts are weird in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural Futures contracts are weird in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural Futures contracts are weird in
+that you know they have zero investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they have zero investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they have zero investment
+today and so they're worthless today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so they're worthless today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so they're worthless today but
+they're not worthless after the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not worthless after the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not worthless after the initial
+date when you enter into that agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date when you enter into that agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date when you enter into that agreement
+so let's do an example yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do an example yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do an example yesterday
+yesterday you bought 10 December live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you bought 10 December live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you bought 10 December live
+cattle contracts on the Chicago mertile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle contracts on the Chicago mertile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle contracts on the Chicago mertile
+Exchange at a price of 7455 per pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange at a price of 7455 per pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange at a price of 7455 per pound
+okay so you basically bought some cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you basically bought some cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you basically bought some cows
+and the contract size is 40,000 lbs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract size is 40,000 lbs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contract size is 40,000 lbs of
+cow I don't know how much cow that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow I don't know how much cow that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow I don't know how much cow that is
+but even if you're on the Atkins diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if you're on the Atkins diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if you're on the Atkins diet
+that's plenty of cow all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plenty of cow all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plenty of cow all right and so
+you what you have though in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you have though in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you have though in this
+contract is not the cows but rather you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is not the cows but rather you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is not the cows but rather you
+have the obligation to buy the cows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the obligation to buy the cows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the obligation to buy the cows in
+December for a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December for a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December for a price of
+7455 per pound and there's 40,000 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7455 per pound and there's 40,000 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7455 per pound and there's 40,000 pounds
+of it so the value of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so the value of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so the value of your
+position the value of your position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the value of your position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position the value of your position is
+the size of the contract multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the contract multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the contract multiplied by
+the Futures price multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures price multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures price multiplied by the
+number of contracts so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of contracts so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of contracts so it's
+298,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000
+that's the size of your position or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the size of your position or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the size of your position or
+sometimes it's also called the notional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's also called the notional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's also called the notional
+size you've heard that term over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you've heard that term over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you've heard that term over the
+last few weeks notional well this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks notional well this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks notional well this is an
+example of a notional so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a notional so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a notional so you don't
+actually own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually own
+298,000 of anything because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000 of anything because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000 of anything because of course
+we've said that the contract is zero npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said that the contract is zero npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said that the contract is zero npv
+when you enter into it all you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you enter into it all you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you enter into it all you've done
+is to agree to buy 40,000 pounds of cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to agree to buy 40,000 pounds of cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to agree to buy 40,000 pounds of cow
+in December at a particular price so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in December at a particular price so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in December at a particular price so the
+idea is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you
+control the notional amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the notional amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the notional amount of
+298,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298,000
+and what you do specific speically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do specific speically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do specific speically get
+is the profits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the profits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the profits and
+losses from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses from that
+notional so let's do an example that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional so let's do an example that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional so let's do an example that was
+the position yesterday no money changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position yesterday no money changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position yesterday no money changed
+hands you've got some initial margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you've got some initial margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you've got some initial margin
+that you have to put down but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to put down but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to put down but that's
+really your money in a brokerage account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really your money in a brokerage account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really your money in a brokerage account
+you're not giving it to anybody it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving it to anybody it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not giving it to anybody it's
+safety money it's collateral right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety money it's collateral right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety money it's collateral right okay
+now today what happens let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today what happens let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today what happens let's suppose
+that today the Futures price closes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today the Futures price closes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today the Futures price closes at
+7435 all right it's just gone down uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7435 all right it's just gone down uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7435 all right it's just gone down uh by
+uh you know whatever 2/10 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cent the value of cattle has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent the value of cattle has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent the value of cattle has gone
+down you're holding long this cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're holding long this cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're holding long this cattle
+contract maybe you're a restaurant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract maybe you're a restaurant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract maybe you're a restaurant uh
+you know a restaurant tour you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a restaurant tour you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a restaurant tour you have a a
+chain of steakhouses and so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of steakhouses and so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of steakhouses and so you need to
+buy cattle on a regular basis so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cattle on a regular basis so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cattle on a regular basis so the
+price of cattle just went down did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cattle just went down did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cattle just went down did you
+make money or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money or lose
+money yeah you lost if you're long on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yeah you lost if you're long on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yeah you lost if you're long on
+the other hand if you're a cattle farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you're a cattle farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you're a cattle farmer
+and you sold the contract you did a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sold the contract you did a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sold the contract you did a good
+thing because you locked in the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because you locked in the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because you locked in the price of
+7455 and now the price went down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7455 and now the price went down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7455 and now the price went down so
+let's calculate what the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate what the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate what the value of the
+notional size of the position is it's 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional size of the position is it's 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional size of the position is it's 29
+7400 that y yields a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7400 that y yields a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7400 that y yields a loss of
+800 so you know what happens today today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 so you know what happens today today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 so you know what happens today today
+your broker will deduct $800 from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broker will deduct $800 from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your broker will deduct $800 from your
+account from your margin account and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account from your margin account and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account from your margin account and
+take that $800 and put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that $800 and put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that $800 and put it into the
+cattle Farmers account so now he has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$800 now if the day after if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 now if the day after if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 now if the day after if if
+tomorrow it turns out that the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow it turns out that the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow it turns out that the price of
+cattle goes up by 210 of a cent it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle goes up by 210 of a cent it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle goes up by 210 of a cent it goes
+back to 7455 you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 7455 you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 7455 you know what
+happens you get $800 back now the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you get $800 back now the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you get $800 back now the C
+farmer loses that 800 and gives it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer loses that 800 and gives it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer loses that 800 and gives it back
+to you you see this way you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you see this way you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you see this way you always
+settle up every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle up every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle up every
+day so if for some reason the cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so if for some reason the cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so if for some reason the cattle
+farmer ends up going bankrupt and isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer ends up going bankrupt and isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer ends up going bankrupt and isn't
+able to deliver any cattle to you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deliver any cattle to you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to deliver any cattle to you then
+you're at out at most one days worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at out at most one days worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at out at most one days worth of
+movements and that's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and that's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and that's one of the reasons
+why Futures markets are and Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Futures markets are and Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Futures markets are and Futures
+Brokers are so careful about closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brokers are so careful about closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brokers are so careful about closing
+down accounts that don't meet their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down accounts that don't meet their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down accounts that don't meet their
+margin requirements it's because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin requirements it's because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin requirements it's because they
+don't want to have credit risk lingering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have credit risk lingering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have credit risk lingering
+growing and you know unknown the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and you know unknown the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and you know unknown the first
+moment that you do not make a margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you do not make a margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you do not make a margin
+call you do not deposit the requisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you do not deposit the requisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you do not deposit the requisite
+margin the first time that that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the first time that that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the first time that that happens
+they have the right which they exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right which they exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right which they exercise
+always to close down your position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to close down your position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to close down your position
+you're out of the game and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of the game and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of the game and that's the
+end so it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so it reduces
+dramatically the amount of credit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically the amount of credit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically the amount of credit risk
+that either counterparty has I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either counterparty has I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either counterparty has I don't
+have to trust you that three months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust you that three months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust you that three months from
+now you're going to actually have 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to actually have 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to actually have 40,000
+pounds of cow for me all I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of cow for me all I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds of cow for me all I need to do is
+to make sure that this contract settles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that this contract settles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that this contract settles
+every day and the uncertainty then gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and the uncertainty then gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and the uncertainty then gets
+resolved day by day but your credit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved day by day but your credit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved day by day but your credit risk
+is very well managed okay and and mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very well managed okay and and mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very well managed okay and and mine
+is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too
+so this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important
+innovation it's very different from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's very different from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation it's very different from a
+forward contract in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract in the sense that
+forward contracts contain enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contracts contain enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contracts contain enormous
+amounts of credit risk right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of credit risk right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of credit risk right because
+once we enter into a forward that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we enter into a forward that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we enter into a forward that's just
+like a Futures Contract but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Futures Contract but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Futures Contract but the
+difference is that we don't exchange any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that we don't exchange any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that we don't exchange any
+money ever until the settlement date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money ever until the settlement date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money ever until the settlement date and
+by that point you could be so far out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that point you could be so far out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that point you could be so far out of
+the money you could be so far you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you could be so far you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you could be so far you know
+in in in debt to me as well as to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in debt to me as well as to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in debt to me as well as to other
+creditors that you just can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditors that you just can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditors that you just can't afford to
+pay and so I'm stuck with this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and so I'm stuck with this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and so I'm stuck with this piece of
+paper that says you're going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that says you're going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that says you're going to give me
+40,000 pounds of cattle and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle and you can't
+even afford to uh buy me a steak dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even afford to uh buy me a steak dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even afford to uh buy me a steak dinner
+that's a problem right so this Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right so this Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right so this Futures
+exchange is a beautiful thing it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is a beautiful thing it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange is a beautiful thing it reduces
+credit risk it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit risk it also
+encourages liquidity it encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages liquidity it encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages liquidity it encourages
+trading why because at any point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading why because at any point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading why because at any point in time
+on any given day between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given day between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given day between now and
+December if you decide that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December if you decide that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December if you decide that you want to
+get out of the restaurant business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the restaurant business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the restaurant business and
+you don't want this contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want this contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want this contract
+anymore you can get out of it poof you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can get out of it poof you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can get out of it poof you
+just get out of it by doing an opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get out of it by doing an opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get out of it by doing an opposite
+transaction so if you bought a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so if you bought a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so if you bought a contract
+for December you know what you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for December you know what you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for December you know what you do when
+you want to get out of it you sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get out of it you sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get out of it you sell a
+contract for December you literally sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract for December you literally sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract for December you literally sell
+so it's actually you you duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually you you duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually you you duplicated
+transaction but it's of the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction but it's of the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction but it's of the opposite
+sign and so they cancel out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so they cancel out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so they cancel out right
+because you're going to get delivery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get delivery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get delivery and
+you will provide delivery you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will provide delivery you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will provide delivery you know and
+those will cancel out yeah Justin so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will cancel out yeah Justin so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will cancel out yeah Justin so um
+oil's been going the price of oil going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil's been going the price of oil going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil's been going the price of oil going
+down yeah so let's say I had a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah so let's say I had a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah so let's say I had a long
+position in oil and then I found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in oil and then I found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in oil and then I found out
+that I was going to literally lose half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to literally lose half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to literally lose half
+of that money and I decided just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that money and I decided just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that money and I decided just to
+forego my my margin what what else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forego my my margin what what else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forego my my margin what what else would
+happen to me well um you know you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to me well um you know you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to me well um you know you first
+of all you are you are liable for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you are you are liable for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you are you are liable for all of
+the losses not just the margin so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losses not just the margin so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losses not just the margin so the
+margin account is not meant to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin account is not meant to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin account is not meant to be a
+non-recourse loan they will go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recourse loan they will go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recourse loan they will go after
+your assets now you could declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assets now you could declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assets now you could declare
+bankruptcy personal bankruptcy and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy personal bankruptcy and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy personal bankruptcy and get
+protection under chapter 7 uh but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection under chapter 7 uh but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection under chapter 7 uh but that
+will hurt your credit ratings and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt your credit ratings and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt your credit ratings and all
+other nasty things will happen to you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nasty things will happen to you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nasty things will happen to you if
+that occurs so when you're saying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs so when you're saying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs so when you're saying they
+close out your your account when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out your your account when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out your your account when your
+when your margin is down yeah like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your margin is down yeah like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your margin is down yeah like what
+if what if the so they close it out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if the so they close it out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if the so they close it out but
+losses are higher than your margin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses are higher than your margin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses are higher than your margin was
+anyway so you're still but you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you're still but you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you're still but you're still
+liable for those in addition to okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for those in addition to okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for those in addition to okay so
+you make a a good point is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a a good point is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a a good point is it is it
+generally possible that your losses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally possible that your losses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally possible that your losses are
+greater than the amount of margin so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the amount of margin so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the amount of margin so in
+that case who gets left holding the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case who gets left holding the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case who gets left holding the bag
+you know who gets left holding the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who gets left holding the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who gets left holding the bag
+that blue box in the middle the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blue box in the middle the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blue box in the middle the Futures
+clear Corporation but the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Corporation but the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Corporation but the reason that
+they establish a particular level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they establish a particular level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they establish a particular level of
+margin is to be able to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin is to be able to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin is to be able to ensure that
+that's a very unlikely event and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very unlikely event and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very unlikely event and goes
+back to what are the likely daily swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what are the likely daily swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what are the likely daily swings
+in the future's price if you put enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future's price if you put enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future's price if you put enough
+margin in your account so that I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in your account so that I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin in your account so that I can be
+sure that you can cover 99% of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you can cover 99% of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you can cover 99% of the time
+you can cover the daily swing then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cover the daily swing then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cover the daily swing then I
+don't have to worry about now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about now of course
+if we had a day like last Friday or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a day like last Friday or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a day like last Friday or on
+Monday you know I mean it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you know I mean it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you know I mean it's that's
+pretty outrageous that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty outrageous that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty outrageous that's one of the
+reasons why a number of Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why a number of Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why a number of Futures
+exchanges have increased their margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges have increased their margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges have increased their margin
+levels it's because the daily swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it's because the daily swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it's because the daily swings
+have gotten much bigger but but as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten much bigger but but as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten much bigger but but as long
+as they can cover the one day movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can cover the one day movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can cover the one day movement
+they don't have to go after your home or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to go after your home or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to go after your home or
+your other assets yeah Dennis said if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other assets yeah Dennis said if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other assets yeah Dennis said if I
+bought a contract again out that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a contract again out that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a contract again out that I just
+have to sell the same contract what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sell the same contract what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sell the same contract what
+happens if I bought at a dollar it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I bought at a dollar it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I bought at a dollar it's at
+50 cents now I can't sell at a dollar oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents now I can't sell at a dollar oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents now I can't sell at a dollar oh
+no you certainly cannot sell it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you certainly cannot sell it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you certainly cannot sell it the
+dollar you got to sell it 50 cents right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar you got to sell it 50 cents right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar you got to sell it 50 cents right
+so I'm not really out of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not really out of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not really out of the position
+you are out of the position because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are out of the position because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are out of the position because you
+don't have uh you don't have a claim or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have uh you don't have a claim or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have uh you don't have a claim or
+you don't have a a a commitment to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a a a commitment to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a a a commitment to enter
+into that trade in December that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that trade in December that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that trade in December that's what
+I mean when I say you're out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I say you're out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I say you're out of the
+position you also happen to be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you also happen to be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you also happen to be out of
+money in your example in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your example in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your example in other words you
+lost 50 cents that that's not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 50 cents that that's not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 50 cents that that's not coming
+back okay but what it what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay but what it what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay but what it what it means to
+sell is that you bought a contract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell is that you bought a contract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell is that you bought a contract that
+says in December you're going to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in December you're going to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in December you're going to buy
+40,000 pounds of cattle okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle okay you're
+committed to doing that now if on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to doing that now if on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to doing that now if on the
+other hand the next day you decide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the next day you decide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the next day you decide you
+want to get out of that commitment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out of that commitment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out of that commitment the
+way to get out of it is not to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get out of it is not to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get out of it is not to try to
+contact the counterpart say would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the counterpart say would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the counterpart say would you
+mind canceling my trade the way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind canceling my trade the way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind canceling my trade the way to do it
+is to Simply sell a commitment at 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply sell a commitment at 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply sell a commitment at 40,000
+lb of cattle for December so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb of cattle for December so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb of cattle for December so your
+commitment to buy and your commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to buy and your commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to buy and your commitment to
+sell basically cancel each other out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell basically cancel each other out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell basically cancel each other out so
+on settlement date the Futures Clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on settlement date the Futures Clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on settlement date the Futures Clearing
+Corporation will net out all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation will net out all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation will net out all of these
+buys and sells and the net amount will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys and sells and the net amount will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys and sells and the net amount will
+be transacted between the providers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transacted between the providers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transacted between the providers of
+the cattle and the buyers of the cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cattle and the buyers of the cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cattle and the buyers of the cattle
+so this means that there's no physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that there's no physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that there's no physical
+Del this that's right that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del this that's right that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del this that's right that's right so
+that's an example where if you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example where if you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example where if you bought
+and sold then you would be netted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sold then you would be netted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sold then you would be netted out
+and you would not have physical delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would not have physical delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would not have physical delivery
+right yeah um so margin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah um so margin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah um so margin is
+just just fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just fund
+for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what
+the is it percentage of how do they how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is it percentage of how do they how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is it percentage of how do they how
+do they make money off well their job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they make money off well their job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they make money off well their job is
+really not to make money but to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to make money but to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to make money but to create
+an exchange for its members so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange for its members so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exchange for its members so many
+exchanges are not for profit some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges are not for profit some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges are not for profit some of
+them are for-profit but the objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are for-profit but the objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are for-profit but the objective of
+the Futures Clearing Corporation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures Clearing Corporation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures Clearing Corporation is
+really not to make a lot of money what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to make a lot of money what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not to make a lot of money what
+they're trying to do is just create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do is just create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do is just create a
+market and let people who want to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and let people who want to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and let people who want to trade
+with each other trade freely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other trade freely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other trade freely and
+efficiently they will charge perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently they will charge perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently they will charge perhaps a
+small transaction fee that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small transaction fee that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small transaction fee that you have to
+pay in order to support the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in order to support the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in order to support the operations
+but they're not trying to make tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not trying to make tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not trying to make tons of
+profits off of that necessarily now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits off of that necessarily now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits off of that necessarily now they
+may be trying to make profits off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be trying to make profits off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be trying to make profits off of
+other activities but the objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities but the objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other activities but the objective of
+the Clearing Corporation itself is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clearing Corporation itself is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clearing Corporation itself is not
+to make tons of profits it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make tons of profits it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make tons of profits it's really just
+to provide a stable environment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a stable environment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a stable environment where
+people can transact and in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can transact and in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can transact and in some cases
+the members of The Exchange own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of The Exchange own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of The Exchange own the
+Clearing Corporation so it's their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing Corporation so it's their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing Corporation so it's their own
+dollars that support the actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that support the actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that support the actual physical
+operations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of the
+organization point you had about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization point you had about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization point you had about no
+pH two or three weeks ago there price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH two or three weeks ago there price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH two or three weeks ago there price
+125 on one day and I think the way I WR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 on one day and I think the way I WR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 on one day and I think the way I WR
+in the papers was people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the papers was people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the papers was people are trying to
+sell it F because otherwise they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it F because otherwise they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it F because otherwise they would
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+pH so do you do you recall that uh I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH so do you do you recall that uh I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH so do you do you recall that uh I I I
+recall the spike I certainly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the spike I certainly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the spike I certainly don't
+recall the logic about physical delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the logic about physical delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the logic about physical delivery
+I mean you know it could be that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know it could be that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know it could be that there
+are a number of people who are along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of people who are along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of people who are along the
+oil contracts that that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil contracts that that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil contracts that that uh that
+basically want it to be cash settled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want it to be cash settled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want it to be cash settled and
+the way that they have it cash settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they have it cash settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they have it cash settled
+at a particular point in time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point in time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular point in time before
+settlement date is they close out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement date is they close out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement date is they close out their
+positions and so by closing out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and so by closing out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and so by closing out their
+positions they basically reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions they basically reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions they basically reverse the
+trade and that would actually put put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and that would actually put put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and that would actually put put
+put down uh push down the the oil price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down uh push down the the oil price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down uh push down the the oil price
+so maybe the reverse argument a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the reverse argument a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the reverse argument a lot of
+short sellers were trying to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sellers were trying to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sellers were trying to argue that
+oil was going to go down and they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was going to go down and they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was going to go down and they wanted
+to cover their position so they bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their position so they bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their position so they bought
+uh but you know the in in any case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know the in in any case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know the in in any case you
+don't have to take physical delivery if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to take physical delivery if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to take physical delivery if
+you specifi to your broker that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specifi to your broker that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specifi to your broker that you want
+all of this to be cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this to be cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this to be cash
+settled yeah kind of a two-part question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled yeah kind of a two-part question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled yeah kind of a two-part question
+would you say that the credit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that the credit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say that the credit risk
+involved in a Ford contract is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a Ford contract is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a Ford contract is somewhat
+similar to the credit risk in uh credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the credit risk in uh credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the credit risk in uh credit
+default swaps and if so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps and if so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps and if so is there
+something analogous to a credit default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analogous to a credit default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analogous to a credit default
+swap that's similar to a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap that's similar to a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap that's similar to a Futures
+Contract if um so the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract if um so the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract if um so the answer to your
+first question is yes because a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is yes because a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is yes because a credit
+default swap contract is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swap contract is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swap contract is basically a
+kind of a forward contract it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a forward contract it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a forward contract it does
+involve intermediate payments but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve intermediate payments but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve intermediate payments but uh if
+it turns out that the credit changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the credit changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the credit changes
+dramatically those intermediate payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically those intermediate payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically those intermediate payments
+either may be too much or not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either may be too much or not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either may be too much or not enough to
+cover the underlying value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the underlying value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the underlying value of the
+contract and after you strike a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and after you strike a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and after you strike a credit
+default swap it will take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swap it will take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swap it will take on
+value as for an exchange what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as for an exchange what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value as for an exchange what a
+wonderful idea that is exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful idea that is exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful idea that is exactly what's
+being proposed now it hasn't been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proposed now it hasn't been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being proposed now it hasn't been done
+yet but there have been a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but there have been a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but there have been a number of
+proposals to set up exactly a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals to set up exactly a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals to set up exactly a structure
+like this for credit default swaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for credit default swaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for credit default swaps in
+order to do that you have to standardize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that you have to standardize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that you have to standardize
+those contracts and you have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contracts and you have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contracts and you have to be able
+to do the paperwork in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the paperwork in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the paperwork in a relatively
+efficient manner and so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient manner and so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient manner and so that's actually
+being discussed debated and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being discussed debated and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being discussed debated and I think that
+there's a proposal by the Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proposal by the Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proposal by the Chicago
+mertile Exchange to start doing that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mertile Exchange to start doing that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mertile Exchange to start doing that if
+you do start doing that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do start doing that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do start doing that you will see
+that market growing even bigger than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market growing even bigger than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market growing even bigger than it
+is today and uh and at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today and uh and at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today and uh and at the same time the
+risks are actually going to decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are actually going to decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are actually going to decrease
+because with daily settlement of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with daily settlement of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with daily settlement of credit
+default swaps just like with Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps just like with Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps just like with Futures
+contracts all you need is one day margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts all you need is one day margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts all you need is one day margin
+in order to eliminate 99% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to eliminate 99% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to eliminate 99% of the
+problems you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fures you take into account R you're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fures you take into account R you're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fures you take into account R you're so
+so let me that's a good question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me that's a good question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me that's a good question let me
+uh now talk about how to price Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now talk about how to price Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now talk about how to price Futures
+and we'll take in interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take in interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll take in interest rates
+explicitly okay so the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay so the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay so the question is what
+determines either a forward or a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines either a forward or a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines either a forward or a Futures
+price you now know what a Futures Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you now know what a Futures Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you now know what a Futures Price
+is Right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Right it's the
+price at which you are willing to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at which you are willing to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at which you are willing to do a
+future Transaction what determines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Transaction what determines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Transaction what determines that
+price we say supply and demand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we say supply and demand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we say supply and demand and the
+market but is there some logic that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but is there some logic that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but is there some logic that we
+can give to this process and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give to this process and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give to this process and the answer
+is yes we're going to use the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes we're going to use the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes we're going to use the exact same
+argument that we use for pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we use for pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we use for pricing
+everything else we're going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we're going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else we're going to come up
+with two identical cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two identical cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two identical cash
+flows and two assets that have identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and two assets that have identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and two assets that have identical
+cash flows have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows have to have the same
+what price value right okay so for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price value right okay so for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price value right okay so for now
+I'm going to actually ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually ignore the
+difference between Futures and forwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Futures and forwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Futures and forwards
+the only difference is the back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is the back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is the back and
+forth amount of money that we give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth amount of money that we give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth amount of money that we give to
+each other and therefore the accumulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and therefore the accumulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and therefore the accumulated
+interest or foregone interest that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or foregone interest that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or foregone interest that uh we
+pay when we put our money back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay when we put our money back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay when we put our money back and forth
+into each other's accounts so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other's accounts so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other's accounts so let me
+abstract from that and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from that and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from that and you know if
+you're interested you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested you can actually see
+the derivation of that uh in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of that uh in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of that uh in uh in
+recitation I want to focus on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I want to focus on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I want to focus on the the
+bigger question of how these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger question of how these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger question of how these things are
+priced uh with respect to other prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced uh with respect to other prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priced uh with respect to other prices
+so let me start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start with some
+notation I've got a particular contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I've got a particular contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I've got a particular contract
+uh let's say a futures or forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say a futures or forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say a futures or forward
+contract and I've also got the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and I've also got the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract and I've also got the spot
+price of the asset at a point in time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the asset at a point in time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the asset at a point in time so
+I'm going to let St denote by spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let St denote by spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let St denote by spot price
+I'm going to let F of little T Big T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let F of little T Big T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let F of little T Big T to
+determine the forward price and H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the forward price and H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the forward price and H of
+little T Big T the future price and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little T Big T the future price and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little T Big T the future price and for
+now I'm going to just assume that h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to just assume that h and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to just assume that h and
+f are pretty close now notice that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f are pretty close now notice that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f are pretty close now notice that when
+I write down a Futures price or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down a Futures price or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down a Futures price or a
+forward price I've got two sub indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price I've got two sub indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price I've got two sub indexes
+right I've got little T and Big T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've got little T and Big T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've got little T and Big T the
+reason I need two is that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I need two is that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I need two is that for every
+forward or Futures Contract there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or Futures Contract there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or Futures Contract there are
+two dates you need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dates you need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dates you need to worry
+about the date at which your pricing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the date at which your pricing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the date at which your pricing the
+contract namely today and the settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract namely today and the settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract namely today and the settlement
+date right so you need to have those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date right so you need to have those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date right so you need to have those two
+indexes so right away we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes so right away we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes so right away we know that this
+contract is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is a little bit more
+complicated than say a stock where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than say a stock where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than say a stock where there
+is no uh settlement date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh settlement date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh settlement date
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so I want to go back to a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to go back to a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to go back to a comment
+that was made by one of you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made by one of you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made by one of you when we
+first started talking about Futures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about Futures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about Futures and
+forwards and the comment was why go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards and the comment was why go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards and the comment was why go to
+the trouble of using these contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble of using these contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble of using these contracts
+when you could just buy the asset itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you could just buy the asset itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you could just buy the asset itself
+and hold on to it if you if you need oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold on to it if you if you need oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold on to it if you if you need oil
+in December in order to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in December in order to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in December in order to make sure you
+have oil in December why don't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oil in December why don't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oil in December why don't you just
+buy it in October and hold it for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it in October and hold it for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it in October and hold it for two
+months then you have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months then you have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months then you have it in
+December and in fact that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and in fact that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and in fact that's exactly what
+we're going to do to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do to figure out what the
+appropriate price is of the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate price is of the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate price is of the specific
+futures or forward contract so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures or forward contract so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures or forward contract so here we
+go I'm going to do my exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I'm going to do my exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I'm going to do my exact same
+analysis that I've done many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I've done many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I've done many times
+before when we tried to price bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we tried to price bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we tried to price bonds and
+stocks and other basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and other basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and other basic
+Securities the leftand column here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities the leftand column here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities the leftand column here is
+going to be the cash flows associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the cash flows associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the cash flows associated
+with a typical forward contract okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a typical forward contract okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a typical forward contract okay so
+a forward contract is one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward contract is one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward contract is one where you
+enter into the contract let's say a date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the contract let's say a date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the contract let's say a date
+Zero and you pay nothing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero and you pay nothing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero and you pay nothing for the
+contract right there's zero npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract right there's zero npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract right there's zero npv
+transaction and you are long the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and you are long the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and you are long the forward
+contract with the forward price F of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with the forward price F of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with the forward price F of0
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+T the only cash flow that occurs with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the only cash flow that occurs with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the only cash flow that occurs with a
+forward contract is is on settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract is is on settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract is is on settlement
+date and on settlement date you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and on settlement date you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and on settlement date you've
+agreed to pay F of 0t for delivery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to pay F of 0t for delivery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to pay F of 0t for delivery of
+whatever it is that you bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that you bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that you bought the
+forward contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward contract
+on right so the only cash flow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right so the only cash flow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right so the only cash flow that
+comes out of a forward contract is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a forward contract is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a forward contract is this
+F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right
+here everybody see that right nothing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody see that right nothing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everybody see that right nothing up
+my sleeve it's very simple kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sleeve it's very simple kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sleeve it's very simple kind of uh
+calculation okay now I want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay now I want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay now I want you to look
+at the right hand column which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right hand column which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the right hand column which is going
+to be less simple the right hand column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less simple the right hand column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less simple the right hand column
+I want you to imagine doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to imagine doing the
+following I want you to imagine buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I want you to imagine buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I want you to imagine buying
+the commodity at date Zero however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity at date Zero however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity at date Zero however I
+don't want you to use any money I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to use any money I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to use any money I want
+you to buy it with no money down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy it with no money down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy it with no money down right
+that's the uh the start of a of a scam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh the start of a of a scam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh the start of a of a scam
+it it sounds like it but I promise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it sounds like it but I promise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it sounds like it but I promise you
+it's not not so the way you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not so the way you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not so the way you're going to
+buy the Commodities you have to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the Commodities you have to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the Commodities you have to pay the
+price the spot price and the spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the spot price and the spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the spot price and the spot price
+is s Subzero you don't have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s Subzero you don't have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s Subzero you don't have S
+Subzero so borrow it okay now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subzero so borrow it okay now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subzero so borrow it okay now I'm going
+to abstract from credit risk which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract from credit risk which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to abstract from credit risk which I
+know is on everybody's Minds today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is on everybody's Minds today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is on everybody's Minds today but
+let's suppose that you're all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that you're all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that you're all good
+credits so I'm not worried about loaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits so I'm not worried about loaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits so I'm not worried about loaning
+you the money uh at the risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the money uh at the risk-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the money uh at the risk-free
+rate so now you borrowed s subz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so now you borrowed s subz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so now you borrowed s subz
+and then you spent it right away buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spent it right away buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you spent it right away buying
+the asset okay so as of date Zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset okay so as of date Zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset okay so as of date Zero in the
+right hand column you own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand column you own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand column you own the
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+now you have to wait T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to wait T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to wait T
+periods and while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and while you
+wait you may have some costs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait you may have some costs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait you may have some costs for example
+if the asset that you bought is gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the asset that you bought is gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the asset that you bought is gasoline
+well you got to store it in just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you got to store it in just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you got to store it in just the
+right way right you probably don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way right you probably don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way right you probably don't want
+to put it next to your furnace in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it next to your furnace in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it next to your furnace in the
+basement uh you probably want to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement uh you probably want to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement uh you probably want to put it
+in a cool place isolated and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cool place isolated and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cool place isolated and so on and
+so forth on the other hand if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth on the other hand if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth on the other hand if what you
+bought is um you know uh pork bellies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought is um you know uh pork bellies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought is um you know uh pork bellies
+you probably want to put that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to put that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to put that uh you
+know in a freezer compartment as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a freezer compartment as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a freezer compartment as opposed
+to uh you know uh in the in your garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know uh in the in your garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know uh in the in your garage
+so you might have to pay costs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have to pay costs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have to pay costs for
+storing and at the end of that time te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing and at the end of that time te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing and at the end of that time te
+you have to pay interest on your loan so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay interest on your loan so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay interest on your loan so
+you borrowed S Sub Z you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrowed S Sub Z you don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrowed S Sub Z you don't get that
+for free you got to pay interest on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you got to pay interest on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you got to pay interest on it
+this is the question about interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question about interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question about interest so
+you got to pay interest on that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to pay interest on that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to pay interest on that money
+and so you have to pay back at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to pay back at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to pay back at this
+point capital T you have to pay back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point capital T you have to pay back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point capital T you have to pay back the
+money you borrowed S Sub z 1+ r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you borrowed S Sub z 1+ r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you borrowed S Sub z 1+ r to the
+capital t plus whatever your storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t plus whatever your storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t plus whatever your storage
+costs are but I'm going to allow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are but I'm going to allow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are but I'm going to allow that
+having the asset around might be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the asset around might be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the asset around might be kind of
+convenient there might be a benefit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient there might be a benefit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient there might be a benefit to
+having the asset around a convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the asset around a convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the asset around a convenience
+yield maybe if you need to use it sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield maybe if you need to use it sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield maybe if you need to use it sooner
+you have it there and and having it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it there and and having it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it there and and having it
+there saves you a little bit of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there saves you a little bit of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there saves you a little bit of trouble
+uh in order to be able to get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to be able to get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to be able to get whatever
+it is you need to get done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you need to get done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you need to get done with that
+underlying asset so I'm going to deduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying asset so I'm going to deduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying asset so I'm going to deduct
+from my cumulative storage costs any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my cumulative storage costs any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my cumulative storage costs any
+convenience yield that's uh futur speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience yield that's uh futur speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience yield that's uh futur speak
+for any kind of benefits that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of benefits that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of benefits that you get
+from holding on to the physical asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from holding on to the physical asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from holding on to the physical asset
+okay so your net storage costs are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your net storage costs are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your net storage costs are given
+here that's what you pay at the end of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what you pay at the end of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what you pay at the end of T
+periods I argue that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods I argue that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods I argue that these
+two cash flows give you the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cash flows give you the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cash flows give you the exact same
+value of the asset in other words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the asset in other words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the asset in other words in
+both cases you happen to have the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases you happen to have the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases you happen to have the asset
+at the time T so these two contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time T so these two contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time T so these two contracts
+have to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the same
+value because they offer the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because they offer the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because they offer the same set of
+cash flows in terms of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows in terms of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows in terms of the underlying
+commodity right you get the commodity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity right you get the commodity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity right you get the commodity in
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+cases so another way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so another way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so another way of thinking about
+it is if your objective is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if your objective is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if your objective is to have
+40,000 pounds of cattle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 pounds of cattle in
+December both of these will get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December both of these will get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December both of these will get you to
+the exact same point both of these cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same point both of these cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same point both of these cost
+you nothing on date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nothing on date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nothing on date
+Zero and therefore if they cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero and therefore if they cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero and therefore if they cost you
+nothing and they give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and they give you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and they give you the same
+outcome at the end they've got to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome at the end they've got to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome at the end they've got to sell
+for the same price so this has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same price so this has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same price so this has to equal
+this that's it that's the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's it that's the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's it that's the simple
+argument and the counter argument or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and the counter argument or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and the counter argument or
+proof that this has to be true is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this has to be true is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this has to be true is let's
+assume it's not let's assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's not let's assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's not let's assume that this
+is a lot bigger than this well if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot bigger than this well if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot bigger than this well if this
+is bigger than this then what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this then what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this then what should you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what right which one which one the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right which one which one the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right which one which one the for
+sell the forward contract and then buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the forward contract and then buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the forward contract and then buy
+this thing whatever it is do this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing whatever it is do this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing whatever it is do this okay
+now what if it's the reverse what if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if it's the reverse what if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if it's the reverse what if if
+this is bigger than this then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than this then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is bigger than this then by the
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+and then do the opposite of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do the opposite of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do the opposite of this right
+flip it around short sell the asset if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around short sell the asset if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around short sell the asset if
+you can and then take the money and lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and then take the money and lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and then take the money and lend
+it out at interest rate R and dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out at interest rate R and dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out at interest rate R and dot dot
+dot you follow the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you follow the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you follow the logic
+right so that gives us a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that gives us a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that gives us a relationship
+between the forward price and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forward price and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forward price and other
+stuff and what is the other stuff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and what is the other stuff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and what is the other stuff the
+forward price has to be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price has to be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price has to be related to the
+spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot price
+the interest rate the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate the time to
+settlement and any other weird things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement and any other weird things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement and any other weird things
+about the commodity that may affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the commodity that may affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the commodity that may affect the
+value of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of it
+like the storage costs or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the storage costs or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the storage costs or the
+convenience yield you got to factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience yield you got to factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience yield you got to factor that
+in okay so this is the relationship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so this is the relationship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so this is the relationship that
+tells you how to price a forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how to price a forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how to price a forward
+contract now a Futures Contract is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract now a Futures Contract is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract now a Futures Contract is
+almost like a forward the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a forward the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a forward the only
+difference is the interest differ ential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the interest differ ential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the interest differ ential
+on a daily basis where you actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a daily basis where you actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a daily basis where you actually are
+moving money back and forth into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money back and forth into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money back and forth into our
+accounts but the cumulative sum is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts but the cumulative sum is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts but the cumulative sum is going
+to end up being approximately the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up being approximately the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up being approximately the same
+so for the purposes of this class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the purposes of this class I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the purposes of this class I'm
+going to assert that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assert that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assert that this is
+approximately the same in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same in fact you can
+show that there's a another relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there's a another relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there's a another relationship
+that looks at the interest rate per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the interest rate per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at the interest rate per
+period and it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's a little bit more
+complicated but not much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but not much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but not much more
+complicated you can see that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you can see that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you can see that in your
+textbook okay if you're interested but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook okay if you're interested but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook okay if you're interested but
+for now I want to just focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I want to just focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I want to just focus on this
+relationship this relationship tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship this relationship tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship this relationship tells us
+how to price Futures and forwards okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to price Futures and forwards okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to price Futures and forwards okay
+and now if I divide by 1 plus RF to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I divide by 1 plus RF to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I divide by 1 plus RF to the
+T then what I've got is that the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then what I've got is that the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then what I've got is that the forward
+price divided by the interest rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price divided by the interest rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price divided by the interest rate that
+calculates the the current value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the the current value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the the current value of that
+forward price has got to equal the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price has got to equal the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward price has got to equal the spot
+price plus the present value of the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price plus the present value of the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price plus the present value of the net
+storage costs this is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage costs this is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage costs this is the relationship
+that we've been looking for and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been looking for and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been looking for and you guys
+have been struggling for uh for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been struggling for uh for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been struggling for uh for the last
+couple of lectures you've been asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures you've been asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures you've been asking
+well gee doesn't the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee doesn't the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee doesn't the interest rate
+belong in there and what about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in there and what about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in there and what about having
+the asset wouldn't it be nice to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset wouldn't it be nice to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset wouldn't it be nice to have it
+and so on and so forth all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth all of those
+considerations are uh summed up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations are uh summed up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations are uh summed up in this
+one expression very nice expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expression very nice expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expression very nice expression
+right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very
+intuitive right what you pay at date T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right what you pay at date T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right what you pay at date T
+when you take the present value of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the present value of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the present value of it
+that has to be equal to what the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be equal to what the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be equal to what the thing
+is worth today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth today
+plus any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any
+benefits for having the thing as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits for having the thing as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits for having the thing as opposed
+to not having the thing between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not having the thing between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not having the thing between now and
+settlement that's it now this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement that's it now this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement that's it now this is for the
+very beginning when you strike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning when you strike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning when you strike the
+contract what about at an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract what about at an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract what about at an arbitrary
+point in time between zero and T well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time between zero and T well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time between zero and T well
+all of these arguments work exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these arguments work exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these arguments work exactly the
+same way when you're looking at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way when you're looking at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way when you're looking at two
+dates T and T as opposed to zero and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates T and T as opposed to zero and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates T and T as opposed to zero and T
+so the relationship that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship that I showed you
+it's a little bit more complicated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more complicated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more complicated now
+because you've got to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got to take into account
+the fact that the time to settlement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the time to settlement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the time to settlement is
+not capital T it's capital T minus where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capital T it's capital T minus where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capital T it's capital T minus where
+you are today but that's the only change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are today but that's the only change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are today but that's the only change
+other than that everything is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you have to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have to make sure that you
+accumulate the future value of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the future value of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the future value of all the
+net stor storage costs so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net stor storage costs so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net stor storage costs so that you
+actually move all of the costs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move all of the costs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move all of the costs to the
+end and then you bring it back to time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and then you bring it back to time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and then you bring it back to time T
+okay now let's let's take this out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's let's take this out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's let's take this out for a
+spin let's let's see how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin let's let's see how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin let's let's see how this works
+Let's uh take a look at uh gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh take a look at uh gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh take a look at uh gold
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+gold is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold is easy to
+store there's no there's no uh storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store there's no there's no uh storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store there's no there's no uh storage
+cost really I mean gold is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost really I mean gold is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost really I mean gold is relatively
+compact it's a little heavy so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact it's a little heavy so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact it's a little heavy so you're
+going to have to lift it and put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to lift it and put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to lift it and put it in
+your vault as some of you I'm sure are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vault as some of you I'm sure are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vault as some of you I'm sure are
+doing nowadays all right but uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nowadays all right but uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nowadays all right but uh but the
+bottom line is that the storage costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that the storage costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that the storage costs
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+negligible there are no dividends gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible there are no dividends gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible there are no dividends gold
+does not pay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not pay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not pay out
+dividends uh there are no real benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends uh there are no real benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends uh there are no real benefits
+either there's no convenience yield it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there's no convenience yield it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there's no convenience yield it's
+not like you know you need a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you know you need a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you know you need a little
+piece of gold uh every once in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of gold uh every once in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of gold uh every once in a while
+for your pleasure and so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your pleasure and so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your pleasure and so you want to
+scrape that off and enjoy it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape that off and enjoy it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape that off and enjoy it it just
+sort of sits there so if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sits there so if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sits there so if that's the case
+you factor that that into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor that that into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor that that into that
+relationship that I showed you and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that I showed you and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that I showed you and that
+last term the PV of net storage costs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term the PV of net storage costs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term the PV of net storage costs is
+nothing and so the relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so the relationship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so the relationship is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+simple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the
+forward SL Futures price today is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward SL Futures price today is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward SL Futures price today is just
+equal to what the current spot price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what the current spot price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what the current spot price is
+multiplied by one plus the risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by one plus the risk-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by one plus the risk-free
+rate of interest between today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of interest between today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of interest between today and
+settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement
+date if this relationship is violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date if this relationship is violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date if this relationship is violated
+when you look at gold Futures and gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at gold Futures and gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at gold Futures and gold
+spot and you see that this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and you see that this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and you see that this relationship
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+violated that's a sign that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated that's a sign that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated that's a sign that there's an
+Arbitrage you can make money off of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage you can make money off of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage you can make money off of that
+so that really is the way to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really is the way to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really is the way to make a
+million doll with no money down you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million doll with no money down you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million doll with no money down you know
+is to try to find violations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to find violations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to find violations of this
+Arbitrage relationship it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage relationship it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage relationship it's going to be
+hard because there are a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because there are a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because there are a lot of people
+that are looking at it all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are looking at it all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are looking at it all the time and
+so when there is an inequality of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when there is an inequality of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when there is an inequality of some
+sort it's probably not going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it's probably not going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort it's probably not going to be very
+big and it probably won't last very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and it probably won't last very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and it probably won't last very long
+but to the person who found it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the person who found it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the person who found it first
+they might actually be able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might actually be able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might actually be able to make a
+little bit off of that discrepancy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off of that discrepancy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off of that discrepancy by
+either buying or selling gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either buying or selling gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either buying or selling gold and
+transacting in these markets quickly let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacting in these markets quickly let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacting in these markets quickly let
+me do another example so this is gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do another example so this is gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do another example so this is gold
+what about uh gasoline gasoline it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about uh gasoline gasoline it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about uh gasoline gasoline it turns
+out is very different from gold first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is very different from gold first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is very different from gold first of
+all it's a pain in the neck to store uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's a pain in the neck to store uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's a pain in the neck to store uh
+safely so if you don't want to be blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely so if you don't want to be blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely so if you don't want to be blown
+up in the middle and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the middle and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the middle and this is really
+this is what I really mean by blowing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I really mean by blowing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I really mean by blowing up
+right gasoline you want to prevent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gasoline you want to prevent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gasoline you want to prevent that
+from happening you've got to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening you've got to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening you've got to pay a
+storage cost on the other hand there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage cost on the other hand there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage cost on the other hand there is
+a convenience yield if you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convenience yield if you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convenience yield if you've got the
+gasoline you can actually use it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline you can actually use it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline you can actually use it along
+the way you have to replenish it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you have to replenish it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you have to replenish it in
+order to get the same level of of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the same level of of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the same level of of stock
+at the end but it's convenient that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but it's convenient that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but it's convenient that you
+have it instead of having to go get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it instead of having to go get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it instead of having to go get it
+because getting it involves trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because getting it involves trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because getting it involves trouble and
+costs so that's the convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so that's the convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so that's the convenience
+yield so if you factor that in then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield so if you factor that in then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield so if you factor that in then what
+you get is the futures or forward price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the futures or forward price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the futures or forward price
+is equal to 1 + RF plus a convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 + RF plus a convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 + RF plus a convenience
+yield per period minus some kind of oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield per period minus some kind of oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield per period minus some kind of oh
+sorry uh plus a storage cost per period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh plus a storage cost per period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh plus a storage cost per period
+minus a convenience yield per period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a convenience yield per period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a convenience yield per period and
+then raised to the T minus t power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then raised to the T minus t power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then raised to the T minus t power
+multiplied by the current spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the current spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the current spot price
+okay if this is violated then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is violated then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is violated then you're
+going to want to do one of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do one of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do one of two things
+either you're going to want to buy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to want to buy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to want to buy your
+own gasoline and store it or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own gasoline and store it or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own gasoline and store it or you're
+going to want to short it and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to short it and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to short it and do the
+opposite after Hurricane Katrina hit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite after Hurricane Katrina hit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite after Hurricane Katrina hit we
+had violations from this for a t for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had violations from this for a t for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had violations from this for a t for a
+period of time which suggested that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time which suggested that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time which suggested that it
+was actually worthwhile for you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually worthwhile for you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually worthwhile for you to go
+out and build your own storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and build your own storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and build your own storage
+facilities because the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities because the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities because the storage
+facilities were destroyed now it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were destroyed now it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were destroyed now it's only
+if you had the technology to build those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the technology to build those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the technology to build those
+storage facilities that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage facilities that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage facilities that you could
+actually profit from it but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually profit from it but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually profit from it but there are
+periods of time where Market dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time where Market dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time where Market dislocation
+can occur and the discrepancy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur and the discrepancy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur and the discrepancy between
+Futures prices uh and spot prices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures prices uh and spot prices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures prices uh and spot prices that
+gives you valuable information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you valuable information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you valuable information about
+what's happening in markets and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in markets and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in markets and in some
+cases in in non-financial context like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in in non-financial context like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in in non-financial context like
+Commodities uh whether there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities uh whether there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities uh whether there's a
+shortage or whether there's a glut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage or whether there's a glut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage or whether there's a glut you
+know weather impacts uh these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weather impacts uh these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weather impacts uh these uh
+Commodities and so by looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities and so by looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities and so by looking at this
+relationship you gather very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you gather very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you gather very valuable
+information okay now here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay now here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay now here's another
+example another example is financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example another example is financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example another example is financials
+I'm going to take this example as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this example as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take this example as the
+last one that I want to focus on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one that I want to focus on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one that I want to focus on because
+I want to now talk about how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now talk about how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now talk about how to use this
+for uh you know for your own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you know for your own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh you know for your own um
+purposes a financial future is a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes a financial future is a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes a financial future is a future
+futur contract on an index like the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futur contract on an index like the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futur contract on an index like the S&P
+500 so there all of those contracts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 so there all of those contracts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 so there all of those contracts are
+cash settled there is no physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash settled there is no physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash settled there is no physical
+delivery although you can easily imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery although you can easily imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery although you can easily imagine
+a situation where you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you could have
+physical delivery right somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical delivery right somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical delivery right somebody
+literally delivers 500 shares of stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally delivers 500 shares of stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally delivers 500 shares of stocks
+500 stocks with certain numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stocks with certain numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stocks with certain numbers of
+shares for each in order to get the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares for each in order to get the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares for each in order to get the S&P
+500 but that's a pain and that defeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 but that's a pain and that defeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 but that's a pain and that defeats
+the purpose of the Futures Market which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of the Futures Market which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of the Futures Market which
+is to try to make things simple and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to make things simple and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to make things simple and to
+uh make it more efficient so a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it more efficient so a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it more efficient so a stock
+index future is really a pure bet on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index future is really a pure bet on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index future is really a pure bet on an
+underlying index and it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying index and it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying index and it gives you the
+investor or the hedger a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or the hedger a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or the hedger a way to get
+exposure or get out of exposure of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure or get out of exposure of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure or get out of exposure of that
+underlying in a very direct way now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying in a very direct way now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying in a very direct way now in
+this case there there uh there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there there uh there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there there uh there's no real
+uh convenience yield but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convenience yield but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convenience yield but there is a
+dividend that gets paid by the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend that gets paid by the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend that gets paid by the uh the uh
+particular set of Securities so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of Securities so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of Securities so if
+you're holding the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding the S&P 500
+portfolio then you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio then you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio then you're going to be
+getting paid dividends for individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid dividends for individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid dividends for individual
+stocks in that portfolio and so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in that portfolio and so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in that portfolio and so you'd
+want to factor in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to factor in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to factor in in your
+futures Arbitrage relationship the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures Arbitrage relationship the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures Arbitrage relationship the fact
+that you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting a
+benefit like a convenience yield that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit like a convenience yield that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit like a convenience yield that
+you have to subtract off of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to subtract off of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to subtract off of this
+relationship right so you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship right so you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship right so you don't have a
+cost of storage because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of storage because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of storage because this is a
+financial Futures but you do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Futures but you do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Futures but you do have a
+venience yield in terms of a payment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venience yield in terms of a payment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venience yield in terms of a payment if
+you held the physical shares of the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you held the physical shares of the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you held the physical shares of the S&P
+500 so that's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 so that's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 so that's a difference between
+Futures Futures you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Futures you don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Futures you don't get that
+dividend so you got to take that out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend so you got to take that out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend so you got to take that out uh
+in order to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do the
+calculation that tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that tells you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that tells you what the
+Futures price is relative to the spot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price is relative to the spot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price is relative to the spot so
+now if I give you an exam question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I give you an exam question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I give you an exam question that
+says today's spot price is such and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says today's spot price is such and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says today's spot price is such and such
+and the risk-free interest rate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the risk-free interest rate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the risk-free interest rate over the
+next 3 months period is such and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 3 months period is such and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 3 months period is such and such
+you should be able to tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me what the
+no Arbitrage Futures price should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Arbitrage Futures price should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Arbitrage Futures price should be
+today or vice versa if I told you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or vice versa if I told you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or vice versa if I told you what
+the Futures price is and I told you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures price is and I told you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Futures price is and I told you what
+the interest rate is you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is you should be able
+to infer from that what the spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer from that what the spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer from that what the spot price
+is going to be on October 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be on October 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be on October 19th
+1987 the morning before the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 the morning before the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 the morning before the New York
+Stock Exchange opened there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange opened there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange opened there was a very
+big discrepancy between the spot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discrepancy between the spot price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discrepancy between the spot price
+and the future's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future's
+price that discrepancy caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that discrepancy caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that discrepancy caused
+arbitragers to rub their hands and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitragers to rub their hands and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitragers to rub their hands and say
+oh my God this is Christmas coming early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God this is Christmas coming early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God this is Christmas coming early
+I'm going to take advantage of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take advantage of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take advantage of this and
+so what they ended up doing it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they ended up doing it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they ended up doing it turned
+out because the relationship was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because the relationship was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because the relationship was
+violated in one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated in one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated in one specific
+way they ended up buying the Futures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they ended up buying the Futures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they ended up buying the Futures and
+shorting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting the
+stocks that was the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that was the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that was the beginning of the
+October 19th 1987 crash that within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 19th 1987 crash that within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 19th 1987 crash that within a
+day dro the market by about 20% hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day dro the market by about 20% hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day dro the market by about 20% hey
+nowadays that's no big deal we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays that's no big deal we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays that's no big deal we're used
+to that but back then it was a really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but back then it was a really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but back then it was a really it
+was really something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really something
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now that you have examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that you have examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that you have examples of how
+these prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices are
+determined let me take this out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined let me take this out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined let me take this out for a
+different kind of a spin I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of a spin I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of a spin I want to show
+you how you use one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and the way I'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the way I'm going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the way I'm going to do that
+is uh with the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I skipped were more numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I skipped were more numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I skipped were more numerical
+examples that I would encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I would encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I would encourage you to
+go through uh on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through uh on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through uh on your
+own um but the this is an example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um but the this is an example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um but the this is an example that's
+important so I want to take you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I want to take you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I want to take you through
+it carefully make sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully make sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully make sure everybody
+understands suppose that um you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands suppose that um you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands suppose that um you've got a
+million dollars to invest in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to invest in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to invest in the stock
+market and you've decided that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you've decided that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and you've decided that you want
+to invest it in the S&P 500 you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest it in the S&P 500 you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest it in the S&P 500 you don't
+want to invest it in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest it in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to invest it in any other
+individual stocks you want a broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual stocks you want a broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual stocks you want a broadly
+Diversified kind of an investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified kind of an investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified kind of an investment and
+the S&P looks like a pretty good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P looks like a pretty good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P looks like a pretty good thing
+okay so there are several ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several ways of doing
+this I'm going to focus just on two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to focus just on two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to focus just on two one
+of them is you can put your money in 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is you can put your money in 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is you can put your money in 500
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+stocks and you have to spend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and you have to spend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and you have to spend a little
+bit of time figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time figuring out what the
+proportions are because if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions are because if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions are because if you want to
+replicate the S&P the S&P is a Valu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the S&P the S&P is a Valu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the S&P the S&P is a Valu
+weighted index it's not equal weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted index it's not equal weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted index it's not equal weighted
+it's it's weighted by market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's weighted by market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's weighted by market
+capitalization so you've got to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization so you've got to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization so you've got to actually
+go through and figure out how big each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and figure out how big each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and figure out how big each
+company the S&P is and then calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the S&P is and then calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the S&P is and then calculate
+those weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those weights
+and then you've got to give this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got to give this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got to give this order
+to your broker and a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your broker and a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your broker and a million dollars
+isn't what it used to be so I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what it used to be so I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what it used to be so I suspect
+that that would generate some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would generate some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would generate some pretty
+tiny trades you got 500 Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny trades you got 500 Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny trades you got 500 Securities and
+you've got a bunch of different Odd Lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of different Odd Lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of different Odd Lot
+trades good luck finding a broker that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades good luck finding a broker that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades good luck finding a broker that's
+willing to do it at a reasonable price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do it at a reasonable price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do it at a reasonable price
+it's a pretty long list right or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty long list right or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty long list right or you can
+buy a Futures Contract in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a Futures Contract in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a Futures Contract in particular you
+can buy a contract on the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy a contract on the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy a contract on the S&P 500
+futures so I want to go through and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures so I want to go through and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures so I want to go through and show
+you what that involves all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that involves all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that involves all right now
+let's take your million dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take your million dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take your million dollars and
+let's deposit it at the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deposit it at the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's deposit it at the Futures
+brokerage account okay so the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage account okay so the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage account okay so the money
+sitting there earning whatever interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there earning whatever interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there earning whatever interest
+they pay you on that account which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay you on that account which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay you on that account which is
+not much it's probably akin to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much it's probably akin to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much it's probably akin to you know
+a money market return okay so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a money market return okay so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a money market return okay so what you
+do is you want to buy Futures contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to buy Futures contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to buy Futures contracts
+and you want to have the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to have the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to have the equivalent
+exposure of a million dollars invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure of a million dollars invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure of a million dollars invested
+in the S&P 500 now the way that the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S&P 500 now the way that the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S&P 500 now the way that the S&P
+500 futures contract works is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 futures contract works is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 futures contract works is that the
+value of the contract the notional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the contract the notional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the contract the notional
+amount of the contract is 250 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the contract is 250 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the contract is 250 times the
+index whatever the index is worth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index whatever the index is worth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index whatever the index is worth they
+just make it make up a number like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it make up a number like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it make up a number like I
+don't know 250 and multiply that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 250 and multiply that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 250 and multiply that by the
+value of the index and they say that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the index and they say that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the index and they say that is
+what your exposure is okay for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your exposure is okay for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your exposure is okay for one
+contract so what is that let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract so what is that let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract so what is that let's suppose
+the contract uh uh let's suppose the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract uh uh let's suppose the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contract uh uh let's suppose the S&P
+index uh is now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index uh is now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index uh is now at
+1,000 okay so the value of the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 okay so the value of the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 okay so the value of the Futures
+Contract is 250 times that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract is 250 times that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract is 250 times that that's going
+to be uh a million doar oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$250,000 in order for you to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 in order for you to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 in order for you to have the
+equivalent of a million dollar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a million dollar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a million dollar in the
+S&P you need four of those contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P you need four of those contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P you need four of those contracts
+four times a notional of 250 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a notional of 250 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a notional of 250 is equal to
+a million now what does this say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million now what does this say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million now what does this say this
+says that you are essentially agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you are essentially agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you are essentially agreeing
+that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to
+buy the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the S&P
+500 uh whenever it uh settles but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 uh whenever it uh settles but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 uh whenever it uh settles but you're
+not really buying the S&P 500 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really buying the S&P 500 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really buying the S&P 500 you're
+buying a pure bet that is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a pure bet that is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a pure bet that is equivalent to
+250 times the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 times the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 times the S&P 500
+okay so let's take a look at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+suppose that the S&P index fluctuates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the S&P index fluctuates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the S&P index fluctuates
+bounces around then it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces around then it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces around then it turns out that
+you'll see that your cash portfolio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that your cash portfolio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that your cash portfolio the
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+fluctuations if you had put a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations if you had put a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations if you had put a million
+dollars into the S&P directly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars into the S&P directly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars into the S&P directly it
+fluctuates in exactly the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates in exactly the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates in exactly the same way that
+your futures portfolio fluctuates if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your futures portfolio fluctuates if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your futures portfolio fluctuates if the
+S&P goes down by nine to to 900 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P goes down by nine to to 900 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P goes down by nine to to 900 the
+notional value of your portfolio with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional value of your portfolio with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional value of your portfolio with
+four contracts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four contracts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four contracts is
+900,000 so you've actually lost $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900,000 so you've actually lost $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900,000 so you've actually lost $100,000
+and that's going to be deducted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be deducted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be deducted from
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+account if on the other hand the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account if on the other hand the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account if on the other hand the S&P
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+up by uh 100 then your cash portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by uh 100 then your cash portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by uh 100 then your cash portfolio
+will be worth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be worth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be worth a
+million1 a million1 100,000 rather and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million1 a million1 100,000 rather and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million1 a million1 100,000 rather and
+your futures portfolio will be worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your futures portfolio will be worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your futures portfolio will be worth the
+same you will now get 100,000 deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you will now get 100,000 deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you will now get 100,000 deposited
+into your account by holding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your account by holding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your account by holding this
+Futures Contract it's as if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract it's as if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract it's as if you were
+actually invested in the S&P what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invested in the S&P what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invested in the S&P what you're
+getting is the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is the daily
+fluctuations but you actually don't own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but you actually don't own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations but you actually don't own
+the security you simply agreed to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security you simply agreed to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security you simply agreed to buy
+this so-called index on the maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called index on the maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called index on the maturity
+date and by doing so and because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and by doing so and because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and by doing so and because that
+contract value is so closely tied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract value is so closely tied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract value is so closely tied to the
+S&P 500 Index it moves in lock step with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 500 Index it moves in lock step with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 500 Index it moves in lock step with
+the cash port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash port
+portfolio Okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio Okay any questions about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yeah do someone own those shares behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do someone own those shares behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do someone own those shares behind
+you or just agreement that we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or just agreement that we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or just agreement that we are going
+to bet on these exactly right so you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet on these exactly right so you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet on these exactly right so you and
+I we're just going to agree we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we're just going to agree we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we're just going to agree we're going
+to bet okay we're going to bet and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet okay we're going to bet and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet okay we're going to bet and we're
+going to agree on a particular price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree on a particular price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree on a particular price for
+S&P 500 three months from now and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 500 three months from now and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 500 three months from now and if it
+goes up and I bought the contract then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and I bought the contract then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and I bought the contract then I
+win if it goes down then you sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if it goes down then you sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if it goes down then you sold the
+contract then you win but it's a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract then you win but it's a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract then you win but it's a pure
+bet between you and me the the futur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet between you and me the the futur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet between you and me the the futur the
+Futures Clearing Corporation sits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Clearing Corporation sits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Clearing Corporation sits in the
+middle to make sure that you and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to make sure that you and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to make sure that you and I don't
+run away why do they do this why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away why do they do this why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away why do they do this why do they
+do this I mean why why do do they beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I mean why why do do they beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this I mean why why do do they beat
+inp and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inp and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inp and not
+in days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in days of
+sunlight well first of all in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight well first of all in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight well first of all in some cases
+they do uh so for example you could buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh so for example you could buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do uh so for example you could buy
+a cont contract on the number of Degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cont contract on the number of Degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cont contract on the number of Degree
+Days of a certain amount in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days of a certain amount in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Days of a certain amount in
+Florida now why would you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida now why would you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida now why would you want to do
+that it turns out that the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns out that the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns out that the one of the
+largest crops of oranges are grown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest crops of oranges are grown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest crops of oranges are grown in
+Florida and it turns out that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida and it turns out that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida and it turns out that the output
+of orange groves is very closely tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orange groves is very closely tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orange groves is very closely tied to
+temperature so if it goes up to 39 Dees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if it goes up to 39 Dees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if it goes up to 39 Dees
+or below 32 de you can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below 32 de you can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below 32 de you can actually have
+very different kind of crops and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kind of crops and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kind of crops and so you
+can bet on that and and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet on that and and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet on that and and at some point
+you could actually trade on I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually trade on I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually trade on I don't know
+if you can trade on it now but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can trade on it now but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can trade on it now but there are
+markets for some of the wildest Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets for some of the wildest Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets for some of the wildest Things
+and the reason that you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that you have these
+markets is because when two mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is because when two mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is because when two mutually
+consenting adults have opposite views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consenting adults have opposite views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consenting adults have opposite views
+and they want to express them then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to express them then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to express them then you
+want to be able to let them do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to let them do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to let them do that and
+allow them to basically either hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to basically either hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to basically either hedge
+their risks or take on risks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risks or take on risks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risks or take on risks that
+they're able to do so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do so this is an example
+of that you're an investor you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you're an investor you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you're an investor you want to
+buy stocks but you don't want to buy 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy stocks but you don't want to buy 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy stocks but you don't want to buy 500
+little stocks one by one you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stocks one by one you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stocks one by one you want to get
+the exposure right away now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure right away now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure right away now of course
+there's another way to do this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to do this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to do this you can
+put it in a mutual fund but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a mutual fund but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a mutual fund but the problem
+with the mutual fund is that it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mutual fund is that it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mutual fund is that it only
+gets priced once a day whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets priced once a day whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets priced once a day whereas this
+thing gets priced every second of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets priced every second of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets priced every second of the
+day when the futur exchang is open of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when the futur exchang is open of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when the futur exchang is open of
+course nowadays you can buy an ETF an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course nowadays you can buy an ETF an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course nowadays you can buy an ETF an
+exchange traded fund uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange traded fund uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange traded fund uh so that's
+another way of getting exposure but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of getting exposure but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of getting exposure but the
+S&P futures was around long before ETFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P futures was around long before ETFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P futures was around long before ETFs
+and allowed people to do all sorts of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed people to do all sorts of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed people to do all sorts of of
+hedging transactions now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedging transactions now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedging transactions now I'm going to
+give you a second example that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a second example that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a second example that I think
+will make it a little bit more clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it a little bit more clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make it a little bit more clear and
+actually will answer a question that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will answer a question that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will answer a question that was
+asked uh I think two lectures ago when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh I think two lectures ago when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh I think two lectures ago when I
+first started this lecture I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started this lecture I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started this lecture I said that
+maybe a company would only want to hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a company would only want to hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a company would only want to hedge
+25% of its risk and somebody asked well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of its risk and somebody asked well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of its risk and somebody asked well
+what is that mean 25% and I said I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that mean 25% and I said I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that mean 25% and I said I'll
+answer that question well so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question well so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question well so I'm going
+to answer that question now so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that question now so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that question now so suppose
+now as a different example you uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a different example you uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a different example you uh have a
+diversified portfolio of large cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversified portfolio of large cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversified portfolio of large cap
+stocks worth $5 million so you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks worth $5 million so you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks worth $5 million so you already
+own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the
+stocks and it's currently worth 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and it's currently worth 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and it's currently worth 5
+million but you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but you don't have any
+confidence that the market is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that the market is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that the market is going to
+stay where it is you think it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where it is you think it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where it is you think it's going to
+go down and so you want to hedge some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and so you want to hedge some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and so you want to hedge some of
+that risk you don't want to hedge all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk you don't want to hedge all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk you don't want to hedge all of
+it because you do have faith that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you do have faith that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you do have faith that over
+time markets will do well but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time markets will do well but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time markets will do well but you just
+want to be able to dampen a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to dampen a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to dampen a little bit
+of the downward uh spiral if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the downward uh spiral if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the downward uh spiral if it does
+occur so you might consider selling 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so you might consider selling 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so you might consider selling 25%
+of your portfolio getting rid of 25% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio getting rid of 25% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio getting rid of 25% of
+it and putting that in cash that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and putting that in cash that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and putting that in cash that's one
+way to do it but the problem is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but the problem is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but the problem is you know
+is that it's not that easy to sell 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not that easy to sell 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not that easy to sell 25%
+of 500 stocks because you have to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 500 stocks because you have to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 500 stocks because you have to again
+slice the portfolio stock by stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the portfolio stock by stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the portfolio stock by stock
+you're going to have a trade list of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a trade list of 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a trade list of 25
+stocks uh sorry 500 stocks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks uh sorry 500 stocks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks uh sorry 500 stocks which
+comprise 25% of your portfolio so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise 25% of your portfolio so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise 25% of your portfolio so it's a
+pain but here's an easier way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain but here's an easier way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain but here's an easier way to do it
+you can short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can short
+sell five S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell five S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell five S&P
+contracts and I'm arguing that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and I'm arguing that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and I'm arguing that that will
+do the exact same as if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exact same as if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exact same as if you just
+liquidated 25% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated 25% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidated 25% of your
+portfolio now let's see let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now let's see let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio now let's see let's see if
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+so let's go through the exact same table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through the exact same table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through the exact same table
+the cash portfolio let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash portfolio let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash portfolio let's see what
+happens to the cash portfolio if the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the cash portfolio if the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the cash portfolio if the S&P
+goes up or down by 100 points if it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down by 100 points if it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down by 100 points if it goes
+up by 100 points then you've made money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by 100 points then you've made money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by 100 points then you've made money
+you've got five and a half million if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got five and a half million if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got five and a half million if it
+goes down by 100 points you've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down by 100 points you've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down by 100 points you've lost
+money you've lost to 4 and a. half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you've lost to 4 and a. half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you've lost to 4 and a. half
+million right now let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million right now let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million right now let's see what happens
+if you don't do anything with the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do anything with the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do anything with the cash
+portfolio but you simply short sell five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio but you simply short sell five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio but you simply short sell five
+S&P futures contracts if you do do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P futures contracts if you do do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P futures contracts if you do do that
+then obviously if the S&P doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously if the S&P doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously if the S&P doesn't change
+then nothing happens to your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing happens to your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing happens to your portfolio
+but if the S&P goes up then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the S&P goes up then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the S&P goes up then you're going
+to make some money sorry uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some money sorry uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some money sorry uh let's see
+yeah you're if the S&P goes up you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're if the S&P goes up you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're if the S&P goes up you're
+going to lose money in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose money in the sense that
+what's going to happen is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that your
+short positions are going to cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short positions are going to cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short positions are going to cost you
+$125,000 how did I get $125,000 anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 how did I get $125,000 anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 how did I get $125,000 anybody
+worked through the math for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me the S&P 500 goes up by 100 points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the S&P 500 goes up by 100 points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the S&P 500 goes up by 100 points the
+Futures price goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures price goes up
+by 250 times 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 250 times 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 250 times 100
+points my position I've got five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points my position I've got five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points my position I've got five of
+these contracts I've just lost $25,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contracts I've just lost $25,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these contracts I've just lost $25,000
+per contract I've got five of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per contract I've got five of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per contract I've got five of these
+contracts I lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$125,000 now what about the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 now what about the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 now what about the downside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+downside if S&P goes down by 100 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside if S&P goes down by 100 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside if S&P goes down by 100 then
+the price goes down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes down by
+25,000 I'm short so I make 25,000 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 I'm short so I make 25,000 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 I'm short so I make 25,000 per
+contract I've got five contracts I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract I've got five contracts I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract I've got five contracts I've
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+125,000 so look what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125,000 so look what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125,000 so look what happens in this
+case when the S&P goes up I don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when the S&P goes up I don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when the S&P goes up I don't make
+as much because my hedge works against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much because my hedge works against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much because my hedge works against
+me on the other when the S&P goes down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on the other when the S&P goes down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on the other when the S&P goes down I
+don't lose as much because the Hedge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose as much because the Hedge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose as much because the Hedge is
+working for me because I've only taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for me because I've only taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for me because I've only taken
+out 25% of my portfolio with this hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 25% of my portfolio with this hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 25% of my portfolio with this hedge
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+dampening but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampening but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dampening but not
+eliminating that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating that kind of
+fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation
+yeah this is obvious question but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is obvious question but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is obvious question but why
+you do that versus just putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that versus just putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that versus just putting it in
+cash because you can make the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash because you can make the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash because you can make the argument
+that you had 25% in cash that earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had 25% in cash that earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had 25% in cash that earn
+interest and so you're still B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so you're still B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so you're still B well
+that's the argument that I gave earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument that I gave earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument that I gave earlier
+which is that you'd have to sell 25% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you'd have to sell 25% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you'd have to sell 25% of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+portfolio this is a way of doing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio this is a way of doing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio this is a way of doing it and
+not only that if you did it this way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that if you did it this way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that if you did it this way it
+would be a lot cheaper to implement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot cheaper to implement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot cheaper to implement in
+the sense that you basically don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you basically don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you basically don't have
+to you you don't have to do 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you don't have to do 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you don't have to do 500
+transactions you do one transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you do one transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions you do one transaction
+right so the transactions cost is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the transactions cost is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the transactions cost is a lot
+cheaper and it's also easier to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper and it's also easier to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper and it's also easier to keep
+track of you don't have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of you don't have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of you don't have to figure out
+what the price of 500 Securities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price of 500 Securities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the price of 500 Securities are
+you've got the price of just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the price of just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the price of just one
+security to worry about yeah and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security to worry about yeah and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security to worry about yeah and I think
+you're also you're not losing out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also you're not losing out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also you're not losing out on
+what you could have had in cash in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could have had in cash in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could have had in cash in terms
+of interest because that interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest because that interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest because that interest is
+factored into the Futures that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored into the Futures that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored into the Futures that's right
+remember we use that interest equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we use that interest equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we use that interest equation
+so all the foregone interest is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the foregone interest is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the foregone interest is in there
+right okay so the meaning of I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the meaning of I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the meaning of I want to
+hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge
+25% means I'm going to use the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% means I'm going to use the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% means I'm going to use the Futures
+Contract so that the tional exposure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract so that the tional exposure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract so that the tional exposure is
+25% of the current value of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of the current value of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of the current value of my
+portfolio so if your Merc pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so if your Merc pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so if your Merc pharmaceutical
+company that has a certain percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has a certain percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has a certain percentage of
+their revenues in foreign denominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their revenues in foreign denominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their revenues in foreign denominated
+currencies you can hedge half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies you can hedge half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies you can hedge half of the
+risk of those exchange rate fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of those exchange rate fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of those exchange rate fluctuations
+by taking half of the revenue stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking half of the revenue stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking half of the revenue stream
+let's say it's you know $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's you know $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's you know $10
+billion and buying or selling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and buying or selling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and buying or selling to
+depending on which way you're going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which way you're going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which way you're going uh
+the amount of futures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of futures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of futures or
+forwards to to get rid of that exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards to to get rid of that exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards to to get rid of that exposure
+y this example we put our million in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this example we put our million in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this example we put our million in the
+margin account yeah but we only should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin account yeah but we only should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin account yeah but we only should
+put as much as that's right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as much as that's right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as much as that's right that's right
+yeah you you don't you don't have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you don't you don't have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you don't you don't have to put
+a million in the margin account because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million in the margin account because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million in the margin account because
+typically the margin is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the margin is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the margin is going to be
+something like uh you know in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh you know in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh you know in this case
+seven or 8% of the notional exposure Ure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 8% of the notional exposure Ure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 8% of the notional exposure Ure
+so you can take the rest of that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take the rest of that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take the rest of that money
+and go to Las Vegas if you like although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to Las Vegas if you like although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to Las Vegas if you like although
+some would say this is better than Las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some would say this is better than Las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some would say this is better than Las
+Vegas yeah the main reason why to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas yeah the main reason why to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas yeah the main reason why to buy a
+future not ETF you can lever your much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future not ETF you can lever your much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future not ETF you can lever your much
+that's right that's right with an ETF if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right with an ETF if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right with an ETF if
+you want a million dollars of exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a million dollars of exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a million dollars of exposure
+you got to put a million dollars into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to put a million dollars into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to put a million dollars into
+the ETF with the Futures Contract if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ETF with the Futures Contract if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ETF with the Futures Contract if you
+want to put a million doll of exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a million doll of exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a million doll of exposure
+on you need 7% and the reason is obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you need 7% and the reason is obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you need 7% and the reason is obvious
+it's because that daily Market to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because that daily Market to Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because that daily Market to Market
+okay so ETFs have not killed the Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ETFs have not killed the Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ETFs have not killed the Futures
+Market but it does provide another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but it does provide another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market but it does provide another
+vehicle for retail investors who may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for retail investors who may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for retail investors who may not
+want the leverage who may not need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the leverage who may not need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the leverage who may not need the
+leverage to not have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage to not have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage to not have to worry about the
+leverage okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage okay this
+leverage Leverage is a scary thing as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage Leverage is a scary thing as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage Leverage is a scary thing as I
+said before this is the chainsaw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before this is the chainsaw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before this is the chainsaw that
+you don't want to be giving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be giving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be giving your
+eight-year-old as a toy right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-year-old as a toy right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight-year-old as a toy right because
+when when prices move quickly you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when prices move quickly you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when prices move quickly you're
+going to have very big swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very big swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very big swings
+in the underlying value of your margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the underlying value of your margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the underlying value of your margin
+account so you know if you've got only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so you know if you've got only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so you know if you've got only
+7% margin in an account think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% margin in an account think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% margin in an account think about it
+that means that if the prices go down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if the prices go down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if the prices go down by
+7% you are wiped out your entire margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% you are wiped out your entire margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% you are wiped out your entire margin
+account is gone when Futures uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is gone when Futures uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is gone when Futures uh uh
+Brokers take your money they assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brokers take your money they assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brokers take your money they assume that
+you know what you're doing and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're doing and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're doing and so they
+assume that you know the margin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know the margin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you know the margin that
+you're putting down is margin that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting down is margin that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting down is margin that you
+can afford to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to lose
+and that you understand that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you understand that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you understand that what you're
+getting is much bigger exposure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is much bigger exposure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is much bigger exposure that
+presumably is either for speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably is either for speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably is either for speculative
+purposes in which case you won't over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes in which case you won't over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes in which case you won't over
+leverage or for hedging purposes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage or for hedging purposes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage or for hedging purposes in
+which case you've got some other assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you've got some other assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you've got some other assets
+that are counterbalancing these swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are counterbalancing these swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are counterbalancing these swings
+like in this case you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case you know obviously
+when you look at the fluctuations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fluctuations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fluctuations in
+your positions they are extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your positions they are extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your positions they are extraordinarily
+big relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big relative to the
+margin right let's do a quick back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin right let's do a quick back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin right let's do a quick back of
+the envelope calculation let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculation let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculation let me tell you
+what I mean suppose that you put 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean suppose that you put 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean suppose that you put 5%
+margin down okay you buy a contract put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin down okay you buy a contract put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin down okay you buy a contract put
+5% margin down and let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% margin down and let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% margin down and let's suppose that
+the price of the Futures Contract drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the Futures Contract drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the Futures Contract drops
+by 2 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 and a
+half% okay what is the rate of return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% okay what is the rate of return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% okay what is the rate of return on
+the amount of money you've put down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money you've put down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money you've put down as
+margin if that's your initial investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin if that's your initial investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin if that's your initial investment
+you can think about it as an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it as an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it as an investment
+because that's the only way a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way a Futures
+broker will let you buy a contract if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker will let you buy a contract if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker will let you buy a contract if
+you put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put down
+$100,000 and the Futures price goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and the Futures price goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and the Futures price goes down
+by $50,000 what's the rate of return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by $50,000 what's the rate of return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by $50,000 what's the rate of return on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment yeah minus 50% right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment yeah minus 50% right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment yeah minus 50% right that's
+that's a big move that's a huge move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big move that's a huge move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big move that's a huge move on
+a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a
+day so when you deal with margin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so when you deal with margin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so when you deal with margin you
+have to be extraordinarily careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be extraordinarily careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be extraordinarily careful you
+have to have very very tight risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have very very tight risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have very very tight risk
+controls you have to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls you have to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls you have to understand what the
+swings can be and you have to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings can be and you have to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings can be and you have to manage
+that risk very very carefully on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk very very carefully on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk very very carefully on an
+intra daily basis in some cases because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra daily basis in some cases because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra daily basis in some cases because
+these Futures prices can swing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Futures prices can swing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Futures prices can swing a lot
+even within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+okay any uh any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any uh any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any uh any other
+questions well that's it for futures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions well that's it for futures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions well that's it for futures and
+forwards you now know how to price them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards you now know how to price them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards you now know how to price them
+you now know how to use them for hedging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know how to use them for hedging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know how to use them for hedging
+purposes and there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and there are all sorts of
+other kinds of future and forwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of future and forwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of future and forwards
+interest rate bond currency uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate bond currency uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate bond currency uh single
+stock futures now exist in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock futures now exist in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock futures now exist in fact there
+are even Futures contracts on the vix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even Futures contracts on the vix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even Futures contracts on the vix
+there's Futures contracts on electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Futures contracts on electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Futures contracts on electricity
+usage there are Futures there's Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage there are Futures there's Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage there are Futures there's Futures
+contracts on the presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts on the presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts on the presidential
+election if you go to the Iowa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election if you go to the Iowa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election if you go to the Iowa
+electronic markets uh the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic markets uh the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic markets uh the University of
+Iowa they created uh a Futures exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa they created uh a Futures exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa they created uh a Futures exchange
+that has two contracts one that pays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two contracts one that pays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two contracts one that pays a
+dollar if McCain gets elected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar if McCain gets elected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar if McCain gets elected and the
+other that pays a dollar if Obama gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that pays a dollar if Obama gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that pays a dollar if Obama gets
+elected and by looking at the prices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected and by looking at the prices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected and by looking at the prices you
+can actually see what the folks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see what the folks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see what the folks that are
+trading these Futures contracts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading these Futures contracts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading these Futures contracts are
+thinking in terms of who's got the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of who's got the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of who's got the edge
+so the Futures prices contain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Futures prices contain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Futures prices contain an
+enormous amount of information but keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of information but keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of information but keep
+in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind the
+information is only as good as you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is only as good as you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is only as good as you are
+by by you I mean the market if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by you I mean the market if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by you I mean the market if the
+market is comprised of Knuckleheads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is comprised of Knuckleheads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is comprised of Knuckleheads the
+prices you get will be knuckle head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you get will be knuckle head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you get will be knuckle head
+prices okay if the market contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay if the market contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay if the market contains
+really smart sharp uh sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart sharp uh sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really smart sharp uh sophisticated
+individuals you'll get extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you'll get extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you'll get extremely
+informative prices so prices while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative prices so prices while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative prices so prices while they
+are the best thing that we have as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the best thing that we have as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the best thing that we have as a
+guide for the future they're clearly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for the future they're clearly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for the future they're clearly not
+perfect and there are periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and there are periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and there are periods of time
+when the market prices are less perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the market prices are less perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the market prices are less perfect
+than others and as I told you before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and as I told you before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and as I told you before you
+know for the next three weeks Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the next three weeks Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the next three weeks Finance
+theory is going to be on vacation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to be on vacation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is going to be on vacation in the
+US Stock Market because all all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Stock Market because all all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Stock Market because all all the
+uncertainty that has been building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that has been building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that has been building up
+over the last several years are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last several years are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last several years are now
+focused on the next three weeks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the next three weeks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the next three weeks uh
+markets will be swinging back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets will be swinging back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets will be swinging back and forth
+pretty wildly and it's because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wildly and it's because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wildly and it's because people
+are reacting emotionally not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reacting emotionally not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reacting emotionally not necessarily
+with their full logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their full logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their full logical
+capabilities okay that's it for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities okay that's it for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities okay that's it for uh
+Futures and forwards and now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures and forwards and now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures and forwards and now what I'm
+going to turn to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to is
+options um these are the last set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options um these are the last set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options um these are the last set of
+Securities that I want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that I want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that I want to go through
+with you that are not like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you that are not like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you that are not like the
+Securities that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that we've done
+before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+uh let me uh just pull up the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me uh just pull up the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me uh just pull up the lecture
+notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+options I want to start with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I want to start with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I want to start with a little
+bit of an introduction for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an introduction for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an introduction for how to
+motivate options I think most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate options I think most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate options I think most of you
+know what options are uh their name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what options are uh their name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what options are uh their name is
+uh quite apropo because they do give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite apropo because they do give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite apropo because they do give you
+options Futures and forwards require you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options Futures and forwards require you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options Futures and forwards require you
+to engage in a transaction but options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in a transaction but options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in a transaction but options
+don't they give you the right but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they give you the right but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they give you the right but not
+the obligation so you have the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obligation so you have the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obligation so you have the option of
+not entering into that final transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entering into that final transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entering into that final transaction
+at settlement date I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at settlement date I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at settlement date I'm going to start
+with some motivation then go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some motivation then go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some motivation then go through
+some payoff diagrams go through option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some payoff diagrams go through option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some payoff diagrams go through option
+strategies and then I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and then I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and then I'm going to talk
+very briefly about valuation of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly about valuation of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly about valuation of options
+I have to talk to you guys about black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to talk to you guys about black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to talk to you guys about black
+schs we you can't leave MIT without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schs we you can't leave MIT without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schs we you can't leave MIT without
+hearing about black schs so I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about black schs so I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about black schs so I've got to
+do a little bit of that but really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that but really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of that but really the
+derivation is quite a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is quite a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is quite a bit more
+sophisticated and that's uh why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and that's uh why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated and that's uh why you
+might want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take
+15437 uh options and Futures where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15437 uh options and Futures where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15437 uh options and Futures where the
+entire course is devoted to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course is devoted to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course is devoted to these
+instruments they are that complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they are that complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they are that complex and
+and that important um so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that important um so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that important um so let me first
+describe uh exactly what an option is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh exactly what an option is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh exactly what an option is an
+option actually is a specific example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option actually is a specific example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option actually is a specific example of
+something that you now know of uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you now know of uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you now know of uh more
+generally as a derivative a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally as a derivative a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally as a derivative a derivative
+security gets its name because the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security gets its name because the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security gets its name because the value
+of the security is derived from yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security is derived from yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security is derived from yet
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+security okay it's it's derivative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security okay it's it's derivative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security okay it's it's derivative as
+opposed to I guess fundamental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to I guess fundamental or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to I guess fundamental or
+primary and examples of derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and examples of derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and examples of derivatives are
+warrants versus options options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants versus options options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants versus options options are
+securities that you can think of as pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities that you can think of as pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities that you can think of as pure
+bets between two parties War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets between two parties War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets between two parties War
+are options that are issued by a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are options that are issued by a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are options that are issued by a company
+on its own shares so uh the the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own shares so uh the the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own shares so uh the the net
+supply of options is zero but the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of options is zero but the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of options is zero but the net
+supply of warrants uh is not zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of warrants uh is not zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of warrants uh is not zero right
+it's issued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's issued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's issued by
+companies and there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there are two different
+kinds of options uh calls and puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of options uh calls and puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of options uh calls and puts a
+call option is a piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option is a piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option is a piece of paper that
+says the holder of this piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the holder of this piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the holder of this piece of paper
+is allowed to buy a security on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed to buy a security on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed to buy a security on or
+possibly before a particular date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly before a particular date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly before a particular date
+usually called the exercise date okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the exercise date okay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called the exercise date okay or
+maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity
+date um and the difference between being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um and the difference between being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um and the difference between being
+able to exercise early versus exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exercise early versus exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exercise early versus exercising
+at the maturity only is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the maturity only is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the maturity only is the difference
+between an American and a European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an American and a European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an American and a European
+option an American option uh is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option an American option uh is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option an American option uh is one
+where you can exercise it early and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can exercise it early and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can exercise it early and a
+European option is one where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European option is one where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European option is one where you can
+only exercise it on a specific specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exercise it on a specific specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exercise it on a specific specific
+date the maturity date or the expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date the maturity date or the expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date the maturity date or the expiration
+date and puts are the opposite of calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and puts are the opposite of calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and puts are the opposite of calls
+instead of giving you the right to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you the right to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you the right to buy
+it gives you the right to sell or to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the right to sell or to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the right to sell or to put
+the stock to somebody else okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock to somebody else okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock to somebody else okay and the
+prices at which you get to either Buy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at which you get to either Buy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at which you get to either Buy in
+the case of calls or sell in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of calls or sell in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of calls or sell in the case of
+puts is called the strike price or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts is called the strike price or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts is called the strike price or the
+exercise price all right so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise price all right so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise price all right so I'm going to
+define a little bit of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a little bit of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a little bit of notation
+stock price is&t strike price is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price is&t strike price is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price is&t strike price is K
+notice that K does not have a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that K does not have a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that K does not have a Time
+subscript because it's fixed at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript because it's fixed at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript because it's fixed at the time
+the options are issued and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the options are issued and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the options are issued and it doesn't
+change throughout the life of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change throughout the life of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change throughout the life of that
+option it's part of the contract terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it's part of the contract terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it's part of the contract terms
+uh and then the call price is CT put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the call price is CT put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the call price is CT put
+prices PT and the value of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices PT and the value of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices PT and the value of these
+contracts at maturity is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts at maturity is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts at maturity is actually pretty
+simple if today a particular stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if today a particular stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if today a particular stock is
+trading at uh $50 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading at uh $50 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading at uh $50 a
+share and you purchase an option to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and you purchase an option to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and you purchase an option to buy
+that stock at $70 a share in 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock at $70 a share in 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock at $70 a share in 3
+months does that piece of paper have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value the current price is 60 this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the current price is 60 this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the current price is 60 this piece
+of paper gives you the right to buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper gives you the right to buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper gives you the right to buy it
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+70 in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 in three
+months is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worthless why not the price is at 60 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless why not the price is at 60 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless why not the price is at 60 you
+can get it at 60 today so why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it at 60 today so why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it at 60 today so why would you
+want it at 70 3 months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it at 70 3 months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it at 70 3 months from
+now exactly the price may go up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly the price may go up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly the price may go up the
+reason the piece of paper is not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the piece of paper is not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the piece of paper is not worth
+zero today is that there is a chance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero today is that there is a chance no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero today is that there is a chance no
+matter how small you might think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how small you might think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how small you might think it is
+there is still a chance that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still a chance that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still a chance that something
+wonderful might happen in the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful might happen in the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful might happen in the next three
+months and then the price will go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then the price will go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then the price will go up to
+80 and if it goes up to 80 you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 and if it goes up to 80 you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 and if it goes up to 80 you'll be
+very happy that you have the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy that you have the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy that you have the right to
+buy it at 70 how happy will you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at 70 how happy will you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it at 70 how happy will you be
+you'll be $10 per share happy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be $10 per share happy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be $10 per share happy right
+that's what that expression says on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that expression says on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that expression says on the
+expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration
+date you get to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date you get to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date you get to buy the
+shares if you're holding a call option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares if you're holding a call option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares if you're holding a call option
+you get to buy it for K dollar but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to buy it for K dollar but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to buy it for K dollar but in
+fact the market has determined that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the market has determined that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the market has determined that the
+price at that time is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so if you're holding this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you're holding this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you're holding this piece of
+paper this is your profit St minus K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this is your profit St minus K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this is your profit St minus K per
+share now if it turns out that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share now if it turns out that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share now if it turns out that you get
+to buy it for 60 and it ends up trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it for 60 and it ends up trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it for 60 and it ends up trading
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+40 well then you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 well then you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 well then you're not going to
+exercise that right you're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that right you're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that right you're going to let
+the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option
+expire and when it expires it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expire and when it expires it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expire and when it expires it'll be
+worthless if this number is negative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless if this number is negative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless if this number is negative it
+can be negative of course but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be negative of course but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be negative of course but you're not
+obligated to buy it on the other hand If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to buy it on the other hand If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to buy it on the other hand If
+This Were A Futures Contract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Were A Futures Contract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Were A Futures Contract you
+certainly are obligated to buy it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are obligated to buy it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are obligated to buy it and
+then you'd get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd get a negative
+return but an option is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return but an option is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return but an option is a wonderful
+thing in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in that the
+payoff is never negative it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff is never negative it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff is never negative it's either
+zero or it's St minus K that's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or it's St minus K that's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or it's St minus K that's for a
+call now a put option it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call now a put option it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call now a put option it's exactly the
+reverse if you get to sell the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse if you get to sell the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse if you get to sell the stock
+then your profit is what you get to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your profit is what you get to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your profit is what you get to sell
+it at versus what it's really trading at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at versus what it's really trading at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at versus what it's really trading at
+and so you actually hope that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you actually hope that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you actually hope that it's
+really trading at a very low price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trading at a very low price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trading at a very low price
+because if you get to sell it at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get to sell it at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get to sell it at a high
+price but it's trading at a low price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but it's trading at a low price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but it's trading at a low price
+you profit the difference okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you profit the difference okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you profit the difference okay so the
+payoff for a put option is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff for a put option is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff for a put option is exactly the
+reverse maximum of zero and K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse maximum of zero and K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse maximum of zero and K minus
+s now it's very important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now it's very important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now it's very important that you
+understand this asymmetry because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this asymmetry because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this asymmetry because that
+asymmetry is going to lead to all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry is going to lead to all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry is going to lead to all sorts
+of interesting things about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things about these
+instruments and before we go and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and before we go and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and before we go and talk
+about that kind of asymmetry I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that kind of asymmetry I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that kind of asymmetry I want to
+uh give you another way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you another way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you another way of looking at
+options which is to look at options as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which is to look at options as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which is to look at options as a
+kind of insurance contract because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insurance contract because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insurance contract because
+actually all insurance contracts are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all insurance contracts are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all insurance contracts are a
+form of an option so let me let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of an option so let me let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of an option so let me let me give
+you an example suppose that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example suppose that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example suppose that you want to
+ensure the value of a particular stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the value of a particular stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the value of a particular stock
+that you're holding you're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding you're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding you're holding
+General Electric and it's trading at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric and it's trading at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric and it's trading at 20
+bucks a share and you'd like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a share and you'd like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a share and you'd like to make
+sure that it never goes below $18 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it never goes below $18 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it never goes below $18 a
+share you want to buy insurance that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you want to buy insurance that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you want to buy insurance that if
+it goes below $18 a share you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes below $18 a share you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes below $18 a share you will get
+paid $18 a share okay well the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid $18 a share okay well the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid $18 a share okay well the way you
+do that is you buy a put option A put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is you buy a put option A put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is you buy a put option A put
+option on General Electric where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on General Electric where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on General Electric where the
+strike price is $18 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price is $18 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price is $18 a
+share because if it goes below $18 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share because if it goes below $18 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share because if it goes below $18 a
+share you get to sell General Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you get to sell General Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you get to sell General Electric
+for that 18 so you'll get the $18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 18 so you'll get the $18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 18 so you'll get the $18
+regardless of whether it goes to 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether it goes to 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether it goes to 10 or
+five or who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or who knows
+what it turns out that the put option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turns out that the put option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turns out that the put option is
+exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like
+insurance and let's take a look and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and let's take a look and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and let's take a look and see
+why these are the typical terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these are the typical terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these are the typical terms of an
+insurance contract what's the asset that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance contract what's the asset that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance contract what's the asset that
+you're insuring General Electric what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're insuring General Electric what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're insuring General Electric what's
+the current asset value 20 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current asset value 20 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current asset value 20 a
+share what's the term of the policy how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what's the term of the policy how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share what's the term of the policy how
+long do you have the policy for it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you have the policy for it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you have the policy for it's the
+time to maturity right what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to maturity right what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to maturity right what's the
+maximum coverage what are you covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum coverage what are you covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum coverage what are you covered
+for $18 a share that's right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $18 a share that's right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $18 a share that's right that's what
+you bought the coverage for that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought the coverage for that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought the coverage for that's what
+you're going to get if it goes below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get if it goes below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get if it goes below
+what's the deductible how much could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the deductible how much could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the deductible how much could you
+lose before the insurance kicks in $2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose before the insurance kicks in $2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose before the insurance kicks in $2 a
+share exactly that's the deductible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share exactly that's the deductible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share exactly that's the deductible and
+finally what does it cost you to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what does it cost you to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what does it cost you to buy
+this insurance what's the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+premium exactly the price of the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium exactly the price of the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium exactly the price of the put
+that's it beautiful thing a put option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it beautiful thing a put option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it beautiful thing a put option
+is nothing more than an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than an insurance
+contract on the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract on the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract on the value of a
+stock and it's going to turn out that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and it's going to turn out that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and it's going to turn out that a
+call option will be intimately tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option will be intimately tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call option will be intimately tied to
+what a put option is so every call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a put option is so every call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a put option is so every call
+option can be converted into a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option can be converted into a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option can be converted into a portfolio
+that includes a put so all options you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a put so all options you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a put so all options you
+can think of as insurance contracts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as insurance contracts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as insurance contracts but
+there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few
+differences the difference between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the difference between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the difference between an
+option is that you can exercise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is that you can exercise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is that you can exercise it
+early so for example for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so for example for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so for example for whatever reason
+if you decide that you want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you decide that you want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you decide that you want to buy
+General Electric at $18 a share when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric at $18 a share when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Electric at $18 a share when
+it's trading at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trading at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trading at
+,750 and you still have one month to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,750 and you still have one month to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,750 and you still have one month to go
+but you want to get paid at 18 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to get paid at 18 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to get paid at 18 now you
+can do that you can't do that with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that you can't do that with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that you can't do that with your
+car car insurance right I I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car car insurance right I I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car car insurance right I I guess you
+could you could you know Ram it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could you know Ram it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could you know Ram it into a
+post and I want to get paid now so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post and I want to get paid now so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post and I want to get paid now so let's
+but that's not really considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really considered a
+proper thing to do so early exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper thing to do so early exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper thing to do so early exercise is
+one difference second difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one difference second difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one difference second difference is
+marketability if at some point you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketability if at some point you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketability if at some point you don't
+want the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the insurance
+anymore you can't get rid of it and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can't get rid of it and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can't get rid of it and give
+it to somebody else you can't transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody else you can't transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to somebody else you can't transfer
+your auto insurance to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto insurance to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto insurance to your
+friend if you decide you don't need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend if you decide you don't need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend if you decide you don't need it
+anymore right but you can transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right but you can transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore right but you can transfer the
+insurance policy here you can sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance policy here you can sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance policy here you can sell the
+option you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option you can sell
+it and also there are dividends that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and also there are dividends that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and also there are dividends that are
+being paid on the stock that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid on the stock that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid on the stock that you have to
+worry about with options whereas with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about with options whereas with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about with options whereas with a
+typical insurance contract uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical insurance contract uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical insurance contract uh you know a
+car doesn't necessarily pay dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car doesn't necessarily pay dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car doesn't necessarily pay dividends
+and the reason that's important is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's important is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's important is when
+it pays dividends the value goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays dividends the value goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays dividends the value goes down
+and so you have to make adjustments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to make adjustments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to make adjustments for
+that with an option you have to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with an option you have to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with an option you have to protect
+an option for dividend payments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option for dividend payments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option for dividend payments you
+don't need to do that for insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do that for insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do that for insurance
+because typically you don't assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because typically you don't assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because typically you don't assume that
+the insurance value goes the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance value goes the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance value goes the value of
+the asset goes down uh uh that much over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset goes down uh uh that much over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset goes down uh uh that much over
+time yeah the put option also eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah the put option also eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah the put option also eliminate
+the chance to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance to enjoy
+from from the prices are going going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the prices are going going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the prices are going going up
+when the when the share is in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the share is in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the share is in the future
+will will have a higher value well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have a higher value well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have a higher value well no
+that that's actually not true with a put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's actually not true with a put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's actually not true with a put
+option it gives you the right to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it gives you the right to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it gives you the right to sell
+the stock right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock right
+if you buy the stock and you hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy the stock and you hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy the stock and you hold on to
+it and you also buy a put that protects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you also buy a put that protects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you also buy a put that protects
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+downside but the upside that's all yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside but the upside that's all yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside but the upside that's all yours
+right because the the as the stock goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the the as the stock goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the the as the stock goes
+up what happens to the value of the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what happens to the value of the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what happens to the value of the put
+zero exactly it stops at zero so the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero exactly it stops at zero so the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero exactly it stops at zero so the as
+a stock goes up the put doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock goes up the put doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock goes up the put doesn't have any
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+anymore it becomes worthless worth less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it becomes worthless worth less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it becomes worthless worth less
+and less and on the the date of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less and on the the date of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less and on the the date of
+expiration if the stock is way above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration if the stock is way above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration if the stock is way above the
+value of the strike then it expires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the strike then it expires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the strike then it expires
+worthless it doesn't go negative if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless it doesn't go negative if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless it doesn't go negative if it
+went negative if you had a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went negative if you had a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went negative if you had a Futures
+position then you'd be right you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then you'd be right you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then you'd be right you've
+actually capped your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capped your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capped your
+gains but this doesn't see this this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but this doesn't see this this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains but this doesn't see this this you
+you get the best of both or so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the best of both or so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the best of both or so it seems
+you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the
+upside but it protects the downside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside but it protects the downside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside but it protects the downside and
+as you all probably know in insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you all probably know in insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you all probably know in insurance is
+not cheap so it sounds good but you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap so it sounds good but you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap so it sounds good but you got
+to pay for this and so you bet that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for this and so you bet that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for this and so you bet that the
+price of a call option or put option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a call option or put option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a call option or put option is
+not zero when you strike it when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero when you strike it when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero when you strike it when when
+you set that cont unlike a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set that cont unlike a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set that cont unlike a Futures
+Contract that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract that's
+worthless an option is not worthless on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless an option is not worthless on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless an option is not worthless on
+day Zero it's worth a lot for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Zero it's worth a lot for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Zero it's worth a lot for example
+right now what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's really
+expensive and if you want to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and if you want to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and if you want to check this
+you could uh take a look for fun if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh take a look for fun if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh take a look for fun if you
+want to buy insurance on the S&P 500 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy insurance on the S&P 500 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy insurance on the S&P 500 now
+you know we've had a great rally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've had a great rally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've had a great rally on
+Monday the S&P was up 1,000 points okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday the S&P was up 1,000 points okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday the S&P was up 1,000 points okay
+if you want to buy insurance on the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to buy insurance on the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to buy insurance on the S&P
+500 Index you can do that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Index you can do that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 Index you can do that there are
+options on the index so you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options on the index so you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options on the index so you might say
+okay let's say that the S&P is at a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say that the S&P is at a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say that the S&P is at a th
+today I would like to buy protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I would like to buy protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I would like to buy protection
+that over the next uh month it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the next uh month it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the next uh month it doesn't
+go down by more than 100 points 10% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by more than 100 points 10% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by more than 100 points 10% so
+what do you do you buy a put option on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you buy a put option on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you buy a put option on
+the S&P with a strike price of what 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P with a strike price of what 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P with a strike price of what 900
+right okay for for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay for for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay for for for a
+month that's what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month that's what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month that's what you want to
+buy go out and calculate that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy go out and calculate that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy go out and calculate that price
+you're going to be shocked at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be shocked at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be shocked at how
+expensive it is to get that insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it is to get that insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it is to get that insurance
+for four weeks four weeks that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four weeks four weeks that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four weeks four weeks that's all
+it's really expensive today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really expensive today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really expensive today it's
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+I think it's approximately 10 times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's approximately 10 times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's approximately 10 times more
+expensive today than it was a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive today than it was a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive today than it was a year ago
+the implied volatility is up by at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility is up by at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility is up by at least
+an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order of
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+so if you want that insurance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want that insurance it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want that insurance it's
+available but you have to pay for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but you have to pay for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but you have to pay for it so
+the question in all of these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in all of these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question in all of these things is
+is it worth it in order to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it in order to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it in order to decide
+whether it's worth it you've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth it you've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth it you've got to do
+two things first look into the innermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things first look into the innermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things first look into the innermost
+workings of your own soul and ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workings of your own soul and ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workings of your own soul and ask how
+frightened you truly are uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened you truly are uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened you truly are uh and the
+second thing you got to do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you got to do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you got to do is look at
+the market and is the market functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and is the market functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and is the market functioning
+reasonably well or is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well or is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well or is the market
+reflecting all of these kinds of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting all of these kinds of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting all of these kinds of crazy
+fears in order for us to be able to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears in order for us to be able to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fears in order for us to be able to talk
+about it intelligently we need a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it intelligently we need a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it intelligently we need a way to
+price it we need the kind of logic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it we need the kind of logic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it we need the kind of logic that
+I showed you with Futures contracts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you with Futures contracts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you with Futures contracts and
+we're going to get that logic I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that logic I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that logic I'm going
+to show you how to price these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how to price these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how to price these things
+using a very very simple model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very very simple model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very very simple model that is
+incredibly powerful but we're not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful but we're not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful but we're not there
+yet before we do that I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet before we do that I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet before we do that I want to make
+sure you understand what these contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand what these contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand what these contracts
+can can do for you in terms of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can do for you in terms of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can do for you in terms of changing
+your payoff profiles of your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payoff profiles of your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your payoff profiles of your portfolio
+yeah so wouldn't Anan call option be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so wouldn't Anan call option be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so wouldn't Anan call option be
+similar to a future since you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a future since you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a future since you have you
+can only exercise on the maturity date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only exercise on the maturity date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only exercise on the maturity date
+well no that's not what makes it similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no that's not what makes it similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no that's not what makes it similar
+to a future is because while you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a future is because while you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a future is because while you cannot
+exercise it early you never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it early you never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it early you never have to
+exercise it at all so a European option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it at all so a European option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it at all so a European option
+gives you only one date where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you only one date where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you only one date where you are
+able to exercise but even on that date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exercise but even on that date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exercise but even on that date
+you never have to exercise it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have to exercise it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never have to exercise it with the
+Futures Contract you have to exercise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract you have to exercise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Contract you have to exercise it
+on that date you've made a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that date you've made a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that date you've made a commitment
+but it will have a value zero no no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have a value zero no no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have a value zero no no it
+won't because still on that date you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't because still on that date you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't because still on that date you
+have a positive amount of protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive amount of protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive amount of protection
+like the example I gave you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the example I gave you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the example I gave you let's
+suppose that I bought a European S&P uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I bought a European S&P uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I bought a European S&P uh
+option for the day after election day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for the day after election day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for the day after election day
+you know Wednesday November 3rd is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Wednesday November 3rd is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Wednesday November 3rd is it
+that will have posit value today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have posit value today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have posit value today in
+other words I'm going to have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm going to have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm going to have to pay
+money in order for you guys to sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order for you guys to sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in order for you guys to sell it
+to me because you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me because you're going to be
+providing me with some protection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing me with some protection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing me with some protection that
+if the wrong thing happens on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wrong thing happens on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wrong thing happens on Tuesday
+the world is not going to blow up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is not going to blow up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is not going to blow up on
+Wednesday okay I'm not telling you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday okay I'm not telling you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday okay I'm not telling you what
+the wrong thing is I I'm I'm neutral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing is I I'm I'm neutral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing is I I'm I'm neutral in
+all of this but but uh that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but but uh that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but but uh that that's an
+example where that insurance really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where that insurance really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where that insurance really has
+value so you're not going to give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you're not going to give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you're not going to give it to
+me for free and I'm willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for free and I'm willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for free and I'm willing to pay for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay all right since we're out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right since we're out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right since we're out of time
+I'm going to just leave you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just leave you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just leave you with this
+diagram that shows you the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows you the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows you the difference
+between a call option and a Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a call option and a Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a call option and a Futures
+Contract remember the Futures Contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract remember the Futures Contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contract remember the Futures Contract
+what that looked like that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looked like that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looked like that was a
+straight line right exactly this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line right exactly this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line right exactly this is not
+a straight line This is kinked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line This is kinked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line This is kinked very
+kinky security and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinky security and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinky security and so we're going to
+talk next time about how to price kinky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk next time about how to price kinky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk next time about how to price kinky
+Securities and how to combine them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and how to combine them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and how to combine them and
+engage in even more kinky kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in even more kinky kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in even more kinky kinds of
+payoffs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J5mwRqyxPIA.txt b/J5mwRqyxPIA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a32885db2d3329aeee7a71ebf613b58c90429c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J5mwRqyxPIA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@
+Let's see.
+
+The original schedule today had Colonel Gordon
+Fullerton going to come and talk to us about
+
+both cockpit design, but primarily about test
+flying the Shuttle.
+
+Unfortunately, he is in charge of Flight Operations.
+
+Well, not unfortunately.
+
+He is in charge of Flight Operations at Dryden
+Flight Research Center for NASA.
+
+Unfortunately for us, since the time that
+we had agreed on this date, they scheduled,
+
+at the beginning of next week, a major base
+inspection.
+
+And if any of you are connected with the military
+you know what that involves.
+
+And, since he is head of flight operations,
+he really has to be there to make sure that
+
+they are ready for it.
+
+He has rescheduled.
+
+He will be here in November.
+
+And I will make adjustments to the syllabus.
+
+On Thursday, Bob Ried is going to talk about
+aerothermodynamics.
+
+And what I thought I would do today is kind
+of a potpourri maybe doing a little bit of
+
+recap on where we've gotten to so far.
+
+And also I brought a few videos just to give
+you a visual reminder of some of the things
+
+that we've been talking about with the Shuttle.
+
+Any sort of general questions about what I
+handed back to you?
+
+I am happy to meet with teams individually
+to discuss any specific questions.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see.
+
+One thing that I -- Hi.
+
+I was just telling the class Gordon Fullerton
+was supposed to be here, but he has had to
+
+postpone to November because they're having
+a base inspection of flight operations.
+
+So, he is not here.
+
+I had an email from Professor Cohen who will
+be here.
+
+And let's see if this is -- He had an idea
+that now that we've kind of started going
+
+into details on various subsystems that it
+might be interesting to work our way through
+
+a Shuttle flight and just remind ourselves
+of the different subsystems that are brought
+
+into play at various times during a Shuttle
+mission.
+
+This is kind of part of the systems integration
+process.
+
+And remember that we talked at the beginning
+how in the systems engineering process we
+
+always want to keep in mind the eventual operational
+use of the systems that are being designed.
+
+So, the idea, for instance, would be start
+at the very beginning.
+
+You're sitting on the pad.
+
+You could even go further than that because
+remember we talked about how systems had to
+
+be developed, for instance, for loading the
+payload into the cargo bay.
+
+They have that big payload changeout room.
+
+They had to design the hypergolic reaction
+control and OMS motors in such a way that
+
+the pods were actually removable from the
+Shuttle because they were using hazardous
+
+hypergolic fuel and they cannot be serviced
+in the main hanger.
+
+They have to be taken over to a remote section
+of the Kennedy Space Center.
+
+And then, of course, the servicing of the
+tiles.
+
+There is a lot of servicing and maintenance
+work that has to be done on all the subsystems.
+
+And, ideally, it should be designed in from
+the beginning.
+
+Of course, in many cases, we got a lot smarter
+after we started to use the Shuttle.
+
+And, if we were doing it again, which is something
+that you will be thinking about, we would,
+
+in fact, have built certain things into the
+subsystems which would have made it easier
+
+for them to be maintained and repaired.
+
+What I am going to do, just as an experiment
+here, let's think briefly about these subsystems.
+
+And I've got a little video taking us through
+the launch and the entry stages.
+
+And then I have one or two other things to
+show you, which will just illustrate certain
+
+other aspects of the Shuttle Mission.
+
+Right at the moment of liftoff, just kind
+of to set the stage, the final countdown starts
+
+at T minus nine minutes.
+
+They typically will have holds built into
+the count so that particularly when you're
+
+going for a very tight launch window, like
+if you're on a rendezvous mission to the Space
+
+Station, you have to launch when the Space
+Station basically is pretty much going overhead.
+
+And, since the Space Station is in a 51-degree
+orbit, it takes more energy to get into a
+
+51-degree orbit.
+
+Because normally if you launch from Cape Canaveral,
+hopefully you understand the orbital dynamics,
+
+if you launch due east you get the full speed
+of the earth's rotation.
+
+And since the latitude of Cape Canaveral is
+28 degrees that puts you into an orbit which
+
+is inclined 28 degrees to the equator.
+
+That is what we did when we did a rendezvous
+with the Hubble Telescope which is in 28 degrees.
+
+In fact, I remember my brother was telling
+me that we launched about 4:00 AM so it was
+
+night.
+
+And just about 20 minutes before we launched
+they saw Hubble fly over and everybody thought
+
+that is a good sign, they seem to know what
+they are doing.
+
+[LAUGHTER] The thing is that when you have
+an object that is in orbit, and the orbit
+
+you can think of as being roughly fixed in
+inertial space, obviously it precesses a few
+
+degrees every day.
+
+But if you think of it as fixed in inertial
+space on the time scale of a day or so then
+
+the earth is turning underneath it.
+
+And you have to launch basically when you
+are in that orbital plane.
+
+Now, if you have a little bit of extra energy
+to burn you can launch a little bit earlier
+
+or a little bit later and use that extra delta
+V to change your velocity to get into that
+
+plane.
+
+If you're launching to rendezvous with Hubble,
+say, which is in a 28-degree orbit, you have
+
+a bigger launch window than you do if you
+launch into the Space Station at a 51-degree
+
+orbit.
+
+Because, going into a 51-degree orbit, you
+are using a lot of extra delta V just to change
+
+from a 28 to a 51-degree inclination.
+
+So the launch window to rendezvous with the
+Space Station is very short.
+
+It is only about five minutes.
+
+So in order to make sure that they have the
+maximum chance of making the launch window,
+
+they actually build in some extra large holes,
+even more so than for a normal launch.
+
+But you pick up the final count at nine minutes.
+
+The Shuttle, at that point, is on external
+power.
+
+At about seven minutes, the pilot, that is
+the person sitting on the right-hand side
+
+who should be called the copilot, and I've
+talked about this with a few of you.
+
+None of the astronaut test pilots, you know,
+these are kind of big ego people.
+
+Nobody wants to be called a copilot.
+
+The person sitting in the right seat is the
+pilot.
+
+The person sitting in the left seat, who is
+really the pilot, is called the commander.
+
+The pilot does not fly the Shuttle, except
+for usually if you have a nice commander he
+
+will let the pilot -- when you're pulling
+away from the Space Station it is kind of
+
+a tradition that you give the pilot the stick
+and let the pilot do a fly around.
+
+And, in the old days, some of the commanders
+actually gave the pilots a little bit of stick
+
+time before landing.
+
+But that generally doesn't happen now.
+
+Anyway, the pilot is in charge of a lot of
+the subsystems, the main engines, the electrical
+
+power system, the auxiliary power units.
+
+It is the pilot who has to throw a switch
+to put the Shuttle on internal power.
+
+At about eight minutes before a launch you
+go onto fuel cell power.
+
+Then at about 5.5 minutes before a launch
+you turn on the auxiliary power unit.
+
+Remember we talked about that subsystem.
+
+That generates the hydraulic pressure to move
+the flight control surfaces and the main engine
+
+bells.
+
+And you will see, if you watch a launch sequence,
+starting at about three minutes after the
+
+auxiliary power unit comes on -- at that point
+you can sort of feel a little bit of humming
+
+in the vehicle when you're sitting in it -- they
+then move the engine bells back and forth
+
+through their entire range just to make sure
+that the hydraulics are working.
+
+And actually the whole Shuttle shakes when
+that happens so you can sort of feel that
+
+when you're sitting there.
+
+And then, of course, one of the challenges
+with a cryogenic engine -- and this going
+
+to be an interesting development project for
+the future when they want to have a restartable
+
+engine.
+
+Remember these are cryogenic engines and so
+you have to do a cool down.
+
+And so you start to flow the liquid oxygen
+and liquid hydrogen through the piping.
+
+Again, inside a minute you can feel kind of
+a rumbling down below as valves are opening
+
+and things are starting to flow.
+
+At 31 seconds the launch control center gives
+control over to the Shuttle computers.
+
+And the last 31 seconds are controlled entirely
+by the Shuttle computers.
+
+They look at thousands of data points to make
+sure that everything is working properly.
+
+At T minus six seconds the engines go through
+an ignite sequence.
+
+The engine starts are staggered.
+
+And you will see that when you look at the
+slow motion of the video that I am going to
+
+show you.
+
+That reduces the shock on the system.
+
+It only takes a couple of seconds for the
+engines to come up to full power.
+
+You certainly don't want to commit yourself
+to lighting the solid boosters unless you
+
+are 100% sure that your main engines are firing.
+
+Because if even one main engine is not operating
+at 100% efficiency you cannot make it to orbit.
+
+In fact, if you have one engine out on the
+pad, you have to do a return to launch site
+
+abort.
+
+We will talk about the details of that whole
+process at some point.
+
+AUDIENCE QUESTION You can abort launch right
+up to when the solid -- Once the boosters
+
+are lit you are going.
+
+Just hope you're pointed in the right direction
+because there is no thrust termination on
+
+the solids.
+
+And it has happened four times that we have
+had pad shutdowns.
+
+The engines are monitored.
+
+On two of those occasions it turned out that
+the problems were instrumentation.
+
+On two occasions it turned out that there
+were, in fact, real engine problems.
+
+And I would say, for a 50% success rate, you're
+doing well.
+
+I mean it was the right thing to shut down
+the engines all those times.
+
+Although, the very first time when they had
+an engine shutdown on the pad, well first
+
+of all, just an acronym is MECO, main engine
+cutoff, which normally happens about 8.5 minutes
+
+after launch.
+
+The comment by Steve Hawley, who was the flight
+engineer in the center seat when they had
+
+-- this was on the fourteenth Shuttle flight
+-- when they had a pad abort, his comment
+
+was, "Somehow I thought we would be a little
+bit higher at MECO." And it turned out, they
+
+didn't realize it at the time, but they actually
+had a hydrogen fire on the pad.
+
+Remember we talked about how there was a lot
+of hydrogen.
+
+And, of course, before the engine ignition,
+we have those sparklers to get rid of the
+
+excess hydrogen.
+
+But, in the process of shutting down the engines,
+there was also a lot of excess hydrogen which
+
+got into the engine [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+And the problem is that a hydrogen fire, as
+you know, is pretty much invisible.
+
+And they didn't have any infrared cameras
+at the time.
+
+And so basically everybody went around, the
+crew took their time and everybody went out.
+
+Once they realized it, they put on a water
+douse.
+
+Now we have infrared cameras.
+
+And, whenever you have an engine shutdown,
+you have to be very careful that you don't,
+
+in fact, have a hydrogen fire.
+
+Coming back to the subsystem, the last stage
+of the launch, the main engines have gone
+
+on.
+
+You have turned on the hydraulic system both
+for the main engine and the boosters have
+
+their own hydraulic systems and the boosters
+have their own auxiliary power unit.
+
+Guidance navigation and control, of course,
+is absolutely critical.
+
+Now, first stage is what they call basically
+open loop guidance.
+
+There is a specific projectory that you are
+supposed to follow.
+
+Once the solid boosters are off you are following
+a closed loop guidance which is taking you
+
+to a specific point and velocity in time and
+space and the trajectory is actively adjusted
+
+to get there.
+
+Because the solid boosters have so much thrust
+you don't want to do a lot of sporty maneuvering.
+
+In fact, the biggest challenge from a maneuvering
+point of view is when you're going through
+
+max Q and maximum dynamic pressure and you
+have to relieve wind shear loads on the aero
+
+surfaces.
+
+Basically, when the boosters are firing, from
+the crew's point of view, it is hands-off.
+
+There is now way that you could take manual
+control over the boosters.
+
+There is just too much power.
+
+And just a little bit of deviation from your
+course and you will break up aerodynamically.
+
+It is hands-off.
+
+The fuel cells are generating all of the power.
+
+The guidance, navigation and control is being
+done inside the Shuttle and the results are
+
+sent to the solid boosters.
+
+The gimbals can move.
+
+So the roll maneuver, for instance, is done
+by the solid engines.
+
+How do the solids gimbal?
+
+The solids can gimbal, yeah.
+
+How do they gimbal?
+
+The same way as the main engines.
+
+I mean they are on a mounting with hydraulic
+actuators.
+
+And so the actuators expand and contract.
+
+And you can imagine the forces that are involved
+there because these are 2.5 million pound
+
+thrust engines.
+
+It is pretty amazing.
+
+Going through maximum dynamic pressure, SRB
+separation, main engine cutoff, basically
+
+the same systems are working.
+
+The critical things are, of course, the main
+engine has to be throttleable.
+
+This was a big challenge, as we heard, in
+making the main engine.
+
+It is throttleable for two reasons.
+
+Going through a maximum dynamic pressure.
+
+And at that point, the solids are also, you
+know, the way the solid propellant is loaded,
+
+the actual cross-sectional profile is such
+that you don't have a constant thrust profile.
+
+The thrust profile is very high right at liftoff
+where you need a lot of thrust.
+
+It falls off as you're going through maximum
+dynamic pressure.
+
+And then it builds up as you burn through
+the last two minutes of SRB firing.
+
+The Shuttle is pulling about 2.5 Gs at SRB
+cutoff.
+
+The aerodynamic separation of the solids got
+a lot of attention.
+
+To have a re-contact would be a disaster,
+so you have four separation motors, two at
+
+the top and two at the bottom which basically
+push the solid boosters away from the Shuttle.
+
+And, of course, those motors are pointed right
+at the Shuttle in order to move the boosters
+
+away.
+
+It is pretty spectacular when you're inside,
+especially at night.
+
+They are little solid rocket motors and they
+are firing right at you so visually it's spectacular.
+
+But it also, unfortunately, leaves kind of
+a nasty coating on the front windshield most
+
+of which luckily gets burned off during reentry.
+
+But the pilots were a little bit concerned
+that that might hurt their visibility in landing,
+
+particularly if you had a bad sun angle.
+
+They always try to consider the sun angle
+for landing, as well as winds.
+
+After SRBs come off, now you're back to about
+one G.
+
+You have second-stage guidance, which is closed
+loop.
+
+You're sensing acceleration and orientation.
+
+Nowadays they often fire the OMS engines for
+part of liftoff as well just to get a little
+
+extra oomph when they're going up to the Space
+Station, so that's another system which is
+
+brought into play during ascent.
+
+Then you get into, after MECO, 8.5, 8.75 minutes.
+
+Now you have to get rid of the external tank
+and you've got a lot to do basically to power
+
+down the main engines.
+
+Remember, you have been burning liquid oxygen,
+liquid hydrogen.
+
+You've got a tremendous amount of ice which
+forms in the engine.
+
+I have some pictures to show you of what that
+looks like when you get into orbit.
+
+Also, you've got thousands of pounds of hydrogen
+and oxygen left inside the pipes.
+
+And if you just close your valves, eventually
+that will all vaporize, build up pressure
+
+and actually could cause an explosion.
+
+One of the first things that you have to do,
+when you get into orbit, is to vent the main
+
+propulsion system.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Actually, Professor Cohen did not put on RCS
+here, which is absolutely critical, because
+
+you have explosive bolts to separate you from
+the external tank.
+
+But basically the external tank has no propulsion
+on its own so you, on the Shuttle, have to
+
+fly away from it.
+
+So you use your plus Z.
+
+That is the downward thrusters.
+
+Remember we talked about how the Shuttle has
+two RCS systems.
+
+It has the primary systems which have about
+850 pounds of thrust for each thruster.
+
+And then once you're in orbit and you don't
+have to do a lot of propulsive maneuvering,
+
+then we shut down the primaries and we use
+the verniers which only have 25 pounds.
+
+That takes a lot less fuel.
+
+But those primary thrusters we use not only
+the ones in the aft but in the forward so
+
+that you have balanced thrust.
+
+If you're trying to move away from the external
+tank you want to fire the thrusters both in
+
+the nose and in the tail so that you move
+straight up.
+
+Well, we're sitting up in the nose.
+
+And when those thrusters go off, I mean I've
+never been in a war or a battle, but it strikes
+
+me that the sound is what you would get if
+mortar shells were exploding around you.
+
+I mean it is just a boom.
+
+And right after riding through launch, the
+first thing that happens is you go weightless.
+
+But then the next thing is you're hearing
+these explosions all around you.
+
+And it can be quite exciting.
+
+Actually, I will just share a story with you.
+
+On my first flight, they decided to do a special
+kind of a test.
+
+There are fill and drain valves for the main
+engine on the side of the Shuttle.
+
+Usually we vent the propulsion out through
+the engines themselves, but they wanted to
+
+look for a quicker way to do it.
+
+Let's see.
+
+This was the sixteenth Shuttle flight, which
+was my first flight, and they gave us what
+
+they call a detailed test objective where
+right after external tank separation we opened
+
+the side fill and drain valve.
+
+And I remember the commander asked some of
+the guidance and control people is the Shuttle
+
+RCS going to be able to compensate for the
+extra thrust that you get?
+
+They said, yeah, no problem, we've done the
+calculations and it looks fine.
+
+And this is the reason why you do tests because,
+in fact, what happened was we came off the
+
+tank, opened the fill and drain valve and
+the Shuttle rolled over 90 degrees and the
+
+RCS jets started going like crazy to try to
+correct us.
+
+They were in a force fight.
+
+After about 15 seconds the pilot said to the
+commander, do you think I should shut the
+
+valve, because the noise was incredible.
+
+Like I say, it was like you were in the middle
+of a battlefield.
+
+And at that point the commander said, well,
+it's too late now because we had gotten through
+
+most of the disturbance.
+
+And we did recover and got to normal attitude,
+but it was pretty exciting.
+
+The point is that at that point you are in
+a transitional state.
+
+Your computers are still in the launch configuration.
+
+You have your primary RCS.
+
+And what you have to do is transform the Shuttle
+now into an on-orbit configuration.
+
+The Shuttle computers are so ancient.
+
+Has anyone here ever, never mind used an overlay
+technique, but, even heard of computer overlays?
+
+No, I didn't think so.
+
+Back in the old days when computers had rather
+small memory and you had to run large programs,
+
+what you would do is you would have your entire
+program, well, originally it was on punch
+
+cards and then eventually on magnetic tape.
+
+But you would segment your program and then
+you would load the first part of your program
+
+as much as you could fit into memory.
+
+Run that, save the results, load the second
+part, transfer the results, run on that and
+
+so on.
+
+Well, believe it or not, that's the way the
+Shuttle computers still operate.
+
+It is an overlay system.
+
+They cannot hold all the software for the
+entire flight so we have a launch overlay,
+
+an ascent, an on-orbit and an entry.
+
+Now, the backup flight system is stripped
+down.
+
+And so the backup computers hold the software
+for the entire mission, but there are a lot
+
+of things that they don't do that the main
+computers do.
+
+What you actually have to do is perform what
+they call a major mode transition, which basically
+
+means you punch a few buttons, tell the computers
+to go into orbit mode and then all the screens
+
+go blank.
+
+I mean it is a very kind of a strange feeling.
+
+And you just have to sort of hold your hands
+and not touch anything for about a minute
+
+or so while the tape recorders are spinning
+down in the guts of the Shuttle and they're
+
+loading the stuff onto the Shuttle computers.
+
+Now, I think they upgraded the tape recorders
+to solid state, I believe.
+
+That's correct, isn't it?
+
+Do you know that?
+
+I don't think they use tape recorders in the
+Shuttle anymore, but they did, in any case,
+
+at the beginning.
+
+I mean just maintaining this computer system
+has been a big challenge.
+
+And then you get into the orbit configuration.
+
+In the ascent configuration your vernier RCS
+isn't even enabled.
+
+And inside the ascent configuration, of course,
+you have not just your nominal ascent but
+
+you have all of the launch abort modes or
+return to launch site, transatlantic abort
+
+and abort to orbit or abort once around.
+
+All that gets flushed, and now you are on-orbit.
+
+Your on-orbit software does not give you the
+ability to do entry and landing.
+
+You are going to have to re-do another overlay
+or what we call major mode transition before
+
+you do that.
+
+Yeah?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] There are several different
+landings spots, right?
+
+Right.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] There is always one picked
+as a prime, but you have the ability to re-designate
+
+depending on where in the ascent you run into
+a problem.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] All options are available,
+but there always is a prime transatlantic
+
+abort site which is chosen.
+
+And usually what happens is, I mean there
+are several transatlantic launch sites, sometimes
+
+one or more of them is down because of weather.
+
+And, in fact, if all of them are down, even
+if the weather is perfect in Florida, you
+
+scrub because you need to have an abort site.
+
+OK.
+
+I am going to show you a video now.
+
+OK.
+
+I will try to walk you through some of these.
+
+Remember that is the water deluge to stop
+the shockwave coming back.
+
+Now you have the stage combustion.
+
+These are the OMS engines, the RCS and the
+main engines.
+
+Remember we talked about the off-angle thrust.
+
+Those are the bolts which hold the solid boosters
+down.
+
+All eight of them have to fire at exactly
+the moment of SRB ignition.
+
+If you watch closely, when you see it go up,
+you can actually see it sort of moving that
+
+way, again, because of the off-angle thrust
+of the main engine.
+
+This is the roll maneuver which puts you -- You
+go over on your back, headed towards the proper
+
+orbit.
+
+And then, as you go through max dynamic pressure
+and break mach one, you often get those condensation
+
+trails.
+
+This is a pilot's eye view now of a Shuttle
+launch.
+
+This is speeded up by a factor of two.
+
+That was the roll maneuver and the Florida
+coastline.
+
+And I always thought one of the amazing things
+was actually how fast the blue sky turns black
+
+as you are going up.
+
+SRB separation, you're up at an altitude of
+about 20 miles.
+
+And you can see up there that very quickly
+the blue sky of earth is turning into the
+
+black of space.
+
+This launch was a high inclination launch
+so they were actually going into a 58 degree
+
+orbit, so they flew literally right up the
+Eastern seaboard.
+
+AUDIENCE QUESTION
+
+It was a SpaceLab mission, I believe, and
+one of the things they were going to do was
+
+observe the earth so they wanted to get into
+as high an inclination as possible.
+
+Remember when Bass Redd was talking about
+the aerodynamics of the Shuttle he said that
+
+one of the things that they never were able
+to get quite right was the plume.
+
+And he talked a lot about the angle of the
+skirt and how that affects the aerodynamics
+
+of the plume.
+
+And you can watch how the plume is continually
+changing as you are getting higher in the
+
+atmosphere and you have less and less pressure.
+
+You also notice some of the flames are getting
+sucked back.
+
+In between the Shuttle and the external tank,
+of course that is where we had the problems
+
+with the foam shutoff, you've got supersonic
+shockwaves bouncing around.
+
+It is a very, very nasty environment in there.
+
+And you see, when the external tank comes
+off, often there is a lot of area here which
+
+is charred and burned out just because of
+the shocks.
+
+You can see now that the plumes are tremendously
+expanded.
+
+The other thing that you can -- Well, I will
+wait until SRB separation.
+
+As I say, you are up to about 2.5 Gs at this
+point, and now you can see that the solids
+
+are starting to tail off.
+
+You can see a qualitative difference in the
+flame pattern.
+
+And now you can definitely feel this inside.
+
+You see the separation motors.
+
+The boosters fall off.
+
+And, as you know, they were recovered.
+
+Making sure that the thrust tail-off matches,
+as we heard, was critical.
+
+Now here is a picture from a belly camera
+of the boosters falling off.
+
+Now the main engines are firing.
+
+When this happens -- I don't know if you have
+seen pictures of Saturn launches.
+
+They actually have some of the most beautiful
+patterns of the reentering plumes.
+
+But the plumes, as you get up into a vacuum,
+the exhaust plume expands.
+
+And it actually folds back around the vehicle
+which is not a danger to the vehicle, but
+
+visually can be quite spectacular.
+
+On the first night launch of the Shuttle -- During
+the day the plume is so faint that you really
+
+cannot see it from outside the windows.
+
+From the ground you can see the bright points
+when you're looking right at the tail of the
+
+Shuttle but you don't actually see the plumes.
+
+But the second flight engineer who has a good
+view out the overhead window, about five minutes
+
+into launch he asked the pilot, who is in
+charge of looking after the main propulsion
+
+system, is everything OK with the engines?
+
+Yeah, everything is OK.
+
+In about six minutes, everything OK with the
+engines?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And after they were on-orbit the pilot asked
+him why did you keep asking me about the engines?
+
+Everything was fine.
+
+Well, apparently the guy had been looking
+out the overhead window and had seen flames
+
+starting to come out which is essentially
+the expanding plume.
+
+Of course it was the first night launch so
+nobody had ever seen that on the Shuttle before.
+
+And so you're always looking for something
+off nominal.
+
+But, as it turned out, it is just normal plume
+behavior.
+
+Now we've got a few minutes riding on the
+main engine to build up to orbital velocity.
+
+Essentially, we are flying up the Eastern
+seaboard.
+
+And it will give you some sense of the acceleration.
+
+Hopefully, you will recognize some of the
+geography.
+
+When they talk about taking the Shuttle from
+Washington to Boston or back, this is the
+
+real thing.
+
+It takes about 8 minutes, 8.5 minutes, to
+get from Cape Canaveral to Cape Cod.
+
+There is Long Island coming up.
+
+I heard Plattsburgh, New York was an alternate
+landing site?
+
+Yeah.
+
+We are really moving at this point.
+
+You're going about five miles a second orbital
+velocity.
+
+There is Cape Cod.
+
+And now you will see a little bit of a pitch
+as we separate from the tank.
+
+And here, again, is the belly camera as the
+tank comes off.
+
+And you can see these little charred patterns
+in here.
+
+That is where the big piece of foam came off
+which destroyed the Columbia.
+
+We've talked about, for its orbital operation,
+it was all the different things that the Shuttle
+
+was supposed to do that really drove the design.
+
+Speaking of which, how did things go last
+Thursday?
+
+Colonel Young gave the lecture on the military.
+
+I haven't had a chance to talk with him yet
+but hopefully maybe he had some new insights.
+
+I know we talked a lot already about military
+requirements.
+
+But, in addition to launching large satellites,
+of course we have repaired satellites, we
+
+have done science experiments, we have done
+a lot of educational activities.
+
+And I am not going to deal with those subsystems
+so much now.
+
+Remember that the computers now really don't
+deal with the main propulsion system anymore.
+
+The only thing that you have to be concerned
+about generally in orbit you still have to
+
+maintain thermal control over all of the parts
+of the Shuttle, so the thermal subsystem is
+
+very critical.
+
+We talked about the problems with hydrazine.
+
+If hydrazine freezes and then it expands when
+it thaws it can break the lines.
+
+Hydrazine leaks are very nasty.
+
+We had one instance on a Shuttle flight where
+one of the thrusters did develop a leak, and
+
+you could just see the exhaust coming out
+of it until they shut off the isolation valve.
+
+There are several sets of RCS thrusters, each
+of which is connected to the tanks by a set
+
+of isolation valves.
+
+You have essentially triple redundancy in
+your reaction control system.
+
+And if any one of the systems develops a leak
+you can isolate individual thrusters to tell
+
+them not to fire if it's a leak which only
+occurs when you fire it, or you can shut down
+
+an isolation valve for an entire set of jets.
+
+I won't go into great details but we talked
+about the importance of redundancy.
+
+And that is one of the ways that it is built
+in.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What else do we want to say about subsystems
+during orbit?
+
+What are some of the other subsystems which
+get called into play for orbital operations?
+
+Environmental subsystems.
+
+Environmental.
+
+Is that controlled by the computer or is that
+kind of done separate and automated?
+
+A little bit of both.
+
+For instance, pressure valves are mechanical
+so they will open at a specific pressure mechanically.
+
+If you have an overpressure or you set your,
+we have different settings.
+
+The normal setting is for sea 0:43:20.526
+level atmosphere.
+
+And, of course, you have to balance the oxygen
+and the nitrogen.
+
+And so there is a fairly complex algorithm.
+
+Well, it is fairly simple, I suppose.
+
+But there is an algorithm which senses both
+the overall pressure and the oxygen partial
+
+pressure so that if your pressure goes down
+a little bit, the system has to know whether
+
+to open up the oxygen valve or the nitrogen
+valve.
+
+Also, if we are going to be doing extended
+space walks, and I will be giving a talk on
+
+the airlock and the spacesuit and the other
+systems that get involved in space walks,
+
+so I won't go into that in detail here, but
+we actually have to bring the cabin down to
+
+two-thirds of an atmosphere, 10.2 pounds per
+square inch.
+
+We keep the partial pressure of oxygen at
+sea level so that raises the oxygen concentration
+
+to about 30%.
+
+And the reason we do that is to purge the
+nitrogen out of our bodies so that you don't
+
+get the bends when you go down to the 4 psi,
+at pure oxygen, which is what we run our suits
+
+at.
+
+At that point, we actually have to trick the
+system because they didn't build in a 10.2
+
+controller.
+
+They have a 14.7 psi controller.
+
+But, in any case, that we control manually.
+
+And we basically bring the cabin down to 10.2
+psi.
+
+Humidity control, we have the water system.
+
+Of course, we make a lot of water with our
+fuel cells for the electrical power system.
+
+There are five different water tanks.
+
+One of the tanks is sterilized for drinking.
+
+In the early days they put too much iodine
+in the water.
+
+In fact, when I came back from my first flight
+my teeth were totally brown.
+
+The dentist had a fit, and they actually have
+cut back on that.
+
+And the water is actually reasonably palatable
+at this point.
+
+You couldn't drink it early on unless you
+mixed it with Kool-Aid or Tang or something,
+
+which is even worse, but that's another story.
+
+The rest of the water tanks, there is just
+a lot more water than anybody can drink, and
+
+so those are called supply water tanks.
+
+And we use that water for cooling.
+
+Remember that is another part of the environmental
+control system.
+
+We have talked about all of these a little
+bit.
+
+This is just kind of a review.
+
+Remember that during ascent, once you get
+above 100,000 feet and during the early time
+
+on-orbit, we get rid of excess heat by water
+boiler.
+
+Now, it is an interesting system, a multi-component
+system.
+
+Out in the cargo bay we use Freon to bring
+the heat through the radiators.
+
+First it goes through the radiators, and so
+once the payload bay doors are open, particularly
+
+if you're pointed away from the sun, you can
+radiate a lot of heat.
+
+After the Freon runs through the radiators,
+if it is still hot, you can activate the water
+
+boilers.
+
+And so if the payload bay doors are closed
+or if there is some problem with the radiators
+
+and you need excess cooling capacity you activate
+the water spray boilers.
+
+Now the water boilers, if that is your only
+cooling system, they use water at a rate faster
+
+than the fuel cells produce it.
+
+If you cannot get your payload bay doors open
+-- and that is part of the whole mechanisms,
+
+remember, which Henry Pohl talked about -- if
+you cannot get your payload doors open within
+
+a few hours, you have to turn around and come
+home because you will run out of water.
+
+Now, on the other hand, how do you get the
+heat out of the crew cabin?
+
+You don't want Freon running around the crew
+cabin because it is nasty stuff if you develop
+
+a leak.
+
+There are actually two ways.
+
+First of all, you circulate the cabin air
+which gets heated up both by the people and
+
+the electronics.
+
+And you run the cabin air through a heat exchanger
+where it dumps its heat into a cold water
+
+loop.
+
+And the cold water loop takes cabin heat,
+and then the cold water loop is also circulated
+
+by some of the electronics.
+
+Some of the electronics are air-cooled.
+
+And, of course, there is no density driven
+thermal convection in weightlessness.
+
+You have to have forced-air convection, so
+there are fans all over the place blowing
+
+air at the electronics and at the crew as
+well.
+
+And these are all small fans running at very
+high RPM and so they tend to be very noisy.
+
+In fact, the typical environment in a space
+cabin is dominated by high-pitched fan noise.
+
+In fact, it gets so bad that in the Russian
+Mir, we found this once US astronauts starting
+
+to fly up there, it was actually causing permanent
+hearing damage in a lot of crew members.
+
+And people were having to wear earplugs or
+headphones while they were working near some
+
+of the equipment.
+
+From a human factors point of view, to have
+earplugs in and then somebody tries to call
+
+to you from the next module because there
+is an emergency, that is not a good deal.
+
+Yeah.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] No.
+
+There are a lot of electrical signals up there
+because the crew uses wireless headsets, but
+
+everything is checked for electromagnetic
+compatibility.
+
+And, in fact, if you try to fly a payload
+on the Shuttle or the Station, you have to
+
+pass a lot of EMC compatibility testing.
+
+Anyway, the water from the cabin, which is
+taking the heat both from the air and the
+
+electronics, is then taken out of the cabin
+and passed through a water Freon heat exchanger.
+
+And then the Freon takes the heat further
+aft where it is dumped into the radiator or
+
+the water spray boiler.
+
+Cabin air revitalization.
+
+We re-breathe the air.
+
+It's not like in scuba diving where you take
+a breath of air and then you just blow it
+
+all away.
+
+We cannot afford that so the air is re-breathed,
+which means you have to scrub out the carbon
+
+dioxide.
+
+The Shuttle is not designed for long duration,
+and so we use lithium hydroxide scrubbers,
+
+lithium hydroxide plus carbon dioxide makes
+lithium carbonate plus water plus heat.
+
+And so those are canisters which have to be
+replaced twice a day.
+
+And, in fact, the preparation for replacing
+the lithium hydroxide scrubbers is you have
+
+to turn the cabin fans off so you don't get
+a lot of air going through the cylinders where
+
+you put the scrubbers.
+
+For that one minute, you can actually appreciate
+the peace and quiet of being in orbit.
+
+And then you turn the fans on again and you
+realize how noisy it is.
+
+Because, after a while, you get used to it
+and you don't hear the noise until you turn
+
+it off.
+
+So, that's air revitalization system.
+
+Humidity separation.
+
+You're pumping out a lot of humidity in your
+sweat, and that is put through a cooler and
+
+essentially a centrifugal, they call it a
+slinger which gets rid of the water.
+
+And that goes into the wastewater tank, along
+with urine from the waste collection system.
+
+And that is also dumped overboard.
+
+There are separate dumps for the supply water
+and the waste water.
+
+And, when the water is dumped overboard, of
+course up in orbit the pressure is below the
+
+triple point of water so liquid water cannot
+exist.
+
+You either have gaseous water vapor or ice.
+
+And so, as soon as the water comes out the
+wastewater dump valve, it solidifies.
+
+And you get essentially a snowstorm blowing
+away from you.
+
+And, if the sun is lighting it up in just
+the right way, it can be quite spectacular.
+
+If I have time, I will show you a picture
+of that.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Other on-orbit systems?
+
+Of course, we have the payload systems.
+
+We talked about the remote manipulator, the
+robotic arm.
+
+Anything else?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] The crew uses lots of
+checklists and cue cards.
+
+Typically, the center of the front cockpit
+has mostly the airplane-type controls which
+
+you use for flying the Shuttle.
+
+The systems controls tend to be around the
+sides.
+
+And then the controls for doing rendezvous
+and operating payloads are in the aft part
+
+of the cockpit.
+
+The forward center cockpit is not used very
+much when you're on-orbit.
+
+Overhead panels is mostly OMS and RCS.
+
+And then electrical stuff is over the right.
+
+And environmental control is over on the left.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] Yes.
+
+During the early phases of the rendezvous,
+when you cannot see anything, typically the
+
+commander and the pilot will sit in the front
+seats.
+
+But once you get close enough to have visual
+contact, you typically don't approach straight
+
+on, you typically approach with your payload
+bay pointing towards the object you're rendezvousing
+
+with.
+
+That way the rendezvous radar can pick it
+up.
+
+There is a rendezvous radar system, KU band
+radar, which is on the starboard side.
+
+And there are also star trackers which can
+pick it up when it is farther away.
+
+And then visually you just look out the overhead
+windows.
+
+And so you control the final phases of the
+rendezvous, which we call proximity operations,
+
+from the aft flight deck.
+
+And there is a controller stick there.
+
+And, actually, it is interesting.
+
+This is part of the human factors.
+
+Both for controlling the manipulator arm and
+the Shuttle, there is a switch.
+
+For instance, there is a translational hand
+controller and a rotational hand controller.
+
+The translational is to make the Orbiter go
+in plus or minus X, Z or Y.
+
+Normally, you think of the Shuttle, when you
+push the stick back, you want the Shuttle
+
+to go in the direction of the stick.
+
+And so that would be a plus or minus X, which
+is along the long axis of the Shuttle.
+
+And that is the way the forward controller
+works.
+
+And you can set the back controller up so
+that it is just the inverse of the forward
+
+controller so, when you push on the stick,
+the Shuttle goes backwards.
+
+But, when you are actually looking out the
+window and you see the object -- the Space
+
+Station, or Hubble or whatever you're rendezvousing
+with -- is ahead of you and you want to go
+
+towards it, you would like to be able to push
+the stick.
+
+And so what they've done is, 
+here is the upper window, they have the stick
+
+actually at an angle.
+
+Depending on how you set the switch, you can
+make it so that when you push on that stick
+
+it gives you a minus X or you can put it in
+the Z mode so when you push the stick it gives
+
+you a minus Z.
+
+And that is a nice human factor.
+
+They have a similar situation for the manipulator
+arm.
+
+On the end of the end effector, when you're
+coming into a grapple fixture, there are actually
+
+three wires inside the end effector.
+
+And those actually are moved around like so,
+so that they tighten up over the little knob.
+
+But there is a camera up here.
+
+And then above the grapple fixture there is
+kind of a bull's-eye with a little stick on
+
+it.
+
+The stick is like this.
+
+And if you're off to the side a little bit
+you can see by the angle on the stick both
+
+how you are in translation and in the attitude
+of the end effector.
+
+The thing is when you're actually flying the
+(UNINTELLIGIBLE) and you're looking out the
+
+window, I might want to be able to push the
+translational hand controller and the end
+
+effector will move away from me in the cargo
+bay.
+
+That is called a Shuttle Coordinate Mode.
+
+And they have a nice setup.
+
+Again, this was from a lot of human factor
+studies.
+
+You can then go into a different mode when
+you're actually bringing the end effector
+
+right up to the docking fixture where you
+switch over into what they call end-effector
+
+mode.
+
+Now, I am actually looking in the television
+picture and I see this image.
+
+And I want to correct it and I want to move
+to the side a little bit and go in, but I
+
+want to do that in the frame of reference
+of the end effector.
+
+And so by going into end-effector mode, when
+I'm working the translational and rotational
+
+hand controller, it actually works around
+that coordinate system.
+
+And there are actually two other coordinate
+systems for different types of payload operations.
+
+They have done a lot of work in these systems
+essentially to use computer-assisted modes
+
+to make it easier to operate both the robotic
+and also the Shuttle rendezvous and docking
+
+system.
+
+What else do we want to say about on-orbit?
+
+That will probably do it.
+
+Let's take a two-minute break and then we
+will move ahead to entry.
+
+Enough of a stretch.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Before we leave the on-orbit part, how much
+of the crews' time was taken up with changing
+
+the carbon dioxide scrubbers, dumping wastewater,
+just the general like you've got to do it
+
+to survive stuff versus [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+Typically one person can take care of most
+of the on-orbit just maintenance activities.
+
+You have to do things like periodically check
+your filters.
+
+Every one or two days you have to go through
+with a vacuum cleaner and clear your filters.
+
+You have to change the lithium hydroxide.
+
+There you want somebody to help to turn off
+the cabin fans while the person downstairs
+
+is changing them out.
+
+Periodically clean the toilet.
+
+Prepare food.
+
+I would say more or less one person around
+the clock can take care of most of the things
+
+that have to get done, if nothing goes wrong.
+
+You kind of alternate between crew members?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Typically, you can have either a one shift
+or a two shift flight, depending on whether
+
+your payload requires 24-hour operations.
+
+And typically the pilot and the commander
+are considered to be the Orbiter crew, and
+
+so they will take care of Orbiter-related
+things.
+
+And other people concentrate more on the payload
+or doing space walks or whatever the mission
+
+is about.
+
+Everybody is more or less trained to perform
+maintenance activities so you can share the
+
+load, but typically with a crew of six or
+seven you have the luxury of specialization.
+
+Let's see.
+
+I spoke at length about what goes on during
+entry so I am not going to go through all
+
+that again.
+
+I will just run the video here to remind you.
+
+But do remember, again, before you are ready
+to do your de-orbit burn once again you have
+
+to reconfigure your computer system.
+
+Again, everybody gets in their seats, hands-off
+because you don't want to throw any switches,
+
+and you definitely don't want to touch the
+computer while it is going through this major
+
+mode reconfiguration.
+
+It is sort of like when your computer is booting
+up, you don't want to mess with anything around.
+
+You just keep your hands off.
+
+Once you are in the de-orbit and entry major
+mode, that is actually then subdivided into
+
+sub-modes where one of the software loads
+controls your de-orbit burn and then another
+
+one is in effect while you are essentially
+in free fall before you hit the atmosphere.
+
+And then, once you hit the atmosphere, you
+go through a series of sub-modes depending
+
+on your altitude.
+
+And remember we spoke about how the flight
+control system continually has to upgrade
+
+its flight control laws depending on the atmospheric
+condition, so you need to know your nav.
+
+state.
+
+And then finally it switches into the final
+approach and landing mode when you go around
+
+the heading alignment circle.
+
+That is the final step, which I don't think
+we talked about.
+
+Remember I pointed out to you that since the
+Shuttle is a glider that energy management
+
+is absolutely critical.
+
+And so you always come in with a little bit
+more energy than you are going to need because
+
+it is easier to bleed the energy off through
+a series of S turns.
+
+And then they make the transition when you're
+essentially mach 2 or mach 3 and you are over
+
+the landing field, either in Florida or in
+California.
+
+If this is your landing runway, a regular
+airplane will typically do a downwind, a base
+
+and then come in for a landing.
+
+With the Shuttle, we actually want a much
+larger pattern to give you more opportunity
+
+for energy control.
+
+At about 50,000 feet the Shuttle should be
+essentially overhead.
+
+And then it makes a big spiral.
+
+And, since you're in this big spiral, you
+have the option of either making the spiral
+
+slightly bigger or slightly smaller in order
+to control your energy.
+
+If you're a little bit too hot, have too much
+energy, then you make your spiral a little
+
+bit bigger.
+
+If you are a little low on energy you make
+your spiral smaller.
+
+But by having every landing end in this spiral
+which you can adjust the radius, but the basic
+
+procedure and navigation is not going to change
+from flight to flight, so that makes the whole
+
+training process much easier.
+
+You go into the so-called heading alignment
+circle and the pilot does have energy displays
+
+available so you get predictors.
+
+It tells you where you will be 30 seconds,
+one minute and 90 seconds in the future.
+
+You get a vertical display showing your energy,
+a horizontal display.
+
+Unfortunately, and this is something for the
+people who are looking at displays, the horizontal
+
+and the vertical displays are not well integrated.
+
+In the talk that some of you heard on the
+cockpit electronics upgrade, they had some
+
+plans to upgrade that and have a unified landing
+display.
+
+But at the moment we don't have that.
+
+There is active guidance so that there are
+guidance needles which you can fly to.
+
+And, of course, the pilots are well enough
+trained that they are using their out-the-window
+
+cues as well to make sure that they get the
+right visual picture just in case something
+
+should be wrong with guidance.
+
+Yeah.
+
+This is a ways back.
+
+How noticeable are the big changes in acceleration
+during like SRB separation or de-tail?
+
+SRB separation, as I said, right before SRB
+tail-off, F equals MA and the force is pretty
+
+much constant at that point, but the mass
+is decelerating because you're burning a ton
+
+of fuel, over a ton per second.
+
+So the acceleration is increasing.
+
+And you've built up to about 2.5 Gs when the
+SRBs finally tail-off.
+
+Then you drop down to about one G.
+
+You're sitting in your seat.
+
+This is one G into your chest.
+
+Remember at this point the Shuttle is kind
+of upside down.
+
+And, since you haven't achieved orbital velocity
+yet, you still have some weight pulling you
+
+out of the seat.
+
+But you are strapped into the seat.
+
+And mostly you feel yourself pulled back into
+the seat.
+
+And, of course, as your velocity increases
+and you get closer and closer to orbital velocity
+
+then the downward acceleration to the earth
+essentially matches more and more the acceleration
+
+of the Shuttle itself until, by the time you're
+in orbit, you are in freefall.
+
+MECO is different.
+
+The same thing happens.
+
+The main engines are working at maximum, well,
+104% thrust.
+
+We don't take them up to the 109% which is
+emergency only.
+
+They are working at 104% thrust and your acceleration
+now starts to pick up.
+
+After about seven minutes you've gotten up
+to 3 Gs.
+
+And the Shuttle was designed for a 3 G maximum.
+
+They wanted to have smooth, easy right for
+the payloads.
+
+And they also wanted to make it possible for
+nonprofessional astronauts to fly on the Shuttle
+
+as well, the payload specialist scientists.
+
+The engines start to throttle down in order
+to hold your acceleration to 3 Gs.
+
+And they throttle down eventually to about
+65% right at MECO.
+
+So you are sitting in your seat pulling 3
+Gs, eyeballs-in, for the last minute and a
+
+half or so.
+
+3 Gs is not particularly comfortable but,
+on the other hand, any healthy person can
+
+tolerate 3 Gs for a minute or two.
+
+It is not a real big deal.
+
+There have been concerns.
+
+If the pilots have to reach some of the overhead
+switches to reconfigure the OMS or the RCS
+
+at 3 Gs, could they actually reach it?
+
+And some of the shorter pilots decided, with
+the Gs, they probably couldn't.
+
+And so they actually made a special tool,
+we called it a swizzle stick.
+
+It is an aluminum rod about, I don't know,
+80 centimeters long, that has an interface
+
+so you can actually use that.
+
+And you have a little mirror if you need it
+as well so that you can flick the overhead
+
+switches when you're pulling Gs.
+
+You cannot ignore human factors in these things
+when you're designing it.
+
+If you've really got to flip those switches.
+
+And it is not just the problem of being able
+to reach it.
+
+It's also you have a helmet on.
+
+And, when you're pulling 3 Gs, your helmet
+which may have weighed 15 pounds now weighs
+
+45 pounds.
+
+And so you really cannot move your head around
+very much.
+
+And so just being able to pull yourself away
+from the seat and look up, you cannot do at
+
+3 Gs.
+
+So you do need some assistance there.
+
+In principle, for future designs, I would
+think taking advantage of the ability to send
+
+commands through computers would make a lot
+of that easier, if your computer is within
+
+easy reach.
+
+This was the early days of fly-by-wire and
+people felt that they really wanted to have
+
+a hard switch that they could throw.
+
+But, in fact, in most cases, not all, but
+in most cases the switches go through the
+
+computer system.
+
+And it is possible, in fact, to go into the
+guts of the computer.
+
+And all the switches tend to be multiple pole.
+
+I am getting into some of the details now,
+maybe more than ever wanted to know, but just
+
+to give you an idea of the levels of redundancy
+that they have.
+
+Every switch has multiple poles, and it is
+possible that you can get a little solder
+
+ball or a little piece of wire or just one
+of the pole units that stops working.
+
+You can actually call up that switch on the
+computer and disable one or more of the poles
+
+or you can disable the entire switch and take
+over computer control of the switch.
+
+Like I say, most of the switches work like
+that.
+
+Not all of them.
+
+But it is very much a computer-controlled
+system.
+
+Yeah?
+
+How does the acceleration compare to a de-orbit
+burn?
+
+De-orbit burn is interesting.
+
+When two OMS engines fire they only produce
+about a tenth of G acceleration.
+
+However, you have been weightless for a week,
+a month, six months depending what your mission
+
+has been.
+
+And I will tell you, the Shuttle is accelerating
+forward, although you're actually going backwards.
+
+But internally, the Shuttle is accelerating
+forward, so everything wants to go aft.
+
+And, in fact, it is kind of fun.
+
+We have done just experiments and taking pictures
+of it where you can actually pour water at
+
+a tenth of a G and watch the water slowly
+go through an arc into a cup.
+
+And then, of course, you've got to get it
+closed up before the burn stops.
+
+And you can take a little pencil and push
+it in the y-axis and watch it gradually curve
+
+as you're accelerating.
+
+It is only a tenth of a G but, I will tell
+you, it feels like you're pressed against
+
+the wall if you're not sitting in your seat,
+just because you haven't been experiencing
+
+any acceleration for all that time.
+
+And then it gets a lot worse, as you hit the
+atmosphere.
+
+By that time hopefully you are sitting in
+your seat.
+
+It is kind of interesting.
+
+What I tended to like to do is keep a pencil
+sort of floating in front of me.
+
+And, after a while, you see very slowly the
+pencil is starting to come down.
+
+And then you would pick it up and then it
+is coming a little faster.
+
+One of the early things that you realize,
+you know, if you've seen pictures of people
+
+in orbit, you're hands are always floating
+up here.
+
+The same thing as if you go into a swimming
+pool, just hold your breath and float under
+
+water.
+
+Your natural total relaxed body position is
+sort of bent over a little bit and your hands
+
+are out front.
+
+Try it some time.
+
+It is quite relaxed, quite comfortable.
+
+And it was a strange feeling.
+
+Again, I got used to it after my first entry.
+
+But the first time, when I realized that I
+was sitting in my seat and my hands were actually
+
+in my lap, and that hadn't happened.
+
+I had realized all the time before that your
+hands were sort of floating out there.
+
+And then I reached for the camera to take
+a picture out the window of the shockwaves
+
+behind the Shuttle, and all of a sudden it
+has got weight.
+
+It is amazing how the human mind can get used
+to a very bizarre situation, you know, like
+
+weightlessness, such that when you get back
+it feels strange.
+
+It doesn't stay strange for long.
+
+I mean you grew up in one G and your body
+has a pretty good memory, so it doesn't take
+
+long to get back.
+
+But there are potential vestibular problems.
+
+We have people in the Manned Vehicle Lab who
+have spent their lifetimes studying some of
+
+these phenomena.
+
+A lot of your orientations for up or down
+come from your inner ear, which have gravity
+
+receptors.
+
+Well, those basically don't work very well.
+
+They don't work at all, because the little
+bone particles inside there are basically
+
+floating around.
+
+You don't get the proper feedback, but you
+still get visual feedback and you get rotational
+
+feedback from your inner ear.
+
+And so your body has to essentially reprogram
+the feedback loops so that you can maintain
+
+your sense of orientation.
+
+And that leads to space sickness.
+
+And about roughly two-thirds of people who
+go up experience some form of space sickness.
+
+It is sort of like seasickness.
+
+Anywhere from mild -- [LOST VIDEO AND AUDIO]
+[LOST VIDEO AND AUDIO] -- the feeling ofweightlessness.
+
+But launch is really an overwhelming experience
+with all the vibration and the power and the
+
+acceleration and everything.
+
+And I remember thinking to myself at MECO
+when I started floating, I thought now I'm
+
+in an environment that I understand.
+
+Because I had had so many 135 parabolas that
+the feeling of being weightless was not as
+
+overwhelmingly new as it otherwise might have
+been.
+
+Although, what I realized after about a minute,
+I was sort of holding onto the seat waiting
+
+for the pullout.
+
+That is when I realized, no, wait a minute,
+no pullout, you're really in orbit.
+
+And that is when I got really excited and
+sort of floated over to the window.
+
+And I basically couldn't wipe the smile off
+my face for about seven days.
+
+Yeah?
+
+What about the internal clock?
+
+Do you still have 24-hour days?
+
+Yeah, basically.
+
+The sun rises and sets every 90 minutes.
+
+What we try to do, this wasn't done in the
+early Shuttle flights, but often you have
+
+to launch at odd hours, if you're doing a
+rendezvous particularly.
+
+For instance, when we launched to repair Hubble,
+the launch was 4:00 AM because that's when
+
+Hubble happened to be flying over.
+
+Now 4:00 AM, typically your body is at about
+its lowest point in the 24-hour cycle.
+
+You know, your basal metabolism, your temperature.
+
+Not the condition you want to be in when you
+go through a launch in case there is any problem.
+
+What you want to do is adjust your sleep cycle.
+
+It is very hard to adjust your sleep cycle
+when you have the sun rising and setting every
+
+90 minutes because you don't get any light
+feedback, but what we do is, starting a week
+
+before a launch, the crew goes into a medical
+quarantine so that you don't get exposed to
+
+any cold germs because you don't want to get
+sick on-orbit.
+
+And so at that time what they have done is
+use some medical research over the last 20
+
+years or so which indicates that bright lights,
+at the right time of day, can actually help
+
+your body change to a new time zone.
+
+That's why they say when you fly over to Europe,
+you fly overnight and you don't usually sleep
+
+too much in the airplane.
+
+You land early in the morning.
+
+And a lot of people then want to go to their
+hotel and go to sleep for a while, but the
+
+doctors tell you that is the worst thing to
+do as far as getting used to the new time
+
+zone.
+
+What you really want to do is go stay out
+in the bright sunlight at a time when your
+
+body thinks it should be dark, get the sunlight
+into your brain.
+
+And that is what we do.
+
+In the quarantine quarters everything is white.
+
+The tables have white butcher paper.
+
+And the walls and the ceiling are white.
+
+And there is essentially wall-to-wall fluorescent
+lights on the ceiling.
+
+And so it is really bright.
+
+I mean you have to wear sunglasses when you
+first go in the room.
+
+And it is too bright to watch television or
+even to use your computer, but it works.
+
+And after about two days you are pretty much
+accommodated to the new time.
+
+And then, if you want to go out during the
+day when the sun is out but it is a time when
+
+the sun shouldn't be out for the time you
+are trying to switch to, you have to wear
+
+really, really dark sunglasses so you don't
+get deprogrammed.
+
+The problem is sometimes when you're on-orbit,
+because of the procession of orbits, you tend
+
+to have to re-enter, on a short shuttle flight
+-- this is different for the Space Station
+
+-- but on a short Shuttle flight you typically
+reenter a few hours earlier than your equivalent
+
+launch time.
+
+And that means that you have to often do a
+sleep shift in orbit.
+
+And that is much more difficult, particularly
+if you try to shift earlier.
+
+It is relatively easy to stay awake for an
+extra hour.
+
+I mean everybody likes to lie in bed for an
+extra hour.
+
+That is easy.
+
+But to go to bed an hour or two hours early
+it is hard to get to sleep.
+
+And then you have to wake up two hours early,
+that is difficult.
+
+But that typically is what you have to do.
+
+The medical people have actually imposed maximum
+shifts both per day, per week and per month
+
+for how much the crew can be asked to shift
+their sleep schedule.
+
+The Russians have another problem when they
+do space walks because they don't have a full
+
+equivalent of a TDRS system, tracking data
+relay system, like we do.
+
+They like to be doing their space walks when
+they're making passes over Russia so that
+
+they can get ground tracking.
+
+And so often when a Russian crew is preparing
+for a space walk, they have to shift sometimes
+
+by eight hours at a time.
+
+And it can be really tough on a crew to have
+to do that.
+
+If any of you have worked third shift.
+
+It's not like pulling an all-nighter where
+the next day you go back onto your normal
+
+shift.
+
+To actually stay on a different shift for
+three or four days at a time can be tough
+
+when you don't have any light cues to accommodate
+you.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Just an observation that all those measures
+to shift the sleep cycle are obsolete now
+
+with the no night launches, right?
+
+As long as there are no night launches that
+is probably true.
+
+And what that means, of course, is that they
+can only launch to the Space Station at certain
+
+times of the year.
+
+That is the price you pay.
+
+Yeah?
+
+On the launch pad, what is supporting the
+entire weight of the Orbiter?
+
+And, secondly, if you are on the mid-deck,
+are there any windows?
+
+And, if not, can you see?
+
+I should bring in the launch bolts.
+
+I have a couple in my office.
+
+The entire weight of the Shuttle stack is
+supported on the two solid rocket boosters,
+
+so the bottom skirts of the boosters are actually
+sitting on the launch pad.
+
+And so on each of the boosters there are four
+big nuts and bolts, four on each booster.
+
+They are explosive nuts.
+
+And at the moment that the solid rocket boosters
+ignite, all eight of those nuts are split
+
+in half so that the boosters can lift off.
+
+Now, I asked the question what would happen
+if one of them didn't go.
+
+And the answer was, well, we think that the
+booster is strong enough that it would just
+
+rip it out, but nobody wants to find out.
+
+Obviously, these are redundant explosive bolts
+or nuts.
+
+They did have, on one flight, they found that
+one or two of the redundant firing units did
+
+not fire.
+
+And that got people's attention.
+
+And I don't know what the final resolution
+was.
+
+But basically those bolts, you know, if there
+is wind blowing and the Shuttle is rocking
+
+back and forth, all of that load is taken
+through those bolts.
+
+The structure of the solid boosters has to
+be able to accommodate that.
+
+You asked me another question as well.
+
+Oh, the mid-deck.
+
+The hatch, where the crew gets in, has a window
+in it.
+
+Before Challenger, one seat in the mid-deck
+was right next to the hatch.
+
+My first flight, I actually sat next to the
+hatch during ascent downstairs but had a great
+
+view out the window.
+
+Now, after Challenger, we have an ejection
+pole, a telescoping pole which is suspended
+
+from the ceiling.
+
+I think we talked about this before.
+
+If the Shuttle is in a situation where it
+is in stable flight but you cannot make it
+
+to a runway, at about 40,000 feet you blow
+the hatch.
+
+The telescoping pole, you release the pin,
+the pole will extend, and then one by one
+
+you clip onto the pole and you jump out.
+
+And the pole takes you below the wing so that
+you won't hit the Shuttle structure.
+
+And then eventually your parachute will open.
+
+That now takes up the area over by the window
+and the three seats no longer have a view.
+
+If you're sitting on the mid-deck how during
+a launch, how do you know what is going on...?
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] You hear the comm.
+
+loop.
+
+And if you have a nice commander he will tell
+you.
+
+For instance, if you have a rookie astronaut
+onboard, they want to know when they go through
+
+100 kilometers because that means you have
+officially been in space and you can get your
+
+astronaut wings.
+
+So, if the commander is nice, he will call
+100 clicks on the way up and congratulate
+
+the new rookies.
+
+But basically that is about it.
+
+And the same for entry, you don't have a view.
+
+There are still plenty of physiological things
+to keep your attention, so it is not like
+
+it is a boring ride, but you don't have the
+view.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me run the entry picture here.
+
+OK.
+
+OMS engine ignition is when you see that big
+flame pattern.
+
+During the burn you don't see anything.
+
+Now, looking out the front, you see the plasma
+sheath.
+
+It goes from a dull red gradually to orange
+and then eventually white hot.
+
+You can only see this at night.
+
+It is fairly faint, but typically a lot of
+flights you land during the early part of
+
+the day on the ground.
+
+And, of course, you do your burn halfway around
+the world so the early part of your entry
+
+is very often at night and then you fly into
+the day.
+
+And then I think there is another shot looking
+out the aft window where you actually see
+
+the plasma wake in the back of the Shuttle.
+
+And you can see this is the old-fashioned
+computer screen.
+
+That is the wake looking out the overhead
+window.
+
+And, where these converge, that little point
+there they say is about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit,
+
+which is the surface temperature of the sun.
+
+It is remarkably stable, although every once
+in a while you get those instabilities.
+
+And every once in a while you get big bright
+things go flying past, which I assume are
+
+gap fillers coming out.
+
+And I remember I would always think to myself
+I hope that is nothing important.
+
+You're basically riding on a meteorite because
+it is supposed to make it all the way down
+
+to the earth.
+
+But that is essentially what you are seeing,
+that trail behind you.
+
+And I am sure you have all seen these landings.
+
+Remember all the talk about the landing gear
+and the brakes.
+
+I looked for a video from my first flight
+to show you the blowout.
+
+I couldn't find one, but if I find one I will
+bring it in and show you another time.
+
+This is a landing out at Edwards.
+
+Have you ever landed at night?
+
+I have landed at night.
+
+I was going to show you one other.
+
+It doesn't have a landing light, does it?
+
+No.
+
+Do they light up the runway?
+
+Yeah.
+
+They have two banks of xenon lights which
+light up the runway for you.
+
+Actually, this next video is from my last
+flight where we deployed the tethered satellite.
+
+I am not going to show you all that stuff,
+but I wanted to show you the launch sequence
+
+because we have a few pictures showing the
+opening of the payload bay doors.
+
+And then you can actually see back to the
+aft end of the Shuttle where you have the
+
+main engine.
+
+And remember I talked about how the hydrogen
+and oxygen have now combined into water and
+
+that forms ice.
+
+And so for the first day or so on-orbit there
+are just constant ice particles coming out
+
+of the engines, and you are surrounded by
+this cloud of ice.
+
+Unfortunately the pictures are black and white
+because it is low-light level TV, but visually
+
+it is spectacular because these little ice
+particles glint in the sunlight.
+
+And they are rotating so they go through all
+the different colors of the spectrum and you
+
+are surrounded by this.
+
+You will also see one of the RCS jets firing.
+
+Water deluge.
+
+Main engine sequence.
+
+Again, you see the whole tilt.
+
+When it gets back to vertical we take off.
+
+This is a much shorter sequence here for the
+launch than the last one.
+
+How does it roll?
+
+The SRB boosters go like that.
+
+Is it the entire stack or just the lower...?
+
+No, it is just the nozzle at the bottom.
+
+This was Columbia.
+
+You can always tell Columbia because, if you
+look at the vertical stabilizer up here, that
+
+is an infrared pod.
+
+I will talk about that in a minute.
+
+The payload bay doors open right away.
+
+And so now you can see, when we've done the
+engine vent, you can see all the ice particles
+
+coming out.
+
+And you will see a primary RCS thruster go
+in there.
+
+It can be pretty spectacular.
+
+And that just keeps going for about a day
+and then you've gotten rid of most of the
+
+ice particles.
+
+OK.
+
+That is enough of that.
+
+Yeah?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] That was a primary RCS
+thruster.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] Yeah, absolutely.
+
+In fact, all of the vernier thrusters are
+downward thrusting only.
+
+Remember we talked about with the primary
+thrusters, they were designed and sized for
+
+rendezvous where you actually have to have
+controlled propulsion.
+
+And if you want a Z propulsion of the Shuttle,
+you want to be able to get a pure Z so you
+
+fire thrusters on each end.
+
+And the same for roll and yaw.
+
+And you don't want a lot of cross-coupling
+because you're targeting your burn to fractions
+
+of a foot per second in order to get your
+rendezvous to come out right.
+
+And so that is when you're using the primary
+thrusters.
+
+Other than that, the primaries use a lot of
+propellant.
+
+And so we disable the primaries and use the
+verniers.
+
+With the verniers there are two verniers in
+the nose which are sort of canted down at
+
+about 45 degrees.
+
+And, in the rear, there are two pointing straight
+down and two pointing straight out.
+
+Typically, for a given maneuver, you will
+fire only one or two.
+
+If you want to do a roll, for instance, you
+will fire the 45-degree down forward thruster
+
+and the downward pointing aft thruster.
+
+But they are not completely balanced so you
+will get a little bit of pitch and a little
+
+bit of yaw.
+
+And you don't use the verniers for propulsion
+at all.
+
+Although, because all of the verniers are
+essentially downward firing, if you are, for
+
+instance, station keeping, if here is the
+Space Station and you're in the same orbit
+
+but, say, half a mile in front of it, now
+you're station keeping using your vernier
+
+thrusters, typically that does give you, after
+a while, a little bit of propulsive maneuver
+
+which pushes you in.
+
+So, you have to compensate for that.
+
+The verniers are single string.
+
+There is no redundancy.
+
+They do have access-to-access cross-coupling.
+
+They are designed for attitude control only;
+25 pound thrusters are reasonably efficient.
+
+I thought at the end we could explore a little
+bit together some of the ideas of improvements
+
+to the Shuttle which you are going to be thinking
+about.
+
+And one of the things that I thought would
+be interesting to think about, you know we
+
+talked about the fact that if you're designing
+the Shuttle to the same set of requirements
+
+that were originally put on it, your ability
+to change some of the major physical characteristics
+
+of the Shuttle are very limited.
+
+We can do a lot with electronics and some
+of the other systems.
+
+The new vehicle, the crew exploration vehicle,
+is being designed not just to go to earth
+
+orbit but they want a vehicle that can actually
+return to the earth from the moon or from
+
+mars.
+
+That means instead of an orbital velocity
+of five miles per second you have a reentry
+
+velocity, a hyperbolic velocity, of about
+eight miles per second.
+
+Does anybody remember the relationship between
+low orbital velocity and escape velocity?
+
+If your lower velocity is V, what is your
+escape velocity?
+
+Square root of 2V.
+
+That is a nice thing to remember.
+
+It is an easy way to keep those things straight.
+
+First of all, you don't need wings to go to
+the moon.
+
+They don't do you much good when you get there.
+
+To have a winged vehicle that you can thermally
+protect against a hyperbolic reentry velocity
+
+just doesn't make sense.
+
+It would be too heavy.
+
+We don't think we can do that.
+
+And, in fact, the Russians are now talking
+about building this new clipper vehicle which
+
+possibly will have wings on it or be a lifting
+body.
+
+And that actually probably means that they
+will only use it for low earth orbit.
+
+But it does bring up the interesting question,
+if you are designing a vehicle that is only
+
+designed to go to earth orbit as a passenger
+carrying vehicle, one of the first things
+
+that we ought to ask ourselves, if we're doing
+a new design, is should we have wings?
+
+Think a little bit about the advantages and
+disadvantages of wings.
+
+If you're sitting down now with a blank drawing
+board going through a design process, first
+
+of all, what are the advantages of wings?
+
+You've heard quite a bit about Shuttle aerodynamics.
+
+What advantages do you get from using wings
+during a reentry?
+
+And, obviously, it's only during entry that
+the wings are going to help you because they
+
+are a real nuisance during ascent.
+
+Greater cross-range?
+
+Cross-range helps with the wings.
+
+The glide?
+
+Yeah, it allows you to land on a runway.
+
+In terms of having to design against the shock,
+you know, the Crew Exploration Vehicle is
+
+going to land with parachutes.
+
+And they still don't know are they going to
+use airbags or retrorockets or crushable structure
+
+or whatever.
+
+They don't know.
+
+But it is going to take a much harder hit.
+
+That may potentially affect reusability, maintainability.
+
+Yeah?
+
+I was going to say just purely control while
+coming back in ...
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Well, we had the cross-range.
+
+But targeting I guess, too?
+
+Targeting.
+
+If you were to land, say, in a certain part
+of the desert in New Mexico, you would want
+
+to have a lot more accuracy?
+
+Right.
+
+For the CEV, they are just basically saying
+they are going to land out in the Western
+
+desert somewhere.
+
+Now, the Apollo shots were getting pretty
+accurate.
+
+The last couple of Apollos landed within visual
+range of the aircraft carrier that went to
+
+pick them up, so they were getting pretty
+good.
+
+But that's within a couple of miles, which
+is fine when you're landing in the ocean.
+
+And maybe it's OK if you're landing in the
+Western desert.
+
+It is certainly not OK if you're going to
+land on a runway.
+
+Hardly an engineering consideration, but how
+much thought in the design was put into making
+
+it a winged vehicle for it to be a comfortable
+and familiar look to people, especially if
+
+the idea was to have nonprofessional astronauts
+fly?
+
+It seems more comfortable to get in something
+that looks like an airplane?
+
+I don't know about comfort from that point
+of view, but there is no question that the
+
+whole aviation metaphor dominated discussion
+in the early days.
+
+And I think you have gotten a sense of this.
+
+The idea was we want a reusable vehicle.
+
+That means we have to have airline-type operations.
+
+Well, if you're going to have airline-type
+operations then you want a vehicle that lands
+
+on the runway.
+
+You take it into the hangar.
+
+You turn it around.
+
+You launch it again.
+
+I mean it's a very powerful metaphor.
+
+What are some of the disadvantages of wings?
+
+What are some of the things that argue against
+wings?
+
+Again, we're going right back to the conceptual
+design exercise here.
+
+And this is not what you're doing for your
+papers because we're totally changing the
+
+concept of the Shuttle.
+
+But, for the purpose of the class, let's think
+it through.
+
+What are the disadvantages of wings?
+
+I think a lot of what we talked about is initial
+design cost versus, you know, and no wings
+
+obviously has a lot less initial design cost
+because you don't have to design the structure
+
+to support the wings and it is a lot simpler
+design, I think.
+
+So, that probably saves you money in your
+initial development.
+
+[AUDIENCE COMMENT] Now, on the other hand,
+I don't know how much any of you have studied
+
+the theory of reentry bodies, but the reentry
+of a ballistic capsule typically gives you
+
+much higher Gs than you can get if you have
+a lifting body.
+
+And, of course, with wings you get much more
+lift.
+
+You can actually decrease the G loading so
+that with the Shuttle we can have a reentry
+
+pulling no more than about 1.5 Gs.
+
+Whereas, you come back in a capsule even from
+low earth orbit and you're going to be pulling
+
+4, 5, 6 Gs.
+
+And that does relate back to the idea that
+we wanted the Shuttle to be able to take much
+
+more delicate payloads and hopefully take
+people who were not necessarily trained astronauts.
+
+So, again, it's an advantage but a disadvantage
+of wings.
+
+The area under the wings is huge, so that
+puts huge demands on your thermal protection
+
+system.
+
+I don't know what they're going to end up
+using on the CEV, but it is going to be a
+
+much smaller area that has to be protected.
+
+Another interesting thing, when you think
+about a winged vehicle like the Shuttle, now
+
+I know that Buran, the Russian Shuttle, made
+its one flight unmanned.
+
+They had some tense moments at the end, but
+they did manage to land it successfully.
+
+But the way we fly our Shuttle, we have to
+have two trained pilots who spend a tremendous
+
+amount of time doing nothing but learning
+how to land the Shuttle.
+
+Sometimes we don't think about the crew requirements
+on the design, but training is not an insignificant
+
+part of the cost of operating the Shuttle.
+
+There is a huge enterprise involved in training
+astronauts.
+
+And training pilots particularly is very expensive.
+
+You have to keep them qualified as pilots
+so NASA maintains a fleet of T38 supersonic
+
+jets, which are great fun.
+
+I mean I love to fly backseat in them.
+
+But the only justification for having them
+is if somebody is going to be a pilot they
+
+have got to stay current as a pilot which
+means you have got to fly.
+
+And we have the Shuttle Training Aircraft
+which I have spoken to you about.
+
+And we have all the simulator time.
+
+And then we have the problem that people said
+-- there was a time when they were talking
+
+about having the Shuttle spend extended periods
+of time up at the Space Station, you know,
+
+a month, maybe two months, make some adjustments
+to the Shuttle System so you can do that.
+
+Then the problem is, well, who is going to
+land the Shuttle, because I talked to you
+
+about the spatial disorientation and everything
+that you feel during reentry.
+
+Well, you don't want a pilot to do that.
+
+And, if a pilot has been up in the Space Station
+for one or two months, has not had any stick
+
+time, is going to have potentially serious
+neurovestibular problems during entry.
+
+And so the real question was what's the maximum
+time that it is OK for a pilot to spend in
+
+space?
+
+We will never actually have to answer that
+because 17 or 18 days was the maximum Shuttle
+
+Mission.
+
+That turned out to be OK.
+
+And we are never going to do long duration
+missions with the Shuttle and the Space Station.
+
+Yeah?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] No.
+
+They learn a lot of the malfunction procedures,
+but you don't actually fly the ballistic capsule.
+
+I mean I am not in any sense denigrating the
+training that the Apollo astronauts needed
+
+to land their capsule, but it did not compare
+in the least to the amount of training, for
+
+instance, to land on the moon where you were
+actually piloting the vehicle.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, I hope just that very brief exploration
+will make you think about designing new vehicles
+
+from a slightly different point of view.
+
+In other words, when we designed the Shuttle,
+it was just assumed as gospel essentially
+
+that if you want a reusable vehicle put wings
+on it.
+
+I don't know what the right answer is.
+
+It probably depends on some of the details
+of the mission, but you really have to go
+
+back and question your most basic assumptions.
+
+When you're doing your concepts and you're
+setting out your requirements, you don't want
+
+to write your requirements in such a way that
+they presuppose the technical solution.
+
+If you write your requirements for a winged
+vehicle you have already shut down a whole
+
+part of designed space.
+
+And, as designers, you don't want to do that.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Last question.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION] No.
+
+The Russians have actually taken, my understanding
+is, they have taken some of the electronics
+
+out of capsules and reused internal parts.
+
+But the exterior shell of the capsules I don't
+believe have ever been reused.
+
+OK.
+
+We will see you Thursday.
+
+Bob Ried is going to give a talk on aerothermodynamics.
+
+And I will look forward to seeing your journals.
+
+Any questions on the reports, the outlines
+that I returned, email me, come to see me.
+
+I am happy to talk with you about it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JM9n5J40gjc.txt b/JM9n5J40gjc.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/JM9n5J40gjc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
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+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+to offer highquality educational
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+resources for free to make a donation or
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+resources for free to make a donation or
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so the uh these two courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so the uh these two courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so the uh these two courses
+uh are a continuation of the pioneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are a continuation of the pioneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are a continuation of the pioneering
+work uh done by Professor James R meler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh done by Professor James R meler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh done by Professor James R meler
+who died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died in
+1991 uh he had written uh three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh he had written uh three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh he had written uh three three
+books called uh electromechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books called uh electromechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books called uh electromechanical
+Dynamics electromagnetic fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics electromagnetic fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics electromagnetic fields and
+energy and Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Continuum
+electromechanics and the philosophy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanics and the philosophy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanics and the philosophy in
+those uh books are uh rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh books are uh rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh books are uh rigorous
+mathematics together with uh complete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics together with uh complete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics together with uh complete uh
+explanation of the physical principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the physical principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the physical principles
+involved so a lot of uh uh qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so a lot of uh uh qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so a lot of uh uh qualitative
+nature so that you can develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so that you can develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so that you can develop a
+physical feel of how electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical feel of how electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical feel of how electromagnetic
+fields and forces result in in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and forces result in in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and forces result in in motion
+and deoration of materials for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deoration of materials for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deoration of materials for some
+practical applications but in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical applications but in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical applications but in addition
+to do uh rigorous mathematics and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh rigorous mathematics and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh rigorous mathematics and these
+two courses 6641 and 6642 try to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses 6641 and 6642 try to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses 6641 and 6642 try to follow
+in that rigorous uh tradition so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that rigorous uh tradition so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that rigorous uh tradition so that
+the students become very good at problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students become very good at problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students become very good at problem
+solving and gives them a very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and gives them a very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and gives them a very broad
+experience not only of electromagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not only of electromagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not only of electromagnetism
+but also the mechanics and material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the mechanics and material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the mechanics and material
+properties uh that uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh that uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh that uh these
+electromagnetic forces act on well in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic forces act on well in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic forces act on well in uh
+in course six we have done a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six we have done a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six we have done a uh a
+reorganization revitalization of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization revitalization of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization revitalization of our
+fundamental undergraduate course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental undergraduate course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental undergraduate course on
+electromagnetism uh goes by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh goes by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh goes by the number
+6.01 3 which is electromagnetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.01 3 which is electromagnetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.01 3 which is electromagnetics and
+applications uh with the reorganization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh with the reorganization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications uh with the reorganization
+we had gone from two required uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had gone from two required uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had gone from two required uh
+electromagnetic courses to one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic courses to one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic courses to one and we
+realized that a lot of good material was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that a lot of good material was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that a lot of good material was
+not being uh taught and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being uh taught and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being uh taught and for those
+students whose areas of interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students whose areas of interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students whose areas of interest and
+research involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research involved
+electromagnetism uh we developed uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh we developed uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism uh we developed uh two
+new courses 6.64 one electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new courses 6.64 one electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new courses 6.64 one electromagnetic
+fields forces and motion and 6.64 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields forces and motion and 6.64 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields forces and motion and 6.64 I
+Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum
+electromechanics uh those two courses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanics uh those two courses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanics uh those two courses uh
+cover what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover what we call
+Magneto quasi Statics and Electro quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto quasi Statics and Electro quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magneto quasi Statics and Electro quasi
+Statics which is the uh important regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statics which is the uh important regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statics which is the uh important regime
+of electromagnetism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electromagnetism for
+electromechanical interactions basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical interactions basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical interactions basically
+Machines of various types actuators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machines of various types actuators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machines of various types actuators
+electromechanical uh devices most uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical uh devices most uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical uh devices most uh uh
+lectures are focus on uh uh processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are focus on uh uh processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are focus on uh uh processes
+devices and practical applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and practical applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and practical applications of
+electromagnetism so we try to uh build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism so we try to uh build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism so we try to uh build
+on that and and we often bring uh live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and and we often bring uh live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and and we often bring uh live
+demonstrations into the classroom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations into the classroom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations into the classroom that
+will uh demonstrate all the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh demonstrate all the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh demonstrate all the principles
+we're trying to teach and and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to teach and and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to teach and and really
+prove that they uh do do indeed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that they uh do do indeed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that they uh do do indeed uh
+happen so in the case of fluids we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so in the case of fluids we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so in the case of fluids we cover
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+electrohydrodynamics the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrohydrodynamics the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrohydrodynamics the interactions
+between electric electric fields and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between electric electric fields and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between electric electric fields and uh
+liquids uh ferrohydrodynamics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids uh ferrohydrodynamics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids uh ferrohydrodynamics for
+magnetic liquids and Magneto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic liquids and Magneto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic liquids and Magneto
+hydrodynamics for conducting liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamics for conducting liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamics for conducting liquids
+which have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have uh uh
+an interaction with the magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction with the magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction with the magnetic fields
+by the Loren Force now most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Loren Force now most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Loren Force now most people are
+probably not that familiar with Magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that familiar with Magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that familiar with Magnetic
+fluids because they're not natural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids because they're not natural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids because they're not natural uh
+they are a synthesized fluid so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a synthesized fluid so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a synthesized fluid so I have a
+little uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh uh
+demonstration I have uh uh a vial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I have uh uh a vial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I have uh uh a vial of
+black liquid uh within a clear liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black liquid uh within a clear liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black liquid uh within a clear liquid
+and when I bring a magnet near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I bring a magnet near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I bring a magnet near the
+magnetic fluid at a very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fluid at a very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fluid at a very critical
+strength it breaks up into very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength it breaks up into very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength it breaks up into very
+interesting Spike kind of pattern which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Spike kind of pattern which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Spike kind of pattern which
+is kind of a characteristic signature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a characteristic signature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a characteristic signature of
+magnetic fluids and this uh occurs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fluids and this uh occurs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fluids and this uh occurs when
+the magnetic force just overcomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force just overcomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force just overcomes the
+stabilizing forces of gravity due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing forces of gravity due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing forces of gravity due to the
+uh density difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density difference between the two
+liquids and the surface tension that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and the surface tension that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and the surface tension that
+also tries to keep the uh liquid uh flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tries to keep the uh liquid uh flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tries to keep the uh liquid uh flat
+so you can see uh the spikes form or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see uh the spikes form or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see uh the spikes form or to
+do it the other way we can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it the other way we can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it the other way we can make some
+black rain here we can attract the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black rain here we can attract the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black rain here we can attract the fluid
+up to the the uh top and they watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the the uh top and they watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the the uh top and they watch it
+uh form and then uh sort of rain down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form and then uh sort of rain down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form and then uh sort of rain down so
+uh we we do a lot of ferah hydram work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we do a lot of ferah hydram work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we do a lot of ferah hydram work
+uh magnetic fluids uh in in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magnetic fluids uh in in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magnetic fluids uh in in their
+description uh it's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh it's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh it's a classic
+hydrodynamic problem with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic problem with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic problem with the new
+ingredient of a magnetic driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of a magnetic driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of a magnetic driving force
+on the fluid and it has very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fluid and it has very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fluid and it has very uh
+interesting Pro properties of which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Pro properties of which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Pro properties of which this
+is one example and these peaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one example and these peaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one example and these peaking
+patterns are actually shown on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are actually shown on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are actually shown on the
+homepage of 6.64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage of 6.64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage of 6.64
+I the two courses 6.64 one and 6.64 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the two courses 6.64 one and 6.64 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the two courses 6.64 one and 6.64 2
+are grad H courses and are concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grad H courses and are concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grad H courses and are concentration
+electives uh under the header of 6.01 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electives uh under the header of 6.01 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electives uh under the header of 6.01 3
+in the concentration elective stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concentration elective stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concentration elective stream
+within eecs called electrodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within eecs called electrodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within eecs called electrodynamics and
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+systems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh
+6641 in particular is also uh considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6641 in particular is also uh considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6641 in particular is also uh considered
+an advanced topic area for the tqe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced topic area for the tqe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced topic area for the tqe which
+is a technical qualifying exam required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technical qualifying exam required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technical qualifying exam required
+for master of engineering students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for master of engineering students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for master of engineering students and
+by being uh an engineering concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being uh an engineering concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being uh an engineering concentration
+elective uh electives they can fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective uh electives they can fulfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective uh electives they can fulfill
+the requirements for the M degree also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements for the M degree also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements for the M degree also
+which require altogether nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which require altogether nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which require altogether nine
+concentration electives for the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration electives for the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration electives for the master
+of engineering degree and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering degree and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering degree and for those
+interested in electromagnetism they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electromagnetism they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electromagnetism they can
+take one or the other of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one or the other of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one or the other of these two
+courses
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JNWXzIFcf3g.txt b/JNWXzIFcf3g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16b616e655f794a4d40ce055a4336b4bf13522ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JNWXzIFcf3g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we are ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we are ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we are ready to
+move to the next lecture I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next lecture I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next lecture I'm gonna
+record today let me just quickly recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record today let me just quickly recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record today let me just quickly recap
+the highlights of what we did in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights of what we did in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights of what we did in our
+previous lecture the goal of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture the goal of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture the goal of this
+lecture was to take all the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was to take all the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was to take all the tools that
+we have built and develop a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have built and develop a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have built and develop a theory of
+gravity so the two ingredients to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so the two ingredients to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so the two ingredients to this
+first we're going to assert that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to assert that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to assert that we take
+a valid law of physics something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid law of physics something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid law of physics something that is
+well understood in a local Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well understood in a local Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well understood in a local Lorentz
+frames which we call respond which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames which we call respond which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames which we call respond which we
+take correspond to a freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take correspond to a freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take correspond to a freely falling
+frame when gravity is invoked and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame when gravity is invoked and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame when gravity is invoked and we
+will carry it over into a general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry it over into a general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry it over into a general form
+by rewriting that law in a tensorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rewriting that law in a tensorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rewriting that law in a tensorial
+form the example I went through was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the example I went through was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the example I went through was that
+if I assert that an object it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I assert that an object it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I assert that an object it's
+unaccelerated then you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccelerated then you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccelerated then you know I can
+normally write that by saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write that by saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally write that by saying that the
+proper derivative of the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper derivative of the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper derivative of the velocity is
+zero or if you like the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or if you like the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or if you like the second
+derivative position one the world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative position one the world line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative position one the world line
+is zero that carries over to saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that carries over to saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that carries over to saying that
+the parallel transport of the four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel transport of the four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel transport of the four of
+the four velocity along the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four velocity along the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four velocity along the four
+velocity is equal to zero if I require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is equal to zero if I require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is equal to zero if I require
+conservation local conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation local conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation local conservation of
+energy and momentum to be asserted in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum to be asserted in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum to be asserted in my
+local Lorentz frame I freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame I freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame I freely falling
+frame in the form that it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in the form that it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in the form that it has zero
+divergence with the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence with the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence with the partial derivatives
+that car is over in general to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car is over in general to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car is over in general to zero
+derivative with a covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a covariant derivative
+our second ingredient is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second ingredient is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second ingredient is to try to
+understand how it is that I can build my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it is that I can build my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it is that I can build my
+theory of space-time zoomy how I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of space-time zoomy how I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of space-time zoomy how I can
+build my space-time given a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my space-time given a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build my space-time given a distribution
+of energy matter and momentum we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy matter and momentum we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy matter and momentum we are
+guided by the Newtonian field equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided by the Newtonian field equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided by the Newtonian field equation
+which tells me that the Laplace operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the Laplace operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that the Laplace operator
+on Newtonian gravitational potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Newtonian gravitational potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Newtonian gravitational potential is
+four pi g bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four pi g bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four pi g bro
+by studying the equation of motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying the equation of motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying the equation of motion for
+Newtonian gravity and comparing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity and comparing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian gravity and comparing it to
+the judaising equation in the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judaising equation in the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judaising equation in the slow
+motion limit for a spacetime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion limit for a spacetime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion limit for a spacetime that
+deviates just slightly from the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates just slightly from the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates just slightly from the flat
+space on a special relativity we noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on a special relativity we noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on a special relativity we noted
+that this Phi is closely related to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Phi is closely related to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Phi is closely related to G
+zero zero okay it's precisely equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero okay it's precisely equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero okay it's precisely equal to
+sort of up to a factor of two it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of up to a factor of two it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of up to a factor of two it's a bit
+of an offset from the negative one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an offset from the negative one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an offset from the negative one that
+you get in the special relativity limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the special relativity limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the special relativity limit
+we noted that this is not a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we noted that this is not a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we noted that this is not a healthy
+equation from the standpoint of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the standpoint of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the standpoint of being a
+tenth of formulating things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of formulating things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth of formulating things in terms of
+tensors because Rho is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors because Rho is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors because Rho is a particular
+of the stress energy tensor doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stress energy tensor doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stress energy tensor doesn't make
+any sense to have a properly covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to have a properly covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to have a properly covariant
+if we want to properly code for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to properly code for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to properly code for an
+equation it makes no sense to pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it makes no sense to pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it makes no sense to pick out
+one component of a tensor so we upgraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component of a tensor so we upgraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one component of a tensor so we upgraded
+row to team you knew and we looked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to team you knew and we looked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to team you knew and we looked for
+noting that two derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that two derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that two derivatives of the
+potential is something like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is something like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is something like two
+derivatives of the metric which must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the metric which must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the metric which must be
+two derivatives of a curvature we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of a curvature we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of a curvature we said
+okay it's got to be a curvature tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's got to be a curvature tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's got to be a curvature tensor
+on the left hand side and it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side and it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side and it's got to be
+a two index one and it's got to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two index one and it's got to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two index one and it's got to be one
+that has no divergence so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no divergence so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no divergence so that this
+equation respects the local conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation respects the local conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation respects the local conservation
+of energy and momentum and that led us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum and that led us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and momentum and that led us
+by requiring that in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that in the in the
+appropriate limit of slow motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate limit of slow motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate limit of slow motion and
+while in this case really this just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in this case really this just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in this case really this just sort
+of a weak deviation from special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weak deviation from special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weak deviation from special
+relativity by requiring that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity by requiring that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity by requiring that's called
+this correspondence to hold that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correspondence to hold that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correspondence to hold that force
+the the proportionality between my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the proportionality between my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the proportionality between my
+curvature tensor and my stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor and my stress energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor and my stress energy
+tensor to be eight PI J if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor to be eight PI J if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor to be eight PI J if you want to
+work in units where the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in units where the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in units where the speed of light
+is not set equal to unity it's a PI G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not set equal to unity it's a PI G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not set equal to unity it's a PI G
+over C to the fourth so that's fine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C to the fourth so that's fine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C to the fourth so that's fine this
+is in fact exactly how Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact exactly how Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact exactly how Einstein
+originally derived this and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally derived this and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally derived this and it's a very
+physical very it's a very physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical very it's a very physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical very it's a very physicists
+kind of an argument there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an argument there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an argument there is another
+root to the field equations though which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to the field equations though which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to the field equations though which
+I would like to talk about in this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to talk about in this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to talk about in this next
+lecture and what's interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and what's interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and what's interesting is that
+historically this root was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this root was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this root was actually
+developed at almost the exact same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at almost the exact same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at almost the exact same time
+that Einstein developed this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein developed this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein developed this way of
+coming up with the field equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the field equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the field equations that
+are going to describe relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to describe relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to describe relativistic
+gravity this particular root helps us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity this particular root helps us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity this particular root helps us to
+it I'd say a clarifies some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd say a clarifies some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd say a clarifies some of the
+choices that are made that lead to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that are made that lead to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that are made that lead to this
+particular framework for the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular framework for the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular framework for the field
+equations and as we'll see as we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and as we'll see as we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and as we'll see as we get to
+the end of this lecture it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this lecture it helps to
+illustrate how it might be if general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate how it might be if general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate how it might be if general
+activity is incomplete in some way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is incomplete in some way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is incomplete in some way how
+we might systematically add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might systematically add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might systematically add a little bit
+of additional framework a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional framework a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional framework a little bit of
+an additional structure it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional structure it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional structure it gives us
+what is the most natural way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most natural way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most natural way to
+introduce additional degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce additional degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce additional degrees of freedom
+additional ways of modifying things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ways of modifying things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ways of modifying things so
+the framework I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework I'm going to talk about
+today is something that allows us much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is something that allows us much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is something that allows us much
+more naturally move beyond what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more naturally move beyond what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more naturally move beyond what this
+might be just in case at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be just in case at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be just in case at some point
+we're gonna likely find that general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna likely find that general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna likely find that general
+relativity is not quite adequate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is not quite adequate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is not quite adequate it
+doesn't describe everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't describe everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't describe everything to the
+degree that we were able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that we were able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that we were able to measure
+everything this will give us the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this will give us the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this will give us the tools
+to to go beyond that so the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to go beyond that so the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to go beyond that so the particular
+route I'm going to derive is found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route I'm going to derive is found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route I'm going to derive is found by
+varying a particular Lagrangian we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying a particular Lagrangian we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying a particular Lagrangian we're
+going to essentially define an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to essentially define an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to essentially define an action
+principle for the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for the gravitational
+interaction this is I will call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is I will call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this is I will call this
+lecture in the field equation via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the field equation via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the field equation via the
+Einstein Hilbert's action that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Hilbert's action that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Hilbert's action that is the
+same Hilbert's of hilbert spaces David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hilbert's of hilbert spaces David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hilbert's of hilbert spaces David
+Hill burns mathematician who was active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill burns mathematician who was active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill burns mathematician who was active
+at about the same time that Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about the same time that Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about the same time that Einstein was
+at his peak research productivity as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his peak research productivity as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his peak research productivity as I
+said this was this way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this was this way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this was this way of thinking about
+things and this formulation that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and this formulation that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and this formulation that allows
+us to read arrive this it was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to read arrive this it was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to read arrive this it was developed
+almost in parallel to n Stein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost in parallel to n Stein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost in parallel to n Stein's
+formulation of general relativity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of general relativity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of general relativity so
+much so that you know they they partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that you know they they partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that you know they they partly
+overlapped but it must be said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped but it must be said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped but it must be said that
+Hilbert's gives priority to Einstein on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert's gives priority to Einstein on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert's gives priority to Einstein on
+this Hilbert gave Einstein the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hilbert gave Einstein the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hilbert gave Einstein the priority
+because he felt that I Stine really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt that I Stine really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt that I Stine really
+clarified the physics and it was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified the physics and it was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified the physics and it was his
+insights that led to this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that led to this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that led to this way of
+thinking about gravity even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gravity even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about gravity even though in
+some ways he came up with a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways he came up with a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways he came up with a way of
+understanding where the field equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where the field equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where the field equations
+come from that is somewhat more elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that is somewhat more elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that is somewhat more elegant
+so let me first sketch schematically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first sketch schematically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first sketch schematically how
+we are going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematically what we do is we define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically what we do is we define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically what we do is we define an
+action as the integral of a Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as the integral of a Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as the integral of a Lagrangian
+s'ti over all of space-time so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s'ti over all of space-time so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s'ti over all of space-time so we're
+gonna write our action as s and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write our action as s and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write our action as s and we're
+gonna write as an integral over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write as an integral over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write as an integral over our
+space-time coordinates of some LeGrande
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time coordinates of some LeGrande
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time coordinates of some LeGrande
+density and in general so this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and in general so this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and in general so this is not a
+lot in field theories this Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in field theories this Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in field theories this Lagrangian
+s'ti is something that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s'ti is something that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s'ti is something that depends on the
+fields you are studying the action must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields you are studying the action must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields you are studying the action must
+itself be a Lorentz scalar okay if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself be a Lorentz scalar okay if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself be a Lorentz scalar okay if I'm
+working in a freely falling frame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a freely falling frame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a freely falling frame it
+cannot be something that depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be something that depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be something that depends upon
+the particular frame that one is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular frame that one is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular frame that one is using
+it so one often writes this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one often writes this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one often writes this you
+explicitly call out the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly call out the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly call out the square root of
+minus G that is necessary in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G that is necessary in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G that is necessary in order to
+make your little coordinate interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your little coordinate interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your little coordinate interval
+here be a proper volume integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here be a proper volume integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here be a proper volume integral and
+just to make a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make a little bit of a
+notational difference let's call L hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational difference let's call L hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational difference let's call L hat
+the version of the Lagrangian s'ti that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of the Lagrangian s'ti that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of the Lagrangian s'ti that
+has that weighted in there like so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that weighted in there like so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that weighted in there like so so
+this will in fact be so this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will in fact be so this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will in fact be so this entire
+integral both of these entire integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral both of these entire integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral both of these entire integrals
+are Lorentz scalars this is a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Lorentz scalars this is a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Lorentz scalars this is a proper
+element of volume and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of volume and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of volume and so this is a
+proper Lorentz covariant well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lagrangian setting so whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian setting so whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian setting so whenever you have
+an action principle you proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by an exclamation procedure so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an exclamation procedure so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an exclamation procedure so suppose
+your Lagrangian I'm going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian I'm going to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian I'm going to write this
+very schematically suppose it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematically suppose it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very schematically suppose it depends on
+some set of fields when you extra my's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of fields when you extra my's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of fields when you extra my's
+this that amounts to our requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the action be stationary B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the action be stationary B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the action be stationary B with
+respect to a variation in the fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I vary my fields I'm going to vary my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I vary my fields I'm going to vary my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I vary my fields I'm going to vary my
+action and let's just schematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and let's just schematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and let's just schematically
+write this using the first form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this using the first form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this using the first form of
+things here I will then say however my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I will then say however my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I will then say however my
+Lagrangian varies as I vary whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian varies as I vary whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian varies as I vary whatever
+fields it depends on this must be 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields it depends on this must be 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields it depends on this must be 0 that
+is my stationarity requirement for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my stationarity requirement for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my stationarity requirement for this
+to occur for this to be valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur for this to be valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur for this to be valid for
+arbitrary field variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary field variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary field variations
+I will then deduce from this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will then deduce from this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will then deduce from this that the
+variation of the grond density itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the grond density itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the grond density itself
+with those fields must be equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those fields must be equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those fields must be equal to 0
+when I do this this will then leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this this will then leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this this will then leads to
+Euler Lagrange equations before my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler Lagrange equations before my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler Lagrange equations before my
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now many students in the class may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many students in the class may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now many students in the class may have
+already seen things like this ah but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen things like this ah but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen things like this ah but for
+those who have not let me work through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have not let me work through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have not let me work through a
+fairly simple example so let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple example so let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple example so let's imagine
+that I have a Lagrangian that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a Lagrangian that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a Lagrangian that just
+depends on a scalar field Phi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a scalar field Phi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a scalar field Phi and
+derivatives in that scalar field so L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in that scalar field so L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in that scalar field so L is
+going to depend on some Phi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on some Phi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on some Phi and
+derivatives of that Phi in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that Phi in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that Phi in my notes
+actually imagine there might be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagine there might be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagine there might be multiple
+scalar fields let's just keep it simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar fields let's just keep it simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar fields let's just keep it simple
+here we'll just have one scalar field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll just have one scalar field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll just have one scalar field in
+its derivatives when we do our variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivatives when we do our variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivatives when we do our variation
+it's going to be important that we treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important that we treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important that we treat
+variations of the derivative differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the derivative differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the derivative differently
+from variations of the field let us also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from variations of the field let us also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from variations of the field let us also
+at the moment I'm gonna focus on flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment I'm gonna focus on flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment I'm gonna focus on flat
+space-time we'll see what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time we'll see what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time we'll see what happens when
+the space-time is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space-time is a little bit more
+interesting in just a few moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I'm going to do is imagine that Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is imagine that Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is imagine that Phi
+varies like so and it's derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+varies like so okay so let's apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies like so okay so let's apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies like so okay so let's apply this
+I want to look at a variation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at a variation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at a variation of this
+thing with respect to my fields so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect to my fields so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect to my fields so when
+I do my variation of the action s I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do my variation of the action s I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do my variation of the action s I get
+one term that will arise from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term that will arise from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term that will arise from the
+variation in the field Phi and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the field Phi and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the field Phi and I will
+get another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little rises due to the variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rises due to the variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rises due to the variation in the
+derivative that term is potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that term is potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that term is potentially a
+little bit problematic for us I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit problematic for us I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit problematic for us I'm gonna
+gloss over a couple of details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss over a couple of details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss over a couple of details but
+essentially what you want to do is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you want to do is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you want to do is at
+this point apply integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point apply integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point apply integration by parts
+when you apply integration by parts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply integration by parts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply integration by parts you
+can move this derivative onto this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move this derivative onto this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move this derivative onto this term
+here and in so doing your Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in so doing your Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in so doing your Delta s
+becomes something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes something like this
+caution I'm being a little bit glib here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution I'm being a little bit glib here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution I'm being a little bit glib here
+that is only true if you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only true if you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only true if you know when you
+do this properly there is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this properly there is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this properly there is kind of a
+boundary term that I'm assuming can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term that I'm assuming can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term that I'm assuming can be
+discarded I don't want to get into the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded I don't want to get into the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded I don't want to get into the I
+don't want to get lost in the weeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get lost in the weeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get lost in the weeds
+associate with that right here our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with that right here our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with that right here our goal
+is just to sort of sketch the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to sort of sketch the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to sort of sketch the main
+physical ideas but I will say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ideas but I will say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ideas but I will say that this
+is something that should be treated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that should be treated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that should be treated with
+a little bit of care and I highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of care and I highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of care and I highlight
+this because there's gonna be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's gonna be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's gonna be a similar
+step that I'm going to sort of go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that I'm going to sort of go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that I'm going to sort of go over
+it's a little less care than I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little less care than I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little less care than I would
+like as we move forward and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as we move forward and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as we move forward and all the
+comment on that at that time having done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on that at that time having done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on that at that time having done
+this and assuming that the discarding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and assuming that the discarding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and assuming that the discarding of
+the boundary term is it's safe for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term is it's safe for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term is it's safe for me
+here actually does make one further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually does make one further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually does make one further
+comment this is being done at over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is being done at over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is being done at over all
+of space-time and so when I do that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time and so when I do that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time and so when I do that I'm
+essentially assuming that the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assuming that the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assuming that the boundary
+is the boundary of infinity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the boundary of infinity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the boundary of infinity which
+doesn't really exist okay so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really exist okay so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really exist okay so that's one
+reason why you can generally get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you can generally get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you can generally get rid of
+it in this case and it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this case and it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this case and it turns out to be
+fairly safe I'm highlighting this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly safe I'm highlighting this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly safe I'm highlighting this point
+because it should be stated a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it should be stated a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it should be stated a little bit
+more carefully than I have it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carefully than I have it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carefully than I have it in my
+oats and when we apply this to gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oats and when we apply this to gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oats and when we apply this to gravity
+there's a little bit of a subtlety there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a subtlety there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a subtlety there
+that I will comment on at that time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will comment on at that time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will comment on at that time for
+now I'm just going to say great so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm just going to say great so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm just going to say great so that
+sort of works good that that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of works good that that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of works good that that works out
+very good very well and in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very well and in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very well and in order for
+this to be equal to zero the term inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be equal to zero the term inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be equal to zero the term inside
+my square braces must vanish and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my square braces must vanish and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my square braces must vanish and so I
+wind up with oiler lagrangian's which my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with oiler lagrangian's which my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with oiler lagrangian's which my
+field my field Phi must satisfy given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field my field Phi must satisfy given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field my field Phi must satisfy given a
+Lagrangian L okay now let's just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian L okay now let's just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian L okay now let's just take it
+one step further so I haven't said yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further so I haven't said yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step further so I haven't said yet
+where the Lagrangian comes from okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Lagrangian comes from okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Lagrangian comes from okay so
+as I sort of indicated when I sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I sort of indicated when I sketched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I sort of indicated when I sketched
+this over here it's going to Penn Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here it's going to Penn Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over here it's going to Penn Don
+the nature of the field you study so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the field you study so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the field you study so
+it's very common when you have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very common when you have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very common when you have when
+you're studying say a scalar field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying say a scalar field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying say a scalar field in
+flat space-time that you imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time that you imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time that you imagine that
+your Lagrangian has what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian has what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian has what we call a
+kinetic term which is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic term which is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic term which is proportional to
+something that's quadratic quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's quadratic quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's quadratic quadratic in
+the derivatives of your field if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of your field if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of your field if it is
+massive you may have another term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive you may have another term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive you may have another term which
+sort of looks almost like a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks almost like a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looks almost like a potential
+energy in which you get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in which you get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in which you get something that
+looks like the field squared coupling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the field squared coupling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the field squared coupling to
+a parameter with the dimensions of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take these derivatives so taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these derivatives so taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these derivatives so taking the
+derivative of this lagrangian with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this lagrangian with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this lagrangian with
+respect to the field that's quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the field that's quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the field that's quite simple
+you just get M squared Phi take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get M squared Phi take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get M squared Phi take the
+derivative with respect to the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the fields
+derivative what pops out of this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative what pops out of this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative what pops out of this is it
+looks like this now take one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this now take one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this now take one more
+derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my apologies just looking over my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just get the wave operator the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the wave operator the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the wave operator the flat
+space-time wave operator acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time wave operator acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time wave operator acting on the
+field Phi and the Euler Lagrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Phi and the Euler Lagrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Phi and the Euler Lagrange
+equations give us the following wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations give us the following wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations give us the following wave
+equation governing this field in flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation governing this field in flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation governing this field in flat
+space-time is the result known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is the result known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time is the result known as the
+massive klein-gordon equation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive klein-gordon equation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive klein-gordon equation so that's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+how do we apply this to our theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we apply this to our theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we apply this to our theory of
+gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's two things that we need to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things that we need to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things that we need to we
+need to decide one is what fields am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide one is what fields am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide one is what fields am I
+gonna build my Lagrangian out of and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna build my Lagrangian out of and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna build my Lagrangian out of and so
+I'm gonna come back to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come back to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna come back to this point
+because there actually is a choice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there actually is a choice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there actually is a choice we
+made here which is uh it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here which is uh it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here which is uh it's a little
+non-obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious
+and I'm gonna have a brief aside where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna have a brief aside where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna have a brief aside where I
+discuss when I discuss for a moment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss when I discuss for a moment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss when I discuss for a moment a
+slightly different way of doing it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way of doing it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way of doing it than
+what I'm going to cover here but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to cover here but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to cover here but we're
+gonna varied the metric we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna varied the metric we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna varied the metric we're gonna
+treat the metric as our fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the metric as our fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the metric as our fundamental
+field and so when I write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so when I write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so when I write down a
+Lagrangian for gravity I'm gonna imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian for gravity I'm gonna imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian for gravity I'm gonna imagine
+that it's a function of the metric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a function of the metric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a function of the metric and
+that will be the thing that I vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the thing that I vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the thing that I vary the
+other issue is what should I use for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issue is what should I use for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issue is what should I use for my
+Lagrangian so the principle which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian so the principle which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian so the principle which I'm
+going to use to make the choice here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use to make the choice here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use to make the choice here I'm
+going to do gravity so my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do gravity so my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do gravity so my question is
+pardon me my writing in my brain getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me my writing in my brain getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me my writing in my brain getting
+us think here how do we choose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think here how do we choose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think here how do we choose our
+Lagrangian how do we choose L so it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian how do we choose L so it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian how do we choose L so it must
+be a scalar or a scalar density if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar or a scalar density if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar or a scalar density if I
+want to take and bearing in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take and bearing in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take and bearing in mind that
+factor of square root J must yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of square root J must yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of square root J must yield a
+scalar action and here's where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar action and here's where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar action and here's where I'm going
+to make a real decision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a real decision with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a real decision with
+consequences it must be built from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences it must be built from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences it must be built from
+curvature tensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason I choose to make it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I choose to make it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I choose to make it something
+that is constructed from curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constructed from curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constructed from curvature
+tensors is that I want this Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors is that I want this Lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors is that I want this Lagrangian
+city to be something that I cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to be something that I cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to be something that I cannot get
+rid of by changing my reference frame if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of by changing my reference frame if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of by changing my reference frame if
+it's the metric I can make the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the metric I can make the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the metric I can make the metric
+flat at any point simply by going into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat at any point simply by going into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat at any point simply by going into a
+freely falling frame if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame if there's
+something to do with the Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the Christoffel
+symbols and rather with my connection I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and rather with my connection I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and rather with my connection I
+can make that vanish by going into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that vanish by going into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that vanish by going into a
+freely falling frame I cannot get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame I cannot get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame I cannot get rid of
+the curvature so I want this is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature so I want this is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature so I want this is at this
+point to here the second point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to here the second point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to here the second point this
+follows because this cannot be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows because this cannot be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows because this cannot be something
+that is eliminated by changing my frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is eliminated by changing my frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is eliminated by changing my frame
+of reference I claim based on that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference I claim based on that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference I claim based on that that
+the simplest action of all the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest action of all the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest action of all the one that
+you should at least start with the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at least start with the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should at least start with the one
+that is least ornate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is least ornate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is least ornate and that
+encompasses these two principles is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses these two principles is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses these two principles is I'm
+gonna choose the L hat in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna choose the L hat in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna choose the L hat in other words
+the one I'm gonna separate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm gonna separate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm gonna separate out the
+factor of square root of minus G I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of square root of minus G I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of square root of minus G I want
+this to be the Ricci scalar it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be the Ricci scalar it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be the Ricci scalar it's the
+simplest possible thing that I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible thing that I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible thing that I can make
+out of curvature tensors that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curvature tensors that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curvature tensors that is a
+curvature and is going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and is going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and is going to give me a
+scalar one could make other choices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar one could make other choices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar one could make other choices okay
+and in essence that is the reason I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence that is the reason I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence that is the reason I am
+doing this lecture is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this lecture is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this lecture is I want to
+highlight the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that this
+particularly simple choice we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple choice we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple choice we're gonna
+see it reproduces the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it reproduces the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it reproduces the Einstein field
+equation and so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so in that sense
+general relativity we're going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity we're going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity we're going to see is
+really the simplest geometric theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the simplest geometric theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the simplest geometric theory of
+gravitation one could make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation one could make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation one could make more
+complicated ones okay but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones okay but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones okay but this is the
+simplest one and in the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one and in the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one and in the last couple
+minutes of this lecture we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of this lecture we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of this lecture we'll sort of
+explore how we can make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how we can make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore how we can make it a little bit
+more ornate so let's begin with us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ornate so let's begin with us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ornate so let's begin with us so
+I'm going to write s equals the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of all these things and let's be blunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these things and let's be blunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these things and let's be blunt
+because I'm allowed to cheat because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm allowed to cheat because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm allowed to cheat because I'm
+the professor I'm gonna throw in a pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor I'm gonna throw in a pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor I'm gonna throw in a pre
+factor of 1 over 16 pi Jing ok now I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over 16 pi Jing ok now I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over 16 pi Jing ok now I am
+going to regard my curvature tensor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regard my curvature tensor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regard my curvature tensor like
+I said I'm gonna regard this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I'm gonna regard this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I'm gonna regard this as
+something that is built from the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this form in which I've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this form in which I've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this form in which I've written it
+here I'm just saying schematically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just saying schematically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just saying schematically that
+Ricci itself is built from the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci itself is built from the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci itself is built from the metric
+the Ricci scalar is the trace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ricci scalar is the trace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ricci scalar is the trace of the
+Ricci curvature when I vary this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci curvature when I vary this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci curvature when I vary this thing
+what I would like to see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to vary it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to vary it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to vary it in the
+following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just to you know what let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to you know what let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just to you know what let's just
+clean up my in the seeds a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up my in the seeds a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up my in the seeds a little bit
+here actually keep things consistent I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually keep things consistent I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually keep things consistent I'm
+gonna confuse myself it's leaving like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna confuse myself it's leaving like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna confuse myself it's leaving like
+that this is fine okay so here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is fine okay so here's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is fine okay so here's what I
+want to here's what I want to value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to here's what I want to value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to here's what I want to value
+eight I'm going to do a variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to do a variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to do a variation of
+these things I'm going to assert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things I'm going to assert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things I'm going to assert the
+variation and I'm not gonna certain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and I'm not gonna certain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and I'm not gonna certain what
+I'm going to do is do this variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is do this variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is do this variation
+that will give me the variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me the variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me the variation in the
+action for this to be stationary I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for this to be stationary I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for this to be stationary I'm
+going to require that this equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that this equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that this equals zero
+so what this tells me is I need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells me is I need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells me is I need to work
+this variation of what is in square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation of what is in square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation of what is in square
+braces out I need to work this out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces out I need to work this out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces out I need to work this out right
+here alright so this need to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alright so this need to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alright so this need to be done
+with some care so let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first thing which I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which I'm going to be
+looking at variations of basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at variations of basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at variations of basically I'm
+looking at a variation of I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a variation of I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a variation of I want to know
+how this changes when I vary the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this changes when I vary the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this changes when I vary the metric
+there's gonna break into three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna break into three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna break into three pieces
+I'm gonna want the variation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna want the variation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna want the variation of the
+square root of minus determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus determinant of the
+metric and then this will come along for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and then this will come along for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and then this will come along for
+the ride I'm going to want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ride I'm going to want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ride I'm going to want to look at
+I'm gonna get one piece that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get one piece that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get one piece that's just the
+variation of the metric itself don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the metric itself don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the metric itself don't
+need to do too much more that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do too much more that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do too much more that that
+actually already has the factor that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already has the factor that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already has the factor that I
+want to factor out there and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to factor out there and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to factor out there and then I'm
+going to have a term that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a term that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a term that looks like
+what I get when I vary my Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I vary my Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I vary my Ricci
+curvature okay so these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay so these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay so these are the three
+pieces and I need to worry about really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I need to worry about really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I need to worry about really
+just two this one's kind of trivial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two this one's kind of trivial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two this one's kind of trivial this
+one's a little more complicated alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little more complicated alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little more complicated alright
+so when I vary my square root of minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I vary my square root of minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I vary my square root of minus G
+term we discuss this a little bit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we discuss this a little bit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we discuss this a little bit in a
+previous lecture where I introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture where I introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture where I introduce some
+what I call party tricks involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call party tricks involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call party tricks involving the
+determinant of the metric you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric you go back
+and take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see that this can be turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this can be turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this can be turned into
+the following calculation okay when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following calculation okay when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following calculation okay when you
+vary your Ricci tensor by something of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary your Ricci tensor by something of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary your Ricci tensor by something of a
+miracle you will discover that this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle you will discover that this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle you will discover that this can
+be written as a term that looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a term that looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a term that looks like the
+derivative su means the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative su means the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative su means the difference
+rather of two covariant derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather of two covariant derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather of two covariant derivatives of
+variations and your Christoffel symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and your Christoffel symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and your Christoffel symbols
+okay now I like to work out what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I like to work out what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I like to work out what those
+variations in the Christoffel symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the Christoffel symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the Christoffel symbols
+are these are a little bit lengthy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are a little bit lengthy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are a little bit lengthy just
+bear with me while I write these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay as promised it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as promised it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as promised it's a little bit
+lengthy using those two terms okay using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy using those two terms okay using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy using those two terms okay using
+that term setting the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term setting the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term setting the indices
+appropriate and taking those covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and taking those covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate and taking those covariant
+derivatives what you will then find when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what you will then find when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what you will then find when
+you evaluate the important combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the important combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the important combination
+to give me that term that involves my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me that term that involves my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me that term that involves my
+Ricci variation looks as follows so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci variation looks as follows so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci variation looks as follows so I'm
+gonna take those things put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take those things put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take those things put them
+together to make my delta Ricci tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make my delta Ricci tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make my delta Ricci tensor
+and then trace over it and you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trace over it and you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trace over it and you get a lot
+of cancellations when you do that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancellations when you do that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancellations when you do that such
+that the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice no free indices on this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice no free indices on this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice no free indices on this okay so
+I've got derivatives hooking onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got derivatives hooking onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got derivatives hooking onto the
+G's here the mu nu is cooking up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's here the mu nu is cooking up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's here the mu nu is cooking up to that
+new new there and before I you late this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new new there and before I you late this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new new there and before I you late this
+further I'm just going to note that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I'm just going to note that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I'm just going to note that this
+is in the form of you can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of you can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of you can write this as
+the divergence of some vector field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of some vector field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of some vector field so
+I'm gonna say that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that this is the
+divergence of V a okay so V to me V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of V a okay so V to me V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of V a okay so V to me V
+alpha v alpha is implicitly defined you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha v alpha is implicitly defined you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha v alpha is implicitly defined you
+know it's basically this beta covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically this beta covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically this beta covariant
+derivative of all this junk here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of all this junk here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of all this junk here okay
+you might think what wait a minute I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think what wait a minute I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think what wait a minute I'm
+taking derivatives of the metric here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives of the metric here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives of the metric here
+why is it my covariant derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it my covariant derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it my covariant derivative the
+metric just gives me zero least be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric just gives me zero least be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric just gives me zero least be a
+little bit careful about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful about that because
+when we are varying the metric okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are varying the metric okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are varying the metric okay and
+when we're varying the metric once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're varying the metric once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're varying the metric once we
+have finished our variational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished our variational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished our variational principle
+that will we will settle down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will we will settle down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will we will settle down to a
+metric where that is the case but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric where that is the case but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric where that is the case but in the
+middle of the calculation you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the calculation you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the calculation you just have
+to be a little bit more careful than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit more careful than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit more careful than
+that alright so now let's put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright so now let's put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright so now let's put all these
+ingredients together and what you wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients together and what you wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients together and what you wind
+up with combining all of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do pardon me pardon me partner Jamie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pardon me pardon me partner Jamie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pardon me pardon me partner Jamie
+moved to another board I've run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to another board I've run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to another board I've run out of
+room this is a lengthy expression my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room this is a lengthy expression my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room this is a lengthy expression my
+apologies okay so this becomes make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies okay so this becomes make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies okay so this becomes make sure
+I have enough room to get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough room to get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough room to get the whole
+thing online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so fair amount of analysis goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fair amount of analysis goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fair amount of analysis goes
+into you put all those pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you put all those pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you put all those pieces together
+you combine them all and our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them all and our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them all and our goal is to
+reassemble what I've got up there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassemble what I've got up there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassemble what I've got up there on the
+top of this middle board here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this middle board here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this middle board here so what
+this tells me is varying the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leads me to an equation of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay stop and look at this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay stop and look at this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay stop and look at this for a second
+the variation in the action gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in the action gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in the action gives me
+something that looks like the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like the Einstein
+tensor contracted on my variation of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor contracted on my variation of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor contracted on my variation of my
+metric Plus this divergence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric Plus this divergence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric Plus this divergence of this
+goofy vector field if that divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy vector field if that divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy vector field if that divergence of
+the goofy vector field were not there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goofy vector field were not there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goofy vector field were not there we
+would be home free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be home free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be home free
+imagine we could ignore it I would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we could ignore it I would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we could ignore it I would want
+to set Delta s equal to zero and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set Delta s equal to zero and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set Delta s equal to zero and that
+would give me G alpha beta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me G alpha beta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me G alpha beta equals zero
+now I haven't say anything about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't say anything about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't say anything about a
+source so that in fact gives me exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so that in fact gives me exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so that in fact gives me exactly
+what I would need to develop my Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would need to develop my Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would need to develop my Einstein
+field equations at least in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations at least in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations at least in the case
+where there's no stress energy tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no stress energy tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no stress energy tensor
+and a few moments we're gonna put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few moments we're gonna put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few moments we're gonna put a
+stress energy tensor back into this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor back into this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor back into this but
+that's sort of the first step that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the first step that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the first step that that
+first line if I did not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line if I did not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line if I did not have that
+divergence of V that would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of V that would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of V that would give me
+exactly what I needed there so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I needed there so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I needed there so how do I
+get rid of that irritating divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that irritating divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that irritating divergence of
+a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in Carroll its pointed out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Carroll its pointed out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Carroll its pointed out that
+because this is a perfect divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a perfect divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a perfect divergence and
+it is a proper volume integral one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a proper volume integral one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a proper volume integral one can
+invoke the divergence theorem if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the divergence theorem if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the divergence theorem if you
+invoke the divergence theorem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the divergence theorem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke the divergence theorem and then
+imagine this integral is being done over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this integral is being done over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this integral is being done over
+all of space-time and you basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space-time and you basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space-time and you basically say
+well I imagine there's no boundary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I imagine there's no boundary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I imagine there's no boundary the
+same because it's covers all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's covers all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's covers all the time in
+all of space you would then presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space you would then presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of space you would then presumably
+lose contributions at the boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose contributions at the boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose contributions at the boundary and
+then only the GF abet equals zero term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only the GF abet equals zero term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only the GF abet equals zero term
+would remain and that's not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would remain and that's not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would remain and that's not a bad
+physical argument it's somewhat glib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical argument it's somewhat glib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical argument it's somewhat glib
+however okay Carroll himself actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however okay Carroll himself actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however okay Carroll himself actually
+noticed this so in Carroll's textbook he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed this so in Carroll's textbook he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed this so in Carroll's textbook he
+himself says that this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself says that this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself says that this is not the
+rigorous way you get rid of this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way you get rid of this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way you get rid of this okay so
+for those of you who are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are more
+mathematically purist if you're feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically purist if you're feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically purist if you're feeling
+dissatisfied by this you know good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied by this you know good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied by this you know good on
+you that is what the way you should feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is what the way you should feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that is what the way you should feel
+about it I as a fitness system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I as a fitness system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I as a fitness system
+reasonably comfort with this but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably comfort with this but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably comfort with this but it does
+I would like to do this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to do this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to do this a little bit
+more rigorously there are in fact two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorously there are in fact two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorously there are in fact two
+rigorous approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous approaches
+to fixing this up one of them is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fixing this up one of them is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fixing this up one of them is in fact
+quite beautiful and it was my goal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful and it was my goal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful and it was my goal to
+overhaul this lecture and present method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul this lecture and present method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhaul this lecture and present method
+one that I'm about to write down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I'm about to write down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I'm about to write down in this
+lecture that I'm doing right here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I'm doing right here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I'm doing right here right
+now and among the various tragedies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and among the various tragedies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and among the various tragedies
+associated with the Cova 19 evacuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Cova 19 evacuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Cova 19 evacuation
+of our campus and everything moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our campus and everything moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our campus and everything moving into
+this online format a very very minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online format a very very minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online format a very very minor
+tragedy on the scale of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy on the scale of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy on the scale of everything
+that's going on is that I just do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on is that I just do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on is that I just do not
+have the time to assemble the notes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time to assemble the notes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time to assemble the notes to
+do to present what I was hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to present what I was hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to present what I was hoping to
+present to you I hope by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you I hope by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you I hope by the end of the
+course to have enough bandwidth that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to have enough bandwidth that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to have enough bandwidth that I
+can maybe type some up and add them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe type some up and add them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe type some up and add them as
+supplemental notes to the course but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental notes to the course but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental notes to the course but for
+now they are not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just describe what I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just describe what I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just describe what I was going
+to present to you method one is you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present to you method one is you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present to you method one is you do
+what is called the palatini variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you do a palatini variation whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a palatini variation whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a palatini variation whoops
+you write the metric CB you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the metric CB you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the metric CB you write the
+action like so but you consider your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action like so but you consider your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action like so but you consider your
+reach east you're reaching curvature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach east you're reaching curvature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach east you're reaching curvature to
+be a function not of the metric but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function not of the metric but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function not of the metric but a
+function of the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then when you do your variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do your variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do your variational
+principle you don't just vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you don't just vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you don't just vary with
+respect to the metric you vary it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the metric you vary it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the metric you vary it with
+both the metric and your connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the metric and your connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the metric and your connection
+coefficients when you do this if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients when you do this if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients when you do this if you do
+the calculation correctly you in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation correctly you in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation correctly you in fact
+get both the Einstein equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both the Einstein equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both the Einstein equation the
+Einstein so again we've not introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein so again we've not introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein so again we've not introduced a
+source and talked about source in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and talked about source in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and talked about source in just a
+moment so the Einstein equation with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the Einstein equation with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the Einstein equation with no
+source emerges and you find that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source emerges and you find that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source emerges and you find that your
+connection must be metric compatible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection must be metric compatible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection must be metric compatible in
+other words the connection is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the connection is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the connection is such that
+you are required to have covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are required to have covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are required to have covariant
+derivative of the metric equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the metric equal to zero
+it's actually a beautiful little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a beautiful little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a beautiful little
+calculation because we sort of argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because we sort of argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because we sort of argued
+that this was gonna be the case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was gonna be the case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was gonna be the case you know
+when we were talking about how to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about how to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about how to define
+a covariant derivative we knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant derivative we knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant derivative we knew that
+there are many ways to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways to define a
+transport operation this ended up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport operation this ended up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport operation this ended up being
+one that allowed us to define parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that allowed us to define parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that allowed us to define parallel
+transport that became something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that became something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that became something that the
+physics drove us to selecting as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics drove us to selecting as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics drove us to selecting as a very
+natural choice for our connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural choice for our connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural choice for our connection
+this variation doesn't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation doesn't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation doesn't necessarily know
+anything about that but it shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that but it shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that but it shows that
+when you do your variational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do your variational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do your variational principle
+treating metric and connection as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating metric and connection as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating metric and connection as
+separate degrees of freedom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate degrees of freedom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate degrees of freedom that
+parallel transport driven choice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport driven choice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport driven choice of the
+connection which gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection which gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection which gives us the
+Christoffel symbols emerges as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols emerges as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols emerges as the
+outcome of that now this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of that now this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of that now this is not a
+terribly difficult calculation to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly difficult calculation to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly difficult calculation to do but
+there's a lot of details you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of details you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of details you have to get
+right and I've been I've got about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I've been I've got about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I've been I've got about a
+fourth of it written up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of it written up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of it written up
+point and just haven't had a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and just haven't had a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and just haven't had a chance to
+get all the details completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the details completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the details completely
+straightened out I really hope to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightened out I really hope to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightened out I really hope to have
+the bandwidth to finish it by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth to finish it by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth to finish it by the end of
+the term in which case I will add it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term in which case I will add it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term in which case I will add it as
+supplemental notes to the course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental notes to the course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental notes to the course the
+other thing you can do so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do so there's
+absolutely nothing wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing wrong with the
+approach that we started doing in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we started doing in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we started doing in which
+we varied the metric and we just assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we varied the metric and we just assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we varied the metric and we just assumed
+from the outset that my connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outset that my connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outset that my connection
+arises from the metric so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the metric so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from the metric so that you know
+if the way we do it the connection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the way we do it the connection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the way we do it the connection and
+the metric are not separate degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric are not separate degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric are not separate degrees of
+freedom but the connection arises from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but the connection arises from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but the connection arises from
+the metric and that is fine but if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric and that is fine but if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric and that is fine but if we do
+that then when you get down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then when you get down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then when you get down to this
+point you just have to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you just have to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you just have to be a little bit
+more careful you essentially take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful you essentially take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful you essentially take this
+argument that Carol makes and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that Carol makes and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that Carol makes and you have
+to just do it with a lot more care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do it with a lot more care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do it with a lot more care so
+what you need to do is define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is define the
+boundary associate with the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary associate with the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary associate with the divergence
+integral very carefully whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral very carefully whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral very carefully whoops
+associate with divergence integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in doing so you have to very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treat the curvature on that boundary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the curvature on that boundary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the curvature on that boundary so
+we are working in four dimensions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are working in four dimensions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are working in four dimensions so
+it's a three dimensional boundary of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three dimensional boundary of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a three dimensional boundary of our
+4d space-time you can sort of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d space-time you can sort of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d space-time you can sort of think of
+the boundary as being a particular sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary as being a particular sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary as being a particular sort
+of slice through four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slice through four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slice through four dimensional
+space-time you pick a particular three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time you pick a particular three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time you pick a particular three
+dimensional slice tree to find that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional slice tree to find that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional slice tree to find that as
+the boundary region of this integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary region of this integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary region of this integral and
+that requires us to introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires us to introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires us to introduce some
+additional concepts in particular once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional concepts in particular once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional concepts in particular once
+you pick out a particular slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick out a particular slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick out a particular slice of
+space-time some of the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time some of the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time some of the curvature
+associated the metric on that slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated the metric on that slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated the metric on that slice
+isn't intrinsic to the space-time itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't intrinsic to the space-time itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't intrinsic to the space-time itself
+but it's imposed on the space-time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's imposed on the space-time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's imposed on the space-time by
+the manner in which you have made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manner in which you have made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manner in which you have made that
+slice sort of in the same way that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice sort of in the same way that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice sort of in the same way that if I
+have a cylinder the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cylinder the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cylinder the surface of a
+cylinder is intrinsically flat if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is intrinsically flat if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is intrinsically flat if I put
+two judy's X on it and I parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two judy's X on it and I parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two judy's X on it and I parallel
+transport them around they remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport them around they remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport them around they remain
+perfectly parallel forever and forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly parallel forever and forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly parallel forever and forever
+and forever but it sure as hell looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forever but it sure as hell looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forever but it sure as hell looks
+curved but that is because I have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved but that is because I have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved but that is because I have taken
+this flat surface and I have folded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat surface and I have folded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flat surface and I have folded it
+up I have embedded it in a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I have embedded it in a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I have embedded it in a higher
+dimensional space in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space in such a way that
+there's extrinsic curvature that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extrinsic curvature that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extrinsic curvature that's been
+imposed on it when you are carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed on it when you are carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed on it when you are carefully
+looking at the boundary of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the boundary of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the boundary of a
+four-dimensional space-time you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional space-time you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional space-time you also
+need to very carefully treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to very carefully treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to very carefully treat the
+extrinsic curvature associated with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic curvature associated with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic curvature associated with how
+you put that boundary on top of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that boundary on top of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that boundary on top of things
+when you do this correctly you find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this correctly you find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this correctly you find you
+need to be a little bit more careful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little bit more careful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little bit more careful at
+how you define the Lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you in fact do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you in fact do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you in fact do that you
+actually turns out you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out you don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out you don't get that
+divergence term at all you get sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence term at all you get sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence term at all you get sort of a
+counter term it cancels this guy away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter term it cancels this guy away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter term it cancels this guy away so
+for students who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students who are interested in
+seeing this explored and discussed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this explored and discussed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this explored and discussed in a
+lot more rigor than I am prepared to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more rigor than I am prepared to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more rigor than I am prepared to do
+this is discussed in Appendix II of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discussed in Appendix II of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discussed in Appendix II of
+Robert Wald's textbook general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Wald's textbook general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Wald's textbook general
+relativity I will simply comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity I will simply comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity I will simply comment that
+Wald's textbook is probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wald's textbook is probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wald's textbook is probably one of the
+most mathematical text books on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mathematical text books on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most mathematical text books on this
+topic he does everything with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic he does everything with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic he does everything with great
+rigor and a lot of care and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor and a lot of care and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor and a lot of care and the
+appendices is where he puts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendices is where he puts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendices is where he puts is
+particularly high level grotty details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high level grotty details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high level grotty details
+so this really is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this really is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this really is something that is
+beyond the level of where we do a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the level of where we do a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the level of where we do a one
+semester course like 89-62 so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester course like 89-62 so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester course like 89-62 so you know
+it's unfortunate it sort of pops up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunate it sort of pops up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunate it sort of pops up here
+which is why a textbook like Carol does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why a textbook like Carol does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why a textbook like Carol does
+it's in a somewhat glib way I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a somewhat glib way I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a somewhat glib way I am
+personally a fan of doing this palatini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally a fan of doing this palatini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally a fan of doing this palatini
+variation and so as I've emphasized I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and so as I've emphasized I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and so as I've emphasized I'm
+gonna try to clean that up and make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to clean that up and make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to clean that up and make that
+available so what all of this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so what all of this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so what all of this ends up
+telling us so let's take the optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so let's take the optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us so let's take the optimistic
+point of view here that we have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view here that we have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view here that we have either
+accepted somewhat glib argument that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted somewhat glib argument that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted somewhat glib argument that we
+can discard that term or we sat down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discard that term or we sat down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discard that term or we sat down and
+we slog through appendix II of Walled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slog through appendix II of Walled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slog through appendix II of Walled or
+we wrote up the palatini variation doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote up the palatini variation doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote up the palatini variation doing
+this variation in that case then leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation in that case then leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation in that case then leaves
+us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it leads us to G alpha beta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads us to G alpha beta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads us to G alpha beta equals zero
+this is the ice line equation when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ice line equation when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ice line equation when there
+is no source when the stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no source when the stress energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no source when the stress energy
+tensor is zero this is often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is zero this is often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is zero this is often called the
+vacuum feinstein equation more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum feinstein equation more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum feinstein equation more generally
+we should treat the action that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should treat the action that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should treat the action that we are
+varying as the einstein hilbert action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying as the einstein hilbert action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying as the einstein hilbert action
+plus an action associated with matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an action associated with matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an action associated with matter so
+a more general form would be to write s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general form would be to write s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general form would be to write s
+as the integral d 4x square root minus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integral d 4x square root minus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integral d 4x square root minus g
+r over 16 pi g plus lagrangian for i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 16 pi g plus lagrangian for i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 16 pi g plus lagrangian for i'm
+just gonna say m for matter could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna say m for matter could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna say m for matter could be
+matter and fields if you do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and fields if you do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and fields if you do that then
+when you look at your variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at your variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at your variation and
+enforce that the variation of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that the variation of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that the variation of the action
+equals zero this leads you to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero this leads you to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero this leads you to an
+equation of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's given by this and so up to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given by this and so up to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given by this and so up to up to
+a numerical factor which I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical factor which I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical factor which I will write
+out in just a second you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in just a second you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in just a second you can basically
+see that this variation of my matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this variation of my matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this variation of my matter
+lagrangian becomes the stress-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian becomes the stress-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian becomes the stress-energy
+tensor particular if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor particular if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor particular if you just look at
+this and say oh i am going to define t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh i am going to define t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say oh i am going to define t
+alpha beta as minus 2 pi by square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta as minus 2 pi by square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta as minus 2 pi by square root
+of minus G like this then the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus G like this then the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus G like this then the Einstein
+Hilbert variation gives me exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert variation gives me exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert variation gives me exactly the
+same exactly the same Einstein equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly the same Einstein equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly the same Einstein equation
+as we had before I have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before I have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before I have a set of
+exercises in the notes which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in the notes which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in the notes which I'm not
+going to go through because they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through because they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through because they're just
+you know they're slightly tedious and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're slightly tedious and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're slightly tedious and I
+think I'm gonna actually end a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm gonna actually end a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm gonna actually end a little
+bit early here but I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit early here but I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit early here but I want to just
+describe one of the ways in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe one of the ways in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe one of the ways in which this
+can be used so suppose suppose I pick as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used so suppose suppose I pick as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used so suppose suppose I pick as
+my matter Lagrangian minus 1/4 f nu nu F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my matter Lagrangian minus 1/4 f nu nu F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my matter Lagrangian minus 1/4 f nu nu F
+mu nu where F mu nu is the Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu nu where F mu nu is the Faraday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu nu where F mu nu is the Faraday
+tensor that describes electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that describes electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that describes electric and
+magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I want to do is show that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is show that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is show that by
+applying this variational principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this variational principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this variational principle that
+I've defined over there to this but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've defined over there to this but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've defined over there to this but this
+gives me exactly the stress-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me exactly the stress-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me exactly the stress-energy
+tensor that one expects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that one expects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that one expects for
+electromagnetic fields okay so defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields okay so defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields okay so defining
+my electromagnetic action pull out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electromagnetic action pull out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my electromagnetic action pull out in
+the overall factor of minus one-fourth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall factor of minus one-fourth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall factor of minus one-fourth I
+integrate over my space-time coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then notice the way this is set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then notice the way this is set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then notice the way this is set up
+so I have F mu nu upstairs f mu nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have F mu nu upstairs f mu nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have F mu nu upstairs f mu nu
+downstairs let's write my F nu nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs let's write my F nu nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs let's write my F nu nu
+upstairs as F alpha beta downstairs both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs as F alpha beta downstairs both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs as F alpha beta downstairs both
+enough pre-factors of the metric to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pre-factors of the metric to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough pre-factors of the metric to
+raise those indices so I do a variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise those indices so I do a variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise those indices so I do a variation
+on this and the way I'm going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and the way I'm going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this and the way I'm going to do it
+is I will vary the metric when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I will vary the metric when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I will vary the metric when I do this
+I will not vary the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if one does variations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if one does variations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if one does variations of those
+things you can do that uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do that uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do that uh and you can
+use that to do things like define your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to do things like define your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to do things like define your
+field equations but what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations but what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field equations but what I want to do is
+to see how by varying how the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how by varying how the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how by varying how the metric
+couples of these things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples of these things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples of these things the
+stress-energy tensor emerges so in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-energy tensor emerges so in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-energy tensor emerges so in my
+notes I go through this calculation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I go through this calculation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I go through this calculation with
+some care and what emerges at the end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care and what emerges at the end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care and what emerges at the end it
+looks like this and in fact it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and in fact it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and in fact it's not too
+hard to show dig into something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show dig into something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show dig into something a
+textbook like Jackson what is in square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook like Jackson what is in square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook like Jackson what is in square
+braces there is in fact the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces there is in fact the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces there is in fact the standard
+stress energy tensor associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor associated with the
+electromagnetic field so this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so this technique
+this definition I've put in here it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition I've put in here it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition I've put in here it does
+work in all the cases that that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in all the cases that that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in all the cases that that we know
+about and so this variational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so this variational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so this variational principle
+root to the field equations so punchline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to the field equations so punchline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to the field equations so punchline
+is selecting L equals R yields the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selecting L equals R yields the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selecting L equals R yields the
+Einstein field equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upon variation of the metric so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon variation of the metric so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon variation of the metric so take a
+sip of water here and then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sip of water here and then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sip of water here and then the question
+I want you to sort of think of at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sort of think of at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sort of think of at this
+point is so what I mean it's nice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is so what I mean it's nice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is so what I mean it's nice that
+there's a second way to do this um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second way to do this um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second way to do this um but
+you know kind of did we need it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of did we need it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of did we need it is it
+really important that we have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that we have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that we have the second
+way of doing this well here I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this well here I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this well here I want to
+come back to a comment I made as I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to a comment I made as I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to a comment I made as I began
+this lecture which was that our guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture which was that our guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture which was that our guiding
+principle for formulating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for formulating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for formulating this
+Lagrangian was that it has to be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian was that it has to be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian was that it has to be built
+out of curvature tensors and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curvature tensors and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curvature tensors and it has to
+be a scalar I would argue that the Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar I would argue that the Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar I would argue that the Ricci
+scalar is the simplest such construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar is the simplest such construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar is the simplest such construction
+that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it is not the only scaler made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not the only scaler made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not the only scaler made from
+curvature tensors that will do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine you wanted to modify gravity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you wanted to modify gravity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you wanted to modify gravity are
+you wanting to come with a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanting to come with a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanting to come with a framework
+that was consistent with general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was consistent with general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was consistent with general
+relativity and remember l equals r gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and remember l equals r gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and remember l equals r gives
+me general relativity gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me general relativity gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me general relativity gives me
+Einstein's field equations it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's field equations it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's field equations it gives me
+the einstein deep the einstein's theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the einstein deep the einstein's theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the einstein deep the einstein's theory
+of gravity suppose I want to modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity suppose I want to modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity suppose I want to modify it
+in a way such that things look just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way such that things look just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way such that things look just like
+Einsteins gravity for most of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins gravity for most of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins gravity for most of the most
+of the universe but perhaps small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe but perhaps small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe but perhaps small
+differences kick in when the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences kick in when the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences kick in when the curvature
+is small in some sense that will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small in some sense that will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small in some sense that will need to
+be characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one way you could imagine doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way you could imagine doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way you could imagine doing
+this is by adding a correction suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by adding a correction suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by adding a correction suppose
+we try l hat equals r minus alpha over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try l hat equals r minus alpha over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try l hat equals r minus alpha over r
+that sort of suggests that this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of suggests that this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of suggests that this is going
+to lead to corrections to the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to corrections to the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to corrections to the framework
+of gravity when the curvature scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity when the curvature scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity when the curvature scale is
+less than or of order square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or of order square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or of order square root of
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually a work of a couple pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a work of a couple pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a work of a couple pages
+of algebra I can take this modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra I can take this modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebra I can take this modified
+Lagrangian I can go through exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian I can go through exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrangian I can go through exactly this
+variational principles that we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principles that we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principles that we spent
+today doing and when I do so I find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doing and when I do so I find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doing and when I do so I find a
+new field equation coupling space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to my sources so very symmetric in force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my sources so very symmetric in force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my sources so very symmetric in force
+stationarity of the action what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity of the action what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationarity of the action what you get
+is a field equation it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice set that coupling alpha to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice set that coupling alpha to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice set that coupling alpha to zero
+and it says G alpha beta equals 8 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says G alpha beta equals 8 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says G alpha beta equals 8 pi
+Newton's G t alpha beta but introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's G t alpha beta but introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's G t alpha beta but introduced
+this little scale here something you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little scale here something you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little scale here something you've
+got all this other stuff emerging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all this other stuff emerging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all this other stuff emerging this
+is an idea that was proposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an idea that was proposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an idea that was proposed and
+explored in a paper if you want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in a paper if you want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in a paper if you want to read
+a little bit more about this by Sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about this by Sean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about this by Sean
+Carroll at all published in Physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll at all published in Physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll at all published in Physical
+Review dates now almost coming up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Review dates now almost coming up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Review dates now almost coming up on
+it's a second decade so the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second decade so the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second decade so the reason why
+Sean and his collaborators developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean and his collaborators developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean and his collaborators developed
+this I mentioned in my previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mentioned in my previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mentioned in my previous lecture
+that there's observations that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's observations that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's observations that have
+driven us to consider whether there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven us to consider whether there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven us to consider whether there is
+in fact a cosmological constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a cosmological constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a cosmological constant
+contributing to the large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the large-scale
+structure of our universe and like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our universe and like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our universe and like good
+scientists you're always looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists you're always looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists you're always looking for
+alternate hypotheses that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate hypotheses that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate hypotheses that could be
+tested or falsified and so what Carol ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested or falsified and so what Carol ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested or falsified and so what Carol ed
+all pointed out was the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pointed out was the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pointed out was the universe is
+accelerated expansion so the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated expansion so the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated expansion so the behavior
+that is driving us to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving us to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving us to consider the
+possibility of a cosmological constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a cosmological constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a cosmological constant
+it's coming on very very large scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming on very very large scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming on very very large scales
+where the curvature is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the curvature is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the curvature is quite small
+laboratory and solar system and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and solar system and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and solar system and many
+other Astrophysical tests of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Astrophysical tests of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Astrophysical tests of the
+foundations of general relativity aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of general relativity aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of general relativity aren't
+as strong there so why not try something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as strong there so why not try something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as strong there so why not try something
+a little bit out of the box and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit out of the box and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit out of the box and they
+said let's think about a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's think about a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's think about a theory of
+gravity in which there are potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in which there are potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in which there are potentially
+important modifications when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important modifications when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important modifications when the
+curvature is small this is what resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is small this is what resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is small this is what resulted
+and they showed actually that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed actually that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed actually that by
+appropriately choosing the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately choosing the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately choosing the parameter
+alpha it's actually this is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha it's actually this is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha it's actually this is a point
+that's worth making notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth making notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth making notice this is
+introducing a scale okay we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a scale okay we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a scale okay we don't
+descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent
+doesn't tell us what alpha is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell us what alpha is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell us what alpha is from the
+standpoint of the analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the analysis that
+motivated it it was a phenomenological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated it it was a phenomenological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated it it was a phenomenological
+knob that they sort of tweaked see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob that they sort of tweaked see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob that they sort of tweaked see
+whether they could explain observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they could explain observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they could explain observations
+and indeed they did find that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they did find that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they did find that they could
+get pretty good explanation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pretty good explanation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pretty good explanation of the
+accelerating expansion of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating expansion of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating expansion of the universe
+with this modified theory of gravity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this modified theory of gravity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this modified theory of gravity but
+all good theories are testable there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good theories are testable there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good theories are testable there
+falsifiable they give rise to hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsifiable they give rise to hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsifiable they give rise to hypotheses
+that you can compare against data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare against data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compare against data it
+turns out if you tune alpha to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you tune alpha to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you tune alpha to make the
+expansion of the universe work you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe work you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the universe work you get
+the orbits of the planets in our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbits of the planets in our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbits of the planets in our solar
+system wrong so this ended up not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wrong so this ended up not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wrong so this ended up not being
+a viable theory but it was a pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viable theory but it was a pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viable theory but it was a pretty cool
+thing to explore okay and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to explore okay and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to explore okay and I think it
+serves as a really wonderful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a really wonderful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a really wonderful example of
+how in a theory of gravity one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in a theory of gravity one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in a theory of gravity one
+formulates a hypothesis and then tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulates a hypothesis and then tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulates a hypothesis and then tests
+it and then giving Shawn and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then giving Shawn and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then giving Shawn and his
+colleagues all their due cheerfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues all their due cheerfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues all their due cheerfully
+accepting the falsification when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the falsification when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the falsification when it
+turned out it didn't work you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it didn't work you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it didn't work you know it's
+a very very nice piece of work and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very nice piece of work and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very nice piece of work and I
+think it just is a really good idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it just is a really good idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it just is a really good idea of
+the power of this action-based method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this action-based method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of this action-based method
+for considering modifications to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for considering modifications to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for considering modifications to your
+theory of gravity okay and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity okay and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity okay and it really
+highlights the fact that just choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the fact that just choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the fact that just choosing
+your Lagrangian s'ti as the Ricci scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian s'ti as the Ricci scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Lagrangian s'ti as the Ricci scalar
+that's the simplest possible thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest possible thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest possible thing it
+can make and as that is the sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make and as that is the sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make and as that is the sense in
+which general relativity is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which general relativity is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which general relativity is the simplest
+of all possible relativistic theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all possible relativistic theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all possible relativistic theories of
+gravity let me just give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity let me just give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity let me just give you another
+example of actually two more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not gonna go through them in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go through them in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go through them in great
+detail but just sketching the way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just sketching the way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but just sketching the way people
+sometimes imagine modifying gravity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes imagine modifying gravity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes imagine modifying gravity so
+suppose I choose as my gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I choose as my gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I choose as my gravitational
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my normal Einstein Hilbert term plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my normal Einstein Hilbert term plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my normal Einstein Hilbert term plus a
+term that goes as the Ricci curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that goes as the Ricci curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that goes as the Ricci curvature
+squared this is something that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is something that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is something that you might
+expect to become important when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to become important when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to become important when the
+curvature is large okay so when R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is large okay so when R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is large okay so when R is
+greater than or of order one over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or of order one over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or of order one over beta
+the second term will become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term will become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term will become more
+important than the first term again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the first term again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the first term again
+we've introduced a scale there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduced a scale there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduced a scale there is some
+theoretical prejudice among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical prejudice among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical prejudice among the
+community that thinks about these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that thinks about these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that thinks about these kinds
+of models that perhaps this scale has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models that perhaps this scale has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models that perhaps this scale has
+something to do with where quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with where quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with where quantum
+gravity effects begin to kick in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity effects begin to kick in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity effects begin to kick in and
+classical general relativity must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical general relativity must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical general relativity must be
+modified and so you can imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and so you can imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and so you can imagine you
+might think that as beta is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that as beta is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that as beta is on the order
+of when you work in units where G and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you work in units where G and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you work in units where G and C
+are equal to 1 H bar to the minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actions like this often emerge when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions like this often emerge when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions like this often emerge when you
+are studying or they ought they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying or they ought they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying or they ought they often
+show up when you are studying theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up when you are studying theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up when you are studying theories
+in which general activity is itself an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which general activity is itself an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which general activity is itself an
+effective theory that comes about from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory that comes about from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory that comes about from
+averaging over small scale degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over small scale degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over small scale degrees of
+freedom one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if what if there were a in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what if there were a in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what if there were a in addition
+to the tensor of the metric tensor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tensor of the metric tensor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tensor of the metric tensor which
+describes the geometry of space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the geometry of space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the geometry of space-time
+what if the manner in which that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the manner in which that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the manner in which that the
+manner in which the metric tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner in which the metric tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner in which the metric tensor
+coupled to its source varied depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to its source varied depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to its source varied depending
+on some additional field that filled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some additional field that filled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some additional field that filled all
+of space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could imagine that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine that your
+gravitational action took the usual form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it was modified by some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was modified by some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was modified by some kind of a
+scale or field that might itself depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or field that might itself depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or field that might itself depend
+upon space-time curvature okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon space-time curvature okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon space-time curvature okay you can
+imagine then supplementing this with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine then supplementing this with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine then supplementing this with an
+action for this scalar field which up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for this scalar field which up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for this scalar field which up to
+an overall constant at least I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall constant at least I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall constant at least I will
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series of this sort are called scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this sort are called scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of this sort are called scalar
+tensor series and what they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor series and what they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor series and what they essentially
+amount to is you imagine that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to is you imagine that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to is you imagine that there's
+some field in addition to the metric of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field in addition to the metric of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field in addition to the metric of
+space-time which is affecting gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time which is affecting gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time which is affecting gravity
+you can almost think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost think of them as
+essentially saying that the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying that the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying that the effective
+gravitational constant varies depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant varies depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational constant varies depending
+upon the strength of the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the strength of the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the strength of the gravitational
+interaction so perhaps down near a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so perhaps down near a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so perhaps down near a black
+hole the Newton the Newton constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the Newton the Newton constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole the Newton the Newton constant is
+bigger or smaller or something then way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger or smaller or something then way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger or smaller or something then way
+out in empty space theories of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in empty space theories of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in empty space theories of this kind
+arise or I should say terms of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise or I should say terms of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise or I should say terms of this kind
+in the action arise quite naturally in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the action arise quite naturally in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the action arise quite naturally in a
+lot of work in theoretical attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in theoretical attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work in theoretical attempts to
+quantize gravity and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize gravity and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize gravity and things like that
+and so people like to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people like to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people like to pay attention to
+these things and to see what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and to see what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and to see what kind of
+generic predictions they can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic predictions they can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic predictions they can make these
+are known as scalar tensor theories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as scalar tensor theories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as scalar tensor theories and
+if you're interested in seeing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in seeing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in seeing more
+about them Sean Carroll's textbook has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them Sean Carroll's textbook has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them Sean Carroll's textbook has a
+full section describing them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full section describing them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full section describing them a little
+bit of date now one thing that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of date now one thing that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of date now one thing that's kind of
+interesting as we sort of think about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as we sort of think about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as we sort of think about as
+I think about how the subject has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about how the subject has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about how the subject has
+evolved over the years that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over the years that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over the years that I've been
+teaching it is that when you have both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it is that when you have both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it is that when you have both a
+tensor component in other words a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor component in other words a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor component in other words a
+spacetime metric coupling to your stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime metric coupling to your stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime metric coupling to your stress
+energy tensor and you have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tensor and you have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tensor and you have a scalar
+field you change the dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you change the dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you change the dynamics of the
+theory and that ends up doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and that ends up doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and that ends up doing things
+like changing the character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changing the character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changing the character of
+gravitational radiation that is emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation that is emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation that is emitted
+from a system and so very recently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system and so very recently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system and so very recently the
+most stringent limits on these possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stringent limits on these possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stringent limits on these possible
+modifications to general relativity have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to general relativity have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to general relativity have
+come about from things like lagoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about from things like lagoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about from things like lagoa
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+have looked at coal essences of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at coal essences of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at coal essences of black
+holes and neutron stars and all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and neutron stars and all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and neutron stars and all their
+measurements are consistent with there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are consistent with there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are consistent with there
+being no scaler a modification to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being no scaler a modification to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being no scaler a modification to these
+things and so it helps to set limits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so it helps to set limits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so it helps to set limits on
+many of these theoretical frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these theoretical frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these theoretical frameworks
+that introduce and look at modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduce and look at modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduce and look at modifications
+to GR which are motivated by certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to GR which are motivated by certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to GR which are motivated by certain
+considerations this concludes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations this concludes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations this concludes the first
+half of 8 962 so if I'm just gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of 8 962 so if I'm just gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of 8 962 so if I'm just gonna do a
+quick recap of where we are and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick recap of where we are and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick recap of where we are and where we
+are going where I want you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going where I want you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going where I want you to sort of
+sit with things right now is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with things right now is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with things right now is that you
+have this arsenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this arsenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this arsenal
+which basically tells you that given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically tells you that given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically tells you that given the
+metric of space time you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of space time you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of space time you can compute the
+motion of bodies this is used done using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of bodies this is used done using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of bodies this is used done using
+by qt6 you can characterize how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by qt6 you can characterize how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by qt6 you can characterize how the
+curvature of that space-time which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of that space-time which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of that space-time which tells
+you about tidal fields and you now as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about tidal fields and you now as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about tidal fields and you now as of
+these last two lectures you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last two lectures you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last two lectures you know how to
+get this by solving the Einstein field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this by solving the Einstein field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this by solving the Einstein field
+equations what we will do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what we will do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what we will do in the
+remaining lectures that I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining lectures that I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining lectures that I will be
+recording and distributing through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and distributing through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and distributing through this
+courses website is solving this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses website is solving this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses website is solving this equation
+and exploring the properties of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploring the properties of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exploring the properties of these
+solutions and so let me just sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and so let me just sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and so let me just sort of say
+this equation you know if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you know if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you know if you go back
+and you think about what goes into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about what goes into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about what goes into this
+the beginning of my next lecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of my next lecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of my next lecture which
+I'll be recording tomorrow we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be recording tomorrow we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be recording tomorrow we'll go
+through this in some care but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in some care but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in some care but if you
+just think of this as a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of this as a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of this as a partial
+differential equation for the metric it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the metric it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the metric it
+is a god-awful mess okay there's no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a god-awful mess okay there's no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a god-awful mess okay there's no nice
+way to put it I mean it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to put it I mean it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to put it I mean it's just a
+horrible mess of coupled nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess of coupled nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess of coupled nonlinear
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+Angell equations we are going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angell equations we are going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angell equations we are going to look at
+three ways of solving this method one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of solving this method one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of solving this method one we
+will think about a kind of weak field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think about a kind of weak field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think about a kind of weak field
+expansion I'm going to imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm going to imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion I'm going to imagine that the
+space-time corresponding to the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time corresponding to the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time corresponding to the sources
+we are studying looks like flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are studying looks like flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are studying looks like flat
+space-time plus a small correction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time plus a small correction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time plus a small correction that
+will allow me to take this horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to take this horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to take this horrible
+coupled nonlinear mess and linearize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled nonlinear mess and linearize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled nonlinear mess and linearize it
+okay we will lay out the principles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will lay out the principles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will lay out the principles for
+doing that methodically in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that methodically in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that methodically in the beginning
+of the next lecture method two we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next lecture method two we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next lecture method two we'll see
+what happens when we assert a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the reasons why those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why those equations
+are such a mess is that in general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such a mess is that in general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such a mess is that in general you
+know there's just a tremendous a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's just a tremendous a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's just a tremendous a number
+of terms that are coupling to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms that are coupling to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms that are coupling to one
+another all sorts of things tying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all sorts of things tying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all sorts of things tying
+together and it's just very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's just very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's just very very
+complicated but if we imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but if we imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but if we imagine that
+everything is say spherically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is say spherically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is say spherically symmetric
+then that dramatically reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that dramatically reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that dramatically reduces the
+number of degrees of freedom that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom that the
+space-time could have even as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time could have even as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time could have even as a matter
+of principle and so we will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principle and so we will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principle and so we will actually
+start by beginning to explore the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by beginning to explore the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by beginning to explore the most
+symmetric space times of all and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric space times of all and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric space times of all and I will
+lay out exactly what that means and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out exactly what that means and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out exactly what that means and that
+actually turns out at least to within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out at least to within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out at least to within
+our ability to observational e probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to observational e probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to observational e probe
+this that appears to describe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that appears to describe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that appears to describe our
+universe on the largest scales and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe on the largest scales and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe on the largest scales and so
+when we do the largest the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do the largest the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do the largest the most
+symmetric things possible that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric things possible that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric things possible that gives us
+space times that work very well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space times that work very well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space times that work very well for
+describing cosmology making things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing cosmology making things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing cosmology making things a
+little bit less symmetric but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less symmetric but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less symmetric but still
+highly highly symmetric that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly highly symmetric that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly highly symmetric that allows us
+to describe very strong field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe very strong field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe very strong field
+objects things which I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects things which I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects things which I'm going to call
+I'm gonna just call them stars what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna just call them stars what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna just call them stars what I
+really mean by that are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean by that are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean by that are these are
+objects that are just self-gravitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are just self-gravitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are just self-gravitating
+spherical fluid balls okay and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical fluid balls okay and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical fluid balls okay and we will
+see how they can sort of hold themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they can sort of hold themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they can sort of hold themselves
+up against their own gravity what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against their own gravity what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against their own gravity what their
+space-time looks like there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time looks like there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time looks like there's all sorts
+of interesting properties that emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting properties that emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting properties that emerge
+from them and eventually we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and eventually we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and eventually we actually
+find that you reach a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you reach a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that you reach a set of
+configurations where there is no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations where there is no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations where there is no no
+fluid can be allowed by the that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid can be allowed by the that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid can be allowed by the that let me
+try that sentence again you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that sentence again you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that sentence again you can find
+configurations such that no fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations such that no fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations such that no fluid
+allowable by the laws of physics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable by the laws of physics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable by the laws of physics can
+give you a stable object they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a stable object they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a stable object they produce
+black holes that will basically take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes that will basically take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes that will basically take us
+essentially to the end of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to the end of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to the end of the course
+okay these two things have a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these two things have a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these two things have a tremendous
+amount of content in them and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of content in them and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of content in them and this is
+where a huge amount of the literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a huge amount of the literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a huge amount of the literature on
+general relativity has focused its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity has focused its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity has focused its
+attention over the past several decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention over the past several decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention over the past several decades
+in my last lecture or so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my last lecture or so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my last lecture or so I'm going to
+briefly describe general solutions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly describe general solutions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly describe general solutions what
+do you do if there is no symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do if there is no symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do if there is no symmetry
+there's no weak expansion no weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no weak expansion no weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no weak expansion no weak
+parameter you can expand and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you can expand and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you can expand and you just
+have to deal with the nonlinear bloody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the nonlinear bloody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the nonlinear bloody
+mess that these equations are just and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that these equations are just and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that these equations are just and
+then try to solve it and what this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to solve it and what this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try to solve it and what this will
+do is allow me to explore and tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is allow me to explore and tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is allow me to explore and tell you a
+little bit about the field of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the field of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the field of numerical
+relativity which is what you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which is what you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity which is what you do when you
+just want to solve these things with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to solve these things with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to solve these things with no
+approximations no assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations no assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations no assumptions that
+simplify it whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it whatsoever
+just take n steins field equations put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take n steins field equations put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take n steins field equations put
+it into a computer write a code hit go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a computer write a code hit go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a computer write a code hit go
+and see what happens so under the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens so under the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens so under the normal
+schedule of things where we would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of things where we would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of things where we would end
+today would have been right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today would have been right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today would have been right before
+spring break and these lectures would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break and these lectures would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break and these lectures would
+start up right after spring break under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up right after spring break under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start up right after spring break under
+the system that we are operating now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that we are operating now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that we are operating now I
+do suggest you sort of save this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suggest you sort of save this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do suggest you sort of save this for a
+little while make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while make sure that you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+what's going on with these field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with these field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with these field
+equations and we will be ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we will be ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we will be ready to
+explore the solutions and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the solutions and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the solutions and not just
+compute these solutions but also explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these solutions but also explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these solutions but also explore
+things like motion in them and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like motion in them and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like motion in them and their
+properties and we will begin that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we will begin that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we will begin that we'll
+begin that process immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin that process immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin that process immediately
+afterwards all right and I will conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards all right and I will conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards all right and I will conclude
+this lecture here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JsEvwRGa1JA.txt b/JsEvwRGa1JA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e34fa2b6ef3f244b78d3261c67802e88d67d7ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JsEvwRGa1JA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now consider a simple example let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now consider a simple example let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now consider a simple example let
+random variables x and y be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x and y be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x and y be described by
+a joint PMF which is the one shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint PMF which is the one shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a joint PMF which is the one shown in
+this table question are x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table question are x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table question are x and y
+independent we can try to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can try to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we can try to answer this
+question by using the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by using the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by using the definition of
+independence but it is actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence but it is actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence but it is actually more
+instructive to proceed in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to proceed in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to proceed in a somewhat
+more intuitive way we look at this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuitive way we look at this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuitive way we look at this table
+and we observe that the value of 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we observe that the value of 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we observe that the value of 1 is
+possible for X in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for X in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for X in particular the
+probability that X takes the value of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X takes the value of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X takes the value of 1
+this is the marginal probability this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the marginal probability this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the marginal probability this
+can be found by adding the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found by adding the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found by adding the probabilities
+of all the outcomes in this column which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the outcomes in this column which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the outcomes in this column which
+in this case is 3 over 20 suppose now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is 3 over 20 suppose now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is 3 over 20 suppose now
+that somebody tells you the value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody tells you the value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody tells you the value of y
+for example I told you that Y happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I told you that Y happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I told you that Y happens to
+be equal to one in which case you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one in which case you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one in which case you are
+transported into this universe in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into this universe in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported into this universe in this
+universe the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe the conditional probability
+that X takes a value of 1 given that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X takes a value of 1 given that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X takes a value of 1 given that Y
+takes a value of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of 1
+what is it in this universe there's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in this universe there's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it in this universe there's 0
+probability associated to this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated to this outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated to this outcome
+so this probability is 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability is 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability is 0 which is
+different than 3 over 20 and since these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than 3 over 20 and since these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than 3 over 20 and since these
+two numbers are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers are different
+this means that information from Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that information from Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that information from Y
+changes our beliefs about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes our beliefs about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes our beliefs about what's going
+to happen to X and so we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to X and so we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to X and so we do not have
+independence so again intuitively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so again intuitively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence so again intuitively in the
+beginning we thought that X equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we thought that X equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we thought that X equal to 1
+was possible but information given by Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible but information given by Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possible but information given by Y
+namely that Y is equal to 1 tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that Y is equal to 1 tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that Y is equal to 1 tells us
+that actually x equals to 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually x equals to 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually x equals to 1 is
+impossible information about Y changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible information about Y changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible information about Y changed
+our beliefs about X so x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beliefs about X so x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beliefs about X so x and y are
+dependent now when we first introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now when we first introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now when we first introduced
+the notion of independence some time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of independence some time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of independence some time ago
+we also introduced the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also introduced the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also introduced the notion of
+conditional independence and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence and we said
+that conditional independence is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conditional independence is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conditional independence is the
+same as ordinary independence except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ordinary independence except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as ordinary independence except
+that it would be applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be applied to a
+conditional universe something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe something similar
+can be done for the case of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done for the case of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done for the case of random
+variables as well so suppose for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well so suppose for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well so suppose for example
+that someone tells us that the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone tells us that the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone tells us that the outcome
+of the experiment was such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment was such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment was such that it
+belongs to this blue set this is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to this blue set this is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to this blue set this is the set
+where X is less than or equal to 2 and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is less than or equal to 2 and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is less than or equal to 2 and Y
+is larger than or equal to 3 so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than or equal to 3 so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than or equal to 3 so we are
+given this information and this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this information and this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this information and this is now
+our new conditional model the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new conditional model the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new conditional model the question
+is within this new conditional model our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this new conditional model our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this new conditional model our
+random variables x and y independent let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x and y independent let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x and y independent let
+us write down the conditional model who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us write down the conditional model who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us write down the conditional model who
+are I'm only showing the four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm only showing the four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm only showing the four possible
+outcomes that are allowed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that are allowed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that are allowed in the
+conditional model all the others of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model all the others of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model all the others of
+course will have zero probability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will have zero probability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will have zero probability in the
+conditional model so in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model so in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model so in the conditional
+model probabilities will keep the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model probabilities will keep the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model probabilities will keep the same
+proportions as in the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions as in the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions as in the unconditional
+model and the proportions are 1 2 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the proportions are 1 2 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the proportions are 1 2 2 4
+but then they need to be scaled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they need to be scaled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they need to be scaled or
+normalized so that they add to 1 and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized so that they add to 1 and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized so that they add to 1 and to
+make them add to 1 we need to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them add to 1 we need to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them add to 1 we need to divide
+them all by 9 in this conditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all by 9 in this conditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all by 9 in this conditional model
+this is the joint PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the joint PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the joint PMF
+of the two random variables x and y let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables x and y let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables x and y let
+us find the marginal pmfs to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us find the marginal pmfs to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us find the marginal pmfs to find the
+marginal PMF of X we add the entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PMF of X we add the entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PMF of X we add the entries in
+this column and we get here 1/3 and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and we get here 1/3 and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and we get here 1/3 and here
+2/3 and to find the marginal PMF of Y we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and to find the marginal PMF of Y we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and to find the marginal PMF of Y we
+add the entries in this column to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the entries in this column to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the entries in this column to find
+2/3 and we add the entries in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and we add the entries in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 and we add the entries in that
+column to find 1/3 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column to find 1/3 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column to find 1/3 so this is the
+marginal PMF of X that's the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PMF of X that's the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PMF of X that's the marginal
+PMF of Y and now we notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF of Y and now we notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF of Y and now we notice that this
+entry of the joint PMF is 1/3 times 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the joint PMF is 1/3 times 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the joint PMF is 1/3 times 1/3
+the product of the marginals this entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the marginals this entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the marginals this entry
+is the product of 1/3 times 2/3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of 1/3 times 2/3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of 1/3 times 2/3 the
+product of the marginals and so on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the marginals and so on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the marginals and so on for
+the remaining entries so each entry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining entries so each entry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining entries so each entry of
+the joint PMF is equal to the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PMF is equal to the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint PMF is equal to the product of
+the corresponding entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding entries of the
+marginal pmfs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal pmfs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal pmfs and this is
+the definition of Independence so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Independence so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Independence so in
+this conditional blue universe we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional blue universe we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional blue universe we do
+have independence and the way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have independence and the way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have independence and the way that this
+was established was to check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was established was to check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was established was to check that the
+joint pmf factors as a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint pmf factors as a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint pmf factors as a product of
+marginal pmfs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ju2WGx363_Q.txt b/Ju2WGx363_Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eabc53b5392cd8a22754fc20885cf3dfb78a4f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ju2WGx363_Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next section that we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section that we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section that we'll be talking
+about is this topic the forecast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this topic the forecast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is this topic the forecast is
+always wrong now I put it in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wrong now I put it in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wrong now I put it in quotes
+there because it is possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it is possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it is possible that the
+forecast actually matches what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast actually matches what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast actually matches what happens
+later on the world it is not as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the world it is not as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on the world it is not as if
+there's some devil that if you say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some devil that if you say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some devil that if you say yes
+it will say no or vice versa but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will say no or vice versa but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will say no or vice versa but there
+are experiences that the forecast we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experiences that the forecast we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experiences that the forecast we
+make about the future tend to differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the future tend to differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the future tend to differ
+substantially from what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially from what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially from what happens
+so the objective of this exercise is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective of this exercise is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective of this exercise is to
+give us a realistic assessment of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a realistic assessment of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a realistic assessment of our
+ability to forecast accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to forecast accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to forecast accurately
+you'll come away with the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come away with the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come away with the evidence that
+in general the forecast that we make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the forecast that we make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the forecast that we make for
+the performance of a system 5 10 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of a system 5 10 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of a system 5 10 15
+years in the future or even a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the future or even a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the future or even a year or
+six months if it's a fast turnaround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months if it's a fast turnaround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months if it's a fast turnaround
+kind of uh technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh technology
+are different from what we anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from what we anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from what we anticipated
+let's look at some evidence and first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some evidence and first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some evidence and first of
+all the simplest possible case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the simplest possible case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the simplest possible case
+projection of project costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of project costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of project costs
+so here is a ratio a graph showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a ratio a graph showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a ratio a graph showing the
+ratio of real cost what it actually cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of real cost what it actually cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of real cost what it actually cost
+to the estimated cost and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the estimated cost and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the estimated cost and on the
+vertical axis here it is the percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis here it is the percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis here it is the percent of
+observations going from zero up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations going from zero up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations going from zero up to about
+15 percent here of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 percent here of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 percent here of the whole
+observations on a very simple job which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on a very simple job which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on a very simple job which
+I'll explain in a moment so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a moment so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a moment so it's the
+this is how many observations here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how many observations here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how many observations here and
+this is the ratio between the real cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ratio between the real cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ratio between the real cost
+of the estimated cost so in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimated cost so in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimated cost so in this case if
+the ratio if you'd actually gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio if you'd actually gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio if you'd actually gotten
+exactly the forecast correctly you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the forecast correctly you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the forecast correctly you would
+have one being the ratio and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one being the ratio and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one being the ratio and what you
+see is that it's very different over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that it's very different over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that it's very different over a
+range as evidenced by this histogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as evidenced by this histogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as evidenced by this histogram of
+occurrences frequency of occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences frequency of occurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences frequency of occurrences
+now let me say a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me say a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me say a little bit about what
+this is this represents what possibly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this represents what possibly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this represents what possibly is
+the simplest possible technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible technological
+activity it represents the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity it represents the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity it represents the cost of
+resurfacing runways I told you I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing runways I told you I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing runways I told you I was
+interested in airports this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in airports this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in airports this is an
+airport example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport example
+now resurfacing runways is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now resurfacing runways is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now resurfacing runways is that you
+basically put down a layer of asphalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put down a layer of asphalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put down a layer of asphalt
+over the top of the runway because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top of the runway because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top of the runway because after
+aircraft pound on it and pound on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft pound on it and pound on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft pound on it and pound on it and
+pound on it through the many Landings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound on it through the many Landings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound on it through the many Landings
+that occur you it breaks up a bit so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur you it breaks up a bit so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur you it breaks up a bit so the
+task is you put down a determined amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is you put down a determined amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is you put down a determined amount
+of asphalt or depth over the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asphalt or depth over the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asphalt or depth over the width of
+the air of the runway times the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air of the runway times the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air of the runway times the length
+and the volume is pretty clear the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume is pretty clear the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume is pretty clear the the
+technology is basically you drive up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is basically you drive up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is basically you drive up a
+truck you dump out the asphalt you roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck you dump out the asphalt you roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck you dump out the asphalt you roll
+it down and that it is it could hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and that it is it could hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and that it is it could hardly
+be more simple than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more simple than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more simple than that
+so you might ask why is it that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might ask why is it that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might ask why is it that this
+ratio of the real cost the actual cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the real cost the actual cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the real cost the actual cost
+is so large let me emphasize how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so large let me emphasize how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so large let me emphasize how large
+it is it goes down from about 0.5 on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it goes down from about 0.5 on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it goes down from about 0.5 on one
+scale to about two and a half at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale to about two and a half at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale to about two and a half at the
+other end of the scale and all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the scale and all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the scale and all this is
+around a median value of about one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a median value of about one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a median value of about one and a
+quarter 1.25 is the highest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter 1.25 is the highest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter 1.25 is the highest point
+now it'd be easy to understand why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'd be easy to understand why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'd be easy to understand why the
+median the most frequent value is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median the most frequent value is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median the most frequent value is higher
+than one that the because while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one that the because while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one that the because while you're
+there you may decide oh I'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you may decide oh I'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you may decide oh I'll do a little
+extra taxi away I'll do a little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra taxi away I'll do a little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra taxi away I'll do a little extra
+here and it's our common experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's our common experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's our common experience that
+their estimates are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their estimates are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their estimates are sort of
+undershooting what actually happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undershooting what actually happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undershooting what actually happens
+but what's interesting about this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting about this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting about this case
+which is so simple is that we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so simple is that we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so simple is that we go from
+1.25 as a median down to about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25 as a median down to about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25 as a median down to about half of
+it 0.5 or 0.6 to about double of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0.5 or 0.6 to about double of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0.5 or 0.6 to about double of it that
+is our ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our ability
+to predict the actual cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the actual cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the actual cost
+is off by a factor of two half or double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off by a factor of two half or double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off by a factor of two half or double
+what actually is the most frequent cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is the most frequent cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is the most frequent cost
+this is really remarkable this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really remarkable this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really remarkable this is the
+kind of thing I'd like you to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing I'd like you to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing I'd like you to keep in
+your mind about how difficult it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind about how difficult it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind about how difficult it is now
+why does this occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this occur
+it's not because the designers couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because the designers couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because the designers couldn't
+do the math that width times length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math that width times length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the math that width times length
+times depth is a certain about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times depth is a certain about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times depth is a certain about an
+asphalt and there's how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphalt and there's how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphalt and there's how to do it
+what happens here in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here in this particular
+case as in many cases is that the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as in many cases is that the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as in many cases is that the one of
+the major determinants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major determinants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major determinants of this
+distribution is the fact that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the fact that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the fact that energy
+prices in this case petroleum prices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in this case petroleum prices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices in this case petroleum prices but
+they tie in with other Energy prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tie in with other Energy prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tie in with other Energy prices
+very enormously that is the price of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very enormously that is the price of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very enormously that is the price of oil
+during the last 20 years or so has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last 20 years or so has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the last 20 years or so has gone
+from about 15 to 150 dollars per barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 15 to 150 dollars per barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 15 to 150 dollars per barrel
+by a factor of eight or nine or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of eight or nine or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of eight or nine or ten
+however you wish to talk about it but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you wish to talk about it but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you wish to talk about it but a
+huge variation and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variation and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variation and that's what's
+reflected here that's one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected here that's one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected here that's one of the things
+that's reflected here but it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected here but it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected here but it's not just
+asphalt if you're making cement if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphalt if you're making cement if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphalt if you're making cement if you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+heating steel and creating steel all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating steel and creating steel all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating steel and creating steel all
+these are intended energy intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are intended energy intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are intended energy intensive
+electricity prices change the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices change the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices change the same way
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is largely driven by factors beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is largely driven by factors beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is largely driven by factors beyond
+our control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our control
+in addition to these is the factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these is the factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these is the factors that
+their labor changes that is during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their labor changes that is during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their labor changes that is during
+periods of economic High economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of economic High economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of economic High economic
+activities you'll have to pay overtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you'll have to pay overtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you'll have to pay overtime
+for the workers when their recessions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the workers when their recessions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the workers when their recessions or
+bad Economic Times you'll get low bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Economic Times you'll get low bids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad Economic Times you'll get low bids
+and so in addition to the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in addition to the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in addition to the materials
+changes they are the economic changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes they are the economic changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes they are the economic changes
+but in short this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in short this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in short this particular example
+gives you an illustration of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an illustration of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an illustration of the way
+that even in the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in the simplest possible
+situations that our ability to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that our ability to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that our ability to predict
+the actual costs is not very good at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual costs is not very good at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual costs is not very good at all
+this is the kind of changes that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of changes that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of changes that happen
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+to exemplify this I have a similar kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exemplify this I have a similar kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exemplify this I have a similar kind
+of graph here for all kinds of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph here for all kinds of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph here for all kinds of projects
+these are again this is the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are again this is the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are again this is the vertical
+axis up here and we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis up here and we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis up here and we're talking about the
+average cost compared to the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost compared to the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost compared to the predicted
+cost so the predicted cost is one about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so the predicted cost is one about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so the predicted cost is one about
+here and the average is or whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the average is or whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the average is or whatever it's
+called here it goes up to about two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called here it goes up to about two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called here it goes up to about two and
+a half of this particular graph and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of this particular graph and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of this particular graph and it's
+for a whole variety of projects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole variety of projects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole variety of projects this
+will surveyed some time ago and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will surveyed some time ago and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will surveyed some time ago and the
+quality of this is defined by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of this is defined by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of this is defined by that
+little bar Over The Far Side over about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bar Over The Far Side over about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bar Over The Far Side over about
+in here where it talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here where it talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here where it talks about the
+standard deviation what's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation what's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation what's that the
+standard deviation the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation the standard
+deviation is a measure of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is a measure of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is a measure of how the
+dispersion is around the average so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is around the average so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion is around the average so in
+the previous graph we saw that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous graph we saw that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous graph we saw that there was
+a very wide dispersion of about a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide dispersion of about a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide dispersion of about a factor
+of one but in all these one ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one but in all these one ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one but in all these one ones here
+the standard deviation shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation shows a
+dispersion which is this little bar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion which is this little bar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion which is this little bar the
+far right hand side for you which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right hand side for you which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right hand side for you which is
+about a standard deviation of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a standard deviation of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a standard deviation of close to
+one half and these are for ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half and these are for ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half and these are for ordinary
+projects building highways all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects building highways all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects building highways all kinds of
+ordinary kinds of activities so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary kinds of activities so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary kinds of activities so what we
+see here the common experience is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the common experience is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the common experience is that
+the projected costs in advance are under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projected costs in advance are under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projected costs in advance are under
+uh what actually happens and under by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what actually happens and under by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what actually happens and under by a
+large amount both up and down high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount both up and down high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount both up and down high
+variations a standard deviation about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations a standard deviation about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations a standard deviation about 50
+percent plus or minus 50 percent is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent plus or minus 50 percent is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent plus or minus 50 percent is what
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+now this is for the same kind of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is for the same kind of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is for the same kind of figure
+but for NASA NASA the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for NASA NASA the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for NASA NASA the National
+Aeronautics and Space Administration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aeronautics and Space Administration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aeronautics and Space Administration and
+it shows these now for High-Tech groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows these now for High-Tech groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows these now for High-Tech groups
+and what You observe and when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what You observe and when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what You observe and when we're
+talking about high-tech and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about high-tech and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about high-tech and more
+Innovative and less usual kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative and less usual kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative and less usual kinds of
+activities that the cost variation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that the cost variation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that the cost variation is
+very much higher here and now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much higher here and now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much higher here and now we have a
+lot of these different projects went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these different projects went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these different projects went up
+to uh about twice the estimated cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh about twice the estimated cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh about twice the estimated cost and
+over on the right you see the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right you see the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right you see the standard
+deviation which is now over UH 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which is now over UH 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which is now over UH 60
+percent and it's more variation so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and it's more variation so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and it's more variation so what
+we observe in each case that I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe in each case that I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe in each case that I've shown
+so far is that we don't get it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is that we don't get it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is that we don't get it right and
+we don't even get it right within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even get it right within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even get it right within a
+range there's a large range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there's a large range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there's a large range of
+possibilities our forecasts are as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities our forecasts are as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities our forecasts are as I
+suggested the beginning are four cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the beginning are four cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the beginning are four cast
+are wrong wrong in the sense that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong wrong in the sense that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong wrong in the sense that what
+actually happens is not what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is not what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is not what you said
+was happening or what the expert said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening or what the expert said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening or what the expert said
+would happen and it's not saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen and it's not saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen and it's not saying the
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+aren't good at what they do it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good at what they do it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good at what they do it is that
+the world changes things happen so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changes things happen so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changes things happen so we
+need to take this into account as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take this into account as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take this into account as we
+think about our ability to estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our ability to estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our ability to estimate and
+manage a set of projects
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KlQiwkhLBg0.txt b/KlQiwkhLBg0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6006d9d1036617e0f8d0f5c7b16b8193f6bc4e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KlQiwkhLBg0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19968 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks
+uh i think it's about time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it's about time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it's about time to get
+started uh thank you guys for for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh thank you guys for for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh thank you guys for for making
+it to our problem session and i guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to our problem session and i guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to our problem session and i guess uh
+talking to many of you guys virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to many of you guys virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to many of you guys virtually
+given the number of people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the number of people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the number of people in the room
+but that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's perfectly fine
+uh right so we're in uh problem session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so we're in uh problem session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so we're in uh problem session
+number two for 6006. hopefully you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for 6006. hopefully you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two for 6006. hopefully you're
+all in the right place i'm justin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the right place i'm justin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the right place i'm justin
+uh i think i was looking i was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think i was looking i was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think i was looking i was looking
+at a little spreadsheet of who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a little spreadsheet of who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a little spreadsheet of who's
+teaching what and i think you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching what and i think you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching what and i think you guys are
+stuck with me in a lot of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with me in a lot of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with me in a lot of these uh
+problem sessions which actually i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sessions which actually i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sessions which actually i think
+in terms of hours of video means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of hours of video means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of hours of video means that
+you're stuck listening to my voice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck listening to my voice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck listening to my voice the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+uh so sorry in advance uh but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sorry in advance uh but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so sorry in advance uh but but in
+in any event it's always fun to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event it's always fun to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any event it's always fun to do this
+kind of thing and it gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and it gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and it gave me the
+opportunity to do homework which i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do homework which i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do homework which i have
+not done in a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done in a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done in a very long time
+um so last last night i worked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last last night i worked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so last last night i worked through
+all these problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these problems and
+came up with my own hacked together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with my own hacked together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with my own hacked together uh
+answers these which thankfully more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers these which thankfully more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers these which thankfully more or
+less agreed with what was in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less agreed with what was in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less agreed with what was in the the
+answer key which i have and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer key which i have and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer key which i have and you don't
+uh i think that we released on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that we released on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that we released on so
+there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a
+there's a known bug in 6006 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a known bug in 6006 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a known bug in 6006 which is
+that this instructor has horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this instructor has horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this instructor has horrible
+handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting
+um i'm working on it i went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm working on it i went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm working on it i went to the
+classroom and practiced the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and practiced the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom and practiced the other day
+uh but uh in the meantime there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh in the meantime there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh in the meantime there are
+horrible handwritten notes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible handwritten notes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible handwritten notes that are
+posted in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted in the the
+learning module at least for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module at least for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning module at least for the
+duration of the talk today and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the talk today and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the talk today and we'll
+decide whether we want to leave them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether we want to leave them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether we want to leave them up
+or not because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not because they're not
+super exciting um just so you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting um just so you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting um just so you can make
+sure you can follow along with that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can follow along with that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can follow along with that i'm
+writing on the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the board and
+as with before if there's ever anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with before if there's ever anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with before if there's ever anything
+that you can't read just stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't read just stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't read just stop me
+and i'll gladly uh fix cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll gladly uh fix cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll gladly uh fix cool
+so uh right so hopefully does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so hopefully does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so hopefully does everybody
+have a copy of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of the uh
+problems it'll look a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it'll look a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it'll look a little different
+from this the green stuff is the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this the green stuff is the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this the green stuff is the answers
+i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get
+i get those and you don't uh or sorry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get those and you don't uh or sorry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get those and you don't uh or sorry i
+always ask this question when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask this question when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask this question when i'm
+teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and
+you never get to answer does anybody not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get to answer does anybody not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get to answer does anybody not
+have a copy of the problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of the problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a copy of the problems in the
+problem session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session
+fabulous okay if you don't there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous okay if you don't there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous okay if you don't there there's
+a pile of handouts up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pile of handouts up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pile of handouts up here
+here i'll grab one for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh great so you know the the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh great so you know the the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh great so you know the the basic
+goal of the problem sessions is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the problem sessions is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the problem sessions is to
+go over a bunch of example problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over a bunch of example problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over a bunch of example problems
+which i believe are mostly lifted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i believe are mostly lifted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i believe are mostly lifted from
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+years uh homeworks and exams and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh homeworks and exams and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh homeworks and exams and and you
+know work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know work through
+how we went about thinking about them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we went about thinking about them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we went about thinking about them uh
+and and a solution or at least just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a solution or at least just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a solution or at least just kind
+of sketch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketch out
+enough that we're confident you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we're confident you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we're confident you could
+fill in the blanks of a solution given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blanks of a solution given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blanks of a solution given
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+limited time together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time together um
+right and of course uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course uh one of the
+pleasures of teaching this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of teaching this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of teaching this problem
+session is this is not normally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is this is not normally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is this is not normally the
+class that i teach so these really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that i teach so these really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that i teach so these really are
+problems i haven't seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems i haven't seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems i haven't seen before
+uh and indeed in the middle of the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and indeed in the middle of the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and indeed in the middle of the night
+last night i woke up and realized my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night i woke up and realized my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night i woke up and realized my
+answer to the last problem was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the last problem was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the last problem was totally
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+uh so if you feel that way sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you feel that way sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you feel that way sometimes the
+feeling is mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is mutual
+so in any event there are four problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any event there are four problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any event there are four problems
+on your handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your handout
+that roughly i think are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly i think are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly i think are in
+correspondence with the stuff we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with the stuff we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with the stuff we've
+taught over the last week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught over the last week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught over the last week or so
+so the first problem involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first problem involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first problem involves
+recurrences the second involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences the second involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences the second involves
+infinity stones the third involves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity stones the third involves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity stones the third involves uh
+some kind of a cue stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a cue stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a cue stack
+structure uh and the uh the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh and the uh the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh and the uh the fourth
+involves like all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves like all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves like all kinds of things
+talking to each other in a way that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other in a way that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other in a way that i
+got wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong
+um so i guess for lack of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i guess for lack of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i guess for lack of a more
+creative thing we'll just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative thing we'll just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative thing we'll just go through
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+in order uh and essentially this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order uh and essentially this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order uh and essentially this is
+supposed to be an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be an interactive
+session although it doesn't really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session although it doesn't really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session although it doesn't really look
+that way um but since you guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um but since you guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um but since you guys are the
+people in the room you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room you have the
+advantage of being able to stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of being able to stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of being able to stop me
+the second that i a make a mistake or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second that i a make a mistake or be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second that i a make a mistake or be
+say something that confuses you and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something that confuses you and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something that confuses you and i'm
+relying on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you
+to do that okay no that's our deal today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay no that's our deal today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that okay no that's our deal today
+some kind of acknowledgement noses out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of acknowledgement noses out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of acknowledgement noses out
+of the laptops maybe for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laptops maybe for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laptops maybe for a second
+cool thank you see thumbs up that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thank you see thumbs up that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thank you see thumbs up that's what
+i'm looking for okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking for okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking for okay
+all right folks so uh right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks so uh right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks so uh right so let's
+start with uh problem number one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with uh problem number one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with uh problem number one here
+so problem number one is solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem number one is solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem number one is solving
+recurrences which is like our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences which is like our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences which is like our favorite
+way to torture undergrads and algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to torture undergrads and algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to torture undergrads and algorithms
+classes in the first couple weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in the first couple weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in the first couple weeks
+uh and in particular applying this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular applying this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular applying this uh uh
+master's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem
+so i thought i'd spend about 82 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought i'd spend about 82 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought i'd spend about 82 seconds
+reviewing master theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing master theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing master theorem
+um because this is sort of the giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is sort of the giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is sort of the giant
+sledgehammer uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer uh for
+solving recurrences without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving recurrences without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving recurrences without
+understanding why you got the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why you got the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why you got the answer
+that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did
+and then for each of these problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these problems uh
+conveniently this homework problem asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this homework problem asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this homework problem asks
+you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+uh each uh big o thing twice right once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each uh big o thing twice right once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each uh big o thing twice right once
+using master theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using master theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using master theorem
+to kind of get you used to just applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of get you used to just applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of get you used to just applying
+this little set of rules which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little set of rules which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little set of rules which is sort
+of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most
+efficient way to solve our currencies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to solve our currencies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to solve our currencies it
+just gives you a formula to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a formula to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a formula to look at
+uh in addition to that drawing a tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to that drawing a tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in addition to that drawing a tree of
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+and and kind of counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and kind of counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and kind of counting the number of
+computations you do so the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you do so the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you do so the first two
+are basically straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically straightforward
+applications of uh master theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of uh master theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of uh master theorem the
+third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one
+uh requires a little bit of thinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh requires a little bit of thinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh requires a little bit of thinking so
+naturally i got stuck and wasted an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally i got stuck and wasted an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally i got stuck and wasted an hour
+yesterday trying to convince myself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday trying to convince myself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday trying to convince myself the
+answer was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was right
+okay so uh for a tiny bit of review i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh for a tiny bit of review i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh for a tiny bit of review i
+know that you also did this in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you also did this in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you also did this in uh
+recitation but it can't hurt to bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation but it can't hurt to bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation but it can't hurt to bring it
+up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again
+remember that master's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i believe that master really is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i believe that master really is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i believe that master really is just
+because it's general right there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's general right there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's general right there's not
+like a guy named master but i noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a guy named master but i noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a guy named master but i noticed
+that it was capitalized a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was capitalized a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was capitalized a lot in the
+course notes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notes uh
+but in any event uh the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event uh the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event uh the basic idea is
+that i have some recurrence that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have some recurrence that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have some recurrence that looks
+uh like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the following
+which is t of n equals uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t of n equals uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t of n equals uh a
+t of n over b uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of n over b uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of n over b uh
+plus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of
+n right so for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so for instance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so for instance uh
+in merge sort uh for a tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in merge sort uh for a tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in merge sort uh for a tiny bit of
+review remember that we kind of split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review remember that we kind of split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review remember that we kind of split
+into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces
+so both a and b and merge short would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both a and b and merge short would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both a and b and merge short would be
+two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah
+and the amount of work that i do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of work that i do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of work that i do in the
+merge step is kind of like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge step is kind of like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge step is kind of like n
+so that's how to fill in these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how to fill in these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how to fill in these different
+constants there and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants there and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants there and the question is
+asymptotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically
+what does this function look like and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this function look like and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this function look like and of
+course that's not totally obvious from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not totally obvious from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not totally obvious from
+this formula because i've defined t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula because i've defined t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula because i've defined t
+in terms of itself right and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of itself right and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of itself right and that's the
+sort of annoying part of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of annoying part of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of annoying part of solving
+recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences
+and so master theorem and and i'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so master theorem and and i'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so master theorem and and i'll let
+you guys review your your section notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys review your your section notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys review your your section notes
+about precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about precisely
+how this gets proved uh it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this gets proved uh it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this gets proved uh it essentially
+divides into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into three
+cases uh and and the relevant numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh and and the relevant numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh and and the relevant numbers
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+are as follows right there's an a a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as follows right there's an a a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as follows right there's an a a b
+and an f and so the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an f and so the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an f and so the a
+is kind of like a branching factor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like a branching factor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like a branching factor right
+so if you remember your computation tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember your computation tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember your computation tree
+right like in merge sort you split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in merge sort you split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like in merge sort you split it
+into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two
+pieces right so that number is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right so that number is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right so that number is kind of
+like a it's the number of splits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a it's the number of splits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a it's the number of splits that
+you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+right uh b uh is the amount of that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh b uh is the amount of that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh b uh is the amount of that your
+problem size reduces when you go to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size reduces when you go to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size reduces when you go to each
+of those leafs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those leafs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those leafs
+then finally f is the amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally f is the amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally f is the amount of work
+that you do at each note yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do at each note yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do at each note yeah so
+hopefully that the basic language makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that the basic language makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that the basic language makes
+sense uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh and then
+essentially what you learned from master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you learned from master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you learned from master
+theorem uh is that there's three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh is that there's three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh is that there's three uh
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+the first is that f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that f of n
+uh looks like by the way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like by the way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like by the way in the
+recitation notes for some reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes for some reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes for some reason it's
+kind of written backward like they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written backward like they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of written backward like they give
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+to master's theorem and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to master's theorem and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to master's theorem and then the
+condition i'm going to write in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition i'm going to write in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition i'm going to write in the
+other order um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order um
+right looks like the following which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like the following which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like the following which is
+n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log
+base b of a minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+positive epsilon i'm going to try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive epsilon i'm going to try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive epsilon i'm going to try to be
+very conscientious about reading my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conscientious about reading my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conscientious about reading my
+writing out loud as i write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out loud as i write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out loud as i write it down
+all right and in that case what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and in that case what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and in that case what we find
+is notice there's something kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notice there's something kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notice there's something kind of
+magic here which is that this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here which is that this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here which is that this is just an
+upper bound there's not a theta here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound there's not a theta here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound there's not a theta here so
+it's okay if if f is below this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if if f is below this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if if f is below this thing
+but in any event um the conclusion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event um the conclusion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event um the conclusion then
+is that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that t
+of n is big theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is big theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is big theta
+of uh n to the log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n to the log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n to the log base
+b of a it's kind of cool if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of a it's kind of cool if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of a it's kind of cool if you think
+about it you only have an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you only have an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you only have an upper bound
+for f but you get a nice a theta bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f but you get a nice a theta bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f but you get a nice a theta bound
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+t which is pretty cool the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which is pretty cool the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which is pretty cool the reason for
+that is essentially the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially the f
+is sort of insignificant relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of insignificant relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of insignificant relative to the
+work of just traversing up and down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of just traversing up and down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of just traversing up and down the
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+that's case one case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one case two
+i'm gonna try and leave this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna try and leave this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna try and leave this on the
+board as we actually solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board as we actually solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board as we actually solve these
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+is the following which is f of n is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following which is f of n is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following which is f of n is big
+theta of n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of n to the log
+base b of a multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a multiplied
+by log to the kth power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log to the kth power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log to the kth power of
+n this is like a super weird form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is like a super weird form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is like a super weird form but
+like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example
+you can it's perfectly kosher to take k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's perfectly kosher to take k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's perfectly kosher to take k
+equals zero in which case it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in which case it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in which case it starts to
+look like case one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like case one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like case one right
+um for some uh positive k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some uh positive k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some uh positive k
+or non-negative k rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-negative k rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-negative k rather
+in which case uh what we learn is that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case uh what we learn is that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case uh what we learn is that t
+of n is uh theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is uh theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is uh theta
+of uh n to the log base b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n to the log base b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n to the log base b
+of a uh times log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh times log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh times log
+to the k plus one of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k plus one of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k plus one of n
+you can see why we don't love applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why we don't love applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why we don't love applying
+this theorem in this course because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem in this course because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem in this course because i
+feel like just staring at these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like just staring at these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like just staring at these formulas
+is like totally unenlightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like totally unenlightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like totally unenlightening
+but it is a giant sledgehammer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a giant sledgehammer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a giant sledgehammer for
+solving recurrences quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving recurrences quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving recurrences quickly
+uh and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case three i'm going to slide the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three i'm going to slide the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three i'm going to slide the board
+up and i'm going to slide it back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and i'm going to slide it back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and i'm going to slide it back down
+because i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't want to
+bend over okay uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend over okay uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend over okay uh is
+the following which is f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is f of n
+is omega right meaning that it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega right meaning that it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega right meaning that it's lower
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+uh by n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by n to the log
+base b of a plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a plus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a plus epsilon
+uh for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for some
+epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+and we needed a second case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's it called a f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it called a f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it called a f of n
+over b is less than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b is less than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b is less than c
+f n for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n for some
+c between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's the conclusion there then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the conclusion there then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the conclusion there then it
+turns out that the f term sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the f term sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the f term sort of
+dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+and what we get is that t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we get is that t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we get is that t of n
+is theta of f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so essentially uh this covers three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially uh this covers three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially uh this covers three
+sort of major cases that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of major cases that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of major cases that you see in
+recurrences there are other more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences there are other more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences there are other more
+kind of generic versions of the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generic versions of the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generic versions of the master
+theorem out there where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem out there where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem out there where essentially
+rather than just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just having
+one term with a t in it like maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term with a t in it like maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term with a t in it like maybe you
+saw more than one term with a t in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw more than one term with a t in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw more than one term with a t in it
+i don't think those are covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think those are covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think those are covered in this
+class i always confuse the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i always confuse the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i always confuse the name of the
+more general one i want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general one i want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general one i want to say
+arzela escuoli but i know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arzela escuoli but i know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arzela escuoli but i know that that's
+from functional analysis aquapasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from functional analysis aquapasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from functional analysis aquapasi
+uh theorem um if you want to google that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorem um if you want to google that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorem um if you want to google that
+learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more
+uh but in the event that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in the event that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in the event that's going to be
+enough for for most of the recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for for most of the recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for for most of the recurrences
+we care about in double of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about in double of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about in double of six
+so i've at least written our conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've at least written our conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've at least written our conditions
+down and now they're gonna sit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and now they're gonna sit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and now they're gonna sit on the
+left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+while we do three example problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we do three example problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we do three example problems to
+show how they show up in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how they show up in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how they show up in practice
+are there any questions about like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about like what
+this theorem is telling us about life or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is telling us about life or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is telling us about life or
+how to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't speak at once now yes no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak at once now yes no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak at once now yes no problem
+what's the after sum the last line oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the after sum the last line oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the after sum the last line oh
+for some c in zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some c in zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some c in zero one
+not inclusive fabulous question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inclusive fabulous question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inclusive fabulous question
+any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's uh let's do an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's do an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's do an example uh
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+um so let's do part a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's do part a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's do part a right so
+in part a they give you a recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part a they give you a recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part a they give you a recurrence
+which isn't all that different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't all that different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't all that different from
+merge sword or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sword or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sword or
+or any of the other ones it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the other ones it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the other ones it looks
+something like this t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this t of n
+is equal to two t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two t
+of n over two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over two uh
+plus and then they have some other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then they have some other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then they have some other term
+which they don't tell you anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they don't tell you anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they don't tell you anything about
+beyond that it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that it's big
+o of theta of a big o of square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of theta of a big o of square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of theta of a big o of square root of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+by the way this might mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this might mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this might mean that it
+actually does order one work right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does order one work right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does order one work right like
+it just has to be upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has to be upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has to be upper bounded by
+square root of n that's the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n that's the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n that's the only thing
+the problem's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem's telling you
+i'm going to keep kind of driving home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep kind of driving home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep kind of driving home
+that point because i think everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point because i think everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point because i think everybody
+including myself gets really sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself gets really sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself gets really sloppy
+about like when is it o when is it theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like when is it o when is it theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like when is it o when is it theta
+when's it omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's it omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's it omega
+and so every single time you write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every single time you write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every single time you write one
+of those letters down you should like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those letters down you should like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those letters down you should like
+step back 50 feet and look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back 50 feet and look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back 50 feet and look at it and
+think like did i do that right or did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like did i do that right or did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like did i do that right or did i
+just write a greek letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write a greek letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write a greek letter
+right and and make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and make sure that you're
+actually thinking through it logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking through it logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking through it logically
+okay so um when i apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um when i apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um when i apply
+master theorem in my everyday life what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master theorem in my everyday life what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master theorem in my everyday life what
+i like to do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to do is to say
+okay somehow the really key quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somehow the really key quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay somehow the really key quantity
+in master theorem is this this this dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in master theorem is this this this dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in master theorem is this this this dude
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+n to the log base b of a right he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log base b of a right he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log base b of a right he just
+keeps showing up in all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps showing up in all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps showing up in all these different
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+so i might as well figure what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might as well figure what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i might as well figure what that is
+for my recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my recurrence
+yeah and then plug it in and check which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then plug it in and check which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then plug it in and check which
+case i'm in does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i'm in does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i'm in does that make sense
+so let's do that uh so first of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that uh so first of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that uh so first of all uh
+what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a
+in for this particular recurrence two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's b you're killing me guys on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's b you're killing me guys on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's b you're killing me guys on three
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+three okay the enthusiasm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay the enthusiasm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay the enthusiasm is
+overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+okay and what do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what do we know about the
+function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+yeah it's big o of root n we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's big o of root n we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's big o of root n we don't know
+that it equals root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it equals root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it equals root n
+but we do know that it's at most upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do know that it's at most upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do know that it's at most upper
+bounded by something that kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by something that kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by something that kind of looks
+like root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like root
+eric gave me a whole lesson on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric gave me a whole lesson on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric gave me a whole lesson on this
+chalk and i'm still failing at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk and i'm still failing at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk and i'm still failing at it
+okay so uh right so now uh that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so now uh that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so now uh that gives us
+everything we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we need
+uh to compute n to the log base b of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to compute n to the log base b of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to compute n to the log base b of a
+we're gonna do this one real slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this one real slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do this one real slowly and
+then we're gonna do the next one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do the next one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do the next one a
+little more fastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more fastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more fastly
+quickly so n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so n to the log
+base b of a well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base b of a well that's
+n to the log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of 2. maybe an idea what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2. maybe an idea what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2. maybe an idea what's
+what's the log base two of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay i'll take it this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay i'll take it this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay i'll take it this okay
+right and so then what does uh what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so then what does uh what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so then what does uh what does
+master theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master theorem
+tell you well in some sense i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you well in some sense i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you well in some sense i want to
+know what f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what f
+is which in this case looks like square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which in this case looks like square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which in this case looks like square
+root of n compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n compared to
+what this is n to the first yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is n to the first yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is n to the first yeah
+now first of all which of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first of all which of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now first of all which of these two
+things grows faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things grows faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things grows faster
+this guy right so what do we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right so what do we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy right so what do we know is
+that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+is really kind of upper bounded by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really kind of upper bounded by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really kind of upper bounded by this
+n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here
+upper bounded is not quite the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded is not quite the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded is not quite the right
+term because big o allows for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because big o allows for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because big o allows for some
+wiggle room but like asymptotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room but like asymptotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room but like asymptotically
+hopefully you guys get this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys get this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you guys get this concept
+okay so uh so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so in particular
+let's see so so remember that f uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so so remember that f uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so so remember that f uh let's
+maybe just write it again so f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just write it again so f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just write it again so f of n
+is big o of square root of n but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big o of square root of n but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big o of square root of n but let's
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+in a suggestive way as n to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a suggestive way as n to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a suggestive way as n to the one half
+yeah in particular this is equal to big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular this is equal to big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular this is equal to big
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+of n to the one minus one half it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the one minus one half it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the one minus one half it's a
+beautiful thing about one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but what is n to the 1 well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but what is n to the 1 well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but what is n to the 1 well that's
+n to the log base b of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log base b of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the log base b of a
+right that's what we just showed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what we just showed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what we just showed here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is really o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really o
+of n to the log b of a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the log b of a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the log b of a that's a
+complicated way of writing the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way of writing the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way of writing the number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right minus one half and let's give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus one half and let's give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus one half and let's give one
+half a special name too while we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a special name too while we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a special name too while we're at
+it let's call him epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's call him epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's call him epsilon
+or her yeah where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her yeah where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her yeah where
+we take epsilon equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take epsilon equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take epsilon equals
+see what i did there now what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what i did there now what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what i did there now what does it
+tell me of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me of uh
+uh there are three different cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are three different cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are three different cases of
+master's theorem and take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem and take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem and take a look at what
+i just showed i showed that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed i showed that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed i showed that f
+n is equal to big o of n to the log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to big o of n to the log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to big o of n to the log base
+b of a minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of a minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of a minus epsilon
+for sum epsilon that's equal to one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum epsilon that's equal to one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sum epsilon that's equal to one-half
+the beautiful thing about one-half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful thing about one-half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful thing about one-half is
+that it is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is greater than zero
+yeah so i think we have somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think we have somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i think we have somewhat
+laboriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously
+checked that we are in case one any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked that we are in case one any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked that we are in case one any uh
+dissidence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissidence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissidence here
+fabulous okay so in that case master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous okay so in that case master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous okay so in that case master's
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+basically you're just done right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're just done right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're just done right so what
+is the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so t of n is theta of n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so t of n is theta of n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so t of n is theta of n to the
+log base b of a but we already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base b of a but we already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base b of a but we already showed
+that's equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any questions about how we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about how we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about how we uh
+apply master theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply master theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply master theorem here
+okay so now so here's the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so here's the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so here's the thing about
+master swim do we learn anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master swim do we learn anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master swim do we learn anything about
+like what this recursive function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what this recursive function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what this recursive function is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+no we just like did a bunch of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we just like did a bunch of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we just like did a bunch of work
+plugged in some greek symbols and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in some greek symbols and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in some greek symbols and out
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+a big theta yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big theta yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big theta yeah um so
+what we might want to do instead uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might want to do instead uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might want to do instead uh is
+to use a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a method
+that i'm still learning myself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm still learning myself because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm still learning myself because
+uh i'm not used to presenting it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not used to presenting it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not used to presenting it this
+way but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's okay
+uh which is to actually draw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is to actually draw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is to actually draw out the
+tree of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of computation
+yeah so let's actually do that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's actually do that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's actually do that so let's
+say that i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that i call
+my function t of n so what does t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function t of n so what does t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function t of n so what does t
+of n do well in some sense it does work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n do well in some sense it does work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n do well in some sense it does work
+that kind of looks like the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of looks like the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of looks like the square root
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+right and then it makes two function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it makes two function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it makes two function
+calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls
+each of which has n over two amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which has n over two amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which has n over two amount of
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+yeah so so let's draw what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so let's draw what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so let's draw what this looks
+like so the first thing that my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the first thing that my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the first thing that my function
+might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do
+is work square root of n much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work square root of n much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work square root of n much
+we put a little square root of n there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a little square root of n there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a little square root of n there
+and now it makes two function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it makes two function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it makes two function calls
+and how much work does each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much work does each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much work does each of these
+guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when it calls t what goes into t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it calls t what goes into t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it calls t what goes into t
+n over 2 exactly so it does square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 exactly so it does square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 exactly so it does square root
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+over two amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at each of these two notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so now
+that's determined by the french you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's determined by the french you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's determined by the french you have
+to be careful so the branching number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful so the branching number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful so the branching number in
+this case they happen to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they happen to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they happen to be the same
+the next problem we do they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem we do they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem we do they'll be
+different um so they're both two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so they're both two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so they're both two here
+the outside two refers to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside two refers to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside two refers to the fact that
+there's two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two children
+and the inside two refers to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inside two refers to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inside two refers to the fact
+that i divided by two it's a fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i divided by two it's a fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i divided by two it's a fabulous
+question because it's exactly what i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it's exactly what i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it's exactly what i got
+wrong when i did this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when i did this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when i did this problem
+okay so now each of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now each of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now each of these guys
+calls uh one of their children yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh one of their children yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh one of their children yeah and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again the data divides by two right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the data divides by two right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the data divides by two right so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i have the square root of n over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're wondering inside of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wondering inside of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wondering inside of each of
+these circles it says square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles it says square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles it says square root of n
+over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say that uh
+so so now meanwhile in our function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now meanwhile in our function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now meanwhile in our function call
+tree here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree here
+how many nodes are in just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes are in just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes are in just like the
+first level the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level the very top
+one right this is just this dude yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right this is just this dude yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right this is just this dude yeah
+one uh node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many nodes are in the second level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes are in the second level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nodes are in the second level
+two or if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or if we want
+two to the one nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here there's four yeah which is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's four yeah which is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's four yeah which is two
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on okay so now we kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay so now we kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay so now we kind of have
+some pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictorial
+representation of what's going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what's going on inside
+of our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh
+recurrence if you look at the courses i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence if you look at the courses i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence if you look at the courses i
+wrote out i wrote out one more layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote out i wrote out one more layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote out i wrote out one more layer
+just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for
+for fun and profit um so now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun and profit um so now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun and profit um so now let's see
+how this helps us actually solve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this helps us actually solve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this helps us actually solve our
+recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know
+how many levels are in this tree well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many levels are in this tree well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many levels are in this tree well
+our algorithm kind of stops when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm kind of stops when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm kind of stops when the
+input to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to t
+looks like one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like one right so
+since this divides by two each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this divides by two each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this divides by two each time
+uh the tree has a log base two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tree has a log base two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tree has a log base two
+of n levels in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n levels in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n levels in the tree
+yeah and each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and each level
+does how much work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so be careful so uh each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's call that level l right so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that level l right so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that level l right so we'll
+we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say
+l equals zero l equals one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero l equals one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero l equals one and so on
+so there's two different things we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different things we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different things we have
+to account for when we account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for when we account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for when we account for the
+work in this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this level
+right one is the square root of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is the square root of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is the square root of n over
+two and a single node the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a single node the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a single node the other is the
+fact that there's two different nodes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's two different nodes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's two different nodes in
+the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level
+so in level l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the amount of work in level l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount of work in level l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount of work in level l is
+equal to the product of those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of those two things
+right so how many nodes are in level l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how many nodes are in level l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how many nodes are in level l
+two to the l yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how much work does each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much work does each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much work does each one of those
+nodes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do
+it's like n over two to the l yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like n over two to the l yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like n over two to the l yeah
+so uh a different way of writing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a different way of writing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a different way of writing that is
+the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of
+n times two to the minus l like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times two to the minus l like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times two to the minus l like that
+this is just n over two to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just n over two to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just n over two to the l
+fabulous so now we have everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous so now we have everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous so now we have everything we
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+actually work out our solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out our solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work out our solution to the
+recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+okay yes what does that say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what does that say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes what does that say this is
+n times two to the minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times two to the minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times two to the minus l
+i appreciate this i'm gonna i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i appreciate this i'm gonna i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i appreciate this i'm gonna i'm gonna
+work on this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this more
+and that's why i also share it online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i also share it online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i also share it online
+the handwritten notes is what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handwritten notes is what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handwritten notes is what this is
+literally a scan of the page that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a scan of the page that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a scan of the page that i'm
+holding in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in front of you
+okay so if we want the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we want the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we want the total amount of
+work in our tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in our tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in our tree
+right if we want to account for all of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we want to account for all of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we want to account for all of t
+of n then what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n then what are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n then what are we going to do
+well we have to sum starting at level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to sum starting at level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to sum starting at level
+0. i'm using l instead of i because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. i'm using l instead of i because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. i'm using l instead of i because i'm
+an analysis person and i is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis person and i is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis person and i is the square
+root of -1 and i don't like eyes in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of -1 and i don't like eyes in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of -1 and i don't like eyes in my
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+but in any event how many total levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event how many total levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event how many total levels
+are there in my tree well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in my tree well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in my tree well we know that
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+log base two of uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base two of uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base two of uh n
+right and now we have to sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we have to sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we have to sum this
+quantity for all those levels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for all those levels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for all those levels right
+two to the l the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the l the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the l the square root
+of n times 2 to the minus l like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n times 2 to the minus l like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n times 2 to the minus l like that
+okay and then what do we know secretly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what do we know secretly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what do we know secretly
+from from the master theorem is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the master theorem is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the master theorem is that we
+we're suspecting that this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suspecting that this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suspecting that this is going to
+be theta then right so that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be theta then right so that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be theta then right so that's all we
+gotta check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta check
+okay so let's let's do that real fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's do that real fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's do that real fast
+so first of all notice that n here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all notice that n here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all notice that n here this
+n term doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n term doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n term doesn't depend
+on the cement so i can just pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cement so i can just pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cement so i can just pull them
+out right so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so this is really
+this is the square root of n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the square root of n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the square root of n times the
+sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over
+l equals zero to the log two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero to the log two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero to the log two of
+n of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of uh
+what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh and there's a mistake in my uh notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and there's a mistake in my uh notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and there's a mistake in my uh notes
+oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no this is oh all right duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no this is oh all right duh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no this is oh all right duh
+okay so you have 2 to the l and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have 2 to the l and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have 2 to the l and you have
+a square root of 2 to the minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root of 2 to the minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root of 2 to the minus l
+so this is really two to the minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really two to the minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really two to the minus l
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+so you have l minus l over two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have l minus l over two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have l minus l over two and this
+quantity is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is really
+two to the l over two like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the l over two like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the l over two like that
+does that make sense so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so this is just
+properties of exponents from from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of exponents from from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of exponents from from high
+school class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school class
+and in fact uh i don't like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh i don't like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh i don't like this because
+l over 2 and i want to blindly apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over 2 and i want to blindly apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over 2 and i want to blindly apply a
+formula without thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula without thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula without thinking about it
+and so of course this is really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course this is really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course this is really the same
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the square root of 2 to the l power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's just properties of exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just properties of exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just properties of exponents
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+what is this sum called do you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this sum called do you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this sum called do you recognize
+this so there's some constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some constant here
+you're taking it to the elf power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking it to the elf power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking it to the elf power and
+then you're summing it over else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're summing it over else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're summing it over else
+this is called a geometric series right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a geometric series right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a geometric series right
+so it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be like
+1 plus x plus x squared plus x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus x plus x squared plus x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus x plus x squared plus x to the
+third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and
+x to the i guess in this case log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the i guess in this case log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the i guess in this case log base 2
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+yeah so uh conveniently there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh conveniently there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh conveniently there's a
+geometric series formula out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series formula out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series formula out there
+uh it's in i wrote it down in the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's in i wrote it down in the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's in i wrote it down in the uh the
+handwritten notes but maybe uh for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten notes but maybe uh for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten notes but maybe uh for now
+because i'm moving slowly as always so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm moving slowly as always so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm moving slowly as always so
+we'll skip that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll skip that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll skip that part
+uh and what you could um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what you could um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what you could um
+is as follows that this is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows that this is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows that this is the square
+root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n
+right that's just this outer part times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just this outer part times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just this outer part times
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on the inside you're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside you're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside you're going to get the
+square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2
+to the log base 2 of n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by the square root of two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of two minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and this is just the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the this is the
+geometric series formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series formula
+so i encourage you guys to go back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you guys to go back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you guys to go back home
+and google that one if you forgot yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and google that one if you forgot yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and google that one if you forgot yes
+okay why are we doing why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why are we doing why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why are we doing why are we
+calculating in some of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in some of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in some of the series
+because what we're trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we're trying to do is
+figure out the total amount of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the total amount of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the total amount of work in
+this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree
+right so what we've done so far we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we've done so far we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we've done so far we know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a single level in this tree is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single level in this tree is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single level in this tree is this
+value and now we have to sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and now we have to sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and now we have to sum over all
+the levels from zero to log base two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels from zero to log base two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels from zero to log base two of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay and what is what do we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is what do we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is what do we use this
+number for because we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for because we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for because we're trying to
+actually approximate or at least bound t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approximate or at least bound t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approximate or at least bound t
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+right and t of n is the sum of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and t of n is the sum of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and t of n is the sum of all these
+values oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values oh
+okay and theta of n is not a sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and theta of n is not a sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and theta of n is not a sufficient
+sound it is a sufficient bound we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound it is a sufficient bound we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound it is a sufficient bound we just
+got it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it from
+kind of a boring way this is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a boring way this is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a boring way this is a second
+way that we could have proved the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we could have proved the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we could have proved the same
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+yeah i see a question over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i see a question over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i see a question over here um
+the root n two minus l part i understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root n two minus l part i understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root n two minus l part i understand
+the num the two that l is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the num the two that l is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the num the two that l is the number of
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+second part oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part oh
+okay this is the number of nodes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the number of nodes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the number of nodes this is
+the quantity inside of the circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside of the circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside of the circle so
+notice that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's
+square root of n and then square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n and then square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n and then square root of
+n over two and then square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two and then square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two and then square root of n
+over four and then square root of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and then square root of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and then square root of n over
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+right so two to the minus l here is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two to the minus l here is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two to the minus l here is like
+you know one half and then one fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one half and then one fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one half and then one fourth
+and then one eighth yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one eighth yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one eighth yeah
+fabulous any other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we started indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh boy i hate my bad at this stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boy i hate my bad at this stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boy i hate my bad at this stuff uh
+no right i think this is like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right i think this is like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right i think this is like this is
+correct uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh
+let's see so let's say that i have uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so let's say that i have uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so let's say that i have uh n
+equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two
+right um then what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no this is correct so so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no this is correct so so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no this is correct so so as a
+sanity check uh think about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check uh think about n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanity check uh think about n
+equals two so how many levels should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two so how many levels should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two so how many levels should
+there be it should go from l equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be it should go from l equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be it should go from l equals zero
+and then l equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then l equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then l equals one
+and then i'm done because i have t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm done because i have t uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm done because i have t uh
+and that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i think
+yeah so the log base two of of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the log base two of of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the log base two of of two is
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+yeah so this this formula checks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this this formula checks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this this formula checks out
+okay any other uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other uh questions
+these are all great questions you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all great questions you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all great questions you guys
+are keeping me honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping me honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping me honest
+okay so we have this giant ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this giant ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this giant ugly
+expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+uh and so our final job here is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so our final job here is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so our final job here is just to
+simplify it that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it that's it
+uh and then and then what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then what we're gonna
+find is that this is secretly just theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that this is secretly just theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that this is secretly just theta
+of n a little surprising given you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n a little surprising given you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n a little surprising given you know
+that this is kind of ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of ugly
+okay and by the way this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way this is just a
+constant so this term on the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this term on the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this term on the denominator
+is not going to end up mattering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to end up mattering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to end up mattering for
+our asymptotic calculation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so let's see here so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so let's see here so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so let's see here so remember that
+the square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two
+is uh two to the one half yeah so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh two to the one half yeah so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh two to the one half yeah so i can
+do a little bit of reshuffling on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of reshuffling on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of reshuffling on our
+formula and and what i'm gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and and what i'm gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and and what i'm gonna find
+is that this is exactly the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is exactly the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is exactly the square root
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n
+times one over the square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one over the square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one over the square root of 2
+minus 1 that's just this constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 that's just this constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 that's just this constant here
+now i just have to cope with this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just have to cope with this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just have to cope with this funny
+term inside of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term inside of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term inside of here
+i'm going to do the following i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do the following i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do the following i'm going
+to say well 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well 2
+square root of 2 is the same as 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 is the same as 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 is the same as 2 to the
+1 half so i'm going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half so i'm going to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half so i'm going to write this
+by moving that one half upstairs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving that one half upstairs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving that one half upstairs here
+right so what am i going to get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what am i going to get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what am i going to get at the
+end of the day is that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day is that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day is that this is the same
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+2 to the log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n plus one
+and all of that uh oops plus one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that uh oops plus one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that uh oops plus one half
+right because there's a one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's a one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's a one-half
+exponent that got multiplied by the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent that got multiplied by the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent that got multiplied by the one
+uh minus one all right so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus one all right so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus one all right so this is just
+an identical expression to this one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identical expression to this one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identical expression to this one all
+i've done is move the one-half upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done is move the one-half upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done is move the one-half upstairs
+and finally now there's some order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally now there's some order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally now there's some order in
+the universe right because what is 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe right because what is 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe right because what is 2 to
+the log base 2 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n exactly very complicated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n exactly very complicated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n exactly very complicated way of
+writing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing n
+so this is equal to the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the square root of n
+times 1 over the square root of 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over the square root of 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over the square root of 2 minus
+1 which is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which is just a constant
+i see your hand i'm going to write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see your hand i'm going to write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see your hand i'm going to write and
+and then i'll catch up with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll catch up with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll catch up with you
+and now this whole quantity is n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this whole quantity is n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this whole quantity is n times
+the square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two
+right oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oops
+wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh i'm sorry
+that should be right because we moved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be right because we moved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be right because we moved uh
+we moved the one-half into the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved the one-half into the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved the one-half into the exponent
+i didn't account for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't account for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't account for it
+so this is the square root of n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the square root of n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the square root of n uh
+multiplied by the square root of two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the square root of two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the square root of two um
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+n over 2 times the square root no i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 times the square root no i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 times the square root no i
+think this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is right
+yeah it doesn't make me nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't make me nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't make me nervous
+okay so finally now we can start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally now we can start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally now we can start to see
+the big o come out right because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big o come out right because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big o come out right because now we
+have the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the square root of n
+times itself plus some other stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself plus some other stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times itself plus some other stuff which
+is obviously going to grow slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously going to grow slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously going to grow slower than
+the remaining terms here so we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms here so we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining terms here so we're good
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+if you're wondering the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wondering the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wondering the official
+solutions are actually incorrect they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are actually incorrect they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are actually incorrect they
+too get this a little bit wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too get this a little bit wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too get this a little bit wrong
+i'm going to fix that tonight and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to fix that tonight and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to fix that tonight and then
+we'll post them for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll post them for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll post them for you guys
+uh and this unfortunately is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this unfortunately is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this unfortunately is the kind of
+thing you do a lot of where you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do a lot of where you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do a lot of where you're gonna
+take your tree write down this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your tree write down this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your tree write down this giant
+tree formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree formula here
+write down a geometric series of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a geometric series of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a geometric series of some
+sort and then start bounding terms until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then start bounding terms until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then start bounding terms until
+you get to the expression you want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the expression you want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the expression you want so
+now you can see why master theory maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see why master theory maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see why master theory maybe
+is kind of valuable because it saves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of valuable because it saves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of valuable because it saves you
+a lot of headache yes um when we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of headache yes um when we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of headache yes um when we write
+up our presets and we have to write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our presets and we have to write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our presets and we have to write up
+trees like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like this
+and take pictures yeah i don't see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take pictures yeah i don't see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take pictures yeah i don't see why
+not it's uh they don't have to like draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's uh they don't have to like draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's uh they don't have to like draw
+it in dixie or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in dixie or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in dixie or something
+oh you can take pictures of diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can take pictures of diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can take pictures of diagram
+songs the math doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs the math doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs the math doesn't
+take yeah i think i think if you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah i think i think if you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah i think i think if you're like
+just writing out your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing out your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing out your math
+taking a photo of it and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a photo of it and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a photo of it and then like
+backslash include graphics of your photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash include graphics of your photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash include graphics of your photo
+yeah but just for the figure i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but just for the figure i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but just for the figure i think
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+yeah like when i write research papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like when i write research papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like when i write research papers
+that's how i do it until the final draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i do it until the final draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i do it until the final draft
+yeah okay so essentially what do we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so essentially what do we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so essentially what do we just
+do in this problem which is part a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this problem which is part a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this problem which is part a of
+one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem
+uh is essentially just show two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is essentially just show two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is essentially just show two
+different ways of solving a recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of solving a recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of solving a recurrence
+right one is the sledgehammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is the sledgehammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is the sledgehammer
+that's very efficient but not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very efficient but not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very efficient but not terribly
+illustrative the other is really working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative the other is really working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative the other is really working
+out all of the work that happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all of the work that happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all of the work that happens at
+every level of our tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level of our tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level of our tree
+doing a giant sum and then and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a giant sum and then and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a giant sum and then and just
+actually deriving the the proper formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deriving the the proper formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deriving the the proper formula
+and both of these are just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these are just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these are just different
+ways to skin the same cat is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to skin the same cat is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to skin the same cat is that a
+weird phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird phrase
+i don't know okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know okay so uh
+right so actually uh part two i believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually uh part two i believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually uh part two i believe
+ends up being easier by a funny fluke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being easier by a funny fluke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being easier by a funny fluke
+even though it looks like it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks like it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks like it's harder
+uh so so let's do that uh next here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so let's do that uh next here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so let's do that uh next here so
+i'm going to leave master theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave master theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave master theorem
+on the left-hand side i really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side i really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side i really want to
+say master's theorem but i guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say master's theorem but i guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say master's theorem but i guess that's
+not right i'm going to leave the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right i'm going to leave the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right i'm going to leave the master
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+on the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just do the problem over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna do this one a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do this one a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do this one a little bit
+quicker because i prefer not to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker because i prefer not to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker because i prefer not to spend
+the whole session on one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole session on one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole session on one problem
+okay but i do think it's worth spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i do think it's worth spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i do think it's worth spending
+a few minutes going over this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes going over this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes going over this theorem
+and how to apply it carefully because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to apply it carefully because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to apply it carefully because
+well otherwise you won't okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right folks it's a workout up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks it's a workout up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks it's a workout up here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in part b uh we have a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part b uh we have a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part b uh we have a version
+where the branching factor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the branching factor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the branching factor and the
+amount of the work reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the work reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the work reduce
+uh reduces or not the same so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduces or not the same so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduces or not the same so now we
+have to be a little bit more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little bit more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little bit more careful
+in the way that we apply master theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we apply master theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we apply master theory
+right so now in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now in part
+uh b we have that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b we have that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b we have that t
+of uh n here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh n here is equal to
+eight t of n over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight t of n over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight t of n over four
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+plus and now in the problem they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now in the problem they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and now in the problem they write
+big o of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of n
+times the square root of n we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the square root of n we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the square root of n we're all
+grown ups here that's the same as big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown ups here that's the same as big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown ups here that's the same as big o
+of n to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the three
+halves yeah that's this arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves yeah that's this arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves yeah that's this arithmetic
+okay so first let's apply the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let's apply the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let's apply the uh the
+master's theorem so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem so uh
+let's see so what is n to the log base b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so what is n to the log base b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so what is n to the log base b
+of a in this case well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in this case well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in this case well
+what is uh b four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is a eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a eight
+anybody know log base four of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know log base four of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know log base four of eight
+through wow you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wow you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wow you're good
+yeah so this is equal to n to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is equal to n to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is equal to n to the three
+house and notice that these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and notice that these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and notice that these two things
+agree now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree now
+yeah so which of the three cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so which of the three cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so which of the three cases of
+master's theorem are we in the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem are we in the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's theorem are we in the master
+theorem are we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem are we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem are we in
+are we in the first one where like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in the first one where like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in the first one where like one
+of these kind of dwarfs the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of dwarfs the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of dwarfs the other
+no we're in case two right where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're in case two right where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're in case two right where they
+both kind of behave similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both kind of behave similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both kind of behave similarly
+yeah so this is case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is the value of k uh for case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the value of k uh for case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the value of k uh for case
+two that's relevant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's relevant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's relevant here
+do i need a log factor no these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need a log factor no these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need a log factor no these two
+terms are just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are just the same
+right they're both n to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're both n to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're both n to the three halves
+so this is case two with k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is case two with k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is case two with k
+equals zero yeah and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero yeah and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero yeah and in particular
+immediately we get that t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh let's see we're in case two so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's see we're in case two so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's see we're in case two so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+theta of n to the log base b of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times log to the k plus one of n so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log to the k plus one of n so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log to the k plus one of n so you
+have to account for that term so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to account for that term so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to account for that term so it's
+like that that makes sense how we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that makes sense how we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that makes sense how we apply
+to master theorem in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to master theorem in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to master theorem in that case
+yes so how do we apply case two of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so how do we apply case two of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so how do we apply case two of this
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+how can we apply case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we apply case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we apply case two
+if f n is big o and not big theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f n is big o and not big theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f n is big o and not big theta
+well this is coming from a grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is coming from a grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is coming from a grad student
+so why don't i ping it back to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't i ping it back to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't i ping it back to the to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the students in the class rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in the class rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in the class rather than
+answering myself can you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering myself can you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering myself can you read the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+sure so let's say that we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so let's say that we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so let's say that we just have a
+big o we don't have a big theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or is this at least a simple answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this at least a simple answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this at least a simple answer
+which maybe is the one that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe is the one that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe is the one that you're
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+so what do we know in that case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know in that case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we know in that case we know
+that f n might grow more slowly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f n might grow more slowly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f n might grow more slowly than
+this function but it doesn't grow more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function but it doesn't grow more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function but it doesn't grow more
+quickly than this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly than this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly than this thing
+yeah would you ever just be big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would you ever just be big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah would you ever just be big o
+instead of b that's exactly right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of b that's exactly right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of b that's exactly right so you
+can just replace big theta with big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just replace big theta with big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just replace big theta with big o
+and that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly fine
+so i don't know if that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know if that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know if that's the answer
+you're looking for but it's a at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for but it's a at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for but it's a at least
+you get a loose bound this way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a loose bound this way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a loose bound this way yeah
+oops oh i'm sorry that's i i see we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oh i'm sorry that's i i see we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oh i'm sorry that's i i see we're
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+pedantic okay you can just tell me if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic okay you can just tell me if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic okay you can just tell me if i
+made a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake
+it happens i think it's correct in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens i think it's correct in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens i think it's correct in my
+notes it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it is
+okay so the reason our colleague brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason our colleague brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason our colleague brings
+it up in the back is that i made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the back is that i made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the back is that i made a
+slight mistake which is that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight mistake which is that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight mistake which is that this is a
+big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o
+not a big theta right in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big theta right in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big theta right in which case the
+only thing i can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing i can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing i can draw
+uh down here is that this is also a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down here is that this is also a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down here is that this is also a big
+o so i made exactly the mistake i told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so i made exactly the mistake i told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so i made exactly the mistake i told
+you guys to avoid before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to avoid before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to avoid before
+yes so then over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so then over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so then over there
+those also be videos uh no yeah now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those also be videos uh no yeah now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those also be videos uh no yeah now i've
+managed to confuse you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to confuse you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to confuse you all
+this is correct this entire statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct this entire statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct this entire statement of
+the master theory i'm assuming i copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master theory i'm assuming i copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master theory i'm assuming i copied
+it correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly
+is is right but there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is right but there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is right but there's a bit of a
+difference remember we wanted to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference remember we wanted to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference remember we wanted to apply
+case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two
+and look at case two so there's a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at case two so there's a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at case two so there's a theta
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but in the problem in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the problem in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the problem in the homework
+problem they were sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they were sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they were sneaky
+and they only said that f of t is big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they only said that f of t is big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they only said that f of t is big o
+of something so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something so remember the
+what's what's the difference between big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the difference between big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the difference between big
+o and big theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and big theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and big theta
+well intuitively big theta says that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well intuitively big theta says that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well intuitively big theta says that my
+function really does look like this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really does look like this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really does look like this guy
+that like somehow bounded above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like somehow bounded above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like somehow bounded above and
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+yeah as i go far enough out in big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as i go far enough out in big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as i go far enough out in big o
+there's just a bound above right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a bound above right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a bound above right so this
+is somehow looser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow looser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow looser
+and so the way to apply massive theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way to apply massive theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way to apply massive theorem
+in this case is say well at least f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is say well at least f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is say well at least f
+n is upper bounded i think it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is upper bounded i think it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is upper bounded i think it looks like
+this so the best that i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the best that i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the best that i can do
+is to replace this guy also with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to replace this guy also with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to replace this guy also with an
+upper bound yeah it's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound yeah it's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound yeah it's a great question
+so the reason you chose to use that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly you got to kind of stand back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you got to kind of stand back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you got to kind of stand back
+and squint out it a little bit make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squint out it a little bit make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squint out it a little bit make sure
+that it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it fits
+but certainly it's the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly it's the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly it's the case that the
+other two parts of this theorem don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two parts of this theorem don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two parts of this theorem don't
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+we might as well try to squeeze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well try to squeeze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well try to squeeze this
+part into the right floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part into the right floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part into the right floor
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh let's do the tree version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do the tree version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do the tree version of
+this and then i think what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then i think what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then i think what we're going
+to do is skip part three for now of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is skip part three for now of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is skip part three for now of this
+problem because it's mostly like a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's mostly like a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because it's mostly like a fun
+combinatorial problem rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problem rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problem rather than
+something that like actually is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like actually is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like actually is going to
+help your understanding of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help your understanding of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help your understanding of algorithms
+and then if we have time at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have time at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have time at the end
+we'll come back to it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it okay
+all right so that was the easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was the easy way to
+solve the problem now let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem now let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem now let's do the
+painful one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful one
+where we uh we draw the tree i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we uh we draw the tree i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we uh we draw the tree i shouldn't
+say that because i think it's the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that because i think it's the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that because i think it's the one we
+want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage
+the more enlightening version yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more enlightening version yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more enlightening version yeah um
+so now at the top of my tree i do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now at the top of my tree i do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now at the top of my tree i do and
+to the three halves work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves work
+and now how many children does this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how many children does this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how many children does this guy
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+careful do you kind of yeah one in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful do you kind of yeah one in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful do you kind of yeah one in two
+chances either eight or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight right so the outer coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right so the outer coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight right so the outer coefficient is
+the number of children because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of children because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of children because that's
+like the number of function calls you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of function calls you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of function calls you
+make right that's the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right that's the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right that's the way to think about
+it right so there's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so there's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so there's eight
+of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and each one of these guys i'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and each one of these guys i'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and each one of these guys i'm only
+going to do one level of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one level of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one level of these
+by the way that should not be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that should not be connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that should not be connected
+uh does how much work well remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does how much work well remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does how much work well remember that
+it's divided by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by four
+here right so it looks like n over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so it looks like n over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so it looks like n over four
+to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that makes sense how we kind of got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense how we kind of got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense how we kind of got this
+picture from from uh our recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from from uh our recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from from uh our recurrence
+let's switch to another piece chat okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to another piece chat okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to another piece chat okay
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+right so in other words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at level l of my tree assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at level l of my tree assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at level l of my tree assuming
+we're going to index from zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to index from zero at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to index from zero at the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+how many nodes are in level l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it branches by eight each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it branches by eight each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it branches by eight each time
+so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has
+eight to the l nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to the l nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to the l nodes
+yeah and uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh how much
+work does each do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work does each do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work does each do
+well in each level i divide by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in each level i divide by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in each level i divide by four
+right so it's gonna look like n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's gonna look like n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's gonna look like n times
+one fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fourth
+to the l to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l to the three halves
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+right where am i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where am i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where am i uh
+there we are so that's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we are so that's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we are so that's n
+times four the minus l that's fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times four the minus l that's fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times four the minus l that's fancy
+notation for one fourth to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for one fourth to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for one fourth to the l
+uh to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the three halves
+notice that this is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is exactly the same
+pattern as the previous problem i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as the previous problem i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as the previous problem i'm just
+plugging in some different some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in some different some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in some different some
+different constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants
+yes the question of the diagram is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the question of the diagram is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the question of the diagram is if
+you had like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had like a really
+large a um and you're trying to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a um and you're trying to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large a um and you're trying to do the
+recovery tree method is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery tree method is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery tree method is that
+this type of um work okay like where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of um work okay like where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of um work okay like where you
+have like if i were grading your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like if i were grading your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like if i were grading your papers
+it would be but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be but i
+you should probably check with your tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably check with your tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably check with your tas
+on piazza on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on piazza on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on piazza on that one
+um but you know i've learned my license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know i've learned my license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know i've learned my license
+uh you know i'm not sure you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know i'm not sure you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know i'm not sure you guys have
+yet and also i'm not sure i have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and also i'm not sure i have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and also i'm not sure i have either
+all right folks so now we need to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks so now we need to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right folks so now we need to do our
+our total amount of work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total amount of work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total amount of work here
+right so how many uh how many levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how many uh how many levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how many uh how many levels are
+there in our tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in our tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in our tree
+here well the amount of data divides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well the amount of data divides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well the amount of data divides by
+four each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four each time
+and when the amount of data is one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the amount of data is one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the amount of data is one then
+i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done
+right so the total number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the log base 4 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the log base 4 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the log base 4 of n
+the basic thing to get right in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing to get right in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing to get right in in this
+problem is just where there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just where there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just where there should be
+fours and where there should be eights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and where there should be eights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and where there should be eights
+okay so now uh what am i going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh what am i going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh what am i going to do
+well again as our colleague in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again as our colleague in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again as our colleague in the back
+points out we only have big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out we only have big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out we only have big o
+so we can only upper bound our work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can only upper bound our work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can only upper bound our work but
+our work in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to um
+really there's a proportion here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's a proportion here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's a proportion here because
+this is just up to a multiple i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just up to a multiple i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just up to a multiple i guess
+that's why in the notes they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in the notes they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why in the notes they put a
+little c in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little c in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little c in front
+um which i can do let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i can do let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i can do let's do
+c like that uh well we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c like that uh well we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c like that uh well we're going to have
+the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+from l equals 0 to log base 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals 0 to log base 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals 0 to log base 4
+of n of exactly the quantity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n of exactly the quantity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n of exactly the quantity uh
+this this guy multiplied by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy multiplied by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy multiplied by the number
+of of nodes in the rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nodes in the rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nodes in the rail
+yes is the reason why we made this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is the reason why we made this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is the reason why we made this work
+the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality
+because of the because of the big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the because of the big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the because of the big o
+that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right
+yeah okay all right so what do i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so what do i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so what do i uh
+get here well let's write it out the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here well let's write it out the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here well let's write it out the big
+ugly way first so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly way first so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly way first so this is
+n times 4 to the minus l this is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times 4 to the minus l this is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times 4 to the minus l this is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and then this is multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and then this is multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and then this is multiplied by a
+to the l but whoever designed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l but whoever designed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l but whoever designed this
+problem is really sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really sneaky
+right so what's four to the minus l to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's four to the minus l to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's four to the minus l to
+the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any guesses yeah this is exactly eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses yeah this is exactly eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses yeah this is exactly eight
+to the minus l if you work through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus l if you work through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus l if you work through all
+of your exponent arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your exponent arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your exponent arithmetic
+yeah why does that matter well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why does that matter well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why does that matter well it
+exactly cancels this eight to the l term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly cancels this eight to the l term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly cancels this eight to the l term
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is actually exactly what case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually exactly what case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually exactly what case two
+in master theorem is kind of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in master theorem is kind of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in master theorem is kind of trying to
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+so this whole thing is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is equal to
+of uh really just n to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh really just n to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh really just n to the three halves
+from l equals zero to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals zero to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l equals zero to the log
+base four of n all these constants just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base four of n all these constants just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base four of n all these constants just
+go away isn't that beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away isn't that beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away isn't that beautiful
+yes um good question no problem uh-hum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um good question no problem uh-hum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um good question no problem uh-hum
+so do people ever use these for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do people ever use these for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do people ever use these for like
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+in terms of trying to write a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of trying to write a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of trying to write a better
+algorithm like try to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like try to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like try to minimize the
+work per per level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work per per level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work per per level
+yeah i'm just curious if that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm just curious if that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm just curious if that's like a
+application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that
+sure i guess so i mean this is somehow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i guess so i mean this is somehow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i guess so i mean this is somehow a
+visualization of how your algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of how your algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of how your algorithm is
+making function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making function calls
+right so like every node here kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like every node here kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like every node here kind of
+looks like a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a call
+to your piece of code right so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your piece of code right so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your piece of code right so every
+time you make a new one it's like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you make a new one it's like making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you make a new one it's like making
+a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call
+and then the divide here is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the divide here is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the divide here is kind of like
+how much data goes into that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data goes into that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data goes into that function
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+so i think this is a useful way to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a useful way to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a useful way to kind
+of visualize what's going on inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualize what's going on inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualize what's going on inside of
+your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code
+and then if you're trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're trying to optimize
+your code you're trying to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you're trying to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you're trying to basically
+reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+nodes and or the amount of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and or the amount of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and or the amount of work that
+each node does right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node does right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node does right
+yeah so this is just like a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just like a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just like a nice way to
+kind of visualize what's going on in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visualize what's going on in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of visualize what's going on in a
+recursive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm
+yeah great question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great question all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great question all right
+so here's a here's a really nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a here's a really nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a here's a really nice thing
+does n to the three half depend on l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does n to the three half depend on l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does n to the three half depend on l
+no right so this whole thing is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so this whole thing is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so this whole thing is equal to
+c times n to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times n to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times n to the three halves
+and my colleague in the back is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my colleague in the back is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my colleague in the back is going to
+catch me if i don't if i don't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me if i don't if i don't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me if i don't if i don't make the
+off by 1 error here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by 1 error here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by 1 error here
+so uh this is log base 4 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is log base 4 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is log base 4 of n
+plus 1 because my sum started at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 because my sum started at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 because my sum started at zero
+yeah and notice that this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and notice that this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and notice that this is exactly
+big o of n to the three halves log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of n to the three halves log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of n to the three halves log
+n which agrees with what we did in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which agrees with what we did in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which agrees with what we did in a
+much more easy case with the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easy case with the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easy case with the master
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+that make sense yeah so we found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense yeah so we found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense yeah so we found an
+exact balance so could we say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact balance so could we say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact balance so could we say that it's
+theta of n oh great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of n oh great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of n oh great question
+this is where this notation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this notation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this notation is going to
+be misleading this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading this expression
+in a vacuum is theta of this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vacuum is theta of this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vacuum is theta of this value
+but the reason that i wrote big o is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason that i wrote big o is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason that i wrote big o is
+because i only have an inequality all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i only have an inequality all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i only have an inequality all
+the way up here so if i'm worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here so if i'm worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here so if i'm worried about
+bounding this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding this work
+there's no reason to write a theta there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to write a theta there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to write a theta there
+because it's just telling me some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just telling me some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just telling me some kind
+of intermediate piece of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate piece of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate piece of information
+yeah okay fabulous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay fabulous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay fabulous so
+uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does the base of the log matter ah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the base of the log matter ah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the base of the log matter ah this
+is a nice formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice formula here
+um so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remember that
+log base b of a is the same as log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base b of a is the same as log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base b of a is the same as log
+a over log b if i got that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over log b if i got that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over log b if i got that right
+yeah so the base of the log when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the base of the log when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the base of the log when it
+comes to big o doesn't matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to big o doesn't matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to big o doesn't matter because
+it's just a constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a constant factor
+yeah okay so that's part two of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's part two of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's part two of this
+problem part three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem part three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem part three
+is a little bit annoying because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit annoying because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit annoying because it has
+two branches in it i wrote out a careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches in it i wrote out a careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branches in it i wrote out a careful
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+um it does not apply the master theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does not apply the master theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does not apply the master theorem
+because it's irrelevant at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's irrelevant at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's irrelevant at least the
+version that we know in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that we know in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that we know in this class
+um so we're going to kind of skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to kind of skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to kind of skip that
+for now because i don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now because i don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now because i don't think it's
+terribly relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly relevant to
+most of the algorithms that we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the algorithms that we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the algorithms that we'll see in
+6006 but we'll come back to it if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 but we'll come back to it if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 but we'll come back to it if we
+have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time
+uh yes can we make that a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes can we make that a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes can we make that a lower bound
+and an upper bound using master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an upper bound using master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an upper bound using master's
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+using knowing that t of n over four are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using knowing that t of n over four are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using knowing that t of n over four are
+smaller than t of n over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than t of n over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than t of n over three
+i'm gonna refer you to the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna refer you to the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna refer you to the solutions
+rather than talking about that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than talking about that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than talking about that problem
+uh right now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now yeah
+uh okay cool all right so that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay cool all right so that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay cool all right so that's how you
+apply master theorem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply master theorem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply master theorem which is
+mildly painful the good news is the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly painful the good news is the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly painful the good news is the rest
+of this problem set is actually i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem set is actually i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem set is actually i
+consider it to be much easier than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it to be much easier than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it to be much easier than the
+first one which is why i think it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one which is why i think it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one which is why i think it's okay
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+spend a little bit extra time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit extra time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit extra time here
+because i think this stuff is confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think this stuff is confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think this stuff is confusing
+to get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right
+mostly for me and hopefully i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for me and hopefully i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for me and hopefully i've
+conveyed my confusion to the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed my confusion to the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed my confusion to the rest of you
+okay so let's uh erase this and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh erase this and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh erase this and while
+we're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing that
+why don't you guys all give problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you guys all give problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you guys all give problem
+number two a read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two a read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two a read
+so one of the big skills that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the big skills that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the big skills that we need to
+cover in 683
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in 683
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in 683
+not 6837 6006 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 6837 6006 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 6837 6006 uh
+is uh the and 6837 but i'm not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the and 6837 but i'm not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the and 6837 but i'm not quite as
+evil about it in that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil about it in that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil about it in that class
+is as follows which is you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows which is you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows which is you read a
+problem and for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and for some reason
+your instructors have some sick sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructors have some sick sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructors have some sick sense of
+humor and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor and they
+encode it in this totally weird goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it in this totally weird goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it in this totally weird goofy
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+which somehow to a theoretician makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which somehow to a theoretician makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which somehow to a theoretician makes
+your problem feel more practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem feel more practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem feel more practical
+um so in any event uh you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in any event uh you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in any event uh you know when you
+read all of this paragraph the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all of this paragraph the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all of this paragraph the very
+first skill that you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first skill that you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first skill that you have to do
+is to figure out like okay like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out like okay like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out like okay like this is
+cute notation it's about infinity stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute notation it's about infinity stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute notation it's about infinity stones
+and if i watch star wars or whatever i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i watch star wars or whatever i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i watch star wars or whatever i
+would know what that was what that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know what that was what that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know what that was what that meant
+but um in any event uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um in any event uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um in any event uh
+what really matters is understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really matters is understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really matters is understanding
+like okay but algorithmically like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay but algorithmically like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay but algorithmically like what
+are they asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they asking
+yeah so i'm gonna try and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm gonna try and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm gonna try and talk about
+this problem as i erase the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem as i erase the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem as i erase the board
+so i believe um what like mickey mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i believe um what like mickey mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i believe um what like mickey mouse
+or whatever has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever has a bunch of
+uh it's like some planet that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like some planet that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like some planet that he's
+looking for uh i'm gonna open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh i'm gonna open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh i'm gonna open
+the problem now and uh right she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now and uh right she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now and uh right she's a
+super villain on a quest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super villain on a quest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super villain on a quest
+she's looking for a stone on a planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's looking for a stone on a planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's looking for a stone on a planet
+and the planet has some index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the planet has some index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the planet has some index
+k and unfortunately for us there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and unfortunately for us there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and unfortunately for us there are
+the number of planets is is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of planets is is quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of planets is is quite large
+it's infinity in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinity in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinity in fact
+because it's the infinity stone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the infinity stone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the infinity stone um
+or sorry did i say that i think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry did i say that i think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry did i say that i think it's the
+infinity phone or something i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity phone or something i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity phone or something i
+i forget but but in any event um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget but but in any event um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget but but in any event um the
+only thing that you can do when you land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you can do when you land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you can do when you land
+on a planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a planet
+is ask an oracle is the index of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ask an oracle is the index of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ask an oracle is the index of my
+planet bigger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet bigger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet bigger or smaller
+than the index of the planet that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the index of the planet that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the index of the planet that i'm
+standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on
+right and then the question is in log k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the question is in log k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the question is in log k
+time where k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where k
+is the index of the planet notice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the index of the planet notice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the index of the planet notice that's
+already a little weird because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little weird because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little weird because it's like
+not the size of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the size of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the size of your data
+quite um can you find the the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite um can you find the the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite um can you find the the planet
+now what does this kind of problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this kind of problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this kind of problem like
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+screaming out for you to use like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out for you to use like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming out for you to use like you
+see a log k you're looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a log k you're looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a log k you're looking for something
+by section right or binary search that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by section right or binary search that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by section right or binary search that's
+absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right
+those are both great answers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both great answers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both great answers but
+there's a bit of a problem which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a problem which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a problem which is that
+the number of planets is unbounded we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of planets is unbounded we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of planets is unbounded we
+don't know how many planets there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many planets there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many planets there are
+in um this this little universe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um this this little universe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um this this little universe that
+problem 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 1.2
+sets up yeah so our intuition is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up yeah so our intuition is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up yeah so our intuition is that we
+want to use binary search but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use binary search but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use binary search but
+in order to do binary search i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do binary search i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do binary search i need to
+have a left and a right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a left and a right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a left and a right hand side and
+divide and i have no right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and i have no right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and i have no right hand side
+so what can i do how's a how's a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can i do how's a how's a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can i do how's a how's a super
+villain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villain to
+solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well remember that each planet has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember that each planet has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember that each planet has an
+oracle on it telling me like is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle on it telling me like is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle on it telling me like is there
+something to my left or my right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to my left or my right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to my left or my right yeah
+so i could start at planet number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could start at planet number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could start at planet number one
+and i could just start walking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could just start walking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could just start walking from
+planet one to planet two to planet three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet one to planet two to planet three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet one to planet two to planet three
+planet four and asking like am i there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet four and asking like am i there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet four and asking like am i there
+yet am i there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet am i there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet am i there yet
+how much time is that going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time is that going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time is that going to take
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+actually it won't take infinite time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it won't take infinite time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it won't take infinite time i
+got you how much time will it take when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you how much time will it take when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you how much time will it take when
+will i stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will i stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will i stop
+when i hit planet k right because i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i hit planet k right because i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i hit planet k right because i know
+that planet k is out there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that planet k is out there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that planet k is out there somewhere
+the truth is out there and when i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is out there and when i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is out there and when i find
+it and i step on it i stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i step on it i stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i step on it i stop
+and i took exactly k steps maybe k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took exactly k steps maybe k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i took exactly k steps maybe k minus
+1 depending how you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 depending how you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 depending how you count
+but we need a log k algorithm yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need a log k algorithm yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need a log k algorithm yeah so
+what could i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could i do
+um if you start at some k then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start at some k then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start at some k then
+right you can multiply by another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can multiply by another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can multiply by another case
+multiplied by another k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by another k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by another k
+it's actually like proceeded by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually like proceeded by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually like proceeded by another
+k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so okay so you got the right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so okay so you got the right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so okay so you got the right you're
+the right church wrong pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right church wrong pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right church wrong pew
+here so the the basic intuition here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the basic intuition here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the the basic intuition here is
+that stepping one planet at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stepping one planet at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stepping one planet at a time
+doesn't step fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't step fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't step fast enough
+um if you work out the details in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you work out the details in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you work out the details in that
+one you're going to find that you'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to find that you'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to find that you'll end
+up with a run time that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a run time that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a run time that still
+grows a little bit too quickly in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows a little bit too quickly in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows a little bit too quickly in in in
+k here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k here
+right in some sense you one way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense you one way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense you one way if you
+were to reverse engineer this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to reverse engineer this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to reverse engineer this problem
+which isn't really a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't really a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't really a great way to
+problem set you really do expect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you really do expect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you really do expect there
+to be powers of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be powers of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be powers of two
+in every step of your algorithm yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every step of your algorithm yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every step of your algorithm yes
+the binary search of like start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search of like start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary search of like start in the
+middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is the right intuition but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right intuition but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right intuition but there's
+i have a philosophical question for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a philosophical question for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a philosophical question for you
+which is what is the middle of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what is the middle of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what is the middle of an
+infinite set of planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set of planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set of planets
+infinite exactly that's a problem yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite exactly that's a problem yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite exactly that's a problem yes um
+we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+use like um i don't know who it was back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use like um i don't know who it was back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use like um i don't know who it was back
+there who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who was
+suggesting using doing i squared verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting using doing i squared verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting using doing i squared verbs
+instead for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead for
+doing i squared replace it with 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing i squared replace it with 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing i squared replace it with 2 to the
+i that's exactly right that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's exactly right that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's exactly right that's a great
+intuition so let's let's formalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so let's let's formalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so let's let's formalize that
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+which is like i could do binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like i could do binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like i could do binary search
+if i had a right-hand side i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a right-hand side i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a right-hand side i have
+left-hand side because it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side because it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side because it's one
+so what i'm going to do i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do i'm going to
+keep trying right hand sides and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep trying right hand sides and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep trying right hand sides and the
+oracle is going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to tell me
+is this a valid right-hand side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a valid right-hand side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a valid right-hand side right
+because the oracle is telling me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oracle is telling me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the oracle is telling me is
+there a planet to my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a planet to my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a planet to my left
+yeah so here's what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here's what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here's what i'm going to do
+again i don't like the index i in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i don't like the index i in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i don't like the index i in the
+official solution there's an i but i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official solution there's an i but i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official solution there's an i but i use
+the letter m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter m
+because i can um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can um which is
+the following i'm going to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following i'm going to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following i'm going to visit
+i hate teaching no that's not true i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate teaching no that's not true i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate teaching no that's not true i
+like teaching i just don't like chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teaching i just don't like chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teaching i just don't like chuck
+um i'm gonna visit planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two to the m for each m um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the m for each m um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the m for each m um
+you know starting with m equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know starting with m equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know starting with m equals zero
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh essentially until uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that k is the index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that k is the index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that k is the index of the
+planet i'm looking for so eventually i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet i'm looking for so eventually i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet i'm looking for so eventually i'm
+going to reach the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach the point
+where k is less than or equal to 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where k is less than or equal to 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where k is less than or equal to 2 to
+the m and i know that i can query my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m and i know that i can query my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m and i know that i can query my
+oracle and they're going to tell me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle and they're going to tell me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle and they're going to tell me when
+that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how much time does this take right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much time does this take right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much time does this take right so
+i'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to try
+planet 1 and then planet 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet 1 and then planet 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet 1 and then planet 2 and then
+planet 4 and then 8 and 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet 4 and then 8 and 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet 4 and then 8 and 16
+all the way up until k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's going to take log k time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to take log k time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to take log k time yeah
+you also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a
+stronger lower bound now to that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger lower bound now to that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger lower bound now to that minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's sort of right so so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's sort of right so so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's sort of right so so right so
+eventually what's going to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what's going to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what's going to happen when
+you stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop here
+is that 2 to the m minus 1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 2 to the m minus 1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 2 to the m minus 1 is going to
+be less than or equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or equal to k
+less than equal to 2 to the m right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to 2 to the m right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to 2 to the m right
+because then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then then
+because this is the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the condition for
+stopping this is the condition for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping this is the condition for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping this is the condition for not
+stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+so when you stop k this little sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you stop k this little sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you stop k this little sandwich
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+yeah so if i take the log essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if i take the log essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if i take the log essentially
+what i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've shown
+is that i've taken right because m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i've taken right because m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i've taken right because m is
+like the number of steps in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of steps in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of steps in this part of
+my algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm
+so if i take the log i'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take the log i'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take the log i'm going to find
+that i took log k steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i took log k steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i took log k steps
+yeah now that's acknowledgment yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now that's acknowledgment yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now that's acknowledgment yeah okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then well now um now i have an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well now um now i have an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well now um now i have an upper
+bound and a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and a lower bound
+so now what can i do yeah now i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what can i do yeah now i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what can i do yeah now i can
+binary search and that also takes log k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search and that also takes log k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search and that also takes log k
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's exactly right oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right oops
+so now i have step two is also binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have step two is also binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have step two is also binary
+search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and
+it's also a log k time and our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a log k time and our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a log k time and our problem
+is solved so problem number two is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solved so problem number two is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solved so problem number two is not
+so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard
+anybody with me any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with me any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody with me any questions about that
+one that's a quick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a quick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a quick one
+okay now problem three really spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now problem three really spoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now problem three really spoke to
+me as a computer graphics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a computer graphics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a computer graphics professor
+so uh right so now i am running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so now i am running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so now i am running
+for dobie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i have some
+i've collaborated a lot with adobe free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've collaborated a lot with adobe free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've collaborated a lot with adobe free
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+um right so uh fidobi is trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh fidobi is trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh fidobi is trying to make
+a piece of software uh for image editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of software uh for image editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of software uh for image editing
+and what does my piece of software do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does my piece of software do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does my piece of software do
+well uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh my
+my uh my image or i guess my document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh my image or i guess my document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh my image or i guess my document
+consists of a bunch of images that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a bunch of images that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a bunch of images that are
+overlaid with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid with one another
+okay and essentially what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and essentially what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and essentially what's happening
+inside of the software is i want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the software is i want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the software is i want to keep
+all the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the images
+in order from like top to bottom okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order from like top to bottom okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order from like top to bottom okay
+because when i render uh my photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i render uh my photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i render uh my photo
+what do i do i render the bottom one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do i render the bottom one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do i render the bottom one and
+then the next one and so on and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one and so on and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one and so on and just
+layer them on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer them on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer them on top of each other
+like if you've ever played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you've ever played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you've ever played with
+powerpoint or photoshop or i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint or photoshop or i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint or photoshop or i guess
+whatever fake name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fake name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fake name
+they're giving here that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving here that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving here that's a pretty
+common uh user interface to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh user interface to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh user interface to encounter
+and so what they've asked you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they've asked you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they've asked you to do is
+to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up
+with essentially a data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with essentially a data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with essentially a data structure and
+your data structure has to support a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure has to support a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure has to support a few
+different operations in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operations in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operations in particular you
+have to be able to make a document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to make a document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to make a document
+import an image and then stick it on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import an image and then stick it on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import an image and then stick it on top
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+display which returns all the ids in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display which returns all the ids in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display which returns all the ids in the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+uh that you store them and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you store them and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you store them and then there's
+a real kicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real kicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real kicker
+which is that you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you need to be able to
+take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of the
+the thing one of the layers and stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing one of the layers and stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing one of the layers and stick it
+underneath another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath another one
+but you have to do that in log in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to do that in log in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to do that in log in time
+it's that butt that makes this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that butt that makes this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that butt that makes this whole
+problem kind of a pain in the took us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem kind of a pain in the took us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem kind of a pain in the took us
+yeah uh so right so again uh here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so right so again uh here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so right so again uh here are
+operations we've got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an empty dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is supposed to take order one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to take order one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to take order one time
+we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh
+import which adds an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import which adds an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import which adds an
+x on top and that this should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on top and that this should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on top and that this should take
+order end time notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end time notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end time notice that this is
+already a little suspicious if i were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little suspicious if i were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little suspicious if i were
+like trying to psychologically diagnose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to psychologically diagnose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to psychologically diagnose
+my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my
+professors i would look at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors i would look at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors i would look at this this
+order end with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end with some
+like with a raised eyebrow right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a raised eyebrow right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a raised eyebrow right because
+probably like what would you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like what would you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like what would you have in
+mind if you're like talking about stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if you're like talking about stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if you're like talking about stacks
+of photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photographs
+would be like a you know a stack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like a you know a stack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like a you know a stack or
+queue or some data structure like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue or some data structure like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue or some data structure like that
+but then insertion would be like order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then insertion would be like order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then insertion would be like order
+one time you know so there's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time you know so there's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time you know so there's clearly
+something a little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more complicated
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+okay uh what's number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what's number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what's number three
+is um display uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has to happen in order end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to happen in order end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to happen in order end time
+this one kind of makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one kind of makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one kind of makes sense right
+because in order to display n things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to display n things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to display n things you
+kind of expect to take at least end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expect to take at least end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expect to take at least end time
+uh and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to move below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this has to take order login time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and this is going to be the kicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is going to be the kicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is going to be the kicker
+right because we really uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we really uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we really uh this is
+this is somehow not totally obvious from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow not totally obvious from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow not totally obvious from
+from the way that we set up our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way that we set up our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way that we set up our problem
+so everybody understand the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody understand the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody understand the problem set
+up so far we just keep adding objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so far we just keep adding objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so far we just keep adding objects
+with ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ids
+and we need to be able to insert them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to be able to insert them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to be able to insert them on
+the top and then kind of reorder them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then kind of reorder them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then kind of reorder them
+and the problem has given you run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem has given you run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem has given you run time
+for each of these different operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these different operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these different operations
+okay right so here's the thing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so here's the thing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so here's the thing there's
+like kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of a
+sequence aspect to our problem and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence aspect to our problem and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence aspect to our problem and kind
+of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+aspect to our problem does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to our problem does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect to our problem does that make
+sense like the sequence aspect to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like the sequence aspect to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like the sequence aspect to our
+problem is that we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we're going to have to
+display stuff in order end time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display stuff in order end time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display stuff in order end time right
+we've got to iterate over our whole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to iterate over our whole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to iterate over our whole list
+put stuff on top and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stuff on top and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stuff on top and so on
+and the set aspect is that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set aspect is that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set aspect is that we'd like to
+move stuff on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move stuff on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move stuff on top of each other
+in log end time and the reason that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log end time and the reason that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log end time and the reason that i
+say that this is somehow set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is somehow set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is somehow set
+aspect is that i need to be able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is that i need to be able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is that i need to be able to put
+any x underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x underneath
+any y which means that i need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any y which means that i need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any y which means that i need to be able
+to quickly find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly find
+what layer the x and the y is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas how we could solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas how we could solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas how we could solve this
+problem how about some from some folks i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how about some from some folks i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how about some from some folks i
+haven't heard from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a really great idea so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a really great idea so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a really great idea so maybe
+i'm going to maintain so remember we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to maintain so remember we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to maintain so remember we've
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+uh let's see in in my lecture two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see in in my lecture two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see in in my lecture two
+lectures ago we kind of thought of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we kind of thought of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we kind of thought of a
+sorted list as like a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted list as like a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted list as like a set
+data structure so yeah so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so yeah so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure so yeah so that's that's
+a fabulous idea why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fabulous idea why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fabulous idea why don't we
+for the set part of our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to store in particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store in particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to store in particular a
+sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of uh and for now let's think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh and for now let's think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh and for now let's think about like
+a sorted array of x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array of x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array of x's
+and so this is going to be able to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to be able to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to be able to help
+us answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us answer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us answer questions
+like you know is this id in my my set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know is this id in my my set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know is this id in my my set of
+images or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or not
+but there's also going to be a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also going to be a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also going to be a second
+part of my problem which is in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my problem which is in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my problem which is in addition
+to that i need to be able to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that i need to be able to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that i need to be able to keep a
+different ordering other than being just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ordering other than being just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ordering other than being just
+ordered by x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by x
+which is the ordering that they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ordering that they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ordering that they're being
+like drawn on the screen right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drawn on the screen right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drawn on the screen right that's
+different than the ordering of their ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the ordering of their ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the ordering of their ids
+so for that um good question we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that um good question we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that um good question we're gonna
+be building a sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building a sorted array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building a sorted array
+with nothing in it and it's gonna be o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing in it and it's gonna be o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing in it and it's gonna be o
+of n log n time but that's undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log n time but that's undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log n time but that's undefined
+so we can we actually go to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we actually go to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we actually go to this one
+we're gonna write it with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write it with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna write it with nothing
+hmm okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm okay uh
+no i'm not sure i quite follow uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not sure i quite follow uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not sure i quite follow uh um
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+building an empty sort of array of n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an empty sort of array of n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an empty sort of array of n log
+n time which is o of zero log zero time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time which is o of zero log zero time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time which is o of zero log zero time
+and log zero is entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log zero is entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log zero is entered
+array yeah building an empty anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array yeah building an empty anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array yeah building an empty anything
+takes one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes one time
+oh yeah okay cool cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay cool cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay cool cool
+all right uh so in addition to this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so in addition to this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so in addition to this we
+have a sequence aspect of our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and for that uh maybe we'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for that uh maybe we'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for that uh maybe we'll use a
+linked list right that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list right that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list right that's a pretty
+reasonable sequence uh uh data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable sequence uh uh data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable sequence uh uh data structure
+and in fact let's think for a second now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let's think for a second now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let's think for a second now
+we're gonna need this move below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need this move below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need this move below
+operation right so our links list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation right so our links list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation right so our links list is
+gonna store the order of the images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna store the order of the images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna store the order of the images in
+our document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our document
+in order to move something below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to move something below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to move something below
+something else we're going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we're going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we're going to kind of
+splice an image in between two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice an image in between two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice an image in between two other
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+so for convenience maybe we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for convenience maybe we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for convenience maybe we have a
+doubly linked list so that we can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly linked list so that we can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly linked list so that we can like
+move backward and forward so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move backward and forward so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move backward and forward so that we can
+insert stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert stuff
+yeah so we'll have a doubly linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so
+let's start uh solving our problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start uh solving our problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start uh solving our problem and
+then uh thinking about where uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh thinking about where uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh thinking about where uh things
+are gonna go wrong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna go wrong here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna go wrong here
+uh with with our setup here so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with our setup here so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with our setup here so first of
+all i don't think we really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i don't think we really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i don't think we really have to
+write anything for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write anything for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write anything for the
+for for part one because making an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for part one because making an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for part one because making an empty
+anything is a pretty easy algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is a pretty easy algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is a pretty easy algorithm
+on your homework of course you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your homework of course you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your homework of course you should
+write that and tell us that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and tell us that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and tell us that it takes
+order one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time
+now how about uh importing an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about uh importing an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about uh importing an object
+remember so that puts it on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so that puts it on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so that puts it on the top
+of the uh it puts that on the top of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh it puts that on the top of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh it puts that on the top of our
+linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+and we have to insert it into our sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to insert it into our sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to insert it into our sorted
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+right so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we do that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+our insert algorithm is super simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our insert algorithm is super simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our insert algorithm is super simple
+right we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x to the set which we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the set which we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the set which we talked about in
+class for a sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a sorted array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a sorted array
+how long does this take for a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does this take for a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does this take for a sorted
+array to add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array to add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array to add something
+exactly order end time but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly order end time but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly order end time but that's
+actually okay because wait that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay because wait that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay because wait that's our
+criterion for number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and in addition to that uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in addition to that uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in addition to that uh we'll
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+x on the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on the top of the
+the linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's order one time that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's order one time that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's order one time that's easy
+i'm adding space because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm adding space because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm adding space because we're going to
+see that we made a slight mistake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we made a slight mistake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we made a slight mistake and
+that we're going to need to modify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to need to modify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to need to modify our
+algorithm a tiny bit to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm a tiny bit to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm a tiny bit to solve this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay so how do we uh how do we display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we uh how do we display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we uh how do we display
+i think that's the simplest one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the simplest one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the simplest one right
+i'm just going to iterate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to iterate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to iterate over the
+entire linked list and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire linked list and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire linked list and just
+one by one output the order because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one output the order because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one output the order because
+remember the whole point of the linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the whole point of the linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the whole point of the linked
+list is to keep track of all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is to keep track of all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is to keep track of all of our
+documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents
+in in order huh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in order huh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in order huh so uh
+display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all you have to do is loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is loop over
+the linked list okay and the real kicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list okay and the real kicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list okay and the real kicker
+is the last part right which is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last part right which is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last part right which is how do
+you move something below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move something below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move something below
+so so let's think for a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's think for a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's think for a minute what
+what's what's moving below going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's moving below going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's moving below going to
+entail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entail
+so is it going to affect the set of keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it going to affect the set of keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it going to affect the set of keys
+that are in my document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in my document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in my document
+no actually right they're just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actually right they're just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actually right they're just changing
+their ordering but both of those keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ordering but both of those keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ordering but both of those keys
+were already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already there
+yeah the only thing it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the only thing it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the only thing it's going to do
+is affect where they are in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affect where they are in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affect where they are in the sequence
+but there's something really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something really really
+annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+how do i find something in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i find something in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i find something in this sequence
+like let's say that i tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say that i tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say that i tell you the
+document 75 has to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document 75 has to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document 75 has to move
+below document 352.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below document 352.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below document 352.
+well so far in my data structure what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far in my data structure what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far in my data structure what's
+my only option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my only option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my only option
+does the set tell me anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the set tell me anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the set tell me anything about
+where stuff is in the links list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where stuff is in the links list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where stuff is in the links list
+no so how much time is it going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so how much time is it going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so how much time is it going to take
+for me to find a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to find a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to find a key
+order n right because i've got a link i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right because i've got a link i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right because i've got a link i
+gotta loop over this whole linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta loop over this whole linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta loop over this whole linked list
+and and find the item that i'm missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and find the item that i'm missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and find the item that i'm missing
+is that allowed no the problem tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that allowed no the problem tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that allowed no the problem tells me
+that i have to do this in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to do this in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to do this in order
+log and time so somehow on our head we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and time so somehow on our head we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and time so somehow on our head we
+should be thinking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking like
+okay we're gonna we want to kind of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna we want to kind of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna we want to kind of use
+this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+here to help us find stuff in the doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help us find stuff in the doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help us find stuff in the doubly
+linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+does that make sense that intuition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense that intuition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense that intuition so
+here's how we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're going to do it
+actually before i do that any any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i do that any any ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i do that any any ideas
+how can we solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that's a fabulous idea so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fabulous idea so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fabulous idea so here's what
+i'm going to do remember that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do remember that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do remember that when we
+make a set we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a set we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a set we don't
+have to store the keys we can attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store the keys we can attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to store the keys we can attach
+data to our keys yeah and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to our keys yeah and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to our keys yeah and in particular
+i am going to attach a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am going to attach a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am going to attach a pointer
+into my linked list it's a really sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my linked list it's a really sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my linked list it's a really sneaky
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+yeah so let's say that i have let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that i have let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that i have let's do a
+quick example so let's say that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example so let's say that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example so let's say that i have
+my documents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my documents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my documents are
+one five three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five three two
+and seven like that so my linked list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven like that so my linked list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven like that so my linked list is
+gonna be real simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be real simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be real simple
+it's doubly linked see there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doubly linked see there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doubly linked see there's two
+arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here
+just like that right and now my sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that right and now my sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that right and now my sorted
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+is gonna store all the keys in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna store all the keys in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna store all the keys in order
+let's see if i can do this with me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if i can do this with me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if i can do this with me one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three five seven all right so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five seven all right so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five seven all right so this is my
+this is my linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my linked list
+and here's my uh sorted array is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my uh sorted array is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's my uh sorted array is going
+to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one
+two three five seven but then what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three five seven but then what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three five seven but then what i'm
+going to attach to each of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attach to each of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attach to each of these guys
+is a pointer to the element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pointer to the element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pointer to the element of the
+linked list right so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list right so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list right so he
+is going to additionally contain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to additionally contain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to additionally contain an
+arrow here the two will contain an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here the two will contain an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow here the two will contain an arrow
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the three will contain an arrow there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three will contain an arrow there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three will contain an arrow there
+the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five
+uh this is ugly i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here's the thing let's say that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing let's say that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing let's say that i
+remove this three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this three here
+does that actually affect seven's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that actually affect seven's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that actually affect seven's
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+no right so these pointers remain valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so these pointers remain valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so these pointers remain valid
+even if i like edit other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i like edit other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if i like edit other parts of the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+really sneaky trick okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sneaky trick okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sneaky trick okay
+so that is going to be our solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is going to be our solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is going to be our solution to
+this problem is to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is to store
+not just assorted array of x's but x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just assorted array of x's but x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just assorted array of x's but x's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+pointers so now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so now we have to
+modify a tiny bit you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify a tiny bit you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify a tiny bit you're right
+and now uh what can we do to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh what can we do to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh what can we do to move
+something below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something below
+well it's going to happen in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to happen in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to happen in sort of
+three steps right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our first step well we gotta first find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first step well we gotta first find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first step well we gotta first find
+keys x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys x and y
+right so we're gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna find
+x v x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v x and
+y v e y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y v e y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y v e y in
+the set how long does this take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set how long does this take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set how long does this take
+well now we can do it in binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we can do it in binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we can do it in binary search
+right exactly so this is like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that and now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and now uh
+what's my next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well remember the move below operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember the move below operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember the move below operator
+sort of removes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of removes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of removes
+x from where it currently is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x from where it currently is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x from where it currently is and then
+puts it underneath y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it underneath y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it underneath y
+right and both of those are like linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and both of those are like linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and both of those are like linked
+list editing operations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list editing operations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list editing operations right
+so i'm going to kind of like you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to kind of like you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to kind of like you know if
+i have a linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a linked list
+like one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one two three four
+right and like let's say i want to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like let's say i want to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like let's say i want to erase
+the two right i think you guys have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two right i think you guys have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two right i think you guys have all
+coded this up at some point in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded this up at some point in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded this up at some point in your
+lives then like what i'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives then like what i'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives then like what i'll do is
+you know add links like that which i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know add links like that which i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know add links like that which i can
+do because i can move forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because i can move forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because i can move forward and
+backward in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward in the list
+right and similarly if i want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and similarly if i want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and similarly if i want to add
+something then i'll like erase the links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then i'll like erase the links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then i'll like erase the links
+put it in there and update the links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there and update the links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in there and update the links
+how much time does that take let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time does that take let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time does that take let's just
+order one time right because now that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time right because now that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time right because now that i
+have the pointers to these two locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pointers to these two locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pointers to these two locations
+i'm just kind of like doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just kind of like doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just kind of like doing a lot of
+rewiring in my my linked list but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewiring in my my linked list but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewiring in my my linked list but it's
+all kind of local stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of local stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of local stuff
+if you're coding in c this is where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're coding in c this is where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're coding in c this is where your
+memory leak happens and your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory leak happens and your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory leak happens and your company
+gets hacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hacked
+okay so uh right so that is uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so that is uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so that is uh what
+we're gonna do next is update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do next is update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do next is update
+the linked list and that takes order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list and that takes order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list and that takes order one
+time on your homework if you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on your homework if you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on your homework if you're writing
+out your answer you should have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your answer you should have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your answer you should have an
+answer closer to what i've written on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer closer to what i've written on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer closer to what i've written on my
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+than the two words that i've written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the two words that i've written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the two words that i've written on
+the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here
+and then finally in step three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well actually there is no step through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually there is no step through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually there is no step through
+the way written in here sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way written in here sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way written in here sorry
+if we think of there there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of there there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of there there's actually
+two sort of parts to updating the linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of parts to updating the linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of parts to updating the linked
+list right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right
+one is to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to remove
+the old x uh position and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old x uh position and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old x uh position and then
+insert in the proper position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert in the proper position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert in the proper position
+right and when i do that my whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when i do that my whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when i do that my whole uh
+my whole update happened notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole update happened notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole update happened notice that
+there's something kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something kind of interesting
+about this move below operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this move below operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this move below operation
+which is that did i actually edit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that did i actually edit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that did i actually edit the
+set at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at all
+no right that kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right that kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right that kind of makes sense
+because the set is just a set of keys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the set is just a set of keys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the set is just a set of keys in
+my document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my document
+and just by changing the ordering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by changing the ordering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by changing the ordering it
+doesn't affect what's what's in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect what's what's in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect what's what's in my
+document so somehow it was a sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so somehow it was a sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so somehow it was a sanity
+check that that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that works out
+so this entire algorithm takes how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this entire algorithm takes how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this entire algorithm takes how long
+well there's order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's order
+log n there's order one and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n there's order one and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n there's order one and there's
+another order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another order one
+so the whole thing is log n and life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole thing is log n and life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole thing is log n and life is
+good for our problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for our problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for our problem here
+yes um so how can we input such pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so how can we input such pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so how can we input such pointers
+in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life
+how do we input such points like a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we input such points like a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we input such points like a set
+with pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pointers
+in real life got it so i only know the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life got it so i only know the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life got it so i only know the c
+plus version of this i'm going to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus version of this i'm going to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus version of this i'm going to get it
+wrong for python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for python
+um but i'm not sure that i quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i'm not sure that i quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i'm not sure that i quite
+understand the question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the question so
+it's just like pointers anywhere else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like pointers anywhere else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like pointers anywhere else in
+real life uh so i guess in in in python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life uh so i guess in in in python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life uh so i guess in in in python
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um what you'll do is you'll create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you'll do is you'll create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you'll do is you'll create a new
+right as you add these guys to your set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you add these guys to your set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you add these guys to your set
+you'll create a new object here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll create a new object here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll create a new object here
+and in addition to that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that you're going to
+create a new vx that you add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new vx that you add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new vx that you add to the
+linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+and then the pointer is just an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pointer is just an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pointer is just an address
+in memory right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right so
+essentially what you'll store notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you'll store notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you'll store notes are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+are the second l the pointers are pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the second l the pointers are pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the second l the pointers are pairs
+they're a pair of an x value uh and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a pair of an x value uh and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a pair of an x value uh and a
+oh i'm sorry yeah actually i guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry yeah actually i guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry yeah actually i guess this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um no the linked list just contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no the linked list just contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no the linked list just contains a
+long list of x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of x's
+right um but they don't have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but they don't have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but they don't have to be in
+contiguous memory that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous memory that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous memory that's the only
+difference so you make them one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you make them one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you make them one
+linked list item at a time but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list item at a time but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list item at a time but it's just
+like constructing any other linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like constructing any other linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like constructing any other linked list
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+in fact there's pseudo code in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's pseudo code in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's pseudo code in the uh
+the solutions that are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions that are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions that are are
+distributed so you can take a look there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so you can take a look there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so you can take a look there
+yeah speaking of which um for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah speaking of which um for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah speaking of which um for these
+for like implementing these database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like implementing these database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like implementing these database
+operations can we pseudo code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can we pseudo code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can we pseudo code the
+like algorithms for them i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like algorithms for them i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like algorithms for them i think the
+official answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official answer is no
+that you really are supposed to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really are supposed to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really are supposed to write
+out in words what your your thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in words what your your thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in words what your your thing is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+now there's a weird gray area of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a weird gray area of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a weird gray area of course
+which is that the words that you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the words that you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the words that you write
+are going to look an awful lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look an awful lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look an awful lot like
+pseudo code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code
+but uh you you should make an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you you should make an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you you should make an effort to
+try and write down a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and write down a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and write down a little bit in
+paragraph form and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph form and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph form and b
+be descriptive about it this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be descriptive about it this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be descriptive about it this is a good
+skill to learn at the beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to learn at the beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to learn at the beginning of this
+course i think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i think it's it's
+it'll feel a little pedantic at points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll feel a little pedantic at points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll feel a little pedantic at points
+and and that's good because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's good because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's good because it
+should and you should deal with it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should and you should deal with it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should and you should deal with it yeah
+no but really yeah try and write things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but really yeah try and write things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but really yeah try and write things
+out in a way that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a way that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a way that like
+captures your logic rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures your logic rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures your logic rather than just
+like python code yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like python code yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like python code yeah
+cool all right so let's see we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so let's see we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so let's see we've got
+we've got approximately 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got approximately 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got approximately 17
+minutes left in class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left in class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left in class which is
+approximately one-eighth of the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately one-eighth of the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately one-eighth of the time it
+took me to figure out the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me to figure out the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me to figure out the solution to
+this last homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last homework problem
+but we'll get started uh and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll get started uh and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll get started uh and i've
+written out a careful answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out a careful answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out a careful answer
+um because essentially in problem four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because essentially in problem four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because essentially in problem four
+i found myself getting stuck in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found myself getting stuck in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found myself getting stuck in a few
+little details and so i figured the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details and so i figured the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details and so i figured the way
+that i'd write out my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'd write out my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'd write out my little
+hand scribbled chicken scratch answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand scribbled chicken scratch answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand scribbled chicken scratch answer
+online was to just basically give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online was to just basically give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online was to just basically give you
+an internal dialogue of my brain and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal dialogue of my brain and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal dialogue of my brain and how
+i went about solving these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went about solving these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went about solving these things and
+all the stupid missteps that i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stupid missteps that i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stupid missteps that i made
+yeah um because i think that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um because i think that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um because i think that's actually
+quite valuable essentially it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite valuable essentially it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite valuable essentially it's often
+you see in these problem sessions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in these problem sessions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in these problem sessions just
+like oh here's a problem here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh here's a problem here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh here's a problem here's the
+answer here's a problem here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here's a problem here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here's a problem here's the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+but the reality is even your professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is even your professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is even your professor
+especially because he's used to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because he's used to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because he's used to thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+rendering um occasionally gets confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering um occasionally gets confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendering um occasionally gets confused
+about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+these algorithms problems especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms problems especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms problems especially
+when they're frankly written in a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're frankly written in a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're frankly written in a bit of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+confusing way uh and i heard some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing way uh and i heard some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing way uh and i heard some some
+war stories about this problem actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war stories about this problem actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war stories about this problem actually
+being on the homework apparently i i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the homework apparently i i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the homework apparently i i'm
+in good company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good company
+so let's take a look at this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this last
+homework problem 1-4 so this is on brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem 1-4 so this is on brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem 1-4 so this is on brick
+blowing and this is a great exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing and this is a great exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing and this is a great exercise in
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+a problem that is described in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that is described in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that is described in really
+long nasty useless language and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long nasty useless language and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long nasty useless language and then
+extracting like the two words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting like the two words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting like the two words that
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+um by the way like i'm making a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way like i'm making a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way like i'm making a joke
+about that i can tell you that about 82
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that i can tell you that about 82
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that i can tell you that about 82
+percent of my time as a professor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of my time as a professor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of my time as a professor is
+spent with like people from industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent with like people from industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent with like people from industry
+visiting my office with exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting my office with exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting my office with exactly this
+kind of scenario where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scenario where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scenario where like
+you know they have some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have some really
+complicated thing they've been thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing they've been thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing they've been thinking
+about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their
+you know construction problem for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know construction problem for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know construction problem for like
+years and they have all these details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they have all these details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they have all these details
+and tables and flow charts and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tables and flow charts and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tables and flow charts and then it
+turns out that their problem is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that their problem is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that their problem is like
+can be captured in about two sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be captured in about two sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be captured in about two sentences
+but so it's a good skill to have and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's a good skill to have and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's a good skill to have and one
+that can get you a lot of money as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get you a lot of money as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get you a lot of money as a
+consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant
+so it's one that's worth practicing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one that's worth practicing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one that's worth practicing in
+this class even if we're doing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class even if we're doing it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class even if we're doing it for
+pork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork
+pork land with a wolf that blows only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork land with a wolf that blows only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork land with a wolf that blows only to
+the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the east
+okay so what's going on in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's going on in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's going on in this problem
+there's there's a wolf and the wolf can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a wolf and the wolf can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a wolf and the wolf can
+blow on houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on houses
+but for some reason um the wolf likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason um the wolf likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some reason um the wolf likes to
+blow to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow to the right
+and to make matters even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make matters even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make matters even more
+complicated whoever wrote this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated whoever wrote this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated whoever wrote this problem
+occasionally ordered things from east to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally ordered things from east to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally ordered things from east to
+west and other times ordered them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west and other times ordered them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west and other times ordered them from
+west to east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west to east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west to east
+if i were instructed of your instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were instructed of your instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were instructed of your instructor
+at the time that i would have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that i would have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that i would have at least
+gotten rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of
+that's just that's just mean um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just mean um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's just mean um but in
+any event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event
+i believe the story goes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe the story goes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe the story goes as the
+apocryphal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal uh
+uh uh houseblowing pork wolf uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh houseblowing pork wolf uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh houseblowing pork wolf uh
+story that we all know and love from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we all know and love from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we all know and love from our
+childhood is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood is uh
+there's a row of houses each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a row of houses each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a row of houses each of which
+has a different number of bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different number of bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different number of bricks
+yeah and now there's a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and now there's a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and now there's a wind
+which is blowing from west to east i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is blowing from west to east i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is blowing from west to east i
+remember all this because i was staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all this because i was staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all this because i was staring
+at it this morning in my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it this morning in my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it this morning in my office
+and essentially the wolf being the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the wolf being the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the wolf being the the
+big bad wolf that he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bad wolf that he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bad wolf that he is
+says aha if i to blow from west to east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says aha if i to blow from west to east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says aha if i to blow from west to east
+i can knock over more houses more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can knock over more houses more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can knock over more houses more
+efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+yeah because i'm the wind is helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because i'm the wind is helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because i'm the wind is helping me
+you don't want to blow into the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to blow into the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to blow into the wind
+it gets you know you're spitting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets you know you're spitting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets you know you're spitting your
+face okay so uh the wolf does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay so uh the wolf does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay so uh the wolf does that
+and then what happens is that the wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that the wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that the wolf
+not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only
+knocks down the house upon which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks down the house upon which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks down the house upon which the
+wolf blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf blows
+but also all the houses to the east of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also all the houses to the east of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also all the houses to the east of
+that house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that house
+that have fewer bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fewer bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have fewer bricks
+why you might ask i don't know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might ask i don't know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might ask i don't know because
+whoever wrote this problem was being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever wrote this problem was being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever wrote this problem was being a
+goofball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofball
+but that's the basic setup of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the basic setup of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the basic setup of this
+problem and you can see that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you can see that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you can see that essentially
+this is just a long convoluted way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a long convoluted way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a long convoluted way of
+describing something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing something pretty
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+yeah and so at the end of the day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so at the end of the day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so at the end of the day the
+wolf being kind of an adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf being kind of an adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf being kind of an adversarial
+uh wolf wants to blow down as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wolf wants to blow down as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wolf wants to blow down as many
+bricks as possible and we are providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks as possible and we are providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks as possible and we are providing
+the wolf with the analytical tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wolf with the analytical tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wolf with the analytical tools
+needed to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do so
+yeah so in case you didn't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in case you didn't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in case you didn't think we
+covered anything practical in 6006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered anything practical in 6006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered anything practical in 6006
+uh now you know that we we actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you know that we we actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you know that we we actually are
+doing state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing state-of-the-art
+wolf brick blowing pig analysis okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf brick blowing pig analysis okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf brick blowing pig analysis okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+right so let's uh let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's uh let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's uh let's do an example
+because this is like weirdly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is like weirdly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is like weirdly complicated
+so the first part of the problem asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part of the problem asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part of the problem asks
+you to just do an example out and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just do an example out and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just do an example out and i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+if i were psychologically diagnosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were psychologically diagnosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were psychologically diagnosing the
+person who wrote this problem probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wrote this problem probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wrote this problem probably
+the reason is that they stood back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that they stood back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that they stood back and
+they said nobody's going to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said nobody's going to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said nobody's going to understand
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+unless i force them to do an example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless i force them to do an example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless i force them to do an example by
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+right and so the basic problem is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the basic problem is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the basic problem is asking
+like you know i could choose to blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know i could choose to blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know i could choose to blow
+on each house which one should i choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each house which one should i choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each house which one should i choose
+to cause the most damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause the most damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause the most damage
+or in fact they actually ask a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact they actually ask a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact they actually ask a slightly
+different problem which is if i were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem which is if i were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem which is if i were to
+blow on each house how much damage would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on each house how much damage would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on each house how much damage would
+i cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cause
+okay so let's step through the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's step through the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's step through the problem
+so they give you an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they give you an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they give you an example uh
+a set of numbers 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of numbers 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of numbers 34
+57 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 70
+19 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 48
+actually let's just stop there i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just stop there i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just stop there i don't
+think there's any reason to do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's any reason to do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's any reason to do like a
+list of a million numbers like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of a million numbers like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of a million numbers like in the
+problem that was just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that was just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that was just like
+you know the more times you do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more times you do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more times you do it the
+more you convince yourself how useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you convince yourself how useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you convince yourself how useless
+6006 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 is
+okay so so uh right so so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so uh right so so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so uh right so so how much
+damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+does blowing on house number one cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does blowing on house number one cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does blowing on house number one cause
+well let's make a little table so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's make a little table so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's make a little table so if i
+blow on house number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on house number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on house number one
+just by default house number one false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by default house number one false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by default house number one false
+i'll pull x there meaning i blew it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll pull x there meaning i blew it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll pull x there meaning i blew it over
+and then the rule is any house to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rule is any house to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rule is any house to the
+right which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which has
+fewer bricks the physics of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bricks the physics of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bricks the physics of this problem
+drives me nuts i thought about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives me nuts i thought about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives me nuts i thought about it for
+quite a long time and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time and i
+i can't think of a wind that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't think of a wind that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't think of a wind that actually
+has this property uh but any house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property uh but any house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property uh but any house
+that has fewer bricks and is to the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has fewer bricks and is to the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has fewer bricks and is to the east
+also gets blown down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets blown down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets blown down so
+57 does not right that's bigger than 34.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 does not right that's bigger than 34.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 does not right that's bigger than 34.
+similarly for 70. aha the 19 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for 70. aha the 19 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for 70. aha the 19 goes
+with the wind uh 48's bigger and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wind uh 48's bigger and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wind uh 48's bigger and the two
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+right so the element number one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the element number one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the element number one of my
+array would be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array would be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array would be three
+right three things get blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three things get blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three things get blown over
+okay for the next guy right so the 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the next guy right so the 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the next guy right so the 57
+gets blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets blown over
+it does not blow over the 34 because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not blow over the 34 because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not blow over the 34 because my
+wolf only knows how to blow to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf only knows how to blow to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf only knows how to blow to the right
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+it does not blow over the 70 it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not blow over the 70 it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not blow over the 70 it does
+blow over the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow over the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow over the 19
+doesn't blow it does move over the 48 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't blow it does move over the 48 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't blow it does move over the 48 it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+right so here there'll be a four these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here there'll be a four these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here there'll be a four these
+numbers do not match the ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do not match the ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do not match the ones in the
+notes because this is a shorter list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because this is a shorter list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because this is a shorter list of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+i should point out okay let's do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should point out okay let's do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should point out okay let's do one
+more and then we're going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then we're going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then we're going to stop
+because this is laborious and boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is laborious and boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is laborious and boring
+so the 70 blows over everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 70 blows over everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 70 blows over everything
+yeah but only everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but only everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but only everything to
+it's right because as we all know holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right because as we all know holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right because as we all know holes
+only blow to there okay i'll shut up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only blow to there okay i'll shut up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only blow to there okay i'll shut up
+uh so there's uh there's four uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's uh there's four uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's uh there's four uh there's
+four things that get blown over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things that get blown over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things that get blown over here but
+you guys get the point right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get the point right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get the point right and so
+essentially this problem is asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this problem is asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this problem is asking you
+to fill in arrays that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in arrays that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in arrays that look like this
+for your problem everybody on board with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your problem everybody on board with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your problem everybody on board with
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+now notice that just by virtue of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that just by virtue of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that just by virtue of doing
+this example let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example let's think about this
+abstractly because i think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly because i think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly because i think this is a
+problem that's just coded in so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's just coded in so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's just coded in so many
+words and made up like weird ta garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and made up like weird ta garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and made up like weird ta garbage
+but like at the end of the day like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like at the end of the day like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like at the end of the day like this
+problem as an algorithmic problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as an algorithmic problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as an algorithmic problem is not
+so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad
+right essentially what i'm asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially what i'm asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially what i'm asking you to
+do is i look at that 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is i look at that 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is i look at that 57
+and i look to the right and i count how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look to the right and i count how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look to the right and i count how
+many things are smaller than 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are smaller than 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are smaller than 57
+and i add one to it and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i add one to it and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i add one to it and that's the
+number that should go in that element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that should go in that element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that should go in that element of
+the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array
+so notice that like those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that like those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that like those three
+paragraphs that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs that's what they're
+communicating you didn't need like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating you didn't need like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating you didn't need like
+wolves blowing and winds and and trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves blowing and winds and and trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves blowing and winds and and trees
+and houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and houses and
+dorothy and all that kind of stuff yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorothy and all that kind of stuff yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorothy and all that kind of stuff yeah
+so uh right so so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so so at the end of the day
+that's the problem we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem we can think about
+and we no longer have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we no longer have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we no longer have to think about
+pork land ever again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork land ever again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork land ever again
+okay so maybe in the in the remaining 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in the in the remaining 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in the in the remaining 10
+minutes here i think we can feasibly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes here i think we can feasibly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes here i think we can feasibly do
+part b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part b
+uh and then part c is a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then part c is a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then part c is a sort of an
+extension of part b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of part b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of part b
+i got myself confused on part c so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got myself confused on part c so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got myself confused on part c so the
+handwritten solutions have an incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten solutions have an incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten solutions have an incorrect
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+and then an oops and then a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an oops and then a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an oops and then a correct
+answer in it so you can see where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in it so you can see where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in it so you can see where my
+logic went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic went wrong
+to be fair i i wrote i already knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair i i wrote i already knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair i i wrote i already knew the
+full answer and wrote out both because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full answer and wrote out both because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full answer and wrote out both because i
+thought that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it was
+useful um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um okay so
+in case our our problem wasn't contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case our our problem wasn't contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case our our problem wasn't contrived
+enough we're going to add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we're going to add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we're going to add a little bit
+of condition to it and then what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of condition to it and then what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of condition to it and then what we're
+going to see in part c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in part c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in part c
+is the that's somehow a stepping stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that's somehow a stepping stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that's somehow a stepping stone
+towards solving the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards solving the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards solving the bigger
+problem so in part c they say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in part c they say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in part c they say that a
+house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in
+in pork land is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pork land is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pork land is special
+if it has one of two properties either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has one of two properties either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has one of two properties either
+it has no easterly neighborhood neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no easterly neighborhood neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no easterly neighborhood neighbor
+meaning that's just like the rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that's just like the rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that's just like the rightmost
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+yeah or its adjacent neighbor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or its adjacent neighbor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or its adjacent neighbor to the
+east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east
+contains at least as many bricks as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains at least as many bricks as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains at least as many bricks as it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+right so what does that mean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean in terms of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+list of of numbers which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of of numbers which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of of numbers which one of these
+guys is is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is is special
+so the easterly guy is special we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the easterly guy is special we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the easterly guy is special we just
+know that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that by
+default and other than that this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and other than that this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default and other than that this special
+property is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is saying that
+the guy immediately to the right has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy immediately to the right has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy immediately to the right has a
+bigger number than the guy or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number than the guy or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number than the guy or at least
+you know equal to or larger to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know equal to or larger to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know equal to or larger to the one
+uh right before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right before it
+yeah so 57 is bigger than 34 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so 57 is bigger than 34 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so 57 is bigger than 34 so this
+guy's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's special
+by the way the problem doesn't ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the problem doesn't ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the problem doesn't ask you
+to do this on the example but i totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this on the example but i totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this on the example but i totally
+would if i were solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if i were solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if i were solving this
+yep um 70 is bigger than 57 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um 70 is bigger than 57 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um 70 is bigger than 57 so it's
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+19 is smaller than 70 so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 is smaller than 70 so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 is smaller than 70 so it's not
+special i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special i'm sorry
+uh 48 is bigger than 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 48 is bigger than 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 48 is bigger than 19
+and i guess two is special just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess two is special just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess two is special just because
+things on the right are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the right are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the right are special
+okay so do we all get the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do we all get the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do we all get the definition
+fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous
+so in this problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this problem now
+what we're given is that i guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're given is that i guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're given is that i guess uh
+what our our evil uh wolf takes a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our our evil uh wolf takes a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our our evil uh wolf takes a walk
+down the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the block
+and takes a look at you know counts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes a look at you know counts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes a look at you know counts the
+number of bricks at each house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bricks at each house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bricks at each house and
+he or she makes an observation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she makes an observation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she makes an observation which is
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all but one house is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's think about what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about what that means
+let's think about the structure of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the structure of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the structure of our
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+so what happens as i walk along my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens as i walk along my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens as i walk along my right
+if the house is special what do i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the house is special what do i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the house is special what do i know
+about the next house get blown if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next house get blown if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next house get blown if you
+blow a special house down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow a special house down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow a special house down
+that's true but we're already solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we're already solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but we're already solving
+the problem they're listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem they're listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem they're listening
+qualitatively for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively for a second
+like just in terms of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just in terms of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just in terms of the number of
+bricks right i'm walking down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks right i'm walking down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks right i'm walking down the street
+i'm looking and the number of bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking and the number of bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking and the number of bricks
+increases until i get to the one house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases until i get to the one house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases until i get to the one house
+that isn't special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't special
+and then it decreases potentially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it decreases potentially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it decreases potentially or
+it's the last one and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the last one and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the last one and then it starts
+increasing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing again
+yeah so in other words my array kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in other words my array kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in other words my array kind of
+looks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks uh
+like the following which is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following which is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following which is that it's
+basically has two different pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has two different pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has two different pieces that
+are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+sorted yeah that's what this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted yeah that's what this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted yeah that's what this long
+paragraph is saying is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph is saying is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph is saying is saying
+suppose that the list of houses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the list of houses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the list of houses is
+sorted except for one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted except for one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted except for one thing
+yeah that's how you could have said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's how you could have said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's how you could have said it
+okay so uh here's an example so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh here's an example so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh here's an example so maybe we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+one two three four and then i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four and then i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four and then i don't know
+two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+so all of these is special with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these is special with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these is special with the
+exception of this guy sadly for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of this guy sadly for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of this guy sadly for him
+and so uh there's kind of like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's kind of like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's kind of like a little
+dividing line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line
+that happens to the left of which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to the left of which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to the left of which it's
+sorted into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted into the right
+yeah okay and then the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then the question is can
+we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we predict
+the damage for each house uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage for each house uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage for each house uh based on
+this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information
+um so i want as output to my code an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i want as output to my code an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i want as output to my code an
+array that says like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that says like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that says like
+this guy causes so much damage this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy causes so much damage this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy causes so much damage this guy
+causes so much damage and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes so much damage and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes so much damage and so on
+and i want to get it in order end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's think for a second so yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think for a second so yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think for a second so yeah we're
+going to do that so order in time means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so order in time means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so order in time means
+that i can't do i can't afford to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can't do i can't afford to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can't do i can't afford to do
+like sorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorting and
+all that kind of fancy stuff right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that kind of fancy stuff right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that kind of fancy stuff right so
+basically all i can do is kind of walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all i can do is kind of walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all i can do is kind of walk
+up and down the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down the array
+so we should think a bit about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should think a bit about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should think a bit about like
+what's special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about
+special oh you say uh what's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special oh you say uh what's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special oh you say uh what's special
+about this configuration that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this configuration that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this configuration that we
+wouldn't normally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't normally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't normally have
+anything before the non-special node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before the non-special node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before the non-special node
+should have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the same
+or not sorry anything not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not sorry anything not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not sorry anything not quite
+everything after the non-special node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after the non-special node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after the non-special node
+causes only one damage yeah so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes only one damage yeah so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes only one damage yeah so so let's
+think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+carefully i think that's right but i i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully i think that's right but i i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully i think that's right but i i'm
+bad at parsing sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at parsing sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at parsing sentences
+um remember that i always blow to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that i always blow to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember that i always blow to the
+right and i only blow short stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i only blow short stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i only blow short stuff
+so if i blow on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i blow on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i blow on uh
+like this two here will anything before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this two here will anything before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this two here will anything before
+that vertical line ever get blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertical line ever get blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertical line ever get blown over
+no because by property of being special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because by property of being special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because by property of being special
+we know that the list is increasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the list is increasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the list is increasing but
+it has to decrease to blow something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to decrease to blow something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to decrease to blow something
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+that make sense so for each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so for each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so for each one of these
+guys the only stuff you can blow is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the only stuff you can blow is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys the only stuff you can blow is in
+the second array does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second array does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second array does that make sense so
+we made an observation notice that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an observation notice that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an observation notice that it is
+special to the structure that we gave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to the structure that we gave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to the structure that we gave to
+our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem
+yeah and moreover so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and moreover so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and moreover so
+in both parts of this problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both parts of this problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both parts of this problem we're
+going to kind of look at two parts of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of look at two parts of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of look at two parts of an
+array and then merge them together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then merge them together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then merge them together in a
+smart way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart way
+let's look on the right hand side does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look on the right hand side does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look on the right hand side does
+any of these things like if i blow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things like if i blow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things like if i blow on
+any of these houses what's the damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these houses what's the damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these houses what's the damage
+that i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i do
+what you see that because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see that because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see that because this is an
+increasing list i only blow to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing list i only blow to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing list i only blow to the right
+and it has to get shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to get shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to get shorter
+yeah so for what partial credit on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for what partial credit on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for what partial credit on my
+homework problem probably very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem probably very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem probably very little
+partial credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit
+but you know spiritually it's half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know spiritually it's half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know spiritually it's half of
+your credit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit um
+we know the second half of my array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the second half of my array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the second half of my array is
+just a bunch of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of ones
+incidentally one detail which i bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally one detail which i bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally one detail which i bet
+would get a minus one on your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a minus one on your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a minus one on your homework
+we didn't tell you that all we told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't tell you that all we told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't tell you that all we told you
+is that there existed one house that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there existed one house that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there existed one house that
+wasn't special but we didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't special but we didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't special but we didn't tell you
+which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one
+but notice that i can find it in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that i can find it in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that i can find it in order
+end time right i can just walk along my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time right i can just walk along my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time right i can just walk along my
+array and find the first place where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and find the first place where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and find the first place where it
+decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases
+and that's the special house yeah so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the special house yeah so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the special house yeah so i
+can kind of assume that i know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of assume that i know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of assume that i know where
+this line is that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is that's that's
+that's kosher so then the only question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kosher so then the only question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kosher so then the only question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+how do i fill in my array here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i fill in my array here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i fill in my array here
+right like how do i count and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like how do i count and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like how do i count and so so
+let's think about this mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this mathematically
+because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how
+like porks and blowing and stuff is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like porks and blowing and stuff is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like porks and blowing and stuff is kind
+of confusing so let's think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusing so let's think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusing so let's think about it in
+terms of this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this array
+essentially what am i trying to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what am i trying to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what am i trying to do so
+for this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two
+i'm trying to look in the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to look in the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to look in the second half of
+my array and find all the numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array and find all the numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array and find all the numbers here
+that are less than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than 2.
+right that's essentially what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's essentially what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's essentially what this
+problem is asking you to do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do you see that
+okay i'm going to make one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to make one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to make one so
+here's a simple kind of n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a simple kind of n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a simple kind of n squared
+algorithm right which is i could iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right which is i could iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right which is i could iterate
+over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every
+item here and just loop over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item here and just loop over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item here and just loop over here and
+count the number of things that are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of things that are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of things that are less
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+right that's a double for loop each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a double for loop each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a double for loop each of
+which could be up to n so that's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be up to n so that's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be up to n so that's n
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+those against the rules can't do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those against the rules can't do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those against the rules can't do it so
+we need one more additional observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need one more additional observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need one more additional observation
+okay let's think about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about this for a second
+let's say i'm the wolf the pork blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i'm the wolf the pork blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i'm the wolf the pork blowing
+wolf and i walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf and i walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf and i walk
+from one house to the next and i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one house to the next and i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one house to the next and i keep
+track of what houses get blown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what happens as i walk from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens as i walk from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens as i walk from one
+house to the left on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to the left on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to the left on the uh
+to one house to the next on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one house to the next on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one house to the next on the
+left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side
+they're only getting taller right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only getting taller right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only getting taller right that's
+what it means to be special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be special
+so the houses that get blown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the houses that get blown over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the houses that get blown over here
+the set of those only grows larger does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of those only grows larger does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of those only grows larger does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+right because as these guys get taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because as these guys get taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because as these guys get taller
+more stuff falls over on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff falls over on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff falls over on the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+it's like a total goofball talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a total goofball talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a total goofball talking about
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+moreover these guys are in sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover these guys are in sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover these guys are in sorted order
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's going to end up happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to end up happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to end up happening is that
+always there's just some interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there's just some interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there's just some interval of
+houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+that gets knocked over so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets knocked over so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets knocked over so for example
+the four goes over the two and the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four goes over the two and the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four goes over the two and the three
+i guess notice that that always starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess notice that that always starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess notice that that always starts
+on the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side
+and that's because these guys are sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because these guys are sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because these guys are sorted
+right the three just blows over the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the three just blows over the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the three just blows over the two
+which is kind of a subset of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a subset of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a subset of the four
+this isn't a great example because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a great example because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a great example because those
+first two guys don't blow over anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two guys don't blow over anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two guys don't blow over anything
+that makes sense any ideas how could i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense any ideas how could i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense any ideas how could i
+use that observation to make an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that observation to make an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that observation to make an order
+n algorithm for counting blowiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n algorithm for counting blowiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n algorithm for counting blowiness
+damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heard a lot from you let's hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot from you let's hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot from you let's hear from
+some of our other colleagues here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our other colleagues here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our other colleagues here
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes binary search
+tell me more what would i search for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me more what would i search for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me more what would i search for so
+let's say you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have four
+and you will buy your shirt for the ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an interesting intuition and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting intuition and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting intuition and it's
+like 82 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 82 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 82 right
+so uh the the to repeat our colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the to repeat our colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the the to repeat our colleague
+suggestion which is a good one and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion which is a good one and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion which is a good one and we'll
+make your code a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your code a lot faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your code a lot faster
+in fact in practical terms would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in practical terms would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in practical terms would
+probably be about the same would be i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be about the same would be i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be about the same would be i'm
+going to move from the left to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move from the left to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move from the left to the
+right-hand side unless there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side unless there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side unless there's a very
+large neighborhood of pigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large neighborhood of pigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large neighborhood of pigs
+i'm going to move across this array i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to move across this array i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to move across this array i'm
+going to binary search this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to binary search this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to binary search this other
+side and find sort of like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and find sort of like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and find sort of like the first
+house that shouldn't get blown over or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that shouldn't get blown over or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that shouldn't get blown over or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+and now i know that the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i know that the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i know that the total number of
+things that get blown over now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that get blown over now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that get blown over now
+unfortunately for you what's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for you what's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for you what's the wrong
+time of that algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of that algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of that algorithm
+n log n right because for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n right because for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n right because for every single
+guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here
+i incur a binary search there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i incur a binary search there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i incur a binary search there which is
+log n time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n time so
+you're in the right church wrong pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right church wrong pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the right church wrong pew
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there's an observation we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an observation we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an observation we haven't
+used yet which is as i move to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yet which is as i move to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yet which is as i move to the right
+these numbers increase yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers increase yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers increase yeah
+so what's going to happen to the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going to happen to the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going to happen to the index
+of the stuff that gets blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that gets blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that gets blown over
+it's always going to move this way is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to move this way is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to move this way is it
+ever going to move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to move to the left
+no so there's a term that we used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so there's a term that we used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so there's a term that we used in the
+two lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lectures ago
+which is a term i never heard before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a term i never heard before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a term i never heard before but
+i kind of like it it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of like it it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of like it it's called a
+two-finger algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-finger algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-finger algorithm
+yeah what does a two-finger algorithm do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what does a two-finger algorithm do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what does a two-finger algorithm do
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+two fingers yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fingers yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fingers yeah so
+what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna keep my
+finger on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger on the right
+pointing at the very first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at the very first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at the very first thing that
+doesn't get blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get blown over
+okay so here right the one doesn't blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here right the one doesn't blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here right the one doesn't blow
+over anything so it stays here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anything so it stays here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over anything so it stays here
+i'm going to iterate to the next guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to iterate to the next guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to iterate to the next guy
+does the 2 blow over anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the 2 blow over anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the 2 blow over anything
+no by the way the problem is written now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no by the way the problem is written now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no by the way the problem is written now
+i'm going to move this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to move this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to move this guy here
+well now the 3 blows over the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the 3 blows over the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the 3 blows over the the two
+here so i'm going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i'm going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so i'm going to move
+my right finger one thing to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right finger one thing to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my right finger one thing to the right
+and move the guy to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move the guy to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move the guy to the four
+the four also the lower or anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four also the lower or anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four also the lower or anything and
+then i guess i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i guess i'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i guess i'm done
+but the basic point here is that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic point here is that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic point here is that i'm
+always going to be incrementing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be incrementing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be incrementing two
+different pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pointers
+and moving to the right and so what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving to the right and so what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving to the right and so what am i
+going to do i'm going to if i call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do i'm going to if i call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do i'm going to if i call this
+finger i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger i
+and this uh finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh finger
+j will i or j ever decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j will i or j ever decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j will i or j ever decrease
+no so if my algorithm is looping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so if my algorithm is looping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so if my algorithm is looping over
+all of these guys and they only ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys and they only ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys and they only ever
+touch each of these indices once i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each of these indices once i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each of these indices once i'm
+going to get an order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an order n
+technique yeah and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique yeah and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique yeah and that's going to be
+the basic trick to solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick to solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick to solving this problem
+now i've managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've managed to
+talk myself out of time but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk myself out of time but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk myself out of time but basically
+that's it so what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so what i'm going to do
+if we have 10 extra seconds is i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have 10 extra seconds is i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have 10 extra seconds is i'm going
+to initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize
+essentially for each eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of bricks at j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bricks at j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bricks at j
+is uh greater than the number of bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh greater than the number of bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh greater than the number of bricks
+at i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at i
+because that should be greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that should be greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that should be greater than or
+equal to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to right
+and the reason to do that is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason to do that is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason to do that is that now
+the number of houses that get blown over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of houses that get blown over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of houses that get blown over
+is just this index j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this index j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this index j
+minus the index of the first guy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the index of the first guy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the index of the first guy right
+and then i'll increment i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll increment i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll increment i
+and and continue that make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and continue that make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and continue that make any sense
+fabulous so i managed by some miracle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous so i managed by some miracle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous so i managed by some miracle to
+make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to
+almost the end of this problem set minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the end of this problem set minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the end of this problem set minus
+one part of one problem of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of one problem of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of one problem of course that's
+the hardest part of the whole problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part of the whole problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part of the whole problem
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+uh but there's an answer written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's an answer written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's an answer written out
+where essentially now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially now
+the question is can you do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can you do exactly the
+same algorithm but i don't give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithm but i don't give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithm but i don't give you this
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+assumption right that it increases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption right that it increases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption right that it increases and
+then decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then decreases
+and it's going to be basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be basically an
+extension of this idea as we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this idea as we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of this idea as we're going to
+use this plus a little bit of merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this plus a little bit of merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this plus a little bit of merge sort
+okay so with that we'll see you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we'll see you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we'll see you guys
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+it's always a pleasure and yeah have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a pleasure and yeah have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a pleasure and yeah have a
+lovely weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LBR4pEC7kwU.txt b/LBR4pEC7kwU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..974c17c235f774642d53df0bea2379a3f9599610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LBR4pEC7kwU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the topic for today's lecture as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the topic for today's lecture as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the topic for today's lecture as you
+can see up there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ecology and what I mean by this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and what I mean by this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and what I mean by this is it's
+basically um the study or or um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the study or or um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the study or or um what
+what we tried to figure out in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tried to figure out in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tried to figure out in molecular
+Evolution and ecology is what genes What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and ecology is what genes What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and ecology is what genes What
+gene sequences can tell us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene sequences can tell us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene sequences can tell us about the
+evolution and ultimately also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and ultimately also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and ultimately also the
+Ecology of organisms in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of organisms in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of organisms in the environment
+and it's particularly relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's particularly relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's particularly relevant for
+thinking about microorganisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about microorganisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about microorganisms
+procaryotes in the environment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes in the environment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes in the environment and I
+hope I can actually convince you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I can actually convince you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I can actually convince you today
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that so um ahuh this is a pointer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um ahuh this is a pointer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um ahuh this is a pointer I
+think the topics that I want to uh cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the topics that I want to uh cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the topics that I want to uh cover
+today is first of all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is first of all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is first of all I'm going to
+review a little bit um what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a little bit um what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a little bit um what we know
+about life on Earth sort of give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life on Earth sort of give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life on Earth sort of give an
+overview of the evolution of life on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the evolution of life on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the evolution of life on
+Earth then I want to go into a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth then I want to go into a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth then I want to go into a specific
+topic that's of particular relevance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's of particular relevance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's of particular relevance for
+the evolution of ukar that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of ukar that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of ukar that's the
+endosymbiosis Theory and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiosis Theory and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiosis Theory and then I'll
+explain how we can use Gene sequences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we can use Gene sequences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we can use Gene sequences to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+reconstruct um events that have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct um events that have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct um events that have happened
+a very very long time ago okay so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very long time ago okay so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very long time ago okay so we'll
+look at what we call molecular fogies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we call molecular fogies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we call molecular fogies or
+the use of Gene sequences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Gene sequences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Gene sequences to
+reconstruct um the history The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct um the history The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct um the history The
+evolutionary history of organisms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary history of organisms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary history of organisms on
+Earth derived from that we'll look then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth derived from that we'll look then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth derived from that we'll look then
+at what we call the tree of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we call the tree of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we call the tree of life and
+that's sort of the big picture overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the big picture overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the big picture overview
+of The evolutionary relationships of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The evolutionary relationships of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The evolutionary relationships of all
+organisms on the planet and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms on the planet and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms on the planet and then finally
+I'll cover I'll introduce you to a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cover I'll introduce you to a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll cover I'll introduce you to a topic
+called molecular ecology again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molecular ecology again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called molecular ecology again and
+that's how we can use Gene sequences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we can use Gene sequences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we can use Gene sequences to
+learn something about the diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about the diversity of
+microorganisms in the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms in the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms in the environment and
+that'll lead us then uh next time when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll lead us then uh next time when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll lead us then uh next time when I
+come back on Monday into this big topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back on Monday into this big topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back on Monday into this big topic
+of um environmental genomics how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um environmental genomics how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um environmental genomics how we can
+actually um expand uh this analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um expand uh this analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um expand uh this analysis to
+learn much more about uh organisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn much more about uh organisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn much more about uh organisms in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+environment so first of all let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so first of all let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so first of all let's look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Earth do anybody know how old we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth do anybody know how old we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth do anybody know how old we think
+Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+second yeah 4.5 4.6 I have in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah 4.5 4.6 I have in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah 4.5 4.6 I have in my notes
+4.6 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 so
+Earth is thought to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is thought to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is thought to have
+originated about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated about
+4.6 billion years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when did the first solid rocks appear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did the first solid rocks appear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did the first solid rocks appear on
+Earth so when was the surface kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth so when was the surface kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth so when was the surface kind of
+solidified anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know at 3.9 billion years ago okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when do we think life started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do we think life started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do we think life started to
+develop on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planet any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet any
+ideas take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas take a
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one 3.5 billion years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is really remarkable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really remarkable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really remarkable we
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that it didn't I mean of course it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't I mean of course it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't I mean of course it took
+a long time because we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time because we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time because we're talking about
+millions of years hundreds of millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years hundreds of millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years hundreds of millions
+of years but still if you look sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years but still if you look sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years but still if you look sort of
+at the big picture it didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big picture it didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big picture it didn't actually
+take life that long to evolve on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take life that long to evolve on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take life that long to evolve on the
+planet so why do we actually think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet so why do we actually think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet so why do we actually think that
+is the case what's the evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well when you look into sedimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well when you look into sedimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well when you look into sedimentary
+rocks so old rocks that arose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so old rocks that arose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so old rocks that arose from
+sediments what you find around this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments what you find around this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments what you find around this time
+you find that chemicals start to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that chemicals start to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that chemicals start to appear
+organic molecules that really resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecules that really resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecules that really resemble
+uh organic uh molecules in Modern Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh organic uh molecules in Modern Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh organic uh molecules in Modern Life
+so we have sort of chemical tracers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sort of chemical tracers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sort of chemical tracers or
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fossils so tracers that indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organisms but what we also find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms but what we also find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms but what we also find is
+so-called micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fossils and I have a picture of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossils and I have a picture of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossils and I have a picture of that
+here where when you actually take rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where when you actually take rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where when you actually take rocks
+and you actually slice them into very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually slice them into very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually slice them into very
+very thin slices you can put them under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin slices you can put them under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin slices you can put them under
+specific micro microscopes and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific micro microscopes and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific micro microscopes and what you
+then find is that many rocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find is that many rocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find is that many rocks that are
+very very old have those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very old have those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very old have those kinds of
+inclusions in them and these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusions in them and these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusions in them and these things
+really resemble very much modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really resemble very much modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really resemble very much modern
+procaryotic cells modern bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic cells modern bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic cells modern bacteria
+bacterial cells for example and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells for example and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells for example and so um
+those microfossils are generally taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those microfossils are generally taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those microfossils are generally taken
+as an indication also um that life was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indication also um that life was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indication also um that life was
+already present uh during those times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present uh during those times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present uh during those times
+now when we take a a quick sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we take a a quick sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we take a a quick sort of
+Overlook of um the evolution of life on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overlook of um the evolution of life on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overlook of um the evolution of life on
+the planet again uh this uh this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet again uh this uh this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet again uh this uh this graph
+here summarizes sort of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here summarizes sort of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here summarizes sort of the last
+4.6 billion years or so um when life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 billion years or so um when life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 billion years or so um when life
+originated we see that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated we see that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated we see that there was a
+period of chemical Evolution and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of chemical Evolution and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of chemical Evolution and then
+somewhere here in that region it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here in that region it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here in that region it's of
+course not really well understood when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not really well understood when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not really well understood when
+that exactly happened uh the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly happened uh the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly happened uh the origin of
+life is placed but I want to alert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is placed but I want to alert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is placed but I want to alert you
+to a couple of really really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of really really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of really really critical
+steps here that are shown on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps here that are shown on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps here that are shown on this graph
+which will actually talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will actually talk a little bit
+more about it is thought that life very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it is thought that life very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it is thought that life very
+early on split into three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on split into three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on split into three major
+lineages okay the bacteria the Ora and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages okay the bacteria the Ora and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages okay the bacteria the Ora and
+what is called here nuclear line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called here nuclear line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called here nuclear line and
+I'll come back to that in a minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that in a minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that in a minute or
+so then a further major event which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then a further major event which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then a further major event which you
+may remember is that oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember is that oxygenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember is that oxygenic
+photosynthesis actually evolved which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis actually evolved which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis actually evolved which
+means that cob bacteria evolved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that cob bacteria evolved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that cob bacteria evolved that
+started to produce oxygen as a byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to produce oxygen as a byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to produce oxygen as a byproduct
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+photosynthesis and this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and this really
+fundamentally changed the chemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally changed the chemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally changed the chemistry of
+the earth it actually became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth it actually became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth it actually became an
+oxidizing atmosphere and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing atmosphere and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing atmosphere and what you see
+here is um once the oxygen concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um once the oxygen concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um once the oxygen concentration
+rolls over a certain level it allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls over a certain level it allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls over a certain level it allowed
+the development of an ozone shield now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of an ozone shield now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of an ozone shield now
+what does that mean what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean what was the
+critical significance of the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical significance of the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical significance of the presence of
+an ozone Shield does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know what does it block out anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does it block out anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what does it block out anybody
+remember that what's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what's the big
+significance of the ozone hole over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the ozone hole over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the ozone hole over
+Antarctica for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica for
+example U it allows UV radiation to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example U it allows UV radiation to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example U it allows UV radiation to hit
+the Earth's surface and in fact if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface and in fact if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface and in fact if there
+were no ozone the UV radiation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no ozone the UV radiation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no ozone the UV radiation would be
+so strong that there would be no life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that there would be no life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that there would be no life
+possible on on land so once the ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on on land so once the ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible on on land so once the ozone
+Shield actually developed organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield actually developed organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield actually developed organisms
+could conquer basically the land surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conquer basically the land surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conquer basically the land surface
+and uh settle on the land surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh settle on the land surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh settle on the land surface and
+this then um is thought uh to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then um is thought uh to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then um is thought uh to be at
+least correlated with the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated with the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated with the development of
+endosymbiosis and I'll explain what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiosis and I'll explain what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosymbiosis and I'll explain what I
+mean by that but it basically led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that but it basically led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that but it basically led to the
+origin of modern UK carot so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of modern UK carot so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of modern UK carot so your
+ancestors essentially but there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors essentially but there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors essentially but there was
+still a long time obviously until humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a long time obviously until humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a long time obviously until humans
+appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+we have here the origin of animals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the origin of animals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the origin of animals or
+metazoans and then the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metazoans and then the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metazoans and then the age of the
+dinosaurs is already a very small blip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs is already a very small blip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs is already a very small blip
+here on this graph and humans don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this graph and humans don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this graph and humans don't even
+feature on that because we're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on that because we're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on that because we're so
+recent so but what I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent so but what I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent so but what I want to show you
+here is that three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lineages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolved early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ARA and what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARA and what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARA and what we call a
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lineage and the significance of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage and the significance of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage and the significance of those
+nuclear lineage is that it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear lineage is that it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear lineage is that it basically
+combined with bacteria to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with bacteria to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with bacteria to form the
+modern eukariotic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ukaria or ukar how they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called and it was this combination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and it was this combination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and it was this combination that
+we call the endosymbiosis event okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to explain this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to explain this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to explain this a little bit more
+and then I'll show you finally how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll show you finally how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll show you finally how we
+can actually why we actually know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually why we actually know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually why we actually know that
+those things are very likely to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are very likely to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are very likely to have
+occurred a long time ago yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um it means the bacteria and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it means the bacteria and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it means the bacteria and the
+nuclear lineage combined to form the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear lineage combined to form the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear lineage combined to form the UK
+carot okay and I'm I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carot okay and I'm I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carot okay and I'm I'm actually going to
+explain this on this slide here so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this on this slide here so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this on this slide here so um if
+you have any more questions after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any more questions after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any more questions after that
+please please let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please let me
+know so again this shows you this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so again this shows you this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so again this shows you this early
+Evolution this early split into ARA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution this early split into ARA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution this early split into ARA
+bacteria and this sort of uh nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and this sort of uh nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and this sort of uh nuclear
+line it is thought that this nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it is thought that this nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it is thought that this nuclear
+line were this were single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line were this were single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line were this were single cell
+organisms that increased in cell size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that increased in cell size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that increased in cell size
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+developed uh or partitioned their DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh or partitioned their DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh or partitioned their DNA
+into a nucleus basically so how you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a nucleus basically so how you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a nucleus basically so how you find
+it exactly how you find it in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly how you find it in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly how you find it in modern
+eukariotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukariotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukariotic
+cells but then what happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but then what happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but then what happened is that
+this cell took up a bacterial cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell took up a bacterial cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell took up a bacterial cell and
+over time this bacterial cell became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this bacterial cell became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this bacterial cell became a
+symbi okay and in fact it became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbi okay and in fact it became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbi okay and in fact it became the
+mitochondrian and so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian and so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian and so what this
+mitochondrian now does in the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian now does in the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian now does in the modern
+eukariotic cell as you all know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukariotic cell as you all know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukariotic cell as you all know is it
+really took over the energy metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took over the energy metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took over the energy metabolism
+so the ukar the Proto eukaryotic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ukar the Proto eukaryotic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ukar the Proto eukaryotic cell
+took up a heterotrophic bacterium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up a heterotrophic bacterium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up a heterotrophic bacterium that
+formed the mitochondrian and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed the mitochondrian and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed the mitochondrian and this
+ultimately then gave rise to protozoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately then gave rise to protozoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately then gave rise to protozoa
+and to modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to modern day
+animals but there was a secondary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but there was a secondary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals but there was a secondary um
+symbiotic event that this cell once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic event that this cell once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic event that this cell once it
+had taken up a heterotrophic bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken up a heterotrophic bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken up a heterotrophic bacterium
+it took up an autotrophic bacterium a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took up an autotrophic bacterium a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took up an autotrophic bacterium a
+cyob bacterium so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyob bacterium so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyob bacterium so an
+oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenic
+photosynthesizer and this actually then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesizer and this actually then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesizer and this actually then
+led to the development of modern algae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the development of modern algae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the development of modern algae
+and modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern
+plants so what we can say is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mitochondria are ancient heterotrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria and the chloroplasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cyanobacteria so oxygenic photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria and these obviously have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and these obviously have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and these obviously have
+co-evolved to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-evolved to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-evolved to then
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals and finally here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plants so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so now
+obviously we're talking here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're talking here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're talking here about
+events that are very very long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are very very long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that are very very long that
+happened a very very long time ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a very very long time ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a very very long time ago and
+so the big question is really how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big question is really how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big question is really how do we
+actually really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really know
+this and this takes me to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this takes me to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this takes me to the third
+topic that is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution so we can State the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so we can State the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so we can State the problem
+again and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very simply put evolution is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply put evolution is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply put evolution is incredibly
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and therefore its processes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore its processes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore its processes are not
+directly observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we need to actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to actually use
+inference techniques um to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference techniques um to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference techniques um to reconstruct
+evolutionary processes now what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary processes now what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary processes now what do we
+use when we want to reconstruct The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when we want to reconstruct The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when we want to reconstruct The
+evolutionary history of animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary history of animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary history of animals and
+plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody fossils exactly so you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody fossils exactly so you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody fossils exactly so you take a
+shovel essentially and dig down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel essentially and dig down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel essentially and dig down into the
+into the uh different layers and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh different layers and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh different layers and there's
+techniques how you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how you can actually
+determine the age of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the age of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the age of different
+sedimentary rocks for example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentary rocks for example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentary rocks for example and then
+you can construct if you're lucky you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct if you're lucky you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct if you're lucky you
+find enough fossils of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find enough fossils of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find enough fossils of a particular
+lineage you can reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage you can reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage you can reconstruct the
+evolution of that lineage I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of that lineage I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of that lineage I'm sure you
+all have seen the uh the example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have seen the uh the example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have seen the uh the example of the
+horse for example where we have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse for example where we have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse for example where we have actually
+quite good evidence what ancient horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good evidence what ancient horses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good evidence what ancient horses
+looked like and we can reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like and we can reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like and we can reconstruct the
+sequence of events that led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that led to the
+evolution of modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of modern day
+horses now you can imagine though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses now you can imagine though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses now you can imagine though that
+when we talk about such ancient events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about such ancient events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about such ancient events
+like these this there really is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these this there really is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these this there really is no
+fossil record okay so um what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil record okay so um what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil record okay so um what people
+have figured out then is that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out then is that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out then is that um and
+that was really a a stroke of Genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really a a stroke of Genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really a a stroke of Genius
+that um came about in the late 60s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um came about in the late 60s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um came about in the late 60s is
+that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules can act as evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omers okay now what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omers okay now what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omers okay now what do I mean by
+that I mean that you can take DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that you can take DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that you can take DNA
+sequences or Gene sequences from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or Gene sequences from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or Gene sequences from
+different kinds of organisms and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of organisms and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of organisms and based
+on those Gene sequences you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those Gene sequences you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those Gene sequences you can
+reconstruct their relationships to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct their relationships to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct their relationships to each
+other you can deter whether two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can deter whether two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can deter whether two
+organisms are very closely related or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms are very closely related or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms are very closely related or
+whether they're only very distantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're only very distantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're only very distantly
+related and the underlying mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and the underlying mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and the underlying mechanism of
+that is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations happen with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations happen with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations happen with a certain
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the time okay so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time okay so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time okay so the idea is that
+as time passes on DNA molecules will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time passes on DNA molecules will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time passes on DNA molecules will
+change okay so they will accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so they will accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so they will accumulate
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+and so this will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the idea is that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the idea is that the amount of
+change in a particular DNA sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a particular DNA sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a particular DNA sequence is
+proportional to the time of separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the time of separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the time of separate
+evolution of two different lineages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of two different lineages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of two different lineages or
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+organisms so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount is more or less proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+time since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time since
+oops the last common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ancestor so let me explain how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor so let me explain how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor so let me explain how this is
+actually done what you really need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done what you really need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done what you really need in
+order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this
+is you need genes that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need genes that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you need genes that are related to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes oops meant to be a comma need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes oops meant to be a comma need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes oops meant to be a comma need
+related genes they need to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related genes they need to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related genes they need to be um
+universally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means all organisms that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all organisms that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all organisms that you want
+to compare need to have this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare need to have this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare need to have this type of
+Gene and those genes need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and those genes need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and those genes need to have
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay and these genes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and these genes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and these genes we can
+then compare to each other and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare to each other and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare to each other and I'll
+explain how this is actually done any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how this is actually done any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how this is actually done any
+question so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so the example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the example that I
+actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to
+bring is the 16s ribosomal R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes we often times abbreviate this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we often times abbreviate this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we often times abbreviate this R
+RNA okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA okay
+now does anybody remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anybody remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anybody remember what the
+ribosomal rnas are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribosome yes it's cell right then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome yes it's cell right then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome yes it's cell right then what
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+do exactly it's involved in the or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly it's involved in the or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly it's involved in the or it's
+the location where messenger RNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where messenger RNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where messenger RNA is
+translated into protein now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into protein now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into protein now the
+ribosomal rnas are an integral part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal rnas are an integral part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal rnas are an integral part of
+the ribosome they play both a catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome they play both a catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome they play both a catalytic
+role as well as a structural role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as well as a structural role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as well as a structural role in the
+ribosome and so fundamentally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and so fundamentally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and so fundamentally because
+this is such a fundamental organel all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a fundamental organel all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a fundamental organel all
+living organisms possess it so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms possess it so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms possess it so all
+organisms have it so this allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have it so this allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have it so this allows us to
+use these genes to really compare all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these genes to really compare all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these genes to really compare all
+living organisms to each other okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms to each other okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms to each other okay so
+it's a very important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I want to just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to just show you
+a okay if it wakes up there we go an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay if it wakes up there we go an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay if it wakes up there we go an
+example of these ribosomal RNA genes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these ribosomal RNA genes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of these ribosomal RNA genes now
+this is actually what you see here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what you see here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what you see here is a
+secondary structure of the actual RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure of the actual RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure of the actual RNA
+the ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosomal
+RNA now this these molecules have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA now this these molecules have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA now this these molecules have a
+secondary structure because they play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure because they play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure because they play a
+catalytic and structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic and structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic and structural
+role and so the the really amazing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and so the the really amazing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and so the the really amazing thing
+is when you look at this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at this structure
+the structure determines really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure determines really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure determines really the
+function of those molecules in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those molecules in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of those molecules in in
+different organisms and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and then look at
+this we have here a bacterium and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have here a bacterium and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have here a bacterium and here
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ARA now if you think back to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARA now if you think back to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARA now if you think back to the first
+couple of slides what I showed you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides what I showed you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides what I showed you is
+that those organisms have not shared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those organisms have not shared a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those organisms have not shared a
+common evolutionary history for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common evolutionary history for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common evolutionary history for about
+four or so billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or so billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or so billion
+years okay or three billion excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay or three billion excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay or three billion excuse me
+but if you just glance very quickly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just glance very quickly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just glance very quickly at
+those structures you see that they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures you see that they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures you see that they look
+very similar to each other okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to each other okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to each other okay so this
+is an indication that this the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication that this the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication that this the function
+is really very highly conserved of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very highly conserved of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very highly conserved of those
+molecules however when you actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules however when you actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules however when you actually look
+at the sequences in detail what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sequences in detail what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sequences in detail what you will
+find that there's different regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that there's different regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that there's different regions and
+I've given some examples here denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given some examples here denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given some examples here denoted by
+a b and c in those molecules and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c in those molecules and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c in those molecules and these
+different regions in the molecule are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions in the molecule are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions in the molecule are
+really the key to its usefulness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the key to its usefulness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the key to its usefulness in
+figuring out the evolution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the evolution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the evolution and the
+Ecology of uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of uh many
+organisms the region number a here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the region number a here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the region number a here or
+denoted by a are sequence stretches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by a are sequence stretches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by a are sequence stretches that
+are the same in all living organisms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in all living organisms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in all living organisms so
+they're universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're universally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're universally
+conserved which means if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved which means if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved which means if you get a
+mutation in your Gene in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in your Gene in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in your Gene in that particular
+region you're dead Okay that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you're dead Okay that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you're dead Okay that's why it's
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+essentially then we have those regions B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then we have those regions B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then we have those regions B
+where the length is is conserved but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the length is is conserved but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the length is is conserved but the
+sequence is not so there sequence change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not so there sequence change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not so there sequence change
+allowed but the length needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed but the length needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed but the length needs to be
+conserved and then there's those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and then there's those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and then there's those regions
+C where neither length nor sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where neither length nor sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C where neither length nor sequence is
+actually conserved and where we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conserved and where we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conserved and where we get a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation so let me uh write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so let me uh write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so let me uh write this down
+we have three types of sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three types of sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three types of sequence
+stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+sequences with B where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with B where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with B where
+length but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conserved and we have C when neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and we have C when neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and we have C when neither
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nor sequence is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conserved and the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and the first two
+stretches the first two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the first two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the first two types of
+sequence stretches are very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence stretches are very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence stretches are very important in
+figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philogyny or The evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philogyny or The evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philogyny or The evolutionary
+relationships amongst organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships amongst organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships amongst organisms
+whereas those sequence stretches number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those sequence stretches number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those sequence stretches number
+c because they vary so dramatically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c because they vary so dramatically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c because they vary so dramatically are
+very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organisms and we'll talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and we'll talk more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and we'll talk more about this
+actually next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next
+time so what can we actually now do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what can we actually now do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what can we actually now do with
+those sequences well the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sequences well the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sequences well the first step is
+we need to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alignment okay and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment okay and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment okay and this is actually
+shown here where each row denotes a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here where each row denotes a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here where each row denotes a gene
+from a particular organism okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular organism okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular organism okay so these
+are all abbreviated here these actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all abbreviated here these actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all abbreviated here these actually
+aren't ribosomal R genes but other genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ribosomal R genes but other genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ribosomal R genes but other genes
+and then what you will see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you will see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you will see here is that
+we can recognize those three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize those three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can recognize those three different
+regions that I pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that I pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that I pointed out
+before you have the regions a which tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have the regions a which tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you have the regions a which tell
+you which nucleotides to line up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which nucleotides to line up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which nucleotides to line up with
+each other so you use this sort of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you use this sort of as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you use this sort of as an
+anchor because those sequences never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor because those sequences never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor because those sequences never
+vary amongst organisms and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary amongst organisms and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary amongst organisms and then the
+sequence region B where you line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence region B where you line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence region B where you line up
+sequences that vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that vary
+uh in uh or or stretches that vary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh or or stretches that vary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh or or stretches that vary in
+sequence but not in length now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but not in length now why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but not in length now why is
+this important because it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important because it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important because it's important
+because you have in each column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have in each column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have in each column the
+nucleotides that have originated from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that have originated from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that have originated from a
+common ancestral nucleotide and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestral nucleotide and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ancestral nucleotide and whose
+variation over time you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation over time you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation over time you can actually
+monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+okay is everybody with that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+great does Second Step then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great does Second Step then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great does Second Step then
+is the calculation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarity and this is shown here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity and this is shown here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity and this is shown here um
+again we have a very simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a very simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a very simplified
+alignment now of um four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment now of um four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment now of um four different
+organisms here we have uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms here we have uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms here we have uh those
+sequences that we want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that we want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that we want to compare
+and what you will see is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will see is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will see is that they're
+overall very similar but they differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall very similar but they differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall very similar but they differ in
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+nucleotides and so what we simply do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and so what we simply do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and so what we simply do is
+for each pair of sequence combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pair of sequence combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pair of sequence combinations
+we calculate a sequence similarity value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate a sequence similarity value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate a sequence similarity value
+so what you see is that you have 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is that you have 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see is that you have 12
+nucleotides and the first pair differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and the first pair differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and the first pair differs
+in three nucleotides okay so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three nucleotides okay so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three nucleotides okay so that tells
+us then that the or it's called actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then that the or it's called actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then that the or it's called actually
+a distance here I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance here I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance here I'm sorry
+let me write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here simply one minus the similarity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here simply one minus the similarity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here simply one minus the similarity of
+course um but uh so basically a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um but uh so basically a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um but uh so basically a quarter
+of the nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleotides
+differ where between a and C a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ where between a and C a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ where between a and C a third of
+the nucleus Tides differ and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus Tides differ and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus Tides differ and so on okay
+so you do this for each pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this for each pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this for each pair
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um uh sequence pairs of sequences excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sequence pairs of sequences excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sequence pairs of sequences excuse
+me the third step is then to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations affecting the same nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can imagine that over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine that over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine that over time
+there's a a a probability that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a a probability that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a a probability that a
+particular nucleotide mutates say twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nucleotide mutates say twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular nucleotide mutates say twice
+okay so in the first instance it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the first instance it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the first instance it may
+change from a to a g but then it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from a to a g but then it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from a to a g but then it changes
+to a c but when you look at the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a c but when you look at the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a c but when you look at the modern
+day sequences you don't know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day sequences you don't know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day sequences you don't know that this
+actually happened and so there's ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened and so there's ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened and so there's ways to
+statistically estimate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically estimate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically estimate what the
+likelihood is that um a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is that um a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is that um a sequence
+actually contains uh such multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contains uh such multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contains uh such multiple
+events okay and this we call a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay and this we call a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay and this we call a uh
+corrected evolutionary distance then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected evolutionary distance then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected evolutionary distance then and
+you will notice that the corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice that the corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will notice that the corrected
+evolutionary distance is invariably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary distance is invariably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary distance is invariably
+larger than the actual observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the actual observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the actual observed
+one now what can we then do with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now what can we then do with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now what can we then do with those
+distances we can constrain them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can constrain them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances we can constrain them into a
+best fit tree of relationships so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit tree of relationships so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit tree of relationships so we can
+draw a what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a what we call
+Best Fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree that's shown here we have our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's shown here we have our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's shown here we have our four
+organisms and when you look at um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and when you look at um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and when you look at um those
+branches of the tree what you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the tree what you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the tree what you will see
+is that they will add up roughly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they will add up roughly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they will add up roughly to the
+corrected evolutionary distance here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected evolutionary distance here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected evolutionary distance here so
+between a and B we have 23 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B we have 23 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B we have 23 and
+08 which roughly gives you.3 here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+08 which roughly gives you.3 here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+08 which roughly gives you.3 here okay
+whereas between uh A and C the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas between uh A and C the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas between uh A and C the tree is
+Contra uh constrained such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra uh constrained such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contra uh constrained such that we
+have uh 31 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 31 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 31 and
+here5 and so overall you roughly get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here5 and so overall you roughly get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here5 and so overall you roughly get uh
+the uh distance here that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh distance here that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh distance here that we have
+calculated and so what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and so what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and so what this means is
+that you order the organisms by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you order the organisms by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you order the organisms by their
+calculated evolutionary distance and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated evolutionary distance and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated evolutionary distance and so
+you have now obtained actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now obtained actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now obtained actually a very
+intuitive picture of the relationship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive picture of the relationship of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive picture of the relationship of
+those organisms to each other um where A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those organisms to each other um where A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those organisms to each other um where A
+and B are obviously the most closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are obviously the most closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are obviously the most closely
+related ones and a and d are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related ones and a and d are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related ones and a and d are the most
+distantly related ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distantly related ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distantly related ones
+okay is everybody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everybody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everybody with
+it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay now this B fit tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now this B fit tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now this B fit tree is
+what we call an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philogyny now excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philogyny now excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philogyny now excuse
+me this really these techniques really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this really these techniques really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this really these techniques really
+revolutionize the study of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize the study of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize the study of evolutionary
+relationships and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and one of the things that
+it allowed us to do is to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed us to do is to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed us to do is to construct
+Universal philogenetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees or what we can also call the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or what we can also call the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or what we can also call the tree
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life and I'll show you this on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and I'll show you this on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and I'll show you this on the next
+slide and then I want to make a few um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then I want to make a few um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then I want to make a few um
+General statements about this so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General statements about this so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General statements about this so so
+first of all when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all when you
+analyze um all known organisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze um all known organisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze um all known organisms and
+obviously that that would be a big task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that that would be a big task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that that would be a big task
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+representatives of known organisms what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of known organisms what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of known organisms what
+you will find is indeed that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find is indeed that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find is indeed that we have
+three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major
+lineages the bacteria the ARA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages the bacteria the ARA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages the bacteria the ARA and the
+ukaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukaria
+okay so we have what we call three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have what we call three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have what we call three
+domains of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+herea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ukaria so this really is the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukaria so this really is the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukaria so this really is the evidence
+that life really split very very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life really split very very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life really split very very early
+on into those three lineages that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into those three lineages that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into those three lineages that I
+showed you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before
+okay interestingly two of those major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interestingly two of those major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interestingly two of those major
+domains here are procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains here are procaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains here are procaryotic
+okay so two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procaryotes moreover if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes moreover if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes moreover if you actually
+look at the types of organisms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the types of organisms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the types of organisms that are
+on here is that you will notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is that you will notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here is that you will notice that
+even on the eukaryotic side of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the eukaryotic side of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the eukaryotic side of the tree
+most of the organisms here are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the organisms here are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the organisms here are actually
+microbial so there single cell organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial so there single cell organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial so there single cell organisms
+and that means that most of the life on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that most of the life on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that most of the life on
+the planet is microbial okay the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet is microbial okay the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet is microbial okay the vast
+diversity of organisms on the planet are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microorganisms so we can say most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms so we can say most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms so we can say most
+life is microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you then look at analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you then look at analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you then look at analysis of
+mitochondria and chloroplasts which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and chloroplasts which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and chloroplasts which all
+have their own um genetic machinery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own um genetic machinery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own um genetic machinery and
+therefore also their own ribosomes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore also their own ribosomes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore also their own ribosomes you
+will see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the
+mitochondrian okay and the chloroplast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian okay and the chloroplast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrian okay and the chloroplast
+both tree within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both tree within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both tree within the
+bacteria so we really have an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so we really have an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so we really have an amazing
+confirmation of this endos symbion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of this endos symbion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of this endos symbion
+Theory which was actually developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory which was actually developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory which was actually developed in
+of Gene sequences by some Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gene sequences by some Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gene sequences by some Russian
+scientists in the um early uh 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+century so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so we
+have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mitochondria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chloroplasts tree within the bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this really supports the Endo SYM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really supports the Endo SYM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really supports the Endo SYM
+Theory so really you can say UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so really you can say UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so really you can say UK
+carots really just walking swimming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots really just walking swimming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots really just walking swimming and
+flying incubators for bacteria right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying incubators for bacteria right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying incubators for bacteria right so
+we just host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just host
+for uh abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh abundant
+microorganisms okay so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms okay so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms okay so basically you can
+um what you should take home from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you should take home from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you should take home from this
+is the three domains of life two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the three domains of life two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the three domains of life two
+procaryotic and even so uh even more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic and even so uh even more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic and even so uh even more so
+U most life most of the diversity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U most life most of the diversity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U most life most of the diversity that
+we find is actually microbial and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find is actually microbial and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find is actually microbial and then
+finally the uh endos symbion theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the uh endos symbion theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the uh endos symbion theory is
+actually confirmed by those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually confirmed by those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually confirmed by those kinds of
+phogy now what I want to cover in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phogy now what I want to cover in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phogy now what I want to cover in the
+remaining time is how we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time is how we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time is how we can actually
+use now those sequences to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use now those sequences to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use now those sequences to learn
+something about organisms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about organisms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about organisms in the
+environment that's the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's the topic of
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ecology to introduce this I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology to introduce this I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology to introduce this I just want to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of
+slides um that really sort of capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um that really sort of capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides um that really sort of capture
+what the big problem is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big problem is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the big problem is that we're
+facing here now when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing here now when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing here now when we look at the
+abundance of procaryotic cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of procaryotic cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of procaryotic cells in
+different kinds of environments what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of environments what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of environments what we
+see is that there's an enormous number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that there's an enormous number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that there's an enormous number
+of different Pro carios out there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Pro carios out there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Pro carios out there this
+summarizes here um different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes here um different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes here um different types of
+environments we have the marine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we have the marine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we have the marine
+environment freshwater environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment freshwater environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment freshwater environment
+sediments and soils subsurface sediments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments and soils subsurface sediments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments and soils subsurface sediments
+and animal guts and then this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animal guts and then this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animal guts and then this number
+here gives you the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives you the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here gives you the average number of
+procaryotic cells either per milliliter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic cells either per milliliter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic cells either per milliliter
+or per gram and then here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or per gram and then here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or per gram and then here we have the
+total number of cells obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of cells obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of cells obtained by
+multiplying the average number with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the average number with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the average number with the
+total volume of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume of the particular
+environment so what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so what you can see is that
+in the marine environment we have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the marine environment we have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the marine environment we have on
+average half a million cells per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half a million cells per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half a million cells per
+milliliter of water okay in fresh water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter of water okay in fresh water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter of water okay in fresh water
+we have about a million cells so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have about a million cells so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have about a million cells so what is
+that telling you there's a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling you there's a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling you there's a ton of
+procaryotes out there when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes out there when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes out there when you go
+swimming you take a little gulp of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming you take a little gulp of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming you take a little gulp of water
+you've probably eaten several million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably eaten several million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably eaten several million
+procario okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procario okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procario okay
+but there nothing to worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there nothing to worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there nothing to worry about this
+because what this also tells you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this also tells you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this also tells you is that
+the very very few procariotas out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very few procariotas out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very few procariotas out there
+are really pathogens because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really pathogens because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really pathogens because otherwise
+you would be sick all the time okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be sick all the time okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be sick all the time okay now
+in sediments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sediments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sediments and
+soils in as little as a gram okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soils in as little as a gram okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soils in as little as a gram okay you
+have a five * 10 9 procaryotic cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a five * 10 9 procaryotic cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a five * 10 9 procaryotic cells
+almost a billion 5 billion uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a billion 5 billion uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a billion 5 billion uh uh
+microbial C procaryotic cells out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial C procaryotic cells out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial C procaryotic cells out there
+and then even in very very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even in very very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even in very very deep
+sediments that reach down to 3,000 M you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments that reach down to 3,000 M you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediments that reach down to 3,000 M you
+have substantial number of procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial number of procaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substantial number of procaryotic
+cells well and here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells well and here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells well and here is your
+guts 10 5 * 10 6 gives you 10 to 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts 10 5 * 10 6 gives you 10 to 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guts 10 5 * 10 6 gives you 10 to 11
+right per gram so again you're just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right per gram so again you're just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right per gram so again you're just a
+walking incubator for a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking incubator for a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking incubator for a very complex
+microbial Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial Community
+okay here's the global abundance you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the global abundance you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the global abundance you see
+that um deep subsurface sediments at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um deep subsurface sediments at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um deep subsurface sediments at the
+marine environment are probably in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marine environment are probably in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marine environment are probably in terms
+of numbers at least the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers at least the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers at least the most important
+uh microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microbial
+environments now faced with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments now faced with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments now faced with this
+enormous abundance of uh procariotas out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous abundance of uh procariotas out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous abundance of uh procariotas out
+there a very important question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a very important question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a very important question is how
+many of them are out there okay or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are out there okay or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are out there okay or how
+diverse are procaryotes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse are procaryotes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse are procaryotes in the
+environment that's important if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's important if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's important if you want
+to figure out their function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out their function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out their function in the
+environment and um want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and um want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and um want to understand
+also their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their
+evolution and what I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and what I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and what I want to show you
+here is that we've gone through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we've gone through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we've gone through an
+amazing development in our understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing development in our understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing development in our understanding
+of procaryotic diversity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procaryotic diversity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procaryotic diversity in the
+environment over the last um uh 10 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over the last um uh 10 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over the last um uh 10 15
+years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or
+so who knows about IO Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+nobody one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody one
+person so he wrote a very famous book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so he wrote a very famous book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so he wrote a very famous book on
+biodiversity which was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity which was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiversity which was published in
+1988 where he tried to summarize really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 where he tried to summarize really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 where he tried to summarize really
+how diverse the known organisms are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how diverse the known organisms are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how diverse the known organisms are on
+the planet and also try to extrapolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet and also try to extrapolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet and also try to extrapolate
+um to the total diversity and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the total diversity and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the total diversity and what you
+see is that he came up with about 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that he came up with about 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that he came up with about 1.4
+million different species here mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different species here mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different species here mostly
+dominated by insects okay that's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by insects okay that's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by insects okay that's the big
+uh section here on this pie chart then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh section here on this pie chart then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh section here on this pie chart then
+plants very important and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants very important and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants very important and if you look
+the procaryotes feature with about 3,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procaryotes feature with about 3,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procaryotes feature with about 3,500
+different species so in 1988 we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species so in 1988 we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species so in 1988 we thought
+there were just very few procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were just very few procaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were just very few procaryotic
+species out there now if you look about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species out there now if you look about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species out there now if you look about
+10 years into the future and take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years into the future and take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years into the future and take this
+estimate here and this just exemplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate here and this just exemplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate here and this just exemplifies
+how thinking has changed really you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking has changed really you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking has changed really you see
+that we think now that there's about 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think now that there's about 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think now that there's about 11
+million different species out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different species out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different species out there and
+that the vast majority of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of them are
+procaryotic okay 10 million so this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic okay 10 million so this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic okay 10 million so this big
+part of the pie chart is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pie chart is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pie chart is really the
+procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotic
+diversity now what really has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity now what really has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity now what really has changed
+is that we've actually started to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've actually started to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've actually started to use
+molecular techniques to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular techniques to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular techniques to determine the
+diversity of um procaryotes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of um procaryotes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of um procaryotes in the
+environment so molecular ecology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so molecular ecology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so molecular ecology is
+really the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtained directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment to learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversity procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversity out there now this slide just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity out there now this slide just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity out there now this slide just
+um quickly summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quickly summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quickly summarizes
+this basically the idea is that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically the idea is that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically the idea is that you go
+out into the environment and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the environment and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the environment and collect
+either water or soil samples that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either water or soil samples that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either water or soil samples that as I
+just showed you invariably contain a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you invariably contain a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you invariably contain a lot
+of different prootic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different prootic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different prootic
+cells you then lice the cells and purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you then lice the cells and purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you then lice the cells and purify
+their DNA and so then you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their DNA and so then you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their DNA and so then you end up with a
+mixture of DNA that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of DNA that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of DNA that represents the
+organisms out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms out
+there and then you can use Universal PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you can use Universal PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you can use Universal PCR
+primers to actually amplify ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers to actually amplify ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers to actually amplify ribosomal
+RNA genes from all the organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genes from all the organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genes from all the organisms that
+are present in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in your
+samples now why can you use Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples now why can you use Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples now why can you use Universal
+PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR
+primers well they target the regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers well they target the regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers well they target the regions
+number a that I showed you before those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a that I showed you before those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a that I showed you before those
+regions in the genes that are invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the genes that are invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the genes that are invariant
+amongst all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all
+organisms you guys all remember how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you guys all remember how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms you guys all remember how the
+PCR works right covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR works right covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR works right covered
+this okay yes yes no who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't you don't all right come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you don't all right come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you don't all right come to the
+board just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kidding okay you should look it up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding okay you should look it up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding okay you should look it up I
+don't have time to cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to cover this
+unfortunately but basically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but basically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but basically it's a
+technique that allows you to amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that allows you to amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that allows you to amplify
+specific types of genes million to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific types of genes million to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific types of genes million to
+billionfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and once you have done this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you have done this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you have done this what
+you can do is you can purify the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can purify the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can purify the genes
+on gels and then separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gels and then separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gels and then separate
+them by cloning them into individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by cloning them into individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by cloning them into individual
+plasmids and those plasmas are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids and those plasmas are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids and those plasmas are then
+inserted into eoli cells and the eoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into eoli cells and the eoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into eoli cells and the eoli
+cells are then individually grown up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are then individually grown up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are then individually grown up so
+that each um culture contains only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each um culture contains only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each um culture contains only a
+single plasmid and you can then sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single plasmid and you can then sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single plasmid and you can then sequence
+these uh ribosomal DNA DNA or ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ribosomal DNA DNA or ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ribosomal DNA DNA or ribosomal
+RNA genes um from those clones and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genes um from those clones and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genes um from those clones and so
+you have obtained a light Li of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have obtained a light Li of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have obtained a light Li of the
+ribosomal RNA genes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal RNA genes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal RNA genes from the
+environment so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so we
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environmental ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental ribosomal
+RNA Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+libraries from which we then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries from which we then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries from which we then can
+actually compare uh how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compare uh how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compare uh how many different
+types of genes are out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of genes are out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of genes are out there
+so let me show you an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you an example of this
+what we have done uh recently we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done uh recently we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done uh recently we've gone
+out and done one of the first really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and done one of the first really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and done one of the first really
+comprehensive samplings of coastal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive samplings of coastal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive samplings of coastal
+bacteria Plankton which means bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria Plankton which means bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria Plankton which means bacteria
+that are present free living in ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present free living in ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present free living in ocean
+water and so we've done this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so we've done this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so we've done this we
+collected all those uh clones and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all those uh clones and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected all those uh clones and then
+basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we
+constructed those philogenetic trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed those philogenetic trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed those philogenetic trees
+that I showed you before that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before that really
+allow us to see how many different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to see how many different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to see how many different types
+are out there and how closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and how closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and how closely related
+they are to one another and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are to one another and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are to one another and what we
+found is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that in
+this environment that you think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment that you think might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environment that you think might be
+very simple because it's just a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple because it's just a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple because it's just a water
+column right no not much structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right no not much structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right no not much structure in
+there we found over 1,500 bacterial 16s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we found over 1,500 bacterial 16s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we found over 1,500 bacterial 16s
+ribosomal RNA sequences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal RNA sequences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal RNA sequences to
+co-occur so an enormous diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-occur so an enormous diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-occur so an enormous diversity of
+procaryotes of bacteria in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes of bacteria in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procaryotes of bacteria in that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+environment and the important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and the important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and the important point is
+that when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look um at a collection of such studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um at a collection of such studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um at a collection of such studies
+that I just showed you what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just showed you what you find is
+that the vast majority of microorganisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of microorganisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vast majority of microorganisms
+in the environment have never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment have never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment have never been
+cultured so traditionally what we do of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultured so traditionally what we do of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultured so traditionally what we do of
+course to learn about microorganisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to learn about microorganisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to learn about microorganisms
+when you grow eoli or so you throw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grow eoli or so you throw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you grow eoli or so you throw them
+onto culture plates you make lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto culture plates you make lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto culture plates you make lots of
+different cells and that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells and that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells and that allows you to
+study some of their properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study some of their properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study some of their properties
+okay but when you look for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when you look for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when you look for example at
+results from the ocean this summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the ocean this summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the ocean this summarizes
+now Coastal and open ocean environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Coastal and open ocean environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Coastal and open ocean environments
+again the bacteria Plankton is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the bacteria Plankton is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the bacteria Plankton is those
+free floating bacterial cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating bacterial cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating bacterial cells in the
+water and you compare um this to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you compare um this to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and you compare um this to what
+have what we've actually been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we've actually been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what we've actually been able to
+culture from those environments what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture from those environments what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture from those environments what you
+see is that you have some dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that you have some dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that you have some dominant
+groups here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups here
+they have all funny names most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all funny names most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all funny names most of them
+because they're just clones in Clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just clones in Clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just clones in Clone
+libraries but these are the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries but these are the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries but these are the dominant
+groups that show up in Clone libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that show up in Clone libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that show up in Clone libraries
+here's their relative representation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's their relative representation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's their relative representation in
+different clone libraries from a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clone libraries from a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clone libraries from a variety
+of environments and so here you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments and so here you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments and so here you have one
+very important one the SAR 11 group or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one the SAR 11 group or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one the SAR 11 group or
+this one the SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the SAR
+86 that always show up in Clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 that always show up in Clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86 that always show up in Clone
+libraries but we've never seen them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries but we've never seen them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries but we've never seen them in
+culture so the D the important point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the D the important point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the D the important point to
+realize here is that what um is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize here is that what um is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize here is that what um is actually
+happening is that whenever we go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that whenever we go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that whenever we go out
+into the environment we find a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the environment we find a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the environment we find a great
+diversity of bacteria out there but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of bacteria out there but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of bacteria out there but we
+have no idea what they actually do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what they actually do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what they actually do and
+this is one of the big questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the big questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the big questions that we
+need to answer to understand really how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to answer to understand really how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to answer to understand really how
+the planet actually works what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet actually works what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet actually works what are those
+uncultured microorganisms out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncultured microorganisms out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncultured microorganisms out in the
+environment really doing um and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment really doing um and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment really doing um and what is
+their importance and I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance and I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance and I'll talk about
+this next time time when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next time time when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next time time when I talk about
+environmental genomics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental genomics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental genomics because
+essentially what we can do now is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we can do now is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we can do now is we
+have techniques available that allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have techniques available that allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have techniques available that allow us
+to isolate at least large fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate at least large fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate at least large fragments of
+their genomes sequence those and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their genomes sequence those and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their genomes sequence those and look
+what kinds of genes they have present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of genes they have present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of genes they have present
+and that allows us then to infer some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us then to infer some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us then to infer some of
+their function um in the biogeochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their function um in the biogeochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their function um in the biogeochemical
+cycles in the environment okay so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in the environment okay so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in the environment okay so with
+this I'm going to close today unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to close today unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to close today unless you
+have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LKMGo8G7-vk.txt b/LKMGo8G7-vk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb6094cc3ee7e2961d0daf6410a6948ae34ecf23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LKMGo8G7-vk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2040 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thanks uh here's uh a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks uh here's uh a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks uh here's uh a second
+video that involves the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that involves the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that involves the Matrix
+exponential but it has a new idea in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it has a new idea in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but it has a new idea in it
+a basic new idea and that idea is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic new idea and that idea is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic new idea and that idea is two
+matrices being called similar so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices being called similar so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices being called similar so that
+word similar has a a specific meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word similar has a a specific meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word similar has a a specific meaning
+that a matrix a is similar to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a matrix a is similar to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a matrix a is similar to another
+Matrix B if B comes from a this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix B if B comes from a this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix B if B comes from a this way
+notice this way it means there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this way it means there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this way it means there's some
+Matrix M could be any invertible Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix M could be any invertible Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix M could be any invertible Matrix
+so that I take a multiply on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I take a multiply on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I take a multiply on the right
+by m and on the left by m inverse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m and on the left by m inverse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m and on the left by m inverse that
+probably give me a new Matrix call it B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give me a new Matrix call it B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably give me a new Matrix call it B
+that Matrix is called similar to B I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is called similar to B I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix is called similar to B I'll
+show you examples of matrices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you examples of matrices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you examples of matrices that are
+similar but the first is to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but the first is to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but the first is to get this
+definition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in
+mind so in general a lot of matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so in general a lot of matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so in general a lot of matrices are
+similar to if I have a a certain Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to if I have a a certain Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to if I have a a certain Matrix
+a I can take any M and I'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I can take any M and I'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I can take any M and I'll get a
+similar Matrix B so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Matrix B so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Matrix B so there are lots of
+similar matrices and the point is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar matrices and the point is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar matrices and the point is all
+those similar matrices have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those similar matrices have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those similar matrices have the same
+igen values so there's a little family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so there's a little family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values so there's a little family
+of matrices there all similar to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices there all similar to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices there all similar to each
+other and all with with the same ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and all with with the same ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and all with with the same ion
+values why do they have the same ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values why do they have the same ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values why do they have the same ion
+values I'll just show you one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I'll just show you one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I'll just show you one line
+suppose B has an iig value Lambda so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose B has an iig value Lambda so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose B has an iig value Lambda so B
+is M inverse a m so I have this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M inverse a m so I have this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is M inverse a m so I have this m
+inverse AMX is Lambda X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse AMX is Lambda X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse AMX is Lambda X that's
+BX B has an IG value of Lambda I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX B has an IG value of Lambda I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX B has an IG value of Lambda I want to
+show that a has an value Lambda okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a has an value Lambda okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a has an value Lambda okay so
+I look at this I multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this I multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this I multiply both sides by
+m that cancels this so when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that cancels this so when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that cancels this so when I multiply
+by m this is gone and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m this is gone and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m this is gone and I have a
+MX but the M shows up on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX but the M shows up on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX but the M shows up on the right hand
+side I have Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MX now I just look at that and I say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX now I just look at that and I say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX now I just look at that and I say yes
+a has an igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has an igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has an igen Vector
+MX with I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX with I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX with I value
+Lambda right a times that Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right a times that Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right a times that Vector is
+Lambda times that Vector so a so Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda times that Vector so a so Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda times that Vector so a so Lambda
+is an IG Vector IG value of a it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an IG Vector IG value of a it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an IG Vector IG value of a it has a
+different igen Vector of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different igen Vector of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different igen Vector of course if
+matrices have the same igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the same igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have the same igen values and
+the same igen vectors it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same igen vectors it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same igen vectors it's the same
+Matrix but if I do this allow an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but if I do this allow an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but if I do this allow an M
+Matrix to get in there that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to get in there that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to get in there that changes the
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+vectors here they were originally X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here they were originally X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here they were originally X for
+for B and now now for a their M * X it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B and now now for a their M * X it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B and now now for a their M * X it
+does not change the igen values because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change the igen values because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change the igen values because
+of this m on both sides allowed me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this m on both sides allowed me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this m on both sides allowed me to
+bring M over to the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring M over to the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring M over to the right hand side and
+make that work okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that work okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that work okay so
+matrices here here are some similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here here are some similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here here are some similar
+matrices let me take some so these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me take some so these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me take some so these will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar say 2 3 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar say 2 3 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar say 2 3 0
+four okay that's a matrix a I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay that's a matrix a I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay that's a matrix a I can see
+its igen values are two and four well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are two and four well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values are two and four well I
+know that it will be similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it will be similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it will be similar to the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+matrix so there is some Matrix M that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so there is some Matrix M that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so there is some Matrix M that
+connects this one with this one connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects this one with this one connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects this one with this one connects
+this a with that b well that b is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a with that b well that b is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a with that b well that b is really
+Capital Lambda that and we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Lambda that and we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Lambda that and we know what
+Matrix connects the original a to to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix connects the original a to to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix connects the original a to to its
+igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value
+Matrix what is the m that does that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what is the m that does that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what is the m that does that it's
+the igen vector Matrix so so to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector Matrix so so to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector Matrix so so to get this
+particular to get this guy starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to get this guy starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to get this guy starting from
+here I use m is V for this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I use m is V for this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I use m is V for this for this
+example to to produce that then then B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to to produce that then then B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to to produce that then then B
+is B is Lambda but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B is Lambda but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B is Lambda but there are other
+possibilities let me see I could I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities let me see I could I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities let me see I could I think
+probably a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there's the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's the Matrix a
+transpose is that similar to a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is that similar to a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is that similar to a is a
+transpose similar to a well answer yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose similar to a well answer yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose similar to a well answer yes
+the transpose Matrix has those same IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose Matrix has those same IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose Matrix has those same IG
+values two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values two and
+four and uh different igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and uh different igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and uh different igen vectors and
+those IG vectors would connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those IG vectors would connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those IG vectors would connect the
+original a and this a or that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a and this a or that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a and this a or that a
+transpose so the transpose of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the transpose of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the transpose of a matrix
+is similar to The Matrix what about if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to The Matrix what about if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to The Matrix what about if I
+change the order 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+02 so I I've just flipped the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 so I I've just flipped the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 so I I've just flipped the two and
+the four but of course I haven't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four but of course I haven't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four but of course I haven't changed
+the igen values and you could find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values and you could find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values and you could find you
+could find The M that does that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find The M that does that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find The M that does that you
+could find an m so that if I multiply on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find an m so that if I multiply on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find an m so that if I multiply on
+the right by m on the left by m inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right by m on the left by m inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right by m on the left by m inverse
+it flips those so there's another Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flips those so there's another Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flips those so there's another Matrix
+similar oh there' be plenty more all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar oh there' be plenty more all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar oh there' be plenty more all I
+want to do is have the igen values be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is have the igen values be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is have the igen values be
+four and two uh shall I just create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two uh shall I just create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two uh shall I just create some
+more here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here's an
+06 I wanted to get the trace right 4 + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 I wanted to get the trace right 4 + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 I wanted to get the trace right 4 + 2
+matches 0 + 6 now I have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches 0 + 6 now I have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches 0 + 6 now I have to get the
+determinant right that's has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right that's has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant right that's has a
+determinant of eight uh what about a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of eight uh what about a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of eight uh what about a a
+two and a minus 4 four there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a minus 4 four there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a minus 4 four there I think
+I've got the trace correct six and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the trace correct six and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the trace correct six and I've
+got the determinant correct eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the determinant correct eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the determinant correct eight and
+there the determinant is eight so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the determinant is eight so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the determinant is eight so that
+would be a similar Matrix all similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a similar Matrix all similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a similar Matrix all similar
+matrices a family of similar matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a family of similar matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a family of similar matrices
+with the igen values four and two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the igen values four and two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the igen values four and two so I
+want to do uh another example of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do uh another example of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do uh another example of similar
+matrices what will be different in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what will be different in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what will be different in this
+example is there'll be missing igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is there'll be missing igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is there'll be missing igen
+vectors so let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2201 so that has I values two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2201 so that has I values two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2201 so that has I values two and
+two and uh but only one igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh but only one igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh but only one igen vector
+here's another Matrix like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another Matrix like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another Matrix like
+that uh say so the trace should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh say so the trace should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh say so the trace should be
+four the determinant should be four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the determinant should be four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the determinant should be four so
+maybe I put a two and a minus two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put a two and a minus two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put a two and a minus two there
+I think that has the correct Trace four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that has the correct Trace four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that has the correct Trace four
+and the correct determinant also four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct determinant also four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct determinant also four so
+that will have I values 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have I values 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have I values 2 and
+two and only one I Vector so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and only one I Vector so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and only one I Vector so it's
+similar to this now here's the point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this now here's the point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this now here's the point you
+might say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say what
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+22 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 0
+0 that has this correct igen values but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that has this correct igen values but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that has this correct igen values but
+it's not similar there's no Matrix M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not similar there's no Matrix M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not similar there's no Matrix M
+that connects that diagonal matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects that diagonal matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects that diagonal matrix with
+these other matrices that Matrix is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other matrices that Matrix is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other matrices that Matrix is has
+no missing I vectors these matrices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no missing I vectors these matrices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no missing I vectors these matrices have
+one missing I vectors What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one missing I vectors What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one missing I vectors What's called the
+Jordan form the Jordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form so that didn't belong that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that didn't belong that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that didn't belong that's not in
+that family the Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that family the Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that family the Jordan
+form is you could say well there that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is you could say well there that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is you could say well there that'll
+be the Jordon form the most beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Jordon form the most beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Jordon form the most beautiful
+member of the family is the Jordan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the family is the Jordan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the family is the Jordan form
+so I have a whole lot of matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a whole lot of matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a whole lot of matrices that
+are similar that is the most beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar that is the most beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar that is the most beautiful
+but it's not in the family it's related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not in the family it's related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not in the family it's related
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not not uh but not in the family it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh but not in the family it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh but not in the family it's
+not similar to those and the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not similar to those and the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not similar to those and the best one
+would be this one so the Jordan form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one so the Jordan form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one so the Jordan form
+would be that one with the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that one with the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that one with the igen values
+on the diag Al but because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diag Al but because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diag Al but because there's a
+missing igen Vector there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing igen Vector there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing igen Vector there has to be a
+reason for that and it's in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that and it's in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that and it's in the one
+there and I can't have a zero there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I can't have a zero there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I can't have a zero there okay
+so that's uh the idea of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh the idea of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh the idea of similar
+matrices and now I do have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and now I do have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and now I do have one more
+important note a caution about Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important note a caution about Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important note a caution about Matrix
+exponentials can I just tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials can I just tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials can I just tell you this
+caution this caution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I look at e to the A Time e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at e to the A Time e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at e to the A Time e to the
+B the exponential of a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the exponential of a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the exponential of a times the
+exponential of B my caution is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of B my caution is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of B my caution is that
+usually that is not e to the b e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a if I take put b in a in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if I take put b in a in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if I take put b in a in the opposite
+order I get something different and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I get something different and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I get something different and it's
+also not e to the A Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B those are all
+different and which if I if I had one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and which if I if I had one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and which if I if I had one by
+one just numbers here of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just numbers here of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just numbers here of course that's
+the Great rule for exponentials but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great rule for exponentials but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great rule for exponentials but for
+exponent Matrix exponentials that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Matrix exponentials that rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Matrix exponentials that rule
+isn't doesn't work that is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doesn't work that is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doesn't work that is not the same
+as e to the a plus b and I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to the a plus b and I can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as e to the a plus b and I can show you
+why e to the a is I + a + a half a s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why e to the a is I + a + a half a s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why e to the a is I + a + a half a s and
+so on e to the B is I + B plus a half b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on e to the B is I + B plus a half b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on e to the B is I + B plus a half b^
+2 and so on and I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on and I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on and I do that
+multiplication and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and I get
+I and I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I get an
+A and I get a B *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I get a B *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and I get a B *
+I and now I get uh uh a b half b squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and now I get uh uh a b half b squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and now I get uh uh a b half b squ and
+an AB and a half a 2 can I put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AB and a half a 2 can I put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AB and a half a 2 can I put those
+down a half a sar and there's an a * a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a half a sar and there's an a * a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a half a sar and there's an a * a b
+and there's a half b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a half b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a half b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this makes the point If I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this makes the point If I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this makes the point If I multiply
+the exponentials in this order I get a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponentials in this order I get a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponentials in this order I get a *
+B What If I multiply them in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B What If I multiply them in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B What If I multiply them in the other
+order in that order If I multiply e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in that order If I multiply e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in that order If I multiply e to
+the B * e to the a then the B's will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B * e to the a then the B's will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B * e to the a then the B's will be
+out in front of the A's and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of the A's and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of the A's and this would
+become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a
+ba which can be different so so already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba which can be different so so already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba which can be different so so already
+I see that the the the two are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that the the the two are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that the the the two are different
+here's e to the a e to the B it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's e to the a e to the B it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's e to the a e to the B it has a
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+B if I do it this way it'll have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if I do it this way it'll have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if I do it this way it'll have B
+before a if I do it this way it'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a if I do it this way it'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a if I do it this way it'll have
+a mixture e to the a plus b will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture e to the a plus b will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture e to the a plus b will be uh
+sor so e to the A+ B will have a i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sor so e to the A+ B will have a i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sor so e to the A+ B will have a i and
+an A and A B and a 12 a + b 2 so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and A B and a 12 a + b 2 so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and A B and a 12 a + b 2 so that'll
+be a half of a 2 + a b + B A + B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 different again now I have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 different again now I have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 different again now I have a sort of
+symmetric mixture of A and B in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric mixture of A and B in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric mixture of A and B in this
+case I had a before B in this case I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I had a before B in this case I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I had a before B in this case I had
+B on the left side of a so all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on the left side of a so all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on the left side of a so all three of
+those are different even in the even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are different even in the even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are different even in the even in
+this term of the series that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term of the series that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term of the series that defines
+those exponentials and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exponentials and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exponentials and that
+produces that means that systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that means that systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that means that systems of
+equations if they coefficients change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if they coefficients change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations if they coefficients change
+over time are definitely harder we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time are definitely harder we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time are definitely harder we were
+able to solve we were able to solve Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve we were able to solve Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve we were able to solve Dy
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+equals say cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say cosine of
+T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T *
+y you remember how that that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you remember how that that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you remember how that that this was
+solvable for a 1 by one we we just in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable for a 1 by one we we just in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable for a 1 by one we we just in we
+put the exponent of the the solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the exponent of the the solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the exponent of the the solution was
+Y is e to the we integrated cosine T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is e to the we integrated cosine T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is e to the we integrated cosine T and
+got sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ttimes y of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the sin
+T can I just think of putting that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can I just think of putting that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can I just think of putting that into
+the differential equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation it's
+derivative the derivative of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the derivative of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the derivative of e to the
+sin T will be e to the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin T will be e to the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin T will be e to the sin
+T I'm using the chain rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm using the chain rule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm using the chain rule the
+derivative of e to the sin T will be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the sin T will be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the sin T will be e
+to the sin T again times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sin T again times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sin T again times the derivative
+of sin T which is cos T so it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin T which is cos T so it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin T which is cos T so it works
+that's a that's fine as a solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's fine as a solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's fine as a solution but
+if I have matrices here if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have matrices here if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have matrices here if I have
+matrices then the whole thing goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices then the whole thing goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices then the whole thing goes wrong
+the you could say that the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you could say that the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you could say that the chain rule
+goes wrong it's you can't uh you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong it's you can't uh you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong it's you can't uh you can't
+put the integral up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the integral up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the integral up
+there and then take the derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then take the derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then take the derivative and
+expect it to come back down the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to come back down the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to come back down the chain
+rule will not work for Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule will not work for Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule will not work for Matrix
+exponentials the simple chain Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials the simple chain Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials the simple chain Rule and
+the fact is that we don't have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that we don't have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that we don't have nice
+formulas for the solutions to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the solutions to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the solutions to linear
+systems with time varying coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with time varying coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with time varying coefficients
+that that has become a harder problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has become a harder problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has become a harder problem
+when we went from one equation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we went from one equation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we went from one equation to a
+system of n equations so there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of n equations so there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of n equations so there this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+caution slide about uh Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution slide about uh Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution slide about uh Matrix
+exponentials they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials they're
+beautiful they work perfectly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful they work perfectly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful they work perfectly if you
+just have one Matrix a but if somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one Matrix a but if somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one Matrix a but if somehow
+two matrices are in there or a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices are in there or a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices are in there or a bunch of
+different matrices then you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrices then you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different matrices then you lose the
+fact of you lose the good rules and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of you lose the good rules and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of you lose the good rules and you
+you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the
+solution okay thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LLdc7VyZHt4.txt b/LLdc7VyZHt4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8be139cf1ed97b773e8dc58e399d43c2b1db416e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LLdc7VyZHt4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2922 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality, educational
+
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So as you might have
+noticed, much of for this
+
+class, and much of our work, in
+a sense, is about designing
+
+good policies, given the
+particular challenge and
+
+environment--
+
+the policies functioning
+in it.
+
+So that's a lot of what we do.
+
+If you look at a lot of how
+policies are made in the
+
+world, it has less to do with
+the problem then to do with
+
+other priorities.
+
+So the example we give
+in the book is
+
+emphasized here, is Egypt.
+
+Egypt became a major recipient
+of US aid in 1979, when Egypt
+
+essentially broke ranks with the
+Arab countries, and signed
+
+the Camp David accord
+with Israel.
+
+And the Camp David accord was
+not quite a declaration of
+
+friendship, but it was enough
+of a change in the
+
+relationship that Egypt was then
+on seen as a major ally
+
+for US/Israeli interest
+in the Middle East.
+
+So it was a very substantial
+political change.
+
+As a reward, in a sense, for
+agreeing to that, Egypt was
+
+offered a lot of
+aid every year.
+
+So Egypt the biggest recipient,
+other than Israel,
+
+of US aid over this period.
+
+And that was not based on the
+idea that either that Egypt
+
+was a country that was
+particularly poor--
+
+Egypt is one of the richest
+countries in Africa--
+
+or on the idea that Egypt
+was going to do a lot of
+
+good with the money.
+
+There's no such presumption, no
+such idea was ever mutated.
+
+It was very clear that the money
+in Egypt was supposed to
+
+be a payoff for being
+friendly--
+
+a payoff not necessarily to the
+President, but a payoff to
+
+maybe, to some extent,
+to the military
+
+establishment in Egypt.
+
+So a payoff nonetheless.
+
+So it was very much
+seen as a payoff.
+
+So as a result, when
+basically, if
+
+you take the amount--
+
+enough aid was given to Egypt
+every year to pay $20 per
+
+African child under five.
+
+So just to get a magnitude
+of that--
+
+Egypt is one of the richest
+countries in Africa.
+
+The aid given to Egypt was so
+large that if it was given to
+
+the rest of Africa,
+it would be $5 for
+
+every child under five.
+
+So that's a significant
+amount of money.
+
+It was not given based on the
+idea that Egypt was going to
+
+make very good use
+of this money.
+
+And it was not really
+development aid.
+
+It was just aid as a price
+for being our friends.
+
+And that's an important
+example, because it
+
+underscores the point that even
+though we may work very
+
+hard, and come up with policies
+that make sense,
+
+often money is spent for reasons
+which have nothing to
+
+do with sense--
+
+or may have sense, but sense
+in some other calculus.
+
+And that's related to a separate
+point, which is-- so
+
+one point that comes up in that
+process is that, what's
+
+the point of knowing anything
+if money will not be given
+
+where the information is?
+
+So the information says that you
+should do this policy, but
+
+in fact, Egypt gets all the
+money because it happens to be
+
+the country that's willing
+to be nice to Israel.
+
+So that's one question.
+
+Related question is some
+countries just don't have a
+
+functioning state.
+
+Right now, prominent example
+is Cote d'Ivoire.
+
+Cote d'Ivoire, if you noticed,
+has an ongoing civil war where
+
+the president is supposed to
+have lost the election, but
+
+doesn't seem to want to leave.
+
+And there's a French army in
+there, which may or may not
+
+succeed in re-establishing
+order, et cetera.
+
+So at this point, we might
+discover a very efficient way
+
+to find people will get people
+to immunize their children,
+
+but that might be beside the
+point in Cote d'Ivoire.
+
+It's true that in Cote d'Ivoire
+right now, there is
+
+no state, and therefore, if you
+think of a policy that's
+
+going to be adopted by the
+state, who's going to do the
+
+state that adopts that?
+
+So a lot of people have
+made that point
+
+against us, if you like.
+
+And I think the most articulate
+version of that is
+
+this paragraph by Bill
+Easterly, who says,
+
+"Randomized controlled trials
+are infeasible for many of the
+
+big questions in development,
+like the economic-wide effects
+
+of good institutions or good
+macroeconomic policies.
+
+Embracing randomized control
+trials has led development
+
+researchers to lower their
+ambitions." So basically, the
+
+big issues are not being
+touched here.
+
+What we are doing is
+we're solving--
+
+it's a small problem, and the
+implied argument is that if
+
+you don't solve the big
+problems, there's no reason to
+
+salve the small ones, that we
+should start by solving the
+
+big problems of state
+formation, of good
+
+macroeconomic policies,
+getting an effective
+
+functioning state, and then
+solve the other problems.
+
+So there's a lot of people who
+are, I think, are very fine
+
+economists who believe in this
+position, which is what I
+
+would call the institutionalist
+view.
+
+And really two separate,
+possibly independent claims.
+
+One is that without good
+politics, you cannot have good
+
+policies; and the second is that
+with good politics, good
+
+policies will follow.
+
+So their claims in two
+directions, right?
+
+One is a positive claim, the
+other's a negative claim.
+
+That is, it's hopeless to
+try to do anything if
+
+you have bad politics.
+
+And you here, what people really
+mean by politics is not
+
+just that you should have a good
+leader or something, but
+
+you need a whole package of
+what people think of as
+
+appropriate institutions.
+
+So the basic vision is that the
+appropriate institutions--
+
+and the things like
+property rights.
+
+Basically, is it private
+property or not?
+
+Is private property
+well secured?
+
+That's one thing people
+focus on.
+
+The second thing people focus
+on is whether the political
+
+system is relatively open.
+
+There's some constraints on
+the executive, or whether
+
+there is basically absolutism,
+so the guy who's running in
+
+power can do whatever
+he wants.
+
+So those are the kinds
+of things.
+
+So I'm going to keep using
+institutions with
+
+capitals for awhile.
+
+And you'll see why later.
+
+So I'm going to use it in
+capital for the time being.
+
+So let me say what I'm
+trying to get at.
+
+These are not only
+institutions--
+
+MIT is an institution, too--
+but it's not institution in
+
+the same sense as property
+rights is an institution.
+
+I'm sure, it might be as
+[? venerable ?], respected
+
+institution, but it would not
+count in the same sense as
+
+institutions in this sense.
+
+This is institutions meaning
+these big things that define
+
+how the economic and political
+system jointly functions.
+
+There are institutional, few
+kind of structural features of
+
+the economy, which drive
+everything else.
+
+And those are things like
+property rights, political
+
+system, et cetera.
+
+So I think one interesting place
+to start is to look at
+
+the work of Acemoglu, Johnson,
+and Robinson.
+
+Acemoglu and Johnson are
+both MIT professors.
+
+This is a really interesting
+book.
+
+And what I'm going to try to--
+
+what they claim in their book
+is that countries succeed or
+
+fail based on institutions as
+defined by property rights--
+
+few things like the nature of
+property rights, the nature of
+
+the political system,
+et cetera.
+
+And what they have done, I
+think, very compellingly is
+
+provide some very interesting
+evidence along these lines.
+
+So I'm going to start by
+presenting the evidence.
+
+And then, we'll think about
+what, given that evidence, how
+
+should we think about
+the world?
+
+Now the first reason why this
+evidence is difficult is
+
+because institutions
+are androgynous.
+
+What do I mean when I say
+institutions are androngynous?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+wanted a place that's very
+distractive, or had a very
+
+[INAUDIBLE] infrastructure.
+
+It would tend to stay the
+[INAUDIBLE] of time.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're saying that
+it's the opposite, saying
+
+that institutions are not
+affected by local conditions.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, they're
+initially [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: They are initially
+[INAUDIBLE] by something.
+
+But once they're in place.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're formed
+by something.
+
+That's the key.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+instituations was created
+by [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Do you want
+to add to that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+I wanted to say that the state
+of the society [INAUDIBLE]
+
+determines which institutions
+it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But at the same time, the
+institutions contribute to
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+the state of the society.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you might say that, for
+example, to have effective
+
+property rights, we need
+effective courts.
+
+To have effective courts, we
+need effective judges.
+
+To have effective judges,
+we need an
+
+effective education system.
+
+To have an effective education
+system, we might need good
+
+properties.
+
+So all of these things
+are related.
+
+The investment in the education
+system may not be
+
+effective without property
+rights, so all of these things
+
+are related.
+
+So basically, institutions are
+androgynous in the sense that
+
+lots of things that matter for
+other aspects of the economy
+
+also affect institutions.
+
+Institutions are a result of
+what else is happening in the
+
+economy they also cause.
+
+So that's what makes
+it difficult.
+
+So how do you study
+the effects?
+
+Problem with things that are
+androgynous is that, how do
+
+you study the effects
+of those?
+
+Because in some sense, the basic
+rule of us studying the
+
+effect of something is what we
+want to do is we want to say,
+
+here's two countries.
+
+One country has better
+institutions than the other
+
+entirely by chance, not because
+this country has some
+
+other aspect that makes
+it better, right?
+
+The problem is, we're worried
+that if I say that Spain has
+
+better institutions than
+Portugal, then I would need to
+
+argue that this is not a result
+of the fact that Spain
+
+was, to start with, a stronger
+economy, and that's why the
+
+institutions came out.
+
+We want to say there are two
+countries essentially
+
+identical, and by an act of
+chance, Portugal got worse
+
+institutions than Spain.
+
+And those acts of chance
+are difficult to find.
+
+That's basically
+the challenge.
+
+So how does anybody solve
+this problem?
+
+Well, here's a very
+nice insight.
+
+The very nice insight is that
+in former colonies--
+
+so take the counties that
+were European colonies.
+
+It's a lot of countries--
+
+pretty much all of Africa, and
+most of Asia, and most of
+
+Latin America.
+
+All of Latin America, most of
+Asia, and most of Africa were
+
+former colonies of either
+Britain, France, Holland,
+
+Portugal, Spain, or Belgium.
+
+So essentially, these six
+countries were between them--
+
+Germany to a very
+small extent--
+
+had most of the world
+carved up.
+
+So most countries were colonies
+of these countries.
+
+And it turns out, not
+surprisingly--
+
+it's what was said a
+little while ago--
+
+institutions are persistent.
+
+So if the institutions were good
+institutions were set up
+
+in this country a long time
+ago, they still remain
+
+relatively good.
+
+And if bad institutions
+were set up-- so
+
+good and bad here--
+
+I'm not telling you what would
+good and bad are, yet I'll
+
+tell you what they
+mean in a minute.
+
+But the basic theory is that
+whatever institution was set
+
+up a long time ago, that's
+how they stay.
+
+So institutions are
+persistent.
+
+That's step one.
+
+Step two is to observe that when
+Europeans settled in a
+
+country, they were very clear
+about what kinds of
+
+institutions that wanted to set
+up, and that has a lot to
+
+do with whether they want to
+live in the country or not.
+
+If they didn't want to
+live in the country--
+
+so they just wanted to go there,
+control the country,
+
+and make some money from it,
+then this institution they set
+
+up enabled making money quickly
+in the country.
+
+So they were not very protective
+of the local
+
+population.
+
+They were what are extractive
+institutions--
+
+institutions which basically
+take the shape of--
+
+it's easy to kind of bully
+people, not a lot of legal
+
+protection, so that you could
+extract whatever you wanted.
+
+You want the mines to
+be very profitable.
+
+You don't really want legal
+rights for the workers,
+
+because if you have legal rights
+for the workers, then
+
+they will complain, and then
+you wouldn't get very
+
+profitable mines.
+
+So if you want mines to be
+profitable, the best way to do
+
+it is to not have very many
+legal rights for workers.
+
+If you want labor to be cheap,
+you don't want to educate the
+
+labor force.
+
+If you want people to be docile,
+you don't want to have
+
+a lot of democracy.
+
+On the other hand, if Europeans
+were going to stay
+
+there, then the vision for the
+country was very different.
+
+They wanted it to be livable,
+and kind of like
+
+their lives in Europe.
+
+And then the set of
+institutions, which were much
+
+less directly extractive.
+
+And that happens to be
+true, sadly enough.
+
+So what are countries where
+Europeans did settle?
+
+And what are countries where
+they didn't settle?
+
+Examples.
+
+AUDIENCE: The United States,
+Australia, Canada, Argentina,
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Those are
+good examples.
+
+What are countries where
+they didn't settle?
+
+And you can start to see what
+the pattern is going to be.
+
+What are countries where
+they didn't settle?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, sorry.
+
+Well, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Where did Africa
+get their [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+South Africa.
+
+To some extent, Zimbabwe.
+
+To some extent, Kenya.
+
+Those were three countries where
+they settled, and most
+
+other countries, they
+didn't settle.
+
+Now one reason--
+
+so here's what's nice
+about the paper.
+
+They claim that one reason this
+happened was because of
+
+settler mortality.
+
+So if you look at these early
+colonies in the first years of
+
+settlement, there are massive
+mortality rates.
+
+Really massive, like four out
+of five people died within
+
+five years.
+
+That kind of mortality rates.
+
+Because Europeans were
+encountering new diseases,
+
+basically--
+
+new tropical diseases of all
+kinds-- so the mortality rates
+
+were massive.
+
+And so therefore, the places
+where they did agreed to
+
+settle were places where the
+mortality rates were
+
+relatively low.
+
+And so one good predictor of
+what happens whether you get
+
+one good predictor, or whether
+you get a European settlement
+
+or not, is settler mortality
+in the early days.
+
+And so, what they did, which is
+very creative, is to find a
+
+data set of settler mortality
+in these places.
+
+So basically, the idea is, let's
+look at what happens.
+
+Let's compare places where the
+settlers died in droves with
+
+places where they didn't.
+
+So here's a set of pictures
+that underpin their paper.
+
+So let's start with
+the first one.
+
+This is the picture of GDP per
+capita on expropriation risk.
+
+Expropriation risk is how
+secure are property.
+
+So expropriation is the opposite
+of property rights.
+
+So expropriation risk is just
+how likely is it that if you
+
+have a private property,
+it will just be
+
+taken away by the state.
+
+And you see that countries
+where it varies a lot is
+
+Haiti, in Mali, in
+Niger, Nigeria.
+
+It's low in the US, Singapore,
+Australia, New Zealand.
+
+So if you look at the colonies
+that do well, they tend to be
+
+relatively--
+
+the richer colonies are also
+the ones which had lower
+
+expropriation risks.
+
+Now this is androgynous
+regression, because you could
+
+have almost shown
+this regressions
+
+the other way around.
+
+You could have asked, is it the
+case that rich countries
+
+have lower expropriation
+risks?
+
+This is not a regression that
+can be causally interpreted by
+
+itself, because it's exactly
+saying that expropriation risk
+
+is high in these countries.
+
+But is that because rich
+countries are safer, or is it
+
+because safe countries
+are richer?
+
+We don't know.
+
+Now before I come to a-- well,
+actually, let me skip these
+
+two pictures, come back
+to them later.
+
+Here's a more maybe
+revealing picture.
+
+So this picture says, what's
+the relationship between
+
+settler mortality and
+GDP per capita?
+
+Now this is kind of a dramatic
+fact, which is that if settler
+
+mortality was high, like in
+the Gambia, GMB, Nigeria,
+
+Mali, Togo--
+
+those countries are poor.
+
+Countries which are rich
+tended to have
+
+had low settler mortality.
+
+So if we think that settler
+mortality has nothing to do
+
+with GDP today, then that's
+a surprising fact.
+
+Why was it that settlers, when
+they came to settle-- when did
+
+they come to settle
+in the Americas?
+
+When were the Americas
+settled?
+
+16th and 17th century.
+
+When was Africa settled?
+
+19th century.
+
+So these are all
+the long time.
+
+When was Asia settled?
+
+When was Asia conquered?
+
+18th and 19th, mostly.
+
+Everything that we are talking
+about is saying that, what
+
+happened before 1850 or 1880,
+basically, has a strong
+
+consequence on outcomes today.
+
+So if were in a country where
+Europeans died in droves in
+
+1870, like in Gambia or--
+
+I don't know, whenever
+that was, 1860--
+
+people died in droves in 1860.
+
+Then Gambia is still
+a poorer country.
+
+So that's sort of an interesting
+correlation.
+
+And here's why they think--
+
+then ask the question, now that
+I told you that Gambia is
+
+poorer than the US, and even
+120 years ago I could have
+
+predicted this, you say why?
+
+Why would that be the case?
+
+How could you?
+
+What's the link between
+120 years and now?
+
+And their claim is that this
+is the persistence of
+
+institutions.
+
+So Gambia is a place where
+Europeans didn't settle.
+
+And as a result, they set up
+extractive institutions, and
+
+extractive institutions
+are very persistent.
+
+So the reason why we see this
+mapping from settler mortality
+
+to expropriation risk to GDP is
+the reason why we have the
+
+persistence.
+
+Settler mortality affected
+institutions when the country
+
+was set up, which affected
+institutions now.
+
+And it's very dramatic again.
+
+The quality of institutions
+goes down very fast with
+
+settler mortality.
+
+So that's the basic argument.
+
+The basic argument in the paper
+is these two facts,
+
+which is that, look, countries
+with a high settler mortality
+
+are poorer, and they have
+poorer institutions.
+
+And there's no reason why
+something that happened so
+
+long ago would affect outcomes
+today, and therefore it must
+
+be institutions.
+
+Now, they do something else
+that's actually very
+
+interesting.
+
+In fact, they do
+more than this.
+
+One thing they do is to argue
+that in the world of like,
+
+let's say, 1500 or 1600, we
+don't know GDP in 1600.
+
+So what they are going to try
+to argue is not just that we
+
+see this pattern, but that this
+pattern doesn't reflect
+
+fixed geographical
+characteristics of these
+
+countries, because if you
+have fixed geographical
+
+characteristics of these
+countries, then the countries
+
+where you had low settler
+mortality would have been
+
+countries which were richer
+already in 1500.
+
+So one thing they wanted to show
+is that this is not the
+
+effect of some long-term,
+historical difference.
+
+It is not that the countries
+that have low settler
+
+mortality were rich
+countries already.
+
+So the US, which had low
+settler mortality, was
+
+actually a poor country
+in 1500.
+
+How do they show that?
+
+Well, they can't actually
+measure GDP in 1500 very well.
+
+But one thing they can do is
+they can use urbanization
+
+rates, or population density.
+
+Historically, richer countries
+had more population.
+
+So let's start with this.
+
+Start with this picture.
+
+This picture says that you look
+urbanization and GDP per
+
+capita, these are extremely
+correlated, right?
+
+Extremely, tightly correlated.
+
+So then they're making the
+point that therefore
+
+urbanization rates in 1500
+are a reasonable
+
+proxy for GBP in 1500.
+
+OK, that's the second step
+in the argument.
+
+So this picture says
+organization rates in 1500--
+
+if you assume that's a predictor
+of GDP in 1500, then
+
+look at that relationship.
+
+What does that say?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The richer the
+country was in 1500, the
+
+poorer it is now.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+I'm not sure I understand
+the niche.
+
+Wouldn't initial population
+density play a huge role?
+
+So maybe the populated areas
+were kind of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the temperate zones that were
+colonized later, and then
+
+settlers set up their
+own settlements.
+
+And any one of those [INAUDIBLE]
+talked how not
+
+having a population in the first
+place was one of the
+
+reasons they settled
+there, as well.
+
+And also, if you're looking at
+urbanization rates, shouldn't
+
+you care the tropical colonies,
+before they were
+
+organized to European countries
+that did the
+
+colonization, and you see higher
+organization rates in
+
+the temperate zones that
+have a [? purple ?]
+
+population densities.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, those are
+both good points.
+
+Hold them.
+
+We'll come back to them, OK?
+
+You're asking questions on
+whether this argument is--
+
+you're trying to pick holes
+in this argument.
+
+Let's wait on that.
+
+I want to understand the
+argument before picking holes
+
+in it
+
+So I think both points you
+made are interesting.
+
+But hold them.
+
+We will repeat them
+in a minute, OK?
+
+So right now, they're
+making the case---
+
+look, it's not that there's
+a persistence of poverty.
+
+It is not the case that the
+countries that were poor in
+
+1500 are poor now.
+
+If urbanization is a good
+measure poverty, of being
+
+wealthy, then those countries
+were rich countries then, and
+
+are poor countries now.
+
+And the US, for example, was a
+poor country then, and a rich
+
+country now.
+
+Indeed, famously, there's a
+claim that the reason why the
+
+British didn't manage to take
+back the US in 1776.
+
+The US was very weak, relative
+to Britain in 1776.
+
+How did the US colonies
+manage?
+
+Well, there was a threat of
+another attack to, I think, to
+
+Jamaica, which was a much
+wealthier area--
+
+sugar-growing, much
+wealthier area.
+
+So that's why the British
+government had to decide
+
+whether to protect Jamaica,
+or to predict the US.
+
+And it decided that Jamaica
+was more worth than
+
+protecting the US.
+
+May have not been the right
+judgement historically.
+
+But nonetheless, so they made
+this call on it, based
+
+apparently on the fact that
+Jamaica was a wealthier area.
+
+This is another one.
+
+This is a [INAUDIBLE] population
+density, which is
+
+another classical measure
+of wealth.
+
+So typically, historically, more
+populated countries have
+
+been richer countries.
+
+Indeed, historically, people
+have suggested a very simple
+
+model, which is sometimes called
+the Malthusian model,
+
+which is that if countries are
+more productive, they can
+
+sustain a bigger population,
+because if you're not more
+
+productive, then you have
+a bigger population,
+
+you starve to death.
+
+So basically, the Malthusian
+model says that more
+
+productive countries had
+bigger populations.
+
+And you see that if you believe
+that, then once again,
+
+richer countries in 1500 are
+poorer countries now.
+
+Finally, population density
+in 1500, you can see, is a
+
+negative predictor of
+expropriation risks now.
+
+So more dense countries in 1500
+was protected against
+
+risk expropriation.
+
+So they had less property
+rights.
+
+And what this is saying is that
+you look at the economic
+
+outcomes of the higher
+urbanization countries and the
+
+lower urbanization countries in
+1500, you can see that the
+
+higher urbanization countries
+actually fall below the lower
+
+urbanization countries in the
+middle of the 19th century.
+
+This is GDP.
+
+So they call this the
+reversal of fortune.
+
+So two claims being made.
+
+One is that rich countries
+became poorer, and the reason
+
+why they became for poorer is
+because of the paternal
+
+settlement, which generated
+better institutions, which
+
+generated better economic
+outcomes.
+
+Then they go on to claim that
+if Zaire had the same
+
+institutions as the US today,
+it'd be five times richer.
+
+So that's a huge claim, right?
+
+It's huge.
+
+The magnitudes they're talking
+about are immense.
+
+So now coming back
+to the question.
+
+You were trying to start asking
+
+questions about this evidence.
+
+What are possible ways in which
+this evidence might be
+
+misleading?
+
+So let's go back to you.
+
+AUDIENCE: One was that I
+thought maybe they're
+
+dismissing the geography
+explanation if you compare
+
+tropical countries before they
+were colonized to European
+
+countries before they actually
+colonized the other countries,
+
+because it might be in North
+America and New Zealand and
+
+Australia, they had better
+institutions, didn't really
+
+have populations settled there
+in the first place.
+
+It's probably one of the
+reasons that European
+
+colonizers set up camp there.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're saying
+empty may be different.
+
+The development patterns may be
+different for a variety of
+
+reasons, which may not have
+to do with institutions.
+
+It may well be that if you start
+with an empty place, you
+
+can have a different development
+pattern, even if
+
+you have the same
+institutions.
+
+That sort.
+
+One of the things.
+
+Is that you're saying?
+
+AUDIENCE: Kind of, but also
+that if you're trying to
+
+totally dismiss that the fact
+that climate may have played a
+
+role, you shouldn't compare
+places with similar population
+
+densities to start off with.
+
+So you should compare
+Europe to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Why would
+that make sense?
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Because in comparing
+Latin America and Saharan
+
+Africa, one of the papers talked
+about how there already
+
+were rich cultures thriving
+there, and that it was a
+
+reversal of fortune.
+
+But if you're comparing those
+places to, say, North America
+
+and New Zealand, the population
+of North America
+
+and New Zealand were small.
+
+There wasn't a lot going on.
+
+So maybe you should compare
+it to Europe.
+
+I think Europe would have been
+a lot more prosperous if you
+
+compare it to the
+Incas, Aztecs.
+
+PROFESSOR: I see.
+
+You're saying that maybe
+comparing with the empty place
+
+is misleading, because
+those places are--
+
+but still, isn't the point
+that this is misleading
+
+because empty places, for some
+reason, would have a different
+
+development path.
+
+After all, the empty places
+across the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+become better.
+
+So you're saying that even
+without good institutions,
+
+empty places might have had a
+different path, because maybe
+
+it is the case that just
+the population
+
+composition is different.
+
+If there's no one else living
+there, and I go and settle,
+
+I'm 100% of the population,
+whereas if there's a lot of
+
+people living there, then if I
+go settle, I'm a different
+
+fraction of the population.
+
+OK, you were-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think the
+countries that actually
+
+colonized--
+
+the ones who actually
+go and settle--
+
+do you think [? depending ?] on
+the country, does that make
+
+a difference on how well
+the colony does?
+
+For example, all the colonies
+that ended up doing well were
+
+British colonies.
+
+And of course, you have
+India, which--
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a lot
+of British colonies
+
+that didn't do well.
+
+Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda,
+Sierra Leone.
+
+Lots of British colonies.
+
+Burma.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, but most of the
+other ones, those happened
+
+at different times, right?
+
+Like many of the--
+
+a lot of the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+happened later on,
+and the love of
+
+exploration happened in Africa.
+
+Of course, there was already
+traffic in terms of slavery
+
+and things like that.
+
+I'm thinking into 1600 or so.
+
+But a lot of the colonies that
+have been in Africa were in a
+
+different time.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] history spectrum.
+
+So I just think that the big
+market was just different.
+
+The world was very different
+at the time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but I
+don't see why that's
+
+another good point.
+
+I agree with everything
+you said--
+
+whoops.
+
+You want to add to that?
+
+I don't understand exactly why
+that's a criticism what
+
+they're doing.
+
+I understood if you said--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+I was just asking a question
+actually, because that's just
+
+something that comes
+up when I--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, that's
+absolutely true.
+
+I think everything
+you said is true.
+
+But I don't see why.
+
+So they were definitely
+colonized in different times,
+
+but still, two things they do.
+
+One is the compare
+within Africa.
+
+They can compare
+within Africa.
+
+It's not quite statistically
+as solid as it should be.
+
+But you can still do it.
+
+You can compare Zimbabwe, South
+Africa, Kenya with the
+
+rest of Africa-- the countries
+that have high settlement and
+
+low settlement, and you see some
+of the same difference.
+
+Mostly different by South
+Africa, unfortunately, which
+
+is rather special.
+
+But the second thing you can do
+is you can control for the
+
+identity of the colonizer, and
+that doesn't change anything.
+
+So you can compare only British
+colonies with British
+
+colonies, and that doesn't
+change anything.
+
+That's much more solid.
+
+So you could compare just French
+colonies with French
+
+colonies, and British colonies
+with British
+
+colonies, and average.
+
+AUDIENCE: So even
+within Africa--
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know whether
+you can do that
+
+[INAUDIBLE] that becomes
+two small a data set.
+
+So if you compare only Spanish
+colonies within Africa, there
+
+will be two.
+
+And that's not going
+to be a lot.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm not saying
+within Africa.
+
+Would you say that British
+colonies are probably better
+
+off then, let's say, Portuguese
+colonies where you
+
+have Angola and [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's probably
+true, actually.
+
+AUDIENCE: Whereas you compare
+that to South Africa, South
+
+Africa's much better off.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's probably true.
+
+But that's not what they do.
+
+They're worried about--
+
+that comparison is difficult,
+because British colonies are
+
+not randomly chosen.
+
+Britain was one of
+the leaders.
+
+In African colonization,
+Britain
+
+was one of the leaders.
+
+Britain got all of the most
+productive countries.
+
+So if you look at--
+
+sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: What about France?
+
+PROFESSOR: France
+was a follower.
+
+And so, France ended up with the
+less productive countries.
+
+So Britain targeted some
+countries, and then grabbed
+
+the best ones.
+
+So this is not an accident.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So to follow on the
+earlier point that emptier
+
+places versus more heavily
+populated places that
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+if a place is more populated,
+then it already has some kind
+
+of institutions.
+
+And if some institutions already
+exist, whether they're
+
+equitable or not equitable, I
+think it would be much easier
+
+to establish institutions
+would not be equitable,
+
+because the system is
+already set up.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a point,
+but that they won't
+
+disagree with, obviously.
+
+Imagine that they said that
+places which have no one
+
+there, or very low population
+density in the beginning, it
+
+was easier to set up fresh
+institutions, and fresh
+
+institutions persists.
+
+Would you say that's not
+a version of the
+
+institutionalist argument?
+
+That's just a slight variant
+of their argument.
+
+I don't think it's
+that different.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I don't think
+that if it's an empty place,
+
+then the probability that you
+could settle and then
+
+procreating an institution
+would be lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+absolutely true.
+
+I think they would say that
+that's still an argument for
+
+expropriating institutions
+are bad.
+
+You're just making a slightly
+different argument of why
+
+expropriation institutions
+are bad.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, just getting
+back to the point [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So when you say, yeah, that's
+correct, the British empire
+
+was sort of the leader of
+political lines in Africa.
+
+However, that's not the case
+when you're talking about the
+
+Americas, right?
+
+Right, so even though Spain and
+Portugal were the leaders
+
+in this case, it's not like
+they did invite a
+
+colonization.
+
+And when you even referenced the
+paper, if British empire
+
+chose the regular countries in
+Africa [INAUDIBLE], wouldn't
+
+that imply that they would
+have a [INAUDIBLE] more
+
+aspiration-based, and therefore
+maybe South Africa
+
+would be in a worse position?
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Or does it show that--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not so clear.
+
+They might have chosen-- we're
+getting off point.
+
+Let's say just to comment, the
+British might have picked
+
+better places, and better
+places might be more
+
+productive.
+
+It might also be more
+attractive to be
+
+expropriating, but those two
+factors are going in opposite
+
+directions.
+
+So if you started with
+better places, that
+
+already helps you a lot.
+
+And maybe they knew exploit a
+bit more, instead of slavery
+
+or something.
+
+But still, it might well be on
+balance that you do less
+
+damage there.
+
+It's not clear, because you
+start with a better place,
+
+then you do a little
+more damage.
+
+I don't know which
+way it goes.
+
+But you're right.
+
+That's a certainly good point.
+
+Any other concerns?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+if you could just [INAUDIBLE]
+
+geographical argument, because
+it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, to be honest,
+I think if you look the world
+
+in 1800s, the United States
+doesn't look like a more
+
+valuable economy.
+
+It looks like a less valuable
+economy, because the idea was
+
+that places that could
+grow sugar were the
+
+most valuable places.
+
+So when you compare places to
+the Americas, they typically
+
+compare Jamaica with the US.
+
+And Jamaica was a place which
+looked more valuable then.
+
+US was actually a good place to
+settle, because no one was
+
+empty, and no one wanted
+to come there.
+
+So it was empty, and no,
+not much competition.
+
+The British were very
+worried that the
+
+Spanish would take Jamaica.
+
+Yeah, keep going.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+America [INAUDIBLE]
+
+South America [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And North America [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I mean, it is or Asia,
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+but it's [INAUDIBLE] in
+Africa [INAUDIBLE]
+
+least favorable, in
+terms of the land.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+is a very poor [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The institutions point
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: But that's the point
+about the reversal of
+
+fortune, in the sense that the
+reversal of fortune is exactly
+
+point that these were
+richer places.
+
+In 1500, the places which are
+poor now were rich places.
+
+So somehow, you need to argue
+that geography has a different
+
+effect then than it does now.
+
+It's not implausible, so one
+point you could make is that
+
+geography is not some
+fixed thing.
+
+These countries were richer
+then, because this was a
+
+period when it turned out that
+agriculture mattered.
+
+And then, they invested
+a lot in agriculture.
+
+Turned out that by some
+accident, industry became the
+
+big thing later, and so places
+that started later were more
+
+able to jump on the industry
+bandwagon than the places
+
+that-- so geography that helped
+you originally might
+
+hurt you later.
+
+Because Jamaica specialized
+in sugar.
+
+Sugar was great in 1800, but
+not so great now, because
+
+something better
+was discovered.
+
+So maybe what happened was that
+these places that were--
+
+it was not the institutions.
+
+It was just the specialization
+in certain products that
+
+really mattered.
+
+You want to continue?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Africa [INAUDIBLE] more
+resources [INAUDIBLE]
+
+just going to pick [INAUDIBLE]
+
+agricultural countries.
+
+PROFESSOR: But in some
+sense, why is that--
+
+find.
+
+But isn't that just a version of
+the institutional argument,
+
+that where you want to extract
+diamonds, you don't create any
+
+institutions, you
+just extract?
+
+And that's exactly their point,
+in a sense, is that you
+
+create extractive
+institutions.
+
+That doesn't seem any
+different from--
+
+seems like a variant on the
+argument, that where you set
+
+up extractive institutions,
+you get bad outcomes.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So could it be the case--
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+because they had invested a lot
+in agriculture and that
+
+was the thing back then.
+
+They were well off, and as times
+changed, there became
+
+less of an emphasis that other
+countries would invest
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+It could also be the case that
+other countries, the ones in
+
+temperate environments, were
+forced to look at other things
+
+early on because they knew that
+agriculture wasn't there
+
+[INAUDIBLE] and that was a bet
+they made not knowing how the
+
+future would be [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's an
+excellent point.
+
+So it could be that just if you
+have very easy access to
+
+the very productive agriculture,
+then you'd be in
+
+a society which is not looking
+forward to solving certain
+
+types of problems.
+
+So that's an excellent point.
+
+I don't know if it's true or
+not, but it's an extremely
+
+interesting observation,
+and part of that.
+
+And more generally, one concern
+with this kind of
+
+evidence is, that, as you
+might imagine, the most
+
+compelling examples turn out
+to be Hong Kong, Singapore,
+
+South Africa, plus US, Canada,
+New Zealand, Australia.
+
+The regression's driven by very
+few countries, though I
+
+think if you look at this
+picture, it's less true than
+
+you might imagine.
+
+Yeah, we can do this one.
+
+So we look at this picture.
+
+It's not entirely driven by--
+
+so if we look at that square
+in the middle, even there,
+
+there's a slight
+downward slope.
+
+So leave out US, New
+Zealand, Canada,
+
+Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia--
+
+those are on the left--
+
+and just South Africa and
+whatever, one other country.
+
+I don't know what it is.
+
+And look at the block in the
+middle where India is the top
+
+left-hand point,
+and whatever--
+
+MLI is Mali--
+
+is the bottom right point.
+
+Even within this square,
+there's clear
+
+downward slope, I think.
+
+So even if you left out the very
+rich countries, you do
+
+get a weaker but significant
+relationship.
+
+And that still tells you,
+if you just took that
+
+relationship, you still will
+get a big effect of settler
+
+mortality, even if you left
+out the few really
+
+exceptionally rich countries,
+or something.
+
+You still get reasonable
+good fit.
+
+I guess one concern I have is
+whether or not expropriation
+
+risk is something that
+we have assign to
+
+countries based on success.
+
+So one worry I have is that it
+may well be that the countries
+
+that have high settler
+mortality are
+
+poor whatever reason.
+
+And then we think it's because
+of expropriation risk, but
+
+expropriation risk is just based
+on our perception of
+
+economic success.
+
+So India and Pakistan saw very
+different expropriation risk.
+
+One is at eight and the
+other is at six.
+
+I'm not sure that those are
+based on anything in
+
+particular.
+
+I think there might well be
+a legitimation of success.
+
+So countries which
+are successful
+
+are assigned better--
+
+with these numbers, who knows
+what expropriation risk is.
+
+It's some number somebody
+made up.
+
+And we may worry that this
+number isn't quite right.
+
+And maybe all it does is it just
+reflects the fact that
+
+richer countries are richer.
+
+So people assign them higher--
+
+these countries are richer,
+they must have
+
+good property rights.
+
+I don't know how much of
+that's what's going on.
+
+But I still think that, in some
+sense, I guess I'm more
+
+inclined to take this evidence
+as telling us something
+
+interesting.
+
+But I think one should take
+it really seriously.
+
+So first point it's making-- if
+you take it seriously, it's
+
+not just the institutions
+that are important.
+
+It's not saying just that
+institutions are important.
+
+It's saying something much
+more specific than that.
+
+It's saying that institutions
+that were set up a long time
+
+ago, and evolved slowly over
+time in countries where there
+
+was low settler mortality
+are very different from
+
+institutions that were set up
+a long time ago, and evolved
+
+for a long time in high settler
+mortality countries.
+
+So it's not saying that if I
+suddenly took Mali, and gave
+
+it the institutions of the
+US, the institutions will
+
+automatically start
+functioning.
+
+That's not in this data.
+
+It's not saying anything about
+whether or not we can be
+
+replace institutions in one
+place or the other, right?
+
+It's in fact saying quite
+the opposite.
+
+It's saying that all we can tell
+is that places that good
+
+institutions because of a lucky
+accident 200 years ago
+
+or 400 years ago are
+better off now.
+
+That's not necessarily
+a big helpful policy.
+
+It's not that it says that we
+could change institutions
+
+today successfully.
+
+That's not what it implies.
+
+It could be true that we could
+change it, but that's not what
+
+we learn from this evidence.
+
+What we learn from this evidence
+is if we happen to
+
+have been lucky 400 years ago,
+then we are lucky today.
+
+But that's a very different
+point from saying that we are
+
+able to fix institutions today,
+and if we give Mali the
+
+same institutions the US had.
+
+And I'm not just making
+a debating point.
+
+Think about what the US
+constitution means.
+
+The US constitution means a
+lot of things, but it also
+
+means every school who goes to
+school in the US learns about
+
+the constitution.
+
+It creates a certain set of
+loyalties to the constitution
+
+that are very important.
+
+It is emphasized that this
+
+constitution has a long history.
+
+there were lots of battles about
+this constitution in the
+
+Supreme Court and
+other courts.
+
+All of these things are part
+of the effectiveness of the
+
+constitution.
+
+It's not just the constitution
+that is effective.
+
+The US constitution is given
+content by all the judgments
+
+of the Supreme Court.
+
+The famous judgments of the
+Supreme Court is what makes
+
+the constitution what
+it is today.
+
+So it's not clear that you can
+just transplant a constitution
+
+without the history
+that goes with it.
+
+So that says that if you believe
+this point of view,
+
+you should be very pessimistic,
+because it's not
+
+actually saying that we
+just have to fake good
+
+institutions.
+
+This is where I think
+it still is wrong.
+
+Even if you believe this point
+of view, it doesn't say much
+
+about development policy,
+because it actually doesn't
+
+tell you that you can fix
+institutions today in Mali,
+
+and you'll get good outcomes.
+
+And as Acemoglu and Robinson are
+very consistent in their
+
+book, they basically explicitly
+state this
+
+pessimistic position.
+
+They say, God knows how
+to fix countries,
+
+let's not even bother.
+
+Mostly that's their the
+position, and that's a very
+
+internally consistent
+position.
+
+Now there are other people who
+take a less consistent
+
+position, who want
+to say that the
+
+institution is an important.
+
+This is the evidence from
+Acemoglu and Robinson, and now
+
+we're going to go fix countries,
+which is a very
+
+different plan, that we're going
+to fix institutions,
+
+evidence doesn't say that you
+can fix institutions.
+
+It says if you had the right
+institutions 400 years ago,
+
+then it would be good.
+
+That's very different from
+saying we can fix
+
+institutions.
+
+You see that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+appropriate it would be with
+history, time changes going on
+
+in the world, but can you kind
+of take this as if we could
+
+transition towards better
+institutions in some
+
+countries, then maybe in 400
+years those, countries would
+
+be better
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe, but
+not tomorrow.
+
+So I have nothing useful to say
+about 400 years from now,
+
+but if we can.
+
+But what it clearly doesn't say
+is if a fixed institution
+
+thing would be better today.
+
+That's it does not say.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Africa, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+nations [INAUDIBLE]
+
+can't really have institutions
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that's also true.
+
+I think the point that you're
+making is also important, and
+
+we don't know how to [INAUDIBLE]
+institutions.
+
+It's not that people don't
+live in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So here's a fact that I know
+isn't in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Whoever owns any country,
+take a taxi--
+
+I'm talking about in
+many countries.
+
+Get off from the taxi.
+
+You either agreed an amount when
+you got on the taxi, or
+
+there's a meter.
+
+You read the meter, you give
+the person the amount.
+
+And at that point, the person
+takes the money.
+
+He shuts the meter off, and he
+says, here's your change.
+
+This happens in many,
+many countries.
+
+Now what's remarkable
+about that?
+
+What's remarkable is
+why did I pay him?
+
+I could have said no.
+
+So what if it says $20?
+
+I'm going to give you $5.
+
+What's to stop me?
+
+There's nobody else
+was that's there.
+
+Usually when I get off in front
+of a house, there's no
+
+one else there.
+
+I can walk off.
+
+By the time the taxi
+driver can find the
+
+policeman, I'll be gone--
+
+on one side.
+
+So the response has to be that
+I'm afraid of the taxi driver
+
+beating me up, which
+may be true.
+
+But if the taxi driver can
+beat me up, why isn't the
+
+reverse true?
+
+As soon as the taxi stopped, why
+isn't he trying to beat me
+
+up, and saying you have to give
+me $40 instead of $20, or
+
+I'll beat you up, and claim
+that you owe me $40.
+
+How is it that we manage to
+negotiate this space in many,
+
+many countries successfully?
+
+If I'm paying the taxi driver
+who's a taxi driver who beat
+
+me up, then he should beat
+me up in any case.
+
+And otherwise, if he can't beat
+me up, then I shouldn't
+
+pay him in any case.
+
+So why do I pay him?
+
+And why do these
+transactions--
+
+thousands of millions of
+these transactions--
+
+always happens?
+
+So it must be that
+even societies
+
+that don't have good property
+rights distribution enforced
+
+up top have figured out ways to
+enforce lots of contracts
+
+on the ground.
+
+That has to be true.
+
+That a lot of what we call
+property rights must live in
+
+other forms than the form
+that we think of as
+
+the official form.
+
+Yeah, you had a comment?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+if there's no policeman standing
+there, you sort of
+
+assume [INAUDIBLE]
+
+there's a certain trust that
+you have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+Trust, or something like
+that is important.
+
+The only point I'm making
+here, that's
+
+not a property right.
+
+That's something else
+that is important.
+
+So there's lots of substitutes.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in terms of game theory, if you
+play this game just one
+
+time, of course you can say
+that, oh, either way
+
+you can have it.
+
+But if you think of it as
+playing a game over and over,
+
+you could sustain--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I don't
+want to play with
+
+the same taxi driver.
+
+Next time, I'm going to cheat
+the next taxi driver.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+for every taxi driver to beat
+you up that one time, then all
+
+the taxi drivers are going to
+start beating people up, and
+
+people will stop using taxis.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a bad outcome,
+but that is the
+
+outcome predicted by the game,
+that there will be no taxis.
+
+In fact, taxis exist because we
+have trust, we have norms.
+
+We have all kinds of things
+which live outside this
+
+institution frame.
+
+So one point that I think is
+important is to think of, if
+
+you want to transplant
+institutions, you have to
+
+realize that institutions
+already
+
+exist in these countries.
+
+Even the ones which you think
+don't have institutions have
+
+tons and tons of them.
+
+And you're always trying to turn
+existing institutions to
+
+other institutions.
+
+You're not creating issues in
+a void ever, anywhere, ever.
+
+So we'll pick that
+up next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LOVZE9WalRE.txt b/LOVZE9WalRE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99e94e9f36c526ee73375784dec6a3828260ba69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LOVZE9WalRE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+ 
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
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+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
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+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu ladies and gentlemen thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu ladies and gentlemen thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu ladies and gentlemen thanks
+for uh coming today I'd like to formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh coming today I'd like to formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh coming today I'd like to formally
+start the course the fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the course the fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the course the fundamentals of
+photo voltaics that's 2626 2627 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo voltaics that's 2626 2627 why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo voltaics that's 2626 2627 why
+don't we dive quickly into the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we dive quickly into the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we dive quickly into the syllabus
+and then a few slides of motivation why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few slides of motivation why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a few slides of motivation why
+we're here why we're studying phot Vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here why we're studying phot Vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here why we're studying phot Vol
+takes hopefully get you excited for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes hopefully get you excited for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes hopefully get you excited for the
+course um the syllabus that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um the syllabus that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um the syllabus that you have
+before you should uh outline the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you should uh outline the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you should uh outline the course
+objectives and the course learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives and the course learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives and the course learning
+objectives uh at the end during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives uh at the end during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives uh at the end during the
+background assessment survey we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background assessment survey we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background assessment survey we'll take
+the last 10 minutes of class for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 minutes of class for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 minutes of class for you to
+provide your feedback to us the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide your feedback to us the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide your feedback to us the teaching
+staff to make sure that uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to make sure that uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to make sure that uh we're
+addressing your needs and your interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing your needs and your interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing your needs and your interests
+uh so take a a quick moment to read over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so take a a quick moment to read over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so take a a quick moment to read over
+that while I I uh describe the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while I I uh describe the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while I I uh describe the overall
+flow of the course the course road map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the course the course road map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the course the course road map
+this little diagram right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little diagram right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little diagram right here is
+essentially a three-step uh component we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a three-step uh component we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a three-step uh component we
+first instill the fundamentals of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instill the fundamentals of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instill the fundamentals of how
+light is absorbed into a material how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is absorbed into a material how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is absorbed into a material how
+charge is excited how then charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is excited how then charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is excited how then charge is
+separated into voltage created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into voltage created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into voltage created and
+finally how charge is collected uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally how charge is collected uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally how charge is collected uh and
+that is the essence of a photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the essence of a photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the essence of a photovoltaic
+device in 30 years time photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in 30 years time photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in 30 years time photovoltaic
+devices probably will still be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices probably will still be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices probably will still be used
+using uh that combination of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh that combination of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh that combination of physical
+processes so understanding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so understanding these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so understanding these
+fundamentals will uh arm you uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals will uh arm you uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals will uh arm you uh will
+give you the information needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the information needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the information needed to be
+able to assess any photov volte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to assess any photov volte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to assess any photov volte
+technology that might be presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that might be presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that might be presented to
+you then in the second component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then in the second component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then in the second component of the
+course uh we'll discuss the Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we'll discuss the Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we'll discuss the Technologies
+the specific technologies that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific technologies that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific technologies that are out
+there on the market today and those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the market today and those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the market today and those that
+are up and coming uh that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up and coming uh that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up and coming uh that have the
+potential to replace them and uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to replace them and uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to replace them and uh as the
+third part of the course we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part of the course we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part of the course we'll be
+discussing cross cutting themes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing cross cutting themes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing cross cutting themes these
+include the policy uh economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the policy uh economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the policy uh economics and
+social aspects of photovoltaics that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social aspects of photovoltaics that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social aspects of photovoltaics that of
+course are of general interest and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are of general interest and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are of general interest and are
+particularly interesting for scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting for scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting for scientists
+and Engineers who spend most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers who spend most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers who spend most of their
+time thinking about the fundamentals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about the fundamentals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about the fundamentals to
+take a step back and look at the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and look at the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and look at the broader
+picture um a note on the fundamentals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um a note on the fundamentals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um a note on the fundamentals I
+recognize that many of you come from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that many of you come from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that many of you come from uh
+diverse backgrounds some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse backgrounds some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse backgrounds some from
+non-technical backgrounds many from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical backgrounds many from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical backgrounds many from
+mechanical engineering who never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering who never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering who never really
+have looked into semiconductors uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked into semiconductors uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked into semiconductors uh or
+semiconductor devices not to worry um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices not to worry um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor devices not to worry um as
+you'll see on uh let's see page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number ah page number two um meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ah page number two um meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ah page number two um meeting
+times class recitation and office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times class recitation and office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times class recitation and office hours
+we provide a number of opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a number of opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a number of opportunities for
+you to get more closely engaged with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get more closely engaged with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get more closely engaged with us
+the teaching staff and to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching staff and to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching staff and to work through
+some of the fundamentals as you uh might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fundamentals as you uh might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fundamentals as you uh might
+experience difficulties in the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience difficulties in the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience difficulties in the learning
+process let's take a quick look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process let's take a quick look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process let's take a quick look at the
+course schedule just to situate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course schedule just to situate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course schedule just to situate
+ourselves so the course schedule follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so the course schedule follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so the course schedule follows
+that three-step process very closely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-step process very closely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-step process very closely the
+first component of the course the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the course the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the course the first
+third roughly is focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third roughly is focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third roughly is focused on the
+fundamentals so we'll learn about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals so we'll learn about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals so we'll learn about light
+absorption charge exitation charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption charge exitation charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption charge exitation charge
+separation and charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and charge
+collection and the uh recitation times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and the uh recitation times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and the uh recitation times
+will be used to discuss those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used to discuss those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used to discuss those
+fundamentals because uh for many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals because uh for many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals because uh for many of you
+this is the first time you're uh working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time you're uh working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time you're uh working
+with this material the second third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this material the second third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this material the second third of
+the course on PV Technologies when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course on PV Technologies when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course on PV Technologies when we
+discuss uh the the industry that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh the the industry that's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh the the industry that's out
+there today how it's evolving how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there today how it's evolving how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there today how it's evolving how the
+different Technologies are evolving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies are evolving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies are evolving this
+is when we to experience some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we to experience some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we to experience some of the
+industry pain upfront up close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry pain upfront up close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry pain upfront up close and
+personal we'll be making solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal we'll be making solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal we'll be making solar cells and
+as part of your take-home quiz number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your take-home quiz number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of your take-home quiz number
+two as you'll notice take home quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as you'll notice take home quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two as you'll notice take home quiz
+number two is distributed uh right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is distributed uh right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is distributed uh right in
+the beginning of October uh middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of October uh middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of October uh middle of
+October and then it's due in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and then it's due in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and then it's due in the middle
+of November so it's almost a month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of November so it's almost a month and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of November so it's almost a month and
+the reason it's a monthlong tape comb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's a monthlong tape comb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's a monthlong tape comb
+quiz is because during the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz is because during the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz is because during the recitation
+times we will be making solar cells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we will be making solar cells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we will be making solar cells with
+you and it'll be a little bit of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it'll be a little bit of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it'll be a little bit of a a
+challenge it's not only to make the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge it's not only to make the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge it's not only to make the most
+efficient solar cell but the most coste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient solar cell but the most coste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient solar cell but the most coste
+effective solar cell and so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective solar cell and so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective solar cell and so we'll be
+making technology choices as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making technology choices as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making technology choices as we go along
+processing our solar cells deciding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing our solar cells deciding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing our solar cells deciding uh
+whether we do process a or process B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we do process a or process B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we do process a or process B
+we'll be doing the calculations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing the calculations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing the calculations that we
+learned how to do during the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do during the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do during the fundamental
+section to predict what the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section to predict what the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section to predict what the efficiency
+gain should be and then we'll have costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain should be and then we'll have costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain should be and then we'll have costs
+associated with each of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of the different
+process steps as well so it be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps as well so it be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps as well so it be a little
+bit of A game A little competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of A game A little competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of A game A little competition
+within the group as well um to see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the group as well um to see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the group as well um to see who
+can make the most cost-effective solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the most cost-effective solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the most cost-effective solar
+cell in terms of uh dollars per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in terms of uh dollars per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in terms of uh dollars per unit
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+output and uh finally in the last third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and uh finally in the last third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and uh finally in the last third
+of the course um this is really when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course um this is really when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course um this is really when the
+projects uh uh kick off in Earnest uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh uh kick off in Earnest uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh uh kick off in Earnest uh we
+have several really interesting projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several really interesting projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several really interesting projects
+lined up uh as well as we're open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up uh as well as we're open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up uh as well as we're open to
+hearing your own project ideas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing your own project ideas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing your own project ideas this is
+when you form teams of three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you form teams of three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you form teams of three four
+perhaps five but uh hopefully three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps five but uh hopefully three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps five but uh hopefully three or
+four and you will be addressing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you will be addressing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you will be addressing some of
+the most uh important uh questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh important uh questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh important uh questions of
+the day uh obviously in a very bound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day uh obviously in a very bound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day uh obviously in a very bound uh
+uh well-defined way um and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well-defined way um and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well-defined way um and some of the
+projects that we have lined up include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we have lined up include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we have lined up include
+looking at ual uh photoal take installer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ual uh photoal take installer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ual uh photoal take installer
+data coming from houses uh with temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data coming from houses uh with temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data coming from houses uh with temporal
+resolution in the order of 5 minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in the order of 5 minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in the order of 5 minutes so
+you can obtain a huge database of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obtain a huge database of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obtain a huge database of maybe
+10,000 15,000 homes distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 15,000 homes distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 15,000 homes distributed
+geographically and determine to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically and determine to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically and determine to what
+degree is The Ensemble of photov Volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is The Ensemble of photov Volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is The Ensemble of photov Volt
+take systems predictable obviously if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take systems predictable obviously if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take systems predictable obviously if a
+cloud goes over one home that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud goes over one home that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud goes over one home that power
+output drops pretty dramatically but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output drops pretty dramatically but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output drops pretty dramatically but if
+you begin averaging over several homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin averaging over several homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin averaging over several homes
+how predictable is the solar power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how predictable is the solar power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how predictable is the solar power
+output of that Ensemble and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that Ensemble and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that Ensemble and that's going
+to be very important as photov voltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important as photov voltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important as photov voltaic
+scales up and assumes a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales up and assumes a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales up and assumes a greater
+percentage of the total grid right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total grid right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total grid right
+another interesting project we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting project we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting project we have
+lined up is with the World Bank um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up is with the World Bank um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up is with the World Bank um this
+is with uh folks in Washington DC who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with uh folks in Washington DC who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with uh folks in Washington DC who
+are looking into a project called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking into a project called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking into a project called
+lighting Africa and they're installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting Africa and they're installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting Africa and they're installing
+PV on small little lights uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV on small little lights uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV on small little lights uh and
+distributing those to folks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing those to folks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing those to folks in
+subsaharan Africa and their big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa and their big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa and their big question
+to the MIT audience is with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the MIT audience is with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the MIT audience is with some of the
+newer upand cominging Technologies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer upand cominging Technologies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer upand cominging Technologies out
+there how will this impact their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how will this impact their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how will this impact their
+technology how will this impact their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology how will this impact their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology how will this impact their
+lighting uh and so the deliverable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting uh and so the deliverable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting uh and so the deliverable at
+the end will be a technology perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end will be a technology perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end will be a technology perspective
+uh one page a lot of thought has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one page a lot of thought has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one page a lot of thought has to go
+into it uh that will be delivered to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it uh that will be delivered to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it uh that will be delivered to uh
+companies that will be selling their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that will be selling their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that will be selling their
+products in Africa uh to guide them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in Africa uh to guide them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in Africa uh to guide them and
+to inform them about some of the up andc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inform them about some of the up andc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inform them about some of the up andc
+coming Technologies and how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming Technologies and how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming Technologies and how their
+markets will be impacted like those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets will be impacted like those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets will be impacted like those two
+projects we have several others um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we have several others um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we have several others um and
+we're open to your ideas as well so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're open to your ideas as well so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're open to your ideas as well so if
+you're really jazzed about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really jazzed about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really jazzed about one
+particular topic uh there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic uh there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular topic uh there'll be
+opportunities to let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to let us know
+specifically on homework number two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on homework number two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on homework number two uh
+when there'll be a specific question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there'll be a specific question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there'll be a specific question
+there are you interested in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you interested in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you interested in a particular
+topic of your own we'll assemble begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of your own we'll assemble begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of your own we'll assemble begin
+creating teams early on so that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating teams early on so that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating teams early on so that there's
+some bonding going on especially during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonding going on especially during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonding going on especially during
+the cell fabrication part during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell fabrication part during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell fabrication part during the
+second third of the course when we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third of the course when we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third of the course when we make
+the actual solar cells um but then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual solar cells um but then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual solar cells um but then in
+the third part of the course will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of the course will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of the course will be
+really focusing on the class projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on the class projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on the class projects
+themselves so that's the lay of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that's the lay of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that's the lay of the land
+and I want to give you some motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to give you some motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to give you some motivation
+as to why we're here and why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why we're here and why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why we're here and why this is
+really a special time in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a special time in the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a special time in the field of
+photovoltaics um this is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics um this is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics um this is not your
+parents solar energy anymore uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents solar energy anymore uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents solar energy anymore uh things
+have changed quite a bit and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed quite a bit and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed quite a bit and hopefully
+over the course of these slides I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of these slides I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of these slides I'll be
+able to convey that message loud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convey that message loud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convey that message loud and
+clear all right we'll go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right we'll go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right we'll go ahead and get
+started um so first question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so first question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so first question is why
+photov voltaics or why solar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photov voltaics or why solar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photov voltaics or why solar so
+photovoltaics is one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics is one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics is one particular
+embodiment of solar energy where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment of solar energy where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment of solar energy where we
+convert sunlight into electricity and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert sunlight into electricity and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert sunlight into electricity and in
+most photovoltic panels and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most photovoltic panels and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most photovoltic panels and I'll
+definitely let you guys come up and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely let you guys come up and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely let you guys come up and have
+a look at it afterwards in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at it afterwards in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at it afterwards in most
+photovoltic panels you have two leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltic panels you have two leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltic panels you have two leads
+coming out uh basically the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out uh basically the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out uh basically the equivalent
+of a positive and a negative um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a positive and a negative um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a positive and a negative um and you
+have a bunch of cells here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of cells here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of cells here that are
+converting the sunlight into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the sunlight into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the sunlight into into
+electricity um it's different than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um it's different than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um it's different than say
+solar thermal which is converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal which is converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal which is converting
+sunlight into heat or solar to Fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight into heat or solar to Fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight into heat or solar to Fuels
+which is converting sunlight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is converting sunlight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is converting sunlight into
+chemical energy um and the reason we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy um and the reason we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical energy um and the reason we're
+studying photo voltic as a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying photo voltic as a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying photo voltic as a starting
+point is because PV photo volx PV for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is because PV photo volx PV for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is because PV photo volx PV for
+short is uh the most uh widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is uh the most uh widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is uh the most uh widespread
+technology widespread solar conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology widespread solar conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology widespread solar conversion
+technology out there today so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology out there today so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology out there today so the big
+question is why solar in general why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why solar in general why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why solar in general why are
+we at all interested in this can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at all interested in this can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at all interested in this can anybody
+tell me what the is a picture of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the is a picture of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the is a picture of it's
+obviously not from the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not from the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not from the United States
+does anybody recognize the language here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody recognize the language here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody recognize the language here
+written on the side of the boat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the side of the boat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the side of the boat it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+small Portuguese it's Portuguese it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Portuguese it's Portuguese it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Portuguese it's Portuguese it's
+from Brazil it's from the northeast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brazil it's from the northeast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brazil it's from the northeast of
+Brazil it's a small island called M Pao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil it's a small island called M Pao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil it's a small island called M Pao
+it's located about an hour south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's located about an hour south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's located about an hour south of
+Salvador in Baya these are folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador in Baya these are folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador in Baya these are folks
+arriving at the island with uh gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving at the island with uh gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving at the island with uh gas
+cylinders there is no underwater cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders there is no underwater cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders there is no underwater cable
+linking the island with the mainland so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the island with the mainland so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the island with the mainland so
+they're arriving by boat with gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're arriving by boat with gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're arriving by boat with gas
+cylinders they're tossing them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders they're tossing them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders they're tossing them into the
+saltwater they're pushing them onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saltwater they're pushing them onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saltwater they're pushing them onto the
+beach put rolling them on the beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach put rolling them on the beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach put rolling them on the beach
+until they get to the the little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they get to the the little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they get to the the little uh
+Sandy roads of course getting uh grains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy roads of course getting uh grains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy roads of course getting uh grains
+of sand embedded inside of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand embedded inside of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand embedded inside of the the
+nozzle and so forth um this illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle and so forth um this illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozzle and so forth um this illustrates
+to me the great risks that we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the great risks that we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the great risks that we go through
+to supply our ourselves with energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply our ourselves with energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply our ourselves with energy uh
+it's just one what might be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one what might be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one what might be considered
+by our safety standards here extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our safety standards here extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our safety standards here extreme
+example of uh of of associate risk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh of of associate risk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh of of associate risk with
+supplying of energy and effort of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying of energy and effort of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying of energy and effort of course
+but uh if you look at our energy supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you look at our energy supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you look at our energy supply
+to the United States it's it's no less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States it's it's no less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States it's it's no less
+heroic um it just has different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic um it just has different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic um it just has different
+dimensions and so the energy that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so the energy that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so the energy that we use
+today is often produced in some far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is often produced in some far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is often produced in some far away
+land not always but often uh transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land not always but often uh transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land not always but often uh transported
+sometimes over thousands of miles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes over thousands of miles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes over thousands of miles and
+brought home at a significant risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home at a significant risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home at a significant risk in
+Peril and the question is why do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peril and the question is why do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peril and the question is why do we go
+to such extrems and second question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such extrems and second question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such extrems and second question is
+is there a better way so to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a better way so to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a better way so to answer the
+first question here why we go to such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question here why we go to such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question here why we go to such
+extremes if you look at the world at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes if you look at the world at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes if you look at the world at
+night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night
+and then look at our human development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at our human development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at our human development
+map which I use Facebook what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which I use Facebook what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which I use Facebook what what
+better indicator of human development is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better indicator of human development is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better indicator of human development is
+there than Facebook this this map right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than Facebook this this map right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than Facebook this this map right
+here shows you the number of linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows you the number of linkages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows you the number of linkages
+between people on Facebook and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people on Facebook and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people on Facebook and of course
+the density of the the bright lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the the bright lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the the bright lights
+there is representing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is representing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is representing the number of
+users and you can see that the two maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and you can see that the two maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and you can see that the two maps
+the electricity consumption and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity consumption and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity consumption and the uh
+the technology adoption uh map very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology adoption uh map very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology adoption uh map very
+closely one onto another um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely one onto another um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely one onto another um and it's
+almost down to the the the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost down to the the the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost down to the the the specific
+region in the specific count is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the specific count is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the specific count is
+especially noticeable in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially noticeable in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially noticeable in some of the
+developing world where you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world where you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world where you see these
+pockets of uh of high concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of uh of high concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of uh of high concentration of
+of people essentially Capital Cities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people essentially Capital Cities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people essentially Capital Cities uh
+you have lagus Nairobi and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lagus Nairobi and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lagus Nairobi and so forth
+Jakarta and you have this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakarta and you have this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakarta and you have this huge
+concentration of of people um that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of people um that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of of people um that of
+course are using electricity and uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are using electricity and uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are using electricity and uh more
+and more people flock to those cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more people flock to those cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more people flock to those cities
+especially in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing countries
+because the standard of living tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the standard of living tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the standard of living tends to
+be higher there is uh a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher there is uh a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher there is uh a certain
+indicator called human development index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator called human development index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator called human development index
+that was put together by the World Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put together by the World Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put together by the World Bank
+uh which pulls together a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which pulls together a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which pulls together a number of
+factors including uh expectation of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors including uh expectation of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors including uh expectation of Life
+infant mortality uh and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality uh and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality uh and so forth
+education levels uh so in some hand wavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education levels uh so in some hand wavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education levels uh so in some hand wavy
+way comes up with a metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way comes up with a metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way comes up with a metric that
+indicates quality of life roughly and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates quality of life roughly and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates quality of life roughly and on
+the x-axis here we have annual per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis here we have annual per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis here we have annual per
+capita electricity use not energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita electricity use not energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita electricity use not energy but
+electricity specifically and we see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity specifically and we see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity specifically and we see some
+form of correlation between the two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of correlation between the two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of correlation between the two so
+one could naturally conclude from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could naturally conclude from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could naturally conclude from this
+that energy is fueling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is fueling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy is fueling
+uh development and energy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh development and energy is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh development and energy is also
+fueling uh per capita income as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fueling uh per capita income as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fueling uh per capita income as a result
+this uh little bubble chart here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh little bubble chart here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh little bubble chart here
+courtesy of of fucc Berkeley is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of of fucc Berkeley is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of of fucc Berkeley is showing
+you the uh the size of the bubble here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the uh the size of the bubble here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the uh the size of the bubble here
+indicating the size of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the size of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the size of the population
+and of course the position on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the position on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the position on this graph
+indicating the per per capita energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the per per capita energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the per per capita energy use
+and per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and per capita
+income the reality is that many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the reality is that many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the reality is that many of the
+upand cominging energy consumers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upand cominging energy consumers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upand cominging energy consumers aren't
+quite there yet in terms of their energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet in terms of their energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet in terms of their energy
+use there will be a drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there will be a drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there will be a drastically
+increasing demand as several regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing demand as several regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing demand as several regions of
+the world turn on right as they begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world turn on right as they begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world turn on right as they begin
+plugging in and demanding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in and demanding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in and demanding more
+electricity so somehow we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so somehow we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so somehow we have to
+satisfy that growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that growing
+demand so to put things in perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so to put things in perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so to put things in perspective
+as well uh here we have the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well uh here we have the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well uh here we have the world
+somewhat at night world population in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat at night world population in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat at night world population in uh
+Millions um and so we have somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions um and so we have somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions um and so we have somewhere
+around 10 billion approaching uh by 2050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 billion approaching uh by 2050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 billion approaching uh by 2050
+and you can see that the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the majority of the
+growth what driving world population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth what driving world population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth what driving world population is
+Asia and Africa those are the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and Africa those are the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and Africa those are the two uh
+lines my apologies for the small text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines my apologies for the small text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines my apologies for the small text
+but that's the yellow line right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the yellow line right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the yellow line right here
+and the black line right here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the black line right here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the black line right here they're
+the two largest bars in that Paro chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two largest bars in that Paro chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two largest bars in that Paro chart
+and the projected human energy use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projected human energy use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projected human energy use is
+only going to go up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go up as a
+result so again we look at the world at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so again we look at the world at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so again we look at the world at
+night uh indicating uh now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night uh indicating uh now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night uh indicating uh now instead of
+looking at the bright areas we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the bright areas we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the bright areas we're going
+to focus on the dark areas instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the dark areas instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the dark areas instead the
+regions of the world where we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world where we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world where we do have
+high population densities some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high population densities some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high population densities some of the
+regions not the deserts obviously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions not the deserts obviously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions not the deserts obviously but
+some of the regions we do have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regions we do have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regions we do have high
+population densities like subsaharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities like subsaharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities like subsaharan
+Africa but don't have a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but don't have a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but don't have a whole lot of
+electricity use right now then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity use right now then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity use right now then we'll
+take another map which is the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another map which is the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another map which is the solar
+resource again here the red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource again here the red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource again here the red is
+indicating a lot of solar resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating a lot of solar resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating a lot of solar resource and
+the blue is indicating not so much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue is indicating not so much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue is indicating not so much um
+but still it's pretty amazing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it's pretty amazing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it's pretty amazing that the
+entire world is falling within about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world is falling within about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world is falling within about a
+factor of two maybe a factor of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two maybe a factor of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two maybe a factor of three
+right so even if you compare Scandinavia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even if you compare Scandinavia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even if you compare Scandinavia
+against uh let's say um Scandinavia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh let's say um Scandinavia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh let's say um Scandinavia
+against Kenya you're still looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Kenya you're still looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Kenya you're still looking at
+about a variation of a factor of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a variation of a factor of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a variation of a factor of three
+right uh so the the solar resource is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so the the solar resource is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so the the solar resource is
+pretty well matched with the regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well matched with the regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well matched with the regions of
+the world that don't have electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that don't have electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that don't have electricity
+right now where the demand will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now where the demand will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now where the demand will be
+coming online and to put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming online and to put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming online and to put that into
+another nice chart I don't think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice chart I don't think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice chart I don't think this is
+very common yet uh you've seen the HDI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common yet uh you've seen the HDI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common yet uh you've seen the HDI
+versus per capita income um but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus per capita income um but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus per capita income um but this is
+HDI versus insulation showing that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDI versus insulation showing that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDI versus insulation showing that those
+regions of the world that are ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world that are ranked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the world that are ranked
+lower on the HDI scale are precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower on the HDI scale are precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower on the HDI scale are precisely
+those regions that have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions that have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions that have higher
+insulation that have greater access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation that have greater access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation that have greater access to
+that solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar
+resource now the big question is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource now the big question is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource now the big question is is that
+solar resource big enough to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar resource big enough to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar resource big enough to supply
+necessary energy needs and this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary energy needs and this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary energy needs and this is a a
+quick intro to next lecture where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick intro to next lecture where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick intro to next lecture where we
+discuss the solar resource in detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the solar resource in detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the solar resource in detail but
+the the short answer is absolutely yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short answer is absolutely yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short answer is absolutely yes
+by orders of magnitude uh the volumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude uh the volumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude uh the volumes of
+these cubes represent the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cubes represent the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cubes represent the volume of
+either energy uh resource or energy need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either energy uh resource or energy need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either energy uh resource or energy need
+energy need here on the far right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy need here on the far right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy need here on the far right uh
+that little blue cube represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little blue cube represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little blue cube represents the
+human energy use um some are uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human energy use um some are uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human energy use um some are uh very
+small compared to the solar resource on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the solar resource on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the solar resource on
+the Earth's surface this obviously is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface this obviously is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface this obviously is
+including the ocean as well if we're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the ocean as well if we're to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the ocean as well if we're to
+be realistic instead of calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be realistic instead of calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be realistic instead of calling this
+planet Earth we should probably call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet Earth we should probably call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet Earth we should probably call it
+Ocean or water since oceans do comprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocean or water since oceans do comprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocean or water since oceans do comprise
+about 2/3 um but uh even if we discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2/3 um but uh even if we discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2/3 um but uh even if we discount
+this for uh usable land area we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for uh usable land area we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for uh usable land area we're still
+uh an order of magnitude greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an order of magnitude greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an order of magnitude greater than
+total human energy use so the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total human energy use so the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total human energy use so the resource
+base is there it's available it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is there it's available it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is there it's available it's up to
+us to figure out how to use it up to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to figure out how to use it up to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to figure out how to use it up to us
+scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and
+Engineers so the potential for solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers so the potential for solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers so the potential for solar
+energy is represented on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is represented on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is represented on this
+chart I'm not a huge fan of this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I'm not a huge fan of this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I'm not a huge fan of this chart
+and I'll explain why in a minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain why in a minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain why in a minute but
+there is something very valuable to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something very valuable to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something very valuable to be
+taken away from here these black dots uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away from here these black dots uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away from here these black dots uh
+1 2 3 4 56 uh represent around 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 56 uh represent around 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 56 uh represent around 18
+terawatt equivalent which is total human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terawatt equivalent which is total human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terawatt equivalent which is total human
+energy use in a few years time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use in a few years time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use in a few years time and you
+can see the total land area there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the total land area there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the total land area there is not
+uh astronomical the reason I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh astronomical the reason I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh astronomical the reason I don't like
+this chart so much is because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart so much is because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart so much is because we're not
+going to going to cover up uh vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to cover up uh vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to cover up uh vast
+swaths of of Nevada for instance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaths of of Nevada for instance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaths of of Nevada for instance with
+solar panels for the benefit of the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels for the benefit of the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels for the benefit of the rest
+of the country uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country uh we're going to
+distribute those solar panels over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute those solar panels over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute those solar panels over a
+larger areas right but this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger areas right but this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger areas right but this is just
+meant to prise the point that the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to prise the point that the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to prise the point that the land
+area uh usage does work out in our favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh usage does work out in our favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh usage does work out in our favor
+so the way we distribute solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we distribute solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we distribute solar panels
+typically is either on residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is either on residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is either on residential
+installations like this one or in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations like this one or in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations like this one or in large
+field installations this one the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field installations this one the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field installations this one the the
+Saria solar farm in Ontario is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saria solar farm in Ontario is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saria solar farm in Ontario is the
+largest currently the largest uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest currently the largest uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest currently the largest uh solar
+farm in the world um we call it a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm in the world um we call it a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm in the world um we call it a solar
+farm because it's just a massive land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm because it's just a massive land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm because it's just a massive land
+area comprised of solar panels This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area comprised of solar panels This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area comprised of solar panels This is
+the covering half of Nevada scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covering half of Nevada scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covering half of Nevada scenario
+right um this here on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um this here on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um this here on the left hand side
+on the other hand is a residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand is a residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand is a residential
+neighborhood in California indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood in California indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood in California indicating
+the more distributed uh variety and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more distributed uh variety and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more distributed uh variety and both
+have uh their distinct uh strengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh their distinct uh strengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh their distinct uh strengths and
+weaknesses so solar isn't about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses so solar isn't about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses so solar isn't about those
+small little rinky dinky 20 or 30 watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little rinky dinky 20 or 30 watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little rinky dinky 20 or 30 watt
+panels that are sitting on a remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are sitting on a remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are sitting on a remote
+thatched Hut solar is really growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatched Hut solar is really growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatched Hut solar is really growing up
+to be a grid tied grid integrated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a grid tied grid integrated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a grid tied grid integrated uh
+renewable energy source uh that is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source uh that is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable energy source uh that is now
+probably skirting a hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably skirting a hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably skirting a hundred billion
+dollar industry worldwide so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar industry worldwide so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar industry worldwide so it's
+growing up and uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and uh certainly
+professionalizing quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionalizing quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionalizing quite a
+bit historical perspective it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit historical perspective it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit historical perspective it's time to
+take a look back and um Trace through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look back and um Trace through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look back and um Trace through
+some of the technical history of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the technical history of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the technical history of how
+solar cells came into being uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells came into being uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells came into being uh and that
+really will inform why it is we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will inform why it is we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will inform why it is we're at
+where we are today why the industry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are today why the industry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are today why the industry has
+some of the biases it has today and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biases it has today and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biases it has today and what
+are some of the intangible barriers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the intangible barriers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the intangible barriers that
+could be uh needed to be overcome if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh needed to be overcome if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh needed to be overcome if we
+were to develop new technologies let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to develop new technologies let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to develop new technologies let's
+say so uh aside from just general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so uh aside from just general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so uh aside from just general
+knowledge and general edification this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and general edification this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and general edification this
+has an important technical aspect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an important technical aspect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an important technical aspect as
+well so historical perspective we credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so historical perspective we credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so historical perspective we credit
+the discovery of the photovoltaic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of the photovoltaic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of the photovoltaic to
+this gentleman here Edmund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gentleman here Edmund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gentleman here Edmund
+Beckel shown here in his more mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beckel shown here in his more mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beckel shown here in his more mature
+years when he wrote this this uh article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when he wrote this this uh article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when he wrote this this uh article
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+uh I'll probably butcher it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's um basically the effects the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um basically the effects the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um basically the effects the the
+electrical effects produced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical effects produced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical effects produced by the
+influence of solar rays uh on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of solar rays uh on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of solar rays uh on a
+contraption that looked very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraption that looked very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraption that looked very similar to
+this uh he noticed a current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh he noticed a current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh he noticed a current flowing
+essentially a photovoltaic a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a photovoltaic a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a photovoltaic a photon
+induced a light induced uh effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced a light induced uh effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced a light induced uh effect
+current and uh he was very smart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and uh he was very smart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and uh he was very smart to
+decouple the effect of heat from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the effect of heat from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the effect of heat from the
+light so his experiment involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so his experiment involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so his experiment involved
+selective filters uh that prevented uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters uh that prevented uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters uh that prevented uh
+massive amounts of heat from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of heat from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of heat from getting
+through and he essentially produced what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and he essentially produced what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and he essentially produced what
+is a spectral response varying the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spectral response varying the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spectral response varying the uh
+filter color he was able to trace out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter color he was able to trace out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter color he was able to trace out
+the response of this apparatus uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of this apparatus uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of this apparatus uh to the
+solar light uh as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar light uh as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar light uh as a function of
+wavelength as so as a clever experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength as so as a clever experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength as so as a clever experiment
+he wrote it up it's more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it up it's more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it up it's more of an
+electrochemical device rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical device rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical device rather than a
+solid state photovoltaic device like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state photovoltaic device like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state photovoltaic device like the
+one we know now but nevertheless um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we know now but nevertheless um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we know now but nevertheless um it
+earned him the credit of being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned him the credit of being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned him the credit of being the
+Discover of the photovoltic effect does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discover of the photovoltic effect does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discover of the photovoltic effect does
+anybody happen to know how old he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody happen to know how old he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody happen to know how old he was in
+19 in 1839 when he discovered this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 in 1839 when he discovered this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 in 1839 when he discovered this or
+when he published this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he published this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he published this this
+work it's a rather nice article very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's a rather nice article very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's a rather nice article very
+eloquent very detailed he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent very detailed he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent very detailed he was
+19 he was born in 1820 anyway small side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 he was born in 1820 anyway small side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 he was born in 1820 anyway small side
+um the field evolved from 1839 when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the field evolved from 1839 when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the field evolved from 1839 when that
+first article came out uh folks began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first article came out uh folks began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first article came out uh folks began
+refining and well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining and well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining and well first of all
+discovering new elements during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new elements during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new elements during that
+period in 1800s uh refining them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in 1800s uh refining them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in 1800s uh refining them and
+then testing their properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then testing their properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then testing their properties
+and this was before we really understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was before we really understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was before we really understood
+what semiconductors were they were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what semiconductors were they were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what semiconductors were they were a
+little bit of a black box a big mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a black box a big mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a black box a big mystery
+uh their their physical electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their their physical electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their their physical electrical
+properties were were all over the map uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties were were all over the map uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties were were all over the map uh
+we'll explain why over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain why over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain why over the course of the
+next uh 10 lectures and they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh 10 lectures and they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh 10 lectures and they began
+refining these materials and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining these materials and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining these materials and putting
+them in various uh Contraptions testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in various uh Contraptions testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in various uh Contraptions testing
+them with light and lo and behold they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with light and lo and behold they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with light and lo and behold they
+would get the photovoltaic effect again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the photovoltaic effect again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the photovoltaic effect again
+maybe uh photoelectric effect first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh photoelectric effect first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh photoelectric effect first and
+then the photov voltaic effect finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the photov voltaic effect finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the photov voltaic effect finally
+when they set up the experiment properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they set up the experiment properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they set up the experiment properly
+and selenium was a popular material at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selenium was a popular material at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selenium was a popular material at
+the beginning uh so was CIS oxide co2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh so was CIS oxide co2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh so was CIS oxide co2o
+that was a very uh common material and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very uh common material and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very uh common material and I
+I love pointing this out this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love pointing this out this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love pointing this out this is a
+little Contraption of Vice um to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Contraption of Vice um to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Contraption of Vice um to hold
+the contact onto the device and as Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact onto the device and as Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact onto the device and as Joe
+can tell you contacting a solar cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you contacting a solar cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you contacting a solar cell is
+not the easiest thing in the world uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the easiest thing in the world uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the easiest thing in the world uh so
+it's a pretty funny uh uh U picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty funny uh uh U picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty funny uh uh U picture
+especially in light of our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in light of our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in light of our current
+difficulties in 2011 on resolving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in 2011 on resolving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in 2011 on resolving some
+contact issues especially with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact issues especially with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact issues especially with new
+materials but uh that gives you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but uh that gives you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but uh that gives you a little
+bit of a historical perspective and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a historical perspective and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a historical perspective and the
+references are there in 1954 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references are there in 1954 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references are there in 1954 the
+embodiment or the first embodiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment or the first embodiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment or the first embodiment of
+what we consider the modern solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider the modern solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we consider the modern solar cell
+came into being uh this was driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into being uh this was driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into being uh this was driven by
+the purification crystallization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purification crystallization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purification crystallization and
+growth of silicon which is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of silicon which is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of silicon which is the second
+most abundant element on the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant element on the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant element on the Earth's
+crust it was noted to be superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust it was noted to be superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust it was noted to be superior to
+geranium for uh electronic devices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium for uh electronic devices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium for uh electronic devices uh
+because of its larger band Gap less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its larger band Gap less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its larger band Gap less
+leakage current we'll get to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage current we'll get to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage current we'll get to that in a
+few lectures it had super ior properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures it had super ior properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures it had super ior properties
+and it was engineered into uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was engineered into uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was engineered into uh the first
+uh I would say the first uh um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would say the first uh um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would say the first uh um what we
+call a home Junction PN Junction based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a home Junction PN Junction based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a home Junction PN Junction based
+solar cell device in Bell Labs uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device in Bell Labs uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device in Bell Labs uh by
+those three gentlemen there on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three gentlemen there on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three gentlemen there on the upper
+left and in 1954 the paper came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and in 1954 the paper came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and in 1954 the paper came out in
+journal applied physics and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal applied physics and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal applied physics and that really
+spurred a lot of interest in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurred a lot of interest in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurred a lot of interest in the field
+why because 6% efficiency was about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because 6% efficiency was about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because 6% efficiency was about a
+factor of 15 higher than anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 15 higher than anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 15 higher than anything that
+had come before it and now people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come before it and now people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come before it and now people could
+see the potential of this technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the potential of this technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the potential of this technology to
+drive things uh at the time within a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive things uh at the time within a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive things uh at the time within a few
+years within the decade or so folks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years within the decade or so folks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years within the decade or so folks were
+more interested in sending satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interested in sending satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interested in sending satellites
+into space and they were perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space and they were perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space and they were perhaps
+powering terrestrial objects but um get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering terrestrial objects but um get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering terrestrial objects but um get
+to that in a second but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but some of the
+first examples here in Bell labs and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first examples here in Bell labs and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first examples here in Bell labs and in
+uh in New Jersey they had a small little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in New Jersey they had a small little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in New Jersey they had a small little
+radio communicating with this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio communicating with this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio communicating with this little
+device over here uh and the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device over here uh and the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device over here uh and the solar cell
+was uh powering the uh the gadget and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh powering the uh the gadget and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh powering the uh the gadget and uh
+it's interesting to note here the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note here the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note here the New
+York Times article from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times article from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times article from that
+time with this modern version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with this modern version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with this modern version of
+Apollo's Chariot the Bell scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo's Chariot the Bell scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo's Chariot the Bell scientists
+have harnessed enough of the Suns raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have harnessed enough of the Suns raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have harnessed enough of the Suns raised
+to power the transmission voices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to power the transmission voices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to power the transmission voices over
+telephone wires and they speculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone wires and they speculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone wires and they speculate that
+at some point uh obviously this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point uh obviously this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point uh obviously this was
+written in the 1950s uh keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 1950s uh keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the 1950s uh keep that
+context social context in mind but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context social context in mind but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context social context in mind but
+eventually leading to the realization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leading to the realization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leading to the realization of
+one of Mankind's most cherished dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Mankind's most cherished dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Mankind's most cherished dreams
+the harnessing of the almost Limitless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harnessing of the almost Limitless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harnessing of the almost Limitless
+energy of the Sun for the uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the Sun for the uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the Sun for the uses of
+civilization they saw the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization they saw the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization they saw the opportunity
+there it was not lost to them but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was not lost to them but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was not lost to them but of
+course a lot of development had to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a lot of development had to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a lot of development had to come
+under uh the bridge a lot of water had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh the bridge a lot of water had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uh the bridge a lot of water had
+to go under the bridge before they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go under the bridge before they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go under the bridge before they were
+able to make uh solar really cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make uh solar really cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make uh solar really cost
+effective from 1954 uh to almost 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective from 1954 uh to almost 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective from 1954 uh to almost 60
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+later the way that basic solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the way that basic solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the way that basic solar cell
+device worked I'm going to introduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device worked I'm going to introduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device worked I'm going to introduce you
+to the full picture now and we'll begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the full picture now and we'll begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the full picture now and we'll begin
+dissecting it piece by piece over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting it piece by piece over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting it piece by piece over the
+next lectures so that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lectures so that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lectures so that we really
+understand each component of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each component of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each component of how the
+solar cell works and we'll put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell works and we'll put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell works and we'll put it all
+back together again actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together again actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together again actually make it
+literally so the sunlight comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally so the sunlight comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally so the sunlight comes into
+this device this is a cross-section of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device this is a cross-section of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device this is a cross-section of a
+solar cell device and today's modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device and today's modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device and today's modern
+solar cells are about four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells are about four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells are about four times the
+thickness of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your
+hair so if you can imagine 200 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair so if you can imagine 200 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair so if you can imagine 200 microns
+in thickness that's the thickness here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thickness that's the thickness here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thickness that's the thickness here
+the cross-section of the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the solar cell
+device light comes inside excites bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device light comes inside excites bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device light comes inside excites bound
+charge and makes it mobile so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and makes it mobile so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and makes it mobile so it can
+move around the material there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the material there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around the material there's a
+builtin electric field which serves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builtin electric field which serves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builtin electric field which serves to
+separate that charge and create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that charge and create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that charge and create the
+voltage and so one of the charges goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and so one of the charges goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and so one of the charges goes
+here the other charge goes to the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other charge goes to the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other charge goes to the back
+right so you have a voltage or potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a voltage or potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a voltage or potential
+difference across these two terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across these two terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across these two terminals
+across the front terminal and across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the front terminal and across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the front terminal and across the
+back one and then if they're connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one and then if they're connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one and then if they're connected
+by an external circuit to an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an external circuit to an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an external circuit to an external
+load current will flow through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load current will flow through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load current will flow through that
+external load to complete the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external load to complete the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external load to complete the circuit
+and that's essentially how the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially how the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially how the solar
+cell device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device
+Works uh so three basic steps there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works uh so three basic steps there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works uh so three basic steps there's
+charge generation so light is exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge generation so light is exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge generation so light is exciting
+charge within the material the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge within the material the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge within the material the second
+important step up there in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step up there in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step up there in the upper
+right is charge separation somehow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is charge separation somehow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is charge separation somehow you
+have to induce a voltage inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to induce a voltage inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to induce a voltage inside of your
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and the third very important step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third very important step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third very important step is
+somehow you have to collect the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have to collect the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you have to collect the charge
+coming out of it that's why those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it that's why those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it that's why those folks
+in the earlier days had that big vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier days had that big vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier days had that big vice
+over here so they were trying to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so they were trying to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so they were trying to really
+make sure that the metal was in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the metal was in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the metal was in good
+contact with the material so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the material so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the material so they could
+extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the
+charge and uh so that's essentially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and uh so that's essentially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and uh so that's essentially it
+um the advantages of a solar cell device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advantages of a solar cell device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the advantages of a solar cell device
+are that there are no moving parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that there are no moving parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that there are no moving parts and
+no pollution created at the site of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pollution created at the site of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pollution created at the site of use
+there is obviously uh the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is obviously uh the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is obviously uh the manufacturing
+of the module itself uh and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the module itself uh and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the module itself uh and we'll get
+into detail about that and begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail about that and begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail about that and begin
+quantifying the amount of energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the amount of energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the amount of energy the
+cost to manufacture it um bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to manufacture it um bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to manufacture it um bottom line is
+that the CO2 production per unit energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CO2 production per unit energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the CO2 production per unit energy
+output from the solar panel is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the solar panel is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the solar panel is on the
+order of uh 10 times less than coal five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of uh 10 times less than coal five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of uh 10 times less than coal five
+times less than natural gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times less than natural gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times less than natural gas so
+significantly less than fossil fuel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than fossil fuel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than fossil fuel it
+is not a zero uh Energy System uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a zero uh Energy System uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a zero uh Energy System uh the
+reason why the majority uh or where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the majority uh or where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why the majority uh or where the
+majority that CO2 comes from is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority that CO2 comes from is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority that CO2 comes from is actually
+the energy used to produce a solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy used to produce a solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy used to produce a solar panel
+so as we transition to uh solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we transition to uh solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we transition to uh solar panels
+made from other solar panels right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from other solar panels right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from other solar panels right as
+the solar industry ramps up obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar industry ramps up obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar industry ramps up obviously
+the carbon intensity of producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon intensity of producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon intensity of producing the
+solar panels will go down as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels will go down as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels will go down as well
+likewise it matters where you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise it matters where you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise it matters where you produce
+the panels and there's some active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panels and there's some active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panels and there's some active
+research going on at MIT to decide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on at MIT to decide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on at MIT to decide where
+in the world it's optimal to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world it's optimal to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world it's optimal to produce the
+solar panels and where it's optimal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels and where it's optimal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels and where it's optimal to
+uh uh to actually install them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to actually install them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to actually install them the
+disadvantages which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages which are
+really really embody why we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really embody why we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really embody why we haven't seen
+a massive adoption of solar to date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive adoption of solar to date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive adoption of solar to date and
+why there are Technical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there are Technical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there are Technical and
+non-technical challenges for you for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical challenges for you for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical challenges for you for you
+here to resolve is because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to resolve is because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to resolve is because there's no
+power output at night in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output at night in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output at night in other words
+when the sun's not shining it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun's not shining it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun's not shining it's not
+producing electricity and uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing electricity and uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing electricity and uh there's
+lower output when weather is unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower output when weather is unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower output when weather is unfavorable
+and thirdly uh today there is a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirdly uh today there is a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirdly uh today there is a high
+cost we'll get to that in a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we'll get to that in a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we'll get to that in a few slides
+as well so it's not economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's not economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's not economically
+competitive in most markets and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in most markets and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in most markets and some
+there are in 1.5 out of the 50 states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in 1.5 out of the 50 states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in 1.5 out of the 50 states
+here in the US solar is cost competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US solar is cost competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US solar is cost competitive
+today but in those in the remainder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in those in the remainder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in those in the remainder uh
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+not so this is the really fun part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is the really fun part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is the really fun part this
+is why when you pick up your phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why when you pick up your phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why when you pick up your phone and
+and and text your parents and say I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and text your parents and say I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and text your parents and say I'm in
+a PV course and they write back ah PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PV course and they write back ah PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PV course and they write back ah PV
+I've heard about that for decades that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard about that for decades that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard about that for decades that's
+an old hat that's not going anywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old hat that's not going anywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old hat that's not going anywhere you
+can write back and say actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write back and say actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write back and say actually it's
+it's very different today than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different today than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different today than it was
+then and here's the reason why um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and here's the reason why um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and here's the reason why um in the
+1970s when PV really started to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s when PV really started to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s when PV really started to take off
+for civilian purposes obviously they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for civilian purposes obviously they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for civilian purposes obviously they put
+satellites up in the space they had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites up in the space they had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites up in the space they had uh
+proven that it it worked it was robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that it it worked it was robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that it it worked it was robust
+uh on some microwave relay stations up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on some microwave relay stations up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on some microwave relay stations up
+in in in remote locations that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in remote locations that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in remote locations that they
+didn't want to service they uh also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to service they uh also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to service they uh also uh
+would Place PV panels but in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Place PV panels but in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Place PV panels but in terms of of
+Civilian purposes on houses and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilian purposes on houses and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilian purposes on houses and so forth
+really late 1970s early 1980s were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really late 1970s early 1980s were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really late 1970s early 1980s were
+things were beginning to take off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were beginning to take off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were beginning to take off and
+driven by the oil crisis the opic uh oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the oil crisis the opic uh oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the oil crisis the opic uh oil
+crises of the 1970s um this is a New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises of the 1970s um this is a New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises of the 1970s um this is a New
+York Times article describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times article describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times article describing the
+state-of-the-art of solar this is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art of solar this is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art of solar this is taking
+a look some uh 20 years later at solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look some uh 20 years later at solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look some uh 20 years later at solar
+and saying how far have we come and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying how far have we come and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying how far have we come and one
+of the interesting uh things of note in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting uh things of note in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interesting uh things of note in
+this article right here is that it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article right here is that it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article right here is that it costs
+upward of $10 a watt for the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward of $10 a watt for the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward of $10 a watt for the solar
+panels in that day in 1979 meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels in that day in 1979 meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels in that day in 1979 meaning it
+would take roughly $112,000 to run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take roughly $112,000 to run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take roughly $112,000 to run an
+ordinary household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary household
+toaster right so that was the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster right so that was the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster right so that was the impression
+that folks had of solar in the 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folks had of solar in the 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folks had of solar in the 1970s and
+for a good reason um this is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good reason um this is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good reason um this is the cost of
+electricity produced of solar versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity produced of solar versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity produced of solar versus
+time in reality the x-axis if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in reality the x-axis if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in reality the x-axis if you look
+closely it's cumulative PV electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely it's cumulative PV electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely it's cumulative PV electricity
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+that means uh for each new panel we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh for each new panel we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh for each new panel we make
+and for each new unit energy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each new unit energy that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each new unit energy that that
+panel is producing the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is producing the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is producing the cost of the
+electricity is coming down that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is coming down that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is coming down that's
+because we learn how to make panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we learn how to make panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we learn how to make panels
+better we learn how to make cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we learn how to make cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we learn how to make cheaper
+panels uh faster uh with less cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels uh faster uh with less cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels uh faster uh with less cost so
+the cost of electricity produced over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of electricity produced over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of electricity produced over
+here is showing going down with time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is showing going down with time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is showing going down with time and
+this is a little bit of an apples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of an apples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of an apples to
+oranges comparison that's why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges comparison that's why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges comparison that's why they're
+two different colors for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different colors for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different colors for the two
+different dots the black dots represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dots the black dots represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dots the black dots represent
+the average retail electricity prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average retail electricity prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average retail electricity prices
+not costs but price this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not costs but price this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not costs but price this is going to be
+a repeating theme throughout the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeating theme throughout the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeating theme throughout the entire
+course I'm going to emphasize it now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm going to emphasize it now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm going to emphasize it now can
+somebody tell me what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what the difference
+between cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cost and
+prices prices going more than cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices prices going more than cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices prices going more than cost the
+company wants to make a profit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants to make a profit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants to make a profit on the
+product yeah so let's say I make a gizmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah so let's say I make a gizmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah so let's say I make a gizmo
+um this is a great example um I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a great example um I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a great example um I make a
+gizmo uh that costs a certain amount X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gizmo uh that costs a certain amount X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gizmo uh that costs a certain amount X
+let's say and now I sell it for 3x and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and now I sell it for 3x and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and now I sell it for 3x and I
+make 2x profit so the price would be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make 2x profit so the price would be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make 2x profit so the price would be X
+the cost would be X right and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost would be X right and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost would be X right and so the
+cost of solar is shown here in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of solar is shown here in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of solar is shown here in the in
+the white dots and the price of retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white dots and the price of retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white dots and the price of retail
+electricity prices in Black why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices in Black why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices in Black why is this
+comparison made right here why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison made right here why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison made right here why would
+somebody do that sort of apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do that sort of apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do that sort of apples and
+Origins comparison what point are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins comparison what point are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins comparison what point are they
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make uh because we we need to bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh because we we need to bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh because we we need to bring down
+how much how much we need to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much we need to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much we need to put into
+puv to be able to compete with the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puv to be able to compete with the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puv to be able to compete with the price
+that the electricity is at as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electricity is at as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electricity is at as opposed to
+the cost exactly exactly this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost exactly exactly this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost exactly exactly this is a
+substitution play right you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution play right you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution play right you're looking
+at PV substituting what is in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PV substituting what is in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PV substituting what is in that case
+the base load and peaking uh price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base load and peaking uh price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base load and peaking uh price of
+electricity probably more driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity probably more driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity probably more driven by the
+peaking price of electricity and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking price of electricity and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking price of electricity and so what
+they're doing here is they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is they're saying
+okay how much does it cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much does it cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much does it cost to
+manufacture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture this
+panel and how does that compare against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and how does that compare against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and how does that compare against
+the grid if I were to plug into the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid if I were to plug into the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid if I were to plug into the wall
+over there and extract electricity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and extract electricity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and extract electricity from
+the grid how much would uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid how much would uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid how much would uh that would
+that cost me so uh or how much would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost me so uh or how much would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost me so uh or how much would
+that uh would have to pay for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh would have to pay for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh would have to pay for that
+electricity and that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and that's really the
+comparison that they're trying to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that they're trying to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that they're trying to drive
+right here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is that
+foration uh yes so um the details are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration uh yes so um the details are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration uh yes so um the details are in
+this paper right here again uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper right here again uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper right here again uh you can
+access all this information online but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all this information online but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all this information online but
+uh it is adjusted these are I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is adjusted these are I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is adjusted these are I believe in
+2002 prices I can't remember the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 prices I can't remember the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 prices I can't remember the exact
+uh yeah what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah what are some of the
+assumptions us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions us the
+thec uh great question um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec uh great question um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thec uh great question um so
+uh the higher density of data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher density of data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher density of data points
+over here um is uh in in part well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um is uh in in part well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um is uh in in part well in
+part because the the they get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because the the they get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because the the they get closer
+together it becomes harder to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it becomes harder to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it becomes harder to drive the
+cost down and of course you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost down and of course you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost down and of course you're looking
+at it in a log scale um but uh also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a log scale um but uh also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in a log scale um but uh also the
+quality of the data uh is much better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the data uh is much better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the data uh is much better in
+recent years because we had access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years because we had access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years because we had access to
+Greater number of companies were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater number of companies were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater number of companies were able to
+average uh values coming from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh values coming from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh values coming from multiple
+sources um some of the earlier data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources um some of the earlier data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources um some of the earlier data like
+especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+1957 um I mean that was those were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 um I mean that was those were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 um I mean that was those were some
+of the first solar cells produced uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first solar cells produced uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first solar cells produced uh if
+they had access to good primary material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had access to good primary material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had access to good primary material
+primary data uh those numbers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary data uh those numbers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary data uh those numbers would be
+highly accurate because it' be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly accurate because it' be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly accurate because it' be one
+company making it and that's it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company making it and that's it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company making it and that's it very
+little error bar but if they were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little error bar but if they were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little error bar but if they were making
+guesstimates based on uh material cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesstimates based on uh material cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesstimates based on uh material cost
+of the day uh then there would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day uh then there would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day uh then there would be some
+uh error bar associated with that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh error bar associated with that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh error bar associated with that data
+point uh these curves are very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh these curves are very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh these curves are very difficult
+to produce when you're in Academia but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce when you're in Academia but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce when you're in Academia but I
+can say that when we were in Industry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that when we were in Industry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that when we were in Industry um
+we did this for our company just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this for our company just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this for our company just just
+for Haas one day and it fell on a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Haas one day and it fell on a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Haas one day and it fell on a very
+similar slope with a similar slope and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar slope with a similar slope and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar slope with a similar slope and a
+similar value um so somehow they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar value um so somehow they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar value um so somehow they were
+getting the numbers right in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the numbers right in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the numbers right in terms of
+like I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess
+installation what numbers are us assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation what numbers are us assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation what numbers are us assume
+like like you said do you use values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you said do you use values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you said do you use values for
+Nevada or do you take an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nevada or do you take an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nevada or do you take an average of
+installation over the entire us using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation over the entire us using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation over the entire us using a
+US average for the retail electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US average for the retail electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US average for the retail electricity
+prices yeah and so the uh retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices yeah and so the uh retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices yeah and so the uh retail
+electricity prices in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices in the United States
+vary quite a bit uh you have some coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary quite a bit uh you have some coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary quite a bit uh you have some coal
+Rich uh States uh like Wyoming that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich uh States uh like Wyoming that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich uh States uh like Wyoming that get
+5 cents per kilowatt hour you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 cents per kilowatt hour you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 cents per kilowatt hour you have uh
+States like Massachusetts at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like Massachusetts at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like Massachusetts at the end of
+the energy pipeline if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy pipeline if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy pipeline if you look at the
+natural gas pipeline for example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas pipeline for example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas pipeline for example we're
+at the very end we get some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end we get some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end we get some of our
+natural gas even shipped in by boat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas even shipped in by boat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas even shipped in by boat uh
+18 cents per kilowatt hour is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 cents per kilowatt hour is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 cents per kilowatt hour is
+residential prices um and in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential prices um and in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential prices um and in California
+which has a tiered structure if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a tiered structure if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a tiered structure if you're
+one of the highest consumers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest consumers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the highest consumers of
+electricity you're going to be paying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you're going to be paying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you're going to be paying uh
+somewhere around 30 cents per kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 30 cents per kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 30 cents per kilowatt
+hour um compared to some of the lower uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um compared to some of the lower uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um compared to some of the lower uh
+use folks down at around 12 and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use folks down at around 12 and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use folks down at around 12 and so it
+varies quite a bit um typically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies quite a bit um typically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies quite a bit um typically when
+you're looking at these sorts of charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at these sorts of charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at these sorts of charts
+uh if you if the chart is produced say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if the chart is produced say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if the chart is produced say
+by the US doe or some solar promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the US doe or some solar promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the US doe or some solar promoter
+let's say they will typically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they will typically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they will typically be
+choosing a Rosy scenario of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a Rosy scenario of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a Rosy scenario of the American
+southwest because that is well not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest because that is well not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest because that is well not only
+does do the numbers look better but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do the numbers look better but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do the numbers look better but more
+importantly that's where a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly that's where a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly that's where a lot of the
+solar is being installed today but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is being installed today but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is being installed today but not
+all of the solar um because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the solar um because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the solar um because it is a
+substitution economics uh situation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution economics uh situation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution economics uh situation two
+parameters are really of interest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are really of interest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are really of interest that
+drive the cost competitiveness of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cost competitiveness of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cost competitiveness of a
+solar installation one is the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar installation one is the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar installation one is the retail
+price of electricity how much are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity how much are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of electricity how much are you
+paying uh out of the wall what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying uh out of the wall what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying uh out of the wall what are you
+substituting it with and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting it with and the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting it with and the second is
+how much sunlight do you get locally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much sunlight do you get locally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much sunlight do you get locally so
+our break even point in the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our break even point in the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our break even point in the state of
+Massachusetts is not too far off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is not too far off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is not too far off from
+Arizona because they have a lot cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona because they have a lot cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona because they have a lot cheaper
+price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of
+electricity even though we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity even though we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity even though we have a lot
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sun so um I wanted to emphasize a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun so um I wanted to emphasize a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun so um I wanted to emphasize a couple
+more points so when Gregory nemt put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points so when Gregory nemt put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more points so when Gregory nemt put
+together this chart it was within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this chart it was within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this chart it was within the
+context of a really interesting um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a really interesting um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a really interesting um uh
+paper in which he attempted to decouple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in which he attempted to decouple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in which he attempted to decouple
+the effects of scale from Innovation let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of scale from Innovation let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of scale from Innovation let
+me emphasize that so if you are making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize that so if you are making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize that so if you are making a
+widget let's imagine a razor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget let's imagine a razor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget let's imagine a razor like
+Gillette does here in South Boston or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette does here in South Boston or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillette does here in South Boston or if
+you're making uh some other high-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making uh some other high-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making uh some other high-tech
+product um razors by the way are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um razors by the way are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um razors by the way are very
+high-tech um how many times have you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech um how many times have you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech um how many times have you cut
+yourself by a defective razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself by a defective razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself by a defective razor
+I certainly haven't and I've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly haven't and I've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly haven't and I've probably
+used tens of thousands in my lifetime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used tens of thousands in my lifetime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used tens of thousands in my lifetime of
+individual blades and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual blades and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual blades and that's because
+they're examined using Laser Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're examined using Laser Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're examined using Laser Technology
+they're really manufactured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really manufactured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really manufactured in a
+high-tech way um and they get better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech way um and they get better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech way um and they get better and
+better every time they produce one razor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better every time they produce one razor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better every time they produce one razor
+blade and so they follow a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade and so they follow a learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade and so they follow a learning
+curve just like Photo Vol does with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve just like Photo Vol does with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve just like Photo Vol does with
+cumulative production the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative production the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative production the cost of
+producing One widget goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing One widget goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing One widget goes down and
+likewise microwave ovens and and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise microwave ovens and and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise microwave ovens and and other
+high-tech products um and so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech products um and so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech products um and so the the the
+big question is how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big question is how much of this
+learning curve uh uh cost redu uction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve uh uh cost redu uction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning curve uh uh cost redu uction is
+driven by Innovation and how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by Innovation and how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by Innovation and how much is
+driven by scaling just learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by scaling just learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by scaling just learning how to
+do incremental improvements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do incremental improvements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do incremental improvements that
+tweaking the manufacturing line to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking the manufacturing line to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking the manufacturing line to make
+it a little bit more efficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more efficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit more efficient so
+Gregory nemit uh the author of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gregory nemit uh the author of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gregory nemit uh the author of this
+paper right here in which this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right here in which this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right here in which this figure
+appears looked into that question and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears looked into that question and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears looked into that question and uh
+and came up with some answers uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came up with some answers uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came up with some answers uh some of
+those uh learnings were Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh learnings were Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh learnings were Incorporated
+onto this beautiful chart here produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this beautiful chart here produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this beautiful chart here produced
+by 1366 a spin-off of MIT uh focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1366 a spin-off of MIT uh focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1366 a spin-off of MIT uh focused on
+commercializing a really cool uh nextg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializing a really cool uh nextg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializing a really cool uh nextg
+product um they uh took that learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um they uh took that learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um they uh took that learning
+curve from Gregory nt's paper plotted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from Gregory nt's paper plotted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from Gregory nt's paper plotted it
+on a slightly different scale and showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slightly different scale and showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a slightly different scale and showed
+several of the technology innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the technology innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the technology innovations
+that drove down that learning curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drove down that learning curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drove down that learning curve for
+Crystal and silicon and so those uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and so those uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon and so those uh in
+the fine text there represent specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine text there represent specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine text there represent specific
+Technologies and we'll be getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and we'll be getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and we'll be getting to
+know some of them over the course of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of them over the course of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of them over the course of uh
+o over the course of the um the PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o over the course of the um the PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o over the course of the um the PB
+course and so we're approaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and so we're approaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and so we're approaching this
+very interesting point if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting point if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting point if you haven't
+noticed from this chart right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed from this chart right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed from this chart right here this
+ended in 2003 and boy these two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in 2003 and boy these two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in 2003 and boy these two we
+getting very close to one another we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to one another we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to one another we're
+entering a very interesting point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a very interesting point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a very interesting point where
+the cost of producing PV electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing PV electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing PV electricity is
+rapidly intersecting with the US retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly intersecting with the US retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly intersecting with the US retail
+electricity prices and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity prices and that is
+represented in a very broad brush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in a very broad brush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in a very broad brush
+Strokes by this doe chart that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strokes by this doe chart that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strokes by this doe chart that was
+produced in 200 approximately 2006 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in 200 approximately 2006 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in 200 approximately 2006 with
+the uh Solar America initiative where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Solar America initiative where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Solar America initiative where
+you have the system price range for Pb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the system price range for Pb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the system price range for Pb
+systems again broad range now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems again broad range now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems again broad range now instead of
+finite data points resid residential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite data points resid residential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite data points resid residential and
+commercial rates and utility gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial rates and utility gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial rates and utility gen
+generation and for those who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and for those who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and for those who have
+already dealt with uh electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dealt with uh electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dealt with uh electricity
+markets the residential commercial rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the residential commercial rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the residential commercial rates
+this is the price or the retail price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the price or the retail price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the price or the retail price
+and the utility generation this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility generation this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility generation this is more
+the uh wholesale uh price over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh wholesale uh price over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh wholesale uh price over here for
+utility scale so again just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility scale so again just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility scale so again just showing you
+the range of uh of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of uh of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of uh of of of of
+substitutions that could be going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that could be going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that could be going on and
+we're entering the regime now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're entering the regime now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're entering the regime now where
+finally solar is starting to be cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally solar is starting to be cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally solar is starting to be cost
+competitive and when you start having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and when you start having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and when you start having
+this sort of interaction you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of interaction you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of interaction you can imagine
+two gussian curves one curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gussian curves one curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gussian curves one curve
+representing the price of of solar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the price of of solar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the price of of solar and
+the other the price of electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the price of electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the price of electricity and
+as they begin overlapping as the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they begin overlapping as the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they begin overlapping as the price
+of our electricity goes up it went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electricity goes up it went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electricity goes up it went up
+15% uh over the 2000s here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% uh over the 2000s here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% uh over the 2000s here in
+Massachusetts the retail price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts the retail price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts the retail price of
+electricity in residential and as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in residential and as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in residential and as the
+price of Solar comes down those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Solar comes down those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Solar comes down those two
+gussian curves begin moving against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian curves begin moving against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian curves begin moving against each
+other and at the edge of a gum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and at the edge of a gum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and at the edge of a gum you can
+model that using an exponential right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that using an exponential right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that using an exponential right so
+you have two exponential curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two exponential curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two exponential curves
+overlapping you have effective an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping you have effective an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping you have effective an
+exponentially growing Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially growing Market
+penetration in other words the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration in other words the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration in other words the solar
+adoption on the grid is following a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption on the grid is following a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption on the grid is following a
+hockey stick curve and that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey stick curve and that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey stick curve and that's why you
+hear a lot of interest in solar these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of interest in solar these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of interest in solar these
+days um we had a solar system installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um we had a solar system installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um we had a solar system installed
+in our house in 2007 and now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our house in 2007 and now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our house in 2007 and now our
+neighbors put them up last year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors put them up last year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors put them up last year the
+folks across are putting them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks across are putting them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks across are putting them up
+actually just last week and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just last week and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just last week and there's
+another family down the road so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another family down the road so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another family down the road so our
+little neighborhood is representing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little neighborhood is representing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little neighborhood is representing this
+little hockey stick right here as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hockey stick right here as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hockey stick right here as is
+Cambridge as a whole and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge as a whole and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge as a whole and some of the
+places United States where it does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places United States where it does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places United States where it does make
+economic sense you're beginning to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sense you're beginning to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sense you're beginning to see
+that takeoff and that's why it's such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takeoff and that's why it's such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takeoff and that's why it's such an
+exciting time right now this is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time right now this is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time right now this is a much
+busier chart there there's a lot going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busier chart there there's a lot going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busier chart there there's a lot going
+on um but to sensitize you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um but to sensitize you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um but to sensitize you this is the
+PV residential in other words the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV residential in other words the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV residential in other words the uh
+it's either the cost of the price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either the cost of the price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either the cost of the price to
+install PV on a residential home in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install PV on a residential home in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install PV on a residential home in
+other words a smaller system so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a smaller system so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a smaller system so there's
+a larger overhead per system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger overhead per system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger overhead per system the
+architect needs to spend more time per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect needs to spend more time per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect needs to spend more time per
+unit energy produced right to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy produced right to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy produced right to design
+your system because it's smaller one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system because it's smaller one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system because it's smaller one um
+a lot of people go out there per panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people go out there per panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people go out there per panel
+to install it um whereas PV utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install it um whereas PV utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install it um whereas PV utility
+those large Fields filled with PV panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those large Fields filled with PV panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those large Fields filled with PV panels
+it's cheaper per unit panel right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper per unit panel right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper per unit panel right to
+install U one architect can sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install U one architect can sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install U one architect can sit down and
+design the whole thing um maybe a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the whole thing um maybe a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the whole thing um maybe a team
+of Architects but it's uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Architects but it's uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Architects but it's uh it's the
+overhead costs are lower and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead costs are lower and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead costs are lower and you can
+bargain with the module manufacturers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain with the module manufacturers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain with the module manufacturers to
+get a better rate on your modules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better rate on your modules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better rate on your modules right
+so B get price and as a result the PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B get price and as a result the PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B get price and as a result the PV
+utility uh uh costs and prices tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility uh uh costs and prices tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility uh uh costs and prices tend to
+be lower than PB residential um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than PB residential um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than PB residential um and the
+blue and uh and and the uh red here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and uh and and the uh red here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and uh and and the uh red here just
+represent the wholesale and Retail uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the wholesale and Retail uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the wholesale and Retail uh
+electricity costs what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity costs what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity costs what they're
+substituting here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting here in the United States
+so a bit more detailed chart again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bit more detailed chart again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bit more detailed chart again
+showing the grid penetration down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the grid penetration down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the grid penetration down here
+at the bottom also in terms of percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom also in terms of percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom also in terms of percent
+so back here a few years ago 2% of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back here a few years ago 2% of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back here a few years ago 2% of total
+worldwide uh electricity was generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide uh electricity was generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide uh electricity was generated
+by photovoltaics and projections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by photovoltaics and projections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by photovoltaics and projections are
+that by 2020 we'll be at around 1% by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by 2020 we'll be at around 1% by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by 2020 we'll be at around 1% by
+2030 around 5% using these just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 around 5% using these just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 around 5% using these just two
+overlapping uh gaussin curves and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping uh gaussin curves and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping uh gaussin curves and it's
+interesting to note that this is global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note that this is global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note that this is global
+on a local level Germany is already well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a local level Germany is already well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a local level Germany is already well
+surpassed 2% in Bavaria I think it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed 2% in Bavaria I think it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed 2% in Bavaria I think it might
+be up 3% or 4% now in photoex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up 3% or 4% now in photoex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up 3% or 4% now in photoex in the
+southeastern region of Germany um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeastern region of Germany um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southeastern region of Germany um
+there's a small island in the Hawaiian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small island in the Hawaiian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small island in the Hawaiian
+chain that has I believe in peak days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has I believe in peak days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has I believe in peak days
+around 40% of its electricity produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 40% of its electricity produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 40% of its electricity produced
+from solar so there are regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solar so there are regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solar so there are regions that
+already you have a very large percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you have a very large percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you have a very large percentage
+of the total electricity being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total electricity being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total electricity being produced
+by solar because of that distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by solar because of that distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by solar because of that distribution of
+prices okay and lastly this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay and lastly this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay and lastly this is a really
+exciting chart this is the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting chart this is the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting chart this is the convergence
+between PV and conventional energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between PV and conventional energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between PV and conventional energy
+essentially what this chart over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what this chart over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what this chart over here
+was attempting to capture in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was attempting to capture in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was attempting to capture in its
+percentages this is explicitly laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages this is explicitly laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages this is explicitly laid out
+now and uh this I I I took data going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh this I I I took data going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh this I I I took data going
+back to the 1970s and and uh plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 1970s and and uh plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the 1970s and and uh plotted the
+terawatts a average terawatts installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terawatts a average terawatts installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terawatts a average terawatts installed
+of new PV installations versus Total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new PV installations versus Total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new PV installations versus Total
+Primary Energy new primary energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primary Energy new primary energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primary Energy new primary energy
+installations so for those uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so for those uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so for those uh energy
+wonks here in the audience what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonks here in the audience what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonks here in the audience what is the
+uh primary energy burn rate in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh primary energy burn rate in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh primary energy burn rate in the world
+right now in terms of terawatts average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of terawatts average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of terawatts average
+around 15 right and so the average new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 15 right and so the average new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 15 right and so the average new
+energy installed each year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy installed each year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy installed each year is
+represented here it's somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here it's somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here it's somewhere between
+100 gwatt and a terawatt typically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 gwatt and a terawatt typically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 gwatt and a terawatt typically and
+this is the new PV in installs right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new PV in installs right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new PV in installs right and
+you can see that we're within about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we're within about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we're within about two
+orders of magnitude now of total new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude now of total new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude now of total new uh
+energy installs this is primary energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy installs this is primary energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy installs this is primary energy
+um for electricity it looks even Rosier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for electricity it looks even Rosier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for electricity it looks even Rosier
+and so we're rapidly approaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're rapidly approaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're rapidly approaching the
+point where substitution will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where substitution will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where substitution will begin
+right we're going to start replacing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to start replacing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to start replacing uh
+not only uh we're going to take a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only uh we're going to take a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only uh we're going to take a larger
+share of total new installed energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of total new installed energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of total new installed energy but
+we may even start putting some existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may even start putting some existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may even start putting some existing
+power plants out of business and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants out of business and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants out of business and we'll
+get into that in the economic section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that in the economic section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that in the economic section in
+the third part of our course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of our course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part of our course
+interesting to note these three distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note these three distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note these three distinct
+phases of growth of the industry over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of growth of the industry over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of growth of the industry over
+time phase one was right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time phase one was right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time phase one was right at the
+beginning when we had the OPEC oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we had the OPEC oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we had the OPEC oil
+crisis when people were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis when people were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis when people were really
+interested in solar but it was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solar but it was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solar but it was really a
+boutique thing um and you know solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boutique thing um and you know solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boutique thing um and you know solar
+cute uh great PR but not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute uh great PR but not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute uh great PR but not really
+impactful um in this regime right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful um in this regime right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful um in this regime right here
+where most of you were born um solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of you were born um solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of you were born um solar
+went kind of through a down cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went kind of through a down cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went kind of through a down cycle so
+while the uh price of oil was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the uh price of oil was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the uh price of oil was really
+high right back here it crashed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right back here it crashed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right back here it crashed in the
+early 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1980s
+and symbolically Ronald Reagan uh ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symbolically Ronald Reagan uh ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symbolically Ronald Reagan uh ended
+up taking down the solar panels uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up taking down the solar panels uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up taking down the solar panels uh from
+the White House sometime in ' 86 887 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House sometime in ' 86 887 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House sometime in ' 86 887 um
+and big oil companies were the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big oil companies were the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big oil companies were the ones who
+kept the solar industry going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the solar industry going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the solar industry going
+interestingly enough it was mobile Tao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough it was mobile Tao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough it was mobile Tao
+it was BP Solar large the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was BP Solar large the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was BP Solar large the largest
+companies that were producing solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that were producing solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that were producing solar
+panels in the world were ones uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels in the world were ones uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels in the world were ones uh that
+were small divisions of larger oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were small divisions of larger oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were small divisions of larger oil
+companies which viewed themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies which viewed themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies which viewed themselves as
+energy companies and then finally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy companies and then finally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy companies and then finally this
+phase three this really rapid growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase three this really rapid growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase three this really rapid growth
+here again accumulative annual growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again accumulative annual growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again accumulative annual growth
+rate somewhere between 40 and 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate somewhere between 40 and 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate somewhere between 40 and 50%
+average that took off when generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that took off when generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that took off when generous
+government subsidies whether it be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government subsidies whether it be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government subsidies whether it be for
+the manufacturing or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing or the
+installation in the case of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in the case of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in the case of the United
+States it's mostly been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's mostly been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's mostly been on the
+installation side in the case of china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side in the case of china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation side in the case of china
+it's mostly been on the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly been on the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly been on the manufacturing
+side Japan and Germany had a bit of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side Japan and Germany had a bit of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side Japan and Germany had a bit of both
+um but but heavily more heavily toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but heavily more heavily toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but heavily more heavily toward
+the installation and we saw a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation and we saw a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation and we saw a massive
+growth of the PV industry because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the PV industry because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the PV industry because now
+the government's realized well wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government's realized well wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government's realized well wait the
+cost is coming down and we will need new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is coming down and we will need new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is coming down and we will need new
+electricity coming on board and our oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity coming on board and our oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity coming on board and our oil
+supply is a little unreliable so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is a little unreliable so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is a little unreliable so let's
+invest in this new technology and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in this new technology and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in this new technology and see
+where it takes us and uh I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes us and uh I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it takes us and uh I think the
+Germans now are paying somewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans now are paying somewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans now are paying somewhere on the
+order of a Euro maybe a little over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a Euro maybe a little over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a Euro maybe a little over a
+euro per month on their electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euro per month on their electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euro per month on their electricity
+bills uh as a result of having financed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills uh as a result of having financed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills uh as a result of having financed
+a lot of this growth right here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this growth right here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this growth right here at the
+PB industry which allowed uh the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB industry which allowed uh the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB industry which allowed uh the costs
+to come down for the entire world um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come down for the entire world um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come down for the entire world um so
+it was a a successful program and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a a successful program and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a a successful program and as a
+result uh many Pure Play companies saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh many Pure Play companies saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh many Pure Play companies saw
+the financial opportunities the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial opportunities the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial opportunities the case of
+Q cells which is highlighted down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q cells which is highlighted down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q cells which is highlighted down here
+is Not Unusual in those days in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Not Unusual in those days in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Not Unusual in those days in in the
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+1990s a group of Executives at McKenzie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s a group of Executives at McKenzie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s a group of Executives at McKenzie
+got together and said wow the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and said wow the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and said wow the numbers
+look really promising in the Solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really promising in the Solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really promising in the Solar
+business why don't we form our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business why don't we form our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business why don't we form our own
+company and only do solar instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and only do solar instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and only do solar instead of
+being part of a much larger one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of a much larger one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of a much larger one where
+they have their interests dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their interests dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their interests dispersed
+among many different product lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many different product lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many different product lines and
+Technologies let's focus exclusively on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies let's focus exclusively on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies let's focus exclusively on
+solar burn our bridges behind us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar burn our bridges behind us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar burn our bridges behind us and
+just go for it and they went for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go for it and they went for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go for it and they went for it and
+for a while for a few months Q cells was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while for a few months Q cells was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while for a few months Q cells was
+the largest solar cell producer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest solar cell producer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest solar cell producer in the
+world um and uh it it was it's uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um and uh it it was it's uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um and uh it it was it's uh it's a
+a poster child of this new generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster child of this new generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster child of this new generation of
+PB companies coming in this third phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB companies coming in this third phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PB companies coming in this third phase
+here um and as we'll learn over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and as we'll learn over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and as we'll learn over the
+course of today's uh or over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of today's uh or over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of today's uh or over the course
+of this semester's uh course many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this semester's uh course many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this semester's uh course many of the
+solar the leading solar producers today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar the leading solar producers today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar the leading solar producers today
+are now located in China so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now located in China so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now located in China so this is uh
+basically the history of PV development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the history of PV development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the history of PV development
+and the important thing to not is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing to not is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing to not is this
+closing Gap right here so when folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing Gap right here so when folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing Gap right here so when folks are
+saying solar you know it's the same old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying solar you know it's the same old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying solar you know it's the same old
+same old it's been gimmicky it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same old it's been gimmicky it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same old it's been gimmicky it's been
+around for a long time but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time but it's not
+going anywhere you can point to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anywhere you can point to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anywhere you can point to some of
+the this data and say no actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this data and say no actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this data and say no actually it's
+on the cusp it really is beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cusp it really is beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cusp it really is beginning to
+take off and um these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and um these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off and um these are some of the
+data you can point to if you if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can point to if you if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you can point to if you if you care
+to do so let me spend a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so let me spend a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so let me spend a few minutes
+talking about um the broader picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um the broader picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um the broader picture
+Beyond just solar photovoltaics into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just solar photovoltaics into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just solar photovoltaics into
+some of the other Solar Technologies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other Solar Technologies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other Solar Technologies we
+won't be addressing too many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be addressing too many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be addressing too many of these
+over the course of the lecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the lecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the lecture because
+we have to focus and we have to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to focus and we have to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to focus and we have to become
+very good at something otherwise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at something otherwise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at something otherwise we
+spread ourselves too thin but I did want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread ourselves too thin but I did want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread ourselves too thin but I did want
+to give you a sense of what's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of what's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of what's out there
+so that you can situate solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can situate solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can situate solar
+photovoltaics within the broader context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics within the broader context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics within the broader context
+and so this is a solar energy technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a solar energy technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a solar energy technology
+framework that encompasses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that encompasses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that encompasses all
+conversion Technologies from sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies from sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies from sunlight
+into energy and so first off I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into energy and so first off I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into energy and so first off I start
+with the rationale for framework why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rationale for framework why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rationale for framework why why
+invest the time to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest the time to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest the time to come up with the
+framework I'll explain why um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework I'll explain why um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework I'll explain why um there are
+several hundreds of Technologies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundreds of Technologies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundreds of Technologies out
+there that can convert sunlight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that can convert sunlight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that can convert sunlight into
+energy and to make sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to make sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to make sense of the
+technology space and to provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology space and to provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology space and to provide some
+meaningful technology assessments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful technology assessments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful technology assessments there
+have to be some performanc driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be some performanc driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be some performanc driven
+technology neutral performance metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutral performance metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutral performance metrics
+that you can use to evaluate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to evaluate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to evaluate one
+technology against another and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology against another and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology against another and that's
+why coming up with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why coming up with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why coming up with some sort of
+framework is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is very
+helpful so the three criteria that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so the three criteria that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so the three criteria that I
+chose um together with Vladimir bovich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um together with Vladimir bovich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um together with Vladimir bovich
+when we put this together um to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put this together um to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put this together um to design a
+technology framework was an exhaustive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology framework was an exhaustive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology framework was an exhaustive
+categorization in other words our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization in other words our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization in other words our
+framework had to Encompass more than 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework had to Encompass more than 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework had to Encompass more than 90%
+of all Technologies out there the 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Technologies out there the 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Technologies out there the 30
+years challenge again in 30 years the PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years challenge again in 30 years the PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years challenge again in 30 years the PV
+technology should be able to fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology should be able to fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology should be able to fit into
+this framework still and it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework still and it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework still and it should be a
+useful analysis tool it should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful analysis tool it should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful analysis tool it should be able
+to give insight into the complex space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give insight into the complex space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give insight into the complex space
+that's out there and allow folks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there and allow folks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there and allow folks like
+yourselves to make sense of it whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to make sense of it whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to make sense of it whether
+you're trying to develop cost models or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to develop cost models or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to develop cost models or
+if you're trying to develop technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to develop technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to develop technology
+perspectives this should allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives this should allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives this should allow you to
+gain a foothold in it so we have solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a foothold in it so we have solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a foothold in it so we have solar
+energy conversion technology and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion technology and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion technology and we
+chose an output oriented rational for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose an output oriented rational for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose an output oriented rational for
+dividing the solar energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the solar energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the solar energy conversion
+space uh so the output would be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh so the output would be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh so the output would be either
+electricity heat or heat which is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity heat or heat which is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity heat or heat which is then
+used to power say a turbine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to power say a turbine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to power say a turbine which
+generates electricity or fuels and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates electricity or fuels and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates electricity or fuels and those
+are the four primary outputs of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four primary outputs of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four primary outputs of solar
+energy today yes there are Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy today yes there are Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy today yes there are Technologies
+out there for example that convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for example that convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for example that convert
+sunlight in store in some way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight in store in some way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight in store in some way and
+convert light in the other end um uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert light in the other end um uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert light in the other end um uh but
+uh we're not including those in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not including those in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not including those in here
+because again the 90% rule we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the 90% rule we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the 90% rule we're uh
+focusing on the major ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the major ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the major ones
+and then we do a further subdivision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do a further subdivision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do a further subdivision
+between the non-tracking and tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the non-tracking and tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the non-tracking and tracking
+tracking means if the Sun is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking means if the Sun is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking means if the Sun is moving
+through the sky over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sky over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sky over the course of the
+day your apparatus is following the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day your apparatus is following the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day your apparatus is following the Sun
+so as to maximize the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to maximize the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to maximize the cross-section
+between the incoming rays and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incoming rays and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the incoming rays and your
+device right um the reason we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right um the reason we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right um the reason we chose
+tracking non tracking is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking non tracking is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking non tracking is because
+tracking requires motors which will add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking requires motors which will add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking requires motors which will add
+cost and reliability questions to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and reliability questions to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and reliability questions to your
+system considerations and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system considerations and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system considerations and that's why we
+chose this further division right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this further division right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this further division right
+here so so onto the assessment let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so onto the assessment let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so onto the assessment let's
+look at the technologies that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technologies that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technologies that are out
+there and try to bend them um solar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and try to bend them um solar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and try to bend them um solar to
+electricity there are a few embodiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there are a few embodiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity there are a few embodiments
+there's the photovoltaic device these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the photovoltaic device these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the photovoltaic device these
+ones there's a thermoelectric device as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's a thermoelectric device as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's a thermoelectric device as
+well um which converts solar energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um which converts solar energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um which converts solar energy into
+heat really and then heat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat really and then heat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat really and then heat into
+electricity so maybe it should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so maybe it should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so maybe it should have been
+in the other category but it's a it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other category but it's a it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other category but it's a it is a
+device that converts solar energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that converts solar energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that converts solar energy into
+electricity so we've seen a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so we've seen a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so we've seen a solar cell
+device we've learned the three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we've learned the three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we've learned the three steps
+charge generation charge separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge generation charge separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge generation charge separation
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+collection and we look at the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and we look at the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and we look at the existing
+technologies that are out there today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are out there today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are out there today
+and say all right let's start to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say all right let's start to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say all right let's start to bend
+them we have non-tracking systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have non-tracking systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we have non-tracking systems that
+can be non-concentrating like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be non-concentrating like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be non-concentrating like these
+panels right here ENT they are just flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels right here ENT they are just flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels right here ENT they are just flat
+panels that are uh receiving the sun's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are uh receiving the sun's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that are uh receiving the sun's
+Rays or you can have cheap mirrorlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays or you can have cheap mirrorlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays or you can have cheap mirrorlike
+materials that bounce the sunlight off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that bounce the sunlight off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that bounce the sunlight off
+of them into the solar panels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them into the solar panels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them into the solar panels and
+concentrate sunlight so let's imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate sunlight so let's imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate sunlight so let's imagine we
+put a set of mirrors on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a set of mirrors on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a set of mirrors on either side of
+this panel right here and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel right here and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this panel right here and when the
+sunlight bounced into the mirror it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight bounced into the mirror it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight bounced into the mirror it
+reflect back into the panel that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect back into the panel that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect back into the panel that would
+be a concentrating but non-tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a concentrating but non-tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a concentrating but non-tracking
+system and these are uh common on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and these are uh common on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and these are uh common on
+barriers uh along the highway in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers uh along the highway in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers uh along the highway in Germany
+um they're sound barriers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're sound barriers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're sound barriers they're
+preventing the people who live on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing the people who live on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing the people who live on the
+other side of that barrier from hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of that barrier from hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of that barrier from hearing
+the noise of the cars going by in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of the cars going by in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of the cars going by in the
+autoban um they're not meant to be crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoban um they're not meant to be crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoban um they're not meant to be crash
+barriers those are separate closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers those are separate closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers those are separate closer to
+the actual Road um but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Road um but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Road um but these are
+examples of concentrating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of concentrating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of concentrating and
+non-tracking uh photovoltaics there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tracking uh photovoltaics there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tracking uh photovoltaics there are
+ground mounted and roof mounted systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground mounted and roof mounted systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground mounted and roof mounted systems
+so again another way to split the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again another way to split the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again another way to split the the
+the pie and um there are uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pie and um there are uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pie and um there are uh in the
+concentrating non-tracking system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating non-tracking system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating non-tracking system there
+aren't only these types there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't only these types there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't only these types there are a
+variety of other species of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other species of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other species of
+concentrating non tracking devices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating non tracking devices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating non tracking devices as
+well there are so-called uh sliver cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are so-called uh sliver cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are so-called uh sliver cells
+which the light comes in bounces around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the light comes in bounces around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the light comes in bounces around
+a little bit and then eventually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then eventually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then eventually gets
+absorbed by the device and that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the device and that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the device and that even
+happens to some degree in these modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to some degree in these modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to some degree in these modules
+too because the light comes in make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because the light comes in make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because the light comes in make sure
+I don't reflect this into your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't reflect this into your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't reflect this into your face
+there we go point it up the light can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go point it up the light can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go point it up the light can
+come in sometimes and reflect off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in sometimes and reflect off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in sometimes and reflect off of
+this white back skin and if the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white back skin and if the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this white back skin and if the light is
+coming in at an oblique enough angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at an oblique enough angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at an oblique enough angle
+total internal reflection by the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection by the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection by the glass
+it'll get a second bounce and go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get a second bounce and go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get a second bounce and go into
+the device we'll talk about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device we'll talk about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device we'll talk about how that
+works in a couple of lectures so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in a couple of lectures so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in a couple of lectures so um
+internal Reflections and uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Reflections and uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Reflections and uh this is uh
+particularly um uh timely does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um uh timely does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um uh timely does anybody
+know does does the word cylindra ring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does does the word cylindra ring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does does the word cylindra ring a
+bell for anybody yeah what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell for anybody yeah what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell for anybody yeah what what what
+about cylindra it went bust it went bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cylindra it went bust it went bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cylindra it went bust it went bust
+so it's one of the three photable t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the three photable t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the three photable t
+companies startup companies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies startup companies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies startup companies in the
+United States that went bust over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States that went bust over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States that went bust over the
+past few months over this past summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few months over this past summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few months over this past summer
+and that's a really interesting Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really interesting Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really interesting Market
+Dynamic which we'll get to in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic which we'll get to in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic which we'll get to in the third
+part of this course and we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course and we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course and we'll discuss
+that head on because it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that head on because it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that head on because it's an interesting
+and very important uh dynamic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very important uh dynamic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very important uh dynamic in the
+evolution of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the solar
+industry we have some technologies under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we have some technologies under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we have some technologies under
+development at MIT um Mark Baldo's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at MIT um Mark Baldo's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development at MIT um Mark Baldo's lab
+and Vladimir bovich and others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vladimir bovich and others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Vladimir bovich and others are
+working on devices that absorb sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on devices that absorb sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on devices that absorb sunlight
+re uh Reit the light at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re uh Reit the light at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re uh Reit the light at a different
+wavelength tra inside of uh some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength tra inside of uh some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength tra inside of uh some high
+index medium like glass and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index medium like glass and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index medium like glass and then
+ultimately concentrate it onto the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately concentrate it onto the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately concentrate it onto the cells
+that are on the corners right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the corners right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the corners right so you can
+imagine a window that absorbs some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a window that absorbs some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a window that absorbs some of
+the incoming light bounces the light off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light bounces the light off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light bounces the light off
+and eventually concentrates the light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually concentrates the light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually concentrates the light on
+in the corners where you have your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corners where you have your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corners where you have your solar
+shell devices the advantage or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell devices the advantage or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell devices the advantage or the
+potential Advantage here is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Advantage here is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Advantage here is that you can
+have a very high uh efficiency expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high uh efficiency expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high uh efficiency expensive
+device but a very small area of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but a very small area of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but a very small area of it
+instead of covering this entire area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of covering this entire area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of covering this entire area
+right here you've now reduced the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you've now reduced the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you've now reduced the total
+area and then if this is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and then if this is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and then if this is a very small
+percentage of the total system cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total system cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total system cost you
+can just switch it right out when a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just switch it right out when a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just switch it right out when a new
+and better technology comes along almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better technology comes along almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better technology comes along almost
+like you switch out your computer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you switch out your computer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you switch out your computer right
+so if a better solar cell device comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a better solar cell device comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a better solar cell device comes
+along you can take this one out and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you can take this one out and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you can take this one out and put
+the next one in uh it's almost like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one in uh it's almost like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one in uh it's almost like an
+upgradeable uh system because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgradeable uh system because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgradeable uh system because the
+majority of the embedded cost is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the embedded cost is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the embedded cost is in the
+concentrator and not the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and not the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and not the solar cell
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+itself again just really drinking out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself again just really drinking out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself again just really drinking out of
+the fire hose this morning we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire hose this morning we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire hose this morning we're we're
+drilling you with data but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling you with data but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling you with data but it's it's
+meant to begin to sensitize you to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to begin to sensitize you to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to begin to sensitize you to some
+of the terms and some of the ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms and some of the ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the terms and some of the ways of
+thinking here in the field tracking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here in the field tracking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here in the field tracking okay
+so when we're talking about tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're talking about tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're talking about tracking
+there's a rise in the number of tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rise in the number of tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rise in the number of tracking
+systems in the United States um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the United States um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the United States um it is
+shown with high efficiency modules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown with high efficiency modules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown with high efficiency modules that
+it can be more cost competitive if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be more cost competitive if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be more cost competitive if you
+have a large field installation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large field installation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large field installation to do
+one AIS tracking one AIS tracking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AIS tracking one AIS tracking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AIS tracking one AIS tracking and
+two AIS tracking why would you want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking why would you want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking why would you want one
+or two AIS track what are you tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two AIS track what are you tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two AIS track what are you tracking
+one AIS tracking what what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AIS tracking what what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AIS tracking what what what what
+would make sense to track with a one AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense to track with a one AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense to track with a one AIS
+if you had one AIS to choose would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one AIS to choose would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one AIS to choose would you
+rotate East West would you rotate north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate East West would you rotate north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate East West would you rotate north
+south would you rotate Northwest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south would you rotate Northwest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south would you rotate Northwest to
+Southeast where would you go east to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southeast where would you go east to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southeast where would you go east to
+west why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that because you're tracking the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're tracking the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're tracking the sun
+over the course of the day and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the day and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the day and you're
+tracking pretty much every day of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking pretty much every day of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking pretty much every day of the
+year so 365 tracks per per per year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so 365 tracks per per per year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so 365 tracks per per per year the
+two AIS tracking what is this other axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking what is this other axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking what is this other axis
+presumably it's orthogonal to the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it's orthogonal to the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it's orthogonal to the east
+west in other words north south why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west in other words north south why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west in other words north south why
+would you want to track north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to track north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to track north
+south Seasons right yeah so from fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south Seasons right yeah so from fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south Seasons right yeah so from fall
+from Winter to uh to Summer um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Winter to uh to Summer um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Winter to uh to Summer um you're
+tracking um so um you would always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking um so um you would always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking um so um you would always want
+your solar panels facing south I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar panels facing south I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar panels facing south I guess
+right in theere in the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in theere in the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in theere in the northern
+hemisphere exactly so if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere exactly so if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere exactly so if you're in
+Australia or in Brazil your solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia or in Brazil your solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia or in Brazil your solar panels
+are facing north so let's uh ACC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are facing north so let's uh ACC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are facing north so let's uh ACC
+customize ourselves with that um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize ourselves with that um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize ourselves with that um and the
+two AIS tracking of course would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking of course would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two AIS tracking of course would allow
+for that adjustment the reason one AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that adjustment the reason one AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that adjustment the reason one AIS
+tracking is taking off as say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking is taking off as say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking is taking off as say the the
+most common uh field installation uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common uh field installation uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common uh field installation uh uh
+uh uh tracking system is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tracking system is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh tracking system is because the
+seasonal adjustment if it really needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal adjustment if it really needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal adjustment if it really needs
+to be done it's not a huge energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done it's not a huge energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done it's not a huge energy
+benefit but if it really needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but if it really needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but if it really needs to be
+done you can probably just crank it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you can probably just crank it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you can probably just crank it by
+hand instead of using a a machine or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand instead of using a a machine or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand instead of using a a machine or a
+motor that can uh can break down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that can uh can break down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that can uh can break down and the
+adjustments don't need to be made very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments don't need to be made very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments don't need to be made very
+often um non-concentrating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um non-concentrating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um non-concentrating and
+concentrating uh uh PV uh tracking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating uh uh PV uh tracking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating uh uh PV uh tracking so
+these are one AIS trackers right here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one AIS trackers right here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are one AIS trackers right here uh
+tracking over the course of a day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking over the course of a day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking over the course of a day but
+not concentrating in other words they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentrating in other words they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentrating in other words they're
+flat panels like this but just mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat panels like this but just mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat panels like this but just mounted
+on a one axis tracker that follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a one axis tracker that follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a one axis tracker that follows the
+sun over the course of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun over the course of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun over the course of the day
+the system over here is a two axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system over here is a two axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system over here is a two axis
+tracker uh that includes little lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker uh that includes little lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker uh that includes little lenses
+that are focusing the sunlight on tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are focusing the sunlight on tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are focusing the sunlight on tiny
+little cells and again very similar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cells and again very similar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cells and again very similar idea
+that the solar cell itself is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solar cell itself is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solar cell itself is high
+efficiency but it's low it is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it's low it is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it's low it is a low
+percentage of the total system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost uh non-concentrating and tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh non-concentrating and tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh non-concentrating and tracking
+um again several examples of that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again several examples of that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again several examples of that uh you
+have fancy systems two AIS trackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fancy systems two AIS trackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fancy systems two AIS trackers
+again most common um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again most common um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again most common um
+can anybody guess what this little Gizmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody guess what this little Gizmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody guess what this little Gizmo
+is right here we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right here we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right here we're going to get to that
+next lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture but
+solar of the exactly somehow you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar of the exactly somehow you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar of the exactly somehow you have to
+have a measuring device if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a measuring device if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a measuring device if you have a
+Tracker it has to tell you where the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tracker it has to tell you where the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tracker it has to tell you where the sun
+is and so this little Gizmo right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so this little Gizmo right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so this little Gizmo right here
+is making sure that the panels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure that the panels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure that the panels are
+facing the right way awesome all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the right way awesome all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the right way awesome all right
+so concentrating and tracking here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concentrating and tracking here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concentrating and tracking here's a
+closer look at some of the frel lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at some of the frel lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at some of the frel lenses
+that are used to concentrate the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to concentrate the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to concentrate the light
+down on some cheap uh um microscope uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on some cheap uh um microscope uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on some cheap uh um microscope uh
+or sorry the cheap magnifying glasses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the cheap magnifying glasses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the cheap magnifying glasses to
+also use for n lenses um and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use for n lenses um and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use for n lenses um and so this is
+an example of uh a lowcost uh apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of uh a lowcost uh apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of uh a lowcost uh apparatus
+here to concentrate the sunlight onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to concentrate the sunlight onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to concentrate the sunlight onto
+your high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high efficiency
+cell solar to heat electricity we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell solar to heat electricity we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell solar to heat electricity we're not
+going to talk too much about this during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk too much about this during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk too much about this during
+the course but just to uh sensitize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but just to uh sensitize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but just to uh sensitize you
+that there are Technologies out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are Technologies out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are Technologies out there
+some pretty exciting ones there are heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty exciting ones there are heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty exciting ones there are heat
+engines in other words sunlight Heats a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines in other words sunlight Heats a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines in other words sunlight Heats a
+fluid which moves a turbine or a piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which moves a turbine or a piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which moves a turbine or a piston
+either directly or VI heat exchanger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either directly or VI heat exchanger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either directly or VI heat exchanger uh
+heat exchangers thermoelectrics long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers thermoelectrics long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers thermoelectrics long
+wavelength photo voltaics the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength photo voltaics the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength photo voltaics the these are
+devices that convert the heat portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that convert the heat portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that convert the heat portion of
+the solar Spectrum into usable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum into usable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum into usable energy
+and there are hybrids that are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hybrids that are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are hybrids that are possible
+with these so if you heat up a fluid say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these so if you heat up a fluid say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these so if you heat up a fluid say
+a salt or a glycol solution then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a salt or a glycol solution then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a salt or a glycol solution then you can
+store the energy in terms of heat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the energy in terms of heat right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the energy in terms of heat right
+and if the the energy uh the stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the the energy uh the stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the the energy uh the stored
+energy begins to Decay with time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy begins to Decay with time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy begins to Decay with time because
+of poor insulation you can augment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor insulation you can augment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor insulation you can augment that
+heat with natural gas or with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat with natural gas or with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat with natural gas or with some other
+fossil fuel and so you get these hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel and so you get these hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel and so you get these hybrid
+uh renewable solar and natural gas power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh renewable solar and natural gas power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh renewable solar and natural gas power
+plants that are possible with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that are possible with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants that are possible with uh the
+solar to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar to heat
+electricity and there are some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and there are some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and there are some really
+fancy designs out there um I I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy designs out there um I I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy designs out there um I I'm happy
+to dive into these in more detail uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into these in more detail uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into these in more detail uh the
+most common one are um uh sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common one are um uh sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common one are um uh sunlight
+coming into some sort of reflector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into some sort of reflector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into some sort of reflector and
+in concentrating the sunlight into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentrating the sunlight into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentrating the sunlight into a
+thin tube that contains your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin tube that contains your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin tube that contains your uh your
+your high heat capacity material liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high heat capacity material liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high heat capacity material liquid
+usually uh so a glycol based liquid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh so a glycol based liquid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh so a glycol based liquid or
+or even a salt sometimes um it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a salt sometimes um it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a salt sometimes um it has to
+have a high heat capacity in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high heat capacity in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high heat capacity in other words
+it has to be able to absorb a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be able to absorb a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be able to absorb a lot of
+heat and retain it um but it also uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and retain it um but it also uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and retain it um but it also uh has
+to have ideally a minimum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have ideally a minimum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have ideally a minimum amount of
+corrosion uh so that the longevity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion uh so that the longevity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion uh so that the longevity of
+the parts uh is is is sustained and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts uh is is is sustained and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts uh is is is sustained and you
+can see here these tubes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here these tubes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here these tubes that are
+running along here and going down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running along here and going down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running along here and going down these
+fields of collectors all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of collectors all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of collectors all the way to the
+other side and somewhere off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and somewhere off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and somewhere off in the
+distance is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is the heat
+exchanger so that's solar thermal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger so that's solar thermal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger so that's solar thermal for
+you um we have parabolic dishes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um we have parabolic dishes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um we have parabolic dishes uh
+concentrating light into Sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating light into Sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating light into Sterling
+engines that's kind of neat and so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that's kind of neat and so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that's kind of neat and so your
+your th high is basically that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your th high is basically that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your th high is basically that of
+generated by the Sun and your TLO is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the Sun and your TLO is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the Sun and your TLO is the
+ambient so typical mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient so typical mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient so typical mechanical
+engineering there and uh you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering there and uh you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering there and uh you also have
+solar power Towers there's some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power Towers there's some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power Towers there's some work
+going on at MIT and this as well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at MIT and this as well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at MIT and this as well with
+Alex slokum and others uh that are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex slokum and others uh that are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex slokum and others uh that are using
+fields of mirrors to concentrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of mirrors to concentrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of mirrors to concentrate the
+sunlight into a tiny little spot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight into a tiny little spot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight into a tiny little spot right
+here in a big tower uh say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a big tower uh say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a big tower uh say for example
+that spot right there it's it's dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot right there it's it's dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot right there it's it's dark
+it's not an operation but if it were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an operation but if it were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an operation but if it were the
+sun would be concentrated on that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun would be concentrated on that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun would be concentrated on that little
+spot it be really really bright uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it be really really bright uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it be really really bright uh
+indicative of its very high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of its very high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of its very high temperature
+on the order of a couple thousand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a couple thousand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a couple thousand uh
+Calin and then uh the sunlight would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calin and then uh the sunlight would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calin and then uh the sunlight would
+either be absorbed up here with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be absorbed up here with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be absorbed up here with some
+molten salt or reflected down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salt or reflected down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salt or reflected down
+underground into a heat Reservoir and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground into a heat Reservoir and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground into a heat Reservoir and
+that would be your T High running your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your T High running your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be your T High running your
+engine right so your Caro engine um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine right so your Caro engine um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine right so your Caro engine um and
+then the t low would be the ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the t low would be the ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the t low would be the ambient
+temperature solar to heat uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solar to heat uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature solar to heat uh this is
+really important in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in developing countries
+not to be overlooked the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be overlooked the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be overlooked the very simple
+lowtech conversion of sunlight into heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowtech conversion of sunlight into heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowtech conversion of sunlight into heat
+um you can heat water this is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can heat water this is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can heat water this is very very
+common on rooftops all throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common on rooftops all throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common on rooftops all throughout the
+Sun Belt of the planet you'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Belt of the planet you'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Belt of the planet you'll see these
+on the roof painted in Black they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the roof painted in Black they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the roof painted in Black they
+contain uh portable water uh typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain uh portable water uh typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain uh portable water uh typically
+used for either uh uh say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for either uh uh say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for either uh uh say for example
+showers or or kitchen use and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers or or kitchen use and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers or or kitchen use and um the
+fancier versions um that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier versions um that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier versions um that are really
+marvels of engineering these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvels of engineering these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvels of engineering these materials
+all have to the coefficient of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to the coefficient of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to the coefficient of thermal
+expansion matched right as it heats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion matched right as it heats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion matched right as it heats up
+the glass tubing has to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass tubing has to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass tubing has to match the
+expansion of the metal around it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the metal around it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the metal around it so it
+is quite a feet of engineering that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a feet of engineering that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a feet of engineering that they
+make these uh so well and there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these uh so well and there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these uh so well and there are a
+few companies in Germany that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few companies in Germany that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few companies in Germany that really
+pioneered this effort right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered this effort right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered this effort right
+here um of course you have uh tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um of course you have uh tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um of course you have uh tracking
+versions like solar ovens um not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions like solar ovens um not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions like solar ovens um not too
+common uh you typically find more still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh you typically find more still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh you typically find more still
+in developing country unfortunately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing country unfortunately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing country unfortunately you
+find a lot of wood burning uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of wood burning uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of wood burning uh which
+isn't good for uh the the cook which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good for uh the the cook which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good for uh the the cook which uh
+unfortunately most often is is uh female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately most often is is uh female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately most often is is uh female
+and so this illustrates some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this illustrates some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this illustrates some of the
+societal questions that solar involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal questions that solar involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal questions that solar involves
+right it's not just a technology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just a technology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just a technology this
+involves gender equality this involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves gender equality this involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves gender equality this involves
+societal development this is a a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal development this is a a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal development this is a a much
+broader topic than just the fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader topic than just the fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader topic than just the fundamentals
+of the physics of how the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physics of how the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physics of how the solar cell
+device works or how sunlight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device works or how sunlight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device works or how sunlight is
+converted into energy and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into energy and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into energy and that's why we
+have the three segments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three segments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the three segments of the
+course lastly solar diff fuels um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lastly solar diff fuels um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lastly solar diff fuels um the
+way I've traditionally broken it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've traditionally broken it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've traditionally broken it down
+it's a little bit wishy-washy uh is into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit wishy-washy uh is into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit wishy-washy uh is into
+enthalpy and entropy in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and entropy in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and entropy in the sense that
+in enthalpy you're storing the sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enthalpy you're storing the sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enthalpy you're storing the sunlight
+in Bonds in chemical bonds right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bonds in chemical bonds right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bonds in chemical bonds right the
+bonds are forming or or uh more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are forming or or uh more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are forming or or uh more complex
+uh higher energy molecules are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh higher energy molecules are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh higher energy molecules are being
+created so you're taking water and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so you're taking water and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so you're taking water and uh
+splitting into the gases or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting into the gases or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting into the gases or you're
+taking CO2 and water and converting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking CO2 and water and converting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking CO2 and water and converting it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+hydrocarbons um and those can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons um and those can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons um and those can be used to
+uh uh to to to store the fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to to to store the fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to to to store the fuel and
+ultimately release it in the form of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately release it in the form of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately release it in the form of of
+burning the fuel so it's a closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning the fuel so it's a closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning the fuel so it's a closed loop
+cycle and what I refer to as entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and what I refer to as entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and what I refer to as entropy
+which uh I I get some some flak from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I I get some some flak from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I I get some some flak from the
+folks in chemistry for um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in chemistry for um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in chemistry for um is the
+separation of phases in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of phases in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of phases in other words
+desalination if you separate your salts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination if you separate your salts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination if you separate your salts
+from your water um then you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your water um then you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your water um then you're you're
+you're increasing the energy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing the energy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're increasing the energy of your
+system you're doing a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're doing a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're doing a physical
+separation and it is a form of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and it is a form of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and it is a form of energy
+storage so uh this right here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage so uh this right here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage so uh this right here is the
+example of the Renewable Fuel cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the Renewable Fuel cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the Renewable Fuel cycle
+where you have sunlight coming in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sunlight coming in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sunlight coming in to
+your in compounds using some Catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in compounds using some Catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in compounds using some Catalyst
+typically you're creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you're creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you're creating the
+intermediate compound which is a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate compound which is a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate compound which is a solar
+fuel then you burn your solar Fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel then you burn your solar Fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel then you burn your solar Fuel and
+you have your final compounds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your final compounds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your final compounds in the
+ideal World 5 equals 1 the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal World 5 equals 1 the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal World 5 equals 1 the final
+compounds are identical to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are identical to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are identical to the beginning
+compounds and you have a closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and you have a closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds and you have a closed loop
+cycle a renewable cycle and so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle a renewable cycle and so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle a renewable cycle and so a lot of
+work is going on here at MIT this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is going on here at MIT this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is going on here at MIT this is a
+recent paper we published together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper we published together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper we published together with
+Dan noera uh his group is looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan noera uh his group is looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan noera uh his group is looking into
+special types of catalysts our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special types of catalysts our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special types of catalysts our group
+makes solar cells so we work together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes solar cells so we work together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes solar cells so we work together to
+make these Nifty little devices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these Nifty little devices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these Nifty little devices that
+convert sunlight into to storable Fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert sunlight into to storable Fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert sunlight into to storable Fuels
+what you see here are little bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here are little bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here are little bubbles
+coming up from the water uh in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up from the water uh in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up from the water uh in which the
+solar cell device is embedded uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device is embedded uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device is embedded uh the
+water is in your pH neutral and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is in your pH neutral and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is in your pH neutral and it's
+converting that sunlight into gas into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that sunlight into gas into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that sunlight into gas into
+hydrogen and oxygen which can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and oxygen which can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and oxygen which can then be
+stored on one side of the device you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on one side of the device you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on one side of the device you
+could be creating oxygen on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be creating oxygen on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be creating oxygen on the other
+side hydrogen for instance if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side hydrogen for instance if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side hydrogen for instance if you have a
+physical separator You' be able to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical separator You' be able to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical separator You' be able to store
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+electricity uh this is an example very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh this is an example very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh this is an example very
+simple example of desalination driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of desalination driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of desalination driven by
+solar there are much fancier examples as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar there are much fancier examples as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar there are much fancier examples as
+well um but that gives you an idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um but that gives you an idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um but that gives you an idea you
+have contaminated or salty water bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contaminated or salty water bless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contaminated or salty water bless
+you and you're evaporating the water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you're evaporating the water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you're evaporating the water it
+dribbles down into this little collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dribbles down into this little collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dribbles down into this little collector
+over here and finally out into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and finally out into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and finally out into your
+collecting pot leaving the salty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting pot leaving the salty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting pot leaving the salty uh
+brine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brine
+behind um and then in the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um and then in the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind um and then in the broader
+perspective um we have many other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um we have many other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um we have many other issues
+beside just the conversion technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside just the conversion technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside just the conversion technology
+itself we have uh how do we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we have uh how do we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we have uh how do we use the
+electricity and how do we store it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and how do we store it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and how do we store it right
+is the solar power generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solar power generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solar power generation
+centralized and all the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and all the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and all the users
+distributed similar to how we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed similar to how we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed similar to how we produce
+power today do we have one big solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power today do we have one big solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power today do we have one big solar
+field that's producing electricity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's producing electricity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's producing electricity for
+all of Cambridge or do we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Cambridge or do we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of Cambridge or do we have the
+individual solar panels in each of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual solar panels in each of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual solar panels in each of our
+houses right that are producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses right that are producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses right that are producing the
+power locally and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power locally and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power locally and they're all
+interconnected in case the cloud goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected in case the cloud goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected in case the cloud goes
+over one region of Cambridge there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one region of Cambridge there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one region of Cambridge there's
+still coverage that's a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coverage that's a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coverage that's a really big
+question and the economics are what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the economics are what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the economics are what's
+driving this right now these large field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this right now these large field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this right now these large field
+installations give you a sense this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations give you a sense this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations give you a sense this is a
+road right here these little green specs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road right here these little green specs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road right here these little green specs
+are trees these are huge field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trees these are huge field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trees these are huge field
+installations of solar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations of solar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations of solar right
+the economics are driving it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics are driving it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics are driving it right
+now but there are opportunities as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but there are opportunities as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but there are opportunities as well
+in commercial buildings this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial buildings this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial buildings this is the
+muscone center in downtown San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscone center in downtown San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscone center in downtown San Francisco
+it's like the hind Convention Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the hind Convention Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the hind Convention Center
+equivalent there this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent there this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent there this is an example of a
+house in Rochester New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in Rochester New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in Rochester New
+York that housing uh development in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York that housing uh development in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York that housing uh development in in
+Rancho Cordova in California so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rancho Cordova in California so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rancho Cordova in California so you have
+examples of residential installations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of residential installations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of residential installations as
+well are we just going to let economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are we just going to let economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are we just going to let economics
+drive this is there going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this is there going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this is there going to be some
+policy involved is there a smarter way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy involved is there a smarter way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy involved is there a smarter way
+to do it um not only from a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it um not only from a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it um not only from a cost
+perspective but from a societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but from a societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but from a societal
+perspective or an energy uh grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective or an energy uh grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective or an energy uh grid
+robustness point of view what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness point of view what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness point of view what are the
+right choices here it's a lot of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choices here it's a lot of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choices here it's a lot of open
+questions right now in the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right now in the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right now in the field and
+what about energy storage um are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about energy storage um are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about energy storage um are we
+going to store it in terms of batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store it in terms of batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store it in terms of batteries
+and fuel uh centralized storage are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuel uh centralized storage are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuel uh centralized storage are we
+just going to dump it into the grid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to dump it into the grid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to dump it into the grid and
+Be Free Riders let the grid handle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be Free Riders let the grid handle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be Free Riders let the grid handle it
+somehow hope that the grid is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow hope that the grid is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow hope that the grid is stable
+enough that when a lot of solar is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that when a lot of solar is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that when a lot of solar is being
+produced and when no solar is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and when no solar is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and when no solar is being
+produced it'll just be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced it'll just be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced it'll just be able to
+accommodate um I guess the resistance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate um I guess the resistance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate um I guess the resistance in
+in the turbin of the fuel plants will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the turbin of the fuel plants will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the turbin of the fuel plants will
+either increase or decrease depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either increase or decrease depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either increase or decrease depending on
+how much energy we're pumping into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy we're pumping into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy we're pumping into the
+grid and so at the end of the day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and so at the end of the day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and so at the end of the day we
+have this very complex space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very complex space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very complex space of
+conversion Technologies the solar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies the solar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Technologies the solar to
+electricity solar to heat and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity solar to heat and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity solar to heat and so forth
+and the system itself whether we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system itself whether we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system itself whether we have
+centralized generation of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized generation of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized generation of electricity
+distributed generation and whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed generation and whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed generation and whether the
+storage is centralized or distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is centralized or distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is centralized or distributed
+whether we have storage inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have storage inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have storage inside of our
+house on the inverter let's say or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house on the inverter let's say or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house on the inverter let's say or in
+the basement or whether the storage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement or whether the storage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement or whether the storage is
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+centralized storage facility in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized storage facility in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized storage facility in the
+center of Cambridge that uh serves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Cambridge that uh serves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Cambridge that uh serves as a
+buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer
+and we have all of this space to play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have all of this space to play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have all of this space to play in
+we're going to be focusing on solar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on solar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on solar to
+electricity so we'll be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so we'll be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so we'll be focusing on
+these two columns right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns right here and
+specifically the Technologies during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the Technologies during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the Technologies during the
+first two-thirds and then the broader uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two-thirds and then the broader uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two-thirds and then the broader uh
+system level impacts in the last third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level impacts in the last third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level impacts in the last third
+of the course so that puts it all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course so that puts it all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course so that puts it all in
+perspective I'm not going to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I'm not going to get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I'm not going to get too
+much into this I'm just going to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into this I'm just going to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into this I'm just going to say one
+quick word about CO2 energy and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about CO2 energy and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about CO2 energy and climate
+change you hear a lot of talk about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you hear a lot of talk about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you hear a lot of talk about at
+least from the political sector that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from the political sector that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least from the political sector that uh
+scientists are shall we say uh in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are shall we say uh in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are shall we say uh in a lot
+of debate whether climate change exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate whether climate change exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate whether climate change exists
+or not uh that is patently false uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh that is patently false uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh that is patently false uh the
+majority of scientists upward of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of scientists upward of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of scientists upward of
+96% uh have uh believe that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96% uh have uh believe that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96% uh have uh believe that there is
+strong evidence to support uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence to support uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence to support uh the fact
+that human energy consumption especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human energy consumption especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human energy consumption especially
+the high CO2 intensity of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high CO2 intensity of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high CO2 intensity of energy
+consumption is driving some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is driving some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is driving some form of
+climate change what the magnitude is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change what the magnitude is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change what the magnitude is and
+what the impact is obviously that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the impact is obviously that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the impact is obviously that is is
+still under discussion but the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under discussion but the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under discussion but the reality
+that our emission of energy our emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our emission of energy our emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our emission of energy our emission
+of CO2 as a result of energy use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 as a result of energy use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CO2 as a result of energy use our
+fossil fuel energy use is driving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel energy use is driving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel energy use is driving some
+form of climate change that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of climate change that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of climate change that there is
+widespread consensus among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread consensus among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread consensus among the
+established scientists in the field now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established scientists in the field now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established scientists in the field now
+if you want to do some back ofth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do some back ofth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do some back ofth
+envelope calculations just to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculations just to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculations just to convince
+yourself that we tiny puny little human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that we tiny puny little human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that we tiny puny little human
+beings are having an impact on our world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are having an impact on our world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are having an impact on our world
+do this for me take the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for me take the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for me take the total energy
+consumption rate this is the energy burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption rate this is the energy burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption rate this is the energy burn
+rate so it's the power average power uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so it's the power average power uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so it's the power average power uh
+average rate of electricity use um look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of electricity use um look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average rate of electricity use um look
+at just the uh the the the fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just the uh the the the fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just the uh the the the fossil
+fuel-based uh uh energy sources or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel-based uh uh energy sources or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel-based uh uh energy sources or if
+you prefer take the average CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer take the average CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer take the average CO2
+intensity of our Energy Mix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of our Energy Mix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of our Energy Mix which
+somewhere uh somewhere around 600 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh somewhere around 600 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh somewhere around 600 or
+maybe 800 gram of CO2 per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 800 gram of CO2 per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 800 gram of CO2 per kilowatt hour
+and then uh look at that amount of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh look at that amount of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh look at that amount of CO2
+emitted you can calculate how much CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted you can calculate how much CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted you can calculate how much CO2
+is emitted per unit time from our Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted per unit time from our Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitted per unit time from our Energy
+Mix knowing the carbon intensity of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mix knowing the carbon intensity of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mix knowing the carbon intensity of our
+Energy Mix then do a quick back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Mix then do a quick back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Mix then do a quick back of the
+envelope calculation assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation assume that our
+atmosphere is 30 km thick it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is 30 km thick it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is 30 km thick it's a
+generous assumption it it it the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous assumption it it it the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous assumption it it it the density
+of the atmosphere dwindles pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere dwindles pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere dwindles pretty
+quickly above 10 kilm but assume it's 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly above 10 kilm but assume it's 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly above 10 kilm but assume it's 30
+kilom thick and then dissolve all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilom thick and then dissolve all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilom thick and then dissolve all of
+that carbon that we're creating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon that we're creating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon that we're creating from
+this energy mix into that thin shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy mix into that thin shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy mix into that thin shell
+surrounding our Earth our Earth is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding our Earth our Earth is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding our Earth our Earth is in
+the order of 6,370 kilm in radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 6,370 kilm in radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 6,370 kilm in radius and
+it's only 30 kilm thick the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only 30 kilm thick the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only 30 kilm thick the atmosphere
+that's why those beautiful photos from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why those beautiful photos from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why those beautiful photos from
+the space missions when you see the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space missions when you see the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space missions when you see the that
+thin blue shell on the planet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin blue shell on the planet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin blue shell on the planet right
+that's the atmosphere it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the atmosphere it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the atmosphere it's really really
+thin just do a quick density carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin just do a quick density carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin just do a quick density carbon
+density analysis and you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density analysis and you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density analysis and you'll see that
+we're adding uh High tens of parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding uh High tens of parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding uh High tens of parts per
+million of CO2 to the atmosphere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of CO2 to the atmosphere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of CO2 to the atmosphere right
+and then you look at the total CO2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the total CO2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the total CO2 in
+the atmosphere which is in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere which is in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere which is in the order of
+400 parts per million and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 parts per million and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 parts per million and you'll see
+that we're adding an appreciable amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're adding an appreciable amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're adding an appreciable amount
+just given the carbon intensity of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given the carbon intensity of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given the carbon intensity of our
+Energy Mix and the total toal volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Mix and the total toal volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Mix and the total toal volume of
+atmosphere into which we're dumping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere into which we're dumping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere into which we're dumping that
+carbon and so the question of whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and so the question of whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and so the question of whether or
+not we are adding carbon to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we are adding carbon to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we are adding carbon to the
+atmosphere I think is indisputable based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere I think is indisputable based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere I think is indisputable based
+on some quick back of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some quick back of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some quick back of the envelope
+calculations and of course the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and of course the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and of course the more
+in-depth models the only place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth models the only place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth models the only place where you
+can have some wiggle room to argue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some wiggle room to argue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some wiggle room to argue is
+whether or not CO2 actually influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not CO2 actually influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not CO2 actually influences
+the climate and for that uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate and for that uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate and for that uh there are a
+number of studies discussing that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies discussing that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies discussing that point
+I would pre I would refer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would pre I would refer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would pre I would refer you
+specifically to uh these here um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to uh these here um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to uh these here um in
+published in science in 2005 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science in 2005 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science in 2005 that
+discuss historical correlations over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss historical correlations over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss historical correlations over the
+last 600,000 years correlating CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 600,000 years correlating CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 600,000 years correlating CO2 and
+mean global temperatures uh based on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean global temperatures uh based on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean global temperatures uh based on um
+oxygen isotope ratios uh containing gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen isotope ratios uh containing gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen isotope ratios uh containing gas
+bubbles for example in ice course so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles for example in ice course so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles for example in ice course so I
+would say if you're if you're arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if you're if you're arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if you're if you're arguing
+whether or not we're having an influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we're having an influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we're having an influence
+on our atmosphere I would say that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our atmosphere I would say that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our atmosphere I would say that is a
+difficult position to take the only room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult position to take the only room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult position to take the only room
+that I would give you some room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would give you some room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would give you some room to
+maneuver would be if you said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver would be if you said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver would be if you said well you
+know CO2 really isn't that bad in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know CO2 really isn't that bad in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know CO2 really isn't that bad in the
+atmosphere despite what our infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere despite what our infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere despite what our infrared
+absorption data seems to indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption data seems to indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption data seems to indicate that
+it really does absorb infrared light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does absorb infrared light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really does absorb infrared light and
+Reit it um so that's uh what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reit it um so that's uh what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reit it um so that's uh what I have to
+say about the uh climate which is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the uh climate which is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the uh climate which is a huge
+motivator for a lot of people taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivator for a lot of people taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivator for a lot of people taking the
+course uh and you're welcome to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you're welcome to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you're welcome to talk
+about that in more detail but I'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in more detail but I'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in more detail but I'd really
+love to keep this focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to keep this focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to keep this focus on the
+technology by and large and uh for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology by and large and uh for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology by and large and uh for that
+I'd like to hand out these background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to hand out these background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to hand out these background
+assessment quizzes for each of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment quizzes for each of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment quizzes for each of you uh
+please take a few moments to fill these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a few moments to fill these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take a few moments to fill these
+out uh just pass them back so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh just pass them back so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh just pass them back so we can
+learn more about your interests and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about your interests and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about your interests and uh
+what I'll also do is pass around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll also do is pass around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll also do is pass around this
+little solar module right here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar module right here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar module right here so you
+can get a sense of uh what a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a sense of uh what a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a sense of uh what a small
+little solar cell looks like up close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar cell looks like up close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar cell looks like up close
+and personal once you're done feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and personal once you're done feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and personal once you're done feel free
+to come up and take a look at the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and take a look at the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and take a look at the solar
+module right here as well and thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lau7bwQAWr4.txt b/Lau7bwQAWr4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d02f140fe4b5738cf9fffd210a9f44c260c7bc09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lau7bwQAWr4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu how many of you guys in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu how many of you guys in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu how many of you guys in here
+think you might want to one day run your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might want to one day run your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might want to one day run your
+own company or begin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company or begin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own company or begin a
+startup the vast majority of you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup the vast majority of you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup the vast majority of you good
+remember that because uh at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that because uh at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that because uh at the end of
+my presentation I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my presentation I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my presentation I'm going to give you
+guys an opportunity to begin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys an opportunity to begin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys an opportunity to begin that
+process my name is Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process my name is Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process my name is Steve
+Pur and my background let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur and my background let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur and my background let's
+see former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see former
+CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO
+entrepreneur I am an angel investor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I am an angel investor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I am an angel investor I
+work with Venture Capital companies as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Venture Capital companies as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Venture Capital companies as a
+litmus test if I like it they might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test if I like it they might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test if I like it they might like
+it too and I advise CEOs and startups I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too and I advise CEOs and startups I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too and I advise CEOs and startups I
+live in Colorado Florida I used to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Colorado Florida I used to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Colorado Florida I used to live
+here full-time now I just come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here full-time now I just come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here full-time now I just come and
+visit um so my specialty in background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit um so my specialty in background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit um so my specialty in background
+primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily
+telecommunications it and as of late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications it and as of late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications it and as of late
+last 10 years or so Health Science I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years or so Health Science I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years or so Health Science I've
+bought company iies I have sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought company iies I have sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought company iies I have sold
+companies I've raised over $250 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I've raised over $250 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I've raised over $250 million
+over six rounds and my background is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six rounds and my background is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six rounds and my background is
+kind of up through the ranks uh AT&T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of up through the ranks uh AT&T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of up through the ranks uh AT&T
+then I became chief engineer at Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I became chief engineer at Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I became chief engineer at Sprint
+ran operations and started Time Warner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran operations and started Time Warner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran operations and started Time Warner
+Telecom uh ran a Wireless company uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom uh ran a Wireless company uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom uh ran a Wireless company uh was
+an Executive Vice President at Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Executive Vice President at Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Executive Vice President at Bay
+networks merged it into Nell in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks merged it into Nell in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks merged it into Nell in a
+successful sale for $7 billion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful sale for $7 billion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful sale for $7 billion and then
+I did my own startup in Silicon Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did my own startup in Silicon Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did my own startup in Silicon Valley
+and that was cool um that I came in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was cool um that I came in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was cool um that I came in when
+we were uh valued at $18 million and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh valued at $18 million and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were uh valued at $18 million and we
+sold for $2.7 billion less than a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for $2.7 billion less than a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for $2.7 billion less than a year
+and a halfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a halfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a halfish
+later uh those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh those are the
+days you might think that was a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you might think that was a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you might think that was a bubble
+guess what there's always a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what there's always a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what there's always a bubble
+there's always a bubble look what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a bubble look what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a bubble look what's
+happening now with Twitter and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now with Twitter and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now with Twitter and social
+networking there's always a bubble your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking there's always a bubble your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking there's always a bubble your
+challenge is to find how can I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to find how can I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to find how can I make my
+own bubble or where is the next bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own bubble or where is the next bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own bubble or where is the next bubble
+going to be your challenge is to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your challenge is to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be your challenge is to be a
+hockey player and skate to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey player and skate to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hockey player and skate to where the
+puck is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puck is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puck is going to
+be not where it is now because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not where it is now because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not where it is now because you're
+too late where do you think that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late where do you think that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late where do you think that next
+big event is going to happen that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+challenge um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um the
+startup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup and
+these statistics are about right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics are about right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics are about right some
+might say I'm over generous but out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say I'm over generous but out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say I'm over generous but out of
+every 10 startups maybe one will succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 startups maybe one will succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 startups maybe one will succeed
+Kawasaki will say one out of 20 but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawasaki will say one out of 20 but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawasaki will say one out of 20 but one
+out of 10 will succeed what's it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 will succeed what's it what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 will succeed what's it what's
+a success success is if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success success is if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success success is if you're an
+investor you make at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor you make at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor you make at least
+10x the investor really wants 100x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10x the investor really wants 100x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10x the investor really wants 100x and
+they're going to gun for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to gun for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to gun for that but
+they'll take 10x they want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take 10x they want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take 10x they want something
+that's going to make it's called hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make it's called hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make it's called hey
+this company thanks Steve you made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company thanks Steve you made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company thanks Steve you made the
+fund what does that mean I made the fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund what does that mean I made the fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund what does that mean I made the fund
+they've got a fund they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a fund they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a fund they have a lot of
+private investors give them their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private investors give them their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private investors give them their money
+they invest that money and all they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invest that money and all they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invest that money and all they want
+all that money back plus more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that money back plus more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that money back plus more to the
+investors if you have a $100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors if you have a $100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors if you have a $100 million
+fund you've got to give that $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund you've got to give that $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund you've got to give that $100
+million back or you're a failure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million back or you're a failure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million back or you're a failure you
+really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to
+give 200 million back 400 million back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 200 million back 400 million back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 200 million back 400 million back
+you want to give much Mone much more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give much Mone much more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give much Mone much more and
+as a venture capitalist you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a venture capitalist you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a venture capitalist you get to
+pocket an even bigger percentage than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket an even bigger percentage than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket an even bigger percentage than
+than your limited partners or investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your limited partners or investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your limited partners or investors
+will take so they want a 10x company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take so they want a 10x company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take so they want a 10x company
+that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the
+fund so 10 10 companies they want want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund so 10 10 companies they want want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund so 10 10 companies they want want
+to be a factor of 10 better three out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a factor of 10 better three out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a factor of 10 better three out of
+10ish might yield a moderate return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10ish might yield a moderate return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10ish might yield a moderate return
+what's a moderate return you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a moderate return you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a moderate return you know maybe
+2 to 4X and four to seven years and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to 4X and four to seven years and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to 4X and four to seven years and you
+really you really want to be shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you really want to be shutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you really want to be shutting
+down the fund in about seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the fund in about seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the fund in about seven years
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it happens sometimes it
+doesn't and then six are failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and then six are failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and then six are failures
+completely shut down so that's the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shut down so that's the odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shut down so that's the odds
+you're facing here you might think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing here you might think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing here you might think oh
+God if I do this chances are I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God if I do this chances are I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God if I do this chances are I'm not
+going to be a success a big success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a success a big success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a success a big success
+that's fine because investors know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine because investors know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine because investors know these
+odds and if you come from a failure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds and if you come from a failure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds and if you come from a failure or
+two that's no problem as long as you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's no problem as long as you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's no problem as long as you did
+a good job you learn from the failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job you learn from the failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job you learn from the failures
+or mistake maybe it was just the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mistake maybe it was just the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mistake maybe it was just the wrong
+bit at the wrong time but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the wrong time but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the wrong time but they're not
+afraid of reinvesting in people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of reinvesting in people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of reinvesting in people who have
+done this a few times and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this a few times and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this a few times and look at the
+valley you have people skip companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley you have people skip companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley you have people skip companies
+right and left all over the place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left all over the place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left all over the place so
+long uh history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh history of
+backgrounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds so
+okay why do a startup I mean what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do a startup I mean what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do a startup I mean what what's
+the game here what what you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game here what what you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game here what what you trying to
+play well if you do a startup and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play well if you do a startup and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play well if you do a startup and you
+get money from investors you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from investors you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from investors you have to be
+able to exit and what is an exit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exit and what is an exit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exit and what is an exit you
+have to either go public or get sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either go public or get sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either go public or get sold
+that's an exit why is going public an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an exit why is going public an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an exit why is going public an
+exit because finally I can cash out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit because finally I can cash out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit because finally I can cash out the
+stocks that I bought from you a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that I bought from you a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that I bought from you a long
+time ago your investors want their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago your investors want their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago your investors want their money
+back if you're interested in running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you're interested in running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you're interested in running a
+mom and pop business with a cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and pop business with a cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom and pop business with a cool idea
+and cool technology no one no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool technology no one no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool technology no one no one's
+going to invest in it except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to invest in it except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to invest in it except
+family why because they're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family why because they're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family why because they're never going
+to get their money back it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their money back it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their money back it's not a
+liquid asset so you have to plan on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid asset so you have to plan on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid asset so you have to plan on
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+public or getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or getting
+sold if you're a technology company by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold if you're a technology company by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold if you're a technology company by
+the way officially the answer is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way officially the answer is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way officially the answer is always
+I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+public I'm not going to sell never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public I'm not going to sell never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public I'm not going to sell never going
+to sell I'm going to run this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell I'm going to run this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell I'm going to run this thing
+forever hand it off to why do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever hand it off to why do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever hand it off to why do you have
+to say that why do you have to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that why do you have to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that why do you have to say we're
+not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get
+acquired cuz if you say I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired cuz if you say I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired cuz if you say I'm going to get
+acquired you're not in it your heart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired you're not in it your heart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired you're not in it your heart's
+not in it you're looking for a trick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in it you're looking for a trick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in it you're looking for a trick a
+magic pony I want to sell this puppy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic pony I want to sell this puppy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic pony I want to sell this puppy I'm
+going to make a buck and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a buck and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a buck and I don't want to
+I want to sell it and make money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to sell it and make money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to sell it and make money and
+that's it no no no no no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it no no no no no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it no no no no no you
+cannot can't say that you say that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot can't say that you say that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot can't say that you say that no
+one's going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to give you a
+penny so you're always going public but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny so you're always going public but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny so you're always going public but
+why would a company ever want to buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a company ever want to buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a company ever want to buy it
+just in case it wanted to buy it uh B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case it wanted to buy it uh B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case it wanted to buy it uh B
+Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay
+networks at one time Bay networks was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks at one time Bay networks was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks at one time Bay networks was
+bigger than Cisco Bay built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Cisco Bay built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than Cisco Bay built
+routers internet IP routers and um I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers internet IP routers and um I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers internet IP routers and um I ran
+the internet and Telecom business group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and Telecom business group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and Telecom business group
+and we built blades to replace the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we built blades to replace the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we built blades to replace the old
+technology that was maybe 10 megabits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that was maybe 10 megabits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that was maybe 10 megabits a
+second we had to come out with a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we had to come out with a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we had to come out with a 100
+megabit a second and then gig and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabit a second and then gig and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabit a second and then gig and and
+play that game different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that game different
+interfaces and my team was a good team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and my team was a good team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and my team was a good team
+we could build a blade in about 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could build a blade in about 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could build a blade in about 18
+months it's pretty good people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's pretty good people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's pretty good people working
+maybe 9 to five 9 to six good Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 9 to five 9 to six good Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 9 to five 9 to six good Engineers
+teamwork meetings stuff like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teamwork meetings stuff like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teamwork meetings stuff like that a
+startup can do that in nine months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup can do that in nine months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup can do that in nine months
+and nine months Delta in a new product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine months Delta in a new product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine months Delta in a new product
+introduction can spell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction can spell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction can spell the difference
+between failure and success in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between failure and success in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between failure and success in this
+business I could not afford to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I could not afford to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I could not afford to build a
+new blade that goes into my rack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new blade that goes into my rack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new blade that goes into my rack and
+sell it to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to my
+customers sometimes if I could only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers sometimes if I could only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers sometimes if I could only do
+it in 18 months if I had another company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 18 months if I had another company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 18 months if I had another company
+start advertising and had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start advertising and had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start advertising and had a good
+marketing person and they're telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing person and they're telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing person and they're telling the
+industry analysts and all the IND Rags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry analysts and all the IND Rags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry analysts and all the IND Rags
+hey we got this new widget and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we got this new widget and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we got this new widget and it's got
+100 megabits now and we're selling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megabits now and we're selling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megabits now and we're selling it
+and customers love it I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customers love it I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and customers love it I have to do a
+make or buy decision I may interrupt my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or buy decision I may interrupt my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or buy decision I may interrupt my
+development I may say Finance go strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I may say Finance go strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I may say Finance go strike
+a deal let's buy this company quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal let's buy this company quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal let's buy this company quickly
+and ba did that all the time we I bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ba did that all the time we I bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ba did that all the time we I bought
+a a bunch of startups hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a bunch of startups hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a bunch of startups hot
+startups for internet dialing modems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups for internet dialing modems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups for internet dialing modems
+that was big time back in the 90s so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was big time back in the 90s so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was big time back in the 90s so you
+had a a box that was 10 times smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a box that was 10 times smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a a box that was 10 times smaller
+faster cheaper all that stuff using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster cheaper all that stuff using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster cheaper all that stuff using
+chips that just came off the line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that just came off the line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips that just came off the line from
+Intel or TI or whatever and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel or TI or whatever and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel or TI or whatever and you can
+build something in nine months I'd buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something in nine months I'd buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something in nine months I'd buy
+that company okay that's a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company okay that's a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company okay that's a great example
+of how you can go out take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you can go out take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you can go out take the
+state-of-the-art today the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art today the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art today the latest
+chipsets build it smer smaller faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipsets build it smer smaller faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chipsets build it smer smaller faster
+all all these nice characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all these nice characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all these nice characteristics and
+sell your company and you can do it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your company and you can do it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your company and you can do it over
+and over and over again why can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again why can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again why can you do
+that as a startup why can't big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a startup why can't big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a startup why can't big
+companies do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do that
+because you're working for stock you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're working for stock you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're working for stock you're
+not working for a promotion you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working for a promotion you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working for a promotion you're not
+working for a lot of things big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a lot of things big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a lot of things big
+companies people work for a nice stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies people work for a nice stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies people work for a nice stable
+lifestyle you're willing to work until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle you're willing to work until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle you're willing to work until
+midnight and bring in Pizza the CEO when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight and bring in Pizza the CEO when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight and bring in Pizza the CEO when
+I was a CEO i' bring in Chinese just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a CEO i' bring in Chinese just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a CEO i' bring in Chinese just to
+entice people please stay longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entice people please stay longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entice people please stay longer and
+work harder because everybody's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work harder because everybody's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work harder because everybody's working
+for the same thing everybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing everybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing everybody wants to
+get rich everybody wants stock it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rich everybody wants stock it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rich everybody wants stock it's a
+great unifier it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great unifier it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great unifier it's the
+great uh it is the enticement that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh it is the enticement that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh it is the enticement that makes
+everybody think along the same way when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think along the same way when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody think along the same way when
+I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was at
+AT&T everybody wanted to you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T everybody wanted to you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T everybody wanted to you know make
+you look bad so they might step on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look bad so they might step on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look bad so they might step on you
+and get another $5,000 raise or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get another $5,000 raise or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get another $5,000 raise or maybe
+run a department with five more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a department with five more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a department with five more people
+that's big company mentality startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big company mentality startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big company mentality startups
+was such a great cleanse when I left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such a great cleanse when I left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such a great cleanse when I left the
+big corporate environment and went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big corporate environment and went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big corporate environment and went into
+the startup world that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startup world that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startup world that's what we're
+talking about here that's the taste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here that's the taste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here that's the taste of
+what what could be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future okay getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay getting
+money signal to noise signal to noise do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money signal to noise signal to noise do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money signal to noise signal to noise do
+you know how much noise is out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much noise is out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much noise is out there
+that you're going to be fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be fighting
+against if you want attention as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against if you want attention as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against if you want attention as a
+startup if you want attention from a VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup if you want attention from a VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup if you want attention from a VC
+or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an
+angel you're waiting through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel you're waiting through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel you're waiting through a
+tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of
+noise your signal has to be mu powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise your signal has to be mu powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise your signal has to be mu powerful
+okay and we're going to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to talk about how
+to make your signal very powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your signal very powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your signal very powerful and
+punching through that noise because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching through that noise because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching through that noise because you
+got to go out and grab people by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go out and grab people by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go out and grab people by the
+neck shake them and make them listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck shake them and make them listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck shake them and make them listen to
+your pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pitch
+so this is a terrible elevator pitch but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a terrible elevator pitch but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a terrible elevator pitch but
+it's the elements of what you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the elements of what you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the elements of what you want to be
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+for okay I'm going to paraphrase for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay I'm going to paraphrase for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay I'm going to paraphrase for
+this huge great target market who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge great target market who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge great target market who really
+hate the stuff they're using now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate the stuff they're using now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate the stuff they're using now our
+frat is a new hegberg category that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frat is a new hegberg category that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frat is a new hegberg category that
+provides all your Solutions you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides all your Solutions you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides all your Solutions you've been
+looking for unlike the bozos who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for unlike the bozos who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for unlike the bozos who were
+competing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against
+we have assembled incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have assembled incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have assembled incredible
+groundbreaking technology that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbreaking technology that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundbreaking technology that is going
+to be ready in 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready in 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ready in 6
+months essentially that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months essentially that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months essentially that's kind of what
+you want to be saying you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be saying you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be saying you have to have
+all these elements in your elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these elements in your elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these elements in your elevator
+pitch okay and say it a lot better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch okay and say it a lot better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch okay and say it a lot better than
+this this format up here that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this format up here that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this format up here that's what you
+need to do I'd like you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do I'd like you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do I'd like you to start
+thinking about filling in the blanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about filling in the blanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about filling in the blanks for
+your ideas now whether or not it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas now whether or not it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas now whether or not it's a
+real product or techn Tech ology or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real product or techn Tech ology or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real product or techn Tech ology or it's
+something you think hey this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you think hey this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you think hey this would be
+cool if I could ever do this think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool if I could ever do this think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool if I could ever do this think about
+how you would say this okay cuz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would say this okay cuz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would say this okay cuz that's
+the elevator pitch and will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevator pitch and will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevator pitch and will determine
+your Readiness to do a startup your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Readiness to do a startup your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Readiness to do a startup your
+Readiness to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness to get
+money you got really one shot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you got really one shot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you got really one shot because
+once a venture capitalist has seen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a venture capitalist has seen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a venture capitalist has seen your
+face and you said a few words they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you said a few words they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you said a few words they're
+either thinking right away I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either thinking right away I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either thinking right away I'm going to
+go ahead and listen to the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and listen to the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and listen to the rest of this
+or you're having trouble here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're having trouble here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're having trouble here and then
+you're gone I mean why too much noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gone I mean why too much noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gone I mean why too much noise
+they see thousands of pitches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see thousands of pitches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see thousands of pitches and
+thousands of people and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people and they have to
+quickly it's almost neuronally implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's almost neuronally implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's almost neuronally implanted
+they can very quickly determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can very quickly determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can very quickly determine whether
+you're worth it or not so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worth it or not so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worth it or not so that's why
+it's important to rehearse this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to rehearse this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to rehearse this stuff
+and get it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right everybody's maybe heard this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody's maybe heard this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody's maybe heard this uh I
+didn't have time to write you a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have time to write you a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have time to write you a short
+letter so I wrote you a long long one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so I wrote you a long long one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so I wrote you a long long one um
+what does that mean it means you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means you've got
+to be super super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be super super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be super super
+crisp you've got to be able to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp you've got to be able to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisp you've got to be able to say what
+you're going to say and enunciate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say and enunciate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say and enunciate it
+grab them power you have to hit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them power you have to hit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them power you have to hit them
+over the head with a hammer with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the head with a hammer with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the head with a hammer with what
+you're saying it's got to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's got to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's got to be so
+compelling we'll talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling we'll talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling we'll talk more about that
+but you really got to capture their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really got to capture their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really got to capture their
+attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and
+then Jeffrey Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do what do you mean you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do you mean you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do you mean you have to
+induce greed greed doesn't sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce greed greed doesn't sound good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce greed greed doesn't sound good
+well when you go to the store and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you go to the store and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you go to the store and you
+see something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something on
+sale what what are you thinking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale what what are you thinking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale what what are you thinking you're
+thinking that's on sale uh do I need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that's on sale uh do I need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that's on sale uh do I need it
+I don't know maybe I should buy it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe I should buy it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe I should buy it now
+while it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's on
+sale you're inducing spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale you're inducing spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale you're inducing spontaneous
+greed when you buy something for sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed when you buy something for sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed when you buy something for sale
+because it's a good deal might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a good deal might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a good deal might not be
+there later you have to induce greed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there later you have to induce greed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there later you have to induce greed on
+the part of your investors Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of your investors Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of your investors Venture
+capitalists Angel Investors even family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists Angel Investors even family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists Angel Investors even family
+you have to say I'm on to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say I'm on to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say I'm on to something
+really big really really big this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big really really big this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big really really big this is
+going to be huge and you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be huge and you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be huge and you need to think
+about investing now you have to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investing now you have to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investing now you have to get that
+greed going and that greed has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed going and that greed has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed going and that greed has to be
+started from the very first elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from the very first elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from the very first elevator
+pitch and really a good elevator pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and really a good elevator pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and really a good elevator pitch
+isn't what I just set up here a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I just set up here a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I just set up here a good
+elevator pitch starts with a hook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitch starts with a hook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitch starts with a hook and
+we're going to talk about that hook a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that hook a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that hook a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the
+pitch keep it simple keep it simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch keep it simple keep it simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch keep it simple keep it simple and
+stupid keep it really really simple no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid keep it really really simple no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid keep it really really simple no
+matter how simple you think your pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how simple you think your pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how simple you think your pitch
+is no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no matter how
+easy and clear you think you are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and clear you think you are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and clear you think you are you're
+not you're not being clear enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're not being clear enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're not being clear enough you
+need to really dumb it down like third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really dumb it down like third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really dumb it down like third
+grade you need to be able to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you need to be able to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you need to be able to explain it
+to a third grader if if you can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a third grader if if you can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a third grader if if you can explain
+it to a third grader you're doing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a third grader you're doing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a third grader you're doing a good
+job don't worry about coming across as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job don't worry about coming across as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job don't worry about coming across as
+too simplistic they'll pull you up to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too simplistic they'll pull you up to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too simplistic they'll pull you up to to
+a different level if they need to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different level if they need to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different level if they need to like
+let's talk more about the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk more about the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk more about the technology
+let's get into the weeds a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get into the weeds a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get into the weeds a little bit
+but if you lose them early on by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you lose them early on by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you lose them early on by being
+too technical or too complex you're gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too technical or too complex you're gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too technical or too complex you're gone
+they won't give you the chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't give you the chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't give you the chance of
+explaining yourself later because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining yourself later because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining yourself later because you
+weren't able to communicate effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to communicate effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to communicate effectively
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+front this um this Hook is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this um this Hook is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this um this Hook is kind of like
+a a pain point or a statement of greed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pain point or a statement of greed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pain point or a statement of greed
+you have to say something that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something that is so
+exciting they're going to stop what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting they're going to stop what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting they're going to stop what
+they're doing and continue to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and continue to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and continue to listen to
+you because I've never heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I've never heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I've never heard of that
+how's that possible okay think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that possible okay think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that possible okay think about
+your target audience is your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target audience is your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target audience is your target
+audience technical is your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience technical is your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience technical is your target
+audience a lay consumer is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience a lay consumer is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience a lay consumer is it the
+financial analysts who don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysts who don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysts who don't know
+anything about technology they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about technology they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about technology they want to
+hear about money and numbers you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about money and numbers you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about money and numbers you need to
+really understand who your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand who your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand who your target
+audience is if the I start to glaze over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is if the I start to glaze over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is if the I start to glaze over
+you failed you didn't do your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you failed you didn't do your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you failed you didn't do your homework
+you didn't understand who your audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't understand who your audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't understand who your audience
+was talk to them on their level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talk to them on their level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talk to them on their level that
+makes them excited everybody's listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them excited everybody's listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them excited everybody's listening
+to you greedy for something give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you greedy for something give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you greedy for something give them
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+want a and and if you're in a room of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a and and if you're in a room of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a and and if you're in a room of
+different people change your pitch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people change your pitch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people change your pitch to
+the lowest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest common
+denominator okay you might have a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay you might have a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay you might have a room
+full of VCS and a couple of of Junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of VCS and a couple of of Junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of VCS and a couple of of Junior
+VCS if one of the Partners in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS if one of the Partners in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS if one of the Partners in the room
+is not from this industry at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not from this industry at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not from this industry at all you
+need to lower it down to that person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lower it down to that person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lower it down to that person's
+level because if you lose that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because if you lose that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because if you lose that person
+they're going to blackball you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to blackball you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to blackball you later
+they're going to say they lost me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say they lost me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say they lost me I
+didn't like they weren't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like they weren't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like they weren't able to
+communicate with me I don't like them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with me I don't like them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with me I don't like them so
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+sure when you're scanning the room or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure when you're scanning the room or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure when you're scanning the room or
+before you even walk into the room get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even walk into the room get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even walk into the room get a
+list of who the VCS May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of who the VCS May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of who the VCS May
+attend what their backgrounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend what their backgrounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend what their backgrounds are
+what companies they work for if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what companies they work for if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what companies they work for if you can
+connect with any of them by their past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with any of them by their past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with any of them by their past
+history with a person or a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with a person or a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with a person or a company that
+you're familiar with bring it in say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with bring it in say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with bring it in say by
+the way I happen to know you you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I happen to know you you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I happen to know you you went to
+you were from Nell did you know so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were from Nell did you know so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were from Nell did you know so and
+so try to engage that person but bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to engage that person but bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to engage that person but bring
+it down to the lowest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to the lowest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to the lowest common
+denominator the the the the the wizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the the the the the wizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator the the the the the wizzes
+in the room will try to bring you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room will try to bring you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room will try to bring you back
+up but always try to remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but always try to remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but always try to remember there's
+one or two people who may not understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two people who may not understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two people who may not understand
+what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about
+Joe's already covered 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe's already covered 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe's already covered 10
+2030 but really 20 minutes 20 minut they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 but really 20 minutes 20 minut they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 but really 20 minutes 20 minut they
+gave me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an
+hour why do I need to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour why do I need to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour why do I need to make this a
+20-minute pitch well for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-minute pitch well for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-minute pitch well for two
+reasons you know one they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know one they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you know one they're going to
+have trouble you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble you're going to have
+trouble getting your presentation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble getting your presentation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble getting your presentation to
+work with the AV Equipment that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the AV Equipment that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the AV Equipment that's going
+to eat up some time but realistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat up some time but realistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat up some time but realistically
+you're going to be interrupted over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be interrupted over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be interrupted over and
+over and over again people will drag you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again people will drag you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again people will drag you
+into minutia and detail you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into minutia and detail you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into minutia and detail you need to
+fight that and resist that but you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that and resist that but you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight that and resist that but you'll be
+stopped and you'll never get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and you'll never get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and you'll never get through
+your your 20 minute pitch that hour will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your 20 minute pitch that hour will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your 20 minute pitch that hour will
+go just like that so you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go just like that so you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go just like that so you really have to
+make it if you're pitching it alone in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it if you're pitching it alone in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it if you're pitching it alone in a
+room no more than 20 minutes it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room no more than 20 minutes it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room no more than 20 minutes it will
+expand to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to the full
+hour use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour use
+pictures seriously use pictures there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures seriously use pictures there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures seriously use pictures there's
+nothing more boring than this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more boring than this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more boring than this right
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+um there's always somebody in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's always somebody in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's always somebody in the room
+whether it's Angels or a Venture Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Angels or a Venture Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Angels or a Venture Capital
+Partnership somebody in the room who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnership somebody in the room who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnership somebody in the room who
+wants to show off they know more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to show off they know more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to show off they know more than
+you do that's not going to work we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that's not going to work we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that's not going to work we did
+that three years ago it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three years ago it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three years ago it was a
+failure or wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure or wait a minute
+uh the neural resistance I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the neural resistance I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the neural resistance I thought was
+going to be higher than that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher than that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher than that you need to
+defend that you're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend that you're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend that you're always going to be
+teased in into a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teased in into a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teased in into a rat
+hole here follow me into this rat hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole here follow me into this rat hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole here follow me into this rat hole
+that's running around and waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running around and waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running around and waste
+everybody's time and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's time and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's time and then you're going
+to be asked to leave don't fall for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked to leave don't fall for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked to leave don't fall for that
+you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+options you either firmly and with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you either firmly and with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you either firmly and with a uh
+you know nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice
+reasonable answer say nope that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer say nope that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer say nope that's not
+the case and this is why and then but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and this is why and then but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and this is why and then but
+I'll get back to that later if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to that later if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to that later if you want
+to or you say uh good point um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or you say uh good point um I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or you say uh good point um I'm not
+I'm not familiar with that point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not familiar with that point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not familiar with that point you
+just made I'll get back to you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made I'll get back to you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made I'll get back to you later
+don't let them continue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let them continue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let them continue that
+conversation you've got to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you've got to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you've got to know how to
+shut off the questions shut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut off the questions shut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut off the questions shut off the
+spigot and move on because you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spigot and move on because you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spigot and move on because you have an
+agenda to get to asking for money at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda to get to asking for money at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda to get to asking for money at the
+very end if you don't get to that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end if you don't get to that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end if you don't get to that then
+it was a nice thank you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a nice thank you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a nice thank you for the
+information there's the door you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there's the door you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there's the door you have to
+be able to get to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as important as anything I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as anything I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important as anything I've talked
+about is the need for you to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the need for you to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the need for you to be a
+competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent
+presenter you need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter you need to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter you need to show
+passion you have to show confidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion you have to show confidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion you have to show confidence and
+you have to engage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to engage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to engage the
+audience not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience not easy to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+the and it takes sometimes years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and it takes sometimes years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and it takes sometimes years and
+years to learn how to do that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to learn how to do that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to learn how to do that it's very
+difficult if I were to grabb any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if I were to grabb any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if I were to grabb any one of
+you down here and say you know please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down here and say you know please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down here and say you know please
+give a presentation on whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation on whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation on whatever your
+most passionate thing is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most passionate thing is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most passionate thing is you're going to
+be kind of hard pressed you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of hard pressed you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of hard pressed you're going to
+want to kind of recite things but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of recite things but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of recite things but from
+memory and and and forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and and and forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and and and forget about the
+engagement you're going to speak too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement you're going to speak too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement you're going to speak too
+fast it's almost impossible to speak too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's almost impossible to speak too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's almost impossible to speak too
+slowly especially if you're from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly especially if you're from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly especially if you're from a
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+background slow the pace down make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background slow the pace down make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background slow the pace down make sure
+everybody's keeping up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's keeping up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's keeping up with
+you see if you've lost eye contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if you've lost eye contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if you've lost eye contact
+if you have focus on the person who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have focus on the person who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have focus on the person who you
+lost eye contact with and say I think am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost eye contact with and say I think am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost eye contact with and say I think am
+I I must be confusing you U Can I answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I must be confusing you U Can I answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I must be confusing you U Can I answer
+any question you got you've got to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question you got you've got to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question you got you've got to pull
+people out you've got to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out you've got to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out you've got to get get
+everybody in the room along with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room along with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room along with you
+nodding their heads because the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding their heads because the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding their heads because the more
+they nod their head and agreeing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they nod their head and agreeing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they nod their head and agreeing with
+you the more likely at the end and all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more likely at the end and all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more likely at the end and all I
+want is $25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is $25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is $25
+million and I'm going to give you 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and I'm going to give you 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and I'm going to give you 10% of
+my company it's great deal so seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my company it's great deal so seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my company it's great deal so seriously
+that's like sales 101 get them nodding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like sales 101 get them nodding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like sales 101 get them nodding
+their heads look at everybody in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads look at everybody in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads look at everybody in the eye
+be bold be confident use passion change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bold be confident use passion change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bold be confident use passion change
+your pitch and elevation do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pitch and elevation do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pitch and elevation do whatever you
+have to do histrionics get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do histrionics get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do histrionics get their
+attention focus them on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying um so Joe's basically covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um so Joe's basically covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um so Joe's basically covered the
+elements this is and and this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this is and and this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements this is and and this is in the
+right order this isn't maybe Joe's order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order this isn't maybe Joe's order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order this isn't maybe Joe's order
+for a a business plan or even a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a business plan or even a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a business plan or even a pitch
+but basically you want to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you want to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you want to have these
+things you want to have the hook you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to have the hook you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want to have the hook you
+know the hook has to be an exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hook has to be an exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hook has to be an exciting
+statement um you know hey I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um you know hey I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um you know hey I think we
+have we we did Fusion it's in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we did Fusion it's in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we did Fusion it's in my
+basement what then talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement what then talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement what then talk about
+it then go into your you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then go into your you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then go into your you need to have
+your solution Your solution is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution Your solution is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution Your solution is we have a
+great product it's using this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great product it's using this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great product it's using this technology
+using all these things in the elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these things in the elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these things in the elevator
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not everybody will agree with my order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody will agree with my order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody will agree with my order
+but this is the order I like what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the order I like what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the order I like what's your
+magic don't wait to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic don't wait to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic don't wait to talk about the
+technology at the very end and don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at the very end and don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at the very end and don't do
+it right up front hey we solve this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right up front hey we solve this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right up front hey we solve this uh
+implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant
+issue talk about why it's exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue talk about why it's exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue talk about why it's exciting
+what's the market what problem you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the market what problem you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the market what problem you going
+to solve and we did it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and we did it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and we did it with this
+unbelievably great new technology fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably great new technology fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably great new technology fresh
+out of the labs or wherever it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the labs or wherever it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the labs or wherever it came from
+or a new chip whatever it is so talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new chip whatever it is so talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new chip whatever it is so talk
+about the magic and technology so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the magic and technology so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the magic and technology so the
+technologist can get excited and go yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist can get excited and go yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist can get excited and go yes
+what are you going to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do with it
+now then go into the business model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then go into the business model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then go into the business model and
+in more detail the marketing and sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail the marketing and sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail the marketing and sales
+issue you really have to have a credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you really have to have a credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you really have to have a credible
+way to sell what you you've got you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sell what you you've got you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sell what you you've got you got
+to have a credible way to to channel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a credible way to to channel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a credible way to to channel it
+or retail it into the customer's hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or retail it into the customer's hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or retail it into the customer's hands
+how are you going to be successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to be successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to be successful at
+that a there's a lot of great products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a there's a lot of great products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a there's a lot of great products
+that need to be sold through Home Depot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be sold through Home Depot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be sold through Home Depot
+in Home Depot has thousands of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Home Depot has thousands of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Home Depot has thousands of these
+ideas coming in and then they one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming in and then they one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas coming in and then they one by one
+nope no time for you go away nope nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope no time for you go away nope nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope no time for you go away nope nope
+and then what are you going to do if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what are you going to do if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what are you going to do if all
+your channel strategies is closed off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your channel strategies is closed off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your channel strategies is closed off
+have a credible solution for that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credible solution for that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a credible solution for that talk
+about the competition if it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the competition if it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the competition if it's a new
+product never been sold before you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product never been sold before you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product never been sold before you've
+well that's that could be nice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that could be nice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that could be nice but
+you've got to spend a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to spend a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to spend a huge amount of
+money and time and your personal Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and time and your personal Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and time and your personal Capital
+creating a new Niche or a new market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a new Niche or a new market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a new Niche or a new market for
+this you don't know how hard that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't know how hard that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't know how hard that is
+it's going to be really hard if nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard if nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really hard if nobody's
+buying this sort of thing now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this sort of thing now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this sort of thing now you have
+to look at look at Dean Cayman the segue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at look at Dean Cayman the segue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at look at Dean Cayman the segue
+remember everybody got all excited I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everybody got all excited I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everybody got all excited I
+mean my home in Boulder we had activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my home in Boulder we had activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my home in Boulder we had activists
+saying we don't want Segways running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we don't want Segways running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we don't want Segways running
+down my sidewalk we're GNA and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my sidewalk we're GNA and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my sidewalk we're GNA and they had
+protests well but Dean didn't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests well but Dean didn't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests well but Dean didn't realize
+how hard it was to create a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard it was to create a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard it was to create a whole new
+market where the whole country stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where the whole country stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market where the whole country stops
+driving and uses segue way it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and uses segue way it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and uses segue way it didn't
+work at all that way he he was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all that way he he was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all that way he he was trying to
+create a new a whole new whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new a whole new whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new a whole new whole new
+approach towards travel very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach towards travel very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach towards travel very difficult
+if it's a substitution then who are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a substitution then who are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a substitution then who are we
+substituting against and and why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting against and and why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting against and and why are you
+better because we're 10 times cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because we're 10 times cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because we're 10 times cheaper
+faster better smaller all those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster better smaller all those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster better smaller all those sorts of
+things and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I have
+management here not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management here not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management here not at the
+top why cuz I don't I don't care who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top why cuz I don't I don't care who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top why cuz I don't I don't care who you
+are unless I really am excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unless I really am excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unless I really am excited about
+your ideas ideas and then I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas ideas and then I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas ideas and then I want to know
+who you are you know where where' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are you know where where' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are you know where where' you
+come from how do I know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from how do I know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from how do I know you're going to
+take my money and spend it wisely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my money and spend it wisely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my money and spend it wisely uh
+have you done this before uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you done this before uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you done this before uh you know
+then give me all your credentials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give me all your credentials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give me all your credentials but
+not until I'm I'm greedy because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not until I'm I'm greedy because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not until I'm I'm greedy because I want
+some of your stock please and now who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your stock please and now who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your stock please and now who
+are you and what's your team and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you and what's your team and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you and what's your team and and
+that's when you that that's at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you that that's at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you that that's at that
+point it's credible if you hit them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's credible if you hit them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's credible if you hit them too
+soon with here I am and all that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon with here I am and all that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon with here I am and all that without
+knowing whether they're excited AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing whether they're excited AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing whether they're excited AG
+greedy yet they're they're they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy yet they're they're they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy yet they're they're they're going
+to not listen to it I I won't listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not listen to it I I won't listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not listen to it I I won't listen to
+it I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to skip
+it then go over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then go over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then go over your
+financials what are you going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials what are you going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials what are you going to do with
+the money that you get how are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money that you get how are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money that you get how are you going
+to spend it is it a credible timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend it is it a credible timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend it is it a credible timeline
+you have for spending that money or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for spending that money or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for spending that money or you
+going to run out of money and which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of money and which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of money and which is a
+problem because then you have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because then you have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because then you have to stop
+what you're doing and go raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and go raise money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and go raise money
+sooner than later and stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner than later and stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner than later and stop the
+company then go over your status and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company then go over your status and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company then go over your status and
+your timeline have you built anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your timeline have you built anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your timeline have you built anything
+yet do you have any prototypes when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you have any prototypes when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet do you have any prototypes when are
+you going to have it done how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to have it done how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to have it done how do you
+know you're going to have it done is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're going to have it done is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're going to have it done is it
+a credible timeline have you what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credible timeline have you what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credible timeline have you what people
+have you lined up to build this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you lined up to build this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you lined up to build this thing
+okay status and timeline and then don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay status and timeline and then don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay status and timeline and then don't
+forget a lot of people forget this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget a lot of people forget this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget a lot of people forget this at
+the very end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end the
+offer you have to make the offer what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you have to make the offer what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you have to make the offer what is
+that offer and for all this cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer and for all this cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offer and for all this cool stuff
+and these and the 100 million we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these and the 100 million we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these and the 100 million we're
+going to make over the next five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make over the next five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make over the next five years
+years with this product I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with this product I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with this product I'm going to
+give you 10% of my company for $25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 10% of my company for $25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 10% of my company for $25
+million and we're looking at closing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and we're looking at closing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and we're looking at closing in
+the next 60 days and we have oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 60 days and we have oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 60 days and we have oh by the
+way we're talking to four other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're talking to four other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're talking to four other um
+Venture capitalists and uh three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture capitalists and uh three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture capitalists and uh three of them
+are quite interested uh I'd love to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite interested uh I'd love to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite interested uh I'd love to hear
+back from you make the request which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from you make the request which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from you make the request which is
+the offer of your stock for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money a little bit about the hook when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money a little bit about the hook when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money a little bit about the hook when
+you very first meet somebody you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very first meet somebody you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very first meet somebody you got
+about 7 Seconds to to engage to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 Seconds to to engage to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 Seconds to to engage to make
+them excited about hearing the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them excited about hearing the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them excited about hearing the rest of
+what you have to say so that hook could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to say so that hook could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to say so that hook could
+be whatever whatever the cool part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever whatever the cool part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever whatever the cool part of
+your technology or product is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology or product is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology or product is going to
+be the hook could be you imagine a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the hook could be you imagine a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the hook could be you imagine a safe
+rubber coating that conducts electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber coating that conducts electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber coating that conducts electricity
+wait a minute why would I name that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute why would I name that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute why would I name that well
+before I say but how do you okay keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I say but how do you okay keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I say but how do you okay keep
+talk talking so that's a that's a hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talking so that's a that's a hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talking so that's a that's a hook
+an example of a hook um have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a hook um have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a hook um have you ever
+felt threatened well what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt threatened well what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt threatened well what kind of a
+question yes of course I have are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes of course I have are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes of course I have are you
+threatening me no no we have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening me no no we have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening me no no we have a solution
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our our boxes 10 times smaller faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our boxes 10 times smaller faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our boxes 10 times smaller faster
+cheaper better than this oh cool it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better than this oh cool it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better than this oh cool it's a
+next generation of that people will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of that people will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of that people will will
+want that okay um anyway anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that okay um anyway anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that okay um anyway anyway that's
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+hook so think about what is your hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook so think about what is your hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook so think about what is your hook
+what is your your bold statement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your your bold statement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your your bold statement that's
+going to wake me up and stop what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wake me up and stop what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wake me up and stop what I'm
+doing and listening to you whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and listening to you whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and listening to you whether it's
+an elevator or the beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elevator or the beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elevator or the beginning of a
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so no geek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no geek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no geek
+speak no geek speak um what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak no geek speak um what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak no geek speak um what does that
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've had I've had lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had I've had lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had I've had lots and lots of
+pitches and they start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches and they start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches and they start off with
+technical jargon and that's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical jargon and that's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical jargon and that's the wrong
+thing to do because then my job is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because then my job is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because then my job is now
+pull out of you how's why am I greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out of you how's why am I greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out of you how's why am I greedy
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that you need to explain it simply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to explain it simply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to explain it simply um
+this is a real example our technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real example our technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real example our technology is
+first integrated an automatic book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrated an automatic book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrated an automatic book
+scanner that will scan digitize bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that will scan digitize bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that will scan digitize bound
+documents to speed of 1,200 page per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents to speed of 1,200 page per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents to speed of 1,200 page per
+minute a fraction of the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute a fraction of the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute a fraction of the cost of
+existing Solutions based on disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Solutions based on disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Solutions based on disruptive
+digital imaging technology initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital imaging technology initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital imaging technology initially
+developed a bell Labs Bell Labs isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a bell Labs Bell Labs isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a bell Labs Bell Labs isn't
+around anymore and protected by 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anymore and protected by 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anymore and protected by 12
+patents that that's that's the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents that that's that's the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents that that's that's the wrong way
+to start a pitch about what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a pitch about what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a pitch about what you're doing
+the a better approach is we enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a better approach is we enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a better approach is we enable
+massive knowledge sharing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive knowledge sharing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive knowledge sharing we're going to
+digitize all the physical libraries at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize all the physical libraries at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize all the physical libraries at
+incredibly low cost and there's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly low cost and there's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly low cost and there's people
+lined up who want this technology okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up who want this technology okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up who want this technology okay
+so that's what I mean by by geek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I mean by by geek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I mean by by geek
+speak Focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+so again it's really tempting to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's really tempting to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's really tempting to talk
+about the technology improvements so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology improvements so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology improvements so the
+technology um that that is going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um that that is going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um that that is going into
+your product and how exciting it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and how exciting it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and how exciting it is but
+you've got to convert that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to convert that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to convert that into
+something that that customers really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that customers really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that customers really
+will care about so talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will care about so talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will care about so talk about the
+customer benefits not the tech benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer benefits not the tech benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer benefits not the tech benefits
+the tech benefits and if if you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech benefits and if if you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech benefits and if if you talk
+about the tech benefits it's a so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tech benefits it's a so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tech benefits it's a so what
+why do I care about this next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about this next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about this next generation
+of thing that you're building or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that you're building or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that you're building or
+producing it has to have benefits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it has to have benefits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it has to have benefits for
+the customer if it's Telecom improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer if it's Telecom improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer if it's Telecom improved
+Network utilization this is scalable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network utilization this is scalable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network utilization this is scalable and
+adaptable it has integrates well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptable it has integrates well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptable it has integrates well
+seamless integration the figures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless integration the figures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamless integration the figures of
+Merit that a buyer are interested in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit that a buyer are interested in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit that a buyer are interested in not
+just the fact that this is the cool Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that this is the cool Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that this is the cool Next
+Generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation
+technology um and then you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um and then you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um and then you've got to
+talk about the business benefits and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the business benefits and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the business benefits and the
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+benefit every business has pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit every business has pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit every business has pain
+and you have to find what the pain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to find what the pain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to find what the pain point
+is you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're in
+pain I can heal your pain I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain I can heal your pain I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain I can heal your pain I have
+something that's going to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to make things
+better for you and it usually has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for you and it usually has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for you and it usually has to
+boil down to a dollar you have pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to a dollar you have pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to a dollar you have pain
+that's costing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's costing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's costing
+you $700,000 a year and something and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $700,000 a year and something and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $700,000 a year and something and my
+product my device my process whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product my device my process whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product my device my process whatever
+you're selling can cut that in half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling can cut that in half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling can cut that in half and
+I can prove it to you so that's the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove it to you so that's the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove it to you so that's the pain
+Point increase revenues or decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point increase revenues or decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point increase revenues or decrease
+costs everything's got to boil down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs everything's got to boil down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs everything's got to boil down to a
+dollar a dollar your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar a dollar your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar a dollar your
+technology is not important it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is not important it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is not important it's what
+that can do for a business or a customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do for a business or a customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do for a business or a customer
+that can reduce their pain and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can reduce their pain and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can reduce their pain and that's
+usually evidenced by costing them money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually evidenced by costing them money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually evidenced by costing them money
+and you're either going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're either going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're either going to make them
+money or save them money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Style
+Style if you're if you're making a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style if you're if you're making a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style if you're if you're making a pitch
+either you got to be the best presenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you got to be the best presenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you got to be the best presenter
+of your team or find the best presenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team or find the best presenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team or find the best presenter
+of your team and let that person do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team and let that person do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team and let that person do it
+it's best if the founder or the CEO does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best if the founder or the CEO does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's best if the founder or the CEO does
+it I I haven't seen a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I haven't seen a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I haven't seen a whole lot of
+companies that aren't led by the founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that aren't led by the founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that aren't led by the founder
+or the CEO making the pitch so between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the CEO making the pitch so between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the CEO making the pitch so between
+the two of you unless you're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of you unless you're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of you unless you're the same
+person um get good at making the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um get good at making the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um get good at making the pitch
+be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presenter if you're not the eggh head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter if you're not the eggh head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenter if you're not the eggh head
+have the egghe head in the room on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the egghe head in the room on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the egghe head in the room on a
+really short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short
+leash um because they'll going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leash um because they'll going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leash um because they'll going to get
+they're going to get into the rat holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get into the rat holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get into the rat holes
+and they love rat holes I love a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they love rat holes I love a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they love rat holes I love a rat
+hole I have to sometimes wake up and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I have to sometimes wake up and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole I have to sometimes wake up and go
+stop talking about that it's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop talking about that it's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop talking about that it's you're
+excited about it nobody else is so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it nobody else is so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about it nobody else is so but
+be prepare to ask the oneoff technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepare to ask the oneoff technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prepare to ask the oneoff technical
+question you know exactly what frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know exactly what frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know exactly what frequency
+will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that
+resonate uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I I said this earlier give firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I said this earlier give firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I said this earlier give firm
+answers even if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers even if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers even if you don't have the
+answer it don't sound hesitant like oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it don't sound hesitant like oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it don't sound hesitant like oh I
+we hadn't thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you know crushing defeat if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know crushing defeat if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know crushing defeat if you
+don't have an answer say let me get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an answer say let me get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an answer say let me get back
+to you I'll get back to you in 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I'll get back to you in 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I'll get back to you in 24 hours
+I think I I know the answer answer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I know the answer answer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I know the answer answer or
+the answer is yes of course we've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes of course we've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes of course we've always
+been that way and we always will or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that way and we always will or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that way and we always will or no
+that's not a problem and here is why be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a problem and here is why be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a problem and here is why be
+firm in your answer smile I mean don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in your answer smile I mean don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in your answer smile I mean don't
+get angry smile and say yes or no but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get angry smile and say yes or no but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get angry smile and say yes or no but be
+firm you know have the presence to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you know have the presence to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you know have the presence to be
+confident because you're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident because you're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident because you're asking for
+their money and they want to give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money and they want to give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money and they want to give it to
+people who are firm and confident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are firm and confident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are firm and confident and
+all those nice nice things I talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those nice nice things I talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those nice nice things I talked to
+about looking at everybody in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at everybody in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at everybody in the room
+try to grab their eyeballs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grab their eyeballs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grab their eyeballs
+okay practice that by the way if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay practice that by the way if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay practice that by the way if you've
+never given a speech in front of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never given a speech in front of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never given a speech in front of a large
+audience the best confidence Builder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the best confidence Builder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the best confidence Builder
+before you start the speech is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start the speech is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start the speech is look at
+everybody in the room beforehand at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room beforehand at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room beforehand at the
+at the bottom or whatever wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom or whatever wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom or whatever wherever you
+are look at everybody in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are look at everybody in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are look at everybody in the room and
+pretend like they're they're an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend like they're they're an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend like they're they're an old
+buddy they're an old friend and you won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy they're an old friend and you won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy they're an old friend and you won
+have any any trouble with confidence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any any trouble with confidence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any any trouble with confidence or
+locking up or things like that try it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking up or things like that try it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking up or things like that try it do
+your homework like I said earlier know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework like I said earlier know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework like I said earlier know
+who you're talking to and practice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're talking to and practice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're talking to and practice your
+pitch practice it um have all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch practice it um have all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch practice it um have all the points
+at your fingertip be ready to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your fingertip be ready to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your fingertip be ready to go over
+them at any time and then pull questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at any time and then pull questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at any time and then pull questions
+out of the quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the quiet
+people even if they you can tell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even if they you can tell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even if they you can tell this
+person does not like me or what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does not like me or what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does not like me or what I'm
+doing or anybody that I brought up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or anybody that I brought up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or anybody that I brought up here
+still pull them pull them out ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pull them pull them out ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pull them pull them out ask
+questions CU if nothing else you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions CU if nothing else you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions CU if nothing else you will
+learn what they don't like about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what they don't like about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what they don't like about you
+they might say well I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say well I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say well I don't understand
+that you said that I don't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you said that I don't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you said that I don't believe it
+you may not be able to convince that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to convince that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be able to convince that
+person but make sure everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but make sure everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but make sure everybody in the
+room has been able to say something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room has been able to say something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room has been able to say something or
+ask them a question you know of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them a question you know of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them a question you know of of these
+Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture
+capitalists okay here's some Pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists okay here's some Pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists okay here's some Pitch
+examples you saw some earlier from Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you saw some earlier from Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you saw some earlier from Joe
+here's some more good and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some more good and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some more good and bad
+um names have changed to protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um names have changed to protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um names have changed to protect the
+innocent this was a pitch made to me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent this was a pitch made to me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent this was a pitch made to me I
+think in 2003 or four um don't do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in 2003 or four um don't do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in 2003 or four um don't do what
+they did so here's a company cyberx LLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did so here's a company cyberx LLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did so here's a company cyberx LLP
+here's the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the executive
+summary uh so remember this the year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh so remember this the year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh so remember this the year was
+I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what
+2004 the year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 the year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 the year was
+2004 but they're telling me in 2005 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 but they're telling me in 2005 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 but they're telling me in 2005 we
+all have customers and in 2007 H $60,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have customers and in 2007 H $60,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have customers and in 2007 H $60,000
+$60 million in sales how about that 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 million in sales how about that 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 million in sales how about that 2007
+investor IR greater than 200% you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor IR greater than 200% you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor IR greater than 200% you're all
+going to get your money back and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get your money back and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get your money back and the
+investors are going to be happy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors are going to be happy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors are going to be happy this is
+what a terrible terrible pitch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a terrible terrible pitch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a terrible terrible pitch you
+know it's insulting you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's insulting you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's insulting you know you're
+telling me this is what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this is what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this is what's going to
+happen you haven't even told me what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you haven't even told me what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you haven't even told me what you
+do yet and you're telling me how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yet and you're telling me how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yet and you're telling me how much
+money I'm going to make on it please and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I'm going to make on it please and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I'm going to make on it please and
+here's the people the next slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the people the next slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the people the next slide is
+here's who we are I don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's who we are I don't know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's who we are I don't know what you
+do but you're telling me who you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but you're telling me who you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but you're telling me who you are so
+we got you know ant May Peter Parker Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got you know ant May Peter Parker Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got you know ant May Peter Parker Dr
+Octopus and here's our huge Advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Octopus and here's our huge Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Octopus and here's our huge Advisory
+Board great I see all the backgrounds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board great I see all the backgrounds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board great I see all the backgrounds is
+it relevant to what you do I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relevant to what you do I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relevant to what you do I don't know
+yet I don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so oh maybe they're going to get to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh maybe they're going to get to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh maybe they're going to get to what
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+now let's see Sentinel East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see Sentinel East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see Sentinel East
+technology what does that mean Dynam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what does that mean Dynam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what does that mean Dynam
+dynamically adjust to block emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically adjust to block emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically adjust to block emerging
+what kind of threats emerging threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of threats emerging threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of threats emerging threats
+holy cow uh DNA I see DNA they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy cow uh DNA I see DNA they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy cow uh DNA I see DNA they're a
+medical product comp there's DNA there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical product comp there's DNA there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical product comp there's DNA there
+special eyat is that like a Statin eyat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special eyat is that like a Statin eyat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special eyat is that like a Statin eyat
+detects mutation oh that sounds terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects mutation oh that sounds terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects mutation oh that sounds terrible
+mutations immunization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spam spam there's a DNA powerful out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam spam there's a DNA powerful out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam spam there's a DNA powerful out
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+spam don't don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam don't don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam don't don't do that
+and then uh cyberx technology benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh cyberx technology benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh cyberx technology benefits
+The Sentinel technology provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sentinel technology provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sentinel technology provides
+complete cyber messaging this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cyber messaging this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete cyber messaging this is a lot
+of words this isn't 30 point font is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words this isn't 30 point font is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words this isn't 30 point font is it
+no not not exactly so okay this meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not not exactly so okay this meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not not exactly so okay this meeting
+ended really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended really
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+um so here's this this is a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's this this is a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's this this is a a good
+example of an on the spot pitch made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an on the spot pitch made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an on the spot pitch made by
+some in a in a company I helped start up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in a in a company I helped start up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in a in a company I helped start up
+in Boulder uh everybody's heard of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boulder uh everybody's heard of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boulder uh everybody's heard of The
+Internet of Things you have the Hue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet of Things you have the Hue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet of Things you have the Hue uh
+light bulb and shades and lights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb and shades and lights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb and shades and lights that
+you can control in your house and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control in your house and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control in your house and the
+nest thermostat all that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest thermostat all that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest thermostat all that sort of thing
+the house is being filled up with smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house is being filled up with smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house is being filled up with smart
+intelligent IP addressable programmable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent IP addressable programmable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent IP addressable programmable
+objects it's really cool but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it's really cool but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it's really cool but if you have
+15 things that are programable in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 things that are programable in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 things that are programable in your
+home that do things automatically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home that do things automatically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home that do things automatically you
+need 15 apps to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 15 apps to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 15 apps to do
+it uh so we have a a company in Boulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so we have a a company in Boulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so we have a a company in Boulder
+that's integrating all these addressable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's integrating all these addressable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's integrating all these addressable
+things programmable so things can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things programmable so things can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things programmable so things can talk
+to each other this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other this is an example of
+um a fairly decent pitch brought to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fairly decent pitch brought to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fairly decent pitch brought to you
+by Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Toyota
+with from CES 2014 at digital experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with from CES 2014 at digital experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with from CES 2014 at digital experience
+is going rol here and I found Mike from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going rol here and I found Mike from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going rol here and I found Mike from
+revolve hi Mike how are you good Shannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve hi Mike how are you good Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve hi Mike how are you good Shannon
+how are you doing great thank you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you doing great thank you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you doing great thank you now
+revolve I hear that this is going to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve I hear that this is going to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve I hear that this is going to my
+my life so much easier I'm excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life so much easier I'm excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life so much easier I'm excited
+please tell me how this makes my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell me how this makes my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please tell me how this makes my life
+easier well revolve is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier well revolve is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier well revolve is essentially a
+smart home automation solution focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart home automation solution focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart home automation solution focused
+on taking those premium devices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on taking those premium devices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on taking those premium devices like
+Philips Hue yocks nest and Sonos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips Hue yocks nest and Sonos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips Hue yocks nest and Sonos
+bringing them all together under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them all together under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them all together under a
+single application and then allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application and then allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single application and then allowing you
+to automate them in in ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate them in in ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate them in in ways that you
+can't do with just a single native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do with just a single native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do with just a single native
+application that comes with those oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that comes with those oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that comes with those oh
+that's excellent I have like 10 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's excellent I have like 10 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's excellent I have like 10 of these
+apps sitting around at home because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps sitting around at home because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps sitting around at home because like
+I have the Hue I have stone and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the Hue I have stone and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the Hue I have stone and it
+drives me nuts that I have to skip from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives me nuts that I have to skip from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives me nuts that I have to skip from
+one map to another so is this easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one map to another so is this easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one map to another so is this easy for
+consumers it's really easy and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers it's really easy and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers it's really easy and actually
+again it's a direct to Consumer play so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a direct to Consumer play so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a direct to Consumer play so
+if you want I'll walk you through how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want I'll walk you through how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want I'll walk you through how
+easy it is we we pride ourselves on 60c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is we we pride ourselves on 60c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is we we pride ourselves on 60c
+setup and you'll be up and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and you'll be up and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and you'll be up and running
+discovering the devices and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the devices and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering the devices and being able
+to control them okay I'm counting do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control them okay I'm counting do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control them okay I'm counting do it
+all right so I'm going to reset the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to reset the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm going to reset the app
+here and the first thing that you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the first thing that you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the first thing that you'll see
+is that uh we essentially allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh we essentially allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh we essentially allow you to
+just plug in the Hub in a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the Hub in a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the Hub in a central
+location in the home you're not tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the home you're not tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the home you're not tied to
+your router which is often in a basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your router which is often in a basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your router which is often in a basement
+or some obscure place and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some obscure place and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some obscure place and the reason why
+is we want to get the best signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to get the best signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to get the best signal to
+talk to all the devices that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to all the devices that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to all the devices that you have so
+the key though is getting this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key though is getting this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key though is getting this on your
+local Wi-Fi network and what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Wi-Fi network and what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Wi-Fi network and what we've done
+is created a proprietary technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created a proprietary technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created a proprietary technology that
+essentially takes uh your Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially takes uh your Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially takes uh your Wi-Fi
+credentials that you have on your W on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials that you have on your W on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials that you have on your W on
+your iPhone or iPad and then transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your iPhone or iPad and then transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your iPhone or iPad and then transfers
+that optically to the hub so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optically to the hub so if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optically to the hub so if we just
+enter our password hit done we place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter our password hit done we place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter our password hit done we place the
+IAD right over the Hub and optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAD right over the Hub and optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAD right over the Hub and optically
+it's transmitting the data to the hub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transmitting the data to the hub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transmitting the data to the hub
+and within 30 seconds we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within 30 seconds we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within 30 seconds we'll get
+notification that the Hub is now on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notification that the Hub is now on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notification that the Hub is now on your
+local Wi-Fi network and as soon as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Wi-Fi network and as soon as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Wi-Fi network and as soon as it
+does it'll automatically start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it'll automatically start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it'll automatically start
+discovering these great devices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering these great devices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering these great devices like
+Sonos Nest Phil yeah and so it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonos Nest Phil yeah and so it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonos Nest Phil yeah and so it goes on
+for another minute or so hack five kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another minute or so hack five kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another minute or so hack five kind
+of cool I like that show um so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool I like that show um so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool I like that show um so that's an
+example of how you kind of get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you kind of get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you kind of get to the
+point talk about why do I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point talk about why do I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point talk about why do I care about
+your technology if you have things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology if you have things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your technology if you have things in
+your home that needs to be controlled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home that needs to be controlled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home that needs to be controlled or
+automated but they don't talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated but they don't talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated but they don't talk to each
+other because they're from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they're from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they're from different
+manufacturers that's the solution and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers that's the solution and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers that's the solution and he
+kind of gets to the point kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets to the point kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets to the point kind of
+quickly uh here's another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh here's another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh here's another example of a
+of a presentation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a presentation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a presentation or a
+pitch uh that we did in in the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch uh that we did in in the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch uh that we did in in the year 2000
+it's a telecommunications company we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a telecommunications company we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a telecommunications company we
+built a box that was 10 times faster SM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a box that was 10 times faster SM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a box that was 10 times faster SM
+smarter smaller um better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter smaller um better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter smaller um better than the
+Nortel box where I just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nortel box where I just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nortel box where I just left
+and uh this is an example of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is an example of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is an example of how you
+might want to use pictures and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use pictures and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use pictures and clearly
+talk about the superlatives of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the superlatives of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the superlatives of what
+you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+sell so talk about a big total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so talk about a big total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so talk about a big total
+addressable market now remember this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable market now remember this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable market now remember this was
+long time ago in 2008 the prediction was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago in 2008 the prediction was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago in 2008 the prediction was
+this kind of Technology was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Technology was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Technology was going to be
+huge so therefore we need a product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so therefore we need a product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so therefore we need a product in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and why is the stuff that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is the stuff that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is the stuff that you're
+competing against terrible talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against terrible talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against terrible talk about
+why things are terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why things are terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why things are terrible
+today and then talk about why what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then talk about why what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then talk about why what your
+selling is being purchased and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling is being purchased and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling is being purchased and people
+want it but they want it faster cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it but they want it faster cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it but they want it faster cheaper
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+better and then talk about the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then talk about the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then talk about the evolution
+of how your product and how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how your product and how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how your product and how the the
+history of the technology inevitably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the technology inevitably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the technology inevitably is
+going to lead to what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to what you're trying to
+sell so you want to show a nice picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so you want to show a nice picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell so you want to show a nice picture
+showing things getting better and faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing things getting better and faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing things getting better and faster
+and and more products later on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more products later on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more products later on and then
+in in our case we're simplifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our case we're simplifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our case we're simplifying the
+telephone C central office so we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone C central office so we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone C central office so we show
+how complicated things are now and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complicated things are now and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complicated things are now and how
+the picture gets a little simpler when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture gets a little simpler when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture gets a little simpler when
+you buy our product keeping it simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy our product keeping it simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy our product keeping it simple
+now all these things were technical kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all these things were technical kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all these things were technical kind
+of jargony but the audience we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jargony but the audience we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jargony but the audience we were
+pitching to knew it intimately because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to knew it intimately because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to knew it intimately because
+that was the big bubble at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big bubble at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the big bubble at that time
+fiber optics and Telecommunications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics and Telecommunications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics and Telecommunications and
+it and everybody knew a lot about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and everybody knew a lot about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and everybody knew a lot about it but
+I tried to keep it even simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to keep it even simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried to keep it even simpler than
+what they might they were being given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might they were being given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might they were being given
+pitches of terribly complex brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches of terribly complex brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches of terribly complex brand new
+protocols New Wave division multi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols New Wave division multi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols New Wave division multi you
+know experimental stuff we kept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know experimental stuff we kept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know experimental stuff we kept it
+simple and I think that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and I think that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and I think that's one of the
+reasons why we had lots of customers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we had lots of customers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we had lots of customers and
+we had lots of money coming in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of money coming in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of money coming in because
+we made our our value proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made our our value proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made our our value proposition
+compelling simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy I'll talk about that later when do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I'll talk about that later when do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I'll talk about that later when do
+you want to raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you always always always always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you always always always always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you always always always always
+get money when you do not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money when you do not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money when you do not need
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+why what if I just had a round not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what if I just had a round not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what if I just had a round not too
+long ago and I've got 2 million in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago and I've got 2 million in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago and I've got 2 million in the
+bank and I'm good for another you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and I'm good for another you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and I'm good for another you know
+nine months a year now is the good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine months a year now is the good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine months a year now is the good time
+to start raising money again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start raising money again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start raising money again because
+people who have money don't want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have money don't want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have money don't want to give
+it to you under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you under
+duress if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duress if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duress if
+if if you're going to run out of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're going to run out of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're going to run out of money
+in six months and it takes six months to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six months and it takes six months to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six months and it takes six months to
+close a deal and assume it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close a deal and assume it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close a deal and assume it's going to
+take six months for you to start your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take six months for you to start your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take six months for you to start your
+campaign and close around if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and close around if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and close around if that's the
+case then by the time you close you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then by the time you close you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then by the time you close you're
+going to be almost out of money and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost out of money and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost out of money and if
+somebody holds up the deal or bargain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody holds up the deal or bargain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody holds up the deal or bargain
+whatever your company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your company's
+done or you start laying people off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or you start laying people off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or you start laying people off and
+you lose all your momentum so always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all your momentum so always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all your momentum so always
+start raising your money and plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start raising your money and plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start raising your money and plan to
+close around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close around
+at least 6 months before you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh how do you raise money let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh how do you raise money let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh how do you raise money let's go to
+this VC oh they said no let's go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this VC oh they said no let's go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this VC oh they said no let's go to that
+VC oh they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC oh they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC oh they said
+no do you do it serially or or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no do you do it serially or or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no do you do it serially or or in
+parallel you you not only have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel you you not only have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel you you not only have to do it
+in parallel but you have to orchestrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel but you have to orchestrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel but you have to orchestrate
+it in parallel because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in parallel because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in parallel because this is
+important if you go go to one or two VCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you go go to one or two VCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you go go to one or two VCS
+and spend a month or so with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend a month or so with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend a month or so with them and
+they're kind of dragging their heels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of dragging their heels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of dragging their heels and
+then you go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the next
+ones and the next ones are saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and the next ones are saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and the next ones are saying well
+what did the first one say Well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the first one say Well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the first one say Well they're
+thinking about it how long did you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it how long did you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it how long did you okay
+they see hesitancy on some other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see hesitancy on some other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see hesitancy on some other people
+some other uh investors part they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other uh investors part they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other uh investors part they're
+going to make make them hesitant and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make make them hesitant and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make make them hesitant and all
+of a sudden everything's being strung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden everything's being strung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden everything's being strung
+along everybody's waiting to see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along everybody's waiting to see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along everybody's waiting to see well
+why didn't they never if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't they never if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't they never if you do
+everybody at the same time nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the same time nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the same time nobody knows
+what what hand is being dealt where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what hand is being dealt where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what hand is being dealt where what
+potential Partners might be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Partners might be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Partners might be thinking
+that you know because you'd often don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know because you'd often don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know because you'd often don't
+get money from just one person you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from just one person you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from just one person you get
+it from from several Venture capitalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from from several Venture capitalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from from several Venture capitalists
+and they want a team and partner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want a team and partner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want a team and partner you
+want to create this Feeding Frenzy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create this Feeding Frenzy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create this Feeding Frenzy all
+at the same time hey did you get a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time hey did you get a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time hey did you get a pitch
+by this company oh they're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this company oh they're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this company oh they're going to do
+it you next week well let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you next week well let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you next week well let's talk about
+them right afterwards they'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right afterwards they'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right afterwards they'll talk
+they'll compare notes and you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll compare notes and you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll compare notes and you're just
+more likely to end up with a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to end up with a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to end up with a really
+successful High valuation if you orchest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful High valuation if you orchest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful High valuation if you orchest
+rate your pitch don't start with don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate your pitch don't start with don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate your pitch don't start with don't
+dribble it out do it all at once at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dribble it out do it all at once at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dribble it out do it all at once at the
+same time get all the feedback at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time get all the feedback at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time get all the feedback at the
+same time and hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and hit it
+hard again assume it's going to take six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard again assume it's going to take six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard again assume it's going to take six
+months to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to close
+around um signal to noise why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um signal to noise why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um signal to noise why should
+they pay attention to you you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay attention to you you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay attention to you you have a
+nice pretty business plan and a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pretty business plan and a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pretty business plan and a pitch
+deck why won't they return your calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck why won't they return your calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck why won't they return your calls
+because they don't know you and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't know you and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't know you and most
+most pitches come across their decks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most pitches come across their decks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most pitches come across their decks
+desks and they throw it away so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desks and they throw it away so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desks and they throw it away so you you
+really need to have a differentiator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have a differentiator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have a differentiator you
+need to get be introduced or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get be introduced or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get be introduced or have
+somebody do something that gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do something that gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody do something that gets their
+attention or um you know uh maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or um you know uh maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or um you know uh maybe an
+article in a newspaper or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in a newspaper or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in a newspaper or something like
+that to get their attention think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get their attention think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get their attention think about
+what signal you're going to punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what signal you're going to punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what signal you're going to punch
+through the noise that they're hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the noise that they're hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the noise that they're hearing
+every day if you can be introduced cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day if you can be introduced cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day if you can be introduced cuz
+so and so knows somebody in this Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so knows somebody in this Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so knows somebody in this Venture
+uh capital partnership that's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital partnership that's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital partnership that's the best
+way so so hand out a lot of cards meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so so hand out a lot of cards meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so so hand out a lot of cards meet
+people go to uh uh you know social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go to uh uh you know social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go to uh uh you know social
+networking uh functions where VCS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh functions where VCS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh functions where VCS and
+angels are going to be an angel is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels are going to be an angel is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels are going to be an angel is a
+great way to get introduced to big money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to get introduced to big money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to get introduced to big money
+to the Venture capitalists because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Venture capitalists because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Venture capitalists because they
+they' they chances are the good ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they' they chances are the good ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they' they chances are the good ones
+have worked with them before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked with them before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked with them before
+too okay oh uh you got two good offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay oh uh you got two good offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay oh uh you got two good offers
+from two Venture Capital companies yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two Venture Capital companies yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two Venture Capital companies yay
+uh one is better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is better than the
+other one is better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is better than the
+other what should you think about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what should you think about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what should you think about when
+you decide whose money should I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whose money should I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whose money should I take
+does it matter one's a better off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter one's a better off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter one's a better off or
+one's going to give you 25 million for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to give you 25 million for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to give you 25 million for
+10% of the company the other is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the company the other is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the company the other is going to
+give you 25 million for 15% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 25 million for 15% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 25 million for 15% of the
+company hey that's my company you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company hey that's my company you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company hey that's my company you're
+taking there I want that what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking there I want that what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking there I want that what do you
+what do you think about go for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about go for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about go for the best
+offer it really depends uh if one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer it really depends uh if one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer it really depends uh if one is a
+is a middle midlevel not so well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a middle midlevel not so well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a middle midlevel not so well-known
+venture capital a company and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital a company and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital a company and the other
+is a super top tier um you know Nea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super top tier um you know Nea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super top tier um you know Nea or
+um a a one with with a a great track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a one with with a a great track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a one with with a a great track
+record in history of of uh getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in history of of uh getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in history of of uh getting their
+companies acquired you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies acquired you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies acquired you should probably
+go with the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the name
+brand because they can make deals happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand because they can make deals happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand because they can make deals happen
+they can bring money for the next round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bring money for the next round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bring money for the next round
+they just have they have a cache that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have they have a cache that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have they have a cache that's
+hard to to compete with that's my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to compete with that's my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to compete with that's my my
+belief and um don't Focus too much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and um don't Focus too much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and um don't Focus too much on
+the equity dilution because chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity dilution because chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity dilution because chances
+are founders and CEOs even if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are founders and CEOs even if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are founders and CEOs even if you have a
+highly dilutive round they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dilutive round they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly dilutive round they don't want
+you to walk away or lose interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to walk away or lose interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to walk away or lose interest
+they're going to reup your percentage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to reup your percentage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to reup your percentage so
+you know good management tends to keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good management tends to keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good management tends to keep a
+big hunk of the company matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hunk of the company matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hunk of the company matter how many
+rounds you go through so don't Focus too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds you go through so don't Focus too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds you go through so don't Focus too
+much about dilution it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about dilution it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about dilution it's important to
+focus on it but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on it but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on it but not too
+much anybody know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anybody know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anybody know what this
+means CF i m i t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means CF i m i t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means CF i m i t
+ym oh there's there's usually someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym oh there's there's usually someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym oh there's there's usually someone
+who knows what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what that
+means cash is more important than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means cash is more important than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means cash is more important than your
+mother ever heard that term it's ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother ever heard that term it's ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother ever heard that term it's ex
+Finance people use it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance people use it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance people use it all the time
+um cash is really really important cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cash is really really important cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cash is really really important cash
+flow the fastest way to kill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the fastest way to kill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the fastest way to kill your
+company is not pay attention to cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is not pay attention to cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is not pay attention to cash
+flow wait a minute we have orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow wait a minute we have orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow wait a minute we have orders
+pouring in like crazy everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring in like crazy everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring in like crazy everything's going
+great what do you mean we're dead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what do you mean we're dead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great what do you mean we're dead we
+have to shut the doors because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to shut the doors because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to shut the doors because you can
+go bankrupt if you're not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go bankrupt if you're not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go bankrupt if you're not paying
+attention to cash flow and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to cash flow and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to cash flow and you need
+emergency debt and you scared off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency debt and you scared off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency debt and you scared off the
+investors from giving you a bridge loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors from giving you a bridge loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors from giving you a bridge loan
+because you weren't paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you weren't paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you weren't paying attention to
+the business so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business so
+be be if you don't want to hire a CFO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be if you don't want to hire a CFO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be if you don't want to hire a CFO
+have a good rental CF and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good rental CF and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good rental CF and a lot of
+startups just rent a CFO but make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups just rent a CFO but make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups just rent a CFO but make sure
+they're paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're paying attention to
+it um flexibility and pivots you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um flexibility and pivots you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um flexibility and pivots you're
+you're you're not going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not going to end up
+selling the product you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the product you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the product you think you
+are in fact the company probably is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact the company probably is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact the company probably is not
+going to be The Company You Think You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be The Company You Think You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be The Company You Think You're
+Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building
+a very large percentage and and no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large percentage and and no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large percentage and and no one
+has the data statistics but I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the data statistics but I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the data statistics but I think most
+startups end up at some point pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups end up at some point pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups end up at some point pivoting
+pivoting a little bit pivoting a lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting a little bit pivoting a lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting a little bit pivoting a lot we
+were going to build oh this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to build oh this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to build oh this company
+revolve and Boulder they came to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve and Boulder they came to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolve and Boulder they came to me and
+said uh we want to build an an internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh we want to build an an internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh we want to build an an internet
+addressable irrigation system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable irrigation system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable irrigation system okay
+that's interesting you know Nest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting you know Nest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting you know Nest is
+building the thermostat and now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the thermostat and now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the thermostat and now they're
+building fire alarms and stuff and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building fire alarms and stuff and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building fire alarms and stuff and maybe
+irrigation is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation is important
+too but we talked and I convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but we talked and I convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but we talked and I convince them
+that there is a bigger problem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a bigger problem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a bigger problem and you
+can be be the one the ring that rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be be the one the ring that rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be be the one the ring that rules
+all devices in the home you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all devices in the home you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all devices in the home you can build
+this product because you guys are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product because you guys are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product because you guys are all
+xmember people and you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xmember people and you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xmember people and you know how to do
+wireless and it's we have seven radios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless and it's we have seven radios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless and it's we have seven radios
+in the box and can control every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box and can control every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box and can control every
+protocol in the universe you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the universe you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the universe you can do it
+yay and they went and built it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay and they went and built it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay and they went and built it they
+pivoted they were building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoted they were building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoted they were building this
+irrigation system so you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation system so you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation system so you might end up
+having to do that once or maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do that once or maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do that once or maybe even
+twice don't be afraid of being flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice don't be afraid of being flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice don't be afraid of being flexible
+don't be afraid of taking rapid customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid of taking rapid customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid of taking rapid customer
+uh uh uh feedback use the lean Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh feedback use the lean Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh feedback use the lean Eric
+Reese's uh Lean Startup methodology do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reese's uh Lean Startup methodology do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reese's uh Lean Startup methodology do a
+lot of prototypes show it to customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of prototypes show it to customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of prototypes show it to customers
+what do you think of that well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of that well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of that well I don't
+like the color or I don't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the color or I don't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the color or I don't like that
+button whatever it is take that feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button whatever it is take that feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button whatever it is take that feedback
+quickly build more prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly build more prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly build more prototype
+and don't be afraid to change course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't be afraid to change course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't be afraid to change course in
+what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building a few more success factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a few more success factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a few more success factors so
+intellectual property I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property I have five
+patents I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents I really don't
+care because patents have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because patents have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because patents have never
+successfully in my experience or most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully in my experience or most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully in my experience or most
+species I've talked to has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I've talked to has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I've talked to has never
+successfully defended anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully defended anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully defended anything in
+fact uh most of the patents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh most of the patents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh most of the patents that
+startups pull out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups pull out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups pull out of
+universities end up being handed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities end up being handed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities end up being handed back
+later either because it's the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later either because it's the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later either because it's the terms are
+too honorous from the University I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too honorous from the University I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too honorous from the University I want
+so much thousands of dollars a year Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much thousands of dollars a year Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much thousands of dollars a year Well
+I'm going to figure out a way how not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to figure out a way how not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to figure out a way how not to
+have to give that to you but anyway IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give that to you but anyway IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give that to you but anyway IP
+is good and it's important and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good and it's important and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good and it's important and some
+people who might buy your company may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might buy your company may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might buy your company may
+say thank you I would like that patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you I would like that patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you I would like that patent
+as part of my wart just and to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of my wart just and to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of my wart just and to defend
+this or that it could be important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that it could be important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that it could be important but
+speed is far more important than patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is far more important than patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is far more important than patents
+outrun your competitors even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun your competitors even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun your competitors even if
+everybody steals your idea and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody steals your idea and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody steals your idea and they're
+building it right away and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it right away and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it right away and they're
+stealing your all your intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing your all your intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing your all your intellectual
+property if you beat them to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you beat them to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you beat them to the market
+first mover will win just be first be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mover will win just be first be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mover will win just be first be
+fast be be be the best so focus more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast be be be the best so focus more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast be be be the best so focus more on
+speed than intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed than intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed than intellectual
+property think about the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property think about the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property think about the mission
+um what is the mission well isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the mission well isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the mission well isn't the
+mission in the in the pitch no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission in the in the pitch no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission in the in the pitch no it's
+really not the P the the mission is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not the P the the mission is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not the P the the mission is when
+you sit down with your team and go what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit down with your team and go what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit down with your team and go what
+are we trying to do here oh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we trying to do here oh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we trying to do here oh we want to
+build this box we want to sell a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this box we want to sell a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this box we want to sell a million
+of them no what are we really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them no what are we really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them no what are we really trying to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+here what are we doing well we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are we doing well we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are we doing well we want to
+change the way people think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way people think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way people think about this
+whole field or we want to change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field or we want to change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole field or we want to change the way
+people interface with their home or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interface with their home or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interface with their home or what
+is it you're really trying to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you're really trying to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you're really trying to do and
+you're using a technology for right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a technology for right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a technology for right now
+to do it but later on you may move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but later on you may move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but later on you may move on to
+other things but what are you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but what are you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but what are you really
+trying to do figure out your mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do figure out your mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do figure out your mission
+statement word for word figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement word for word figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement word for word figure it
+out how am I doing on time am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out y I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out y I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out y I'm
+out you're good I'm good okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're good I'm good okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're good I'm good okay all right
+um the team the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the team the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the team the
+team um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team um
+really Venture capitalists do look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Venture capitalists do look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Venture capitalists do look at
+the team and a lot of them say yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and a lot of them say yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team and a lot of them say yeah the
+most important thing is the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is the team
+um and we're betting on the team well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're betting on the team well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're betting on the team well no
+really they they want your idea to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they they want your idea to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they they want your idea to make
+them a lot of money that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of money that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of money that's the most
+important thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing but the
+team can pivot or be flexible and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can pivot or be flexible and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team can pivot or be flexible and have
+the Integrity to be able to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity to be able to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity to be able to handle
+shocks okay whether it's a money shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks okay whether it's a money shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks okay whether it's a money shock
+or a technology shock or you know gee we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a technology shock or you know gee we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a technology shock or you know gee we
+just came to Market and so did three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came to Market and so did three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came to Market and so did three
+other companies what do we do now do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies what do we do now do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies what do we do now do we
+Buckle or are we tough is this team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckle or are we tough is this team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckle or are we tough is this team
+going to stick with it are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick with it are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick with it are we going to
+work whatever we have to the team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work whatever we have to the team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work whatever we have to the team is
+really important think about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important think about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important think about that as
+you're assembling it make sure the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assembling it make sure the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assembling it make sure the uh
+the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry
+works there will be the time when you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there will be the time when you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there will be the time when you'll
+have founder versus CEO issues or who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have founder versus CEO issues or who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have founder versus CEO issues or who's
+really running this company or this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really running this company or this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really running this company or this is
+my baby or whatever or you'll H have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my baby or whatever or you'll H have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my baby or whatever or you'll H have
+hires of people who you really like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires of people who you really like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hires of people who you really like but
+they're not working out out and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not working out out and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not working out out and what do
+we do with them you know these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with them you know these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with them you know these things
+have to be thought out well in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be thought out well in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be thought out well in advance
+you have to be able to make the tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to make the tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to make the tough
+decisions then part of that toughness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions then part of that toughness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions then part of that toughness
+has to be displayed to the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be displayed to the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be displayed to the venture
+capitalist to the people giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist to the people giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist to the people giving you
+money so you have to have good answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so you have to have good answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so you have to have good answers
+from people what would you do if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people what would you do if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from people what would you do if this
+were to happen with the team have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to happen with the team have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to happen with the team have that
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um how much money will it cost to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much money will it cost to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much money will it cost to build
+a company that's part of the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that's part of the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that's part of the business
+plan and how much money will you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and how much money will you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and how much money will you will
+you make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make us
+um also goes into your final exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also goes into your final exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also goes into your final exit
+strategy you know when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you know when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you know when you go
+public think about what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public think about what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public think about what happens when you
+go have a credible story when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go have a credible story when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go have a credible story when you go
+public even if you end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public even if you end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public even if you end up getting
+acquired always plan on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired always plan on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired always plan on going
+public uh just a few more real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one of the things about startups if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things about startups if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things about startups if
+you don't have any experience it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any experience it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any experience it's
+really really tough to convince money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tough to convince money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tough to convince money
+people that you know what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you know what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you know what you're doing
+so you have to surround yourself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to surround yourself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to surround yourself with
+with uh people who compensate for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh people who compensate for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh people who compensate for your
+weaknesses if you want to be the CEO of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses if you want to be the CEO of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses if you want to be the CEO of
+a company but you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company but you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company but you don't have any
+experience in finance or sales whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in finance or sales whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in finance or sales whatever
+you know this is my team and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is my team and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is my team and the
+everybody rounds each other out you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody rounds each other out you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody rounds each other out you have
+to make sure you you answer that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you you answer that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you you answer that issue
+of are you really ready for the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are you really ready for the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are you really ready for the startup
+based on your experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your experience
+level um we talked about trying to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um we talked about trying to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um we talked about trying to do it
+again after a failure failure is not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after a failure failure is not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after a failure failure is not bad
+in Silicon Valley it's it's a mark of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Silicon Valley it's it's a mark of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Silicon Valley it's it's a mark of of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Courage um speed and execution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courage um speed and execution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courage um speed and execution of
+personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality
+traits they they really are if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits they they really are if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits they they really are if you don't
+come across as high energy I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across as high energy I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across as high energy I'm going to
+have a hard time believing that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time believing that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time believing that you have
+this as a personality trait that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a personality trait that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a personality trait that you are
+going to get this product done fast when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this product done fast when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this product done fast when
+you say it's going to be done you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's going to be done you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's going to be done you're
+willing to put in the late Midnight Oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put in the late Midnight Oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put in the late Midnight Oil
+and burning that to get this thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning that to get this thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burning that to get this thing out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+door try to convey that you're capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door try to convey that you're capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door try to convey that you're capable
+of these things Focus f focus focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things Focus f focus focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things Focus f focus focus the
+worst thing that can happen to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing that can happen to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst thing that can happen to a
+startup is okay we started out building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup is okay we started out building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup is okay we started out building
+this but oh here's a shiny pretty little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but oh here's a shiny pretty little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but oh here's a shiny pretty little
+thing over there I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over there I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over there I'm going to start
+going to build that oh wait a minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build that oh wait a minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build that oh wait a minute I
+just read about that cool too that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read about that cool too that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read about that cool too that's
+losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing
+focus sometimes you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus sometimes you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus sometimes you're going to be
+forced to Pivot because there's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to Pivot because there's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to Pivot because there's a major
+block that you didn't expect thrown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that you didn't expect thrown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that you didn't expect thrown up
+in front of you and you need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you and you need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you and you need to get
+around it you need to Pivot around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it you need to Pivot around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it you need to Pivot around it
+and move on something similar but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move on something similar but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move on something similar but you
+don't want to give up one perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give up one perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give up one perfectly good
+thing that you spent six months doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you spent six months doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you spent six months doing
+just because then something else nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because then something else nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because then something else nicer
+and prettier came along so Focus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prettier came along so Focus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prettier came along so Focus you
+have to stay focused if somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stay focused if somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stay focused if somebody says
+you know hey boss you look at this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hey boss you look at this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hey boss you look at this it
+they just came out with that shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just came out with that shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just came out with that shouldn't
+we be building that Focus we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be building that Focus we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be building that Focus we're getting
+this done now we're we're going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done now we're we're going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done now we're we're going to work
+on it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and that's
+that um we talked about stock delution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we talked about stock delution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we talked about stock delution
+and control and not to worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and not to worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and not to worry too much
+about that uh and then finally take help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh and then finally take help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh and then finally take help
+from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your
+investors but investors probably aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors but investors probably aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors but investors probably aren't
+going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very
+helpful you might think they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful you might think they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful you might think they are they
+might tell you they are they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell you they are they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell you they are they're going to
+say we're your buddies I love what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're your buddies I love what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're your buddies I love what
+you're doing I love you I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing I love you I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing I love you I'm going to
+help you I'm going to roll up my sleeves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you I'm going to roll up my sleeves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you I'm going to roll up my sleeves
+and it's all Bs they can't they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all Bs they can't they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all Bs they can't they're doing
+too many companies they're sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many companies they're sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many companies they're sitting on
+too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many
+boards they know people use the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards they know people use the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards they know people use the network
+and use their connections at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use their connections at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use their connections at the next
+round have them help you you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round have them help you you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round have them help you you know who
+are you partnering with now can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you partnering with now can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you partnering with now can we
+parade in front of them as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parade in front of them as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parade in front of them as well but
+they're not going to help you that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to help you that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to help you that much
+Angel Investors are more likely to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel Investors are more likely to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel Investors are more likely to roll
+their sleeves up because there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sleeves up because there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sleeves up because there a lot of
+sometimes they retirees like me who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they retirees like me who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they retirees like me who want
+to have fun and play with gadgets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have fun and play with gadgets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have fun and play with gadgets and
+stuff like that and they could help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and they could help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and they could help but
+in general the kind of help from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kind of help from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kind of help from your
+investors is more who they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors is more who they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors is more who they know
+customers and networks and partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and networks and partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and networks and partners
+okay so the bottom line is this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the bottom line is this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the bottom line is this all
+really boils down to leadership whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boils down to leadership whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boils down to leadership whether
+it's technology leadership CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technology leadership CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technology leadership CEO
+leadership team management it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership team management it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership team management it's all
+leader you want to be the leader in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader you want to be the leader in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader you want to be the leader in
+whatever you do right so leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do right so leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do right so leadership
+wins in order to be a leader you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins in order to be a leader you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins in order to be a leader you've got
+to show passion you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show passion you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show passion you've got to be
+confident and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident and you have to
+engage you have to do those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage you have to do those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage you have to do those three
+things you need to have a call to action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to have a call to action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to have a call to action
+I'm going to go do this do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go do this do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go do this do you want to
+be a part of it I can give you a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part of it I can give you a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part of it I can give you a piece
+of my my company love to have you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my my company love to have you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my my company love to have you on
+board but we're going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but we're going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but we're going to change the
+world you need to make that pitch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you need to make that pitch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you need to make that pitch and
+then you win the war even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you win the war even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you win the war even if you don't
+win that battle even if you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that battle even if you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that battle even if you don't get
+that VC the world will get out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VC the world will get out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VC the world will get out what
+you're trying to do and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do and you're going to
+do fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all got this thank you Steve thanks Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got this thank you Steve thanks Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got this thank you Steve thanks Joe
+and thank you guys and by the way all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you guys and by the way all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thank you guys and by the way all of
+you can be the next Tony Stark or Betty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be the next Tony Stark or Betty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be the next Tony Stark or Betty
+Stark we need another Tony Stark a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark we need another Tony Stark a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark we need another Tony Stark a
+female Tony Stark captain of industry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female Tony Stark captain of industry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female Tony Stark captain of industry so
+good luck okay thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LeafEHx9d0c.txt b/LeafEHx9d0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b5f342e02dd8d20091864539cafe2ba296836af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LeafEHx9d0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got
+to complete some thoughts here about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete some thoughts here about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete some thoughts here about the
+refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement
+equation which dominated Lector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which dominated Lector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which dominated Lector
+27 and bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and bring in
+wavelets as the differences between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets as the differences between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets as the differences between one
+the coar scale and the fine scale V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coar scale and the fine scale V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coar scale and the fine scale V
+not is contained in V1 but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is contained in V1 but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is contained in V1 but there's some
+more stuff in there and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff in there and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff in there and that's the
+details because you know V1 has details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details because you know V1 has details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details because you know V1 has details
+in it that vot doesn't have and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that vot doesn't have and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that vot doesn't have and it'll be
+the wavelet space you not that shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet space you not that shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet space you not that shows us
+those details then to discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details then to discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details then to discuss some
+applications some of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications some of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications some of the many
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+and good a very good question was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good a very good question was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good a very good question was asked
+in the before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the before the
+lecture how did we get how did do ingred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how did we get how did do ingred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how did we get how did do ingred
+doesi who whose great paper was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesi who whose great paper was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesi who whose great paper was in
+1988 how what question was she asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 how what question was she asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 how what question was she asking
+herself and what answers did she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and what answers did she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself and what answers did she
+find okay the question she came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find okay the question she came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find okay the question she came out of
+physics and uh had friends in seismology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and uh had friends in seismology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and uh had friends in seismology
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+example a question that was in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a question that was in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a question that was in the air
+was what kind of a basis could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what kind of a basis could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what kind of a basis could
+seismology just use to represent a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismology just use to represent a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismology just use to represent a a
+fast pulse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast pulse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast pulse that
+stops and 48 basis was not any good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and 48 basis was not any good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and 48 basis was not any good for
+that the signal was uh was not suited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the signal was uh was not suited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the signal was uh was not suited to
+functions that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that go on
+forever so it was natural to look at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so it was natural to look at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so it was natural to look at to
+look for a basis we we want among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a basis we we want among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a basis we we want among other
+things we want uh compact support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want uh compact support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want uh compact support
+finite length can I write it as compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length can I write it as compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length can I write it as compact
+support since I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+because it seems reasonable to that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems reasonable to that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems reasonable to that our
+basis functions that there there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that there there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that there there might
+be basis functions that are supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basis functions that are supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basis functions that are supported
+out here and we want zero of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and we want zero of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and we want zero of those and
+then we we kind of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we kind of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we kind of think of
+har as as one answer but so we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har as as one answer but so we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har as as one answer but so we wanted
+compact support like har we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact support like har we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact support like har we wanted
+different scales multiscale like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+har but then we also want somehow better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har but then we also want somehow better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har but then we also want somehow better
+than har because har was 80 years old by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than har because har was 80 years old by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than har because har was 80 years old by
+that I mean not the person the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean not the person the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean not the person the the idea
+was uh we wanted to or she wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh we wanted to or she wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh we wanted to or she wanted to
+better make it clear that it was ingred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make it clear that it was ingred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make it clear that it was ingred
+improve on har
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at that point it was natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point it was natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point it was natural to
+think about orthogonal bases as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about orthogonal bases as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about orthogonal bases as being
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+good so and thinking of bases that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so and thinking of bases that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so and thinking of bases that were
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+form some function some some function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form some function some some function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form some function some some function to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+found that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh
+whose dilates and shifts would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose dilates and shifts would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose dilates and shifts would give
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+multiscale would have have compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale would have have compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale would have have compact
+support and hopefully would be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and hopefully would be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and hopefully would be better
+than har but it wasn't at all clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than har but it wasn't at all clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than har but it wasn't at all clear that
+such and and orthogonal I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and and orthogonal I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and and orthogonal I'm going to add
+in orthogonal so so maybe we no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orthogonal so so maybe we no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orthogonal so so maybe we no longer
+are so insistent on that property I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so insistent on that property I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so insistent on that property I I
+remember writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember writing a
+survey paper in cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey paper in cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey paper in cam
+review um back at that time a of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review um back at that time a of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review um back at that time a of course
+after ing's paper had appeared there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after ing's paper had appeared there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after ing's paper had appeared there was
+a whole lot of of interest in it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of of interest in it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of of interest in it and I
+remember asking ingred well do wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember asking ingred well do wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember asking ingred well do wavelets
+have to be orthogonal or not and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be orthogonal or not and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be orthogonal or not and after
+some thought she said maybe not and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thought she said maybe not and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thought she said maybe not and now
+we would say definitely not because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say definitely not because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say definitely not because uh
+we know that in these applications we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in these applications we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that in these applications we
+often want Symmetry and we can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want Symmetry and we can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want Symmetry and we can't have
+orthogonality but at that time she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality but at that time she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality but at that time she
+wanted orthogonality so she wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted orthogonality so she wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted orthogonality so she wanted to
+create a basis that had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a basis that had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a basis that had these
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+and I I'll write down in a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll write down in a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll write down in a minute what
+what the hor wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hor wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hor wavelet
+is but it wasn't clear that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it wasn't clear that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it wasn't clear that you could
+even how to tackle it I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even how to tackle it I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even how to tackle it I mean this is a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+functions and and how do you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and how do you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and how do you decide
+whether they're orthogonal so on I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're orthogonal so on I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're orthogonal so on I mean
+it it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was like
+a a real math problem where you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a real math problem where you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a real math problem where you where
+you don't know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know where you're going
+frankly you you're waiting for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly you you're waiting for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly you you're waiting for some
+lightning to strike to give some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning to strike to give some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning to strike to give some idea
+and now of course we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course we do have
+a a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a um
+framework uh based on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework uh based on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework uh based on these
+filters in which uh it really despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in which uh it really despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in which uh it really despite
+the confusion of all lectures in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion of all lectures in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the confusion of all lectures in this
+series uh is a much clearer picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh is a much clearer picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh is a much clearer picture and
+and and there's a a way to go um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's a a way to go um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's a a way to go um so that
+now and ingred sort of began to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and ingred sort of began to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and ingred sort of began to find
+that way other people stepped in Mala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way other people stepped in Mala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way other people stepped in Mala
+and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+Mayer uh those are some of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayer uh those are some of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayer uh those are some of the great
+names in this subject uh on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names in this subject uh on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names in this subject uh on in the
+seismic area there was a physicist named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismic area there was a physicist named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seismic area there was a physicist named
+grman yeah all in France actually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grman yeah all in France actually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grman yeah all in France actually these
+guys and then came uh Mayer who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then came uh Mayer who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then came uh Mayer who's a
+great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh
+mathematician uh his uh Mala who's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician uh his uh Mala who's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician uh his uh Mala who's uh
+now senior was a graduate student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now senior was a graduate student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now senior was a graduate student at
+that time and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and of course
+ingred and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingred and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingred and uh and
+others yeah the history is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others yeah the history is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others yeah the history is quite
+interesting oh and you should know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting oh and you should know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting oh and you should know a
+book if you interested in like reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if you interested in like reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if you interested in like reading
+personal the personal side of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal the personal side of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal the personal side of something
+like this there's a book um called I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's a book um called I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's a book um called I
+think it's called the world according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called the world according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called the world according to
+wavelets by uh friend Barbara Burke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets by uh friend Barbara Burke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets by uh friend Barbara Burke
+hover maybe I'll put her name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hover maybe I'll put her name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hover maybe I'll put her name
+somewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+World I'll just say world according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World I'll just say world according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World I'll just say world according to
+wavelets and uh she uses a hyphenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets and uh she uses a hyphenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets and uh she uses a hyphenated
+last name Burke uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last name Burke uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last name Burke uh
+hubard and it's published by a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubard and it's published by a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubard and it's published by a local
+company um AA uh AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um AA uh AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um AA uh AK
+Peters AK Peters it's a natic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters AK Peters it's a natic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters AK Peters it's a natic
+publisher and a very nice bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher and a very nice bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher and a very nice bunch of
+people and this book has won prizes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and this book has won prizes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and this book has won prizes for
+sort of popular Exposition so it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of popular Exposition so it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of popular Exposition so it's quite
+fun to give you the story more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to give you the story more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to give you the story more than I
+could do in these short time okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in these short time okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in these short time okay and
+now maybe I'll jump to what the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I'll jump to what the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I'll jump to what the wavelet
+is for har
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we've seen the scaling function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the scaling function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the scaling function
+it's the Box function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Box function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Box function the
+wavelet well actually we could guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet well actually we could guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet well actually we could guess it
+if we knew this wavelet equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew this wavelet equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew this wavelet equation you
+remember F oft as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember F oft as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember F oft as the
+box and now I'm going to take I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and now I'm going to take I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and now I'm going to take I'm in the
+hor context so I just have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hor context so I just have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hor context so I just have two
+coefficients plus and minus in the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients plus and minus in the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients plus and minus in the low
+in the high path filter right Plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high path filter right Plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the high path filter right Plus and
+minus they are so we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus they are so we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus they are so we take that
+combination of boxes and we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of boxes and we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of boxes and we get this
+again it's from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's from 0 to
+one and it's a box half box minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a box half box minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a box half box minus a half
+box that's the hor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that's the hor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that's the hor
+wavelet so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet so you see
+wavelets have integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so they they're picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they they're picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they they're picking up
+oscillations where the scaling function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations where the scaling function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations where the scaling function
+is picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking up
+averages so uh this is maybe the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so uh this is maybe the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so uh this is maybe the key
+picture for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for this
+lecture the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and uh in in several ways so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh in in several ways so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and uh in in several ways so let
+me jump into the wavelets here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me jump into the wavelets here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me jump into the wavelets here okay and
+these spaces W what I've called in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces W what I've called in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces W what I've called in the
+in the uh lecture outline I've called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh lecture outline I've called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh lecture outline I've called
+WJ so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ so what is
+WJ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ so
+WJ fair enough it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations of the wavelets instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the wavelets instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the wavelets instead of
+the scaling function you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling function you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling function you remember
+VJ was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations of Fe at scale J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of Fe at scale J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of Fe at scale J
+and it shifts so it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts so it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shifts so it's a bunch of
+functions at that scale J this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at that scale J this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at that scale J this is the
+same of w at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale so those are the W's and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so those are the W's and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so those are the W's and these are
+the v's okay now let me come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's okay now let me come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's okay now let me come to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh with this example let let me put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this example let let me put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this example let let me put the
+Box function in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box function in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box function in here
+too just next to it so this is the Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too just next to it so this is the Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too just next to it so this is the Fe
+and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the
+W both from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and here's the here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the here's what
+I'm here's the equation I'm I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here's the equation I'm I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here's the equation I'm I'm uh
+shooting for checking wanting to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for checking wanting to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for checking wanting to check
+that that the fun that I take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the fun that I take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the fun that I take all the
+functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in
+v0 and all the function and add to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and all the function and add to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and all the function and add to any
+function in W and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+well the answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is going to be
+V1 these are the functions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 these are the functions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 these are the functions these are
+peie wise constant on intervals these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peie wise constant on intervals these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peie wise constant on intervals these
+are these are on unit intervals so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are on unit intervals so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are on unit intervals so oh
+let's just draw one so dot dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw one so dot dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just draw one so dot dot dot dot
+for example there there I got out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there there I got out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there there I got out to
+two and what's what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what's what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what's what's in
+w0 well if I stay between zero and two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 well if I stay between zero and two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 well if I stay between zero and two I
+what's in w0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in w0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in w0
+then it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy plus any multiple I'm taking any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy plus any multiple I'm taking any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy plus any multiple I'm taking any
+combination say say this guy on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination say say this guy on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination say say this guy on this
+one so there's a typical typ I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a typical typ I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's a typical typ I'm just
+drawing one typical guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing one typical guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing one typical guy in
+v0 and a typical thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and a typical thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 and a typical thing in
+w0 It's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shift with certain weights maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift with certain weights maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift with certain weights maybe that
+height is 2/3 maybe that height is 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is 2/3 maybe that height is 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is 2/3 maybe that height is 1.6
+whatever and I combine those so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and I combine those so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and I combine those so let me
+put a plus sign in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus sign in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus sign in yellow
+here for once okay and what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for once okay and what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for once okay and what do I have
+what kind of a function have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a function have I
+got I've got a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I've got a function
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise
+constant on half intervals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly because this is PE wise constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly because this is PE wise constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly because this is PE wise constant
+on unit intervals so automatically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unit intervals so automatically on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unit intervals so automatically on
+half intervals and this is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half intervals and this is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half intervals and this is certainly
+peie wise constant half interval so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peie wise constant half interval so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peie wise constant half interval so the
+I've got a result that's in V1 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a result that's in V1 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a result that's in V1 but now
+the point is I can get everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I can get everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I can get everything in
+V1 from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 from these
+two everything in V1 can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two everything in V1 can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two everything in V1 can be
+split it see this here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it see this here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it see this here's the
+decomposition here's the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here's the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition here's the wavelet
+decomposition we know what a Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we know what a Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we know what a Fier
+decomposition is you split it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is you split it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is you split it into
+harmonics the wavelet decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics the wavelet decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics the wavelet decomposition is
+you split the thing into multiple scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you do you believe that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do you believe that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do you believe that I could
+take any function in V1 why don't I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function in V1 why don't I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function in V1 why don't I have
+any function why don't I have all of V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function why don't I have all of V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function why don't I have all of V1
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah because the only functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah because the only functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah because the only functions
+I've I've got some functions in V1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've got some functions in V1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've got some functions in V1 here
+but they're all plus minus plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all plus minus plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all plus minus plus minus
+plus minus and here they're plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and here they're plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and here they're plus
+plus equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equal
+but if I mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I mix the
+two all I'm saying is that out of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all I'm saying is that out of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all I'm saying is that out of out of
+one out of by combining one one with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of by combining one one with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of by combining one one with one
+minus one with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one with the right
+weights I can get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights I can get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights I can get any
+AB within right that's that's that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB within right that's that's that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB within right that's that's that's all
+I'm saying is that if I if I'm shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is that if I if I'm shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is that if I if I'm shooting
+to get something that goes up a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something that goes up a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something that goes up a and then
+goes up B Heights a and B then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up B Heights a and B then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up B Heights a and B then some
+coefficient some multiplying the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some multiplying the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some multiplying the one
+multiplying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this
+guy plus some coefficient multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy plus some coefficient multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy plus some coefficient multiplying
+this one would produce this one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one would produce this one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one would produce this one and then
+on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next
+interval new coefficient oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval new coefficient oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval new coefficient oh no
+problem so um this is then so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so um this is then so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so um this is then so let's go
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because V1 plus W1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 what does that mean this I I my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 what does that mean this I I my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 what does that mean this I I my claim
+is that that uh um if I get it right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that uh um if I get it right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that uh um if I get it right at
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+scale I've automatically got it right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I've automatically got it right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I've automatically got it right at
+all higher scales I mean just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all higher scales I mean just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all higher scales I mean just these
+functions were functions of t or 2T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were functions of t or 2T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions were functions of t or 2T so
+just change T to 2 to the JT and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change T to 2 to the JT and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change T to 2 to the JT and you've
+got you've got it right at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you've got it right at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you've got it right at scale
+J but now look how we've got it v0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but now look how we've got it v0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but now look how we've got it v0 plus
+w0 but wait a minute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 but wait a minute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 but wait a minute is
+V1 but V so suppose I plug that in then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 but V so suppose I plug that in then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 but V so suppose I plug that in then
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+V1 I'm I'm breaking V1 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into into v0 plus w0 plus W1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into v0 plus w0 plus W1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into v0 plus w0 plus W1 is
+V2 and that's now we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and that's now we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and that's now we're getting
+there that that's the multiscale here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that that's the multiscale here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that that's the multiscale here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+averages here's the the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+details and here's the fine details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and here's the fine details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and here's the fine details and
+I guess that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that I'm
+realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing
+that a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a much more
+um visual way to give this whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um visual way to give this whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um visual way to give this whole lecture
+would be to bring in the matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to bring in the matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to bring in the matlb
+toolbox mat lab wavelet toolbox and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox mat lab wavelet toolbox and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox mat lab wavelet toolbox and let
+you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these
+pieces so that that I don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so that that I don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so that that I don't know whether
+the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+has the I know you have mat lab of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the I know you have mat lab of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the I know you have mat lab of
+course but then there're all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay and and and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay and and and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay and and and would
+I and would I get that okay and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and would I get that okay and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and would I get that okay and would
+that toolbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toolbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toolbox
+be in the in the thing it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the in the thing it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the in the thing it probably
+is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so here I admit that I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so here I admit that I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so here I admit that I'm a
+mathematician and not uh not uh so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and not uh not uh so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and not uh not uh so I was
+T talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothetically uh well I could I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically uh well I could I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically uh well I could I've seen
+it done so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done so often
+usually by my colleague whoever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by my colleague whoever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by my colleague whoever that is
+that I could probably do it that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could probably do it that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could probably do it that that
+really I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean so
+maybe let me check offline after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me check offline after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let me check offline after this
+lecture what might be feasible but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what might be feasible but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what might be feasible but what
+would we let's stay hypothetical in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we let's stay hypothetical in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we let's stay hypothetical in in
+this for this additional minute so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this additional minute so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this additional minute so what
+would that mat lab toolbox so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that mat lab toolbox so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that mat lab toolbox so it's the
+mat lab wavelet toolbox I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab wavelet toolbox I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab wavelet toolbox I'm speaking
+about so that's one of its many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's one of its many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's one of its many
+toolboxes one of the many toolboxes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes one of the many toolboxes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes one of the many toolboxes by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+the so mad lab of course is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so mad lab of course is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so mad lab of course is a product
+out of math Works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of math Works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of math Works in
+NAIC uh but uh they don't write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAIC uh but uh they don't write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAIC uh but uh they don't write the
+toolboxes they they hope that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes they they hope that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolboxes they they hope that individual
+scientists around the world will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists around the world will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists around the world will think
+hey I know what I know how to use mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I know what I know how to use mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I know what I know how to use mat
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+in in wavelet theory I'll write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in wavelet theory I'll write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in wavelet theory I'll write the
+toolbox and then they ma math Works pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox and then they ma math Works pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox and then they ma math Works pays
+the authors which in this case were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors which in this case were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors which in this case were four
+four additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four additional
+French uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+statisticians not not the ones I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians not not the ones I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians not not the ones I've
+mentioned uh they created the toolbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh they created the toolbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh they created the toolbox
+created the guey the nice user interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the guey the nice user interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the guey the nice user interface
+and so that you could call up call up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you could call up call up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you could call up call up a
+signal what's a signal it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal what's a signal it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal what's a signal it's a it's a
+well it's discreet actually but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's discreet actually but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's discreet actually but it looks
+like a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a continuous
+function and then you put the toolbox to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you put the toolbox to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you put the toolbox to
+work and you say Okay figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you say Okay figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you say Okay figure out
+its component at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its component at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its component at this
+level its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level its
+averages uh and and it's and the P so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages uh and and it's and the P so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages uh and and it's and the P so so
+you would here's the fun we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would here's the fun we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would here's the fun we could say
+here's the here's the function and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the function and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the here's the function and now
+the toolbox would break it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolbox would break it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolbox would break it into
+pieces so it would have a piece that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so it would have a piece that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so it would have a piece that was
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+smooth that would be the in the v would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth that would be the in the v would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth that would be the in the v would
+be the vzero piece and then would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the vzero piece and then would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the vzero piece and then would have a
+piece that's you know catching some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's you know catching some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's you know catching some of
+the oscillation that would be the w0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation that would be the w0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation that would be the w0
+piece then would have a piece that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then would have a piece that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then would have a piece that's
+smaller probably much smaller in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller probably much smaller in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller probably much smaller in
+magnitude but oscillating more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but oscillating more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but oscillating more rapidly
+picking up the other oscillation ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the other oscillation ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the other oscillation ation
+that would be the W1 part and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the W1 part and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the W1 part and we could
+have like five scales or we just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five scales or we just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like five scales or we just tell
+the toolbox how many scales we want four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolbox how many scales we want four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toolbox how many scales we want four
+or five would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five would be
+typical and then you ask them to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and then you ask them to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and then you ask them to add
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+ align:start position:0%
+these functions together and of course
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions together and of course
+they add back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add back to the
+original so what I'm saying is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so what I'm saying is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so what I'm saying is the
+toolbox I'm writing things at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox I'm writing things at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox I'm writing things at the level
+of the whole Space of functions but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole Space of functions but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole Space of functions but what
+that means is for each function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is for each function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is for each function
+just like for each function just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for each function just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for each function just the way
+function has a fora series it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a fora series it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a fora series it's got a
+wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet
+series and the toolbox would compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and the toolbox would compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and the toolbox would compute it
+so what would the wavelet series be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would the wavelet series be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would the wavelet series be it
+would use these functions and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use these functions and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use these functions and it would
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these the vot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the vot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the vot
+plus the W's at all scales so so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the W's at all scales so so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the W's at all scales so so the the
+wavelet expansion of a function just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet expansion of a function just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet expansion of a function just
+comp compare it with the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compare it with the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compare it with the forier
+expansion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that
+that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+uh key idea here is the the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh key idea here is the the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh key idea here is the the difference
+between the F expansion and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the F expansion and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the F expansion and this kind of
+a wavelet expansion so so we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelet expansion so so we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelet expansion so so we have some
+combination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in
+v0 of the its basis functions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 of the its basis functions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 of the its basis functions and then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+but not only w0 but at also WJ at Al all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not only w0 but at also WJ at Al all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not only w0 but at also WJ at Al all
+the W's so we need a double index BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so there is it's looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so there is it's looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so there is it's looks a little
+messier than the 4A series but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messier than the 4A series but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messier than the 4A series but
+um it's the natural expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the natural expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the natural expansion in
+multiscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale
+okay so you've right so we've selected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've right so we've selected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've right so we've selected a
+basis once we've decided on Fe and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis once we've decided on Fe and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis once we've decided on Fe and W
+we've got the basis and where do Fe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the basis and where do Fe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the basis and where do Fe and
+W come from well now they come from h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W come from well now they come from h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W come from well now they come from h0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1
+so the your question which is right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the your question which is right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the your question which is right on
+is the the thing is the answer was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the thing is the answer was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the thing is the answer was in
+that in the previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the previous uh
+lectures uh 25 and 26 I guess which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh 25 and 26 I guess which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh 25 and 26 I guess which were
+about the construction of H not and H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the construction of H not and H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the construction of H not and H1
+and oh well you have to do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh well you have to do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh well you have to do you remember
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that that if we have an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if we have an orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if we have an orthogonal basis
+like har then the there's another pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like har then the there's another pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like har then the there's another pair
+of filters that I called FN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filters that I called FN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filters that I called FN and
+F1 and for or in the orthogonal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and for or in the orthogonal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 and for or in the orthogonal case
+with hor they they were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hor they they were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hor they they were the same
+numbers but for other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but for other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but for other cases
+they are diff different numbers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are diff different numbers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are diff different numbers they
+come from these numbers by reversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from these numbers by reversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from these numbers by reversing
+signs and flipping the order and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and flipping the order and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and flipping the order and it's
+all that neat trick but did I get answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that neat trick but did I get answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that neat trick but did I get answer
+the question properly let me repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question properly let me repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question properly let me repeat
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+do Fe and W come from okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Fe and W come from okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Fe and W come from okay that
+was doi's question of course what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doi's question of course what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doi's question of course what the
+heck can I use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck can I use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck can I use for
+wavelets that improves on har that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets that improves on har that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets that improves on har that's
+better than this U Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this U Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this U Square
+wave and the hope would the natural idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the hope would the natural idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the hope would the natural idea
+would be that the wavelet should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the wavelet should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that the wavelet should be
+longer so that you see what'll happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so that you see what'll happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so that you see what'll happen
+the beauty of har was there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of har was there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of har was there was no
+overlap between W of T and W of T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between W of T and W of T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between W of T and W of T minus
+one they were obviously orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they were obviously orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they were obviously orthogonal
+because they didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't even
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+when the wavelet goes from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wavelet goes from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wavelet goes from zero to
+three then the shift will go from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then the shift will go from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then the shift will go from one to
+four and they overlap in that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and they overlap in that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and they overlap in that middle
+region and of course the rescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and of course the rescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and of course the rescale
+versions are all overlapping all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are all overlapping all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are all overlapping all over
+the place so there this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place so there this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place so there this incredible
+overlap and you think how could I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and you think how could I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and you think how could I ever
+do those integrals and make them come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those integrals and make them come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those integrals and make them come
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and I mean it looks like just a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I mean it looks like just a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I mean it looks like just a can
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+worms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worms but
+the great thing is that if you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing is that if you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing is that if you construct
+your fee and W out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fee and W out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fee and W out of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that then these become the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then these become the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then these become the essential
+inputs that you have to decide on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that you have to decide on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that you have to decide on that
+there's your decision what are the H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your decision what are the H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your decision what are the H and
+H1 and we compiled uh the equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 and we compiled uh the equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 and we compiled uh the equations that
+we wanted those to satisfy in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted those to satisfy in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted those to satisfy in order for
+things to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to come out
+right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh
+I don't know whether to recapture those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether to recapture those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether to recapture those
+equations um again I won't I hate to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um again I won't I hate to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um again I won't I hate to add
+more equations here uh but so so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equations here uh but so so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equations here uh but so so I'll
+refer to the text and to the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the text and to the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the text and to the earlier
+lectures for the condition so the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for the condition so the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for the condition so the but
+the main point is if we get an h and H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is if we get an h and H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is if we get an h and H1
+that that made us happy last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made us happy last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that made us happy last
+week then we've got a fee and a w that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week then we've got a fee and a w that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week then we've got a fee and a w that
+make us happy this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us happy this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us happy this week
+that that's that's it oh well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's it oh well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's it oh well we have a
+fee and a w in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and a w in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and a w in
+principle of course when I say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of course when I say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of course when I say we have a
+fee and a w it doesn't mean I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and a w it doesn't mean I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and a w it doesn't mean I actually
+know what fee is I darn well know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what fee is I darn well know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what fee is I darn well know what
+hn and H1 are that's just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn and H1 are that's just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn and H1 are that's just a set of
+numbers I don't actually know what F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I don't actually know what F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I don't actually know what F
+what Fe and W are and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Fe and W are and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Fe and W are and I don't want to
+know frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly
+because I don't need those functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't need those functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't need those functions you
+may say how could I do anything without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say how could I do anything without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say how could I do anything without
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+without knowing these functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing these functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing these functions the
+point is those functions came from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is those functions came from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is those functions came from these
+numbers and if I can make if I can throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and if I can make if I can throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and if I can make if I can throw
+all questions and all calculations back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all questions and all calculations back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all questions and all calculations back
+to those numbers I've got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those numbers I've got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those numbers I've got a good
+algorithm because there just a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because there just a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because there just a finite
+number small finite number maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number small finite number maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number small finite number maybe three
+four of each or maybe nine of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of each or maybe nine of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of each or maybe nine of these and
+seven of these or something seldom would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these or something seldom would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these or something seldom would
+I go much higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go much higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go much higher than
+that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I
+can work with those numbers and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with those numbers and never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with those numbers and never
+need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function but uh so that's really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but uh so that's really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but uh so that's really the the
+whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is
+that that uh everything now is seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh everything now is seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh everything now is seen in
+terms of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those
+coefficients and actually let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and actually let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and actually let's let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+it h how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h how would
+I what is the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah H how would I produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah H how would I produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah H how would I produce this
+function in V1 out of this function let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in V1 out of this function let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in V1 out of this function let
+me give you an example and so you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example and so you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example and so you where
+you have to tell me the numbers suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell me the numbers suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tell me the numbers suppose
+my function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function in
+V1 is let me give you a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 is let me give you a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 is let me give you a specific
+function and you just tell me how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you just tell me how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you just tell me how many
+of each I need okay so suppose I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each I need okay so suppose I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each I need okay so suppose I want
+the com I want to take a multiple I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com I want to take a multiple I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com I want to take a multiple I'm
+just on one interval let me let me throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on one interval let me let me throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on one interval let me let me throw
+because I do this an interval at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do this an interval at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do this an interval at a time
+so let me just stay on the interval 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just stay on the interval 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just stay on the interval 0 to
+one 0 to one I've got the box function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0 to one I've got the box function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0 to one I've got the box function
+here and I've got the square wave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've got the square wave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've got the square wave here
+and I would like to produce let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to produce let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to produce let's say I
+would like let me so on zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like let me so on zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like let me so on zero to one
+suppose I would like to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I would like to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I would like to produce
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three on 01 how much of the box and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on 01 how much of the box and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on 01 how much of the box and how
+much of the square wave should I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the square wave should I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the square wave should I put in
+to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+53 four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 four of
+these let me do that even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let me do that even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let me do that even in
+yellow four of these and how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow four of these and how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow four of these and how much of the
+other and one of those okay right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and one of those okay right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and one of those okay right so you
+had no trouble to do that but my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no trouble to do that but my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no trouble to do that but my point
+is these numbers four and one you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these numbers four and one you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these numbers four and one you could
+have what you could have done should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you could have done should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you could have done should
+have done is to take the 53 sample send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done is to take the 53 sample send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done is to take the 53 sample send
+it through now you're going to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through now you're going to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through now you're going to remember
+from last time send it through this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time send it through this low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time send it through this low
+pass filter the H knot filter and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter the H knot filter and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter the H knot filter and send
+this one through the H1 filter and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one through the H1 filter and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one through the H1 filter and what
+would have come out do you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come out do you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come out do you remember what
+those filters well this is a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those filters well this is a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those filters well this is a very short
+signal we really I'm I'm really have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we really I'm I'm really have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we really I'm I'm really have all
+zeros and until it and then all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and until it and then all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and until it and then all zeros
+after it to to fit what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it to to fit what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it to to fit what I had
+before so do you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so do you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so do you remember what
+um yeah this is a very good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah this is a very good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah this is a very good thing to do
+here you remember what comes out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you remember what comes out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you remember what comes out you
+what's that filter again the H knot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that filter again the H knot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that filter again the H knot for
+har it's averaging right half and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har it's averaging right half and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har it's averaging right half and half
+okay so I send that signal through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I send that signal through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I send that signal through and
+what what signal do I get out of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what signal do I get out of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what signal do I get out of of this
+averaging filter where it takes so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging filter where it takes so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging filter where it takes so this
+filter takes half of the current plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter takes half of the current plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter takes half of the current plus
+half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+previous okay so out com here come in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous okay so out com here come in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous okay so out com here come in a
+whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of
+zeros and it'll keep averaging zero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and it'll keep averaging zero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and it'll keep averaging zero with
+zero and then the first time it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the first time it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the first time it sees
+this five it's averaging that with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five it's averaging that with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five it's averaging that with its
+guy before so it gets what two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy before so it gets what two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy before so it gets what two and a
+half well who wants two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well who wants two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well who wants two and a half
+nobody but it's gets it then it gets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody but it's gets it then it gets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody but it's gets it then it gets and
+then it averages the three with a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it averages the three with a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it averages the three with a five
+and it gets four the number we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets four the number we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets four the number we really
+want then it averages the zero with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then it averages the zero with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then it averages the zero with the
+three and it gets a one and a half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it gets a one and a half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it gets a one and a half so
+and then it's Zer after that so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's Zer after that so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's Zer after that so it's a
+so out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out comes
+a a five halves and then the four that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a five halves and then the four that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a five halves and then the four that
+we really like and then the three Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really like and then the three Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really like and then the three Hales
+that we really don't want and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really don't want and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really don't want and all the
+others are zeros okay but then do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are zeros okay but then do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are zeros okay but then do you
+remember what the filter Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the filter Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the filter Bank
+did to that it down sampled it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to that it down sampled it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to that it down sampled it took
+every other one so it takes takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other one so it takes takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other one so it takes takes this
+guy it picks the right one out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it picks the right one out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it picks the right one out and
+throws away these throws away a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws away these throws away a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws away these throws away a lot of
+zeros and now down here of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and now down here of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and now down here of course this
+is the differencing filter so it'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the differencing filter so it'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the differencing filter so it'll take
+five minus that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus that over
+two 3 minus that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 minus that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 minus that over
+two why am I getting oh you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why am I getting oh you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why am I getting oh you see
+I'm the you see my trouble here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the you see my trouble here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the you see my trouble here I'm
+getting a minus one right I'm getting 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a minus one right I'm getting 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a minus one right I'm getting 3
+- 5 over two why am I getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 over two why am I getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 over two why am I getting
+that because I've screwed up somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've screwed up somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've screwed up somewhere
+right okay yes so but it'll be the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yes so but it'll be the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yes so but it'll be the minus
+one which so I just you know you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which so I just you know you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which so I just you know you see how
+the the patience required to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the patience required to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the patience required to well
+probably a minus one will come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a minus one will come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a minus one will come out of
+here yeah I mean so a minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I mean so a minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I mean so a minus one is
+coming out of there and a four is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of there and a four is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of there and a four is coming
+out of there I I could really fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there I I could really fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there I I could really fix that
+or we all could fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up there's a flip in the uh in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a flip in the uh in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a flip in the uh in between
+the uh between the analysis step the hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh between the analysis step the hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh between the analysis step the hes
+and the transpose the the synthesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transpose the the synthesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transpose the the synthesis the
+anyway the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the minus one
+would have to come out as the plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to come out as the plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to come out as the plus one
+but what was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what was my
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+my my point is yes that we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my point is yes that we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my point is yes that we don't have to
+think about these functions we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these functions we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these functions we we can
+drop down to the to the the filters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down to the to the the filters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down to the to the the filters we
+take these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+53 and send or the sequence of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 and send or the sequence of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 and send or the sequence of values
+send through the filter bank and Out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send through the filter bank and Out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send through the filter bank and Out
+Come the numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly right some other fee some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right some other fee some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right some other fee some other
+basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and well that's what that last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well that's what that last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well that's what that last lecture
+was about that if we had some low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about that if we had some low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about that if we had some low pass
+and high pass filter it might if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high pass filter it might if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high pass filter it might if it was
+a good one it would lead to a basis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one it would lead to a basis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one it would lead to a basis but
+but that those some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that those some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that those some of those
+numbers as we said sometimes don't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as we said sometimes don't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as we said sometimes don't but
+but you not worrying about I mean let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you not worrying about I mean let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you not worrying about I mean let's
+take an optimistic view of life here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an optimistic view of life here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an optimistic view of life here so
+yes so if I take decent numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if I take decent numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if I take decent numbers
+following you know then I can expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you know then I can expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you know then I can expect
+decent functions and and then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent functions and and then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent functions and and then everything
+will work the the expansion coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work the the expansion coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work the the expansion coefficients
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+function are connected to the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are connected to the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are connected to the outputs
+from the filter from the from the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the filter from the from the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the filter from the from the filter
+Bank yeah that's that's the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank yeah that's that's the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank yeah that's that's the beauty
+that's what mala observed really I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what mala observed really I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what mala observed really I think
+is so it's sometimes called the Mala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's sometimes called the Mala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's sometimes called the Mala
+algorithm run it through the filter Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm run it through the filter Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm run it through the filter Bank
+so that's essentially what you do so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially what you do so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's essentially what you do so if
+we're talking about applications what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about applications what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about applications what do
+you do you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you get a
+signal suppose you want to compress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal suppose you want to compress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal suppose you want to compress it
+let me let me start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me start with that
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+compression okay so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression okay so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression okay so what do we
+do we get a sequence of samples of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get a sequence of samples of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get a sequence of samples of our
+signal we send those exam those samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we send those exam those samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we send those exam those samples
+through the filter bank and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filter bank and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the filter bank and we get
+wavelet we get it wavelet transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet we get it wavelet transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet we get it wavelet transform
+at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at several
+levels of course not infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of course not infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of course not infinitely many
+levels can't do that but several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels can't do that but several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels can't do that but several
+levels then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels then
+uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compress so then then we're saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress so then then we're saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress so then then we're saying okay
+we won't take the full we won't keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't take the full we won't keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't take the full we won't keep the
+full series we'll only keep terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full series we'll only keep terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full series we'll only keep terms that
+are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth
+keeping and how to decide what's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and how to decide what's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and how to decide what's worth
+keeping there that's the that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping there that's the that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping there that's the that's where
+the signal processing engineer is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal processing engineer is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal processing engineer is uh
+that's what he earns that's where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he earns that's where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he earns that's where he
+earns his extravagant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earns his extravagant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earns his extravagant
+salary okay and and I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary okay and and I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary okay and and I mean this is a
+certainly an area this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an area this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an area this
+telecommunications and so on in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications and so on in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications and so on in which
+the demand for graduate students in who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for graduate students in who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for graduate students in who
+know about this stuff is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this stuff is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this stuff is is
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so you've Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you've Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you've Comm
+compressed you've thrown away some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed you've thrown away some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed you've thrown away some of
+these coefficients and kept the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients and kept the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients and kept the ones you
+wanted then you go through the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted then you go through the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted then you go through the inverse
+transform and you have a or or you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you have a or or you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you have a or or you send
+the you transmit or store would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you transmit or store would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you transmit or store would do
+whatever you want with the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with the compressed
+wavelet coefficients and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet coefficients and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet coefficients and then
+reconstruct at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct at any
+time uh function that looks pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh function that looks pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh function that looks pretty much
+like the original it would be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the original it would be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the original it would be exactly
+the original if you kept all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if you kept all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original if you kept all the
+coefficients but probably you kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but probably you kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but probably you kept the
+largest ones so it's not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest ones so it's not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest ones so it's not quite the
+original function but it looks the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function but it looks the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function but it looks the eye
+can't tell the difference so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell the difference so that would
+be a typical compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah for the Reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for the Reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for the Reconstruction
+well if I was going to get a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I was going to get a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I was going to get a real
+continuous time answer I would but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time answer I would but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time answer I would but in
+reality I'm only going to get a I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I'm only going to get a I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality I'm only going to get a I'm only
+getting I'm going to get a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting I'm going to get a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting I'm going to get a sequence of
+samples when mat lab's toolbox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples when mat lab's toolbox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples when mat lab's toolbox is
+drawing this picture it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this picture it looks like
+functions but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but it's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+um uh it's working only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's working only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's working only with
+samples yeah so that yeah so I I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples yeah so that yeah so I I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples yeah so that yeah so I I suppose
+you could say that to draw this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that to draw this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that to draw this picture
+truthfully you would need to know fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully you would need to know fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully you would need to know fft
+because this is a combination of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a combination of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a combination of what I
+have what I'm seeing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I'm seeing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what I'm seeing here is a
+combination of the fees at and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the fees at and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the fees at and their
+shifts but all the calculations have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts but all the calculations have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts but all the calculations have to
+be done for a finite set of numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for a finite set of numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for a finite set of numbers and
+those finite set of numbers here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those finite set of numbers here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those finite set of numbers here we have
+half as many numbers here we have and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as many numbers here we have and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as many numbers here we have and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah did we need another set of filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did we need another set of filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did we need another set of filters
+we did we did that's right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we did that's right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we did that's right that's right
+exactly right uh in general it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right uh in general it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right uh in general it's a
+second set of filters that I called FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of filters that I called FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of filters that I called FN
+and F1 that that did the Reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F1 that that did the Reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F1 that that did the Reconstruction
+so really the whole package is to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the whole package is to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the whole package is to know
+those and as a matter of fact now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and as a matter of fact now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and as a matter of fact now I'm
+telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+you what I might have revealed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I might have revealed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I might have revealed at the
+very start the it's really the fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start the it's really the fs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start the it's really the fs
+because the Reconstruction as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Reconstruction as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Reconstruction as we're
+saying is in terms of these fees it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in terms of these fees it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in terms of these fees it's
+really the fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+enter in the scaling function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in the scaling function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in the scaling function and the
+wavelet that are really in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet that are really in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet that are really in this
+series I am sorry that to reveal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I am sorry that to reveal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I am sorry that to reveal that
+late but you sort of saw it why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late but you sort of saw it why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late but you sort of saw it why it's
+true uh it's the H's that find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh it's the H's that find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh it's the H's that find the
+coefficients and the fs that put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the fs that put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the fs that put
+everything back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a scaling function and a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a scaling function and a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a scaling function and a so
+the the the full picture is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the full picture is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the full picture is that the
+hes can I there's a scaling function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes can I there's a scaling function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes can I there's a scaling function
+that's usually written F Tilda that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually written F Tilda that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually written F Tilda that uses
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+H's and a wavelet usually written W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's and a wavelet usually written W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's and a wavelet usually written W
+Tilda that uses the H1s but those are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda that uses the H1s but those are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda that uses the H1s but those are in
+the those are in the step of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those are in the step of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those are in the step of finding
+coefficients so you don't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so you don't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so you don't really see
+them then in the Reconstruction it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then in the Reconstruction it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then in the Reconstruction it's the
+fs in discrete time and the Fe and the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs in discrete time and the Fe and the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs in discrete time and the Fe and the W
+in continuous time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time right
+so everybody's remembering maybe good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's remembering maybe good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody's remembering maybe good if
+I rewrite the the full filter Bank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rewrite the the full filter Bank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rewrite the the full filter Bank the
+signal goes through h0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes through h0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes through h0 and
+H1 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 down
+sampled then now we''ve done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled then now we''ve done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled then now we''ve done the
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+compress at this stage now comes the re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress at this stage now comes the re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress at this stage now comes the re
+inverse transform up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform up
+sample and the the the other filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and the the the other filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and the the the other filters
+f f zero and F1 and then put the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f zero and F1 and then put the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f zero and F1 and then put the pieces
+together and you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you've got the
+reconstructed X hat let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed X hat let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed X hat let's
+say I'm just writing down what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm just writing down what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm just writing down what we were
+looking at last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at last
+week so the whole whole point is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so the whole whole point is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so the whole whole point is is that
+these numbers that went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers that went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers that went into the
+filters are are the very same numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are are the very same numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are are the very same numbers
+that go into the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time these numbers gave a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these numbers gave a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these numbers gave a change of
+basis you could say gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis you could say gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis you could say gave the
+coefficients in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in a new
+basis then in continuous time these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis then in continuous time these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis then in continuous time these are
+the spaces and the fees and W's give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces and the fees and W's give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces and the fees and W's give the
+bases but the coefficients that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases but the coefficients that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases but the coefficients that that
+connect everything are still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect everything are still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect everything are still the
+same okay is that I'm I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay is that I'm I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay is that I'm I'm uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh let me give the dobashi repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me give the dobashi repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me give the dobashi repeat the
+dobashi um magic numbers because she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dobashi um magic numbers because she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dobashi um magic numbers because she was
+then the first to find numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first to find numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first to find numbers that
+worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked
+and may I just repeat what those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may I just repeat what those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may I just repeat what those numbers
+were her numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were her numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were her numbers
+were uh 1 + Ro < tk3 3 + Ro < tk3 3 - <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh 1 + Ro < tk3 3 + Ro < tk3 3 - <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh 1 + Ro < tk3 3 + Ro < tk3 3 - <
+tk3 and 1us < tk3 those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 and 1us < tk3 those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 and 1us < tk3 those were the
+H's and the fs maybe the maybe the F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's and the fs maybe the maybe the F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's and the fs maybe the maybe the F the
+h no and F no maybe one is the flip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h no and F no maybe one is the flip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h no and F no maybe one is the flip of
+the other I guess it is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other I guess it is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other I guess it is right
+because yeah and that's where har got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah and that's where har got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah and that's where har got
+into a little trouble here with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little trouble here with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little trouble here with that
+flip and then the H1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F1 so th those one is the I use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 so th those one is the I use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 so th those one is the I use the same
+four numbers here because dobashi was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers here because dobashi was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers here because dobashi was
+shooting for orthogonal she uses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for orthogonal she uses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for orthogonal she uses these
+same four numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same four numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same four numbers but
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um uh sign reversals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by reversing every other sign I do get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversing every other sign I do get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversing every other sign I do get a
+highpass filter and the and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter and the and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter and the and this guy is
+orthogonal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that
+guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and
+uh the result of orthogonality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the result of orthogonality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the result of orthogonality of
+vectors is orthogonality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is orthogonality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is orthogonality of
+wavelength so that was uh but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so that was uh but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so that was uh but it's it's
+you might read that original paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might read that original paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might read that original paper by
+dobashi you might if you it's in 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dobashi you might if you it's in 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dobashi you might if you it's in 88
+1988 uh Communications on pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh Communications on pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh Communications on pure and
+applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied
+math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm pure and appli Ma it's the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pure and appli Ma it's the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pure and appli Ma it's the New York
+University Kon Institute journal and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Kon Institute journal and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Kon Institute journal and uh
+was just a very striking paper for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a very striking paper for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a very striking paper for the
+amount of insight it brought and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of insight it brought and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of insight it brought and and the
+progress it made on a problem that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress it made on a problem that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress it made on a problem that that
+looked extremely tough let me go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked extremely tough let me go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked extremely tough let me go back to
+say again that problem was to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again that problem was to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again that problem was to find a
+basis that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis that was
+orthogonal and smoother than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and smoother than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and smoother than
+har and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har and
+overlapping so that these orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping so that these orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping so that these orthogonality
+wasn't at all easy to identify and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at all easy to identify and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at all easy to identify and she
+found a way to deal with that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a way to deal with that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a way to deal with that problem
+and now we've described what it led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've described what it led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've described what it led to
+in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years okay where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay where are
+we um do I want to say more about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um do I want to say more about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um do I want to say more about these
+applications that's probably of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that's probably of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that's probably of the
+greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interest um how would you enhance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um how would you enhance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um how would you enhance a
+signal get noise out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you're using fre transforms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're using fre transforms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're using fre transforms so
+we have a signal that's got noise say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a signal that's got noise say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a signal that's got noise say
+gaussian Noise White Noise in it added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian Noise White Noise in it added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian Noise White Noise in it added
+in how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how would
+we approach the problem of denoising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach the problem of denoising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach the problem of denoising
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+signal well we would take for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal well we would take for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal well we would take for a
+transform and we probably throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and we probably throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and we probably throw away
+high frequencies we'd say those high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies we'd say those high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies we'd say those high
+frequencies or or in some way we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies or or in some way we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies or or in some way we would
+diminish them because they would that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish them because they would that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish them because they would that's
+where the noise would be of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the noise would be of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the noise would be of course we
+would be losing some signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right so we wouldn't be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so we wouldn't be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so we wouldn't be so
+the comment was yeah would look great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment was yeah would look great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment was yeah would look great we
+we're smoothing it by throwing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're smoothing it by throwing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're smoothing it by throwing away
+those high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies uh so it certainly looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so it certainly looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so it certainly looks
+smoother but is that really the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother but is that really the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother but is that really the signal
+the exact signal no no because we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact signal no no because we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact signal no no because we we
+threw away part of the signal when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw away part of the signal when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw away part of the signal when when
+we threw away and we kept some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we threw away and we kept some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we threw away and we kept some of the
+noise yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise yeah
+absolutely so because and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so because and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so because and of course we
+can't help it because we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help it because we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't help it because we don't know what
+that noise is you know so we wiener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise is you know so we wiener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise is you know so we wiener
+filtering gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering gives the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+answer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if you
+assume uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance so that he can move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so that he can move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so that he can move into the
+frequency domain and and the calcul and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain and and the calcul and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain and and the calcul and
+the computation becomes very nice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation becomes very nice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation becomes very nice we
+would say oh we'll move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say oh we'll move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say oh we'll move into the
+frequency domain we'll just throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain we'll just throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain we'll just throw away
+the top or or or reduce the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top or or or reduce the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top or or or reduce the high
+frequencies what how would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what how would you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what how would you use
+wavelets H so that's the competition how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets H so that's the competition how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets H so that's the competition how
+would I use wavelets to enhance a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I use wavelets to enhance a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I use wavelets to enhance a signal
+get rid of the noise well same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the noise well same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the noise well same thing
+take the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform look at the coefficients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform look at the coefficients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform look at the coefficients the
+vot part I would absolutely keep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vot part I would absolutely keep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vot part I would absolutely keep that's
+the smooth average part most of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth average part most of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth average part most of the most
+of the signal is in here I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal is in here I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal is in here I probably
+would keep a lot of the W KN but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep a lot of the W KN but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep a lot of the W KN but I'd
+begin to throw away some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W1 you remember my picture of the mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 you remember my picture of the mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 you remember my picture of the mat
+lab toolbox I would keep the main signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab toolbox I would keep the main signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab toolbox I would keep the main signal
+keep keep a couple of levels and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep a couple of levels and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep a couple of levels and then
+start start uh uh discarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start uh uh discarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start start uh uh discarding
+thresholding I would maybe I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholding I would maybe I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholding I would maybe I would just
+threshold I would say okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold I would say okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold I would say okay any
+coefficient larger than such and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient larger than such and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient larger than such and such
+I'll keep coefficient smaller I'll throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep coefficient smaller I'll throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep coefficient smaller I'll throw
+away actually orthogonality is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away actually orthogonality is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away actually orthogonality is a nice
+property to have if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to have if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to have if you're going to do
+it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+that because you know why is how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you know why is how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you know why is how does
+orthogonality pay off there you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality pay off there you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality pay off there you uh you
+sort of you you know the energy right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you you know the energy right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you you know the energy right if
+you have or ality and you start throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or ality and you start throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or ality and you start throwing
+stuff away you know you've reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away you know you've reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away you know you've reduced the
+energy but if this if you don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if this if you don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if this if you don't have an
+orthogonal basis then you're not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis then you're not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis then you're not so sure
+if you throw away a little bit it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you throw away a little bit it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you throw away a little bit it wasn't
+perpendicular to the rest so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the rest so the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the rest so the energy
+might have gone up actually by throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gone up actually by throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gone up actually by throwing
+that bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit
+away so can be you can say all right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so can be you can say all right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so can be you can say all right do
+it anyway okay it's it's uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway okay it's it's uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway okay it's it's uh because
+you're headed the right way yeah with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're headed the right way yeah with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're headed the right way yeah with uh
+by by smoothing it out right and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by smoothing it out right and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by smoothing it out right and of
+course you know everybody realizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know everybody realizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know everybody realizes that
+that there's parameters to choose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's parameters to choose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's parameters to choose here
+to decide what's big and what's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what's big and what's small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what's big and what's small
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+threshold how much will I keep of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold how much will I keep of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold how much will I keep of you
+know how many bits do I want to keep I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many bits do I want to keep I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many bits do I want to keep I
+mean that's a big issue if I'm doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a big issue if I'm doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a big issue if I'm doing uh
+actual say highdefinition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual say highdefinition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual say highdefinition
+TV well I'm sending out signals in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV well I'm sending out signals in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV well I'm sending out signals in real
+time I'm s in a certain number of BPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm s in a certain number of BPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm s in a certain number of BPS
+bits per second I can't keep more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second I can't keep more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second I can't keep more than
+that because I can't I'll I'll I'll fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I can't I'll I'll I'll fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I can't I'll I'll I'll fall
+behind so if you're compressing in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so if you're compressing in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so if you're compressing in real
+time you know the bits per second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know the bits per second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know the bits per second you
+know the compression rate that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the compression rate that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the compression rate that you're
+shooting for and you have to reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for and you have to reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for and you have to reset the
+thresholds to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds to hit
+it though it's quite exciting business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though it's quite exciting business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though it's quite exciting business
+and uh so I would say probably with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I would say probably with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I would say probably with
+wavelets in the in the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets in the in the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets in the in the wavelet
+versus fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fft
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+uh in the in video it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in video it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in video it's
+still mostly fft because we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mostly fft because we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mostly fft because we know how to
+do that fast and we know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that fast and we know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that fast and we know what we're
+doing and the hardware is all built and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the hardware is all built and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the hardware is all built and
+everything and the chips are built but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the chips are built but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the chips are built but
+in images in still images uh wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in images in still images uh wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in images in still images uh wavelets
+have moved in because um but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved in because um but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved in because um but still
+Hardware to be built I mean a lot of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware to be built I mean a lot of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware to be built I mean a lot of I
+mean probably if these lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean probably if these lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean probably if these lectures are
+compressed before they go on the web my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed before they go on the web my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed before they go on the web my
+guess is it would be the Fier system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is it would be the Fier system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is it would be the Fier system
+that would compress them well of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would compress them well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would compress them well of course
+it's video but um wavelets are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's video but um wavelets are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's video but um wavelets are moving
+forward why because wavelets give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward why because wavelets give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward why because wavelets give a
+better if you do a lot of compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you do a lot of compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you do a lot of compression
+wavelets hold up better if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets hold up better if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets hold up better if you're only
+going to do a little compression might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little compression might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little compression might
+as well do 4A I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well do 4A I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well do 4A I
+think but uh for high compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but uh for high compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but uh for high compression
+wavelets hold up better and 48 falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets hold up better and 48 falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets hold up better and 48 falls
+apart okay are there questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay are there questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay are there questions or
+discussion I mean there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I mean there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I mean there would be
+applications that would interest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that would interest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that would interest you
+that I don't think to mention or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think to mention or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't think to mention or don't
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right can I repeat that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I repeat that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I repeat that for the
+microphone that that when we did in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone that that when we did in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone that that when we did in in
+the previous lectures about filters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lectures about filters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lectures about filters we
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+effectively these these steps were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively these these steps were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively these these steps were
+projection steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection steps and
+now y we're now projecting on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now y we're now projecting on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now y we're now projecting on we're
+taking the V you know the V not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the V you know the V not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the V you know the V not
+component is the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the projection of the
+function into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into this
+space and the W the wavelet component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the W the wavelet component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the W the wavelet component is
+somehow the projection into this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the projection into this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the projection into this space
+but for me to say that and really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me to say that and really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for me to say that and really mean
+it I have to be in the orthogonal case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to be in the orthogonal case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to be in the orthogonal case I
+mean when you say when I say projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you say when I say projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you say when I say projection
+we're thinking perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking perpendicular
+projection that's that would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection that's that would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection that's that would mean that
+these spaces were orthogonal it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces were orthogonal it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces were orthogonal it would
+mean that it would mean that hey our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it would mean that hey our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it would mean that hey our our
+U you know our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know our uh
+our V KN is some space of functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our V KN is some space of functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our V KN is some space of functions like
+this our W KN is some perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our W KN is some perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our W KN is some perpendicular
+space you give me a signal it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you give me a signal it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you give me a signal it's got a
+pretty big V knot component and a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big V knot component and a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big V knot component and a pretty
+small W component but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small W component but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small W component but they're
+perpendicular okay and this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular okay and this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular okay and this is for
+orthogonal spaces and I get orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal spaces and I get orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal spaces and I get orthogonal
+spaces from orthogonal wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces from orthogonal wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces from orthogonal wavelets
+everything I mean the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I mean the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I mean the world of
+orthogonal is like self-contained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal is like self-contained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal is like self-contained and
+consistent now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent now by
+orthogonal which is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal which is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal which is what I'm going to
+have to live with if I'm going if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live with if I'm going if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live with if I'm going if I want
+symmetric filters which I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric filters which I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric filters which I do
+want then these then I've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then these then I've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then these then I've lost
+orthogonality so now I'm into buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality so now I'm into buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality so now I'm into buy
+orthogonal and these this W KN is sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and these this W KN is sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and these this W KN is sure
+enough uh independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh independent of
+course but uh not now if I take if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but uh not now if I take if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but uh not now if I take if I
+take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+it the the projection is not is not 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the projection is not is not 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the projection is not is not 90
+de right if I want to if I'm if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de right if I want to if I'm if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de right if I want to if I'm if I have
+if between that space and that space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if between that space and that space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if between that space and that space I
+get the whole thing let me I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole thing let me I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole thing let me I've got
+nonperpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonperpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonperpendicular
+axes and then I've got a signal that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and then I've got a signal that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and then I've got a signal that I
+want to it's got a component along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to it's got a component along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to it's got a component along that
+and a component along that but how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a component along that but how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a component along that but how do I
+find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components that's right that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that's right that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that's right that would be
+one way to say it that that uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to say it that that uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to say it that that uh that uh
+I'm in a so one way to say it is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a so one way to say it is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a so one way to say it is these
+are perpendicular if only I knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular if only I knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular if only I knew the
+right definition of of uh the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right definition of of uh the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right definition of of uh the right the
+right uh Norm the right inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh Norm the right inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh Norm the right inner product
+they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+uh but by the standard definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but by the standard definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but by the standard definition
+they're not okay in in wavelet world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not okay in in wavelet world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not okay in in wavelet world the
+answer is it's the fs that fix you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's the fs that fix you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's the fs that fix you up
+you know the the that the we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the that the we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the that the we've got two
+we've got sets we've got H's and Fs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got sets we've got H's and Fs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got sets we've got H's and Fs and
+it's if if we're not perpendicular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if if we're not perpendicular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if if we're not perpendicular it's
+the we need the other one in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we need the other one in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we need the other one in other words
+we have a matrix M and it's inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix M and it's inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix M and it's inverse and
+it's inverse fixes up M and brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inverse fixes up M and brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inverse fixes up M and brings us
+back to where we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where we want to be
+but in the orthogonal case this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the orthogonal case this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the orthogonal case this would be
+just a transpose of this very simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a transpose of this very simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a transpose of this very simple and
+projection would be what we think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection would be what we think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection would be what we think of as
+projections in the bi orthogonal case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in the bi orthogonal case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in the bi orthogonal case we
+we need H's and Fs to uh do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need H's and Fs to uh do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need H's and Fs to uh do it right
+yeah yeah so so just to complete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so just to complete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so just to complete that
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+then well I don't know how to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well I don't know how to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well I don't know how to complete
+it somehow this has a this Vector has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow this has a this Vector has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow this has a this Vector has a
+component along here and a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along here and a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along here and a component
+along here and no but that doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and no but that doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here and no but that doesn't look
+too good does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too good does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too good does it
+uh how should I draw it I guess I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how should I draw it I guess I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how should I draw it I guess I wanted
+to go a little further and then a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go a little further and then a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go a little further and then a little
+further backwards you see triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further backwards you see triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further backwards you see triangles
+aren't right triangles in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't right triangles in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't right triangles in in the
+biorthogonal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal case
+yeah it really means that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it really means that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it really means that I have
+two very good questions so so that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very good questions so so that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very good questions so so that word
+biorthogonal by orthogonal means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal by orthogonal means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal by orthogonal means that
+I've got two sets of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+say G so I call I'll call them C's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say G so I call I'll call them C's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say G so I call I'll call them C's and
+rs so so so some some functions CI of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs so so so some some functions CI of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rs so so so some some functions CI of T
+and some other functions R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other functions R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other functions R of
+T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and
+they're these guys are aual to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these guys are aual to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these guys are aual to those
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+guys meaning that CI is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RJ if I is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J so I've got two lists of functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so I've got two lists of functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so I've got two lists of functions and
+and you see that that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that's what we have
+here in a matrix the rows of M and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a matrix the rows of M and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a matrix the rows of M and The
+Columns of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of M
+inverse so M has rows R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so M has rows R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so M has rows R1
+R2 so on and M inverse has columns C1 C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so on and M inverse has columns C1 C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so on and M inverse has columns C1 C2
+and so on and the fact that I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the fact that I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the fact that I get the
+identity says that R1 in product with C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity says that R1 in product with C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity says that R1 in product with C1
+is a one but R1 in product with any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one but R1 in product with any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one but R1 in product with any of
+these guys is all these zeros so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is all these zeros so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is all these zeros so we're
+we're it's like Mark Twain and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's like Mark Twain and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's like Mark Twain and saying
+we've you know we've been talking Pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know we've been talking Pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know we've been talking Pros
+all our life and didn't know it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our life and didn't know it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our life and didn't know it uh
+similarly we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've been using
+biorthogonal functions all our lives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal functions all our lives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal functions all our lives but
+without that word being uh used just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that word being uh used just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that word being uh used just
+whenever I have a bunch of rows bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a bunch of rows bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a bunch of rows bi
+orthogonal to a bunch of columns I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to a bunch of columns I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to a bunch of columns I've
+got a matrix and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a matrix and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a matrix and it's
+inverse yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse yeah so it's
+um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of
+course numerically what we hope is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course numerically what we hope is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course numerically what we hope is that
+M isn't too far from orthogo that the RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M isn't too far from orthogo that the RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M isn't too far from orthogo that the RS
+are not too far from the C's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too far from the C's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too far from the C's that the
+angle here isn't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here isn't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here isn't too
+small that the you know that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the you know that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the you know that we really
+have got a a decent well conditioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got a a decent well conditioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got a a decent well conditioned uh
+splitting here and U or that the or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting here and U or that the or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting here and U or that the or that
+these vectors don't that this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors don't that this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors don't that this isn't
+nearly singular and this isn't enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly singular and this isn't enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly singular and this isn't enormous
+we don't want and with wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want and with wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want and with wavelets
+that's we're we're okay yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're we're okay yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're we're okay yeah so the
+biorthogonal symmetric wavelets like 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal symmetric wavelets like 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biorthogonal symmetric wavelets like 97
+are really not far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really not far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really not far from
+orthogonal and uh the risks are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and uh the risks are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and uh the risks are are not
+severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay image to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compressed I'm saying yeah I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed I'm saying yeah I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed I'm saying yeah I'm saying
+that if I want to compress it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to compress it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to compress it a lot
+wavelets are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I suppose it's partly empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose it's partly empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose it's partly empirical
+because first of all you have to I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all you have to I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all you have to I mean
+that's the question is what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question is what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question is what's an
+image um right I mean I could only make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image um right I mean I could only make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image um right I mean I could only make
+such a statement about with an idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a statement about with an idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a statement about with an idea in
+my head of what an image was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head of what an image was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head of what an image was because
+because if I allow myself if an image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I allow myself if an image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I allow myself if an image is
+any set of pixels well there's no way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set of pixels well there's no way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set of pixels well there's no way I
+could choose one basis over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose one basis over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose one basis over
+another of wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's the right way to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the right way to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the right way to ask the
+question then is there a way to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is there a way to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is there a way to identify
+the type of problems that the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of problems that the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of problems that the type of
+images that you we might have and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you we might have and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you we might have and that
+the answer is sort of yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is sort of yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is sort of yes but
+everybody's still working on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's still working on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's still working on it so
+statistical signal Pro processing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical signal Pro processing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical signal Pro processing is
+studying the statistical properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the statistical properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the statistical properties of
+signals and natural signals are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and natural signals are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and natural signals are very
+different from text signals which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from text signals which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from text signals which are
+very different from computer generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from computer generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from computer generated
+images I mean so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I mean so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I mean so they're
+all um so natural signals and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so natural signals and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so natural signals and of course
+there's natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's natural
+signals might be more or less textured I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals might be more or less textured I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals might be more or less textured I
+mean texture means like your shirt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean texture means like your shirt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean texture means like your shirt is
+would give much more diff with all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give much more diff with all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give much more diff with all those
+checks would be much more difficult on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks would be much more difficult on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks would be much more difficult on
+the much more difficult to compress than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the much more difficult to compress than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the much more difficult to compress than
+my shirt right that that would be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shirt right that that would be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shirt right that that would be clear
+so the more texture the the more High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more texture the the more High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more texture the the more High
+frequency the more uh we the more bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the more uh we the more bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the more uh we the more bits
+we need to reproduce it well uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to reproduce it well uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to reproduce it well uh so
+coming down coming back to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down coming back to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down coming back to the question
+what how would you describe the an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would you describe the an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would you describe the an image
+or the type of a class of images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the type of a class of images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the type of a class of images that
+you might uh say okay take this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh say okay take this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh say okay take this class of
+images and compare mathematically forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and compare mathematically forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and compare mathematically forier
+versus waveless okay well here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus waveless okay well here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus waveless okay well here would be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one way to tackle the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to tackle the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to tackle the description
+would be to say okay our image is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say okay our image is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say okay our image is a
+bunch of pixels right that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pixels right that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pixels right that's what it
+certainly is and we could ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is and we could ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is and we could ask about the
+correlation between one pixel and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbor we I mean our idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor we I mean our idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor we I mean our idea is that
+those are probably pretty correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are probably pretty correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are probably pretty correlated
+right that if one pixel you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if one pixel you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if one pixel you know there's
+some yellow on this shirt by now but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yellow on this shirt by now but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some yellow on this shirt by now but so
+it's not 100% correlated but it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 100% correlated but it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 100% correlated but it's quite
+correlated and of course the higher that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated and of course the higher that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated and of course the higher that
+uh number that correlation the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number that correlation the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number that correlation the more
+regular the image that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular the image that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular the image that we're looking
+at uh so that would be one way then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so that would be one way then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so that would be one way then then
+we could say Okay given images with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say Okay given images with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say Okay given images with
+given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+population of images where the cor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of images where the cor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of images where the cor so
+statistics is in here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is in here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is in here where the
+covariance or the you know the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance or the you know the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance or the you know the mutual
+the correlation between those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation between those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation between those two is
+high then fora is going to do quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then fora is going to do quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then fora is going to do quite
+well uh at least if you give it enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh at least if you give it enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh at least if you give it enough
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+coefficients but anyway that that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but anyway that that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but anyway that that's sort
+of the context in which a question could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context in which a question could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context in which a question could
+be asked and but uh and and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked and but uh and and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked and but uh and and there is a
+quantity so out of it came a a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so out of it came a a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so out of it came a a rough
+number number called the coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number called the coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number called the coding
+gain uh that uh a lot of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh that uh a lot of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh that uh a lot of signal
+processing Engineers might use it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Engineers might use it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Engineers might use it's a
+function then it's got to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it's got to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it's got to be a function
+of the hes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hes and
+Fs and it's it's not a bad function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fs and it's it's not a bad function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fs and it's it's not a bad function so
+one way to one rough way to decide is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to one rough way to decide is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to one rough way to decide is a
+base is good or not would be plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is good or not would be plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is good or not would be plug it
+into this coding gain formula and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this coding gain formula and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this coding gain formula and see if
+you get a good if you get a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a good if you get a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a good if you get a bigger
+number than with some other choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than with some other choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number than with some other choice and
+that would that would have been built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would have been built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would have been built
+out of working with images with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of working with images with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of working with images with a
+certain assumed correlation there H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain assumed correlation there H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain assumed correlation there H
+there's a lot to do and a lot I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to do and a lot I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to do and a lot I don't
+know about the about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the about this
+area but it's it's a I I hope that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it's it's a I I hope that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it's it's a I I hope that this
+these lectures first of all give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures first of all give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures first of all give you
+some idea of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what are the
+questions and wavelets are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and wavelets are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and wavelets are part of the
+answer but then images have edges how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but then images have edges how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but then images have edges how do
+we segment them this is a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we segment them this is a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we segment them this is a big problem
+give give me an image how do I identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give give me an image how do I identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give give me an image how do I identify
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pieces that I should deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that I should deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that I should deal with
+separately you know shirt and tie how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you know shirt and tie how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately you know shirt and tie how do
+I how do I find that edge so do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I how do I find that edge so do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I how do I find that edge so do I do
+Edge detection or do I do region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge detection or do I do region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge detection or do I do region
+detection do I say okay start there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection do I say okay start there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection do I say okay start there and
+look around it for for a region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around it for for a region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around it for for a region that's
+very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like
+it not too different and it looks bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not too different and it looks bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not too different and it looks bigger
+and bigger then it touches the tie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger then it touches the tie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger then it touches the tie and
+it says uh oh you know I'm getting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh oh you know I'm getting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh oh you know I'm getting new
+it's not well correlated anymore so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well correlated anymore so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well correlated anymore so it
+draws the line that way so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws the line that way so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws the line that way so that you can
+so this segmentation which is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this segmentation which is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this segmentation which is a key
+problem can be based on looking directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be based on looking directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be based on looking directly
+for that edge or growing the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that edge or growing the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that edge or growing the region
+until it meets the until it meets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it meets the until it meets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it meets the until it meets the
+boundary um and you can do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary um and you can do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary um and you can do that in the
+wavelet domain so the wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet domain so the wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelet domain so the wavelet
+coefficients wouldn't be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients wouldn't be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients wouldn't be very different
+as I move around my shirt but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I move around my shirt but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I move around my shirt but then they
+would change when I hit the tie I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change when I hit the tie I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change when I hit the tie I could
+do it with a 48 coefficients it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a 48 coefficients it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a 48 coefficients it's it's a
+wonderful world and uh of course I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful world and uh of course I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful world and uh of course I mean
+one wish is that I knew a lot more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wish is that I knew a lot more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wish is that I knew a lot more of it
+but maybe uh this is the right point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe uh this is the right point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe uh this is the right point to
+to stop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop for
+today um having introduced that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um having introduced that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um having introduced that world
+one more question sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelets of doing the trans versus Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets of doing the trans versus Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets of doing the trans versus Fier
+yeah uh well of course it depends on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh well of course it depends on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh well of course it depends on I
+mean if you've got a chip that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you've got a chip that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you've got a chip that's
+dedicated to Fier and you haven't got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to Fier and you haven't got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to Fier and you haven't got a
+chip that's dedicated to wavelets okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that's dedicated to wavelets okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that's dedicated to wavelets okay
+it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't a
+fair I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair I I
+think given the fair G given the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think given the fair G given the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think given the fair G given the same
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effort the they're quite comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the they're quite comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the they're quite comparable
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+comparable of course you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable of course you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable of course you're you're
+making a decision if you use 97 wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision if you use 97 wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision if you use 97 wavelets
+you're making a decision on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a decision on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a decision on how much
+computational efforts involved but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational efforts involved but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational efforts involved but that
+it just affects the constant and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just affects the constant and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just affects the constant and if
+you're doing fora you're deciding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing fora you're deciding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing fora you're deciding how
+many what SCA what size for transform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many what SCA what size for transform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many what SCA what size for transform to
+do that's a decision I think the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a decision I think the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a decision I think the a
+reasonable answer is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable answer is that they're
+comparable yeah yeah otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the new I E standard wouldn't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new I E standard wouldn't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new I E standard wouldn't have I
+mean that that of course is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that that of course is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that that of course is a highly
+important consideration it has to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration it has to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration it has to be uh
+the computations have to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations have to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations have to be efficient
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah so yeah so that's that's behind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so that's that's behind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so that's that's behind all
+this the fact that this wave that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that this wave that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that this wave that that
+this filter bank is is efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other question before we call it a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question before we call it a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question before we call it a a
+okay so my final lectures are promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my final lectures are promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my final lectures are promised
+to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+optimization uh including linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh including linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh including linear
+programming as one part but only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as one part but only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as one part but only one
+part of a whole world of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a whole world of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a whole world of numerical
+optimization how do you actually find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization how do you actually find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization how do you actually find uh
+the best uh the smallest cost solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best uh the smallest cost solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best uh the smallest cost solution
+to some problem the minimum minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some problem the minimum minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some problem the minimum minimum of
+some function so that will take us in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so that will take us in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so that will take us in a
+different direction entirely and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction entirely and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction entirely and uh this
+so that's it for today except
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LtNVodIs1dI.txt b/LtNVodIs1dI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f6de5b0e234243f555cc227744863d70644e9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LtNVodIs1dI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7392 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm thinking of
+uh large sparse matrices so uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large sparse matrices so uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large sparse matrices so uh so the
+point about a typ the kind of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about a typ the kind of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about a typ the kind of matrices
+that we've been writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been writing down
+maybe two-dimensional maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two-dimensional maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two-dimensional maybe
+threedimensional difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional difference
+matrices so it might be five or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it might be five or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it might be five or seven
+nonzeros on a typical row and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros on a typical row and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros on a typical row and that means
+that you don't want to invert such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to invert such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to invert such a
+matrix these are Big matrices you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these are Big matrices you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix these are Big matrices you know
+the order could easily be a million what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order could easily be a million what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order could easily be a million what
+you can do fast is multiply a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do fast is multiply a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do fast is multiply a by a
+vector because multiplying a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because multiplying a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector because multiplying a matrix
+sparse matrix by a vector you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse matrix by a vector you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse matrix by a vector you only have
+maybe five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five
+nonzeros times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros times the
+N uh the vector of length n so say 5n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh the vector of length n so say 5n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh the vector of length n so say 5n
+operations So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations So that's
+fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so
+uh and and I'm thinking that we are at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and I'm thinking that we are at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and I'm thinking that we are at a
+size where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where
+elimination even with a good ordering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination even with a good ordering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination even with a good ordering is
+uh too expensive in time or in storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too expensive in time or in storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too expensive in time or in storage
+so so I'm going from direct elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm going from direct elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'm going from direct elimination
+methods to iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to iterative
+methods iterative means that I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods iterative means that I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods iterative means that I never
+actually get to the perfect answer X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to the perfect answer X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to the perfect answer X but
+I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+close and what I want to do is get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and what I want to do is get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and what I want to do is get close
+quickly so a lot of thought has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so a lot of thought has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so a lot of thought has gone
+into creating iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into creating iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into creating iterative
+methods uh I'll write down one key word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh I'll write down one key word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh I'll write down one key word
+here is part of the decision is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is part of the decision is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is part of the decision is to
+choose a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a good
+preconditioner I'll call that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner I'll call that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner I'll call that Matrix
+P so it's a me Matrix that's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so it's a me Matrix that's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so it's a me Matrix that's supposed to
+be that that we have some freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that that we have some freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that that we have some freedom to
+choose and it very much speeds up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and it very much speeds up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and it very much speeds up so the
+the decisions are what preconditioner to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions are what preconditioner to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions are what preconditioner to
+choose a preconditioner that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a preconditioner that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a preconditioner that somehow
+like the Matrix a but hopefully a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Matrix a but hopefully a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Matrix a but hopefully a lot
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+uh and which of these methods well M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and which of these methods well M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and which of these methods well M
+there are several a bunch of iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several a bunch of iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several a bunch of iterative
+methods and that's what today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's what today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's what today's lecture
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+multi-grid is a idea that just keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid is a idea that just keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid is a idea that just keeps
+developing it's it really uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing it's it really uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing it's it really uh is
+producing answers to very large problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing answers to very large problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing answers to very large problems
+very fast so that will be the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that will be the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that will be the following
+lectures and then come these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and then come these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and then come these methods
+well you may not be familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may not be familiar with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may not be familiar with that
+word Koff let me mention the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Koff let me mention the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Koff let me mention the in this
+family the best known method is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the best known method is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the best known method is called
+conjugate gradients the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients the conjugate
+gradient method so I'll just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method so I'll just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method so I'll just write that
+down conjugate gradient so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down conjugate gradient so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down conjugate gradient so that will
+come next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week that's a method that's a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that's a method that's a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that's a method that's a giant
+success for symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for symmetric positive definite
+problems so I don't assume in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I don't assume in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I don't assume in general
+that a is symmetric or positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is symmetric or positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is symmetric or positive definite
+often it is if it comes from a a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is if it comes from a a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is if it comes from a a finite
+difference or finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or finite
+element uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+approximation and if it is then cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and if it is then cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and if it is then cos
+gradients is is highly uh highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients is is highly uh highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients is is highly uh highly
+recommended so I'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended so I'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended so I'll start with the
+general picture let me put the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture let me put the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture let me put the the
+general picture of what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture of what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture of what uh
+an iteration looks like so an iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration looks like so an iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration looks like so an iteration
+computes the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the new
+X let me call it X new or x k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let me call it X new or x k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let me call it X new or x k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the known X so we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the known X so we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the known X so we start with
+x0 any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 any
+x0 in principle it's not too important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 in principle it's not too important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 in principle it's not too important
+for x0 to be close in in in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x0 to be close in in in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x0 to be close in in in linear
+methods it's you you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods it's you you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods it's you you could you could
+start even at zero in nonlinear methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start even at zero in nonlinear methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start even at zero in nonlinear methods
+Newton methods you do want to be close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton methods you do want to be close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton methods you do want to be close
+and a lot of attention goes into a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of attention goes into a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of attention goes into a good
+start here the start isn't too important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here the start isn't too important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here the start isn't too important
+it's the steps that you take and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the steps that you take and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the steps that you take and let me
+so I I guess I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I guess I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I guess I'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh what I'm I'm trying to solve ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm I'm trying to solve ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm I'm trying to solve ax equal
+B and I'm going to split that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I'm going to split that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I'm going to split that
+uh equation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation into
+a I'm just going to write the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm just going to write the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm just going to write the same
+equation this way I could write it as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this way I could write it as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this way I could write it as x
+= i - a x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= i - a x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= i - a x +
+B that would be the same equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that would be the same equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that would be the same equation right
+because x and x cancel ax comes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x and x cancel ax comes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x and x cancel ax comes over
+here and I have ax equal B so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I have ax equal B so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I have ax equal B so that's a
+I've split I've I've split up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've split I've I've split up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've split I've I've split up the
+equation and now actually let me bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now actually let me bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now actually let me bring
+so that's without preconditioner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's without preconditioner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's without preconditioner you
+don't see a matrix p and that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a matrix p and that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a matrix p and that that's a
+that's a just an ordinary iteration no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a just an ordinary iteration no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a just an ordinary iteration no
+preconditioner the preconditioner will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner the preconditioner will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner the preconditioner will
+come I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come I'll
+have p and it'll go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p and it'll go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p and it'll go here
+too and then of course I have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then of course I have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then of course I have to change
+that to a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a p
+so that's still the same equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's still the same equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's still the same equation right
+PX is on both sides cancels and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX is on both sides cancels and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX is on both sides cancels and I have
+ax equal B so that's the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B so that's the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B so that's the same equation
+and but it suggests the iteration that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it suggests the iteration that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it suggests the iteration that I
+want to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to analyze
+so on the right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+approximation on the left side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on the left side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on the left side is the
+next approximation XK + 1 and I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next approximation XK + 1 and I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next approximation XK + 1 and I multiply
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so
+I the idea is p should be close to a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the idea is p should be close to a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the idea is p should be close to a of
+course if it was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if it was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if it was exactly
+a if P equal a then this wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if P equal a then this wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if P equal a then this wouldn't be
+here and I would just be solving in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I would just be solving in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I would just be solving in one
+step axal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step axal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step axal
+B so P equal a is one extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so P equal a is one extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so P equal a is one extreme
+not I mean it's totally prec perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean it's totally prec perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean it's totally prec perfectly
+preconditioned but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioned but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioned but the point
+is that if P equals a we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if P equals a we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if P equals a we don't want to
+solve that system we're trying to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that system we're trying to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that system we're trying to escape
+from solving that system but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solving that system but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solving that system but we're
+willing to solve a related system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to solve a related system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to solve a related system that
+uh is simpler and and why simpler well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is simpler and and why simpler well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is simpler and and why simpler well
+here are some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some possible
+preconditioners P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioners P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioners P equals
+the diagonal just the main just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal just the main just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal just the main just take the
+diagonal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of
+a and that choice is named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that choice is named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that choice is named after
+jacobe so that's Jacob's method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe so that's Jacob's method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe so that's Jacob's method and
+actually it's already a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's already a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's already a good
+idea because the the effect of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because the the effect of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because the the effect of that is
+somehow to properly scale the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to properly scale the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to properly scale the this the
+equations when I had the identity here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when I had the identity here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when I had the identity here I
+have no idea whether the identity and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea whether the identity and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea whether the identity and a
+are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the right
+scaling you know a may have a maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling you know a may have a maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling you know a may have a maybe
+divided by Delta x^2 or something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Delta x^2 or something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Delta x^2 or something it
+could be you know totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know totally different
+units but P I can if I take the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but P I can if I take the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but P I can if I take the diagonal
+of a at least they're comparable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a at least they're comparable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a at least they're comparable then
+you you see what well we'll study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see what well we'll study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see what well we'll study
+Jacob's method let me let me so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacob's method let me let me so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacob's method let me let me so that's a
+very simple Choice takes no more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Choice takes no more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple Choice takes no more work
+than the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the identity
+really uh second choice would be so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh second choice would be so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh second choice would be so that
+would be P for jacobe a second choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P for jacobe a second choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be P for jacobe a second choice
+that you would think of pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would think of pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would think of pretty fast
+is the diagonal and the lower triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagonal and the lower triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagonal and the lower triangular
+part so it's the I'll say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so it's the I'll say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so it's the I'll say the the
+Triangular I'm going to think lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangular I'm going to think lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangular I'm going to think lower
+triangular triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular triangular
+part of a including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal and this is associ with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and this is associ with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and this is associ with
+gauss's great name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauss's great name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauss's great name and
+sidel so that's the gaus sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice uh so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh so why
+triangular and we'll analyze the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and we'll analyze the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and we'll analyze the effect
+of this Choice well because if p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Choice well because if p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Choice well because if p is
+triangular then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular then we can
+solve right then then there's I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right then then there's I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right then then there's I mean I'm
+never going to write out an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to write out an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to write out an inverse
+Matrix that's understood but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's understood but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's understood but I can
+compute the new X from the old x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the new X from the old x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the new X from the old x uh
+one just by back substitution I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just by back substitution I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just by back substitution I find the
+first component of x k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of x k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of x k +
+one then the second then the third it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the second then the third it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the second then the third it's
+it's just uh um because the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh um because the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just uh um because the first
+equation if if p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if if p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if if p is
+triangular the first equation will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular the first equation will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular the first equation will only
+have one term on the one new term on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one term on the one new term on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one term on the one new term on the
+left side and everything else will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and everything else will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and everything else will be
+over there and the second equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and the second equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and the second equation will
+have a diagonal and something that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a diagonal and something that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a diagonal and something that uses
+the number I just found in the first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I just found in the first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number I just found in the first for
+the first component and onwards so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component and onwards so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component and onwards so in
+other words triangular matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words triangular matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words triangular matrices are
+good well then people thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well then people thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well then people thought about
+combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of
+these uh I'll I'll put a a a big lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh I'll I'll put a a a big lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh I'll I'll put a a a big lot of
+activity went in something called over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relaxation where you did a you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation where you did a you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation where you did a you had a
+weighting of these and it turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting of these and it turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting of these and it turned out to
+be if you adjusted the weight you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you adjusted the weight you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you adjusted the weight you could
+speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the
+method okay uh sometimes called s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay uh sometimes called s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay uh sometimes called s o
+successive over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive over
+relaxation so like when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation so like when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation so like when I was in
+graduate school that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school that was a
+very that was the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that was the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that was the the sort of the
+beginning of progress Beyond Jacobi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of progress Beyond Jacobi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of progress Beyond Jacobi and
+gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus
+sidel and then after that came a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel and then after that came a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel and then after that came a very
+natural i l is the next one that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural i l is the next one that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural i l is the next one that I want
+to make so so it's the I stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make so so it's the I stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make so so it's the I stands for
+incomplete incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l so what are L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so what are L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so what are L and
+U that's the letters iio was used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's the letters iio was used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's the letters iio was used as a
+signal for the lower triangular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for the lower triangular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for the lower triangular and
+upper triangular factors of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular factors of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular factors of of
+a the the ones that exact elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the the ones that exact elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the the ones that exact elimination
+would produce but we don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce but we don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would produce but we don't want to do
+exact elimination why because nonzeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact elimination why because nonzeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact elimination why because nonzeros
+fill in nonzeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in nonzeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in nonzeros
+appear in those spaces where a itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in those spaces where a itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in those spaces where a itself is
+zero so the factors are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the factors are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the factors are much
+have many more nonzeros than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many more nonzeros than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many more nonzeros than the
+original a they're not as sparse so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a they're not as sparse so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a they're not as sparse so the
+idea of incomplete Lu is and I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of incomplete Lu is and I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of incomplete Lu is and I'll come
+back to it the idea of incomplete L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it the idea of incomplete L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it the idea of incomplete L you
+might say should have occurred to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say should have occurred to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say should have occurred to people
+earlier only keep the nonzeros that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier only keep the nonzeros that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier only keep the nonzeros that
+are nonzero in the original a don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero in the original a don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nonzero in the original a don't
+allow fill in or allow a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow fill in or allow a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow fill in or allow a certain amount
+of fill in you could have a tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fill in you could have a tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fill in you could have a tolerance
+and you would include a nonzero if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would include a nonzero if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would include a nonzero if it
+was big enough but the many many small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was big enough but the many many small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was big enough but the many many small
+nonzeros that just fill in and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros that just fill in and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros that just fill in and make the
+make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+long you throw them out so so p is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you throw them out so so p is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you throw them out so so p is in
+this case p is L is an approximate L at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case p is L is an approximate L at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case p is L is an approximate L at
+times an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U so it's it's close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so it's it's close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so it's it's close to a
+but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+refused some of the fill in it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused some of the fill in it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused some of the fill in it's not
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+a and you have a tolerance there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you have a tolerance there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you have a tolerance there where
+you if you set the tolerance High then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you set the tolerance High then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you set the tolerance High then
+these are exact but you've got all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exact but you've got all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exact but you've got all that
+fill in if you set the tolerance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in if you set the tolerance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in if you set the tolerance to
+zero uh well you got the other extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh well you got the other extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh well you got the other extreme
+okay so those are that that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are that that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are that that would give
+you an idea of preconditioners of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of preconditioners of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of preconditioners of of of
+reasonable choices okay now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices okay now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices okay now I'm going to
+think about well first how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about well first how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about well first how
+to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decide whether the X's approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether the X's approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether the X's approach the
+correct answer I I I need an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer I I I need an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer I I I need an equation
+for the error and because my equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the error and because my equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the error and because my equations
+are linear I'm just going to subtract p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear I'm just going to subtract p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear I'm just going to subtract p
+x I'll subtract the upper equation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll subtract the upper equation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll subtract the upper equation from
+the lower one and I'll call the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower one and I'll call the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower one and I'll call the so the
+error E will be x minus the true answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error E will be x minus the true answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error E will be x minus the true answer
+this is X exact minus X my case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X exact minus X my case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X exact minus X my case
+approximation so when I subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so when I subtract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so when I subtract that
+from that I have e k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I have e k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that I have e k +
+1 and here I have P minus a when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here I have P minus a when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here I have P minus a when I
+subtract that from that I have e k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from that I have e k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from that I have e k and
+when I subtract that from that zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I subtract that from that zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I subtract that from that zero so
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+simple error equation so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple error equation so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple error equation so this is an
+equation this would be the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay you see the B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you see the B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you see the B has
+disappeared because I'm only looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared because I'm only looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared because I'm only looking at
+the at differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at differences
+now okay so that uh oh let me write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so that uh oh let me write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so that uh oh let me write that
+over on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on this
+board uh even slightly differently now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh even slightly differently now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh even slightly differently now I
+will multiply through by P inverse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply through by P inverse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply through by P inverse that
+will that really shows it just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that really shows it just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that really shows it just so
+clearly so the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly so the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly so the new
+error is If I multiply by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is If I multiply by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is If I multiply by P
+inverse so P inverse * p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so P inverse * p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so P inverse * p is
+I and I have P inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EK clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK clear
+at so what does that say that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so what does that say that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so what does that say that says that
+at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every
+iteration I multiply the error by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I multiply the error by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration I multiply the error by that
+Matrix and of course if P equals a if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and of course if P equals a if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and of course if P equals a if I
+pick the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the perfect
+preconditioner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner
+then P inverse a is the identity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P inverse a is the identity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P inverse a is the identity this is
+the zero Matrix and the error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Matrix and the error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Matrix and the error in the
+first step is zero I'm solving exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is zero I'm solving exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is zero I'm solving exactly I
+don't plan to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't plan to do that
+I plan to have a p that's close to a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to have a p that's close to a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan to have a p that's close to a so
+in some way this should be close to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way this should be close to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way this should be close to I
+this whole Matrix should be close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Matrix should be close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Matrix should be close to
+zero well close in some sense so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well close in some sense so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well close in some sense so let me
+give a name to that Matrix let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a name to that Matrix let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a name to that Matrix let's call
+that Matrix M so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix M so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix M so this is
+the that's the iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the iteration
+Matrix which we're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which we're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which we're never going to
+display I mean it would be Madness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display I mean it would be Madness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display I mean it would be Madness to
+display we don't want to compute P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display we don't want to compute P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display we don't want to compute P
+inverse explicitly or display it but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse explicitly or display it but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse explicitly or display it but to
+understand it to understand convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it to understand convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it to understand convergence
+or not convergence it's m that controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not convergence it's m that controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not convergence it's m that controls
+everything so that's this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so that's this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so that's this is what I
+would call Pure iteration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call Pure iteration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call Pure iteration or
+maybe uh another word that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh another word that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh another word that's used
+instead of pure is stationary iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pure is stationary iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pure is stationary iteration
+what does stationary mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does stationary mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does stationary mean it means that
+you do the same thing all the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing all the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing all the time at
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+step you just do the same use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you just do the same use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you just do the same use the same
+equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where
+uh these these methods will be smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these methods will be smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these methods will be smarter
+they'll use they'll adapt they'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll use they'll adapt they'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll use they'll adapt they'll use
+more information they'll converge faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information they'll converge faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information they'll converge faster
+but this is the simple one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the simple one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the simple one and this one
+plays a part in those okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a part in those okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a part in those okay so what's the
+story on convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on convergence
+now what what about that Matrix M if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what about that Matrix M if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what about that Matrix M if I
+take a if I take a starting vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if I take a starting vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if I take a starting vector
+e0 and my initial error could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 and my initial error could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 and my initial error could be
+anything I multiply by m to get E1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I multiply by m to get E1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I multiply by m to get E1 then
+I multiply M by m again to get E2 every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply M by m again to get E2 every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply M by m again to get E2 every
+step I multiply by m so if I so after K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I multiply by m so if I so after K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I multiply by m so if I so after K
+steps I've multiplied K Times by m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I've multiplied K Times by m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I've multiplied K Times by m and
+and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to
+know so the key question is does that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the key question is does that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the key question is does that go
+to zero so that the question does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so that the question does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so that the question does it go
+to zero and if it does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast well let's ask first well the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast well let's ask first well the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast well let's ask first well the two
+parts does it go to zero and how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts does it go to zero and how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts does it go to zero and how fast
+are pretty much controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much controlled by the
+same property of M so what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same property of M so what's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same property of M so what's the answer
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+does if I take if I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if I take if I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if I take if I I don't know
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+e0 so what property of M is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so what property of M is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so what property of M is going to
+decide whether its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether its
+powers get small go to zero so that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers get small go to zero so that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers get small go to zero so that e
+the error goes to zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error goes to zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error goes to zero that's
+convergence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence or
+maybe blow up or maybe stay away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe blow up or maybe stay away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe blow up or maybe stay away from
+zero what what controls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what controls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what controls it
+okay one word is the answer yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one word is the answer yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one word is the answer yeah the
+igen values it's the igen values of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values it's the igen values of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values it's the igen values of M
+and in particular it's the biggest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it's the biggest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it's the biggest one
+so because if if I have an IG value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because if if I have an IG value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because if if I have an IG value of
+M as far as I know e not could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as far as I know e not could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as far as I know e not could be the
+igen vector and then every step would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector and then every step would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector and then every step would
+multiply by that I value Lambda so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that I value Lambda so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that I value Lambda so the
+condition is that every that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that every that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that every that
+all igen values of M have to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all igen values of M have to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all igen values of M have to be smaller
+than one and in magnitude of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and in magnitude of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and in magnitude of course
+because they could be negative they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could be negative they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could be negative they
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex so that's the that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that's the that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that's the that's the total
+condition that's the exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that's the exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that's the exactly the
+requirement on M and what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on M and what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on M and what's what's the
+how do we say how fast they go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we say how fast they go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we say how fast they go to zero
+how how fast if if all the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how fast if if all the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how fast if if all the igen values
+are below one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowest convergence is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest convergence is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest convergence is going to come
+when for the I Val it's the closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for the I Val it's the closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for the I Val it's the closest to
+one so really it will be and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so really it will be and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so really it will be and this is
+called This is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called This is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called This is called the
+spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral
+radius and it's usually denoted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and it's usually denoted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and it's usually denoted by a
+Greek row of M which is the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek row of M which is the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek row of M which is the maximum of
+these guys it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys it's the
+max of the I values and that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the I values and that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the I values and that has to be
+below one so it's this number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below one so it's this number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below one so it's this number so
+number because it's it's that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it's it's that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it's it's that number
+which really says what I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really says what I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really says what I'm multiplying
+by it every step because most likely e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it every step because most likely e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it every step because most likely e
+not my initial unknown error has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my initial unknown error has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my initial unknown error has some
+component in the direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the direction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the direction of this
+biggest igen value in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest igen value in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest igen value in the direction of
+its igen vector and then that component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen vector and then that component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen vector and then that component
+will multiply at every step by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply at every step by Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will multiply at every step by Lambda
+but that that one will will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that one will will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that one will will be the
+biggest guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest guy
+row and so it's the maximum I value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so it's the maximum I value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and so it's the maximum I value that
+that's really what it comes to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what it comes to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what it comes to what is
+the maximum Ian value let let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum Ian value let let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum Ian value let let me take
+jacobe can we figure out the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe can we figure out the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe can we figure out the maximum
+Igan value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Igan value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Igan value for
+jacobe well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe well of
+course if I don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I don't know anything about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix I certainly don't want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I certainly don't want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I certainly don't want to compute
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+values I could run Jacob's me method so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I could run Jacob's me method so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I could run Jacob's me method so
+again Jacob's method I'm taking P to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Jacob's method I'm taking P to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Jacob's method I'm taking P to be
+the diagonal part let me make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal part let me make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal part let me make that
+explicit and and let me take a The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and and let me take a The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and and let me take a The
+Matrix that we know the best I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that we know the best I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that we know the best I'll call
+it K so k or a this is the a is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it K so k or a this is the a is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it K so k or a this is the a is my
+friend with twos on the diagonal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend with twos on the diagonal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend with twos on the diagonal minus
+ones above I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones above I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones above I
+apologize well I don't really apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize well I don't really apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize well I don't really apologize
+but I'll pretend to apologize for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll pretend to apologize for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll pretend to apologize for uh
+bringing this Matrix in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often uh do we remember its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+um guess we computed them last semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guess we computed them last semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guess we computed them last semester
+but that's a Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a Another
+World um I'll say what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World um I'll say what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World um I'll say what they
+are the igen values of of a this isn't M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values of of a this isn't M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values of of a this isn't M
+now the ion values of this Matrix a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ion values of this Matrix a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ion values of this Matrix a well
+I see twos on the diagonal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see twos on the diagonal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see twos on the diagonal right so
+that's a two that that accounts for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two that that accounts for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a two that that accounts for the
+diagonal part two times the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal part two times the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal part two times the identity
+then I have a minus and then the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a minus and then the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a minus and then the part
+that comes from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from these
+ones which are forward and back well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which are forward and back well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which are forward and back well
+what would van noyman say what would van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would van noyman say what would van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would van noyman say what would van
+noyman do with that Matrix of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noyman do with that Matrix of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noyman do with that Matrix of course he
+would test it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentials and he would get two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and he would get two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and he would get two minus
+either the ik minus E the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the ik minus E the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the ik minus E the minus
+I and he would put the two exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and he would put the two exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and he would put the two exponentials
+together into cosin and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into cosin and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into cosin and that's the
+answer it's 2 - 2 cosine of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's 2 - 2 cosine of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's 2 - 2 cosine of whatever
+angle Theta those are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta those are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Theta those are the igen values
+the J Thon value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Thon value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Thon value
+has is the cosine is at some angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is the cosine is at some angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is the cosine is at some angle Theta
+J it's worth since maybe just to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J it's worth since maybe just to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J it's worth since maybe just to take
+again a minute on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a minute on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a minute on this
+Matrix so the igen values are between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the igen values are between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the igen values are between
+zero and four the igen values never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and four the igen values never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and four the igen values never go
+negative right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right because the
+cosine can't be bigger than one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine can't be bigger than one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine can't be bigger than one and
+actually for this Matrix the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for this Matrix the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for this Matrix the cosine
+doesn't reach one so the smallest s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't reach one so the smallest s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't reach one so the smallest s
+value is 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 2 -
+2times that Co sign close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so it's it's too close for comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's it's too close for comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's it's too close for comfort
+but it's say it it is below one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's say it it is below one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's say it it is below one so the
+whole the I values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the I values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the I values are
+positive and they're between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they're between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they're between Z and
+four at the at the Other Extreme when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at the at the Other Extreme when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at the at the Other Extreme when
+Theta is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is near
+Pi the cosine is near minus one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the cosine is near minus one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the cosine is near minus one and we
+have something near four so the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something near four so the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something near four so the igen
+values of that may if you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that may if you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that may if you look at that
+Matrix you should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you should say
+yeah Special Matrix I values in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Special Matrix I values in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Special Matrix I values in this
+interval 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to
+4 and the key point is how close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and the key point is how close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and the key point is how close to zero
+okay now what about M well what about P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about M well what about P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about M well what about P
+first what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's
+P for jacobe so P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jacobe is the diagonal part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe is the diagonal part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe is the diagonal part which is
+exactly 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 2 I
+that's a very simple diagonal part very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very simple diagonal part very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very simple diagonal part very
+simple P it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple P it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple P it but
+it it produces a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it produces a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it produces a matrix
+M you remember m is the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you remember m is the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you remember m is the identity Matrix
+minus P inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a that's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's beautiful
+so p is just 2 I so I'm just dividing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p is just 2 I so I'm just dividing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p is just 2 I so I'm just dividing a
+by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which puts a one there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which puts a one there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which puts a one there and then
+subtracting from the identity so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting from the identity so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting from the identity so it has
+Zer on the diagonal well that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer on the diagonal well that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer on the diagonal well that's what we
+expect it will be zeros on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal and off the diagonal what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and off the diagonal what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and off the diagonal what do I
+have minus with that minus p is two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus with that minus p is two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus with that minus p is two so
+it's a half it's a half off the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and otherwise all zero that's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise all zero that's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise all zero that's the nice
+Matrix that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that we
+get for m in one dimension oh oh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for m in one dimension oh oh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for m in one dimension oh oh I have
+to say of course as you know we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say of course as you know we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say of course as you know we wouldn't
+be doing any of this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing any of this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing any of this for this
+one-dimensional Matrix a it's Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional Matrix a it's Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional Matrix a it's Tri
+diagonal we can't ask for more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal we can't ask for more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal we can't ask for more than that
+direct elimination would be top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct elimination would be top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct elimination would be top
+speed but but the 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but but the 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but but the 2D
+case is what we understand that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is what we understand that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is what we understand that that it
+has a big bandwidth because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big bandwidth because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big bandwidth because it's
+two-dimensional three-dimensional even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional three-dimensional even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional three-dimensional even
+bigger and the igen values will be come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and the igen values will be come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and the igen values will be come
+directly from the igen values of this 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the igen values of this 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the igen values of this 1D
+case so if we understand the 1D case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so if we understand the 1D case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so if we understand the 1D case
+we'll knock out the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll knock out the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll knock out the two and
+threedimensional ones easily so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional ones easily so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional ones easily so I'll
+stay with this one-dimensional case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with this one-dimensional case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with this one-dimensional case
+where the Matrix m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Matrix m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Matrix m
+and and I'll even maybe should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'll even maybe should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'll even maybe should write
+down exactly what the iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what the iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what the iteration
+does but if I'm looking now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but if I'm looking now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but if I'm looking now at
+convergence do I have or don't I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence do I have or don't I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence do I have or don't I have
+convergence and how fast what is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and how fast what is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and how fast what is what
+are the igen values and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the igen values and what's the
+biggest one well the igen values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one well the igen values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one well the igen values of a
+are this and P is just P inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this and P is just P inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this and P is just P inverse is
+just2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity so the what are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so the what are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so the what are the igen values
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+again I mean I know the IG values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean I know the IG values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean I know the IG values of a
+so I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I divide by
+two let me let me write down what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let me let me write down what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let me let me write down what I'm
+going to get now for the igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M remembering this connection so the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M remembering this connection so the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M remembering this connection so the IG
+values of M are 1us a half * the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M are 1us a half * the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M are 1us a half * the IG
+value of a yeah I better write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a yeah I better write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a yeah I better write that down
+1 - a half * the I values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a of course it's very special that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of course it's very special that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of course it's very special that we
+have this terrific example Matrix where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this terrific example Matrix where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this terrific example Matrix where
+we know the igen values and really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the igen values and really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the igen values and really can
+see what's happening and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening and we know the
+Matrix okay so what happens I take half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so what happens I take half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so what happens I take half
+of that that makes that a one when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that makes that a one when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that makes that a one when I
+subtract the from that one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the from that one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the from that one it's
+gone that that when half of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone that that when half of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone that that when half of that that
+two is canceled I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is canceled I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is canceled I just get
+cuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuss
+Theta Theta sub whatever that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta sub whatever that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta sub whatever that angle
+was it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it's a
+cosine and it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so convergence is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so convergence is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so convergence is going to happen
+and convergence is going to be slow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convergence is going to be slow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convergence is going to be slow or
+fast according as this is very near one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast according as this is very near one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast according as this is very near one
+or not and unfortunately it is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and unfortunately it is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and unfortunately it is pretty
+near one because the first the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near one because the first the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near one because the first the largest
+one this is I could tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is I could tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is I could tell you what the
+angles are that's to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are that's to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are that's to complete this
+information I should have put in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I should have put in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I should have put in what
+and vman got them right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J is there maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is there maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is there maybe a
+pi over n + 1 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are the angles that come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the angles that come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the angles that come in
+just the equally spaced angles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the equally spaced angles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the equally spaced angles in the
+finite case so we have n i values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite case so we have n i values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite case so we have n i values and
+the biggest one is going to be when J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest one is going to be when J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest one is going to be when J is
+one so the biggest one row the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the biggest one row the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the biggest one row the the
+maximum of these guys of these lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of these guys of these lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of these guys of these lambdas
+will be the cosine of When J is 1 pi/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the cosine of When J is 1 pi/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the cosine of When J is 1 pi/ n
++ 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1
+that's the that's the one that's slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the one that's slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the one that's slowing
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and notice the igen vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and notice the igen vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and notice the igen vector that's
+slowing us down because it's the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing us down because it's the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing us down because it's the igen
+vector that goes with that igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that goes with that igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that goes with that igen value
+that's the biggest igen value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biggest igen value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biggest igen value that's
+going to hang around the longest Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hang around the longest Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hang around the longest Decay
+the slowest and that IG Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest and that IG Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest and that IG Vector
+is very smooth it's the low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very smooth it's the low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very smooth it's the low frequency
+it's frequency one so this is J equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's frequency one so this is J equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's frequency one so this is J equal to
+one this is this is the low frequency J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is this is the low frequency J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is this is the low frequency J
+equal one low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency it's the it's the igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's the it's the igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's the it's the igen vector
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+just is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is just
+uh samples of the sign of a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh samples of the sign of a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh samples of the sign of a discrete
+sign one lowest frequency that the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign one lowest frequency that the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign one lowest frequency that the grid
+can sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why do I emphasize which igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do I emphasize which igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do I emphasize which igen Vector
+it is because when you know which igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because when you know which igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because when you know which igen
+Vector is slowing you down and here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is slowing you down and here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is slowing you down and here it's
+the igen vector you would think would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector you would think would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector you would think would be
+the simplest one to handle this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one to handle this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one to handle this is the
+easiest igen Vector higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest igen Vector higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest igen Vector higher frequency
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+vectors have igen values that start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors have igen values that start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors have igen values that start
+dropping cosine of 2 pi cosine 3 pi n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping cosine of 2 pi cosine 3 pi n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping cosine of 2 pi cosine 3 pi n +
+one is going to be further away from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be further away from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be further away from one
+now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to
+admit that the very highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that the very highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that the very highest
+frequency When J is capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency When J is capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency When J is capital
+N so J When J is capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so J When J is capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so J When J is capital
+N I have to admit it happens to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I have to admit it happens to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I have to admit it happens to come
+back with a minus sign but the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with a minus sign but the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with a minus sign but the magnitude
+is still just as bad the cosine of n pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still just as bad the cosine of n pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still just as bad the cosine of n pi
+over n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n +
+one is just the negative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just the negative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just the negative of that
+one so actually we have two igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so actually we have two igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so actually we have two igen values
+that are both hitting the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both hitting the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both hitting the spectral
+radius and both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and both of
+them are the are the worst the slowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are the are the worst the slowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are the are the worst the slowest
+converging igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging igen
+vectors and this ion Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and this ion Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and this ion Vector
+looks like very smooth and the Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very smooth and the Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very smooth and the Vector
+for that high frequency one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that high frequency one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that high frequency one is the
+fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest
+oscillation yeah if I graph the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation yeah if I graph the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation yeah if I graph the igen
+vectors igon values I will I'll graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors igon values I will I'll graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors igon values I will I'll graph
+the Ian values and you'll see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ian values and you'll see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ian values and you'll see that it's
+the first and the last that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the last that are that are
+nearest in magnitude to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest in magnitude to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest in magnitude to one
+okay I I was just going to say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I was just going to say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I was just going to say all right
+can I anticipate in multi-grid for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I anticipate in multi-grid for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I anticipate in multi-grid for a
+minute so multi-grid does is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so multi-grid does is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so multi-grid does is going to
+try to get these guys to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get these guys to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get these guys to go
+faster now this one can be handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster now this one can be handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster now this one can be handled
+you'll see by just a simple adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see by just a simple adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see by just a simple adjustment
+of jacobe I just weight jacobe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jacobe I just weight jacobe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jacobe I just weight jacobe a little
+a little bit instead of 2 I I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit instead of 2 I I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit instead of 2 I I take
+threei or four I threei would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threei or four I threei would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threei or four I threei would be good
+threei would be very good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threei would be very good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threei would be very good for the
+preconditioner and that will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner and that will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner and that will have the
+effect on this high frequency one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on this high frequency one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on this high frequency one that
+it be well down now below one but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be well down now below one but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be well down now below one but this
+will still be the Slowpoke in converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be the Slowpoke in converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be the Slowpoke in converging
+and that's where multi-grid says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where multi-grid says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where multi-grid says
+okay that's low frequency that's too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's low frequency that's too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's low frequency that's too low
+that's that's not converging quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not converging quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not converging quickly
+take a different grid on which that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a different grid on which that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a different grid on which that same
+thing looks higher frequency well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looks higher frequency well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looks higher frequency well we'll
+see that see it tomorrow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that see it tomorrow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that see it tomorrow okay
+all right so if I stay with jacobe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I stay with jacobe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if I stay with jacobe what
+have I learned I've learned that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I learned I've learned that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I learned I've learned that this is
+Row for this Matrix the spectral radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row for this Matrix the spectral radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row for this Matrix the spectral radius
+is that number and and let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that number and and let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that number and and let's just see
+how big it is how big is that's a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big it is how big is that's a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big it is how big is that's a cosine
+of a small number so the cosine of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small number so the cosine of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small number so the cosine of a
+small number Theta near Theta near zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number Theta near Theta near zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number Theta near Theta near zero
+the cosine of theta is 1 minus so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of theta is 1 minus so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of theta is 1 minus so it's
+below one of course a half Theta squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below one of course a half Theta squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below one of course a half Theta squ
+Theta is pi/ n + 1 s all this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is pi/ n + 1 s all this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is pi/ n + 1 s all this simple
+estimates really tell you what TR what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates really tell you what TR what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates really tell you what TR what
+happens when you do jacobe iteration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do jacobe iteration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you do jacobe iteration and
+and you'll see it on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see it on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see it on the on the
+uh output from I mean you could you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output from I mean you could you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output from I mean you could you can
+I hope will code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope will code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope will code
+up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+Jacob's method taking P to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacob's method taking P to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacob's method taking P to be uh
+multiple of the identity so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity so very
+fast and you'll see the convergence rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and you'll see the convergence rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and you'll see the convergence rate
+you can graph oh here's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can graph oh here's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can graph oh here's an interesting
+point I'll make it again what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll make it again what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'll make it again what should you
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+in seeing in in to to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing in in to to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing in in to to display
+convergence and rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and rate of
+convergence all right let me let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence all right let me let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence all right let me let me draw
+a possible graph here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible graph here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible graph here
+let me draw two possible graphs I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw two possible graphs I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw two possible graphs I could
+graph this is K as I take more steps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is K as I take more steps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is K as I take more steps I
+could graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could graph the
+error well the size of the error it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error well the size of the error it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error well the size of the error it's a
+vector so I take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I take its
+length and I don't know where I start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and I don't know where I start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and I don't know where I start at
+e not this is k equals 0 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e not this is k equals 0 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e not this is k equals 0 this is the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+guess if I use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if I use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if I use uh
+well I'm going to draw a graph which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to draw a graph which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to draw a graph which you
+you'll draw much better by actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw much better by actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll draw much better by actually
+getting Matlab to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Matlab to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Matlab to do
+it I before I draw it let me mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I before I draw it let me mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I before I draw it let me mention the
+other graph we could draw this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other graph we could draw this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other graph we could draw this tells us
+the error in this is the error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+solution you might think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you might think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you might think that's the
+natural thing to draw it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to draw it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to draw it is
+but we could also draw the error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could also draw the error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could also draw the error in the
+equation the the residual error so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the residual error so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the residual error so I'll
+just put up here what what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put up here what what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put up here what what I mean by
+that if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I put
+in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so
+ax ax equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax ax equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax ax equals B
+exactly ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ax
+K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close and there residual is let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and there residual is let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and there residual is let me call
+it R as everybody does is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R as everybody does is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it R as everybody does is the difference
+a ax minus ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K it's how much how close we are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so it's B minus ax K the true ax gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so it's B minus ax K the true ax gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so it's B minus ax K the true ax gets
+B exactly right the wrong ax gets B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B exactly right the wrong ax gets B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B exactly right the wrong ax gets B
+nearly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see because we have this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see because we have this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see because we have this linear
+problem it's a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error x - XK is e so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+residual and I could graph that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual and I could graph that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual and I could graph that that
+that's how close my answer comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how close my answer comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how close my answer comes to
+getting B right how close the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting B right how close the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting B right how close the equation
+is where this is how close the E the XK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where this is how close the E the XK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where this is how close the E the XK
+is so that would be the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that would be the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that would be the other thing I
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph RK the res size of the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph RK the res size of the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph RK the res size of the residual
+which is this which is a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this which is a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this which is a e
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I have to remember what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have to remember what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have to remember what I
+think these graphs look like but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these graphs look like but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these graphs look like but of
+course it's a little absurd for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a little absurd for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a little absurd for me to
+draw them when I think what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them when I think what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them when I think what we
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+is that the residual drops pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the residual drops pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the residual drops pretty
+fast the residual drops pretty fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the residual drops pretty fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the residual drops pretty fast and
+keeps keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps keeps
+going for let's say Jacob's method or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for let's say Jacob's method or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for let's say Jacob's method or in
+a minute or maybe next time uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute or maybe next time uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute or maybe next time uh another
+iterate iterative method but the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate iterative method but the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate iterative method but the error
+in the solution starts down fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution starts down fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution starts down fast and
+What's Happening Here is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here is the high
+frequency components are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components are getting
+killed but those low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed but those low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed but those low frequency
+components are not disappearing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are not disappearing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are not disappearing because
+we figured out that they have the they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out that they have the they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured out that they have the they
+give the spectral radius the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the spectral radius the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the spectral radius the largest
+igen value so somehow it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value so somehow it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value so somehow it doesn't it
+slopes off and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it it it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it it's uh
+the price of such a simple method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of such a simple method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of such a simple method is
+that you don't get great convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't get great convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't get great convergence of
+course the we if I put this on a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the we if I put this on a log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the we if I put this on a log log
+plot the slope would would be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the slope would would be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the slope would would be exactly
+connected to the spectum radius it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the spectum radius it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the spectum radius it would
+that's the rate of Decay the the I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate of Decay the the I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate of Decay the the I this
+the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the
+EK is approximately the size of EK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK is approximately the size of EK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK is approximately the size of EK is
+approximately that worst value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately that worst value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately that worst value to the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power do you see how this can happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power do you see how this can happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power do you see how this can happen you
+see you see this can be quite small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see this can be quite small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see this can be quite small the
+residual quite small I I I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual quite small I I I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual quite small I I I think it's
+just very important to see the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very important to see the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very important to see the the two
+different quantities the residual can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantities the residual can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantities the residual can be
+quite small but then how would I from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small but then how would I from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small but then how would I from
+the residual if I wanted to get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual if I wanted to get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual if I wanted to get back to
+the error I'd have to multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error I'd have to multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error I'd have to multiply by a
+inverse and a inverse is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and a inverse is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and a inverse is not
+small our Matrix a is pretty has I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small our Matrix a is pretty has I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small our Matrix a is pretty has I
+values close to zero so a inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values close to zero so a inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values close to zero so a inverse is
+pretty big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big a
+inverse time a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse time a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse time a e
+k this is small but a inverse is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this is small but a inverse is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this is small but a inverse is like
+picks up those smallest ion values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up those smallest ion values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up those smallest ion values of a
+picks up those low frequencies and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up those low frequencies and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up those low frequencies and it's
+uh bigger slower to slower to go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bigger slower to slower to go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bigger slower to slower to go to zero
+as we see in this picture so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we see in this picture so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we see in this picture so it's this
+picture that and that is is our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that and that is is our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that and that is is our problem
+that shows the where jacobe is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the where jacobe is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the where jacobe is not good
+enough okay so what more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay so what more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay so what more to say about
+jacobe for this Matrix K we're able we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe for this Matrix K we're able we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe for this Matrix K we're able we
+know its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its igen
+values the igen values of M we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the igen values of M we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the igen values of M we know
+exactly ly The Matrix M we know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ly The Matrix M we know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly ly The Matrix M we know exactly
+do do you see in that Matrix and I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you see in that Matrix and I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you see in that Matrix and I now
+if I had said look at that Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had said look at that Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had said look at that Matrix and
+tell me something about its igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me something about its igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me something about its igen values
+what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you
+say you would say it's symmetric so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you would say it's symmetric so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you would say it's symmetric so the
+igen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are
+real and you would say that every igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you would say that every igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you would say that every igen
+value is smaller than one why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is smaller than one why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is smaller than one why because
+every I value is you if you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I value is you if you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every I value is you if you like to
+remember this business of circle silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this business of circle silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this business of circle silly
+circles every igen value is in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles every igen value is in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles every igen value is in a circle
+centered at this number in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this number in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this number in other words
+centered at zero and its radius is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero and its radius is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero and its radius is that
+sum of those which is one so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those which is one so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those which is one so we know
+that every igen value is in a is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every igen value is in a is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every igen value is in a is in a
+circle of radi in the unit circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radi in the unit circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radi in the unit circle and
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+it's comes inside the unit circle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's comes inside the unit circle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's comes inside the unit circle but
+not very much only by one over n squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much only by one over n squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much only by one over n squ and
+and what do I what do I learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I what do I learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I what do I learn from this
+1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n^2 what power how many iterations do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 what power how many iterations do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 what power how many iterations do I
+have to take to reduce the error by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to reduce the error by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to reduce the error by
+let's say 10 or e or whatever if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 or e or whatever if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 10 or e or whatever if the if
+the I values are one minus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values are one minus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values are one minus a constant
+over n 2 I'll have to take the N2 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n 2 I'll have to take the N2 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n 2 I'll have to take the N2 power
+so if I have a matrix of order 100 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a matrix of order 100 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a matrix of order 100 the
+number of iterations I'm going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations I'm going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations I'm going to need
+is like 100 squar 10,000 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 100 squar 10,000 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 100 squar 10,000 steps
+and that's you know every step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know every step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know every step is
+fast especially with the jacobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice every every here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice every every here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice every every here's my
+iteration and P is just a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and P is just a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and P is just a multiple of
+the identity here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity here but
+uh so every step is certainly fast it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every step is certainly fast it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every step is certainly fast it it
+every step involves a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step involves a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step involves a matrix
+multiplication and that that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and that that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and that that's why I
+began the lecture by saying matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began the lecture by saying matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began the lecture by saying matrix
+multiplication are fast a * XK that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication are fast a * XK that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication are fast a * XK that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+work and it's not much it's maybe five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's not much it's maybe five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's not much it's maybe five
+non zeros in a so 5 n that's fast but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zeros in a so 5 n that's fast but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zeros in a so 5 n that's fast but if
+I have to do it 10,000 times just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do it 10,000 times just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do it 10,000 times just to
+reduce the error by some constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the error by some constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the error by some constant Factor
+that's not good okay so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good okay so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good okay so that's why
+people think okay jacobe gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think okay jacobe gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think okay jacobe gives us the
+idea it does knock off the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it does knock off the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it does knock off the high
+frequencies quite quickly but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies quite quickly but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies quite quickly but it
+leaves those low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves those low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves those low
+frequencies well I was going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well I was going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies well I was going to mention
+weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted
+jacobe weighted jacobe is to is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe weighted jacobe is to is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe weighted jacobe is to is to take
+um instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of
+P put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P put in a
+weight so so wait a jacobe let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so so wait a jacobe let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so so wait a jacobe let me put
+this here and and we'll come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and and we'll come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and and we'll come back to it
+so waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jacobe simply takes P to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe simply takes P to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe simply takes P to be the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and for
+example Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Omega
+equals uh 2/3 is a is a good choice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh 2/3 is a is a good choice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh 2/3 is a is a good choice it
+happens well let me draw the I you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well let me draw the I you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well let me draw the I you can
+imagine that if I this is this is 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that if I this is this is 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that if I this is this is 2 *
+the identity so it's just two over Oma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity so it's just two over Oma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity so it's just two over Oma I
+so I'm just choosing a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just choosing a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just choosing a different
+constant I'm just choosing a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm just choosing a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm just choosing a different
+constant in p and and it has a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in p and and it has a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in p and and it has a simple
+effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on
+M I'll I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I'll I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I'll I'll draw the
+picture the ion values of M are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the ion values of M are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the ion values of M are these
+cosiness so I'm going to draw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness so I'm going to draw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness so I'm going to draw those
+cosiness the I values of M so they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness the I values of M so they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness the I values of M so they start
+I'll just draw the picture of cos Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just draw the picture of cos Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just draw the picture of cos Theta
+if I can what what does a graph of cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can what what does a graph of cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can what what does a graph of cos
+Theta look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's somewhat me from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat me from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat me from zero to
+Pi so I'm going to see this is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I'm going to see this is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so I'm going to see this is Theta
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+0 this is Theta equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is Theta equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is Theta equal
+Pi if I just draw cos Theta please tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi if I just draw cos Theta please tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi if I just draw cos Theta please tell
+me if this isn't it is it something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that thanks and now where are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thanks and now where are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thanks and now where are these
+Theta 1 the bad one Theta 2 theta 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 the bad one Theta 2 theta 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 the bad one Theta 2 theta 3
+Theta 4 Theta 5 equally bad down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 4 Theta 5 equally bad down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 4 Theta 5 equally bad down here so
+there's C there's the biggest one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's C there's the biggest one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's C there's the biggest one that's
+row and and you see it's pretty near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and and you see it's pretty near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and and you see it's pretty near
+one and here I'm going to hit at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here I'm going to hit at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here I'm going to hit at this
+frequency I'm going to hit minus row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I'm going to hit minus row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I'm going to hit minus row
+it'll be again near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be again near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be again near
+one so the spectal radius is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the spectal radius is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the spectal radius is that that
+that's row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's row
+the cosine of that smallest angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of that smallest angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of that smallest angle Theta
+Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N
++1 and what happens when I bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 and what happens when I bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 and what happens when I bring in
+these weights well it turns out that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights well it turns out that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights well it turns out that so
+so now the igen values of of M with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the igen values of of M with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the igen values of of M with the
+weights will be one it turns out 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights will be one it turns out 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights will be one it turns out 1 -
+Omega plus Omega cos Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus Omega cos Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus Omega cos Theta
+very you can you'll see it in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you can you'll see it in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you can you'll see it in the notes
+no problem so it's it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem so it's it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem so it's it's simply
+influenced by Omega like if Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by Omega like if Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by Omega like if Omega is
+2/3 if Omega is 2/3 then I have 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 if Omega is 2/3 then I have 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 if Omega is 2/3 then I have 1 -
+Omega is 1/3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 1/3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is 1/3 plus
+2/3 cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta those are that that's what instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta those are that that's what instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta those are that that's what instead
+of graphing cos Theta which I've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphing cos Theta which I've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphing cos Theta which I've done so
+let me draw let me complete this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw let me complete this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw let me complete this graph
+for cos Theta the I Valu is unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cos Theta the I Valu is unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cos Theta the I Valu is unweighted
+with weight omeg equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weight omeg equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with weight omeg equal 1
+now now it's this thing I draw so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's this thing I draw so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now it's this thing I draw so what
+what happens what's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what's what's going on
+here at for a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at for a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at for a small
+Theta cosine is near one I'm again near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta cosine is near one I'm again near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta cosine is near one I'm again near
+one in fact I'm probably even a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact I'm probably even a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact I'm probably even a little
+worse probably up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think
+it goes down like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down like that so
+so it starts at near one but it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts at near one but it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts at near one but it ends
+when Co when Theta is pi this is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Co when Theta is pi this is 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Co when Theta is pi this is 1/3
+minus 2/3 it ends at minus A3 you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2/3 it ends at minus A3 you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2/3 it ends at minus A3 you see
+that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot
+smarter where this one ended this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter where this one ended this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter where this one ended this one
+ended at minus1 that one ended at near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended at minus1 that one ended at near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended at minus1 that one ended at near
+minus one but this one will end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but this one will end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but this one will end with
+Omega this is the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega this is the Omega
+equal Omega equal 2/3 the weighted one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Omega equal 2/3 the weighted one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Omega equal 2/3 the weighted one
+all you've done is fixed the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've done is fixed the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've done is fixed the high
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+well when I say all that was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I say all that was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I say all that was a good
+thing to do the the high frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do the the high frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do the the high frequencies are
+no longer a problem the low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a problem the low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a problem the low frequencies
+still are so the only way we'll get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still are so the only way we'll get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still are so the only way we'll get out
+of that problem is moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that problem is moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that problem is moving to
+multi-grid okay can I in the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid okay can I in the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid okay can I in the remaining
+minute report on gaus sidel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute report on gaus sidel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute report on gaus sidel and then
+I'll come back to it but a quick report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to it but a quick report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to it but a quick report
+on gaus sidel so what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gaus sidel so what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gaus sidel so what's the difference
+in gaus sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gaus sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gaus sidel
+what does gidel do it uses the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does gidel do it uses the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does gidel do it uses the latest
+information as soon as you compute an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as soon as you compute an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as soon as you compute an X
+you use it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use it where
+jacobe computed all all kept had to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe computed all all kept had to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe computed all all kept had to keep
+all these X's until it found all the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's until it found all the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these X's until it found all the new
+X's but the gaus sidel idea is as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's but the gaus sidel idea is as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's but the gaus sidel idea is as soon
+as you have a better X put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a better X put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a better X put it in the
+system so the storage is cut in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the storage is cut in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the storage is cut in half
+because you're not hold not saving a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not hold not saving a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not hold not saving a big
+old Vector while you compute the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Vector while you compute the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Vector while you compute the new
+one and I I'll write down gidel again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I I'll write down gidel again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I I'll write down gidel again
+so it's more up to date and the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more up to date and the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more up to date and the effect
+is that the jacobe igen values get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the jacobe igen values get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the jacobe igen values get
+squared so you're squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you're squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you're squaring
+numbers that are less than one so gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are less than one so gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are less than one so gaus
+sidel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel this
+this this gives the toig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this gives the toig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this gives the toig
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+squared well the result is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well the result is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well the result is that if I
+draw the same curve for G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same curve for G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same curve for G
+sidel I'll be below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right essentially a gaus sidel step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially a gaus sidel step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially a gaus sidel step is
+worth two jacobe steps because the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth two jacobe steps because the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth two jacobe steps because the igen
+values get squared as they would do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values get squared as they would do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values get squared as they would do in
+two jacobe steps if I do jacobe twice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jacobe steps if I do jacobe twice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jacobe steps if I do jacobe twice I
+Square its values so it's a it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square its values so it's a it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square its values so it's a it seems
+like absolutely a smart move it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like absolutely a smart move it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like absolutely a smart move it's not
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+because this is this becomes cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this becomes cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this becomes cosine
+squared I lose the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I lose the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I lose the one
+half but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but I'm
+still very very close to one it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very very close to one it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very very close to one it's still
+takes order N squared iterations to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order N squared iterations to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes order N squared iterations to get
+anywhere so jacobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so jacobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so jacobe
+is like you could say replaced by gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you could say replaced by gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you could say replaced by gaus
+sidel as being One Step better but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel as being One Step better but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel as being One Step better but it's
+not good enough and that that's why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough and that that's why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough and that that's why uh
+the subject kept going this this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject kept going this this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject kept going this this gives
+row is 1us order of 1 / n first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is 1us order of 1 / n first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is 1us order of 1 / n first
+Power where these were 1 1 - 1 / n^ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power where these were 1 1 - 1 / n^ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power where these were 1 1 - 1 / n^ 2 so
+this is definitely further from one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely further from one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely further from one and
+then this can be way further from one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this can be way further from one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this can be way further from one so
+you you can see some of the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see some of the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see some of the numerical
+experiments and Analysis that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and Analysis that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and Analysis that's coming
+okay I'll see you Wednesday to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll see you Wednesday to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll see you Wednesday to finish
+this and move into multigrid which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and move into multigrid which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and move into multigrid which uses
+these guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MlYhHsq_tOU.txt b/MlYhHsq_tOU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27c646639f842370d1873dbae08deb5daeaf1099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MlYhHsq_tOU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the past few lectures we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past few lectures we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past few lectures we've been
+discussing the structure set Edition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the structure set Edition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the structure set Edition and
+which culminated in the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which culminated in the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which culminated in the proof of
+Freeman's theorem so this was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman's theorem so this was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman's theorem so this was a pretty
+big and central result in additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and central result in additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and central result in additive
+combinatorics which gives you a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics which gives you a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics which gives you a complete
+characterization of sets with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of sets with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of sets with small
+doubling today I want to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling today I want to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling today I want to look at a
+somewhat different issue also related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different issue also related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different issue also related to
+a set of small doubling but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of small doubling but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of small doubling but this time
+we're want to have a somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're want to have a somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're want to have a somewhat different
+characterization of what it is a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of what it is a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of what it is a mean
+for a set to have lots of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a set to have lots of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a set to have lots of additive
+structure so in today's lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in today's lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in today's lecture we're
+always going to be working in an abelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be working in an abelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be working in an abelian
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me define the following quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define the following quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me define the following quantity
+given sets a and B we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sets a and B we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sets a and B we define the
+additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy
+between a and B to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B to be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+denoted by E and B so a and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by E and B so a and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by E and B so a and B are
+subgroups subsets subsets of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups subsets subsets of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups subsets subsets of this
+arbitrary abelian group so a of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary abelian group so a of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary abelian group so a of a and B
+is defined to be the number of tuples a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the number of tuples a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the number of tuples a1
+a2 b1 b2 where a1 a2 or elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 b1 b2 where a1 a2 or elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 b1 b2 where a1 a2 or elements of a
+and B 1 B 2 are elements of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 1 B 2 are elements of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 1 B 2 are elements of B
+such that a1 plus b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 2 a2 plus b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the additive energy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the additive energy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the additive energy is the
+number of quadruples of these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quadruples of these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quadruples of these elements
+where you have this additive relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have this additive relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have this additive relation
+and we would like to understand sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like to understand sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like to understand sets
+with large additive energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large additive energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with large additive energy so
+intuitively if you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively if you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively if you have lots of
+solutions to this equation in your sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation in your sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation in your sets
+then the sets themselves should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sets themselves should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sets themselves should have
+lots of internal additive structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of internal additive structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of internal additive structure it
+was a different way of describing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a different way of describing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a different way of describing an
+inner structure and we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner structure and we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner structure and we like to
+understand how does this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how does this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how does this way of
+describing and the structure relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and the structure relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and the structure relate to
+things we've seen before namely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen before namely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've seen before namely small
+doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you have not two sets but just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have not two sets but just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have not two sets but just one
+sent slightly easier to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent slightly easier to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent slightly easier to think about
+we just write e of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write e of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write e of a
+meanie of a comma a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanie of a comma a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanie of a comma a and
+these objects are analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects are analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects are analogous to
+four cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles
+in graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory
+right because if you think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you think about you
+know this expression here in a KD graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this expression here in a KD graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this expression here in a KD graph
+let's say over F Q then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say over F Q then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say over F Q then this is the
+description of our four cycle you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of our four cycle you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of our four cycle you go
+around four steps and you come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four steps and you come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four steps and you come back to
+where you started from so these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started from so these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started from so these objects
+are the analogs are four cycles and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the analogs are four cycles and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the analogs are four cycles and we
+already saw in our discussion of quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw in our discussion of quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw in our discussion of quasi
+randomness and also elsewhere there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and also elsewhere there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and also elsewhere there are
+four cycles play important role in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles play important role in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles play important role in graph
+theory and likewise these additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and likewise these additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and likewise these additive
+energies are going to play important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are going to play important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are going to play important
+role in describing sets with additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in describing sets with additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in describing sets with additive
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok consider the following quantity we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok consider the following quantity we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok consider the following quantity we're
+going to let R sub a comma B X to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let R sub a comma B X to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let R sub a comma B X to be the
+number of ways to write X as a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so R sub a comma P of X it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so R sub a comma P of X it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so R sub a comma P of X it's a number
+of ways I can write access a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways I can write access a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways I can write access a plus B
+where it comes from big a low B comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from big a low B comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from big a low B comes
+from Big B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Big B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Big B then
+reinterpreting the formula off there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting the formula off there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreting the formula off there we
+see that the additive energy between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the additive energy between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the additive energy between two
+sets a and B they're simply sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a and B they're simply sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a and B they're simply sum of the
+squares of a R sub a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of a R sub a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of a R sub a comma B
+as X ranges over all elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X ranges over all elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X ranges over all elements of the
+group you only need to take X in the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you only need to take X in the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you only need to take X in the Sun
+set a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a plus B
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so the basic question like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic question like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic question like when we
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+additive combinatorics in the sense when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive combinatorics in the sense when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive combinatorics in the sense when
+we discussed sets of small doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed sets of small doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed sets of small doubling
+there we asked you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we asked you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we asked you know if you have a
+set a of a certain size how big can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a of a certain size how big can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a of a certain size how big can a
+plus a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a be
+here let's ask the same if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's ask the same if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's ask the same if I give you
+set a of a certain size how big or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a of a certain size how big or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a of a certain size how big or how
+small can the additive energy of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small can the additive energy of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small can the additive energy of the set
+be what's the most number possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the most number possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the most number possible
+number of additive quadruples was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additive quadruples was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additive quadruples was the
+least possible number of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least possible number of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least possible number of additive
+quadruples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruples
+there are some trivial bounds just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some trivial bounds just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some trivial bounds just like
+in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of
+some sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are some trivial bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on one hand by taking a1 equal to a2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand by taking a1 equal to a2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand by taking a1 equal to a2 and
+b1 equal to p2 we see that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 equal to p2 we see that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 equal to p2 we see that the energy is
+always at least the square of the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at least the square of the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always at least the square of the size
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+on the other hand if I fix three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if I fix three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if I fix three of the
+four elements then the fourth element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements then the fourth element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements then the fourth element is
+determined so the upper bound there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so the upper bound there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so the upper bound there's
+cube the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube the size of a
+and you convince yourself that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you convince yourself that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you convince yourself that you know
+except up to maybe a constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except up to maybe a constant factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except up to maybe a constant factors
+this is the best possible general upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best possible general upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best possible general upper
+and lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bound
+similar situation with some sets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar situation with some sets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar situation with some sets where
+you have lower bound linear upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lower bound linear upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lower bound linear upper bound
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+which is the sign with additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sign with additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sign with additive
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+so if you have lots of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have lots of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have lots of additive
+structure you have high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you have high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you have high energy
+so this range is when you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this range is when you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this range is when you have lots of
+additive structure and we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure and we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure and we would like to
+understand what can you say about a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what can you say about a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what can you say about a set
+with high additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what are some examples of sets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are some examples of sets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are some examples of sets with
+high additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high additive energy
+it turns out that if you have a set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you have a set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you have a set that
+has small table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small table
+then automatically it implies large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then automatically it implies large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then automatically it implies large
+additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+intervals or G ApS or large subsets of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals or G ApS or large subsets of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals or G ApS or large subsets of G
+ApS all these examples that we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ApS all these examples that we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ApS all these examples that we saw in
+fact these are all the examples coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are all the examples coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are all the examples coming
+from freeman's theorem also in arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from freeman's theorem also in arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from freeman's theorem also in arbitrary
+groups you can have subgroups or so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you can have subgroups or so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you can have subgroups or so all
+of these examples have large additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these examples have large additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these examples have large additive
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me I'll show you the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me I'll show you the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me I'll show you the proof
+this in a second it's not hard but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second it's not hard but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second it's not hard but the
+real question is what about the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is what about the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is what about the converse
+so can you say much in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you say much in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you say much in the reverse
+direction but first let me show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but first let me show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but first let me show you this
+claim that small doubling priced large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that small doubling priced large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that small doubling priced large
+additive energy well if you have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy well if you have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy well if you have small
+doubling if a plus a is size and most k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling if a plus a is size and most k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling if a plus a is size and most k
+times the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the size of a
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+it turns out the additive energy of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the additive energy of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the additive energy of a is
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+the maximum possible which is a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible which is a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible which is a cubed
+divided by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within a constant factor of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of the maximum
+is pretty large if you have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty large if you have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty large if you have small
+doubling then large additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling then large additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling then large additive energy
+so let's see the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see the proof
+so you can often tell how hard a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can often tell how hard a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can often tell how hard a proof
+is by how simple the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by how simple the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by how simple the statement is
+although that's not always the case as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not always the case as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's not always the case as
+we've seen with some of our theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen with some of our theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen with some of our theorems
+like clinickers inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like clinickers inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like clinickers inequality
+but in this case it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case it turns out to be
+fairly simple so we see that R sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple so we see that R sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple so we see that R sub a
+comma a is supported on a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we use Cauchy Schwartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use Cauchy Schwartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use Cauchy Schwartz
+to write okay so first we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write okay so first we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write okay so first we write the
+additive energy in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of the squares of these arse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now by cauchy-schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by cauchy-schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by cauchy-schwarz
+we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+that you can replace the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can replace the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can replace the sum of the
+squared art by the sum of the RS but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared art by the sum of the RS but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared art by the sum of the RS but now
+the key point here is that we take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point here is that we take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point here is that we take out
+this factor coming from cauchy-schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor coming from cauchy-schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor coming from cauchy-schwarz
+which is only a plus a so if the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only a plus a so if the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only a plus a so if the support
+size is small we gain in this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is small we gain in this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is small we gain in this step
+but what is the sum of ours I mean R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the sum of ours I mean R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the sum of ours I mean R of
+X is just number of ways to write access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is just number of ways to write access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is just number of ways to write access
+little a 1 plus little a be a little a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a 1 plus little a be a little a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a 1 plus little a be a little a 2
+so if I sum over all X I'm just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I sum over all X I'm just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I sum over all X I'm just looking
+at different two ways we're just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different two ways we're just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different two ways we're just looking
+at ways of picking a word pair from a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ways of picking a word pair from a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ways of picking a word pair from a so
+this last expression is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last expression is equal to
+size of a to the power 4 divided by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a to the power 4 divided by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a to the power 4 divided by a
+plus a and now we use that a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a and now we use that a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a and now we use that a small
+doubling to conclude that the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling to conclude that the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling to conclude that the final
+quantity is at least a cubed divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is at least a cubed divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is at least a cubed divided by
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so we see small doubling implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we see small doubling implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we see small doubling implies
+large additive energy so and this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy so and this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy so and this kind
+of makes sense if you set doesn't expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense if you set doesn't expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense if you set doesn't expand
+then there are many collisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are many collisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are many collisions of
+sums and so you must have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and so you must have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and so you must have lots of
+solutions to that equation up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that equation up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that equation up there
+but what about the converse if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the converse if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the converse if I give
+you a set with large additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a set with large additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a set with large additive energy
+mustn't necessarily have small doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you an example
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so large
+additive energy and there's a implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy and there's a implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy and there's a implies
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so consider the following example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider the following example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider the following example where
+you take a set a which is a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a set a which is a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a set a which is a combination
+it's a union of a set with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a union of a set with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a union of a set with small
+doubling plus a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling plus a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling plus a bunch of
+elements without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements without
+additive structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think a set with small doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a set with small doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a set with small doubling
+plus a bunch of elements without a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of elements without a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of elements without a data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+then it has large additive energy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has large additive energy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has large additive energy just
+coming from this interval itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water and cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about a
+plus a well for a plus a this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a well for a plus a this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a well for a plus a this part
+doesn't that that's the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that that's the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that that's the part that
+contributes right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes right the
+part of this a without a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this a without a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this a without a data structure
+and we see that the size of a plus a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the size of a plus a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that the size of a plus a is
+quadratic in the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the size of a
+or so unfortunately the converse fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so unfortunately the converse fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so unfortunately the converse fails
+so you can have sets that have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have sets that have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have sets that have large
+additive energy and also large doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy and also large doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy and also large doubling
+but you see the reason why this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the reason why this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the reason why this has
+large additive energy is because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy is because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy is because there
+is a very highly structured and actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very highly structured and actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very highly structured and actively
+structures piece of it right somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures piece of it right somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures piece of it right somehow we
+want to forget about this extra garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget about this extra garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget about this extra garbage
+and that's part of the reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the reason why the
+converse is not true so we would like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse is not true so we would like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse is not true so we would like a
+statement that says that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that if you have
+large additive energy then it must come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy then it must come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large additive energy then it must come
+from some highly structured piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some highly structured piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some highly structured piece that
+has small doubling and that is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small doubling and that is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small doubling and that is true and
+that's the content of the pollak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the content of the pollak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the content of the pollak
+similarity cowards theorem which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity cowards theorem which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity cowards theorem which is the
+main topic today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic today
+so the similarly cowers theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that if you have a set so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have a set so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have a set so we're
+working always in some arbitrary abelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working always in some arbitrary abelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working always in some arbitrary abelian
+group if you have a set with large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group if you have a set with large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group if you have a set with large
+energy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then
+there exists some subset a prime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some subset a prime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some subset a prime of a
+such that a prime is a fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a prime is a fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a prime is a fairly large
+proportion of a and here by large I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of a and here by large I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of a and here by large I mean
+up to polynomial changes in the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to polynomial changes in the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to polynomial changes in the error
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this a prime is such that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this a prime is such that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this a prime is such that a
+prime has small coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have large additive energy then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have large additive energy then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have large additive energy then I
+can pick out a large piece with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick out a large piece with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick out a large piece with small
+doubling constant I only lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling constant I only lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling constant I only lose a
+polynomial in the error factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in the error factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in the error factors
+so that's the power of similarity cowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the power of similarity cowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the power of similarity cowers
+- and you know it describes this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and you know it describes this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and you know it describes this example
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+any questions about the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I will actually show you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will actually show you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will actually show you is a
+slight variant as a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight variant as a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight variant as a more general
+statement where instead of having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement where instead of having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement where instead of having one
+set we're going to have two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our
+theorem version two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem version two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem version two
+where now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now we have
+two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets
+again a beer no I'm good knocking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a beer no I'm good knocking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a beer no I'm good knocking the
+writing any I'm going to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing any I'm going to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing any I'm going to write it in
+this lecture but a and B are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but a and B are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but a and B are always
+subsets of some arbitrary abelian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of some arbitrary abelian group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of some arbitrary abelian group
+a and B both have sides at most N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B both have sides at most N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B both have sides at most N and
+energy between a and B is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exists
+subset a prime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset a prime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset a prime of a
+P prime of P such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P prime of P such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P prime of P such that
+both a-prime and b-prime are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a-prime and b-prime are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a-prime and b-prime are large
+fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+of their parent set and such that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their parent set and such that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their parent set and such that a
+prime plus B prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not too much bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not so obvious why the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious why the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious why the second
+version implies the first version you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version implies the first version you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version implies the first version you
+can say well take a and B to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well take a and B to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well take a and B to be the same
+but then the conclusion gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the conclusion gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the conclusion gives you
+possibly two different subsets a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly two different subsets a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly two different subsets a prime
+and B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B prime
+but the first version I only want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first version I only want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first version I only want one
+subset that has small tumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that has small tumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that has small tumbling
+so fortunately the second version does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fortunately the second version does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fortunately the second version does
+imply the first version okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the first version okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the first version okay so let's
+see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second version implies the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version implies the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version implies the first
+version because if we okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider K so there's a tool that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider K so there's a tool that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider K so there's a tool that we
+introduced early on when we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced early on when we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced early on when we discussed
+fragments theorem and this is the Russa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments theorem and this is the Russa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments theorem and this is the Russa
+triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the spirit Arusha triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spirit Arusha triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spirit Arusha triangle inequality
+is it allows you to relate go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it allows you to relate go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it allows you to relate go back and
+forth between different some sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between different some sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between different some sets and
+different sets so by roots our triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets so by roots our triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets so by roots our triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we apply the second version with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the second version with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply the second version with a
+equals to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to B
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+and we pick out this a prime and B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick out this a prime and B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick out this a prime and B prime
+then we see that a prime plus a prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that a prime plus a prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that a prime plus a prime is
+at most a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a
+prime plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus V
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over B Prime well this uses the as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B Prime well this uses the as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B Prime well this uses the as with
+and uses a slightly stronger version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses a slightly stronger version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses a slightly stronger version
+that we had to use clinickers lúcia key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to use clinickers lúcia key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to use clinickers lúcia key
+lemma to proof but you can you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma to proof but you can you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma to proof but you can you can come
+up I mean don't care about the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I mean don't care about the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I mean don't care about the precise
+lost in polynomial factors you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in polynomial factors you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in polynomial factors you can also
+use the basic whose a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the basic whose a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the basic whose a triangle
+inequality that reduce a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that reduce a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that reduce a similar
+statement this is easier to deduce so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this is easier to deduce so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement this is easier to deduce so
+you have that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that and
+now the second version tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second version tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second version tells you that
+the numerator is a most pol EK and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is a most pol EK and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is a most pol EK and and
+the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is
+well at least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least and
+divided by polychaete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by polychaete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by polychaete
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+over here to get this hypothesis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to get this hypothesis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to get this hypothesis we
+automatically have that the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically have that the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically have that the size of a
+and B are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are not
+too much smaller than n or else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much smaller than n or else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much smaller than n or else this
+cannot be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be true
+so putting all these estimates together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these two versions that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two versions that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two versions that they are
+equivalent to each other the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other the second
+version implies the first second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version implies the first second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version implies the first second one is
+stronger the first one is slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the first one is slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger the first one is slightly more
+useful they're not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful they're not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful they're not necessarily
+equivalent but the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but the second one is
+stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so this is the power exam we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is the power exam we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is the power exam we're
+ending our storm so the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending our storm so the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending our storm so the content of
+today's lecture is to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to show you how to
+prove this theorem I'd remark about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem I'd remark about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem I'd remark about the
+naming of this theorem so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming of this theorem so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming of this theorem so you might
+notice that these three letters do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these three letters do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these three letters do not
+coming off a medical water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off a medical water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off a medical water
+and the reason is that this theorem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this theorem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this theorem was
+initially proof that power can same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially proof that power can same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially proof that power can same
+ready but using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready but using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready but using
+more involved method that didn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved method that didn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved method that didn't give
+polynomials high pounds and hours in has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials high pounds and hours in has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials high pounds and hours in has
+proof of some radius theorem in his new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of some radius theorem in his new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of some radius theorem in his new
+proof of somewhere nice theorem work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of somewhere nice theorem work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of somewhere nice theorem work
+good bounds he required he looked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bounds he required he looked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bounds he required he looked into
+this theorem and gave a new proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem and gave a new proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem and gave a new proof that
+resulted in these polynomial type towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in these polynomial type towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in these polynomial type towns
+and it is that idea that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that idea that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that idea that we're going to
+see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+so this course is called graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course is called graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course is called graph theory
+narrative combinatorics and the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative combinatorics and the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative combinatorics and the last two
+topics in this course today being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this course today being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in this course today being
+Pollock similarity cowers and tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollock similarity cowers and tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollock similarity cowers and tomorrow
+we're going to see some product problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see some product problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see some product problem
+are both great examples of problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both great examples of problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both great examples of problems in
+the additive combinatorics where tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive combinatorics where tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive combinatorics where tools
+from graph theory play important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from graph theory play important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from graph theory play important role in
+their solutions so it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their solutions so it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their solutions so it's a nice
+combination of the subject where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the subject where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the subject where we see
+both topics at the same time so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both topics at the same time so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both topics at the same time so I want
+to show you the proof of Pollock some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the proof of Pollock some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the proof of Pollock some
+reading hours and the proof goes via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading hours and the proof goes via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading hours and the proof goes via a
+graph analogue so I'm going to state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph analogue so I'm going to state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph analogue so I'm going to state for
+you a graphical version of the Pollack's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a graphical version of the Pollack's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a graphical version of the Pollack's
+I'm already Coward's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already Coward's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm already Coward's theorem
+and it goes like this if G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes like this if G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes like this if G is a
+bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+vertex sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and B and here a and B are still subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and here a and B are still subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and here a and B are still subsets
+of the abelian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define this restricted subset a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define this restricted subset a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define this restricted subset a
+plus sub G of B to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sub G of B to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sub G of B to be the
+set of sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sums
+where I am only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I am only
+taking sums across edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular is G is the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular is G is the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular is G is the complete
+bipartite graph and this is the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and this is the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph and this is the usual
+subset but now I may allow G to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but now I may allow G to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but now I may allow G to be a
+subset of the complete bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the complete bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the complete bipartite graph
+so only taking some but not all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only taking some but not all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only taking some but not all of the
+only taking yeah some of the sums but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only taking yeah some of the sums but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only taking yeah some of the sums but
+not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+the graphical version of Pollock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical version of Pollock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical version of Pollock
+similarity cowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that if you have a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B subsets of an abelian group both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subsets of an abelian group both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subsets of an abelian group both
+having size at most N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having size at most N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having size at most N and
+G is a bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is a bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is a bipartite graph
+between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a
+and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+G has lots of edges as at least n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G has lots of edges as at least n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G has lots of edges as at least n
+squared over K edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the restricted subset between a and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset between a and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset between a and B is
+small so here we're not looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so here we're not looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so here we're not looking at all
+the sums but a large fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums but a large fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums but a large fraction of the
+possible pairwise sums if that sum set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairwise sums if that sum set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairwise sums if that sum set
+has small size this is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small size this is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has small size this is kind of like a
+restrictive doubling constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive doubling constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive doubling constant then
+there exists a prime subset of a B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a prime subset of a B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a prime subset of a B prime
+subset of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+prime and B Prime both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and B Prime both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and B Prime both
+fairly large fractions of their parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large fractions of their parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large fractions of their parent
+set and such that the unrestricted some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and such that the unrestricted some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and such that the unrestricted some
+set between a prime and B prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set between a prime and B prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set between a prime and B prime is
+not too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me say it again so if ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me say it again so if ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me say it again so if ever
+fairly dense so constant fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dense so constant fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dense so constant fraction
+extensively a fairly dense bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively a fairly dense bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively a fairly dense bipartite
+graph between a and B and B are subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph between a and B and B are subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph between a and B and B are subsets
+of the abelian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abelian group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abelian group
+then and such that the restricted subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and such that the restricted subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and such that the restricted subset
+is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+then I can restrict a and B to subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can restrict a and B to subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can restrict a and B to subsets
+fairly large subsets so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large subsets so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large subsets so that the
+complete sum set between the subsets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sum set between the subsets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sum set between the subsets a
+prime and B prime is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me show you why the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you why the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you why the graphical
+version of PSG implies the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of PSG implies the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of PSG implies the version of
+PSG I stated up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so why do we care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why do we care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why do we care about this
+graphical version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version
+well suppose we look at so so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose we look at so so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose we look at so so we have
+all of these hypotheses that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies up there so let's write R to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies up there so let's write R to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies up there so let's write R to be
+R sub a comma P so I don't have to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R sub a comma P so I don't have to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R sub a comma P so I don't have to carry
+these subscripts all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subscripts all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subscripts all around
+what do you think okay so I start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think okay so I start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think okay so I start with a
+and B up there and I need to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B up there and I need to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B up there and I need to construct
+that graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph G
+so what should we choose as our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider
+the popular sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the popular sums are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the popular sums are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the popular sums are going to be
+elements in the complete song set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the complete song set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the complete song set
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+it is represented as a sum in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is represented as a sum in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is represented as a sum in many
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to take edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take edges that
+correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to
+these popular sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these popular sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these popular sums
+so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bipartite graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a
+color be it's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only a plus B is a popular son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's verify some of the hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's verify some of the hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's verify some of the hypotheses
+so we're going to assume graph PSG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to assume graph PSG and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to assume graph PSG and
+let's verify the hypothesis in graph PSG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's verify the hypothesis in graph PSG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's verify the hypothesis in graph PSG
+on one hand because each element of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand because each element of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand because each element of s is
+a popular sum if we consider its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular sum if we consider its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular sum if we consider its
+multiplicity we find that the size of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity we find that the size of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity we find that the size of s
+multiplied by n over 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by n over 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by n over 2k
+lower bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds
+the size of a times the size of P if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a times the size of P if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a times the size of P if you
+think about all the different pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the different pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the different pairs
+in a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a B
+so each sum here each popular psalms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each sum here each popular psalms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each sum here each popular psalms
+contributes this many times to a cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes this many times to a cross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes this many times to a cross B
+so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result
+you know because size of a and size of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because size of a and size of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because size of a and size of B
+are both at most n we find that the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both at most n we find that the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both at most n we find that the size
+of s is at most 2k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s is at most 2k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s is at most 2k n
+and if you think about what G is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what G is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what G is then
+this implies also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies also that
+the restricted subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset of
+a and B across this graph G which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B across this graph G which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B across this graph G which only
+requires the popular sums so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the popular sums so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the popular sums so the
+restricted subset is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset is precisely the
+popular sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sums
+the restricted subset is not too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset is not too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset is not too large
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we got one of the conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got one of the conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got one of the conditions so
+that the restricted some set it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the restricted some set it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the restricted some set it's not
+too large and now we want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and now we want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and now we want to show that
+this graph has lots of edges that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has lots of edges that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has lots of edges that has
+lots of edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+here's where we need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we need to use the
+hypothesis that between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that between a and B
+originally there's large additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally there's large additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally there's large additive energy
+and the point here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point here is that the
+unpopular sums cannot contribute very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular sums cannot contribute very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular sums cannot contribute very
+much to the additive energy in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to the additive energy in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to the additive energy in total
+because each one of them is unpopular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of them is unpopular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of them is unpopular
+so the dominant contributions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dominant contributions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dominant contributions to the
+additive energy are going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy are going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive energy are going to come from
+the popular sums and we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular sums and we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular sums and we're gonna use
+that to show that G has lots of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's lower bound the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's lower bound the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's lower bound the number of
+edges of G by first showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of G by first showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of G by first showing that
+we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+energy between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between a and B
+indeed the sums of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the sums of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the sums of the squares of the
+ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for X not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X not in
+popular sums is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sums is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sums is
+upper bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+claim that it is upper bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it is upper bounded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it is upper bounded by the
+following quantity and over two K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following quantity and over two K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following quantity and over two K
+times and squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I can take out one factor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can take out one factor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can take out one factor or
+upper bound by this number just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound by this number just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound by this number just by
+definition and the sums of the ours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the sums of the ours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the sums of the ours is
+and squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you have this additive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this additive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this additive energy
+between a and B I know that it is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B I know that it is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B I know that it is large
+by hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas I also know that I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I also know that I can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I also know that I can write it
+as a sum of the squares of these RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of the squares of these RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of the squares of these RS
+which I can break into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can break into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can break into
+the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular
+contributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and
+the unpopular contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and hopefully this should all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this should all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this should all be
+somewhat reminiscent of basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reminiscent of basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reminiscent of basically all
+these proofs that we did so far in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs that we did so far in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs that we did so far in this
+course where we separate a sum into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we separate a sum into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we separate a sum into the
+dominant terms and the minor terms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant terms and the minor terms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant terms and the minor terms this
+came up a Fourier analysis in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a Fourier analysis in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a Fourier analysis in particular
+so we do this splitting and we upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do this splitting and we upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do this splitting and we upper
+bound the unpopular contributions by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the unpopular contributions by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the unpopular contributions by the
+estimate from just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as a result bringing this small error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result bringing this small error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result bringing this small error
+term it doesn't cancel much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it doesn't cancel much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it doesn't cancel much of the
+energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+we still have a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have a lower bound
+some of the squares of the R's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the squares of the R's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the squares of the R's in
+the popular sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I can also give a fairly trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can also give a fairly trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can also give a fairly trivial
+upper bound to a single are namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound to a single are namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound to a single are namely it
+cannot be bigger than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the number of
+edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay so what's the number of edges of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the number of edges of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the number of edges of G
+look at that each X here contributes RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that each X here contributes RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that each X here contributes RX
+many edges so the number of edges of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many edges so the number of edges of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many edges so the number of edges of G
+is simply the sums of these are X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the hypotheses of graph PhD are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses of graph PhD are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses of graph PhD are
+satisfied and so we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and so we can use the
+conclusion of graph psg which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of graph psg which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of graph psg which is the
+conclusion that we're looking for in BSG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the remaining task is to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the remaining task is to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the remaining task is to prove the
+graphical version of BSG so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version of BSG so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version of BSG so let's take a
+quick break and when we come back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick break and when we come back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick break and when we come back we'll
+focus on this theorem and has some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this theorem and has some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this theorem and has some nice
+graph theoretic arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theoretic arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theoretic arguments
+okay let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue
+we've reduced the proof of the pollak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the proof of the pollak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the proof of the pollak
+similarity cowards theorem to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity cowards theorem to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity cowards theorem to the
+following graphical result well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following graphical result well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following graphical result well it's not
+just graphical right still we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graphical right still we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just graphical right still we're still
+inside some abelian group I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some abelian group I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some abelian group I still
+looking at some sets in some appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sets in some appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sets in some appealing
+group that's only now it has a craft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's only now it has a craft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's only now it has a craft
+attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it
+let me show this theorem through several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show this theorem through several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show this theorem through several
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+first something called a path of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first something called a path of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first something called a path of length
+to lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the path of length to lemon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the path of length to lemon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the path of length to lemon the
+statement is that you start with a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that you start with a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that you start with a graph
+G which is a bipartite graph between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is a bipartite graph between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is a bipartite graph between
+vertex sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sets a
+and B and now it be no longer need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and now it be no longer need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and now it be no longer need that
+they're just sets they're just vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sets they're just vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just sets they're just vertex
+sets we're not going to have sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we're not going to have sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we're not going to have sums
+and the number of edges is at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of edges is at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of edges is at least a
+constant fraction of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of the maximum
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conclusion
+is that there exists some you a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there exists some you a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there exists some you a subset
+of a such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a such that
+U is fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of
+elements of U so between 1 minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of U so between 1 minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of U so between 1 minus epsilon
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of common neighbors so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of common neighbors so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of common neighbors so at least
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+delta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta squared
+B over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have you start with this bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you start with this bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you start with this bipartite
+graph a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of edges and
+we would like to show that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show that there exists
+a pretty large subset u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty large subset u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty large subset u
+such that between most pairs whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that between most pairs whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that between most pairs whole
+button epsilon fraction of ordered pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button epsilon fraction of ordered pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button epsilon fraction of ordered pairs
+there could be the same but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be the same but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be the same but doesn't
+really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter
+the number of paths of length to between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths of length to between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths of length to between
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+vertices is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is quite large
+so there are lots of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of common neighbors
+where have we seen something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen something like this
+before it's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's question
+so for every epsilon and every Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where have we seen something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen something like this
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so in the bipartite graph with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the bipartite graph with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the bipartite graph with lots of
+edges I want to find a large subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I want to find a large subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I want to find a large subset of
+one of the parts so that every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parts so that every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the parts so that every pair of
+elements or almost every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or almost every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements or almost every pair of
+elements have lots of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependent random choice so in very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random choice so in very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random choice so in very first
+chapter of this course when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of this course when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of this course when we did
+extremal graph theory forbidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal graph theory forbidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal graph theory forbidding
+bipartite sub graphs there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite sub graphs there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite sub graphs there was a
+technique for proving the extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for proving the extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for proving the extremal
+number of her bounds for bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of her bounds for bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of her bounds for bipartite
+graphs of bounded degree and there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs of bounded degree and there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs of bounded degree and there we
+used something called dependent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used something called dependent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used something called dependent random
+choice that had a conclusion that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that had a conclusion that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that had a conclusion that was
+very similar flavor so there we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar flavor so there we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar flavor so there we had
+every pair so a fairly large but not its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair so a fairly large but not its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair so a fairly large but not its
+largest this a fairly large subset where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest this a fairly large subset where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest this a fairly large subset where
+every pair of elements had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of elements had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of elements had lots of
+common neighbors for every topple every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors for every topple every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors for every topple every
+couple of vertices have lots of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of vertices have lots of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of vertices have lots of common
+neighbors so it's very similar in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so it's very similar in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so it's very similar in fact
+it's the same type of technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same type of technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same type of technique that
+were use to prove this lemma over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay who remembers how to find em random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who remembers how to find em random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who remembers how to find em random
+choice goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice goals
+so the idea is that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that we are going to
+choose you not uniformly at random so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose you not uniformly at random so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose you not uniformly at random so
+that's not gonna work gonna choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not gonna work gonna choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not gonna work gonna choose that
+in a dependent random way so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dependent random way so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dependent random way so I want
+elements of you to have lots of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of you to have lots of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of you to have lots of common
+neighbors typically so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors typically so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors typically so one way to
+guarantee this is to choose you to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee this is to choose you to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee this is to choose you to be a
+neighborhood from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood from the right
+so pick a random element in B and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick a random element in B and choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick a random element in B and choose
+you to be its neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be its neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be its neighborhood
+so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything that course comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pack be an element of be uniformly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack be an element of be uniformly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack be an element of be uniformly at
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let you be the neighbourhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all by linearity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all by linearity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all by linearity of
+expectations the size of you yes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the size of you yes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the size of you yes at
+least Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the average degree from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average degree from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average degree from the
+right from B years at least Delta a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from B years at least Delta a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from B years at least Delta a just
+based on the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have two vertices ain't a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two vertices ain't a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two vertices ain't a prime
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+worth a small number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a prime have small number of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime have small number of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime have small number of common
+neighbors then the probability that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors then the probability that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors then the probability that a a
+prime both lie in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime both lie in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime both lie in you
+should be quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be quite small
+because if they both had if in a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they both had if in a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they both had if in a prime
+have a small number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small number of common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small number of common neighbors
+in word therefore in a prime to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in word therefore in a prime to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in word therefore in a prime to be
+included in this you you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in this you you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in this you you must have
+chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose
+this were their common a bird then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were their common a bird then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were their common a bird then in
+water that in a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that in a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that in a prime
+B containing you you must have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B containing you you must have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B containing you you must have chosen
+this meat to be inside the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meat to be inside the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meat to be inside the common
+neighborhood of a and a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a and a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of a and a prime
+which is unlikely if a a prime have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlikely if a a prime have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlikely if a a prime have a
+small number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of common neighbors
+so this probability is at most epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability is at most epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this probability is at most epsilon
+delta squared over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you just think about how u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think about how u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think about how u is
+constructed so if we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed so if we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed so if we let
+X be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X be the number of
+na Prime's in you cross U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na Prime's in you cross U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na Prime's in you cross U
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+epsilon Delta squared over 2 times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon Delta squared over 2 times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon Delta squared over 2 times B
+comma neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+by linearity of expectations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity of expectations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linearity of expectations the
+expectation of X is by summing up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is by summing up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is by summing up all of
+these probabilities of a and a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probabilities of a and a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probabilities of a and a prime
+both being in you so this is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both being in you so this is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both being in you so this is at most
+epsilon delta squared over 2 times size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon delta squared over 2 times size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon delta squared over 2 times size
+of a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so typically that's at least an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically that's at least an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically that's at least an
+expectation you do not expect very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you do not expect very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you do not expect very many
+pairs of elements in you with few common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of elements in you with few common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of elements in you with few common
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+but we can also turn such an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also turn such an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also turn such an estimate
+into a specific instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way to do this is to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to do this is to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to do this is to consider
+the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity
+size of nu squared minus x over epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of nu squared minus x over epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of nu squared minus x over epsilon
+first of all we can lower bound this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we can lower bound this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we can lower bound this
+quantity because the side the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because the side the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because the side the second
+moment of U is at least the first moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of U is at least the first moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of U is at least the first moment
+of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U
+squared and we also know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size of X in X minton x in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of X in X minton x in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of X in X minton x in expectation
+is not very large so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very large so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very large so the whole
+expression can be lower bounded by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression can be lower bounded by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression can be lower bounded by Delta
+squared over 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 times
+size of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+there is some concrete instance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some concrete instance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some concrete instance of this
+randomness resulting in some specific u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness resulting in some specific u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness resulting in some specific u
+such that this inequality holds so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this inequality holds so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this inequality holds so there
+exist some u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some u
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we find that the size of U is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the size of U is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the size of U is at least
+just forget about this minus term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget about this minus term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget about this minus term it's
+at least the right hand side square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the right hand side square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the right hand side square root
+so particular the size of us at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so particular the size of us at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so particular the size of us at least
+Delta over two times the size of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over two times the size of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over two times the size of a and
+just looking at the left hand side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the left hand side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the left hand side which
+must be a non-negative quantity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a non-negative quantity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a non-negative quantity because
+the right hand sign is non-negative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand sign is non-negative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand sign is non-negative we
+find that X is at most an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that X is at most an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that X is at most an
+epsilon fraction of U squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so putting this together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting this together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting this together we
+arrive at the path of length 2 lemma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the path of length 2 lemma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the path of length 2 lemma so
+let me go through it again so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through it again so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go through it again so this is
+the dependent random choice method where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent random choice method where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent random choice method where
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+want to find this u where most pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find this u where most pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find this u where most pairs of
+vertices in you have lots of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in you have lots of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in you have lots of common
+neighbors so we start from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so we start from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so we start from the right
+side we start from B take a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we start from B take a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we start from B take a uniform
+random vertex what you call V and let u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vertex what you call V and let u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vertex what you call V and let u
+be the neighborhood of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the neighborhood of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the neighborhood of V
+and I claim that this you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that this you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that this you typically
+should have the desired property when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the desired property when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have the desired property when
+the reason is that if you have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if you have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if you have a pair of
+vertices on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+have many common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many common neighbors
+then I claim it is highly unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim it is highly unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim it is highly unlikely that
+these two vertices both appear in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vertices both appear in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vertices both appear in you
+because for them to both appear in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for them to both appear in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for them to both appear in you
+your V must have been selected inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V must have been selected inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V must have been selected inside
+become a neighborhood of a and a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a neighborhood of a and a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a neighborhood of a and a prime
+which is unlikely if aim a prime have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlikely if aim a prime have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlikely if aim a prime have
+few common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few common neighbors
+so as a result the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result the expected number of
+pairs in you with small number of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in you with small number of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in you with small number of common
+neighbors is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors is small
+and already that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already that's a very good
+indication that we're on the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that we're on the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that we're on the right track
+and to finish things off we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to finish things off we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to finish things off we look at this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+which we can lower bound by convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can lower bound by convexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can lower bound by convexity
+and we know the size of U in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the size of U in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the size of U in the
+expectation is large and also the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is large and also the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is large and also the size
+of X we just saw is small in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we just saw is small in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we just saw is small in the
+expectation so you have this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so you have this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so you have this inequality
+over here and because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and because there's an
+expectation it implies that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it implies that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it implies that there's some
+specific instance such that without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific instance such that without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific instance such that without the
+expectation the inequality holds so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the inequality holds so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation the inequality holds so take
+that specific instance we obtain some u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific instance we obtain some u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific instance we obtain some u
+such that this inequality is true which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this inequality is true which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this inequality is true which
+simultaneously implies that U is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously implies that U is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously implies that U is large
+and X the number of bad pairs is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was dependent random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was dependent random choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was dependent random choice
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that was the path of length to lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the path of length to lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the path of length to lemon
+house I can pick a large step with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I can pick a large step with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I can pick a large step with lots
+of paths of length to between most pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paths of length to between most pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paths of length to between most pairs
+of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+upgrade this lemma to a path of length 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the path of length 3 lemon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the path of length 3 lemon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the path of length 3 lemon we
+start with a bipartite graph as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a bipartite graph as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a bipartite graph as before
+between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G's bipartite between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's bipartite between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's bipartite between a
+B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and
+as before we have a lot of edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we have a lot of edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we have a lot of edges between
+a and B it's the delta fraction of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B it's the delta fraction of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B it's the delta fraction of all
+possible edges then the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edges then the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edges then the conclusion
+is that there exists a prime in a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there exists a prime in a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there exists a prime in a and
+B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B prime
+sub set of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub set of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub set of B
+such that a prime and B prime are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a prime and B prime are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a prime and B prime are both
+large fractions of their parent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the and furthermore
+every pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between a prime and D prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a prime and D prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a prime and D prime
+is joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is joined
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+many paths of length 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+path of length three means there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length three means there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length three means there's three
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+this eita is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eita is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eita is
+basically the original error term up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the original error term up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the original error term up to
+a polynomial will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starting with this bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this bipartite graph
+that's fairly dense the lemma tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly dense the lemma tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly dense the lemma tells us
+that we can find some large a prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can find some large a prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can find some large a prime and
+large B prime so that between every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large B prime so that between every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large B prime so that between every
+vertex in a prime and every vertex in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a prime and every vertex in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a prime and every vertex in V
+Prime there are lots of paths of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime there are lots of paths of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime there are lots of paths of length
+three between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay so the way you should think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way you should think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way you should think about
+all of these constants is flunks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these constants is flunks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these constants is flunks you
+only make polynomial changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make polynomial changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make polynomial changes in the
+constants we're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants we're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants we're having
+here eita is polynomial change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eita is polynomial change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eita is polynomial change in the
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+there's a convention which I like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convention which I like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convention which I like which
+is non universal but it's often followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non universal but it's often followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non universal but it's often followed
+and like this convention this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this convention this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this convention this the
+difference between a little C in a big C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a little C in a big C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a little C in a big C
+is that a little C it's better if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a little C it's better if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a little C it's better if you
+make it smaller and the Big C is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller and the Big C is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller and the Big C is better
+I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's
+better in the sense that if this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the sense that if this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the sense that if this is true
+for little C and Big C and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little C and Big C and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little C and Big C and you make
+little C smaller and Big C bigger then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little C smaller and Big C bigger then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little C smaller and Big C bigger then
+it is still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still true
+so Big C is a sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Big C is a sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Big C is a sufficiently large
+constant a little C is a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a little C is a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a little C is a sufficiently
+small constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see the path of length three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see the path of length three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see the path of length three
+lemma see it's proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma see it's proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma see it's proof
+we're going to use the pattern length to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the pattern length to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the pattern length to
+lhamo but we need a bit of preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhamo but we need a bit of preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhamo but we need a bit of preparation
+first so the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the proof
+have some Nightside yes but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Nightside yes but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Nightside yes but it's also
+some parts of it a slightly tedious so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of it a slightly tedious so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts of it a slightly tedious so
+bear with me so we're going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me so we're going to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me so we're going to construct
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain of subsets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of subsets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of subsets a
+inside a so a1 a2 a3 and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a so a1 a2 a3 and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a so a1 a2 a3 and this is just
+because there's a few cleaning up steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a few cleaning up steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a few cleaning up steps
+that need to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be done
+let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call
+to vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have lots of common neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have lots of common neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have lots of common neighbors and
+precisely we're going to say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we're going to say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we're going to say they're
+friendly if they have more than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly if they have more than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly if they have more than Delta
+squared over 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 80
+times the size of B common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me construct this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me construct this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me construct this sequence of
+subsets as follows first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets as follows first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets as follows first
+let a one be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a one be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a one be
+all the vertices in a with degree not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices in a with degree not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices in a with degree not
+too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is in preparation so we'll make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in preparation so we'll make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in preparation so we'll make our
+life quite a bit easier later on let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life quite a bit easier later on let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life quite a bit easier later on let's
+just trim all the really small degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trim all the really small degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trim all the really small degree
+vertices so that we don't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so that we don't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so that we don't have to think
+about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+so you trim all the small degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you trim all the small degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you trim all the small degree
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+think about how many edges you trim you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many edges you trim you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many edges you trim you
+cannot trim so many edges because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot trim so many edges because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot trim so many edges because each
+time you trim such a vertex you only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you trim such a vertex you only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you trim such a vertex you only get
+rid of a small number of edges so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a small number of edges so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of a small number of edges so in the
+end at least half of the original set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at least half of the original set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at least half of the original set of
+edges must remain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges must remain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges must remain and
+as a result the size of a one is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the size of a one is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the size of a one is at
+least a Delta over two fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a Delta over two fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a Delta over two fraction of
+the original vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original vertex set
+otherwise you cannot have contained half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot have contained half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot have contained half
+of the original set of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original set of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original set of edges
+ok so this is the first trimming step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got rid of
+some edges but we got rid of fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges but we got rid of fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edges but we got rid of fewer than
+half of the original edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the original edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the original edges
+and because now you have a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because now you have a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because now you have a minimum
+degree on a1 the number of edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on a1 the number of edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on a1 the number of edges between
+a 1 and B is is quite large still quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 and B is is quite large still quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 and B is is quite large still quite
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+so think about passing down to a 1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the second step we are going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step we are going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second step we are going to apply
+the path of length to lemma 2 this a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of length to lemma 2 this a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of length to lemma 2 this a 1
+so a 2 is going to be constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so using
+the path of length to lhamo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with parameter
+epsilon being Delta over 10 although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon being Delta over 10 although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon being Delta over 10 although
+remember now the density of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now the density of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now the density of the graph
+went from Delta to Delta over 2 again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from Delta to Delta over 2 again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from Delta to Delta over 2 again if
+you don't care about the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about the specific
+numbers they're all polynomials in Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they're all polynomials in Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they're all polynomials in Delta
+so don't worry about them everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't worry about them everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't worry about them everything is
+poly Delta so we're going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Delta so we're going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Delta so we're going to apply the
+path of length 2 lemma to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length 2 lemma to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of length 2 lemma to find
+this subset a 2 and it has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset a 2 and it has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset a 2 and it has the property
+that a 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 2 is
+quite large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but a small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a 2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 are
+friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we pass down to first trimming small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pass down to first trimming small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we pass down to first trimming small
+degree vertices and then pass down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertices and then pass down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree vertices and then pass down
+further to a - we're open a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to a - we're open a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to a - we're open a small
+fraction of elements in a 200 but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of elements in a 200 but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of elements in a 200 but a
+small fraction of the pair's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of the pair's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of the pair's are
+friendly to each other meaning they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to each other meaning they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to each other meaning they have
+loss of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now let's look at the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at the other side
+let's look at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at B
+so we're in this situation now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in this situation now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in this situation now where
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're we're now in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're now in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're now in a situation where
+you pass down to a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B
+where because of what we did initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because of what we did initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because of what we did initially
+every vertex in here 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex in here 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex in here 1/2
+large degree so there's this minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large degree so there's this minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large degree so there's this minimum
+degree condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from every vertex on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every vertex on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every vertex on the left
+so the average degree is still very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average degree is still very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average degree is still very high
+as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result
+the average degree from B there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average degree from B there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average degree from B there's going
+to be quite high so let's focus on the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite high so let's focus on the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite high so let's focus on the P
+side and pick out vertices in B that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and pick out vertices in B that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and pick out vertices in B that
+have high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high degree
+so let P 1 denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices be such that the degree from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices be such that the degree from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices be such that the degree from B
+to a - yes at least half of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a - yes at least half of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a - yes at least half of what you
+expect based on average degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as before the same logic as the a1 step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before the same logic as the a1 step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before the same logic as the a1 step
+we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that
+p1 has large size is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 has large size is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 has large size is a
+large fraction of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fraction of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fraction of B
+ok now we pass down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now we pass down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now we pass down to this
+be one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finally
+let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices in a tube where a is friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in a tube where a is friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in a tube where a is friendly
+so vertices in a tube such a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vertices in a tube such a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vertices in a tube such a a is
+friendly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to
+at least one over Delta over so 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one over Delta over so 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one over Delta over so 1 minus
+Delta over five fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that
+in a two most pairs of vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two most pairs of vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two most pairs of vertices are
+friendly or so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly or so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly or so most
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about a delta over ten fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a delta over ten fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a delta over ten fraction
+so if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider
+vertices which are unfriendly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices which are unfriendly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices which are unfriendly to
+many other vertices in a tube there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other vertices in a tube there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other vertices in a tube there
+aren't so many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so many of them
+if there are many of them you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are many of them you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are many of them you couldn't
+have had that so that's why I construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that so that's why I construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had that so that's why I construct
+this set a three consisting of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set a three consisting of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set a three consisting of elements
+in a two that are friendly to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two that are friendly to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two that are friendly to many
+elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and
+the size of a three there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a three there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a three there's at least
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a3 inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3 inside
+alright now I claim that we can take a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now I claim that we can take a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now I claim that we can take a 3
+and B as our final sets and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B as our final sets and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B as our final sets and between
+every vertex in a3 and every vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex in a3 and every vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex in a3 and every vertex in
+b1 I claimed there must be lots of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 I claimed there must be lots of paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 I claimed there must be lots of paths
+of length 3 but first let's check their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 3 but first let's check their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 3 but first let's check their
+sizes so I mean the sizes all should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so I mean the sizes all should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so I mean the sizes all should be
+okay because we never lost too much each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we never lost too much each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we never lost too much each
+step if you only care about polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if you only care about polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if you only care about polynomial
+factors or you already see that we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors or you already see that we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors or you already see that we never
+lost anything more than a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anything more than a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anything more than a polynomial
+factor but just to be precise the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but just to be precise the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but just to be precise the size
+of a3 is at least also if you count up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a3 is at least also if you count up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a3 is at least also if you count up
+the factor lost at each step so it's 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor lost at each step so it's 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor lost at each step so it's 1/2
+Delta over 4 Delta over Q so it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 4 Delta over Q so it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 4 Delta over Q so it's at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+Delta squared over 16 fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared over 16 fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared over 16 fraction of the
+original set 8 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set 8 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set 8 and now
+if we consider a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider a comma B
+to be an arbitrary pair in a 3 cross B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an arbitrary pair in a 3 cross B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an arbitrary pair in a 3 cross B 1
+I claim that there must be many paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that there must be many paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that there must be many paths
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+by using okay so what properties do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using okay so what properties do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using okay so what properties do we
+know we know that B is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that B is adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that B is adjacent
+to a large fraction so here large means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large fraction so here large means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large fraction so here large means
+at least Delta over 4 so bounded below a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least Delta over 4 so bounded below a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least Delta over 4 so bounded below a
+large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I apologize when I say the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I apologize when I say the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I apologize when I say the word
+large depending on context it could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large depending on context it could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large depending on context it could mean
+like bigger than Delta or it could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bigger than Delta or it could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bigger than Delta or it could mean
+at least 1 minus Delta so you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 1 minus Delta so you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 1 minus Delta so you look at
+what I write down right so so B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I write down right so so B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I write down right so so B is
+adjacent to at least Delta over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to at least Delta over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to at least Delta over 4
+fraction of 82
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of 82
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of 82
+at the same time we know that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we know that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time we know that a is
+friendly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least one minus Delta over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one minus Delta over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one minus Delta over 5
+fraction of B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these two sets they must overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two sets they must overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these two sets they must overlap
+by at least Delta over twenty fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jason to many vertices here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason to many vertices here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason to many vertices here and if you
+look at the vertex in a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the vertex in a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the vertex in a and
+its friendly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its friendly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its friendly to a
+large fractions in particular it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fractions in particular it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fractions in particular it is
+friendly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to
+all these elements over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to finish off what does it mean for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish off what does it mean for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish off what does it mean for a
+this is this vertex is a this for Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this vertex is a this for Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this vertex is a this for Texas
+P what does it mean for a to be friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P what does it mean for a to be friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P what does it mean for a to be friendly
+to all of these shaded elements it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of these shaded elements it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of these shaded elements it means
+that there are lots of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of paths
+from a to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to each of these
+elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and
+then you can finish off the path going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can finish off the path going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can finish off the path going
+back to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no the shaded question says Shana stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the shaded question says Shana stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the shaded question says Shana stuff
+allowed to be outside s we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be outside s we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be outside s we know the
+shaded things are inside a stream so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded things are inside a stream so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded things are inside a stream so
+we're looking at intersections within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at intersections within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at intersections within a
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sir
+you know you're right so the shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right so the shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right so the shaded
+things can be outside a shady things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be outside a shady things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be outside a shady things can
+be outside we apologize so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside we apologize so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside we apologize so everything
+that was in a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jason to a large fraction of a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason to a large fraction of a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason to a large fraction of a two and a
+here is friendly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is friendly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is friendly to
+some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of
+neighbors of B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of B so
+you can complete path like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so only the starting and ending point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only the starting and ending point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only the starting and ending point
+have to be in a prime and B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in a prime and B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in a prime and B prime
+everything else they can go outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else they can go outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else they can go outside of
+the a prime and B Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime and B Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime and B Prime
+yeah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you
+so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number
+the number of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+to a - back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stay within p1 so is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's at least Delta over 20 times a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's at least Delta over 20 times a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's at least Delta over 20 times a 2
+times Delta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta over
+Delta squared over 80 times B so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared over 80 times B so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared over 80 times B so if you
+don't care about polynomial factors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about polynomial factors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about polynomial factors in
+Delta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointless it's a large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless it's a large fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless it's a large fraction of
+there are a lot of paths there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of paths there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of paths there are a lot
+of paths between each little a and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paths between each little a and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paths between each little a and each
+it'll be by the construction we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me just do a recap so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just do a recap so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just do a recap so there
+were quite a few details in this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite a few details in this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite a few details in this proof
+someone don't have to do with cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone don't have to do with cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone don't have to do with cleaning
+up because it's not so nice to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's not so nice to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's not so nice to work with
+graphs that just have large average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that just have large average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that just have large average
+degree it's much nicer to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree it's much nicer to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree it's much nicer to work with
+graphs with large minimum degree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with large minimum degree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with large minimum degree so
+there are a couple of steps here to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of steps here to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of steps here to take
+care of vertices with small degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of vertices with small degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of vertices with small degrees
+right so we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we started with
+between a and B lots of edges and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B lots of edges and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B lots of edges and we
+trim vertices from a with small degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim vertices from a with small degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim vertices from a with small degree
+so we get a 1 and then we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a 1 and then we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a 1 and then we apply the
+pattern line to lemma to get a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern line to lemma to get a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern line to lemma to get a 2
+so inside a 2 most pairs of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside a 2 most pairs of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside a 2 most pairs of vertices
+have loss of common neighbors but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loss of common neighbors but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loss of common neighbors but not
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we then go back to B to get p1 which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then go back to B to get p1 which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then go back to B to get p1 which has
+large minimum degree to a 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large minimum degree to a 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large minimum degree to a 2 and
+then a 3 looks at vertices in a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a 3 looks at vertices in a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a 3 looks at vertices in a with
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+friendly companions in a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly companions in a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly companions in a tube
+and a 3 is large and I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3 is large and I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 3 is large and I claim that
+between every vertex in a 3 and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every vertex in a 3 and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every vertex in a 3 and every
+vertex in B you have many paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B you have many paths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B you have many paths of
+length 3 because if you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 3 because if you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 3 because if you start with a
+vertex in a 3 it has many friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a 3 it has many friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in a 3 it has many friendly
+companions okay so many here means at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions okay so many here means at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companions okay so many here means at
+least 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 1 minus
+Delta over 5 fraction whereas every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 5 fraction whereas every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 5 fraction whereas every
+vertex in B one has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B one has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in B one has lots of
+neighbors in a to wear lots means at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors in a to wear lots means at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors in a to wear lots means at
+least Delta over 4 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Delta over 4 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Delta over 4 so there's
+necessarily an overlap of at least Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an overlap of at least Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an overlap of at least Delta
+over 20 and for that overlap we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 and for that overlap we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 and for that overlap we can
+create lots of paths going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create lots of paths going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create lots of paths going through this
+overlap from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great so let's put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so let's put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so let's put everything
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+to prove the graphical version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the graphical version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the graphical version of
+Pollock similarity colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll put the graphical version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put the graphical version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll put the graphical version of
+Pollock similar to ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by first note that the hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by first note that the hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by first note that the hypothesis of
+Pollock's and where did ours already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollock's and where did ours already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollock's and where did ours already
+implies that the size of a and the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the size of a and the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the size of a and the size
+of B are not too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because otherwise you couldn't have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you couldn't have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you couldn't have had
+and squared over K edges to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by the path of length three lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a prime in a and B prime B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a prime in a and B prime B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a prime in a and B prime B
+with the following properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following properties a
+prime is large fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a prime and B prime both large in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all vertices in a prime and virtus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all vertices in a prime and virtus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all vertices in a prime and virtus B
+in B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B prime
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+lots of paths of length 3 between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paths of length 3 between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paths of length 3 between
+these vertices so there are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices so there are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertices so there are at least
+K to the minus root all 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the minus root all 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the minus root all 1
+to the minus bigger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus bigger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus bigger one
+times n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n squared
+pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of
+intermediate vertices a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate vertices a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate vertices a1
+b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1
+in a cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cross B
+such that a B 1 a 1 B there's a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a B 1 a 1 B there's a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a B 1 a 1 B there's a path
+in G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me draw
+the situation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so inside a and B we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so inside a and B we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so inside a and B we have this
+fairly large a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+and B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B prime
+such that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for every
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+little B there are many paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that going to be 1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that going to be 1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that going to be 1 a
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me set okay so let me set X to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me set okay so let me set X to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me set okay so let me set X to be a
+plus B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 1
+that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some
+Y to be a1 plus b1 and Z to be a 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to be a1 plus b1 and Z to be a 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to be a1 plus b1 and Z to be a 1 plus
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now notice that
+we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this a plus B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a plus B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a plus B in
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+K to the minus bigger one times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the minus bigger one times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the minus bigger one times and
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+X minus y plus Z by following this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y plus Z by following this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y plus Z by following this path
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+x y and z all lie in the restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z all lie in the restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and z all lie in the restricted
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+because that's how the restricted subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how the restricted subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how the restricted subset
+is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find
+edge then the sum of the elements across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge then the sum of the elements across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge then the sum of the elements across
+the two ends by definition lies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends by definition lies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two ends by definition lies in the
+restricted subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset
+okay so the path of length 3 lemma tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the path of length 3 lemma tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the path of length 3 lemma tells
+us that every pair a and B there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that every pair a and B there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that every pair a and B there's some
+can be written in many different ways as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in many different ways as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in many different ways as
+this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination
+as a result we see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime plus B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus B prime
+so this sum if we consider some along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sum if we consider some along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sum if we consider some along
+with this multiplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now we're really looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we're really looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now we're really looking at all
+the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+sums as well as ways of writing this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums as well as ways of writing this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums as well as ways of writing this sum
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as this combination we see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this combination we see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this combination we see that it is
+bounded above by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the restricted some set raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted some set raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted some set raised to the
+third power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as each of these choices XY and Z they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each of these choices XY and Z they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each of these choices XY and Z they
+come from the restricted subset but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the restricted subset but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the restricted subset but the
+hypothesis of bollocks and where D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of bollocks and where D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of bollocks and where D
+covers the graphical version is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the graphical version is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the graphical version is that the
+restricted subset is small in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset is small in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted subset is small in size
+so we can now upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the restricted subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted subset
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+within F constant within a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within F constant within a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within F constant within a factor of
+their maximum possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their maximum possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their maximum possible
+and now we are done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have deduced that the complete sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have deduced that the complete sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have deduced that the complete sum
+set between a prime and B prime is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set between a prime and B prime is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set between a prime and B prime is at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a constant factor in changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor in changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor in changing the
+constant by a polynomial or constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by a polynomial or constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant by a polynomial or constant
+factor more than the maximum possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's at most K to the bigger one poly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at most K to the bigger one poly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at most K to the bigger one poly K
+times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n
+but so that proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that proves
+the graphical version of our exam where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical version of our exam where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical version of our exam where
+D cowers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D cowers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D cowers and
+because we showed earlier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we showed earlier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we showed earlier that the
+graphical version of Ballack similar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version of Ballack similar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical version of Ballack similar D
+cowers implies public similarity cowards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowers implies public similarity cowards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowers implies public similarity cowards
+that shows the Pollack's America are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the Pollack's America are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the Pollack's America are
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+so let me recap some of the ideas we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recap some of the ideas we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recap some of the ideas we saw
+today and so the whole point of pollak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so the whole point of pollak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and so the whole point of pollak
+somewhere Deek hours and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere Deek hours and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere Deek hours and all of these
+related lemmas and theorems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related lemmas and theorems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related lemmas and theorems and
+variations is that you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations is that you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations is that you start with
+something that has a lot of additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of additive
+structure or after we passed down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or after we passed down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or after we passed down to
+graphs just a lot of edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs just a lot of edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs just a lot of edges so
+you start with a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a situation where you
+have kind of 1% goodness and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of 1% goodness and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of 1% goodness and you want to
+show that you can restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you can restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you can restrict
+to fairly large subsets so that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fairly large subsets so that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fairly large subsets so that you have
+perfection so you have complete goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection so you have complete goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection so you have complete goodness
+between these two sets and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two sets and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two sets and this is
+what's going on in both the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in both the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in both the graphical
+version and the additive version so back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and the additive version so back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and the additive version so back
+to the graph of path of length 3 lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph of path of length 3 lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph of path of length 3 lemma
+so we were able to boost the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were able to boost the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were able to boost the path of
+length to llama which tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to llama which tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to llama which tells us something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+99% of the pair's having loss of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the pair's having loss of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the pair's having loss of common
+neighbors to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors to a
+hundred percent of the Paris having loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the Paris having loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the Paris having loss
+of path of length 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path of length 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path of length 3
+and in the additive setting we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the additive setting we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the additive setting we saw that
+if by starting with a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if by starting with a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if by starting with a situation where
+the hypothesis is you know somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis is you know somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis is you know somewhat
+patchy I said like 1 percent type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patchy I said like 1 percent type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patchy I said like 1 percent type
+hypothesis we can pass down to a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we can pass down to a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we can pass down to a fairly
+large sets where the complete sum set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sets where the complete sum set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sets where the complete sum set
+starting with just the restricted subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with just the restricted subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with just the restricted subset
+being small you can pass down to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being small you can pass down to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being small you can pass down to large
+sets where the complete sum set is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets where the complete sum set is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets where the complete sum set is small
+and this is an important principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an important principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an important principle that
+often when we have some typicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we have some typicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we have some typicality
+by an appropriate argument and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an appropriate argument and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an appropriate argument and here's
+you know it's not at all trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not at all trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not at all trivial
+argument so there's some cleverness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so there's some cleverness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so there's some cleverness
+involved but by doing some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but by doing some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but by doing some kind of
+argument we may be able to pass downn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we may be able to pass downn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we may be able to pass downn to
+some fairly large set where it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly large set where it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly large set where it's not
+typically good but everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically good but everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically good but everything is
+perfectly good and that's the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good and that's the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good and that's the spirit
+here of the pollak similarity cowards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the pollak similarity cowards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the pollak similarity cowards
+theorem so next time for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so next time for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so next time for the last
+lecture of this course I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this course I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of this course I will tell you
+about the sum-product problem where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum-product problem where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum-product problem where the
+there also some graph very nice graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also some graph very nice graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also some graph very nice graph
+thematic inputs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N32bnUliSzo.txt b/N32bnUliSzo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f10776c8c95741d5a6a8360e1b8a19902666be5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N32bnUliSzo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um welcome everyone welcome back to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome everyone welcome back to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome everyone welcome back to uh
+theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just to recap uh where we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap uh where we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap uh where we are we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+have been looking at time complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been looking at time complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been looking at time complexity and
+space complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity
+and um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished
+approving what are called the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving what are called the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving what are called the hierarchy
+theorems uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems uh which
+you know in a nutshell basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a nutshell basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a nutshell basically say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if you allow the computational model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow the computational model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow the computational model to
+have a little bit more resource a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit more resource a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit more resource a little
+bit more time a little bit more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time a little bit more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time a little bit more space
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you can do more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do more things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+with certain conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain conditions
+so we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we proved that
+last time it was a proof basically by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time it was a proof basically by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time it was a proof basically by a
+diagonalization i don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization i don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization i don't know if you
+recognized the diagonalization there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the diagonalization there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the diagonalization there but
+um you know when you're encoding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you're encoding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you're encoding a
+machine by an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine by an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine by an input
+and then basically running all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then basically running all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then basically running all possible
+different machines that's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different machines that's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different machines that's essentially a
+diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to
+build on that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that work
+to give an example of what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an example of what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an example of what we call
+a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural
+intractable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem
+we'll say a bit more about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a bit more about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a bit more about what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+something which is a different topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a different topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is a different topic but
+nevertheless related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless related
+having to do with oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with oracles
+and methods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and methods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and methods which
+may or may not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not work
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+to solve the p versus np problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the p versus np problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the p versus np problem which
+of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is a
+big open problem in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big open problem in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big open problem in the field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the time and space hierarchy theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and space hierarchy theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and space hierarchy theorems
+because we're going to be using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be using those
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um they say that if you give a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they say that if you give a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they say that if you give a little
+bit more uh space here so if you're for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh space here so if you're for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh space here so if you're for
+space constructable functions functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space constructable functions functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space constructable functions functions
+that you can actually compute within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually compute within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually compute within the
+amount of space that they uh specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that they uh specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space that they uh specify
+um you can act you can show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can act you can show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can act you can show that the
+things that you can do in that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do in that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do in that much
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably
+is larger than what you can do in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than what you can do in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than what you can do in less
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and you have can prove a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have can prove a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have can prove a similar
+slightly weaker fact about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly weaker fact about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly weaker fact about the time
+complexity classes so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes so what that means is
+that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+classes form a hierarchy so as you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes form a hierarchy so as you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes form a hierarchy so as you add
+more time or let's say in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time or let's say in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time or let's say in this case
+space from n squared to n cubed to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space from n squared to n cubed to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space from n squared to n cubed to enter
+the fourth you get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth you get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth you get um
+larger and larger classes which i'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger classes which i'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger classes which i'm kind
+of illustrating here by putting putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrating here by putting putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrating here by putting putting
+a dot there which shows that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot there which shows that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot there which shows that there's
+something that we know that's new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know that's new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know that's new in
+those classes as you as you go up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those classes as you as you go up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those classes as you as you go up um
+these uh these different bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these different bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these different bounds
+and this is going to be true for space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be true for space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be true for space
+complexity and it's also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and it's also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and it's also going to be
+true for time complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for time complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for time complexity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one of the corollaries that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the corollaries that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the corollaries that we
+pointed out last time um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out last time um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out last time um is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space
+is a properly includes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a properly includes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a properly includes um
+non-deterministic log space nl so n l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space nl so n l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space nl so n l is
+a proper subset of p space so this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper subset of p space so this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper subset of p space so this stuff
+in p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p space
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+is not in nl and remember this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in nl and remember this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in nl and remember this notation
+here this means proper subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this means proper subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this means proper subset
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one of the things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that uh
+a follow-on corollary that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow-on corollary that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow-on corollary that we didn't
+mention last time but that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention last time but that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention last time but that's something
+that you uh you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh you should know
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um the tqbf problem you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tqbf problem you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tqbf problem you know our
+piece-based complete problem is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece-based complete problem is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece-based complete problem is an
+example of a problem that's in p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a problem that's in p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a problem that's in p space
+obviously but we know it's also not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but we know it's also not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but we know it's also not in
+nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nl
+and in order to get that conclusion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to get that conclusion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to get that conclusion you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+look again at the proof that tqbf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at the proof that tqbf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at the proof that tqbf is
+p-space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-space complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-space complete
+and observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe
+that the reductions that we gave in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reductions that we gave in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reductions that we gave in that
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+can be carried out not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be carried out not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be carried out not only in
+polynomial time but they can be carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time but they can be carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time but they can be carried
+out in log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in log space
+and therefore if tqbf turned out to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if tqbf turned out to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if tqbf turned out to go
+down to nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to nl
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+because everything in piece base is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything in piece base is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything in piece base is log
+space reducible to tqbf that would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space reducible to tqbf that would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space reducible to tqbf that would bring
+all of p space down to nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of p space down to nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of p space down to nl
+but that we just proved is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we just proved is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we just proved is not the case
+so therefore tqbf could not be an nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore tqbf could not be an nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore tqbf could not be an nl
+okay and we're going to be using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to be using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to be using that
+kind of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reasoning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again in this in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this in this lecture
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so just a quick check in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a quick check in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a quick check in um
+these are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a few
+more or less easy maybe more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less easy maybe more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less easy maybe more or less
+tricky um follow-ons uh that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky um follow-ons uh that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky um follow-ons uh that you can
+conclude from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from the
+uh time and space hierarchy theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time and space hierarchy theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time and space hierarchy theorems
+plus some of the other things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some of the other things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some of the other things we've
+proven along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven along the way
+and so just uh as a check of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just uh as a check of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just uh as a check of your
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+maybe these a little bit on the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these a little bit on the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these a little bit on the tricky
+side so you have to read them carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so you have to read them carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so you have to read them carefully
+which of these are known to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are known to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are known to be true
+um based on the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the material
+that we've presented and this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've presented and this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've presented and this is also
+you know just material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just material that's
+you know the facts that we know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the facts that we know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the facts that we know to be
+true in uh complexity theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in uh complexity theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in uh complexity theory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some launch that poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some launch that poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some launch that poll
+and just just check off the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just check off the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just check off the ones
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm going to close it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to close it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to close it down
+so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer quickly if you're gonna okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly if you're gonna okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly if you're gonna okay one
+two three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well the two leading candidates uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the two leading candidates uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the two leading candidates uh are
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+so it's uh and the two that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh and the two that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh and the two that are the
+laggards here are in fact the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggards here are in fact the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggards here are in fact the ones that
+are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not true
+uh so a and a and d are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a and a and d are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a and a and d are not true
+um based on what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on what we know
+and um b and c are true so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um b and c are true so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um b and c are true so let's
+understand first of all a we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first of all a we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand first of all a we know is
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+because 2 to the n plus 1 is just 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 to the n plus 1 is just 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 to the n plus 1 is just 2
+times 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 to the n
+and so that's just uh these two bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's just uh these two bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's just uh these two bounds
+differ only by a constant factor and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ only by a constant factor and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ only by a constant factor and so
+in fact they're the same complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're the same complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they're the same complexity
+class and so you don't get proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so you don't get proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so you don't get proper
+containment for a so that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment for a so that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment for a so that that we
+absolutely know is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well if we could prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we could prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we could prove that
+then we would have solved a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have solved a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have solved a famous
+problem because we don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we don't know whether
+even p equals p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even p equals p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even p equals p space
+so if p equal p space then certainly p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if p equal p space then certainly p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if p equal p space then certainly p
+space would equal np which is in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would equal np which is in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would equal np which is in between
+the two and so uh we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and so uh we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and so uh we don't know how to
+prove p space is different from np as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove p space is different from np as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove p space is different from np as
+based on the current state of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the current state of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the current state of knowledge
+of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field
+um so this would not be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this would not be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this would not be something that
+we know to be true uh based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to be true uh based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to be true uh based on what
+things we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've said
+now b follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now b follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now b follows
+directly from the time hierarchy theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the time hierarchy theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the time hierarchy theorem
+because 2 to the 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 to the 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 2 to the 2n
+is the square of 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square of 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square of 2 to the n
+and that is asymptotically a larger um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is asymptotically a larger um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is asymptotically a larger um a
+significantly larger bound and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly larger bound and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly larger bound and so uh
+um you can prove that um time two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can prove that um time two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can prove that um time two to the
+end is properly contained it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is properly contained it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is properly contained it
+properly contains time two to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly contains time two to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly contains time two to the n
+c is a little trickier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is a little trickier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is a little trickier um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you need to remember savage's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember savage's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember savage's theorem
+now savage's theorem applies to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now savage's theorem applies to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now savage's theorem applies to space
+but you also need to remember that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also need to remember that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also need to remember that what
+you can do in time in non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in time in non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in time in non-deterministic
+time n squared you can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n squared you can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n squared you can also do a
+non-deterministic space n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic space n squared
+which then in turn you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then in turn you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then in turn you can do in
+deterministic space n to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic space n to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic space n to the fourth
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is properly contained within space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is properly contained within space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is properly contained within space
+n to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the fifth
+so you can prove that p space properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can prove that p space properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can prove that p space properly
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+not deterministic time n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deterministic time n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not deterministic time n squared
+okay it's just a bunch of containments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a bunch of containments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a bunch of containments
+there that's perhaps a little the a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's perhaps a little the a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's perhaps a little the a and
+c are perhaps so in a sense it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c are perhaps so in a sense it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c are perhaps so in a sense it may be
+the most tricky of the of this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most tricky of the of this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most tricky of the of this group
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's move on so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on so we're going to
+introduce today two new classes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce today two new classes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce today two new classes um
+and you know i actually i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i actually i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i actually i want to go
+back to here you know what are we trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here you know what are we trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here you know what are we trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+what are we going to be trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to be trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to be trying to uh
+accomplish in today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish in today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish in today's lecture
+so we're going to be looking at provable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be looking at provable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be looking at provable
+intractability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractability
+so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+a problem being intractable for us means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem being intractable for us means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem being intractable for us means
+it's outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's outside of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's outside of p
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we can't solve it in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't solve it in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't solve it in polynomial time
+for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+for our um perspective we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our um perspective we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our um perspective we're going to
+call that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that an
+intractable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem
+now this problem over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this problem over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this problem over here
+um that's sitting in time 2 to the n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sitting in time 2 to the n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sitting in time 2 to the n but
+not in the smaller classes so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the smaller classes so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the smaller classes so this is an
+intractable problem that's outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+this example of a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of a language
+if you remember how the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember how the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember how the um
+time hierarchy theorem or the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hierarchy theorem or the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hierarchy theorem or the space
+hierarchy theorem was proved basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy theorem was proved basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy theorem was proved basically
+this language itself is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language itself is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language itself is not an
+interesting language for other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting language for other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting language for other than the
+purpose that it serves to be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that it serves to be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that it serves to be in that
+class and not in a lower class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and not in a lower class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and not in a lower class
+but it's not a language that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a language that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a language that anyone
+would care about and it's not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would care about and it's not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would care about and it's not even a
+language that is easy to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is easy to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is easy to describe
+it's just a language that some touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a language that some touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a language that some touring
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh decides whether a turing machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decides whether a turing machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decides whether a turing machine is
+specially designed to have the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially designed to have the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially designed to have the property
+that its language is at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its language is at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its language is at a particular
+complexity level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity level
+but otherwise there's no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise there's no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise there's no nice
+description of that language it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of that language it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of that language it's not
+like a to the end b to the n or some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a to the end b to the n or some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a to the end b to the n or some you
+know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+equivalence of two dfas or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of two dfas or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence of two dfas or something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so i would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say that
+that language is in a sense it serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language is in a sense it serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language is in a sense it serves
+its purpose but it's not a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its purpose but it's not a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its purpose but it's not a natural
+language that you really care about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you really care about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you really care about so
+one of the go the go one of the goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the go the go one of the goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the go the go one of the goals of
+today's lecture is to give an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to give an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is to give an example of
+a natural language a naturally occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural language a naturally occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural language a naturally occurring
+language in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in a sense
+um that's easy to describe where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's easy to describe where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's easy to describe where you can
+prove that that language is intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that that language is intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that that language is intractable
+is actually outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's that that's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that that's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that that's a bit of
+motivation where we're going um so along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation where we're going um so along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation where we're going um so along
+the way we're going to prove we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to prove we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to prove we're going
+to introduce these exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce these exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce these exponential
+complexity classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes
+exponential time and exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+which are um exponentially bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um exponentially bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um exponentially bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+polynomial time in polynomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time in polynomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time in polynomial space
+classes so it's 2 to the n to the k in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so it's 2 to the n to the k in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so it's 2 to the n to the k in
+both cases two to the two to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases two to the two to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases two to the two to a
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first five of these classes l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five of these classes l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first five of these classes l
+through p space we've already seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through p space we've already seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through p space we've already seen and
+exponential time and exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+the containments that we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the containments that we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the containments that we've already seen
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you have to double check that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to double check that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to double check that you
+understand why p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why p space
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+subset of exponential time but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of exponential time but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of exponential time but that's
+because that you know as we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that you know as we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that you know as we showed
+going from space to time you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from space to time you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from space to time you can do that
+with an exponential increase uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exponential increase uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exponential increase uh that's
+the cost of the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the simulation
+and going from time to space you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going from time to space you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going from time to space you don't
+need any increase at all anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any increase at all anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any increase at all anything that
+you can do in a certain amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in a certain amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in a certain amount of time
+you can do in that much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in that much space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in that much space
+so anything you can do in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything you can do in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything you can do in a certain
+amount of space you can also do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space you can also do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space you can also do an
+exponentially more amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially more amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially more amount of time
+okay so those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those were
+simple theorems that we proved right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theorems that we proved right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theorems that we proved right at
+the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the hierarchy theorems allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hierarchy theorems allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hierarchy theorems allow us to
+conclude some separations among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude some separations among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude some separations among these
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+so we already looked at this one nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already looked at this one nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already looked at this one nl
+versus p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus p space
+and we saw that because nl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that because nl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that because nl is
+by savage's theorem in deterministic log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by savage's theorem in deterministic log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by savage's theorem in deterministic log
+squared space which is properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space which is properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space which is properly
+contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+polynomial space you get a separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial space you get a separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial space you get a separation
+between those two classes um provably so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two classes um provably so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two classes um provably so
+and for similar reasons polynomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for similar reasons polynomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for similar reasons polynomial space
+to exponential space you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential space you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential space you're going to get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a separation from the space hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separation from the space hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separation from the space hierarchy
+theorem and polynomial time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and polynomial time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and polynomial time to
+exponential time you get a provable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time you get a provable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time you get a provable
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+by virtue of the hierarchy theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of the hierarchy theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of the hierarchy theory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we're going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to define
+complete problems for these two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems for these two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems for these two classes
+exponential time and exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and exponential space
+so we have exponential time complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have exponential time complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have exponential time complete
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+analogous to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to what we
+showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed before
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+it's a member of exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a member of exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a member of exponential time
+and every problem in exponential time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every problem in exponential time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every problem in exponential time is
+reducible to it let's say in polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to it let's say in polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to it let's say in polynomial
+time though it's not going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time though it's not going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time though it's not going to really
+turn out to be matter it could be in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be matter it could be in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be matter it could be in log
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um some simple method of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some simple method of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some simple method of doing the
+reduction is going to be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is going to be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is going to be good enough
+let's say polynomial time it's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say polynomial time it's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say polynomial time it's a typical
+definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here
+and the same thing for exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing for exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing for exponential space
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+we'll say it's exponent it's exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say it's exponent it's exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say it's exponent it's exponential
+space complete if it's an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complete if it's an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complete if it's an exponential
+space and anything else in exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and anything else in exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and anything else in exponential
+space is polynomial time reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now but the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but the important thing
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+if something is exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is exponential time
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+you know it's outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the same reasons we've now seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reasons we've now seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reasons we've now seen
+several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely that if an exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that if an exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that if an exponential time
+complete problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+ended up being in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+because everything else in exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything else in exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything else in exponential
+time is reducible to the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is reducible to the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is reducible to the complete
+problem they would also be in p and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they would also be in p and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they would also be in p and so
+exponential time and p would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and p would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time and p would be equal
+but we just said they're not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just said they're not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just said they're not equal
+because of the hierarchy theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the logic is the hierarchy theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the logic is the hierarchy theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the logic is the hierarchy theorem
+separates the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the class
+and then the complete problem inherits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the complete problem inherits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the complete problem inherits
+the difficulty of the larger class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty of the larger class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty of the larger class
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the complete problem cannot be any lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete problem cannot be any lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete problem cannot be any lower
+than the other problems in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other problems in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other problems in the class
+because they're all reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so the same thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so the same thing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so the same thing is going to be
+true for an exponential space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for an exponential space complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for an exponential space complete
+problem can't be even in p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can't be even in p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can't be even in p space
+because exponential space and p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exponential space and p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exponential space and p space
+are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different
+and and if it's not in p space it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if it's not in p space it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if it's not in p space it's not
+going to be in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in p
+and so in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in both cases
+if you have a problem that's complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a problem that's complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a problem that's complete
+for exponential space or exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exponential space or exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exponential space or exponential
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+we know that those problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that those problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that those problems are
+intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+our strategy then for giving a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our strategy then for giving a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our strategy then for giving a natural
+intractable problem intractable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem intractable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem intractable problem
+is to show it's complete for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show it's complete for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show it's complete for one of
+these classes and it's actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes and it's actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes and it's actually going to
+turn out to be an exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be an exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be an exponential space
+complete problem that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem that we're going to
+give as our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as our example
+okay so that is the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the plan
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think it's a good time to let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a good time to let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a good time to let's just
+take a few questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few questions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few questions here
+uh to make sure we're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make sure we're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make sure we're all on the same
+page as what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page as what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page as what we're
+uh as what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as what we're
+doing so let me just read i got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so let me just read i got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so let me just read i got a couple
+questions already in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions already in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions already in here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a little bit of a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit of a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit of a side
+comment that somebody's asking what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that somebody's asking what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that somebody's asking what's
+interesting question basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question basically
+is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we may not be able to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not be able to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may not be able to prove
+solve the p versus np problem that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the p versus np problem that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the p versus np problem that it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a
+problem that one can answer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that one can answer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that one can answer from the
+basic axioms in mathematics if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axioms in mathematics if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic axioms in mathematics if i'm
+interpreting the question correctly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the question correctly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the question correctly uh
+there are certain problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain problems in
+mathematics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um
+you know i think i perhaps i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think i perhaps i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think i perhaps i mentioned
+earlier in the term the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the term the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the term the problem of
+whether there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is a
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+whose size is in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is in between
+the integers and the real numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers and the real numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers and the real numbers you
+know we know the real numbers are larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know the real numbers are larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know the real numbers are larger
+in size than the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size than the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size than the integers
+you know that was our first example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was our first example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was our first example of a
+diagonalization and is there a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization and is there a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization and is there a problem
+of size strictly in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size strictly in between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size strictly in between the two
+bigger than the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the integers
+smaller than the real numbers so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the real numbers so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the real numbers so that's
+a problem that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that was
+posed a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed a long time ago
+it was one of hilbert's problems and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of hilbert's problems and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was one of hilbert's problems and was
+eventually shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually shown to be
+unanswerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanswerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanswerable
+using the basic axioms of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the basic axioms of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the basic axioms of mathematics
+so the question is maybe p versus np is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is maybe p versus np is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is maybe p versus np is
+in the same category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same category
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be
+that could be true of any unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be true of any unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be true of any unsolved
+problem in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in mathematics
+but at least our experience has shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least our experience has shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least our experience has shown
+that the kinds of problems that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinds of problems that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinds of problems that at least
+have been shown to be unsolvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been shown to be unsolvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been shown to be unsolvable
+you know from uh mathematical axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from uh mathematical axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from uh mathematical axioms
+tend to involve infinities and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to involve infinities and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to involve infinities and very
+large things things that are very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large things things that are very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large things things that are very far
+from our intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our intuitions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+something as down to earth as p versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as down to earth as p versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as down to earth as p versus
+np at least it would be very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np at least it would be very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np at least it would be very surprising
+to me if that turned out to be un uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if that turned out to be un uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if that turned out to be un uh
+unanswerable using our our mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanswerable using our our mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanswerable using our our mathematical
+axioms but who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but who knows
+oh this is another good question do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is another good question do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is another good question do the
+time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space
+hierarchy theorems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy theorems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy theorems have
+non-deterministic variants yes they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic variants yes they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic variants yes they do
+they're much harder to prove however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much harder to prove however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much harder to prove however
+we're not going to cover them but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover them but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover them but you
+can also prove that non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also prove that non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also prove that non-deterministic
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+n-cubed properly includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-cubed properly includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-cubed properly includes
+non-deterministic time n squared you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic time n squared you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic time n squared you're
+not going to be responsible for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be responsible for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be responsible for that
+don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry
+if you try to fig if you try to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to fig if you try to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to fig if you try to actually
+prove that you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you'll see the
+diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+doesn't directly work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't directly work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't directly work um
+and so uh you have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you have to do something
+fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier
+you know it just uh people are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it just uh people are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it just uh people are asking
+about which reduction method to use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which reduction method to use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which reduction method to use you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know
+the kinds of reductions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of reductions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of reductions that we
+encounter are always very simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter are always very simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter are always very simple so
+we're just going to be working with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to be working with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to be working with very
+weak notions of reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak notions of reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak notions of reductions
+not interesting yet generally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interesting yet generally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interesting yet generally to
+consider powerful kinds of reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider powerful kinds of reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider powerful kinds of reductions
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um polynomial exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um polynomial exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um polynomial exponential time
+reductions or things like that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions or things like that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions or things like that so it's
+just not something that people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not something that people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not something that people really
+think about much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about much um
+i mean i can talk about it at at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i can talk about it at at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i can talk about it at at length
+offline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline but
+let's just assume that our reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that our reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that our reduction
+strength is something very low that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength is something very low that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength is something very low that log
+space is going to be good enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be good enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be good enough to do
+all of the reductions in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reductions in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reductions in this class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so let's move on then um so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on then um so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on then um so here's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here is the problem that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the problem that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the problem that we're going to
+spend the next 20 minutes or so proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next 20 minutes or so proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next 20 minutes or so proving
+to be uh exponential space complete um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh exponential space complete um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh exponential space complete um i
+have to do a little introduction first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little introduction first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little introduction first
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is this is not the problem but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is not the problem but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is not the problem but this
+is related to the problem so the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the problem so the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the problem so the problem
+of testing if two regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing if two regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing if two regular expressions
+are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent
+do i just write down two regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i just write down two regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i just write down two regular
+expressions do they generate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions do they generate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions do they generate the same
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+so that problem actually turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that problem actually turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that problem actually turns out to be
+in p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p space
+so it's not going to be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to be exponential
+space complete it's actually in p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complete it's actually in p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complete it's actually in p space
+i don't think we're going to have to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think we're going to have to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think we're going to have to i
+thought about presenting it in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about presenting it in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about presenting it in lecture
+it's not that hard to show but it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to show but it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to show but it just
+took too much time and doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took too much time and doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took too much time and doesn't really
+introduce new methods it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new methods it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce new methods it's a good
+exercise actually using savages there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise actually using savages there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise actually using savages there um
+but maybe we'll do it in recitation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we'll do it in recitation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we'll do it in recitation um
+or if the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the lecture
+miraculous miraculously ends earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous miraculously ends earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous miraculously ends earlier
+i'll do it at the at the end but i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do it at the at the end but i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do it at the at the end but i don't
+think we'll have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's a but that's a setup for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a but that's a setup for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a but that's a setup for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+intractable problem that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable problem that we're going to
+talk about which is very related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about which is very related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about which is very related
+now okay before we get to that so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay before we get to that so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay before we get to that so if i
+have a regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a regular expression
+i'm going to enhance the kind the i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to enhance the kind the i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to enhance the kind the i'm
+going to hand enhance our regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand enhance our regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand enhance our regular
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+in one simple way by allowing exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one simple way by allowing exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one simple way by allowing exponents
+or exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exponentiation
+and that means if i regul if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means if i regul if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means if i regul if i have a
+regular expression r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i can write r to the k to mean r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write r to the k to mean r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write r to the k to mean r
+concatenated with itself k times sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated with itself k times sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenated with itself k times sort of
+we've been sort of informally using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been sort of informally using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been sort of informally using that
+all the way along anyway like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way along anyway like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way along anyway like when we
+talk about zero to the k one to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so if we're going to formally allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we're going to formally allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we're going to formally allow
+that when we write down regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we write down regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we write down regular
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+in some cases that might allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases that might allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases that might allow the
+regular expression to be much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression to be much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression to be much smaller
+especially if we're writing down k in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we're writing down k in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if we're writing down k in
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary
+because i can write r to the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can write r to the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can write r to the million
+with just a few symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a few symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a few symbols
+if i have exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have exponentiation
+but if i don't have exponentiation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i don't have exponentiation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i don't have exponentiation then
+i have to write r concatenated with r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to write r concatenated with r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to write r concatenated with r
+out a million times and i get a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a million times and i get a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a million times and i get a much
+much longer and exponentially longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer and exponentially longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer and exponentially longer
+expression if i don't have that exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if i don't have that exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if i don't have that exponent
+as a way of describing regular regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing regular regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of describing regular regular
+expressions and that's going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and that's going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and that's going to make a
+big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference
+so now the equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the equivalence
+a problem for regular expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem for regular expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem for regular expressions with
+exponentiation that's what that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation that's what that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation that's what that little
+up arrow means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow means
+well that signifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that signifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that signifies
+now i'm giving you two regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm giving you two regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm giving you two regular
+expressions but they're allowed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but they're allowed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but they're allowed to have
+x the exponentiation operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the exponentiation operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the exponentiation operation
+in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+standard regular operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard regular operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard regular operations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+testing whether two of these regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether two of these regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether two of these regular
+expressions that have exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that have exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that have exponentiation
+that problem turns out to be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem turns out to be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem turns out to be exponential
+space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's the equivalence problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the equivalence problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the equivalence problem for
+regular expressions with exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions with exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expressions with exponentiation
+that's an exponential space complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an exponential space complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an exponential space complete
+problem and as we pointed out that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and as we pointed out that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and as we pointed out that means
+this problem is provably intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is provably intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is provably intractable
+so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are
+you know there's just no way in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's just no way in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's just no way in general
+to solve that problem in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem in polynomial time
+that's proven that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proven that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proven that's known
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to go through the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the reduction
+um i think it's going to be our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's going to be our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's going to be our last
+reduction of the term of proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the term of proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the term of proving
+problems complete for some class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems complete for some class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems complete for some class
+but this one has each one of those has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one has each one of those has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one has each one of those has
+their own kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own kind of um
+thing that makes it special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes it special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes it special
+okay so first of all we have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all we have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all we have to show
+that it's in exponential space and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in exponential space and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in exponential space and i'm
+not that's really going to rely on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's really going to rely on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's really going to rely on this
+other fact that we didn't prove so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fact that we didn't prove so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fact that we didn't prove so i'm
+going to go over that very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that very quickly
+um but the interesting part is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the interesting part is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the interesting part is doing the
+reduction so if i have something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so if i have something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so if i have something in
+exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+then i can show that i can reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can show that i can reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can show that i can reduce it
+to the equivalence problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equivalence problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equivalence problem
+for regular expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regular expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regular expressions with
+exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation
+okay so quickly arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quickly arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quickly arguing
+part one that we're in exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one that we're in exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one that we're in exponential space
+basically what you do is you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you do is you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you do is you take your
+two regular expressions that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regular expressions that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regular expressions that you want to
+test to see if they're equivalent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to see if they're equivalent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to see if they're equivalent but
+now they have exponentiation and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have exponentiation and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have exponentiation and as a
+first step you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step you get rid of the
+exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation
+you just expand the things out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just expand the things out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just expand the things out by
+repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating
+um the the parts that have the exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the parts that have the exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the parts that have the exponents
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and of course that as i said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that as i said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that as i said that's
+going to make the expression themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the expression themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the expression themselves
+exponentially bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially bigger
+but now you run the p-space algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you run the p-space algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you run the p-space algorithm
+on those two exponentially larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those two exponentially larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those two exponentially larger
+expressions so the input to the p-space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so the input to the p-space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so the input to the p-space
+algorithm is now exponential in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is now exponential in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is now exponential in the
+original input size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original input size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original input size
+but it's p-space in that enlarged input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's p-space in that enlarged input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's p-space in that enlarged input
+so that's going to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to give you an
+exponential space algorithm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space algorithm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space algorithm in the
+original input size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original input size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original input size
+because you know you expanded it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you expanded it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you expanded it to
+become exponentially bigger and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become exponentially bigger and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become exponentially bigger and then you
+run the p space algorithm on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the p space algorithm on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the p space algorithm on that
+expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so that gives you an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that gives you an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that gives you an exponential
+space algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space algorithm for
+uh for this problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this problem um
+but now what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what we're gonna do
+the interesting part is the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting part is the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting part is the reduction
+so given some language in exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given some language in exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given some language in exponential
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+say decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say decided
+by some turing machine in that amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some turing machine in that amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some turing machine in that amount of
+space 2 to the n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 2 to the n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 2 to the n to the k
+we're going to give a reduction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give a reduction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give a reduction that
+maps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps a
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+this equivalence problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+that is the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's make sure we're all together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make sure we're all together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make sure we're all together on
+the plan before we go ahead and carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan before we go ahead and carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan before we go ahead and carry
+out that plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that plan
+so good good you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good good you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good good you know if you're
+got you know we haven't we just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know we haven't we just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you know we haven't we just sort of
+set things up here in a sense um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up here in a sense um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up here in a sense um
+for what we're going to be doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're going to be doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're going to be doing so
+feel free to ask a question on just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask a question on just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask a question on just this
+you know the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the plan
+this part has it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part has it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part has it's going to get
+technical because as doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical because as doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical because as doing these
+reductions always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions always is
+there's a simulation involved and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simulation involved and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simulation involved and you
+know you have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to kind of
+you know describe that simulation in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know describe that simulation in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know describe that simulation in its
+own way so now we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way so now we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way so now we're going to be
+simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense
+m on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m on w
+you know the the decider for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the decider for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the decider for this
+exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a
+uh we're going to take m on w i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to take m on w i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to take m on w i'm going
+to somehow have to express the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow have to express the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow have to express the fact that
+m accepts w using this equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m accepts w using this equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m accepts w using this equivalence
+problem for regular expressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for regular expressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for regular expressions with
+exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so no questions why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so no questions why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so no questions why don't we
+keep when we move on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep when we move on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep when we move on then
+so here's we're gonna we have i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's we're gonna we have i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's we're gonna we have i have
+three slides on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three slides on this
+but they're kind of dense i'm sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're kind of dense i'm sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're kind of dense i'm sorry to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+the plan as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan as usual
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're gonna map a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna map a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna map a
+with a polynomial time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a polynomial time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a polynomial time reduction
+to the equivalence problem for regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equivalence problem for regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equivalence problem for regular
+expressions with exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions with exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions with exponentiation
+so that means we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we're going to have to
+take an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an input
+which may or may not be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be an a
+and produce two regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce two regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce two regular expressions
+with exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponentiation
+which are going to be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be equivalent
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+w is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is in a
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+when m accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+as these things always are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these things always are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these things always are
+these are going to be in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be in terms of the
+computation history for mnw but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history for mnw but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history for mnw but in this
+case it's going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to turn out to be
+convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+to work with the rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with the rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with the rejecting
+computation history for m on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history for m on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history for m on w
+so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember
+we have a turing machine m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a turing machine m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a turing machine m
+um it's a decider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a decider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a decider
+so that means it always holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it always holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it always holds
+for strings in the language it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strings in the language it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strings in the language it ends up
+at a q accept state for things not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a q accept state for things not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a q accept state for things not in
+the language it ends up at a q reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language it ends up at a q reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language it ends up at a q reject
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+so a rejecting computation history is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rejecting computation history is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rejecting computation history is
+the sequence of configurations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of configurations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of configurations the
+machine goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine goes through
+from the start configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start configuration
+until it ends up at a configuration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ends up at a configuration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it ends up at a configuration with
+a reject state a rejecting configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reject state a rejecting configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reject state a rejecting configuration
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make a
+regular expression that describes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression that describes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression that describes all
+strings except for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to avoid describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to avoid describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to avoid describing a
+rejecting computation history for m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history for m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history for m and
+w otherwise it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w otherwise it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w otherwise it's going to
+describe all possible strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if m
+does not reject w so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not reject w so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not reject w so there is no
+rejecting computation history namely m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history namely m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history namely m
+accepts w by the way so if m accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts w by the way so if m accepts w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts w by the way so if m accepts w
+does not reject w it does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not reject w it does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not reject w it does not have a
+rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history
+what is r one describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is r one describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is r one describing
+well it's describing in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's describing in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's describing in that case
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+because there is no rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no rejecting
+computation history so it's describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history so it's describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history so it's describing
+every other string besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other string besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other string besides
+so that means it's describing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it's describing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it's describing all
+strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings
+if there is no rejecting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no rejecting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no rejecting computation
+history in the case that m accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in the case that m accepts w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in the case that m accepts w
+so what does that suggest we should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that suggest we should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that suggest we should use
+for r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for r2
+r2 is going to be the regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 is going to be the regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 is going to be the regular expression
+that just generates all strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just generates all strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just generates all strings
+so we'll be testing whether r1 generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be testing whether r1 generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll be testing whether r1 generates
+all strings or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings or not
+which is the same as saying does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as saying does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as saying does
+um m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um m
+except w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except w
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+r2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 is going to be
+you know i would like to say sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i would like to say sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i would like to say sigma star
+but sigma is really the input to m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sigma is really the input to m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sigma is really the input to m so
+and gamma is the tape alphabet for m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma is the tape alphabet for m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma is the tape alphabet for m so
+we have a lot of greek letters to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of greek letters to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of greek letters to play
+with so we're going to use delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we're going to use delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we're going to use delta
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet
+that we write the computation histories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we write the computation histories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we write the computation histories
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to
+get reminded what that delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reminded what that delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reminded what that delta is
+you know a computation history can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a computation history can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a computation history can have
+a tape alphabet symbol for m it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tape alphabet symbol for m it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tape alphabet symbol for m it can have
+a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state
+symbol for m or it can have a delimiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for m or it can have a delimiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for m or it can have a delimiter
+pound hashtag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound hashtag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound hashtag
+so it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+this capital delta alphabet is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital delta alphabet is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital delta alphabet is a
+tape alphabet symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape alphabet symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape alphabet symbol
+or a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a state
+something representing a state symbol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something representing a state symbol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something representing a state symbol or
+a hashtag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hashtag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hashtag
+that's just doubt so don't get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just doubt so don't get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just doubt so don't get you know
+i always go i always feel bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always go i always feel bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i always go i always feel bad if
+somebody gets confused by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets confused by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets confused by something
+that's supposed to be very simple don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be very simple don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be very simple don't
+get confused by delta star this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused by delta star this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused by delta star this is just
+all possible strings over the alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible strings over the alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible strings over the alphabet
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what does r1 look so my job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does r1 look so my job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does r1 look so my job is
+to do r1 r2 i already told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r1 now has to describe all those strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 now has to describe all those strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 now has to describe all those strings
+except for the rejecting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the rejecting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the rejecting computation
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+so everything that fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything that fails
+to be a rejecting computation history so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a rejecting computation history so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a rejecting computation history so
+it fails either because it started wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails either because it started wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fails either because it started wrong
+or it ended wrong or it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it ended wrong or it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it ended wrong or it's wrong
+somewhere in the middle and by wrong i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and by wrong i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and by wrong i
+mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it
+fails to correctly describe the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to correctly describe the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to correctly describe the way the
+machine operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine operates
+if it's ending up rejecting w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so i'm going to describe all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to describe all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to describe all those
+possible strings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible strings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible strings um
+you know by breaking it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by breaking it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by breaking it down
+in those into those three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those into those three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those into those three categories
+starts wrong ends wrong or somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts wrong ends wrong or somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts wrong ends wrong or somewhere
+computes wrong along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes wrong along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes wrong along the way
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+rejecting computation history looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history looks
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+you know there's here's the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's here's the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's here's the start
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+as we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we you know
+you know usually envision it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually envision it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually envision it you know
+it's a start state looking at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a start state looking at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a start state looking at the first
+symbol of the input and there's the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of the input and there's the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of the input and there's the rest
+of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input
+um so let me just write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me just write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me just write this out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rejecting computation history
+now so the start first configuration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the start first configuration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the start first configuration the
+second one and so on and so on until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so on and so on until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so on and so on until we
+end up at a rejecting computation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at a rejecting computation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at a rejecting computation is a
+rejecting uh configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting uh configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting uh configuration
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience
+i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to
+uh insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insist
+that all of these configurations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these configurations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these configurations are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+it's going to make my life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make my life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make my life easier
+in doing the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing the proof
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+then why can i do that um well i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why can i do that um well i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why can i do that um well i'm just
+gonna take them you know because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take them you know because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take them you know because usually
+you think of the configurations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the configurations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the configurations they
+start small because they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start small because they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start small because they're just
+basically length in but you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically length in but you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically length in but you know this is
+using exponential space they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using exponential space they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using exponential space they're kind of
+getting longer and longer let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and longer let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and longer let's just
+pair them all out with blanks so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair them all out with blanks so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair them all out with blanks so that
+they're all the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same size
+so as i've indicated over here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i've indicated over here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i've indicated over here we're
+adding in a bunch of blanks that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in a bunch of blanks that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in a bunch of blanks that's going
+to be a lot of blanks here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of blanks here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of blanks here right
+to make sure they all have length 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure they all have length 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure they all have length 2 to
+the end of the k which is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the k which is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the k which is the maximum
+size of a configuration when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a configuration when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a configuration when you have
+that much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm going to construct so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to construct so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to construct so basically
+that's my job i'm going to construct r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my job i'm going to construct r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my job i'm going to construct r1
+so that it generates all all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it generates all all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it generates all all those
+strings so i'm sort of wrote a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so i'm sort of wrote a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so i'm sort of wrote a little
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+around that thing i'm trying to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that thing i'm trying to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that thing i'm trying to that's
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's my to-do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my to-do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my to-do
+and i'm also gonna it's gonna help me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm also gonna it's gonna help me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm also gonna it's gonna help me in
+the coming slides because they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming slides because they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming slides because they're a
+little bit dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dense
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when i'm gonna draw this sort of reddish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm gonna draw this sort of reddish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm gonna draw this sort of reddish
+pinkish box around something that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinkish box around something that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinkish box around something that means
+that i'm going to try to describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to try to describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to try to describe all
+strings except for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that that one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's the one you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one you know i
+i want to avoid describing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to avoid describing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to avoid describing that one
+because that's the rejecting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the rejecting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the rejecting computation
+history but i don't want to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but i don't want to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but i don't want to describe
+everything else that's my that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's my that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's my that's my
+that's my wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um so here's a check-in before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so here's a check-in before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so here's a check-in before
+we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move forward
+but we can also maybe we should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also maybe we should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also maybe we should just
+take some questions even before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some questions even before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some questions even before we
+launch the check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the check-in
+how are we doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+is our one describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our one describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our one describing
+you know i'm not well r1 is a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not well r1 is a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not well r1 is a regular
+expression so are we over here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so are we over here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so are we over here we're
+talking about a this is just an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a this is just an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a this is just an ordinary
+computation history but it ends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history but it ends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history but it ends with a
+reject that's all a rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that's all a rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that's all a rejecting
+computation history is just one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history is just one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history is just one that's a
+little different at the end the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different at the end the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different at the end the machine
+just ended up projecting instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ended up projecting instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ended up projecting instead of
+accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+otherwise everything has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise everything has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise everything has to be
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+spelled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out
+in accordance with the rules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with the rules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with the rules of the
+machine and the start configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and the start configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and the start configuration
+um yeah we're assuming if you're in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we're assuming if you're in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we're assuming if you're in yeah
+we're assuming one rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming one rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming one rejecting
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+yeah that's the way we actually define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the way we actually define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the way we actually define
+turing machines in the first place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines in the first place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines in the first place but
+who's arguing yeah there's one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's arguing yeah there's one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's arguing yeah there's one there's
+one reject state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reject state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reject state
+we're all deterministic correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all deterministic correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all deterministic correct
+um why do we need the padding because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do we need the padding because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do we need the padding because i
+want to make these all the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make these all the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make these all the same size
+all of these configurations that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these configurations that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these configurations that's going
+to help me later in terms of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me later in terms of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me later in terms of describing
+the invalid configurations the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invalid configurations the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invalid configurations the ones that
+are not legal configurations legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not legal configurations legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not legal configurations legal
+rejecting configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting configurations
+so just simply a matter of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just simply a matter of convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just simply a matter of convenience
+um but just accept it for now i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just accept it for now i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just accept it for now i just
+want all of those configurations to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all of those configurations to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all of those configurations to be
+the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same length
+in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+uh rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rejecting computation history
+otherwise i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i'm not going to
+you know i'm just encoding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm just encoding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm just encoding that
+rejecting computation history in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history in this
+particular way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people asking about the detail is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people asking about the detail is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people asking about the detail is a
+bad start yeah that's yet to come i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad start yeah that's yet to come i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad start yeah that's yet to come i have
+two more slides on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more slides on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more slides on this
+so i'll tell you about how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll tell you about how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll tell you about how we're going
+to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do those
+so our bad start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our bad start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our bad start
+uh that's a good question is our bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a good question is our bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a good question is our bad
+start or all these are all the strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or all these are all the strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or all these are all the strings
+that don't start this way we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't start this way we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't start this way we'll see it
+in a second but our bad start or all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but our bad start or all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but our bad start or all the
+things that don't start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't start with the
+you know they they start bad they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they start bad they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they start bad they
+they're they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um they're not starting with the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not starting with the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're not starting with the start
+configuration uh they're starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration uh they're starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration uh they're starting with
+some other junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other junk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we need only one rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need only one rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need only one rejecting
+computation history what about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history what about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history what about the other
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+you know this is a deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a deterministic machine
+so there's only going to be one if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only going to be one if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only going to be one if i
+prescribe the lengths as i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the lengths as i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the lengths as i've done
+there's going to be only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be only one
+rejecting computation history because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting computation history because
+it's deterministic everything is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deterministic everything is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deterministic everything is going
+to be forced from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should r1 be the not of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should r1 be the not of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should r1 be the not of those three
+no i'm trying r one is describing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm trying r one is describing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm trying r one is describing all of
+the strings except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this one string so i'm capturing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one string so i'm capturing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one string so i'm capturing all the
+different possible ways a string could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible ways a string could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible ways a string could
+fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+to be the string and he could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the string and he could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the string and he could start
+wrong it could be wrong along the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it could be wrong along the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it could be wrong along the middle
+somewhere or so i have to union them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere or so i have to union them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere or so i have to union them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+because i'm disgraced as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm disgraced as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm disgraced as in
+as as i always believe negations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as i always believe negations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as i always believe negations are the
+most confusing thing to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most confusing thing to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most confusing thing to everybody
+including me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me um
+so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're
+describing all the things that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing all the things that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing all the things that are not
+this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string
+we're trying to stay away from that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to stay away from that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to stay away from that one
+we want to describe everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to describe everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to describe everything else
+okay oh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think i better move on here i got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i better move on here i got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i better move on here i got a
+lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions
+talk to the tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the tas
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all right check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big
+is this rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this rejecting computation history
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+there's a lesson here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson here
+i got a big burst of answers right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a big burst of answers right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a big burst of answers right at
+the very beginning all wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the bright
+the people who took a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who took a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who took a little bit more
+time to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think
+uh started getting um the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started getting um the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started getting um the right answer
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+so it's like we got a close election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like we got a close election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like we got a close election
+here and folks though i have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and folks though i have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and folks though i have to report
+i hope we don't have to do a recount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay come on guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come on guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come on guys
+answer up 10 seconds this is not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer up 10 seconds this is not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer up 10 seconds this is not super
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think we better stop it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think we better stop it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think we better stop it that's
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+on the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+three seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+share results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the correct answer is in fact c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is in fact c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is in fact c
+why is that because each configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because each configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because each configuration
+is 2 to the n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 to the n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 to the n to the k
+so that's how much space the machine has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how much space the machine has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how much space the machine has
+exponential space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential space
+but the amount of time which is each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of time which is each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of time which is each one
+of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the
+the number of configurations is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of configurations is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of configurations is going to
+be the amount of time that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the amount of time that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the amount of time that's used
+um is going to be exponentially more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be exponentially more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be exponentially more
+than even than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than even than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than even than that
+so it's going to be 2 to the 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be 2 to the 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be 2 to the 2 to the n
+to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k
+is how many steps the machine can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many steps the machine can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many steps the machine can run
+and that's going to be how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be how long the
+computation history could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history could be
+so it's a very long thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very long thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very long thing
+and when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the regular expression we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the regular expression we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the regular expression we are
+generating how big is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expression
+and a lot of people playing off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people playing off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people playing off my
+comments here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments here uh
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what the votes legal or not okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the votes legal or not okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the votes legal or not okay so
+let's focus here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus here so the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+doubly exponentially large how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly exponentially large how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly exponentially large how big is
+the regular expression that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expression that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular expression that we're
+generating well that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating well that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating well that has to be
+produced in polynomial time so it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in polynomial time so it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in polynomial time so it's only
+polynomially big so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially big so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially big so we have this
+little teensy weensy relatively speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little teensy weensy relatively speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little teensy weensy relatively speaking
+regular expression which is only poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression which is only poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular expression which is only poly
+enter the k it's having to describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the k it's having to describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the k it's having to describe all
+strings except for this this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings except for this this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings except for this this particular
+string which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string which is
+2 to the 2 to the n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2 to the n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2 to the n to the k
+so in a sense this string is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense this string is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense this string is that that
+you know is related to that regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is related to that regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is related to that regular
+expression is doubly exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is doubly exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is doubly exponentially
+larger than that and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that and that kind of
+presents some of the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents some of the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents some of the challenge
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh doing the reduction in creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the reduction in creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the reduction in creating
+constructing that regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that regular expression
+anyway okay so let's move on and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so let's move on and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so let's move on and start
+doing this is the hard stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is the hard stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is the hard stuff
+here is the bad start which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the bad start which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the bad start which is
+it challenging enough uh even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it challenging enough uh even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it challenging enough uh even this
+little piece is going to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece is going to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece is going to be a little bit
+challenging to to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to to describe
+so just rewriting what from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just rewriting what from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just rewriting what from the previous
+uh slide so we're trying to make r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slide so we're trying to make r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slide so we're trying to make r1
+which is generating all those strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generating all those strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is generating all those strings
+except the rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the rejecting computation history
+frame on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame on w
+um it's in those three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in those three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's in those three parts
+right now i'm describing the bad start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm describing the bad start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm describing the bad start
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+so that's going to describe all strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to describe all strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to describe all strings
+that don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't start
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+c1 so let me write that out here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 so let me write that out here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 so let me write that out here it's
+going to generate all strings that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate all strings that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate all strings that don't
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+c1 c start or c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 c start or c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 c start or c1
+which is as as specified looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as as specified looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as as specified looks like this
+so any string that doesn't start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any string that doesn't start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any string that doesn't start with
+these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols
+doesn't start exactly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start exactly like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start exactly like this
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+by bad start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bad start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bad start
+that regular expression okay so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regular expression okay so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regular expression okay so that in
+itself is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to be
+further subdivided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further subdivided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further subdivided
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+the reason for that is it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is it's not that
+it's not that hard to understand i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to understand i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to understand i'm
+gonna bad start is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna bad start is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna bad start is gonna
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+accomplish its goal by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish its goal by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish its goal by saying
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+anything that doesn't start this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that doesn't start this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that doesn't start this way
+either it doesn't start with a q0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it doesn't start with a q0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it doesn't start with a q0 or
+doesn't or doesn't have a w1 in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't or doesn't have a w1 in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't or doesn't have a w1 in the next
+place or doesn't have a w2 in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or doesn't have a w2 in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or doesn't have a w2 in the next
+place or somewhere along the way it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or somewhere along the way it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or somewhere along the way it has
+a wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong
+symbol each one of these guys is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol each one of these guys is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol each one of these guys is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+symbols being wrong in some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols being wrong in some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols being wrong in some particular
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+okay so i'm going to show you what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to show you what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to show you what those
+look like so right now i'm i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so right now i'm i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so right now i'm i'm going to
+focus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus my
+little um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+describing all strings except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing all strings except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing all strings except for this
+one and then everything you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then everything you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then everything you know all
+strings that start with with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that start with with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that start with with something
+except for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for this one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so just remember delta is the alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remember delta is the alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remember delta is the alphabet
+for the computation histories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the computation histories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the computation histories
+um and there's some notation here delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's some notation here delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's some notation here delta
+sub epsilon we've seen this before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub epsilon we've seen this before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub epsilon we've seen this before is
+you're going to add in epsilon as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to add in epsilon as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to add in epsilon as a as
+an allowed thing for uh delta so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowed thing for uh delta so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allowed thing for uh delta so it's
+all the symbols or or epsilon that now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the symbols or or epsilon that now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the symbols or or epsilon that now i
+think thought of as a set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think thought of as a set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think thought of as a set here
+and furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore
+it's going to be convenient to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be convenient to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be convenient to talk
+about all the symbols in delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the symbols in delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the symbols in delta
+except for some symbol so like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for some symbol so like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for some symbol so like at the
+very beginning q0 i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning q0 i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning q0 i want to talk about
+all the symbols except for the q0 symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the symbols except for the q0 symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the symbols except for the q0 symbol
+because that's what i'm going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm going to be used
+to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know our bad start it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our bad start it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our bad start it's going to be
+anything except for q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except for q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except for q0
+okay so let's just see how that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see how that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see how that looks
+so here is s0 the very first part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is s0 the very first part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is s0 the very first part of our
+bad start it's going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad start it's going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad start it's going to say
+um i'm trying to color the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm trying to color the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm trying to color the sort of
+the the active ingredient here in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the active ingredient here in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the active ingredient here in in the
+pink color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink color
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+with q0 removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with q0 removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with q0 removed
+followed by anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this little regular expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little regular expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little regular expression here
+describes all strings that don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all strings that don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all strings that don't start
+with a q0 so as i'm indicating over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a q0 so as i'm indicating over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a q0 so as i'm indicating over here
+all strings that don't start with the q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings that don't start with the q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings that don't start with the q0
+is what s0 describes so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to understand that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand that because it's
+just going to build up from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to build up from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to build up from there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so what do we want to say for s1 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we want to say for s1 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we want to say for s1 what's
+going to be all strings that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all strings that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all strings that don't have
+w1 in the second place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 in the second place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1 in the second place
+so i'm going to write that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to write that over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to write that over here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+s1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 is
+anything in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the first place
+i mean if the first place was wrong s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if the first place was wrong s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if the first place was wrong s0
+took care of it so i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took care of it so i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took care of it so i'm just going to
+keep my lights simple so if all i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep my lights simple so if all i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep my lights simple so if all i want
+to do is describe all of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is describe all of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is describe all of the thing
+places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where
+the second symbol is wrong namely it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second symbol is wrong namely it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second symbol is wrong namely it's
+not w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not w1
+so anything in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything in the first place
+something besides w1 and this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something besides w1 and this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something besides w1 and this in the
+next place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next place
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+anything at all afterwards those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all afterwards those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all afterwards those are all
+strings that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location so i'll write it over here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so i'll write it over here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so i'll write it over here like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now s2 simile's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now s2 simile's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now s2 simile's going to take
+now i'm going to since i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to since i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to since i have
+exponentiation let's use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation let's use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation let's use that for
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+delta delta or just delta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta delta or just delta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta delta or just delta squared
+so anything in the first two places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything in the first two places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything in the first two places
+then not w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not w2
+in the next place and then anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next place and then anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next place and then anything
+so that's going to capture this part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to capture this part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to capture this part so
+this is what these different s's do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these different s's do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these different s's do and
+you can sort of get the idea so dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of get the idea so dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of get the idea so dot dot
+this sn is going to describe everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sn is going to describe everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sn is going to describe everything
+except for wn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for wn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for wn
+in in that location which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that location which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that location which is going to be
+the n plus first location actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus first location actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus first location actually
+and now i have to continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to continue on
+doing that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for the
+blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks
+so now if you think with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you think with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you think with me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's just take a look how that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a look how that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a look how that's going
+could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+the next symbol which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next symbol which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next symbol which is
+skipping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping over
+the m plus one that i've already taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m plus one that i've already taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m plus one that i've already taken
+care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to say it's not a blank symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say it's not a blank symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say it's not a blank symbol
+in this very first location after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very first location after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very first location after the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+so again i'm describing these non these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm describing these non these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm describing these non these
+strings which are not the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are not the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are not the start
+configuration so it's not it could fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so it's not it could fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so it's not it could fail
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's not there's not a blank where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there's not a blank where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there's not a blank where
+there's supposed to be a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's supposed to be a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's supposed to be a blank
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and if i do suppose i do that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i do suppose i do that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i do suppose i do that for each
+one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is actually not going to be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not going to be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not going to be a good
+solution for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for us
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+there are exponentially many blanks over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many blanks over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exponentially many blanks over
+here this is a hugely long configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a hugely long configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a hugely long configuration
+and so there's exponentially many blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's exponentially many blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's exponentially many blanks
+if i do it this way i'm going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do it this way i'm going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do it this way i'm going to end up
+with an exponentially large regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exponentially large regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exponentially large regular
+expression and that's not doable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that's not doable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that's not doable in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+so i have a more complicated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a more complicated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a more complicated way of
+getting the same effect which is i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same effect which is i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same effect which is i don't
+really expect you to fully parse through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expect you to fully parse through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expect you to fully parse through
+this right now in real time in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now in real time in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now in real time in lecture
+but let me try to help you what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me try to help you what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me try to help you what i'm
+going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+skip over these first initial n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over these first initial n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over these first initial n plus 1
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+and then a variable number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a variable number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a variable number of
+places which is indicated by the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is indicated by the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is indicated by the next
+piece here and and the way that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here and and the way that works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here and and the way that works is
+so these are all strings of length n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all strings of length n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all strings of length n
+plus one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the the the end of the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the end of the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the end of the configuration
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and to understand that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand that uh
+you know it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's almost
+a little too technical to even try but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little too technical to even try but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little too technical to even try but
+let's let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see
+if i put delta to the seven that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put delta to the seven that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put delta to the seven that's all
+strings of length seven but if i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of length seven but if i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of length seven but if i put
+delta sub epsilon to the seven if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sub epsilon to the seven if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sub epsilon to the seven if you
+think about what that means that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that means that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that means that's all
+strings of length between between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of length between between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of length between between 0 and
+7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because i can either have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i can either have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i can either have an
+epsilon in as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in as my
+or a symbol from from delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a symbol from from delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a symbol from from delta
+and so that's what i'm doing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what i'm doing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what i'm doing over here
+i'm getting a variable length space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting a variable length space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting a variable length space
+spacer of deltas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer of deltas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer of deltas
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that are going to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to then
+end up at a certain location i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at a certain location i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up at a certain location i'm going
+to say at that place then i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at that place then i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say at that place then i have a
+non-blank because all i need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-blank because all i need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-blank because all i need to do is
+describe the strings that fail to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the strings that fail to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the strings that fail to have a
+blank somewhere in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank somewhere in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank somewhere in this range
+so i've got to sort of have a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got to sort of have a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got to sort of have a kind of a
+variable spacer out to that spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable spacer out to that spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable spacer out to that spot
+where that missing blank might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that missing blank might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that missing blank might be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's what this describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what this describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what this describes
+okay if you didn't get that don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you didn't get that don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you didn't get that don't worry
+uh that is a technical point you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is a technical point you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is a technical point you can try
+to think about it offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it offline
+and then at the very very end i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the very very end i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the very very end i'm going
+to describe uh what happens make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe uh what happens make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe uh what happens make sure
+that you know describe the strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know describe the strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know describe the strings that
+fail to have a pound sign a hashtag in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to have a pound sign a hashtag in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to have a pound sign a hashtag in
+that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location
+how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i
+describe all strings that don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all strings that don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all strings that don't start
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay that's a lot of work just to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a lot of work just to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a lot of work just to do
+that little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little piece
+uh fourthly the next two pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fourthly the next two pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fourthly the next two pieces are
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um you can jump in with a question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can jump in with a question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can jump in with a question um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh maybe i should move push on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe i should move push on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe i should move push on um
+so now i'm going to describe the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to describe the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to describe the bad
+move and bad reject pieces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and bad reject pieces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and bad reject pieces um
+and bad reject generates all strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bad reject generates all strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bad reject generates all strings
+that don't contain the str the q reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't contain the str the q reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't contain the str the q reject
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+so that's going to certainly describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to certainly describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to certainly describe
+all of the uh strings that don't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the uh strings that don't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the uh strings that don't end
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+and that's just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just simply
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the delta with the q reject symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta with the q reject symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta with the q reject symbol
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+and then any string of those so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any string of those so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then any string of those so that's
+all strings that don't have q reject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings that don't have q reject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all strings that don't have q reject so
+that's going to describe all strings uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to describe all strings uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to describe all strings uh
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+don't end with a q reject plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end with a q reject plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end with a q reject plus some
+other junk strings along the way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other junk strings along the way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other junk strings along the way but
+that's all that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's all
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+a problem to put in other strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem to put in other strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem to put in other strings that
+you're going to might be capturing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to might be capturing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to might be capturing in
+some some other part of the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some other part of the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some other part of the regular
+expression that you know of bad strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that you know of bad strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that you know of bad strings
+you just want to make sure you don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to make sure you don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to make sure you don't put
+in that one uniquely good string which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that one uniquely good string which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that one uniquely good string which
+is the rejecting computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rejecting computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rejecting computation history
+and lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly
+um we're going to use the notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use the notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use the notion of the
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+this might be you might think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you might think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you might think this is
+the hardest part but in fact not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part but in fact not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest part but in fact not that
+hard so these are all of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so these are all of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so these are all of the um
+the strings that have somewhere along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings that have somewhere along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings that have somewhere along
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a violation
+uh according to m's rules you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh according to m's rules you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh according to m's rules you want to
+describe all of those as well i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all of those as well i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all of those as well i'm going
+to do that in terms of the neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in terms of the neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in terms of the neighborhoods
+but the neighborhoods now are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the neighborhoods now are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the neighborhoods now are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+stretched out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched out
+they're not not you know we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not not you know we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not not you know we don't have a
+tableau anymore so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau anymore so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau anymore so they're not
+so easily visualizable but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easily visualizable but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easily visualizable but it's the same
+idea the neighborhood so this is abc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the neighborhood so this is abc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the neighborhood so this is abc and
+def but now it's an illegal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def but now it's an illegal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def but now it's an illegal neighborhood
+def does not follow from abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if all the neighborhoods are legal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the neighborhoods are legal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the neighborhoods are legal then
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is
+is a legitimate computation provided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a legitimate computation provided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a legitimate computation provided it
+starts and ends correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends correctly
+so if it's not a legitimate computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's not a legitimate computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's not a legitimate computation
+there's got to be an illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an illegal
+neighborhood somewhere and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood somewhere and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood somewhere and i'm going to
+just describe all strings that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe all strings that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe all strings that have an
+illegal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhood
+and the interesting part is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting part is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting part is you have to
+describe you have to place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you have to place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you have to place that
+separator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator
+between abc and def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between abc and def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between abc and def
+so this is another place where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another place where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another place where we're
+going to critically use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to critically use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to critically use the
+exponentiation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation um
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and and the fact that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the fact that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the fact that all the
+configurations are the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations are the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations are the same length
+that's where we we're using that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we we're using that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we we're using that we know
+exactly how far apart the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how far apart the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how far apart the bottom of the
+2x3 neighborhood is from the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood is from the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood is from the top of the
+2x3 neighborhood okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood okay so we're going to
+take a union over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a union over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a union over all
+illegal 2x3 neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal 2x3 neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal 2x3 neighborhoods
+neighborhood settings i should say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood settings i should say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood settings i should say and
+there's only a fixed number of those for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a fixed number of those for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a fixed number of those for
+the same reason that we had in the cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that we had in the cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that we had in the cook
+eleventh theorem there's a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh theorem there's a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh theorem there's a fixed number
+of those depending upon the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those depending upon the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those depending upon the machine
+and now we're gonna have say we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're gonna have say we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're gonna have say we're gonna
+start with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with anything
+here's the top of the neighborhood here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top of the neighborhood here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top of the neighborhood here
+is the separator that separates the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the separator that separates the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the separator that separates the top
+from the bottom in the two consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom in the two consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom in the two consecutive
+configurations here see i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations here see i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations here see i
+going to see i plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see i plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see i plus one
+inside my computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my computation history
+and then after that uh separator i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that uh separator i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that uh separator i put
+in the the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the second part of the
+neighborhood which is the def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood which is the def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood which is the def
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's a little bit yeah you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit yeah you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit yeah you have to
+really be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be comfortable with
+the way we've been presenting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've been presenting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've been presenting these
+other uh reductions up until now if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh reductions up until now if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh reductions up until now if to
+really get this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get this so
+um anyway i think we're at the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway i think we're at the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway i think we're at the break
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we can just take questions uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just take questions uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just take questions uh during
+the break if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break if you have any
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+i will otherwise uh see you in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will otherwise uh see you in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will otherwise uh see you in five
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+you know in my description back here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in my description back here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in my description back here so
+let me just take this off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take this off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take this off um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+bad reject uh it looks like i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad reject uh it looks like i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad reject uh it looks like i'm doing
+kind of overkill and maybe doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overkill and maybe doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overkill and maybe doing
+something wrong here i'm describing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong here i'm describing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong here i'm describing all
+strings that don't never reject anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that don't never reject anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that don't never reject anywhere
+but as long as i don't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as i don't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as i don't describe
+the legitimate rejecting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legitimate rejecting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legitimate rejecting computation
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+i do describe all strings that don't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do describe all strings that don't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do describe all strings that don't end
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm good
+i could go through more effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could go through more effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could go through more effort
+to make sure that i'm only describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that i'm only describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that i'm only describing
+the very last configuration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last configuration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last configuration here
+as being as not having the reject but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being as not having the reject but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being as not having the reject but
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just be
+more work and i don't need to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work and i don't need to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work and i don't need to do that
+work so maybe it would be good just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so maybe it would be good just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so maybe it would be good just
+understand why this is sufficient what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this is sufficient what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this is sufficient what
+i've described here and it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described here and it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described here and it's not going
+to cause me any problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause me any problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause me any problems
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some
+i'm getting a note from my uh from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting a note from my uh from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting a note from my uh from one
+of my tas thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my tas thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my tas thomas
+saying that the notion bad perhaps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the notion bad perhaps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the notion bad perhaps is
+confusing because bad sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because bad sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because bad sounds like
+rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+i mean bad in the sense of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean bad in the sense of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean bad in the sense of not
+describing a legal uh computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a legal uh computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a legal uh computation
+history if you can think of another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history if you can think of another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history if you can think of another name
+i'm happy to switch that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to switch that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to switch that for
+future years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future years
+too late for now but yeah i don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late for now but yeah i don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late for now but yeah i don't mean
+that rejecting i mean that it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rejecting i mean that it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rejecting i mean that it's not just
+not it's ill it you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's ill it you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's ill it you know it's
+i don't know what the right term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what the right term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what the right term is
+illegal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal um
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+i i'm not sure what a good how are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i'm not sure what a good how are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i'm not sure what a good how are the
+neighborhoods defined here what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods defined here what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods defined here what is the
+tableau here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau here
+i think you do need to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you do need to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you do need to think about it
+after lecture but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture but um
+the the tableau you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tableau you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tableau you can think of the
+tableau now here just written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau now here just written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau now here just written out
+linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+they're all of the rows now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of the rows now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all of the rows now instead of
+nicely organized into a table they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely organized into a table they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely organized into a table they're
+just appeared consecutively because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just appeared consecutively because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just appeared consecutively because i'm
+just trying to describe i need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to describe i need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to describe i need to do it
+to describe a string whether my regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe a string whether my regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe a string whether my regular
+expression doesn't really make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression doesn't really make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression doesn't really make sense to
+think about i mean you can fold it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about i mean you can fold it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about i mean you can fold it up
+into a tableau if you like and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a tableau if you like and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a tableau if you like and then and
+then abc and def will just line up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then abc and def will just line up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then abc and def will just line up but
+here if you think about them written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about them written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about them written
+consecutively this is exactly how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively this is exactly how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively this is exactly how far
+apart they end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart they end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart they end up being
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+are there only polynomially many illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there only polynomially many illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there only polynomially many illegal
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+so we have to know that that's why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to know that that's why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to know that that's why i
+kind of corrected myself it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of corrected myself it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of corrected myself it's not
+illegal neighborhoods that we're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhoods that we're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhoods that we're told
+because there the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the number of
+neighborhoods in this picture is vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in this picture is vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in this picture is vast
+but the neighbor number of neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the neighbor number of neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the neighbor number of neighborhood
+settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+the way to set these values to abcdef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to set these values to abcdef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to set these values to abcdef
+and there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only
+i mean these are symbols that can appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean these are symbols that can appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean these are symbols that can appear
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in a configuration um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a configuration um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a configuration um
+uh of the machine so these are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the machine so these are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the machine so these are there's
+only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a
+fixed number of symbols that can appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of symbols that can appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of symbols that can appear
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+that depend upon the the the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend upon the the the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend upon the the the definition
+of the machine so it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine so it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine so it's not only
+polynomial there's a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial there's a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial there's a constant number
+of these things that only uh only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that only uh only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that only uh only the
+depends on the machine so yeah you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the machine so yeah you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the machine so yeah you have
+to think about what's going on i there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's going on i there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what's going on i there's
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+this is a lot in the slide i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot in the slide i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot in the slide i
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it history for reject it's a bad history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it history for reject it's a bad history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it history for reject it's a bad history
+for rejecting somebody's suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rejecting somebody's suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rejecting somebody's suggesting
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's a bad history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad history
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+fake news maybe we should be fake fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake news maybe we should be fake fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake news maybe we should be fake fake
+would be a good term nah that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good term nah that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good term nah that's not so
+good i don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah two by three the reason two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two by three the reason two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two by three the reason two by
+three is two by three is the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is two by three is the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is two by three is the right so
+somebody's asking why two by three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking why two by three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking why two by three two
+by three is exactly the size as you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three is exactly the size as you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three is exactly the size as you need
+to to say that if all the two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that if all the two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say that if all the two by three
+neighborhoods are correct everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are correct everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are correct everywhere in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history
+then the whole history is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole history is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole history is going to be
+consistent with the rules of m it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the rules of m it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the rules of m it's
+going to be a legal representation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a legal representation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a legal representation of a
+computation of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of m
+um so if the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if the string
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+allegedly a computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly a computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly a computation history
+has a bad neighborhood somewhere a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bad neighborhood somewhere a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bad neighborhood somewhere a bit
+2x3 neighborhood somewhere then um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood somewhere then um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood somewhere then um well
+if it's not a legal computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not a legal computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not a legal computation history
+it's got to have a bad um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have a bad um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have a bad um
+neighborhoods two by three neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods two by three neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods two by three neighborhoods
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay let's move on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on um
+to uh because i think we're out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh because i think we're out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh because i think we're out of time
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+our timer is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our timer is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our timer is up
+five we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we're gonna
+shift gears now anyway so if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears now anyway so if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears now anyway so if you got a
+little lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lost
+in the previous proof we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous proof we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous proof we're gonna talk
+about something different and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something different and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something different and in some
+ways a little bit i think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways a little bit i think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways a little bit i think a little
+lighter less technical and that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter less technical and that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter less technical and that's about
+oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are oracles organs are a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are oracles organs are a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are oracles organs are a simple
+thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+but they're they're in a useful concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're in a useful concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're in a useful concept
+uh for a number of reasons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a number of reasons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a number of reasons um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+especially because they they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because they they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because they they're gonna
+tell us something interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us something interesting about
+methods which may or may not be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which may or may not be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which may or may not be useful
+for proving the p versus mp question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving the p versus mp question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving the p versus mp question
+when someday somebody hopefully does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someday somebody hopefully does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someday somebody hopefully does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um what is an oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what is an oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what is an oracle
+an oracle is free information you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle is free information you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle is free information you're
+going to give to a turing machine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give to a turing machine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give to a turing machine which
+might affect um the difficulty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect um the difficulty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect um the difficulty of
+solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems
+and the way we're going to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to represent
+that free information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that free information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that free information is
+we're going to allow the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow the turing machine
+to test membership in some specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test membership in some specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test membership in some specified
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for that for the work involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that for the work involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that for the work involved
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+i'm going to allow you to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to allow you to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to allow you to have any
+language at all some language a and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at all some language a and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language at all some language a and say
+a turing machine with an oracle for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine with an oracle for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine with an oracle for a
+is it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it isn't
+written this way m with a superscript a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way m with a superscript a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way m with a superscript a
+it's a machine that has a black box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a machine that has a black box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a machine that has a black box that
+can answer questions is some string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer questions is some string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer questions is some string
+which the machine can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the machine can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the machine can choose
+in a or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or not
+and it gets that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets that answer
+in one step effectively for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so you can imagine depending upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine depending upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine depending upon the
+language that you're providing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you're providing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you're providing to the
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+that may or may not be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for example suppose i give you an oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose i give you an oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose i give you an oracle
+for the sat language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sat language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sat language
+that can be very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be very useful
+it could be very useful for deciding sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be very useful for deciding sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be very useful for deciding sat
+for example because now you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because now you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because now you don't have
+to go through a brute force search to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a brute force search to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a brute force search to
+solve sat you just ask the oracle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve sat you just ask the oracle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve sat you just ask the oracle and
+the oracle is going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oracle is going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oracle is going to say
+yes it's satisfiable or no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's satisfiable or no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's satisfiable or no it's not
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+but you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can use that to
+to solve other languages too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve other languages too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve other languages too
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+because anything that you can do in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything that you can do in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anything that you can do in np
+you can reduce the sat so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the sat so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the sat so you can
+convert it to a sad question which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a sad question which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a sad question which you
+can then ship up to the oracle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then ship up to the oracle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then ship up to the oracle and the
+oracle is going to tell you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to tell you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to tell you the answer
+so then you know the word oracle already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know the word oracle already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know the word oracle already
+sort of conveys something magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conveys something magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conveys something magical
+we're not really going to be concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really going to be concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really going to be concerned
+with the operation of the oracle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operation of the oracle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operation of the oracle so
+don't ask me how does the oracle work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask me how does the oracle work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask me how does the oracle work or
+what does it correspond to in reality it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it correspond to in reality it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it correspond to in reality it
+doesn't it's just a mathematical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's just a mathematical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's just a mathematical device
+which provides this free information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides this free information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides this free information to
+the turing machine which enables it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine which enables it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine which enables it to
+compute certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute certain things
+it turns out to be a useful concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be a useful concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be a useful concept
+that's used in cryptography where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in cryptography where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in cryptography where you
+might imagine the oracle could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine the oracle could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine the oracle could could
+provide the factors to some number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the factors to some number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the factors to some number or
+the password or to some system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password or to some system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password or to some system or
+something free information and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something free information and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something free information and then what
+can you do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do with that
+so this is a notion that comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion that comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion that comes up in
+other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oracle
+we can think of all of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of all of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of all of the things that
+you can compute in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute in polynomial time
+relative to that oracle so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that oracle so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that oracle so that's what
+we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um
+the terminology people usually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology people usually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology people usually use
+sometimes called relativization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called relativization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called relativization or
+computation relative to having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation relative to having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation relative to having this
+extra information so p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra information so p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra information so p
+with an a oracle is all of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a oracle is all of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a oracle is all of the language
+that you can decide in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decide in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decide in polynomial time
+if you have an oracle for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an oracle for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an oracle for a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if somebody's asking me is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if somebody's asking me is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if somebody's asking me is it
+really free or does it cost one unit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really free or does it cost one unit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really free or does it cost one unit you
+know it's even just setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's even just setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's even just setting up the
+oracle and writing down the question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle and writing down the question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle and writing down the question to
+the oracle is going to take you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oracle is going to take you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oracle is going to take you some
+number of steps so you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps so you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps so you're not going to
+be able to do an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do an infinite number of
+oracle calls in in zero time so charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle calls in in zero time so charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle calls in in zero time so charging
+one step or zero steps not going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step or zero steps not going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step or zero steps not going to make
+a difference because still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference because still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference because still have to
+formulate the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+as i pointed out p with a sad oracle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i pointed out p with a sad oracle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i pointed out p with a sad oracle so
+all the things you do in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you do in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you do in polynomial time
+with this satellite includes np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this satellite includes np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this satellite includes np
+does it perhaps include other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it perhaps include other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it perhaps include other stuff
+or are they or does it equal np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are they or does it equal np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are they or does it equal np
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+would have been a good check-in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a good check-in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a good check-in question
+but i'm not going to ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not going to ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not going to ask that
+the uh in fact it seems like it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in fact it seems like it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in fact it seems like it contains
+other things too because cohen p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things too because cohen p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things too because cohen p
+is also contained within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also contained within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also contained within
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+given a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a sad oracle
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the sad article answers both yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad article answers both yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad article answers both yes or no
+depending upon the the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the the answer
+so if the formula is unsatisfiable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the formula is unsatisfiable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the formula is unsatisfiable the
+oracle is going to say no it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to say no it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle is going to say no it's not in
+the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language
+and now so you can do the complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so you can do the complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so you can do the complement of
+the sat problem as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sat problem as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sat problem as well the
+unsatisfiability problem so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiability problem so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiability problem so you can do
+all of co and p in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of co and p in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of co and p in the same way
+you can also define np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also define np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also define np
+relative to some oracle so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to some oracle so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to some oracle so all the
+things you can do in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do in with a
+non-deterministic turing machine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic turing machine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic turing machine where
+all of the branches have separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the branches have separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the branches have separately
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+and they can ask multiple questions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can ask multiple questions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can ask multiple questions by
+the way of the oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of the oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of the oracle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's take let's do another a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take let's do another a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take let's do another a little
+bit of a more challenging example uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a more challenging example uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a more challenging example uh the
+main formula language which i hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main formula language which i hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main formula language which i hope you
+remember from your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are all of the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all of the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all of the formulas
+that do not have a shorter equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not have a shorter equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not have a shorter equivalent
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are minimal
+you cannot make a smaller formula that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make a smaller formula that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make a smaller formula that's
+equivalent that gives you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent that gives you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent that gives you the same
+boolean function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you showed for example that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you showed for example that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you showed for example that that
+language is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is in
+uh p space as i recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p space as i recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p space as i recall
+and there was some other yet another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was some other yet another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was some other yet another two
+problems about that language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the complement of the min formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the min formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the min formula
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+is an np with a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so mull that over for a second and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mull that over for a second and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mull that over for a second and then
+we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an algorithm an np an an np with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an algorithm an np an an np with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an algorithm an np an an np with
+a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sad oracle
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so in other words now i want to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words now i want to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words now i want to i
+you know though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know though
+i want to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to kind of
+implement that strategy which i argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that strategy which i argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that strategy which i argued
+in the homework problem was not legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework problem was not legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework problem was not legal
+but now that i have the sad oracle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that i have the sad oracle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that i have the sad oracle it's
+going to turn make it possible where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn make it possible where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn make it possible where
+before it was no was not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was no was not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was no was not possible
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just understand what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just understand what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just understand what i
+mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm trying to
+uh do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the
+the non-minimal formulas namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-minimal formulas namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-minimal formulas namely the
+formulas that do have a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that do have a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that do have a shorter
+equivalent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+uh uh formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh formula
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+i'm gonna guess that sort of formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna guess that sort of formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna guess that sort of formula
+called psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called psi
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the challenge before was testing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge before was testing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge before was testing whether
+that shorter formula was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shorter formula was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shorter formula was actually
+equivalent to fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to fee
+because that's not obviously doable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not obviously doable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not obviously doable in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+but the equivalence problem for formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the equivalence problem for formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the equivalence problem for formulas
+is a cohen p problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cohen p problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cohen p problem
+or if you'd like to think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you'd like to think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you'd like to think about it the
+other way any formula in equivalence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way any formula in equivalence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way any formula in equivalence is
+an np problem because you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np problem because you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np problem because you just have to
+the witness is the assignment on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness is the assignment on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness is the assignment on which
+they disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two formulas are equivalent if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two formulas are equivalent if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two formulas are equivalent if they
+never disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never disagree
+and so that's a co-np problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a sad oracle can solve a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a sad oracle can solve a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a sad oracle can solve a coin
+problem namely the equivalence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem namely the equivalence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem namely the equivalence of the
+two formulas the input formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formulas the input formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two formulas the input formula and the
+one that you not deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you not deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you not deterministically
+guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed
+and if it turns out that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it turns out that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it turns out that they are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+a smaller formula is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller formula is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller formula is equivalent to the
+input formula you know the input formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input formula you know the input formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input formula you know the input formula
+is not minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not minimal
+and so you can accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if it gets the wrong formula it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it gets the wrong formula it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it gets the wrong formula it
+turns out not to be equivalent um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be equivalent um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be equivalent um then
+you reject on that branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reject on that branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reject on that branch of the
+non-determinism just like we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism just like we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism just like we did before
+and if the formula really was minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the formula really was minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the formula really was minimal
+there's not going to be none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be none of the
+branches is going to find a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is going to find a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is going to find a shorter
+equivalent formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent formula
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's why this problem here is in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this problem here is in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this problem here is in np
+with a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i'm gonna we're gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm gonna we're gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm gonna we're gonna try to
+investigate this on my uh we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this on my uh we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this on my uh we're getting
+near the end of the of the lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the of the lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the of the lecture we're
+gonna look at the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at the um
+you know problems like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know problems like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know problems like well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+suppose i compare p with a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i compare p with a sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i compare p with a sad oracle
+and np with a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and np with a sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and np with a sad oracle
+could those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could those
+be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+well there's reasons to believe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's reasons to believe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's reasons to believe those
+are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+could there be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there be any
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+where p with an a oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p with an a oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p with an a oracle
+is the same as np with an aortal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as np with an aortal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as np with an aortal it
+seems like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like no
+but actually that's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually that's wrong
+there is a language there are languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a language there are languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a language there are languages
+for which np with that oracle and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which np with that oracle and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which np with that oracle and p
+with that oracle are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oracle are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oracle are exactly the same
+and then and that actually is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and that actually is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and that actually is an
+interest it's not just a curiosity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's not just a curiosity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's not just a curiosity it
+actually has relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has relevance to
+strategies for solving p versus np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for solving p versus np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for solving p versus np
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which hopefully i'll have time to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully i'll have time to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully i'll have time to get to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can we think of an oracle like a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think of an oracle like a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think of an oracle like a hash
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+i think hashing is somehow different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think hashing is somehow different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think hashing is somehow different in
+spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit
+of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i understand there's sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i understand there's sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i understand there's sort of some
+similarity there but i don't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity there but i don't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity there but i don't see that
+hashing is a way of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is a way of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing is a way of um
+uh you know finding a sort of a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know finding a sort of a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know finding a sort of a short
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+for for objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for objects
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which has a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a variety of different
+purposes why you might want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes why you might want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes why you might want to do that
+and so i don't really think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't really think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't really think it's the
+same uh let's see in an oracle question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh let's see in an oracle question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh let's see in an oracle question
+okay let's see how do we use sat oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see how do we use sat oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see how do we use sat oracle
+to solve where the two formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve where the two formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve where the two formulas are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay let's getting back to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay let's getting back to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay let's getting back to this point
+how can we use the satellite oracle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we use the satellite oracle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we use the satellite oracle to
+solve whether two formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve whether two formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve whether two formulas are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we can use a sad oracle to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can use a sad oracle to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can use a sad oracle to solve
+any np problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any np problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any np problem
+because it's reducible to sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reducible to sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's reducible to sad
+right you know in in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know in in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know in in other words if
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+you know with a sad oracle contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a sad oracle contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a sad oracle contains all
+of np so you have to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of np so you have to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of np so you have to make sure you
+understand that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that part
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you know like if you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like if you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like if you have like the
+clique problem you can reduce if i give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique problem you can reduce if i give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique problem you can reduce if i give
+you a clique problem which is an np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a clique problem which is an np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a clique problem which is an np
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and i want to use the oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to use the oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to use the oracle
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+test if the formula if the graph has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if the formula if the graph has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if the formula if the graph has a
+clique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clique
+i reduce that problem to a sad problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reduce that problem to a sad problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reduce that problem to a sad problem
+using the cook leaven theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and knowing that a clique of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that a clique of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that a clique of a certain
+size is going to correspond to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is going to correspond to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is going to correspond to having a
+formula which is satisfiable now i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is satisfiable now i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is satisfiable now i can
+ask the oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i can do np problems i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can do np problems i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can do np problems i can do
+co-np problems because p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-np problems because p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-np problems because p
+is a deterministic class even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic class even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic class even though it
+has an oracle it's still deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an oracle it's still deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an oracle it's still deterministic
+it can invert the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can invert the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can invert the answer
+something that non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that non-deterministic
+machines cannot necessarily do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines cannot necessarily do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines cannot necessarily do
+okay so i don't know maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know maybe that's
+let's move on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on um
+so there's an oracle where p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an oracle where p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an oracle where p
+to the a equals np to the a which kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a equals np to the a which kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a equals np to the a which kind
+of seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seems like
+kind of amazing at some level because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing at some level because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing at some level because
+here's an oracle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an oracle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an oracle where the
+non-determinism if i give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism if i give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism if i give you that
+oracle non-determinism non-determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle non-determinism non-determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle non-determinism non-determinism
+doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's actually a language we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a language we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a language we've seen
+it's tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is that well here's the whole proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have an np with a tqbf oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just check each of these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i claim i can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim i can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim i can do that
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+non-deterministic polynomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic polynomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic polynomial space
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+that no longer has in oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no longer has in oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no longer has in oracle
+the reason is that if i have polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if i have polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if i have polynomial
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+i can answer questions about tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer questions about tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can answer questions about tqbf
+without needing an oracle i have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without needing an oracle i have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without needing an oracle i have enough
+space just to answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just to answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just to answer the question
+directly myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly myself
+and i use my non-determinism here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i use my non-determinism here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i use my non-determinism here to
+simulate the non-determinism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the non-determinism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the non-determinism of
+the np machine so every time the np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the np machine so every time the np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the np machine so every time the np
+machine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now
+you know branches now deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know branches now deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know branches now deterministically
+so do i every time one of those branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do i every time one of those branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do i every time one of those branches
+asks the oracle a tqbf question i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks the oracle a tqbf question i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks the oracle a tqbf question i just
+do my polynomial space algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my polynomial space algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my polynomial space algorithm to
+solve that question myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that question myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that question myself
+but now np space equals p space by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now np space equals p space by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now np space equals p space by
+savage is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage is there
+and because tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because tqbf
+is piece based complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is piece based complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is piece based complete
+for the very same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very same reason
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a sad oracle allows me to do every np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sad oracle allows me to do every np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sad oracle allows me to do every np
+problem a tqbf problem allows me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a tqbf problem allows me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a tqbf problem allows me to do
+every piece based problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get
+np contained within p for tqbf oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np contained within p for tqbf oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np contained within p for tqbf oracle
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+you get the containment the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the containment the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the containment the other way
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+so they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that have to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody said
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+i'll i'll just i don't want to run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll just i don't want to run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll just i don't want to run out
+of time so i'll take any questions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so i'll take any questions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so i'll take any questions at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what has this got to do with the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has this got to do with the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has this got to do with the p
+versus empty problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus empty problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus empty problem
+okay so this is an actual this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an actual this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an actual this is a very
+interesting connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connection
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember
+we just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just showed
+through a combination of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a combination of today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a combination of today's lecture
+and yesterday's lecture uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday's lecture uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday's lecture uh and
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh i guess thursday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess thursday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess thursday's lecture
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this problem this equivalence problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem this equivalence problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem this equivalence problem is
+not in p space and therefore it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in p space and therefore it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in p space and therefore it's not in
+p and therefore it's intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and therefore it's intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and therefore it's intractable
+right we just that's what we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we showed it's complete for a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed it's complete for a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed it's complete for a class
+which is provably outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is provably outside of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is provably outside of p
+probably bigger than p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably bigger than p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably bigger than p
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's what that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what that's the kind of
+thing we would like to be able to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would like to be able to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would like to be able to do to
+separate p and np we would like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate p and np we would like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate p and np we would like to show
+that some other problem is not in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other problem is not in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other problem is not in p
+some other problem is intractable namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other problem is intractable namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other problem is intractable namely
+sat if we could do sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat if we could do sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat if we could do sat
+then we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're good
+we've we've sal p and np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've sal p and np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've sal p and np
+so we already have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already have an example
+of being able to do that could we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to do that could we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to do that could we use
+the same method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same method
+um which is something people did try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is something people did try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is something people did try to
+do many years ago to show that sat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many years ago to show that sat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do many years ago to show that sat is
+not in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in p
+so what is that method really well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that method really well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that method really well that
+method the guts of that method really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the guts of that method really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the guts of that method really
+comes from the hierarchy theorem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the hierarchy theorem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the hierarchy theorem that's
+where you're actually proving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're actually proving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're actually proving problems
+are hard you're getting this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard you're getting this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard you're getting this problem
+with the through the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the through the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the through the hierarchy
+uh construction that's provably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh construction that's provably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh construction that's provably
+um outside of p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outside of p space
+or and outside of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and outside of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and outside of p
+um that's a diagonalization and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a diagonalization and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a diagonalization and if you
+and you look carefully at what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look carefully at what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look carefully at what what's
+going on there um so we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there um so we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there um so we're going to say
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+we're not going to be able to self-set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to self-set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to self-set
+show stats outside of p in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show stats outside of p in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show stats outside of p in the same way
+and the reason is suppose we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is suppose we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is suppose we could
+um well the hierarchy theorems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the hierarchy theorems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well the hierarchy theorems are
+proved by diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by diagonalization
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+what i mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in the hierarchy theorem there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hierarchy theorem there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hierarchy theorem there's a
+machine d which is simulating some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine d which is simulating some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine d which is simulating some other
+machine m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine m
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um to remember what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to remember what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to remember what's going on there
+remember that we made a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we made a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we made a machine
+which is going to make its language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to make its language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to make its language
+different from the language of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the language of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the language of every
+machine that's running with less space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that's running with less space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that's running with less space
+or with less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's how d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how d
+was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined
+it wants to make sure its language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to make sure its language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to make sure its language
+cannot be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be done
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in less space so it makes sure that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less space so it makes sure that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less space so it makes sure that its
+language is different that it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is different that it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is different that it doesn't it
+simulates the machines that use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulates the machines that use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulates the machines that use less
+space and does something different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and does something different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and does something different from
+what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+simulation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we had an oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an oracle
+if we're trying to show that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to show that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to show that um
+you know if we provide both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we provide both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we provide both the
+simulator and the machine being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and the machine being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and the machine being
+simulated with the same oracle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated with the same oracle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated with the same oracle the
+simulation still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation still works
+every time the machine you're simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the machine you're simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the machine you're simulating
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+asks a question the simulator has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks a question the simulator has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks a question the simulator has the
+same oracle so it can also ask the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same oracle so it can also ask the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same oracle so it can also ask the same
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+and can still do the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can still do the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can still do the simulation
+so in other words if you could prove p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words if you could prove p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words if you could prove p
+different from np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from np
+using basically a simulation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using basically a simulation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using basically a simulation which is
+what what a diagonalization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what a diagonalization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what a diagonalization is
+then you would be able to prove that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would be able to prove that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would be able to prove that p
+is different from np for every oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you can prove p different mnp by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can prove p different mnp by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can prove p different mnp by a
+diagonalization that would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization that would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization that would also
+immediately prove that p is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately prove that p is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately prove that p is different
+from np for every oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from np for every oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from np for every oracle
+because the or the the the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the or the the the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the or the the the argument is
+transparent to the oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to the oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to the oracle
+if you just put the oracle down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just put the oracle down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just put the oracle down
+everything still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+here is the big but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the big but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the big but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be
+that um we we know that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we we know that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we we know that p
+a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is
+that we know this is false we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know this is false we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know this is false we just
+exhibited an oracle for which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited an oracle for which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited an oracle for which they're
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+it's not the case that p is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case that p is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case that p is different
+from np for every oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes they're equal for so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're equal for so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're equal for so many
+oracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles
+so something that's just a basically a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that's just a basically a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that's just a basically a a
+very straightforward diagonalization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward diagonalization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward diagonalization to
+you know something that's at its core is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something that's at its core is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something that's at its core is
+a diagonalization is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonalization is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonalization is not going to be
+enough to solve p and np because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve p and np because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve p and np because
+otherwise it would prove that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would prove that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would prove that they're
+different for every oracle and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for every oracle and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for every oracle and and
+sometimes they're not different for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not different for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're not different for some
+oracles so that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles so that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracles so that that that's
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+that's an important insight for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important insight for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important insight for what
+kind of in the method will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the method will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the method will not be
+adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate
+to prove p different from np and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove p different from np and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove p different from np and this
+comes up all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time
+um you know people who are make proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know people who are make proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know people who are make proposed
+hypothetical solutions that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical solutions that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical solutions that they're
+trying to show p different from np one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show p different from np one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show p different from np one
+of the very first things people ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first things people ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first things people ask is
+well would that argument still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would that argument still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would that argument still work
+um if you put an oracle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you put an oracle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you put an oracle there
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+often it does which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it does which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it does which
+points out there was a flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out there was a flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out there was a flaw
+um anyway uh last check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway uh last check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway uh last check-in
+so this is just a little test of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a little test of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a little test of your
+knowledge about oracle's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about oracle's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about oracle's um
+why don't we in our remaining minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we in our remaining minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we in our remaining minute
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's say 30 seconds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 30 seconds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 30 seconds and then
+we'll we'll we'll do a wrap on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll do a wrap on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll do a wrap on this and
+i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll
+point out which ones are right oh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out which ones are right oh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out which ones are right oh boy
+we're all over the place of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all over the place of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all over the place of this one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+you're liking them all looks well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're liking them all looks well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're liking them all looks well i
+guess the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the one
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the ones that are false are lagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are false are lagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are false are lagging
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's let's conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's conclude
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i
+did i give you enough time there i share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i give you enough time there i share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i give you enough time there i share
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in fact um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+having the an oracle for the compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the an oracle for the compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the an oracle for the compliment
+is the same as having an oracle so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as having an oracle so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as having an oracle so the
+this is certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly true
+np said equal cohen p said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np said equal cohen p said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np said equal cohen p said
+we have no reason to believe that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no reason to believe that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no reason to believe that would
+be true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we don't know it to be true so this is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know it to be true so this is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know it to be true so this is b
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not a not a good choice then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not a good choice then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not a good choice then that's the
+laggard here min formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggard here min formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggard here min formula
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well is in p space and anything in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is in p space and anything in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is in p space and anything in p
+space isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space isn't
+reducible to dq bf so this is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to dq bf so this is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to dq bf so this is certainly
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+same thing for np with tqbf and cohen p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for np with tqbf and cohen p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for np with tqbf and cohen p
+with the tqbf once you have tqbf um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tqbf once you have tqbf um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tqbf once you have tqbf um
+you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get
+all of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of um
+a p space and as we pointed out you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p space and as we pointed out you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p space and as we pointed out you're
+going to this is gonna be cool as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this is gonna be cool as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this is gonna be cool as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh why don't we end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh why don't we end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh why don't we end here
+and i think we're this is the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we're this is the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we're this is the that
+that's my last slide so oh no there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my last slide so oh no there's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my last slide so oh no there's my
+summary here this is what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary here this is what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary here this is what we've done
+and i will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will uh
+send you all off on your way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you all off on your way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you all off on your way um
+how does the interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the interaction between the
+turing machine and the oracle look yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine and the oracle look yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine and the oracle look yeah
+i didn't define exactly how the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't define exactly how the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't define exactly how the machine
+interacts with an oracle you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with an oracle you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with an oracle you can imagine
+having a separate tape where writes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a separate tape where writes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a separate tape where writes the
+oracle question and then goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle question and then goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle question and then goes into a
+special query state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special query state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special query state
+you know you can formalize it however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can formalize it however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can formalize it however
+you like they're all going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like they're all going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like they're all going to be any
+reasonable way of formalizing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of formalizing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of formalizing it is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+come up with the same notion in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same notion in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the same notion in the end
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it does show that p with a tqbf oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does show that p with a tqbf oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does show that p with a tqbf oracle
+equals p space yes that is correct good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p space yes that is correct good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p space yes that is correct good
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do we need the oracle to be tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need the oracle to be tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need the oracle to be tqbf
+wouldn't sat also work because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sat also work because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sat also work because it could
+solve any np problem so you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any np problem so you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any np problem so you're asking
+does p with a sad oracle equal np with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does p with a sad oracle equal np with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does p with a sad oracle equal np with a
+sad oracle not known and and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad oracle not known and and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad oracle not known and and not
+believed not to be true but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed not to be true but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed not to be true but we don't
+don't have a compelling reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a compelling reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a compelling reason for that
+but uh no one has any idea how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh no one has any idea how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh no one has any idea how to do
+that because for example you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because for example you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because for example you know we
+showed the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the um
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+complement of min formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of min formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of min formula
+is an np with a sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an np with a sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an np with a sad oracle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but no one knows how to do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one knows how to do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one knows how to do because
+there's sort of two levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two levels of
+non-determinism there there's guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism there there's guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism there there's guessing
+the smaller formula and then guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller formula and then guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller formula and then guessing
+again to check the uh equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to check the uh equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to check the uh equivalence
+and they really can't be combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really can't be combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really can't be combined
+because one of them sort of exit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of them sort of exit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of them sort of exit an
+exist type guessing the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist type guessing the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist type guessing the other one is
+kind of a for all type guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a for all type guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a for all type guessing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's
+no one knows how to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows how to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows how to do that in
+polynomial time with the sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time with the sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time with the sad oracle
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it generally believed that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generally believed that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generally believed that they're not
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the check and why was b false b was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the check and why was b false b was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the check and why was b false b was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the same question does np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question does np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question does np
+with the sat oracle equal coin p with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sat oracle equal coin p with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sat oracle equal coin p with a
+sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad oracle
+i'm not saying it's false it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's false it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's false it's just not
+known to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be true
+if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can
+you know it doesn't follow from anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't follow from anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't follow from anything
+that we've shown so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've shown so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've shown so far
+and i think you know that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you know that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you know that would be
+something that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um
+well i i guess it doesn't immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i guess it doesn't immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i guess it doesn't immediately
+imply any famous open problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply any famous open problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply any famous open problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know uh i wouldn't necessarily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh i wouldn't necessarily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh i wouldn't necessarily you
+wouldn't expect you to know that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect you to know that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect you to know that it's an
+unsolved problem but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved problem but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsolved problem but it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+could we have oracles for undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have oracles for undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have oracles for undecidable
+languages absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages absolutely
+would it be helpful well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be helpful well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be helpful well if you're
+trying to solve a solvent undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a solvent undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a solvent undecidable
+problem it would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it would be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it would be helpful
+but people do study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people do study that
+you know in fact the original concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact the original concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact the original concept of
+oracle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle's
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+presented in the um what was derived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the um what was derived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the um what was derived in
+the compute computability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compute computability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compute computability theory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and a side note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a side note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a side note
+you can talk about reducibility that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about reducibility that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk about reducibility that i
+don't want to go there too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go there too complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go there too complicated
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is not known to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not known to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not known to be true
+again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um
+what is not known to be true is that np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not known to be true is that np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not known to be true is that np
+with a sad oracle equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sad oracle equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sad oracle equals
+cohen p with the sad oracle or equals p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohen p with the sad oracle or equals p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohen p with the sad oracle or equals p
+with the sad oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sad oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sad oracle
+nothing is known except the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is known except the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is known except the obvious
+relations among those those are all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among those those are all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among those those are all on
+unknown and just not known to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and just not known to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and just not known to be true
+or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is np with a sad oracle equal to np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is np with a sad oracle equal to np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is np with a sad oracle equal to np
+probably not np with a sad oracle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not np with a sad oracle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not np with a sad oracle for
+one thing contains cohen and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing contains cohen and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing contains cohen and p
+because it's even more powerful we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's even more powerful we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's even more powerful we
+pointed out that p with a certain oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that p with a certain oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that p with a certain oracle
+contains with it it contains coin p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains with it it contains coin p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains with it it contains coin p
+and so np with the satellite is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so np with the satellite is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so np with the satellite is going to
+be at least as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least as good
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+it's going to contain cohen p and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to contain cohen p and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to contain cohen p and so
+probably not going to be equal to np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to be equal to np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to be equal to np
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shockingly unexpected things happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockingly unexpected things happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockingly unexpected things happen in
+our complexity world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N61FzRr2so0.txt b/N61FzRr2so0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c410596cf20cb524301f2e600a16ab68afe749d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N61FzRr2so0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we will concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we will concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we will concentrate on
+the study of Markov chains in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of Markov chains in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of Markov chains in the long
+run and study under what conditions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and study under what conditions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and study under what conditions a
+Markov chain exhibits steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain exhibits steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain exhibits steady-state
+behavior under the what conditions such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior under the what conditions such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior under the what conditions such
+steady-state behavior is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state behavior is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state behavior is independent of
+the initial starting state more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial starting state more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial starting state more
+precisely we will look at long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we will look at long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we will look at long-term
+state occupancy behavior that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state occupancy behavior that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state occupancy behavior that is in the
+N step transition probabilities when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N step transition probabilities when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N step transition probabilities when n
+is large so for example assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large so for example assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large so for example assume that we
+have a Markov chain which is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Markov chain which is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Markov chain which is initially
+in a given state I and consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given state I and consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given state I and consider the
+probability that the chain is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the chain is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the chain is in a
+specific state J after n transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific state J after n transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific state J after n transitions
+question does that probability converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does that probability converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does that probability converge
+to some constant when n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constant when n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constant when n goes to infinity
+second question and if this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question and if this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question and if this is the case
+can this constant be independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this constant be independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this constant be independent of the
+initial state I we will see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state I we will see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state I we will see that for
+nice Markov chains the answer to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Markov chains the answer to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Markov chains the answer to both
+questions will be yes how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions will be yes how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions will be yes how to
+characterize nice Markov chains we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize nice Markov chains we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize nice Markov chains we will
+use several new concepts one dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use several new concepts one dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use several new concepts one dealing
+with the Markov chain being a cyclic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Markov chain being a cyclic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Markov chain being a cyclic or
+not and the other with the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the other with the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the other with the notion of
+recurrent classes without going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes without going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes without going into
+details now let us simply mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details now let us simply mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details now let us simply mention that
+we will show that the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show that the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show that the existence of
+convergence will be tied to having an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence will be tied to having an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence will be tied to having an a
+cyclic Markov chain and in case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic Markov chain and in case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic Markov chain and in case we have
+convergence the independence from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the independence from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the independence from the
+initial state will be tied to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state will be tied to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state will be tied to having a
+single recurrent class we will end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single recurrent class we will end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single recurrent class we will end this
+lecture by looking in details at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by looking in details at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by looking in details at a
+special and important class of Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and important class of Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and important class of Markov
+chains usually known as birth-death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains usually known as birth-death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains usually known as birth-death
+processes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NZbQZVMDeEc.txt b/NZbQZVMDeEc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fa00fa0fe8860b0e02f031ae5771d6642f1e583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NZbQZVMDeEc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this recitation we will apply some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation we will apply some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this recitation we will apply some of
+the ideas from Moneyball to data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas from Moneyball to data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas from Moneyball to data from
+the National Basketball Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Basketball Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Basketball Association
+that is the NBA so the first thing we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the NBA so the first thing we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the NBA so the first thing we'll
+do is read in the data and learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is read in the data and learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is read in the data and learn about
+it the data we have is located in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the data we have is located in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the data we have is located in the
+file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+NBA underscore train and contains data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA underscore train and contains data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA underscore train and contains data
+from all teams and seasons since 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all teams and seasons since 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all teams and seasons since 1980
+except for ones with less than 82 games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for ones with less than 82 games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for ones with less than 82 games
+so we'll read this in to the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll read this in to the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll read this in to the variable
+NBA NBA equals read CSV of NBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA NBA equals read CSV of NBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA NBA equals read CSV of NBA
+underscore train das est ok so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore train das est ok so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore train das est ok so we've
+read it in and let's explore it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in and let's explore it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in and let's explore it a little
+bit using the STR command STR of NBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so this is our data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is our data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this is our data frame we
+have 835 observations of 20 variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 835 observations of 20 variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 835 observations of 20 variables
+let's take a look at what some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what some of these
+variables are season end is the year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are season end is the year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are season end is the year the
+season ended team is the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season ended team is the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season ended team is the name of the
+team and playoffs is a binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and playoffs is a binary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and playoffs is a binary variable
+for whether or not a team made it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether or not a team made it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether or not a team made it to the
+playoffs that year if they made it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs that year if they made it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs that year if they made it to
+the playoffs it's a 1 if not it's a 0 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs it's a 1 if not it's a 0 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs it's a 1 if not it's a 0 w
+stands for the number of regular-season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the number of regular-season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the number of regular-season
+wins pts stands for points scored during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins pts stands for points scored during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins pts stands for points scored during
+the regular season OPP pts stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular season OPP pts stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular season OPP pts stands for
+opponent points scored during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent points scored during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent points scored during the
+regular season and then we've got quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season and then we've got quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season and then we've got quite
+a few variables that have have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few variables that have have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few variables that have have the
+variable name and then the same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and then the same variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and then the same variable
+with an A afterwards so we've got F G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an A afterwards so we've got F G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an A afterwards so we've got F G
+and F G a X 2px 2px 3px 3 PA ft and f ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F G a X 2px 2px 3px 3 PA ft and f ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F G a X 2px 2px 3px 3 PA ft and f ta
+so what this notation is is it means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this notation is is it means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this notation is is it means if
+there's an A it means the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an A it means the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an A it means the number that
+were attempted and if not it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attempted and if not it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attempted and if not it means the
+number that were successful so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that were successful so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that were successful so for
+example FG is the number of successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example FG is the number of successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example FG is the number of successful
+field goals including 2 & 3 pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field goals including 2 & 3 pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field goals including 2 & 3 pointers
+whereas fga is the number of few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas fga is the number of few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas fga is the number of few
+goal attempts so this also contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal attempts so this also contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal attempts so this also contains the
+number of unsuccessful field goals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unsuccessful field goals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unsuccessful field goals so
+FDA will always be a bigger number than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA will always be a bigger number than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA will always be a bigger number than
+FG the next pair is for two pointers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG the next pair is for two pointers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG the next pair is for two pointers the
+number of successful two pointers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful two pointers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful two pointers and
+the number attempted the pair after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number attempted the pair after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number attempted the pair after that
+right down here is four three pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down here is four three pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down here is four three pointers
+the number successful and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number successful and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number successful and the number
+attempted and the next pair is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted and the next pair is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted and the next pair is four
+free-throws the number successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-throws the number successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-throws the number successful and
+the number attempted now you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number attempted now you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number attempted now you'll notice
+actually that the two pointers and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that the two pointers and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that the two pointers and three
+pointer variables have an X in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer variables have an X in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer variables have an X in front of
+them well this isn't because we had an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well this isn't because we had an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well this isn't because we had an X
+in the original data in fact if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original data in fact if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original data in fact if you were
+to open up the CSV file of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up the CSV file of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open up the CSV file of the original
+data it would just say 2p + 2 PA + 3 p +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it would just say 2p + 2 PA + 3 p +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it would just say 2p + 2 PA + 3 p +
+3 PA without the X in front the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 PA without the X in front the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 PA without the X in front the reason
+there's an X in front of it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an X in front of it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an X in front of it is because
+when we load it into our our doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we load it into our our doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we load it into our our doesn't
+like it when a variable begins with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it when a variable begins with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it when a variable begins with a
+number so if the variable begins with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if the variable begins with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if the variable begins with a
+number it will put an X in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it will put an X in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it will put an X in front of it
+this is fine it's just something we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine it's just something we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine it's just something we need
+to be mindful of when we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mindful of when we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mindful of when we're dealing with
+variables in our so moving on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in our so moving on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in our so moving on to the
+rest of our variables we've got Bo our B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of our variables we've got Bo our B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of our variables we've got Bo our B
+and D are B these are offensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are B these are offensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D are B these are offensive and
+defensive rebounds ast stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds ast stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds ast stands for
+assists st l stands for steals blk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assists st l stands for steals blk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assists st l stands for steals blk
+stands for blocks and t OV e stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for blocks and t OV e stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for blocks and t OV e stands for
+turnovers don't worry if you're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers don't worry if you're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers don't worry if you're not a
+basketball expert and don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball expert and don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball expert and don't understand
+exactly the difference between each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the difference between each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the difference between each of
+these variables but we just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables but we just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables but we just wanted to
+familiarize you with some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarize you with some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarize you with some common
+basketball statistics that are recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball statistics that are recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball statistics that are recorded
+and explain the labeling notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explain the labeling notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explain the labeling notation that
+we use in our data will go on to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in our data will go on to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in our data will go on to use
+these variables in the next video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NpBq_JnLKv8.txt b/NpBq_JnLKv8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27426a13208ed8b8237998f3a4c4c298a142189a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NpBq_JnLKv8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi, I'm Jocelyn, and
+today we're going to go
+
+over to the Exam 2 from Fall
+2009, and Problem 4,
+
+Parts (a) and (b).
+
+As always, we're going to start
+by reading the question.
+
+Boron exists in the gas state
+as the dimer of boron 2.
+
+Explain how the fact that B(2)
+is paramagnetic, two unpaired
+
+electrons, implies that, in
+this molecule, the pi 2p
+
+orbitals must lie at a lower
+energy than do the sigma 2p.
+
+OK, so what is this question
+actually asking you to do?
+
+Well, it's asking you why the
+energy of the pi 2p is less
+
+than the energy of the sigma
+2p, given that boron 2 is
+
+paramagnetic.
+
+So the first thing we need to
+know is what paramagnetic
+
+means, and he actually gives
+that to you in the problem, so
+
+it means that you have two
+unpaired electrons.
+
+So this is unpaired electrons.
+
+We are asked here then to give
+a reason why the fact that
+
+there are unpaired electrons
+implies a certain ordering of
+
+the sigma and pi 2p orbitals.
+
+So the first thing we want to
+do, probably, is recognize
+
+that these are molecular
+orbitals, not atomic orbitals.
+
+Therefore, we probably want to
+start by drawing the molecular
+
+orbital diagram for boron.
+
+Now, how do we draw a molecular
+orbital diagram.
+
+Well, the first thing
+to do is to start
+
+with the atomic orbitals.
+
+So boron has five electrons,
+as we can find out from our
+
+periodic table, and they occupy
+the 1s, the 2s, and one
+
+electron in the 2p.
+
+Again, if this seems unfamiliar
+to you, you might
+
+want to go back to earlier in
+the course, where we went over
+
+electron configuration.
+
+However, when we're looking
+at molecular orbitals, we
+
+actually only care about the
+valence electrons, because
+
+those are what are involved
+in bonding.
+
+The core electrons are much,
+much lower in energy, so they
+
+aren't really involved
+in the bonding.
+
+So we're actually only going
+to look at the electrons in
+
+the second energy level.
+
+So we have three valence
+electrons per boron, and they
+
+are in the 2s and 2p, which we
+remember, there are three p
+
+orbitals in each energy level.
+
+So now let's draw those in.
+
+We have 2s and 2p.
+
+Remember to always have a scale
+here, and we're in an
+
+energy space, and this is not
+to scale, because we're just
+
+looking at relative energies, we
+don't care about the actual
+
+difference in energy.
+
+And because we have
+two borons--
+
+so this is boron one--
+
+I'm going to draw the same
+thing over here.
+
+Make sure they're at the same
+energy level because they are
+
+the exact same atom,
+and therefore,
+
+the same atomic orbitals.
+
+So this is, again, boron,
+and we have three
+
+electrons for each.
+
+We don't have to fill them in,
+but I'm going to do so, just
+
+to keep track.
+
+And again, we're filling
+according to the orbital
+
+filling rules gone over
+earlier in the class.
+
+So now that we have our atomic
+orbitals, we are going to
+
+combine them to, like,
+molecular orbitals.
+
+And we want to remember that s
+orbitals combine to make a
+
+sigma and a sigma bonding and
+a sigma anti-bonding.
+
+Remember that whenever
+you combine atomic
+
+orbitals, you create--
+
+if you're combining two atomic
+orbitals, you create one of a
+
+higher energy and one of a lower
+energy, because the net
+
+energy stays the same.
+
+Oh sorry, that's crooked.
+
+All right, now we'll move on
+to the 2p, and because the
+
+problem told us that we need to
+explain why the pi bonding
+
+orbitals are lower in energy
+than the sigma bonding
+
+orbitals, we're going to start
+with that configuration.
+
+The actual order depends on the
+molecule, and so without
+
+any extra information, we
+wouldn't really know if the
+
+sigma was above or
+below the pi.
+
+So as the question, kind of,
+hints at: p orbitals make two
+
+pi bonds and one sigma bond.
+
+This is due to the orientation
+of the pi bonds, or the p
+
+orbitals in space.
+
+Then, as always, we need to put
+in the anti-bonding just
+
+to make sure we keep track
+of all of our orbitals.
+
+OK, so we combined one, two,
+three, four, five, six, seven,
+
+eight atomic orbitals, and we
+made one, two, three, four,
+
+five, six, seven, eight
+molecular orbitals.
+
+We want to make sure we always
+have the same number of
+
+orbitals before and after.
+
+So now we can fill in the
+electrons into the molecular
+
+orbitals: that's these
+in the middle here.
+
+And we use the same rules as
+we do when we're filling
+
+atomic orbitals.
+
+So we start at the lowest
+energy, pairing spins, if we
+
+only have one orbital in the
+energy level; but as here, we
+
+have degenerate orbitals,
+so we can actually
+
+have unpaired spins.
+
+So we have one, two, three,
+four, five, six electrons, and
+
+we have three from each boron
+atom, and so, we have the same
+
+number of electrons
+in our molecule.
+
+Now that we have our molecular
+orbital diagram, we can go
+
+back to the actual question.
+
+Some students stopped here
+and were like, I made the
+
+molecular orbital diagram.
+
+I'm done.
+
+But we need to remember that the
+question is asking us why
+
+the configuration we drew makes
+sense because of the
+
+unpaired electrons.
+
+So if we go back to our
+molecular orbital diagram, we
+
+see that because the pi 2p have
+two degenerate orbitals,
+
+we can have unpaired
+electrons.
+
+If we think about the sigma
+being below, we would have
+
+paired up those electrons, and
+therefore, gotten 0 unpaired
+
+electrons, and it would
+not be paramagnetic.
+
+So let's just try that out.
+
+Move over here, and we're
+going to draw just the
+
+molecular orbitals; since we
+already did the full process
+
+of making them from
+the atomic.
+
+So this is the sigma
+2s, sigma star 2s.
+
+And now we're just looking at
+what if the sigma 2p was lower
+
+in energy than the pi 2p.
+
+And again, we would fill up our
+orbitals, and we see that
+
+because this lowest occupied
+molecular orbital is
+
+singularly degenerate, we pair
+up our electrons, and so if
+
+this were the case, boron would
+not be paramagnetic.
+
+However, because it is
+paramagnetic, we know that the
+
+pi 2p is lower in energy
+than the sigma 2p.
+
+So that's what this question
+was asking, and if you said
+
+all those things, great
+job, and you answered
+
+the question correctly.
+
+Now we're going to move on to
+Part (b), and it's very
+
+related to Part (a), so
+we're going to use the
+
+same diagrams here.
+
+So it asks, is the gas molecule
+B(2) 2 minus more or
+
+less stable than the gas
+molecule to B(2).
+
+Explain.
+
+So here he's asking about the
+boron dimer that has a
+
+negative 2 charge-- that is,
+it has two extra electrons.
+
+So we're still talking about
+boron; and thus the atomic
+
+orbitals that we're combining
+are exactly the same.
+
+I'll write that down.
+
+So we have we still have
+the 2s and the 2p
+
+from each of the boron.
+
+That's not the same energy
+level, and they still make the
+
+same molecular orbitals, but we
+have two extra electrons.
+
+So when we go to fill up our
+molecular orbitals, we now
+
+have eight instead of six.
+
+So not only is the boron 2 minus
+no longer paramagnetic,
+
+because we don't have unpaired
+electrons, but we also have a
+
+difference in the bond order.
+
+So if you don't remember what
+bonding order is, it is when--
+
+I'll just put it here--
+
+it's how we determine the
+strength of the interaction
+
+between the two atoms. And
+because he's asking is the
+
+boron 2 minus more or less
+stable, we want to figure out
+
+the strength of the interaction,
+and that will
+
+tell us which is more stable.
+
+So the bond order is the bonding
+electrons minus the
+
+anti-bonding divided by 2.
+
+Sorry that's a little messy, but
+I hope you get the idea.
+
+So for boron 2 minus, which
+we're talking about over here,
+
+the bonding order: we have
+two, four, six bonding
+
+electrons, electrons in
+bonding orbitals.
+
+And we have two in anti-bonding
+orbitals, divided
+
+by 2 and that gives us
+a bonding order of 2.
+
+So that's equivalent to saying
+there's a double bond between
+
+the boron 2 minus, the two
+borons in that molecule.
+
+So let's move back to our
+diagram for the neutral boron
+
+dimer, and we have two, three,
+four bonding, and two
+
+anti-bonding, and so
+that equals 1.
+
+So in the neutral dimer, we have
+a bonding order of 1, and
+
+in the charged 2 minus dimer, we
+have a bonding order of 2.
+
+From this, we can see that the
+2 minus has more bonding
+
+interaction, and so, it
+will be more stable.
+
+So again, you can't just put
+that it's more stable, we need
+
+to have an explanation for
+why, and this is a way to
+
+explain that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O7IwAlval_0.txt b/O7IwAlval_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2685abe62a81566f3f376576c440dd5182dcdaa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O7IwAlval_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi, and welcome
+back to the 14.01 problem
+
+solving videos.
+
+Today we're going to do Fall
+2010 problem set 6,
+
+problem number 3.
+
+Moldavia is a small country that
+currently trades freely
+
+in the world barley market.
+
+Demand and supply for barley in
+Moldavia is governed by the
+
+following schedules.
+
+The demand is given by
+quantity demanded
+
+equals 4 minus p.
+
+The supply is given by the
+quantity supplied equals p.
+
+And the world price of barley
+is $1 per bushel.
+
+Part A asks us to calculate
+the free trade equilibrium
+
+price and quantity of
+barley in Moldavia.
+
+How many bushels do they import
+or export, and on a
+
+well-labeled graph depict this
+equilibrium situation and
+
+shade the gains from trade
+relative to the autarkic no
+
+trade equilibrium in Moldavia.
+
+So what we're going to be doing
+in this problem is we're
+
+going to be working with three
+different functions.
+
+The first is the domestic
+demand.
+
+This is how much people in
+Moldavia want barley.
+
+The domestic supply tells us how
+much the suppliers within
+
+the country are willing
+to supply.
+
+And the international price is
+telling us if we open up the
+
+borders to trade without
+any tariffs or any
+
+barriers for trade.
+
+This is what the equilibrium
+price, or the new equilibrium
+
+price will become.
+
+So let's pretend for a second
+that we're in autarky where
+
+there's no trade at all.
+
+In that case the supply
+function, which is our
+
+domestic supply, and
+demand function
+
+are going to be equal.
+
+And in this case we're going
+to have a quantity supplied
+
+that'll be right here at
+the equilibrium point.
+
+Now what's going to happen is
+that we're going to have the
+
+international price come in when
+we open up or borders.
+
+And it's going to function
+like a price cap.
+
+So instead of the price being
+way up here when we only have
+
+domestic suppliers, we're going
+to see that the price is
+
+going to shift down
+to p equals 1 to
+
+the equilibrium price.
+
+And what's going to happen is
+consumers are going to be able
+
+to consume more out to this
+point which we'll calculate.
+
+Suppliers domestically will only
+be willing to supply a
+
+quantity at this point.
+
+And that means that all of this
+in the middle, which in
+
+earlier problems we would
+have thought of
+
+as the excess demand.
+
+It's no longer excess.
+
+These consumers can actually
+get a product.
+
+And the way they're
+going to get this
+
+product is through imports.
+
+And we need to calculate how
+much people are going to
+
+demand, how much the domestic
+suppliers will produce, and
+
+what the difference
+is made up by the
+
+international importers.
+
+So to start off, let's think
+about what's going to happen
+
+when we have free trade.
+
+Well in free trade we're
+going to start off
+
+with our demand function.
+
+And instead of setting this
+demand function equal to the
+
+supply function, we're just
+going to plug in the
+
+international price for the
+free trade scenario.
+
+So we can see that in free
+trade people are going to
+
+demand three of the products.
+
+Now at the price of one,
+however, the suppliers aren't
+
+going to be willing to
+supply these three.
+
+So we can calculate how much
+they'll actually be willing to
+
+supply at the price of one.
+
+So just plugging in the price
+we find the quantity that
+
+they're willing to supply is
+going to be equal to 1.
+
+So that means that the
+difference here is going to
+
+have to be made up by imports.
+
+So importers are going
+to be equal to 2.
+
+Now compared to the autarky
+scenario, what we had is we
+
+would set the quantity
+demanded equal to
+
+the quantity supplied.
+
+And we would have found that the
+price would be equal to 2
+
+and the quantity supplied would
+have been equal to 2.
+
+Now we can represent
+on the graph in
+
+this autarky situation.
+
+I'm going to outline in blue
+what the total consumer and
+
+producer surplus would've
+looked like.
+
+So we would have had a consumer
+surplus which would
+
+have just been the space below
+the demand curve up until the
+
+equilibrium price of 2.
+
+So this would have been
+our consumer surplus.
+
+And we would have
+had a producer
+
+surplus up to the price.
+
+It's a triangle up
+to the price but
+
+above the supply curve.
+
+So the total surplus beforehand
+was this box.
+
+Afterwards what we're going to
+have is we're going to have a
+
+new consumer surplus because
+more people are
+
+accessing the product.
+
+So our new consumer surplus
+is right here.
+
+Our new producer surplus is
+this triangle out here.
+
+And looking at our graph, the
+only difference between the
+
+free trade scenario and the
+autarky scenario is this box
+
+right here that I'm
+shading in.
+
+So you can see that what
+actually happened here
+
+conceptually is that
+the domestic
+
+producers were worse off.
+
+Their producer surplus
+decreased.
+
+But the consumer surplus
+increased so much that
+
+overall, the total surplus
+within this country increased
+
+by an amount equal to the area
+of this box, which we could
+
+calculate if we needed to.
+
+Let's go ahead and move on to
+part B. Part B says the prime
+
+minister of Moldavia,
+sympathetic as always,
+
+believes he can help those hurt
+by free trade in barley
+
+relative to the situation
+and autarky.
+
+He taxes the party that has
+benefited from free trade
+
+equal to the amount per bushel
+that is the difference between
+
+the autarkic price of barley,
+which we calculated right
+
+here, the difference between
+that price and the free trade
+
+price of barley, which
+is equal to 1.
+
+Furthermore, he rebates the
+entire government revenue of
+
+the tax back to the party
+harmed by free trade.
+
+In a new, well-labeled
+diagram show the
+
+post-tax equilibrium situation.
+
+Calculate and show the new
+equilibrium price and quantity
+
+of barley in Moldavia, the
+changes in the quantity of
+
+imports or exports, the amount
+of revenue collected by the
+
+prime minister, and who pays the
+larger burden of this tax,
+
+consumers or producers
+in Moldavia and why.
+
+So there's a lot of things that
+we need to answer in this
+
+problem, but the first step is
+going to be to really think
+
+about how this tax is going to
+affect the equilibrium that we
+
+calculated.
+
+And so this tax is going
+to be paid by
+
+the group that benefits.
+
+So looking at our graph we said
+that the consumers are
+
+benefiting.
+
+We saw that their consumer
+surplus changed from this
+
+triangle to the much
+larger triangle.
+
+So they're going to be the group
+that's paying this tax.
+
+So we're going to have
+a new domestic demand
+
+curve for this scenario.
+
+And so we started with our
+demand curve of qd
+
+equals 4 minus p.
+
+I'm going to get the inverse
+demand so that it's p
+
+equals 4 minus qd.
+
+And now instead of their inverse
+demand being equal to
+
+this, we have to
+add in the tax.
+
+So the demand curve is going to
+shift so that t plus p is
+
+equal to 4 minus qd.
+
+So basically when they think
+about how much they're willing
+
+to buy, it's going
+to be reduced.
+
+The whole demand curve is going
+to shift down by the
+
+amount of the tax.
+
+And so we can represent
+this graphically.
+
+The demand curve is going
+to shift down an amount
+
+equal to the tax.
+
+I'm going to put dt represent
+the demand
+
+curve after the tax.
+
+And the distance from here, from
+our initial equilibrium,
+
+down to where the demand
+curve is now is going
+
+to be equal to t.
+
+And so we can go ahead since we
+know the tax is going to be
+
+equal to the difference between
+the autarkic price and
+
+the free trade price,
+or 2 minus 1.
+
+We know that t is going
+to be equal to 1.
+
+So now we have a new
+equation for our
+
+quantity that's demanded.
+
+And we can again set, since we
+are still open up to trade,
+
+we're going to set the price
+equal to 1 and we can solve
+
+for the new quantity demanded.
+
+So in this scenario since
+we're taxing the group,
+
+they're not willing
+to buy as much.
+
+The quantity that they're
+demanding has shifted
+
+from 3 down to 2.
+
+And how we can represent that
+is initially we had the
+
+international price right
+here at p equals 1.
+
+So in our initial scenario they
+were demanding qd and
+
+domestic suppliers were
+supplying at qs.
+
+And now in the new scenario what
+we're going to see is see
+
+that the qt, or the quantity
+that's demanded with the tax,
+
+has shifted down because of the
+tax shifting the demand
+
+curve down as a whole.
+
+Now the last thing, or the other
+things that this problem
+
+asks us is how much tax revenue
+are they going to
+
+receive and how are the imports
+and the domestic
+
+supply going to change.
+
+Well the quantity that's
+supplied by domestic producers
+
+given that the demand is still
+above 1, the quantity that's
+
+going to be supplied in this new
+scenario is still going to
+
+be equal to 1.
+
+And what we're going to see is
+this reduction in demand is
+
+only going to affect
+the importers.
+
+So before, we had 3 and
+then minus 1 for the
+
+amount that's supplied.
+
+Now instead, the imports are
+going to be reduced by 1.
+
+And a total tax revenue that's
+going to be collected is going
+
+to be equal to the quantity
+that's demanded times t.
+
+So we have that the total tax
+revenue in the situation is
+
+equal to $2.
+
+So in part A we saw a scenario
+where we calculated and looked
+
+at what quantity was supplied
+and what price was given when
+
+there was no free
+trade at all.
+
+When it was complete autarky.
+
+Now what we're going to do is
+we're going to look at the
+
+free trade scenario where
+there's the tax.
+
+And we're going to specifically
+look at the
+
+producer surplus.
+
+We're going to compare the
+producer surplus in autarky to
+
+the producer surplus when
+there's free trade but they're
+
+receiving the $2 rebate
+from the government.
+
+So part C asks us, are the free
+trade losers better off
+
+or worse off after the
+rebate than they were
+
+under autarky and why.
+
+Let's start off by drawing
+graphs to represent both of
+
+these scenarios.
+
+In autarky what would happen
+is there would be no
+
+international price.
+
+And instead we would just have
+the equilibrium price right
+
+here, with a quantity demanded
+of 2 and a price of 2 as well.
+
+So in the autarky situation we
+can calculate the producer
+
+surplus as this triangle
+right here.
+
+To calculate the producer
+surplus in autarky it's just
+
+going to be 1/2 times
+2 times 2.
+
+So beforehand, the producer
+surplus, the area of this
+
+triangle, is equal to 2.
+
+Let's look at the scenario after
+they're open up to free
+
+trade but with the producers
+getting that $2 rebate from
+
+the government.
+
+So in this scenario, the
+international price of one
+
+caps the price that the
+suppliers are going to get.
+
+And so the suppliers in this
+scenario are also only going
+
+to supply a quantity
+of one as well.
+
+So the producer surplus
+in this scenario
+
+is a smaller triangle.
+
+But the added benefit is that
+a chunk of the producer
+
+surplus, the $2, is also being
+added in to the producer
+
+surplus that would have existed
+under free trade.
+
+So we're going to calculate the
+area of this triangle, add
+
+in the $2 government rebate to
+get the new producer surplus
+
+in the free trade situation.
+
+So normally the area of that
+triangle would only be 1/2.
+
+But since we're adding in the
+government rebate of $2, we
+
+find that in the free trade
+scenario the producer surplus
+
+has increased to 2.5.
+
+So since the producer surplus
+increased to 2.5 we can say
+
+that the producers are better
+off under the free trade
+
+system with the caveat that
+they're receiving a government
+
+revenue or a tax.
+
+So to quickly summarize
+the parts of the
+
+problem that we saw.
+
+What we saw here is we looked
+at the autarkic situation
+
+where there's no free trade.
+
+And then we looked at how
+producers and consumers are
+
+affected when borders are open
+up to free trade without any
+
+government intervention.
+
+After that we saw what happens
+when the government has a
+
+policy of taking away from
+the group of consumers or
+
+producers that benefit and
+giving set revenue back to the
+
+other group.
+
+And we compared the producers'
+surplus before and after the
+
+new government intervention.
\ No newline at end of file
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+content is provided
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+OpenCourseWare continue
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+from hundreds of MIT courses,
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+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so welcome
+back to computational systems
+
+biology, I'm David Gifford.
+
+I'm delighted to be with
+you here here today.
+
+And today we're going to be
+talking about a topic that
+
+is central to modern high
+throughput biology, which
+
+is understanding how to do
+short read alignment, sometimes
+
+called read mapping.
+
+Now it's very important
+to me that you understand
+
+what I'm about to
+say today, and so I'm
+
+hopeful that you'll be
+uninhibited to raise your hand
+
+and ask questions about the
+fine points in today's lecture
+
+if you have any, because I'd
+be totally delighted to answer
+
+any questions and we
+have enough time today
+
+that we can spend time looking
+at one aspect of this problem
+
+and understand it thoroughly.
+
+An associated topic is the
+question library complexity.
+
+How many people have heard of
+sequencing libraries before?
+
+Let's see a show of hands.
+
+OK, how many people have heard
+of read alignment before, read
+
+mapping?
+
+OK, great, fantastic.
+
+Let's start with
+what we're going
+
+to be talking about today.
+
+We're going to first begin
+talking about what a sequencing
+
+library is and what we
+mean by library complexity.
+
+We'll then turn to what has been
+called a full text minute size
+
+index, sometimes called a
+burrows Wheeler transform
+
+index, a BWT index,
+an FM index, but this
+
+is at the center of most
+modern computational biology
+
+algorithms for processing high
+throughput sequencing data.
+
+And then we'll turn how
+to use that type of index
+
+for read alignment.
+
+So let's start now with what
+a sequencing library Is.
+
+Let's just say that
+you have a DNA sample,
+
+we'll be talking about various
+ways of producing said samples
+
+throughout the term.
+
+But we're going
+to assume that we
+
+have a bunch of
+different DNA molecules.
+
+And I'll illustrate the
+different molecules here
+
+in different colors.
+
+And we have three different
+types of molecules here.
+
+Some molecules are duplicated,
+because as you know,
+
+typically, we're preparing DNA
+from an experiment where there
+
+are many cells and we can get
+copies of DNA from those cells
+
+or the DNA could
+be amplified using
+
+PCR or some other technique.
+
+So we have this
+collection of molecules,
+
+and to make a library,
+we're going to process it.
+
+And one of the
+things that we'll do
+
+when we process the
+library is we'll
+
+put sequencing adapters on.
+
+These are short DNA
+sequences that we
+
+put on to the end
+of the molecules
+
+to enable them to
+have defined sequences
+
+at the ends which
+permits sequencing.
+
+Now, if somebody hands you
+a tube of DNA like this,
+
+there are a couple
+questions you could ask.
+
+You could check the DNA
+concentration to find out
+
+how DNA is there,
+you could run a gel
+
+to look at the size
+of the fragments
+
+that you're sequencing.
+
+We'll be returning
+to that later,
+
+but these are typically
+called the insert sizes
+
+of the library that
+you're sequencing,
+
+the total length of the
+DNA excluding the adapters.
+
+But we could also ask questions
+about how complex this library
+
+is, because it's possible to run
+experiments where you produce
+
+libraries that are
+not very complex,
+
+where they don't have very many
+different types of molecules.
+
+Now that typically is a
+failure of the experiment.
+
+So an important part
+of quality control
+
+is characterizing the
+library complexity
+
+where we want to figure out
+here complexity is equal to 3.
+
+There are three different
+types of molecules.
+
+And we sample these molecules.
+
+And when we sample them, we get
+a bunch of DNA sequence reads.
+
+And typically the number
+of reads that we get
+
+is larger than the
+complexity of the library.
+
+Here we have a total
+of 12 different reads.
+
+And when we sequence a library,
+we're sampling from it.
+
+And so the probability that we
+get any one particular molecule
+
+is going to be roughly
+speaking equal to 1
+
+over c, which is the complexity.
+
+And thus, we could use
+the binomial distribution
+
+to figure out the
+likelihood that we
+
+had exactly four of
+these type one molecules.
+
+However, as n the number
+of sequencing reads
+
+grows to be very large, typical
+numbers are a hundred million
+
+different reads,
+the binomial becomes
+
+cumbersome to work with.
+
+And so we typically are
+going to characterize
+
+this kind of selection
+process with a different kind
+
+of distribution.
+
+So one idea is to
+use a Poisson, where
+
+we say that the
+rate of sequencing
+
+is going to be n over c.
+
+And we can see that
+here shown on the slide
+
+above is the same
+process where we
+
+have the ligation
+of the adapters.
+
+We have a library and we have
+reads coming from the library.
+
+We have a characterized
+library complexity here,
+
+there are four different
+types of molecules.
+
+And the modeling
+approach is that assuming
+
+that we have c different
+unique molecules,
+
+the probability that
+we'll get any one of them
+
+when we're doing the
+sequencing is 1 over c.
+
+And if we do end
+sequencing reads,
+
+we can find out the
+probability that we'll
+
+get a certain number of
+each type of molecule.
+
+Let's just stick with the
+first one to start, OK?
+
+Now part of the challenge
+in analyzing sequencing data
+
+is that you don't see
+what you don't sequence.
+
+So things that actually occur
+0 times in your sequencing data
+
+still may be present
+in the library.
+
+And what we would like to do
+is from the observed sequencing
+
+data, estimate the
+library complexity.
+
+So we have all of
+the sequencing data,
+
+we just don't know how
+many different molecules
+
+there are over here.
+
+So one way to do
+with this is to say
+
+that let us suppose that we
+make a histogram of the number
+
+of times we see
+distinct molecules
+
+and we're going to say that
+we can observe molecules that
+
+are sequenced or appear l
+times up through r times.
+
+So we actually can
+create a version
+
+of the distribution
+that characterizes
+
+just a part of
+what we're seeing.
+
+So if we do this, we can
+build a Poisson model
+
+and we can estimate lambda
+from what we can observe.
+
+We don't get to observe
+things we don't see.
+
+So for sure, we know
+we can't observe
+
+the things that are
+sequenced 0 times.
+
+But for the things that are
+sequenced at least one time,
+
+we can build an
+estimate of lambda.
+
+And from that
+estimate of lambda,
+
+we can build an estimate of C.
+
+So one way to look
+at this is that if we
+
+look at the total number
+of unique molecules
+
+that we sequence, which is
+equal to m, then the probability
+
+that we observe between l
+and r occurrences of a given
+
+individual sequence
+times c is going
+
+to be equal to the total
+number of unique molecules
+
+that we observe.
+
+Another way to look at this
+is the very bottom equation
+
+where we note that if we
+look at the total complexity
+
+of the library and we multiply
+it by 1 minus the probability
+
+that we don't observe
+certain molecules,
+
+that will give an estimate
+of the total number
+
+of unique molecules
+that we do see.
+
+And thus we can
+manipulate that to come up
+
+with an estimate
+of the complexity.
+
+Are there any questions about
+the details of this so far?
+
+OK, so this is a
+very simple model
+
+for estimating the
+complexity of a library based
+
+upon looking at the
+distribution of reads
+
+that we actually observe for
+quality control purposes.
+
+And let us suppose that
+we apply this to thousands
+
+genomes data, which is
+public data on human.
+
+And suppose we want to test
+whether this model works
+
+or not, so what
+we're going to do
+
+is we're going to estimate
+the library complexity from 10
+
+percent of the sequencing
+reads, so we'll
+
+pick 10 percent of the reads
+of an individual at random,
+
+we'll estimate the
+complexity of the library,
+
+and then we'll also take all
+of the region the individual
+
+and estimate the complexity.
+
+And if our estimator
+is pretty good,
+
+we should get about
+the same number,
+
+from 10 percent of the reads
+and from all of the reads.
+
+Will people go along with that?
+
+Think that seems reasonable?
+
+OK, so we do that.
+
+And this is what we get.
+
+And it's hard to see
+the diagonal line here,
+
+but there's a big oops here.
+
+And the big oops is that if we
+estimate the library complexity
+
+from just 10 percent
+of the reads,
+
+it's grossly underestimating
+the number of unique molecules
+
+we actually have.
+
+In fact, it's off by typically
+a factor of two or more.
+
+So for some reason,
+even though we're
+
+examining millions of
+reads in this subsample,
+
+we're not getting
+a good estimate
+
+of the complexity
+of the library.
+
+Does anybody have any idea
+what could be going wrong here?
+
+Why is it that this
+very simple model that
+
+is attempting to estimate how
+many different molecules we
+
+have here based upon what
+we observe is broken?
+
+Any ideas at all?
+
+And please say your name first.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Chris.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi Chris.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it because
+repeated sequences,
+
+so there could be a short
+sequence at the end of one
+
+molecule that's the beginning
+of another one, middle
+
+of another one, so [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Chris, you're
+on the right track, OK?
+
+Because what we have
+assumed at the outset
+
+was that all of these molecules
+occur with equal probability.
+
+Right?
+
+What would happen
+if in fact there
+
+are four copies
+of this purple one
+
+and only two copies of
+the other molecules?
+
+Then the probability
+of sampling this one
+
+is going to be twice as high
+as the probability of sampling
+
+one of these.
+
+If there's non uniformity
+in the original population,
+
+that's going to mess
+up our model big time.
+
+And that could happen
+from repeated sequences
+
+or other kinds of
+duplicated things,
+
+or it could be that there's
+unequal amplification.
+
+It might be that
+PCR really loves
+
+a particular molecule, right,
+and amplifies that one a lot,
+
+and doesn't amplify another one
+that's difficult to amplify.
+
+So somewhere in our
+experimental protocol pipeline,
+
+it could be that
+there's non uniformity
+
+and thus we're getting a
+skewness to our distribution
+
+here in our library.
+
+So the other thing
+that's true is
+
+in a Poisson, lambda,
+which is equal to the mean,
+
+is also equal to the variance.
+
+And so our Poisson's
+only one knob
+
+we could turn to fit
+the distribution.
+
+So coming back to this,
+we talked about the idea
+
+that the library complexity
+still may be four
+
+but then there may
+be different numbers
+
+of molecules of each type.
+
+And here's an idea
+for you, right?
+
+The idea is this.
+
+Imagine that the
+top distributions
+
+are the number of each type
+of molecule that are present.
+
+And it might be that our
+original assumption was
+
+that it was like the very
+top, that typically there
+
+are two copies of each molecule
+in the original sequencing
+
+library, and that's a
+fairly tight distribution.
+
+But it could be, in fact,
+that the number of molecules
+
+of each type is very dispersed.
+
+And so if we look at
+each one of those plots
+
+at the top, the
+first four, those
+
+are going to be our guesses
+about the distribution
+
+of the number of
+copies of a molecule
+
+in the original library.
+
+And we don't know
+what that is, right?
+
+That's something we can't
+directly observe, but imagine
+
+that we took that
+distribution and used it
+
+for lambda in our
+Poisson distribution
+
+down below for sampling.
+
+So we have one distribution
+over the number
+
+of each type of
+molecule we have and we
+
+have the Poisson for
+sampling from that,
+
+and we put those two together.
+
+And when we do that, we have
+the Poisson distribution
+
+at the top, the
+gamma distribution
+
+is what we'll use
+for representing
+
+the number of different
+species over here
+
+and their relative copy number.
+
+And when we actually put
+those together as shown,
+
+we wind up with what's
+called the negative binomial
+
+distribution, which is a
+more flexible distribution,
+
+it has two parameters.
+
+And that negative
+binomial distribution
+
+can be used, once again,
+to estimate our library
+
+complexity.
+
+And when we do so, we
+have lamba be the same,
+
+but k is a new parameter.
+
+It measures sort of the
+variance or dispersion
+
+of this original
+sequencing library.
+
+And then when we fit this
+negative binomial distribution
+
+to that 1,000 genomes data, it's
+going to be hopefully better.
+
+Let's start with
+a smaller example.
+
+If we have a library that's
+artificial with a known million
+
+unique molecules
+and we subsample,
+
+it gives you 100,000
+reads, you can
+
+see that with
+different dispersions
+
+here in the left, k
+with different values
+
+from 0.1 to 20, the Poisson
+begins to grossly underestimate
+
+the complexity of the library
+as the dispersion gets larger,
+
+whereas the negative
+binomial, otherwise known
+
+as the GP or gamma Poisson,
+does a much better job.
+
+And furthermore,
+when we look at this,
+
+in the context of the
+thousand genomes data,
+
+you can see when we fit this
+how much better we are doing.
+
+Almost all those points
+are almost exactly
+
+on the line, which means you
+can take a small sampling run
+
+and figure out from
+that sampling run
+
+how complex your library is.
+
+And that allows us to tell
+something very important, which
+
+is what is the marginal
+value of extra sequencing.
+
+So for example, if somebody
+comes to you and they say,
+
+well, I ran my experiment
+and all I could afford
+
+was 50 million reads.
+
+Do you think I
+should sequence more?
+
+Is there more information in my
+experimental DNA preparation?
+
+It's easy to tell now, right?
+
+Because you can actually
+analyze the distribution of the
+
+reads that they got
+and you can go back
+
+and you could estimate
+the marginal value
+
+of additional sequencing.
+
+And the way you do that is you
+go back to the distribution
+
+that you fit this
+negative binomial
+
+and ask if you
+have r more reads,
+
+how many more unique molecules
+are you going to get?
+
+And the answer is
+that you can see
+
+that if you imagine that
+this is artificial data,
+
+but if you imagine that
+you had a complexity of 10
+
+to the 6 molecules, the
+number sequencing regions is
+
+on the x-axis, the number of
+observed distinct molecules
+
+is on the y-axis, and as you
+increase the sequencing depth,
+
+you get more and more
+back to the library.
+
+However, the important thing
+to note is that the more skewed
+
+the library is, the less
+benefit you get, right?
+
+So if you look at the various
+values of k, as k gets larger,
+
+the sort of the
+skewness of the library
+
+increases, and you can see that
+you get fewer unique molecules
+
+as you increase the
+sequencing depth.
+
+Now I mention this
+to you because it's
+
+important to think
+in a principled way
+
+about analyzing sequencing data.
+
+If somebody drops 200 million
+reads on your desk and says,
+
+can you help me with
+these, it's good to start
+
+with some fundamental
+questions, like just how complex
+
+is the original
+library and you think
+
+that these data are
+really good or not, OK?
+
+Furthermore, this is a
+introduction to the idea
+
+that certain kinds of
+very simplistic models,
+
+like Poisson models
+of sequencing data
+
+can be wrong because
+they're not adequately
+
+taking into account
+the over dispersion
+
+of the original
+sequencing count data.
+
+OK, so that's all there is
+about library complexity.
+
+Let's move on now to questions
+of how to deal with these
+
+reads once we have them.
+
+So the fundamental
+challenge is this.
+
+I hand you a genome like human.
+
+3 times 10 to the ninth bases.
+
+This will be in fast
+a format, let's say.
+
+I had you reads.
+
+And this will be-- we'll
+have, say, 200 base
+
+pairs times 2 times 10 to
+the eighth different reads.
+
+And this will be
+in fast q format.
+
+The q means that there are--
+it's like fast a except
+
+that our quality
+score's associated
+
+with each particular
+base position.
+
+And the PHRED score
+which is typically
+
+used for these
+sorts of qualities,
+
+is minus p minus 10
+times log base 10
+
+of the probability of an error.
+
+Right, so a PHRED score of
+10 means that there's a 1
+
+in 10 chance that the bases is
+an error, a PHRED score of 20
+
+means it's one in a
+100, and so forth.
+
+And then the goal is
+today if I give you
+
+these data on a
+hard drive, your job
+
+would be to produce a SAM
+file, a Sequence Alignment
+
+and Mapping file,
+which tells us where
+
+all these reads
+map in the genome.
+
+And more pictorially,
+the idea is
+
+that there are many
+different reasons why
+
+we want to do this mapping.
+
+So one might be
+to do genotyping.
+
+You and I differ in our
+genomes by about one base
+
+in a thousand.
+
+So if I sequence your genome
+and I map it back or align it
+
+to the human brain
+reference genome,
+
+I'm going to find differences
+between your genome
+
+and the human reference genome.
+
+And you can see how this is
+done at the very top where
+
+we have the aligned
+reads and there's a G,
+
+let's say, in the
+sample DNA, and there's
+
+a C in the reference.
+
+But in order to figure out
+where the differences are,
+
+we have to take
+those short reads
+
+and align them to the genome.
+
+Another kind of
+experimental protocol
+
+uses DNA fragments
+that are representative
+
+of some kind of
+biological process.
+
+So here the DNA being
+produced are mapped back
+
+to the genome to look
+for areas of enrichment
+
+or what are sometimes
+called peaks.
+
+And there we want to actually
+do exactly the same process,
+
+but the post processing once
+the alignment is complete
+
+is different.
+
+So both of these share the goal
+of taking hundreds of millions
+
+of short reads and aligning
+them to a very large genome.
+
+And you heard about Smith
+Waterman from Professor Berg,
+
+and as you can tell, that
+really isn't going to work,
+
+because its time
+complexity is not
+
+going to be admissible for
+hundreds of millions of reads.
+
+So we need to come up
+with a different way
+
+of approaching this problem.
+
+So finding this alignment is
+really a performance bottleneck
+
+for many computational
+biology problems today.
+
+And we have to talk a
+little bit about what
+
+we mean by a good alignment,
+because we're going to assume,
+
+of course, fewer
+mismatches are better.
+
+And we're going to try and
+align to high quality bases
+
+as opposed to low quality
+bases and note that all we
+
+have in our input data are
+quality scores for the reads.
+
+So we begin with an assumption
+that the genome is the truth
+
+and when we are
+aligning, we are going
+
+to be more permissive
+of mismatches
+
+in read locations that have
+higher likelihood of being
+
+wrong.
+
+So is everybody OK
+with the set up so far?
+
+You understand what
+the problem is?
+
+Yes, all the way in the back
+row, my back row consultants,
+
+you're good on that?
+
+See, the back row
+is always the people
+
+I call on for consulting
+advice, right?
+
+So yeah.
+
+You're all good back there?
+
+Good, I like that, good,
+that's good, I like that, OK.
+
+All right.
+
+So now I'm going to
+talk to you about what
+
+are the most amazing
+transforms I have seen.
+
+It's called the Burrows
+Wheeler Transform.
+
+And it is a transform
+that we will
+
+do to the original
+genome that allows
+
+us to do this look up
+very, very quickly.
+
+And it's worth understanding.
+
+So here's the basic idea behind
+the Burrows Wheeler Transform.
+
+We take the original string that
+we want to use as our target
+
+that we're going to
+look things up in, OK,
+
+so this is going to be the
+dictionary looking things up in
+
+and it's going to be
+the genome sequence.
+
+And you can see the sequence on
+the left hand side, ACA, ACG,
+
+and the dollar sign represents
+the end of string terminator.
+
+OK.
+
+Now here's what
+we're going to do.
+
+We take all possible
+rotations of this string, OK?
+
+And we're going to sort them.
+
+And the result of
+sorting all the rotations
+
+is shown in the next
+block of characters.
+
+And you can see that the
+end of string character
+
+has the shortest sorting
+order, followed by A, C, and G
+
+and that all the strings
+are ordered lexically
+
+by all of their letters.
+
+So once again, we take
+the original input string,
+
+we do all of the
+possible rotations of it,
+
+and then we sort them and wind
+up with this Burrows Wheeler
+
+Matrix as it's called
+in this slide, OK?
+
+And we take the last
+column of that matrix
+
+and that is the Burrows
+Wheeler Transform.
+
+Now yo might say, what on
+earth is going on here?
+
+Why would you want to
+take a string or even
+
+an entire genome?
+
+We actually do this
+on entire genomes, OK?
+
+Consider all the
+rotations of it,
+
+sort them, and then take the
+last column of that matrix.
+
+What could that be doing, OK?
+
+Here's a bit of
+intuition for you.
+
+The intuition is that that
+Burrows Wheeler Matrix
+
+is representing all
+of the suffixes of t.
+
+OK, so all the red things are
+suffixes of t in the matrix.
+
+And when we are going
+to be matching a read,
+
+we're going to be matched
+it from its end going
+
+towards the beginning
+of it, so we'll
+
+be matching suffixes of it.
+
+And I'm going to show you a
+very neat way of using this
+
+transform to do matching
+very efficiently.
+
+But before I do that,
+I want you to observe
+
+that it's not complicated.
+
+All we do is we take all
+the possible rotations
+
+and we sort them and we
+come up with this transform.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What are you
+sorting them based on?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, what
+was your name again?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Samona.
+
+PROFESSOR: Samona.
+
+What are we sorting
+them based upon?
+
+We're just sorting
+them alphabetically.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you can see that
+if dollar sign is the lowest
+
+alphabetical character,
+that if you consider
+
+each one a word, that they're
+sorted alphabetically, OK?
+
+So we have seven
+characters in each row
+
+and we sort them alphabetically.
+
+Or a lexically.
+
+Good question.
+
+Any other questions like that?
+
+This is a great time
+to ask questions,
+
+because what's
+going to happen is
+
+that in about the
+next three minutes
+
+if you lose your attention
+span of about 10 seconds,
+
+you're going to look up and
+you'll say, what just happened?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+explain the suffixes of t?
+
+PROFESSOR: The suffixes of t?
+
+Sure.
+
+Let's talk about
+the suffixes of tr.
+
+They're all of the
+things that end t.
+
+So a suffix of t would be
+G, or CG, or ACG, or AACG,
+
+or CAACG, or the
+entire string t.
+
+Those are all of
+the endings of t.
+
+And if you look
+over on the right,
+
+you can see all of
+those suffixes in red.
+
+So one way to
+think about this is
+
+that it's sorting all of the
+suffixes of t in that matrix.
+
+Because the rotations are
+exposing the suffixes,
+
+right, is what's going on.
+
+Does that make sense to you?
+
+Now keep me honest here in a
+minute, OK, you'll help me out?
+
+Yes.
+
+Your name first?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: What is dollar sign?
+
+PROFESSOR: Dollar sign is
+the end of string character
+
+which has the lowest
+lexical sorting order.
+
+So it's marking the end of t.
+
+That's how we know that
+we're at the end of t.
+
+Good question.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you sort them
+non-alphabetically, just
+
+different ways to sort
+them [INAUDIBLE] algorithm?
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+question is, can you
+
+sort them non alphabetically.
+
+You can sort them any way as
+long as it's consistent, OK.
+
+But let's stick with
+alphabetical lexical order
+
+today.
+
+It's really simple
+and it's all you need.
+
+Yes.
+
+in red is the suffixes
+in the last colored
+
+group on the right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's in red?
+
+PROFESSOR: What's in
+red are all the suffixes
+
+of T on the very far left.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: On the right,
+last column group?
+
+PROFESSOR: The right
+last column group.
+
+That last column in red, that is
+the Burrows-Wheeler Transform,
+
+read from top to bottom.
+
+OK?
+
+And I know you're
+looking at that
+
+and saying, how could
+that possibly be useful?
+
+We've taken our genome.
+
+We've shifted it all around.
+
+We've sorted it, we
+take this last thing.
+
+It looks like junk to me, right?
+
+But you're going to
+find out that all
+
+of the information in
+the genome is contained
+
+in that last string
+in a very handy way.
+
+Hard to believe but true.
+
+Hard to believe but true.
+
+Yes.
+
+Prepare to be amazed, all right?
+
+These are all great questions.
+
+Any other questions
+of this sort?
+
+.
+
+OK.
+
+So, I'm going to make a very
+important observation here
+
+that is going to be crucial
+for your understanding.
+
+So I have reproduced the
+matrix down on this blackboard.
+
+What?
+
+That's usually there under
+that board, you know that.
+
+You guys haven't checked this
+classroom before, have you?
+
+No.
+
+It's always there.
+
+It's such a handy transform.
+
+So this is the same
+matrix as the matrix
+
+you see on the right.
+
+I'm going to make a very, very
+important assertion right now.
+
+OK?
+
+The very important assertion
+is that if you consider
+
+that this is the first a
+in the last column that
+
+is the same textual occurrence
+in the string as the first a
+
+in the first column.
+
+And this is the second a
+in the last column, that's
+
+the same as the second
+a in the first column.
+
+And you're going to say,
+what does he mean by that?
+
+OK, do the following
+thought experiment.
+
+Look at the matrix.
+
+OK?
+
+And in your mind, shift it
+left and put all the characters
+
+on the right hand side.
+
+OK?
+
+When you do that,
+what will happen
+
+is that these
+things will be used
+
+to sort the occurrences
+a on the right hand side.
+
+Once again, if you shift this
+whole thing left and these pop
+
+over to the right, then the
+occurrence of these a's will
+
+be sorted by these
+rows from here over.
+
+But these are alphabetical.
+
+And therefore they're going
+to certain alphabetical order.
+
+And therefore these a's
+will sort in the same order
+
+here as they are over there.
+
+So that means that when
+we do this rotation,
+
+that this textual
+occurrence of a will
+
+have the same rank in the first
+column and in the last column.
+
+And you can see I've annotated
+the various bases here
+
+with their ranks.
+
+This is the first g, the first
+c, the first end of line,
+
+end of string character.
+
+First a, second a,
+third a, second c.
+
+And correspondingly I
+have the same annotations
+
+over here and thus
+the third a here is
+
+the same lexical occurrence
+as the third a on the left
+
+in the string, same
+text occurrence.
+
+Now I'm going to let that
+sink in for a second,
+
+and then when somebody
+asks a question,
+
+I'm going to explain it again
+because it's a little bit
+
+counterintuitive.
+
+But the very important
+thing is if we
+
+think about textual recurrences
+of characters in that string t
+
+and we put them
+in this framework,
+
+that the rank allows
+us to identify
+
+identical textual
+recurrences of a character.
+
+Would somebody like
+to ask a question?
+
+Yes.
+
+Say your name and
+the question, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: Dan.
+
+PROFESSOR: Dan.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in
+your original string
+
+though those won't
+correspond to the same order
+
+in the transformed string.
+
+So like the a's in the
+original string in their order,
+
+they don't correspond
+numerically
+
+to the transformed string.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+The comment was that the
+order in BWT, the transform
+
+is not the same as the order
+in the original string.
+
+And all I'm saying is that in
+this particular matrix form,
+
+that the order on
+the last column
+
+is the same as the order
+in the first column
+
+for a particular character.
+
+And furthermore, that these are
+matching textual occurrences,
+
+right?
+
+Now if I look at
+a2 here, we know
+
+that c comes after it, then
+a, then a, and c and g, right?
+
+Right.
+
+OK, so did that
+answer your question
+
+that they're not
+exactly the same?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+I don't understand how
+they're useful yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: You don't
+understand how it's useful yet.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, maybe we better
+get to the useful part
+
+and then you can-- OK.
+
+So let us suppose that
+we want to, from this,
+
+reconstruct the original string.
+
+Does anybody have any
+ideas about how to do that?
+
+OK.
+
+Let me ask a different question.
+
+If we look at this g1, right?
+
+And then this is the same
+textual occurrence, right?
+
+And we know that
+this g1 comes right
+
+before the end of character,
+in end of string terminator,
+
+right?
+
+So if we look at the
+first row, we always
+
+know what the last character
+was in the original string.
+
+The last character is g1, right?
+
+Fair enough?
+
+OK
+
+Where does g1 would
+occur over here?
+
+Right over here, right?
+
+What's the character before g1?
+
+c2.
+
+where is c2 over here?
+
+What's the character before c2?
+
+a3.
+
+What's the character before a3?
+
+a1.
+
+Uh, oh.
+
+Let me just cheat a little
+bit here. a1 a3 c2 g1 $.
+
+So we're at a1, right?
+
+What's the character before a1?
+
+c1, right?
+
+What's the character before c1?
+
+a2.
+
+And what's the
+character before a2?
+
+That's the end of string.
+
+Is that the original
+string that we had?
+
+Magic.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't it
+be simpler to look at--
+
+to just remove the
+dollar sign [INAUDIBLE]
+
+or do you mean reconstruct
+from only the transformed?
+
+PROFESSOR: We're
+only using this.
+
+This is all we have.
+
+Because I actually didn't
+use any of these characters.
+
+I was only doing the matching
+so we would go to the right row.
+
+Right?
+
+I didn't use any of this.
+
+And so, but do people
+understand what's going on here?
+
+If anybody has any questions,
+now is a great time
+
+to raise your hand
+and say-- here we go.
+
+We have a customer.
+
+Say your name and
+the question, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: My name is Eric.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thanks, Eric.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you illustrate
+how you would do this
+
+without using any
+of the elements
+
+to the left of the box?
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely, Eric.
+
+I'm so glad you
+asked that question.
+
+That's the next thing
+we're going to talk about.
+
+OK, but before I get to
+there, I want to make sure,
+
+are you comfortable doing
+it with all the stuff
+
+on the left hand side?
+
+You're happy about that?
+
+OK. if anyone was unhappy about
+that, now would be the time
+
+to say, I'm unhappy, help me.
+
+How about the details?
+
+Everybody's happy?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, you have
+your original string
+
+in the first place,
+though, so why
+
+do you want to create another
+string of the same length?
+
+Like, how does this help
+you match your read?
+
+PROFESSOR: How does this
+help you match your read?
+
+How does this help you match
+your read, was the question.
+
+What is was your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dan.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right, Dan.
+
+That's a great question.
+
+I'm so glad you asked it.
+
+First we'll get
+to Eric's question
+
+and then we'll get to yours.
+
+Because I know if I don't give
+you a good answer that you're
+
+going to be very mad, right?
+
+OK?
+
+Let's talk about
+the question of how
+
+to do this without
+the other things.
+
+So we're going to create
+something called the last
+
+to first function that maps
+a character in the last row,
+
+column, I should say,
+to the first column.
+
+And there is the
+function right there.
+
+It's called LF.
+
+You give it a row number.
+
+The rows are zero origined.
+
+And you give it a
+character and it tells you
+
+what the corresponding place
+is in the first column.
+
+And it has two components.
+
+The first is Occ, which tells
+you how many characters are
+
+smaller than that
+character lexically.
+
+So tells you where, for example,
+the a's start, the c's start,
+
+or the g's start.
+
+So in this case, for
+example Occ of c is 4.
+
+That is the c's start at
+0, 1,2, 3, the fourth row.
+
+OK?
+
+And then count tells you
+the rank of c minus 1.
+
+So it's going to
+essentially count
+
+how many times c occurs
+before the c at the row you're
+
+pointing at.
+
+In this case, the
+answer is 1 and you
+
+add 1 and that gets you
+to 5, which is this row.
+
+So this c2 maps here to c2
+as we already discussed.
+
+So this LF function is a
+way to map from the last row
+
+to the first row.
+
+And we need to have
+two components.
+
+So we need to know Occ, which
+is very trivial to compute.
+
+There are only five
+elements, one for each base
+
+and one for the end of line
+terminator, which is actually
+
+zero.
+
+So it will only have
+integers and count, which
+
+is going to tell us the
+rank in the BWT transform
+
+and we'll talk about how
+to do that presently.
+
+OK.
+
+So did that answer
+your question,
+
+how to do this without
+the rest of the matrix?
+
+Eric?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you show us
+step by step on the blackboard
+
+how you would reconstruct it?
+
+PROFESSOR: How do
+we reconstruct it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean
+something like this?
+
+Is this what you're suggesting?
+
+AUDIENCE: Somehow
+I get a feeling
+
+that the first column
+doesn't help us
+
+in understanding how
+the algorithm work only
+
+using the last column.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Your comment, Eric,
+is that you feel
+
+like the first column
+doesn't help us understand
+
+how the algorithm works, only
+using the last column, right?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] going back
+to the first column of data.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Well let's compute the LF
+function of the character
+
+and the row for each
+one of these things, OK?
+
+And that might help
+you, all right?
+
+Because that's the central part
+of being able to reverse this
+
+transform.
+
+So this is, to be more clear,
+I'll make it more explicit.
+
+This is LF of I and BWT of
+i, where i goes from 0 to 6.
+
+So what is that value
+for this one right here?
+
+Anybody know?
+
+Well it would be Occ of
+g, which is 6, right?
+
+Plus count of of 6 n g,
+which is going to be 0.
+
+Or I can look right
+over here and see
+
+that in fact it's 6, right?
+
+Because this occurrence
+of g1 is right here.
+
+So this LF value is, it's 6
+4 0 a1 is in 1, a2 is in 2,
+
+a3 is in 3, c2 is in 5.
+
+So this is the LF
+function, 6 4 0 1 2 3 5.
+
+And I don't need any
+of this to compute it.
+
+Because it simply is equal
+to, going back one slide,
+
+it's equal to Occ
+of c plus count.
+
+So it' going to be equal to
+where that particular character
+
+starts on the left hand
+side and its rank minus 1.
+
+And so these are
+the values for LF.
+
+This is what I need to be
+able to take this string
+
+and recompute the
+original string.
+
+If I can compute this, I
+don't need any of that.
+
+And to compute this,
+I need two things.
+
+I need Occ and I need count.
+
+All right?
+
+Now, I can tell you're not
+quite completely satisfied yet.
+
+So maybe you can ask
+me another question
+
+and it would be
+very helpful to me.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did you get
+G1's last and first functions
+
+score being 6?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's take that apart.
+
+We want to know what LF of
+6 and where was that G1?
+
+G1 is 1 and 0, right?
+
+Sorry.
+
+LF of 1 and g is
+equal to, right?
+
+Is that g and 1 or 0?
+
+Oop, sorry it's in 0.
+
+So this is what you like
+me to compute, right?
+
+OK what's Occ of g?
+
+It's how many characters
+are less than g
+
+in the original string?
+
+I'll give you a clue.
+
+It's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's how many
+characters are less than g
+
+in the original string.
+
+How many things are going
+to distort underneath it?
+
+Where do the g's begin
+in the sorted version?
+
+The g's begin in row 6.
+
+OK?
+
+So OCC of g is 6.
+
+Is that-- are you getting
+hung up on that point?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+How do you know that without
+ever referencing back
+
+to the first 5 columns?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because when we
+build the index we remember.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we have to,
+I haven't told you this,
+
+but I need to compute,
+I need to remember
+
+ways to compute Occ and
+count really quickly.
+
+Occ is represented
+by four values only.
+
+They're where the a's start,
+the c's start, the t's start,
+
+and the g's start.
+
+That's all I need to
+know, four integers.
+
+OK?
+
+Are you happy with that?
+
+Occ, the a's start at 1.
+
+The c's start at 4 and
+the g's start at 6.
+
+OK?
+
+That's all I need to remember.
+
+But I precompute that.
+
+OK?
+
+Remember it.
+
+Are you happy with that no?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then this business over
+here of count of zero and g.
+
+Right?
+
+Which is how many
+g's, what's the rank
+
+of this g in the
+right hand side?
+
+1.
+
+Minus 1 is 0.
+
+So that's 0.
+
+That's how we computed it.
+
+OK?
+
+These are great
+questions because I
+
+think they're foundational.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Occ and count
+are both precomputed
+
+as you're building on this
+last column [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: They are
+precomputed and well,
+
+I have not told you, see,
+you're sort of ahead of things
+
+a little bit in that I'd
+hoped to suspend disbelief
+
+and that I could actually
+build these very efficiently.
+
+But yes, they're
+built at the same time
+
+as the index is built.
+
+OK?
+
+But yes.
+
+OK and if I have Occ and
+count and I have the string,
+
+then I can get this.
+
+But I can still need to
+get to Dan's question
+
+because he has been
+very patient over there.
+
+He wants to know
+how I can use this
+
+to find sequence
+region of genome.
+
+And he's just being
+so good over there.
+
+I really appreciate that, Dan.
+
+Thanks so much for that.
+
+Are you happier?
+
+OK you're good.
+
+All right.
+
+So and this is what we just did.
+
+The walk left algorithm
+actually inverts the BWT
+
+by using this
+function to walk left
+
+and using that
+Python code up there,
+
+you can actually reconstruct
+the original string
+
+you started with.
+
+So it's just very simple.
+
+And we went through
+it on the board.
+
+Are there any questions
+about it at all?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+Can you actually
+do this any column?
+
+Like, why are you using the
+last column instead of like,
+
+why can't you just change
+it like the [INAUDIBLE],
+
+the equation and
+make it work for--
+
+PROFESSOR: Because a
+very important thing
+
+is that this is actually a
+very important property right?
+
+Which is all the
+suffixes are sorted here.
+
+And if we didn't
+do that though, I
+
+couldn't answer Dan's question.
+
+And he'd be very upset.
+
+So please be respectful
+of his interest here.
+
+Now, the thing is,
+the beauty of this
+
+is, is that I have all
+these suffixes sorted
+
+and what you're about to see is
+the most amazing thing, which
+
+is that we're going
+to snap our fingers
+
+and, bang, we can
+map 200 million reads
+
+in no time at all.
+
+You like that?
+
+You're laughing.
+
+Oh, oh, that's not a good
+That's not a good sign.
+
+Let's press ahead
+fearlessly, OK?
+
+And talk about how we're
+going to use this to map read.
+
+So we're going to
+figure out how to use
+
+this index and this
+transform to rapidly aligned
+
+reads to a reference genome.
+
+And we're not talking about
+one read or 10 reads or 1
+
+million reads.
+
+We're talking about hundreds
+of millions of reads.
+
+So it has be very
+efficient indeed, OK?
+
+So here's the essential idea.
+
+There's the core
+algorithm on the slide.
+
+Which is that what we do is we
+take the original query that we
+
+have the read that
+we're trying to match
+
+and we're going to
+process it backwards
+
+from the end of
+the read forwards.
+
+And we begin by considering all
+possible suffixes from row zero
+
+to, in this case, it
+would be row seven.
+
+Which is the length of
+the entire transform.
+
+And we iterate and
+in each iteration
+
+we consider suffixes
+that match the query.
+
+So in the first
+step, right here,
+
+let me see if I can get my
+point working, there we are.
+
+So in the first step
+here, we matching this c.
+
+OK?
+
+And we compute the
+LF of the top, which
+
+is this row and of the bottom,
+which is down here pointing off
+
+the end, and that takes
+us to the first d here
+
+and to this point.
+
+Here are the two
+c's that could be
+
+possible matches to our
+query, which ends in a c.
+
+We then say, oh, the next
+character we have to match
+
+is an a.
+
+So we look here at the
+a we need to match,
+
+and starting from this
+row, which is row four,
+
+and this row, which is row six,
+we compute the LF of each one
+
+of these to figure out what
+rows in a precedes these c's.
+
+And the way we compute the LF
+is that we use the character a
+
+to be able to figure out which
+rows have the a preceding
+
+the c.
+
+You can see, when we
+compute those LF functions,
+
+what we wind up with
+are these rows where
+
+we have a followed by c.
+
+So we're beginning to
+match the end of our read,
+
+as we go from right to left.
+
+We then compute the
+same thing once again,
+
+considering the
+first a and ask what
+
+rows are going to allow us to
+put this a in front of the ac
+
+to form our entire read.
+
+And we compute the LF once
+again of these things.
+
+And you can see that
+here it takes us
+
+to this specific row aac.
+
+So that row represents
+a suffix that
+
+is matching our query exactly.
+
+So we iterate this loop
+to be able to match
+
+a read against the index.
+
+And we're using the
+LF function to do it.
+
+And it's a really
+beautiful algorithm.
+
+And remember, we only
+have the transform.
+
+We don't have the
+rest of this matrix.
+
+So before I press ahead and
+talk about other details,
+
+I think it's important to
+observe a couple of things that
+
+are a little bit
+counterintuitive about this.
+
+One counterintuitive
+aspect of it
+
+is, that when I'm over here
+for example, and for example
+
+when I'm computing the LF here,
+I'm computing the LF of row two
+
+with respect to a.
+
+But there's a dollar sign there.
+
+Right?
+
+So I'm using this
+to the LF function,
+
+to tell me where a suffix
+would be that actually follows
+
+my constraint of having to
+have an a be the prefix of ac,
+
+where I am right now.
+
+This code is actually
+not fake code.
+
+It's the actual code
+that's in a matcher,
+
+for matching a read
+against the index.
+
+Now let me just stop
+right here for a second
+
+and see if there
+any other questions.
+
+Dan is getting now his answer
+to his question, right?
+
+About how you actually use
+this for matching reads.
+
+You do this once for every read.
+
+And it is linear time.
+
+Right?
+
+It's the length
+of the read itself
+
+is all the time it takes
+to match in a huge genome.
+
+So once we've built the
+index of the genome,
+
+in fact, most of
+the time when you're
+
+doing this sort of mapping,
+you don't build the index.
+
+You download the index
+off of a website.
+
+And so you don't have to pay for
+the time to build this index.
+
+You just download the index
+and you take your reads
+
+and the time to match
+all of your sequencing
+
+reads against a certain build
+of whatever genome you're using
+
+is simply linear in the
+number of bases you have.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+And say your name and
+the question, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did
+[INAUDIBLE] come up
+
+with intuition [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+It seems like they just
+pulled it out of a hat.
+
+PROFESSOR: You know, I asked
+Mike that the other day.
+
+I saw him in a meeting
+and he sort of surprised
+
+at how this has taken off.
+
+And he told me some
+other interesting facts
+
+about this, which you
+probably could deduce.
+
+Which is that if you
+only want to match
+
+reads that are
+four long, you only
+
+have to sort this matrix by
+the first four characters.
+
+But there are other little
+tricks you can play here.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Deborah.
+
+What is the FM index?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is the FM index.
+
+Well, the guys who
+thought this up
+
+have the last
+initials of F and M,
+
+but that's not
+what it stands for,
+
+contrary to popular opinion.
+
+It stands for full
+text minute size.
+
+That's what they claim.
+
+So if you hear people talking
+about full text minute size
+
+indices, or FM
+indices, the Fm index
+
+is actually the part that was
+being asked over here, the Occ
+
+part and the LF part, how you
+actually compute those quickly.
+
+That was what FNM contributed
+to this but, generically when
+
+we're talking about
+this style of indexing,
+
+it's called FM indexing or you
+might hear, I'm using a BWT.
+
+Some people will say that.
+
+But that's what FM stands for.
+
+Does that answer your question?
+
+Excellent.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+Any-- these are all
+great questions.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you
+don't know that a
+
+and c are there,
+except that remember,
+
+if you look at the way
+that this is working,
+
+is that you're not actually
+reconstructing strings,
+
+you're only trying to find them.
+
+Right?
+
+And so at the end,
+top and bottom
+
+are going to point to the row
+that contains the suffix where
+
+your original read was.
+
+And now your next
+question is going to be,
+
+where is that in the genome?
+
+This doesn't do me any good.
+
+I mean, the number 1
+doesn't help me out here,
+
+doesn't mean anything.
+
+Not good, right?
+
+So where is it in the
+genome is the next question.
+
+So we'll get to
+that in a second.
+
+What happens if you
+give me a read that
+
+doesn't match anywhere
+in this index?
+
+Well if you give me a read
+that doesn't match anywhere
+
+in this index, what happens
+is the top and bottom
+
+become the same.
+
+So on top and bottom become the
+same, it's a failed look up.
+
+All right?
+
+And that's because the suffix
+doesn't exist in the index.
+
+And once top and
+bottom become the same,
+
+they remain the same
+throughout that loop.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Sally.
+
+My main question is
+that this doesn't
+
+provide any leeway for errors.
+
+You kind of have to be able
+to present all of your rates.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sally, you're
+absolutely correct.
+
+I'm so glad you
+asked that question.
+
+Your observation is
+it does not provide
+
+any leeway for mismatches.
+
+And so unlike all the
+other algorithms we study,
+
+which had these very
+nice matrices and ability
+
+to assign weights
+to mismatches, this
+
+is only doing exact matching.
+
+And so what you need
+help understanding
+
+is, how we can deal
+with mismatches
+
+in the presence of this.
+
+And I'll get to that in
+less than 10 minutes.
+
+And it won't be quite as elegant
+as what you saw from Professor
+
+Berg but it's what
+everybody does.
+
+So that's my only
+excuse for it OK?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is the
+bottom set of arrows doing?
+
+What's its significance?
+
+PROFESSOR: The significance
+of top and bottom,
+
+that's a great question.
+
+What the significance
+of top and bottom?
+
+Top and bottom bracket
+in that original matrix,
+
+the suffixes that are
+matching the original query.
+
+OK?
+
+And so between top
+and bottom minus 1
+
+are all of the rows
+that have a suffix that
+
+match our original query.
+
+And if top equals bottom,
+there are no matching suffixes.
+
+But assuming there
+are matching suffixes,
+
+those are rows that
+contain a matching suffix.
+
+And as we progress along,
+top and bottom change
+
+as the suffixes change
+as we expand the suffix
+
+to contain more and more bases.
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So now back to the question
+over here, which is that OK,
+
+I know that we've matched, and
+I know that we have this hit.
+
+The question is, where is it
+in the Genome because the fact
+
+that it matched row
+one of my BWT matrix
+
+does me absolutely
+no good at all.
+
+Right?
+
+Anybody have any ideas about
+how we could figure out
+
+where it is the genome?
+
+Given what I've told you so far,
+which is that you have the BWT,
+
+you have Occ, and
+you have count,
+
+and you can compute
+the LF function.
+
+Any ideas?
+
+Doesn't matter how slow it is.
+
+OK well how could
+I figure out what
+
+came before aac in the genome?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, for,
+like at the beginning,
+
+we rebuilt this whole
+string, starting at the end.
+
+You could rebuild the
+whole string starting at,
+
+rebuild the whole genome
+starting at the 1 and see--
+
+PROFESSOR: You could rebuild
+the entire genome that
+
+prepends or occurs
+before aac, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Exactly.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So that's what we can do.
+
+We could actually do
+our walk left algorithm.
+
+We can walk left
+from there, find out
+
+that we go two steps
+until we hit dollar sign,
+
+and therefore,
+the offset is two,
+
+where it occurs in the genome.
+
+So we can give a match
+position by walking left.
+
+Does everybody see
+that, that we could
+
+walk left to figure where it is?
+
+It's not fast, but it works.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Ted.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi, Ted.
+
+AUDIENCE: So now our function
+first has to take the read
+
+and it has to align
+it and the same,
+
+where the position is built
+into the end of the function,
+
+the speed of the function is now
+dependent on position as well.
+
+Is that right?
+
+Because the longer it takes,
+
+PROFESSOR: I was
+being a little bit
+
+glib find if it matches
+or not this linear time.
+
+Now you're saying,
+hey, wait a minute.
+
+I want to know where
+it is in the genome.
+
+That's a big bonus, right?
+
+And so you'd like to
+know where that is?
+
+Yes.
+
+But I still can do
+that in linear time.
+
+And we'll show you how
+to do that in a second.
+
+This is not linear time.
+
+This actually
+needs to walk back,
+
+order the length of genome
+for every single query.
+
+That's not good.
+
+All right?
+
+Well,
+
+What we could do is, we could
+store what's called a suffix
+
+array with each row and
+say, where in the genome
+
+that position is.
+
+Where that row starts.
+
+And then maybe a simple look-up.
+
+That when you actually have
+a hit in row one, ah, OK,
+
+start your position
+two of the genome.
+
+But then the
+problem with that is
+
+that it actually
+takes a lot of space.
+
+And we want to have
+compact indices.
+
+So the trick is what we
+do is, instead of storing
+
+that entire suffix
+array, we store
+
+every so many rows,
+like every 25 rows.
+
+And all we do is, we
+walk left until we
+
+hit a row that
+actually has the value,
+
+and then we add how many times
+we walked left, plus the value
+
+and we know where we
+are in the genome.
+
+So we can sample
+the suffix array,
+
+and by sampling
+the suffix array,
+
+we cut down our storage
+hugely and it's still
+
+pretty efficient.
+
+Because what we
+can do is, we just
+
+walk left until we hit a
+sample suffix array location
+
+and then add the two
+numbers together.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's how it's done.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's how we
+actually do the alignment
+
+and figure out where things are.
+
+The one thing I
+haven't told you about
+
+is how to compute
+count efficiently.
+
+Now remember what count does.
+
+Count is a function--
+but this is putting it
+
+all together where we're
+matching this query,
+
+we do the steps.
+
+We get the match.
+
+Then we do walk
+left once and then
+
+we look at the suffix to
+figure out where we are, right?
+
+The business about count
+is that what we need to do
+
+is to figure out the
+rank of a particular base
+
+in a position in the transform.
+
+And one way to do that is
+to go backwards to the whole
+
+transform, counting how many
+g;s occur before this one,
+
+and that's very expensive,
+to compute the rank of this
+
+particular g.
+
+Remember the rank is simply
+the number of g's that
+
+occur before this
+one in the BWT.
+
+Very simple metric.
+
+So instead of
+doing that, what we
+
+can do is, we can build a
+data structure that every once
+
+in awhile, counts how
+many a's, c's, g's,
+
+and t's have occurred
+before now in the BWT.
+
+And so we're going to sample
+this with these checkpoints,
+
+and then when you want to
+compute count at any point,
+
+you can go to the nearest
+checkpoint, wherever that is,
+
+and make an
+adjustment by counting
+
+the number of characters
+between you and that checkpoint.
+
+Very straightforward.
+
+All Right
+
+So this, coming back to
+question, it's Time, right?
+
+--asked you need to
+build this checkpointing
+
+mechanism at the same time you
+build the index, as well as
+
+the sampling of
+the suffix array.
+
+So a full index consists
+of the transform
+
+itself, which is the genome
+transformed into its BWT.
+
+And they literally take the
+entire genome and do this.
+
+Typically they'll put dollar
+signs between the chromosomes.
+
+So they'll transform
+the whole thing.
+
+It takes a sampling
+of the suffix array
+
+we just saw and it takes
+the checkpointing of the LF
+
+function to make
+a constant time.
+
+And that's what is
+inside of an FM index.
+
+OK?
+
+Now it's small, which is
+one of the nice things,
+
+compared to things
+like suffix tree,
+
+suffix arrays, or even other
+kinds of hash structures
+
+for looking for seeds, it
+really is not even twice
+
+the size of the genome.
+
+So it's a very compact index
+that is very, very efficient.
+
+And so it's a wonderful
+data structure
+
+for doing what we're
+doing, except we have not
+
+dealt with mismatches
+yet, right?
+
+And so once again,
+I want to put a plug
+
+in for BWA which is really
+a marvelous aligner.
+
+And we'll talk about
+tomorrow in recitation
+
+if you want to know all of the
+details of what it actually
+
+takes to make this
+work in practice.
+
+Now, it finds exactness
+matches quickly,
+
+but it doesn't really have
+any allowances for mismatches.
+
+And the way that bow tie and
+other aligners deal with this,
+
+and they're all
+pretty consistent,
+
+is in the following way, which
+is that they do backtracking.
+
+Here's the idea.
+
+You try and match
+something or match a read
+
+and you get to a particular
+point in the read,
+
+and you can't go any further.
+
+Top is equal to bottom.
+
+So you know that
+there's no suffix
+
+in the genome that
+matches your query.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+Well, what you can do is you can
+try all of the different bases
+
+at that position
+besides the one you
+
+tried to see whether
+it matches or not.
+
+I can see the horror
+coming over people.
+
+Oh, no, not
+backtracking, not that.
+
+But sometimes it actually works.
+
+And just to give you order of
+magnitude idea about how this
+
+works in practice,
+when reads don't match,
+
+they limit backtracking to about
+125 times in these aligners.
+
+so they try pretty hard
+to actually match things.
+
+And yes, it is true that
+even with this backtracking,
+
+it's still a great approach.
+
+And sometimes the first
+thing you try doesn't work,
+
+and you have to backtrack,
+trying multiple bases
+
+at that location until
+you get one that matches.
+
+And then you can proceed.
+
+OK And you eventually
+wind up at the alignment
+
+you see in the lower right
+hand corner, where you're
+
+substituting a g for an a,
+an a for a g, excuse me,
+
+to make it go forward.
+
+Do people understand
+the essential idea
+
+of this idea of backtracking?
+
+Does anybody have any comments
+or questions about it?
+
+Like ew, or ideas?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about gaps?
+
+PROFESSOR: What about gaps?
+
+BWA, I believe, processes gaps.
+
+But gaps are much, much less
+likely than missed bases.
+
+The other thing is that if
+you're doing a sequencing
+
+library, and you have a read
+that actually has a gap in it,
+
+it's probably the case you
+have another read that doesn't.
+
+For the same sequence.
+
+So it is less important
+to process gaps
+
+than it is to
+process differences.
+
+The reason is that
+differences mean
+
+that it might be a
+difference of an allele.
+
+In other words, it
+might be that your base
+
+is different than
+the reference genome.
+
+Indels are also possible.
+
+And there are
+different strategies
+
+of dealing with those.
+
+That would be a great question
+for Hang tomorrow about gaps.
+
+Because he can tell you
+in practice what they do.
+
+And we'll get into
+a little bit of that
+
+at the end of today's lecture.
+
+Yes.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Levy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi, Levy.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do
+you make sure when
+
+you're backtracking
+that you end up
+
+with the best possible match?
+
+Do you just go down the first--
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+questions is how do you
+
+guarantee you wind up with
+the best possible match?
+
+The short answer
+is that you don't.
+
+There's a longer
+answer, which we're
+
+about to get to, about how
+we try to approximate that.
+
+And what judgment you would use
+to get to what we would think
+
+is a practically good match.
+
+OK?
+
+But in terms of
+theoretically optimal,
+
+the answer is, it doesn't
+attempt to do that.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: In practice, does
+this backtracking method
+
+at the same time as you're
+computing the matches or--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So what's happening is,
+you remember that loop
+
+where we're going
+around, where we
+
+were moving the top
+and bottom pointers.
+
+If you get to a point
+where they come together,
+
+then you would at that
+point, begin backtracking
+
+and try different bases.
+
+And if you look, I
+posted the BWA paper
+
+on the Stellar website.
+
+And if you look in
+one of the figures,
+
+the algorithm is there,
+And you'll actually
+
+see, if you can deconvolute
+what's going on,
+
+that inside the loop, it's
+actually doing exactly that.
+
+Yes.
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: In practice, is the
+number of errors is small,
+
+would it make sense
+just to use [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: We're
+going to get to that.
+
+I think the question was, if
+the number of errors is small,
+
+would it be good to actually
+use a different algorithm,
+
+drop into a different algorithm?
+
+So there are algorithms
+on FM index assisted
+
+Smith Waterman, for example.
+
+Where you get to
+the neighborhood
+
+by a fast technique and
+then you do a full search,
+
+using a more in depth
+principles methodology, right?
+
+And so there's some papers
+I have in the slides here
+
+that I referenced
+that do exactly that.
+
+These are all great questions.
+
+OK.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're-- If
+you only decide to backtrack
+
+a certain number of
+times, like 100 times,
+
+then wouldn't like the alignment
+be biased towards the end
+
+of the short read?
+
+PROFESSOR: I am so glad
+you asked this question.
+
+The question is, and
+what was your name again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Kevin.
+
+PROFESSOR: Kevin.
+
+Kevin asks, gee, if you're
+matching from the right
+
+to the left, and you're
+doing backtracking,
+
+isn't this going to
+be biased towards
+
+the right into the read,
+in some sense, right?
+
+Because if the right into
+the read doesn't match,
+
+then you're going
+to give up, right?
+
+In fact, what we know is
+the left end of the read
+
+is the better end of the read.
+
+Because sequences are done five
+prime to three prime and thus
+
+typically, the highest quality
+scores or the best quality
+
+scores are in the left
+hand side of the read.
+
+So do you have any idea about
+how you would cope with that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could just
+reverse one of them.
+
+But you'd reverse--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly what they do.
+
+They execute the entire genome
+and they reverse it and then
+
+they index that.
+
+And so, when they create
+what's called a mirror index,
+
+they just reverse
+the entire genome,
+
+and now you can
+match left to right,
+
+as opposed to right to left.
+
+Pretty cool, huh?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So backtracking, just note that
+there are different alignments
+
+that can occur across
+different backtracking paths.
+
+And this is not
+optimal in any sense.
+
+And to your question
+about how you actually
+
+go about picking a
+backtracking strategy,
+
+assuming we're matching
+from right to left again
+
+for a moment, what you can
+do is, if you hit a mismatch,
+
+you backtrack to the lowest
+quality based position,
+
+according to PHRED scores.
+
+We talked about
+PHRED scores earlier,
+
+which are shown
+here on the slide.
+
+And you backtrack there and
+you try a different base
+
+and you move forward from there.
+
+So you're assuming
+that the read, which
+
+is the query, which is
+associated quality scores,
+
+is most suspect where the
+quality score is the lowest.
+
+So you backtrack to the right
+to the leftmost lowest quality
+
+score.
+
+Now it's a very simple approach.
+
+Right?
+
+And we talked a little
+bit about the idea
+
+that you don't necessarily want
+to match from the right side
+
+and thus, typically the
+parameters to algorithms
+
+like this include,
+how many mismatches
+
+are allowed in the first L
+bases on the left end, the sum
+
+of the mismatch qualities
+you're going to tolerate,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And you'll find that these align
+yourself with a lot of switches
+
+that you can set.
+
+And you can consult
+with your colleagues
+
+about how to set switches,
+because it depends
+
+upon the particular type
+of data you're aligning,
+
+the length of the
+reads and so forth.
+
+But suffice it to say,
+when you're doing this,
+
+typically we create these mirror
+indices that actually reverse
+
+the entire genome
+and then index it.
+
+So we can either match either
+right to left or left to right.
+
+And so for example, if
+you have a mirror index,
+
+and you only tolerate
+up to two errors,
+
+then you know that
+either, you're
+
+going to get the
+first half right
+
+in one index or
+the mirror index.
+
+And so you can use both indices
+in parallel, the forward
+
+and the reverse
+index of the genome,
+
+and then get pretty
+far into the read
+
+before you have to
+start backtracking.
+
+There are all these
+sorts of techniques,
+
+shall we say, to
+actually overcome some
+
+the limitations of backtracking.
+
+Any questions about
+backtracking at all?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it
+trivial knowing the BWT
+
+originally to find
+the mirror BWT?
+
+Like for example,
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's not trivial.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's not
+like a simple matrix
+
+transforming [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Not to my knowledge.
+
+I think you start with the
+original genome, you reverse it
+
+and then you compute
+the BWT with that.
+
+Right?
+
+That's pretty easy to do.
+
+And Hang was
+explaining to me today
+
+how you compute his new
+ways of compute BWT, which
+
+don't actually involve
+sorting the entire thing.
+
+There are insertion ways of
+computing the BWT that are very
+
+[INAUDIBLE], and you could
+ask him this question tomorrow
+
+if you care to come.
+
+All right just to give you an
+idea on how complex things are,
+
+to build an index
+like this, takes,
+
+for the entire
+human genome, we're
+
+talking five hours
+of compute time
+
+to compute an index to give
+you an order of magnitude
+
+time for how to compute the BWT.
+
+the LF checkpoints, and
+the suffix array sampling.
+
+Something like that.
+
+So it's really not
+too bad to compute
+
+the index of the entire genome.
+
+And to do searches, you
+know, we're talking about,
+
+like on a four
+processor machine,
+
+we're talking
+about maybe upwards
+
+of 100 million rads
+per hour to map.
+
+So if you have 200
+million reads and you
+
+want to map them to a genome,
+or align them as it's sometimes
+
+called, it's going to take
+you a couple hours to do it.
+
+So this is sort of the order of
+magnitude of the time required
+
+to do these sorts of functions.
+
+And there are a
+couple fine points
+
+I wanted to end with today.
+
+The first is we haven't
+talked at all about paired,
+
+erred, and read alignment.
+
+In paired read alignment,
+you get, for each molecule,
+
+you get two reads.
+
+One starting at the five
+prime end on one side, ,
+
+and one starting from the five
+prime end on the other side.
+
+So typical read links might
+be 100 base pairs on the left
+
+and 100 base pairs on the right.
+
+What is called the insert
+size is the total size
+
+of the molecule from five prime
+end to five prime end to read.
+
+And the stuff in the
+middle is not observed.
+
+We actually don't
+know what it is.
+
+And we also don't
+know how long it is.
+
+Now when these
+libraries are prepared,
+
+size selection is
+done, so we get
+
+a rough idea of
+what it should be.
+
+We can actually
+compute by looking
+
+at where things align on the
+genome, what it actually is.
+
+But we don't know absolutely.
+
+If we were able to
+strictly control
+
+the length of the
+unobserved part, which
+
+is almost impossible to do, then
+we would get molecular rulers.
+
+And we would know
+exactly down to the base,
+
+whether or not there were
+indels between the left read
+
+and the right read when
+we did the alignment.
+
+We actually don't
+have that today.
+
+The sequencing
+instrument actually
+
+identifies the read
+pairs in its output.
+
+That's the only way to do this.
+
+So when you get an output
+file, like a fast Q file,
+
+from a sequencing
+instrument, it will tell you,
+
+for a given molecule,
+here's the left read
+
+and here's the right read.
+
+Although left and right are
+really sort of misnomers
+
+because there really is
+no left and right, right?
+
+This is one end and then
+this is the other end.
+
+Typical ways of
+processing these paired
+
+reads, first you align
+left and right reads.
+
+And they could really
+only be oriented
+
+with respect to a
+genome sequence where
+
+you say that one has a lower
+coordinate than the other one
+
+when you're actually
+doing the alignment.
+
+And if one read fails to align
+uniquely, then what you can do
+
+is, you know what neighborhood
+you're in because you know,
+
+roughly speaking, what
+the insert size is,
+
+so you can do Smith Waterman
+to actually try and locate
+
+the other read in
+that neighborhood.
+
+Or you can tolerate
+multiply mapped reads.
+
+One thing that I did not
+mention to you explicitly,
+
+is that when you match
+the entire query,
+
+and top and bottom are more
+than one away from each other,
+
+that means you've got
+many places in the genome
+
+that things map.
+
+And thus you may report
+all of those locations
+
+or I might report the first one.
+
+So that's one bit of insight
+into how to do a map paired
+
+reads.
+
+And these are becoming
+very important
+
+because as sequencing
+costs go down,
+
+people are doing
+more and more paired
+
+and sequencing
+because they give you
+
+much more information about the
+original library you created
+
+and for certain protocols can
+allow you to localize events
+
+in the genome far
+more accurately.
+
+Final piece of advice
+on considerations
+
+for read alignment.
+
+We talked about the idea that
+some reads will map or align
+
+uniquely to the genome
+and some will multimap.
+
+You know that the genome is
+roughly 50% repeat sequence.
+
+And thus it's likely that if
+you have a particular read
+
+molecule, there's
+a reasonable chance
+
+that it will map to
+multiple locations.
+
+Is there a question here?
+
+No.
+
+OK.
+
+You have to figure out what your
+desired mismatch tolerance is
+
+when you're doing alignment
+and set the parameters
+
+to your aligner carefully,
+after reading the documentation
+
+thoroughly, because
+as you could tell,
+
+there's no beautiful
+matrix formulation
+
+like there is with a
+well established basis
+
+in the literature,
+rather it's more ad hoc.
+
+And you need to figure
+out what the desired
+
+processing is for paired reads.
+
+So what we've talked
+about today is
+
+we started off talking about
+library complexity and the idea
+
+that when we get a bunch
+of reads from a sequencer,
+
+we can use that collection
+of reads to estimate
+
+the complexity of
+our original library
+
+and whether or
+not something went
+
+wrong in the biological
+processing that we were doing.
+
+Assuming it's a
+good set of reads,
+
+we need to figure out where
+they align to the genome.
+
+So we talked about this idea
+of creating a full text minute
+
+size index, which involves
+a Burrows-Wheeler transform.
+
+And we saw how we can
+compute that and throw away
+
+almost everything else
+except for the BWT
+
+itself, the suffix array
+checkpoints, and the FM index
+
+checkpoints to be able
+to reconstruct this
+
+at a relatively modest increase
+in size over the genome
+
+itself and do this very,
+very rapid matching,
+
+albeit with more problematic
+matching of mismatches.
+
+And then we turned
+to the question
+
+of how to deal with those
+mismatches with backtracking
+
+and some fine points on
+paired end alignment.
+
+So that is the end
+of today's lecture.
+
+On Tuesday of next
+week, we'll talk
+
+about how to actually construct
+a reference genome, which
+
+is a really neat thing
+to be able to do, take
+
+a whole bunch of reads, put
+the puzzle back together again.
+
+I would encourage you to
+make sure you understand
+
+how this indexing
+strategy works.
+
+Look at the slides.
+
+Feel free to ask any of us.
+
+Thanks so much for
+your attention.
+
+Welcome back.
+
+Have a great weekend.
+
+We'll see you next Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QG8SNZ4jGbw.txt b/QG8SNZ4jGbw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90529c7f5a753fc99f0925cb3d03929dc4b755db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QG8SNZ4jGbw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that was like fits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was like fits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was like fits and
+we're going to switch topics a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch topics a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch topics a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+we saw you know if you think about life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw you know if you think about life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw you know if you think about life
+Fields you can build really cool like Ci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields you can build really cool like Ci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields you can build really cool like Ci
+devices you know if you have a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you know if you have a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you know if you have a camera
+array you can do all kinds of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you can do all kinds of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you can do all kinds of crazy
+things like of course you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like of course you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like of course you can do
+refocusing and see through uploaders but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing and see through uploaders but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing and see through uploaders but
+you can do also other things like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do also other things like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do also other things like if I
+have a light field camera let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a light field camera let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a light field camera let's say this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and which is interesting there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is interesting there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is interesting there's
+actually a camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a camera here
+we'll be talking about that anyway if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that anyway if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that anyway if
+this was the area of cameras uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the area of cameras uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the area of cameras uh and you
+shake it you know you have image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it you know you have image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it you know you have image
+stabilization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization problems
+but if you have a light free camera then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a light free camera then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a light free camera then
+uh okay if you want to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay if you want to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay if you want to stabilize the
+image then you have multiple a portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image then you have multiple a portions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image then you have multiple a portions
+multiple Solutions you can either put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Solutions you can either put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Solutions you can either put
+you know big mechanical rigs so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big mechanical rigs so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big mechanical rigs so that
+they stabilize your motion to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stabilize your motion to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stabilize your motion to get rid of
+a camera shake or you can put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera shake or you can put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera shake or you can put some
+Optical stabilization techniques to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical stabilization techniques to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical stabilization techniques to you
+know dampen out the effects and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dampen out the effects and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dampen out the effects and so on
+but if you have sorry okay many pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have sorry okay many pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have sorry okay many pictures
+now what is the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know that is uh Schwarzenegger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that is uh Schwarzenegger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that is uh Schwarzenegger
+and he's jumping in his in his truck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's jumping in his in his truck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's jumping in his in his truck and
+there's a camera moving and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera moving and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera moving and he's
+following how do you keep the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following how do you keep the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following how do you keep the camera
+stabilized although it's been short in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized although it's been short in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized although it's been short in a
+very rough Terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough Terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rough Terrain
+right that's the classic video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the classic video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the classic video
+stabilization maybe that's what I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization maybe that's what I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization maybe that's what I should
+say video stabilization should not image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say video stabilization should not image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say video stabilization should not image
+stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but if you have a lightful camera then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a lightful camera then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a lightful camera then
+you can let it shake and create a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can let it shake and create a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can let it shake and create a very
+smooth video out of that how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth video out of that how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth video out of that how would you
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+remember there's a 5x5 camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a 5x5 camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a 5x5 camera
+and I'm going to shake it but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to shake it but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to shake it but I want to
+create an illusion as if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an illusion as if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an illusion as if there was a
+single camera that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single camera that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single camera that's
+traveling through this space in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through this space in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through this space in a very
+slow manner yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+that's it right as simple as that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it right as simple as that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it right as simple as that you
+have 24 cameras and you should you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 24 cameras and you should you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 24 cameras and you should you in
+the very next stream it was shaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very next stream it was shaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very next stream it was shaken
+so the camera from which we are shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the camera from which we are shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the camera from which we are shooting
+the let's say the center of the 505 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's say the center of the 505 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's say the center of the 505 is
+your actual camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual camera
+but in the next frame that may be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the next frame that may be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the next frame that may be too
+jerky but some other camera took its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerky but some other camera took its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerky but some other camera took its
+place in a straight line so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a straight line so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a straight line so you can just
+switch between different cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between different cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between different cameras and
+find the camera that looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the camera that looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the camera that looks like it's
+going in a straight line yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes save it through a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes save it through a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes save it through a little bit more
+yeah so you have to do a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have to do a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have to do a little bit more
+but that's as opposed to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's as opposed to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's as opposed to doing
+traditional video stabilization where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional video stabilization where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional video stabilization where
+you have to shift an image and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to shift an image and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to shift an image and you know
+do some warping or something here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some warping or something here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some warping or something here you
+get very nice clear fields so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very nice clear fields so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very nice clear fields so there was
+a This was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a This was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a This was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+iccv paper this year 2009 International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iccv paper this year 2009 International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iccv paper this year 2009 International
+Conference and computer vision this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conference and computer vision this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conference and computer vision this
+simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea
+like 25 cameras and create a stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 25 cameras and create a stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 25 cameras and create a stability
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the way things are going 25 cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are going 25 cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are going 25 cameras are
+going to be much cheaper than buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much cheaper than buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much cheaper than buying a
+video stabilization rig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean again it's a dollar right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean again it's a dollar right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean again it's a dollar right now
+under a dollar actually camera so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a dollar actually camera so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a dollar actually camera so you
+can imagine in the future your phone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine in the future your phone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine in the future your phone has
+25 cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 cameras
+and you can do anything you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do anything you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do anything you want and
+from that you can create all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you can create all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you can create all these
+effects and in the stabilization and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and in the stabilization and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and in the stabilization and as
+we see many things you'll be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see many things you'll be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see many things you'll be able to do
+gestures with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures with it
+come back soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah really interesting things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really interesting things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really interesting things are going
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+so and we'll be at the Forefront of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we'll be at the Forefront of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we'll be at the Forefront of that
+so we're going to talk about uh cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about uh cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about uh cameras
+cameras looking at people cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras looking at people cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras looking at people cameras
+looking at fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at fingers
+you know how when you have camera how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how when you have camera how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how when you have camera how we
+can think about complexity of emitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about complexity of emitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about complexity of emitters
+and receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receivers
+um and motion capture right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and motion capture right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and motion capture right these are
+all classic problems in in cameras for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all classic problems in in cameras for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all classic problems in in cameras for
+like Ci and this is a chart we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ci and this is a chart we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ci and this is a chart we saw
+earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the
+that's great thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we saw early in the class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw early in the class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw early in the class about
+um what are some HCI projects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are some HCI projects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are some HCI projects that are
+actually boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boring
+uh because in the field of HCI and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in the field of HCI and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in the field of HCI and the
+field of cameras and multimedia is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of cameras and multimedia is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of cameras and multimedia is not
+that new anymore uh and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new anymore uh and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new anymore uh and so you have to
+be very careful you know when uh even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful you know when uh even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful you know when uh even at
+media lab where a lot of great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab where a lot of great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab where a lot of great things
+were invented uh in the 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invented uh in the 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invented uh in the 90s
+back then very few people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then very few people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then very few people did
+you know this kind of that's yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this kind of that's yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this kind of that's yeah so
+anything you do is likely to be new you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you do is likely to be new you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you do is likely to be new you
+don't have to worry about it you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it you just
+start the project and you work on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the project and you work on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the project and you work on it and
+it's pretty much guaranteed that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much guaranteed that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much guaranteed that what
+you're doing is brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is brand new
+but that's not the case anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the case anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the case anymore
+everybody has access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has access to this
+Technologies and and computing power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and and computing power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and and computing power and
+so on and if you just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and if you just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and if you just start
+a HCI project it's very less likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a HCI project it's very less likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a HCI project it's very less likely that
+what you're doing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is actually
+so you know you have to expose Yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you have to expose Yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you have to expose Yourself
+by going to events and seeing what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going to events and seeing what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going to events and seeing what other
+people are doing and and so on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing and and so on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing and and so on you know
+maybe your technology is new but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your technology is new but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your technology is new but your
+application is not new maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is not new maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is not new maybe your
+Affliction is new but the technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affliction is new but the technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affliction is new but the technology is
+not new and you have to just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new and you have to just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new and you have to just have the
+right mix uh of of all of that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mix uh of of all of that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mix uh of of all of that to be
+really impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressive
+so you know always remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know always remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know always remember this
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you cannot impress all the people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot impress all the people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot impress all the people all
+the time and I just gave a talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and I just gave a talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and I just gave a talk to
+um the the first year ra classes I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first year ra classes I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the first year ra classes I guess
+I guess you were there plus and uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you were there plus and uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you were there plus and uh one
+of the things I mentioned was that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I mentioned was that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I mentioned was that for
+xia it's it's very kind of tempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xia it's it's very kind of tempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xia it's it's very kind of tempting to
+work on a CR projects because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a CR projects because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a CR projects because you know
+you get instant gratification first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get instant gratification first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get instant gratification first of
+all and second uh especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and second uh especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and second uh especially if you're
+at a place like MIT or media lab you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a place like MIT or media lab you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a place like MIT or media lab you get
+a lot of press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of press
+people look at it and say wow cool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at it and say wow cool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at it and say wow cool it's
+it's so interesting I wish I have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so interesting I wish I have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so interesting I wish I have it and
+so on and that is good any positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and that is good any positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and that is good any positive
+reinforcement is good but it's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is good but it's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is good but it's also very
+detrimental in the long run because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detrimental in the long run because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detrimental in the long run because if
+what you're doing is not really new or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is not really new or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is not really new or
+impactful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful
+um then you get this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you get this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you get this positive
+reinforcement because the process it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement because the process it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement because the process it's
+interesting and people who come and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and people who come and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and people who come and see
+your demo sites interesting you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your demo sites interesting you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your demo sites interesting you think
+wow this is really what I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow this is really what I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow this is really what I should be
+doing but be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but be careful
+I know you know talk to people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you know talk to people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you know talk to people try to
+publish it try to expose yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it try to expose yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it try to expose yourself
+and subject yourself to some some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subject yourself to some some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subject yourself to some some you
+know peer reviews and then see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know peer reviews and then see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know peer reviews and then see if it's
+you know still worth doing it so submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know still worth doing it so submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know still worth doing it so submit
+to conferences high level conference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conferences high level conference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conferences high level conference is
+not the ones that are organized by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ones that are organized by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ones that are organized by your
+friends or or you know former colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or or you know former colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or or you know former colleagues
+uh high-level conferences and just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high-level conferences and just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh high-level conferences and just go to
+those events and see what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events and see what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events and see what's going on so
+that's kind of my high level advice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of my high level advice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of my high level advice for
+doing HCI uh and what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing HCI uh and what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing HCI uh and what we're going to do
+is a little quick run-through of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little quick run-through of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little quick run-through of of
+several Technologies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Technologies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Technologies but
+you know you're very welcome to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're very welcome to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're very welcome to explore
+nhci demo as your final project it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nhci demo as your final project it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nhci demo as your final project it's
+always fun I mean I personally love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun I mean I personally love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun I mean I personally love
+seeing really cool interaction devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing really cool interaction devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing really cool interaction devices
+but again the field is saturated and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again the field is saturated and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again the field is saturated and you
+have to make sure you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so by xia I'm I I'm mainly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by xia I'm I I'm mainly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by xia I'm I I'm mainly going to
+focus on device oriented at CI and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on device oriented at CI and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on device oriented at CI and I
+will not be talking about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be talking about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be talking about you know
+traditional cameras and HCI done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional cameras and HCI done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional cameras and HCI done with
+that so from the most classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so from the most classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so from the most classic example of
+camera based at CI is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera based at CI is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera based at CI is you know
+interaction with touch screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with touch screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with touch screens
+um and the classic project from recimoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the classic project from recimoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the classic project from recimoto
+and now almost 10 15 years old is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now almost 10 15 years old is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now almost 10 15 years old is
+you have a projector that's projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a projector that's projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a projector that's projecting
+on the screen like here you have an IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen like here you have an IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen like here you have an IR
+camera that's looking at the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's looking at the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that's looking at the screen and
+then it has some lights that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has some lights that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has some lights that are
+Illuminating the scene if your hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating the scene if your hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating the scene if your hand is
+very far away from the screen it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from the screen it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from the screen it does
+not reflect like back but if your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reflect like back but if your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reflect like back but if your hand
+is sufficiently close to the to the rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently close to the to the rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently close to the to the rear
+prediction screen that will reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction screen that will reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction screen that will reflect
+light back to the camera and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light back to the camera and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light back to the camera and because the
+projector is working in the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is working in the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is working in the visible
+spectrum and the camera is working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the camera is working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the camera is working in
+the near IR spectrum they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near IR spectrum they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near IR spectrum they don't
+interfere with each other and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other and then you
+can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize
+the picture of the output recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of the output recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of the output recognize the
+blobs and from that you can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobs and from that you can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blobs and from that you can figure out
+very beautiful very classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful very classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful very classic
+but you know at this stage not for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know at this stage not for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know at this stage not for not
+worth pursuing it's too much has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pursuing it's too much has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth pursuing it's too much has been
+done in this place if you want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this place if you want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this place if you want to build
+a product maybe or if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product maybe or if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product maybe or if you want to do
+research you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you know
+don't follow this path too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um some of the other interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other interesting thing
+this was done I Believe by 99 yeah 99.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done I Believe by 99 yeah 99.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done I Believe by 99 yeah 99.
+uh as you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you know this
+uh a mouse is the camera in a mouse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mouse is the camera in a mouse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a mouse is the camera in a mouse is
+one of the largest markets for image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest markets for image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the largest markets for image
+sensors if you remember the chart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors if you remember the chart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors if you remember the chart the
+beginning of the class you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class you know about
+100 300 or 300 million I think I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 300 or 300 million I think I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 300 or 300 million I think I believe
+sensors are sold player in in maps which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are sold player in in maps which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are sold player in in maps which
+is amazing and it's actually a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing and it's actually a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing and it's actually a camera
+that's very low resolution about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very low resolution about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very low resolution about 20
+pixels by 20 pixels and it's running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels by 20 pixels and it's running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels by 20 pixels and it's running at
+very high temperature close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperature close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperature close to a
+thousand frames per second and all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand frames per second and all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand frames per second and all it's
+doing is looking at Optical flow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is looking at Optical flow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is looking at Optical flow if you
+take an image at one Instant versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an image at one Instant versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an image at one Instant versus the
+next instant is anything changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instant is anything changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instant is anything changing and
+that's why you can work it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can work it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can work it you don't
+have to have it on a rough surface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have it on a rough surface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have it on a rough surface like
+you used to have with those spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to have with those spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to have with those spinning
+spinning balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning balls
+you can use it on a smooth surface as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it on a smooth surface as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it on a smooth surface as
+long as there is texture if you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there is texture if you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there is texture if you put it
+on a completely white piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a completely white piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a completely white piece of paper
+that has no texture this will not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no texture this will not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no texture this will not work
+because it's looking at image difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's looking at image difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's looking at image difference
+in framework to frame difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in framework to frame difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in framework to frame difference
+it has everything embedded in it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has everything embedded in it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has everything embedded in it is
+taking the two pictures I mean taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the two pictures I mean taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the two pictures I mean taking a
+video red picture it has a DSP that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video red picture it has a DSP that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video red picture it has a DSP that's
+doing this Optical flow comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this Optical flow comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this Optical flow comparison to
+basically get this 2D Vector are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get this 2D Vector are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get this 2D Vector are you
+moving what's X vector and what's the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving what's X vector and what's the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving what's X vector and what's the Y
+Vector that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's it
+and of course you know you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you know you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you know you can buy
+Optical Mouse for what just tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical Mouse for what just tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical Mouse for what just tens of
+dollars what's the cheapest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars what's the cheapest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars what's the cheapest one
+but really really cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really really cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really really cheap
+sorry and ten dollars okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and ten dollars okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and ten dollars okay yeah
+and then this group at Microsoft can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this group at Microsoft can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this group at Microsoft can
+include others said okay what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include others said okay what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include others said okay what if you
+this is only two degrees of freedom can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only two degrees of freedom can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only two degrees of freedom can
+you add other other four degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add other other four degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add other other four degrees of
+freedom so rotation right now rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so rotation right now rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so rotation right now rotation
+is not not covered because the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not covered because the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not covered because the image
+will not change if you stay in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not change if you stay in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not change if you stay in one place
+but also able to lift it and and tilt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also able to lift it and and tilt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also able to lift it and and tilt it
+just from the from the pass so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the from the pass so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the from the pass so you know
+they just placed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just placed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just placed a
+a surface in which we can you can pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface in which we can you can pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface in which we can you can pivot
+and then the grid itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the grid itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the grid itself was
+uh this array of dots which you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this array of dots which you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this array of dots which you can see
+in a great form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a great form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a great form
+and that the Distortion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the Distortion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the Distortion of that
+tells you you know if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know if you're if you're
+head up then all the all the discs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head up then all the all the discs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head up then all the all the discs will
+look the same shape or tilt it one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same shape or tilt it one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same shape or tilt it one way
+or the other you'll get some Keystone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other you'll get some Keystone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other you'll get some Keystone
+Distortion and in addition they placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and in addition they placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and in addition they placed
+these markers within each disk to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markers within each disk to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markers within each disk to get
+absolute position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute position
+and then between the between this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then between the between this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then between the between this uh
+fiducials they can get the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiducials they can get the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiducials they can get the relative
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+so it's pretty clever idea slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty clever idea slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty clever idea slightly
+difficult to implement because this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to implement because this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to implement because this all
+has to run in real time and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to run in real time and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to run in real time and if you have
+a printed pattern like that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a printed pattern like that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a printed pattern like that you know you
+must have a mouse fire of that shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a mouse fire of that shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a mouse fire of that shape and
+people just like to have it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just like to have it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just like to have it completely
+free notice the mouse should not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free notice the mouse should not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free notice the mouse should not have
+any constraints on where it is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh then uh ftir which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh then uh ftir which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh then uh ftir which has
+become really popular now frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become really popular now frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become really popular now frustrated
+total internal reflections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflections
+um and let me show the show the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me show the show the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me show the show the demo
+first and then uh see how this goes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then uh see how this goes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then uh see how this goes so
+this is uh Chef Khan's demo from 2005 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh Chef Khan's demo from 2005 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh Chef Khan's demo from 2005 uh
+and ftir is used in many other fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ftir is used in many other fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ftir is used in many other fields so
+fkir itself is not new but the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fkir itself is not new but the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fkir itself is not new but the way it's
+used for uh touch interaction is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for uh touch interaction is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for uh touch interaction is is
+really beautiful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how does this work right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does this work right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does this work right you
+an LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LED
+uh that's uh emitting light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's uh emitting light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's uh emitting light
+and if the refractive index of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the refractive index of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the refractive index of the class
+is sufficiently different from Air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently different from Air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently different from Air so
+the air is one the glass is about 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is one the glass is about 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is one the glass is about 1.5
+and the light is hitting the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light is hitting the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light is hitting the this
+interface between glass and air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between glass and air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between glass and air and
+sufficient is steep angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient is steep angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient is steep angle
+uh it's going to continuously uh reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to continuously uh reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to continuously uh reflect
+within the bombs of this flux okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the bombs of this flux okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the bombs of this flux okay
+and that's exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly how
+all these other Technologies work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other Technologies work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other Technologies work as
+well so fiber optics light pipes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so fiber optics light pipes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so fiber optics light pipes and and
+all these things also work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things also work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things also work on this
+specific principle okay so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific principle okay so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific principle okay so I've got
+Optics you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simplest case we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case we just have
+a glass pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass pipe
+construct opportunities is there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct opportunities is there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct opportunities is there this
+class and you have some kind of coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you have some kind of coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and you have some kind of coupling
+in a laser light person if it goes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a laser light person if it goes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a laser light person if it goes at
+the right angle it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmitted over thousands of kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over thousands of kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over thousands of kilometers
+this way without significant generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way without significant generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way without significant generation
+and but if you read it as a raw angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if you read it as a raw angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if you read it as a raw angle
+it just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just work
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course the modern fibers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the modern fibers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the modern fibers are not
+a single flat but not declared they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+and one and two so like those in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and two so like those in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and two so like those in it
+reflects different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so by creating different index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by creating different index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by creating different index
+contraction you can still start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction you can still start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction you can still start getting
+some kind of messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of messages
+as opposed to pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to pure and
+this is where the loss of services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have
+a glass and air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass and air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass and air
+some amount of light actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio is
+absolute numbers and the ratios of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute numbers and the ratios of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute numbers and the ratios of its
+refractive index it will tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index it will tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index it will tell you how
+much of the light will actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you use this gradient index then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you use this gradient index then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you use this gradient index then
+it turns out everything will stable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out everything will stable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out everything will stable in
+the paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh light pipes work the same way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light pipes work the same way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light pipes work the same way like
+instead of projector you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of projector you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of projector you might have a
+have a well but it actually might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well but it actually might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a well but it actually might just
+uh LCD or a DMV is pretty far away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LCD or a DMV is pretty far away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh LCD or a DMV is pretty far away so
+these light pipes to guide light and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light pipes to guide light and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light pipes to guide light and a
+very similar fashion uh and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar fashion uh and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar fashion uh and so on so
+this is you know for low light low light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know for low light low light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know for low light low light
+transmission the idea of fdir is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the idea of fdir is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the idea of fdir is a very
+well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just sequence of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sequence of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sequence of total
+reflection and now what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and now what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and now what you want to do
+is frustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frustrate
+the internal reflection and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal reflection and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal reflection and let the
+light leak and in this case at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light leak and in this case at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light leak and in this case at the
+interface between the class and air if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the class and air if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the class and air if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+allow the light to escape uh somehow if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the light to escape uh somehow if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the light to escape uh somehow if
+you put a finger here or if you just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a finger here or if you just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a finger here or if you just put
+some dust particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your light will try to reflect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your light will try to reflect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your light will try to reflect but
+because the diffusion character also go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diffusion character also go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diffusion character also go
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same principle that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same principle that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same principle that you may have
+seen in some of the menus that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in some of the menus that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in some of the menus that they have
+at restaurants or in movies they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at restaurants or in movies they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at restaurants or in movies they have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this class slabs will help slap like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class slabs will help slap like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class slabs will help slap like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the lights at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because again because light is trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again because light is trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again because light is trapped
+within this guy it just goes away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this guy it just goes away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this guy it just goes away but
+when you put some pigment on it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put some pigment on it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put some pigment on it like
+it's like a traditional reflection at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a traditional reflection at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a traditional reflection at
+the end it gets diffused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TV
+that's based on this principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on this principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on this principle
+the way that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can probably look up uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably look up uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably look up uh sorry
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you have a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a projector
+and it protects the light inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it protects the light inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it protects the light inside
+the topmost pixel here will uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topmost pixel here will uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topmost pixel here will uh you know
+what is keep angle and they put a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is keep angle and they put a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is keep angle and they put a film
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the angle between the scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if it's chosen in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's chosen in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's chosen in such a way that
+if you shoot the array at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shoot the array at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shoot the array at a particular
+position it reflects reflects reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it reflects reflects reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it reflects reflects reflect
+eventually the angle will not be shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the angle will not be shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the angle will not be shallow
+enough so that the light will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the light will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the light will actually
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it has a straight file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has a straight file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has a straight file
+if it comes in in magnetic angle forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes in in magnetic angle forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes in in magnetic angle forever
+we're going for best you need to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for best you need to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for best you need to travel
+and if you shoot some other angle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you shoot some other angle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you shoot some other angle it
+will come out right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you are projecting a tiny image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are projecting a tiny image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you are projecting a tiny image here
+to reflect and end up creating this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect and end up creating this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect and end up creating this nice
+15 inch wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 inch wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 inch wide
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+very beautiful product it is I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful product it is I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful product it is I believe
+they got acquired by Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got acquired by Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got acquired by Microsoft
+the Microsoft surf listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to speak and those people are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak and those people are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak and those people are working
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not
+they have real team diffuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have real team diffuser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have real team diffuser
+uh and now I just realize that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now I just realize that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now I just realize that because
+if you use a attitude frustrated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a attitude frustrated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a attitude frustrated at
+every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right perfect okay that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right perfect okay that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right perfect okay that's right
+that's right you're good so if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right you're good so if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right you're good so if there is
+a gap between the diffuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a cap here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a cap here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a cap here
+and you still get internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get internal reflection
+but when it eventually comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it eventually comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it eventually comes out
+um it will diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if I don't have the diffuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I don't have the diffuser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I don't have the diffuser
+so let me let me zoom in in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in
+and then it goes out and just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes out and just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes out and just you know
+this is not internal reflecting anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not internal reflecting anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not internal reflecting anymore
+just stretch yourself and I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stretch yourself and I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stretch yourself and I think what
+you're asking is can I make it in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking is can I make it in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking is can I make it in such a
+way that it goes out this way but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it goes out this way but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it goes out this way but also
+goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+and then if I just control this maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if I just control this maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if I just control this maybe I
+can create zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's interesting challenge it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's interesting challenge it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's interesting challenge it's a
+very interesting challenge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting challenge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting challenge that's
+several properties you could exploit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several properties you could exploit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several properties you could exploit so
+typically uh because of the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh because of the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh because of the health
+officers you possibly that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers you possibly that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers you possibly that we saw
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+appear the semester with a dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear the semester with a dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear the semester with a dual
+photography if a light goes in one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography if a light goes in one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography if a light goes in one part
+and you know it does strange thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it does strange thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it does strange thing it
+comes out you should array in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out you should array in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out you should array in the same
+direction and come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and come out
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+and this Duality can be very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Duality can be very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Duality can be very quickly
+used to you know it's like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to you know it's like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to you know it's like it's a
+professional machine if somebody starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional machine if somebody starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional machine if somebody starts
+proposing to you a design that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to you a design that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to you a design that sounds
+like Perpetual machine because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Perpetual machine because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Perpetual machine because you know
+that and the duality of Life can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the duality of Life can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the duality of Life can also be
+used as a quick check to see if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a quick check to see if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a quick check to see if your
+design is going to work so here it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is going to work so here it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is going to work so here it seems
+like it could be breaking priority right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be breaking priority right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be breaking priority right
+because when light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when light comes in
+and it goes into two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes into two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes into two different
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both of them will come out in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them will come out in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them will come out in the same
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and and usually when when this splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and usually when when this splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and usually when when this splitting
+and compiling happens and the duric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compiling happens and the duric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compiling happens and the duric
+principle says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Twitter for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter for example
+right then I can go here and I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can go here and I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can go here and I can also
+go from here so most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here so most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here so most of them are
+traveling on the same direction like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling on the same direction like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling on the same direction like a
+shine like this way the light will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine like this way the light will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine like this way the light will also
+go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way
+so some some places where you cannot say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some some places where you cannot say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some some places where you cannot say
+okay one gray will cost one day out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one gray will cost one day out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one gray will cost one day out or
+how can the same way we do in places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the same way we do in places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the same way we do in places so
+sometimes it can be explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be explained
+this story was the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story was the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story was the situation
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project I think that what is suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I think that what is suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I think that what is suggested
+first I mean actually two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I mean actually two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I mean actually two different
+projectors yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the projects are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects are different
+angle of this phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of this phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of this phenomena
+there may be a very tight sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a very tight sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a very tight sweet spot
+where it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this this notion of frustrated total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this notion of frustrated total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this notion of frustrated total
+internet of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of questions
+also some of the best head-mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the best head-mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the best head-mounted
+displays are also used also uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays are also used also uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays are also used also uses this
+first you have your eye and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have your eye and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you have your eye and you have
+basically a thin sheet of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a thin sheet of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a thin sheet of glass
+uh and then you form an image here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you form an image here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you form an image here and
+the description travels back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description travels back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description travels back and forth
+here and then you have issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have issues are
+different diffuser but constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diffuser but constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diffuser but constructive
+index so this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so this comes out
+this particular person it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular person it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular person it's very
+lightweight the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight the image is
+projected here and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't have one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we use this for how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we use this for how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we use this for how do
+you use it for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for HCI again the same principle we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HCI again the same principle we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HCI again the same principle we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+uh you know do the simple reflection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know do the simple reflection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know do the simple reflection in
+this case instructor diffuser we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case instructor diffuser we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case instructor diffuser we're
+going to use the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the finger
+and the feeder is going to prevent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the feeder is going to prevent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the feeder is going to prevent it
+from doing pure internal reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing pure internal reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing pure internal reflection and
+will also if you start diffusing live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also if you start diffusing live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also if you start diffusing live on
+the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side
+and then in this case you can just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this case you can just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in this case you can just put a
+scatterer so that this pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which way is the projector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is only for capture there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is only for capture there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is only for capture there's a
+camera down here that's looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera down here that's looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera down here that's looking at the
+scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered
+and there's a projector as well like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a projector as well like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a projector as well like
+it's projecting light on this diffuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's projecting light on this diffuser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's projecting light on this diffuser
+so in this case the finger is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the finger is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the finger is on the
+right and the camera and projector are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the camera and projector are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the camera and projector are
+on the left of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only 2005 that's when the paper came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+scattered light project on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light project on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light project on the camera
+and only where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only where you have
+physical contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical contact
+live breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live breakfast
+remove it if you if you hover or a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it if you if you hover or a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it if you if you hover or a glass
+it's something acceptable value to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something acceptable value to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something acceptable value to write
+a menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a menu
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+in fact in sheets of water this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in sheets of water this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in sheets of water this is
+really cool to do where you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to do where you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to do where you you have
+profits of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that
+and the light travels through it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light travels through it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light travels through it so if
+you see it from on this side it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from on this side it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from on this side it is
+completely transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely transparent
+great to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be
+by putting your hand or doing correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting your hand or doing correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting your hand or doing correct
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+disadvantage of this particular scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage of this particular scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage of this particular scheme
+is that you need to have sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you need to have sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you need to have sufficient
+suppression between the screen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression between the screen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression between the screen and the
+projection camera right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection camera right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection camera right
+it's looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking at this
+it will be sufficient area to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be sufficient area to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be sufficient area to create
+you could do like a real traditional TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do like a real traditional TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do like a real traditional TV
+for the path and so on but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the path and so on but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the path and so on but nevertheless
+it's not a convenient if you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a convenient if you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a convenient if you want to put
+this on a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some percent programs uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some percent programs uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some percent programs uh this
+group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at
+microsofty and others they are building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsofty and others they are building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsofty and others they are building
+uh fpir marks where you just have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fpir marks where you just have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fpir marks where you just have an
+acrylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrylic
+a third piece of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third piece of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third piece of glass
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and there's a camera here that's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a camera here that's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a camera here that's looking
+at the gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was just presented a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just presented a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just presented a couple of weeks
+ago nice beautiful so yeah where was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago nice beautiful so yeah where was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago nice beautiful so yeah where was
+that uisd I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uisd I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uisd I believe
+uh is that right yeah yeah user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that right yeah yeah user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that right yeah yeah user
+interface the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the same place
+thank you for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same paper also talks about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same paper also talks about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same paper also talks about a
+side Mouse where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side Mouse where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side Mouse where
+uh you can see the two fingers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see the two fingers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see the two fingers here
+barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely
+and two fingers here what they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two fingers here what they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two fingers here what they are doing
+is that creating a sheet of light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that creating a sheet of light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that creating a sheet of light that's
+traveling almost parallel to the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling almost parallel to the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling almost parallel to the table
+so if I put my finger only the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put my finger only the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put my finger only the bottom
+part of my fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my fingers
+and this is looking at how the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is looking at how the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is looking at how the light is
+being obstructed by the fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being obstructed by the fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being obstructed by the fingers
+and there's a camera that's just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a camera that's just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a camera that's just looking
+straight at it but most of this pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at it but most of this pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at it but most of this pixels
+are based and other bottom pixels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based and other bottom pixels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based and other bottom pixels are
+being used but this is actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used but this is actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used but this is actually on the
+quality it's only one distance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's only one distance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's only one distance that's
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+I sort of but I think they they can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of but I think they they can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of but I think they they can tell
+how far away your fingers are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away your fingers are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away your fingers are based on
+the the size of the okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this this principle of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this principle of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this principle of having a
+sheet of light and see where you cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of light and see where you cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of light and see where you cut it
+very obstructed is used in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projects so if you remember there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so if you remember there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so if you remember there was a
+canister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canister
+projector where they wanted to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector where they wanted to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector where they wanted to create a
+keyboard anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard anywhere in
+space so all they had was a canister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so all they had was a canister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so all they had was a canister
+projector which protects a keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector which protects a keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector which protects a keyboard
+pattern out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern out here
+and then at the bottom again they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the bottom again they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the bottom again they had a
+sheet of light that goes out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of light that goes out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of light that goes out the same
+way so the sheet of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you put your fingers smart it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put your fingers smart it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put your fingers smart it gets
+blocked but because the projector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked but because the projector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked but because the projector is
+also projecting the keyboard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again this is a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a projector
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because it's a slight projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then those big Smart Board displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those big Smart Board displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those big Smart Board displays
+you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen
+have also very similar structure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also very similar structure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also very similar structure they
+have a big board and there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big board and there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big board and there's a little
+bit of a battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a battle
+and corner of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corner of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corner of this
+screen there are cameras that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen there are cameras that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen there are cameras that are
+looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out
+and this camera will actually mostly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this camera will actually mostly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this camera will actually mostly one
+piece they're looking at something less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece they're looking at something less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece they're looking at something less
+closures and they're eliminating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closures and they're eliminating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closures and they're eliminating the
+four hole with a near IR sheet okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hole with a near IR sheet okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hole with a near IR sheet okay so
+when you put your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put your finger
+move one or more of these cameras you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one or more of these cameras you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one or more of these cameras you'll
+see where your vegetables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 million 14 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person
+the the board that's in that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway this is very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the aim is to put this in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aim is to put this in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aim is to put this in every
+classroom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom of
+K-12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course all this displays will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all this displays will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all this displays will
+have a project so you have projected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a project so you have projected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a project so you have projected a
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then of course you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then of course you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then of course you are
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+vehicle which was quite revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle which was quite revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle which was quite revolutionary
+because it placed a camera in the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it placed a camera in the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it placed a camera in the remote
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+so the remote actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the remote actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the remote actually has a
+an XGA camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XGA camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XGA camera
+runs at 100 Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at 100 Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at 100 Hertz
+and it can attract four blocks of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can attract four blocks of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can attract four blocks of life
+so when you play with the Wii there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you play with the Wii there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you play with the Wii there is a
+sensor bar at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor bar at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor bar at the top
+which is which is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is actually not
+sensitivized emitter part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivized emitter part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivized emitter part
+to have the bar at the top which has I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the bar at the top which has I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the bar at the top which has I
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+four LEDs and then when you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four LEDs and then when you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four LEDs and then when you're playing
+with your remote here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your remote here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your remote here
+there's a camera that's looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera that's looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera that's looking at this
+guys and she's starting to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you are with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are with respect to this
+calibrated and because IR you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated and because IR you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated and because IR you know has
+some examples where people remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples where people remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples where people remove the
+sensor bar and just put a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but to me it was really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to me it was really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to me it was really amazing
+because this is completely wireless so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is completely wireless so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is completely wireless so
+they have to do all the processing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do all the processing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do all the processing on
+board office Four Points and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board office Four Points and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board office Four Points and they have
+transmit it back over Bluetooth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it back over Bluetooth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it back over Bluetooth or
+whatever wireless sound we have through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever wireless sound we have through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever wireless sound we have through
+the the V box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the V box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the V box
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know a compatible system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a compatible system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a compatible system for
+again just kinds of dollars and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just kinds of dollars and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just kinds of dollars and the fact
+that they were able to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to integrate
+sufficiently uh sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently uh sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently uh sufficiently
+sophisticated processing was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated processing was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated processing was just
+amazing and so uh Johnny Johnny Lee from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and so uh Johnny Johnny Lee from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and so uh Johnny Johnny Lee from
+CMU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this emerging platform for coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emerging platform for coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emerging platform for coordination
+and so okay let's use this camera to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay let's use this camera to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay let's use this camera to do
+lots of applications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications so
+this quick start camera shift that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quick start camera shift that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quick start camera shift that does
+so it's not transmitting back a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not transmitting back a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not transmitting back a whole
+text check image back to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text check image back to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text check image back to the base
+station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station
+it's just transmitting the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just transmitting the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just transmitting the coordinates
+of the four of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four of us
+that's what makes it very low background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it very low background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it very low background
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and a similar trick is also used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a similar trick is also used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a similar trick is also used in
+the white motion capture that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white motion capture that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white motion capture that we have in
+third floor and fourth floor where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third floor and fourth floor where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third floor and fourth floor where you
+have a high speed camera that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high speed camera that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high speed camera that's
+everything I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I don't like
+an alternative reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative reflector
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's reflected back at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected back at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected back at the point
+except in this case you may have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case you may have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case you may have an
+image that's 2000 by 2000 pixels uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's 2000 by 2000 pixels uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's 2000 by 2000 pixels uh but
+I'm going to look at this the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so you know generally I'm sure it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know generally I'm sure it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know generally I'm sure it's a
+lot of demos where he you know create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of demos where he you know create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of demos where he you know create a
+smart board sort of keyboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart board sort of keyboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart board sort of keyboard and
+he changed you know he had flickers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed you know he had flickers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed you know he had flickers to
+it and really interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really interesting things
+I even added a 3D tracking because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even added a 3D tracking because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I even added a 3D tracking because now
+this free mode which is putting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free mode which is putting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free mode which is putting over
+here is this is the camera and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is the camera and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is the camera and we know
+where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keep push it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me look at this body flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me look at this body flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me look at this body flash
+camera the one trick I did mention was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the one trick I did mention was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the one trick I did mention was
+you can use colored lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use colored lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use colored lights
+so previously saw that using multi-flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so previously saw that using multi-flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so previously saw that using multi-flush
+camera you can get very high quality on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can get very high quality on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can get very high quality on
+groups which are ideal for for gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which are ideal for for gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which are ideal for for gesture
+interactions but you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but you can you know
+actually use three lights at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use three lights at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use three lights at the same
+time so Shadows are side magenta and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so Shadows are side magenta and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so Shadows are side magenta and and
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just by displacing the lights with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by displacing the lights with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by displacing the lights with
+respect to the main camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the main camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the main camera
+we have a very robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right then we have this techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then we have this techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then we have this techniques
+where we are not looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are not looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are not looking at the
+coordinates the transform between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the transform between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the transform between a
+camera and a point where we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and a point where we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and a point where we're looking
+at a transform between a camera and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a transform between a camera and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a transform between a camera and a
+fixed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by
+okay so this another campaign and has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this another campaign and has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this another campaign and has a
+camera which is very beautiful design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera which is very beautiful design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera which is very beautiful design
+because it's it's really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's really close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's really close to the
+pen and it's looking at the partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen and it's looking at the partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen and it's looking at the partners
+that are encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are encoded in
+higher ink so it can be printed on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ink so it can be printed on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ink so it can be printed on you
+can print on top of it a document but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print on top of it a document but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print on top of it a document but
+because usually carbon is transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually carbon is transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually carbon is transferred to
+linear IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect your thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way they do that is they simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they do that is they simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they do that is they simply
+displace the starts from a uniform grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace the starts from a uniform grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace the starts from a uniform grid
+and that gives them basically a once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives them basically a once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives them basically a once you
+encode so a six by six encoding for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode so a six by six encoding for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode so a six by six encoding for them
+apparently is sufficient to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently is sufficient to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently is sufficient to create
+this expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expose
+36 dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 dots
+bits this particular diagrams since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this particular diagrams since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this particular diagrams since you
+said there are more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there are more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there are more important
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so if you if you print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you print
+something that occupies about half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that occupies about half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that occupies about half the
+U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S
+they can provide unique coordinate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can provide unique coordinate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can provide unique coordinate every
+point in this 1600 kilometers plus 1600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this 1600 kilometers plus 1600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this 1600 kilometers plus 1600
+kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer
+so you can print a lot of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can print a lot of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can print a lot of paper and
+every six by six block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six by six block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six by six block
+on this paper is completely unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this paper is completely unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this paper is completely unique
+so the camera will take a look take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the camera will take a look take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the camera will take a look take a
+picture of the Spartan decode Wattpad 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the Spartan decode Wattpad 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the Spartan decode Wattpad 36
+bit ID is and record that and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ID is and record that and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ID is and record that and then if
+you just move your pen on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move your pen on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move your pen on top of this
+filter pattern you will know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter pattern you will know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter pattern you will know what
+trajectory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty amazing idea I believe they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing idea I believe they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing idea I believe they have
+a lot of patches and in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of patches and in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of patches and in this space
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+of course the pen not just tracks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the pen not just tracks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the pen not just tracks where
+it is but you can also write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but you can also write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but you can also write it
+sometimes they forget basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they forget basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they forget basic
+functionality of our devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and of course I have other other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I have other other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I have other other things
+such as Bluetooth so that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Bluetooth so that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Bluetooth so that you can just
+write down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down and
+give a fantasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a fantasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a fantasize
+all the projectors have the same so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projectors have the same so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the projectors have the same so all
+your nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's a very very powerful idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a very very powerful idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a very very powerful idea
+that you can encode a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can encode a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can encode a pattern
+in a fixed flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the camera like this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the camera like this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the camera like this is almost
+like building a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like building a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like building a microscope
+and the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with that is
+the depth of fields is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of fields is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of fields is going to be very
+in the order of focus like a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order of focus like a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order of focus like a microscope
+if you if you tilt the if you shoot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you tilt the if you shoot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you tilt the if you shoot the
+dial a little bit everything goes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial a little bit everything goes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial a little bit everything goes out of
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+so this camera does have a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this camera does have a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this camera does have a problem so
+they have engineered it well enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have engineered it well enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have engineered it well enough so
+that you know most of the time the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know most of the time the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know most of the time the panel
+is being straight down or then stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being straight down or then stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being straight down or then stating
+the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between
+the camera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and the
+and the python is changing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the python is changing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the python is changing a little bit
+so having generated well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all this all these problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all these problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all these problems of
+looking at binary patterns and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at binary patterns and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at binary patterns and be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+develop them is you know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them is you know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop them is you know we're going to
+see that when we talk start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when we talk start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when we talk start talking
+about coding and code exposure and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coding and code exposure and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coding and code exposure and so on
+uh it's very very interesting because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very very interesting because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very very interesting because uh
+Kevin I think was one of the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin I think was one of the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin I think was one of the popular
+iPhone part 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary
+then you can let it blur significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you give me an arbitrary photo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give me an arbitrary photo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give me an arbitrary photo and
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's a binary match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a binary match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a binary match
+it's very easy to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to go back and
+recovery and so a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery and so a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery and so a lot of these
+techniques I've heard that I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I've heard that I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I've heard that I still
+haven't seen an iPhone app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen an iPhone app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen an iPhone app
+that actually exploits smart immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually exploits smart immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually exploits smart immediately
+product to recover you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to recover you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to recover you know
+text or label so somebody needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text or label so somebody needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text or label so somebody needs to
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I really feel like starting my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really feel like starting my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really feel like starting my own
+writing my own app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my own app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my own app
+satisfy myself because it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy myself because it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy myself because it will not be
+very well engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well engineered
+or you know take a photo of I can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know take a photo of I can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know take a photo of I can't even
+notes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and so on
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when becomes according to you you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when becomes according to you you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when becomes according to you you'll see
+that how all these techniques started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how all these techniques started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how all these techniques started
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+so Optical Mouse of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Optical Mouse of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Optical Mouse of course
+20 by 20 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 by 20 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 by 20 pixels
+9600 frames per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9600 frames per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9600 frames per second
+the camera you have on your mouse is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera you have on your mouse is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera you have on your mouse is 10
+000 per scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 per scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 per scan
+uh and I took it from the STM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I took it from the STM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I took it from the STM
+Electronics manual and its resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics manual and its resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics manual and its resolution is
+800 pounds per inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 pounds per inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 pounds per inch
+because even if you shift a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you shift a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you shift a little bit
+you can detect the variations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect the variations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can detect the variations it's
+pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing
+it can deal with motion blur up to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can deal with motion blur up to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can deal with motion blur up to 40
+inches uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+40 inches per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 inches per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 inches per second
+right uh it's just amazing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's just amazing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's just amazing all the
+specifications of how beautiful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications of how beautiful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications of how beautiful this
+whole thing has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing has been
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um another very popular problem in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another very popular problem in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another very popular problem in in
+HCI is being able to attract the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study and just move your move your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and just move your move your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and just move your move your kids
+it's quite challenging so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite challenging so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite challenging so there's
+several Solutions I I this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Solutions I I this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several Solutions I I this is not the
+problems that's still not to solved as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's still not to solved as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's still not to solved as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+most of the solutions they have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the solutions they have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the solutions they have are
+active so they're eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time to be able to do that and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be able to do that and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be able to do that and another
+problem is case tracking is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is case tracking is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is case tracking is that because
+of circuits and because of links it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuits and because of links it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuits and because of links it's
+very difficult to predict you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to predict you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to predict you need to
+have the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the camera
+very first and those promotions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first and those promotions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first and those promotions that
+this contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contains
+so you cannot just put some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot just put some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot just put some simple
+smoking filters to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking filters to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking filters to figure out
+these are very interesting problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very interesting problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very interesting problems and
+if you do have a really lightweight case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have a really lightweight case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have a really lightweight case
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+then completely transform I will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then completely transform I will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then completely transform I will think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+interaction technicians you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction technicians you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction technicians you know I can
+just sit there and cry with my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit there and cry with my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit there and cry with my eyes
+because wherever I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we get tired speaking we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get tired speaking we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get tired speaking we get
+tired typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know a lot of protein issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a lot of protein issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a lot of protein issues but
+with the games you can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me show one last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me show one last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me show one last one
+not to stop so thermal IR motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to stop so thermal IR motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to stop so thermal IR motion
+detectors I really love them because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors I really love them because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors I really love them because the
+principle behind it is so simple and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle behind it is so simple and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle behind it is so simple and it
+works so beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so beautiful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is basically a one pixel camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically a one pixel camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically a one pixel camera
+they want to detect a motion of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to detect a motion of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to detect a motion of an
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+just one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one actually
+prefer two pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer two pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer two pixels
+okay so something that opens the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so something that opens the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so something that opens the door
+for you or turns on the terms are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or turns on the terms are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or turns on the terms are like
+on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off
+and so on it's just two terrible places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a nice cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice cartoon
+let's say each of those are two pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say each of those are two pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say each of those are two pixels
+the biometric sensors here have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biometric sensors here have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biometric sensors here have an
+aperture that's looking at very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that's looking at very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that's looking at very narrow
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as as the some warm body because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as the some warm body because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as the some warm body because it's
+looking at body heat black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at body heat black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at body heat black body
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+moves through this space first you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves through this space first you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves through this space first you will
+trigger this detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger this detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger this detector
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you didn't have this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't have this differential
+measurement and then by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and then by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and then by the way the
+output of that is just the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that is just the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of that is just the difference
+between the two so in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so in the beginning
+let's say the first one gets a spike but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the first one gets a spike but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the first one gets a spike but
+the second one has no signal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one has no signal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one has no signal so the
+difference is positive when the one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is positive when the one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is positive when the one word
+is in the middle the difference is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle the difference is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle the difference is back
+to zero uh where the bomb chord is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero uh where the bomb chord is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero uh where the bomb chord is here
+this one is positive this one's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is positive this one's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is positive this one's negative
+so the difference is this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference is this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference is this one is a
+signal this has no signal the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal this has no signal the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal this has no signal the difference
+so if something moves in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something moves in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something moves in front of this
+you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this
+um signal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um signal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um signal that's
+has a very happy consideration in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very happy consideration in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very happy consideration in time
+on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand
+if just the temperature in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just the temperature in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just the temperature in the room
+increased uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased uniformly
+okay this is looking at black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is looking at black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is looking at black body
+radiation so all the Blackboard is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so all the Blackboard is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so all the Blackboard is in
+the room will you know also start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room will you know also start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room will you know also start
+radiating uh radiantic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then both of them will will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then both of them will will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then both of them will will increase
+by the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a very simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very simple way of
+eliminating and slow changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating and slow changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating and slow changes
+I am picking out only the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a simple cartoon but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a simple cartoon but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a simple cartoon but in in
+general you have much more much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have much more much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have much more much more
+complicated configuration where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated configuration where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated configuration where you have
+a criminal lens usually in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a criminal lens usually in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a criminal lens usually in front of this
+detector and sort of just two smalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and sort of just two smalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and sort of just two smalls
+each of them actually look at a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them actually look at a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them actually look at a a an
+overlapping fan of suits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically a one pixel camera because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a one pixel camera because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a one pixel camera because
+output is just one screen always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so think about how you can build this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about how you can build this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about how you can build this is
+a basically a coded aperture so smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basically a coded aperture so smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basically a coded aperture so smart
+aperture that's allowing you to use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that's allowing you to use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that's allowing you to use just
+a single detector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single detector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single detector to
+measurement of motion not intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of motion not intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of motion not intensity
+and many animal eyes also use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here
+all right I'll send out the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll send out the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll send out the third
+assignment later tonight or or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment later tonight or or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment later tonight or or this
+weekend and remember your second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and remember your second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and remember your second
+assignment is not due today but it's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is not due today but it's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is not due today but it's due
+on Tuesday and feel free to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday and feel free to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday and feel free to ask me
+questions or or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also Ankit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a good one
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R4LyPVfGWtI.txt b/R4LyPVfGWtI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45148655cfba851bcbdd798bf66454744f6664fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R4LyPVfGWtI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all
+right welcome everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right welcome everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right welcome everyone
+Hi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi so
+so um today we're going to pick up where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today we're going to pick up where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today we're going to pick up where
+we left off last time in our study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left off last time in our study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left off last time in our study of
+angular momentum and rotations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and rotations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and rotations in
+quantum mechanics um before I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics um before I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics um before I get
+started let me open up for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started let me open up for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started let me open up for questions
+pragmatic and physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related yeah um so when we solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah um so when we solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah um so when we solving for
+the 3D harmonic oscillator yes we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D harmonic oscillator yes we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D harmonic oscillator yes we um
+solve for the energy function which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the energy function which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the energy function which is a
+product of 5x 5 y z we made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of 5x 5 y z we made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of 5x 5 y z we made an
+with an assumtion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thatal how did you get good good so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal how did you get good good so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal how did you get good good so what
+we had was that we had that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had was that we had that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had was that we had that the energy
+we wanted to find the energy of the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to find the energy of the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to find the energy of the 3D
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+oscillator and we wanted to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and we wanted to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and we wanted to find the
+energy I value functions and igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I value functions and igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I value functions and igen values
+and the way we did this was by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we did this was by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we did this was by saying
+look the energy of the 3D harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the energy of the 3D harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the energy of the 3D harmonic
+oscillator which I can think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which I can think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which I can think of as a
+function of X and PX and Y and py Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and PX and Y and py Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and PX and Y and py Z and
+pz has this nice form that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz has this nice form that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz has this nice form that we could
+write it as the the uh energy operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as the the uh energy operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as the the uh energy operator
+purely in terms of x p^2 uh p^2 X upon 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely in terms of x p^2 uh p^2 X upon 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely in terms of x p^2 uh p^2 X upon 2
+M plus M Omega 2 upon 2x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus M Omega 2 upon 2x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus M Omega 2 upon 2x^2
+plus so this is a single 1D harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so this is a single 1D harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so this is a single 1D harmonic
+oscillator uh energy operator in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh energy operator in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator uh energy operator in the X
+Direction plus e 1D in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction plus e 1D in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction plus e 1D in the y direction
+plus a harmonic oscillator energy 1D in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a harmonic oscillator energy 1D in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a harmonic oscillator energy 1D in
+the Z Direction yeah so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction yeah so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction yeah so that was the
+first observation and then we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observation and then we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observation and then we said that
+look uh given that this splits in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh given that this splits in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh given that this splits in this
+fashion I'm going to write my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion I'm going to write my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion I'm going to write my wave
+function uh my energy gon function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh my energy gon function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh my energy gon function I
+should say f of x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say f of x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say f of x y and
+z in separated form as a product fi X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in separated form as a product fi X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in separated form as a product fi X of
+X fi y of Y and f z of Z and we we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fi y of Y and f z of Z and we we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X fi y of Y and f z of Z and we we used
+this and deduced that in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and deduced that in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and deduced that in order for this
+to be an igon function of the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an igon function of the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an igon function of the 3D
+harmonic oscillator it must be true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator it must be true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator it must be true that
+FX of X was itself an igen function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX of X was itself an igen function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX of X was itself an igen function of
+the X harmonic oscillator equals um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X harmonic oscillator equals um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X harmonic oscillator equals um uh
+with some energy Epsilon which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some energy Epsilon which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some energy Epsilon which I will
+call Epsilon subx f subx of x and ditto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Epsilon subx f subx of x and ditto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Epsilon subx f subx of x and ditto
+for Y and Z and if this is true if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Y and Z and if this is true if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Y and Z and if this is true if f
+subx is an is an IG function of the 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is an is an IG function of the 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is an is an IG function of the 1D
+harmonic oscillator then this is an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator then this is an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator then this is an igen
+function of the 3D harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the 3D harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the 3D harmonic oscillator
+but we know what the igen functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what the igen functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know what the igen functions are
+of the harmonic oscillator the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic oscillator the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic oscillator the IG
+functions of the 1D harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the 1D harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the 1D harmonic oscillator
+we gave a name we called them F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a name we called them F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave a name we called them F
+subn okay so what I what we then said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay so what I what we then said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn okay so what I what we then said
+was look um if this is an IG function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was look um if this is an IG function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was look um if this is an IG function of
+the 1D harmonic illat in the the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1D harmonic illat in the the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1D harmonic illat in the the X
+Direction then it must be uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it must be uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it must be uh it's
+labeled by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by an
+n and if this one is in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if this one is in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if this one is in the y direction
+it's labeled by an l and if this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's labeled by an l and if this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's labeled by an l and if this one is
+in the Z Direction it's labeled by a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction it's labeled by a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction it's labeled by a z
+but on top of that we know more we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on top of that we know more we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on top of that we know more we know
+what these energy IG values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these energy IG values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these energy IG values are the
+energy I values corresponding to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I values corresponding to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I values corresponding to these
+guys are if this is fin this is e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are if this is fin this is e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are if this is fin this is e n
+simply write this as n for the 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write this as n for the 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write this as n for the 1D
+harmonic oscillator and taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and taking this
+using the 1D the fact that they're 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the 1D the fact that they're 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the 1D the fact that they're 1D
+functions and plugging into the energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and plugging into the energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and plugging into the energy I
+value equation for the 3D harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equation for the 3D harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equation for the 3D harmonic
+ulator tells us that the energy I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulator tells us that the energy I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulator tells us that the energy I values
+for the 3D case are of the form E1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 3D case are of the form E1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 3D case are of the form E1 uh
+e1d X Plus e2d or sorry e1d in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1d X Plus e2d or sorry e1d in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e1d X Plus e2d or sorry e1d in the Y
+Plus e1d in the Z which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus e1d in the Z which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus e1d in the Z which is equal to
+since these were the same frequency H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were the same frequency H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were the same frequency H
+Omega time n + L + m from each of them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega time n + L + m from each of them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega time n + L + m from each of them a
+1/2 so plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 so plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 so plus three
+Hales cool that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales cool that answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales cool that answer your question
+excellent other questions yeah so energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent other questions yeah so energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent other questions yeah so energy
+and angle momentum have to be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle momentum have to be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle momentum have to be related
+somewhere right yeah Ian of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right yeah Ian of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right yeah Ian of course but
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+both cross P right yes the thing is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cross P right yes the thing is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cross P right yes the thing is so
+we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+ladder is there limits done very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is there limits done very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder is there limits done very good
+question so this is where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is where we're going to
+pick up so let me rephrase this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up so let me rephrase this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up so let me rephrase this this is
+really two questions question number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two questions question number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two questions question number one
+um look there should be a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look there should be a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look there should be a relationship
+between angular momentum and energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angular momentum and energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angular momentum and energy but
+we're just talking about angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just talking about angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just talking about angular
+momentum why second question look we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum why second question look we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum why second question look we've
+got a ladder but it does a ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a ladder but it does a ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a ladder but it does a ladder
+infinite so let me come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so let me come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so let me come back to the
+second question that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question that's going to be the
+beginning of the lecture on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture on the first
+question yes angular momentum is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes angular momentum is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes angular momentum is going
+to play a role when we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a role when we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a role when we calculate the
+energy but two two quick things to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but two two quick things to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but two two quick things to note
+first off consider a system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off consider a system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off consider a system which is
+spherically symmetric rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric rotationally
+invariant that means that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that means that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that means that the energy
+doesn't depend on rotation if I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on rotation if I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on rotation if I rotate
+the system I haven't changed the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system I haven't changed the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system I haven't changed the energy
+so if a system is rotationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a system is rotationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a system is rotationally
+invariant that's going to imply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that's going to imply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that's going to imply some
+constraints on the energy I values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the energy I values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the energy I values and
+how they depend on the angular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they depend on the angular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they depend on the angular of
+momentum as we discussed last time let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum as we discussed last time let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum as we discussed last time let
+me say that slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we talk about the free particle 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the free particle 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the free particle 1D
+free particle we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle we've talked about this
+one to death take the 1D free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to death take the 1D free particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to death take the 1D free particle
+we can write the energy igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the energy igen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the energy igen functions
+as momentum igen functions because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as momentum igen functions because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as momentum igen functions because the
+momentum commutes with the energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum commutes with the energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum commutes with the energy right
+and so the way the igen functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way the igen functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way the igen functions of the
+energy operator indeed either the IX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator indeed either the IX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator indeed either the IX
+they're plane waves they're IG functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plane waves they're IG functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're plane waves they're IG functions
+of the momentum operator as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum operator as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum operator as well
+similarly when we talk about a 3D system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when we talk about a 3D system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when we talk about a 3D system
+it's going to be useful in talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be useful in talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be useful in talking about
+the energy igen values to know a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy igen values to know a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy igen values to know a basis
+of energy functions or sorry of igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy functions or sorry of igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy functions or sorry of igen
+functions of the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the angular momentum
+operator knowing the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator knowing the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator knowing the angular momentum
+operator is going to allow us to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is going to allow us to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is going to allow us to write
+energy uh IG functions in a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh IG functions in a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh IG functions in a natural way
+and a simple way in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simple way in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a simple way in the same way that
+knowing the momentum operator allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the momentum operator allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the momentum operator allowed us
+to write energy igen functions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write energy igen functions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write energy igen functions in a
+simple way in the 1D case do that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way in the 1D case do that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way in the 1D case do that make
+sense it's we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's we're going to have a
+glorified version of the 48 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified version of the 48 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorified version of the 48 where
+instead of summing over e the ix's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of summing over e the ix's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of summing over e the ix's we're
+going to sum over angular momentum igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum over angular momentum igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum over angular momentum igen
+States and those are called the spical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and those are called the spical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and those are called the spical
+harmonics and they are the analog of 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and they are the analog of 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and they are the analog of 4A
+expansion for the sphere but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the sphere but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the sphere but you're
+right we're going to have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to have to understand
+how that interacts with the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that interacts with the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that interacts with the energy and
+that'll be the topic of the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the topic of the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the topic of the next lecture
+we're going to finish up angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish up angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish up angular
+momentum today other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum today other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum today other
+questions okay so from last time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so from last time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so from last time these
+are the commutation relations which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the commutation relations which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the commutation relations which we
+partially derived in lecture and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially derived in lecture and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially derived in lecture and which
+you will be deriving on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be deriving on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be deriving on your problem set
+um it's a really good exercise commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a really good exercise commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a really good exercise commit
+these to memory they're your friends um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to memory they're your friends um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to memory they're your friends um
+key thing here to keep in mind harar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing here to keep in mind harar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing here to keep in mind harar has
+units of angular momentum so this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of angular momentum so this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of angular momentum so this makes
+sense angular momentum angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense angular momentum angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense angular momentum angular momentum
+angular momentum angular momentum so H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum angular momentum so H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum angular momentum so H
+when when you see an H bar in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you see an H bar in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you see an H bar in this
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+um its job in some sense is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its job in some sense is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its job in some sense is to make
+everything dimensionally uh sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything dimensionally uh sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything dimensionally uh sensible
+okay so the important things here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the important things here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the important things here are
+that LX and l y do not commute they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LX and l y do not commute they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LX and l y do not commute they
+commute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute to
+LZ can you have a state with definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ can you have a state with definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ can you have a state with definite
+angular momentum in the X Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the X Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the X Direction and
+definite angular momentum in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite angular momentum in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite angular momentum in the y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+simultaneously no because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously no because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously no because of this
+commutation relation would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation would have to
+vanish can you have a state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish can you have a state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish can you have a state with
+definite so this is uh say the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so this is uh say the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite so this is uh say the X
+component of the angular can you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the angular can you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the angular can you have a
+state with definite angular momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with definite angular momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with definite angular momentum in
+the X Direction and total angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and total angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and total angular
+momentum L squ yes okay great that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum L squ yes okay great that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum L squ yes okay great that's
+going to be important for us so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for us so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for us so in order
+to construct the igen functions it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the igen functions it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the igen functions it turns
+out to be useful to construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful to construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful to construct these
+so-called raising and lowering operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called raising and lowering operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called raising and lowering operators
+which are LX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are LX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are LX plus
+iy they have a couple of nice properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy they have a couple of nice properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy they have a couple of nice properties
+but the first is since these are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first is since these are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first is since these are built
+up out of LX and l y both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of LX and l y both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of LX and l y both of which
+commute with L squ the L plus minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with L squ the L plus minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with L squ the L plus minuses
+commute with l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with l
+s okay so these guys Comm so acting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so these guys Comm so acting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so these guys Comm so acting with
+l+ doesn't change uh if if we have an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ doesn't change uh if if we have an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ doesn't change uh if if we have an N
+function of l s acting with l+ does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of l s acting with l+ does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of l s acting with l+ does not
+change its IG value yeah similarly l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its IG value yeah similarly l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its IG value yeah similarly l+
+commuting with LZ gives us H bar l l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting with LZ gives us H bar l l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting with LZ gives us H bar l l
+Plus or L minus with a plus or minus out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus or L minus with a plus or minus out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus or L minus with a plus or minus out
+front this is just like the raising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is just like the raising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is just like the raising and
+lowering um uh uh this is just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering um uh uh this is just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering um uh uh this is just like the
+raising lowering operators for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising lowering operators for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising lowering operators for the
+harmonic oscillator but instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator but instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator but instead of the
+energy we have the angular momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have the angular momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have the angular momentum so
+this is going to tell us that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to tell us that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to tell us that the um
+that the angular momentum I values the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum I values the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum I values the
+values of LZ are shifted by plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LZ are shifted by plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LZ are shifted by plus or
+minus H bar when we raise or lower with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar when we raise or lower with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar when we raise or lower with
+L Plus or L minus just like the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Plus or L minus just like the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Plus or L minus just like the energy
+was shifted for the 1 de harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shifted for the 1 de harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shifted for the 1 de harmonic
+oscillator the energy was shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the energy was shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the energy was shifted
+um plus h Omega a diager was shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus h Omega a diager was shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus h Omega a diager was shifted by
+H bar Omega when we acted with a Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar Omega when we acted with a Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar Omega when we acted with a Plus on
+an energy I State same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy I State same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy I State same
+thing okay so our goal so questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so our goal so questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so our goal so questions on
+the commutators before we get going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutators before we get going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutators before we get going in
+some sense we're going to just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we're going to just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we're going to just take
+advantage of these computation relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of these computation relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of these computation relations
+and explore their consequences today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explore their consequences today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explore their consequences today so
+our goal is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is going to
+be to build the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values of the um angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the um angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the um angular momentum
+operators and in particular of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and in particular of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and in particular of the most
+angular momentum operators we can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum operators we can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum operators we can a
+complete set of commuting observables L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of commuting observables L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of commuting observables L
+squ and LZ now you might complain look y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and LZ now you might complain look y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and LZ now you might complain look y
+LZ whoops I don't mean a commutator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ whoops I don't mean a commutator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ whoops I don't mean a commutator I
+mean the set um you might say y LZ y LX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the set um you might say y LZ y LX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the set um you might say y LZ y LX
+and if you call this the the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you call this the the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you call this the the Z Direction
+then I will simply choose a new basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will simply choose a new basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will simply choose a new basis
+where this is called the X Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is called the X Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is called the X Direction so
+it makes no difference whatsoever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes no difference whatsoever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes no difference whatsoever it's
+just a name the reason we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a name the reason we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a name the reason we're going to
+choose LZ is because it's it plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose LZ is because it's it plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose LZ is because it's it plays
+nicely that coordinate system plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely that coordinate system plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely that coordinate system plays
+nicely with spherical uh coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with spherical uh coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with spherical uh coordinates
+it's just a conventional choice of cical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a conventional choice of cical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a conventional choice of cical
+coordinates where theta equals 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where theta equals 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where theta equals 0 is the
+up Axis but there's nothing deep about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Axis but there's nothing deep about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Axis but there's nothing deep about
+that we could have taken any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have taken any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have taken any of these
+guys okay so this is our goal so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay so this is our goal so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay so this is our goal so let's
+get started so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started so first
+so we know because of these commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know because of these commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know because of these commutation
+relations we and in particular this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations we and in particular this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations we and in particular this one
+we know that we can find common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we can find common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we can find common
+functions of l s and LZ let us call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of l s and LZ let us call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of l s and LZ let us call
+those common igen functions by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those common igen functions by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those common igen functions by a
+name y sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name y sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name y sub
+LM uh where such that so let these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM uh where such that so let these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM uh where such that so let these guys
+be the igen functions the common igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions of L2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of L2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of L2 and
+LZ I.E l^2 y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ I.E l^2 y LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ I.E l^2 y LM
+is equal to well first off units this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well first off units this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well first off units this
+has units of angular momentum squared H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of angular momentum squared H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of angular momentum squared H
+bar squ so that got rid of the units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ so that got rid of the units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ so that got rid of the units and
+we want our I value LM and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want our I value LM and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want our I value LM and I'm going to
+give a uh because I know the answer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a uh because I know the answer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a uh because I know the answer I'm
+going to give instead of calling this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give instead of calling this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give instead of calling this a
+random dimensionless number which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random dimensionless number which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random dimensionless number which would
+be the igen value I'm going to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the igen value I'm going to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the igen value I'm going to call it a
+very specific thing L l+ one this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific thing L l+ one this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific thing L l+ one this is a
+slightly grotesque thing to do but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly grotesque thing to do but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly grotesque thing to do but it
+will make the algebra much easier so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the algebra much easier so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the algebra much easier so um
+similarly so that's what the little L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly so that's what the little L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly so that's what the little L is
+little L is labeling the value of L squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L is labeling the value of L squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L is labeling the value of L squ
+and the actual value of that I value I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual value of that I value I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual value of that I value I'm
+just calling H squ LL + 1 that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calling H squ LL + 1 that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calling H squ LL + 1 that doesn't
+tell you anything interesting this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you anything interesting this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you anything interesting this was
+already a real positive number so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a real positive number so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a real positive number so you
+know this could have been any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this could have been any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this could have been any real
+positive number as well by tuning L okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number as well by tuning L okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number as well by tuning L okay
+similarly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly um
+LZ uh ym I want this to be an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ uh ym I want this to be an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ uh ym I want this to be an igen
+function this has units of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this has units of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this has units of angular
+momentum so I'll put an H bar now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I'll put an H bar now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I'll put an H bar now we
+have a dimensionless coefficient ym and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dimensionless coefficient ym and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dimensionless coefficient ym and
+I'll simply call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll simply call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll simply call that
+M okay so if you will these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so if you will these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so if you will these are the
+definitions of the symbols m and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the symbols m and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the symbols m and L
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+L and ym are just the names I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and ym are just the names I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and ym are just the names I'm giving
+to the angular momentum igen values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angular momentum igen values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angular momentum igen values or
+igen functions cool so I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions cool so I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions cool so I haven't
+actually done anything I've just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done anything I've just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done anything I've just told
+you that these are the igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that these are the igen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that these are the igen functions
+what we want to know is what's the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is what's the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is what's the what
+properties do they have and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties do they have and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties do they have and what are the
+actual allowed values of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual allowed values of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual allowed values of the igen
+values so the two key things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note are
+first that L plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leave the Ang leave the IG value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the Ang leave the IG value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the Ang leave the IG value of L
+squ alone so they leave L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ alone so they leave L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ alone so they leave L
+alone right so this is the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone right so this is the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone right so this is the statement
+that L2 on l+ uh y LM is equal to l+ on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L2 on l+ uh y LM is equal to l+ on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L2 on l+ uh y LM is equal to l+ on
+l^2 ym is equal to uh h^ s LL + one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 ym is equal to uh h^ s LL + one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 ym is equal to uh h^ s LL + one the
+igen value of L squ LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of L squ LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of L squ LM
+whoops l+ y LM and so we have an l+ y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops l+ y LM and so we have an l+ y LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops l+ y LM and so we have an l+ y LM
+is just as as much an function of l s as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as as much an function of l s as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as as much an function of l s as
+ym was itself with the same value two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym was itself with the same value two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym was itself with the same value two so
+that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came
+from uh from where are we that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from where are we that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from where are we that came from
+this commutation relation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutation relation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutation relation okay so
+similarly l+ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly l+ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly l+ minus
+raise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or
+lower M by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower M by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower M by
+one okay and the way to see that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the way to see that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and the way to see that is to
+do exactly the same computation LZ on l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same computation LZ on l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same computation LZ on l+
+for example y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example y
+LM is equal to l+ um now we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM is equal to l+ um now we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM is equal to l+ um now we can write
+the commutator um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ
+l+ plus l+ LZ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ plus l+ LZ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ plus l+ LZ y
+LM but the commutator of LZ with l+ we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM but the commutator of LZ with l+ we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM but the commutator of LZ with l+ we
+already have is plus h l+ so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have is plus h l+ so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have is plus h l+ so this is
+equal to H l+ and from this term l plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H l+ and from this term l plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H l+ and from this term l plus
+LZ of Y LM LZ acting on y LM gives us hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ of Y LM LZ acting on y LM gives us hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ of Y LM LZ acting on y LM gives us hm
+plus h m l+ y LM is equal to pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h m l+ y LM is equal to pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h m l+ y LM is equal to pulling
+this out this is H bar * m +1 * l+ h m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out this is H bar * m +1 * l+ h m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out this is H bar * m +1 * l+ h m
++1 l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 l+
+ym so L plus has raised the I value M by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym so L plus has raised the I value M by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym so L plus has raised the I value M by
+one this op this state what we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this op this state what we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this op this state what we get by
+acting on ym with a raising operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on ym with a raising operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on ym with a raising operator is
+a thing with M Greater by one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing with M Greater by one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing with M Greater by one and that
+came from the commutation relation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the commutation relation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the commutation relation and
+if we done the same thing with minus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we done the same thing with minus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we done the same thing with minus if
+you go through the minus signs it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the minus signs it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through the minus signs it just
+gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+this okay so um what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so um what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so um what does that tell
+us what this tells us is we get a latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what this tells us is we get a latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what this tells us is we get a latter
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and let's look at what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and let's look at what they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and let's look at what they look
+like each ladder for a given value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each ladder for a given value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each ladder for a given value of L
+if you raise with L plus and lower with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise with L plus and lower with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise with L plus and lower with
+L minus you don't change L but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus you don't change L but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus you don't change L but you do
+change M so we get laders that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change M so we get laders that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change M so we get laders that are
+labeled by L so for example if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by L so for example if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by L so for example if I have
+some value L1 this is going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value L1 this is going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value L1 this is going to give me a
+this going to give me some State I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to give me some State I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to give me some State I can
+labeled by m i can well let me put the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by m i can well let me put the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by m i can well let me put the m
+to the side I can raise it to get m+1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I can raise it to get m+1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I can raise it to get m+1 by
+l+ and I can lower it to get M minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ and I can lower it to get M minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ and I can lower it to get M minus one
+uh by L minus okay so I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by L minus okay so I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by L minus okay so I get a
+tower and if we have another value a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower and if we have another value a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower and if we have another value a
+different value of L of L I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of L of L I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of L of L I'll call it
+L2 we get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 we get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 we get another
+Tower again M M plus1 M plus two dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower again M M plus1 M plus two dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower again M M plus1 M plus two dot dot
+dot minus one dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus one dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus one dot dot dot
+so we have separated towers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have separated towers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have separated towers with
+different value of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of l
+s and within each Tower we can raise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and within each Tower we can raise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and within each Tower we can raise and
+lower by l+ skipping by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+questions so that was basically the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that was basically the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that was basically the end
+of the last lecture said slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently so now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so now here's the
+question so this was a question that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this was a question that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this was a question that a
+student asked right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student asked right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student asked right at the beginning
+is this Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end so I pose to you the question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so I pose to you the question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so I pose to you the question is the
+tower infinite or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower infinite or does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower infinite or does it
+end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why okay so it's temp to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so it's temp to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so it's temp to say it's
+infinite in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because okay so it's because there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay so it's because there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay so it's because there no
+bounce to the angular momentum one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce to the angular momentum one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce to the angular momentum one can
+have that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tempting um but at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting um but at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting um but at the same time you
+when you act raising or lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act raising or lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act raising or lowering
+operator on L the I the I value l s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L the I the I value l s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L the I the I value l s
+Remains the Same so then if you keep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains the Same so then if you keep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains the Same so then if you keep you
+can't raise the Z comp angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't raise the Z comp angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't raise the Z comp angular momentum
+above the actual thank you exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the actual thank you exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the actual thank you exactly so
+here's the statement let me restate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the statement let me restate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the statement let me restate that
+that's exactly right so look L2 is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right so look L2 is the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right so look L2 is the I
+value of the total angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the total angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the total angular momentum
+roughly speaking it's giving you and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking it's giving you and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking it's giving you and it
+precisely in the state ym it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in the state ym it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in the state ym it tells you
+the expected value of the total angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the total angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the total angular
+momentum l^2 that's some number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum l^2 that's some number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum l^2 that's some number right
+now if you act with l+ you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you act with l+ you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you act with l+ you keep
+increasing the expected value of LZ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the expected value of LZ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the expected value of LZ but
+if you keep increasing it and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep increasing it and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep increasing it and keep
+increasing it and keep increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing it and keep increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing it and keep increasing
+it LZ will eventually get much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it LZ will eventually get much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it LZ will eventually get much larger
+than the square root of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the square root of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the square root of l
+s that probably isn't true right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that probably isn't true right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that probably isn't true right that
+sounds wrong right that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds wrong right that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds wrong right that was the
+statement excellent that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement excellent that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement excellent that's exactly right
+so let's make that precise so is a tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make that precise so is a tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make that precise so is a tower
+infinite no it's probably not for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite no it's probably not for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite no it's probably not for that
+for precisely that reason so let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for precisely that reason so let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for precisely that reason so let's make
+that precise so here's the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise so here's the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise so here's the way we're
+going to do it this is a useful trick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it this is a useful trick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it this is a useful trick in
+general this will outlive angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this will outlive angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this will outlive angular
+momentum and be a useful trick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and be a useful trick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and be a useful trick uh
+throughout Quantum Mechanics for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Quantum Mechanics for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Quantum Mechanics for you um
+I used it in a paper once so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used it in a paper once so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used it in a paper once so here's the
+nice observation uh suppose it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice observation uh suppose it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice observation uh suppose it's true
+that the tower ends just like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tower ends just like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tower ends just like for the
+raising and lowering operators for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising and lowering operators for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising and lowering operators for the
+harmonic oscillator in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator in one dimension
+that tells us that in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that in order for the
+tower to end the state must be zero once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower to end the state must be zero once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower to end the state must be zero once
+we raise it the last state so y l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise it the last state so y l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise it the last state so y l and
+I'll call this M plus must be zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this M plus must be zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this M plus must be zero there
+must be a Max oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a Max oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a Max oh
+sorry let me actually before I walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me actually before I walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me actually before I walk
+through exactly this statement so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly this statement so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly this statement so let me
+make first this the no slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make first this the no slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make first this the no slightly more
+obvious and precise so let's turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and precise so let's turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and precise so let's turn that
+argument into a precise statement l^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument into a precise statement l^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument into a precise statement l^2 is
+equal to just from the definition lx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just from the definition lx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just from the definition lx2
+plus L y^2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L y^2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L y^2 plus
+lz2 now let's take the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lz2 now let's take the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lz2 now let's take the expectation value
+in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state
+ym of both sides of the this equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym of both sides of the this equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym of both sides of the this equation so
+on the left hand side we get h^ S LL +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side we get h^ S LL +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side we get h^ S LL +
+1 and on the right hand side we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and on the right hand side we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and on the right hand side we get the
+expectation value of LX S Plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of LX S Plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of LX S Plus the
+expectation value of L y^2 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of L y^2 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of L y^2 plus the
+expectation value of LZ s but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of LZ s but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of LZ s but we know
+what the expectation value of LZ squ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectation value of LZ squ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectation value of LZ squ is
+h squ m squ but the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squ m squ but the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squ m squ but the expectation value of
+LX S and L y^ S are strictly positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX S and L y^ S are strictly positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX S and L y^ S are strictly positive
+because this is can be written as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is can be written as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is can be written as a sum
+over all possible igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible igen values of
+lx2 which is the square the possible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lx2 which is the square the possible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lx2 which is the square the possible I
+values of LX times the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LX times the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LX times the probability
+distribution that's a sum of pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a sum of pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a sum of pro
+positive strictly positive numb these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive strictly positive numb these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive strictly positive numb these
+are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive
+guys so LL + 1 is equal to positive plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so LL + 1 is equal to positive plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so LL + 1 is equal to positive plus
+positive plus h squ m^ s and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive plus h squ m^ s and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive plus h squ m^ s and in
+particular that tells you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that tells you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that tells you that it's
+greater than or equal to h squ m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to h squ m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to h squ m
+squ right I mean maybe these are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right I mean maybe these are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ right I mean maybe these are zero
+right so the least it can be is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the least it can be is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the least it can be is so the
+the most m s can possibly be isqu Ro of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most m s can possibly be isqu Ro of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most m s can possibly be isqu Ro of
+L plus one or most M can be okay so m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus one or most M can be okay so m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L plus one or most M can be okay so m is
+bounded there must be a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded there must be a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded there must be a maximum
+M and there must be a minimum M because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and there must be a minimum M because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and there must be a minimum M because
+this is squared the sign doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is squared the sign doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is squared the sign doesn't matter
+everyone cool with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so let's turn this into now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's turn this into now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's turn this into now a
+precise argument what are the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise argument what are the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise argument what are the values of
+M plus and N minus what is the top value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus and N minus what is the top value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus and N minus what is the top value
+of that of each Tower probably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of each Tower probably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of each Tower probably it's
+going to depend on total L right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on total L right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on total L right so it's
+going to depend on each value of L let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on each value of L let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on each value of L let's
+let's check that so here's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that so here's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that so here's the nice
+trick suppose we really do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick suppose we really do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick suppose we really do have a
+maximum M plus that means that if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum M plus that means that if I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum M plus that means that if I try
+to raise the State y l m plus I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise the State y l m plus I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise the State y l m plus I should
+get the state zero which is not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state zero which is not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state zero which is not you know
+that end is the tower so suppose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end is the tower so suppose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end is the tower so suppose this is
+true in that case in particular here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in that case in particular here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in that case in particular here's
+the ni strick L plus ym if we take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ni strick L plus ym if we take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ni strick L plus ym if we take its
+magnitude if we take the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude if we take the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude if we take the magnitude of
+the state the state is zero it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the state is zero it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the state is zero it's the
+zero function so what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero function so what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero function so what's its
+magnitude zero okay you might not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude zero okay you might not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude zero okay you might not think
+that's all that impressive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that impressive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that impressive an
+observation okay but note what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay but note what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay but note what this is
+we know how to work with this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to work with this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to work with this in
+particular this is equal to I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is equal to I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is equal to I should
+have done this dot is equal to I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this dot is equal to I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done this dot is equal to I'm now
+going to use the herian ad joint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the herian ad joint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the herian ad joint and
+pull this over to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this over to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this over to the right hand side
+the adjoint of l+ is L minus so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint of l+ is L minus so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint of l+ is L minus so this
+gives us y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us y
+LM L minus l+ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM L minus l+ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM L minus l+ y
+LM this also doesn't look like much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM this also doesn't look like much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM this also doesn't look like much of
+an improvement until you notice from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement until you notice from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement until you notice from the
+definition of l plus and L minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of l plus and L minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of l plus and L minus that
+what's L minus l+ well L minus l+ we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's L minus l+ well L minus l+ we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's L minus l+ well L minus l+ we're
+going to get an LX s so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LM we get an LX squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM we get an LX squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM we get an LX squ
+plus an L y^2 I'm going to get my sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an L y^2 I'm going to get my sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an L y^2 I'm going to get my sign
+right if I'm not careful um plus well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm not careful um plus well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm not careful um plus well
+let's just do it okay so we have L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so we have L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so we have L minus
+l+ so we're going to get a LX i l y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ so we're going to get a LX i l y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ so we're going to get a LX i l y
+minus i l y LX so plus I commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i l y LX so plus I commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i l y LX so plus I commutator of
+LX with l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX with l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX with l
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay good so that's progress uh y LM but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's progress uh y LM but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's progress uh y LM but
+it's still not progress because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not progress because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not progress because the
+natural operators with which to act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operators with which to act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operators with which to act on
+the YMS are l s and LZ so can we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YMS are l s and LZ so can we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YMS are l s and LZ so can we put
+this in the form l s and LZ sure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the form l s and LZ sure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the form l s and LZ sure this is
+l^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 minus
+lz2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LM l^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM l^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM l^2 minus
+lz2 and this is well this is I bar LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lz2 and this is well this is I bar LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lz2 and this is well this is I bar LZ
+time I is minus H LZ so minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I is minus H LZ so minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I is minus H LZ so minus H bar
+LZ okay y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ okay y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ okay y
+LM and this must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM and this must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM and this must be equal to
+zero but this is equal to from l s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this is equal to from l s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this is equal to from l s we
+get h bar^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get h bar^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get h bar^
+s LL +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s LL +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s LL +
+1 from the LZ s we get minus m^2 H squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 from the LZ s we get minus m^2 H squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 from the LZ s we get minus m^2 H squ
+and from here we get minus H bar hm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here we get minus H bar hm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here we get minus H bar hm so
+minus m h squ notice that the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m h squ notice that the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m h squ notice that the units
+worked out and all of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out and all of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out and all of this was
+multiplying ym ym but y LM ym if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying ym ym but y LM ym if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying ym ym but y LM ym if it's a
+properly normalized Dion State which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalized Dion State which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalized Dion State which is
+what we were assuming at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were assuming at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were assuming at the
+beginning is just one so we get this * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is just one so we get this * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is just one so we get this * 1
+is zero Aha and notice that all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero Aha and notice that all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero Aha and notice that all of this
+this was M plus we were assuming we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was M plus we were assuming we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was M plus we were assuming we were
+working here with the assumption that l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working here with the assumption that l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working here with the assumption that l+
+annihilated this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilated this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilated this top
+state and so grouping this together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so grouping this together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so grouping this together this
+says therefore H stimes pulling out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says therefore H stimes pulling out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says therefore H stimes pulling out a
+common H bar squ from all of this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common H bar squ from all of this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common H bar squ from all of this times
+um l l + one minus M M plus M plus m+ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um l l + one minus M M plus M plus m+ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um l l + one minus M M plus M plus m+ +
+one is equal to zero and this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero and this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero and this tells us
+that M plus is equal to l and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M plus is equal to l and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M plus is equal to l and if you
+want to be straight put a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be straight put a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be straight put a plus
+sign everyone cool with that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everyone cool with that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everyone cool with that there's a
+very useful trick if you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful trick if you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful trick if you know something
+is zero as a function you know it's Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero as a function you know it's Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero as a function you know it's Norm
+is zero and now you can use things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now you can use things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now you can use things like
+hermi adjoints very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful okay questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good okay so where excellent where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so where excellent where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so where excellent where
+this came from was I was just literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from was I was just literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from was I was just literally
+taking L plus and L minus plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking L plus and L minus plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking L plus and L minus plugging
+taking the definitions and plugging them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the definitions and plugging them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the definitions and plugging them
+in so if I have L minus l+ L minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if I have L minus l+ L minus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if I have L minus l+ L minus is
+just to write it out explicitly L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to write it out explicitly L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to write it out explicitly L minus
+is equal to LX because the Ang are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to LX because the Ang are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to LX because the Ang are
+observables and so they're herian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so they're herian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and so they're herian so
+they're self The Joint minus i l y so L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're self The Joint minus i l y so L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're self The Joint minus i l y so L
+minus L plus gives me an LX LX it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L plus gives me an LX LX it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L plus gives me an LX LX it gives
+me an LX i l y it gives you a minus i y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an LX i l y it gives you a minus i y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an LX i l y it gives you a minus i y
+LX and it gives me an minus I I which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and it gives me an minus I I which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and it gives me an minus I I which is
+plus one L y^2 Cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one L y^2 Cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one L y^2 Cool
+excellent I'm in a state of serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent I'm in a state of serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent I'm in a state of serious
+desperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+good other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good other questions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+get to that this to here okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that this to here okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that this to here okay good so
+here what I sorry this I jumped this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I sorry this I jumped this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I sorry this I jumped this
+step here so here what I said is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here so here what I said is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here so here what I said is look
+I've got this nice set of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this nice set of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this nice set of operators
+acting on ym I know how each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on ym I know how each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on ym I know how each of these
+operators acts on ym LZ gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators acts on ym LZ gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators acts on ym LZ gives me an
+HM minus m h squ LZ s l s and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HM minus m h squ LZ s l s and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HM minus m h squ LZ s l s and then all
+overall that was just some number times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall that was just some number times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall that was just some number times
+ym which I can pull out of the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym which I can pull out of the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym which I can pull out of the inner
+product cool yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good the subscript plus meant that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the subscript plus meant that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the subscript plus meant that look
+there was a maximum value of M so m^ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a maximum value of M so m^ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a maximum value of M so m^ s
+had to be greater had to be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be greater had to be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be greater had to be less than or
+equal to this there's a maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this there's a maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this there's a maximum value
+and and a minimum value maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a minimum value maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a minimum value maybe they're
+different I don't know I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I don't know I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I don't know I'm just going to
+be ambiguous I'm going to be open-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous I'm going to be open-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous I'm going to be open-minded
+about that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah awesome observation exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah awesome observation exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah awesome observation exactly
+okay so we were going to get there in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were going to get there in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were going to get there in a
+little bit so I like that that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I like that that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I like that that's exactly
+right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um
+so let me let me go go through one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go go through one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go go through one a
+couple more steps and then I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more steps and then I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more steps and then I'll come
+back to that observation if and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that observation if and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that observation if and and I
+promise I will say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I will say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise I will say so
+okay so if we go through exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go through exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go through exactly a
+similar argument let's think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument let's think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar argument let's think what
+happens if we did L minus on y LM minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we did L minus on y LM minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we did L minus on y LM minus
+just to walk through the logic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to walk through the logic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to walk through the logic so if
+this were you lower the lowest one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were you lower the lowest one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were you lower the lowest one you
+get zero then we'd get the same story L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero then we'd get the same story L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero then we'd get the same story L
+minus L minus when we take the Adent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L minus when we take the Adent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L minus when we take the Adent
+we'd get l+ L minus okay and L plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get l+ L minus okay and L plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get l+ L minus okay and L plus L
+minus what changes the only thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what changes the only thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what changes the only thing that's
+going to change is that you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change is that you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change is that you get this
+commutator the other direction and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator the other direction and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator the other direction and there
+are minus signs in various places the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are minus signs in various places the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are minus signs in various places the
+upshot of which is that M minus is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of which is that M minus is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of which is that M minus is equal
+to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus
+l so this is quite parsimonious it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is quite parsimonious it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is quite parsimonious it's
+symmetric if you take Z to minus Z you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you take Z to minus Z you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if you take Z to minus Z you
+know if you switch the angular sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you switch the angular sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you switch the angular sign of
+the angular momentum you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you get the same
+thing back that's satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perhaps but it's way more than that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps but it's way more than that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps but it's way more than that this
+tells us a lot about this about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us a lot about this about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us a lot about this about the
+possible igen values in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible igen values in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible igen values in the following
+way look back at our Towers in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way look back at our Towers in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way look back at our Towers in our
+Towers we have that the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers we have that the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers we have that the angular momentum
+is raised and lowered by l+ so the LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raised and lowered by l+ so the LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raised and lowered by l+ so the LZ
+angular momentum is raised lowered by l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is raised lowered by l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is raised lowered by l+
+L is Remains the Same but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is Remains the Same but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is Remains the Same but there's a
+maximum State now which is plus L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum State now which is plus L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum State now which is plus L and
+there's a minimum State and here L1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum State and here L1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum State and here L1 here
+there's a minimum State minus L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum State minus L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum State minus L1
+similarly for the other Tower there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the other Tower there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the other Tower there's a
+minimum State minus L2 and a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum State minus L2 and a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum State minus L2 and a maximum
+State L2 so how big each Tower is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State L2 so how big each Tower is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State L2 so how big each Tower is
+depends on the total angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the total angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the total angular momentum
+that kind of makes sense right if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense right if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense right if you've
+got more angular momentum and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more angular momentum and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more angular momentum and you can
+only step LZ by one you've got more room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only step LZ by one you've got more room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only step LZ by one you've got more room
+to move with a large value of L than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move with a large value of L than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move with a large value of L than
+with a small value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small value of L
+okay so what does that tell us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell us about the
+values of M notice that M um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M notice that M um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M notice that M um
+spans the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values from it's its minimal value minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from it's its minimal value minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from it's its minimal value minus
+L to L in integer steps in in uh unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps Okay so if you think about m is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps Okay so if you think about m is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps Okay so if you think about m is L
+plus is L then m is L minus one and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is L then m is L minus one and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is L then m is L minus one and if I
+keep lowering I get down to m is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep lowering I get down to m is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep lowering I get down to m is uh
+minus L + one and then m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L + one and then m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L + one and then m is equal to
+minus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L
+okay so the difference in the LZ value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in the LZ value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in the LZ value
+between these guys the difference is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L but the number of unit steps in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the number of unit steps in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but the number of unit steps in here
+is one fewer because one dot dot dot 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one fewer because one dot dot dot 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one fewer because one dot dot dot 2
+lus one so this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus one so this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus one so this is some
+integer which is the number of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer which is the number of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer which is the number of states
+minus one so if these are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so if these are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so if these are n
+States and I'll call this N Sub L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I'll call this N Sub L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I'll call this N Sub L
+States then this difference twice L is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States then this difference twice L is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States then this difference twice L is N
+Sub L minus one because it's unit steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub L minus one because it's unit steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub L minus one because it's unit steps
+cool so for example if there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so for example if there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so for example if there were two
+states so n is two the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so n is two the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so n is two the 2
+L uh is equal to well that's 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh is equal to well that's 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh is equal to well that's 1 which is
+2 - 1 the number of states minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1 the number of states minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1 the number of states minus one
+also known as one so L is 1 12 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as one so L is 1 12 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as one so L is 1 12 okay and
+more generally we find that L must be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally we find that L must be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally we find that L must be in
+order for this process to make sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this process to make sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this process to make sense in
+order for the M plus and the M minus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the M plus and the M minus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the M plus and the M minus to
+match up bless you we need that L is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up bless you we need that L is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up bless you we need that L is of
+the form an integer Nel minus one upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form an integer Nel minus one upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form an integer Nel minus one upon
+two okay so this tells us that where NL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so this tells us that where NL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so this tells us that where NL
+is an integer NL is just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer NL is just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer NL is just the number of
+states in this Tower and it's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in this Tower and it's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in this Tower and it's a positive
+strictly positive integer if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive integer if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive integer if you have
+zero states in the tower then that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero states in the tower then that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero states in the tower then that's not
+very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting
+so this tells us that L is uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us that L is uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells us that L is uh an
+integer an integer or a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but nothing
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so in particular if it's an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so in particular if it's an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so in particular if it's an integer
+if it's a half integer that means 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a half integer that means 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a half integer that means 1/2
+three Hales 5 halves if it's an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Hales 5 halves if it's an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Hales 5 halves if it's an integer
+it can be zero there's nothing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be zero there's nothing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be zero there's nothing wrong
+with it being zero but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it being zero but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it being zero but then
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay so that means we can plot our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so that means we can plot our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so that means we can plot our
+system in the following way if we have L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the following way if we have L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the following way if we have L
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z see yes good so if we have L equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z see yes good so if we have L equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z see yes good so if we have L equals z
+how many states do we have if little L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many states do we have if little L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many states do we have if little L
+is zero how many states are there what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero how many states are there what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero how many states are there what's
+the largest value of LZ so first of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value of LZ so first of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest value of LZ so first of if
+if yeah so good what's the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah so good what's the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah so good what's the largest
+allowed value of LZ or of M if little L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed value of LZ or of M if little L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed value of LZ or of M if little L
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+zero zero because it goes from plus 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero because it goes from plus 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero because it goes from plus 0 to
+minus 0 so that's pretty much zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 so that's pretty much zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0 so that's pretty much zero so we
+have a single state with m equal 0 and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single state with m equal 0 and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single state with m equal 0 and L
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+0 if L is equal to what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if L is equal to what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if L is equal to what's the next
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+value2 then M can be either 1 12 or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value2 then M can be either 1 12 or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value2 then M can be either 1 12 or we
+lower it by one which is minus one2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower it by one which is minus one2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower it by one which is minus one2 so
+there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two
+states m equal 12 n m equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states m equal 12 n m equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states m equal 12 n m equals minus
+one2 so there's one Tower it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 so there's one Tower it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 so there's one Tower it's a very
+short Tower this is the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Tower this is the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Tower this is the shortest
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+Tower then we also have the state Lal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower then we also have the state Lal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower then we also have the state Lal 1
+which has m equals 0 it has m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has m equals 0 it has m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has m equals 0 it has m equal
+1 and it has m equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it has m equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it has m equals minus
+one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's
+it and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth State four states for m equals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth State four states for m equals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth State four states for m equals for
+lals 3 Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lals 3 Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lals 3 Hales
+with States three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with States three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with States three
+Hales 12 this is M = 12 M = min-2 andus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales 12 this is M = 12 M = min-2 andus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales 12 this is M = 12 M = min-2 andus
+three Hales okay the values of M spand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Hales okay the values of M spand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Hales okay the values of M spand
+from minus L to L with integer steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus L to L with integer steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus L to L with integer steps
+minus L to L with integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps and this is possible for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and this is possible for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and this is possible for all
+values of L that are L which are of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L that are L which are of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of L that are L which are of the
+form uh integer plus well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh integer plus well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh integer plus well all
+integer or half integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L's okay so for every different value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's okay so for every different value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's okay so for every different value of
+the total angular momentum the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum the total
+amount of angular momentum you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of angular momentum you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of angular momentum you have you
+have a tower of States labeled by LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tower of States labeled by LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tower of States labeled by LZ
+value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fashion questions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion questions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion questions this
+point does anyone notice anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point does anyone notice anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point does anyone notice anything
+troubling about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling about
+these something physically a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these something physically a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these something physically a little
+discomforting about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these what does it mean to say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what does it mean to say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what does it mean to say in the
+state L equals 0 m equals 0 what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state L equals 0 m equals 0 what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state L equals 0 m equals 0 what is that
+telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+you zero angular momentum right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero angular momentum right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero angular momentum right what's
+the expectation value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of L
+squ zero the expectation value of LZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ zero the expectation value of LZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ zero the expectation value of LZ and
+by rotational invariance the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotational invariance the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotational invariance the angular
+expect value expected value of LX or l y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect value expected value of LX or l y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect value expected value of LX or l y
+that thing is not rotating there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is not rotating there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is not rotating there's no
+angular momentum right so the no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum right so the no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum right so the no angular
+momentum state is one with L equal 0 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum state is one with L equal 0 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum state is one with L equal 0 m
+equal 0 so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 so this is not
+spinning what about this guy lals 1 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning what about this guy lals 1 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning what about this guy lals 1 m
+equals z is does this thing carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is does this thing carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is does this thing carry
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momentum yeah absolutely so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yeah absolutely so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yeah absolutely so it just
+doesn't carry any angular momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't carry any angular momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't carry any angular momentum in
+the Z Direction but it's total angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction but it's total angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction but it's total angular
+momentum on average its expected angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum on average its expected angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum on average its expected angular
+momentum total angular momentum is LL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum total angular momentum is LL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum total angular momentum is LL
+plus 1 which is 2 * h s yeah so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 which is 2 * h s yeah so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 which is 2 * h s yeah so if you
+measure LX and L Y what do you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure LX and L Y what do you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure LX and L Y what do you expect to
+get well if you measure LX squ or l y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well if you measure LX squ or l y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well if you measure LX squ or l y
+squ you probably expect to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ you probably expect to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ you probably expect to get something
+nonzero we'll come back to that in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero we'll come back to that in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero we'll come back to that in just
+a second and what about the state L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and what about the state L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and what about the state L
+equals 1 m equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 m equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 m equals 1
+your angular momentum you've got as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your angular momentum you've got as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your angular momentum you've got as much
+angular momentum in the Z direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z direction as
+you possibly can right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly can right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly can right so that
+definitely carries angular momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely carries angular momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely carries angular momentum so
+there's a state that has no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a state that has no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a state that has no angular
+momentum in the Z direction there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z direction there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z direction there's a
+state that has some and there's a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has some and there's a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has some and there's a state
+that has less right that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that the
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+isal is it and then l y z that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal is it and then l y z that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isal is it and then l y z that's okay
+that's an excellent question so um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent question so um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent question so um let's
+let me come back to that well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me come back to that well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me come back to that well let me
+answer that now and then I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that now and then I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that now and then I'll come back
+to the point I wanted to make okay hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point I wanted to make okay hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point I wanted to make okay hold
+on a second let me just answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a second let me just answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a second let me just answer that
+question um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um oh
+good so I'll work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here's the F the The crucial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the F the The crucial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the F the The crucial thing
+even in the state so here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the state so here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the state so here we were
+talking about you you were asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you you were asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you you were asking about
+the state L equals 1 m equals 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state L equals 1 m equals 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state L equals 1 m equals 1 and the
+question that was asked it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was asked it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was asked it's a very good
+question is look does that mean all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is look does that mean all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is look does that mean all the
+angular momentum is in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is in the Z Direction
+and LX and l y are zero okay but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LX and l y are zero okay but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LX and l y are zero okay but let me
+just ask this more broadly suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask this more broadly suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask this more broadly suppose we
+have a state with angular momentum l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state with angular momentum l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state with angular momentum l and
+m is equal to l okay that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to l okay that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to l okay that the most
+angular momentum you can possibly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you can possibly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you can possibly have
+in the Z Direction same question is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction same question is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction same question is all
+the angular momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum in the Z
+Direction and what I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and what I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and what I want to emphasize
+to you is no that's absolutely not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is no that's absolutely not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is no that's absolutely not the
+case so two arguments for that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so two arguments for that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so two arguments for that the first
+is suppose it's true that LX and l y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose it's true that LX and l y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose it's true that LX and l y are
+identically zero okay can that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero okay can that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero okay can that satisfy
+the uncertainty relation due to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty relation due to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty relation due to those
+commutators no there must be uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators no there must be uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators no there must be uncertainty
+in LX and l y because LZ has a non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in LX and l y because LZ has a non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in LX and l y because LZ has a non-zero
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+value so it can't be that lx2 and L y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it can't be that lx2 and L y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it can't be that lx2 and L y^
+squ have zero expectation value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ have zero expectation value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ have zero expectation value but
+let's be more precise about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be more precise about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be more precise about this the
+expectation value of l s is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of l s is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of l s is easy to
+calculate it's h bar s LL +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it's h bar s LL +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it's h bar s LL +
+1 right because we're in the state y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right because we're in the state y LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right because we're in the state y LM
+this is the state y l sub l or l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the state y l sub l or l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the state y l sub l or l
+l the expectation value of LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s is equal to h^ S M squ and M squ now m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to h^ S M squ and M squ now m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to h^ S M squ and M squ now m
+is equal to l so h squ l s aha so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to l so h squ l s aha so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to l so h squ l s aha so the
+expected value of L squ is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of L squ is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of L squ is not the same
+as LX s but this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LX s but this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LX s but this is equal to the
+expected value of lx^ 2 plus L y^2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of lx^ 2 plus L y^2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of lx^ 2 plus L y^2 plus
+LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+^2 um which is equ so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 um which is equ so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 um which is equ so therefore the
+expected value of lx^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of lx^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of lx^
+S Plus the expected value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Plus the expected value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Plus the expected value of L
+y^2 is equal to well the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is equal to well the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is equal to well the difference
+between this and this we just subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and this we just subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and this we just subtract
+this off h squ l + 1 h l s h s l and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off h squ l + 1 h l s h s l and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off h squ l + 1 h l s h s l and by
+you don't expect the Symmetry to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't expect the Symmetry to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't expect the Symmetry to be
+broken between LX and l y you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken between LX and l y you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken between LX and l y you can
+actually do the calculation and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the calculation and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the calculation and not just
+be GLI about it but both arguments give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be GLI about it but both arguments give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be GLI about it but both arguments give
+you the correct answer the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the correct answer the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the correct answer the expectation
+value of lx^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of lx^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of lx^
+2 is equal to 12 h^ s l okay and ditto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to 12 h^ s l okay and ditto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to 12 h^ s l okay and ditto
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+y okay in this state so notice two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay in this state so notice two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay in this state so notice two
+things first off as we make the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first off as we make the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first off as we make the total
+angular momentum little L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum little L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum little L
+large the amount we by which we fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the amount we by which we fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the amount we by which we fail to
+have all the angular momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the angular momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the angular momentum in the Z
+direction is getting larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is getting larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is getting larger and larger
+we're increasing the the crappiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the the crappiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing the the crappiness of
+uh putting all the angular momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting all the angular momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting all the angular momentum in
+the Z Direction however as a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction however as a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction however as a ratio of
+the total angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular
+momentum divided by l s so this divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum divided by l s so this divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum divided by l s so this divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+l^2 and uh this is h bar^ s l l+ one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 and uh this is h bar^ s l l+ one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l^2 and uh this is h bar^ s l l+ one in
+particular this is L S Plus l so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is L S Plus l so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is L S Plus l so if we
+took the ratio the rational mismatch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the ratio the rational mismatch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the ratio the rational mismatch is
+getting smaller and smaller and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and that's
+good because as we go to very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because as we go to very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because as we go to very large
+angular momentums where things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentums where things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentums where things should
+start getting classical in some sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting classical in some sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting classical in some sense we
+should get back the familiar intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get back the familiar intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get back the familiar intuition
+that you can put all the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put all the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put all the angular
+momentum in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z Direction
+okay yeah why are we imposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah why are we imposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah why are we imposing the
+Symmetry condition that the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry condition that the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry condition that the expectation
+values of LX and l y should be ident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LX and l y should be ident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of LX and l y should be ident
+excellent that's why we're saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's why we're saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent that's why we're saying this
+is a glib argument you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a glib argument you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a glib argument you don't have to
+impose that that needs to be done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose that that needs to be done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose that that needs to be done a
+little more delicately but we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more delicately but we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more delicately but we can just
+directly compute this and you do so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly compute this and you do so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly compute this and you do so on
+your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set yeah why doesn't the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set yeah why doesn't the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set yeah why doesn't the existence of
+the Lal z i function where the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lal z i function where the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lal z i function where the angular
+momentum the where L2 is definitely zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the where L2 is definitely zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the where L2 is definitely zero
+violate the uncertainty awesome on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the uncertainty awesome on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the uncertainty awesome on your
+problem set you're gonna answer that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you're gonna answer that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set you're gonna answer that but
+let me give you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a quick
+preview this is such a great response so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview this is such a great response so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview this is such a great response so
+let me give you a quick preview so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a quick preview so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you a quick preview so from
+that Alx okay this is a this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alx okay this is a this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alx okay this is a this is a really
+fun question let me go into it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun question let me go into it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun question let me go into it in some
+detail we doing we're doing wow I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we doing we're doing wow I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail we doing we're doing wow I'm
+going fast today are you am I going way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going fast today are you am I going way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going fast today are you am I going way
+too fast no a little little too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast no a little little too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast no a little little too fast
+okay ask me more questions to slow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask me more questions to slow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask me more questions to slow me
+down I'm excited I didn't get much sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm excited I didn't get much sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm excited I didn't get much sleep
+last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+um so so yesterday um one of the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yesterday um one of the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yesterday um one of the Great
+great joys of being a physicist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great joys of being a physicist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great joys of being a physicist is
+working with other physicists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with other physicists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with other physicists so
+yesterday one of my very good friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday one of my very good friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday one of my very good friends
+and collaborator I really Delight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborator I really Delight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborator I really Delight in
+talking with um came to visit and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with um came to visit and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with um came to visit and we had
+a late night dinner and this led to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a late night dinner and this led to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a late night dinner and this led to me
+late at night not doing my work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late at night not doing my work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late at night not doing my work but
+reading papers about what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading papers about what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading papers about what our
+conversation was about and only then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation was about and only then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation was about and only then at
+the very end when I was just about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end when I was just about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end when I was just about to
+die did I write the response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die did I write the response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die did I write the response to the
+reviewer on the paper that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer on the paper that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer on the paper that I was
+supposed to be doing by last night's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing by last night's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be doing by last night's
+deadline so I'm kind of tired but I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline so I'm kind of tired but I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline so I'm kind of tired but I'm in
+a really good mood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a really good job okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and now I totally lost my train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now I totally lost my train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now I totally lost my train of
+thought what was the question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what was the question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what was the question again
+existence of the Lal Z state where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the Lal Z state where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the Lal Z state where the
+the total angular momentum is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum is definitely
+exent and the uncertainty good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exent and the uncertainty good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exent and the uncertainty good so the
+question is why don't we violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why don't we violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why don't we violate the
+uncertainty when we know that L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty when we know that L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty when we know that L equals
+where am I I just covered it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I I just covered it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I I just covered it when we
+know that L equals 0 and M equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that L equals 0 and M equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that L equals 0 and M equals z
+doesn't that destroy our uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that destroy our uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that destroy our uncertainty
+because we know that the angle momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the angle momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the angle momentum
+for LZ is zero angle momentum for LX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for LZ is zero angle momentum for LX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for LZ is zero angle momentum for LX is
+z angle momentum for l y is Z all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z angle momentum for l y is Z all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z angle momentum for l y is Z all of
+them vanish doesn't that violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vanish doesn't that violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vanish doesn't that violate the
+uncertainty principle so let's remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle so let's remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle so let's remind
+ourselves what the form of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what the form of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what the form of that
+uncertainty relation is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation is the form of the
+uncertainty relation following from LX l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation following from LX l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation following from LX l
+y is I bar LZ recall the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is I bar LZ recall the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is I bar LZ recall the general
+statement the uncertainty in X or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the uncertainty in X or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the uncertainty in X or the
+uncertainty in a times the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a times the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a times the uncertainty
+in B squar squared uh is equal to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B squar squared uh is equal to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B squar squared uh is equal to well
+let me just write it as uh uh H bar upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write it as uh uh H bar upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write it as uh uh H bar upon
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+sorry2 the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry2 the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry2 the absolute value of the
+expectation value of the Comm commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the Comm commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the Comm commutator
+a with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with B
+right good Lord okay um dimensionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good Lord okay um dimensionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good Lord okay um dimensionally
+does this work yes okay good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work yes okay good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work yes okay good because
+units of a units of B units of a units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of a units of B units of a units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of a units of B units of a units
+of B Triumph um and these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B Triumph um and these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B Triumph um and these are going to
+be Quantum mechanically small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Quantum mechanically small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Quantum mechanically small because
+commutators have H bars and commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators have H bars and commutators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutators have H bars and commutators
+have H bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H bars
+why not because God hates us why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not because God hates us why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not because God hates us why do
+commutators have H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bars what happens classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars what happens classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars what happens classically
+In classical mechanics do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In classical mechanics do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In classical mechanics do things
+commute yes why are there Comm are the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute yes why are there Comm are the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute yes why are there Comm are the H
+bars and commutators of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and commutators of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and commutators of physical
+observables because we exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables because we exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables because we exist right
+because there's a classical limit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a classical limit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a classical limit okay
+so this is going to be Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be Quantum
+mechanically small so we expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically small so we expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically small so we expect the
+uncertainty relation to also be Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation to also be Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty relation to also be Quantum
+mechanically small okay just important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically small okay just important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically small okay just important
+intuition so let's look at the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so let's look at the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so let's look at the specific
+example of LX l y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of LX l y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of LX l y and
+LZ so the the uncertainty in LX in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ so the the uncertainty in LX in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ so the the uncertainty in LX in any
+particular remember that this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular remember that this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular remember that this is defined
+as the uncertainty in a particular State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uncertainty in a particular State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uncertainty in a particular State
+s in a particular State s and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in a particular State s and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in a particular State s and this
+expectation value is taken in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is taken in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is taken in a
+particular State s that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular State s that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular State s that same
+state so the uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the uncertainty of
+LX in some State ym times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX in some State ym times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX in some State ym times the
+uncertainty of ly in that same state ym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of ly in that same state ym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of ly in that same state ym
+should be equal to sorry greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to sorry greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to sorry greater than or
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to2 the the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 the the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 the the absolute value of the
+expectation value of the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the commutator of
+LX and l y but the commutator of LX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and l y but the commutator of LX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and l y but the commutator of LX and
+L Y is i h l z and I when we pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Y is i h l z and I when we pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Y is i h l z and I when we pull it
+through this com this absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this com this absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this com this absolute value is
+going to give me just one H bar is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me just one H bar is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me just one H bar is going
+to going to give me H bar so H bar upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going to give me H bar so H bar upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going to give me H bar so H bar upon
+two expectation value of LZ absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two expectation value of LZ absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two expectation value of LZ absolute
+value yeah so can LX and l y have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty can LX and l y have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty can LX and l y have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty can LX and l y have zero
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+when LZ expectation value of LZ is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when LZ expectation value of LZ is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when LZ expectation value of LZ is zero
+so that sounds good it sounds like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sounds good it sounds like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sounds good it sounds like we
+could have uh LZ uh if LZ has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh LZ uh if LZ has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh LZ uh if LZ has
+expectation value zero then we can LX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value zero then we can LX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value zero then we can LX
+and l y definite but that's bad we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l y definite but that's bad we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l y definite but that's bad we
+really really can we do that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not bless you my son uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bless you my son uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bless you my son uh uh
+so so can can we have LX and l y both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so can can we have LX and l y both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so can can we have LX and l y both
+take definite values just because LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why what else do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what else do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what else do we have to
+satisfy what other uncertainty relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy what other uncertainty relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy what other uncertainty relations
+must we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must we
+satisfy there are two more okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy there are two more okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy there are two more okay and I
+invite you to go look at what those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to go look at what those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to go look at what those two
+more are and deduce that this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more are and deduce that this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more are and deduce that this is only
+possible if LX s l y s and LZ squ all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if LX s l y s and LZ squ all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if LX s l y s and LZ squ all
+have zero expectation value in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero expectation value in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero expectation value in fact I
+think it's such a great question that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's such a great question that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's such a great question that I
+think yet T your your problem set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yet T your your problem set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yet T your your problem set okay
+so thank you for that question it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that question it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for that question it's a
+really good question there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question there was something
+there was another question in here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another question in here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another question in here yeah
+so something that you said earlier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that you said earlier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that you said earlier for
+some reason I'm just not saying it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason I'm just not saying it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason I'm just not saying it in
+this equation you're sort of claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you're sort of claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation you're sort of claim that
+L is integer or half integer the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is integer or half integer the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is integer or half integer the way
+you're dering this by like counting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dering this by like counting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dering this by like counting a
+number of equations and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations and somehow
+Asser okay great so the question is wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asser okay great so the question is wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asser okay great so the question is wait
+really why is L an integer or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why is L an integer or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really why is L an integer or half
+integer that was a little too quick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer that was a little too quick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer that was a little too quick is
+that roughly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly the right
+statement yeah good so let let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement yeah good so let let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement yeah good so let let me go
+through the logic so the logic goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the logic so the logic goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the logic so the logic goes like
+this I know that if I have I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I know that if I have I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I know that if I have I know that
+the ym if the YMS are igen functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ym if the YMS are igen functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ym if the YMS are igen functions of
+L squ and LZ and I've constructed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L squ and LZ and I've constructed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L squ and LZ and I've constructed this
+Tower of them using the raising lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower of them using the raising lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower of them using the raising lowering
+operators we've already shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we've already shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we've already shown that the
+largest possible value of M is L and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest possible value of M is L and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest possible value of M is L and the
+least possible value is minus L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least possible value is minus L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least possible value is minus L and
+these states must be separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states must be separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states must be separated by
+integer steps in M right okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer steps in M right okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer steps in M right okay good so
+let the number pick a value of L okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the number pick a value of L okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the number pick a value of L okay a
+particular Tower and let the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Tower and let the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Tower and let the number of
+states in that Tower be N Sub L okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in that Tower be N Sub L okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in that Tower be N Sub L okay so
+there's anel of them great and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anel of them great and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anel of them great and what's
+the distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between these
+guys well we have an assel is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys well we have an assel is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys well we have an assel is an integer
+yet we haven't assumed that yet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we haven't assumed that yet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we haven't assumed that yet right
+so this nbel is an integer because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this nbel is an integer because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this nbel is an integer because it's
+the number of states and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states and the number of
+states can't be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi so now let's count that so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so now let's count that so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so now let's count that so how many
+states are how many states are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how many states are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are how many states are there
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+NL but if I count one two 3 four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL but if I count one two 3 four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL but if I count one two 3 four the
+total angular momentum down here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum down here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum down here is 2
+L okay so I had some py way of of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay so I had some py way of of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay so I had some py way of of giving
+this a a a fancy name um uh but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a a a fancy name um uh but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a a a fancy name um uh but I can't
+remember what it was okay so the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was okay so the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was okay so the so the
+length of the tower in units of har bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the tower in units of har bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the tower in units of har bar
+the height of this Tower is um is 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this Tower is um is 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this Tower is um is 2 L
+but the number of steps I took in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of steps I took in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of steps I took in here
+was n NL minus one and that number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n NL minus one and that number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n NL minus one and that number of
+steps is times one so we get that 2 L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is times one so we get that 2 L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is times one so we get that 2 L is
+n minus one there's nothing fancy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one there's nothing fancy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one there's nothing fancy here
+I'm just saying if L is zero we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying if L is zero we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying if L is zero we go from
+here to here right there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here right there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here right there's just one
+element so number States is one L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so number States is one L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so number States is one L is
+zero so it's that same logic just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's that same logic just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's that same logic just
+repeated for every value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for every value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated for every value of L
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something on this board should cause you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on this board should cause you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on this board should cause you
+some serious physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discomfort so we've talked about the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort so we've talked about the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort so we've talked about the L
+equal 0 m equal 0 State this is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 m equal 0 State this is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 m equal 0 State this is a state
+which has no angular momentum whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no angular momentum whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has no angular momentum whatsoever
+in any direction at all we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction at all we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction at all we talked about
+the L equals 1 m equal zero state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L equals 1 m equal zero state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L equals 1 m equal zero state it
+carries no angular momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no angular momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no angular momentum in the Z
+Direction but it presumably has non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but it presumably has non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but it presumably has non-zero
+expectation value for l^ s x and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for l^ s x and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for l^ s x and L
+y^2 these guys are also fine what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 these guys are also fine what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 these guys are also fine what about
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's disconcerting do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's disconcerting do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's disconcerting do I have to
+have angular me in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction that should go on a shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that should go on a shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that should go on a shirt
+somewhere um uh let let me ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um uh let let me ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um uh let let me ask a
+question more precisely um or or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more precisely um or or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more precisely um or or in a
+way that's a little less threatening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's a little less threatening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's a little less threatening to
+me do you have to have angular mum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do you have to have angular mum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do you have to have angular mum in
+the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z Direction
+okay what I'm sorry what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm sorry what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm sorry what's your name
+does David need to have angular me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does David need to have angular me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does David need to have angular me of
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+direction does this chalk need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does this chalk need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does this chalk need to have
+angular me well the ch's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular me well the ch's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular me well the ch's okay
+classically no right okay it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically no right okay it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically no right okay it can have
+some total angular momentum which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some total angular momentum which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some total angular momentum which is
+zero and it can be rotating not in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it can be rotating not in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it can be rotating not in the Z
+Direction you can be rotating in the zy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you can be rotating in the zy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you can be rotating in the zy
+or the ZX plane if it's rotating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ZX plane if it's rotating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ZX plane if it's rotating in the
+ZX plane it's got angular momentum total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX plane it's got angular momentum total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX plane it's got angular momentum total
+angular momentum L squ is not zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L squ is not zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L squ is not zero but
+it's angular momentum in the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's angular momentum in the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's angular momentum in the Z direction
+is zero its axis is exactly along the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero its axis is exactly along the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero its axis is exactly along the Y
+direction right and so it's got no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and so it's got no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and so it's got no
+angular that's perfectly possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular that's perfectly possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular that's perfectly possible
+classically and that's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and that's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and that's perfectly
+possible when L is an integer similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible when L is an integer similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible when L is an integer similarly
+when L is two this is the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is two this is the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is two this is the particular
+tower that I love the most two uh 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower that I love the most two uh 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower that I love the most two uh 1 0
+minus one minus two the reason I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one minus two the reason I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one minus two the reason I love
+this the most uh is that it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the most uh is that it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the most uh is that it's related to
+gravity um which is pretty awesome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity um which is pretty awesome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity um which is pretty awesome um
+yeah that's a whole other story um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a whole other story um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a whole other story um so
+but uh the uh I really shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the uh I really shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the uh I really shouldn't have
+said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+so that's only going to confuse you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's only going to confuse you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's only going to confuse you um
+so for any integer it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any integer it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any integer it's possible to
+stand to have no angular momentum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand to have no angular momentum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand to have no angular momentum in the
+Z direction that means it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction that means it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction that means it's possible to
+rotate around the x axis or the Y AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the x axis or the Y AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the x axis or the Y AIS
+orthogonal to the z-axis that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the z-axis that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the z-axis that makes
+sense but for these half integer guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but for these half integer guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but for these half integer guys
+you are inescapably spinning there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are inescapably spinning there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are inescapably spinning there is no
+such thing as a state of this guy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a state of this guy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a state of this guy that
+carries no angular momentum anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no angular momentum anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no angular momentum anything
+well described by these Quantum States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well described by these Quantum States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well described by these Quantum States
+it's perpetually spin rotating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perpetually spin rotating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perpetually spin rotating or
+spinning it carries angular momentum let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it carries angular momentum let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it carries angular momentum let
+me say it precisely perpetually carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say it precisely perpetually carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say it precisely perpetually carries
+angular momentum in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z Direction
+anytime you measure it it carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you measure it it carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you measure it it carries
+angular momentum either plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum either plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum either plus a half
+integer or minus a half integer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or minus a half integer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or minus a half integer but
+never ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever
+zero but in the classical limit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but in the classical limit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but in the classical limit where
+you have very large L the M = 12 state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large L the M = 12 state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very large L the M = 12 state
+or Theus half state is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Theus half state is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Theus half state is going to get
+arbitrarily small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small compared to the
+angular momentum so isn't it just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so isn't it just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so isn't it just like
+where we said well okay you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we said well okay you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we said well okay you can never
+have your angular momentum only in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your angular momentum only in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your angular momentum only in the Z
+but we don't care because you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't care because you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't care because you know in
+the classical limit it gets arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical limit it gets arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical limit it gets arbitrarily
+close to there see one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to there see one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to there see one of the nice
+things about writing lectures like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about writing lectures like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about writing lectures like this
+is that you get to leave little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get to leave little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get to leave little
+landmines so this is exactly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmines so this is exactly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmines so this is exactly one of
+those thank you for asking this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thank you for asking this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thank you for asking this question
+and so let me rephrase that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me rephrase that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me rephrase that question
+look we all took high school chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we all took high school chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we all took high school chemistry
+we all know about spin the nuclei have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know about spin the nuclei have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know about spin the nuclei have
+spin they have some angular momentum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin they have some angular momentum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin they have some angular momentum but
+if you build up a lot of them you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build up a lot of them you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build up a lot of them you build
+up a piece of chalk look as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a piece of chalk look as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a piece of chalk look as we said
+before while it's true that maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before while it's true that maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before while it's true that maybe it
+carries some uh there's some mismatch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries some uh there's some mismatch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries some uh there's some mismatch in
+the angular momentum of the Z dire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum of the Z dire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum of the Z dire for
+some large L State it's not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some large L State it's not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some large L State it's not all the
+angular momentum some is in LZ LX and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum some is in LZ LX and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum some is in LZ LX and l
+y as well it's preposterously small for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as well it's preposterously small for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y as well it's preposterously small for
+a macroscopic object where L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a macroscopic object where L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a macroscopic object where L is
+macroscopic it's met the Ang momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic it's met the Ang momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic it's met the Ang momentum in
+plunk units in units of the plunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunk units in units of the plunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunk units in units of the plunk
+constant 10 26 I mean something huge why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 10 26 I mean something huge why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 10 26 I mean something huge why
+would we even notice but here's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we even notice but here's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we even notice but here's the real
+statement the statement isn't just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the statement isn't just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the statement isn't just that
+this is true of macroscopic objects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true of macroscopic objects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true of macroscopic objects but
+imagine you take a small particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you take a small particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you take a small particle
+imagine you take you know a single atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you take you know a single atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you take you know a single atom
+we're deep in the quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're deep in the quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're deep in the quantum mechanical
+regime we're not the classical regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime we're not the classical regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime we're not the classical regime
+okay we take that single atom and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we take that single atom and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we take that single atom and if
+it's described if it carries angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described if it carries angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described if it carries angular
+momentum and it's described by the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it's described by the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it's described by the L
+equals 1 half state that atom will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 half state that atom will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 half state that atom will never
+ever ever be measured to have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever be measured to have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever be measured to have its
+angular momentum in the Z direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the Z direction or
+indeed in any direction B zero you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in any direction B zero you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in any direction B zero you will
+never in any direction measure its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in any direction measure its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in any direction measure its
+angular momentum to be zero that atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to be zero that atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum to be zero that atom
+perpetually carries angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually carries angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetually carries angular momentum and
+that is weird Okay well maybe okay maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is weird Okay well maybe okay maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is weird Okay well maybe okay maybe
+you don't find it weird this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't find it weird this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't find it weird this is good
+you've grown up in an era when that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've grown up in an era when that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've grown up in an era when that's
+not a weird thing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a weird thing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a weird thing but I
+I find this deeply disconcerting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this deeply disconcerting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this deeply disconcerting and the
+reason one reason you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one reason you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one reason you might say well
+look you know we never actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know we never actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know we never actually measure
+an atom but we do we do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom but we do we do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom but we do we do all the time
+because we measure things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we measure things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we measure things like the
+Spectra of light as we'll study when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra of light as we'll study when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra of light as we'll study when we
+study atoms in a couple in a week or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study atoms in a couple in a week or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study atoms in a couple in a week or a
+couple weeks because of the exam um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks because of the exam um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks because of the exam um
+sorry guys there has to be an exam um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guys there has to be an exam um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry guys there has to be an exam um as
+we will find when we study atoms in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find when we study atoms in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find when we study atoms in more
+detail or indeed at all we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail or indeed at all we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail or indeed at all we'll be
+sensitive to the angular momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the angular momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the angular momentum of the
+constituents of the atom and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of the atom and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of the atom and we'll see
+different Spectra so it's an observ Able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectra so it's an observ Able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectra so it's an observ Able
+Property when you shine light on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property when you shine light on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property when you shine light on you
+know gases this is something we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gases this is something we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gases this is something we can
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+observe so what this suggests is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so what this suggests is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe so what this suggests is one of
+two things either these are just crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things either these are just crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things either these are just crazy
+right and ridiculous and we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and ridiculous and we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and ridiculous and we should
+ignore them or there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them or there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them or there's something
+interesting and intrinsically quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and intrinsically quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and intrinsically quantum
+mechanical about them that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical about them that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical about them that's not so
+familiar and the answer is going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and the answer is going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and the answer is going to turn
+out to be the second the lad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the second the lad of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the second the lad of
+those okay the ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not
+intentional maybe it was subconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional maybe it was subconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional maybe it was subconscious
+okay so so I want to think about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I want to think about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I want to think about some
+more consequences of the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consequences of the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consequences of the structure of
+the YMS and the IG valys in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YMS and the IG valys in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the YMS and the IG valys in particular
+of this Tower structure I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tower structure I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tower structure I want to
+understand some more what other physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some more what other physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some more what other physics
+can we extract from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we extract from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we extract from this
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+so first a very useful thing is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first a very useful thing is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first a very useful thing is just to
+get a picture of these guys in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture of these guys in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture of these guys in your head
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+draw the angular the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the angular the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the angular the angular momentum
+igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions
+right so what does that mean well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean well first
+when we talked about the the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the the igen
+functions of momentum linear momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of momentum linear momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of momentum linear momentum in
+one dimension we immediately went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension we immediately went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension we immediately went to the
+wave function we talked about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we talked about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we talked about how the
+amplitude to be at a particular spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be at a particular spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be at a particular spot
+varied in space right and the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in space right and the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in space right and the amplitude
+was just e to the IX so the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just e to the IX so the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just e to the IX so the amplitude
+was an oscillating you know the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an oscillating you know the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an oscillating you know the phase
+rotated and the absolute value or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated and the absolute value or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated and the absolute value or the
+probability density was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density was completely
+constant everyone cool with that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant everyone cool with that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant everyone cool with that that
+was the 1D plane wave so the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 1D plane wave so the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 1D plane wave so the variables
+there we had an angular momentum igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we had an angular momentum igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we had an angular momentum igen
+State and that's a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that's a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that's a function of the
+position or sorry a linear momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or sorry a linear momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or sorry a linear momentum
+State that's a function position angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's a function position angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's a function position angular
+momentum igen states are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum igen states are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum igen states are going to be
+functions of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of angular
+position so I want to know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so I want to know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so I want to know what these
+wave functions look like not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions look like not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions look like not just the
+igen values but I want to know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values but I want to know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values but I want to know what is
+the wave function Associated to I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function Associated to I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function Associated to I values
+little L and Little M look like y sub LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L and Little M look like y sub LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L and Little M look like y sub LM
+of the angles Theta and F what do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles Theta and F what do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles Theta and F what do these
+guys look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look
+like so how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so how do we get
+them so this is going to be our goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is going to be our goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is going to be our goal for
+the next few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing to notice is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to notice is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to notice is that um
+we know that these gu we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that these gu we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that these gu we know what the
+form of these of the IG values and IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of these of the IG values and IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of these of the IG values and IG
+functions are if we act with LZ we get H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are if we act with LZ we get H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are if we act with LZ we get H
+Bar M back if we act with L squ we get H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar M back if we act with L squ we get H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar M back if we act with L squ we get H
+bar squ LL plus one back but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ LL plus one back but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squ LL plus one back but we also
+have other expressions for LZ and L uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other expressions for LZ and L uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other expressions for LZ and L uh
+and L squ in particular I wrote them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L squ in particular I wrote them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L squ in particular I wrote them
+down last time in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time in spherical coordinates
+so I'm going to work in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to work in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to work in spherical
+coordinates where um the declination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where um the declination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates where um the declination
+from the vertical is an angle Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vertical is an angle Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vertical is an angle Theta and
+the angle around the equator is an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle around the equator is an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle around the equator is an angle
+F okay and th equal 0 is going to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and th equal 0 is going to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay and th equal 0 is going to be up
+in the Z Direction this just a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction this just a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z Direction this just a choice of
+coordinates there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's nothing
+deep there's nothing even shallow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep there's nothing even shallow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep there's nothing even shallow it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+definitions so we're going to work inal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so we're going to work inal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so we're going to work inal
+coordinates and in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and in spherical coordinates
+we we observe that this angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we observe that this angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we observe that this angular momentum
+just following the definition from R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following the definition from R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following the definition from R
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+P takes a particularly simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's a typo H bar upon I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a typo H bar upon I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a typo H bar upon I uh
+DD okay and instead of writing l s I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD okay and instead of writing l s I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD okay and instead of writing l s I'm
+going to write L plus minus because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write L plus minus because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write L plus minus because it's
+shorter and also because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and also because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and also because it's going to
+turn out to be more useful so this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be more useful so this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be more useful so this takes
+the form H bar e to the +us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I um D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um D
+theta plus or minus cent of theta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D okay so these are the expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so these are the expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so these are the expressions for
+LZ and l+ minus in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ and l+ minus in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ and l+ minus in spherical coordinates
+in these spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+so I want to know how ym depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know how ym depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to know how ym depends on
+Theta and F and it's clearly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and F and it's clearly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and F and it's clearly going to be
+easier to ask about the LZ equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to ask about the LZ equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to ask about the LZ equation so
+let's look at that LZ on ym sorry LZ on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that LZ on ym sorry LZ on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that LZ on ym sorry LZ on
+ym gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym gives me
+H oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H oh
+yeah eight oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jesus when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus when I write
+Letters by hand which you know this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Letters by hand which you know this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Letters by hand which you know this like
+basically going to write to my mom all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to write to my mom all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to write to my mom all
+my hes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hes are
+crossed I can't help it so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed I can't help it so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed I can't help it so this is like
+the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's been a long time since I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's been a long time since I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's been a long time since I made
+that mistake it's usually the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake it's usually the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake it's usually the other okay
+so uh LZ acting on y LM gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harm acting on ym but that's what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm acting on ym but that's what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm acting on ym but that's what I get
+when I act with LZ so let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I act with LZ so let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I act with LZ so let's just write
+out the differential equation so h m y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the differential equation so h m y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the differential equation so h m y
+LM where m is is an integer or a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM where m is is an integer or a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM where m is is an integer or a half
+integer depending on whether L is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer depending on whether L is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer depending on whether L is an
+integer or a half integer h m y LM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or a half integer h m y LM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or a half integer h m y LM is
+equal to H bar upon I uh DF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar upon I uh DF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar upon I uh DF of
+ym okay using the awesome power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym okay using the awesome power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ym okay using the awesome power of
+division and multiplication I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and multiplication I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and multiplication I will
+divide both sides by H bar and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by H bar and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by H bar and I'll
+multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by
+I okay and we now have the the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and we now have the the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and we now have the the equation
+for the igen functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the igen functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the igen functions of
+LZ which we actually wrote on last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ which we actually wrote on last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ which we actually wrote on last time
+and we can solve this very simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can solve this very simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can solve this very simply this
+says that remember y LM is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that remember y LM is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that remember y LM is a function of
+theta and fi here we're only looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and fi here we're only looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and fi here we're only looking at
+the FI dependence because that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI dependence because that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI dependence because that's all
+that showed up in this equation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed up in this equation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed up in this equation so this
+tells us that the igen functions y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the igen functions y LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the igen functions y LM
+are of the form of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the form of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the form of theta and
+F are of the form e to the IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F are of the form e to the IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F are of the form e to the IM
+F times some remaining dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times some remaining dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times some remaining dependence on
+Theta which I'll write as P of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which I'll write as P of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which I'll write as P of theta and
+that P could depend on l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P could depend on l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P could depend on l and
+m cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now already before we even ask about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already before we even ask about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already before we even ask about the
+the dependence on Theta the P dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Theta the P dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Theta the P dependence
+we learned something pretty awesome look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned something pretty awesome look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned something pretty awesome look
+at this wave function okay whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this wave function okay whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this wave function okay whatever else
+we know its dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know its dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know its dependence on
+F is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is e to the
+IM5 now remember what fi is fi is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM5 now remember what fi is fi is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM5 now remember what fi is fi is the
+angle around the Equator so it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle around the Equator so it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle around the Equator so it goes from
+zero to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to 2 pi
+and when it comes back to 2 pi it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it comes back to 2 pi it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it comes back to 2 pi it's the
+same pointal 0 andal Pi are two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pointal 0 andal Pi are two names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pointal 0 andal Pi are two names
+for the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but that should worry you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but that should worry you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but that should worry you because
+note that as a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that as a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that as a consequence of
+this y LM of theta 0 is equal to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y LM of theta 0 is equal to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y LM of theta 0 is equal to well
+whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it
+is but um sorry Theta Theta of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but um sorry Theta Theta of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but um sorry Theta Theta of 2
+pi is equal to e to the i m 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is equal to e to the i m 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is equal to e to the i m 2
+pi time PLM of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta but this is equal to oh now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but this is equal to oh now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but this is equal to oh now we're
+in trouble if m is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer this is equal to e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this is equal to e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer this is equal to e to the I
+integer 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi one yes okay you're supposed to cheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi one yes okay you're supposed to cheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi one yes okay you're supposed to cheer
+at that point it's like the coolest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point it's like the coolest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point it's like the coolest
+identity in the world so e to the i 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in the world so e to the i 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in the world so e to the i 2 pi
+that's uh that's one so if m is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer then this is just um P LM of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then this is just um P LM of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then this is just um P LM of
+theta which is also what we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is also what we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is also what we get by
+putting in F equal Z so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in F equal Z so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in F equal Z so this is equal to
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+LM LM of theta comma 0er but if m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM LM of theta comma 0er but if m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM LM of theta comma 0er but if m is a
+half integer then e to the I half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half integer then e to the I half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half integer then e to the I half
+integer * 2 pi is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer * 2 pi is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer * 2 pi is minus
+one and so that gives us minus y LM of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that gives us minus y LM of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that gives us minus y LM of
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+n0 if m is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer okay so let me say that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay so let me say that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer okay so let me say that again
+in the same words actually but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same words actually but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same words actually but let me
+just say it again with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it again with different
+emphasis what this tells us is that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis what this tells us is that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis what this tells us is that why
+LM at zero as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM at zero as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM at zero as a function of the
+coordinates Theta and f y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take M as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take M as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take M as an
+integer y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer y
+LM at Theta n0 is equal to Y LM at Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM at Theta n0 is equal to Y LM at Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM at Theta n0 is equal to Y LM at Theta
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+z right that's good but if m is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer then ym at Theta and 2 pi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then ym at Theta and 2 pi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then ym at Theta and 2 pi which
+is the same point as y LM at Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same point as y LM at Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same point as y LM at Theta and
+Zer is equal to minus y LM at Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer is equal to minus y LM at Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer is equal to minus y LM at Theta and
+Pi at Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi at Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi at Theta and
+zero that's less good what must be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's less good what must be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's less good what must be true
+of ym of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ym of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ym of theta and
+zero zero and was there anything special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and was there anything special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and was there anything special
+about the point zero no I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the point zero no I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the point zero no I could have
+just taken any point and rotated around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken any point and rotated around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taken any point and rotated around
+by pi so this tells us that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pi so this tells us that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pi so this tells us that y
+LM of theta and F is identically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM of theta and F is identically equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LM of theta and F is identically equal
+to zero if m is a half integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh that's bad right because what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh that's bad right because what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh that's bad right because what's the
+probability density of being found at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of being found at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of being found at
+any particular angular position zero can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular angular position zero can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular angular position zero can
+you normalize that state no that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normalize that state no that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normalize that state no that is not
+a state that describes a particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that describes a particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that describes a particle that
+is a state that describes the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state that describes the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state that describes the absence of
+a particle that is not what we want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle that is not what we want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle that is not what we want so
+these states cannot describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states cannot describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states cannot describe these
+values of l& M which seem like perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of l& M which seem like perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of l& M which seem like perfectly
+reasonable values of l and m perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable values of l and m perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable values of l and m perfectly
+reasonable I values of l s and LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they cannot be used to label wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot be used to label wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot be used to label wave
+functions of physical States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of physical States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of physical States
+corresponding to wave functions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to wave functions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to wave functions on a
+sphere you can't do it because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere you can't do it because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere you can't do it because if you
+try you find that those wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try you find that those wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try you find that those wave functions
+identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically
+vanish okay so these cannot be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish okay so these cannot be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish okay so these cannot be used
+these do not describe wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these do not describe wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these do not describe wave
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+uh draw these do not describe wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw these do not describe wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh draw these do not describe wave
+functions of of a particle in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of of a particle in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of of a particle in quantum
+mechanics they cannot be used those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics they cannot be used those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics they cannot be used those
+values those Towers cannot be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those Towers cannot be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those Towers cannot be used to
+describe particles moving in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe particles moving in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe particles moving in three
+dimensions everyone everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions everyone everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions everyone everyone so
+questions about that that is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that that is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that that is a slightly
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+argument yeah you said something earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah you said something earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah you said something earlier
+about how um atoms like would never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how um atoms like would never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how um atoms like would never have
+any zero angular momentum and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any zero angular momentum and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any zero angular momentum and so the
+ones that have no zero angle momentum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have no zero angle momentum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have no zero angle momentum we
+just said they're not possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said they're not possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said they're not possible so
+excellent question I said a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question I said a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question I said a slightly
+different so the question is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the question is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the question is look
+earlier you were saying yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you were saying yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you were saying yeah yeah yeah
+atoms can have there are atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms can have there are atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms can have there are atoms in the
+world and they have half integer angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and they have half integer angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and they have half integer angular
+momentum and you can shine light on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you can shine light on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you can shine light on them
+and you can tell and and stuff um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell and and stuff um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell and and stuff um but
+you just said that you can't that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said that you can't that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just said that you can't that you
+know these can't exist so how can those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these can't exist so how can those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these can't exist so how can those
+two things both be true and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things both be true and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things both be true and I actually
+thank you for this question it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for this question it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for this question it's a very
+good question I actually said a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I actually said a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I actually said a slightly
+different thing what I said was states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing what I said was states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing what I said was states
+with angular momentum LM are half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum LM are half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with angular momentum LM are half
+integers cannot be described by a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers cannot be described by a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers cannot be described by a wave
+function of the coordinates we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordinates we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordinates we're going
+to need some different description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need some different description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need some different description and
+in particular we're going to need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to need a
+different description that does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different description that does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different description that does what
+well as we take from 0 to 2 pi as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we take from 0 to 2 pi as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we take from 0 to 2 pi as we
+rotate the system right as we take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the system right as we take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the system right as we take five
+from 0 to 2 pi we rotate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 2 pi we rotate the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 2 pi we rotate the system
+we're going to pick up a minus sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick up a minus sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick up a minus sign so
+in order to describe an object with L&M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to describe an object with L&M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to describe an object with L&M
+being in half integer we can't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in half integer we can't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in half integer we can't use a
+wave function we need something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we need something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we need something that is
+allowed to be doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be doubly
+valued right and in particular we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued right and in particular we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued right and in particular we need
+something that behaves nicely when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that behaves nicely when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that behaves nicely when you
+rotate around by 2 pi we need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around by 2 pi we need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around by 2 pi we need to come
+back to a minus sign not itself so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a minus sign not itself so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a minus sign not itself so it's
+some object that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function it's called a spinner so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's called a spinner so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's called a spinner so we
+we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it
+later we need some object that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we need some object that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we need some object that does that
+so it's there's this classic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there's this classic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there's this classic um
+demonstration at this point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration at this point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration at this point which is
+supposed to be done in a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be done in a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be done in a quantum
+mechanics class so at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class so at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class so at this point the
+lecture is obliged to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is obliged to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is obliged to do the following
+thing you say blah blah blah if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you say blah blah blah if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you say blah blah blah if things
+rotate by 2 pi they have to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate by 2 pi they have to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate by 2 pi they have to come back to
+themselves and then you do this okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and then you do this okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and then you do this okay I'm
+going to rotate my hand like a like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rotate my hand like a like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rotate my hand like a like a a
+you know I don't know record um by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know record um by 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know record um by 2 pi
+and it will not come back to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it quite uncomfortably has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it quite uncomfortably has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it quite uncomfortably has not
+come back to itself okay but I can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to itself okay but I can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to itself okay but I can do a
+further rotation to show you that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further rotation to show you that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further rotation to show you that it's a
+minus sign I can do a further Rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign I can do a further Rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign I can do a further Rotation
+by 2 pi and have it come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi and have it come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi and have it come back to
+itself right and I kept the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right and I kept the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right and I kept the axis
+vertical yeah okay so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical yeah okay so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical yeah okay so at this point
+you're all supposed to go like oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all supposed to go like oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all supposed to go like oh yes
+uhhuh yeah okay so so now that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh yeah okay so so now that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh yeah okay so so now that we've got
+that out of the way I have an arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of the way I have an arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of the way I have an arm
+okay so so the story is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the story is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the story is a little more
+complicated than than that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than than that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than than that this this is
+actually a fair demonstration but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a fair demonstration but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a fair demonstration but it's a
+slightly subtle story and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly subtle story and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly subtle story and if you want to
+understand it ask your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it ask your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it ask your recitation
+instructor or come to my office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor or come to my office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor or come to my office hours
+yeah USB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah USB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah USB
+sticks USB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks USB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks USB
+sticks here they don't go in the ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks here they don't go in the ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks here they don't go in the ins
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+way what about USB stick you Ser them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what about USB stick you Ser them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what about USB stick you Ser them
+this way they don't work you serve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they don't work you serve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they don't work you serve them
+this way they don't work but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they don't work but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they don't work but if you do
+it again then they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's pretty good okay um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty good okay um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty good okay um so so
+for the moment as long as we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment as long as we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment as long as we want to
+describe our system with a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our system with a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our system with a wave function
+of position which means we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position which means we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position which means we're thinking
+about where will we find it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where will we find it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where will we find it as a
+function of angle we cannot use the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle we cannot use the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle we cannot use the half
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+lrm so if we can't use the half integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrm so if we can't use the half integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrm so if we can't use the half integer
+L&M fine we'll just throw them out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L&M fine we'll just throw them out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L&M fine we'll just throw them out for
+the moment and we'll use the integer L&M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and we'll use the integer L&M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and we'll use the integer L&M
+and let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's keep
+going okay now what we need to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay now what we need to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay now what we need to determine
+now is the P we've determined the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the P we've determined the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the P we've determined the F
+dependence but we need the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but we need the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but we need the Theta
+dependence and we can get the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and we can get the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and we can get the Theta
+dependence in a sneaky fashion remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in a sneaky fashion remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in a sneaky fashion remember
+when you solved the remember the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solved the remember the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you solved the remember the the the
+harmonic oscillator in 1D when we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator in 1D when we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator in 1D when we wanted
+to find the ground state wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the ground state wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the ground state wave function
+we could either solve the energy I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could either solve the energy I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could either solve the energy I value
+equation which is a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a second order
+differential equation and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and kind of
+horrible right or we could solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible right or we could solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible right or we could solve the
+ground state equation that said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state equation that said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state equation that said that the
+ground state is annihilated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is annihilated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is annihilated by the
+annihilation operator which is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation operator which is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation operator which is a first
+order differenti equation much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differenti equation much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differenti equation much easier to
+solve yeah let's do the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve yeah let's do the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve yeah let's do the same thing we
+have an Annihilation condition if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Annihilation condition if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Annihilation condition if we
+have the top state l+ on y l l is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top state l+ on y l l is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top state l+ on y l l is equal
+to0 but l+ is a first order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 but l+ is a first order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 but l+ is a first order differential
+operator this is going to be easier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is going to be easier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is going to be easier so
+we need to find a solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find a solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find a solution to this
+equation and um do I want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and um do I want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and um do I want to go through
+this yeah why not okay so I want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah why not okay so I want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah why not okay so I want this to
+be equal to zero but l+ y l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero but l+ y l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero but l+ y l is equal to
+well it's h uh e to the plus I D theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's h uh e to the plus I D theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's h uh e to the plus I D theta
+plus Cent Theta uh dun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Cent Theta uh dun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Cent Theta uh dun
+on y l and y l is e to the I LF * P LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y l and y l is e to the I LF * P LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y l and y l is e to the I LF * P LM
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+theta cool so um DD on e to the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cool so um DD on e to the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cool so um DD on e to the there's
+no F dependence here is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no F dependence here is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no F dependence here is just going to
+give us a vector of i l so did I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a vector of i l so did I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a vector of i l so did I get the
+I yeah um so that's going to give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah um so that's going to give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah um so that's going to give us an
+plus i l no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i l no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus i l no
+DDF or i l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus and then this e thei we can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then this e thei we can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and then this e thei we can pull
+out but this has to be equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but this has to be equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but this has to be equal to zero so
+this says that 0o is equal to D theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that 0o is equal to D theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that 0o is equal to D theta
+plus I lent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I lent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I lent
+Theta uh P LM of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta and this is actually much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and this is actually much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and this is actually much better
+than it seems for the following reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it seems for the following reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it seems for the following reason
+DD Theta fine that's DD Theta of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD Theta fine that's DD Theta of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD Theta fine that's DD Theta of theta
+is cosine over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine over
+s that's what get if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's what get if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's what get if you take the
+derivative of lots of sign functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of lots of sign functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of lots of sign functions of
+a you know sign to the L say take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know sign to the L say take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know sign to the L say take a
+derivative you lose a power of sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you lose a power of sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you lose a power of sign and
+you pick up a power of cosine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up a power of cosine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick up a power of cosine so
+multiplying by cotangent gets rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by cotangent gets rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by cotangent gets rid of a
+power of sign gives you a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of sign gives you a power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of sign gives you a power of
+cosine which is the derivative of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine which is the derivative of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine which is the derivative of of
+S so PLM noticing the L and I screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so PLM noticing the L and I screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so PLM noticing the L and I screwed up
+an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i
+somewhere I think I wanted an i up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I think I wanted an i up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I think I wanted an i up
+here let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yes I want an i cotangent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes I want an i cotangent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes I want an i cotangent okay
+that's much better so ient and then good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much better so ient and then good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much better so ient and then good
+good and then the I squs giv me a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the I squs giv me a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then the I squs giv me a minus
+L good and this tells us that PLM so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L good and this tells us that PLM so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L good and this tells us that PLM so if
+this is sign to the L then d th gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sign to the L then d th gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sign to the L then d th gives us
+an L sin lus one cosine which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L sin lus one cosine which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L sin lus one cosine which is what I
+get by taking sin the L and multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by taking sin the L and multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by taking sin the L and multiplying
+by cosine dividing by and multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine dividing by and multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cosine dividing by and multiplying by
+L so this gives me PM or sorry p l this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so this gives me PM or sorry p l this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so this gives me PM or sorry p l this
+is for the particular State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the particular State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the particular State
+LL we're looking at the top state we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LL we're looking at the top state we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LL we're looking at the top state we're
+annihilating it so p l is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating it so p l is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating it so p l is equal to some
+coefficient so I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so I'll just say
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+S uh to the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+OFA so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OFA so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OFA so this tells us
+that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y
+l is equal to Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is equal to Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is equal to Sub
+normalization sub LL just some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization sub LL just some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization sub LL just some number
+times from the F dependence e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times from the F dependence e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times from the F dependence e to the I
+LF and from the Theta dependence s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF and from the Theta dependence s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF and from the Theta dependence s to
+the L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of
+theta okay so this is the form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so this is the form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so this is the form this is
+the for oh sorry go ahead what this Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for oh sorry go ahead what this Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for oh sorry go ahead what this Sy
+there oh this Twisted horrible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh this Twisted horrible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh this Twisted horrible thing
+it's to but you know it was a long night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to but you know it was a long night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to but you know it was a long night
+um so uh so so now we have the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so so now we have the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so so now we have the wave
+function explicitly is a function of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function explicitly is a function of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function explicitly is a function of F
+and is a function of theta completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a function of theta completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a function of theta completely
+understood uh for the top state in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh for the top state in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh for the top state in in
+any Tower right this for any L the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Tower right this for any L the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Tower right this for any L the top
+state in any Tower is e to thef does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in any Tower is e to thef does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in any Tower is e to thef does
+that make sense well LZ is H bar upon ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense well LZ is H bar upon ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense well LZ is H bar upon ID
+so that gives us uh H bar is m is L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives us uh H bar is m is L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives us uh H bar is m is L so
+that's good that's the top state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's the top state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's the top state and
+from this science data we just checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this science data we just checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this science data we just checked
+we constructed that this indeed has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed that this indeed has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed that this indeed has uh
+uh the well if you then check you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the well if you then check you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the well if you then check you will
+find that the L squ IG value which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the L squ IG value which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the L squ IG value which you
+will do on the problem set the L squ IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do on the problem set the L squ IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do on the problem set the L squ IG
+value is H Square l l plus one yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is H Square l l plus one yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is H Square l l plus one yeah um
+good question uh when we the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question uh when we the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question uh when we the expression
+we have for the L plus minus operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for the L plus minus operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for the L plus minus operators
+how did we construct the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we construct the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we construct the expression for
+LX and l y good so we it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and l y good so we it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and l y good so we it's much easier
+than you think so LX is equal to it's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you think so LX is equal to it's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you think so LX is equal to it's R
+cross L is R cross P right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross L is R cross P right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross L is R cross P right so this is
+going to be um uh ypz minus zpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but you know it so and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you know it so and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you know it so and this is
+equal to I um H bar upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I um H bar upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I um H bar upon
+i y d z minus Z Dy but you know what Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y d z minus Z Dy but you know what Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y d z minus Z Dy but you know what Y
+is in cical coordinates and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cical coordinates and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cical coordinates and you know
+what derived with respect to Z is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what derived with respect to Z is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what derived with respect to Z is in
+spical coordinates because you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spical coordinates because you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spical coordinates because you know what
+Z is and then you know the chain rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is and then you know the chain rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is and then you know the chain rule so
+taking this and just plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and just plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and just plugging in
+explicit expressions for the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expressions for the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expressions for the change of
+variables to spherical coordinates takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to spherical coordinates takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to spherical coordinates takes
+care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeahp that power sorry this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeahp that power sorry this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeahp that power sorry this is this is
+bad not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad not
+it's um it's not bad notation it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's not bad notation it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's not bad notation it's just
+not familiar notation so um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar notation so um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar notation so um it's
+notation that is used throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that is used throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that is used throughout
+theoretical physics means this sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics means this sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics means this sin Theta
+to the L the elf power of sign yeah U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L the elf power of sign yeah U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the L the elf power of sign yeah U
+for typ setting reasons we often put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for typ setting reasons we often put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for typ setting reasons we often put the
+Power before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power before the
+argument yeah no it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah no it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah no it's a very good
+question thank you for asking because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question thank you for asking because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question thank you for asking because it
+was unclear I appreciate that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unclear I appreciate that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unclear I appreciate that other
+questions yeah L hat how do we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah L hat how do we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah L hat how do we come up
+with the L how do we come up with the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L how do we come up with the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L how do we come up with the L
+hat plus minus that that was from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus minus that that was from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus minus that that was from this
+oh yeah so if we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so if we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so if we know what the
+components of the angular momentum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the angular momentum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the angular momentum are
+in in cartisian coordinates and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cartisian coordinates and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cartisian coordinates and you know
+how to because you know it's coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to because you know it's coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to because you know it's coordinates
+you know how to change variables from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to change variables from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to change variables from
+cartisian to spherical so you just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian to spherical so you just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian to spherical so you just plug
+this in for LX but l+ is LX Plus i y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in for LX but l+ is LX Plus i y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in for LX but l+ is LX Plus i y and
+so you just take these guys in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just take these guys in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just take these guys in spherical
+form and add them together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and add them together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and add them together with the
+relative I and that gives you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression maybe I miss this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression maybe I miss this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression maybe I miss this but you
+just explain the distinction between y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explain the distinction between y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explain the distinction between y
+sub l and y sub LM yeah absolutely so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l and y sub LM yeah absolutely so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l and y sub LM yeah absolutely so y
+sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub l
+l is means y sub LM where m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is means y sub LM where m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is means y sub LM where m is equal to
+l okay but it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay but it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay but it's just a
+generic it's a it's a generic IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic it's a it's a generic IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic it's a it's a generic IG
+function of the angular momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the angular momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the angular momentum with
+the angular momentum in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum in the Z Direction
+being equal to the angular momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to the angular momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to the angular momentum in
+the total angular momentum so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum so at least
+it for the for these numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the for these numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the for these numbers okay
+cool good so now if we know this how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool good so now if we know this how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool good so now if we know this how do
+we just as a side note suppose we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just as a side note suppose we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just as a side note suppose we know
+well well suppose we know this we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well suppose we know this we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well suppose we know this we know
+this we know what the top state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know what the top state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know what the top state in the
+tower looks like how do I get the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower looks like how do I get the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower looks like how do I get the next
+state down in the tower how do I get y l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state down in the tower how do I get y l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state down in the tower how do I get y l
+l minus one lower it lower it exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l minus one lower it lower it exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l minus one lower it lower it exactly so
+this is easy L minus on y l and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy L minus on y l and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy L minus on y l and we have
+to be careful about normalization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful about normalization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful about normalization so
+again it's proportional to okay um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's proportional to okay um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's proportional to okay um but
+this is easy we don't have to solve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy we don't have to solve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy we don't have to solve any
+differ equations we just have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ equations we just have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ equations we just have to take
+derivatives so it's just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so it's just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so it's just like the
+raising operator for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising operator for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising operator for the harmonic
+oscillator we can raise and lower along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we can raise and lower along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we can raise and lower along
+the tower and get the right wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower and get the right wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower and get the right wave
+function okay so to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so to give you some
+examples yeah let's do that here so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yeah let's do that here so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yeah let's do that here so let
+me just quickly give you a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just quickly give you a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just quickly give you a few examples
+of the first few spherical harmonics oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first few spherical harmonics oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first few spherical harmonics oh
+so sorry I should give these guys a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry I should give these guys a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry I should give these guys a name
+these functions y LM of theta and fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions y LM of theta and fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions y LM of theta and fi
+they're called the spherical harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the spherical harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the spherical harmonics
+they're called these because they solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called these because they solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called these because they solve
+the leoan equation on the sphere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leoan equation on the sphere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leoan equation on the sphere which
+is just the igen value equation l^2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the igen value equation l^2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the igen value equation l^2 on
+them is equal to a constant times those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is equal to a constant times those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is equal to a constant times those
+things back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things back
+so um so just as to to t a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so just as to to t a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so just as to to t a couple of
+examples for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for you
+concretely consider the L equal Z States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely consider the L equal Z States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely consider the L equal Z States
+so why the only what are the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the only what are the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the only what are the allowed
+values of M for little lals Z zero so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M for little lals Z zero so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M for little lals Z zero so y
+0 0 is the only state and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 is the only state and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 is the only state and if you
+properly normalize it it's one overun 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalize it it's one overun 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalize it it's one overun 4
+Pi okay good what about L equals 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay good what about L equals 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay good what about L equals 1 then
+uh we have y0 or Y 1 0 and we have y one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have y0 or Y 1 0 and we have y one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have y0 or Y 1 0 and we have y one
+minus one and we have y one one so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and we have y one one so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and we have y one one so these
+guys take a particularly simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys take a particularly simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys take a particularly simple form
+um root3 I'm just I'm not even going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um root3 I'm just I'm not even going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um root3 I'm just I'm not even going to
+worry about the coefficient they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the coefficient they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the coefficient they're in
+the noes you can look them up anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noes you can look them up anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noes you can look them up anywhere
+um times cosine so first off actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times cosine so first off actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times cosine so first off actually
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+y11 so nonlinear today so y11 it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y11 so nonlinear today so y11 it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y11 so nonlinear today so y11 it's going
+to be some normalization and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form right so it's just e to the I Ali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right so it's just e to the I Ali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right so it's just e to the I Ali
+sin Theta to the l l is one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta to the l l is one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta to the l l is one so this is
+some constant time e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant time e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant time e to the
+I sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin Theta
+y one zero well it's got angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one zero well it's got angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one zero well it's got angular
+momentum zero in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum zero in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum zero in the Z
+Direction in in LZ so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in in LZ so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in in LZ so that means that
+how does it depend on fi it doesn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it depend on fi it doesn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it depend on fi it doesn't and
+you can easily see that because uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily see that because uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily see that because uh we're
+going to lose when we lower we get an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose when we lower we get an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose when we lower we get an e
+to the I minus II anyway so this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I minus II anyway so this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I minus II anyway so this gives
+us a constant times no e to the II no F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a constant times no e to the II no F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a constant times no e to the II no F
+dependence and cosine of theta and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and cosine of theta and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and cosine of theta and it's
+easy to see you get a cosine Theta the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see you get a cosine Theta the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see you get a cosine Theta the D
+Theta and the Cent D both give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the Cent D both give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the Cent D both give you the
+same thing and y1 -1 is again a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and y1 -1 is again a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and y1 -1 is again a constant
+time e Theus I so it's got M = minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e Theus I so it's got M = minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e Theus I so it's got M = minus1
+and sin Theta again notice a pleasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin Theta again notice a pleasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin Theta again notice a pleasing
+sort of parsimony here um the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parsimony here um the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parsimony here um the Theta
+dependence is the same for plus M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is the same for plus M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is the same for plus M and
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+M okay and um so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y22 some constant e to the i 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y22 some constant e to the i 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y22 some constant e to the i 2
+F sin SAR Theta uh dot dot dot y z 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sin SAR Theta uh dot dot dot y z 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sin SAR Theta uh dot dot dot y z 0 and
+here it's interesting so here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's interesting so here we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's interesting so here we just
+got one term from taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one term from taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one term from taking the derivative
+they both gave you cosine but now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both gave you cosine but now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both gave you cosine but now there
+are two ways to act with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to act with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways to act with the two
+derivatives um and this gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um and this gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um and this gives you a
+constant now what's the F dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now what's the F dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now what's the F dependence
+it's nothing because it's got m equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing because it's got m equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nothing because it's got m equals z
+and so the only dependence is on Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only dependence is on Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only dependence is on Theta
+and we get a CO squ whoops there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a CO squ whoops there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a CO squ whoops there's a
+three 3 cos 2qu Theta minus 1 you mean y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 cos 2qu Theta minus 1 you mean y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 3 cos 2qu Theta minus 1 you mean y
+z Oh shoot thank you yes I mean y20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z Oh shoot thank you yes I mean y20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z Oh shoot thank you yes I mean y20
+thank you and then if we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and then if we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and then if we continue
+lowering to Y 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering to Y 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering to Y 2 minus
+2 this is equal to again a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is equal to again a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is equal to again a constant and
+the only going to be the same dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only going to be the same dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only going to be the same dependence
+on Theta but a different dependence on f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Theta but a different dependence on f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Theta but a different dependence on f
+e the minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the minus 2
+I sin^2 thet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why okay good so quick question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why okay good so quick question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why okay good so quick question so
+let me turn that into a question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me turn that into a question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me turn that into a question so the
+question is are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are these
+normalizable yeah okay so how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable yeah okay so how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable yeah okay so how would we
+normalize them what's the check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize them what's the check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize them what's the check if
+they're normalizable or over a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normalizable or over a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normalizable or over a sphere
+yeah we integrate them Norm squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we integrate them Norm squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we integrate them Norm squared over
+a sphere okay not over a volume just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere okay not over a volume just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere okay not over a volume just
+over a sphere because our only wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a sphere because our only wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a sphere because our only wave
+functions on the sphere we haven't dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the sphere we haven't dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the sphere we haven't dealt
+with a radial function we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a radial function we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a radial function we'll deal with
+that later that'll come in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later that'll come in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later that'll come in the next
+lecture other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture other questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture other questions yeah
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+does yeah so why m equals z doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does yeah so why m equals z doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does yeah so why m equals z doesn't have
+any five dependence yeah so if m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any five dependence yeah so if m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any five dependence yeah so if m equals
+if m equals 0 had F dependence then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m equals 0 had F dependence then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m equals 0 had F dependence then we
+know that the igen value of llz is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the igen value of llz is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the igen value of llz is what
+we get when we take der with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get when we take der with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get when we take der with respect to
+F but if if the L value is zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but if if the L value is zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but if if the L value is zero that
+means that when we act with DD we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when we act with DD we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when we act with DD we get
+zero that means it can't depend on fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means it can't depend on fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means it can't depend on fi
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+okay other questions I want to show what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions I want to show what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions I want to show what
+I'm going to do next is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do next is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do next is I'm going to
+show you uh walk you through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh walk you through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh walk you through some of
+these angular momentum I States uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angular momentum I States uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angular momentum I States uh
+graphically on the on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically on the on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically on the on the computer
+before we do that any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that any questions about
+the calculation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation so
+far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this uh this Mathematica package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this uh this Mathematica package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this uh this Mathematica package
+I'll post on the web page um and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll post on the web page um and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll post on the web page um and at the
+moment I think it's doing the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I think it's doing the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I think it's doing the real part
+so what we're looking at now is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking at now is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking at now is the real
+part actually let's look at the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part actually let's look at the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part actually let's look at the absolute
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+um okay good so here we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so here we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so here we are looking at
+the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute
+value of whoops that's not what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of whoops that's not what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of whoops that's not what I wanted
+to do um okay so what we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um okay so what we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um okay so what we're looking at
+in this notation is some horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this notation is some horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this notation is some horrible
+parametric plot you don't really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric plot you don't really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric plot you don't really need to
+see the mathemat oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot
+sorry okay so you don't need to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so you don't need to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so you don't need to see the
+code particularly so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code particularly so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code particularly so I'm not going to
+worry about it but it'll be posted um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it but it'll be posted um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it but it'll be posted um so
+here we're looking at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're looking at the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're looking at the uh the
+absolute value the norm squared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value the norm squared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value the norm squared of the
+spherical harmonic uh uh Y and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonic uh uh Y and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonic uh uh Y and the um
+the lower igen value here lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower igen value here lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower igen value here lower
+coordinate is the L and the upper is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is the L and the upper is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is the L and the upper is M
+okay so when L is zero what we get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when L is zero what we get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when L is zero what we get and
+so what we're looking at so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking at so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking at so here's what
+this plot is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot is is
+indicating the distance away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the distance away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the distance away from the
+origin in a particular angular direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in a particular angular direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in a particular angular direction
+is the absolute value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the absolute value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the absolute value of the wave
+function so the further away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the further away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the further away from the
+origin the colored point you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the colored point you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the colored point you see is the
+larger the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the absolute value
+okay so and the color here is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and the color here is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and the color here is just to
+indicate sort of depth and position it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate sort of depth and position it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate sort of depth and position it's
+it's not terribly meaningful so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly meaningful so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly meaningful so here we
+see that we get a sphere so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we get a sphere so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we get a sphere so the
+probability density or the norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density or the norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density or the norm squared
+of the wave function of the spheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function of the spheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function of the spheric
+harmonic is constant so that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic is constant so that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic is constant so that makes sense
+it's spherically symmetric it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spherically symmetric it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spherically symmetric it has no
+angular momentum as we start increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum as we start increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum as we start increasing
+the angular momentum let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum let's take the
+angular momentum L is one m is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L is one m is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L is one m is zero
+State now something interesting happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now something interesting happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now something interesting happens
+now the um the angular so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um the angular so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the um the angular so the total
+momentum is one and we see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is one and we see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is one and we see that there's
+two spheres let me sort of rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres let me sort of rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres let me sort of rotate this
+so there are two spheres and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two spheres and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two spheres and there's the
+z-axis passing through them and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis passing through them and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis passing through them and so the
+probability is much larger around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is much larger around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is much larger around this
+lobe on the top or lobe on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe on the top or lobe on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe on the top or lobe on the bottom
+and it's zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero on the
+plane okay now that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay now that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay now that's kind of
+non-intuitive if you think well LZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive if you think well LZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive if you think well LZ is
+large so it should be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so it should be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so it should be you
+know why is it why is it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why is it why is it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why is it why is it along the
+vertical so why is that true so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical so why is that true so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical so why is that true so here
+this is the L LZ equal Z state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L LZ equal Z state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L LZ equal Z state that
+means it carries no angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it carries no angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it carries no angular momentum
+along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the
+z-axis that means it's not rotating far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis that means it's not rotating far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis that means it's not rotating far
+out in the XY plane so your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the XY plane so your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the XY plane so your probability
+of finding it in the XY plane is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding it in the XY plane is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding it in the XY plane is very
+small because if it was rotating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because if it was rotating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because if it was rotating in the
+XY plane it would carry large angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane it would carry large angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane it would carry large angular
+momentum in LZ but LZ is zero so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in LZ but LZ is zero so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in LZ but LZ is zero so it
+can't be extended out in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be extended out in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be extended out in the XY plane
+cool on the other hand it can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool on the other hand it can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool on the other hand it can carry
+angular momentum in the x or the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the x or the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the x or the Y
+Direction but if it carries angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but if it carries angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but if it carries angular
+momentum in the X direction for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X direction for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X direction for example
+that means the system is rotating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the system is rotating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the system is rotating around
+the Z sorry if it carries angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z sorry if it carries angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z sorry if it carries angular
+momentum in the X Direction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X Direction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the X Direction it's
+rotating in the zy plane right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating in the zy plane right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating in the zy plane right so
+there's some probability to find it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some probability to find it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some probability to find it out
+of the plane uh in Y and Z but it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane uh in Y and Z but it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane uh in Y and Z but it can't
+be in the XY plane hence it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the XY plane hence it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the XY plane hence it's got to be
+in loes up above that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in loes up above that cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in loes up above that cool
+so it's very useful to develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very useful to develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very useful to develop an
+intuition for this stuff if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this stuff if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this stuff if you're going
+to do chemistry or crystallography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do chemistry or crystallography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do chemistry or crystallography or
+any condens matter physics it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any condens matter physics it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any condens matter physics it's just
+very useful so I encourage you to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful so I encourage you to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful so I encourage you to play
+with these uh little applets and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these uh little applets and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these uh little applets and I'll
+post this um I'll post this mathematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this um I'll post this mathematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this um I'll post this mathematic
+package but let's look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but let's look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but let's look at what happens
+now if we let's crank up the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we let's crank up the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we let's crank up the angular
+momentum so as we crank up the L angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so as we crank up the L angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so as we crank up the L angular
+momentum now we're getting this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum now we're getting this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum now we're getting this sort of
+loby thing which looks like some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loby thing which looks like some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loby thing which looks like some sort of
+50s sci-fi you know apparatus so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s sci-fi you know apparatus so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s sci-fi you know apparatus so what's
+going on there so now we see so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there so now we see so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there so now we see so this is
+the two State and the two state has a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two State and the two state has a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two State and the two state has a 3
+co^ 2qu thet minus 1 but coqu thet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co^ 2qu thet minus 1 but coqu thet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co^ 2qu thet minus 1 but coqu thet that
+means it's got two periods as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's got two periods as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's got two periods as it goes
+from vertical to negative and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertical to negative and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertical to negative and if you
+take that and you square it you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that and you square it you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that and you square it you get
+exactly this okay so there you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this okay so there you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this okay so there you're seeing
+the CO squar as a function of the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO squar as a function of the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO squar as a function of the angle
+of declination from vertical and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of declination from vertical and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of declination from vertical and it's
+zero it's m equals z so you're seeing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's m equals z so you're seeing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's m equals z so you're seeing no
+dependence on fi it's Ang of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on fi it's Ang of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on fi it's Ang of course
+that's a little cheap because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little cheap because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little cheap because the
+angular dependence on fi is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence on fi is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence on fi is just an
+overall phase so we're not going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall phase so we're not going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall phase so we're not going to see
+it in the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the absolute value
+agree with that we're not going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that we're not going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that we're not going to see
+the absolute okay so and let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute okay so and let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute okay so and let's check
+that let's take L2 and M2 so now when L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's take L2 and M2 so now when L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's take L2 and M2 so now when L
+is 2 and M is 2 we just get this donut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 and M is 2 we just get this donut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 and M is 2 we just get this donut
+so what that's saying is look all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that's saying is look all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that's saying is look all the
+angular we we got some angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular we we got some angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular we we got some angular momentum
+L is two but all the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is two but all the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is two but all the angular momentum
+almost all of it anyway is in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of it anyway is in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of it anyway is in the Z
+Direction and is that what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and is that what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and is that what we're seeing
+here well yeah it seems like it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well yeah it seems like it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well yeah it seems like it's most
+likely to find the particle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find the particle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find the particle the
+probability is greatest out in this dut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is greatest out in this dut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is greatest out in this dut
+around the plane now if it were LZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the plane now if it were LZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the plane now if it were LZ is
+equal to l it would be flat it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l it would be flat it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l it would be flat it would be
+a strictly zero thickness pancake but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strictly zero thickness pancake but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strictly zero thickness pancake but we
+have some uncertainty in what LX and l y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uncertainty in what LX and l y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uncertainty in what LX and l y
+are which is why we get this fattened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which is why we get this fattened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which is why we get this fattened
+donut everyone cool that and if we crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut everyone cool that and if we crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut everyone cool that and if we crank
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+L and we make yeah right so you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and we make yeah right so you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and we make yeah right so you you can
+see that you get some complicated shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you get some complicated shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you get some complicated shapes
+okay but as we crank up L and crank up M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as we crank up L and crank up M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as we crank up L and crank up M
+we just get a thinner and thinner dnut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get a thinner and thinner dnut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get a thinner and thinner dnut
+and the fact that the donut is Getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the donut is Getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the donut is Getting
+Thinner and thinner is that L over L squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinner and thinner is that L over L squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinner and thinner is that L over L squ
+that we did earlier cool it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did earlier cool it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did earlier cool it's still a
+donut but it's getting relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut but it's getting relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut but it's getting relatively
+thinner and thinner even though by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and thinner even though by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and thinner even though by
+virtue of getting wider and wider and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of getting wider and wider and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of getting wider and wider and um
+a last thing to show you is let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a last thing to show you is let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a last thing to show you is let's take a
+look now at um in fact let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at um in fact let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at um in fact let's go to the
+Elco zero State um let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elco zero State um let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elco zero State um let's take a look at
+um the the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so now we're looking at the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now we're looking at the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now we're looking at the real
+part and uh nothing much changed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and uh nothing much changed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and uh nothing much changed for the
+y0 but for y20 well still not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 but for y20 well still not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 but for y20 well still not much
+changed for y20 let's now uh oh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed for y20 let's now uh oh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed for y20 let's now uh oh so this
+is sort of disheartening nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of disheartening nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of disheartening nothing really
+has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because it's real exactly so for y20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's real exactly so for y20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it's real exactly so for y20
+as long as m is equal to zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as m is equal to zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as m is equal to zero this is
+real there's no phase the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there's no phase the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real there's no phase the phase
+information contains information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information contains information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information contains information about
+the LZ I can value so we can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LZ I can value so we can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LZ I can value so we can correct
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+by we can uh we can correct this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by we can uh we can correct this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by we can uh we can correct this by
+changing the angular momentum um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angular momentum um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angular momentum um let's
+oh shoot how do I do that um I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh shoot how do I do that um I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh shoot how do I do that um I can't
+turn it off at the moment okay whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off at the moment okay whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off at the moment okay whatever
+so so here we have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have large
+M here we have large M and now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here we have large M and now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here we have large M and now we've got
+this very funny loby structure so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very funny loby structure so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very funny loby structure so this
+is the y22 which a minute ago looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the y22 which a minute ago looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the y22 which a minute ago looked
+rotationally symmetric and now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric and now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric and now it's not
+rotationally symmetric it's this ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric it's this ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotationally symmetric it's this ly
+structure and where the loes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and where the loes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and where the loes are
+remember we had previously we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had previously we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had previously we had a
+donut now we have these loes when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut now we have these loes when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut now we have these loes when we
+look at the real part how does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the real part how does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the real part how does that make
+sense well we've got a sign squar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well we've got a sign squar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well we've got a sign squar of the
+or sorry sorry sign Square we've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry sorry sign Square we've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry sorry sign Square we've got an
+e to the i22 and if we look at the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i22 and if we look at the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the i22 and if we look at the real
+part that's cosine of 2 pi and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's cosine of 2 pi and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's cosine of 2 pi and so we're
+getting a cosine function modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a cosine function modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a cosine function modulating the
+donut and if we look at the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and if we look at the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and if we look at the real part
+let's do the same thing let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the same thing let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the same thing let's look at
+y22 look at the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part and the imaginary part of y20 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the imaginary part of y20 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the imaginary part of y20 we
+get nothing that's good because y20 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing that's good because y20 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing that's good because y20 was
+real right that would have been bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real right that would have been bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real right that would have been bad but
+if we look at the imaginary part of y22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the imaginary part of y22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the imaginary part of y22
+we get the corresponding loes the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the corresponding loes the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the corresponding loes the other
+loes so that co^ squ plus sin squ is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes so that co^ squ plus sin squ is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes so that co^ squ plus sin squ is one
+okay play with these develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay play with these develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay play with these develop some
+intuition they're going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition they're going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition they're going to be very
+useful for us when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us when we talk about
+hydrogen and the structure of solids uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and the structure of solids uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and the structure of solids uh
+and I will see you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will see you next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will see you next week
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RGskPrZopRE.txt b/RGskPrZopRE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f5054a7a08305450bcbc939e4a93c95ba074317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RGskPrZopRE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we talked about photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about photochemistry
+and the crucial thing in photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crucial thing in photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crucial thing in photochemistry
+is that the density of states the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the density of states the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the density of states the
+density of vibrational states increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of vibrational states increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of vibrational states increases
+extremely rapidly extremely extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rapidly extremely extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rapidly extremely extremely
+and especially for larger molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially for larger molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially for larger molecules and
+this enables you to understand intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables you to understand intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enables you to understand intra
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+inter system crossing internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter system crossing internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter system crossing internal
+conversion the matrix elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion the matrix elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion the matrix elements are
+different in each of these cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in each of these cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in each of these cases but
+what happens when the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the vibrational
+density of states gets large is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states gets large is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states gets large is that you
+have a special state which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special state which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special state which is a
+localized state or something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state or something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state or something that you
+care about that you think you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that you think you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that you think you understand
+a bright state which is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bright state which is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bright state which is different from
+the masses and because of the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses and because of the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses and because of the density of
+states that bright state or that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that bright state or that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that bright state or that special
+state gets diluted into an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state gets diluted into an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state gets diluted into an extremely
+dense manifold of uninteresting States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense manifold of uninteresting States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense manifold of uninteresting States
+and as a result the system forgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result the system forgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result the system forgets
+whatever the bright state wanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the bright state wanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the bright state wanted it to
+tell you and and so you get faster decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you and and so you get faster decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you and and so you get faster decay
+of fluorescence not because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluorescence not because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fluorescence not because the
+population goes away but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population goes away but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population goes away but because the
+unique thing the bright state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique thing the bright state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique thing the bright state the
+localized state the thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state the thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized state the thing that you can
+prepare by excitation from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare by excitation from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare by excitation from the ground
+state which is always localized it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is always localized it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is always localized it it's
+it's character is dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's character is dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's character is dissipated
+so you get what's called statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get what's called statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get what's called statistical
+behavior now I have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior now I have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior now I have a very strong
+feeling about statistical behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about statistical behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about statistical behavior and
+that it's mostly a fraud but the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's mostly a fraud but the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's mostly a fraud but the current
+limit for statistical behavior is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for statistical behavior is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for statistical behavior is when
+the density of states is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of states is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of states is on the order of
+a hundred per wave number that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred per wave number that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred per wave number that's the
+usual threshold for statistical behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual threshold for statistical behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual threshold for statistical behavior
+as we know more as we develop better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know more as we develop better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know more as we develop better
+experimental techniques we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental techniques we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental techniques we're going to
+push that curtain of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that curtain of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that curtain of statistical
+behavior back and we'll understand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior back and we'll understand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior back and we'll understand more
+about the short-time dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short-time dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short-time dynamics and
+whatever we want to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manipulating systems so statistical just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating systems so statistical just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating systems so statistical just
+means we don't know but it's not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we don't know but it's not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we don't know but it's not what we
+expected and it's usually boring ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and it's usually boring ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and it's usually boring ok
+today I'm talking I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm talking I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm talking I'm going to talk
+about the discrete variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete variable
+representation which is a really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is a really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is a really weird
+and wonderful thing which is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful thing which is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful thing which is entirely
+inappropriate for our course at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate for our course at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate for our course at this
+level but I think you'll like it so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I think you'll like it so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I think you'll like it so in
+order to talk about the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to talk about the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to talk about the discrete
+variable representation I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation I'm going to
+talk I'll introduce you to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I'll introduce you to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk I'll introduce you to Delta
+functions and you sort of know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you sort of know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you sort of know what
+Delta functions are and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are and then I'm going
+to say well for any one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well for any one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well for any one dimensional
+problem and remember you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and remember you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and remember you could have a
+many dimensional problem treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dimensional problem treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dimensional problem treated as a
+whole bunch of one dimensional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of one dimensional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of one dimensional problems
+and so it really is a general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really is a general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really is a general problem
+but if you have a one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a one dimensional
+potential you can obtain the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you can obtain the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you can obtain the energy
+levels and wave functions resulting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and wave functions resulting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and wave functions resulting from
+that one dimensional potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one dimensional potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one dimensional potential
+regardless of how horrible it is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how horrible it is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how horrible it is without
+using perturbation theory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using perturbation theory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using perturbation theory which is
+should make you feel pretty good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make you feel pretty good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make you feel pretty good because
+perturbation theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is
+intensive before you use the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive before you use the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive before you use the computer
+the computer helps you but this is labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer helps you but this is labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer helps you but this is labor
+free because the computer does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because the computer does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because the computer does
+everything and at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and at the beginning of the
+course I said you cannot experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I said you cannot experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I said you cannot experimentally
+measure a wave function and that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a wave function and that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a wave function and that's true
+but if you can deal with any potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can deal with any potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can deal with any potential
+and and have a set of experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and have a set of experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and have a set of experimental
+observations energy levels which you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations energy levels which you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations energy levels which you fit
+to an effective Hamiltonian you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an effective Hamiltonian you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an effective Hamiltonian you can
+generate the wave functions associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the wave functions associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the wave functions associated
+with the effective Hamiltonian directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the effective Hamiltonian directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the effective Hamiltonian directly
+from experimental observations so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experimental observations so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experimental observations so it's
+not a direct observation but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a direct observation but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a direct observation but you get
+wave functions and you can have whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and you can have whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and you can have whatever
+complexity you want okay so let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not the Kronecker Delta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not the Kronecker Delta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not the Kronecker Delta this
+is the Delta function that is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Delta function that is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Delta function that is a useful
+computational trick and it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational trick and it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational trick and it's more than
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+and so we write something like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write something like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write something like this okay
+this is a delta function and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a delta function and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a delta function and it says
+that the this thing is nonzero when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this thing is nonzero when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this thing is nonzero when X is
+equal to X I and it's really big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X I and it's really big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X I and it's really big and
+it's zero everywhere else and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero everywhere else and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero everywhere else and as a
+result you can say that we get X I Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you can say that we get X I Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you can say that we get X I Delta
+X X I so that's an eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X I so that's an eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X I so that's an eigenvalue equation
+in it so we have the operator X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so we have the operator X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so we have the operator X
+operating on this function and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on this function and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on this function and this
+function has two magical properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has two magical properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has two magical properties that
+it returns an eigenvalue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns an eigenvalue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns an eigenvalue and the
+function so this is more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this is more than a
+mathematical trick it's an entry into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick it's an entry into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick it's an entry into a
+form of quantum mechanics that is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of quantum mechanics that is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of quantum mechanics that is truly
+wonderful ok and then so this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful ok and then so this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful ok and then so this is part
+one part two will be DV our discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part two will be DV our discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part two will be DV our discrete
+variable representation and the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation and the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation and the issue
+there is if suppose we have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is if suppose we have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is if suppose we have a matrix
+representation of an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well suppose we wanted some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose we wanted some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose we wanted some function of
+that operator how do we generate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator how do we generate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator how do we generate that
+and there are lots of cases where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of cases where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of cases where you
+care about such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about such a thing
+for example you might want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like this e to the I H T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this e to the I H T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this e to the I H T over
+H bar this would tell you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar this would tell you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar this would tell you something
+about how a system propagates under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a system propagates under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a system propagates under the
+influence a type of a Hamiltonian which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence a type of a Hamiltonian which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence a type of a Hamiltonian which
+is not diagonal this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not diagonal this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not diagonal this is kind of
+important almost all of NMR is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important almost all of NMR is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important almost all of NMR is based on
+this sort of thing also well we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing also well we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing also well we'll get
+to it so extend rotation so and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so extend rotation so and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so extend rotation so and then the
+last part will be so even the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part will be so even the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part will be so even the most
+horrible situations like a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situations like a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situations like a potential
+that does something like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does something like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does something like this or
+something like whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+now we don't want to have a continuum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't want to have a continuum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't want to have a continuum so
+I put a wall here but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a wall here but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a wall here but this is
+isomerization from unstable isomer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization from unstable isomer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization from unstable isomer to a
+stable isomer this is multiple minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isomer this is multiple minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isomer this is multiple minima
+anything you want you would never want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want you would never want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want you would never want
+to do perturbation theory on it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do perturbation theory on it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do perturbation theory on it but you
+can you can solve these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can solve these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can solve these problems
+automatically and wonderfully okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and wonderfully okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and wonderfully okay so
+let's just play with Delta functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play with Delta functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play with Delta functions and
+a very good section on Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good section on Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good section on Delta functions
+is in cohen-tannoudji and it's phages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cohen-tannoudji and it's phages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cohen-tannoudji and it's phages
+1468 214 72 right at the end of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1468 214 72 right at the end of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1468 214 72 right at the end of the book
+but it's not because it's so hard it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because it's so hard it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because it's so hard it's
+just because they've decided to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they've decided to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they've decided to put it
+there and so we have notation X X I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we have notation X X I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we have notation X X I it's
+the same thing as X minus X I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as X minus X I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as X minus X I so
+basically if you see a variable and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you see a variable and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you see a variable and a
+and a specified value it's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a specified value it's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a specified value it's equivalent to
+this and this thing is zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this thing is zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this thing is zero everywhere
+except when X is equal to X I so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when X is equal to X I so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when X is equal to X I so you're
+the argue of the thing in parentheses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argue of the thing in parentheses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argue of the thing in parentheses is
+the critical thing and it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing and it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing and it has the
+property that if we do an integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if we do an integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if we do an integral from
+minus infinity to infinity some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity some function
+of X DX Delta X X I Y X we got f of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X DX Delta X X I Y X we got f of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X DX Delta X X I Y X we got f of X I
+isn't that wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that wonderful
+I mean it's it's it's a very lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's a very lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's a very lovely
+mathematical trick but it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick but it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical trick but it's more than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it says this thing is big when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says this thing is big when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says this thing is big when X is
+equal to X I it's zero everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X I it's zero everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X I it's zero everywhere else
+and it's normalized to 1 in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's normalized to 1 in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's normalized to 1 in the sense
+that well you you get back the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you you get back the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you you get back the function
+then you started with but at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you started with but at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you started with but at a
+particular value so it couldn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value so it couldn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value so it couldn't you know
+if it's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's infinite
+but it's normalized it should bother you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's normalized it should bother you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's normalized it should bother you
+but it's fantastic and you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's fantastic and you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's fantastic and you can you can
+deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this
+so it's an eigenvalue equation I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an eigenvalue equation I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an eigenvalue equation I mean
+you can say all right we have Delta X X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say all right we have Delta X X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say all right we have Delta X X
+I X I Delta X X I and we can have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I X I Delta X X I and we can have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I X I Delta X X I and we can have Delta
+functions in position and momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in position and momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in position and momentum and
+anything you want and they're useful ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we have some function so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have some function so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have some function so i've
+Cybex and we want to find out something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cybex and we want to find out something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cybex and we want to find out something
+about how it's composed and so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's composed and so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's composed and so we say
+well we have C of X I J X I this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have C of X I J X I this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have C of X I J X I this is a
+standard method for expanding a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard method for expanding a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard method for expanding a function
+ok what we want is these expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok what we want is these expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok what we want is these expansion
+coefficients and you get them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you get them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and you get them in the
+standard way and and that is by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way and and that is by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way and and that is by you know
+normally when you have a function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when you have a function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when you have a function you
+write it see ok say the function and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it see ok say the function and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it see ok say the function and I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have an expansion of members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have an expansion of members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have an expansion of members
+of a complete set of functions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complete set of functions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complete set of functions and in
+order to get the expansion coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the expansion coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the expansion coefficients
+you do the standard trick of integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the standard trick of integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the standard trick of integrating
+okay star yes okay so this is familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay star yes okay so this is familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay star yes okay so this is familiar
+this is not but it's the same business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not but it's the same business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not but it's the same business
+in fact it's we've been using a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's we've been using a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's we've been using a notation
+incorrectly the direct notation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly the direct notation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly the direct notation we
+normally think that if we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think that if we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think that if we have something
+like okay and sigh okay vex they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and sigh okay vex they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and sigh okay vex they're just
+different different ways of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different ways of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different ways of writing the
+same thing but the equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but the equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but the equivalent to the
+Schrodinger picture is really X this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture is really X this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture is really X this is
+a vector not a function this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector not a function this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector not a function this is a vector
+an infinite set of vectors and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of vectors and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of vectors and this is
+how you relate vectors to functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you relate vectors to functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you relate vectors to functions
+we just have suppressed that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have suppressed that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have suppressed that because
+it's easier to think that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to think that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to think that the wave
+function is equivalent to this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equivalent to this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equivalent to this symbol
+here it's not and if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not and if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not and if you're going to be
+doing derivation where you flip back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing derivation where you flip back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing derivation where you flip back and
+forth between representations you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between representations you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between representations you better
+remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+otherwise it won't make sense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it won't make sense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it won't make sense okay so
+this is familiar stuff you just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is familiar stuff you just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is familiar stuff you just didn't
+realize you you understood it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you you understood it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize you you understood it okay and
+so now often you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now often you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now often you want to have a
+mathematical representation of a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical representation of a delta
+function and so this thing has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so this thing has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so this thing has to be
+localized and it has to be normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and it has to be normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and it has to be normalized
+and there are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a whole bunch of
+representations that work really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that work really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that work really well
+one of them is we take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is we take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is we take the limit
+epsilon goes to 0 and from the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon goes to 0 and from the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon goes to 0 and from the positive
+side and one over to epsilon e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and one over to epsilon e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and one over to epsilon e to the
+minus x over epsilon well this guy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over epsilon well this guy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over epsilon well this guy as
+epsilon goes to 0 this this goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon goes to 0 this this goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon goes to 0 this this goes this
+function goes to this becomes minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes to this becomes minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes to this becomes minus
+infinity and it says zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it says zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it says zero everywhere
+except for X is equal to zero and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for X is equal to zero and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for X is equal to zero and so if
+we wanted to put X minus X I there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to put X minus X I there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to put X minus X I there well
+defined then it would be zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined then it would be zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined then it would be zero everywhere
+except when X is equal to X I so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when X is equal to X I so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when X is equal to X I so that's
+one that's a simple one another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simple one another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simple one another one is
+limit as that thought goes to zero from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as that thought goes to zero from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as that thought goes to zero from
+the positive side of 1 over pi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of 1 over pi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive side of 1 over pi times
+epsilon over x squared plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over x squared plus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over x squared plus epsilon
+squared this also has the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this also has the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this also has the properties of
+being an infinite spike at x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an infinite spike at x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an infinite spike at x equals 0
+and it's also lawrencium and it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also lawrencium and it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also lawrencium and it has the
+full width at half maximum or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full width at half maximum or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full width at half maximum or half
+wouldn't have a full within it at half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have a full within it at half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have a full within it at half
+maximum Epsilon if you make the width as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Epsilon if you make the width as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Epsilon if you make the width as
+narrow as you want well that's it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow as you want well that's it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow as you want well that's it's what
+this is okay there are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay there are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay there are a whole bunch of
+representations I'm going to stop giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I'm going to stop giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations I'm going to stop giving
+them because there's a lot of stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because there's a lot of stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because there's a lot of stuff I
+want to say and you can see them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say and you can see them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say and you can see them in the
+notes ok so if we have something like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes ok so if we have something like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes ok so if we have something like X
+I that just is the same thing as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that just is the same thing as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that just is the same thing as saying
+X minus X I is zero okay so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus X I is zero okay so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus X I is zero okay so you could
+the notation is clear you can Medusa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation is clear you can Medusa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation is clear you can Medusa
+Delta function localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function localized
+at any point by using this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point by using this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point by using this trick
+okay there are some other tricks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some other tricks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are some other tricks that
+you can do with Delta functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with Delta functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with Delta functions which
+are a little surprising and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little surprising and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little surprising and that's
+really for the future Delta of minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the future Delta of minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the future Delta of minus X
+is equal Delta of X it's an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal Delta of X it's an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal Delta of X it's an even
+function derivative of a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function derivative of a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function derivative of a Delta function
+is an odd function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function okay
+Delta a constant times X is 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a constant times X is 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a constant times X is 1 over the
+absolute value of that constant Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that constant Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of that constant Delta of
+X little surprising but if you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X little surprising but if you have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X little surprising but if you have X
+which I better not say that ok and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I better not say that ok and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I better not say that ok and we
+have now another fantastic thing G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now another fantastic thing G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now another fantastic thing G of X
+so what is Delta function of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's a sum over J the G DX and XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times Delta X minus XJ so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta X minus XJ so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta X minus XJ so this is
+something where you're harvesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you're harvesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you're harvesting the
+zeros of this function ok when this is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of this function ok when this is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros of this function ok when this is 0
+we get we get a big thing so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we get a big thing so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we get a big thing so so the
+function the Delta function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Delta function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Delta function of a
+function is the sum over these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the sum over these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the sum over these the
+derivative at the zeros of G of X and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at the zeros of G of X and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at the zeros of G of X and x
+is kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's also stuff in continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's also stuff in continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's also stuff in continuity
+Onderon 40 a transference of the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onderon 40 a transference of the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onderon 40 a transference of the Delta
+functions I'm not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm not going to talk about
+that but one of the things is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but one of the things is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but one of the things is if you
+have a delta function an X and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta function an X and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta function an X and you take
+the Fourier transform of it you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of it you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform of it you get a
+delta function of P momentum kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function of P momentum kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function of P momentum kind of
+useful it enables you to do a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it enables you to do a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it enables you to do a transform
+between an X representation and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an X representation and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an X representation and a
+position representation and a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position representation and a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position representation and a momentum
+representation it's kind of useful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's kind of useful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's kind of useful okay
+now we're going to get to the good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to get to the good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to get to the good stuff
+EVR so for every system that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVR so for every system that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVR so for every system that has a
+potential and where the potential has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and where the potential has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and where the potential has
+minima what is the minimum of a pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima what is the minimum of a pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima what is the minimum of a pension
+what what is the condition for a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the condition for a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the condition for a minimum
+of the potential yes right right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential yes right right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential yes right right and so
+anytime you have a minimum the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a minimum the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a minimum the first
+term and the potential is the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the potential is the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the potential is the quadratic
+term and that's the same thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's the same thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's the same thing as a
+harmonic oscillator the rest is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the rest is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the rest is just
+excess baggage and so I mean that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess baggage and so I mean that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess baggage and so I mean that's what
+we do for perturbations there we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for perturbations there we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for perturbations there we say
+okay we're going to represent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to represent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to represent some
+arbitrary potential as a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary potential as a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary potential as a harmonic
+oscillator and all of the bad stuff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and all of the bad stuff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and all of the bad stuff all
+of the higher powers of the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higher powers of the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higher powers of the coordinate
+get treated by perturbation theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treated by perturbation theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treated by perturbation theory and
+you know how to do it and you're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do it and you're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do it and you're not a
+you're not excited about doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not excited about doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not excited about doing it
+because it's kind of algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of algebraically
+horrible and you and nobody's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and you and nobody's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and you and nobody's gonna
+check your algebra and almost guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your algebra and almost guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your algebra and almost guaranteed
+you're gonna make of a snake exam too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it would be nice to be able to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be nice to be able to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be nice to be able to deal
+with arbitrary potentials potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with arbitrary potentials potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with arbitrary potentials potentials
+that might have multiple minima or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have multiple minima or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have multiple minima or might
+have all sorts of strange stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of strange stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of strange stuff
+and without doing perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what the ER does so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the ER does so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the ER does so for
+example we want to know how to derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we want to know how to derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we want to know how to derive a
+matrix representation of a matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix representation of a matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix representation of a matrix so
+often we have operators like the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we have operators like the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we have operators like the overlap
+integral or the Hamiltonian so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the Hamiltonian so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or the Hamiltonian so we have
+operator the S matrix or the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the S matrix or the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the S matrix or the Hamiltonian
+matrix and often we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and often we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and often we want to have
+something that is a function a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a function a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a function a matrix
+representation of a matrix for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a matrix for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a matrix for example
+if we're dealing with a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're dealing with a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're dealing with a problem in
+quantum chemistry where our basis set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry where our basis set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry where our basis set is
+not diagonal it's not orthonormal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not diagonal it's not orthonormal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not diagonal it's not orthonormal there
+is a trick using the S matrix to ortho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trick using the S matrix to ortho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trick using the S matrix to ortho
+normalize everything and that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize everything and that's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize everything and that's useful
+because then your secular equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then your secular equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then your secular equation is
+the standard secular equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard secular equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard secular equation which
+computers just love and so you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers just love and so you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers just love and so you just have
+to tell the computer to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the computer to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the computer to do something
+special before and it orthonormal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special before and it orthonormal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special before and it orthonormal has
+this stuff and you can do this in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and you can do this in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and you can do this in matrix
+language and if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and if you're interested in
+time evolution you often want to have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution you often want to have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time evolution you often want to have e
+to the minus i h t over h bar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i h t over h bar and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i h t over h bar and that's
+horrible but so we'd like to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but so we'd like to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but so we'd like to know how to
+obtain a matrix representation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a matrix representation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a matrix representation of a
+function of a matrix well suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a matrix well suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a matrix well suppose we
+have some matrix and we can transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some matrix and we can transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some matrix and we can transform it
+to be any 1 & 0 0 we diagonalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if a is real and symmetric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a is real and symmetric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a is real and symmetric or
+hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian
+we know that the transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the transformation that
+diagonalize it is has the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it is has the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it is has the property that
+D dagger is equal to inverse and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D dagger is equal to inverse and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D dagger is equal to inverse and we also
+know that if we diagonalize a matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we diagonalize a matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we diagonalize a matrix the
+eigenvectors that they say if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that they say if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that they say if you want
+the I of the first eigen vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I of the first eigen vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I of the first eigen vector the
+thing that belongs to this eigenvalue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that belongs to this eigenvalue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that belongs to this eigenvalue we
+want the first column of t dagger and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the first column of t dagger and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the first column of t dagger and if
+you want to use perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use perturbation theory
+instead of the computer to calculate T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the computer to calculate T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the computer to calculate T
+dagger you can do that and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger you can do that and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger you can do that and you have a
+good approximation and you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation and you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation and you can write the
+the the vector the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector the linear combination of
+basis functions that corresponds to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that corresponds to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that corresponds to T
+dagger as fast as you can write and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger as fast as you can write and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger as fast as you can write and the
+computer can do it faster okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can do it faster okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can do it faster okay so if the
+matrix is hermitian then all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is hermitian then all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is hermitian then all of these
+guys are real it was just real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are real it was just real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are real it was just real and
+symmetric well then these guys are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric well then these guys are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric well then these guys are still
+numbers that you could generate but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you could generate but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you could generate but they
+might be imaginary or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now suppose we want some function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose we want some function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose we want some function of a
+matrix so this is a matrix this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is a matrix this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is a matrix this has to
+be a matrix - it has to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a matrix - it has to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a matrix - it has to be the same
+dimension as the original matrix so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension as the original matrix so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension as the original matrix so you
+can do this okay and well we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this okay and well we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this okay and well we can call
+that F twiddle but we don't want F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F twiddle but we don't want F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F twiddle but we don't want F
+twiddle and so if we do this we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and so if we do this we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and so if we do this we have the
+matrix representation of the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix representation of the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix representation of the function so
+this is something that could be proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that could be proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that could be proven
+in linear algebra but not in 561 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra but not in 561 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra but not in 561 you can
+you can do power series expansions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do power series expansions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do power series expansions and
+you can show term-by-term that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show term-by-term that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show term-by-term that this is
+true for small matrices but it's true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for small matrices but it's true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for small matrices but it's true so
+if your computer can diagonalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your computer can diagonalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your computer can diagonalize this
+then what happens is that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can we can write that that F twiddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can write that that F twiddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can write that that F twiddle
+is the I just want to make sure I'm yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the crucial thing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the crucial thing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the crucial thing we've
+diagonalized this so we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized this so we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized this so we have a bunch of
+eigenvalues of a and so the F twiddle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a and so the F twiddle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a and so the F twiddle is
+just the values of the function at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the values of the function at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the values of the function at each
+of the eigen values and we have zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigen values and we have zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigen values and we have zeros
+here and now we don't like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we don't like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we don't like this because
+this isn't this isn't the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't this isn't the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't this isn't the matrix
+representation of F it's the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of F it's the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of F it's the matrix is
+its F in a different representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its F in a different representation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its F in a different representation so
+we have to go back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to go back to the original
+representation and so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and so that's another
+transformation but it uses the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but it uses the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but it uses the same
+matrix so if you did the work to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so if you did the work to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so if you did the work to to
+diagonalize a well then you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize a well then you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize a well then you can go back
+and and untie a ganache this F twiddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and untie a ganache this F twiddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and untie a ganache this F twiddle
+to make the representation of F and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the representation of F and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the representation of F and so
+the only work involved is asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only work involved is asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only work involved is asking the
+computer to find T dagger for the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to find T dagger for the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to find T dagger for the a
+matrix and then you get the true matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you get the true matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you get the true matrix
+representation of this function of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this function of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this function of a is
+it useful you bet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now suppose a is into dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose a is into dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose a is into dimension and
+we know that this is a very common case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a very common case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a very common case
+because even for the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even for the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even for the harmonic oscillator
+we have an infinite number of of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of of basis
+functions but what about using the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what about using the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what about using the Delta
+function we also have an infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we also have an infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we also have an infinite number
+of them so what do we do we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so what do we do we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so what do we do we can't
+diagonalize an infinite matrix so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize an infinite matrix so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize an infinite matrix so what
+we do is we truncate it so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we truncate it so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we truncate it so now the
+computer is quite happy to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is quite happy to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is quite happy to deal with
+matrices of dimension a thousand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of dimension a thousand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of dimension a thousand your
+your computer can diagonalize a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer can diagonalize a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer can diagonalize a thousand
+by thousand matrix in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thousand matrix in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thousand matrix in a few minutes
+maybe a few seconds depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few seconds depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few seconds depending on how
+up-to-date this thing is and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up-to-date this thing is and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up-to-date this thing is and so what we
+do is we say oh well let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say oh well let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say oh well let's just take a
+1000 the first so here's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 the first so here's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 the first so here's a different
+matrix and here is a thousand five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and here is a thousand five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and here is a thousand five
+thousand block it's a million elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand block it's a million elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand block it's a million elements
+the computer doesn't care and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer doesn't care and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer doesn't care and we're just
+gonna throw away everything else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna throw away everything else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna throw away everything else we
+don't care now this is an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care now this is an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care now this is an approximation
+now you can truncate in clever ways or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can truncate in clever ways or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can truncate in clever ways or
+just tell the computer to throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell the computer to throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell the computer to throw away
+everything above the thousandth basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above the thousandth basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above the thousandth basis
+function that's very convenient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's very convenient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's very convenient the
+computer doesn't care now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer doesn't care now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer doesn't care now there are
+transformations that says say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that says say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that says say well you
+can fold in the effects of the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fold in the effects of the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fold in the effects of the remote
+basis states and do an Augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis states and do an Augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis states and do an Augmented
+representation but usually you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but usually you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but usually you just
+throw everything away and now you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw everything away and now you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw everything away and now you look
+at this thousand by thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thousand by thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thousand by thousand
+matrix and you get the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you get the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you get the eigenvalues and
+so you know this this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this this might be the
+matrix of X or Q if we're talking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of X or Q if we're talking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of X or Q if we're talking in the
+usual notation this is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation this is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notation this is you know the
+displacement from equilibrium well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from equilibrium well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from equilibrium well it
+seems a little a little so we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little a little so we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little a little so we would like
+to find this matrix well we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this matrix well we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this matrix well we know what
+that is because we know the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because we know the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because we know the relationship
+between X and a plus a dagger our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and a plus a dagger our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and a plus a dagger our
+friends and so we have a matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and so we have a matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and so we have a matrix which is
+zeros along the diagonal and numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros along the diagonal and numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros along the diagonal and numbers
+here here and zeros everywhere else it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and zeros everywhere else it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and zeros everywhere else it
+doesn't take much to program a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much to program a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much to program a computer
+to fill in as many one off the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in as many one off the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in as many one off the diagonal
+especially because they're their square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because they're their square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because they're their square
+roots of integers so that's just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of integers so that's just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of integers so that's just a few
+lines of code and you have the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code and you have the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code and you have the matrix
+representation of X now that is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of X now that is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of X now that is infinite
+and you're gonna say well I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna say well I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna say well I don't care
+I'm going to just keep the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just keep the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just keep the first
+thousand we know that we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand we know that we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand we know that we can always
+write so we have V of X and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so we have V of X and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so we have V of X and this is a
+matrix now and it's an infinite matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now and it's an infinite matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now and it's an infinite matrix
+but we say oh we just want V of X 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we say oh we just want V of X 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we say oh we just want V of X 1000
+and we'll get V of 1000 we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get V of 1000 we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get V of 1000 we have a
+thousand by thousand V matrix and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by thousand V matrix and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by thousand V matrix and we
+know how to do this we diagonalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do this we diagonalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do this we diagonalize that
+then we write at each value at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write at each value at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write at each value at each
+eigen value of x what V of X is at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of x what V of X is at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of x what V of X is at that
+eigen value and so now we have a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value and so now we have a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value and so now we have a V
+matrix which is diagonal but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is diagonal but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is diagonal but in the
+wrong representation for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong representation for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong representation for us
+and then we transfer them back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we transfer them back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we transfer them back to the
+harmonic oscillator representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator representation and
+so everything is fine we have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is fine we have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is fine we have you know
+we've done this and we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this and we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this and we don't know how
+good it's going to be but we what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's going to be but we what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's going to be but we what we do
+is we do this problem so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we do this problem so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we do this problem so we have the
+Hamiltonian which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which is equal to the
+kinetic energy I'm going to call it k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy I'm going to call it k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy I'm going to call it k
+plus V we know how to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V we know how to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V we know how to generate the
+representation of V in the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of V in the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of V in the harmonic
+oscillator basis by writing V of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator basis by writing V of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator basis by writing V of X
+diagonalizing X and then under agonising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing X and then under agonising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing X and then under agonising
+or then writing V and each of the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then writing V and each of the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then writing V and each of the eigen
+values of X and then going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and then going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and then going back to the
+harmonic oscillator basis we know K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator basis we know K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator basis we know K in
+the harmonic oscillator basis it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator basis it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator basis it's just
+tridiagonal and it has matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal and it has matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tridiagonal and it has matrix elements
+Delta V zero plus two minus two so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V zero plus two minus two so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V zero plus two minus two so now
+we have a matrix representation of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix representation of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a matrix representation of K
+which is simple and a V which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer makes it simple and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer makes it simple and anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer makes it simple and anything
+you want there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want there it is
+so that's a matrix the Hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a matrix the Hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a matrix the Hamiltonian and
+you solve the shortening equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the shortening equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the shortening equation by
+diagonalizing this matrix okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing this matrix okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizing this matrix okay and so
+you have this H matrix and it's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this H matrix and it's for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this H matrix and it's for the
+thousand by thousand a thousand member X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by thousand a thousand member X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by thousand a thousand member X
+matrix and you get about your eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you get about your eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you get about your eigen
+values and so then you do it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so then you do it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so then you do it again and
+maybe use a 900 by 900 or maybe use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use a 900 by 900 or maybe use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe use a 900 by 900 or maybe use a
+thousand 1100 you do it again and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand 1100 you do it again and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand 1100 you do it again and then
+you look at the eigen energies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the eigen energies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the eigen energies of the
+Hamiltonian one say up to 800 now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian one say up to 800 now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian one say up to 800 now if you
+did a thousand by thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a thousand by thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a thousand by thousand
+you have reasonable expectation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have reasonable expectation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have reasonable expectation that the
+first hundred eigenvalues will be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hundred eigenvalues will be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hundred eigenvalues will be right
+and so you compare the results you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you compare the results you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you compare the results you get
+for the thousand five thousand through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thousand five thousand through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thousand five thousand through
+the nine hundred by nine hundred or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine hundred by nine hundred or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine hundred by nine hundred or
+eleven hundred by eleven hundred and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven hundred by eleven hundred and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven hundred by eleven hundred and you
+see how how accurate your representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how accurate your representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how accurate your representation
+is for the first hundred normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the first hundred normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the first hundred normally you
+don't even care about the first hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even care about the first hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even care about the first hundred
+you might care about ten of them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about ten of them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about ten of them so the
+computer is happy to deal with thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is happy to deal with thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is happy to deal with thousand
+by thousands is no least squares fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thousands is no least squares fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thousands is no least squares fitting
+so you only do it once and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only do it once and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only do it once and all of a
+sudden you've got the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you've got the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you've got the eigenvalues and
+you've demonstrated how accurate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've demonstrated how accurate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've demonstrated how accurate they
+are and so depending on what precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so depending on what precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so depending on what precision
+you want it says I you can trust this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it says I you can trust this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it says I you can trust this up
+to the hundredth or maybe the 73rd or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hundredth or maybe the 73rd or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hundredth or maybe the 73rd or
+whatever to a part in a million or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to a part in a million or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to a part in a million or
+whatever and so you you know how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so you you know how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so you you know how it's
+going to work and you have a check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work and you have a check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work and you have a check for
+convergence so it doesn't matter so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so it doesn't matter so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so it doesn't matter so the
+only thing that you want to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you want to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that you want to do is you
+want to choose a basis set where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a basis set where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to choose a basis set where we have
+well X is the displacement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well X is the displacement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well X is the displacement from
+equilibrium okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so this is the
+equilibrium value equality this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value equality this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value equality this is the
+definition of the displacement and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the displacement and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the displacement and so
+you you want to be able to choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to be able to choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to be able to choose your
+basis set which is centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set which is centered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set which is centered at the
+equilibrium value to do it you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value to do it you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value to do it you could do
+it somewhere else they'll be stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somewhere else they'll be stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somewhere else they'll be stupid
+it wouldn't converse so well and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't converse so well and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't converse so well and you
+want to use the harmonic oscillator new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know a couple of choices before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a couple of choices before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a couple of choices before
+you start telling the computer to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start telling the computer to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start telling the computer to go to
+work and you tell it well I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you tell it well I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you tell it well I think the
+best basis set will be what works at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best basis set will be what works at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best basis set will be what works at the
+equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the
+most minimum of the potential and as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most minimum of the potential and as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most minimum of the potential and as the
+matches the curvature there you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the curvature there you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the curvature there you don't
+have to do that but it would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that but it would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that but it would be a good
+idea to to ask it to do a problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to to ask it to do a problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to to ask it to do a problem it's
+likely to be a good representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be a good representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be a good representation and
+you done you get the energy level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done you get the energy level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you done you get the energy level so
+well you end up getting so you produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you end up getting so you produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you end up getting so you produced
+your Hamiltonian and since it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Hamiltonian and since it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Hamiltonian and since it's not an
+infinite dimension Hamiltonian but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimension Hamiltonian but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimension Hamiltonian but we
+can call it an effective Hamiltonian it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it an effective Hamiltonian it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it an effective Hamiltonian it
+contains everything that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains everything that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains everything that is going to
+generate the eigenvalues and we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the eigenvalues and we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the eigenvalues and we get from
+that a set of energy levels e bi and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a set of energy levels e bi and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a set of energy levels e bi and a
+set of functions so these guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of functions so these guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of functions so these guys are the
+true energy levels and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true energy levels and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true energy levels and these are the
+linear combinations of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of harmonic
+oscillator functions that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator functions that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator functions that correspond to
+each of them it gives that to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so then you say well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you say well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you say well I want to
+represent the Hamiltonian by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the Hamiltonian by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the Hamiltonian by a
+traditional things like I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things like I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things like I want to say
+that we have Omega V plus 1/2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have Omega V plus 1/2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have Omega V plus 1/2 minus
+Omega X P plus 1/2 squared etc now we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega X P plus 1/2 squared etc now we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega X P plus 1/2 squared etc now we do
+at least squares fit of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least squares fit of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least squares fit of molecular
+constants to the energy levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants to the energy levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants to the energy levels of the
+Hamiltonian and there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and there's lots of other
+things we could do but so we we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could do but so we we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could do but so we we say well
+in the spectrum we would observe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spectrum we would observe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spectrum we would observe these
+things but we're representing them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but we're representing them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but we're representing them as a
+power series in V plus 1/2 or maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we would have not just the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would have not just the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we would have not just the energy
+the vibrational quantum number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational quantum number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational quantum number but
+the the rotational constant we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rotational constant we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rotational constant we could say
+the potential is V of 0 plus B X K J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is V of 0 plus B X K J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is V of 0 plus B X K J
+plus 1 well that means we could we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 well that means we could we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 well that means we could we can
+extend this to allow the molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this to allow the molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this to allow the molecule to
+rotate and we just need to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and we just need to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and we just need to evaluate the
+rotational constant as a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant as a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant as a function of X
+and I just add that to what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing you have T dagger and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you have T dagger and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you have T dagger and T
+for our problem and you have say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our problem and you have say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our problem and you have say they
+the thousand five thousand and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand five thousand and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand five thousand and maybe the
+the 900 by nine hundred representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 900 by nine hundred representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 900 by nine hundred representations
+you keep them because any problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep them because any problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep them because any problem you
+would have you could use these for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you could use these for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you could use these for so
+you still have to do a diagonal ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to do a diagonal ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to do a diagonal ization
+of the Hamiltonian but the other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian but the other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian but the other stuff
+you don't have to do anymore now maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do anymore now maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do anymore now maybe
+it's too too bothersome to store without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too too bothersome to store without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too too bothersome to store without
+a thousand by thousand D dagger matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand by thousand D dagger matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand by thousand D dagger matrix
+is a million elements maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a million elements maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a million elements maybe you don't
+you can just calculate it again it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just calculate it again it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just calculate it again it takes
+twenty minutes or maybe less and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty minutes or maybe less and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty minutes or maybe less and so this
+is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good
+okay I've skipped a lot of stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've skipped a lot of stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've skipped a lot of stuff in the
+notes because I wanted to get to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because I wanted to get to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because I wanted to get to the end
+and but the end is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the end is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the end is really just a
+correction of what I said was impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction of what I said was impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction of what I said was impossible
+at the beginning of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have in the short of your picture h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the short of your picture h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the short of your picture h
+sy is equal to e sy right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy is equal to e sy right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy is equal to e sy right that's the
+story equation so this wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story equation so this wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story equation so this wave function is
+the central thing in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central thing in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central thing in quantum mechanics
+and I also told you you can't observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also told you you can't observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also told you you can't observe
+this so it's a very strange theory where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a very strange theory where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a very strange theory where
+the central core central quality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central core central quality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central core central quality in the
+theory is experimentally inaccessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is experimentally inaccessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is experimentally inaccessible
+but the theory works the theory gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the theory works the theory gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the theory works the theory gives
+you everything you need it get enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything you need it get enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything you need it get enables
+you to find the eigenfunctions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the eigenfunctions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the eigenfunctions if you
+have the exact Hamiltonian or it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact Hamiltonian or it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact Hamiltonian or it says
+well we can we could take a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can we could take a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can we could take a model
+problem and we can find the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we can find the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we can find the eigenvalues
+and wave functions for the model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wave functions for the model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wave functions for the model problem
+so we can generate an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can generate an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can generate an effective
+Hamiltonian which is expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which is expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which is expressed in terms
+of molecular constants and and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular constants and and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular constants and and so we can
+then determine the potential and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then determine the potential and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then determine the potential and we can
+also determine sy all of them so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also determine sy all of them so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also determine sy all of them so what I
+told you was true but only a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you was true but only a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you was true but only a little bit
+of a lie in the sense that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lie in the sense that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lie in the sense that you can get
+as accurate as you want a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as accurate as you want a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as accurate as you want a representation
+of the wave function if you want it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function if you want it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function if you want it and
+DVR gives it to you without any effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVR gives it to you without any effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVR gives it to you without any effort
+and and so it doesn't matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it doesn't matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it doesn't matter how
+terrible the potential is as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible the potential is as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible the potential is as long as it
+is more or less well behaved I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less well behaved I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less well behaved I mean if
+you had a potential witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I think they even even if I had a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think they even even if I had a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think they even even if I had a V
+potential discontinuity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential discontinuity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential discontinuity here
+you would still get a reasonable result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would still get a reasonable result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would still get a reasonable result
+from DVR what it doesn't like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DVR what it doesn't like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DVR what it doesn't like is
+something like that because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because then you
+have a continuum over here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuum over here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuum over here and the
+continuum uses up your basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum uses up your basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum uses up your basis functions
+pretty fast I mean yeah you or it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast I mean yeah you or it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast I mean yeah you or it will
+work for this but it it you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for this but it it you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for this but it it you don't quite
+know how it's going to work and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's going to work and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's going to work and you have
+to do very careful convergence test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very careful convergence test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very careful convergence test
+because this might be good but up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this might be good but up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this might be good but up here
+is it's going to use a lot of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to use a lot of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to use a lot of basis
+function so for the first time in a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for the first time in a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for the first time in a long
+time I'm finishing on time or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm finishing on time or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm finishing on time or even a
+little early but DVR is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little early but DVR is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little early but DVR is really a
+powerful computational tool that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful computational tool that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful computational tool that if you
+are doing any kind of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing any kind of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing any kind of theoretical
+calculation you may very well not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you may very well not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you may very well not want
+to use something like this rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something like this rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something like this rather than
+an infinite set of basis functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of basis functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of basis functions and
+perturbation theory it's something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory it's something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory it's something where
+you leave almost all of the work to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave almost all of the work to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave almost all of the work to the
+computer you don't have to do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you don't have to do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you don't have to do much
+besides say well what is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides say well what is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides say well what is the equilibrium
+value and what vibrational frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what vibrational frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and what vibrational frequency of
+I going to use for my basis set and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to use for my basis set and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to use for my basis set and if
+you choose the something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the something that's
+appropriate for the curvature at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the curvature at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the curvature at the
+absolute minimum of the potential you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimum of the potential you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimum of the potential you're
+likely to be doing very well now other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be doing very well now other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be doing very well now other
+choices might require them might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices might require them might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices might require them might mean
+you don't get the first hundred you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the first hundred you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the first hundred you only
+get the first fifty but you might only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the first fifty but you might only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the first fifty but you might only
+care about the first ten and or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the first ten and or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the first ten and or you
+could say I'm going to choose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to choose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to choose something
+which is a compromise between two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a compromise between two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a compromise between two two
+minima and maybe I'll do better but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima and maybe I'll do better but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima and maybe I'll do better but it
+doesn't cost you anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost you anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost you anything in the
+computer you know your computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you know your computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you know your computer is
+mostly sitting idly out of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sitting idly out of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly sitting idly out of you
+your desk and you could have it doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desk and you could have it doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desk and you could have it doing
+these calculations and and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations and and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations and and there's no
+problem where you can't use DVR because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you can't use DVR because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you can't use DVR because
+you know if you have a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a function of two
+variables you do a two variable DVR it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you do a two variable DVR it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you do a two variable DVR it
+gets a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit more complicated
+because if you have two DVRs now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have two DVRs now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have two DVRs now you're
+talking about a million a thousand five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a million a thousand five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a million a thousand five
+thousand two of them and couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two of them and couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two of them and couplings
+between them and so maybe you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and so maybe you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them and so maybe you have to be
+a little bit more thoughtful about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more thoughtful about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more thoughtful about how
+you employ this trick but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you employ this trick but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you employ this trick but it's a very
+powerful trick and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful trick and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful trick and there are other
+powerful tricks that you can use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tricks that you can use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tricks that you can use in
+conjunction with quantum chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with quantum chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with quantum chemistry that
+enable you to deal with things like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to deal with things like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to deal with things like I've
+chosen a basis set which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a basis set which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a basis set which is not
+orthonormal and my computer only knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and my computer only knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and my computer only knows
+how to diagonalize a an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to diagonalize a an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to diagonalize a an ordinary
+Hamiltonian without subtracting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian without subtracting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian without subtracting an
+overlap matrix from it and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap matrix from it and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap matrix from it and so if I
+transform to diagonalize the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to diagonalize the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to diagonalize the overlap
+matrix well then I can I can fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well then I can I can fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well then I can I can fix the
+problem and so there's a way of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so there's a way of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so there's a way of using
+this kind of theory to fix the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theory to fix the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theory to fix the the
+problem which is based on choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is based on choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is based on choosing a
+convenient way of solving the problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of solving the problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of solving the problem as
+opposed to the most rigorous way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the most rigorous way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the most rigorous way of
+doing it okay so I've been I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it okay so I've been I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it okay so I've been I'm hoping
+that I will have a sensible lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will have a sensible lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will have a sensible lecture on
+the two-level problem for Wednesday I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem for Wednesday I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem for Wednesday I've
+been struggling with this for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been struggling with this for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been struggling with this for a long
+time and maybe I can do it if not I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and maybe I can do it if not I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and maybe I can do it if not I'll
+review the whole course okay see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the whole course okay see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the whole course okay see you on
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RTKvGmiT-9Q.txt b/RTKvGmiT-9Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d561f6058ce4bb94be62574db0a9005313baaa96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RTKvGmiT-9Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11879 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me get uh going um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me get uh going um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me get uh going um
+last time we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about
+multiparticle states and sensor products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiparticle states and sensor products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiparticle states and sensor products
+and for that um we explained that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that um we explained that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that um we explained that if we
+had a system a quantum mechanical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a system a quantum mechanical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a system a quantum mechanical system
+of one particle described by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle described by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle described by a vector
+space V and the quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V and the quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V and the quantum mechanical
+system of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of another
+particle described with a vector space w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle described with a vector space w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle described with a vector space w
+the quantum mechanics of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics of the total
+system composed by the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system composed by the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system composed by the two
+particles is defined on a new Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is defined on a new Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is defined on a new Vector
+space called the space V tensor W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space called the space V tensor W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space called the space V tensor W and
+that was a construction that showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a construction that showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a construction that showed that
+in particular it was not true to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it was not true to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it was not true to say
+that oh if you want to know this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh if you want to know this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh if you want to know this system
+of particle one and two you just tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one and two you just tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one and two you just tell me
+what state particle one is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state particle one is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what state particle one is and what
+state particle 2 is and that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state particle 2 is and that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state particle 2 is and that's the end
+of the story no the story is really more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story no the story is really more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story no the story is really more
+more sophisticated than that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that so the
+typical elements on this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical elements on this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical elements on this space
+elements were of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements were of the form
+um a i j v i cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a i j v i cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a i j v i cross
+WJ and it's a sum over I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J numbers times these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J numbers times these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J numbers times these
+vectors so so you pick a vector on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so so you pick a vector on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so so you pick a vector on the
+first Vector space a vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector space a vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector space a vector in the
+second Vector space you put them in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector space you put them in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector space you put them in here
+and take linear combinations of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take linear combinations of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take linear combinations of them so
+um that's a general state in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a general state in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a general state in this
+system now we said a few things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now we said a few things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now we said a few things about
+this um one thing I didn't say too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um one thing I didn't say too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um one thing I didn't say too much
+about was the issue of the vector zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the issue of the vector zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was the issue of the vector zero
+in this tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tensor
+space and uh well Vector zero is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh well Vector zero is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh well Vector zero is some
+element of any Vector space an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of any Vector space an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of any Vector space an important
+element and we could get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and we could get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and we could get a little
+confused about how it looks and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about how it looks and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about how it looks and here is
+for example um the elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um the elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um the elements the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+zero in V cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W an example of the vector zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W an example of the vector zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W an example of the vector zero is the
+vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Z
+tensor w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor w
+i if you put in the first input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if you put in the first input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if you put in the first input the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+zero um that's it U that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also the vector zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VI tensor the vector zero in W here is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI tensor the vector zero in W here is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI tensor the vector zero in W here is z
+Z in W here is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in W here is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in W here is zero in
+V this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V this is also
+zero it's may be a little surprising now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's may be a little surprising now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's may be a little surprising now
+how do we see that well we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we see that well we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we see that well we had a
+property for example this one AV V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for example this one AV V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for example this one AV V
+tensor W is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor W is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor W is equal to
+a v tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v tensor
+W where a is a number so pick a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W where a is a number so pick a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W where a is a number so pick a equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+well 0 * any Vector is the zero Vector 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 0 * any Vector is the zero Vector 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 0 * any Vector is the zero Vector 0
+cross W but 0o times any Vector is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross W but 0o times any Vector is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross W but 0o times any Vector is also
+the vector zero so this is the zero in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector zero so this is the zero in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector zero so this is the zero in V
+cross W so um 0 cross W is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross W so um 0 cross W is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross W so um 0 cross W is the vector
+zero there's so once you put zero on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's so once you put zero on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's so once you put zero on one
+of the two inputs you're there you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two inputs you're there you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two inputs you're there you're at
+zero you you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you you don't have
+more so um that's just a comment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so um that's just a comment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so um that's just a comment on the
+vector zero now we did a few things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector zero now we did a few things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector zero now we did a few things and
+one thing I didn't do last time was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't do last time was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't do last time was to
+Define an inner product on the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an inner product on the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an inner product on the new
+Vector space so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space so let's
+define a way to get numbers from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a way to get numbers from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a way to get numbers from one
+vector in the tensor space and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the tensor space and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the tensor space and another
+Vector in the tensor space so inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the tensor space so inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the tensor space so inner
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again here you're supposed to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here you're supposed to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again here you're supposed to Define
+it to your best understanding and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your best understanding and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your best understanding and hope
+that once you make the right definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you make the right definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you make the right definitions
+it has all the axiomatic properties it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the axiomatic properties it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the axiomatic properties it
+should have so let me take the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have so let me take the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have so let me take the following
+thing the inner product of this thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the inner product of this thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the inner product of this thing a
+i j VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j VI
+I Omega J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega J
+with bpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+WQ so I will Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this by assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by assuming the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+linearity in the inputs on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity in the inputs on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity in the inputs on the right
+inputs and the anti linearity here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and the anti linearity here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and the anti linearity here on
+the left input so this would be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left input so this would be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left input so this would be the sum
+over I and J here so I'll put sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I and J here so I'll put sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I and J here so I'll put sum over I
+and j a i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j a i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j a i j
+star sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star sum over
+PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ
+bpq and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bpq and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bpq and then
+VI WJ comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI WJ comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI WJ comma
+VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP
+WQ so by declaring that this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WQ so by declaring that this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WQ so by declaring that this is the case
+I'm saying that the inner product in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that the inner product in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying that the inner product in the
+tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor
+space has the I'm demanding it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has the I'm demanding it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has the I'm demanding it has the
+properties that we expect if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we expect if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we expect if you have a
+vector plus another Vector here well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector plus another Vector here well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector plus another Vector here well you
+get this times the first plus this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this times the first plus this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this times the first plus this times
+the second so you can take the sums out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second so you can take the sums out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second so you can take the sums out
+and arrange it this way but I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrange it this way but I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrange it this way but I still
+haven't got a number and the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got a number and the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got a number and the inner
+product is supposed to be a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is supposed to be a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is supposed to be a number so
+how do we get a number at this stage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get a number at this stage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get a number at this stage I
+have this thing and nobody has told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing and nobody has told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing and nobody has told me
+what this is is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is supposed to
+be at this stage the only thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this stage the only thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this stage the only thing you can
+say is well you know I suspect that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is well you know I suspect that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is well you know I suspect that if I
+had an inner product in v and I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an inner product in v and I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an inner product in v and I had an
+inner product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product in
+W uh I must have an inner product here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh I must have an inner product here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh I must have an inner product here
+and somehow I should use that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I should use that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I should use that so this
+still defined to be i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still defined to be i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still defined to be i
+j PQ a i j bpq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j PQ a i j bpq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j PQ a i j bpq
+and then what you do is use the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you do is use the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you do is use the inner
+product in V to get a number from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in V to get a number from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in V to get a number from these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors this is the V inner product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is the V inner product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors this is the V inner product and
+use the inner product on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W to get a number from the two w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors and that's it the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's it the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and that's it the end of the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here maybe this is the sort of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here maybe this is the sort of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here maybe this is the sort of most
+interesting step where this part was set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting step where this part was set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting step where this part was set
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and consistent with what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and consistent with what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and consistent with what I was
+telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about
+zero suppose any of this this VI was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose any of this this VI was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose any of this this VI was
+Zero if this VI was Zero have zero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero if this VI was Zero have zero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero if this VI was Zero have zero with
+VP that would be zero so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP that would be zero so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP that would be zero so this whole
+number is zero so uh the way this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is zero so uh the way this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is zero so uh the way this can
+happen is U one of the vectors must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is U one of the vectors must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is U one of the vectors must be
+zero here and uh well you have the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and uh well you have the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and uh well you have the zero
+Vector here and the zero Vector inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here and the zero Vector inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here and the zero Vector inner
+product with anything is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with anything is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with anything is zero
+so so it's it's again consistent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's it's again consistent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's it's again consistent to
+think that uh once you put one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh once you put one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh once you put one of these
+entries to zero you've got the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to zero you've got the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to zero you've got the zero
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh we were so where are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we were so where are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we were so where are we going
+today well we have now the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today well we have now the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today well we have now the inner product
+and I want to go back to a state we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to go back to a state we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to go back to a state we had
+last time what we're going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time what we're going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time what we're going to do today
+is uh Define um what we called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Define um what we called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Define um what we called an
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+State then we will consider basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then we will consider basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then we will consider basis of
+entangled States and we will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States and we will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States and we will be able to
+discuss this uh sort of nice example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this uh sort of nice example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this uh sort of nice example of
+teleportation quantum teleportation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation quantum teleportation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation quantum teleportation so
+so that's where we're going today um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going today um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going today um I
+wanted to remind you of a calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to remind you of a calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to remind you of a calculation we
+were doing last time we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing last time we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing last time we had
+established that there was a state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that there was a state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established that there was a state in
+the tensor product of two spin one/ half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor product of two spin one/ half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensor product of two spin one/ half
+particles 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles and uh the state was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh the state was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh the state was
+Alpha Plus plus tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Plus plus tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Plus plus tensor
+minus-- Tor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus-- Tor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus-- Tor
+plus now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now you can
+sometimes this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this is an example of a
+superposition of vectors of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of vectors of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of vectors of the form
+indeed V cross W so here is a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed V cross W so here is a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed V cross W so here is a vector of
+that form there is a vector of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form there is a vector of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form there is a vector of this form
+sometimes we put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we put here
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+two um and U some times it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and U some times it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and U some times it will be
+useful to put those labels um because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to put those labels um because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to put those labels um because if
+you don't put the labels you better make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put the labels you better make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put the labels you better make
+sure that you're always talking that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're always talking that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you're always talking that the
+first K is the one for the first Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K is the one for the first Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K is the one for the first Vector
+space and the second K is the one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the second K is the one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the second K is the one for
+the second Vector space there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector space there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector space there's nothing
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+noncommutative here so if somebody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncommutative here so if somebody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noncommutative here so if somebody would
+write for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for you
+one Min -2 or they would write Min -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one both of you would be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one both of you would be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one both of you would be talking about
+the same state but if you don't put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state but if you don't put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state but if you don't put the
+labels you know you're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels you know you're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels you know you're not talking about
+the same state because you assume always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state because you assume always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state because you assume always
+the first one goes to the first Hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one goes to the first Hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one goes to the first Hilbert
+space the second one goes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second one goes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the second one goes with the
+second Vector space so we considered an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector space so we considered an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector space so we considered an
+entangle state of two spin one/ half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle state of two spin one/ half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle state of two spin one/ half
+particles we I'm not using it's not fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we I'm not using it's not fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we I'm not using it's not fair
+to use a word entangled yet but we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a word entangled yet but we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a word entangled yet but we'll be
+able to say this very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this very soon
+so the one thing we can do now given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing we can do now given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing we can do now given the
+inner product is try to normalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product is try to normalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product is try to normalize this
+state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so
+uh how do we normalize this state well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we normalize this state well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we normalize this state well
+we must take the inner product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must take the inner product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must take the inner product of this
+state with itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with itself so
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p so then what do we do well given these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so then what do we do well given these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p so then what do we do well given these
+rules we're supposed to take a all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we're supposed to take a all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we're supposed to take a all this
+Vector here all that Vector there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here all that Vector there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector here all that Vector there one
+alpha the alpha that is on the left goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the alpha that is on the left goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the alpha that is on the left goes
+out as an alpha star the alpha that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as an alpha star the alpha that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as an alpha star the alpha that is
+on the right goes out as an alpha and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right goes out as an alpha and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right goes out as an alpha and we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+plus minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus minus
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+plus inner product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inner product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inner product with
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus now this is easier than what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now this is easier than what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now this is easier than what it
+seems from what I'm writing you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems from what I'm writing you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems from what I'm writing you will be
+able to do these things I think or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these things I think or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these things I think or you
+can already maybe do them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already maybe do them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already maybe do them by
+inspection um basically at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um basically at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um basically at this stage
+you have to do each one with each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do each one with each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do each one with each one
+here and let's see what we get well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's see what we get well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's see what we get well what
+is the inner product of this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inner product of this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inner product of this with this
+this works because the inner product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works because the inner product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works because the inner product of
+plus with plus is one and minus minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus with plus is one and minus minus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus with plus is one and minus minus is
+one this on the other hand doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this on the other hand doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this on the other hand doesn't give
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+contribution because the first one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution because the first one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution because the first one is a
+plus has zero inner product with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus has zero inner product with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus has zero inner product with a minus
+the minus has zero with a plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus has zero with a plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus has zero with a plus that
+doesn't matter it's an Overkill so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's an Overkill so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's an Overkill so this
+one couples with this and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one couples with this and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one couples with this and this one
+couples with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples with
+that another way people would do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another way people would do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another way people would do this is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+say oh don't worry just take the bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh don't worry just take the bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh don't worry just take the bra
+here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus here is
+one I'll put the labels two minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll put the labels two minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll put the labels two minus the
+bra of the minus is the minus like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra of the minus is the minus like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra of the minus is the minus like that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+2 and now you do this with this cat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now you do this with this cat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now you do this with this cat the
+plus -1 2 minus the- + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and brass and Kats you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and brass and Kats you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and brass and Kats you know that
+this one goes with this one plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes with this one plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes with this one plus plus
+minus minus this one goes with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus this one goes with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus this one goes with this one
+and here I put the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I put the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I put the label
+because when I form the bra it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I form the bra it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I form the bra it's not
+obvious which one you would put first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one you would put first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one you would put first
+but uh it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter so back here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so back here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so back here we have
+a norm of alpha squared and this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm of alpha squared and this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm of alpha squared and this with
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+one and minus this one is another one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus this one is another one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus this one is another one so
+this is 2 Alpha squar so if I want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 Alpha squar so if I want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 Alpha squar so if I want it to
+be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalized I take alpha 1 /are < TK two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized I take alpha 1 /are < TK two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized I take alpha 1 /are < TK two
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+the well normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so this is the unit normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is the unit normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is the unit normalized
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have this state uh this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this state uh this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this state uh this state is
+something you've played with uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've played with uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've played with uh over
+last week is that state that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week is that state that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week is that state that uh we
+started verifying in lecture that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started verifying in lecture that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started verifying in lecture that had
+zero Z component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z component of angular
+momentum 0x component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum 0x component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum 0x component of angular
+momentum and 0 y component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and 0 y component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and 0 y component of angular
+momentum total angular momentum as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum total angular momentum as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum total angular momentum as we
+defined it and this has state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it and this has state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it and this has state with
+absolutely no angular momentum and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no angular momentum and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no angular momentum and what
+you verified in the homework was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you verified in the homework was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you verified in the homework was that
+that state in fact is rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state in fact is rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state in fact is rotational
+invariant um you apply a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant um you apply a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant um you apply a rotation
+operator to that state by rotating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to that state by rotating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to that state by rotating in
+both spaces and out comes the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both spaces and out comes the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both spaces and out comes the same state
+the state is not changed so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is not changed so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is not changed so it's a very
+interesting state that will be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state that will be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state that will be important
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later all right so of having taken care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right so of having taken care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right so of having taken care
+of inner products and normalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inner products and normalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inner products and normalizations
+let's talk a little about entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little about entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little about entangled
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states so these are precisely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so these are precisely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so these are precisely those
+States in which you cannot say or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in which you cannot say or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in which you cannot say or
+describe them by saying particle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them by saying particle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them by saying particle one is
+doing this and particle two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and particle two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and particle two is doing
+that you've learned that V cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+includes as States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superpositions Alpha i j v i cross Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpositions Alpha i j v i cross Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpositions Alpha i j v i cross Omega
+J the question is if somebody hands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the question is if somebody hands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the question is if somebody hands you
+a state like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state like
+this maybe you can do some algebra or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe you can do some algebra or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe you can do some algebra or
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+trickery and is it equal you ask to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickery and is it equal you ask to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickery and is it equal you ask to some
+sort of vector U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vector U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vector U
+star tensor W's V Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star tensor W's V Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star tensor W's V Star
+from some Vector W star is it equal do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some Vector W star is it equal do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some Vector W star is it equal do
+there ex do there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ex do there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ex do there is
+there vectors V Star and omega star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there vectors V Star and omega star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there vectors V Star and omega star
+belonging to V and belonging to W in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to V and belonging to W in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to V and belonging to W in
+such a way that this thing this sum can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this thing this sum can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this thing this sum can
+be written as a product of something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a product of something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a product of something and
+that if you would have that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you would have that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you would have that then you
+would be able to say look yes this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to say look yes this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to say look yes this is a
+interesting state but actually it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state but actually it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state but actually it's all
+simple here particle one is in state V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here particle one is in state V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple here particle one is in state V
+Star particle two is in state W star if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star particle two is in state W star if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star particle two is in state W star if
+this is happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+state of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is
+not entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you can really Factor it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can really Factor it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can really Factor it it's not
+an tangle if there are no such vectors V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an tangle if there are no such vectors V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an tangle if there are no such vectors V
+Star and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star and W
+star then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star then it is
+entangled so U you can say well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled so U you can say well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled so U you can say well this is
+a complicated factorization problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated factorization problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated factorization problem and
+indeed might take a little work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed might take a little work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed might take a little work to
+figure out if a state is entangled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if a state is entangled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if a state is entangled or
+not it's it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it's not a
+basis dependent problem uh doesn't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis dependent problem uh doesn't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis dependent problem uh doesn't it's
+not like it's entangled in one basis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like it's entangled in one basis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like it's entangled in one basis or
+not here is the state can you find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here is the state can you find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here is the state can you find any
+two things that tensored this way give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that tensored this way give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that tensored this way give
+you the state so the simplest example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the state so the simplest example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the state so the simplest example to
+illustrate this is two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this is two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this is two dimensional
+Vector spaces V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces V and
+W two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W two
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+complex so V e will have a basis E1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so V e will have a basis E1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so V e will have a basis E1 and
+E2 W will have a basis fub1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FS2 and the most General State you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 and the most General State you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 and the most General State you could
+write is a state general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state is a number a11 E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a number a11 E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a number a11 E1
+F1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 plus
+a12 E1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 E1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 E1 1
+F2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 plus
+a21 um E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 um E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 um E2
+F1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 plus
+a22 E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 that's
+it you know there's two basis States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know there's two basis States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know there's two basis States in
+v two basis state in w v cross W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v two basis state in w v cross W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v two basis state in w v cross W is
+dimension four product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension four product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension four product of
+Dimensions four basis state the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions four basis state the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions four basis state the products
+of the es with the fs so that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the es with the fs so that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the es with the fs so that's it
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um the general Vector the question is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the general Vector the question is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the general Vector the question is if
+this is it equal to something like A1 E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it equal to something like A1 E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it equal to something like A1 E1
++ A2 E2 the some general Vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ A2 E2 the some general Vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ A2 E2 the some general Vector you
+write the most General Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the most General Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the most General Vector in
+v and you write the most General Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you write the most General Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you write the most General Vector
+B1 F1 + B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 F1 + B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 F1 + B2
+F2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 in
+W and you ask is it equal to a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and you ask is it equal to a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and you ask is it equal to a product
+tensor product of some Vector in V with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product of some Vector in V with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product of some Vector in V with
+some Vector in W so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector in W so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector in W so the question is
+really do are there numbers A1 A2 B1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do are there numbers A1 A2 B1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do are there numbers A1 A2 B1 and
+B2 so that this whole thing gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so that this whole thing gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 so that this whole thing gets
+factorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that's happily not a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's happily not a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's happily not a complicated
+problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we
+could see if those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see if those numbers
+exists um if A1 A2 B1 B2 exist then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um if A1 A2 B1 B2 exist then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um if A1 A2 B1 B2 exist then the
+state is not entangled you've managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is not entangled you've managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is not entangled you've managed to
+factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it
+out so let's see well we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let's see well we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let's see well we know the
+distributive laws apply so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive laws apply so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive laws apply so actually
+E1 F1 can only arise from this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 F1 can only arise from this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 F1 can only arise from this product
+so to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution you must have that a11 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you must have that a11 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you must have that a11 is equal
+to A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1
+B1 a12 can only appear from the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 a12 can only appear from the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 a12 can only appear from the product
+of E1 with FS2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a12 must be be equal to A1 B2 a21 must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 must be be equal to A1 B2 a21 must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 must be be equal to A1 B2 a21 must
+be equal to A2 B1 and a22 must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to A2 B1 and a22 must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to A2 B1 and a22 must be equal
+to um A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um A2
+B2 and we must try to solve for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities actually there's a
+consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition um you see this quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um you see this quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um you see this quantities
+repeat here in a funny way if you try if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat here in a funny way if you try if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat here in a funny way if you try if
+this holds from this a11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds from this a11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holds from this a11
+a22 minus a12 a21 is equal to what a11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 minus a12 a21 is equal to what a11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 minus a12 a21 is equal to what a11
+a22 would be A1 B1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 and a12 a21 also have the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and a12 a21 also have the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and a12 a21 also have the same things
+A1 B2 A2 B1 well both terms have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 B2 A2 B1 well both terms have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 B2 A2 B1 well both terms have both
+A's and both B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and both B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and both B's
+so um this system only has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this system only has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this system only has a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+if this product is zero so if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this product is zero so if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this product is zero so if you give
+me four numbers if you hope to factorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me four numbers if you hope to factorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me four numbers if you hope to factorize
+it you must have the determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you must have the determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you must have the determinant of this
+Matrix if you collapse it into a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you collapse it into a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you collapse it into a matrix
+a11 a12 A2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 a12 A2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 a12 A2 1
+1822 if you encode the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1822 if you encode the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1822 if you encode the information about
+this state in a matrix it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state in a matrix it's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state in a matrix it's necessary
+that the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of the
+Matrix a be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a be equal
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the determinant of a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the determinant of a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the determinant of a is equal to
+zero is certainly necessary for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is certainly necessary for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is certainly necessary for the
+factorization to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization to take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization to take place
+but a very small argument that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a very small argument that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a very small argument that will be
+in the notes or you can try to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes or you can try to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes or you can try to complete
+it shows that the determinant equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that the determinant equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that the determinant equal to
+zero in fact guarantees that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact guarantees that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact guarantees that then you
+can solve this system there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this system there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this system there's a
+solution and it's not complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it's not complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it's not complicated so
+determinant equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant equal
+zero is actually the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is actually the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is actually the same as
+not entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've done not entangled so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done not entangled so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done not entangled so there's a
+solution implies determinant a equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution implies determinant a equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution implies determinant a equals 0
+but determinant of a equals 0 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but determinant of a equals 0 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but determinant of a equals 0 also
+implies not entangled you do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not entangled you do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not entangled you do that by
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+this don't let's not spend time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't let's not spend time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't let's not spend time doing
+that the basic way to do it is to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basic way to do it is to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the basic way to do it is to assume
+consider say a11 equal Z and solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a11 equal Z and solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a11 equal Z and solve it
+then a11 different from zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a11 different from zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a11 different from zero and then
+you can show that you can choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that you can choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that you can choose these
+quantities so so it can be factored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so so it can be factored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so so it can be factored and
+uh you have that um if these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have that um if these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have that um if these numbers are
+such that the determinant is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the determinant is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the determinant is zero then
+the state is entangled and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is entangled and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is entangled and it's very
+easy to have a determinant is non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to have a determinant is non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to have a determinant is non zero
+for example you could have this two zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you could have this two zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you could have this two zero
+and this two non zero that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two non zero that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two non zero that will be
+entangled because the determinant is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled because the determinant is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled because the determinant is not
+zero you can have this two that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can have this two that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can have this two that will be
+entangled there many ways of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled there many ways of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled there many ways of getting
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+States so in fact uh there's enough ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so in fact uh there's enough ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so in fact uh there's enough ways
+to get entangled states that uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get entangled states that uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get entangled states that uh we can
+construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the
+basis we had a basis here of E1 F1 E2 F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we had a basis here of E1 F1 E2 F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we had a basis here of E1 F1 E2 F2
+e this thing this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this thing this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this thing this four
+Vector basis we can construct a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector basis we can construct a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector basis we can construct a basis
+that is all all the states all the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all all the states all the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all all the states all the basis
+vectors are entangled States that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are entangled States that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are entangled States that's what
+we're going to do next but maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next but maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do next but maybe it's
+about time for questions things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time for questions things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time for questions things that
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh become a little unclear as I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along yes so what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along yes so what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along yes so what exactly
+State what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St well the main thing that it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well the main thing that it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well the main thing that it uh
+happens is that there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there will be
+interesting correlations when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting correlations when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting correlations when you have
+an entangled State you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entangled State you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entangled State you know if you have
+an entangled State and you find a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entangled State and you find a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entangled State and you find a state
+that is not entangled you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not entangled you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not entangled you can say
+particle one is doing this and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing this and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing this and particle
+two is doing that and particle two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing that and particle two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is doing that and particle two is
+doing this in independent of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in independent of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in independent of what
+particle one is doing but when a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing but when a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is doing but when a state
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+entangled whatever is happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled whatever is happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled whatever is happening with
+particle one is correlated with what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is correlated with what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is correlated with what is
+happening in particle two in a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in particle two in a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in particle two in a strange
+way so if particle one is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if particle one is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if particle one is doing
+something then particle two is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then particle two is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then particle two is doing
+another thing but if particle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing but if particle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing but if particle one is
+doing another thing then particle two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another thing then particle two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another thing then particle two is
+doing something and these particles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something and these particles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something and these particles can
+be very far apart and that's when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very far apart and that's when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very far apart and that's when it
+gets really interesting so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really interesting so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really interesting so so we're
+going to do a lot of things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a lot of things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a lot of things with
+entangled States uh today we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States uh today we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States uh today we're doing
+this teleportation using an entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teleportation using an entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teleportation using an entangled
+State and you will see how subtle it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and you will see how subtle it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and you will see how subtle it is
+uh next time we do Eep this Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time we do Eep this Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time we do Eep this Einstein
+Podolski Rosen arguments and the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Podolski Rosen arguments and the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Podolski Rosen arguments and the bell
+inequalities that answered that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that answered that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that answered that with
+entangled States there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States there's a couple of
+problems in the homework set also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the homework set also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the homework set also
+developing entangled States uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing entangled States uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing entangled States uh in
+different directions and I I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and I I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and I I think by
+the time we're done you'll you'll feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're done you'll you'll feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're done you'll you'll feel
+very comfortable with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortable with this
+um so a basis of entangled States here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a basis of entangled States here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a basis of entangled States here
+here it goes we're going to use spins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes we're going to use spins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes we're going to use spins so
+um we're going to use V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use V is the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+spin2 and we're going to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin2 and we're going to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin2 and we're going to consider a
+v tensor V where this refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v tensor V where this refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v tensor V where this refers to the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+particle and this to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle so uh let's take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F0 defined to be 1 / sare < TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 defined to be 1 / sare < TK of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 defined to be 1 / sare < TK of two
+and I don't put indices uh and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't put indices uh and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't put indices uh and probably
+at some stage you also tend to drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some stage you also tend to drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some stage you also tend to drop the
+tensor product um I don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product um I don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product um I don't know if it's
+early enough to to drop it uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough to to drop it uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early enough to to drop it uh probably
+we could drop it uh so we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could drop it uh so we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could drop it uh so we'll put
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+minus minus of course people eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus of course people eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus of course people eventually
+drop even the other kit and put it plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop even the other kit and put it plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop even the other kit and put it plus
+plus so uh those are the evolutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so uh those are the evolutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so uh those are the evolutions of
+notation as you get to do more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as you get to do more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as you get to do more and more
+calculations you write less but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you write less but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you write less but uh
+hopefully it's still clear but I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's still clear but I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's still clear but I I will
+not do this this one I will still keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do this this one I will still keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do this this one I will still keep
+that because many times I will want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because many times I will want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because many times I will want to
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+labels otherwise it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels otherwise it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels otherwise it's a little more
+cumbersome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome
+so this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state is
+normalized 5 0 5 0 is equal to one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized 5 0 5 0 is equal to one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized 5 0 5 0 is equal to one it's
+the state we built oh in fact I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we built oh in fact I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we built oh in fact I want it
+with a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus
+sorry um it's similar to the state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um it's similar to the state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um it's similar to the state we
+had there and by now you say look yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there and by now you say look yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there and by now you say look yes
+it's normalize let's take the Dual plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normalize let's take the Dual plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normalize let's take the Dual plus
+plus with plus plus will give me one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus with plus plus will give me one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus with plus plus will give me one the
+minus minus with minus minus will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus with minus minus will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus with minus minus will give
+me one this is two 1 / < TK of 2^ 2 1 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one this is two 1 / < TK of 2^ 2 1 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one this is two 1 / < TK of 2^ 2 1 um
+it it should become sort of Easy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should become sort of Easy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should become sort of Easy by
+inspection that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection that this is
+normalized now we want to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized now we want to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized now we want to and this is
+entangled State because in the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled State because in the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled State because in the Matrix
+representation it's a one here here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's a one here here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's a one here here and
+a one there you have the one one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one there you have the one one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one there you have the one one product
+and the two two product so one one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two two product so one one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two two product so one one the
+determinant is non zero there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is non zero there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is non zero there's no way
+we've proven you can find how to factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proven you can find how to factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proven you can find how to factor
+this there's no Alpha there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's no Alpha there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's no Alpha there's no way to
+write this as an alpha plus plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as an alpha plus plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as an alpha plus plus beta
+minus times a gamma plus plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus times a gamma plus plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus times a gamma plus plus Delta
+minus just impossible we've proven it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus just impossible we've proven it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus just impossible we've proven it
+it's entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an entangle state but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an entangle state but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an entangle state but the
+state space is uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space is uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space is uh four
+dimensional so if it's four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so if it's four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so if it's four dimensional
+we need three more basis States so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need three more basis States so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need three more basis States so here
+they are I'm going to write a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I'm going to write a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I'm going to write a formula
+for them f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them f
+i for I = 1 2 and 3 will be defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for I = 1 2 and 3 will be defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for I = 1 2 and 3 will be defined to
+be the following thing you will act with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following thing you will act with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following thing you will act with
+the operator 1 tensor Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator 1 tensor Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator 1 tensor Sigma
+I on 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 so three ways of do it so let's do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so three ways of do it so let's do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so three ways of do it so let's do one
+for example five1 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well you would have 1 * Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you would have 1 * Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you would have 1 * Sigma
+1 1 * Sigma 1 acting on the state 5 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 * Sigma 1 acting on the state 5 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 * Sigma 1 acting on the state 5 0
+which is 1 /are < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /are < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /are < TK of
+2 plus plus plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus plus plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus plus plusus
+minus well the one acts on the first K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well the one acts on the first K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well the one acts on the first K
+the sigma acts on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma acts on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma acts on the second
+Kat so what do we get here 1 /are < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kat so what do we get here 1 /are < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kat so what do we get here 1 /are < TK
+of two let me go a little slow plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two let me go a little slow plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two let me go a little slow plus
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+plusus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1us and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+51 equals Sigma 1 + is the minus State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 equals Sigma 1 + is the minus State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 equals Sigma 1 + is the minus State
+and sigma 1 minus is the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma 1 minus is the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma 1 minus is the plus
+State 1/ sare < TK of two those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State 1/ sare < TK of two those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State 1/ sare < TK of two those are
+things that you may just remember Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you may just remember Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you may just remember Sigma
+1 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is this
+Matrix so you get 1 / < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you get 1 / < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you get 1 / < TK
+2+ -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2+ -
+plus -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus -
+plus so that's 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and 51 is orthogonal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 51 is orthogonal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 51 is orthogonal to 5
+0 you can see that because plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you can see that because plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 you can see that because plus minus
+just cannot have an overlap with plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot have an overlap with plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot have an overlap with plus
+plus nor with minus minus here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nor with minus minus here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nor with minus minus here minus
+plus no in order to get something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus no in order to get something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus no in order to get something you
+would have to have the same uh label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have the same uh label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have the same uh label
+here and the same label here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same label here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the same label here so that
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matches well we can do the other ones as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches well we can do the other ones as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches well we can do the other ones as
+well um I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um I will
+not bother you too much writing them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bother you too much writing them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bother you too much writing them out
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do they look like well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they look like well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they look like well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 would be one stor Sigma 2 on 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 would be one stor Sigma 2 on 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 would be one stor Sigma 2 on 5
+0 and that would give you um I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and that would give you um I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and that would give you um I will just
+copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it
+um and I because Sigma 2 has I there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I because Sigma 2 has I there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I because Sigma 2 has I there so
+I over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus-- -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus finally
+53 is 1 10 Sigma 3 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 is 1 10 Sigma 3 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 is 1 10 Sigma 3 5
+0 and it's 1 / < TK 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+++ - minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh we got the states here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we got the states here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we got the states here let's
+just check their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthonormal um well here is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal um well here is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal um well here is one thing
+uh if you take 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you take 5
+Z with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with
+one tensor Sigma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 which is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 which is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 which is 5
+0 with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i well this is zero and U you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i well this is zero and U you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i well this is zero and U you know you
+could say well how do you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well how do you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well how do you know how do
+you prove it easily well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove it easily well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove it easily well
+U I think the best way is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I think the best way is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I think the best way is just
+inspection um so let's look at that fi1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um so let's look at that fi1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection um so let's look at that fi1
+we said is orthogonal to ph0 because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is orthogonal to ph0 because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is orthogonal to ph0 because it
+has plus minus and minus plus and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus minus and minus plus and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus minus and minus plus and that
+can never do anything with that 5 2 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never do anything with that 5 2 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never do anything with that 5 2 also
+has plus minuses and minus pluses so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus minuses and minus pluses so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus minuses and minus pluses so it
+can never have anything to do with ph Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never have anything to do with ph Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never have anything to do with ph Z
+the only one that has a chance to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that has a chance to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that has a chance to have
+an inner product with 5 Z is 53 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product with 5 Z is 53 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product with 5 Z is 53 because
+it has a plus plus and a minus minus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a plus plus and a minus minus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a plus plus and a minus minus on
+the other hand when you flip them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand when you flip them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand when you flip them this
+term with a plus plus of 5 Z will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a plus plus of 5 Z will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a plus plus of 5 Z will give
+you one but here's a different of sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one but here's a different of sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one but here's a different of sign
+so this with the second term of 5 0 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this with the second term of 5 0 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this with the second term of 5 0 will
+give you a minus and therefore it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a minus and therefore it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a minus and therefore it will
+be zero so these things are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so these things are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so these things are all
+Zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inspection you don't really have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you don't really have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you don't really have to do a
+calculation there the one that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation there the one that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation there the one that takes a
+little more work is to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work is to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work is to try to understand
+what is the inner product of five I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the inner product of five I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the inner product of five I
+with Fi J now you could say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fi J now you could say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fi J now you could say okay I'm
+going to do them by inspection after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do them by inspection after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do them by inspection after all
+there's just three things to check or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just three things to check or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just three things to check or um
+no three one 2 3 four five six things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no three one 2 3 four five six things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no three one 2 3 four five six things to
+check um but let's just do it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um but let's just do it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um but let's just do it a little
+more intelligently let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligently let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligently let's try to
+calculate this by saying well this is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this by saying well this is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this by saying well this is 5
+0 since the poly matrices are her this f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 since the poly matrices are her this f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 since the poly matrices are her this f
+i is also one tensor Sigma I they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is also one tensor Sigma I they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is also one tensor Sigma I they are
+her Mission so acting on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission so acting on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission so acting on the left
+they're doing the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing the right
+thing given our definition here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing given our definition here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing given our definition here is a
+definition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so you take the bra and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you take the bra and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you take the bra and uh that's
+what it is it would have been dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it would have been dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it would have been dagger
+here but it's not necessary and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's not necessary and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's not necessary and then you
+have the FI J which is one tensor Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the FI J which is one tensor Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the FI J which is one tensor Sigma
+J and that's 5 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and that's 5 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and that's 5 Z
+here okay that sounds like the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that sounds like the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that sounds like the kind of
+thing that we can make progress using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can make progress using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can make progress using
+our po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our po
+identities indeed uh first thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities indeed uh first thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities indeed uh first thing is that
+the product of operators they multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of operators they multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of operators they multiply
+just in that order in the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in that order in the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in that order in the tensor product
+so 5 0 you have 1 * 1 which which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 0 you have 1 * 1 which which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 0 you have 1 * 1 which which is one
+tensor Sigma I Sigma J 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and this is equal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this is equal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this is equal to 5
+0 one tenser now the product of two ply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one tenser now the product of two ply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one tenser now the product of two ply
+matrices um gives you an identity plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um gives you an identity plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um gives you an identity plus a
+poly Matrix you may or may not remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Matrix you may or may not remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Matrix you may or may not remember
+this formula but it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula but it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula but it's one
+* Delta i j + I Epsilon I J K Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z now what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z now what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z now what do we
+get look the second term has a sigma K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get look the second term has a sigma K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get look the second term has a sigma K
+on 5 Z so it's some number with a s k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 5 Z so it's some number with a s k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 5 Z so it's some number with a s k
+here while the first term is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while the first term is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while the first term is very simple
+what do we get from the first term from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get from the first term from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get from the first term from
+the first term we get um well one tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term we get um well one tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term we get um well one tensor
+one between any two things is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between any two things is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between any two things is nothing
+because the one acting on things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one acting on things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one acting on things and the
+one acting on another thing is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acting on another thing is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acting on another thing is zero so
+the unit operator in the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator in the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator in the tensor product
+is one tensor one they that's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one tensor one they that's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one tensor one they that's nothing
+whatsoever so what do you get here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so what do you get here Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so what do you get here Delta
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+j Time 5 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 plus I Epsilon i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus I Epsilon i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus I Epsilon i j
+k 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 5
+0 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 5
+K but that is zero we already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but that is zero we already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but that is zero we already showed
+that uh any f i with 5 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh any f i with 5 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh any f i with 5 0 is
+zero and this is one so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is one so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is one so what have we
+learned that this whole thing is Delta i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and
+therefore the basis is orthonormal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the basis is orthonormal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the basis is orthonormal so
+we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a
+basis of orthonormal states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of orthonormal states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of orthonormal states in the
+tensor product of two spin one have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product of two spin one have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product of two spin one have
+particles and the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the nice thing about this
+bases is that all of these basis states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases is that all of these basis states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases is that all of these basis states
+are entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entangled
+States they're entangled because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they're entangled because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they're entangled because they
+fill different parts of the Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill different parts of the Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill different parts of the Matrix here
+you have one and one and minus one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one and one and minus one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one and one and minus one here
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+an plus minus would be an I here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an plus minus would be an I here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an plus minus would be an I here and a
+minus I there the determinants are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I there the determinants are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I there the determinants are non
+zero for all of them and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all of them and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for all of them and therefore they
+can't be factored and therefore they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be factored and therefore they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be factored and therefore they're
+entangled so as a last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled so as a last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled so as a last thing I want to
+do with this is to record a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this is to record a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this is to record a formula for
+you which is the formula of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is the formula of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which is the formula of
+um the basis states in the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basis states in the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basis states in the conventional
+way written as superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way written as superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way written as superposition of
+entangled States so for example you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States so for example you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States so for example you say
+okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is
+plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus
+well plus plus looking there how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well plus plus looking there how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well plus plus looking there how would
+you solve it you would solve it from 5 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it you would solve it from 5 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it you would solve it from 5 0
+and 53 you would take the sum so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 53 you would take the sum so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 53 you would take the sum so that
+the minus minus States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus minus States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus minus States
+cancel 5 0 and 53 and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel 5 0 and 53 and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel 5 0 and 53 and therefore this
+state must be 1 / < TK 2 5 0 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+53 a useful relation then we have Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 a useful relation then we have Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 a useful relation then we have Plus
+minus then we have minus plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then we have minus plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then we have minus plus and
+finally minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally minus
+minus well minus minus would be done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well minus minus would be done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus well minus minus would be done by
+1 / < TK 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / < TK 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / < TK 2
+5-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+53 the other ones well they just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 the other ones well they just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 the other ones well they just need
+complex numbers of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers of five
+one has this uh plus minus and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has this uh plus minus and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has this uh plus minus and this has
+a plus minus in 5 2 the only problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus minus in 5 2 the only problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus minus in 5 2 the only problem is
+has an I so you must take this State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an I so you must take this State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an I so you must take this State
+minus I * this state will produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I * this state will produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I * this state will produce this
+thing twice and will cancel this term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice and will cancel this term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice and will cancel this term so
+um that's what you want so 51 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what you want so 51 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what you want so 51 this
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be 1 / < TK 2 5 1 - I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / < TK 2 5 1 - I 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / < TK 2 5 1 - I 5
+2 and this one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this one should be
+51+ I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and if this was a little quick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and if this was a little quick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and if this was a little quick it's
+just algebra one more line you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just algebra one more line you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just algebra one more line you do it
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+patience in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here it is
+uh it's the normal product simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the normal product simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the normal product simple
+product basis expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product basis expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product basis expressed as a
+superposition of entangle States this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of entangle States this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of entangle States this is
+called the Bell basis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Bell basis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Bell basis this
+five one up to 54 the Bell basis for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one up to 54 the Bell basis for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one up to 54 the Bell basis for an
+Bell basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now uh I have to say a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh I have to say a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh I have to say a couple more
+things and we're on our way um to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we're on our way um to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we're on our way um to begin
+the teleportation thing um are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teleportation thing um are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teleportation thing um are there
+questions any questions about the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions about the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any questions about the Bell
+bases or bases we've introduced or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or bases we've introduced or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or bases we've introduced or any
+confusion errors in the Blackboard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have a basis and um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a basis and um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a basis and um I want to
+make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two
+remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks
+um before we get started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we get started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we get started with
+uh teleportation is a one remark about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teleportation is a one remark about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teleportation is a one remark about
+measurement and one remark about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and one remark about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and one remark about
+evolution of uh States two facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first fact has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first fact has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first fact has to do with
+measurement in orthonormal basis if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement in orthonormal basis if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement in orthonormal basis if you
+have an orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthonormal
+basis one of the PO the postulate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis one of the PO the postulate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis one of the PO the postulate of
+measurement of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of quantum
+mechanics can be stated as saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics can be stated as saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics can be stated as saying that
+you can do an experiment in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do an experiment in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do an experiment in which you
+find the probability of your state being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of your state being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of your state being
+along any of this basis states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any of this basis states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along any of this basis states of the
+orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal
+basis so you can do an experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so you can do an experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so you can do an experiment to
+detect in which of the basis State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect in which of the basis State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect in which of the basis State the
+state is now the state of course is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is now the state of course is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is now the state of course is in a
+superposition of basis States but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of basis States but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of basis States but it
+will collapse into one of them with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collapse into one of them with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collapse into one of them with some
+probability so the stern gurla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the stern gurla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the stern gurla
+experiment was an example in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was an example in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was an example in which you
+pick two basis States orthogonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick two basis States orthogonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick two basis States orthogonal and
+there was a device that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a device that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a device that allow you to
+collapse the state into one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the state into one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the state into one or the other
+so this is a little more general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little more general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little more general not
+just for two State systems if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for two State systems if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for two State systems if there
+would be a particle with three states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a particle with three states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a particle with three states
+well orthonormal States then there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well orthonormal States then there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well orthonormal States then there is in
+principle an operator in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle an operator in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle an operator in quantum
+mechanics that allows you to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that allows you to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that allows you to measure
+which of these basis States you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these basis States you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these basis States you go into
+so let me State this as saying given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me State this as saying given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me State this as saying given an
+orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for
+normal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal basis
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+E1 up to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+sure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure a
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+p and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and we get
+getting that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that the
+probability to be in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be in e
+I is as you know EI overlap with a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is as you know EI overlap with a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is as you know EI overlap with a state
+squared and if you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if you measure that
+uh that this probability the state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this probability the state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this probability the state will
+collapse into one of the states so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse into one of the states so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse into one of the states so after
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+EK know there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK know there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EK know there are different
+probabilities to be in each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to be in each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to be in each one of those
+basis States but the particle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis States but the particle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis States but the particle will
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now the other thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the other thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the other thing I want to
+mention is that a fact that has seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that a fact that has seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is that a fact that has seemed
+always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of
+a a gift that the poly matrices are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a gift that the poly matrices are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a gift that the poly matrices are not
+only her Mission but they Square to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only her Mission but they Square to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only her Mission but they Square to one
+and therefore they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're also
+unitary so um the PO matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary so um the PO matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary so um the PO matrices are
+unitary so actually they can be realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary so actually they can be realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary so actually they can be realized
+as time Evolution so you know you melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time Evolution so you know you melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time Evolution so you know you melt
+you have a state and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a state and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a state and you want to
+multiply it by Sigma 1 you say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by Sigma 1 you say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by Sigma 1 you say okay well
+that's a very mathematical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very mathematical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very mathematical thing
+not so mathematical because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so mathematical because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so mathematical because it's a
+unitary operator so it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator so it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator so it corresponds to
+sometime Evolution so we claim there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime Evolution so we claim there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime Evolution so we claim there is
+a hamiltonian that you can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian that you can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian that you can construct
+that will evolve the state and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will evolve the state and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will evolve the state and multiply
+it by Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by Sigma
+1 so all these poly matrices the PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so all these poly matrices the PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so all these poly matrices the PO
+matrices Sigma 1 Sigma 2 and sigma 3 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Sigma 1 Sigma 2 and sigma 3 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Sigma 1 Sigma 2 and sigma 3 are
+unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be
+realized by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+volution with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volution with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volution with a
+suitable Honan so if you're talking spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable Honan so if you're talking spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable Honan so if you're talking spin
+states of some magnetic field that lifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of some magnetic field that lifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of some magnetic field that lifts
+for some few P of seconds according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some few P of seconds according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some few P of seconds according to
+the dipole and and that's it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole and and that's it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole and and that's it it will
+Implement Sigma 1 just in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement Sigma 1 just in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement Sigma 1 just in fact you can
+check for example that e to the I piun /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for example that e to the I piun /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for example that e to the I piun /
+2 - 1 + Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I this is I this and this is her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mission well this is one and sigma I one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission well this is one and sigma I one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission well this is one and sigma I one
+and sigma I commute so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma I commute so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma I commute so this is equal to
+e to the- I Pi / 2 * e to the I Pi Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the- I Pi / 2 * e to the I Pi Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the- I Pi / 2 * e to the I Pi Sigma
+1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+2 the first factor is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the first factor is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the first factor is a minus
+I and the second factor is 1 * cine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the second factor is 1 * cine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the second factor is 1 * cine of
+IUN / 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUN / 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUN / 2 +
+I Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 sine of Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sine of Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sine of Pi / 2
+so this is min - I * this is 0 * I Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is min - I * this is 0 * I Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is min - I * this is 0 * I Sigma
+1 so this is Sigma 1 so we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is Sigma 1 so we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is Sigma 1 so we've written
+Sigma 1 as the exponential of I * a Herm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 as the exponential of I * a Herm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 as the exponential of I * a Herm
+Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission
+operator and therefore you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and therefore you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and therefore you could say
+that this must be equal to some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this must be equal to some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this must be equal to some time
+times some hamiltonian over H bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some hamiltonian over H bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some hamiltonian over H bar and
+you decide you put the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide you put the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide you put the magnetic field
+um in the XY Z direction and you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the XY Z direction and you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the XY Z direction and you realize
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so so sigmas can be realized by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sigmas can be realized by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sigmas can be realized by a
+machine okay we're all done with um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay we're all done with um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay we're all done with um our
+preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary
+remarks and uh it's now time to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks and uh it's now time to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks and uh it's now time to do the
+teleportation stuff let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+teleportation all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleportation all right so
+uh we all know this teleportation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we all know this teleportation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we all know this teleportation is a
+stuff of Science Fiction and movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of Science Fiction and movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of Science Fiction and movies and
+kind of stuff like that and uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff like that and uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff like that and uh it's uh
+pretty much of something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much of something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much of something that was
+classically essentially impossible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically essentially impossible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically essentially impossible you
+have an object you sort of dematerialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object you sort of dematerialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object you sort of dematerialize
+it and create it somewhere else no basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and create it somewhere else no basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and create it somewhere else no basis
+for doing that the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that the interesting thing is
+that Quantum mechanically you seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum mechanically you seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum mechanically you seem to be
+able to do much better and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do much better and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do much better and that's the
+idea that we want to explain now so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we want to explain now so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we want to explain now so this
+is also not something that has been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not something that has been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also not something that has been um
+known for a long time the big discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for a long time the big discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for a long time the big discovery
+that this could be done is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could be done is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this could be done is from
+1993 so it's just 20 years ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 so it's just 20 years ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 so it's just 20 years ago that
+people realized finally that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized finally that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized finally that you could
+do something like that uh in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like that uh in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like that uh in that way
+you know quantum mechanics is a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quantum mechanics is a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quantum mechanics is a in a
+sense having a Renaissance because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense having a Renaissance because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense having a Renaissance because uh
+there's all kinds of marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of marvelous
+experiments teleportation entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments teleportation entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments teleportation entanglement
+ideas that you could build one day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you could build one day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you could build one day a
+quantum computer it's all stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computer it's all stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computer it's all stimulating
+thinking better about quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking better about quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking better about quantum mechanics
+more precisely and um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely and um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely and um and the
+experiments are just uh amazing so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are just uh amazing so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are just uh amazing so um so
+here is uh this thing was done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh this thing was done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh this thing was done by the
+following people we should mention them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bennett at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brassard C pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brassard C pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brassard C pill
+can't pronounce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pronounce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pronounce that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+joa all these people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Montreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal
+pis AT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+teon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wooders T at Williams College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1993 so um big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 so um big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 so um big
+collaboration all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration all over the
+world so what is the the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what is the the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so what is the the question that
+we want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to discuss
+um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this
+game always there's two people involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game always there's two people involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game always there's two people involved
+and the canonical names are Alice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the canonical names are Alice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the canonical names are Alice and
+Bob everybody calls Alice and Bob so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob everybody calls Alice and Bob so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob everybody calls Alice and Bob so
+it's it's been lots of years that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's been lots of years that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's been lots of years that people
+talk about Alice and Bob uh they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Alice and Bob uh they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Alice and Bob uh they use it
+also for Black Hole experiments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for Black Hole experiments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for Black Hole experiments uh
+depending on your taste Alice stays out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your taste Alice stays out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your taste Alice stays out
+and Bob is shot into the black hole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob is shot into the black hole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob is shot into the black hole or
+Bob stays out Alice goes down but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob stays out Alice goes down but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob stays out Alice goes down but uh
+it's Alice and Bob all the time so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alice and Bob all the time so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Alice and Bob all the time so this
+time the way we're going to do it Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the way we're going to do it Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the way we're going to do it Alice
+has a Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Quantum
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+state it has been handed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has been handed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has been handed to
+her and it's a state of a spin one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and it's a state of a spin one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and it's a state of a spin one half
+particle it's you know spin one2 is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's you know spin one2 is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's you know spin one2 is nice
+because you have discrete label so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have discrete label so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have discrete label so she
+has this state it's Alpha plus plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this state it's Alpha plus plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this state it's Alpha plus plus beta
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and she has it carefully there in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has it carefully there in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has it carefully there in a box
+just hoping that this state doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hoping that this state doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hoping that this state doesn't get
+entangled with anything and disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with anything and disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with anything and disappears
+or doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doesn't get
+measured and her goal is to send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and her goal is to send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and her goal is to send this
+state to Bob who's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+so Alice is sitting here and has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alice is sitting here and has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alice is sitting here and has the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the
+state and Bob is sitting some her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and Bob is sitting some her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and Bob is sitting some her
+here and has no State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and has no State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and has no State and
+uh she wants to send this state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she wants to send this state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she wants to send this state this is
+the state to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state to be
+teleported now there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleported now there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleported now there's a couple of
+things uh you could try to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh you could try to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh you could try to do before
+even trying to teleport this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trying to teleport this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trying to teleport this why
+teleport it uh why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport it uh why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport it uh why don't
+you create a copy of this state and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create a copy of this state and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create a copy of this state and just
+put it in fex and send it to Bob and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in fex and send it to Bob and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in fex and send it to Bob and he
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+it the problem is that uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the problem is that uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the problem is that uh there's
+something in quantum mechanics something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in quantum mechanics something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in quantum mechanics something
+called No cloning that you can't create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called No cloning that you can't create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called No cloning that you can't create
+a copy of a state actually with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of a state actually with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of a state actually with a
+quantum mechanical process it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical process it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical process it's really
+funny thing you've got a cubit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing you've got a cubit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny thing you've got a cubit this is
+called a cubit uh uh quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a cubit uh uh quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a cubit uh uh quantum
+bit bit is something that can be zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bit is something that can be zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bit is something that can be zero or
+one Quantum it can be two things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum it can be two things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum it can be two things so
+instead of calling it a spin State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling it a spin State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of calling it a spin State
+sometimes people call it the Cubit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people call it the Cubit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people call it the Cubit for
+us it's a spin state it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's a spin state it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's a spin state it has two
+numbers and uh there's no cloning uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh there's no cloning uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh there's no cloning uh we
+will not discuss it here it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not discuss it here it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not discuss it here it's a nice
+topic for recitation it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for recitation it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for recitation it's a simple
+matter you can't make a copy so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you can't make a copy so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you can't make a copy so given
+that you can't make a copy let's avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make a copy let's avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't make a copy let's avoid
+that idea save ourselves $15 of FedEx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea save ourselves $15 of FedEx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea save ourselves $15 of FedEx
+and uh just try to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh just try to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh just try to do something
+else so the one thing Alice could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the one thing Alice could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the one thing Alice could do is
+that she could say all right well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could say all right well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could say all right well here
+is Alpha and beta let me measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha and beta let me measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha and beta let me measure the
+state find Alpha and beta and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state find Alpha and beta and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state find Alpha and beta and then I'll
+send that information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send that information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send that information to
+Bob okay but she has one copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob okay but she has one copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob okay but she has one copy of the
+state how is she going to measure Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state how is she going to measure Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state how is she going to measure Alpha
+and beta with one copy of the state she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta with one copy of the state she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta with one copy of the state she
+puts it through a St G experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it through a St G experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it through a St G experiment and
+the particle comes out the plus side now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle comes out the plus side now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle comes out the plus side now
+what the probability that it went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability that it went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability that it went to the
+plus you got some information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you got some information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you got some information about
+Alpha Square not even because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Square not even because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Square not even because you just
+did the experiment once and your Cubit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the experiment once and your Cubit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the experiment once and your Cubit
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+gone so um Alice actually can't fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so um Alice actually can't fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so um Alice actually can't fix
+figure out Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out Alpha and
+beta so if she's handed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if she's handed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if she's handed a
+cubit she better not measure it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubit she better not measure it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubit she better not measure it because
+if she measures it she destroys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she measures it she destroys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she measures it she destroys the
+state goes into a plus or a minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state goes into a plus or a minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state goes into a plus or a minus and
+it's all over yeah the state is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over yeah the state is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over yeah the state is gone
+before she could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she could do
+anything so that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so that doesn't work
+either now there's the third option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either now there's the third option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either now there's the third option
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+Alice cannot talk to Bob and Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice cannot talk to Bob and Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice cannot talk to Bob and Alice
+created that state with some hamiltonan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that state with some hamiltonan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that state with some hamiltonan
+and she knows because she created it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she knows because she created it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she knows because she created it
+what Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alpha and beta
+is so she could in principle tell Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so she could in principle tell Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so she could in principle tell Bob
+okay here is Alpha here is beta create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is Alpha here is beta create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is Alpha here is beta create
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+again that would be a fine strategy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that would be a fine strategy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that would be a fine strategy but
+actually there's even a plausibly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's even a plausibly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's even a plausibly a
+problem with that because maybe she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that because maybe she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that because maybe she
+knows this state but Alpha is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows this state but Alpha is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows this state but Alpha is a number
+and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is
+0.537 8 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.537 8 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.537 8 2 1
+06 never ends doesn't repeat and she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 never ends doesn't repeat and she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 never ends doesn't repeat and she has
+to send that infinite string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send that infinite string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send that infinite string of
+information to Bob which is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to Bob which is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to Bob which is not a good
+idea either she not going to manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea either she not going to manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea either she not going to manage to
+send the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the right
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+so these are are things we speculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are are things we speculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are are things we speculate
+about because it's a natural thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because it's a natural thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because it's a natural thing to
+wonder so what we're going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder so what we're going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder so what we're going to try to do
+is somehow produce an experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow produce an experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow produce an experiment in
+which she'll take this state get it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she'll take this state get it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she'll take this state get it in
+and somehow Bob is going to create that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow Bob is going to create that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow Bob is going to create that
+state on his other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state on his other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state on his other
+side that's the teleportation thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's the teleportation thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's the teleportation thing that
+we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so let's do a little diagram of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little diagram of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little diagram of how
+we're going to do this um so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this um so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this um so here is
+going to be the state that is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the state that is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the state that is to be
+teleported we'll call it the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so I'll write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P Alpha Plus in the state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Alpha Plus in the state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Alpha Plus in the state space
+c so particle plus beta minus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so particle plus beta minus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so particle plus beta minus in the
+state space C and C is the state she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space C and C is the state she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space C and C is the state she is
+going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+teleport but now uh they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport but now uh they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport but now uh they're not going to
+be able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless they use something different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they use something different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they use something different they
+they try something different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try something different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try something different and the
+whole idea is going to be to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is going to be to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is going to be to use an
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+so basically what's going to we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what's going to we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what's going to we're going
+to do is is that we're going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is that we're going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is that we're going to put a
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source and we're going to produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and we're going to produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and we're going to produce an
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+state of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of two
+particles and one particle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and one particle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and one particle is going to
+be given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to
+a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to
+Alice and one part particle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and one part particle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and one part particle is going to
+be given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given to
+Bob so particle a B for Bob is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob so particle a B for Bob is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob so particle a B for Bob is going to
+be given to Bob and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is going to be given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alice and this is an entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so
+there it is now what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is now what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is now what's going to happen
+what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+entanglement really correlates what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement really correlates what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement really correlates what goes
+here with what goes in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with what goes in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with what goes in there
+now in tanglement happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in tanglement happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in tanglement happens
+instantaneously and we can discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously and we can discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously and we can discuss this
+you have no way of sending information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way of sending information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way of sending information
+through entanglement in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through entanglement in general it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through entanglement in general it
+there's no such thing as learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing as learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing as learning
+something about a when B does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a when B does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a when B does a
+measurement of learning anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of learning anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of learning anything
+non-trivial about a so the entangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial about a so the entangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial about a so the entangle
+state is there and uh that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is there and uh that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is there and uh that's what we're
+going to try to use in order to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to use in order to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to use in order to do the
+teleporting now morally speaking suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleporting now morally speaking suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleporting now morally speaking suppose
+I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to
+teleport myself from one place in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport myself from one place in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport myself from one place in this
+room to another what I would have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to another what I would have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to another what I would have to do
+is create an enormous Reservoir of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is create an enormous Reservoir of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is create an enormous Reservoir of
+entangled States so here is my generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States so here is my generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled States so here is my generator
+and I create billions of entangled Pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I create billions of entangled Pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I create billions of entangled Pairs
+and I put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put them all
+here all the ones here and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the ones here and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the ones here and all the
+corresponding pairs over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pairs over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding pairs over there and
+then I sort of uh somebody takes me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sort of uh somebody takes me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sort of uh somebody takes me and
+this billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this billions of
+entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled
+pairs one side of the pair and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one side of the pair and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one side of the pair and doesn't
+measurement in which every atom or every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement in which every atom or every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement in which every atom or every
+Quantum state in my body is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in my body is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state in my body is measured
+with some entangle State they done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some entangle State they done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some entangle State they done the
+measurement and boom I reappear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and boom I reappear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and boom I reappear on the
+other side that's what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's what's going to happen
+so we're going to do this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do this we're going to
+have this state and we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this state and we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this state and we're going to do a
+measurement between this state and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement between this state and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement between this state and this
+state Alice is going to do a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Alice is going to do a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Alice is going to do a measurement
+that's going to force this particle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to force this particle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to force this particle to
+actually pretty much become the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty much become the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty much become the state
+you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to
+teleport so that's the goal so um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport so that's the goal so um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport so that's the goal so um let me
+say a couple more things uh Alice will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple more things uh Alice will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple more things uh Alice will
+have to send some information actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send some information actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send some information actually
+because she's going to have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's going to have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's going to have to do a
+measurement and she has a console with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and she has a console with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and she has a console with
+four lights 0 one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights 0 one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights 0 one two and
+three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for
+lights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when she will do her measurement one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she will do her measurement one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she will do her measurement one of
+the lights will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights will
+blink and she will have to tell Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink and she will have to tell Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink and she will have to tell Bob
+which one blinked so she will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one blinked so she will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one blinked so she will have to
+send a number an information of two bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a number an information of two bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a number an information of two bits
+because with two bits you can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with two bits you can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with two bits you can represent
+four any of four numbers binary code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four any of four numbers binary code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four any of four numbers binary code so
+she will send the information of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will send the information of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will send the information of which
+clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clicked and then Bob will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked and then Bob will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked and then Bob will have a
+machine with four entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and according to the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and according to the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and according to the information
+that he gets he will make this state go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gets he will make this state go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he gets he will make this state go
+through through one of those machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through one of those machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through one of those machines
+the zero the one the two or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero the one the two or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero the one the two or the
+three so he will push B into one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so he will push B into one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so he will push B into one of them
+and out we claim will come this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out we claim will come this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out we claim will come this
+teleported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+okay so um that's the setup um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that's the setup um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that's the setup um you have
+to get a feel for the setup so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feel for the setup so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feel for the setup so are there
+questions on what we're doing yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on what we're doing yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on what we're doing yes so
+after we have two some kind of States no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we have two some kind of States no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we have two some kind of States no
+after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+replication this state will be destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication this state will be destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication this state will be destroyed
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+repair as you will see so there will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair as you will see so there will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair as you will see so there will not
+be a copy created by this procedure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a copy created by this procedure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a copy created by this procedure you
+destroy it's really what teleportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it's really what teleportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it's really what teleportation
+was supposed to be not to create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be not to create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be not to create another
+copy of you there but take you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of you there but take you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of you there but take you there
+destroy you here and recreate you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy you here and recreate you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy you here and recreate you there
+so no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no other
+copy other questions yes does this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy other questions yes does this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy other questions yes does this also
+work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if
+isang if what if C is say itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isang if what if C is say itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isang if what if C is say itself
+contains different parts which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains different parts which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains different parts which are
+entangled with each other well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with each other well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled with each other well it's a
+more complicated thing I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated thing I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated thing I'm pretty sure
+it would work um maybe you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work um maybe you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work um maybe you would need
+more than one entangled pair here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one entangled pair here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one entangled pair here you
+would need a source that is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a source that is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a source that is more
+complicated more questions you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more questions you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more questions you mean
+PES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PES
+St what do I mean by pushes it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St what do I mean by pushes it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St what do I mean by pushes it through
+one of them well you know hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them well you know hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them well you know hamiltonians
+you get your state you can put a put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your state you can put a put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your state you can put a put
+them in a magnetic field let them evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a magnetic field let them evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a magnetic field let them evolve
+a little bit those are machines so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit those are machines so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit those are machines so any
+of these machines is some unitary time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these machines is some unitary time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these machines is some unitary time
+Evolution it does something to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yes so there will be correlated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes so there will be correlated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes so there will be correlated as
+you will see so if Alice measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see so if Alice measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see so if Alice measures that
+the light zero beeps the instruction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light zero beeps the instruction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light zero beeps the instruction for
+Bob is to send the state through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is to send the state through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is to send the state through the
+zero hamiltonian and and one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hamiltonian and and one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hamiltonian and and one two and
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+hamiltonian more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian more
+questions it's good to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's good to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's good to really
+have a good feeling of this of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good feeling of this of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good feeling of this of what
+we're trying to do and why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do and why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do and why it is
+non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial
+yes this might be getting a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this might be getting a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this might be getting a little too
+into it but the state which can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but the state which can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but the state which can the
+hilon in which Bob needs to um send b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilon in which Bob needs to um send b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilon in which Bob needs to um send b
+through in order to yield the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to yield the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to yield the same state
+that Alice had can that also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice had can that also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice had can that also be
+transmitted quantumly through Cubit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted quantumly through Cubit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted quantumly through Cubit or
+would you just get like an infinite line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you just get like an infinite line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you just get like an infinite line
+of cubits needing to no no it's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubits needing to no no it's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubits needing to no no it's a you
+know it's a this is a device they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a this is a device they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a this is a device they can
+build by themselves as you will see once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build by themselves as you will see once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build by themselves as you will see once
+we do do the calculation Alice will Mees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do the calculation Alice will Mees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do the calculation Alice will Mees
+construct a device that can has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a device that can has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a device that can has these
+four lights and she knows what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights and she knows what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights and she knows what they mean
+and Bob will construct a device that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob will construct a device that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob will construct a device that has
+these things and they can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and they can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and they can use it to
+transport any state so these machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport any state so these machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport any state so these machines
+are independent of the state you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the state you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the state you want to
+teleport you teleported this you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport you teleported this you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport you teleported this you want to
+teleport another state with Alpha Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport another state with Alpha Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport another state with Alpha Prime
+and beta Prime sure used exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta Prime sure used exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta Prime sure used exactly the
+same machines gave me another entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same machines gave me another entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same machines gave me another entangled
+pair and do it well I think what I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and do it well I think what I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and do it well I think what I meant
+is that the information between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the information between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the information between the two
+machines does that have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines does that have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines does that have to be
+transmitted classically or is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted classically or is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted classically or is there some
+way to transmit there there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to transmit there there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to transmit there there's no real
+information the machines were built say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the machines were built say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the machines were built say
+in the same laboratory at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same laboratory at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same laboratory at
+IBM and uh then they're built and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM and uh then they're built and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM and uh then they're built and uh we
+will tell you how to build each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how to build each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how to build each of these
+machines and then just put aside taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and then just put aside taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and then just put aside taken
+away by these two people and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away by these two people and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away by these two people and then we'll
+we'll do it um there's no mystery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it um there's no mystery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it um there's no mystery of
+sending information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending information about
+it that probably will become clear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that probably will become clear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that probably will become clear with
+the computation which I better start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation which I better start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation which I better start
+doing soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes louder I just question about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes louder I just question about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes louder I just question about the the
+so we refer to a measur that mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we refer to a measur that mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we refer to a measur that mean like
+something that that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that's a good
+microscopic energy or something does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic energy or something does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic energy or something does it
+just refer to any well when we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer to any well when we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refer to any well when we refer to
+measurements and quantum mechanics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and quantum mechanics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and quantum mechanics we
+talk let me give you just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk let me give you just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk let me give you just a little bit
+of intuition here we typically talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition here we typically talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition here we typically talk
+about measuring Herm Mission operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Herm Mission operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Herm Mission operators
+because they have igen value so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have igen value so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have igen value so we don't
+have to say what they are energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what they are energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say what they are energy
+momentum Herm Mission operator that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Herm Mission operator that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Herm Mission operator that you
+measure and projector operators into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and projector operators into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and projector operators into
+basic states are her Mission operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic states are her Mission operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic states are her Mission operators
+so you could imagine that that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine that that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could imagine that that's one way
+of thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about these
+measurements okay so let's do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay so let's do this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay so let's do this um
+all right the state to be teleported is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the state to be teleported is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the state to be teleported is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair the ab pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the ab pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the ab pair
+pair is an entangled state so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is an entangled state so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is an entangled state so it will
+be one of the Bell States 5 a b 1 /are <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the Bell States 5 a b 1 /are <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the Bell States 5 a b 1 /are <
+TK of 2 plus a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 2 plus a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 2 plus a +
+b plus - a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b plus - a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b plus - a -
+b so this is the state they share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so this is the state they share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so this is the state they share of
+course Alice only has a handle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Alice only has a handle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Alice only has a handle on
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+a and Bob only has a handle on particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Bob only has a handle on particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Bob only has a handle on particle
+B nevertheless the state is entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B nevertheless the state is entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B nevertheless the state is entangled
+even though this could be 200 kilm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this could be 200 kilm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this could be 200 kilm
+apart so uh the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State well we've been tensoring two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well we've been tensoring two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well we've been tensoring two
+things well tensoring three is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well tensoring three is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well tensoring three is three
+particles so I don't think you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so I don't think you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so I don't think you will be
+too unhappy to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unhappy to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unhappy to just
+tensor the whole thing so 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor the whole thing so 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor the whole thing so 5
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+TENS Alpha + C + beta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay so here comes the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so here comes the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so here comes the interesting
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+Alice has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has
+available the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a the particle a is not a state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the particle a is not a state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the particle a is not a state a
+because a is in a funny thing it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is in a funny thing it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is in a funny thing it's an
+tangle but has the particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle but has the particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle but has the particle a
+available and it has the particle C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it has the particle C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it has the particle C
+available so Alice is going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so Alice is going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so Alice is going to do a
+measurement and it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and it's going to be a
+sneaky measurement it's going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky measurement it's going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky measurement it's going to use a
+basis since she has two particles she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis since she has two particles she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis since she has two particles she
+can choose a basis of two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose a basis of two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose a basis of two particle
+States any orthonormal basis will do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States any orthonormal basis will do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States any orthonormal basis will do by
+idea that we can measure with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we can measure with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we can measure with any
+orthonormal basis so what she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so what she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so what she's going to
+try to do is use the Bell basis for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is use the Bell basis for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do is use the Bell basis for a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so let's try to think of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so let's try to think of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so let's try to think of what that
+means um that requires a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means um that requires a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means um that requires a small
+calculation here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation here so
+this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal
+to 1 / < TK 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 / < TK 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 / < TK 2
++ so I anticipated this it will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ so I anticipated this it will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ so I anticipated this it will become
+clear in a second what that measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in a second what that measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in a second what that measurement
+means plus - a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means plus - a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means plus - a -
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+t Alpha plus + beta -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Alpha plus + beta -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Alpha plus + beta -
+c so I just wrote what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+um some algebra this is the total State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some algebra this is the total State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some algebra this is the total State
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total let's multiply these things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total let's multiply these things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total let's multiply these things out
+and I will keep the labels all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will keep the labels all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will keep the labels all the time
+because I don't want there to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want there to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want there to be any
+confusion about what's happening so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about what's happening so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion about what's happening so what
+do we get first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get first
+Alpha multiplying plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha multiplying plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha multiplying plus of
+a I should write in plus of B but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I should write in plus of B but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I should write in plus of B but the
+order doesn't really matter if I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order doesn't really matter if I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order doesn't really matter if I keep
+the label so I'll put plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label so I'll put plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label so I'll put plus of
+C time plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B then keep multiplying so we have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then keep multiplying so we have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then keep multiplying so we have plus
+beta from this with that so I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta from this with that so I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta from this with that so I'll have
+Plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus of
+a minus of c and plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B maybe it's easier to read if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B maybe it's easier to read if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B maybe it's easier to read if I use
+another line so I now must multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line so I now must multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line so I now must multiply the
+second state times this so I get plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha minus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus of
+a with plus of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and minus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so this is this times that minus of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is this times that minus of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is this times that minus of a
+plus of C minus of B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta um minus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta um minus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta um minus of
+a PL minus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PL minus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PL minus of
+C minus of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state but now I wrote it in a way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but now I wrote it in a way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but now I wrote it in a way that I
+have here A and C A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here A and C A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here A and C A and
+C A and C and A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C A and C and A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C A and C and A and
+C so I could decide to measure in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so I could decide to measure in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so I could decide to measure in this
+basis this is an orthonormal basis for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis this is an orthonormal basis for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis this is an orthonormal basis for a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+C but it's not a very smart basis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but it's not a very smart basis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but it's not a very smart basis uh
+because it's not entangled so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not entangled so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not entangled so let's go
+to the entangled Bas so let's rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entangled Bas so let's rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entangled Bas so let's rewrite
+this state this total State nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state this total State nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state this total State nothing has
+been done yet to the state we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done yet to the state we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done yet to the state we're just
+mathematically rewriting it nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically rewriting it nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically rewriting it nothing
+else we have this this this and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we have this this this and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we have this this this and that and
+I want you now to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas to do this so uh I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas to do this so uh I'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas to do this so uh I'll do this
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Blackboard we'll have to erase those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard we'll have to erase those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard we'll have to erase those
+important names but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so what do we get well a little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get well a little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get well a little of
+algebra let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let's let's do
+it a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a with
+C plus plus would be that so I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus plus would be that so I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus plus would be that so I'll write
+it with 1 /are < TK of 2 becomes 12 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with 1 /are < TK of 2 becomes 12 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with 1 /are < TK of 2 becomes 12 a
+with C would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+53 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 a
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+multiplying Alpha Plus on B so I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying Alpha Plus on B so I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying Alpha Plus on B so I took
+care of the first term the alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the first term the alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the first term the alpha is
+there the B is there and AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the B is there and AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the B is there and AC
+is there in which you know you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in which you know you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in which you know you can put
+any labels you want here A B this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any labels you want here A B this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any labels you want here A B this is the
+ab State the entangled AB State we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AC second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC second
+term + 12 now we have plus a minus C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term + 12 now we have plus a minus C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term + 12 now we have plus a minus C so
+it's the second line in there so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second line in there so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second line in there so it
+would be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus I 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC
+beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b next line I'll just copy it 12 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b next line I'll just copy it 12 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b next line I'll just copy it 12 well
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+B and here you'll have the minus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here you'll have the minus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here you'll have the minus plus
+which is the same thing 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing 51
+AC + I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC + I 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC + I 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and the last term is + 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and the last term is + 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and the last term is + 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC and we get beta minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay almost
+there let's rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's rewrite
+this as let's collect the five zos 5 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as let's collect the five zos 5 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as let's collect the five zos 5 Z
+and five Z you see we're doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five Z you see we're doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five Z you see we're doing nothing
+yet we're just mathematically rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're just mathematically rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're just mathematically rewriting
+the state in a different basis the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in a different basis the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state in a different basis the total
+state so it is equal to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it is equal to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it is equal to 12
+5 a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 a a
+c and look what you get here very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and look what you get here very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and look what you get here very
+curiously you get Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus b plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus beta
+minus B very curious that was precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B very curious that was precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B very curious that was precisely
+the state we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we wanted to
+teleport Alpha plus plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport Alpha plus plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport Alpha plus plus beta
+minus all right let's see what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus all right let's see what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus all right let's see what else
+happens here we get + 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we get + 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we get + 12
+five which other one do I want to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five which other one do I want to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five which other one do I want to copy
+F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AC you see this is the state we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC you see this is the state we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC you see this is the state we wanted
+to teleport um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and it sort of has appeared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it sort of has appeared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it sort of has appeared in the
+b space 51 AC well this time I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b space 51 AC well this time I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b space 51 AC well this time I have this
+term and this term so actually it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this term so actually it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this term so actually it seems
+a little different now we get beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different now we get beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different now we get beta
+plus b plus Alpha minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus Alpha minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus Alpha minus
+B then we go to the next 1 12 of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we go to the next 1 12 of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we go to the next 1 12 of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AC so 5 2 is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC so 5 2 is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC so 5 2 is here
+so you get I Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+B minus I beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b okay funny linear combinations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay funny linear combinations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay funny linear combinations and
+finally 53 what is 53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well two terms also for 53 this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two terms also for 53 this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two terms also for 53 this one and
+this one so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha plus B minus beta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus B minus beta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus B minus beta minus
+B kind of end of the math by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B kind of end of the math by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B kind of end of the math by
+now you've proven a funny identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've proven a funny identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've proven a funny identity
+actually in doing this uh and uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in doing this uh and uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in doing this uh and uh maybe
+this Blackboard should make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Blackboard should make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Blackboard should make sure you
+understand this is the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is the calculation of
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state and here we go so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and here we go so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and here we go so let me show you
+one thing this is actually the state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this is actually the state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this is actually the state we
+wanted so this would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so this would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so this would be called
+p in the B basis in the b space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p in the B basis in the b space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p in the B basis in the b space the
+state that you wanted to teleport that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you wanted to teleport that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you wanted to teleport that
+was p in the C basis now it's p in the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was p in the C basis now it's p in the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was p in the C basis now it's p in the B
+basis well those ones look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis well those ones look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis well those ones look a little
+funny but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny but this
+one actually looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+thing looks like Sigma 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looks like Sigma 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing looks like Sigma 3 *
+P because if you have Sigma 3 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because if you have Sigma 3 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because if you have Sigma 3 on this
+state it gives you a plus one here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it gives you a plus one here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it gives you a plus one here and a
+minus I value so that Sigma a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I value so that Sigma a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I value so that Sigma a
+three this actually has flipped a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this actually has flipped a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this actually has flipped a plus
+and a minus so that actually is Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus so that actually is Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus so that actually is Sigma 1
+p and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and this
+state is actually Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 okay everything is in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay everything is in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay everything is in place
+now we've just done math but uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've just done math but uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've just done math but uh now
+comes the physics Alice is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the physics Alice is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the physics Alice is going to
+measure in the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in the Bell
+space of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of A and
+C so these are the four basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so these are the four basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so these are the four basis
+States so she's going to measure in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so she's going to measure in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so she's going to measure in one
+of these basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis
+States and as she measures she falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and as she measures she falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and as she measures she falls in
+the wave function of her collapses into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function of her collapses into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function of her collapses into
+one of them so when she gets the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them so when she gets the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them so when she gets the zero
+basis State this light blinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis State this light blinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis State this light blinks
+if doing the measurement on AC because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if doing the measurement on AC because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if doing the measurement on AC because
+she has both particles A and C she gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has both particles A and C she gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has both particles A and C she gets
+this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis
+State recall the postulate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State recall the postulate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State recall the postulate of
+measurement light one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement light one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement light one
+blinks if she gets the third like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinks if she gets the third like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinks if she gets the third like two
+and the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth
+here suppose the state light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose the state light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose the state light
+zero shines well the state collapsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero shines well the state collapsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero shines well the state collapsed
+into this she is now sitting with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this she is now sitting with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this she is now sitting with this
+P0 AC that has no memory whatsoever of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P0 AC that has no memory whatsoever of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P0 AC that has no memory whatsoever of
+the original state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original state
+C but B is sitting with this state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but B is sitting with this state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but B is sitting with this state the
+state you wanted to teleport so if light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you wanted to teleport so if light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you wanted to teleport so if light
+zero shines she tells Bob Let It Go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero shines she tells Bob Let It Go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero shines she tells Bob Let It Go to
+machine zero where there's no magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine zero where there's no magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine zero where there's no magnetic
+field nothing so actually the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field nothing so actually the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field nothing so actually the same state
+goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+if she gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she gets
+si1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si1
+fi1 as the measured State again no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi1 as the measured State again no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi1 as the measured State again no
+memory in this state about Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in this state about Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in this state about Alpha and
+beta but Bob gets Sigma 1 51 so he puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but Bob gets Sigma 1 51 so he puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but Bob gets Sigma 1 51 so he puts
+it into the first hamiltonian for a p a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the first hamiltonian for a p a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the first hamiltonian for a p a
+second produces a sigma 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second produces a sigma 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second produces a sigma 1 this
+hamiltonian this box I takes a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this box I takes a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this box I takes a state
+into Sigma I state is a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Sigma I state is a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Sigma I state is a unitary
+operation so puts a sigma one and gets P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so puts a sigma one and gets P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so puts a sigma one and gets P
+if light two shines goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if light two shines goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if light two shines goes through the
+machine two with produces a sigma 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine two with produces a sigma 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine two with produces a sigma 2 and
+he gets the state light four shines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets the state light four shines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets the state light four shines the
+third hamiltonian he gets a state any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third hamiltonian he gets a state any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third hamiltonian he gets a state any of
+the four options he gets the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four options he gets the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four options he gets the precise
+state state has been teleported you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state state has been teleported you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state state has been teleported you
+needed to send only the information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to send only the information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to send only the information of
+which light shine and the state is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which light shine and the state is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which light shine and the state is on
+the other side of the ocean all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the ocean all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the ocean all right
+that's it for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S-UZTbRqjeo.txt b/S-UZTbRqjeo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b8528457ceba6ab0027b73e2f3be5828f40758f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S-UZTbRqjeo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's begin by creating a data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin by creating a data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin by creating a data frame
+called emails using the read dot CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called emails using the read dot CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called emails using the read dot CSV
+function and loading up energy bids dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and loading up energy bids dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and loading up energy bids dot
+CSV and as always in the text analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV and as always in the text analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV and as always in the text analytics
+week we're gonna pass strings as factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're gonna pass strings as factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we're gonna pass strings as factors
+equals false to this function so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals false to this function so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals false to this function so we can
+take a look at the structure of our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the structure of our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the structure of our new
+data frame using the STR function we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the STR function we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the STR function we can
+see that there are 855 observations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are 855 observations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are 855 observations this
+means we have 855 labelled emails in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have 855 labelled emails in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have 855 labelled emails in the
+data set and for each one we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and for each one we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and for each one we have the
+text of the email and whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of the email and whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of the email and whether or not
+it's responsive to our query about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responsive to our query about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responsive to our query about
+energy schedules and bits so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy schedules and bits so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy schedules and bits so let's take
+a look at a few example mails in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at a few example mails in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at a few example mails in the
+data set starting with the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set starting with the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set starting with the first one
+so the first email can be accessed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first email can be accessed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first email can be accessed with
+emails dollar sign email and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails dollar sign email and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails dollar sign email and we'll
+select the first one so while the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the first one so while the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the first one so while the output
+you get when you type this will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you type this will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you type this will just
+kind of depend on what operating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depend on what operating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depend on what operating system
+you're running on many of you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running on many of you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running on many of you will see
+what I'm displaying here which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm displaying here which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm displaying here which is a
+single line of text that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line of text that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line of text that we need to
+horizontally scroll to read through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally scroll to read through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally scroll to read through this
+is a pretty tough way to read a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty tough way to read a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty tough way to read a long
+piece of text so if you have this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of text so if you have this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of text so if you have this sort
+of display you can use the STR wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of display you can use the STR wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of display you can use the STR wrap
+function and pass it the long sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and pass it the long sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and pass it the long sprint
+string you want to print out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you want to print out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you want to print out in this
+case email is dollar sign email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case email is dollar sign email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case email is dollar sign email
+selecting the first one and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the first one and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the first one and now we can
+see that this is broken down our long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is broken down our long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is broken down our long
+string into multiple shorter lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string into multiple shorter lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string into multiple shorter lines that
+are much easier to read okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to read okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to read okay
+so let's take a look now at this email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look now at this email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look now at this email
+now that it's a lot easier to read we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's a lot easier to read we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's a lot easier to read we
+can see just by parsing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see just by parsing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see just by parsing through the
+first couple of lines that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of lines that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of lines that this is an
+email that's talking about a new working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email that's talking about a new working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email that's talking about a new working
+paper the environmental challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the environmental challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the environmental challenges and
+opportunities in the evolving North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in the evolving North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in the evolving North
+American electricity market is the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American electricity market is the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American electricity market is the name
+of the paper and it's being released by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper and it's being released by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper and it's being released by
+the Commission for environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Commission for environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Commission for environmental
+cooperation or CEC so while this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation or CEC so while this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation or CEC so while this
+certainly deals with electricity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly deals with electricity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly deals with electricity markets
+it doesn't have to do with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to do with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to do with energy
+schedules or bids so it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules or bids so it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules or bids so it is not
+responsive to our query so we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query so we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query so we can take a
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+the value in the responsive variable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in the responsive variable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in the responsive variable for
+this email using emails dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email using emails dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email using emails dollar sign
+responsive and selecting the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and selecting the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and selecting the first one
+and we have values zero there so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have values zero there so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have values zero there so let's
+take a look at the second email and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the second email and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the second email and our
+data set again I'm going to use the STR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set again I'm going to use the STR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set again I'm going to use the STR
+wrap function I'm going to pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap function I'm going to pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap function I'm going to pass it
+emails dollar sign email now selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails dollar sign email now selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails dollar sign email now selecting
+the second one and kind of scrolling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one and kind of scrolling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one and kind of scrolling up
+to the top here we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top here we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top here we can see that the
+original message is actually very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original message is actually very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original message is actually very short
+it just says fYI for your information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says fYI for your information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just says fYI for your information
+and most of it is a forwarded message so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of it is a forwarded message so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of it is a forwarded message so
+we have all the people who originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the people who originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the people who originally
+receive the message and then down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the message and then down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the message and then down at the
+very bottom is the message itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bottom is the message itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bottom is the message itself
+attached as my report prepared on behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached as my report prepared on behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached as my report prepared on behalf
+of the California State Auditor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the California State Auditor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the California State Auditor and
+there's an attached report see a report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an attached report see a report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an attached report see a report
+new dot PDF now our dataset contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dot PDF now our dataset contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dot PDF now our dataset contains
+just the text of the emails and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the text of the emails and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the text of the emails and not the
+text of the attachments but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of the attachments but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of the attachments but it turns out
+as we might expect that this attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we might expect that this attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we might expect that this attachment
+had to do it and runs electricity bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do it and runs electricity bids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do it and runs electricity bids
+in California and therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California and therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California and therefore is
+responsive to our query and we can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query and we can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query and we can check
+this in the responsive variable emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the responsive variable emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the responsive variable emails
+dollar sign responsive selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive selecting the
+second value and we see that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value and we see that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second value and we see that that's a
+one so now let's look at the breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now let's look at the breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now let's look at the breakdown
+of the number of emails that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of emails that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of emails that are
+responsive to our query using the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query using the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to our query using the table
+function we're gonna pass it emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're gonna pass it emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're gonna pass it emails
+responsive and as we can see the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and as we can see the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and as we can see the data
+set is unbalanced with a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is unbalanced with a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is unbalanced with a relatively
+small proportion of emails responsive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small proportion of emails responsive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small proportion of emails responsive to
+the query and this is typical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query and this is typical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query and this is typical in
+predictive coding problems
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S-_PFdnImLM.txt b/S-_PFdnImLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a587cd0f2685ddb97cb108c7d84ff38ac36fedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S-_PFdnImLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's get started so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's get started so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's get started so last time we
+talked about and the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and the one-dimensional
+wave equation which is a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation which is a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation which is a second order
+partial differential equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation this is
+not a math course ok if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a math course ok if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a math course ok if you have a
+second order differential equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation there
+will be two linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two linearly independent
+solutions to it and that's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to it and that's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to it and that's important to
+remember now there are three steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now there are three steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now there are three steps that
+we use in approaching a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in approaching a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in approaching a problem like
+this does anybody want to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does anybody want to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does anybody want to tell me what
+those three steps are yes ok that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three steps are yes ok that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three steps are yes ok that's
+that's most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most of it
+you want to solve the general equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve the general equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve the general equation
+and one way to solve the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to solve the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to solve the general
+equation is to try to separate variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to try to separate variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to try to separate variables
+always you want the separate variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you want the separate variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you want the separate variables
+even even if it's not quite legal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even if it's not quite legal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even if it's not quite legal you
+want to you want to find a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you want to find a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you want to find a way to do
+that because that breaks the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that breaks the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that breaks the problem
+down in a very useful way so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a very useful way so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a very useful way so the first
+step is the general solution and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is the general solution and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is the general solution and it
+involves trying something like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves trying something like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves trying something like something
+like this where we say U of X empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where we say U of X empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where we say U of X empty
+there's going to be treated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be treated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be treated in the
+separable form if it doesn't work you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable form if it doesn't work you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable form if it doesn't work you're
+going to get 0 you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 0 you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 0 you're going to get
+the solution the only solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the only solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the only solution with
+separated variables is no no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated variables is no no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated variables is no no nothing
+happening and so that's unfortunate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so that's unfortunate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so that's unfortunate if
+you do work and you get nothing for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do work and you get nothing for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do work and you get nothing for it
+but life is complicated so then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but life is complicated so then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but life is complicated so then after
+you do the general solution what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the general solution what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the general solution what's next
+yes yes now if it's a second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes now if it's a second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes now if it's a second-order
+differential equation you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you're going to
+need two boundary conditions and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two boundary conditions and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two boundary conditions and when
+you impose two boundary conditions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you impose two boundary conditions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you impose two boundary conditions the
+the second one gives some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one gives some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one gives some sort of
+quantization it makes the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization it makes the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization it makes the solutions
+discrete or that there is a discrete set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or that there is a discrete set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete or that there is a discrete set
+rather than a continuous set the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a continuous set the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a continuous set the general
+solution is more or less continuous okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is more or less continuous okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is more or less continuous okay
+or the continuous possibilities so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the continuous possibilities so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the continuous possibilities so we
+have now the boundary conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now the boundary conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now the boundary conditions and
+that gives us something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us something that we can
+start to visualize so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to visualize so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to visualize so what are the
+important things that you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that you if you're
+going to be drawing pictures rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be drawing pictures rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be drawing pictures rather than
+ask actually plotting some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask actually plotting some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask actually plotting some complicated
+mathematical function what are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical function what are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical function what are the first
+questions you ask yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you ask yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you ask yes
+okay yes if the problem has symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes if the problem has symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes if the problem has symmetry the
+solutions will have symmetry and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions will have symmetry and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions will have symmetry and but
+there's more I want another my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the initial condition is is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition is is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition is is really the
+next thing I'm going to ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I'm going to ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I'm going to ask you about
+okay and that's called the pluck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called the pluck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's called the pluck and
+will but this is you're right on target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but this is you're right on target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but this is you're right on target
+but now if you're going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you're going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you're going to draw a
+picture the best thing you want to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the best thing you want to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the best thing you want to do to
+draw a picture is have it not move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture is have it not move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture is have it not move so
+you want to you want to look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you want to look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you want to look at the the
+thing in position and and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in position and and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in position and and what are the
+things about the position function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the position function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the position function that
+you can immediately figure out and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately figure out and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately figure out and use
+in drawing a a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many nodes and where are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many nodes and where are they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many nodes and where are they are
+they equally spaced and that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equally spaced and that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equally spaced and that's the most
+important thing in drawing a picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing in drawing a picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing in drawing a picture the
+number of zero crossings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zero crossings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of zero crossings that
+wavefunction has and how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction has and how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction has and how are they
+distributed their spacing of nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed their spacing of nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed their spacing of nodes is
+half the wavelength and the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the wavelength and the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the wavelength and the wavelength
+is related to momentum and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to momentum and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to momentum and so I'm
+jumping into quantum mechanics but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into quantum mechanics but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into quantum mechanics but it's
+it's still valid for understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid for understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid for understanding the
+wave equations so we want the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations so we want the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations so we want the number of
+nodes for each specific for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes for each specific for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes for each specific for each
+specific solution set in satisfying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific solution set in satisfying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific solution set in satisfying the
+boundary conditions and the spacing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and the spacing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and the spacing and
+the loops between nodes are they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops between nodes are they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops between nodes are they all
+identical is there some systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical is there some systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical is there some systematic
+variation in the magnitude of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the magnitude of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the magnitude of each of
+the loops between nodes because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops between nodes because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loops between nodes because if you
+have just a qualitative sense for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a qualitative sense for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a qualitative sense for how
+this works you can draw the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works you can draw the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works you can draw the wave
+function and you can begin to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you can begin to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you can begin to make
+conclusions about it so but then no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about it so but then no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about it so but then no it
+all starts with nodes those are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all starts with nodes those are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all starts with nodes those are really
+important and quantum mechanics the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and quantum mechanics the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and quantum mechanics the wave
+functions have nodes it's that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have nodes it's that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have nodes it's that you can't
+do better than focus on know okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than focus on know okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than focus on know okay and
+then I like to call it the pluck but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I like to call it the pluck but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I like to call it the pluck but
+it's a superposition of eigenstates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of eigenstates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of eigenstates and
+those super positions for this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those super positions for this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those super positions for this product
+problem can move and and so missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can move and and so missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can move and and so missing a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+anyway and so you want to know how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and so you want to know how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and so you want to know how does
+what is the kind of motion that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the kind of motion that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the kind of motion that this
+thing can have and so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can have and so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can have and so one of the things
+that this is really the three steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really the three steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really the three steps you
+go through in order to make a picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through in order to make a picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through in order to make a picture in
+which you hang up your insights and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you hang up your insights and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you hang up your insights and so
+if there's one state or two states one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one state or two states one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one state or two states one
+state it's just going to be standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's just going to be standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's just going to be standing
+waves two states is all the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves two states is all the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves two states is all the complexity
+you're ever going to need and if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to need and if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to need and if two
+states have different frequencies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have different frequencies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have different frequencies there
+will be motion and the motion can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be motion and the motion can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be motion and the motion can be
+side-to-side motion or sort of breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-to-side motion or sort of breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-to-side motion or sort of breathing
+motion where amplitude moves in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion where amplitude moves in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion where amplitude moves in from the
+the turning point region to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point region to the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point region to the middle
+and back out again and so you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back out again and so you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back out again and so you can be
+able to classify what you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify what you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify what you can understand
+and into into it and to imagine doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into into it and to imagine doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into into it and to imagine doing
+experiments based on this simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on this simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on this simplified
+version of the flux okay and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the flux okay and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the flux okay and in my
+opinion the most important thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion the most important thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion the most important thing you can
+do as a professional quantum machinist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a professional quantum machinist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a professional quantum machinist
+and in preparation for exams is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in preparation for exams is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in preparation for exams is to be
+able to draw these cartoons quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw these cartoons quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw these cartoons quickly
+really quickly that means you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly that means you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly that means you have to
+think about them in advance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this recipe is how you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this recipe is how you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this recipe is how you're going
+to understand quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand quantum mechanical
+problems - and this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems - and this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems - and this differential
+equation is actually a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually a little more
+complicated than the first view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the first view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the first view that
+we're going to encounter because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to encounter because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to encounter because the
+first few problems are going to face are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few problems are going to face are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few problems are going to face are
+not time-dependent there may still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not time-dependent there may still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not time-dependent there may still be a
+separation of variables situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variables situation and
+get it in imposing boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in imposing boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in imposing boundary conditions
+and so on but there's no motion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but there's no motion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but there's no motion but
+eventually we'll get motion because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get motion because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get motion because our
+real world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world has
+and quantum mechanics has to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics has to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics has to reproduce
+everything that our real world does okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that our real world does okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that our real world does okay
+so we're gonna begin quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna begin quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna begin quantum mechanics
+and first of all I will say describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first of all I will say describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first of all I will say describe
+some of the rules we have to obey in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rules we have to obey in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rules we have to obey in
+building a quantum mechanical picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a quantum mechanical picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a quantum mechanical picture
+and then I'll approach two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll approach two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll approach two of the
+easiest problems the free particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest problems the free particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest problems the free particle and
+the particle in an infinite box okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it we have a one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it we have a one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it we have a one dimensional
+Schrodinger equation and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and the one
+dimensional Schrodinger equation looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Schrodinger equation looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Schrodinger equation looks
+like the wave equation and why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wave equation and why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wave equation and why because
+we have the waves interfere with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the waves interfere with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the waves interfere with each
+another we can have constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we can have constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we can have constructive and
+destructive interference almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference almost
+everything that is wonderful and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is wonderful and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is wonderful and about
+quantum mechanics is the solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is the solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is the solutions to
+this shorter equation also exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shorter equation also exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shorter equation also exhibit
+constructive and destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and destructive
+interference and that essential to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and that essential to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and that essential to our
+understanding of how quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how quantum mechanics
+describes the world the next thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the world the next thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the world the next thing I
+want to do is talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is talk a little bit about
+postulants now I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulants now I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulants now I'm going to be
+introducing the quantum mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the quantum mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the quantum mechanic
+postulates as we need them as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates as we need them as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates as we need them as opposed to
+just a dry lecture of these strange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a dry lecture of these strange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a dry lecture of these strange and
+wonderful things before we're ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things before we're ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things before we're ready for
+them but a postulate is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but a postulate is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but a postulate is something that
+can't be proven right it can be proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be proven right it can be proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be proven right it can be proven
+wrong and we build a system of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and we build a system of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and we build a system of logic
+based on these postulates now one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these postulates now one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these postulates now one of the
+great experiences in my life was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experiences in my life was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great experiences in my life was one
+time when I visited the Exploratorium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I visited the Exploratorium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I visited the Exploratorium in
+San Francisco where there are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco where there are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco where there are rather
+crew or at least when I visited it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew or at least when I visited it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew or at least when I visited it
+almost 50 years ago there were rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years ago there were rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 50 years ago there were rather
+crude interactive experiments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude interactive experiments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude interactive experiments where
+people can turn knobs and push buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can turn knobs and push buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can turn knobs and push buttons
+and make things happen and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make things happen and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make things happen and the most
+wonderful thing was really young kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing was really young kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing was really young kids
+trying to break these exhibits and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to break these exhibits and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to break these exhibits and what
+they did is by trying to break them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is by trying to break them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is by trying to break them they
+discovered patterns some of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered patterns some of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered patterns some of them and
+that's what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do we're
+going to try to break or think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to break or think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to break or think about
+breaking postulates and and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking postulates and and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking postulates and and then see
+what we learned okay so let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have operators in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we didn't denote them either with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't denote them either with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't denote them either with a
+hat or as a boldface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat or as a boldface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat or as a boldface
+object we start using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we start using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we start using this kind of
+notation when we do matrix mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation when we do matrix mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation when we do matrix mechanics
+which we will do but this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will do but this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will do but this is just the
+general symbol for an operator and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general symbol for an operator and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general symbol for an operator and an
+operator operates on a function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operates on a function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operates on a function and
+gives a different function it operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a different function it operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a different function it operates
+to the right or at least we we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or at least we we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or at least we we like to
+think about it as operating to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as operating to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as operating to the right
+if we let it operate to the left we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we let it operate to the left we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we let it operate to the left we have
+to figure out what the rules are and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the rules are and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the rules are and I'm
+not ready to tell you about that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready to tell you about that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ready to tell you about that so this
+operator has to be linear and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator has to be linear and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator has to be linear and so if we
+have a function an operator operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function an operator operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function an operator operating on
+a function a F plus B G it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function a F plus B G it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function a F plus B G it has to do
+this now you'd think well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now you'd think well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now you'd think well that's pretty
+pretty simple anything should do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple anything should do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple anything should do that so
+taking the derivative does that doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative does that doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative does that doing an
+integral does that but taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral does that but taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral does that but taking this
+square root doesn't so taking the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root doesn't so taking the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root doesn't so taking the square
+root an operator it says take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root an operator it says take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root an operator it says take the square
+root well that's not a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root well that's not a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root well that's not a linear operator
+now the only operators in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only operators in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only operators in quantum
+mechanics are linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have eigenvalue equations so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have eigenvalue equations so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have eigenvalue equations so we
+have an operator operating on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator operating on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operator operating on some
+function it gives a number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it gives a number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it gives a number in the
+function back again this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back again this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back again this is called the
+eigenvalue and this is the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and this is the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and this is the eigen
+function yes oh oh it's just sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes oh oh it's just sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yes oh oh it's just sorry about
+that I'm good I'm gonna make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm good I'm gonna make mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm good I'm gonna make mistakes
+like this and the TAS are going to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the TAS are going to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the TAS are going to catch
+me on it you're gonna do it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on it you're gonna do it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on it you're gonna do it too
+okay all right so now here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now here we have an
+operator operating on some function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operating on some function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operating on some function and
+this function is special because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is special because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is special because when
+the operator operates on it it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator operates on it it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator operates on it it returns
+the function times a number the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function times a number the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function times a number the eigen
+value and the eigen function we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the eigen function we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the eigen function we like
+these almost all of quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these almost all of quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these almost all of quantum mechanics is
+expressed in terms of eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of eigen value
+equations operators in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations operators in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations operators in quantum mechanics
+so for every physical quantity in non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every physical quantity in non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for every physical quantity in non
+quantum mechanical life there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical life there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical life there
+corresponds an operator in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds an operator in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds an operator in quantum
+mechanics so for the coordinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so for the coordinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so for the coordinate the
+operator is just the coordinate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is just the coordinate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is just the coordinate for the
+momentum the operator is minus IH bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the operator is minus IH bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the operator is minus IH bar
+partial with respect to X or derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to X or derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to X or derivative
+with respect to X now this is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X now this is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X now this is not too
+surprising but this is really puzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but this is really puzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising but this is really puzzling
+because why is there an imaginary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is there an imaginary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is there an imaginary number
+well this is the square root of -1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the square root of -1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the square root of -1 which
+we call I why is that there and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call I why is that there and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call I why is that there and why is
+the the operator a derivative rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator a derivative rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the operator a derivative rather
+than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just
+simple thing okay another operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing okay another operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing okay another operator is
+the kinetic energy and the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy and the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy and the kinetic
+energy is feast bird or 2m and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is feast bird or 2m and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is feast bird or 2m and and so
+that comes out to be minus H bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out to be minus H bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out to be minus H bar squared
+over 2m partial with respect second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m partial with respect second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m partial with respect second
+partial with respect to X so this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to X so this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to X so this well
+it's nice though I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice though I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice though I don't have to
+memorize this because I can just square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize this because I can just square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize this because I can just square
+this and this pops out but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this pops out but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this pops out but you have to
+be aware of how to operate with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of how to operate with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of how to operate with complex
+and imaginary numbers and there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary numbers and there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary numbers and there are so
+many exercises on the problem set so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many exercises on the problem set so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many exercises on the problem set so you
+should use it should it be up to date on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use it should it be up to date on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use it should it be up to date on
+that and now the potential is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now the potential is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now the potential is just the
+potential and now the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and now the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and now the most important
+operator at least when we start out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator at least when we start out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator at least when we start out is
+the Hamiltonian which is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian which is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian which is the operator
+that corresponds to energy and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to energy and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to energy and that is
+kinetic energy plus potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus potential energy
+this is called the Hamiltonian and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Hamiltonian and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Hamiltonian and we're
+going to be focusing a lot on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing a lot on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing a lot on that so
+these are the operators you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the operators you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the operators you're going to
+care about the next thing we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the next thing we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the next thing we talk about
+is commutation rules or commutator z'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commutation rules or commutator z'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commutation rules or commutator z'
+and one really important commutator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one really important commutator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one really important commutator is
+the commutator of the coordinate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutator of the coordinate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commutator of the coordinate with
+the conjugate momentum conjugate meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate momentum conjugate meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate momentum conjugate meaning
+in the same direction and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction and that is
+defined as XP minus P X and the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as XP minus P X and the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as XP minus P X and the obvious
+thing is that this commutator should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this commutator should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this commutator should be
+zero why does it matter which order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why does it matter which order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why does it matter which order you
+write things but it doesn't matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things but it doesn't matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things but it doesn't matter and
+in fact one approach to quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one approach to quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one approach to quantum
+mechanics is to start not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is to start not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is to start not with the
+postulates that you normally deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates that you normally deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates that you normally deal with
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+of commutation rules and everything can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commutation rules and everything can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commutation rules and everything can
+be derived from the commutation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derived from the commutation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derived from the commutation rules
+it's a much more abstract approach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more abstract approach but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much more abstract approach but
+it's a very powerful approach so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful approach so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful approach so this
+commutator is not 0 and how do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is not 0 and how do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is not 0 and how do you find
+out what a commutator is well you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a commutator is well you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a commutator is well you do an
+X P minus P X operate on some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X P minus P X operate on some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X P minus P X operate on some function
+and you find out and you could do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out and you could do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out and you could do that I
+could do that but the commutator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but the commutator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but the commutator is
+going to be equal to I h-bar now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to I h-bar now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to I h-bar now there's
+a little bit of trickiness because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of trickiness because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of trickiness because the
+commutator XP is IH bar and px is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator XP is IH bar and px is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator XP is IH bar and px is minus
+IH bar and so I don't recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar and so I don't recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar and so I don't recommend
+memorizing it I recommend being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing it I recommend being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing it I recommend being able to
+do this operation at the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this operation at the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this operation at the speed of light
+so you know whether it's plus IH bar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know whether it's plus IH bar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know whether it's plus IH bar or
+minus IH bar because you can get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar because you can get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar because you can get into a
+whole lot of trouble if you get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of trouble if you get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of trouble if you get it wrong
+okay so this is really where it it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really where it it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really where it it all
+begins and this is why you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and this is why you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and this is why you can't make
+simultaneously precise measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously precise measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously precise measurements of
+position and momentum and lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum and lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and momentum and lots of other
+good things ok and then we have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things ok and then we have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things ok and then we have wave
+functions so wave function for a 1d time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so wave function for a 1d time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so wave function for a 1d time
+independent Hamiltonian is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian is a function of
+one variable and it contains everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable and it contains everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable and it contains everything
+we could possibly know about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could possibly know about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could possibly know about the system
+but the strange and wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the strange and wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the strange and wonderful thing
+which leads to all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to all sorts of
+philosophical debates is that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical debates is that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical debates is that this guy
+which contains everything that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains everything that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains everything that we can
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+can never be exactly directly measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be exactly directly measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be exactly directly measured
+you can only measure what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only measure what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only measure what happens when
+you act on something with a given wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act on something with a given wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act on something with a given wave
+function you cannot observe the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you cannot observe the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you cannot observe the wave
+function and for a subject where area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for a subject where area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for a subject where area
+where the central thing is unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central thing is unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central thing is unobservable
+is rather spooky and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather spooky and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather spooky and a lot of people
+don't like that approach because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that approach because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that approach because it says
+we've got this thing that we're relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this thing that we're relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this thing that we're relying
+on but we can't observe it we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we can't observe it we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we can't observe it we can really
+observe what we do when we act on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what we do when we act on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what we do when we act on it and
+usually the action is destructive its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the action is destructive its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the action is destructive its
+destructive of the state of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive of the state of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive of the state of the system
+it causes the state of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes the state of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes the state of the system to
+give you a set of possible answers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a set of possible answers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a set of possible answers and
+not the same thing each time so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing each time so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing each time so it's
+really weird so we have wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird so we have wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird so we have wave functions
+and we can use the wave function say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use the wave function say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use the wave function say to
+find the probability of the system and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of the system and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability of the system and X
+within a with it with a range of X X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a with it with a range of X X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a with it with a range of X X to
+X plus DX and that's psystar so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus DX and that's psystar so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus DX and that's psystar so you
+notice we have two wave fronts it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice we have two wave fronts it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice we have two wave fronts it's a
+product of two and this star means takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two and this star means takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two and this star means takes
+a complex conjugate so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex conjugate so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex conjugate so if you have a
+complex number Z is equal to X plus iy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number Z is equal to X plus iy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number Z is equal to X plus iy
+real part imaginary part and if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part imaginary part and if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part imaginary part and if we take
+Z star that's X minus iy so these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z star that's X minus iy so these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z star that's X minus iy so these wave
+functions are complex functions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are complex functions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are complex functions of a
+real variable and so we we do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variable and so we we do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variable and so we we do things
+like take the complex conjugate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take the complex conjugate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take the complex conjugate and you
+have to become familiar with that now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to become familiar with that now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to become familiar with that now we
+have what we call the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the average value and we denote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the average value and we denote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the average value and we denote this
+as a so for the state functions I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a so for the state functions I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a so for the state functions I we
+want the average value of the operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the average value of the operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the average value of the operator a
+now in most life that symbol is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in most life that symbol is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in most life that symbol is is
+excluded is not included just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded is not included just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded is not included just because
+people assume you know what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assume you know what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assume you know what you're doing
+and this is Phi star a hat sigh the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Phi star a hat sigh the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is Phi star a hat sigh the x
+over sigh that's I star sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sigh that's I star sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sigh that's I star sorry
+the X and this is integral from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and this is integral from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and this is integral from minus
+infinity to infinity so this down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity so this down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity so this down here
+is a normalization integral now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalization integral now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normalization integral now we
+normally deal with functions with estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally deal with functions with estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally deal with functions with estate
+functions which are normalized to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are normalized to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are normalized to one
+meaning the particle is somewhere but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the particle is somewhere but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the particle is somewhere but if
+the particle can go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle can go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle can go anywhere
+then normalization to one means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalization to one means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalization to one means it's
+approximately nowhere and so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately nowhere and so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately nowhere and so we have to
+think a little bit about what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about what do we mean
+by normalization but this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by normalization but this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by normalization but this is how we
+define the average value or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the average value or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the average value or the
+expectation value of the quantity a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the quantity a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the quantity a for
+the state sigh okay so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state sigh okay so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state sigh okay so this is just a
+little bit of a warning that yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a warning that yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a warning that yeah well
+you would think this is all you need but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think this is all you need but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think this is all you need but
+you also need to at least think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need to at least think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need to at least think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's great I'm at the top of a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I'm at the top of a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I'm at the top of a board
+and we're not at the beginning so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not at the beginning so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not at the beginning so the
+Schrodinger equation is the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation is the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation is the last thing
+and that's the hamiltonian operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the hamiltonian operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the hamiltonian operating on
+the function and gives an energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and gives an energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and gives an energy and
+that function and if it's an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function and if it's an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function and if it's an eigenvalue
+then we have this eigenvalue equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this eigenvalue equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this eigenvalue equation we
+have these symbols here so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these symbols here so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these symbols here so that's the
+energy associated with the siam function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're ready to start playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to start playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to start playing
+games with this strange new world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with this strange new world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with this strange new world and so
+let's start out with the free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now because the free particle has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the free particle has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the free particle has a
+complicated feature about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated feature about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated feature about how do we
+normalize it it really shouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it it really shouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it it really shouldn't be the
+first thing we talk about but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we talk about but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we talk about but it seems
+like the simplest problem so we will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the simplest problem so we will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the simplest problem so we will so
+what's the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian
+is the kinetic energy minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic energy minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic energy minus H bar
+squared over 2m second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m second derivative with
+respect to X plus the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X plus the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X plus the potential energy
+be zero free particle the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero free particle the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero free particle the potential is
+constant we normally think of it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we normally think of it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we normally think of it as the
+potential is zero but there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero but there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero but there is no
+absolute scale of zero of energy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute scale of zero of energy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute scale of zero of energy so we
+just need to specify this okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to specify this okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to specify this okay and so we
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the Schrodinger equation
+and we want to arrange it in a form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to arrange it in a form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to arrange it in a form that
+is easy to solve there's two steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to solve there's two steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy to solve there's two steps of
+the rearrangement and I'm just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rearrangement and I'm just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rearrangement and I'm just just
+write the final so the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the final so the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the final so the second derivative
+of sy is equal to minus 2m over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sy is equal to minus 2m over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sy is equal to minus 2m over H bar
+square times e minus v-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the differential equation
+that we have to solve so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to solve so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to solve so there was a
+little bit of rearrangement here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rearrangement here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rearrangement here but you
+can do that so the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that so the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that so the second derivative of
+some function is equal to some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function is equal to some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function is equal to some constant
+times that function we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that function we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that function we've seen that
+problem before it makes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before it makes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before it makes a lot of
+difference whether that constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference whether that constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference whether that constant is
+positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+and it better because if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it better because if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it better because if we have a
+potential v-0 and we have an energy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential v-0 and we have an energy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential v-0 and we have an energy up
+here well that's perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that's perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that's perfectly reasonable
+the particle can be there classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle can be there classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle can be there classically
+but suppose the energies down here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose the energies down here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose the energies down here if
+the the zero of energy is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero of energy is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero of energy is here
+you can't go below it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go below it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go below it that's a
+classically forbidden situation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden situation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden situation and so
+for the classically allowed situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classically allowed situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classically allowed situation
+the quantity this constant is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the classically forbidden situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classically forbidden situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classically forbidden situation
+this constant is positive you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant is positive you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant is positive you've already
+seen the big difference in the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the big difference in the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the big difference in the way a
+second second derivative this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second derivative this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second derivative this kind of
+equation works when the constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works when the constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works when the constant is
+positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when this constant is negative you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this constant is negative you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this constant is negative you get
+oscillation when this constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation when this constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation when this constant is
+positive you get exponential now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you get exponential now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you get exponential now
+we're interested in a free particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free particle it can be anywhere and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle it can be anywhere and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle it can be anywhere and we
+insist that the solution to our quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that the solution to our quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that the solution to our quantum
+Attica for a quantum mechanical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attica for a quantum mechanical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attica for a quantum mechanical problem
+the wave function is but we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is but we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is but we say well
+behaved so well behaved as many meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved so well behaved as many meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved so well behaved as many meaning
+the one of them is it never goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of them is it never goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of them is it never goes to
+infinity another is that when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity another is that when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity another is that when you go to
+infinity the wave function should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the wave function should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the wave function should go to
+zero but there's also things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but there's also things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but there's also things about
+continuity and continuity of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and continuity of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and continuity of first
+derivatives and continuity of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and continuity of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and continuity of second
+derivatives we'll get into those but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we'll get into those but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we'll get into those but you
+know immediately that if this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately that if this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know immediately that if this constant
+is positive you get an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive you get an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive you get an exponential
+behavior and you get the e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you get the e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you get the e to the ikx
+and each of them I'm not I can't e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them I'm not I can't e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them I'm not I can't e to
+the KX n even the minus KX and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KX n even the minus KX and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KX n even the minus KX and one of
+those blows up at either positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blows up at either positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blows up at either positive
+infinity or negative infinity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or negative infinity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or negative infinity so it's
+telling you that in in agreement whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that in in agreement whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that in in agreement whether
+you expect for real for the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect for real for the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect for real for the classical
+world an energy below the minimum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world an energy below the minimum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world an energy below the minimum that
+below the constant potential is illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the constant potential is illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the constant potential is illegal
+it's illegal when you the this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illegal when you the this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illegal when you the this situation
+persists to infinity but we'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists to infinity but we'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists to infinity but we'll discover
+that it is legal if the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is legal if the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is legal if the range of
+coordinate at which for which the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate at which for which the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate at which for which the the
+energy is less than the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less than the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less than the potential is
+finite and that's called tunneling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and that's called tunneling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and that's called tunneling and
+tunneling is a quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling is a quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling is a quantum mechanical
+phenomenon we will encounter that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we will encounter that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we will encounter that okay
+so we know from our experience with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know from our experience with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know from our experience with this
+kind of differential equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential equation the
+the solutions will have the form sine KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions will have the form sine KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions will have the form sine KX
+and cosine KX but we choose to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine KX but we choose to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine KX but we choose to use
+instead eetu the I KX and e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead eetu the I KX and e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead eetu the I KX and e to the minus
+I K X because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine KX is one half e to the ikx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX is one half e to the ikx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX is one half e to the ikx plus
+e to the minus ikx and so we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus ikx and so we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus ikx and so we can we can
+use these functions because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these functions because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these functions because they're more
+convenient more memorable all the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient more memorable all the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient more memorable all the inter
+integrals and derivatives are trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and derivatives are trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and derivatives are trivial
+and so we do that so the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do that so the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do that so the differential
+equation and we we saw before that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we we saw before that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we we saw before that we
+already have what K is so minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have what K is so minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have what K is so minus K
+squared is minus 2m r h-bar squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is minus 2m r h-bar squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is minus 2m r h-bar squared
+minus 3 M over H bar squared 0 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we take the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take the derivative of this
+function and this is the function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is the function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is the function and
+this is the eigenvalue right we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the eigenvalue right we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the eigenvalue right we take the
+second derivative with respect to X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative with respect to X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative with respect to X we
+get an I K from this term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an I K from this term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an I K from this term and then
+another I K which makes minus K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I K which makes minus K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I K which makes minus K squared
+and we get a minus I K and another minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a minus I K and another minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a minus I K and another minus
+I K and that gives a a minus K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K and that gives a a minus K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I K and that gives a a minus K squared
+and so in fact this is the and eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact this is the and eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact this is the and eigen
+value equation we have the form where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equation we have the form where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equation we have the form where
+the this this equation is an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this equation is an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this this equation is an eigen
+function of this where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this where you have
+everything so the energies for the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the energies for the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the energies for the free
+particle H bar okay over h-bar K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle H bar okay over h-bar K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle H bar okay over h-bar K squared
+over 2m plus b0 so this is an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m plus b0 so this is an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m plus b0 so this is an eigen
+function and these are the I this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these are the I this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these are the I this is the
+eigen value associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value associated with that
+function we've done that was an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we've done that was an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we've done that was an easy
+problem I skipped some steps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I skipped some steps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I skipped some steps because
+it's an easy problem and I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easy problem and I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easy problem and I want you to
+to go over it and make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it and make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it and make sure that you
+understand the logic and I can come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic and I can come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic and I can come out
+come to the same okay let's let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the same okay let's let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the same okay let's let's take a
+little side issue suppose we have e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side issue suppose we have e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side issue suppose we have e to
+the I Phi of X is a to the I KX well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Phi of X is a to the I KX well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Phi of X is a to the I KX well
+we're going to find that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find that this is an
+eigen function of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the eigen value or the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigen value or the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigen value or the expectation
+value of P is H bar J and if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P is H bar J and if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P is H bar J and if we had
+minus e to the minus ikx then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus ikx then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus ikx then what we
+get is minus H Bar K so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is minus H Bar K so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is minus H Bar K so we have this
+relationship between P expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between P expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between P expectation value
+and H Bar K and so this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H Bar K and so this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H Bar K and so this corresponds to
+the particle going to positive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle going to positive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle going to positive in the
+positive x direction and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x direction and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x direction and this
+corresponds to the particle going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the particle going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the particle going in the
+negative x direction everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x direction everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x direction everything is
+perfectly reasonable we you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable we you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable we you know we have
+solutions to the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the Schrodinger equation
+for the free particle the solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free particle the solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free particle the solutions to
+the free particle are also solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free particle are also solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free particle are also solutions to
+the eigenvalue equation for momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue equation for momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue equation for momentum and
+the two possible eigenvalues for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two possible eigenvalues for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two possible eigenvalues for a given
+K our plus h-bar K minus is Jorge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's fine so everything works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine so everything works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine so everything works out
+we're getting things although we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting things although we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting things although we have
+the definition of the momentum having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the momentum having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the momentum having a
+minus 1 I asked an AI factor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 I asked an AI factor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 I asked an AI factor and a
+different a derivative factor everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a derivative factor everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a derivative factor everything
+works everything is as you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works everything is as you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works everything is as you would expect
+and the solution the general solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution the general solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution the general solution to
+the Schrodinger equation can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation can have two
+different values the the superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values the the superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values the the superposition
+of these two okay right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this wave function is to localize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function is to localize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function is to localize
+overall space now if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall space now if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall space now if we want to
+normalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it
+we'd like to calculate integral minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to calculate integral minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to calculate integral minus
+infinity to infinity of psy star thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of psy star thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of psy star thanks
+sigh X Y X this is why we like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh X Y X this is why we like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh X Y X this is why we like this
+notation because suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because suppose we have a
+function like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this
+psy star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psy star
+well actually like this psy star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually like this psy star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually like this psy star is
+equal to a star e to the minus I ok X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a star e to the minus I ok X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a star e to the minus I ok X
+plus B star e to the ikx and psy is a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B star e to the ikx and psy is a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B star e to the ikx and psy is a e
+to the plus ikx must be e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus ikx must be e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus ikx must be e to the minus
+ikx and so when we write this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx and so when we write this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx and so when we write this integral
+what we get is integral of sigh star by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is integral of sigh star by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is integral of sigh star by
+DX is equal to a squared integral minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to a squared integral minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to a squared integral minus
+infinity to infinity of a squared plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of a squared plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of a squared plus B
+squared Y X so we have two constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y X so we have two constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Y X so we have two constants
+which are real numbers because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are real numbers because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are real numbers because their
+square modulus they're additive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus they're additive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus they're additive and
+we're integrating this constant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating this constant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating this constant from
+minus infinity to infinity well get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity well get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity well get
+infinity we can't make this equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have sort of put this in our head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sort of put this in our head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sort of put this in our head
+and say well there's a problem when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well there's a problem when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well there's a problem when you
+have a wave function that extends over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function that extends over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function that extends over
+all space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space
+it can't be normalized to one but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be normalized to one but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be normalized to one but it can
+be normalized so that for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalized so that for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normalized so that for a given
+distance in real space it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in real space it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in real space it's got a
+probability of 1 in that distance so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 in that distance so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of 1 in that distance so we
+have a different form of normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different form of normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different form of normalization
+but when we actually calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we actually calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we actually calculate
+expectation values we can still use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values we can still use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values we can still use this
+naive idea of the normalization integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive idea of the normalization integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive idea of the normalization integral
+and we get the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get the right answer
+even though because both the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though because both the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though because both the numerator
+and the denominator go to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator go to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator go to infinity and
+those infinities cancel and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those infinities cancel and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those infinities cancel and everything
+works out this is why we don't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out this is why we don't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out this is why we don't do this
+first usually because there's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first usually because there's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first usually because there's all of
+these things that you have to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you have to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you have to convince
+yourself for ok and they are and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for ok and they are and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for ok and they are and you
+should but now let's go to the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should but now let's go to the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should but now let's go to the famous
+particle in a box it's no it's so famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box it's no it's so famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box it's no it's so famous
+that we we always use this notation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we always use this notation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we always use this notation this
+is particle in an infinite box and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particle in an infinite box and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particle in an infinite box and that
+means the particle is in a box like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the particle is in a box like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the particle is in a box like this
+where the walls go to infinity and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the walls go to infinity and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the walls go to infinity and so we
+we normally locate this box at a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally locate this box at a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally locate this box at a place
+where this is the x-coordinate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the x-coordinate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the x-coordinate and the
+width of the box is a and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the box is a and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the box is a and and we
+normally put the left edge of the box at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally put the left edge of the box at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally put the left edge of the box at
+0 because that problem is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because that problem is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 because that problem is a little
+easier to solve than the more logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve than the more logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve than the more logical
+thing where are you saying okay this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where are you saying okay this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where are you saying okay this box
+is centered about zero and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered about zero and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered about zero and that should
+bother you because anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you because anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother you because anytime you're
+interested in asking about the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in asking about the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in asking about the symmetry
+of things you want to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you want to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you want to choose a
+coordinate system which reflects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which reflects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system which reflects that
+don't don't worry we are I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't worry we are I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't worry we are I'm going to
+ask you about symmetry and it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about symmetry and it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about symmetry and it's a simple
+thing to take the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take the solution for
+problem and move it to the left by over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and move it to the left by over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and move it to the left by over
+to okay so we have basically a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so we have basically a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so we have basically a problem
+where the potential is equal to 0 for 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the potential is equal to 0 for 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the potential is equal to 0 for 0
+is less than or equal to X less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to X less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to X less than or
+equal to a and it's equal to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a and it's equal to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a and it's equal to infinity
+when X is less than 0 or greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so inside the box it looks like a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside the box it looks like a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside the box it looks like a free
+particle but it can't be a free particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but it can't be a free particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but it can't be a free particle
+because there's gotta be nodes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's gotta be nodes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's gotta be nodes at the
+walls we know that outside the box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls we know that outside the box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls we know that outside the box the
+wave function has to be 0 everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has to be 0 everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has to be 0 everywhere
+because it's classically forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's classically forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's classically forbidden
+strongly forbidden we know that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly forbidden we know that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly forbidden we know that the wave
+function Phi is continuous so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Phi is continuous so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Phi is continuous so if it's a
+zero outside it's going to be zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside it's going to be zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero outside it's going to be zero at
+the wall and so the wave functions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and so the wave functions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall and so the wave functions have
+boundary conditions where at the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions where at the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions where at the wall
+the wave function goes to zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function goes to zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function goes to zero okay so
+now we go and we solve this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go and we solve this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go and we solve this problem and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so the the particle the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the particle the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the particle the Schrodinger
+equation for the particle in the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the particle in the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the particle in the box
+where V of X is zero well we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V of X is zero well we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where V of X is zero well we don't need
+it we just have the kinetic energy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we just have the kinetic energy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we just have the kinetic energy term
+H bar squared over 2m second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar squared over 2m second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar squared over 2m second derivative
+with respect to X side is equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X side is equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X side is equal to e
+sorry again we rearranged it and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry again we rearranged it and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry again we rearranged it and so we
+put the derivative outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the derivative outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the derivative outside
+and we have minus 2m e over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have minus 2m e over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have minus 2m e over H bar
+squared sorry and this is a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sorry and this is a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sorry and this is a number and
+so we just call it minus K squared sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just call it minus K squared sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just call it minus K squared sigh
+we know what that K is as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what that K is as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what that K is as long as we
+know what the energy is and K squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the energy is and K squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the energy is and K squared is
+equal to 2m squared ok now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2m squared ok now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2m squared ok now we have this
+thing which is equal to an a a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is equal to an a a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is equal to an a a negative
+number times a wave function and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times a wave function and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times a wave function and we
+already know we have exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know we have exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know we have exponential
+behavior and in this case we use sines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and in this case we use sines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and in this case we use sines
+and cosines because they it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosines because they it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosines because they it's more
+convenient so sine of X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so sine of X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so sine of X is going to be
+written as a sine KX plus B cosine KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a sine KX plus B cosine KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a sine KX plus B cosine KX
+this is the general solution for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general solution for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general solution for this
+differential equation where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation where we have a
+negative constant times the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative constant times the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative constant times the function so
+the boundary condition is I 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition is I 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition is I 0
+well upside zero this is zero but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well upside zero this is zero but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well upside zero this is zero but this
+this part is 1 so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1 so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1 so that means that
+observe 0s be zero so B has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe 0s be zero so B has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe 0s be zero so B has to be equal
+to 0 and here the other boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 and here the other boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 and here the other boundary
+condition that also has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that also has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that also has to be equal to
+zero and that has to be a sine K a and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that has to be a sine K a and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that has to be a sine K a and K
+a has to be equal to n times pi in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has to be equal to n times pi in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has to be equal to n times pi in order
+to satisfy this equation cosine is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this equation cosine is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this equation cosine is zero
+at zero PI 2 pi 3 PI etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so k is equal to n AI over a and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is equal to n AI over a and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is equal to n AI over a and so we
+have the solutions so I of X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the solutions so I of X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the solutions so I of X is equal to
+a sine n PI a over X and so we could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine n PI a over X and so we could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine n PI a over X and so we could put
+a little in here and this is starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little in here and this is starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little in here and this is starting to
+make you feel really good because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you feel really good because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you feel really good because for
+all positive integers there's a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive integers there's a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive integers there's a solution
+there's an infinite number of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an infinite number of solutions
+and they're scaling with quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're scaling with quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're scaling with quantum number
+is trivial and it's really great when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial and it's really great when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trivial and it's really great when
+you solve an equation and you are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve an equation and you are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve an equation and you are given
+an infinite number of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's one thing more you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's one thing more you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's one thing more you have to
+do you have to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to find out what the
+normalization constant is so you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant is so you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant is so you do the
+normalization integral and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral and when you do
+that you discover that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you discover that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you discover that this is equal to
+2 over a square root sign and I or a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over a square root sign and I or a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over a square root sign and I or a so
+these are all the solutions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the solutions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the solutions for the
+particle in an infinite box all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in an infinite box all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in an infinite box all of them
+and the energies you can write as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies you can write as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies you can write as n
+squared times H squared or 8m a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times H squared or 8m a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times H squared or 8m a squared
+or n squared times e1 there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n squared times e1 there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n squared times e1 there's another
+thing N equals 0 if n is equal to 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing N equals 0 if n is equal to 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing N equals 0 if n is equal to 0 the
+solution the wavefunction of course find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the wavefunction of course find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the wavefunction of course find
+the N equals 0 is 0 everywhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equals 0 is 0 everywhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equals 0 is 0 everywhere the
+particle isn't in the box so N equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle isn't in the box so N equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle isn't in the box so N equals 0
+is not a solution so the solutions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a solution so the solutions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a solution so the solutions we
+have N equals 1 2 etc up to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N equals 1 2 etc up to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N equals 1 2 etc up to infinity and
+energies are integer our integer square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are integer our integer square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are integer our integer square
+multiples of a kind of common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is wonderful because basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wonderful because basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wonderful because basically we
+have a problem maybe it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem maybe it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem maybe it's not that
+interesting now because why do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now because why do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now because why do we have
+infinite boxes and stuff like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite boxes and stuff like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite boxes and stuff like that but
+if you ask what about the ideal gas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what about the ideal gas law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what about the ideal gas law
+we have particles that don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have particles that don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have particles that don't interact
+with each other inside a container which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other inside a container which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other inside a container which
+has infinite walls and I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite walls and I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite walls and I can tell you
+that in 562 there's a three line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 562 there's a three line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 562 there's a three line
+derivation of the ideal gas law based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the ideal gas law based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the ideal gas law based on
+solutions to the particle in a box also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the particle in a box also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the particle in a box also
+we often have situations where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often have situations where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often have situations where we have
+molecules where there's conjugation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where there's conjugation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where there's conjugation so
+that this molecule looks like a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this molecule looks like a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this molecule looks like a not
+quite flat bottom box with walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite flat bottom box with walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite flat bottom box with walls and
+this this equation enables you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this equation enables you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this equation enables you to learn
+something about the electronic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the electronic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the electronic energy
+levels for linear conjugated molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for linear conjugated molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for linear conjugated molecules
+and this leads to a lot of qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads to a lot of qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads to a lot of qualitative
+insight into problems in photochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into problems in photochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into problems in photochemistry
+okay now the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my opinion is being able to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion is being able to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion is being able to draw
+cartoons and these cartoons for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and these cartoons for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and these cartoons for the
+solutions to the particle in a box look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the particle in a box look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the particle in a box look
+like this so what you frequently do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so what you frequently do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so what you frequently do is
+draw the potential and then you draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the potential and then you draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the potential and then you draw the
+energy levels and wave functions I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and wave functions I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and wave functions I have
+to cheat a little bit so number of notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cheat a little bit so number of notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cheat a little bit so number of notes
+number of nodes internal nodes we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes internal nodes we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes internal nodes we don't
+count zeros at the waltz the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count zeros at the waltz the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count zeros at the waltz the number of
+nodes is n minus 1 the maximum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes is n minus 1 the maximum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes is n minus 1 the maximum of the
+wave function is always 2 over a so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is always 2 over a so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is always 2 over a so here
+2 over 8 here - over here - 2 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over 8 here - over here - 2 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over 8 here - over here - 2 over a
+square I square root of 2 over 8 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square I square root of 2 over 8 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square I square root of 2 over 8 this
+lobe is identical to this lobe this lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is identical to this lobe this lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is identical to this lobe this lobe
+is identical to this law which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical to this law which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical to this law which is
+identical to that lobe so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that lobe so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that lobe so there's a
+tremendous amount that you can get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount that you can get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount that you can get by
+understanding how the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the wave function
+looks and drawing these cartoons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and drawing these cartoons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and drawing these cartoons and so
+now if instead we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if instead we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if instead we were looking at
+problems where instead of a particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where instead of a particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where instead of a particle in
+a box like this we have a little dimple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box like this we have a little dimple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box like this we have a little dimple
+in the bottom of the box or we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of the box or we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of the box or we have
+something in the bottom or the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the bottom or the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the bottom or the bottom of
+the box this slanted you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box this slanted you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box this slanted you should be able
+to intuit what these things do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to intuit what these things do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to intuit what these things do to the
+energy levels at least have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels at least have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels at least have the
+beginning of an intuition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of an intuition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of an intuition so
+we have an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an infinite number of
+oscillating solutions that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating solutions that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating solutions that means that we
+could solve the problem for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve the problem for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve the problem for any kind of
+a box as long as it has vertical walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box as long as it has vertical walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box as long as it has vertical walls
+and that's called a Fourier series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called a Fourier series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called a Fourier series so
+for a finite range we can describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite range we can describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite range we can describe the
+solution to any quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to any quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to any quantum mechanical
+infinite box with terrible bottom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite box with terrible bottom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite box with terrible bottom in
+principle by a superposition of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle by a superposition of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle by a superposition of our
+basis functions that's what we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are several methods for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are several methods for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are several methods for doing
+the solution of a problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of a problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of a problem like this
+efficiently and you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and you're going to see
+perturbation theory and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and at the end of
+the course you're going to see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course you're going to see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course you're going to see something
+that will really knock your socks off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will really knock your socks off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will really knock your socks off
+which is called the discrete variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the discrete variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the discrete variable
+representation and that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and that enables you to
+say yeah potential does terrible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah potential does terrible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah potential does terrible things
+I solve the problem by not doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve the problem by not doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve the problem by not doing any
+calculation at all because it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at all because it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at all because it's already
+been done so these things are fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done so these things are fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done so these things are fantastic
+that we have an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an infinite number of
+solutions to a simple problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to a simple problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to a simple problem we're
+always looking for a way to describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for a way to describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always looking for a way to describe a
+simple problem or maybe not so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem or maybe not so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem or maybe not so simple
+problem with an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with an infinite number of
+solutions where the energies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where the energies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where the energies for the
+solutions and the wave functions behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the wave functions behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the wave functions behave
+in a simple and scaled quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple and scaled quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple and scaled quantum number
+scaled way and this provides us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled way and this provides us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled way and this provides us with a
+way of looking at what these things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at what these things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at what these things do
+in real life will you do an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life will you do an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life will you do an experiment
+on an eigenfunction of a box like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an eigenfunction of a box like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an eigenfunction of a box like this
+and it will have certain characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will have certain characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will have certain characteristics
+and it tells you oh if I measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you oh if I measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you oh if I measured the
+energy levels of a pathological box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantum number dependence of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number dependence of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number dependence of the energy
+levels has a certain form and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels has a certain form and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels has a certain form and each of
+the coefficients in that the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in that the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in that the constants
+in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space
+so form sample a particular feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so form sample a particular feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so form sample a particular feature of
+the pathological potential and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathological potential and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathological potential and that's
+what we do is spectroscopy we find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is spectroscopy we find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is spectroscopy we find an
+efficient way to fit the observables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to fit the observables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to fit the observables in
+order to characterize what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to characterize what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to characterize what's going on
+inside something we can't see and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside something we can't see and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside something we can't see and that's
+the game in quantum mechanics we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in quantum mechanics we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in quantum mechanics we can't
+see the wave function ever we know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the wave function ever we know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the wave function ever we know there
+are eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eigenstates
+we can observe energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can observe energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can observe energy levels and
+transition probabilities and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities and between
+those two things we can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things we can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things we can determine
+quantitatively all of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively all of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively all of the internal
+structure of objects that we can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of objects that we can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of objects that we can't see
+and this is what I do is a spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I do is a spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I do is a spectroscopy
+and I'm really a little bit crazy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm really a little bit crazy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm really a little bit crazy about
+it because most people instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because most people instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because most people instead of saying
+let's try to understand based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to understand based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to understand based on
+something simple they will just solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple they will just solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple they will just solve
+the Schrodinger equations numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equations numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equations numerically
+and get a bunch of small results and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a bunch of small results and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a bunch of small results and no
+intuition no cartoons and no ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition no cartoons and no ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition no cartoons and no ability to
+do dynamics if except another picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dynamics if except another picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dynamics if except another picture
+where you you have to work things out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you have to work things out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you have to work things out in
+a complicated way but I'm giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated way but I'm giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated way but I'm giving you the
+standard problems from which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problems from which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard problems from which you can
+solve almost anything and this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve almost anything and this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve almost anything and this should
+sound like fun I hope ok so have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like fun I hope ok so have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like fun I hope ok so have a great
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S1kqa_qGmHs.txt b/S1kqa_qGmHs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc1da48b5ad4b11270b6d6f26138c86add0ea67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S1kqa_qGmHs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10096 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy friday how is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy friday how is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy friday how is everyone
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+cool cool i am excited we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool i am excited we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool cool i am excited we're
+we're doing more we're gonna we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing more we're gonna we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing more we're gonna we're gonna
+keep talking about xrd today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about xrd today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about xrd today
+we're gonna pick up where we left off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna pick up where we left off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna pick up where we left off so
+i filled in some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i filled in some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i filled in some numbers
+and then we're going to fill out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to fill out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to fill out this
+chart and really get to a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and really get to a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and really get to a deep
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+of xrd i'll also talk about mosley's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xrd i'll also talk about mosley's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xrd i'll also talk about mosley's law
+and and a little bit about another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a little bit about another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a little bit about another type
+of xrd that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xrd that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xrd that
+that is done now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done now
+where were we oh okay we were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we oh okay we were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we oh okay we were here
+so on wednesday uh and i wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on wednesday uh and i wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on wednesday uh and i wanna
+before we fill this chart out i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we fill this chart out i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we fill this chart out i want to
+go back and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and make sure
+we kind of get this right we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of get this right we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of get this right we talked
+about the bragg condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bragg condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bragg condition
+and we talked about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about um how
+you know the the unique thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the unique thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the unique thing about
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+x-rays is that their wavelengths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays is that their wavelengths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays is that their wavelengths are
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+in that in that you know in that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that you know in that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that you know in that sort of
+precious distance regime of the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious distance regime of the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious distance regime of the spacing
+of atoms in a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in a crystal
+and so if i if i shine them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i if i shine them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i if i shine them on the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+then they can diffract and they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can diffract and they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can diffract and they can have
+constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and
+destructive interference but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference but only
+if they sort of line up right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they sort of line up right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they sort of line up right and that's
+what the brag diffraction tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the brag diffraction tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the brag diffraction tells us
+it tells us the condition the brag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us the condition the brag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us the condition the brag
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+for when they line up and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they line up and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they line up and in particular
+this is a a pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a pretty nice
+uh image okay so you can see here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image okay so you can see here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image okay so you can see here's
+one ray coming in one x-ray coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ray coming in one x-ray coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ray coming in one x-ray coming in
+and it's a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a wave
+it's a wave so it's going to be a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so it's going to be a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so it's going to be a wave
+that goes like that and it bounces off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like that and it bounces off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like that and it bounces off
+this surface now a second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface now a second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface now a second one
+doesn't bounce off that top surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bounce off that top surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bounce off that top surface it
+bounces off of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces off of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces off of the one
+beneath it okay and they're separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath it okay and they're separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath it okay and they're separated by
+a distance d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance d
+so this could be any set of planes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be any set of planes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be any set of planes right
+so if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this
+so here are my planes now so so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are my planes now so so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are my planes now so so these
+black atoms are are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black atoms are are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black atoms are are one
+plane right but these yellow ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right but these yellow ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right but these yellow ones are
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+that's another plane that you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another plane that you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another plane that you could see
+remember one of the assumptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of the assumptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of the assumptions of the
+bragg condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragg condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragg condition
+is that these planes are like mirrors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these planes are like mirrors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these planes are like mirrors so
+we lose a sense of where the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose a sense of where the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose a sense of where the atoms are
+exactly and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and we just
+write a mirror there we say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a mirror there we say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a mirror there we say it's
+reflecting off the mirror so where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off the mirror so where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off the mirror so where's the
+next one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one right
+you can take the orange ones that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the orange ones that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the orange ones that's
+another plane the red ones and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane the red ones and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane the red ones and so forth
+right so that's what you're you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what you're you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what you're you're now
+you're you have a wave on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a wave on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a wave on top
+okay you've got a wave on top and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got a wave on top and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've got a wave on top and you've
+got a wave coming down and bouncing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a wave coming down and bouncing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a wave coming down and bouncing off
+the one beneath it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one beneath it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one beneath it and
+for those to constructively interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those to constructively interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those to constructively interfere
+so that you pick up a signal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you pick up a signal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you pick up a signal in the
+detector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector right
+there's only one way for that to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way for that to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one way for that to happen
+and that's if this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's if this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's if this distance
+plus that distance is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that distance is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that distance is equal to a
+multiple of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the wavelength
+right and that is the bright condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is the bright condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is the bright condition
+you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why
+it comes off why doesn't it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off why doesn't it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off why doesn't it you know it
+has to come all the way down to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come all the way down to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come all the way down to here
+which makes that theta equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes that theta equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes that theta equal to that
+theta you see that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta you see that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta you see that because
+they've gone up to this point up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone up to this point up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone up to this point up to that
+line they've gone the same distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they've gone the same distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they've gone the same distance so
+they're waving together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're waving together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're waving together
+right and it's that point where now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's that point where now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's that point where now this
+is the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extra
+that the one that bounces off of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one that bounces off of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one that bounces off of this
+plane that's the extra distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the extra distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the extra distance
+it goes that's the bragg condition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes that's the bragg condition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes that's the bragg condition okay
+that's the practitioner remember in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the practitioner remember in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the practitioner remember in this
+class okay so it could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so it could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so it could be any
+uh multiple but but here we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple but but here we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple but but here we're just
+gonna assume n equals one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume n equals one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume n equals one because it's
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the easiest case okay good that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest case okay good that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest case okay good that's the
+brag condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag condition
+now um then we did something beyond just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um then we did something beyond just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um then we did something beyond just
+just that because that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that because that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that because that tells us
+you know what the wavelength has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the wavelength has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the wavelength has to be
+to get a spot to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a spot to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a spot to get
+something the detector can see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the detector can see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the detector can see because
+it constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it constructively
+interferes everything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes everything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes everything else is
+destructive no signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive no signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive no signal
+right but we did one more thing right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we did one more thing right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but we did one more thing right we
+also said that d for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also said that d for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also said that d for some
+set of planes remember this hkl is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of planes remember this hkl is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of planes remember this hkl is just
+telling me which one of these i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me which one of these i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me which one of these i'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+that's what hkl is i'm saying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what hkl is i'm saying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what hkl is i'm saying we're
+going to pick one of these planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick one of these planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick one of these planes
+and the distance between them is d h k l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance between them is d h k l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance between them is d h k l
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+and and what we know from before from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what we know from before from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what we know from before from
+our miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our miller
+times we know that that is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we know that that is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we know that that is equal to the
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+of a squared plus k squared plus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared plus k squared plus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared plus k squared plus l
+squared for the cubic lattices we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for the cubic lattices we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for the cubic lattices we're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+right so you see it's kind of brag plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see it's kind of brag plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see it's kind of brag plus
+miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller
+brag plus distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag plus distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag plus distance
+miller right miller cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller right miller cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller right miller cubic
+that's what we're really combining here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're really combining here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're really combining here
+the distance given by this formula when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance given by this formula when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance given by this formula when
+we talk about miller planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about miller planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about miller planes
+that combined gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combined gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that combined gave us
+this lambda over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda over 2
+a squared equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared equals
+sine squared theta h k l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared theta h k l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared theta h k l
+over h squared plus k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h squared plus k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h squared plus k squared
+plus l square and all i've done is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l square and all i've done is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l square and all i've done is you
+know substitute and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know substitute and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know substitute and square
+okay and we did one more thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we did one more thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we did one more thing on
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+and we talked about constants and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about constants and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about constants and we
+said well if something's equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well if something's equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well if something's equal to a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+then it's a constant right that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a constant right that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a constant right that's some
+good math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good math
+that's some good math and so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some good math and so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some good math and so we said
+well that's the whole beauty of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the whole beauty of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the whole beauty of these
+characteristic x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays
+because if you take like a k-alpha line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take like a k-alpha line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take like a k-alpha line
+from copper it's always 1.4 1.54 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copper it's always 1.4 1.54 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copper it's always 1.4 1.54 sorry
+angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms
+it's always lambda equals 1.54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always lambda equals 1.54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always lambda equals 1.54
+that's what's so nice about it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's so nice about it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's so nice about it doesn't
+depend on anything else just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything else just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything else just the the
+metal you put in there is the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you put in there is the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you put in there is the target
+it's called a target because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a target because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a target because you're
+you're targeting it with electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're targeting it with electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're targeting it with electrons so
+the copper target k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper target k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper target k
+alpha lambda constant lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lambda constant lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lambda constant lattice constant
+that's built into the name constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built into the name constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built into the name constant
+constant equals the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant equals the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant equals the angle
+and the plane it's reflecting off of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plane it's reflecting off of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plane it's reflecting off of and
+so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our
+our job then in crystallography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job then in crystallography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job then in crystallography and
+doing x-ray diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing x-ray diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing x-ray diffraction
+our job is to figure out how to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to figure out how to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to figure out how to keep
+this thing a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing a constant
+the same constant all right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same constant all right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same constant all right that's what
+constant means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant means
+okay that's our job and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our job and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our job and that's that's
+where we left off and we say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off and we say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off and we say okay well
+let's take this to the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this to the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this to the next level
+let's do an actual experiment now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an actual experiment now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an actual experiment now how do
+you do experiments well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiments well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiments well
+you have equipment and this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equipment and this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equipment and this is what a
+really cool xrd machine looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool xrd machine looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool xrd machine looks like
+this is what happens when you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens when you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens when you don't have
+any money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money and
+so this is what's in my lab but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's in my lab but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's in my lab but you see
+it's true you can come see it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you can come see it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you can come see it but you
+see the the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the point is
+they do the same thing we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the same thing we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the same thing we don't need
+fancy equipment at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy equipment at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy equipment at mit
+no we can it's the ideas that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we can it's the ideas that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we can it's the ideas that matter
+that you're putting into this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're putting into this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're putting into this thing
+but that's kind of cool still i like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of cool still i like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of cool still i like the
+way that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that looks
+same thing right source sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right source sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right source sample
+detector that's hard to see but source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that's hard to see but source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that's hard to see but source
+sample detector from the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample detector from the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample detector from the 60s
+ish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right but so now it's easier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but so now it's easier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but so now it's easier of
+course you can understand i mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can understand i mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can understand i mean some of
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+have different ways of doing but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways of doing but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different ways of doing but you can
+understand like changing the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like changing the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like changing the angle is
+going to be easier to move that sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easier to move that sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easier to move that sample
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and then maybe the detector moves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe the detector moves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe the detector moves but
+you might keep the the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might keep the the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might keep the the source
+x-rays fixed and what happens well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays fixed and what happens well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays fixed and what happens well you
+do this and you generate a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and you generate a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and you generate a spectrum
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+so you're changing the angle you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're changing the angle you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're changing the angle you're
+keeping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this
+fixed and you're saying what do i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and you're saying what do i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and you're saying what do i got
+okay well here in this case i'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here in this case i'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here in this case i'm telling
+you what i got i got aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i got i got aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i got i got aluminum
+i put aluminum in there and i shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put aluminum in there and i shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put aluminum in there and i shot
+x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays
+and i have to you cannot if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to you cannot if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to you cannot if anybody
+gives you an xrd pattern they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an xrd pattern they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an xrd pattern they got to
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+what kind of uh x-rays they use right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of uh x-rays they use right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of uh x-rays they use right
+that's really important or at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important or at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important or at some point
+you got to know this this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to know this this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to know this this is pretty
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+the lambda is from a copper target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda is from a copper target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda is from a copper target and
+the k alpha lines is 1.54 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha lines is 1.54 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha lines is 1.54 angstroms
+and this is the spectrum and i'm being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the spectrum and i'm being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the spectrum and i'm being
+asked to get the crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to get the crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to get the crystal structure
+of aluminum and the lattice constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aluminum and the lattice constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aluminum and the lattice constant and
+i can get that because look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get that because look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get that because look
+i can simply read off peaks and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can simply read off peaks and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can simply read off peaks and those
+are the peaks and i've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the peaks and i've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the peaks and i've kind of
+highlighted them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted them there
+two theta right two theta remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theta right two theta remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theta right two theta remember we
+for more for historical reasons you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more for historical reasons you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more for historical reasons you you
+take two theta measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two theta measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two theta measurements
+even though in the bragg condition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though in the bragg condition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though in the bragg condition it's
+just theta okay we can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just theta okay we can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just theta okay we can divide
+by two right and so here are those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two right and so here are those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two right and so here are those first
+four peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four peaks
+now i've just listened to them here peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've just listened to them here peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've just listened to them here peak
+one two three four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four here
+one sine squared of you know half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sine squared of you know half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sine squared of you know half of
+that goes in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes in tight
+okay there it is and then we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there it is and then we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there it is and then we have our
+recipe and i gave you this recipe as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and i gave you this recipe as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and i gave you this recipe as a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to keep this constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep this constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep this constant right
+it's an easier way to do it if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easier way to do it if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easier way to do it if you if
+you scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scale
+and clear fractions it's just easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear fractions it's just easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear fractions it's just easier
+right so that's why i've given you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why i've given you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why i've given you that
+recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe
+so let's do that so first would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that so first would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that so first would
+normalize what does that mean well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize what does that mean well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize what does that mean well you
+have the smallest value of sine squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the smallest value of sine squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the smallest value of sine squared
+theta i'm just going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta i'm just going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta i'm just going to divide
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+by that okay so that's where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that okay so that's where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that okay so that's where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm normalizing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm normalizing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm normalizing by
+and then this one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one would be
+1.33 and this one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.33 and this one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.33 and this one would be
+2.67 and this one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.67 and this one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.67 and this one would be
+3.67 and so that's good but i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.67 and so that's good but i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.67 and so that's good but i don't want
+fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+it's going to be easier for me to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easier for me to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easier for me to think
+about this as integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as integers
+and so we clear fractions what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we clear fractions what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we clear fractions what does
+clear fractions mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear fractions mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear fractions mean
+that clear the fractions get rid of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear the fractions get rid of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear the fractions get rid of them
+make it integers how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it integers how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it integers how do you do that
+find what you multiply this by so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what you multiply this by so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what you multiply this by so that
+they're all integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all integers
+okay i got an idea how about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i got an idea how about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i got an idea how about three
+times three in this case times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three in this case times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three in this case times three
+equals three okay good and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three okay good and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three okay good and in this case
+well i don't need to i don't mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't need to i don't mean okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't need to i don't mean okay
+anyway times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway times three
+equals four times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals four times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals four times three
+don't multiply by a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't multiply by a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't multiply by a different number
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i'm clearing the fractions for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm clearing the fractions for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm clearing the fractions for the whole
+table i'm multiplying by the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table i'm multiplying by the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table i'm multiplying by the same number
+okay good eight and this is times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good eight and this is times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good eight and this is times
+three equals 11. so i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equals 11. so i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equals 11. so i've got
+3 4 8 11 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 8 11 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 8 11 and that's
+what i need to work with that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i need to work with that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i need to work with that's what i
+need to work with because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work with because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work with because now
+you see it's now you know and i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's now you know and i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's now you know and i hope
+it's kind of starting to make some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of starting to make some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of starting to make some sense
+if this if i can get this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if i can get this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if i can get this to be
+h squared plus k squared plus l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squared plus k squared plus l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squared plus k squared plus l squared
+well then i've done my job i've kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i've done my job i've kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i've done my job i've kept
+this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant
+that's the trick right i've done my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick right i've done my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick right i've done my job
+i've just made the math easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just made the math easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just made the math easy
+if i can get h squared plus k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get h squared plus k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get h squared plus k squared
+plus l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared
+to equal these things right then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal these things right then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal these things right then i'm
+keeping a count so let's see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a count so let's see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a count so let's see what what
+would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be
+well here it would be so this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here it would be so this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here it would be so this has to be
+h squared let me just write it here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squared let me just write it here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h squared let me just write it here plus
+k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k squared
+plus l squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared okay
+i want those to be an a squared plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want those to be an a squared plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want those to be an a squared plus k
+so if i do that well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do that well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do that well this
+looks a whole lot like one one one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a whole lot like one one one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a whole lot like one one one that
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and for four two zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for four two zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for four two zero zero
+okay and for eight two two zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for eight two two zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for eight two two zero
+and finally for eleven three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally for eleven three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally for eleven three one
+one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh
+it's a beautiful thing i've gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing i've gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing i've gone from
+angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles
+to planes these are planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to planes these are planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to planes these are planes
+h k and l mean one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h k and l mean one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h k and l mean one of these
+they it means one of those that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it means one of those that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it means one of those that's what
+it means a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means a set
+of those right and i have found now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those right and i have found now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those right and i have found now
+which ones literally which ones give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones literally which ones give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones literally which ones give me
+each peak this peak is the 1 1 1 plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each peak this peak is the 1 1 1 plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each peak this peak is the 1 1 1 plane
+it's x-rays bouncing off of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x-rays bouncing off of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x-rays bouncing off of that
+reflecting off of that and the one below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off of that and the one below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off of that and the one below
+it and the one below it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the one below it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the one below it
+and seeing where it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing where it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing where it gives you
+constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference
+and gives you the back condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you the back condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you the back condition and
+therefore a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a peak
+okay all right now hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now hold on
+hold on now okay have we determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on now okay have we determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on now okay have we determined
+have we determined the crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have we determined the crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we determined the crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we determined the crystal structure
+can anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody who
+how do we get the crystal structure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get the crystal structure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get the crystal structure from
+this from these peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from these peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from these peaks
+how do we get well let's see okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get well let's see okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get well let's see okay um
+it could it let's see could it be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could it let's see could it be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could it let's see could it be um
+could it be bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be bcc
+what else did we learn on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else did we learn on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else did we learn on wednesday
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what else did we learn on wednesday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else did we learn on wednesday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else did we learn on wednesday we
+learned about selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about selection rules
+you got to remember the selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to remember the selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to remember the selection rules
+those factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factor
+in so let's write those down here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so let's write those down here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so let's write those down here let's
+remind ourselves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of
+okay that's important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i mentioned how this came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i mentioned how this came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i mentioned how this came about
+i don't need you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need you to uh
+know how to derive the selection rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to derive the selection rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to derive the selection rules
+but i did talk about why they come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i did talk about why they come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i did talk about why they come about
+right because you could for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you could for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you could for some of
+these cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cuts
+you could have a plane in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a plane in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a plane in between
+that destroys the signal okay depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroys the signal okay depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroys the signal okay depending
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+which which crystal structure it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which crystal structure it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which crystal structure it is and
+which plane you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which plane you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which plane you're talking about
+and when it comes down to it for simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it comes down to it for simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it comes down to it for simple
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+it's anything goes anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anything goes anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anything goes anything
+oh polonium and for bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh polonium and for bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh polonium and for bcc
+it's adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's adds
+to an even number and for fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no mixing of odd and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mixing of odd and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mixing of odd and even
+those are the selection rules you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the selection rules you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the selection rules you don't
+need to know how to derive them but i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to derive them but i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to derive them but i do
+want you to know what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know what they are
+those are the so now we can see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the so now we can see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the so now we can see well
+okay hold on if this were a bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hold on if this were a bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hold on if this were a bcc
+crystal and they had to add to even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and they had to add to even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and they had to add to even one
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+plus one is three bam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one is three bam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one is three bam
+it's not bcc right yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bcc right yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bcc right yeah okay
+good but but but now hang on if it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but but but now hang on if it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but but but now hang on if it's no
+mixing on even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing on even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing on even
+did i handle that one okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i handle that one okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i handle that one okay yeah
+odd even even odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even even odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even even odd
+this looks like an fcc crystal than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like an fcc crystal than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like an fcc crystal than me
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+this looks like an fcc crystal and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like an fcc crystal and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like an fcc crystal and i can
+go even further i can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go even further i can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go even further i can calculate the
+lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant
+i can calculate the lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate the lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate the lattice constant
+because it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right here
+it's right here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right here right
+so that's the lattice constant that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the lattice constant that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the lattice constant that's a
+number that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a constant
+lambda so i could take any one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so i could take any one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so i could take any one of those
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+any one of those any one of these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of those any one of these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of those any one of these four
+peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+and i and if i if i did this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and if i if i did this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and if i if i did this right
+if i did this right they better give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did this right they better give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did this right they better give me
+the same lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lattice constant
+and that's actually the last step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually the last step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually the last step in the
+recipe did i put the right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe did i put the right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe did i put the right yes
+all right this is the recipe i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the recipe i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is the recipe i gave you
+on on wednesday to for you all to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on wednesday to for you all to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on wednesday to for you all to become
+crystallographers x-ray de fractioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers x-ray de fractioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers x-ray de fractioners
+that's okay we'll make it work you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we'll make it work you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we'll make it work you're
+x-ray diffractioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffractioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffractioners
+and and the thing is you got to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the thing is you got to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the thing is you got to remember
+how powerful this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this is
+how powerful this is because you we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this is because you we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful this is because you we've
+learned about perfect crystals and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about perfect crystals and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about perfect crystals and now
+we've just gotten the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gotten the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gotten the single most
+one the single most important way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the single most important way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the single most important way to
+figure out which one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one we have
+we shine x-rays on it and we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shine x-rays on it and we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shine x-rays on it and we look for
+diffraction peaks that's it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction peaks that's it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction peaks that's it this is a
+very powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool
+and it is used all over the place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is used all over the place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is used all over the place in
+in materials chemistry physics you name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in materials chemistry physics you name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in materials chemistry physics you name
+the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+x-ray diffraction is a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffraction is a starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffraction is a starting point
+for characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for characterizing
+the crystal and so the last sanity check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal and so the last sanity check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal and so the last sanity check
+that you want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do here
+because it'll help you make sure you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll help you make sure you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll help you make sure you did
+these points correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points correctly
+is compute these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compute these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compute these values
+because you know this this is it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this this is it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this this is it right
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+squared over a squared plus k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a squared plus k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a squared plus k squared
+plus l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l squared
+better be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be a constant
+if it's not then you've done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then you've done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then you've done something
+wrong in this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this analysis
+right you can just calculate the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can just calculate the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can just calculate the lattice
+constant for each peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for each peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for each peak
+and they also better agree and so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also better agree and so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also better agree and so i
+won't do that but it turns out we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that but it turns out we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that but it turns out we did it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for each one of these that is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these that is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these that is indeed a
+constant we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we have
+achieved our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved our goal
+with great power comes great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great power comes great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great power comes great
+responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+how you use xrd how you use xrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use xrd how you use xrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use xrd how you use xrd
+well let's see let's use it to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see let's use it to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see let's use it to figure
+out what phase of material we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what phase of material we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what phase of material we have
+but this is why does this matter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is why does this matter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is why does this matter right
+well i have why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have why this matters
+but but there's multiple reasons for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's multiple reasons for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's multiple reasons for why
+this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the as as i think we've talked about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as as i think we've talked about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as as i think we've talked about you
+know the properties of a material depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the properties of a material depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the properties of a material depend
+on the chemistry and the material but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chemistry and the material but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chemistry and the material but
+they also depend on the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also depend on the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also depend on the structure of the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and we're making solids so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making solids so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making solids so those
+structures are crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are crystals
+until next week when we destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week when we destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week when we destroy the
+crystals by putting defects in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals by putting defects in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals by putting defects in them
+but for now they're these perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now they're these perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now they're these perfect
+crystals and they have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and they have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals and they have this kind of
+repeating pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating pattern
+don't worry about hcp bcc ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about hcp bcc ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about hcp bcc ah
+we're comfortable fcc comfortable bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comfortable fcc comfortable bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comfortable fcc comfortable bcc
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is called a phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a phase diagram
+this is called a phase diagram phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a phase diagram phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a phase diagram phase
+diagrams will be on the quiz next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams will be on the quiz next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams will be on the quiz next week
+i'm kidding they're not going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kidding they're not going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kidding they're not going to be on
+the quiz because this isn't a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz because this isn't a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz because this isn't a class
+about phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase diagrams
+but but i want you to know i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i want you to know i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i want you to know i want you to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+what a phase diagram is it is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a phase diagram is it is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a phase diagram is it is a map
+of materials it is a very important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials it is a very important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials it is a very important it
+is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a
+treasure map literally because you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure map literally because you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure map literally because you find
+i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need
+iron to have a different property oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to have a different property oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to have a different property oh if
+i go to this pressure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go to this pressure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i go to this pressure and that
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+aha it can have a different property why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha it can have a different property why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha it can have a different property why
+because it has a different crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a different crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a different crystal
+structure so the crystal structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the crystal structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the crystal structure of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+in this case it's iron depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's iron depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's iron depends on the
+pressure and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and temperature
+and and the properties depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the properties depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the properties depend on the
+crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+so we've got a way now to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a way now to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a way now to change
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+same element i'm just changing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same element i'm just changing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same element i'm just changing its
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+i love this one this is water now dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this one this is water now dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this one this is water now dude
+you know don't worry about how complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't worry about how complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't worry about how complex
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+actually the whole point is it's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the whole point is it's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the whole point is it's complex
+this is the phase diagram of water now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the phase diagram of water now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the phase diagram of water now
+this doesn't even have them all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't even have them all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't even have them all there
+are 17 current phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 17 current phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 17 current phases
+of ice 17 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ice 17 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ice 17 different
+crystalline structures of ice that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structures of ice that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structures of ice that is
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+right now you you can actually imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you you can actually imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you you can actually imagine
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+from your knowledge in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your knowledge in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your knowledge in this class
+already those are hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already those are hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already those are hydrogen bonds
+they're kind of strong but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of strong but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of strong but they're not
+too strong there's a lot of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too strong there's a lot of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too strong there's a lot of ways that
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+water molecules could form a solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules could form a solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules could form a solid and
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+17 to date and counting but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 to date and counting but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 to date and counting but see
+and this tells you which one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells you which one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells you which one you have
+now earth's operating conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now earth's operating conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now earth's operating conditions are
+right around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here
+and that's a really good thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really good thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really good thing because
+there's a liquid phase and there's ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a liquid phase and there's ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a liquid phase and there's ice
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is here i h is ice one and it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here i h is ice one and it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here i h is ice one and it's a really
+good thing because of the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing because of the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing because of the fish
+because if you if it weren't ice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if it weren't ice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if it weren't ice one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+when it freezes it wouldn't have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it freezes it wouldn't have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it freezes it wouldn't have you
+know a different density and the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a different density and the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a different density and the ice
+wouldn't float to the top and the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't float to the top and the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't float to the top and the fish
+could still live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still live
+which they do in the winter because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they do in the winter because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they do in the winter because you
+don't freeze from the bottom you freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't freeze from the bottom you freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't freeze from the bottom you freeze
+from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top
+that's because it's ice one and not ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's ice one and not ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's ice one and not ice
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+it would be terrible right but yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be terrible right but yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be terrible right but yet we
+know about these and how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these and how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these and how do we know
+we know because of crystallography we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know because of crystallography we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know because of crystallography we
+know because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because of
+xrd we can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrd we can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrd we can figure out
+yeah if you're out and maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're out and maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're out and maybe this is
+it's a friday night so maybe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a friday night so maybe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a friday night so maybe this is a
+good idea it's a good time to mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea it's a good time to mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea it's a good time to mention it
+you might get ice in your water out at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get ice in your water out at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get ice in your water out at a
+restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant
+how do you know which kind of ice it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know which kind of ice it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know which kind of ice it is
+talk about xrd as the only real way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about xrd as the only real way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about xrd as the only real way to
+figure out which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one of these
+you really have okay so for example if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have okay so for example if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have okay so for example if i
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+to uh think of other types of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh think of other types of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh think of other types of problems
+you might get well here's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get well here's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get well here's a good one
+okay here's a good one so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a good one so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a good one so um
+so this is a an x-ray diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a an x-ray diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a an x-ray diffraction
+spectrum and i give it to you and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and i give it to you and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and i give it to you and i
+don't even tell you what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even tell you what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even tell you what it is
+why is it here's a pattern that i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it here's a pattern that i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it here's a pattern that i put
+something in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there
+and i measure these peaks and i tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i measure these peaks and i tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i measure these peaks and i tell you
+the source it's the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source it's the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source it's the k
+alpha line of copper so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha line of copper so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha line of copper so that's the
+wavelength of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the source
+first thing is what what lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is what what lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is what what lattice
+what symmetry does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what symmetry does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what symmetry does this
+does this correspond to is this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this correspond to is this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this correspond to is this is it
+simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+body centered cubic or face centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic or face centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic or face centered
+cubic can we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can get that because of the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get that because of the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get that because of the exact
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing that we just talked about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there this this cannot be if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this this cannot be if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this this cannot be if it were
+simple cubic you'd see the peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic you'd see the peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic you'd see the peaks
+but no whether some peaks are forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no whether some peaks are forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no whether some peaks are forbidden
+so they don't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't show up
+right and you only get peaks that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you only get peaks that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you only get peaks that look
+like an fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an fcc
+according to our selection rules no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our selection rules no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our selection rules no
+mixing odd even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing odd even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing odd even
+that works so this is an fcc crystal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so this is an fcc crystal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so this is an fcc crystal so
+i've already learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already learned that
+and then i say well what's the okay use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say well what's the okay use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i say well what's the okay use
+the 1 1 1 peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 1 1 peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 1 1 peak
+to calculate the lattice constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the lattice constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the lattice constant okay
+oh we can do that right so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can do that right so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can do that right so if i
+if i were to uh the one one one peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were to uh the one one one peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were to uh the one one one peak is
+even labeled there it's 38 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even labeled there it's 38 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even labeled there it's 38 degrees
+ah 38 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah 38 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah 38 degrees
+and so so 2 theta is 38 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so 2 theta is 38 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so 2 theta is 38 degrees
+so that means that theta okay i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that theta okay i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that theta okay i can do
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+is 19 degrees okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 19 degrees okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 19 degrees okay
+now oh from brag lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh from brag lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh from brag lambda equals
+2 d sine theta but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d sine theta but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 d sine theta but look
+label label the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label label the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label label the plane
+this corresponds to a plane so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to a plane so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to a plane so some
+distance between some planes corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between some planes corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between some planes corresponds
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+angle that gave me constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that gave me constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that gave me constructive
+interference for those planes let's pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference for those planes let's pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference for those planes let's pass
+this around so you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so you guys can
+look at these planes they're beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these planes they're beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these planes they're beautiful
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+now that means that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that means that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that means that if i
+if i look at the first peak i know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the first peak i know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the first peak i know what
+late well i i've labeled them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late well i i've labeled them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late well i i've labeled them here
+in the last one i didn't and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last one i didn't and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last one i didn't and you want to
+find those here i'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those here i'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those here i'm giving you
+the planes so if i do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes so if i do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes so if i do that then
+d one one one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d one one one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d one one one equals
+lambda over 2 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over 2 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over 2 sine
+theta 1 1 1 which equals 2.37 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 1 1 which equals 2.37 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 1 1 1 which equals 2.37 angstroms
+okay have i answered the question i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have i answered the question i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have i answered the question i
+haven't answered the question yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't answered the question yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't answered the question yet
+because you see the the question says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see the the question says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see the the question says
+what's the lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lattice constant
+well but but i'm very close the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but but i'm very close the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but but i'm very close the lattice
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+the lattice constant is related because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice constant is related because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice constant is related because
+of miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miller
+the miller plane's equation for lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miller plane's equation for lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miller plane's equation for lattice
+lattice constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant
+distance between any planes oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any planes oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any planes oh this is
+all just coming together and so d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just coming together and so d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just coming together and so d
+one one one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one is equal to
+a over root three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so a equals four point one angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a equals four point one angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a equals four point one angstroms
+oh you could go even further yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you could go even further yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you could go even further yeah you
+could figure out now that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out now that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out now that you know it's
+fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc
+it's a single atom basis fcc crystal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single atom basis fcc crystal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single atom basis fcc crystal you
+could actually figure out the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually figure out the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually figure out the atomic
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+i got a and i know the closed pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a and i know the closed pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a and i know the closed pack
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+right i could actually figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could actually figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could actually figure out the
+atomic radius and i could go into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic radius and i could go into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic radius and i could go into my
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+and figure out what i have just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what i have just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what i have just from the
+the atomic radii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radii
+listed in the periodic table and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the periodic table and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the periodic table and the
+crystal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structures
+fcc atomic radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc atomic radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc atomic radius
+which one is it it's gold it's gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is it it's gold it's gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is it it's gold it's gold
+so this is the kind of thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of thing that you
+guys now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys now have
+the power to do you have the power to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power to do you have the power to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power to do you have the power to do
+this you can go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can go back and forth
+between you know based on your knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know based on your knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know based on your knowledge
+of crystals and now your knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crystals and now your knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crystals and now your knowledge of
+x-rays and how x-rays interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays and how x-rays interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays and how x-rays interact with
+crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+you can do this um now uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this um now uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this um now uh oh
+that went too far now okay so now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went too far now okay so now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went too far now okay so now i'm
+gonna get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get to the
+the why this matters um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why this matters um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why this matters um right so
+so there's two different uh sources two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different uh sources two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different uh sources two
+different targets remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different targets remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different targets remember we
+call them sources or targets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sources or targets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sources or targets and
+and notice okay copper has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice okay copper has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice okay copper has
+they both have this continuous radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have this continuous radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have this continuous radiation
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will talk about that the bring
+stroll them we'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroll them we'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroll them we'll end
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion a little bit on what
+you can do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with that
+um but for now let's keep focused on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now let's keep focused on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for now let's keep focused on on
+these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discrete characteristic lines so
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for molybdenum
+there's the k alpha for copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the k alpha for copper
+okay now mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now mosley
+henry mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a brilliant scientist and he was
+working with rutherford and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rutherford and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rutherford and others
+um and and he was really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and he was really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and he was really interested
+in looking at the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the trends
+and so so he took all of these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he took all of these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he took all of these elements
+so from calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from calcium
+all the way to zinc 20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to zinc 20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to zinc 20 to 30
+and he said i want to look at the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said i want to look at the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said i want to look at the k
+alpha lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines
+of all of these i want to look at the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these i want to look at the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these i want to look at the k
+alpha lines of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines of all of these
+and what he found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found was
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary he did more he did more 38
+in total but i'm just gonna show you his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total but i'm just gonna show you his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total but i'm just gonna show you his
+data for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for these
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what he did was was absolutely
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+um because what he noticed there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what he noticed there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because what he noticed there are the
+lines these are actually his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these are actually his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these are actually his
+measurements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay
+these are his k alpha lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are his k alpha lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are his k alpha lines
+and what he noticed in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he noticed in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he noticed in going from
+calcium down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium down
+to oh brass okay we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh brass okay we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh brass okay we'll talk about that
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be zinc isn't it why is
+it z well why is it not zinc let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it z well why is it not zinc let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it z well why is it not zinc let's think
+about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later
+but for now he noticed that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now he noticed that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now he noticed that this has
+a square root relationship to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root relationship to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root relationship to the energy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so mosley came up with in night he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mosley came up with in night he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mosley came up with in night he was
+working on this in 1912
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this in 1912
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this in 1912
+okay you gotta remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you gotta remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you gotta remember
+1913 right 1912 is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 right 1912 is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1913 right 1912 is when
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did the gold foil experiments
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been 44 years since mendeleev
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put his periodic table to to paper right
+and published that so for 44 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and published that so for 44 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and published that so for 44 years
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a periodic table but but to see
+the thing is there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is there was a
+huge problem with the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem with the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem with the periodic table
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+i mean mendeleev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean mendeleev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean mendeleev
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of brilliant realization
+that the periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the periodicity
+periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to both the atomic mass and
+remember we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this
+and the properties the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the properties the chemical
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+that chemical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that allowed him to create an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed him to create an ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed him to create an ordering
+of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements
+and ordering of the elements that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ordering of the elements that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ordering of the elements that is
+still the ordering essentially that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the ordering essentially that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the ordering essentially that we
+have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have today
+that but the problem is why did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the problem is why did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the problem is why did they
+have that ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ordering
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't really tell you why sometimes
+he was like well the properties win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like well the properties win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like well the properties win
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay maybe the mass well no no
+properties win properties need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties win properties need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties win properties need to be
+aligned in this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned in this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned in this column
+so i'm going to move those over like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move those over like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move those over like
+that's what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did
+but he didn't know why except that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know why except that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know why except that it
+made sense to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense to him
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's experiments told us they gave
+us the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the why
+oh it was so important um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was so important um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was so important um and and
+mosley's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+mosley's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley's law
+was essentially him thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially him thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially him thinking about the
+bohr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+for these x-rays for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these x-rays for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these x-rays for these
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays so he said
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um h nu so that's the frequency
+for some k alpha line okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some k alpha line okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some k alpha line okay is
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 13.6 e v oh that looks familiar
+times z minus one squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z minus one squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times z minus one squared
+and then he did the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he did the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he did the difference in
+energies just like we've done now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies just like we've done now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies just like we've done now a
+number of times in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times in this class
+that's what he did and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did and this is
+three-fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this well let's talk about that in a
+second so 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 13.6
+ev times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev times
+three fourths times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fourths times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fourths times
+z minus one squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two things about this right one is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things about this right one is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things about this right one is why
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+three why is it one over one squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why is it one over one squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why is it one over one squared
+minus one over two squared well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over two squared well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over two squared well that's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they knew or at least they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew or at least they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew or at least they they were
+pretty confident that you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident that you had this
+this positive charge in the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive charge in the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive charge in the middle here
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons and the nucleus and then you
+have these electrons right so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these electrons right so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these electrons right so you had
+like the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two
+the 1s electrons and then you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s electrons and then you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s electrons and then you had
+another shell out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another shell out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another shell out here
+okay and and so they knew okay 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so they knew okay 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so they knew okay 2s
+maybe that's combined with 2p so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's combined with 2p so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's combined with 2p so it goes
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so so what happens in the x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what happens in the x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what happens in the x-ray
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+well what happens is you shoot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is you shoot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is you shoot an
+electron in rent can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in rent can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in rent can just
+crank the voltage up so high that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank the voltage up so high that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank the voltage up so high that an
+electron could come and knock that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could come and knock that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could come and knock that out
+right and so this one that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this one that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this one that's that's the
+that's what did it and so now one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what did it and so now one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what did it and so now one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+can cascade down there and give off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cascade down there and give off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cascade down there and give off
+a k alpha photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k alpha photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k alpha photon
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is nothing new we've
+talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this
+but you see it here in the equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it here in the equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it here in the equation you
+see it in two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in two ways
+first we're going from two to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going from two to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going from two to one
+one squared minus one half squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared minus one half squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared minus one half squared
+three-fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fourths
+right but second and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but second and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but second and this was
+critical the z minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical the z minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical the z minus one
+the z minus one told us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z minus one told us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z minus one told us that
+this the all these positive charges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the all these positive charges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the all these positive charges in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all these positive charges are screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these positive charges are screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these positive charges are screened
+perfectly by one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly by one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly by one electron
+this one that was left and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that was left and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that was left and it works
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed perfect screen so there's one
+see there's one so what do all these see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's one so what do all these see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's one so what do all these see
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see z minus one they see z minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+if z is related to the atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if z is related to the atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if z is related to the atomic number
+now here's where this was so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where this was so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where this was so powerful
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+when you put you can't read this don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put you can't read this don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put you can't read this don't
+worry about that i just want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that i just want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that i just want to show you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it is a perfectly straight line when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a perfectly straight line when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a perfectly straight line when you
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+the k alpha transitions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha transitions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k alpha transitions these are
+different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements
+right these are his different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are his different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are his different elements
+and if you plot the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the square root
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency if you plot the square
+root of the frequency versus element it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the frequency versus element it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the frequency versus element it
+is a perfect line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect line
+that holds and and so what mosley wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds and and so what mosley wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that holds and and so what mosley wrote
+in the paper is we have here a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper is we have here a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper is we have here a proof
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1913 that there is in the atom a
+fundamental quantity a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental quantity a fundamental
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+which increases by regular steps as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases by regular steps as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases by regular steps as one
+passes from one element to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes from one element to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes from one element to the next
+this quantity can only be only b the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be only b the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity can only be only b the
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the central positive nucleus
+of the existence of which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existence of which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the existence of which we already
+have definite proof now we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite proof now we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have definite proof now we know about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we know right from the experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right from the experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know right from the experiments that
+rutherford did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford did
+that that nucleus had the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that nucleus had the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that nucleus had the positive
+charge but they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but they didn't know
+that it was connected to the position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to the position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was connected to the position in
+the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact years later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact years later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact years later um
+people talking about those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about those experiments
+at this time and said people didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time and said people didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time and said people didn't even
+take rutherford's experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rutherford's experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take rutherford's experiments
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seriously until mosley's work came
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+44 years had come since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 years had come since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 years had come since
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev but mosley gave it the
+foundation that it needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that it needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation that it needed
+periodicity is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity is because
+of atomic number periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic number periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic number periodicity
+is atomic number that was not known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic number that was not known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is atomic number that was not known
+that z gives you the periodicity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that z gives you the periodicity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that z gives you the periodicity right
+and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you
+also the number of protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the number of protons
+this was a time when they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a time when they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a time when they didn't know
+what was going on why did the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on why did the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on why did the mass
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much the neutron wasn't
+discovered until 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered until 1932
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered until 1932
+20 years later but this gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years later but this gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years later but this gave the
+grounding that was needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that was needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that was needed
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the chemistry of the periodic table
+it's a very important discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important discovery
+very very important discovery so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important discovery so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important discovery so that's
+my why this matters and it's it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters and it's it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters and it's it's um
+it's a real it's it's really tragic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real it's it's really tragic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real it's it's really tragic
+because um he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um he died
+tragically in world war one at age 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragically in world war one at age 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragically in world war one at age 27
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many the nobel prize was not given
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1916 for either physics or chemistry
+he died in 1915
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1915
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died in 1915
+and most people at the time believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people at the time believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most people at the time believed
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would have won it at age 28.
+um that's how important that discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's how important that discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's how important that discovery
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+okay let's go back to brass i gotta go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go back to brass i gotta go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go back to brass i gotta go
+to brass what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brass what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brass what's going on here
+what is going on with brass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on with brass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on with brass right
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why didn't he just put zinc there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't he just put zinc there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't he just put zinc there
+dude it looks so good until brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude it looks so good until brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude it looks so good until brass
+what is going on well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on well here
+i'll give you a hint okay the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint okay the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint okay the melting
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+let's see brass okay zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see brass okay zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see brass okay zinc
+melts around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts around
+420c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brass which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass which equals
+zinc and copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+melts at around 900 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at around 900 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts at around 900 c
+or or more greater than 900 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or more greater than 900 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or more greater than 900 c
+that's a hint because if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hint because if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hint because if we go back to
+the video let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video let's go back
+oh the sound is on those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the sound is on those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the sound is on those are the
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+small portion of the top let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small portion of the top let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small portion of the top let me let me
+set that up the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that up the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that up the electrons are
+because i'm doing in the middle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm doing in the middle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm doing in the middle the
+electrons are coming off of cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are coming off of cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are coming off of cathode
+because rankin has cranked the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rankin has cranked the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rankin has cranked the voltage
+way up and pumped all the air out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up and pumped all the air out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up and pumped all the air out so
+those electrons are coming off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are coming off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are coming off with
+thousands and thousands of kev okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of kev okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of kev okay
+they're coming out and that's what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming out and that's what's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming out and that's what's on
+the right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right here
+there there is shaped to focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is shaped to focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is shaped to focus the
+electrons onto a small portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onto a small portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onto a small portion of the
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+which increases the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which increases the intensity of the
+x-rays produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the target is typically a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is typically a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is typically a piece of
+tungsten or molybdenum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten or molybdenum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten or molybdenum
+which may be embedded in a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be embedded in a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be embedded in a stationary
+water or oil-cooled rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or oil-cooled rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or oil-cooled rod
+or on a rotating disc the high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a rotating disc the high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a rotating disc the high speed
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+collide with the target and rapidly lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the target and rapidly lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the target and rapidly lose
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+there are two x-ray producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two x-ray producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two x-ray producing
+interactions between the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the incident
+electrons and the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the atom
+oh look at the power you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at the power you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at the power you can feel
+the power coming into that tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power coming into that tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power coming into that tiny little
+piece of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal
+right you know and now some of the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and now some of the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and now some of the some
+of the time you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you get the
+the transition that we talked about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition that we talked about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition that we talked about you
+knock an electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock an electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock an electron out
+and you emit a photon a k alpha photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you emit a photon a k alpha photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you emit a photon a k alpha photon
+or maybe an l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe an l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe an l
+beta photon right uh and sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta photon right uh and sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta photon right uh and sometimes you
+slow the electron down so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the electron down so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow the electron down so you get the
+bremsstrahlen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlen
+yeah but but but there's so much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but but there's so much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but but there's so much energy
+being pumped into this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped into this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped into this material
+and a lot of times those electrons just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of times those electrons just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of times those electrons just
+collide and heat up the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and heat up the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide and heat up the metal
+that metal is getting extremely hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metal is getting extremely hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metal is getting extremely hot
+and in these experiments either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these experiments either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these experiments either you
+cooled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled it
+or you might rotate it quickly right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might rotate it quickly right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might rotate it quickly right so
+that it gets to cool down it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gets to cool down it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gets to cool down it gets a
+little break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little break
+right or you do both or you just throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you do both or you just throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you do both or you just throw
+up your hands and you say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your hands and you say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your hands and you say you know what
+i'm just gonna go for an alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna go for an alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna go for an alloy
+that's got some zinc in it but won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got some zinc in it but won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got some zinc in it but won't
+melt every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt every time
+yeah it was a good idea so you put brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was a good idea so you put brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was a good idea so you put brass
+in okay you're gonna get the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay you're gonna get the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay you're gonna get the copper
+lines but you'll get the zinc lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you'll get the zinc lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines but you'll get the zinc lines
+you'll get the zinc lines right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the zinc lines right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the zinc lines right now that
+and then that that was why he used brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that that was why he used brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that that was why he used brass
+and that's why you can see you get extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you can see you get extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you can see you get extra
+lines in the case of brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the case of brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the case of brass
+all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+good all right now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right now i'm
+very excited about mosley he you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about mosley he you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about mosley he you know
+it allowed us to actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed us to actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed us to actually understand
+this not just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not just because
+look at this mendeleev was like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this mendeleev was like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this mendeleev was like you know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+cobalt and nickel can't be swapped hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt and nickel can't be swapped hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt and nickel can't be swapped hey
+all you people who just think about mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you people who just think about mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you people who just think about mass
+you're not going to put them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to put them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to put them in the
+order you think i'm changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you think i'm changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you think i'm changing that
+right i'm changing it because properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm changing it because properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm changing it because properties
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+mosley said no you're changing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley said no you're changing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley said no you're changing it
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's the right order because of the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right order because of the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right order because of the blue
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+you're changing it because there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing it because there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing it because there is an
+actual count here that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual count here that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual count here that matters
+and that is why your periodic table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is why your periodic table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is why your periodic table is
+what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+absolutely critical it put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical it put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely critical it put the
+lanthanides in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides in the right place
+it allowed the prediction of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed the prediction of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allowed the prediction of elements
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+like hafnium and a number of others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hafnium and a number of others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hafnium and a number of others uh
+that hadn't been discovered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hadn't been discovered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hadn't been discovered yet
+um and it set it all on this much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it set it all on this much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it set it all on this much more
+solid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid uh
+grounding so that is the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding so that is the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding so that is the contribution of
+moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moses
+i i can't help it i gotta i'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can't help it i gotta i'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can't help it i gotta i'm very
+excited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so
+i brought t-shirts i knew i was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought t-shirts i knew i was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought t-shirts i knew i was talking
+about mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mosley
+now i'm going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going okay
+all right there and in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there and in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there and in the middle
+and over there and over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over there and over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over there and over there
+and over there oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over there oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over there oh that
+that's a bad arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad arm
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and up there and uh hold on hold on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up there and uh hold on hold on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up there and uh hold on hold on now
+okay there there and this is all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there and this is all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there and this is all for
+mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosley
+this is all for mosley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all for mosley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all for mosley
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart from me um showing off i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from me um showing off i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from me um showing off i don't
+have much of an arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much of an arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much of an arm
+one thing i'd like to say is if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i'd like to say is if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i'd like to say is if you did
+already get a t-shirt please just hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already get a t-shirt please just hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already get a t-shirt please just hand
+it off to a friend or somebody you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off to a friend or somebody you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off to a friend or somebody you know
+let's let's share sherry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's share sherry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's share sherry is
+always caring now um there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always caring now um there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always caring now um there's another
+type of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of x-ray
+i want to talk about and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about and um
+see actually this is much less used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually this is much less used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually this is much less used
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+i i hope you've gotten a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i hope you've gotten a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i hope you've gotten a sense of how
+powerful these characteristic x-rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful these characteristic x-rays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful these characteristic x-rays are
+you know exactly what the wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly what the wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly what the wavelength is
+um but in the very earliest xrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the very earliest xrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the very earliest xrd
+experiments it was the bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was the bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it was the bremsstrahlung
+radiation that was used and that was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that was used and that was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that was used and that was by
+von lawy so i want to just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+von lawy so i want to just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+von lawy so i want to just tell you
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+and and so here's an example of an mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so here's an example of an mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so here's an example of an mo
+target now let's remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target now let's remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target now let's remind ourselves
+what we're looking at these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at these are
+x-rays these are x-ray intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays these are x-ray intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays these are x-ray intensities
+versus wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength
+and and this corresponds to 5 10 15 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this corresponds to 5 10 15 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this corresponds to 5 10 15 20
+that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds
+to the kilo electrons that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kilo electrons that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kilo electrons that's the
+thousands of electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of electron volts
+of the incoming electron that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming electron that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming electron that electron
+that came in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in here
+and knocked this out from the cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knocked this out from the cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knocked this out from the cathode
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay now that electron if it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that electron if it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that electron if it comes in
+and we talked about this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this already
+but let me remind you if it comes in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me remind you if it comes in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me remind you if it comes in at
+a kind of low energy well you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of low energy well you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of low energy well you're still
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+this continuous spectrum this continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous spectrum this continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous spectrum this continuous
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+oh why does it look like that beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why does it look like that beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why does it look like that beyond the
+scope of what we need to know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of what we need to know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of what we need to know but
+but in case you're wondering it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're wondering it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're wondering it has to
+do with very complicated effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with very complicated effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with very complicated effects
+that happen when things when x-rays come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen when things when x-rays come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen when things when x-rays come
+off and then are reabsorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then are reabsorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and then are reabsorbed
+right by the same material you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the same material you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the same material you can
+imagine that that could lead to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that could lead to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that could lead to all
+sorts of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting
+cascades of absorption and emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascades of absorption and emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascades of absorption and emission
+that's what leads to the shape but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what leads to the shape but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what leads to the shape but we
+don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know
+those details what we need to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details what we need to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details what we need to know is
+that as you increase the power of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you increase the power of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you increase the power of those
+incident electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident electrons
+you're going to get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more and more
+intensity of x-rays and this goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of x-rays and this goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of x-rays and this goes down
+this wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength
+of the the minimum wavelength or maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the minimum wavelength or maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the minimum wavelength or maximum
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+of the continuous spectrum the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the continuous spectrum the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the continuous spectrum the maximum
+energy goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up
+because the maximum energy you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the maximum energy you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the maximum energy you can get
+in the continuous spectrum is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous spectrum is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous spectrum is equal to
+the incident electron itself so it's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident electron itself so it's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident electron itself so it's set
+right remember the duane something limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the duane something limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember the duane something limit
+dwayne hunt okay we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwayne hunt okay we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwayne hunt okay we talked about that
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+how to get that value yeah but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get that value yeah but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get that value yeah but then you
+get to this certain point and look all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this certain point and look all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this certain point and look all
+of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden
+the characteristic lines appear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic lines appear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic lines appear right
+and those are the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the k
+alpha lines for molybdenum why all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines for molybdenum why all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha lines for molybdenum why all of a
+sudden well because you got over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden well because you got over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden well because you got over
+the amount of energy needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy needed
+to kick out a 1s electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick out a 1s electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick out a 1s electron from
+molybdenum that's exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum that's exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum that's exactly why
+before that you had enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that you had enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that you had enough energy to
+produce x-rays but not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce x-rays but not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce x-rays but not enough
+to kick out the 1s electron it's kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick out the 1s electron it's kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick out the 1s electron it's kicking
+out the 1s electron that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the 1s electron that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the 1s electron that gives you
+characteristic peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic peaks
+okay good this is all reminder stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good this is all reminder stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good this is all reminder stuff but
+i want to get back on that page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to get back on that page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to get back on that page
+but see now okay this continuous part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see now okay this continuous part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see now okay this continuous part is
+also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used
+and it was used like i said by von lauer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was used like i said by von lauer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was used like i said by von lauer
+and von um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and von um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and von um was
+again a really really smart uh smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a really really smart uh smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a really really smart uh smart
+cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+and he he he used the brag condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he he used the brag condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he he used the brag condition
+okay to prove that the x-rays and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to prove that the x-rays and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to prove that the x-rays and the
+space lattice structure of crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space lattice structure of crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space lattice structure of crystals
+can be interfered with each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interfered with each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interfered with each other to
+make this diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this diffraction
+but what he did was was different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did was was different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did was was different okay
+so the nobel prize was given for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nobel prize was given for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nobel prize was given for this
+epoch making discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epoch making discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epoch making discovery
+and i'm actually very happy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm actually very happy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm actually very happy that the
+people that worked with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that worked with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that worked with him
+also shared the nobel prize right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shared the nobel prize right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shared the nobel prize right
+walter and paul what they did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walter and paul what they did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walter and paul what they did was
+different though they took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different though they took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different though they took this
+continuous spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous spectrum
+and instead of having so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of having so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of having so instead of
+fixing the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the angle
+and the lambda i'm sorry instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lambda i'm sorry instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lambda i'm sorry instead of
+varying the angle but having a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the angle but having a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the angle but having a fixed
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+they did the opposite because the cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the opposite because the cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the opposite because the cons
+the continuous spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous spectrum
+has all lambdas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all lambdas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all lambdas right
+and so you can imagine how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine how this works
+right you can imagine how this works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine how this works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine how this works so
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in the lawyer version of xrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lawyer version of xrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lawyer version of xrd
+you shoot uh the x-rays which have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot uh the x-rays which have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shoot uh the x-rays which have all
+the wavelengths in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelengths in them
+at a crystal that's fixed i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a crystal that's fixed i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a crystal that's fixed i'm not
+changing the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the angle
+okay i'm not changing the angle and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not changing the angle and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not changing the angle and what
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+are still diffraction peaks you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still diffraction peaks you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still diffraction peaks you get
+spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots
+all right so in laway xrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in lao xrd you have a single crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lao xrd you have a single crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lao xrd you have a single crystal
+it's got to be the same everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be the same everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be the same everywhere in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+you have a single crystal theta is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single crystal theta is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single crystal theta is fixed
+right you don't move it around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't move it around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't move it around but
+lambda varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the pattern
+that you get reflects the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get reflects the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get reflects the symmetry
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the crystal symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal symmetry
+how is that possible well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that possible well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that possible well you can
+actually see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see this
+uh um by thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um by thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um by thinking about the
+do i have another picture i just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i have another picture i just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i have another picture i just have
+his one you you can see this by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his one you you can see this by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his one you you can see this by thinking
+about that that model which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that model which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that model which is
+somewhere out there in the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there in the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there in the sea
+where is the model i don't see it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the model i don't see it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the model i don't see it yeah
+ah all the way in the back waving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah all the way in the back waving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah all the way in the back waving around
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if i if i see if i can draw this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i see if i can draw this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i see if i can draw this let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+if i if i shoot i'm not gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i shoot x-rays that have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shoot x-rays that have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shoot x-rays that have a fixed
+lambda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in
+but i vary the angle then as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i vary the angle then as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i vary the angle then as we've been
+talking about there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's gonna be
+you know certain angles where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain angles where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain angles where you get
+constructive interference now if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference now if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference now if i
+if i keep the thing fixed and i shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i keep the thing fixed and i shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i keep the thing fixed and i shoot
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+lambdas into it well take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas into it well take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas into it well take a look at the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+imagine that i'm holding that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that i'm holding that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that i'm holding that structure
+right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay
+well i'm going to see this set of planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to see this set of planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to see this set of planes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so so i'm going to see this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm going to see this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm going to see this set of
+planes maybe there's a 100 planes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes maybe there's a 100 planes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes maybe there's a 100 planes i
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+all right and i'm going to bounce off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'm going to bounce off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'm going to bounce off of
+that and constructively interfere maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and constructively interfere maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and constructively interfere maybe
+if i've got the right lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i've got the right lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i've got the right lambda
+but see if i'm looking at the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see if i'm looking at the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see if i'm looking at the crystal
+and it's fixed i'm going to see also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed i'm going to see also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fixed i'm going to see also
+there's another set of planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another set of planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another set of planes
+like that you see there's another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you see there's another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you see there's another set of
+planes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes like that
+and if i'm a different wave like not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm a different wave like not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm a different wave like not the
+same one but a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one but a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one but a different one
+i might constructively interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might constructively interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might constructively interfere with
+those but you can see that the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but you can see that the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but you can see that the angle
+that i make would be different and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i make would be different and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i make would be different and so
+i'll put a spot in a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put a spot in a different place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put a spot in a different place
+you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so
+so i've got all the wavelengths there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got all the wavelengths there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got all the wavelengths there
+and and as they constructively interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as they constructively interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as they constructively interfere
+with different planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different planes
+that they see they make different spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they see they make different spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they see they make different spots
+they make different spots and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make different spots and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make different spots and that's
+what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are
+in those spots it's it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those spots it's it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those spots it's it's more
+complicated to get crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to get crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to get crystal structure
+from those spots it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those spots it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those spots it's more complicated
+you can get symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get symmetry
+fairly easily but you but but getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily but you but but getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily but you but but getting
+the structure itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure itself
+is is a little bit more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a little bit more complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a little bit more complicated and
+can be tricky um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tricky um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tricky um
+and and and for that and other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and for that and other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and for that and other reasons
+most of most work today is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most work today is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most work today is done
+with characteristic characteristic peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with characteristic characteristic peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with characteristic characteristic peaks
+xrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrd
+um but but this was this happened before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but this was this happened before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but this was this happened before
+and so i wanted to show it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i wanted to show it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i wanted to show it to you and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this resolved actually in in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resolved actually in in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resolved actually in in one of
+lowe's very famous papers it resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowe's very famous papers it resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowe's very famous papers it resolved
+the structure of zinc sulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of zinc sulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of zinc sulfide
+it was very important work and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important work and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important work and those are
+the spots there's a look at that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots there's a look at that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots there's a look at that pattern
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+see the thing that you could get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the thing that you could get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the thing that you could get is the
+symmetry oh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry oh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry oh by the way
+by the way we will only test i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we will only test i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we will only test i'm not
+going to test you on lowe i'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on lowe i'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on lowe i'm only
+talking about it for five minutes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it for five minutes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it for five minutes here
+right so so in this class i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in this class i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in this class i want you to
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+about you know using characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know using characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know using characteristic
+peaks and all the things we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and all the things we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and all the things we've been
+talking about laoway is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about laoway is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about laoway is just
+on the side for knowledge we won't test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side for knowledge we won't test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side for knowledge we won't test
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+but i want to end by telling you a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to end by telling you a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to end by telling you a story
+this this tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this tells you something about
+crystal symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal symmetry
+what is symmetry well it just means if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is symmetry well it just means if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is symmetry well it just means if i
+rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it
+is it the same or if i translate it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the same or if i translate it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the same or if i translate it is
+it the same give me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same give me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same give me just
+give me just one minute because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me just one minute because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me just one minute because this is
+actually a really interesting story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really interesting story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really interesting story
+that's translational symmetry we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's translational symmetry we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's translational symmetry we looked
+at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture
+already there's no rotational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there's no rotational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there's no rotational symmetry
+to get back to this picture i'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to this picture i'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to this picture i'd have to
+rotate the whole thing by 360 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the whole thing by 360 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the whole thing by 360 degrees
+but see there are crystals that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see there are crystals that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see there are crystals that actually
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+only rotational symmetry and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rotational symmetry and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rotational symmetry and no
+translational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational symmetry
+and dan sheckman was the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dan sheckman was the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dan sheckman was the one who
+discovered these in the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered these in the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered these in the 1980s
+nobody believed him his advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody believed him his advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody believed him his advisor
+told him to go back and read the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him to go back and read the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him to go back and read the book
+and you know who wrote the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know who wrote the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know who wrote the book
+linus pauling linus polling wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linus pauling linus polling wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linus pauling linus polling wrote the
+book on chemical bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on chemical bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on chemical bonds
+literally the book was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the book was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the book was called the
+chemical bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond
+and linus pauling took the lead he won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linus pauling took the lead he won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linus pauling took the lead he won
+two nobel prizes not one he took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nobel prizes not one he took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nobel prizes not one he took the
+lead in attacking shekman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead in attacking shekman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead in attacking shekman
+shekman had discovered quasi crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shekman had discovered quasi crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shekman had discovered quasi crystals
+shechman had discovered quasi crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shechman had discovered quasi crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shechman had discovered quasi crystals
+but nobody he was fired his papers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody he was fired his papers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody he was fired his papers were
+published and for ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and for ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and for ten
+years nobody believed him linus pauling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years nobody believed him linus pauling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years nobody believed him linus pauling
+said famously there are no such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said famously there are no such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said famously there are no such things
+as quasi crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quasi crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quasi crystals
+only quasi scientists that's how bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only quasi scientists that's how bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only quasi scientists that's how bad it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but shechman had his day he won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shechman had his day he won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shechman had his day he won the
+nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize
+and he had his day and he was proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had his day and he was proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had his day and he was proven
+right and these quasi crystals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these quasi crystals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these quasi crystals are
+absolutely fascinating rotational but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fascinating rotational but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fascinating rotational but no
+translational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational symmetry
+have a great weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SqGmQ6CFYHw.txt b/SqGmQ6CFYHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52d2190658d4dbe32c4445e5d6ce57ce3ae4e531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SqGmQ6CFYHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to talk
+about immunity again and the so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immunity again and the so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about immunity again and the so this
+movie up on the screen here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie up on the screen here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie up on the screen here this is a
+cell you can see the outline of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can see the outline of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can see the outline of the
+cells kind of around here what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells kind of around here what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells kind of around here what's the
+outline of the cell but what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the cell but what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the cell but what you can see
+is that there's something in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something in the cell
+moving around and that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around and that is an
+intracellular bacteria called Listeria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular bacteria called Listeria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular bacteria called Listeria
+and you can see it's rocketing around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's rocketing around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's rocketing around in
+the cell it's having a total party in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell it's having a total party in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell it's having a total party in
+this cell and what you'll see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell and what you'll see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell and what you'll see here is
+you can often see the bacteria push out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can often see the bacteria push out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can often see the bacteria push out
+from the cell so if you look here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell so if you look here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell so if you look here one is
+going to push right now see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push right now see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push right now see there are
+goes it kind of runs into the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it kind of runs into the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes it kind of runs into the edge of
+the cell and pushes out and this enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and pushes out and this enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and pushes out and this enables
+the bacteria to spread from cell to cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria to spread from cell to cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria to spread from cell to cell
+without actually going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually going into the
+extracellular space surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space surrounding the
+cells okay so let's take a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so let's take a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so let's take a hypothetical
+situation so Listeria is a foodborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so Listeria is a foodborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so Listeria is a foodborne
+illness it causes a nasty sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness it causes a nasty sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness it causes a nasty sort of
+intestinal disease so Brett do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal disease so Brett do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal disease so Brett do you want
+these bacteria having a party in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+cells hell no okay Malik do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hell no okay Malik do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hell no okay Malik do you want
+these bacteria having a party in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+cells hell no okay Carmen do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hell no okay Carmen do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hell no okay Carmen do you want
+these bacteria having a party in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria having a party in your
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+hell no yes okay so our body has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell no yes okay so our body has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell no yes okay so our body has to have
+some way to sort of address this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to sort of address this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to sort of address this type of
+an illness and the problem is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illness and the problem is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illness and the problem is if you're
+thinking about what we discussed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what we discussed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what we discussed on
+Wednesday is all right so you're hosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is all right so you're hosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is all right so you're hosting
+this party right this is your cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party right this is your cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this party right this is your cell okay
+so you have a host cell that's your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a host cell that's your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a host cell that's your cell
+and you have an intracellular pathogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an intracellular pathogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an intracellular pathogen
+such as a bacteria or it could also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a bacteria or it could also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a bacteria or it could also be a
+virus and they're essentially using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and they're essentially using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and they're essentially using
+your generous host cell to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generous host cell to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generous host cell to reproduce
+itself to spread to other cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to spread to other cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to spread to other cells of the
+body okay and so you don't want that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay and so you don't want that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay and so you don't want that but
+the problem is that I told you about B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that I told you about B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that I told you about B
+cells so remember B cells they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so remember B cells they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so remember B cells they have an
+antigen receptor it's initially on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen receptor it's initially on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen receptor it's initially on their
+plasma membrane it can also be secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane it can also be secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane it can also be secreted
+okay and it's secreted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's secreted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's secreted into the
+extracellular space the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space the problem is that
+these pathogens are inside the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathogens are inside the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pathogens are inside the cell and
+there's a plasma membrane separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plasma membrane separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plasma membrane separating
+them from the antigen receptors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the antigen receptors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the antigen receptors that you
+need to recognize them okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to recognize them okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to recognize them okay so this is a
+presenting issue it's also the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting issue it's also the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting issue it's also the case for
+T cells yes as you heard on Wednesday T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cells yes as you heard on Wednesday T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cells yes as you heard on Wednesday T
+cells only have this membrane bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells only have this membrane bound form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells only have this membrane bound form
+of the receptor and the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptor and the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptor and the antigen
+recognition antigen recognition domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition antigen recognition domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition antigen recognition domains
+of all of these are extracellular okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these are extracellular okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these are extracellular okay
+so there's really with just this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's really with just this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's really with just this system
+there's no way for your immune cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for your immune cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way for your immune cells to
+see in the cells so today I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the cells so today I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the cells so today I want to talk
+about how is it that the immune cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how is it that the immune cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how is it that the immune cells
+are able how our immune cell is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able how our immune cell is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able how our immune cell is able to
+see within the cell in order to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see within the cell in order to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see within the cell in order to address
+an infection like this one with Listeria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infection like this one with Listeria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infection like this one with Listeria
+okay and the first part of the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first part of the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first part of the answer is
+that it involves a process known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it involves a process known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it involves a process known as
+antigen presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an antigen presentation is the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antigen presentation is the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antigen presentation is the process
+by which peptides so short sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which peptides so short sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which peptides so short sequences of
+amino acids right are presented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids right are presented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids right are presented and
+displayed on the surface of the cell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed on the surface of the cell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displayed on the surface of the cell for
+the immune system for immune cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system for immune cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immune system for immune cells to
+see so here peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so here peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so here peptides
+are displayed on the cell surface for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displayed on the cell surface for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displayed on the cell surface for
+immune cells to see them and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cells to see them and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cells to see them and in this
+specific case is going to be for the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case is going to be for the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case is going to be for the T
+cells to observe what's going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to observe what's going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to observe what's going on inside
+the cell okay so this this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell okay so this this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell okay so this this mechanism
+involves another molecule which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves another molecule which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves another molecule which I
+briefly introduced is called the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduced is called the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduced is called the major
+histocompatibility histocompatibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complex which is abbreviated MHC so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is abbreviated MHC so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex which is abbreviated MHC so when
+I refer to MHC and Wednesday's lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer to MHC and Wednesday's lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I refer to MHC and Wednesday's lecture I
+was referring to this major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was referring to this major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was referring to this major
+histocompatibility complex and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histocompatibility complex and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histocompatibility complex and there are
+two classes of MHC s thankfully the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of MHC s thankfully the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of MHC s thankfully the
+first one is known as class 1 so class 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is known as class 1 so class 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is known as class 1 so class 1
+MHC and class 1 MHC looks like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC and class 1 MHC looks like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC and class 1 MHC looks like this like
+many of the immune receptors that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the immune receptors that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the immune receptors that I've
+talked about it has a heavy chain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it has a heavy chain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it has a heavy chain which
+is this long polypeptide in blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this long polypeptide in blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this long polypeptide in blue and
+light blue and it has a light chain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue and it has a light chain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue and it has a light chain in
+purple okay so the MHC is composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple okay so the MHC is composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple okay so the MHC is composed of
+these two separate polypeptides they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two separate polypeptides they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two separate polypeptides they're
+encoded by different genes and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by different genes and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by different genes and then it
+assembles into this structure shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembles into this structure shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembles into this structure shown here
+so this Maalik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Maalik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Maalik
+has to IG domains and these are proximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to IG domains and these are proximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to IG domains and these are proximal
+to the plasma membrane and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plasma membrane and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plasma membrane and this thing is
+all inserted in the plasma membrane it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inserted in the plasma membrane it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inserted in the plasma membrane it's
+an integral membrane protein and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral membrane protein and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral membrane protein and then
+distal to the plasma membrane is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal to the plasma membrane is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal to the plasma membrane is this
+structure here and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and if you look at the
+crystal structure it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure it's kind of like a
+sheet of beta sheet with two alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of beta sheet with two alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of beta sheet with two alpha
+helixes and all together what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helixes and all together what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helixes and all together what it does is
+it basically creates like a little like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically creates like a little like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically creates like a little like
+cop okay so it's creating like a cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop okay so it's creating like a cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop okay so it's creating like a cup
+okay and what sits in this cup is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what sits in this cup is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what sits in this cup is a
+peptide so you get peptides and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so you get peptides and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so you get peptides and the
+peptides sort of sit in that hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides sort of sit in that hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides sort of sit in that hand if you
+will and some of the amino acids from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and some of the amino acids from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and some of the amino acids from
+that peptide are sticking out and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peptide are sticking out and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peptide are sticking out and those
+sort of displayed away from the MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of displayed away from the MHC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of displayed away from the MHC
+molecule okay so this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay so this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay so this is basically a
+hand that holds peptides and displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that holds peptides and displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that holds peptides and displays
+them for the four on the outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the four on the outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the four on the outside of the
+cell right so the outside of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the outside of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the outside of the cell
+here is up this would be the ectoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is up this would be the ectoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is up this would be the ectoplasm
+out here and it's displaying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and it's displaying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and it's displaying these
+peptides for immune cells like t-cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides for immune cells like t-cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides for immune cells like t-cells
+to observe all right so class one MHC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe all right so class one MHC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe all right so class one MHC is
+a class that's expressed on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class that's expressed on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class that's expressed on all
+nucleated cells in your body okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleated cells in your body okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleated cells in your body okay so
+that's all of your nucleated cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of your nucleated cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of your nucleated cells are
+synthesizing and a class 1 MHC and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing and a class 1 MHC and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing and a class 1 MHC and then
+it's sort of being displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of being displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of being displayed on the
+surface and the peptides that are held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the peptides that are held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the peptides that are held
+by this class 1 MHC the peptides here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this class 1 MHC the peptides here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this class 1 MHC the peptides here
+are being derived from a specific place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being derived from a specific place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being derived from a specific place
+in the cell which is the cytoplasm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell which is the cytoplasm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell which is the cytoplasm okay
+so the peptides are from the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peptides are from the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the peptides are from the cytoplasm
+so this is the source of the peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the source of the peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the source of the peptides
+and I'll tell you how these peptides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you how these peptides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you how these peptides are
+sort of loaded on to this MHC molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loaded on to this MHC molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of loaded on to this MHC molecule
+so the MHC molecule is a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the MHC molecule is a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the MHC molecule is a membrane
+protein so it's translated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so it's translated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so it's translated on the
+endoplasmic reticulum and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum and it's
+extracellular domain is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular domain is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular domain is initially
+present in the lumen of the ER okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the lumen of the ER okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the lumen of the ER okay and
+the peptides are from proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptides are from proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptides are from proteins that are
+present in the cytoplasm and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the cytoplasm and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the cytoplasm and what
+happens to these proteins and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to these proteins and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to these proteins and this
+occurs for you know unfolded proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs for you know unfolded proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs for you know unfolded proteins
+but also for proteins that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for proteins that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for proteins that might be
+ubiquitinated is that they're processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated is that they're processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitinated is that they're processed
+by the proteasome which is this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the proteasome which is this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the proteasome which is this paper
+this kind of a shredder like function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a shredder like function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a shredder like function
+for proteins and it cuts up the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins and it cuts up the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins and it cuts up the proteins
+into little snippets or peptides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little snippets or peptides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into little snippets or peptides that
+can then be pumped into the lumen of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be pumped into the lumen of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be pumped into the lumen of the
+ER through this transporter top so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER through this transporter top so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER through this transporter top so these
+peptides can be taken and transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides can be taken and transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides can be taken and transported
+into the lumen of the ER and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lumen of the ER and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lumen of the ER and that's
+where they're loaded onto the class 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're loaded onto the class 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're loaded onto the class 1
+MHC molecule okay but the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC molecule okay but the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC molecule okay but the source of the
+peptides is from proteins that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides is from proteins that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides is from proteins that are in
+the cytoplasm they're processed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm they're processed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm they're processed by the
+proteasome so then once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so then once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so then once you have a
+peptide MHC complex it can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide MHC complex it can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide MHC complex it can then be
+trafficked through the normal vesicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficked through the normal vesicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficked through the normal vesicle
+trafficking pathway all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficking pathway all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficking pathway all the way out to
+the plasma membrane of the cell where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane of the cell where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane of the cell where
+now that peptide will be displayed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that peptide will be displayed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that peptide will be displayed for
+t-cells to observe okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells to observe okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells to observe okay and so the
+peptides here they're processed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides here they're processed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides here they're processed by the
+proteasome process door or cut by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome process door or cut by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome process door or cut by the
+proteasome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the type of t-cell that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the type of t-cell that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the type of t-cell that's going
+to look at these class 1 molecules they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these class 1 molecules they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these class 1 molecules they
+are known as cd8 positive T cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as cd8 positive T cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known as cd8 positive T cells okay
+so this is the first class of MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first class of MHC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first class of MHC
+molecule because there's a class one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule because there's a class one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule because there's a class one
+that means there also must be a class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there also must be a class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there also must be a class to
+which there is and so class 2 MHC s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is and so class 2 MHC s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is and so class 2 MHC s
+are fundamentally different in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally different in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally different in all of
+these properties okay the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties okay the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties okay the what the
+function shared by these MHC molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function shared by these MHC molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function shared by these MHC molecules
+is they both display peptides on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they both display peptides on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they both display peptides on the
+surface of the cell okay so MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the cell okay so MHC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the cell okay so MHC
+molecules do display peptides on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do display peptides on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules do display peptides on the
+surface which is known as antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which is known as antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which is known as antigen
+presentation but other than that MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but other than that MHC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but other than that MHC
+class 2 is pretty different you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is pretty different you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is pretty different you see the
+structure of MHC class 2 is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of MHC class 2 is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of MHC class 2 is very similar
+to that of class 1 but you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that of class 1 but you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that of class 1 but you see that
+rather than having a heavy and a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having a heavy and a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having a heavy and a light
+chain here there are two chains that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain here there are two chains that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain here there are two chains that are
+roughly of equal size and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly of equal size and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly of equal size and so these are
+encoded by different genes than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by different genes than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by different genes than the
+class one molecule and they encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one molecule and they encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one molecule and they encode
+different proteins but the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins but the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins but the overall
+structural similarity is very similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural similarity is very similar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural similarity is very similar so
+there are two IG domains they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two IG domains they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two IG domains they're
+proximal to the plasma membrane and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximal to the plasma membrane and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximal to the plasma membrane and then
+there's this structure at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this structure at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this structure at the very end
+of the MHC molecule which has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MHC molecule which has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MHC molecule which has this
+groove in it which can hold a peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove in it which can hold a peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove in it which can hold a peptide
+that would be displayed on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be displayed on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be displayed on the surface
+of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell
+okay and there you see the groove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there you see the groove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there you see the groove and
+you see the peptide that is present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the peptide that is present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the peptide that is present in
+it all right so one big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so one big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so one big difference
+between class one and class two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between class one and class two is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between class one and class two is that
+class two is expressed on a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two is expressed on a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two is expressed on a much more
+restricted set of cells okay so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted set of cells okay so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted set of cells okay so and
+class two MHC s are expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two MHC s are expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two MHC s are expressed
+specifically on specialized cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on specialized cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on specialized cells
+is antigen-presenting cells and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is antigen-presenting cells and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is antigen-presenting cells and these
+antigen-presenting cells include cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen-presenting cells include cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen-presenting cells include cells
+like B cells which are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B cells which are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like B cells which are the ones that
+I'll focus on but also phagocytic cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on but also phagocytic cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll focus on but also phagocytic cells
+that can phagocytose foreign substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can phagocytose foreign substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can phagocytose foreign substances
+phago say phagocytic cells and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phago say phagocytic cells and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phago say phagocytic cells and there's
+another cell type called a dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell type called a dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell type called a dendritic
+cell which is also an antigen presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is also an antigen presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is also an antigen presenting
+cell I'm gonna focus on the B cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I'm gonna focus on the B cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I'm gonna focus on the B cells
+right so class 1 is expressed everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so class 1 is expressed everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so class 1 is expressed everywhere
+class 2 is really expressed on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is really expressed on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is really expressed on these
+professional antigen presenting cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional antigen presenting cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional antigen presenting cells
+okay and the way that the peptides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way that the peptides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way that the peptides the
+source of the peptides and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the peptides and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the peptides and the way
+they're generated is also very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generated is also very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generated is also very different
+so peptides for class 2 come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so peptides for class 2 come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so peptides for class 2 come from the
+extracellular space and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular space and they are
+processed by lysosomal proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by lysosomal proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by lysosomal proteases
+so by lysosomal proteases and so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by lysosomal proteases and so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by lysosomal proteases and so I'll
+show you how that looks in cartoon form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that looks in cartoon form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that looks in cartoon form
+so so for MHC class 2 the peptides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for MHC class 2 the peptides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for MHC class 2 the peptides are
+from the extracellular space and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the extracellular space and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the extracellular space and so
+we've talked about ways that cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about ways that cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about ways that cells can
+take in material one way is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in material one way is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in material one way is through
+endocytosis right so if this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis right so if this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis right so if this is my
+antigen the antigen could be endocytosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen the antigen could be endocytosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen the antigen could be endocytosed
+by the cell okay and now it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cell okay and now it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cell okay and now it's in a
+vesicle that's present in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle that's present in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle that's present in the cell and
+so if you endocytosis protein then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you endocytosis protein then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you endocytosis protein then it's
+now in a vesicle and one compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a vesicle and one compartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a vesicle and one compartment
+that it can go to is the lysosome where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go to is the lysosome where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go to is the lysosome where
+are these there are these lysosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these there are these lysosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these there are these lysosomal
+proteases that can then chop up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that can then chop up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that can then chop up this
+protein into little snippets or peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into little snippets or peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into little snippets or peptides
+and so MHC class 2 again it's translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so MHC class 2 again it's translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so MHC class 2 again it's translated
+at the endoplasmic reticulum like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the endoplasmic reticulum like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the endoplasmic reticulum like all
+plasma membrane proteins and so but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane proteins and so but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane proteins and so but in
+the endoplasmic reticulum you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoplasmic reticulum you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoplasmic reticulum you see that
+peptide groove is blocked such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide groove is blocked such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide groove is blocked such that
+peptides derived from the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides derived from the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides derived from the cytoplasm
+can't interact with class 2 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't interact with class 2 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't interact with class 2 ok
+but then it's trafficked to a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's trafficked to a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's trafficked to a unique
+compartment which can combine with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which can combine with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which can combine with the
+compartment that has the polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment that has the polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment that has the polypeptides
+that originated from outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originated from outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that originated from outside the cell
+and then those can get loaded on to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those can get loaded on to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those can get loaded on to this
+class 2 MHC molecule and then this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 MHC molecule and then this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 MHC molecule and then this can
+be recognized by t-cells but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recognized by t-cells but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recognized by t-cells but in this
+case it is a endocytosed my chalk I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a endocytosed my chalk I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is a endocytosed my chalk I need
+to get it back here so in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it back here so in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it back here so in this case it's
+not a cd8 T cell that's recognizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a cd8 T cell that's recognizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a cd8 T cell that's recognizing it
+but a cd4 positive T cell ok so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a cd4 positive T cell ok so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a cd4 positive T cell ok so let me
+briefly review what I just went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly review what I just went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly review what I just went through
+and review the differences between class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review the differences between class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review the differences between class
+1 and class 2 so class 1 MHC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and class 2 so class 1 MHC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and class 2 so class 1 MHC is
+expressed on all nucleated cells whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed on all nucleated cells whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed on all nucleated cells whereas
+class 2 is much more restricted being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is much more restricted being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 2 is much more restricted being
+expressed specifically on antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed specifically on antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed specifically on antigen
+presenting cells the T cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting cells the T cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting cells the T cells that
+recognize these two classes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these two classes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these two classes are
+different class ones recognized by cd8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class ones recognized by cd8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different class ones recognized by cd8
+positive T cells class 2 is recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T cells class 2 is recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T cells class 2 is recognized
+by cd4 positive T cells ok and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cd4 positive T cells ok and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cd4 positive T cells ok and the
+source of the antigen is different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the antigen is different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the antigen is different in
+these two cases the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases the source of the
+antigen for class one is the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen for class one is the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen for class one is the cytoplasm
+for class 2 its the extracellular space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for class 2 its the extracellular space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for class 2 its the extracellular space
+ok so the different MHC s are sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the different MHC s are sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the different MHC s are sampling
+different sort of pools of proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of pools of proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of pools of proteins and
+the where the peptide is loaded is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the peptide is loaded is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the peptide is loaded is
+distinct between these two which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct between these two which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct between these two which allows
+these distinct classes to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distinct classes to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distinct classes to basically
+discriminate between the sources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate between the sources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate between the sources of the
+peptides that they're loading so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that they're loading so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that they're loading so for
+class 1 that's in the ER for class 2 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 1 that's in the ER for class 2 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 1 that's in the ER for class 2 it
+arises from a vesicle compartment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from a vesicle compartment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises from a vesicle compartment that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+results from endocytosis of an antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from endocytosis of an antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from endocytosis of an antigen
+from outside the cell all right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the cell all right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside the cell all right now the
+type of molecule that recognizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of molecule that recognizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of molecule that recognizes this
+MHC peptide complex is the t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC peptide complex is the t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC peptide complex is the t-cell
+receptor which I briefly outlined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which I briefly outlined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which I briefly outlined on
+Wednesday but now we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday but now we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday but now we're going to talk
+about it in much more detail so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in much more detail so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in much more detail so the
+t-cell receptor or TCR and I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor or TCR and I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor or TCR and I talked
+about its structure which is shown up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its structure which is shown up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its structure which is shown up on
+the slide but I'll just draw a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide but I'll just draw a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide but I'll just draw a more
+simply here if this is the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply here if this is the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply here if this is the plasma
+membrane this is the cytoplasm and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane this is the cytoplasm and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane this is the cytoplasm and this
+is the EXO plasm facing down then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the EXO plasm facing down then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the EXO plasm facing down then this
+t-cell receptor has two chains one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor has two chains one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor has two chains one is
+called the Alpha chain and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Alpha chain and the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Alpha chain and the second is
+called the beta chain and each is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beta chain and each is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beta chain and each is
+comprised of two IG domains which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of two IG domains which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of two IG domains which you
+see up there right so the T cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up there right so the T cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up there right so the T cell
+receptor here is in pink you can see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor here is in pink you can see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor here is in pink you can see an
+IG domain there on one strand IG that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG domain there on one strand IG that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG domain there on one strand IG that
+domain there so and you have another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain there so and you have another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain there so and you have another two
+IG domains on the other subunit and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG domains on the other subunit and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG domains on the other subunit and this
+receptor the t-cell receptor recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the t-cell receptor recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the t-cell receptor recognizes
+antigens through its variable domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens through its variable domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens through its variable domain
+which is here and it's binding basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here and it's binding basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here and it's binding basically
+to the end of this receptor okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of this receptor okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of this receptor okay so this
+is a sort of ribbon diagram of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of ribbon diagram of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of ribbon diagram of a
+structure for a t-cell receptor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a t-cell receptor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a t-cell receptor the
+plasma membrane would be up here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane would be up here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane would be up here this is
+the end of the t-cell receptor and MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the t-cell receptor and MHC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the t-cell receptor and MHC
+is in green and is holding a peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in green and is holding a peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in green and is holding a peptide
+here in yellow and you can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in yellow and you can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in yellow and you can see how the
+TCR is sort of interacting or docking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR is sort of interacting or docking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR is sort of interacting or docking to
+this MHC peptide complex so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MHC peptide complex so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this MHC peptide complex so for the
+t-cell receptor to interact and bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor to interact and bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor to interact and bind to
+MHC the t-cell you have to have a t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC the t-cell you have to have a t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC the t-cell you have to have a t-cell
+receptor that recognizes the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that recognizes the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that recognizes the specific
+conformation of the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation of the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformation of the peptide
+that is being sort of extended away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being sort of extended away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being sort of extended away from
+the cell right so let's say this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell right so let's say this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell right so let's say this is my
+t-cell receptor and I'm going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor and I'm going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor and I'm going around and
+searching for cells that might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for cells that might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for cells that might want to
+look at this then if I had a t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this then if I had a t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this then if I had a t-cell
+receptor that was like this right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that was like this right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that was like this right it's
+not going to be able to stick to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to stick to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to stick to this
+MHC peptide complex however if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC peptide complex however if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHC peptide complex however if I had a
+t-cell receptor that had the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor that had the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor that had the right
+confirmation because there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation because there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation because there are different
+types of t-cell receptors it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of t-cell receptors it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of t-cell receptors it might be
+able to dock on and stick to the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dock on and stick to the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dock on and stick to the peptide
+and then the t-cell is now stuck to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the t-cell is now stuck to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the t-cell is now stuck to the
+peptide MHC complex okay so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide MHC complex okay so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide MHC complex okay so there are
+different t-cell receptors there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different t-cell receptors there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different t-cell receptors there's a
+diversity of t-cell receptors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of t-cell receptors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of t-cell receptors and
+they're able to discriminate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to discriminate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to discriminate between
+different peptides loaded onto MHC okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peptides loaded onto MHC okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different peptides loaded onto MHC okay
+so now we have to think about where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to think about where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to think about where this
+diversity of t-cell receptors comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a diversity of TC RS and lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diversity of TC RS and lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diversity of TC RS and lucky
+for you the mechanism that generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the mechanism that generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the mechanism that generates the
+diversity of TC RS is the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of TC RS is the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of TC RS is the same that
+generates diversity for antibodies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates diversity for antibodies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates diversity for antibodies okay
+now Georgia asked a really good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Georgia asked a really good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Georgia asked a really good and
+really important question at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important question at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important question at the end of
+lecture on Wednesday which is she asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Wednesday which is she asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Wednesday which is she asked
+if this sort of rearrangement of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this sort of rearrangement of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this sort of rearrangement of gene
+segments in the variable domain if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the variable domain if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the variable domain if the
+antibody was due to splicing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody was due to splicing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody was due to splicing or
+recombination at the genomic locus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination at the genomic locus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination at the genomic locus and
+the answer is that it's recombination at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that it's recombination at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that it's recombination at
+the genomic locus okay and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic locus okay and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic locus okay and that's very
+important point so here's a diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so here's a diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so here's a diagram for
+the beta chain of the TCR you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta chain of the TCR you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta chain of the TCR you can see
+that like the b-cell receptor there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the b-cell receptor there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the b-cell receptor there's a
+gene rearrangement in the genomic DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene rearrangement in the genomic DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene rearrangement in the genomic DNA
+that brings VD and J segments together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings VD and J segments together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings VD and J segments together
+to make the variable chain of the t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the variable chain of the t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the variable chain of the t-cell
+receptor okay so like the b-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay so like the b-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay so like the b-cell
+receptor there's a gene rearrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also known as vdj recombination and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as vdj recombination and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as vdj recombination and this
+is not splicing of the transcript this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not splicing of the transcript this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not splicing of the transcript this
+is in the genomic DNA okay the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the genomic DNA okay the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the genomic DNA okay the very
+important point because by having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point because by having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point because by having this
+happen in the genomic DNA right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the genomic DNA right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the genomic DNA right it
+creates an irreversible change in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an irreversible change in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an irreversible change in that
+genomic DNA such that all subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA such that all subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA such that all subsequent
+cells that are derived from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are derived from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are derived from that
+original B or T cell are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original B or T cell are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original B or T cell are going to
+express the identical B or T cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the identical B or T cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the identical B or T cell
+receptor okay so it's not splicing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay so it's not splicing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay so it's not splicing but
+it's a real sort of irreversible change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real sort of irreversible change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real sort of irreversible change
+to the genomic DNA okay so you we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the genomic DNA okay so you we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the genomic DNA okay so you we have a
+diversity of T cell receptors but the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of T cell receptors but the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of T cell receptors but the T
+cell receptor is not the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor is not the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell receptor is not the only thing that
+enables the T cell to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the T cell to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the T cell to interact with
+whatever cell is presenting the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever cell is presenting the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever cell is presenting the antigen
+there are these other Co receptors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these other Co receptors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these other Co receptors which
+are important so there are Co receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important so there are Co receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important so there are Co receptors
+on the T cell this is on the T cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the T cell this is on the T cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the T cell this is on the T cell and
+the cone receptors are cd4 and cd8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cone receptors are cd4 and cd8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cone receptors are cd4 and cd8 and
+they're expressed on different subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expressed on different subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expressed on different subsets
+of T cells okay and these Co receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T cells okay and these Co receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T cells okay and these Co receptors
+because it's not sufficient for just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not sufficient for just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not sufficient for just the
+T cell receptor to interact with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cell receptor to interact with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cell receptor to interact with a
+specific peptide it's it also requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific peptide it's it also requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific peptide it's it also requires
+this co-receptor in order to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-receptor in order to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-receptor in order to get an
+immune response okay so the logic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response okay so the logic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response okay so the logic is
+that if the T cell receptor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the T cell receptor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the T cell receptor and the
+co-receptor both bind to the MHC then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-receptor both bind to the MHC then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-receptor both bind to the MHC then
+you get a particular type of response so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a particular type of response so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a particular type of response so
+you need both okay and cd4 cd4 cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both okay and cd4 cd4 cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both okay and cd4 cd4 cells
+recognize the class 2 of MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cd8 recognizes class 1 MHC okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cd8 recognizes class 1 MHC okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cd8 recognizes class 1 MHC okay so you
+have these two different subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two different subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two different subsets of
+t-cells and they recognize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells and they recognize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells and they recognize these
+distinct MHC complexes so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct MHC complexes so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct MHC complexes so my question
+for you is what should the cd8 positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is what should the cd8 positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is what should the cd8 positive
+T cells do and to help with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cells do and to help with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cells do and to help with that you
+might want to look at where the peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to look at where the peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to look at where the peptides
+are coming from from that are presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from from that are presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from from that are presented
+on the class 1 MHC s which are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the class 1 MHC s which are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the class 1 MHC s which are going to
+be presenting specifically to cd8 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be presenting specifically to cd8 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be presenting specifically to cd8 okay
+so what should these do what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should these do what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should these do what what what
+does it mean if you have a class 1 MHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule containing a peptide that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule containing a peptide that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule containing a peptide that looks
+foreign well where do the peptides come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign well where do the peptides come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign well where do the peptides come
+from what's that Patricia Patricia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's that Patricia Patricia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's that Patricia Patricia is
+right they're coming from the cytosol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're coming from the cytosol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're coming from the cytosol so
+if you have foreign elements coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have foreign elements coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have foreign elements coming from
+the cytosol what might that mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol what might that mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol what might that mean for
+that cell good bad irrelevant what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell good bad irrelevant what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell good bad irrelevant what's
+that what's that okay Brett saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's that okay Brett saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's that okay Brett saying it
+needs to be dealt with and I totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be dealt with and I totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be dealt with and I totally
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+here's one scenario would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one scenario would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one scenario would be the
+scenario I showed you in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario I showed you in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario I showed you in the beginning
+of class where you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class where you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class where you have some sort of
+intracellular parasite that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular parasite that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular parasite that is basically
+using the host cell for its own evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the host cell for its own evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the host cell for its own evil
+purposes to produce more viral viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to produce more viral viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to produce more viral viruses
+or more bacteria okay so so if this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bacteria okay so so if this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more bacteria okay so so if this the
+immune cell has some sort of indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cell has some sort of indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune cell has some sort of indication
+that this is going wrong another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going wrong another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going wrong another example
+is in cancer right because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cancer right because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in cancer right because if you have
+oncogenic mutations in certain genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenic mutations in certain genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenic mutations in certain genes
+then those could be recognized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those could be recognized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those could be recognized as
+foreign and so an appropriate response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign and so an appropriate response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign and so an appropriate response
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+to do something to that cell that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something to that cell that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something to that cell that would
+limit the expansion of the tumour or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the expansion of the tumour or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the expansion of the tumour or in
+the case of an intracellular parasite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of an intracellular parasite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of an intracellular parasite
+you really need to terminate the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to terminate the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to terminate the cell so
+that you stem the tide of viruses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stem the tide of viruses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stem the tide of viruses that
+are going to be produced by that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be produced by that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be produced by that cell
+okay so the response should be to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the response should be to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the response should be to kill
+okay so if a cd8 positive see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if a cd8 positive see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if a cd8 positive see if you
+have a cd8 positive T cell it indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cd8 positive T cell it indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cd8 positive T cell it indicates
+there's something wrong inside that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong inside that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong inside that cell
+and the response should be to kill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the response should be to kill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the response should be to kill it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and these cd8 positive T cells are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cd8 positive T cells are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cd8 positive T cells are known
+as killer or cytotoxic T cells okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as killer or cytotoxic T cells okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as killer or cytotoxic T cells okay so
+what happens if the cd8 positive T cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the cd8 positive T cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the cd8 positive T cell
+recognizes a ma MHC class 1 peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes a ma MHC class 1 peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes a ma MHC class 1 peptide
+complex then it releases materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex then it releases materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex then it releases materials from
+inside it that perforate that cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it that perforate that cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it that perforate that cell and
+lead it to undergo cell death okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead it to undergo cell death okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead it to undergo cell death okay so
+it's a way of limiting an infection by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of limiting an infection by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of limiting an infection by
+killing the cells that the virus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the cells that the virus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing the cells that the virus or
+pathogen is using to reproduce itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen is using to reproduce itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen is using to reproduce itself
+okay what about cd4 positive what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about cd4 positive what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about cd4 positive what should
+be the response of a cd4 positive T cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should it also kill should be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it also kill should be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it also kill should be like the
+t1000 no one gets my cultural references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1000 no one gets my cultural references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1000 no one gets my cultural references
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+should it be the Terminator - no what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be the Terminator - no what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be the Terminator - no what
+yes sir who thinks that should terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Steven can you tell us your logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Steven can you tell us your logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Steven can you tell us your logic
+what why why should it not terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what are the MHC class 2 cells yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the MHC class 2 cells yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the MHC class 2 cells yeah it's
+not only a B cells to B cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a B cells to B cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a B cells to B cell that
+recognizes like the foreign agent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes like the foreign agent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes like the foreign agent that
+you're infected with yeah Brett they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're infected with yeah Brett they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're infected with yeah Brett they're
+they're binding something that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're binding something that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're binding something that it
+recognizes is foreign internalizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes is foreign internalizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes is foreign internalizing it
+and then presenting bits of that for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then presenting bits of that for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then presenting bits of that for an
+element on the outside of itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the outside of itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the outside of itself the
+vessel but that is shooting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel but that is shooting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel but that is shooting the
+messenger exactly yeah so it would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger exactly yeah so it would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger exactly yeah so it would be an
+extremely bad idea for the cd4 positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bad idea for the cd4 positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bad idea for the cd4 positive
+T cell to kill what's presenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cell to kill what's presenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cell to kill what's presenting the
+antigen because you would kill the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen because you would kill the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen because you would kill the exact
+cell that you would need to fight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that you would need to fight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that you would need to fight that
+antigen right here you have a B cell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen right here you have a B cell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen right here you have a B cell it
+would be a B cell that's producing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a B cell that's producing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a B cell that's producing an
+antibody that actually can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that actually can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody that actually can produce
+antibodies that might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that might be able to
+neutralize that foreign invader and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize that foreign invader and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize that foreign invader and so
+you don't want to kill it you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to kill it you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to kill it you want to
+help it or enhance the B cell function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so these cd4 positive cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these cd4 positive cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these cd4 positive cells are
+known as helper T cells and they enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as helper T cells and they enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as helper T cells and they enhance
+b-cell function in a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-cell function in a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-cell function in a number of different
+ways oh I should point out where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh I should point out where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh I should point out where this
+happens so this sort of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this sort of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this sort of interaction
+between B and T cells happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B and T cells happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B and T cells happens in the
+lymph node okay because in the lymph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node okay because in the lymph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymph node okay because in the lymph
+node you have antigen presenting cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you have antigen presenting cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you have antigen presenting cells
+or even soluble antigens coming in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even soluble antigens coming in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even soluble antigens coming in to
+these lymph nodes and you also have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lymph nodes and you also have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lymph nodes and you also have B
+and T cells and this is kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T cells and this is kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T cells and this is kind of like the
+B and T cell like hang out to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and T cell like hang out to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and T cell like hang out to like get
+sort of like interactions between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like interactions between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like interactions between these
+two distinct immune cell types okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distinct immune cell types okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distinct immune cell types okay and
+when you get sort of a B cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get sort of a B cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get sort of a B cell that
+presents an antigen that's recognized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents an antigen that's recognized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents an antigen that's recognized by
+a t cell then the T cell enhances B cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t cell then the T cell enhances B cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t cell then the T cell enhances B cell
+function and it does so in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it does so in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it does so in a number of
+different ways the first way is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the first way is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the first way is that it
+induces a response in the B cell known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces a response in the B cell known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces a response in the B cell known
+as affinity maturation and this affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as affinity maturation and this affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as affinity maturation and this affinity
+maturation results from a hyper mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation results from a hyper mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation results from a hyper mutation
+of the variable domain of the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variable domain of the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variable domain of the antibody
+such that you get even more diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you get even more diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you get even more diversity
+and such that a B cell can be selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that a B cell can be selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that a B cell can be selected
+that even has a tighter binding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even has a tighter binding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even has a tighter binding to the
+antigen okay so for affinity maturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay so for affinity maturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay so for affinity maturation
+this is responsible for the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is responsible for the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is responsible for the transition
+in binding from well more weak binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in binding from well more weak binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in binding from well more weak binding
+to a tighter binding which I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tighter binding which I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tighter binding which I talked
+about as being a difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as being a difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as being a difference between the
+primary infection and the secondary sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary infection and the secondary sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary infection and the secondary sort
+of immune response okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immune response okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immune response okay so the
+antibodies get better because of this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies get better because of this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies get better because of this B
+and T cell interaction and this affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T cell interaction and this affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T cell interaction and this affinity
+maturation process one other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation process one other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation process one other thing that
+happens is that the B cell can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the B cell can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the B cell can produce
+different classes or eisah types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes or eisah types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes or eisah types of
+antibodies and this is known as isotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and this is known as isotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies and this is known as isotype
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is again the genomic locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is again the genomic locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is again the genomic locus
+for the the heavy chain of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the heavy chain of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the heavy chain of an
+immunoglobulin you see here's the vdj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin you see here's the vdj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoglobulin you see here's the vdj
+segment so it's undergone vdj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so it's undergone vdj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so it's undergone vdj
+recombination and then what you see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and then what you see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and then what you see are
+these different blue regions here each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different blue regions here each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different blue regions here each
+of these are exons that encode a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are exons that encode a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are exons that encode a
+different isotope for the antibody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isotope for the antibody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different isotope for the antibody okay
+so the first one is Moo and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is Moo and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is Moo and so that
+produces IgM when that's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces IgM when that's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces IgM when that's the one that's
+proximal to the vdj so if you have AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximal to the vdj so if you have AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximal to the vdj so if you have AG
+and that's the initial state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the initial state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the initial state of the
+antibody and that's this initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and that's this initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and that's this initially
+membrane bound and serves as the B cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane bound and serves as the B cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane bound and serves as the B cell
+receptor and then but each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and then but each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and then but each of these
+different constant domains even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constant domains even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constant domains even though
+they're not undergoing variation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not undergoing variation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not undergoing variation they
+have different effector functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different effector functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different effector functions and
+can do different things for the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do different things for the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do different things for the body
+okay so for example if you had isotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you had isotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you had isotype
+switching and you had a recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and you had a recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and you had a recombination
+event that brought this gamma two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that brought this gamma two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that brought this gamma two
+segments together with vdj that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments together with vdj that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments together with vdj that would
+produce the isotope which is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the isotope which is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the isotope which is known as
+IgG an IgG is a highly secreted form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IgG an IgG is a highly secreted form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IgG an IgG is a highly secreted form of
+the antibody and it's highly effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody and it's highly effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody and it's highly effective
+for bacterial infections okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacterial infections okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacterial infections okay because
+it's secreted in the blood okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secreted in the blood okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secreted in the blood okay and it's
+able to neutralize bacteria and limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to neutralize bacteria and limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to neutralize bacteria and limit
+the infection that way but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infection that way but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infection that way but there are
+other possibilities because you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities because you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities because you have all
+of these different possibilities and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different possibilities and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different possibilities and so
+you could get vdj together with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get vdj together with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get vdj together with this
+alpha and that would produce a nice ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and that would produce a nice ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and that would produce a nice ax
+type known as IgA an IgA promotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type known as IgA an IgA promotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type known as IgA an IgA promotes
+mucosal immunity because it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucosal immunity because it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucosal immunity because it's able to
+pass through the epithelial linings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the epithelial linings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the epithelial linings in
+addition I GE is another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition I GE is another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition I GE is another type of
+antibody and the constant domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and the constant domains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and the constant domains are
+constant for each of these isotypes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for each of these isotypes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for each of these isotypes but
+they recruit different effector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recruit different effector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recruit different effector
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay so I Gigi would be hitting bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by promoting phagocytosis of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by promoting phagocytosis of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by promoting phagocytosis of those
+bacteria IgE in contrast is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria IgE in contrast is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria IgE in contrast is especially
+good at dealing with worms right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at dealing with worms right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at dealing with worms right so if
+you have it like a intracellular or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it like a intracellular or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it like a intracellular or not
+intracellular but a like an intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular but a like an intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular but a like an intestinal
+worm or something like that then I GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm or something like that then I GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm or something like that then I GE
+its effector functions are better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effector functions are better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effector functions are better at
+dealing with that okay so this processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that okay so this processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that okay so this processes
+of isotype switching sort of allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isotype switching sort of allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isotype switching sort of allows the
+immune system to adapt to tackle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system to adapt to tackle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system to adapt to tackle a
+particular type of pathogen all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of pathogen all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of pathogen all right
+the last thing that the last way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that the last way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that the last way in
+which T cells enhance this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which T cells enhance this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which T cells enhance this function is
+by promoting the differentiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by promoting the differentiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by promoting the differentiation of
+b-cells into different types of b-cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-cells into different types of b-cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b-cells into different types of b-cells
+one of those types of b-cells is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those types of b-cells is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those types of b-cells is known
+as a memory visa b-cell and the memory P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a memory visa b-cell and the memory P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a memory visa b-cell and the memory P
+cell is a b-cell that can last in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is a b-cell that can last in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is a b-cell that can last in the
+body for decades even if the the antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body for decades even if the the antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body for decades even if the the antigen
+is not present okay so this mediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not present okay so this mediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not present okay so this mediates
+sort of the memory of the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the memory of the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the memory of the immune system
+and so just to summarize what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to summarize what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to summarize what I just
+told you so if you have a b-cell and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so if you have a b-cell and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you so if you have a b-cell and it
+recognizes an antigen which could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes an antigen which could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes an antigen which could be a
+protein it would internalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it would internalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it would internalize that
+protein via endocytosis and then process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein via endocytosis and then process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein via endocytosis and then process
+it so that it can display peptides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it can display peptides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it can display peptides from
+that antigen on its surface and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antigen on its surface and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that antigen on its surface and if
+that's recognized by a t-cell then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recognized by a t-cell then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's recognized by a t-cell then that
+leads to an interaction between the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an interaction between the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an interaction between the T
+and B cell that will lead to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B cell that will lead to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B cell that will lead to these
+different things happening such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happening such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things happening such as
+affinity maturation isotype switching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity maturation isotype switching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity maturation isotype switching so
+the red here would be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red here would be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red here would be a different
+consonant chain on this same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant chain on this same variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant chain on this same variable
+chain so the variable chain doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so the variable chain doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so the variable chain doesn't
+change with the isotype switching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with the isotype switching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with the isotype switching so
+it's still always able to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still always able to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still always able to recognize that
+antigen is just recruiting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen is just recruiting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen is just recruiting different
+effector functions okay and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effector functions okay and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effector functions okay and you can also
+get differentiation of b-cells and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get differentiation of b-cells and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get differentiation of b-cells and to
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+the cells which are really secrete a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells which are really secrete a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells which are really secrete a ton
+of antibody and therefore help the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antibody and therefore help the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antibody and therefore help the body
+fight infection okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight infection okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight infection okay now this is
+important because for a vaccine to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because for a vaccine to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because for a vaccine to be
+effective you need to engage this t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you need to engage this t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you need to engage this t-cell
+response such that you have all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response such that you have all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response such that you have all of these
+things happening so all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening so all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening so all of these things
+need to happen for an effective vaccine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for an effective vaccine you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for an effective vaccine you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for an effective vaccine you can't
+just activate the humoral side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just activate the humoral side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just activate the humoral side of the
+immune system you have to activate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system you have to activate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system you have to activate both
+the humoral and the cell mediated sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humoral and the cell mediated sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humoral and the cell mediated sides
+such that they interact in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they interact in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they interact in order to
+enhance the immune response all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the immune response all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the immune response all right
+now I'm going to move on and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to move on and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to move on and talk about
+a big problem that the immune system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big problem that the immune system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big problem that the immune system has
+which is that it needs to somehow be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it needs to somehow be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it needs to somehow be
+able to discriminate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to discriminate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to discriminate between
+self and foreign right and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and foreign right and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and foreign right and so if you
+have your immune system recognizing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your immune system recognizing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your immune system recognizing an
+antigen that is natively part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that is natively part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that is natively part of your
+body that results in an autoimmune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that results in an autoimmune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that results in an autoimmune
+disease okay so there's a balance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay so there's a balance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay so there's a balance of the
+immune system between tolerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system between tolerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system between tolerating
+antigens or attacking them and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens or attacking them and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens or attacking them and if it's
+attacking a native antigen then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking a native antigen then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking a native antigen then it's
+autoimmune okay and this is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune okay and this is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune okay and this is a huge
+problem if you think about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you think about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you think about it because
+we've talked about the b-cell receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the b-cell receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the b-cell receptor
+the antibody and the t-cell receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody and the t-cell receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antibody and the t-cell receptor
+right our bodies are generating tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our bodies are generating tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our bodies are generating tens of
+millions of these receptors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of these receptors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of these receptors that are
+diverse and can recognize different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse and can recognize different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse and can recognize different
+molecules okay so our body's generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay so our body's generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay so our body's generating
+tens of millions of antigen receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it does this constitutively so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does this constitutively so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does this constitutively so that
+means that it's just doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's just doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's just doing it
+automatically you don't even need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you don't even need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you don't even need to be
+infected for this to happen this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected for this to happen this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected for this to happen this is just
+part of the development of B and T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the development of B and T cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the development of B and T cells
+okay so it's constitutive doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's constitutive doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's constitutive doesn't
+require infection constitutive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require infection constitutive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require infection constitutive in
+addition is totally random right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is totally random right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is totally random right now
+your body could generate sort of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body could generate sort of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body could generate sort of any
+sort of combination of VD s and J's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of combination of VD s and J's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of combination of VD s and J's and
+it can mutate in a certain way that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can mutate in a certain way that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can mutate in a certain way that it's
+likely that at some point during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that at some point during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that at some point during your
+lifetime you're gonna generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you're gonna generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you're gonna generate a
+receptor that recognizes a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that recognizes a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that recognizes a native
+protein in your body so it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in your body so it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in your body so it's totally
+random at least what the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at least what the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at least what the sort of the
+rearrangement of the vdj gives you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement of the vdj gives you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement of the vdj gives you okay
+that process is constitutive and random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process is constitutive and random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process is constitutive and random
+okay so I just want to point out several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just want to point out several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just want to point out several
+diseases that are caused by autoimmunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are caused by autoimmunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are caused by autoimmunity
+and I've distinguished them based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've distinguished them based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've distinguished them based on
+whether the disease involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the disease involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the disease involves the
+generation of antibodies that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of antibodies that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of antibodies that recognize
+self or t-cells that recognize self so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self or t-cells that recognize self so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self or t-cells that recognize self so
+for antibodies there's a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antibodies there's a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antibodies there's a disease
+myasthenia gravis which in individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myasthenia gravis which in individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myasthenia gravis which in individuals
+individuals generate an antibody against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals generate an antibody against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals generate an antibody against
+a receptor for a neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receptor for a neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receptor for a neurotransmitter
+acetylcholine okay and acetylcholine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine okay and acetylcholine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine okay and acetylcholine is
+the neurotransmitter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter which is
+predominantly involved in sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly involved in sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly involved in sending
+signals from a motor neuron to a muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from a motor neuron to a muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from a motor neuron to a muscle
+and therefore antibodies that inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore antibodies that inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore antibodies that inhibit
+this receptor result in muscle weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this receptor result in muscle weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this receptor result in muscle weakness
+okay now self antibodies can also result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now self antibodies can also result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now self antibodies can also result
+in diabetes and individuals can develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabetes and individuals can develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabetes and individuals can develop
+antibodies that recognize and inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that recognize and inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies that recognize and inhibit
+the insulin receptor and this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulin receptor and this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insulin receptor and this leads to
+insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
+okay some examples of t-cell mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some examples of t-cell mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some examples of t-cell mediated
+diseases are if you recall back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are if you recall back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are if you recall back in the
+beginning of the month when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the month when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the month when we talked
+about electrical signaling in neurons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electrical signaling in neurons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electrical signaling in neurons I
+told you about the myelin sheath and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the myelin sheath and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the myelin sheath and how
+this increases the speed of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increases the speed of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increases the speed of the action
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+that axon and if T cells attacked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axon and if T cells attacked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that axon and if T cells attacked the
+myelin sheath then it disrupts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin sheath then it disrupts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin sheath then it disrupts this
+process of electrical signaling and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of electrical signaling and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of electrical signaling and that
+results in a devastating disease which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a devastating disease which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a devastating disease which
+is multiple sclerosis autoimmune disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiple sclerosis autoimmune disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiple sclerosis autoimmune disease
+involving T cells also involves diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving T cells also involves diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving T cells also involves diabetes
+and if T cells attack and destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if T cells attack and destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if T cells attack and destroy the
+islet cells of the pancreas this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islet cells of the pancreas this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islet cells of the pancreas this also
+disrupts the body's ability to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the body's ability to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the body's ability to produce
+insulin and that results in type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and that results in type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and that results in type 1
+diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes
+okay so I I'm sure many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm sure many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm sure many of you know
+people with these types of diseases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with these types of diseases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with these types of diseases and
+they're obviously of significant impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously of significant impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously of significant impact
+both in this country and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in this country and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in this country and around the
+world alright so the problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world alright so the problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world alright so the problem for the
+cells in our body in the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in our body in the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in our body in the immune system
+is that we have the immune system has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have the immune system has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have the immune system has to
+have some sort of way to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of way to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of way to distinguish
+between self and foreign okay so how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between self and foreign okay so how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between self and foreign okay so how is
+it that the immune system does this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the immune system does this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the immune system does this and
+also it has to have different responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it has to have different responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it has to have different responses
+to self recognition versus foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to self recognition versus foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to self recognition versus foreign
+recognition so what should the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so what should the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so what should the immune
+systems response be if there's a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems response be if there's a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems response be if there's a self
+recognition what should it do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition what should it do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition what should it do to the
+cells that recognizes the need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that recognizes the need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that recognizes the need of
+protein Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein Rachel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein Rachel
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it could delete that cell right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could delete that cell right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could delete that cell right what
+rachel says you should get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rachel says you should get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rachel says you should get rid of it
+right and so one way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so one way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so one way to think about this
+process is there's a bit of a Darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is there's a bit of a Darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is there's a bit of a Darwinian
+natural selection going on in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection going on in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection going on in the body
+and if there's a self recognition then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a self recognition then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a self recognition then
+there should be a negative selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a negative selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a negative selection
+against that cell so there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that cell so there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that cell so there should be
+negative selection this cell should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative selection this cell should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative selection this cell should be
+more unfit whereas if there's if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unfit whereas if there's if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unfit whereas if there's if it's
+obviously foreign then there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously foreign then there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously foreign then there should be
+positive selection this D cells should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive selection this D cells should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive selection this D cells should
+be more fit okay and what Rachel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more fit okay and what Rachel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more fit okay and what Rachel's
+suggested is to get rid of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested is to get rid of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested is to get rid of the cell
+which is a great idea because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a great idea because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a great idea because if you
+kill off the cell then you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill off the cell then you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill off the cell then you won't
+generate any more cells that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any more cells that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any more cells that have that
+recognition against self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition against self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition against self
+okay so negative selection is mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so negative selection is mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so negative selection is mediated
+by apoptosis and cell death and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by apoptosis and cell death and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by apoptosis and cell death and positive
+selection could be both the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection could be both the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection could be both the activation
+of the cell and also its proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and also its proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and also its proliferation
+okay as you see up on the slide there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you see up on the slide there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as you see up on the slide there
+that orange cell right if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orange cell right if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orange cell right if it was
+recognizing a foreign antigen would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a foreign antigen would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a foreign antigen would get
+activated and would undergo a monoclonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and would undergo a monoclonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and would undergo a monoclonal
+expansion all the cell's resulting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion all the cell's resulting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion all the cell's resulting from
+that expansion would express the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion would express the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion would express the same
+antibody and therefore recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and therefore recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody and therefore recognize that
+antigen okay so this would result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay so this would result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay so this would result in
+cell division or expansion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division or expansion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division or expansion of that
+population of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have so that tells now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have so that tells now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have so that tells now we know
+what to do with self versus foreign but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with self versus foreign but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with self versus foreign but
+how is it that we distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that we distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that we distinguish between
+self and foreign ok so how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and foreign ok so how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self and foreign ok so how does the
+immune system distinguish self from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system distinguish self from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system distinguish self from
+foreign and there are several mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign and there are several mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign and there are several mechanisms
+to do this the first is that the organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the first is that the organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the first is that the organs
+the lymphoid organs where these B and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lymphoid organs where these B and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lymphoid organs where these B and T
+cells mature and undergo these genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells mature and undergo these genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells mature and undergo these genomic
+rearrangements are largely protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements are largely protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements are largely protected
+from foreign agents okay so the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from foreign agents okay so the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from foreign agents okay so the there
+are basically only self antigens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically only self antigens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically only self antigens in the
+generative lymphoid organs these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative lymphoid organs these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative lymphoid organs these are the
+lymphoid organs where B and T cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoid organs where B and T cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoid organs where B and T cells are
+being generated so the generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated so the generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated so the generative
+lymphoid organs will be the bone marrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoid organs will be the bone marrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoid organs will be the bone marrow
+for B cells and the thymus for T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore if a B or T cell if its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if a B or T cell if its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if a B or T cell if its
+receptor engages with something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor engages with something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor engages with something very
+tightly during its development that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly during its development that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly during its development that's a
+signal for the for the immune system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for the for the immune system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for the for the immune system to
+delete and kill off that cell okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and kill off that cell okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete and kill off that cell okay so if
+you get self recognition here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get self recognition here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get self recognition here you get
+apoptosis and deletion of that cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis and deletion of that cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis and deletion of that cell the
+second way that the body is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way that the body is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way that the body is able to
+distinguish is that it responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish is that it responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish is that it responds to
+antigens specifically when there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens specifically when there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens specifically when there is an
+innate immune response or this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response or this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response or this response
+better when there's an innate immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when there's an innate immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when there's an innate immune
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can think of it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of it like a
+coincidence detector right if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence detector right if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence detector right if you have
+an immune cell and it recognizes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immune cell and it recognizes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immune cell and it recognizes an
+antigen and there's also an innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen and there's also an innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen and there's also an innate
+immune response that's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response that's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response that's a strong
+indication that this is foreign so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that this is foreign so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that this is foreign so this
+this would indicate foreign to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would indicate foreign to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would indicate foreign to the
+immune system okay if there's antigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system okay if there's antigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system okay if there's antigen
+only and the body is not amounting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and the body is not amounting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and the body is not amounting an
+innate immune response is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response is much more
+likely that this will generate a robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that this will generate a robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that this will generate a robust
+immune response and this is the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response and this is the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune response and this is the immune
+systems signal that this is a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems signal that this is a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems signal that this is a self
+antigen okay this is also important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay this is also important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen okay this is also important for
+vaccine development because in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine development because in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine development because in most
+vaccines in addition to having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccines in addition to having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccines in addition to having some
+antigen that's a part of the infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that's a part of the infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen that's a part of the infectious
+agent there's also something called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent there's also something called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent there's also something called an
+adjuvant which is basically something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuvant which is basically something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuvant which is basically something
+that activates the innate immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates the innate immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates the innate immune system
+okay so the adjuvant activates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the adjuvant activates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the adjuvant activates the
+innate immune response and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune response and that's
+important because if you just had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if you just had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if you just had the
+vaccine with just the antigen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine with just the antigen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine with just the antigen there
+wouldn't be nearly as robust a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be nearly as robust a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be nearly as robust a response
+okay so you need both to activate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need both to activate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need both to activate the
+adaptive immune system but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive immune system but also the
+innate immune system to really get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system to really get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate immune system to really get a
+robust response so I want to end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust response so I want to end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust response so I want to end by
+talking about this year's Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this year's Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this year's Nobel Prize
+work and it involves another mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it involves another mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it involves another mechanism
+that basically prevents autoimmunity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically prevents autoimmunity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically prevents autoimmunity and
+down regulates the activity of these T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulates the activity of these T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down regulates the activity of these T
+cells and that involves another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and that involves another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and that involves another type of
+we've only talked about activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only talked about activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only talked about activating
+receptors on the T cell right the T cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on the T cell right the T cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on the T cell right the T cell
+receptor cd4 cd8 they're activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cd4 cd8 they're activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor cd4 cd8 they're activating
+receptors for the T cell receptor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors for the T cell receptor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors for the T cell receptor but
+there are also inhibitory receptors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also inhibitory receptors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also inhibitory receptors that
+are on the surface of T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the surface of T cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the surface of T cells
+so inhibitory was calling receptors one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inhibitory was calling receptors one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inhibitory was calling receptors one
+is called ctla4 and another is called PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called ctla4 and another is called PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called ctla4 and another is called PD
+one PD one okay their names are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one PD one okay their names are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one PD one okay their names are not
+terribly important but what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly important but what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly important but what they do is
+they keep the immune system in check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the immune system in check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep the immune system in check
+okay and we've talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've talked a lot about
+signaling and how signaling gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling and how signaling gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling and how signaling gets
+activated and often a step in signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and often a step in signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and often a step in signaling
+is once you get the signal sent and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you get the signal sent and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once you get the signal sent and it's
+been sent there's like a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sent there's like a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sent there's like a negative
+feedback that then turns off the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that then turns off the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that then turns off the signal
+such that their signal termination right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their signal termination right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their signal termination right
+so you often have some type of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often have some type of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often have some type of signal
+termination that way you don't have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination that way you don't have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination that way you don't have just
+a constitutive activation of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constitutive activation of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constitutive activation of the signal
+which in this case would be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case would be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case would be sort of
+inflammation in an immune response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation in an immune response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation in an immune response and
+one or both of these is involved in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or both of these is involved in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or both of these is involved in sort
+of keeping the immune system in check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping the immune system in check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping the immune system in check
+and stopping it after you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stopping it after you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stopping it after you get that
+initial reaction okay now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction okay now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction okay now the reason
+this is so important and why James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important and why James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important and why James
+Allison and tasuku Honjo won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison and tasuku Honjo won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allison and tasuku Honjo won the Nobel
+Prize is they had the idea to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize is they had the idea to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize is they had the idea to use this
+as a therapy for cancer okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a therapy for cancer okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a therapy for cancer okay and it
+turns out that Kent some cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that Kent some cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that Kent some cancer cells
+can express the ligand for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the ligand for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the ligand for these
+inhibitory receptors such that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptors such that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptors such that they can
+avoid the immune system from recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the immune system from recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the immune system from recognizing
+the tumor okay so if this this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor okay so if this this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor okay so if this this would be
+one case where the tumor cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case where the tumor cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case where the tumor cell is
+expressing the ligand for PD one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the ligand for PD one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the ligand for PD one and
+that inhibits the function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits the function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits the function of this
+t-cell receptor so that it doesn't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor so that it doesn't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cell receptor so that it doesn't kill
+the tumor cell and that leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor cell and that leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor cell and that leads to the
+expansion of the tumor so the tumor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the tumor so the tumor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the tumor so the tumor can
+expand in an unchecked way and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand in an unchecked way and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand in an unchecked way and what
+James Allison and tasuku Honjo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Allison and tasuku Honjo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Allison and tasuku Honjo
+determined is that if you block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined is that if you block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined is that if you block that
+inhibitory receptor then you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptor then you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptor then you sort of
+uncheck the response of the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncheck the response of the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncheck the response of the immune
+system such that these immune cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that these immune cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system such that these immune cells are
+now able to recognize the tumor cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now able to recognize the tumor cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now able to recognize the tumor cells
+and kill them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill them okay
+so by by sort of blocking the inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by sort of blocking the inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by sort of blocking the inhibitor
+you now have T cells these are cd8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have T cells these are cd8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have T cells these are cd8
+positive T cells that are killer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T cells that are killer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive T cells that are killer cells
+they will now recognize these T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will now recognize these T cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will now recognize these T cells
+and kill them off okay so you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill them off okay so you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill them off okay so you basically
+there's what's known as an inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what's known as an inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what's known as an inhibitor
+blockade because you're blocking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockade because you're blocking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockade because you're blocking the
+inhibitor and this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and this is these are
+inhibitors are antibodies that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are antibodies that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are antibodies that recognize
+these inhibitory receptors and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitory receptors and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitory receptors and they're
+now being used to treat some forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being used to treat some forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being used to treat some forms of
+advanced cancer and so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced cancer and so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced cancer and so this is something
+that the cancer field and the immunology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cancer field and the immunology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cancer field and the immunology
+fields are both really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are both really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields are both really excited about
+what might be one complication with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be one complication with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be one complication with this
+type of treatment if you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of treatment if you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of treatment if you get rid of the
+inhibitory receptors and what might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptors and what might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory receptors and what might be a
+consequence yeah Steven yeah you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence yeah Steven yeah you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence yeah Steven yeah you get
+autoimmunity that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity that's exactly right
+so one of the downsides of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the downsides of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the downsides of this is that
+one of the side effects is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the side effects is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the side effects is that you can
+have patients with an autoimmune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have patients with an autoimmune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have patients with an autoimmune
+reaction so it's not the magic bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's not the magic bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so it's not the magic bullet
+but it's a step in the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a step in the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a step in the right direction
+all right we'll see you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TFLHRW3ldOA.txt b/TFLHRW3ldOA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31980886f55b32e305ff428e18f1aa41ff8edfdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TFLHRW3ldOA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've had a chance to look over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had a chance to look over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had a chance to look over the
+syllabus for this course what value do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus for this course what value do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus for this course what value do
+you think it might have for learners in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it might have for learners in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it might have for learners in
+the outside world and would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world and would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world and would you
+recommend that they take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that they take a look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that they take a look at these
+readings and try to apply them to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and try to apply them to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings and try to apply them to their
+own lives definitely I mean if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own lives definitely I mean if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own lives definitely I mean if we want
+to have any constructive impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any constructive impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any constructive impact on the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+any interchange with the world that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interchange with the world that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interchange with the world that will
+improve it we'll deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it we'll deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it we'll deal with the
+innumerable problems that exist it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable problems that exist it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innumerable problems that exist it has
+to be based on understanding of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be based on understanding of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be based on understanding of social
+political economic reality otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic reality otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic reality otherwise you
+can't act in any serious way just as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't act in any serious way just as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't act in any serious way just as you
+couldn't go into a chemistry lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go into a chemistry lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go into a chemistry lab and
+conduct an experiment unless you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct an experiment unless you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct an experiment unless you knew
+something about chemistry otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about chemistry otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about chemistry otherwise you
+could mix chemicals and make funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mix chemicals and make funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mix chemicals and make funny
+smells and so on but if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells and so on but if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells and so on but if you want to do
+something serious you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something serious you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something serious you have to understand
+first and the syllabus of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the syllabus of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the syllabus of the course and
+the conduct of the course is aimed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduct of the course is aimed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduct of the course is aimed and I
+think succeeds in providing the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think succeeds in providing the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think succeeds in providing the kind of
+fundamental understanding and challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental understanding and challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental understanding and challenge
+open questions that people have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions that people have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open questions that people have to think
+about if they want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if they want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if they want to be able to
+participate in a meaningful way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a meaningful way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a meaningful way and the
+general Society
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TIQTYgmavC4.txt b/TIQTYgmavC4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..081b9e4f9d8c056c3b44d2a4296e68cd55dc896b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TIQTYgmavC4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1977 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to go back to
+where I stopped at the end
+
+of Tuesday's lecture, when you
+let me pull a fast one on you.
+
+I ended up with a strong
+statement that was
+
+effectively a lie.
+
+I told you that when we drop a
+large enough number of pins,
+
+and do a large enough number of
+trials, we can look at the
+
+small standard deviation we
+get across trials and say,
+
+that means we have
+a good answer.
+
+It doesn't change much.
+
+And I said, so we can tell you
+that with 95% confidence, the
+
+answer lies between x and y,
+where we had the two standard
+
+deviations from the mean.
+
+That's not actually true.
+
+I was confusing the notion
+of a statistically sound
+
+conclusion with truth.
+
+The utility of every statistical
+test rests on
+
+certain assumptions.
+
+So we talked about independence
+
+and things like that.
+
+But the key assumption is that
+our simulation is actually a
+
+model of reality.
+
+You can recall that in designing
+the simulation, we
+
+looked at the Buffon-Laplace
+mathematics and did a little
+
+algebra from which we derived
+the code, wrote the code, ran
+
+the simulation, looked at the
+results, did the statistical
+
+results, and smiled.
+
+Well, suppose I had made
+a coding error.
+
+So, for example, instead of
+that 4 there-- which the
+
+algebra said we should have--
+
+I had mistakenly typed a 2.
+
+Not an impossible error.
+
+Now if we run it, what we're
+going to see here is that it
+
+converges quite quickly, it
+gives me a small standard
+
+deviation, and I can feel very
+confident that my answer that
+
+pi is somewhere around 1.569.
+
+Well, it isn't of course.
+
+We know that that's nowhere
+close to the value of pi.
+
+But there's nothing wrong
+with my statistics.
+
+It's just that my statistics are
+about the simulation, not
+
+about pi itself.
+
+So what's the moral here?
+
+Before believing the results of
+any simulation, we have to
+
+have confidence that our
+conceptual model is correct.
+
+And that we have correctly
+implemented
+
+that conceptual model.
+
+How can we do that?
+
+Well, one thing we can
+do is test our
+
+results against reality.
+
+So if I ran this and I said pi
+is about 1.57, I could go draw
+
+a circle, and I could crudely
+measure the circumference, and
+
+I would immediately know
+I'm nowhere close
+
+to the right answer.
+
+And that's the right
+thing to do.
+
+And in fact, what a scientist
+does when they use a
+
+simulation model to derive
+something, they always run
+
+some experiments to see whether
+their derived result
+
+is actually at least
+plausibly correct.
+
+Statistics are good to show
+that we've got the little
+
+details right at the end,
+but we've got to do a
+
+sanity check first.
+
+So that's a really important
+moral to keep in mind.
+
+Don't get seduced by a
+statistical test and confuse
+
+that with truth.
+
+All right, I now want to move
+on to look at some more
+
+examples that do the same kind
+of thing we've been doing.
+
+And in fact, what we're going
+to be looking at is the
+
+interplay between physical
+reality,--
+
+some physical system, just
+in the real world--
+
+some theoretical models of
+the physical system, and
+
+computational models.
+
+Because this is really the
+way modern science and
+
+engineering is done.
+
+We start with some physical
+situation--
+
+and by physical I don't mean
+it has to be bricks and
+
+mortar, or physics,
+or biology.
+
+The physical situation
+could be the stock
+
+market, if you will,--
+
+some real situation
+in the world.
+
+We use some theory to give us
+some insight into that, and
+
+when the theory gets too
+complicated or doesn't get us
+
+all the way to the answer,
+we use computation.
+
+And I now want to talk about
+how those things relate to
+
+each other.
+
+So imagine, for example, that
+you're a bright student in
+
+high school biology, chemistry,
+or physics--
+
+a situation probably all of
+you who have been in.
+
+You perform some experiment to
+the best of your ability.
+
+But you've done the math and
+you know your experimental
+
+results don't actually
+match the theory.
+
+What should you do?
+
+Well I suspect you've all
+been in this situation.
+
+You could just turn in the
+results and risk getting
+
+criticized for poor laboratory
+technique.
+
+Some of you may have
+done this.
+
+More likely what you've done
+is you've calculated the
+
+correct results and turned
+those in, risking some
+
+suspicion that they're
+too good to be true.
+
+But being smart guys, I suspect
+what all of you did in
+
+high school is you calculated
+the correct results, looked at
+
+your experimental results, and
+met somewhere in between to
+
+introduce a little error, but
+not look too foolish.
+
+Have any of you cheated that
+way in high school?
+
+Yeah well all right.
+
+We have about two people
+who would admit it.
+
+The rest of you are either
+exceedingly honorable, or just
+
+don't want to admit it.
+
+I confess, I had fudged
+experimental
+
+results in high school.
+
+But no longer, I've
+seen the truth.
+
+All right, to do this correctly
+you need to have a
+
+sense of how best to model not
+only reality, but also
+
+experimental errors.
+
+Typically, the best way to model
+experimental errors--
+
+and we need to do this
+even when we're not
+
+attempting to cheat--
+
+is to assume some sort of random
+perturbation of the
+
+actual data.
+
+And in fact, one of the key
+steps forward, which was
+
+really Gauss' big contribution,
+was to say we
+
+can typically model experimental
+error as normally
+
+distributed, as a Gaussian
+distribution.
+
+So let's look at an example.
+
+Let's consider a spring.
+
+Not the current time of year, or
+a spring of water, but the
+
+kind of spring you looked
+at in 8.01.
+
+The things you compress with
+some force then they expand,
+
+or you stretch, and then
+they contract.
+
+Springs are great things.
+
+We use them in our cars, our
+mattresses, seat belts.
+
+We use them to launch
+projectiles, lots of things.
+
+And in fact, as we'll see later,
+they're frequently
+
+occurring in biology as well.
+
+I don't want to belabor
+this, I presume
+
+you've all taken 8.01.
+
+Do they still do springs
+in 8.01?
+
+Yes, good, all right.
+
+So as you know, in 1676--
+
+maybe you didn't
+know the date--
+
+the British physicist, Robert
+Hooke, formulated Hooke's Law
+
+to explain the behavior
+of springs.
+
+And the law is very simple,
+it's f equals minus kx.
+
+In other words, the force, f,
+stored in the spring is
+
+linearly related to x, the
+distance the spring has been
+
+either compressed
+or stretched.
+
+OK. so that's Hooke's law,
+you've all seen that.
+
+The law holds true for a wide
+variety of materials and
+
+systems including many
+biological systems.
+
+Of course, it does
+not hold for an
+
+arbitrarily large force.
+
+All springs have an elastic
+limit and if you stretch them
+
+beyond that the law fails.
+
+Has anyone here ever broken
+a Slinky that way.
+
+Where you've just taken the
+spring and stretched it so
+
+much that it's no
+longer useful.
+
+Well you've exceeded
+its elastic limit.
+
+The proportionate of constant
+here, k, is
+
+called the spring constant.
+
+And every spring has
+a constant, k, that
+
+explains its behavior.
+
+If the spring is stiff like
+the suspension in an
+
+automobile, k is big.
+
+If the spring is not stiff like
+the spring in a ballpoint
+
+pen, k is small.
+
+The negative sign is there to
+indicate that the force
+
+exerted by the spring is in the
+opposite direction of the
+
+displacement.
+
+If you pull a spring bring down,
+the force exerted by the
+
+spring is going up.
+
+Knowing the spring constant of
+a spring is actually a matter
+
+of considerable practical
+importance.
+
+It's used to do things like
+calibrate scales,--
+
+one can use to weigh
+oneself, if one
+
+wants to know the truth--
+
+atomic force microscopes,
+lots of kinds of things.
+
+And in fact, recently people
+have started worrying about
+
+thinking that you should model
+DNA as a spring, and finding
+
+the spring constant for
+DNA turns out to be of
+
+considerable use in some
+biological experiments.
+
+All right, so generations of
+students have learned to
+
+estimate springs using this
+very simple experiment.
+
+You've probably most of
+you have done this.
+
+Get a picture up here,
+all right.
+
+So what you do is you take a
+spring and you hang it on some
+
+sort of apparatus, and then you
+put a weight of known mass
+
+at the bottom of the spring, and
+you measure how much the
+
+spring has stretched.
+
+You then can do the math,
+if f equals minus kx.
+
+We also have to know that f
+equals m times a, mass times
+
+acceleration.
+
+We know that on this planet at
+least the acceleration due to
+
+gravity is roughly 9.81 meters
+per second per second, and we
+
+can just do the algebra and
+we can calculate k.
+
+So we hang one weight in the
+spring, we measure it, we say,
+
+we're done.
+
+We now know what k is
+for that spring.
+
+Not so easy, of course, to do
+this experiment if the spring
+
+is a strand of DNA.
+
+So you need a slightly
+more complicated
+
+apparatus to do that.
+
+This would be all well and
+good if we didn't have
+
+experimental error, but we do.
+
+Any experiment we typically
+have errors.
+
+So what people do instead is
+rather than hanging one weight
+
+on the spring, they hang
+different weights--
+
+weights of different mass--
+
+they wait for the spring to stop
+moving and they measure
+
+it, and now they have
+a series of points.
+
+And they assume that, well I've
+got some errors and if we
+
+believe that our errors are
+normally distributed some will
+
+be positive, some will
+be negative.
+
+And if we do enough experiments
+it will kind of
+
+all balance out and we'll be
+able to actually get a good
+
+estimate of the spring
+constant, k.
+
+I did such an experiment, put
+the results in a file.
+
+This is just a format
+of the file.
+
+The first line tells us what
+it is, it's the distance in
+
+meters and a mass
+in kilograms.
+
+And then I just have the two
+things separated by a space,
+
+in this case.
+
+So my first experiment, the
+distance I measured was 0.0865
+
+and the weight was
+0.1 kilograms.
+
+All right, so I've now got
+the data, so that's
+
+the physical reality.
+
+I've done my experiment.
+
+I've done some theory telling
+me how to calculate k.
+
+And now I'm going to put them
+together and write some code.
+
+So let's look at the code.
+
+Think we'll skip over this, and
+I'll comment this out, so
+
+we don't see get pi get
+estimated over and over again.
+
+So the first piece of code is
+pretty simple, it's just
+
+getting the data.
+
+And again, this is typically the
+way one ought to structure
+
+these things.
+
+I/O, input/output, is typically
+done in a separate
+
+function so that if the format
+of the data were changed, I'd
+
+only have to change this,
+and not the rest of my
+
+computation.
+
+it opens the file, discards the
+header, and then uses a
+
+split to get the x values and
+the y values, all right.
+
+So now I just get all the
+distances and all the masses--
+
+not the x's and the y's yet,
+just distances and masses.
+
+Then I close the file
+and return them.
+
+Nothing that you haven't
+seen before.
+
+Nothing that you won't get to
+write again, and again, and
+
+again, similar kinds
+of things.
+
+Then I plot the data.
+
+So here we see something that's
+a little bit different
+
+from what we've seen before.
+
+So the first thing I do
+is I got my x and
+
+y by calling, GetData.
+
+Then I do a type conversion.
+
+What GetData is returning
+is a list.
+
+I'm here going to convert
+a list to another
+
+type called an array.
+
+This is a type implemented by
+a class supplied by PyLab
+
+which is built on top of
+something called NumPy, which
+
+is where it comes from.
+
+An array is kind
+of like a list.
+
+It's a sequence of things.
+
+There's some list operations
+methods that are not
+
+available, like append, but
+it's got some other things
+
+that are extremely valuable.
+
+For example, I can
+do point-wise
+
+operations on an array.
+
+So if I multiply an array by
+3, what that does is it
+
+multiplies each element by 3.
+
+If I multiply one array
+by another, it
+
+does the cross products.
+
+OK, so they're very valuable
+for these kinds of things.
+
+Typically, in Python, one starts
+with a list, because
+
+lists are more convenient to
+build up incrementally than
+
+arrays, and then converts them
+to an array so that you can do
+
+the math on them.
+
+For those of you who've seen
+MATLAB you're very familiar
+
+with the concept of what
+Python calls an array.
+
+Those of you who know C or
+Pascal, what it calls an array
+
+has nothing to do with
+what Python or
+
+PyLab calls an array.
+
+So can be a little
+bit confusing.
+
+Any rate, I convert
+them to arrays.
+
+And then what I'll do here, now
+that I have an array, I'll
+
+multiply my x values by the
+acceleration due to gravity,
+
+this constant 9.81.
+
+And then I'm just going
+to plot them.
+
+All right, so let's see
+what we get here.
+
+So here I've now plotted
+the measure
+
+displacement of the spring.
+
+Force in Newtons, that's the
+standard international unit
+
+for measuring force.
+
+It's the amount of force needed
+to accelerate a mass of
+
+1 kilogram at a rate of 1 meter
+per second per second.
+
+So I've plotted the force
+in Newton's against
+
+the distance in meters.
+
+OK.
+
+Now I can go and calculate k.
+
+Well, how am I going
+to do that?
+
+Well, before I do that, I'm
+going to do something to see
+
+whether or not my data
+is sensible.
+
+What we often do, is we have
+a theoretical model and the
+
+model here is that the data
+should fall on a line, roughly
+
+speaking, modular experimental
+errors.
+
+I'm going to now find out
+what that line is.
+
+Because if I know that line,
+I can compute k.
+
+How does k relate
+to that line?
+
+So I plot a line.
+
+And now I can look at the
+slope of that line, how
+
+quickly it's changing.
+
+And k will be simply the
+inverse of that.
+
+How do I get the line?
+
+Well, I'm going to find a line
+that is the best approximation
+
+to the points I have.
+
+So if, for example, I have two
+points, a point here and a
+
+point here, I know I
+can quote, fit a
+
+line to that curve--
+
+to those points--
+
+it will always be perfect.
+
+It will be a line.
+
+So this is what's
+called a fit.
+
+Now if I have a bunch of points
+sort of scattered
+
+around, I then have to figure
+out, OK, what line is the
+
+closest to those points?
+
+What fits it the best?
+
+And I might say, OK, it's
+a line like this.
+
+But in order to do that, in
+order to fit a line to more
+
+than two points, I need
+some measure of the
+
+goodness of the fit.
+
+Because what I want to choose
+here is the best fit.
+
+What line is the best
+approximation of the data I've
+
+actually got?
+
+But in order to do that, I need
+some objective function
+
+that tells me how good
+is a particular fit.
+
+It lets me compare two
+fits so that I can
+
+choose the best one.
+
+OK, now if we want to look at
+that we have to ask, what
+
+should that be?
+
+There are lots of
+possibilities.
+
+One could say, all right let's
+find the line that goes
+
+through the most points,
+that actually
+
+touches the most points.
+
+The problem with that is it's
+really hard, and may be
+
+totally irrelevant, and in fact
+you may not find a line
+
+that touches more
+than one point.
+
+So we need something
+different.
+
+And there is a standard measure
+that's typically used
+
+and that's called the
+least squares fit.
+
+That's the objective function
+that's almost always used in
+
+measuring how good any curve--
+or how well, excuse me, any
+
+curve fits a set of points.
+
+What it looks like is the sum
+from L equals 0 to L equals
+
+the len of the observed points
+minus 1, just because of the
+
+way things will work
+in Python.
+
+But the key thing is what we're
+summing is the observed
+
+at point L minus the predicted
+at point L-squared.
+
+And since we're looking for the
+least squares fit, we want
+
+to minimize that.
+
+The smallest difference
+we can get.
+
+So there's some things
+to notice about this.
+
+Once we have a quote fit, in
+this case a line for every x
+
+value the fit predicts
+a y value.
+
+Right?
+
+That's what our model does.
+
+Our model in this case will take
+the independent variable,
+
+x, the mass, and predict the
+dependent variable, the
+
+displacement.
+
+But in addition to the predicted
+values, we have the
+
+observed values, these guys.
+
+And now we just measure the
+difference between the
+
+predicted and the observed,
+square it, and notice by
+
+squaring the difference we have
+discarded whether it's
+
+above or below the line--
+because we don't care, we just
+
+care how far it's
+from the line.
+
+And then we sum all of those up
+and the smaller we can make
+
+that, the better our fit is.
+
+Makes sense?
+
+So now how do we find
+the best fit?
+
+Well, there's several different
+
+methods you could use.
+
+You can actually do this
+using Newton's method.
+
+Under many conditions there are
+analytical solutions, so
+
+you don't have to use
+approximation you can just
+
+compute it.
+
+And the best news of all, it's
+built into PyLab So that's how
+
+you actually do it.
+
+You call the PyLab function
+that does it for you.
+
+That function is
+called Polyfit.
+
+Polyfit takes three arguments.
+
+It takes all of the observed X
+values, all of the observed Y
+
+values, and the degree
+of the polynomial.
+
+So I've been talking about
+fitting lines.
+
+As we'll see, polyfit can be
+used to fit polynomials of
+
+arbitrary degree to data.
+
+So you can fit a line,
+you can fit a
+
+parabola, you can fit cubic.
+
+I don't know what it's called,
+you can fit a 10th order
+
+polynomial, whatever
+you choose here.
+
+And then it returns
+some values.
+
+So if we think about it being
+a line, we know that it's
+
+defined by the y value is
+equal to ax plus b.
+
+Some constant times the x value
+plus b, the y-intercept.
+
+So now let's look at it.
+
+We see here in fit data, what
+I've done is I've gotten my
+
+values as before, and now I'm
+going to say, a,b equals
+
+pyLab.polyfit of xVals,
+y values and 1.
+
+Since I'm looking for a
+line, the degree is 1.
+
+Once I've got that, I can then
+compute the estimated y
+
+values, a times pyLab.array.
+
+I'm turning the x values into
+an array, actually I didn't
+
+need to do that since I'd
+already done it, that's okay--
+
+plus b.
+
+And now I'll plot it and, by the
+way now that I've got my
+
+line, I can also compute k.
+
+And let's see what we get.
+
+All right, I fit a line, and
+I've got a linear fit, and I
+
+said my spring constant
+k is 21 point --
+
+I've rounded it to 5 digits
+just so would fit
+
+nicely on my plot.
+
+OK.
+
+The method that's used to do
+this in PyLab is called a
+
+linear regression.
+
+Now you might think it's called
+linear regression
+
+because I just used it to find a
+line, but in fact that's not
+
+why it's called linear
+regression.
+
+Because we can use linear
+regression to find a parabola,
+
+or a cubic, or anything else.
+
+The reason it's called linear,
+well let's look at an example.
+
+So if I wanted a parabola, I
+would have y equals ax-squared
+
+plus bx plus c.
+
+We think of the variables, the
+independent variables, as
+
+x-squared and x.
+
+And y is indeed a linear
+function of those variables,
+
+because we're adding terms.
+
+Not important that you
+understand the details, it is
+
+important that you know that
+linear regression can be used
+
+to find polynomials
+other than lines.
+
+All right, so we
+got this done.
+
+Should we be happy?
+
+We can look at this, we fit
+the best line to this data
+
+point, we computed
+k, are we done?
+
+Well I'm kind of concerned,
+because when I look at my
+
+picture it is the best line I
+can fit to this, but wow it's
+
+not a very good fit in
+some sense, right.
+
+I look at that line, the
+points are pretty
+
+far away from it.
+
+And if it's not a good fit, then
+I have to be suspicious
+
+about my value of k, which is
+derived from having the model
+
+I get by doing this fit.
+
+Well, all right, let's
+try something else.
+
+Let's look at FitData1, which in
+addition to doing a linear
+
+fit, I'm going to
+fit a cubic --
+
+partly to show you
+how to do it.
+
+Here I'm going to say abcd
+equals pyLab.polyfit of xVals,
+
+yVals and 3 instead of 1.
+
+So it's a more complex
+function.
+
+Let's see what that gives us.
+
+First let me comment that out.
+
+So we're going to now compare
+visually what we get when we
+
+get a line fit versus we get a
+cubic fit to the same data.
+
+Well it looks to me like a
+cubic is a much better
+
+description of the data, a much
+better model of the data,
+
+than a line.
+
+Pretty good.
+
+Well, should I be
+happy with this?
+
+Well, let's ask ourselves in
+one question, why are we
+
+building the model?
+
+We're building the model so that
+we can better understand
+
+the spring.
+
+One of the things we often do
+with models is use them to
+
+predict values that we have not
+been able to run in our
+
+experiments.
+
+So, for example, if you're
+building a model of a nuclear
+
+reactor you might want to know
+what happens when the power is
+
+turned off for some
+period of time.
+
+In fact, if you read today's
+paper you noticed they've just
+
+done a simulation model of a
+nuclear reactor, in, I think,
+
+Tennessee, and discovered that
+if it lost power for more than
+
+two days, it would start
+to look like the
+
+nuclear reactors in Japan.
+
+Not a very good thing.
+
+But of course, that's
+not an experiment
+
+anyone wants to run.
+
+No one wants to blow up this
+nuclear reactor just to see
+
+what happens.
+
+So they do use a simulation
+model to predict what would
+
+happen in an experiment
+you can't run.
+
+So let's use our model here
+to do some predictions.
+
+So here I've taken the same
+program, I've called it
+
+FitData2, but what I've done
+is I've added a point.
+
+So instead of just looking at
+the x values, I'm looking at
+
+something I'm calling extended
+x, where I've added a weight
+
+of 1 and a 1/2 kilos to the
+spring just to see what would
+
+happen, what the model
+would predict.
+
+And other than that, everything
+is the same.
+
+Oops, what's happened here?
+
+Probably shouldn't be computing
+k here with a
+
+non-linear model.
+
+All right, why is it not?
+
+Come on, there it is.
+
+And now we have to un-comment
+this out, un-comment this.
+
+Well it fit the existing data
+pretty darn well, but it has a
+
+very strange prediction here.
+
+If you think about our
+experiment, it's predicting
+
+not only that the spring stopped
+stretching, but that
+
+it goes to above where
+it started.
+
+Highly unlikely in
+a physical world.
+
+So what we see here is that
+while I can easily fit a curve
+
+to the data, it fits it
+beautifully, it turns out to
+
+have very bad predictive
+value.
+
+What's going on here?
+
+Well, I started this whole
+endeavor under an assumption
+
+that there was some theory about
+springs, Hooke's law,
+
+and that it should be
+a linear model.
+
+Just because my data maybe
+didn't fit that theory,
+
+doesn't mean I should just fit
+an arbitrary curve and see
+
+what happens.
+
+It is the case that if you're
+willing to get a high enough
+
+degree polynomial, you can
+get a pretty good fit
+
+to almost any data.
+
+But that doesn't
+prove anything.
+
+It's not useful.
+
+It's one of the reasons why when
+I read papers I always
+
+like to see the raw data.
+
+I hate it when I read a
+technical paper and it just
+
+shows me the curve that they fit
+to the data, rather than
+
+the data, because it's easy to
+get to the wrong place here.
+
+So let's for the moment
+ignore the curves and
+
+look at the raw data.
+
+What do we see here about
+the raw data?
+
+Well, it looks like at the
+end it's flattening out.
+
+Well, that violates Hooke's law,
+which says I should have
+
+a linear relationship.
+
+Suddenly it stopped
+being linear.
+
+Have we violated Hooke's law?
+
+Have I done something so strange
+that maybe I should
+
+just give up on this
+experiment?
+
+What's the deal here?
+
+So, does this data contradict
+Hooke's law?
+
+Let me ask that question.
+
+Yes or no?
+
+Who says no?
+
+AUDIENCE: Hooke's law applies
+only for small displacements.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, not
+necessarily small.
+
+But only up to an
+elastic limit.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which is in the scheme
+of inifinitely small.
+
+PROFESSOR: Compared to
+infinity [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, sorry, up to the
+limit where the linearity
+
+breaks down.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly right.
+
+Oh, I overthrew my hand here.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'll get it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pick it up
+on your way out.
+
+Exactly, it doesn't.
+
+It just says, probably I
+exceeded the elastic limit of
+
+my spring in this experiment.
+
+Well now, let's go back and
+let's go back to our original
+
+code and see what happens if I
+discard the last six points,
+
+where it's flattened out.
+
+The points that seem to be where
+I've exceeded the limit.
+
+So I can easily do that.
+
+Do this little coding hack.
+
+It's so much easier to do
+experiments with code than
+
+with physical objects.
+
+Now let's see what we get.
+
+Well, we get something that's
+visually a much better fit.
+
+And we get a very different
+value of k.
+
+So we're a lot happier here.
+
+And if I fit cubic to this you
+would find that the cubic and
+
+the line actually look
+a lot alike.
+
+So this is a good
+thing, I guess.
+
+On the other hand, how do we
+know which line is a better
+
+representation of physical
+reality, a better model.
+
+After all, I could delete all
+the points except any two and
+
+then I would get a line that was
+a perfect fit, R-squared
+
+-- you know the mean squared
+error -- would be 0, right?
+
+Because you can fit a line
+to any two points.
+
+So again, we're seeing that we
+have a question here that
+
+can't be answered
+by statistics.
+
+It's not just a question
+of how good my fit is.
+
+I have to go back
+to the theory.
+
+And what my theory tells me is
+that it should be linear, and
+
+I have a theoretical
+justification of discarding
+
+those last six points.
+
+It's plausible that I
+exceeded the limit.
+
+I don't have a theoretical
+justification of deleting six
+
+arbitrary points somewhere in
+the middle that I didn't
+
+happen to like because they
+didn't fit the data.
+
+So again, the theme that I'm
+getting to is this interplay
+
+between physical reality,--
+
+in this case the experiment--
+
+the theoretical model,-- in
+this case Hooke's law--
+
+and my computational model,
+-- the line I fit to the
+
+experimental data.
+
+OK, let's continue down this
+path and I want to look at
+
+another experiment, also with
+a spring but this is a
+
+different spring.
+
+Maybe I'll bring in that spring
+in the next lecture and
+
+show it to you.
+
+This spring is a
+bow and arrow.
+
+Actually the bow
+is the spring.
+
+Anyone here ever shot
+a bow and arrow?
+
+Well what you know is the
+bow has the limbs in it.
+
+And when you pull back the
+string, you are putting force
+
+in the limbs, which are
+essentially a spring.
+
+And when you release the spring
+goes back to the place
+
+it wants to be and fires the
+projectile on some trajectory.
+
+I now am interested in looking
+at the trajectory followed by
+
+such a projectile.
+
+This, by the way, is where a
+lot of this math came from.
+
+People were looking at
+projectiles, not typically of
+
+bows, but of artillery shells,
+where the force there was the
+
+force of some chemical
+reaction.
+
+OK, so once again I've
+got some data.
+
+In a file, similar
+kind of format.
+
+And I'm going to read that
+data in and plot it.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So I'm going to get my
+trajectory data.
+
+The way I did this, by the way,
+is I actually did this
+
+experiment.
+
+I fired four arrows from
+different distances and
+
+measured the mean height
+of the four.
+
+So I'm getting at heights
+1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
+Again, don't worry about this.
+
+And then I'm going
+to try some fits.
+
+And let's see what
+we get here.
+
+So I got my data inches from
+launch point, and inches above
+
+launch point.
+
+And then I fit a line to it.
+
+And you can see there's a little
+point way down here in
+
+the corner.
+
+The launch point and the target
+were at actually the
+
+same height for this
+experiment.
+
+And not surprisingly, the bow
+was angled up, I guess, the
+
+arrow went up, and then
+it came down, and
+
+ended up in the target.
+
+I fit a line to it.
+
+That's the best line I can
+fit to these points.
+
+Well, it's not real good.
+
+So let's pretend I didn't know
+anything about projectiles.
+
+I can now use computation to try
+and understand the theory.
+
+Assume I didn't know
+the theory.
+
+And what the theory tells me
+here, or what the computation
+
+tells me, the theory that the
+arrow travels in a straight
+
+line is not a very good one.
+
+All right, this does not
+actually conform at all to the
+
+data, I probably should reject
+this theory that says the
+
+arrow goes straight.
+
+If you looked at the arrows,
+by the way, in a short
+
+distance it would kind of look
+to your eyes like it was
+
+actually going straight.
+
+But in fact, physics tells us
+it can't and the model tells
+
+us it didn't.
+
+All right let's try
+a different one.
+
+Let's compare the linear
+fit to a quadratic fit.
+
+So now I'm using polyfit
+with a degree of 2.
+
+See what we get here.
+
+Well our eyes tell us it's not
+a perfect fit, but it's a lot
+
+better fit, right.
+
+So this is suggesting that maybe
+the arrow is traveling
+
+in a parabola, rather than
+a straight line.
+
+The next question is, our eyes
+tell us it's better.
+
+How much better?
+
+How do we go about measuring
+which fit is better?
+
+Recall that we started by saying
+what polyfit is doing
+
+is minimizing the mean
+square error.
+
+So one way to compare two fits
+would be to say what's the
+
+mean square error of the line?
+
+What's the mean square error
+of the parabola?
+
+Well, pretty clear
+it's going to be
+
+smaller for the parabola.
+
+So that would tell us OK
+it is a better fit.
+
+And in fact computing the mean
+square error is a good way to
+
+compare the fit of two
+different curves.
+
+On the other hand, it's not
+particularly useful for
+
+telling us the goodness of the
+fit in absolute terms.
+
+So I can tell you that the
+parabola is better than the
+
+line, but in some sense mean
+square error can't be used to
+
+tell me how good it is
+in an absolute sense.
+
+Why is that so?
+
+It's because mean
+square error --
+
+there's a lower bound 0, but
+there's no upper bound.
+
+It can go arbitrarily high.
+
+And that is not so good for
+something where we're trying
+
+to measure things.
+
+So instead, what we typically
+use is something called the
+
+coefficient of determination.
+
+Usually written, for
+reasons you'll see
+
+shortly, as r squared.
+
+So the coefficient of
+determination, R-squared, is
+
+equal to 1 minus the estimated
+error EE over MV, which is the
+
+variance in the measured data.
+
+So we're comparing the ratio
+of the estimated error, our
+
+best estimate of the error,
+and a measurement of how
+
+variable the data is
+to start with.
+
+As we'll see, this value is
+always less than 1, less than
+
+or equal to 1, and therefore
+R-squared is always going to
+
+be between 0 and 1.
+
+Which gives us a nice way of
+thinking about it in an
+
+absolute sense.
+
+All right, so where
+are these values?
+
+How do we compute them?
+
+Well, I'm going to explain it
+the easiest way I know, which
+
+is by showing you the code.
+
+So I have the measured values
+and the estimated values.
+
+The estimated error
+is going to be--
+
+I take estimated value, the
+value given me by the model,
+
+subtract the measured value,
+and square it and
+
+then I just sum them.
+
+All right, this is like what
+we looked at for the mean
+
+square error, but I'm not
+computing the mean, right.
+
+I'm getting the total of
+the estimated errors.
+
+I can then get the measured
+mean, which is the measured
+
+sum, divided by the length
+of the measurement.
+
+That gives me the mean
+of the measured data.
+
+And then my measured variance is
+going to be the mean of the
+
+measured data minus each point
+of the measured data squared,
+
+and then summing that.
+
+So just as we looked at before
+when we looked at the
+
+coefficient of variation, and
+standard deviation, by
+
+comparing how far things stray
+from the mean, that tells us
+
+how much variance there
+is in the data.
+
+And then I'll return
+1 minus that.
+
+OK, Tuesday we'll go look
+at this in more detail.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TZ0tcovkOp8.txt b/TZ0tcovkOp8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc14f8adbe86f70ba56278def4c750bf80af43c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TZ0tcovkOp8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the course grew out of a need and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the course grew out of a need and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the course grew out of a need and a
+desire to make linguistic available to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to make linguistic available to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to make linguistic available to a
+broader range of students and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of students and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of students and within
+which we could connect languages to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could connect languages to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could connect languages to a
+lot of issues of culture and identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of issues of culture and identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of issues of culture and identity
+and as I'm from Haiti and as my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm from Haiti and as my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I'm from Haiti and as my research
+is unclear languages I try to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear languages I try to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear languages I try to think of
+ways in which we can use the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we can use the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we can use the history of
+Creole languages 2002 issues connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages 2002 issues connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages 2002 issues connected
+to in with leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in with leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in with leaks
+identity history sociology education so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity history sociology education so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity history sociology education so
+I've been teaching this course now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been teaching this course now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been teaching this course now for
+the past ten years
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Teo5DweypWU.txt b/Teo5DweypWU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5eb6d10f515f02394bd6c72209b96dd1c0de826e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Teo5DweypWU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+If the necessary synchronization requires
+acquiring more than one lock, there are some
+
+special considerations that need to be taken
+into account.
+
+For example, the code below implements the
+transfer of funds from one bank account to
+
+another.
+
+The code assumes there is a separate semaphore
+lock for each account and since it needs to
+
+adjust the balance of two accounts, it acquires
+the lock for each account.
+
+Consider what happens if two customers try
+simultaneous transfers between their two accounts.
+
+The top customer will try to acquire the locks
+for accounts 6005 and 6004.
+
+The bottom customer tries to acquire the same
+locks, but in the opposite order.
+
+Once a customer has acquired both locks, the
+transfer code will complete, releasing the
+
+locks.
+
+But what happens if the top customer acquires
+his first lock (for account 6005) and the
+
+bottom customer simultaneously acquires his
+first lock (for account 6004).
+
+So far, so good, but now each customer will
+be not be successful in acquiring their second
+
+lock, since those locks are already held by
+the other customer!
+
+This situation is called a "deadlock" or "deadly
+embrace" because there is no way execution
+
+for either process will resume.
+
+Both will wait indefinitely to acquire a lock
+that will never be available.
+
+Obviously, synchronization involving multiple
+resources requires a bit more thought.
+
+The problem of deadlock is elegantly illustrated
+by the Dining Philosophers problem.
+
+Here there are, say, 5 philosophers waiting
+to eat.
+
+Each requires two chopsticks in order to proceed,
+and there are 5 chopsticks on the table.
+
+The philosophers follow a simple algorithm.
+
+First they pick up the chopstick on their
+left, then the chopstick on their right.
+
+When they have both chopsticks they eat until
+they're done, at which point they return both
+
+chopsticks to the table, perhaps enabling
+one of their neighbors to pick them up and
+
+begin eating.
+
+Again, we see the basic setup of needing two
+(or more) resources before the task can complete.
+
+Hopefully you can see the problem that may
+arise
+
+If all philosophers pick up the chopstick
+on their left, then all the chopsticks have
+
+been acquired, and none of the philosophers
+will be able to acquire their second chopstick
+
+and eat.
+
+Another deadlock!
+
+Here are the conditions required for a deadlock:
+1.
+
+Mutual exclusion, where a particular resource
+can only be acquired by one process at a time.
+
+2.
+
+Hold-and-wait, where a process holds allocated
+resources while waiting to acquire the next
+
+resource.
+
+3.
+
+No preemption, where a resource cannot be
+removed from the process which acquired it.
+
+Resources are only released after the process
+has completed its transaction.
+
+4.
+
+Circular wait, where resources needed by one
+process are held by another, and vice versa.
+
+How can we solve the problem of deadlocks
+when acquiring multiple resources?
+
+Either we avoid the problem to begin with,
+or we detect that deadlock has occurred and
+
+implement a recovery strategy.
+
+Both techniques are used in practice.
+
+In the Dining Philosophers problem, deadlock
+can be avoided with a small modification to
+
+the algorithm.
+
+We start by assigning a unique number to each
+chopstick to establish a global ordering of
+
+all the resources,
+then rewrite the code to acquire resources
+
+using the global ordering to determine which
+resource to acquire first, which second, and
+
+so on.
+
+With the chopsticks numbered, the philosophers
+pick up the lowest-numbered chopstick from
+
+either their left or right.
+
+Then they pick up the other, higher-numbered
+chopstick, eat, and then return the chopsticks
+
+to the table.
+
+How does this avoid deadlock?
+
+Deadlock happens when all the chopsticks have
+been picked up but no philosopher can eat.
+
+If all the chopsticks have been been picked
+up, that means some philosopher has picked
+
+up the highest-numbered chopstick and so must
+have earlier picked up the lower-numbered
+
+chopstick on his other side.
+
+So that philosopher can eat then return both
+chopsticks to the table, breaking the hold-and-wait
+
+cycle.
+
+So if all the processes in the system can
+agree upon a global ordering for the resources
+
+they require, then acquire them in order,
+there will be no possibility of a deadlock
+
+caused by a hold-and-wait cycle.
+
+A global ordering is easy to arrange in our
+banking code for the transfer transaction.
+
+We'll modify the code to first acquire the
+lock for the lower-numbered account, then
+
+acquire the lock for the higher-numbered account.
+
+Now, both customers will first try to acquire
+the lock for the 6004 account.
+
+The customer that succeeds then can acquire
+the lock for the 6005 account and complete
+
+the transaction.
+
+The key to deadlock avoidance was that customers
+contented for the lock for the *first* resource
+
+they both needed.
+
+Acquiring that lock ensured they would be
+able to acquire the remainder of the shared
+
+resources without fear that they would already
+be allocated to another process in a way that
+
+could cause a hold-and-wait cycle.
+
+Establishing and using a global order for
+shared resources is possible when we can modify
+
+all processes to cooperate.
+
+Avoiding deadlock without changing the processes
+is a harder problem.
+
+For example, at the operating system level,
+it would be possible to modify the WAIT SVC
+
+to detect circular wait and terminate one
+of the WAITing processes, releasing its resources
+
+and breaking the deadlock.
+
+The other strategy we mentioned was detection
+and recovery.
+
+Database systems detect when there's been
+an external access to the shared data used
+
+by a particular transaction, which causes
+the database to abort the transaction.
+
+When issuing a transaction to a database,
+the programmer specifies what should happen
+
+if the transaction is aborted, e.g., she can
+specify that the transaction be retried.
+
+The database remembers all the changes to
+shared data that happen during a transaction
+
+and only changes the master copy of the shared
+data when it is sure that the transaction
+
+will not be aborted,
+at which point the changes are committed to
+
+the database.
+
+In summary, we saw that organizing an application
+as communicating processes is often a convenient
+
+way to go.
+
+We used semaphores to synchronize the execution
+of the different processes, providing guarantees
+
+that certain precedence constraints would
+be met, even between statements in different
+
+processes.
+
+We also introduced the notion of critical
+code sections and mutual exclusion constraints
+
+that guaranteed that a code sequence would
+be executed without interruption by another
+
+process.
+
+We saw that semaphores could also be used
+to implement those mutual exclusion constraints.
+
+Finally we discussed the problem of deadlock
+that can occur when multiple processes must
+
+acquire multiple shared resources,
+and we proposed several solutions based on
+
+a global ordering of resources or the ability
+to restart a transaction.
+
+Synchronization primitives play a key role
+in the world of "big data" where there are
+
+vast amounts of shared data, or when trying
+to coordinate the execution of thousands of
+
+processes in the cloud.
+
+Understanding synchronization issues and their
+solutions is a key skill when writing most
+
+modern applications.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TgbFcaozNzs.txt b/TgbFcaozNzs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aafe22ab8da7d42971b8f8d89539e0f202917569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TgbFcaozNzs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1613 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, everyone,
+pay attention
+
+to the clicker question.
+
+If you haven't responded, now's
+a good time to click in
+
+your response.
+
+All right, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+OK, we can do better
+than this.
+
+So, tetrahedral complexes.
+
+Do you recall tetrahedral
+complexes with angles of what
+
+between the ligands?
+
+109 .
+
+5.
+
+The ligands' negative point
+charges aren't facing any of
+
+the d orbitals perfectly.
+
+They're a little bit closer to
+the orbitals that are 45
+
+degrees off-axis, so those three
+are the most repelled.
+
+But they're not really directly
+hitting any of them.
+
+So that's in contrast with the
+octahedral system or square
+
+planar where the ligands
+negative point charges are
+
+headed directly toward some
+of the d orbitals.
+
+So because the ligands in a
+tetrahedral case are not
+
+headed directly toward any of
+the d orbitals, there is not a
+
+huge amount of crystal fields
+splitting, so that's small.
+
+And so, when the splitting is
+small, then you tend to have
+
+high spin systems. So you put in
+all of the electrons singly
+
+to the fullest extent
+of the orbital as
+
+possible before you pair.
+
+And so, since you put them in
+singly for the fullest extent
+
+possible before you pair them
+up, that will lead to a high
+
+spin system, which
+is the maximum
+
+number of unpaired electrons.
+
+So today is then the last
+lecture on transition metals,
+
+and we've been talking about
+crystal field theory, and
+
+today we're going to talk
+about colors and
+
+crystal field theory.
+
+So, colors, there are a lot of
+beautiful colors in nature,
+
+and some of the beautiful colors
+you find in nature have
+
+to do with transition metals
+or other liganded states.
+
+So, we're going to start with
+an example of how colors can
+
+change, how a molecule's color
+can depend on its oxidation
+
+state, how a molecule's
+color can depend on
+
+its liganded state.
+
+So, Dr. Taylor is going to be
+doing this for you -- should
+
+we do it the demo and then look
+at the questions or do
+
+the questions first?
+
+Demo first?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, here are some
+of the reactions up on the
+
+Powerpoint that you're going to
+be looking at, and as the
+
+reaction proceeds, there's
+going to be changes in
+
+oxidation state, and also
+changes in ligand in state,
+
+and that will lead to
+changes in color.
+
+[DEMONSTRATION]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, how would you
+describe that first color?
+
+Any predictions?
+
+Have any of you seen
+this before, what's
+
+going to happen next?
+
+[DEMONSTRATION]
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is called an
+oscillating clock reaction,
+
+so as it runs through,
+it cycles between
+
+the different colors.
+
+So, that should happily keep
+going, and we can consider
+
+what's happening.
+
+So here's the overall reaction
+here and it can be divided
+
+into two components.
+
+So, why don't you tell me, what
+is happening to iodide in
+
+that first reaction, and
+there it is again.
+
+All right, so let's take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+So, if you looked up here, you
+see that you have minus 2 for
+
+the oxygen, three of them, minus
+6, and it needs to equal
+
+minus 1, so you have plus 5.
+
+And then over here, we again
+have plus 1 minus 2, and so
+
+that has to be plus 1.
+
+So that was actually a quiz
+question, but you score three
+
+points if you answered, even
+if you got it wrong, but we
+
+could have had that four points,
+most people got that
+
+right anyway.
+
+But if you answered, you
+get an extra few
+
+points on that one.
+
+All right, so very good.
+
+That's what's happening
+to iodide.
+
+Now you notice that in this
+reaction h o i is being
+
+produced, and then
+in the second
+
+step it's being consumed.
+
+This later reaction can be
+divided, then, into two
+
+additional reactions.
+
+And one of the reactions, you
+can tell me again what is
+
+happening, what is being
+oxidized and what is being
+
+reduced in this part
+of the reaction.
+
+OK, let's take 10 more seconds.
+
+Excellent.
+
+Even a little higher
+than before.
+
+All right, so you figured out
+that this was the plus 1, this
+
+is minus 1, and they're
+both going to 0.
+
+So you have oxidation and
+reduction going on all
+
+involving iodide in
+that reaction.
+
+OK, so as the reaction was
+proceeding, you could see that
+
+it started out with clear and
+then it went to sort of amber
+
+color, and that was the i 2, the
+clear was i minus, and the
+
+sort of darker blue color that
+you saw is the complex with
+
+starch in the reaction.
+
+So that both of these guys have
+colors independent, but
+
+then when they're liganded
+to something else,
+
+the color is different.
+
+And that's very true with
+coordination complexes that
+
+the metal by itself will be
+strongly influenced by what
+
+the ligands are.
+
+And depending on what type of
+ligands it has, it can have a
+
+really entirely different color
+than it had before.
+
+So, today we're going to talk
+about why that's true, and how
+
+you can predict colors based
+on what type of ligand is
+
+bound to a transition metal.
+
+So, a lot of transition metals
+have really beautiful colors,
+
+and my laboratory studies metals
+bound to proteins, and
+
+often the proteins will have
+really beautiful colors
+
+because of the metal cofactor
+involved, and that's one of
+
+the things that I liked about
+that particular area of study
+
+is just how beautiful these
+proteins can be.
+
+So, the color given off depends
+on the nature of the
+
+metal, and depends on the
+nature of the ligand.
+
+And so we can use crystal field
+theory, which again, is
+
+a very simplified theory, to try
+to predict or explain the
+
+observed colors.
+
+And so again, this is not
+always very precise, but
+
+given, if you're told
+information out of color, you
+
+can rationalize why that would
+be true, and you can also
+
+predict at least a range of
+color that you would have
+
+under certain circumstances.
+
+So, let's take a look
+at this more.
+
+So the ligands again,
+have the ability to
+
+split those d orbitals.
+
+And when we're talking about for
+metals, it's all about the
+
+d orbitals.
+
+And we talked already about
+strong field ligands and weak
+
+field ligands, and we're going
+to talk more about that today,
+
+but this time in
+terms of color.
+
+So a strong field ligand, as
+we discussed, creates a big
+
+splitting in the d orbital
+energy, whereas weak field
+
+ligand, like the first question
+you had today with
+
+tetrahedral complexes, there's
+usually a weak field there, so
+
+we have a small energy
+separation
+
+between the d orbitals.
+
+So here is something that you
+actually have to memorize --
+
+there's not much memorization
+in this course, but you do
+
+need to memorize these six
+ligands in terms of their
+
+ability to split d orbitals.
+
+So, on the side, we have three
+that are strong field ligands,
+
+cyanide, c o, and ammonia, and
+so those are going to be
+
+strong field, so they're going
+to have big splitting energy,
+
+and so they'll tend
+to be low spin.
+
+Then we have three that are sort
+of in between that are
+
+intermediate field -- water,
+hydroxide and f minus.
+
+And so, in comparing, those are
+intermediate, so you're
+
+going to be asked questions such
+as how does that compare
+
+to a weak field, how does that
+compare to a strong field.
+
+And then our weak field ligands
+or a lot of our
+
+halides down here, i minus,
+b r minus, c l minus.
+
+And so those are weak field
+ligands, so you'll have a
+
+small splitting, so
+they'll tend to be
+
+in high spin complexes.
+
+So let's take a look
+at some examples.
+
+So we talked about iron before
+in complexes, and now we can
+
+consider two cases where we have
+iron plus 3, so the same
+
+metal in the same oxidation
+state, but it
+
+has different ligands.
+
+It So in one case you have a
+high spin system with six
+
+water ligands, and then the
+other in a low spin system
+
+with six cyanide ligands.
+
+So first, before you do anything
+else with this, you
+
+always have to think about
+what the d count is.
+
+So, to do the d count, we're
+going to look at where iron is
+
+in the periodic table, and
+we're going to see
+
+it's in group 8.
+
+And then, we'll have 8 minus
+3, the oxidation
+
+number is d 5 system.
+
+So now we have two diagrams
+here, one has a big splitting,
+
+one has a small splitting, and
+why don't you fill in for me
+
+in a clicker question,
+what the high spin
+
+system would look like.
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+I think that's one of our
+highest numbers in a while.
+
+That's right, so we're going to
+fill to the fullest extent
+
+possible before we pair
+any of the electrons.
+
+So again, here we put in
+electrons down here, and then
+
+go up here, because the
+splitting is small, so it
+
+doesn't take that much energy
+to put an electron in the
+
+upper orbitals, it takes more
+energy to pair the electrons
+
+for this weak field system.
+
+And so, this is a high spin
+case, we have a maximum number
+
+of unpaired electrons.
+
+So, over here when we have a
+much bigger splitting energy,
+
+it's going to take a lot more
+energy to put electrons up
+
+there, and so we're going to
+fill up all of these orbitals
+
+down here until we have to
+put an electron up there.
+
+So, if we do that, put in the
+three, and now we're going to
+
+pair, because it takes less
+energy to pair than it does to
+
+put an electron up there,
+so we do four and five.
+
+And so then here is our system
+where we have a strong field,
+
+and so here's a weak field and
+it's going to be high spin,
+
+maximum number of unpaired
+electrons, here we have the
+
+strong field and it'll be low
+spin, the minimum number of
+
+unpaired electrons.
+
+And we're doing this, again,
+because we know that cyanide
+
+is a strong field ligand,
+whereas water is an
+
+intermediate field
+ligand, it's a
+
+lot weaker than cyanide.
+
+OK, now we can continue doing
+some of the things that we've
+
+done before.
+
+So just to review this material,
+we can write the d n
+
+electron configurations.
+
+What are the orbitals called
+that are down here?
+
+Yup, t 2 g.
+
+And how many electrons do
+we have there? three.
+
+And then the e g system up
+here with two electrons.
+
+And over here what do we have?
+
+Yup, t 2 g to the 5.
+
+So, a review, electron
+configurations, these are just
+
+shorthand notations, which
+tell people what these
+
+diagrams look like.
+
+Then, we also talked
+about this before.
+
+So, what does this
+term stand for?
+
+Crystal field stabilization
+energy, right.
+
+So now why don't you tell
+me what it is for
+
+the high spin system.
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Yup, zero.
+
+So if we look at that, we have
+three electrons down here, so
+
+that's minus 2/5, two electrons
+up here, which is
+
+plus 3/5, so 3 times minus
+2/5 is minus 6/5, plus
+
+6/5 gives you 0.
+
+So here is a case where you
+really don't have much
+
+stabilization.
+
+It would be equivalent then, so
+there's zero stabilization
+
+because you have three electrons
+down and two up.
+
+All right, so what about the
+low spin system now?
+
+So if we can look at that, what
+are we going to have for
+
+this system?
+
+So, we have 5 times minus 2/5
+or minus 10/5, and we also
+
+have two pairing energy terms
+there, which we can write in,
+
+because there are two sets
+that are paired.
+
+So this is mostly review on what
+we've had before, and we
+
+haven't talked about some of
+these things in a little
+
+while, so we go over it again,
+and now we're going to take it
+
+a next step and think about what
+sort of wavelength would
+
+be absorbed if you're going
+to promote some of these
+
+electrons to unfilled
+orbitals.
+
+So what about the light absorbed
+by these octahedral
+
+coordination complexes?
+
+So, if you remember back to the
+beginning of the course, a
+
+physics course or high school, a
+substance absorbs photons of
+
+light if the energy of the
+photons match the energy
+
+required to excite those
+electrons to a
+
+higher energy level.
+
+And so now we are doing some
+review from the first part of
+
+the course, which
+is always good.
+
+As I mentioned, everything kind
+of comes together and we
+
+need to go over everything for
+the final, but there's also
+
+connections between
+all the different
+
+parts of the semester.
+
+So this should look
+familiar to you.
+
+So, the energy of the absorbed
+light equals Planck's constant
+
+times the frequency
+of that light.
+
+But now we can make that equal
+to another term, a term we've
+
+been talking about in this
+unit, and that is our
+
+octahedral crystal field
+splitting energy.
+
+Because the energy that's going
+to be required to bump
+
+an electron from here to
+here is that energy,
+
+that splitting energy.
+
+So that's going to be equal
+to this term here.
+
+OK, so what does this mean in
+terms of the wavelengths of
+
+lights absorbed by different
+coordination complexes.
+
+So we can think about that.
+
+So if you have high frequency
+of light is absorbed, the
+
+wavelength of the absorbed light
+is going to be short.
+
+And we know that relationship
+-- again, think back to the
+
+beginning of the course and also
+probably to physics and
+
+to high school, we know a very
+handy equation for telling us
+
+about the relationship of
+frequency and wavelength of
+
+light, so we have the speed of
+light equals the wavelength
+
+times the frequency.
+
+So if you have a high frequency
+of light absorbed,
+
+the absorbed wavelength
+is going to be short.
+
+So, let's look at a couple of
+examples, the example here,
+
+going back to our example.
+
+So we had this high spin system
+with water, and now I'm
+
+telling you that the splitting
+energy is 171 kilojoules per
+
+mole, and when you have cyanide
+as your ligand, your
+
+splitting energy is 392
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+Again, this was a stronger field
+ligand, so we have a
+
+bigger splitting energy.
+
+And this was an intermediate
+field ligand, certainly weaker
+
+than cyanide, so this has a
+smaller splitting energy.
+
+So, from these values now, we
+can calculate the wavelength
+
+of absorbed light.
+
+So for the high spin system
+first, we can rearrange these
+
+equations, which you know well,
+to come up with the
+
+rearranged equation, the
+wavelength equals Planck's
+
+constant times the speed of
+light, and divided by e, and
+
+this time our e is that crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+So we can put in these terms.
+So we have Planck's constant
+
+times the speed of light over
+our octahedral field splitting
+
+energy, oh, but then we have
+some other terms here.
+
+Now one thing that you have to
+pay attention to in this unit
+
+is your units.
+
+So, splitting energies are often
+given in kilojoules per
+
+mole, whereas you often see
+Planck's constant in joules,
+
+so we want to make sure that we
+convert one or the other,
+
+and here it's set up
+to convert the
+
+kilojoules to joules.
+
+And also, we want our final
+unit, we're talking about
+
+wavelengths, in meters or
+nanometers, so we need to get
+
+rid of this mole term,
+and we use Avagadro's
+
+number to do that.
+
+So now we should be able to
+cancel our units and get the
+
+correct units.
+
+So we should be able to cancel
+the seconds over here, and we
+
+should also be able to go
+in and cancel our moles.
+
+We should be able to cancel the
+joules and the kilojoules
+
+out, and that should leave us
+just with this over here,
+
+which is meters.
+
+So this is 7 .
+
+0 0 times 10 to the
+minus 7 meters.
+
+Does that make sense in terms
+of a wavelength of light?
+
+Because that would convert
+to what nanometers?
+
+700 nanometers.
+
+So if you do something strange
+and you forget Avagadro's
+
+number, you're going to come
+up with a very interesting
+
+wavelength.
+
+So that's a good way to check to
+make sure that you've done
+
+the problem correctly.
+
+So, 700 nanometers, anyone
+remember what light that is,
+
+what color that corresponds
+to?
+
+Red, so it's absorbing
+red light.
+
+All right, so now let's just do
+the same thing for the low
+
+spin system with the cyanide
+ligand, and we're going to
+
+plug in our 392 here, and
+we get 305 over here.
+
+And so, that is a much shorter
+wavelength of light.
+
+So again, light absorbed for the
+compound with water, 700
+
+nanometers, and the compound of
+iron with cyanide, 305, and
+
+so we're absorbing a red light
+over with the water compound,
+
+and sort of purple or violet
+light is being absorbed in the
+
+cyanide complex.
+
+And we're talk in a minute about
+the light that is being
+
+transmitted, which is
+complementary to the color of
+
+the light absorbed.
+
+So by knowing something about
+splitting energies, by knowing
+
+something about the types of
+ligands, then you can know
+
+something about colors.
+
+So now, for another example,
+we're going to look at the
+
+different colors of two
+chromium complexes.
+
+So first, what is the oxidation
+number of chromium
+
+in the water complex here?
+
+What is it?
+
+And what about over here
+with n h 3 ligands.
+
+Plus 3.
+
+So, plus 3 and plus 3.
+
+And what is our d count?
+
+You know where chromium
+is, in what group?
+
+Six.
+
+6 minus 3 is 3, so we
+have a d 3 system.
+
+What does c n mean again?
+
+Coordination number, so what
+is that for both of these?
+
+Six.
+
+So there's Six things
+coordinated to the chromium,
+
+and so we have, again,
+an octahedral system.
+
+And what type of ligand
+is water?
+
+Intermediate.
+
+And what about n h 3?
+
+Strong.
+
+So this is strong, and water
+is and intermediate ligand,
+
+and certainly, it is
+weaker than n h 3.
+
+So, we expect one system over
+here for a strong ligand, and
+
+then something that's weaker
+than that strong ligand.
+
+All right, so here are two
+diagrams, one with a big
+
+splitting energy, and one with
+a smaller splitting energy.
+
+Are the diagrams going to
+look same or different?
+
+The same.
+
+Because we only have three
+electrons, so they're going to
+
+be the same.
+
+In both cases, we put in the
+three electrons in the lowest
+
+orbitals, and then there's no
+decision to be made, because
+
+there isn't that fourth
+electron, so we don't have to
+
+decide which place
+to put this.
+
+So these diagrams are going to
+look the same, and before when
+
+we were doing this in this unit,
+we said OK, we're done,
+
+they look the same.
+
+But now, we realize that these
+are really not the same
+
+compounds and that they're
+going to have different
+
+properties, even though
+their diagrams are
+
+going to look the same.
+
+Because the energy that it's
+going to take to excite an
+
+electron here is much smaller
+than over here, and that's
+
+going to result in a different
+wavelength of light being
+
+absorbed in these two different
+cases, which will
+
+mean a different wavelength of
+light being transmitted.
+
+So, again, here we have a weaker
+field and here we have
+
+a stronger field.
+
+So again, we can go
+through and think
+
+about these two cases.
+
+So when we have a smaller term
+here, that means a lower
+
+energy -- this is a splitting
+energy, and so we'll have a
+
+lower frequency.
+
+When we have a larger case or
+higher energy, we have a
+
+higher frequency.
+
+Again, if you have a lower
+frequency absorbed, we have a
+
+longer wavelength absorbed, and
+in this case, the higher
+
+frequency translates into a
+shorter wavelength absorbed.
+
+The color of the transmitted
+light is complementary to the
+
+color of the absorbed light.
+
+So now we can think about --
+
+I always want to ask, when
+do people learn about
+
+complementary colors?
+
+Is that 6th grade, earlier?
+
+I don't really remember, but I
+think it's pretty early on.
+
+And people always ask me, are
+you going to have that on the
+
+equation sheet, or do I have
+to actually remember my
+
+complementary colors?
+
+And I tell people that I will
+put some version of this on,
+
+so you don't have to review your
+kindergarten notes for
+
+this class, if that's
+when you learned it.
+
+It's pretty early, I don't
+know when it is exactly.
+
+So, the color of the light is
+going to be complementary
+
+about -- this is very
+approximate.
+
+So here, if the transmitted
+light is shorter because we
+
+have this weaker splitting, then
+we are expecting we're
+
+going to have this shorter
+wavelength, the transmitted
+
+light, and experimentally, if
+you make this compound you'll
+
+see it's violet.
+
+In this other case, we have a
+stronger field ligand, and so
+
+you have a larger energy, higher
+frequency absorbed,
+
+shorter wavelength absorbed,
+then you're going to have a
+
+longer wavelength from your
+transmitted light.
+
+And that this compound, if you
+make it, is actually yellow.
+
+So if we go back to our colors
+for a minute, you see that
+
+when you have the shorter
+wavelength, we have a violet,
+
+and that is a short
+wavelength.
+
+And in this case for the strong
+field ligand, we are
+
+going to have transmitted light
+of a longer wavelength
+
+and it's yellow.
+
+So it's the same oxidation state
+of chromium, it's the
+
+same -- it's an octahedral
+complex, six ligands in both
+
+cases, same octahedral crystal
+field diagrams, but yet one
+
+compound has a violet color,
+and the other one
+
+has a yellow color.
+
+All right, so one can also be
+asked to calculate a crystal
+
+field splitting energy in
+kilojoules per mole, given the
+
+appropriate information.
+
+So we've looked at when a
+splitting energy is given, and
+
+we've been asked to calculate
+wavelength absorbed, you can
+
+also be asked to go in
+the other direction.
+
+And so here we have another
+chromium complex to work with.
+
+And we're told that the
+wavelength of the most
+
+intensely absorbed light is
+740, and so what would you
+
+predict the color
+of this to be?
+
+It would be greenish.
+
+So that would be what
+you would predict.
+
+Again, chemistry is an
+experimental science, but
+
+based on having a complementary
+color to the one
+
+absorbed, that would
+be a guess.
+
+All right, so we can actually
+calculate the frequency of the
+
+light absorbed.
+
+So we were given the wavelength,
+and use speed of
+
+light, and plug in your
+wavelength and you can come up
+
+with a frequency, 4.05 times
+10 to the 14 per second.
+
+Then we can calculate from
+that the crystal field
+
+splitting energy, and so we use
+Planck's constant, and we
+
+have our frequency, and
+we calculate 2 .
+
+6 8 times 10 to the
+minus 19 joules.
+
+Am I done with the problem?
+
+What does the problem ask for?
+
+It asks for it in kilojoules
+per mole, and so, we're not
+
+done, we need to convert
+to kilojoules per mole.
+
+And I'm making this point,
+because often this is where
+
+people lose points on the final
+exam, and that's not
+
+where you want to lose points.
+
+You want to lose them on a
+really hard problem, not on
+
+something like this.
+
+So, most of the time you're
+asked for kilojoules per mole,
+
+so make sure that if that's what
+asked for, that's what
+
+you provide.
+
+So here, we can just do the
+conversion of units, and then
+
+we're going to use Avagadro's
+number to
+
+give us that per mole.
+
+And so, this translates into a
+160 kilojoules per mole, which
+
+you might recognize is more
+similar to the other numbers
+
+that you saw for octahedral
+crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+All right.
+
+Sadly, there are some
+coordination complexes that do
+
+not have colors.
+
+Why would that be?
+
+Why would something
+not have a color?
+
+It has d orbitals, it's
+a transition metal.
+
+So what would be true about
+all of the d orbitals?
+
+Yeah, so one example, is if
+they're all full, and that is
+
+the most common thing that we
+see, so it's not possible to
+
+have a d to d transition
+in the visible range.
+
+So there are a number of
+examples of metals who have
+
+this situation.
+
+Zinc and cadmium are two of the
+most common that give you
+
+problems in biological systems.
+So why is this?
+
+Well, that's because they're
+over here in group twelve.
+
+But their most common oxidation
+states are plus 2.
+
+So, if you have 12 minus 2 you
+have a d 10 system, and that's
+
+the case for both of
+these systems here.
+
+And so all the d orbitals
+are filled.
+
+Now, zinc is a really important
+metal in biological
+
+systems, and because it has all
+these d orbitals filled,
+
+it doesn't have a color.
+
+And so it's very hard to tell
+if an enzyme molecule has
+
+zinc. And I think one of the
+problems that you have on this
+
+problem-set talks about how
+zinc is important in a
+
+biological system by altering
+the p k a of a residue that
+
+coordinates to it.
+
+And that's often its job, and so
+biochemists are often faced
+
+with the problem of trying to
+figure out if their protein
+
+has zinc, but they have no color
+of the protein, also
+
+they might try to look
+for a paramagnetic
+
+or diamagnetic system.
+
+They're not -- you know if
+they see a paramagnetic
+
+system, they say oh, unpaired
+electrons, we know we must
+
+have metal involved, but
+there's no sort of
+
+spectroscopic probe for zinc.
+
+And so, often someone will
+determine a crystal structure,
+
+and it'll be a huge surprise
+that there's zinc associated
+
+with this protein.
+
+Do you think there's a lot of
+proteins that use cadmium as
+
+of part of their mechanism?
+
+What do you know
+about cadmium?
+
+Yeah, cadmium is poisonous.
+
+Old barbecue grills were
+sometimes, they used to coat
+
+things with cadmium on
+a barbecue grill.
+
+Yeah, that was not very smart.
+
+So, cadmium poisoning is a
+problem, and people have been
+
+trying to figure out the
+mechanism of that, but again,
+
+it's hard to study cadmium
+because it has no
+
+spectroscopic signal.
+
+All right, so getting back now
+to just kind of review over
+
+what we've talked about
+in terms of colors.
+
+So we have our weak field
+ligands, again, you need to
+
+memorize what they are.
+
+You have your intermediate field
+ligands, which you need
+
+to memorize, and also your
+strong field ligands.
+
+So these weak field ligands
+are going to have a small
+
+splitting energy, and that means
+that in terms of how the
+
+complex absorbs, low energy,
+low frequency, long
+
+wavelength, and that the color
+transmitted will be
+
+complementary.
+
+And usually what this means is
+that it'll be sort of in the
+
+end of the spectra, so it's
+often hard to say well, red
+
+will definitely be green.
+
+So it's not a perfect agreement,
+but you can usually
+
+say well, it's probably
+going to be in the
+
+blue-violet or green end.
+
+So in sort of one part
+of the spectra.
+
+Strong field ligands, again,
+have a huge splitting energy.
+
+So you're going to have big
+energy, high frequency, short
+
+wavelength, and so it's going
+to transmit, then, in the
+
+complementary, so it should
+be in the yellow,
+
+orange or red end.
+
+And you will be asked in some
+of the problems, in again,
+
+problem-set 9 due Wednesday,
+and you should be able to
+
+finish that up pretty quickly
+tonight after this lecture,
+
+and there are some
+problems on this.
+
+So, for cobalt complexes, you
+get pretty much the entire
+
+range of colors.
+
+So I'm just going to end with
+one more biological example.
+
+And here are some pictures of
+actual colors, and so this is
+
+cobalt coordinated
+to vitamin B12.
+
+So one ligand gives you this
+brilliant red color, another
+
+gives you an orange color, and
+a third ligand gives you a
+
+pink color.
+
+So you can tell the oxidation
+state of vitamin B12 by the
+
+colors of the molecule.
+
+All right.
+
+Now you have all the information
+to finish your
+
+problem-set, and that's the
+end of transition metals.
+
+On Wednesday we start
+kinetics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TjxR7lAwWhI.txt b/TjxR7lAwWhI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59ac52a31bff320818053b03dbac614cd808f5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TjxR7lAwWhI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's get started so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get started so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get started so today
+very happy to have you here we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to have you here we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy to have you here we are going
+to talk about continue our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about continue our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about continue our discussion
+and the two dimensional and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two dimensional and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two dimensional and three
+dimensional waves okay so as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional waves okay so as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional waves okay so as I mentioned
+before there are two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are two interesting
+situation which we can actually increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we can actually increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we can actually increase
+the dimension also for example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension also for example I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension also for example I can
+have all the objects oscillating in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the objects oscillating in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the objects oscillating in just
+one dimension one interaction but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension one interaction but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension one interaction but I
+changed the the the the way I praised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the the the way I praised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the the the way I praised
+all those objects in the in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those objects in the in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those objects in the in the space
+for example I can have particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can have particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can have particles which
+are arranged in two or three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged in two or three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged in two or three dimensions
+no erase and we were talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no erase and we were talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no erase and we were talking about how
+to understand this kind of system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this kind of system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this kind of system and
+all those objects are oscillating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those objects are oscillating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those objects are oscillating in
+just one direction for example up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one direction for example up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one direction for example up and
+down in one interaction okay that's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in one interaction okay that's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in one interaction okay that's as
+you want one thing which you get one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one thing which you get one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one thing which you get one one
+or meso we can increase the time mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or meso we can increase the time mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or meso we can increase the time mention
+there's another interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting example
+which we will talk about today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will talk about today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will talk about today is to
+change the direction of the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the oscillation
+even rotate the the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rotate the the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rotate the the electromagnetic
+waves was ample and how can we achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves was ample and how can we achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves was ample and how can we achieve
+that and how do we understand this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how do we understand this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how do we understand this kind
+of phenomena that's actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena that's actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena that's actually going to be
+covered by the lecture today okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by the lecture today okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by the lecture today okay so
+before we move forward we will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move forward we will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move forward we will have a
+short review on what we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short review on what we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short review on what we have learned
+from last lecture and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture and this is actually
+what we discussed if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed if I have two
+materials Labatt hand side and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials Labatt hand side and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials Labatt hand side and right
+hand side are two different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side are two different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side are two different kinds of
+materials were very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials were very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials were very same
+membranes and if I have incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and if I have incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes and if I have incident wave
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+coming into the interception of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the interception of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the interception of these
+two coming to the boundary of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coming to the boundary of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coming to the boundary of these two
+materials which says X equal to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials which says X equal to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials which says X equal to zero as
+we discussed last time and basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time and basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time and basically the
+boundary condition require that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition require that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition require that in order
+to make sure that the membranes to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the membranes to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the membranes to them
+break okay that means the cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay that means the cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay that means the cave
+to the projection and the y direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the projection and the y direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the projection and the y direction of
+the cave actors has to be the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave actors has to be the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave actors has to be the same that
+means the projection of the wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the projection of the wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the projection of the wave in the
+in the y direction which is along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction which is along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y direction which is along this
+line the wavelength of all the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the wavelength of all the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the wavelength of all the incident
+refracted and transmitted wave the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted and transmitted wave the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted and transmitted wave the wave
+length should be all the same otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length should be all the same otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length should be all the same otherwise
+I can change Y and the makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change Y and the makeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can change Y and the makeup
+remembrance break or break the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembrance break or break the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembrance break or break the boundary
+condition okay so that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay so that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay so that's actually the
+first thing which we learn from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which we learn from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which we learn from the the
+mess we were doing last time and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess we were doing last time and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess we were doing last time and also
+the cave value are not arbitrary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave value are not arbitrary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave value are not arbitrary right
+so we were already assuming that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were already assuming that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were already assuming that all the
+three waves all the three prang waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three waves all the three prang waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three waves all the three prang waves
+are oscillating at the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating at the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating at the same frequency
+right if they are oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if they are oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if they are oscillating at
+different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency
+it won't work right because I can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't work right because I can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't work right because I can change
+time then make Alabam Perez break right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then make Alabam Perez break right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then make Alabam Perez break right
+so therefore all the three prang wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore all the three prang wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore all the three prang wave
+will be oscillating at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be oscillating at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be oscillating at the same
+frequency Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega okay
+and according to this formula so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to this formula so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and according to this formula so we have
+defined and which is edge with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and which is edge with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and which is edge with the
+refraction index which is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction index which is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction index which is equal to some
+constant C divided by the speed of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C divided by the speed of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C divided by the speed of out
+of the publication the phase velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the publication the phase velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the publication the phase velocity of
+the lab inside material and we also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab inside material and we also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab inside material and we also can
+define M prong which is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define M prong which is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define M prong which is actually equal
+to C the sin a constant divided by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C the sin a constant divided by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C the sin a constant divided by B
+prong which is the speed of propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prong which is the speed of propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prong which is the speed of propagation
+of the right hand side material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side material and
+according to the dispersion relation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the dispersion relation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the dispersion relation we
+can calculate what will be the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what will be the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what will be the length of
+the k if Omega is given right the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k if Omega is given right the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k if Omega is given right the Omega
+for the lab and side and right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lab and side and right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lab and side and right hand side
+the refracted transmitted and in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refracted transmitted and in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refracted transmitted and in certain
+wave should be the same therefore I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave should be the same therefore I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave should be the same therefore I can
+immediately write down will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately write down will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately write down will be the
+length of the K vector and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the K vector and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the K vector and that means
+cave the lens of the K vector would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave the lens of the K vector would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave the lens of the K vector would be
+equal to n times Omega over C right so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times Omega over C right so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n times Omega over C right so C
+over a nice edge which is V right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a nice edge which is V right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a nice edge which is V right so so
+basically it's just the non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just the non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just the non dispersive
+medium that dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium that dispersion
+relation and also you can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and also you can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and also you can go ahead and
+write down will be the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down will be the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down will be the length of the
+capron and that is actually determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capron and that is actually determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capron and that is actually determined
+by M prime Omega over C okay so based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M prime Omega over C okay so based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M prime Omega over C okay so based on
+these two interesting information what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two interesting information what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two interesting information what
+we can conclude is that huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can conclude is that huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can conclude is that huh
+that means K Capron and the K R cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means K Capron and the K R cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means K Capron and the K R cannot
+be arbitrary they have to be aligned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary they have to be aligned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary they have to be aligned in
+a to form a specific pattern the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to form a specific pattern the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to form a specific pattern the pattern
+is that the projection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the projection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the projection in the
+y-direction jubileus n and also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction jubileus n and also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction jubileus n and also at the
+same time the lens of the K vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the lens of the K vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the lens of the K vector is
+determined by the refraction index okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the refraction index okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the refraction index okay
+so once we fix all that and put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we fix all that and put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we fix all that and put them all
+together we can conclude that based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can conclude that based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can conclude that based on
+the projection in a y direction we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection in a y direction we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection in a y direction we'll
+conclude that theta will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that theta will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that theta will be equal to
+theta R where theta is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta R where theta is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta R where theta is actually the
+inserting angle and the theta R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting angle and the theta R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting angle and the theta R is the
+refraction angle which is describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction angle which is describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction angle which is describing the
+direction of the refracted wave and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the refracted wave and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the refracted wave and also
+the second very interesting information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second very interesting information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second very interesting information
+we learned is that based on the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned is that based on the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned is that based on the boundary
+condition we can conclude that n sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can conclude that n sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can conclude that n sine
+theta will be equal to M prime sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta will be equal to M prime sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta will be equal to M prime sine
+theta prom so that's a should be Snell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta prom so that's a should be Snell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta prom so that's a should be Snell's
+law which solve you as you learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which solve you as you learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which solve you as you learn from
+the high school test or from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high school test or from earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high school test or from earlier
+lectures in physics and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in physics and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in physics and these two
+interesting result phones the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result phones the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result phones the basis of
+geometrical optics of laws plus the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics of laws plus the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics of laws plus the two
+of the most important laws we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important laws we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important laws we'll learn
+from dramatical optics so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dramatical optics so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dramatical optics so that's
+actually give you some example and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you some example and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you some example and give
+you some more feeling about what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some more feeling about what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some more feeling about what we are
+we talking about so so what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about so so what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about so so what we are
+talking about is that if I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is that if I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is that if I have an
+incident wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay
+coming into the this boundary okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the this boundary okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the this boundary okay and
+the insert angle is Theta 1 okay well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insert angle is Theta 1 okay well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insert angle is Theta 1 okay well I
+will expect based on Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will expect based on Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will expect based on Wow
+have just arrived okay is that the CETA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just arrived okay is that the CETA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just arrived okay is that the CETA
+are the refracted wave direction were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the refracted wave direction were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the refracted wave direction were
+the refractive wave angle the refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive wave angle the refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive wave angle the refraction
+angle would be equal to the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle would be equal to the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle would be equal to the incident
+angle according to what we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle according to what we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle according to what we have just
+derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived
+I was just rotating this by 90 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just rotating this by 90 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just rotating this by 90 degree
+and also we can calculate well be the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we can calculate well be the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we can calculate well be the C
+tattoo according to Snell's law and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo according to Snell's law and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tattoo according to Snell's law and one
+sine theta 1 equal to n 2 sine theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta 1 equal to n 2 sine theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta 1 equal to n 2 sine theta 2
+and if I continue and the propagate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I continue and the propagate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I continue and the propagate the
+incident wave okay here I assume that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay here I assume that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay here I assume that n
+2 is larger if you have a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is larger if you have a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is larger if you have a larger
+diffraction index that means if I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction index that means if I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction index that means if I you
+have a larger refraction that line means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger refraction that line means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger refraction that line means
+the speed of propagation is smaller okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of propagation is smaller okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of propagation is smaller okay
+larger in value give you a smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in value give you a smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in value give you a smoother
+speed of propagation therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation therefore you can
+see that the the wave front which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the the wave front which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the the wave front which is
+actually the peak value the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the peak value the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the peak value the position of
+the peak as you cut delayed compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak as you cut delayed compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak as you cut delayed compared to
+the original projection okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original projection okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original projection okay and you can
+see that the red line is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the red line is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the red line is actually really
+well what you will see in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you will see in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you will see in the second
+medium and we can also continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and we can also continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and we can also continue to
+propagate and you will see that HA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and you will see that HA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and you will see that HA
+interesting that means the the prang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that means the the prang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that means the the prang
+wave will change direction because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave will change direction because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave will change direction because of
+the matching boundary condition the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching boundary condition the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching boundary condition the the
+membrane sturm break you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane sturm break you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane sturm break you can see that
+the the peak position match right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the peak position match right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the peak position match right from
+the median number one immediate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median number one immediate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median number one immediate number
+two the peak position which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the peak position which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the peak position which is the
+position of the line match and also due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the line match and also due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the line match and also due
+to the slower speed of propagation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slower speed of propagation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slower speed of propagation the
+pram wave as you change direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pram wave as you change direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pram wave as you change direction okay
+so that's as you how we actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's as you how we actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's as you how we actually can
+understand the mathematical result which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematical result which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mathematical result which
+we derived last time by this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived last time by this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived last time by this interesting
+example okay so that's I should consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so that's I should consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so that's I should consider
+a situation which is maybe will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation which is maybe will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation which is maybe will be
+interesting to you so what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to you so what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to you so what will happen
+if I now shoot light from inside some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now shoot light from inside some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now shoot light from inside some
+material which delayed a light slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which delayed a light slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which delayed a light slightly
+for example m1 is equal to 1 points i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example m1 is equal to 1 points i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example m1 is equal to 1 points i
+okay I shoot something through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I shoot something through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I shoot something through the
+material then and in the second material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then and in the second material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then and in the second material
+I have have higher speed of light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have have higher speed of light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have have higher speed of light which
+is actually having the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually having the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually having the speed of light
+equal to not at the vacuum okay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to not at the vacuum okay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to not at the vacuum okay in a
+back up case okay so in this example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up case okay so in this example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up case okay so in this example I
+have M 1 greater than n 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M 1 greater than n 2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M 1 greater than n 2 okay
+since n 1 sine theta 1 is equal to n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n 1 sine theta 1 is equal to n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n 1 sine theta 1 is equal to n 2
+sine theta 2 ok so now I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta 2 ok so now I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta 2 ok so now I can calculate
+what will be the resulting see tattoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the resulting see tattoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the resulting see tattoo
+right according to this equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to this equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to this equation so the
+resulting set R 2 will be sine theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting set R 2 will be sine theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting set R 2 will be sine theta 2
+will be equal to n1 over n2 sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to n1 over n2 sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to n1 over n2 sine theta
+ok in this case and 1 is greater than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in this case and 1 is greater than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in this case and 1 is greater than n
+2 therefore this turn is greater than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 therefore this turn is greater than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 therefore this turn is greater than 1
+right and at this case in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at this case in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at this case in this case
+actually this ratio is equal to 1.5 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this ratio is equal to 1.5 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this ratio is equal to 1.5 okay
+so this is actually pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually pretty interesting
+that means ok this factor is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means ok this factor is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means ok this factor is actually
+greater than 1 I have sine theta 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 I have sine theta 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 I have sine theta 1 which
+is multiplier in this factor okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplier in this factor okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplier in this factor okay so
+that means if I increase sita okay sita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I increase sita okay sita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I increase sita okay sita
+what if i increase theta 1 at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i increase theta 1 at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i increase theta 1 at some point
+I will not be able to get the sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not be able to get the sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not be able to get the sit at
+aura because theta 2 will be AK sine 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aura because theta 2 will be AK sine 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aura because theta 2 will be AK sine 1
+point 5 sine theta 1 and at some point 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 sine theta 1 and at some point 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 sine theta 1 and at some point 1
+point 5 sine theta 1 will be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 sine theta 1 will be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 sine theta 1 will be greater
+than 1 then I don't have a sitter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 then I don't have a sitter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 then I don't have a sitter to
+which you can satisfy this equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can satisfy this equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can satisfy this equation so
+what happened maybe the horses X bro I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened maybe the horses X bro I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened maybe the horses X bro I
+don't know right so we are going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right so we are going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right so we are going to do a
+simple experiment to see what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment to see what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment to see what is going
+to happen so before we do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so before we do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so before we do this kind of
+dangerous experiment we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous experiment we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous experiment we are going to
+turn this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this light
+off and be prepared hope everybody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and be prepared hope everybody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and be prepared hope everybody will
+survive so here I have a laser which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so here I have a laser which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so here I have a laser which is
+actually point from shooting a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually point from shooting a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually point from shooting a laser
+beam through this tank of water so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam through this tank of water so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam through this tank of water so this
+is water with unvalued roughly 1.33 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is water with unvalued roughly 1.33 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is water with unvalued roughly 1.33 and
+outside of water is air right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of water is air right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of water is air right so the
+speed of propagation is roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation is roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation is roughly equal to
+the speed up of the of the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed up of the of the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed up of the of the light is
+actually roughly equal to the to C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually roughly equal to the to C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually roughly equal to the to C and
+values as we're up to one okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as we're up to one okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as we're up to one okay so that's
+actually exactly the situation we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the situation we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the situation we are
+looking for and that's turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and that's turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and that's turn on this
+experiment care for Wow look at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment care for Wow look at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment care for Wow look at this you
+can see that here there were no light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here there were no light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here there were no light
+coming out right why is that because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right why is that because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out right why is that because of
+the mathematics right the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics right the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics right the mathematics
+say that okay sorry guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay sorry guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay sorry guys
+see tattoo doesn't work okay therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tattoo doesn't work okay therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tattoo doesn't work okay therefore
+there will be no light really coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no light really coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be no light really coming out
+you can see my hand okay you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see my hand okay you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see my hand okay you can see the
+light here right when I put my hand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here right when I put my hand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here right when I put my hand here
+he's not burning my hand but it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not burning my hand but it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not burning my hand but it's okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and you can see that nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that nothing really
+comes out and all the energy abounds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out and all the energy abounds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out and all the energy abounds the
+back into the water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the water okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the water okay
+the same thing also happened here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing also happened here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing also happened here you
+can see that the light is bouncing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the light is bouncing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the light is bouncing back
+and forth and the moving in to work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and the moving in to work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and the moving in to work the
+lap in that direction until it passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap in that direction until it passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap in that direction until it passed
+through here maybe a little done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here maybe a little done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here maybe a little done because
+it's actually still bouncing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually still bouncing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually still bouncing around
+inside this tank okay so the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this tank okay so the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this tank okay so the good news
+is that no explosion like what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that no explosion like what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that no explosion like what we have
+here okay the interesting thing we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the interesting thing we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the interesting thing we found
+is that all the energy will be bounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the energy will be bounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all the energy will be bounced
+back if you have large enough in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you have large enough in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you have large enough in certain
+angle in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can see from here that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from here that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from here that you can
+see the order all the lights in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the order all the lights in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the order all the lights in energy
+bounce back into what so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back into what so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back into what so that's actually
+very very interesting and the NA means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting and the NA means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting and the NA means
+we can probably make use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can probably make use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can probably make use of this
+property to send light and and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to send light and and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to send light and and thus
+through some large material right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some large material right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some large material right so
+that's actually how actually the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how actually the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how actually the optical
+fiber works okay so so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber works okay so so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber works okay so so basically you can
+actually shoot a light into the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shoot a light into the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shoot a light into the optical
+fiber and the light wood is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber and the light wood is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber and the light wood is going to be
+punishing back and forth between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishing back and forth between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishing back and forth between the
+boundaries inside the fiber and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries inside the fiber and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries inside the fiber and you can
+actually send those informations through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send those informations through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send those informations through
+light by this kind of mechanism okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light by this kind of mechanism okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light by this kind of mechanism okay so
+that's actually how the optical fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how the optical fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how the optical fiber
+actually works and here we do have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works and here we do have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works and here we do have a set
+up which I have light here okay shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which I have light here okay shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which I have light here okay shooting
+light into the optical fiber and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into the optical fiber and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into the optical fiber and I have
+paper here which as you try to block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here which as you try to block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here which as you try to block
+part of the light okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the light okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the light okay so you can see
+from here you can see the text which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can see the text which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can see the text which I
+put on the and on the paper actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the and on the paper actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the and on the paper actually
+because some of the light is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the light is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the light is actually
+blocked by the by the by this paper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked by the by the by this paper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked by the by the by this paper the
+text on the paper and and this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text on the paper and and this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text on the paper and and this light
+actually goes through this optical fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through this optical fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through this optical fiber
+okay and thus and the continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and thus and the continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and thus and the continuum
+propagate and the captured by the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and the captured by the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and the captured by the camera
+okay so you can see what is actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see what is actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see what is actually can
+you read loud what is actually written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read loud what is actually written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read loud what is actually written
+there can you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god
+all right so I'm sorry it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm sorry it didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm sorry it didn't work
+but it was in the beginning right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was in the beginning right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was in the beginning right okay
+so you can see that this is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this is a wonderful
+way to send optical signal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to send optical signal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to send optical signal and we
+actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+right we send signal from u.s. to Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we send signal from u.s. to Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we send signal from u.s. to Asia
+through all those crazy lines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those crazy lines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those crazy lines on the
+under the sea right so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the sea right so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the sea right so that's really
+cool and the finally before we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the finally before we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the finally before we change
+the topic I ensure that you enjoy doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic I ensure that you enjoy doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic I ensure that you enjoy doing
+the practice in your pset number eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice in your pset number eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice in your pset number eight
+we are going to be going to learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be going to learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be going to learn that
+okay this is actually highly related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually highly related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually highly related to
+beautiful phenomena we see in daily life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful phenomena we see in daily life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful phenomena we see in daily life
+the rainbow is actually really related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainbow is actually really related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainbow is actually really related
+to Snell's law and that you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Snell's law and that you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Snell's law and that you are going to
+actually solve this problem in the PISA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this problem in the PISA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve this problem in the PISA
+okay all right so any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so any questions so far
+you ready to Snell's law and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ready to Snell's law and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ready to Snell's law and and and
+refraction index aces John all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction index aces John all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction index aces John all right so
+if not we'll go through go ahead and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not we'll go through go ahead and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not we'll go through go ahead and and
+talk about the second example the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the second example the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the second example the second
+example is that okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that okay instead of
+introducing more objects in this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing more objects in this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing more objects in this array
+we could change the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could change the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could change the direction of the
+oscillation as a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation as a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation as a function of time and
+see what is going to happen so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to happen so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to happen so the
+direction of for example the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of for example the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of for example the direction
+of the electric electric feel I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric electric feel I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric electric feel I can make
+it rotate or changes about your time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rotate or changes about your time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rotate or changes about your time and
+the last day she called circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day she called circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day she called circularly
+polarized wave sine wave and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave sine wave and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave sine wave and that means
+we are going to talk about polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to talk about polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to talk about polarization
+today okay before we start the real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay before we start the real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay before we start the real the
+lecture okay what we are going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay what we are going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay what we are going to do is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I will quote word from Feynman it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will quote word from Feynman it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will quote word from Feynman it
+doesn't matter how beautiful your theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how beautiful your theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how beautiful your theory
+is it doesn't matter how smart you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't matter how smart you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't matter how smart you are
+but if it doesn't agree with experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it doesn't agree with experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it doesn't agree with experiment
+is wrong ok so that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong ok so that's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong ok so that's actually very
+important lesson and though I have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson and though I have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson and though I have been
+telling you that electromagnetic wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that electromagnetic wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that electromagnetic wave is
+predicted to be oscillating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted to be oscillating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted to be oscillating in the
+transverse direction as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse direction as you can see from
+that little figure right so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little figure right so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little figure right so if the
+direction of propagation is to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation is to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation is to the right
+hand side so that means electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so that means electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so that means electric field
+and the magnetic field can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field can only be
+oscillating in a plane which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in a plane which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in a plane which is
+perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+ok that's actually what we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's actually what we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's actually what we have learned
+from Maxwell's equation ok but all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maxwell's equation ok but all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maxwell's equation ok but all those
+things are see right can you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are see right can you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are see right can you do you
+people believe those theory I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe those theory I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe those theory I'm not sure
+maybe maybe light is actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe light is actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe light is actually like
+oscillating in the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating in the longitudinal
+direction right if you're physicists you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right if you're physicists you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right if you're physicists you
+should ask this question right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask this question right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask this question right maybe
+you'll find something which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find something which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find something which is actually
+inconsistent with the theory then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with the theory then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with the theory then you
+feel really happy right ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel really happy right ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel really happy right ok so the
+question we are trying to answer is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we are trying to answer is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we are trying to answer is how
+do we know the electromagnetic wave had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know the electromagnetic wave had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know the electromagnetic wave had
+in transverse waves right and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transverse waves right and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transverse waves right and we are
+going to walk through a few examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk through a few examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk through a few examples and
+the to convince ourself rather ok maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to convince ourself rather ok maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to convince ourself rather ok maybe
+that's the case maybe we have some hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case maybe we have some hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case maybe we have some hint
+of course we cannot prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we cannot prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we cannot prove
+hundred-percent but very likely this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-percent but very likely this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-percent but very likely this is
+probably the case okay so that's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the case okay so that's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the case okay so that's go
+ahead and start the discussion today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start the discussion today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and start the discussion today so
+instead of adding one more dimension by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of adding one more dimension by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of adding one more dimension by
+arranging materials we can issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging materials we can issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging materials we can issue the
+discuss how the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how the direction of the
+oscillation of the how the the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the how the the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the how the the pointing
+direction of the electric field change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field change
+or God or depends as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or God or depends as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or God or depends as a function of time
+right so in order to do that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in order to do that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in order to do that I need to
+remind you how to write down electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to write down electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to write down electric
+field for the electromagnetic wave so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for the electromagnetic wave so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for the electromagnetic wave so in
+a previous lecture if I organize myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous lecture if I organize myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous lecture if I organize myself
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+the electromagnetic field is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic field is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic field is going in
+the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction
+okay lateral magnetic field is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lateral magnetic field is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lateral magnetic field is going in
+the Z direction okay alright if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction okay alright if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z direction okay alright if I choose
+that then paste the electric field as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then paste the electric field as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then paste the electric field as a
+function of Z and an end time will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z and an end time will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z and an end time will be
+equal to real part of some vector sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to real part of some vector sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to real part of some vector sigh
+zero times exponential I K Z minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times exponential I K Z minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero times exponential I K Z minus Omega
+T if I assume that this electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if I assume that this electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if I assume that this electric field
+is actually electromagnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually electromagnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually electromagnetic field is
+actually propagating to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagating to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagating to where the
+interaction right so I now usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right so I now usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right so I now usually you
+should get used to this already this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get used to this already this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get used to this already this is
+as you go into the positive z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go into the positive z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go into the positive z direction
+okay where I intentionally right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where I intentionally right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where I intentionally right side
+zero there is actually a vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is actually a vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is actually a vector which
+contain two component side one in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two component side one in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two component side one in the X
+direction and the side two in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the side two in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the side two in the Y
+direction okay and you can see from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and you can see from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and you can see from here
+that you can immediately recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can immediately recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can immediately recognize that
+this can be written as a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be written as a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be written as a superposition
+of two waves right so one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two waves right so one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two waves right so one is actually
+electromagnetic wave with electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave with electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave with electric field
+in the X direction and the other wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction and the other wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction and the other wave in
+other electromagnetic wave is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electromagnetic wave is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electromagnetic wave is actually
+oscillating with the electric field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with the electric field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating with the electric field in
+the Y direction and with amplitude side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction and with amplitude side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction and with amplitude side
+- okay so that is actually what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so that is actually what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so that is actually what you can
+actually get in immediately because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in immediately because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in immediately because of
+the super position principle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super position principle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super position principle okay so
+these are actually a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually a superposition of
+two either two magnetic wave and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two either two magnetic wave and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two either two magnetic wave and of
+course I in this case I take the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I in this case I take the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I in this case I take the real
+part of this vector right so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this vector right so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this vector right so in general
+Taiwan can be a one explanation i buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan can be a one explanation i buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan can be a one explanation i buy
+one and in general side two can be a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in general side two can be a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in general side two can be a two
+exponential I Phi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Phi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Phi 2
+okay so so in this notation basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in this notation basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in this notation basically
+we'd write everything in in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd write everything in in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd write everything in in terms of
+vector and sometimes we actually write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and sometimes we actually write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and sometimes we actually write a
+low singsing in terms of matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low singsing in terms of matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low singsing in terms of matrix right
+and that actually sometimes serve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually sometimes serve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually sometimes serve a
+better purpose for calculation so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better purpose for calculation so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better purpose for calculation so we can
+also rewrite this thing in the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rewrite this thing in the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rewrite this thing in the matrix
+form so I have a matrix E which have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so I have a matrix E which have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so I have a matrix E which have two
+components the X and the y Y and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the X and the y Y and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the X and the y Y and this is
+actually equal to a real part of some Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to a real part of some Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to a real part of some Z
+vector so we match the matrix which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so we match the matrix which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so we match the matrix which also
+contain two component times a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two component times a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two component times a scalar
+which is a exponential I KZ minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a exponential I KZ minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a exponential I KZ minus Omega
+T okay so as you can see I am now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so as you can see I am now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so as you can see I am now just
+setting up the language we want to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the language we want to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the language we want to speak
+right so that we come in okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that we come in okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that we come in okay right so
+in this case the Z matrix is written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the Z matrix is written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the Z matrix is written as
+side one and side two which are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side one and side two which are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side one and side two which are the two
+component one is actually in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one is actually in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one is actually in the X
+direction the other one is in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other one is in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other one is in the Y
+direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay
+and we are going to use this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to use this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to use this language
+and see what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we learn
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see that we have been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that we have been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that we have been doing
+we have been discussing electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been discussing electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been discussing electromagnetic
+wave which is propagating towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is propagating towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is propagating towards the
+positive Z direction and I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Z direction and I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Z direction and I have two
+component which I can have X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which I can have X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which I can have X Direction
+electric field and Y Direction electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and Y Direction electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and Y Direction electric
+field okay so let me try to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so let me try to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so let me try to go through
+some example and see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example and see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example and see what we can
+actually learn from this so so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this so so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this so so the first
+example I would like to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I would like to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I would like to talk about is
+that if I like if I have two waves one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I like if I have two waves one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I like if I have two waves one
+the first wave is a she is zero cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave is a she is zero cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave is a she is zero cosine
+KZ minus Omega T in the X direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ minus Omega T in the X direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ minus Omega T in the X direction okay
+and that the second wave is e 2 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the second wave is e 2 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the second wave is e 2 equal to
+e 0 cosine KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 cosine KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0 cosine KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+direction okay be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay be careful
+yeah the direction of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the direction of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the direction of the electric field
+is different for the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different for the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different for the first and the
+second frank wave okay and if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second frank wave okay and if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second frank wave okay and if you notice
+that if I actually notice from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I actually notice from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I actually notice from this
+expression these two waves are in phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression these two waves are in phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression these two waves are in phase
+right so in phase means that they reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in phase means that they reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in phase means that they reach
+Maxima at the same time okay okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima at the same time okay okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima at the same time okay okay so in
+this case if I add two wave with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I add two wave with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I add two wave with no
+phase difference what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference what is going to happen
+so I am going to have an e vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am going to have an e vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am going to have an e vector which
+is actually e1 plus e2 right and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually e1 plus e2 right and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually e1 plus e2 right and if I
+practice of this kind of electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of this kind of electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of this kind of electric field
+okay in the two dimensional space xn y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the two dimensional space xn y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the two dimensional space xn y
+ok so now I am plotting so I'm fixing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now I am plotting so I'm fixing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now I am plotting so I'm fixing my
+Z position for example at 0 and I see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z position for example at 0 and I see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z position for example at 0 and I see I
+would like to see how the locals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see how the locals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see how the locals of the
+e vary as a function of time okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e vary as a function of time okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e vary as a function of time okay in
+this case since e 1 and D 2 have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case since e 1 and D 2 have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case since e 1 and D 2 have the
+same amplitude which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude which is
+zero and also they have no face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also they have no face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also they have no face
+difference that means they reach maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that means they reach maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that means they reach maximal
+simultaneously so that means originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so that means originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so that means originally
+for example in the beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the beginning the
+electric field is zero and this electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is zero and this electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is zero and this electric
+field projection to the XY plane will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field projection to the XY plane will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field projection to the XY plane will
+increase okay until some maximum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay until some maximum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay until some maximum at the
+Maxima this will be e zero the X my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima this will be e zero the X my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima this will be e zero the X my
+projection will be e 0 then it goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection will be e 0 then it goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection will be e 0 then it goes back
+right to minus e0 minus e0 in the x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to minus e0 minus e0 in the x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to minus e0 minus e0 in the x and
+y direction project and it goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction project and it goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction project and it goes back and
+forth okay so in this case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so in this case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so in this case this is
+actually still not very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still not very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still not very different from
+what we had discussed before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had discussed before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had discussed before right
+because the electric field is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electric field is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electric field is actually
+still oscillating up and down but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still oscillating up and down but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still oscillating up and down but the
+difference is that is not oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that is not oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that is not oscillating at
+the x-axis or y-axis but in axis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis or y-axis but in axis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis or y-axis but in axis which
+essentially 45 degree with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 45 degree with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 45 degree with respect to
+the X or Y axis okay and now we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or Y axis okay and now we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or Y axis okay and now we can do
+an exercise to write it down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise to write it down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise to write it down in the
+matrix notation okay now now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation okay now now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation okay now now I have
+these email checks will be equal to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these email checks will be equal to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these email checks will be equal to real
+part of e 0 e 0 and the post is zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of e 0 e 0 and the post is zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of e 0 e 0 and the post is zeros
+are real exponential I K Z minus Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real exponential I K Z minus Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real exponential I K Z minus Omega T
+and and basically I can conclude that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically I can conclude that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically I can conclude that Z
+will be equal to e 0 e 0 and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to e 0 e 0 and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to e 0 e 0 and this will
+be e 0 1 ok in this kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e 0 1 ok in this kind of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e 0 1 ok in this kind of situation
+the electric field is varying as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is varying as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is varying as a
+function of time the projection to XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the projection to XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the projection to XY
+plane ok is a line when that happen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ok is a line when that happen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ok is a line when that happen we
+call it linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarized okay so this is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay so this is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay so this is actually just
+a name but that indeed the locals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name but that indeed the locals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name but that indeed the locals of the
+electric field and the XY plane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the XY plane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the XY plane is a
+linear knife okay so lottery we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear knife okay so lottery we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear knife okay so lottery we call it
+linear polarized okay and of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear polarized okay and of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear polarized okay and of course you
+can say okay this is actually just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay this is actually just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay this is actually just one
+example right I can have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right I can have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right I can have many many
+examples which you also create a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples which you also create a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples which you also create a line
+when you plot the locus right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plot the locus right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plot the locus right so for
+example I can have Z equal to e 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can have Z equal to e 0 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can have Z equal to e 0 1 0
+can somebody tell me what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me what does that
+notation me so that means you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation me so that means you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation me so that means you only have
+electric field in the X direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the X direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the X direction right
+so this is the X Direction this is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the X Direction this is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the X Direction this is y
+direction and this is also linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is also linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is also linearly
+polarized okay of course you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay of course you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay of course you can have
+very similarly e 0 0 1 and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similarly e 0 0 1 and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similarly e 0 0 1 and in this case
+you only have electric field in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have electric field in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have electric field in the Y
+direction okay just want to tell you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay just want to tell you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay just want to tell you my
+language ok and introducing here ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ok and introducing here ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language ok and introducing here ok so
+that we communique and of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we communique and of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we communique and of course you can
+have z equal to e 0 cosine theta sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have z equal to e 0 cosine theta sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have z equal to e 0 cosine theta sine
+theta what does that mean this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what does that mean this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what does that mean this means
+that when i Pratt locus on the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i Pratt locus on the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when i Pratt locus on the XY plane
+I'm going to have a straight line still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a straight line still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a straight line still
+but now the angle between this line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the angle between this line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the angle between this line and
+the x axis is going to be Sita okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis is going to be Sita okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis is going to be Sita okay so
+all those examples you can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those examples you can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those examples you can see that in
+the first case the oscillation is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case the oscillation is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case the oscillation is in the
+X direction and in the second case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction and in the second case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction and in the second case
+oscillations in the Y direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the Y direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in the Y direction in the
+in the third case it can be in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third case it can be in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third case it can be in an
+arbitrary line Sita and go away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary line Sita and go away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary line Sita and go away from the
+x-axis right so all those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis right so all those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis right so all those things are
+linearly polarized okay so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized okay so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized okay so so far
+there's no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no nothing
+price.you right so that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price.you right so that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price.you right so that's actually what
+we have been talking about and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking about and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been talking about and you can
+say that I'm professor D you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm professor D you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm professor D you were just
+not doing a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing a very good job
+you didn't rotate the axes right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't rotate the axes right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't rotate the axes right right
+so that you know all the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know all the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know all the electric field
+in in the X direction right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the X direction right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the X direction right so in
+principle for the discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for the discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for the discussion of the
+linearly polarized wave you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized wave you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized wave you can do a
+good job by rotating your axis so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job by rotating your axis so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job by rotating your axis so that
+you only have one component in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one component in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one component in the X
+direction okay so so so I say okay yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so so so I say okay yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so so so I say okay yes I
+agree but this is used for discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but this is used for discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but this is used for discussion
+right okay all right so now maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay all right so now maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay all right so now maybe you're
+bored they have no phase difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored they have no phase difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored they have no phase difference
+right so how about we introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how about we introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how about we introduce some
+phase difference and see what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference and see what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference and see what will
+happen okay so now if I have I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so now if I have I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so now if I have I consider
+the second situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second situation
+I have e1 equal to zero cosine KZ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have e1 equal to zero cosine KZ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have e1 equal to zero cosine KZ minus
+Omega T in the X direction now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T in the X direction now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T in the X direction now I
+consider e - this will be zero sine KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider e - this will be zero sine KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider e - this will be zero sine KZ
+minus Omega T in a white edge okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T in a white edge okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T in a white edge okay I
+hope you can see it and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can see it and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can see it and you can see that
+now they reach the X component and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they reach the X component and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they reach the X component and Y
+component electric field they reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component electric field they reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component electric field they reach
+Maxima a different time because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima a different time because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima a different time because of the
+phase difference right well how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference right well how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference right well how big is
+the phase difference can somebody as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase difference can somebody as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase difference can somebody as you
+remind me I / - very good all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me I / - very good all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me I / - very good all right so
+this I can write it down as 0 cosine KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can write it down as 0 cosine KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can write it down as 0 cosine KZ
+minus Omega t minus PI over 2 as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega t minus PI over 2 as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega t minus PI over 2 as you
+actually already figure ah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already figure ah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already figure ah right
+and now I can issue the also again write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can issue the also again write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can issue the also again write
+it in the language I like the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the language I like the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the language I like the matrix
+format and I can write it down already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and I can write it down already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and I can write it down already
+in before i chip that I can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before i chip that I can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before i chip that I can write it as
+a real part of e 0 in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part of e 0 in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real part of e 0 in the X direction
+us 0 exponential minus I PI over 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 0 exponential minus I PI over 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 0 exponential minus I PI over 2 right
+because these so these are minus PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these so these are minus PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these so these are minus PI over
+2 sine the factor here I for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine the factor here I for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sine the factor here I for the for the
+Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction
+okay and all those things are multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and all those things are multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and all those things are multiplied
+by exponential i KZ minus Omega T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exponential i KZ minus Omega T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exponential i KZ minus Omega T right
+both of them are actually oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are actually oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are actually oscillating at
+the sin Omega Omega angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sin Omega Omega angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sin Omega Omega angular frequency
+okay and you can see that now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that now I can
+collect this phase difference fact into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this phase difference fact into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this phase difference fact into
+a complex factor here exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex factor here exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex factor here exponential minus
+I PI over 2 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I PI over 2 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I PI over 2 ok
+and this is minus I X money 2 minus I PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus I X money 2 minus I PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus I X money 2 minus I PI
+over 2 it's actually just - I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 it's actually just - I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 it's actually just - I right
+because it's 1h oh yeah so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's 1h oh yeah so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's 1h oh yeah so so basically
+you can figure out that it's a she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out that it's a she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out that it's a she's
+just - I right ok so then I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just - I right ok so then I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just - I right ok so then I can write
+down my expression for the email chicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my expression for the email chicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my expression for the email chicks
+this world looks like real part is 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world looks like real part is 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world looks like real part is 0 1
+minus i exponential I K G minus Omega P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i exponential I K G minus Omega P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i exponential I K G minus Omega P
+and in this case Z vector will be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case Z vector will be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case Z vector will be 1
+minus I in the language which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I in the language which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I in the language which I
+introduced today ok everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced today ok everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced today ok everybody is
+following I'm going too fast okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going too fast okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going too fast okay very
+good thank you for the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you for the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you for the feedback
+ok so now I'm going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now I'm going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now I'm going to do the same thing
+to plot the locus of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the locus of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the locus of the electric field
+as a function of time on the X Y print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you can see that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see that it's it's
+pretty interesting since I have a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting since I have a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting since I have a cosine
+and sine okay I assume that T is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine okay I assume that T is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine okay I assume that T is equal
+to 0 Z is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 Z is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 Z is equal to 0
+then I will only have electric field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will only have electric field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will only have electric field in
+the X direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction right
+so this is actually when T is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually when T is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually when T is equal to 0
+all right and if I increase time I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and if I increase time I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and if I increase time I fix
+the Z to be equal to zero okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z to be equal to zero okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z to be equal to zero okay if I
+increase the time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the time okay
+this locus is going to do an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this locus is going to do an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this locus is going to do an interesting
+thing it's going to be rotating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's going to be rotating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's going to be rotating and
+until you finish one period okay why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you finish one period okay why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you finish one period okay why is
+that happening because what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening because what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening because what I am
+plotting is actually the locus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is actually the locus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is actually the locus of the
+electric field right and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field right and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field right and you can see
+that if I set Z equal to zero okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I set Z equal to zero okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I set Z equal to zero okay when
+Z is equal to zero this will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to zero this will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal to zero this will give you a
+zero cosine Omega T in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cosine Omega T in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cosine Omega T in the X direction
+and easy Rho sine Omega T in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy Rho sine Omega T in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy Rho sine Omega T in the Y
+direction okay so either cosine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so either cosine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so either cosine Omega T
+is Rho sine Omega T wow this reminds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rho sine Omega T wow this reminds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rho sine Omega T wow this reminds you
+about the previous discussion right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the previous discussion right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the previous discussion right if
+you have a cosine and a sine they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cosine and a sine they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cosine and a sine they work
+together in different interaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in different interaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in different interaction that's
+going to get you a circle right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you a circle right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you a circle right so so
+that's issue Y in this in this locker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's issue Y in this in this locker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's issue Y in this in this locker's
+you see a circle and this is rotating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a circle and this is rotating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a circle and this is rotating in
+in a counterclockwise direction okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a counterclockwise direction okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a counterclockwise direction okay and
+the speed of the rotation is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the rotation is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the rotation is related to
+the Omega T and the okay now if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega T and the okay now if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega T and the okay now if I look
+at increased time then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at increased time then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at increased time then this
+then these points are going to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these points are going to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these points are going to be going
+in the counterclockwise direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the counterclockwise direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the counterclockwise direction okay
+and you may be super surprised because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be super surprised because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may be super surprised because
+what I have been doing is to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have been doing is to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have been doing is to add to
+denier the polarizer web today together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denier the polarizer web today together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denier the polarizer web today together
+the only thing which I always say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing which I always say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing which I always say the
+magic I have been doing is to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic I have been doing is to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic I have been doing is to introduce
+a phase difference okay and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase difference okay and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase difference okay and you can see
+that instead of going up and down up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of going up and down up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of going up and down up and
+down as a function of time now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a function of time now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a function of time now it's
+actually doing rotation so what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing rotation so what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing rotation so what is going
+to happen is that as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that as a function of time
+the direction of the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the electric field is
+going to rotate as a function of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rotate as a function of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rotate as a function of time so
+we call this situation circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this situation circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this situation circularly
+polarized by the way because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized by the way because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized by the way because of the
+initial two components I put in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial two components I put in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial two components I put in both of
+them have amplitude is zero therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have amplitude is zero therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have amplitude is zero therefore is
+circularly polarized right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized right
+I can also try to do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also try to do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also try to do something different
+for example I can change the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can change the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can change the X direction
+so the third situation is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third situation is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the third situation is that I can
+change the just the first X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the just the first X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the just the first X Direction
+amplitude from 0 to e 0 over 2 then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude from 0 to e 0 over 2 then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude from 0 to e 0 over 2 then what
+I'm going to get is something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only thing which I change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing which I change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing which I change with
+respect to true is that I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to true is that I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to true is that I change the
+amplitude of the electric field in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the electric field in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the electric field in in
+the X direction by a factor of 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction by a factor of 2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction by a factor of 2 okay
+can somebody as you tell me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody as you tell me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody as you tell me what is
+going to happen in this situation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this situation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this situation what
+will happen to the locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the locus
+okay yeah it's quitting right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah it's quitting right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah it's quitting right so in the
+X direction yeah that's right very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction yeah that's right very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction yeah that's right very good
+so what you are going to get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you are going to get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you are going to get is that
+instead of a circle you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a circle you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a circle you get something
+like this so so so this is X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so so so this is X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so so so this is X direction
+and this is the y direction and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the y direction and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the y direction and this
+will give you a Maxima X equal to 0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a Maxima X equal to 0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a Maxima X equal to 0 over
+2 and of course the original direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course the original direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course the original direction
+in the original Umbra 2 in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original Umbra 2 in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original Umbra 2 in the Y
+Direction didn't change and that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction didn't change and that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction didn't change and that give
+you a maximum value of y 0 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a maximum value of y 0 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a maximum value of y 0 and this
+become a difficult elliptically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a difficult elliptically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a difficult elliptically
+polarized wave okay so in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave okay so in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave okay so in this kind of
+situation is called it deep tip holdi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is called it deep tip holdi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is called it deep tip holdi
+polarize how do we achieve visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize how do we achieve visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize how do we achieve visualize
+this situation ok so that means as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation ok so that means as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation ok so that means as in
+the beginning ok when the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning ok when the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning ok when the electric field
+is aligned with the x axis okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aligned with the x axis okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aligned with the x axis okay it's
+pointing in the x86 it has a shorter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x86 it has a shorter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the x86 it has a shorter it
+has a shorter length okay and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shorter length okay and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shorter length okay and when it
+rotate or tails a function time to the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate or tails a function time to the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate or tails a function time to the y
+axis the amplitude become bigger and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the amplitude become bigger and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the amplitude become bigger and it
+gets smaller again and the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller again and the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller again and the increase
+again it become bigger okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it become bigger okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it become bigger okay so you can
+see the amplitude is actually changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the amplitude is actually changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the amplitude is actually changing
+as a function of time when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time when you have this
+kind of situation they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation they have different
+amplitude although they have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude although they have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude although they have a fixed
+phase difference of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference of Pi
+/ - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - okay
+any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you noticed that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you noticed that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you noticed that there is
+entry another way to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry another way to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry another way to produce
+elliptically polarized wave okay what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptically polarized wave okay what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptically polarized wave okay what we
+could do is that instead of changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is that instead of changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is that instead of changing the
+face by a factor of PI over two we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face by a factor of PI over two we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face by a factor of PI over two we can
+change the face difference the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the face difference the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the face difference the phase
+difference can be Delta Phi okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can be Delta Phi okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can be Delta Phi okay which
+is the phase difference can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase difference can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the phase difference can be a
+different value arbitrary value not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value arbitrary value not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value arbitrary value not
+equal to PI over 2 or 3 PI over 2 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI over 2 or 3 PI over 2 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI over 2 or 3 PI over 2 if the
+Delta Phi is between the which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Phi is between the which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Phi is between the which is the
+phase difference between x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference between x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference between x and y
+direction young waves okay if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction young waves okay if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction young waves okay if the
+electric field okay if the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay if the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay if the phase
+difference is not PI over 2 or not three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not PI over 2 or not three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not PI over 2 or not three
+PI over 2 then you can also create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over 2 then you can also create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over 2 then you can also create an
+elliptically polarized wave okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptically polarized wave okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptically polarized wave okay so
+that's it should be start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it should be start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it should be start from the
+original figure which when we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original figure which when we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original figure which when we actually
+discuss situation number one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss situation number one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss situation number one okay
+situation number one I have Delta Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation number one I have Delta Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation number one I have Delta Phi
+the phase difference equal to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase difference equal to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase difference equal to zero right
+when that happen you have a linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happen you have a linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happen you have a linearly
+polarized wave right basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave right basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave right basically what you
+are going to get is a line in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get is a line in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get is a line in this
+two-dimensional space if I increase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space if I increase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space if I increase so
+now I slide each delayed okay if I slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I slide each delayed okay if I slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I slide each delayed okay if I slide
+it delay the electric field in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it delay the electric field in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it delay the electric field in the Y
+direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay
+so if I slightly delayed electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I slightly delayed electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I slightly delayed electric field
+in the Y direction so that Delta Phi now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y direction so that Delta Phi now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y direction so that Delta Phi now
+is greater than 1 what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 1 what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 1 what is going to
+happen is that it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that it's going to look like
+this this means that they were not reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this means that they were not reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this means that they were not reach
+Maxima nearly simultaneously there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima nearly simultaneously there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima nearly simultaneously there will
+be because of the phase difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because of the phase difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because of the phase difference and
+you will see that originally when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that originally when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that originally when they
+there were no phase difference you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no phase difference you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were no phase difference you
+you'll be oscillating back and forth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be oscillating back and forth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be oscillating back and forth in
+this blue line when you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue line when you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue line when you increase the
+Delta Phi slightly then you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Phi slightly then you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Phi slightly then you are going to
+get also an elliptical shape okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get also an elliptical shape okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get also an elliptical shape okay but
+now it's tilted with some degree which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's tilted with some degree which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's tilted with some degree which
+is fatigued by particularly in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fatigued by particularly in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fatigued by particularly in this case
+okay so therefore you can see that now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore you can see that now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore you can see that now I
+can also hue this is also elliptically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also hue this is also elliptically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also hue this is also elliptically
+polarized wave I can also create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave I can also create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave I can also create a
+difficulty polarized wave by adding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty polarized wave by adding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty polarized wave by adding two
+components which they have some slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components which they have some slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components which they have some slight
+phase difference okay so so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference okay so so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference okay so so that is
+actually how actually I can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually I can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually I can create
+something which is called security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is called security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is called security
+polarized or elliptically polarized okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized or elliptically polarized okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized or elliptically polarized okay
+originally before you come into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally before you come into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally before you come into this
+class it may looks really completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it may looks really completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it may looks really completely
+bizarre not oh okay I can have electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre not oh okay I can have electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre not oh okay I can have electric
+field going up and down as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field going up and down as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field going up and down as a function of
+time but how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but how do I do
+rotate this thing right looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this thing right looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this thing right looks really
+strange how can I see this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange how can I see this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange how can I see this from the
+Maxwells equation right but now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwells equation right but now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwells equation right but now you get
+the idea basically that's because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea basically that's because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea basically that's because I can
+now overlap two component post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now overlap two component post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now overlap two component post
+components individually linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components individually linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components individually linearly
+polarized okay but if I introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay but if I introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay but if I introduce a
+phase difference then the superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference then the superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference then the superposition
+of these two component become something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two component become something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two component become something
+which essentially rotating us about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially rotating us about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially rotating us about your
+time that's pretty interesting okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's pretty interesting okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's pretty interesting okay so
+that's I should visualize or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I should visualize or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I should visualize or what we
+have learned so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far
+the first one is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is linear
+the polarized issue doesn't surprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarized issue doesn't surprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarized issue doesn't surprise you
+that's actually the example which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the example which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the example which we
+have been using in the previous lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using in the previous lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using in the previous lectures
+and this is issued a situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is issued a situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is issued a situation of
+circularly polarized wave so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized wave so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized wave so let us
+focus on the position the figure at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the position the figure at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the position the figure at Z
+equal to zero so you can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so you can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so you can see that in
+this case the direction of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the direction of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the direction of the electric
+field is actually rotating as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is actually rotating as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is actually rotating as a function
+of time and of course as we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and of course as we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and of course as we actually
+discussed I can actually add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed I can actually add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed I can actually add two
+electric field who is different mp2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field who is different mp2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field who is different mp2 or
+introduce slightly different phase then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce slightly different phase then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce slightly different phase then
+you will see that not only the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that not only the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that not only the direction
+is changing but also the amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing but also the amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing but also the amplitude is
+changing and that's in this case we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and that's in this case we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and that's in this case we call
+it elliptically polarized wave okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it elliptically polarized wave okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it elliptically polarized wave okay any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the magnitude is actually yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the magnitude is actually yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the magnitude is actually yeah so
+the magnitude or say the intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude or say the intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude or say the intensity is
+proportional to e square right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e square right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e square right so it's
+actually constant okay so so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constant okay so so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constant okay so so now let me
+add more excitement here okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more excitement here okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more excitement here okay so now
+suppose I have a perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a perfect conductor
+alright so what I'm going to do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what I'm going to do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what I'm going to do is that
+I'm going to introduce some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce some more
+excitement by shooting this linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement by shooting this linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement by shooting this linearly
+polarized wave through some material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave through some material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave through some material
+okay if I have a perfect conductor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a perfect conductor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a perfect conductor okay
+where all those strips okay I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all those strips okay I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all those strips okay I have on
+these strips of perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strips of perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strips of perfect conductor
+instead of a parade okay we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a parade okay we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a parade okay we were talking
+about prayed before right and the lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prayed before right and the lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prayed before right and the lesson
+we learned is that the plate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned is that the plate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned is that the plate is going to
+reflect the electromagnetic wave because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the electromagnetic wave because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the electromagnetic wave because
+the electrons and the prayers showbizzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and the prayers showbizzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and the prayers showbizzy
+is trying to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to make sure that the
+the electric field in the in the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field in the in the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field in the in the surface
+of a plate is equal to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plate is equal to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plate is equal to zero right
+because all those the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all those the electrons are
+really moving around so that making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving around so that making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving around so that making sure
+the electric field is canceled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is canceled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is canceled and
+therefore it's going to refract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to refract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to refract the
+electromagnetic wave okay so how about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave okay so how about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave okay so how about I
+actually restrict the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually restrict the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually restrict the direction of the
+movement of the electron so that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the electron so that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the electron so that it can
+only move in in the horizontal direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only move in in the horizontal direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only move in in the horizontal direction
+okay what is going to happen is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is going to happen is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is going to happen is that in
+in in this case the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case the electric field is
+actually oscillating up and down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating up and down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating up and down right
+and the electrons see this field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrons see this field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrons see this field and
+they will say no no this is not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say no no this is not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say no no this is not what we
+work okay this is a shoe now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay this is a shoe now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay this is a shoe now we are
+going to vote for right and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vote for right and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vote for right and I'm going to
+rearrange ourselves to compensate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange ourselves to compensate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange ourselves to compensate that
+alright so so and they were asking can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so and they were asking can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so and they were asking can I
+move oh yes I can move in the whiter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move oh yes I can move in the whiter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move oh yes I can move in the whiter you
+know in a her entered direction so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a her entered direction so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a her entered direction so they
+jump up and down then they can as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up and down then they can as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up and down then they can as you
+cancel this elective is actually feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this elective is actually feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this elective is actually feel
+okay therefore what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore what is going to happen
+when we have this perfection data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have this perfection data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have this perfection data is
+that the electromagnetic field is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electromagnetic field is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electromagnetic field is going
+to be bounced back like what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bounced back like what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bounced back like what we had
+before when we talked about a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we talked about a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we talked about a metal
+plate all right so that should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate all right so that should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate all right so that should be pretty
+nice now suppose I have another perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now suppose I have another perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice now suppose I have another perfect
+conductor okay if I have another perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor okay if I have another perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor okay if I have another perfect
+conductor this time the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor this time the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor this time the perfect
+conductors arranged such that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors arranged such that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors arranged such that those
+charges can only move inside or outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges can only move inside or outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges can only move inside or outside
+of the port okay instead of going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the port okay instead of going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the port okay instead of going up and
+down now I have the in certain wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now I have the in certain wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now I have the in certain wave okay
+which is actually polarized in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually polarized in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually polarized in the in
+the parental direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental direction okay
+so you can see that this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that this time the
+electrons are really nervous about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really nervous about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really nervous about this
+and although I have to do something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although I have to do something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although I have to do something but
+they can move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can move up
+done therefore what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done therefore what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done therefore what is going to happen
+is that there will be no cancellation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there will be no cancellation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there will be no cancellation of
+electric field at this boundary and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at this boundary and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at this boundary and this
+polarized wave can pass through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave can pass through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave can pass through this
+so-called polarizer or perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called polarizer or perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called polarizer or perfect conductor
+without getting stopped or get refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting stopped or get refracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting stopped or get refracted
+okay and as you can see that in this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as you can see that in this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as you can see that in this two
+example I have so called the easy axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have so called the easy axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have so called the easy axis
+so you can see that the easy axis Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the easy axis Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the easy axis Austin
+and actually tells you right so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually tells you right so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually tells you right so easy
+axis is the axis which is easy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is the axis which is easy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is the axis which is easy okay
+alright so what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what does that mean that
+means if I have electric field aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have electric field aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have electric field aligned
+with the easy axis you a pasture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy axis you a pasture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy axis you a pasture okay
+and the easy axis is perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easy axis is perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easy axis is perpendicular to
+the direction of the all those streets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the all those streets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the all those streets I
+have in the prevent conductor okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the prevent conductor okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the prevent conductor okay let's
+look at the the the first example still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the the first example still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the the first example still
+tells you that ok the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that ok the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that ok the electric field is
+aligned not aligned with the z axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned not aligned with the z axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned not aligned with the z axis
+landings is not easy right so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landings is not easy right so it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landings is not easy right so it's got
+refracted life is hard right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted life is hard right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted life is hard right and the
+second electric field is smarter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second electric field is smarter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second electric field is smarter it's
+got a line with easy access so life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a line with easy access so life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a line with easy access so life is
+easy a pasture okay that's as you how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy a pasture okay that's as you how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy a pasture okay that's as you how I
+remember this so-called is the axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this so-called is the axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this so-called is the axis okay
+any questions okay so we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so we have been
+talking about all those crazy needs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all those crazy needs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all those crazy needs of
+polarized light okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light okay
+and I hope that you also have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that you also have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that you also have learned
+about unpolarized the light before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unpolarized the light before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unpolarized the light before right
+most of the lights are unpolarized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lights are unpolarized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lights are unpolarized for
+example light emitted from those light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example light emitted from those light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example light emitted from those light
+board and a polarized right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and a polarized right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and a polarized right because
+every emission of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every emission of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every emission of a photon
+can be aligned in different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aligned in different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aligned in different direction
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+therefore I okay as I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I okay as I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I okay as I was talking about
+the infinite number of photons hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite number of photons hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite number of photons hitting
+my face and bounced back to your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face and bounced back to your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face and bounced back to your eye
+right all those things are not aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all those things are not aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all those things are not aligned
+to the same direction that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same direction that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same direction that's what we
+have been discussing before right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discussing before right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discussing before right in the
+case of linear polarized the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of linear polarized the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of linear polarized the wave is
+going to be all the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all the electric field is
+pointing to the center action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the center action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the center action and
+apparently those lights hitting my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently those lights hitting my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently those lights hitting my my
+face is actually not aligned and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is actually not aligned and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is actually not aligned and the
+essentially pointing to random direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pointing to random direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pointing to random direction
+okay so that brings me to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that brings me to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that brings me to the fifth
+situation which I would like to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which I would like to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which I would like to talk
+about the fifth situation is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fifth situation is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fifth situation is that I
+could have unpolarized right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have unpolarized right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have unpolarized right okay so
+what do I mean by unpolarized light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by unpolarized light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by unpolarized light that
+means electromagnetic waves which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means electromagnetic waves which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means electromagnetic waves which were
+put produced independently by a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put produced independently by a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put produced independently by a large
+number of uncorrelated source okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uncorrelated source okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uncorrelated source okay you
+may ask okay we unpolarized means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask okay we unpolarized means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask okay we unpolarized means that
+you have a lot of different light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of different light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of different light source
+pointing to different angle shouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to different angle shouldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to different angle shouldn't it
+just look like this you have pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like this you have pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like this you have pointing
+this direction or that direction all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction or that direction all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction or that direction all the
+possible direction pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible direction pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible direction pointing to a
+different possible direction tactics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible direction tactics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible direction tactics
+right shouldn't da diagram I should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shouldn't da diagram I should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shouldn't da diagram I should tell
+you something about unpolarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about unpolarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about unpolarized light
+life is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is hard
+if everything is aligned and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything is aligned and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything is aligned and also
+arriving at the same time like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving at the same time like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving at the same time like this okay
+what is going to happen they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen they cancel
+right because all those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because all those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because all those things are
+vectors if you let reach Maxima at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if you let reach Maxima at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if you let reach Maxima at the
+same time this means that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time this means that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time this means that they are
+emitting always at the same time but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting always at the same time but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting always at the same time but in
+random direction at the immediate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random direction at the immediate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random direction at the immediate the
+same wavelength then they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wavelength then they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wavelength then they are going to
+cancel or each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel or each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel or each other
+so apparently does as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently does as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently does as you know
+what I mean by unpolarized what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by unpolarized what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by unpolarized what I mean
+is that they can be pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can be pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they can be pointing to
+different direction but the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction but the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction but the emission
+time and the wavelength of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the wavelength of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the wavelength of all those
+emitted electromagnetic wave can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted electromagnetic wave can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted electromagnetic wave can be
+slightly different otherwise they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different otherwise they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different otherwise they will
+just cancel each other completely okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cancel each other completely okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cancel each other completely okay
+any questions about what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what I just said
+okay so very good so now what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so now what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so now what I'm going
+to do is to show you some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to show you some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to show you some examples
+related to polarizer before that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to polarizer before that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to polarizer before that I would
+take a five-minute break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a five-minute break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a five-minute break
+before we come back to the demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we come back to the demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we come back to the demonstration
+so we will come back at 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back so we will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back so we will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back so we will continue
+the discussion of the polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the polarized
+polarization and the polarized wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and the polarized wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and the polarized wave and
+the polarisers so last before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarisers so last before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarisers so last before that
+actually I already introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I already introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I already introduced the
+polarizer by the perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer by the perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer by the perfect conductor
+arranged in X direction or Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in X direction or Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in X direction or Y direction
+many of them in strips aligned in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them in strips aligned in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them in strips aligned in X
+direction and y direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and y direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and y direction and the
+usually we use a simple diagram like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use a simple diagram like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use a simple diagram like
+this a circle and arrow to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a circle and arrow to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a circle and arrow to indicate the
+easy access to actually tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy access to actually tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy access to actually tell you about
+the property of the polarizer okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of the polarizer okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property of the polarizer okay so in
+this case if I have a circle and this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I have a circle and this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I have a circle and this I
+have an arrow which is actually pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arrow which is actually pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arrow which is actually pointing
+toward the x axis okay in this case my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the x axis okay in this case my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the x axis okay in this case my
+coordinate system is here Orientis X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is here Orientis X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system is here Orientis X
+vertical Y that means my easy axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Y that means my easy axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Y that means my easy axis okay
+it's actually in the X direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in the X direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in the X direction okay
+and I can actually write down what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually write down what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually write down what would
+be the matrix presentation or p0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the matrix presentation or p0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the matrix presentation or p0 or
+which you actually present The effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you actually present The effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you actually present The effect of
+this polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer
+okay the p 0 will be a matrix in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the p 0 will be a matrix in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the p 0 will be a matrix in this in
+this form 1 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form 1 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form 1 0 0 0
+okay if i have this p 0 acting on the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i have this p 0 acting on the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i have this p 0 acting on the z
+okay which is actually for example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is actually for example I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is actually for example I can
+have the p 0 acting under d then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the p 0 acting under d then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the p 0 acting under d then
+basically what I have been doing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I have been doing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I have been doing why
+what what will happen after the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what will happen after the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what will happen after the light
+pass through this polarizer will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through this polarizer will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through this polarizer will become
+Z 3 x multiplied by p 0 okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 3 x multiplied by p 0 okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 3 x multiplied by p 0 okay so so
+basically in the all these p 0 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the all these p 0 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the all these p 0 matrix
+does okay is to actually extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay is to actually extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay is to actually extract the
+projection of of the field in the x axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of of the field in the x axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of of the field in the x axis
+okay but I am just writing it down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I am just writing it down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I am just writing it down in
+the matrix format and on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix format and on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix format and on the other hand
+for example I can have this easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can have this easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can have this easy
+axis which is 90 degree we should pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is 90 degree we should pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is 90 degree we should pair
+to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+axis which is in the y-direction then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is in the y-direction then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is in the y-direction then I
+usually write this down in the form of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually write this down in the form of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually write this down in the form of P
+PI over to this PI over 2 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over to this PI over 2 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over to this PI over 2 is actually
+the angle between the eg axis and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between the eg axis and the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between the eg axis and the x
+direction okay and in this case you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and in this case you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and in this case you are
+going to get 0 0 0 1 because all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 0 0 0 1 because all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get 0 0 0 1 because all these
+matrixes she does is to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes she does is to extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes she does is to extract the
+component which is actually in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is actually in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is actually in the Y
+direction ok and you can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction ok and you can of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction ok and you can of course
+multiply when you have a in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply when you have a in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply when you have a in certain
+electromagnetic wave which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave which you can
+actually extract the polarization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract the polarization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract the polarization the
+matrix you just multiply P PI over 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you just multiply P PI over 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you just multiply P PI over 2 and
+the Z basically you can actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z basically you can actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z basically you can actually get the
+resulting polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting polarization of the
+electromagnetic field after passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field after passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field after passing
+through this polarizer okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this polarizer okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this polarizer okay what is
+going to happen is that only the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that only the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that only the Y
+component were survival okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component were survival okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component were survival okay
+in the case of easy axis aligned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of easy axis aligned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of easy axis aligned in the
+X direction only the X component will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction only the X component will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X direction only the X component will
+survive okay so that means should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay so that means should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay so that means should go
+through a short example here so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a short example here so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a short example here so suppose
+initially I have the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I have the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I have the electromagnetic
+field polarized is linearly polarized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field polarized is linearly polarized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field polarized is linearly polarized in
+the Y direction okay and I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction okay and I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y direction okay and I have that
+electromagnetic field passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field passing through
+polarizer which is a theta degree away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which is a theta degree away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which is a theta degree away
+from the Y axis okay so what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Y axis okay so what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Y axis okay so what is going to
+happen is that all the component which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that all the component which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that all the component which
+is actually all the component which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually all the component which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually all the component which is a
+parallel to the axis survive all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the axis survive all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the axis survive all the
+component of this this order projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this this order projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this this order projected
+component in the axis perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the axis perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the axis perpendicular to
+the eg axis okay didn't make it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eg axis okay didn't make it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eg axis okay didn't make it because
+the electrons are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are going to be
+oscillating up and down like crazy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down like crazy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down like crazy to
+compensate and refract that component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate and refract that component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate and refract that component
+okay so what is going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is going to happen is that
+after passing through the eg axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after passing through the eg axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after passing through the eg axis okay
+the direction of the pop of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the pop of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the pop of the
+polarization will be altered such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization will be altered such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization will be altered such that
+is actually in line with the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in line with the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in line with the polarizer
+the EZ axis of the polarizer okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EZ axis of the polarizer okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EZ axis of the polarizer okay so you
+can see that after passing through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that after passing through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that after passing through this
+polarizer the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the direction of the
+polarization this is as you still ddd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization this is as you still ddd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization this is as you still ddd
+polarized okay the direction as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay the direction as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized okay the direction as you
+change by C category and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by C category and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by C category and also the
+amplitude also changed because only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude also changed because only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude also changed because only the
+component parallel to the y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component parallel to the y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component parallel to the y axis
+survived therefore e vector become e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived therefore e vector become e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived therefore e vector become e the
+magnitude of the e vector become e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the e vector become e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the e vector become e 0
+cosine of cosine theta and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of cosine theta and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of cosine theta and therefore the
+amplitude of the light got reduced we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the light got reduced we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the light got reduced we
+can ID Rho cosine theta square because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ID Rho cosine theta square because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ID Rho cosine theta square because
+the intensity of the light is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the light is actually
+proportional to e square okay so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e square okay so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e square okay so after
+all this this is time to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this this is time to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this this is time to take a look at
+some demonstration here okay so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demonstration here okay so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demonstration here okay so here I
+have a setup okay which I should I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a setup okay which I should I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a setup okay which I should I have
+emission of a linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of a linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of a linearly polarized
+linearly polarized microwave from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized microwave from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized microwave from the
+left hand side which is the source and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side which is the source and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side which is the source and I
+have a receiver which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a receiver which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a receiver which is actually
+connected to this scope you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this scope you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this scope you can see the
+result on the scope you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the scope you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the scope you can see that
+indeed they are energy passing from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed they are energy passing from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed they are energy passing from this
+source and the cut accepted and recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the cut accepted and recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the cut accepted and recorded
+by the scope okay now I have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the scope okay now I have all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the scope okay now I have all those
+okay or not so perfect but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or not so perfect but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or not so perfect but those are
+metals okay which as we have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals okay which as we have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals okay which as we have many many
+strict's or maybe a little rod here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict's or maybe a little rod here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict's or maybe a little rod here and
+if my polarization or initial linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my polarization or initial linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my polarization or initial linearly
+polarized wave is actually pointing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave is actually pointing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized wave is actually pointing in
+to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+pointing in the vertical direction so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the vertical direction so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the vertical direction so if
+I have if I have my polarizer arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I have my polarizer arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I have my polarizer arranged
+in this direction can you predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction can you predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction can you predict what
+would happen to the readout on the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to the readout on the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to the readout on the scope
+where I see signal or not how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see signal or not how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see signal or not how many of
+you as you think we will see signal if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you think we will see signal if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you think we will see signal if I
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange that the the the electromagnetic
+wave is a she pointing polarized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a she pointing polarized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a she pointing polarized in the
+up and under okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and under okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and under okay
+one two okay on these four people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two okay on these four people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two okay on these four people think
+so how many of you think it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you think it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you think it's nothing
+were nothing over change now see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nothing over change now see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nothing over change now see I'm
+sorry not nothing will be observed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not nothing will be observed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not nothing will be observed by
+the let's scope okay most of you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's scope okay most of you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's scope okay most of you as you
+think so so that's actually really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so so that's actually really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so so that's actually really to
+the his experiment look at what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his experiment look at what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the his experiment look at what is
+happening can you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening can you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening can you see it
+do I see a signal no all the signal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see a signal no all the signal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see a signal no all the signal are
+canceled right because why because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled right because why because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled right because why because all
+the hard work of all those electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard work of all those electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard work of all those electrons in
+the in the metal there like crazy oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the metal there like crazy oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the metal there like crazy oh my
+god this is a disaster I'm going to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god this is a disaster I'm going to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god this is a disaster I'm going to us
+say a Penta cancel cancel cancel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a Penta cancel cancel cancel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a Penta cancel cancel cancel then
+you got canceled okay on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got canceled okay on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got canceled okay on the other hand
+I can save all those electrons right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can save all those electrons right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can save all those electrons right so
+now I'm going to rotate this thing by 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to rotate this thing by 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to rotate this thing by 90
+degree and see what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you see it nothing happen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it nothing happen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see it nothing happen right
+because those later oh my god crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those later oh my god crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those later oh my god crisis
+coming but now there's nothing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but now there's nothing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming but now there's nothing I can do
+because I cannot move up it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I cannot move up it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I cannot move up it yeah
+therefore there will be no refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there will be no refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there will be no refraction
+okay so they have just to accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have just to accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they have just to accept that
+the fact that okay this is actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that okay this is actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that okay this is actual
+magnetic field went through okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field went through okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field went through okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and that's I should do something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's I should do something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's I should do something really
+interesting okay look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay look at this
+so now I have I can actually okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have I can actually okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have I can actually okay I can
+actually make electromagnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make electromagnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make electromagnetic field
+completely destroyed right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroyed right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroyed right because
+originally the electromagnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the electromagnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the electromagnetic field is
+linearly polarized have been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized have been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized have been done in
+this direction okay if I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction okay if I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction okay if I have another
+plate which is actually 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so if I have a prayer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so if I have a prayer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so if I have a prayer which is
+45 degree and I put in another one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it doesn't really work very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't really work very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't really work very well
+okay the signal probably is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the signal probably is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the signal probably is too small
+and okay how about we do this demo in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay how about we do this demo in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay how about we do this demo in a
+different way so right now here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so right now here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so right now here I have
+my computer here can you see my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer here can you see my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer here can you see my computer
+you can see the screen right the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the screen right the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the screen right the screen
+is actually made these screens actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually made these screens actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually made these screens actually
+emit polarized light and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit polarized light and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit polarized light and those are the
+polarizer which is actually equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which is actually equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which is actually equivalent
+version of the lost metals but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the lost metals but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the lost metals but they're
+actually arranged in a really fine print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually arranged in a really fine print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually arranged in a really fine print
+so you cannot really see all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot really see all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot really see all those
+stripped and they looked pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped and they looked pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped and they looked pretty
+transparent and but the idea is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and but the idea is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and but the idea is pretty
+similar and the the the polarizing axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and the the the polarizing axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and the the the polarizing axis
+is actually in the horizontal direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in the horizontal direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in the horizontal direction
+the easy axis is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy axis is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy axis is in the in the
+horizontal direction so let me put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction so let me put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction so let me put this
+here can you still see the screen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you still see the screen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you still see the screen you
+cannot right but if I rotate this by 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot right but if I rotate this by 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot right but if I rotate this by 90
+degree you can see it right that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree you can see it right that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree you can see it right that is
+notice because all those all those light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice because all those all those light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice because all those all those light
+emitted from the screen is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from the screen is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from the screen is actually
+linearly polarized up and down direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized up and down direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized up and down direction
+okay so now if I have another identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizer which I insert between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which I insert between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which I insert between these
+two so now you cannot see anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now you cannot see anything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now you cannot see anything right
+because all the light is actually moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the light is actually moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the light is actually moving
+up okay pointing up and down or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay pointing up and down or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay pointing up and down or the
+electric field is pointing up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is pointing up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is pointing up and down
+and now if I insert another one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I insert another one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I insert another one which is
+45 degree can you see something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree can you see something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree can you see something you can
+see it why that is because if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it why that is because if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it why that is because if I if I
+insert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this
+additional polarizer okay like what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional polarizer okay like what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional polarizer okay like what I
+was discussing it's going to only it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discussing it's going to only it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discussing it's going to only it's
+going to take the projection okay to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the projection okay to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the projection okay to the
+to the direction of the easy axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction of the easy axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction of the easy axis okay
+and if I have another one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have another one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have another one which is
+actually the easy axis is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the easy axis is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the easy axis is pointing
+towards X direction then again since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards X direction then again since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards X direction then again since
+this vector is tilted already by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector is tilted already by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector is tilted already by
+sunsetted agree then you can easily see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsetted agree then you can easily see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunsetted agree then you can easily see
+some residual component which can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residual component which can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residual component which can pass
+through the SEC the second polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the SEC the second polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the SEC the second polarizer
+okay on the other hand if I'd remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if I'd remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if I'd remove
+this polarizer in between then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer in between then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer in between then what is
+going to happen is that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that all the
+component is actually pointing to the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is actually pointing to the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is actually pointing to the Y
+direction then you cannot see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then you cannot see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then you cannot see any
+component which pass through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which pass through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which pass through this
+polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer
+so that's actually pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually pretty interesting
+and I can actually rotate this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually rotate this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can actually rotate this and you
+can see that the magnitude is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the magnitude is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the magnitude is changing
+right only when I have 45 degree I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only when I have 45 degree I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only when I have 45 degree I see a
+maxima intensity any questions okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima intensity any questions okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima intensity any questions okay very
+good so now what I'm going to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now what I'm going to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now what I'm going to do is to
+discuss with you interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you interesting question
+which was posted by Einstein Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was posted by Einstein Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was posted by Einstein Einstein
+say that as I said God doesn't praise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that as I said God doesn't praise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that as I said God doesn't praise
+our ties with the world right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ties with the world right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ties with the world right so that's
+actually what he actually believed so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what he actually believed so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what he actually believed so we
+can actually do a interesting experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do a interesting experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do a interesting experiment
+which I have single photon source okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have single photon source okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have single photon source okay
+so what do I mean by single photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I mean by single photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I mean by single photon
+source I can emit one photon at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I can emit one photon at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I can emit one photon at a time
+just one then the second one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one then the second one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one then the second one and the
+third one and the help then pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one and the help then pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one and the help then pass through
+some imaginary polarizer okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some imaginary polarizer okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some imaginary polarizer okay so so
+that's suppose I have unpolarized to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suppose I have unpolarized to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suppose I have unpolarized to lie
+it with intensity I'd zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with intensity I'd zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with intensity I'd zero okay so
+basically after it passed through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after it passed through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after it passed through this
+polarizer with a DX is pointing to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer with a DX is pointing to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer with a DX is pointing to the X
+direction in this case X Direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case X Direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case X Direction is
+point two two to this direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two two to this direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two two to this direction okay
+what you are going to get is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to get is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to get is that you
+are going to filter okay according front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to filter okay according front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to filter okay according front
+all those unpolarized direction okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those unpolarized direction okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those unpolarized direction okay you
+are going to filter only the light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to filter only the light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to filter only the light which
+you say should be parallel to the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be parallel to the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be parallel to the easy
+axis right so therefore after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right so therefore after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right so therefore after the
+unpolarized light source pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light source pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light source pass through
+this polarizer you are going to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer you are going to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polarizer you are going to have all
+the electric field pointing to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field pointing to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field pointing to the X
+direction okay not everybody except and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay not everybody except and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay not everybody except and
+of course if I have a second one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if I have a second one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if I have a second one which
+is actually in the in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in the in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in the in the Y direction
+since there will be no component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there will be no component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there will be no component
+pointing to a Y direction you get the RO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to a Y direction you get the RO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to a Y direction you get the RO
+electric field okay that's very nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay that's very nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay that's very nice so
+so Einstein was really happy that whoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Einstein was really happy that whoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Einstein was really happy that whoo
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+unpolarized light maybe it's just 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light maybe it's just 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light maybe it's just 50
+percent of the polarized light in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the polarized light in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the polarized light in the X
+direction and the 50% of the polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the 50% of the polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the 50% of the polarized
+light in the Y direction right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the Y direction right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the Y direction right because I
+each time you meet one photon and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you meet one photon and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you meet one photon and and
+the first half of the energy can stop by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the energy can stop by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the energy can stop by
+the X direction cut stop by the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction cut stop by the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction cut stop by the X
+direction either axis polarizer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction either axis polarizer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction either axis polarizer and the
+second half got stopped by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half got stopped by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half got stopped by the second
+polarizer right so that probably makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer right so that probably makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer right so that probably makes
+sense right but how about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right but how about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right but how about what we
+actually did in the in the demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did in the in the demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did in the in the demonstration
+how about we rotate the second polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about we rotate the second polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about we rotate the second polarizer
+by 40 45 degree what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 45 degree what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 45 degree what would be the
+intensity right but now hey you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right but now hey you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right but now hey you cannot
+split a single photon right because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a single photon right because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a single photon right because a
+photon sapota how can I split right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon sapota how can I split right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon sapota how can I split right
+because if itís quite by polarized like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if itís quite by polarized like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if itís quite by polarized like
+50 percent linearly polarized in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent linearly polarized in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent linearly polarized in X
+linearly polarized the other half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized the other half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized the other half is
+using a polarizing Y then I am in Chapo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a polarizing Y then I am in Chapo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a polarizing Y then I am in Chapo
+because I don't know how to actually cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how to actually cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how to actually cut
+what is issued the this intensity so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is issued the this intensity so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is issued the this intensity so so
+basically maybe all of the energy pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maybe all of the energy pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically maybe all of the energy pass
+through on all the enter them pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on all the enter them pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on all the enter them pass
+through right then actually we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right then actually we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right then actually we can do
+the experiment and this is a result what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and this is a result what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and this is a result what
+you are going to get is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get is that the
+intensity is going to be i0 over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be i0 over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be i0 over four
+lattices should be not 0 or I over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices should be not 0 or I over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices should be not 0 or I over 2
+right so that means really the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means really the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means really the nature of
+prey dies because also a single photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey dies because also a single photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey dies because also a single photon
+HD is equivalent to something which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD is equivalent to something which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD is equivalent to something which can
+be described by wave okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described by wave okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be described by wave okay so now I
+should give a some connection possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give a some connection possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give a some connection possible
+connection to content mechanics because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to content mechanics because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to content mechanics because
+that means a single photon are not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means a single photon are not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means a single photon are not like
+a single object which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single object which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single object which is actually
+passing through all those polarisers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through all those polarisers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through all those polarisers but
+they actually act also like also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually act also like also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually act also like also like
+waves okay so so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so so that is actually
+something which we will follow up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we will follow up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we will follow up with
+later lectures which when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures which when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures which when we talk about
+interference etc we are going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference etc we are going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference etc we are going to also
+discuss related issues about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss related issues about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss related issues about the
+connection to quantum mechanics okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to quantum mechanics okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to quantum mechanics okay so
+today we actually have learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we actually have learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we actually have learned about
+polarization linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization linearly polarized
+circularly polarized and elliptically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized and elliptically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized and elliptically
+polarized electromagnetic wave and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized electromagnetic wave and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized electromagnetic wave and also
+unpolarized a light source and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized a light source and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized a light source and we have
+learned about how to produce polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about how to produce polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about how to produce polarized
+electromagnetic wave with polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave with polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave with polarizer
+right basically have the unpolarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically have the unpolarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically have the unpolarized
+light source pass through polarizer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source pass through polarizer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source pass through polarizer you
+have a polarized light we didn't cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a polarized light we didn't cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a polarized light we didn't cover a
+part of a plate yet we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a plate yet we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a plate yet we are going to
+cover that next time and also next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that next time and also next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that next time and also next time
+we will talk about how we actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about how we actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about how we actually can
+generate electromagnetic field we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electromagnetic field we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electromagnetic field we have
+been talking about electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about electron
+interfere for a long time but how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere for a long time but how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere for a long time but how are
+they actually generated it's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually generated it's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually generated it's an issue
+which we haven't actually touch and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't actually touch and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't actually touch and that
+is actually going to happen after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to happen after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to happen after the
+midterm next week thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm next week thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm next week thank you very much
+and if you have any questions please let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have any questions please let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have any questions please let
+me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U1g_-FzqUXc.txt b/U1g_-FzqUXc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a6eb7571f8158d13729156ef300a67dbeb01f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U1g_-FzqUXc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3221 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I think we have
+a bit of background in mind.
+
+So now I'm going to summarize
+this discussion, and start
+
+asking about how do we go about
+answering some of the
+
+questions that have
+come about?
+
+So at the end of last lecture,
+we were left with our S-shaped
+
+curve, and saying that whether
+or not there would be a
+
+poverty trap was really
+dependent on the shape of the
+
+curve that relates income today
+to income tomorrow.
+
+And we gave sent out examples
+where it could go one way or
+
+the other, or it could be that
+its S shape, it could be that
+
+it's increasing but
+inverted L-shape.
+
+And then one of you asked
+the question,
+
+well, how do we know?
+
+How do we even get about--
+
+how do we get to know the
+shape of the curve?
+
+This is not a question that
+is going to be solved
+
+theoretically.
+
+The debate we just had a moment
+ago suggested it won't
+
+be solved theoretically.
+
+Because, for example, take the
+question of whether if I give
+
+you a bed net for free today,
+you're less likely to buy the
+
+next one tomorrow.
+
+It depends on whether the
+entitlement effect is more
+
+important than the
+loaning effect.
+
+And how will I know that?
+
+There is no way for me
+to know it without
+
+looking at the data.
+
+And the question is, what's a
+good way to look at the data?
+
+And today, we're going to look
+at one such way, which is a
+
+way which is increasingly often
+used by development
+
+economists, by policy makers,
+and which is the main approach
+
+that we are using in the Poverty
+Action Lab, which is
+
+the idea of on randomized
+evaluation.
+
+So we'll start with our
+malaria example.
+
+I'm going to use the malaria
+example, because we had the
+
+debate, so we know the question
+we're asking.
+
+I'm going to use that
+as our example.
+
+But, of course, the point I'm
+making now are important
+
+methodological points as well.
+
+So what are we talking about?
+
+We're talking about a pretty
+important thing.
+
+Almost 900,000 people die of
+malaria every year, give and
+
+take, most of them in Africa,
+most of them under five.
+
+That's the biggest cause
+of under-five
+
+mortality in the world.
+
+Incidentally, you want to take
+every single statistic with a
+
+big pinch of salt, because it's
+not that all the malaria
+
+cases are recorded--
+
+a lot of people who are not
+really diagnosed of malaria
+
+and are told to be dead of
+malaria, so it could be a
+
+gross overestimate or a
+gross underestimate.
+
+But I think it's fair to say
+it's a lot of people, one way
+
+or the other.
+
+As we discussed, malaria is
+transmitted by mosquitoes who
+
+carry the parasite from an
+infected person to an
+
+uninfected person,
+mainly at dusk.
+
+So sleeping under a bed net,
+particularly a bed net which
+
+has insecticide woven into the
+fiber of the bed net is an
+
+effective way to prevent
+mosquito bites, and therefore
+
+to prevent the transmission
+of malaria.
+
+And one thing that no one said,
+which was important, is
+
+that there is two effects of
+sleeping under a bed net.
+
+If you already don't have
+malaria, you're less likely to
+
+catch it, because the mosquitoes
+can't bite you.
+
+So this is a direct benefit
+that benefits you.
+
+So when making the decision to
+buy or not buy a bed net when
+
+making the decision to use the
+bed net or not to use it, you
+
+are going to take this direct
+benefit into account, right?
+
+But then there is another
+benefit which is the
+
+externality, which is an
+indirect effect, which is, if
+
+you already have malaria,
+someone else is less likely to
+
+get it because they don't
+first bite you
+
+and then bite them.
+
+And this benefit, unless
+you're an incredibly
+
+socially-minded person, is a
+benefit you don't take into
+
+account when buying
+your bed net.
+
+Because you don't care.
+
+It's not you.
+
+It's someone else.
+
+But as society, we are trying to
+maybe adjust the individual
+
+behavior to the social
+benefit.
+
+There's one more thing which is
+important for us to keep in
+
+mind, which is this externality
+is not linear.
+
+So it could be that the
+externality is linear, which
+
+is one more person who sleeps
+under a bed net, say half a
+
+fewer percent is infected.
+
+So it could be like the more
+bed nets you have, the less
+
+malaria you have, but in
+a disproportional way.
+
+But it turns out that it's
+not proportional.
+
+The reason why it's not
+proportionally is because once
+
+about half the population sleeps
+under the bed net, you
+
+have something called hard
+immunity, which is that the
+
+mosquitoes don't have time to
+bite someone else before
+
+either the mosquito or
+the parasite dies.
+
+So if you manage to cover about
+half of your population,
+
+you don't even need to
+carry the other half.
+
+I mean, it's better,
+but they already
+
+benefit almost as much.
+
+So the externality benefits are
+like this, if you want.
+
+They're like, first they're
+linear, and then at some
+
+point, they have a big jump in
+the externality benefits.
+
+And then again, going from
+80% to 85%, maybe less.
+
+So that means that this would
+need to be reminding you of
+
+the S-shaped thing, which is
+there will be a distinct
+
+advantage in terms of cost per
+malaria averted, the benefit
+
+of going from a coverage of 25%
+to 30% of the population
+
+are going to be lower than the
+benefit of going, say, from
+
+45% to 50%.
+
+Because when you go from 45%
+to 50%, you're in the zone
+
+where every extra bed net is
+really helping a huge deal.
+
+So that is going to
+be relevant when
+
+we do the cost benefit.
+
+So that's the case
+for bed nets.
+
+So now, if we were traditional
+economists, we would make a
+
+traditional economic argument,
+which is to say, there is an
+
+externality.
+
+Whenever there is an
+externality, we want to try to
+
+do use prices or taxes to align
+the private incentive
+
+with the public incentive.
+
+That's why, for example,
+we would like to have a
+
+congestion charge in London, or
+we have a congestion charge
+
+in London to make it expensive
+to drive your car in London,
+
+in the center of London, because
+when you drive your
+
+car in the center of London,
+that's a pain
+
+for everybody else.
+
+That could be one of the reasons
+why we have taxes on
+
+cigarettes, that smokers impose
+an externality on the
+
+rest of the people, here both
+because of secondhand smoking,
+
+and because they
+get sick a lot.
+
+So you would think that society
+has a right to impose
+
+a tax on them to try and
+discourage them from smoking.
+
+So by using prices and taxes is
+where you can try and align
+
+the private incentive to
+the social benefit.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you do community
+incentives, like you tell the
+
+community if everyone uses their
+bed nets as bed nets,
+
+you'll give the community a
+certain number of fishing nets
+
+so that people will encourage
+or force other
+
+people to use bed nets?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Right.
+
+So one way is the prices, but
+another way could be to have
+
+community incentives.
+
+Indonesia has a program where
+they are trying to give
+
+community incentive so if, say
+90% percent of the community
+
+is immunized, and x percent to
+the community is in school,
+
+then they get some amount of
+money to build a road, or an
+
+irrigation project, or
+something like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm just curious.
+
+How much is given in foreign
+aid to fight malaria?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: That's an
+excellent-- how much is given
+
+in foreign aid to
+fight malaria.
+
+It's an excellent question, the
+answer to which I don't
+
+know off the top of my head,
+but it's findable.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because I was going
+to ask if the cost of
+
+providing a country with bed
+nets is significantly less
+
+than the cost of giving
+[INAUDIBLE] money to fight
+
+malaria, then I don't even
+see why it's as big of a
+
+debate as it is.
+
+Clearly, they should figure out
+what's the most effective
+
+way to distribute the bed nets,
+make sure [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But the option of not giving
+them just wouldn't make as
+
+much sense, in terms of
+cost [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Oh, I see.
+
+So providing bed nets
+would be part of the
+
+budget of fighting malaria.
+
+So your question is that, if
+we're already spending so much
+
+money on medicine against
+malaria, we would really be
+
+willing to spend a lot
+of money on bed nets.
+
+You're exactly right.
+
+And I don't think the debate
+is that we want to try and
+
+save money on the bed nets.
+
+I think the debate is always
+about what's the best way to
+
+get the money out.
+
+So this would argue, so the
+fact that the private
+
+incentive to get your bed net
+is low, would argue for
+
+subsidizing the bed net, but
+only if the private incentives
+
+are not large enough that people
+are already not buying
+
+your bed net.
+
+So suppose, for example, that
+people hated being sick,
+
+which, presumably, they do.
+
+Then, they would get
+the bed net anyway.
+
+You would not need to subsidize
+the bed net.
+
+So there would not be an effect
+of the price, because
+
+the demand would be very
+high at any price.
+
+So the fact that there is
+an externality justifies
+
+subsidizing, to the extent that
+the private incentives
+
+are too small for people to want
+to get them themselves.
+
+Another traditional economics
+argument would be the learning
+
+argument that was made earlier,
+which is that trying
+
+your bed net once might give you
+the experience of it, and
+
+once you knew how it works,
+and you know how well it
+
+protects your children, you
+might be more likely to get
+
+the next one.
+
+And then there is an argument
+that mixes the two, which is
+
+another externality argument,
+which is, if try a bed net,
+
+and I realize that it protects
+my children and it's really
+
+not so unpleasant, then maybe my
+neighbors will also see my
+
+bed net, and say, oh,
+isn't this cool.
+
+We want also a bed net.
+
+So there is an externality in
+my trying, potentially.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you were
+charged for bed nets and the
+
+borrower that could, again, come
+in to have the bed nets
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Yes.
+
+So eventually, since there are
+those contingent benefits,
+
+someone who is very rational
+might feel, already more than
+
+50% bed nets in this
+community.
+
+I don't need to get
+the next one.
+
+So the private incentives
+diminish as the coverage
+
+increases, which makes it more
+necessary either to subsidize
+
+it even more, or to tax people
+if they don't get a bed net.
+
+So this is an argument that
+is made for immunization.
+
+So in this country, immunization
+is compulsory for
+
+a range of diseases.
+
+Except if you really don't want
+to do it because you have
+
+some religious or whatever
+reasons for not wanting to be
+
+immunized, then you can say,
+sorry, I refuse the
+
+immunization.
+
+And people worry that as
+diseases such as polio, or
+
+diphtheria, or pertussis, these
+types of diseases become
+
+less frequent, people don't have
+the fear of getting those
+
+diseases anymore, and they want
+to free ride on the rest
+
+of the community.
+
+And that's, of course, bad,
+because being 100% immunized
+
+ensures that the disease
+goes away.
+
+As soon as a few people
+are not immunized,
+
+it could come back.
+
+And so there is this tension
+between once almost everyone's
+
+immunized, your private
+incentive to do
+
+it are almost zero.
+
+So you might need powerful
+inducement to get to do it.
+
+So those are the traditional
+economic arguments.
+
+These are your traditional
+public finance--
+
+let's use the prices.
+
+That indicates that we should
+subsidize the bed nets.
+
+And by the way, there
+is no reason to
+
+stop at zero in principle.
+
+We could pay people to use bed
+nets, for that matter, if this
+
+was the way to get the optimal
+coverage in the community.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So one consideration
+that comes to mind is if
+
+there's a segment of the
+population that is really,
+
+really poor and cannot afford to
+pay any amount for the bed
+
+nets, whether they're subsidized
+or not, those
+
+people are also the least likely
+to be able to pay for
+
+health care should
+they get malaria.
+
+So they would have the greatest
+risk for everyone
+
+else and for themselves.
+
+So wouldn't you want to try to
+provide free bed nets for that
+
+set of people, no matter what?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Right, so that's
+another consideration that you
+
+might want to include, a
+redistribution consideration,
+
+which you might feel that people
+who are particularly
+
+poor might have a very high
+private evaluation of the bed
+
+nets, but might be credit
+constrained and not be able to
+
+get the bed net.
+
+And those are the same people
+who will also not be able to
+
+cure themselves of malaria.
+
+So here, that gives you
+another argument for
+
+subsidizing bed nets, which is
+not an argument in terms of
+
+disease eradication, but
+an argument in terms of
+
+redistribution between people.
+
+So those are traditional
+arguments.
+
+They are taken, say, by Jeff
+Sachs, or by the WHO, and say,
+
+we should subsidize bed net
+to a large extent, or
+
+potentially, up to giving
+them away for free.
+
+And then we have the less
+conventional economics, which
+
+we discussed, which has the
+argument that goes in the
+
+opposite direction, or the
+psychological sunk cost
+
+effect, which is, you have to
+pay for something to really
+
+appreciate its value.
+
+There is a selection effect
+which is, if you give things
+
+away for free, even people who
+don't want it or who don't
+
+want it for its legitimate use
+are going to come and get it.
+
+They're going to waste
+a lot of bed nets.
+
+And finally, the entitlement
+effect, which counters the
+
+learning effect, which is, once
+you get something for
+
+free, then you expect to get
+it for free in the future.
+
+And it might even have
+contingent things, which is
+
+you're not going to want to get
+chlorine to purify your
+
+water, unless someone
+is giving it to you.
+
+You're not going to want to
+send your kids to school
+
+unless they get a school meal,
+other things like that, which
+
+find that you become
+dependent.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+Couldn't you argue that it's not
+sustainable, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+long-term policy and exit
+strategies, because if you're
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+subsidizing and giving away bed
+nets, you might crowd out
+
+the private sector.
+
+And you won't [INAUDIBLE] your
+desired outcome, which is for
+
+people to be using bed nets.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So in the
+traditional public finance
+
+argument, why would you
+ever want to stop to
+
+subsidize the bed net?
+
+AUDIENCE: Want to
+not subsidize--
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Yeah.
+
+Why would you ever want to stop,
+given those arguments?
+
+AUDIENCE: To create a market?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Why would you?
+
+Take, for example, immunization
+in the US.
+
+Immunization is subsidized
+and compulsory.
+
+Is there any plan to make
+immunization not subsidized or
+
+compulsory?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's true.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: There's
+no such plan.
+
+This kind of argument would
+tell you that you want to
+
+subsidize forever, because the
+private gains and the social
+
+gains are not aligned for a
+fundamental reason, which is
+
+my being protected by a bed net
+protects you as well, and
+
+that's never going to change.
+
+So in that sense, you're
+not doing a policy
+
+for the short run.
+
+You're doing this policy
+for the long run.
+
+Now, again, we had this
+discussion earlier, which is
+
+the questions of who provides
+the bed net, whether they can
+
+be provided locally instead
+of imported, are all very
+
+legitimate questions, but in a
+sense, unrelated to the price
+
+you're going to charge.
+
+So that's an excellent question,
+because it comes
+
+back all the time, which
+is to say, oh, but
+
+don't we want to exit?
+
+Just think, whenever you want to
+ask yourself this question
+
+about sustainability,
+ask yourself, why
+
+would I want to exit?
+
+Maybe I don't.
+
+Maybe it is actually socially
+efficient to subsidize
+
+something for eternity, because
+as Ben was saying, you
+
+save on the cost of curing
+people from malaria.
+
+So the argument that goes
+against giving people for free
+
+are these arguments that giving
+bed nets for free or
+
+even subsidizing them is
+counterproductive, in terms of
+
+distributing bed nets.
+
+It's counterproductive because
+of the sunk cost effect,
+
+because of the selection
+effect, or because this
+
+entitlement effect that then
+nobody is ever going to want
+
+to buy anything, either a bed
+net or something else.
+
+And these elements are
+very reasonable.
+
+Both sides of the arguments
+are, in principle, very
+
+reasonable.
+
+And they might apply here.
+
+We just don't know.
+
+It's a very heated
+policy debate.
+
+The laws that are involved in
+bed nets are nowhere near the
+
+laws that are involved in oil or
+anything, but it's still a
+
+fair amount of dollars,
+so people like those.
+
+So there is a lot of debate.
+
+So Jeff Sachs of the WHO relies
+on the convention
+
+economics argument to say
+you should give the
+
+bed nets for free.
+
+Then you have people like Bill
+Easterly or Dambisa Moyo, who
+
+are making the argument based
+on this entitlement effect,
+
+sunk cost effect, the
+development of market, to say
+
+we shouldn't give
+them for free.
+
+And both arguments tell you,
+in a sense, we know the
+
+economics, and the answer
+is obvious.
+
+There is no reason
+to find out.
+
+And I think there is value in
+both type of arguments that
+
+they are making.
+
+But there is no value
+in this last one.
+
+Because since there is value
+in both arguments, we don't
+
+know the answer.
+
+The answer depends on the
+balance of how they turn out
+
+in the specific application
+of bed nets.
+
+So the true question we want to
+ask is the extent to which
+
+we should subsidize bed nets.
+
+And for that, what do
+we need to know?
+
+Well, first we need to know
+whether or not bed nets are
+
+really price elastic.
+
+So are we losing a lot of
+coverage in terms of people
+
+acquiring bed nets, if we start
+selling them instead of
+
+giving them for free.
+
+Second question we need
+to ask is the
+
+immediate effect on use.
+
+So is it the case that people
+who pay for bed nets are more
+
+likely to use it than people
+who got it for free?
+
+Third question is the
+longer-term effect.
+
+Will it wreck markets?
+
+And for that, that's the
+entitlement effect.
+
+For people who get it for free,
+in the future, are they
+
+more or less likely
+to buy one?
+
+And for people who are around
+them in the community--
+
+this is something we didn't
+discuss much, but if I'm
+
+around you in the community,
+and I see you having a free
+
+bed net, it could affect
+me in one of two ways.
+
+I could say, first of all,
+oh, she has a bed net.
+
+That's really nice.
+
+Her kids are doing well.
+
+I'm going to get one too.
+
+I could say, oh, she
+got a free bed net.
+
+Let me wait until I get--
+
+I was going to buy a bed net,
+but now I'm going to wait
+
+until I get a free bed net.
+
+And so I wasn't going to sell
+a bed net, and now I'm going
+
+to have give it for free.
+
+So that's wasted money.
+
+So again, we don't know
+which way it cuts.
+
+We have to look in practice.
+
+And those questions are pretty
+well-defined questions.
+
+They are empirical questions
+we could principally
+
+bring an answer to.
+
+There are a lot of anecdotes.
+
+They are this one, which is bed
+nets used as fishing nets.
+
+That's a picture that was in the
+Malaria Journal, so it's
+
+all peer reviewed
+and all that.
+
+So this is the Easterly Dambisa
+Moyo argument, that
+
+you are going to see the used
+as a fishing net, or wedding
+
+veils, or what have you.
+
+And then this is the other
+argument, of the other
+
+anecdote of the bed net being
+nicely hanged in the room, and
+
+the child, the healthy child
+who slept in there
+
+under the bed net.
+
+So that's not too helpful.
+
+So we want to go further
+that the anecdote.
+
+There are many anecdotes,
+and they cut both ways.
+
+How do we go further
+than the anecdote?
+
+So the first thing we could
+do-- so suppose you
+
+were given this job.
+
+I tell you, find out for me
+whether people who get their
+
+bed nets for free are more
+likely to use it as fishing
+
+nets or more likely to
+use them as bed nets.
+
+And also, find out whether if I
+distribute the bed nets for
+
+free, I distribute many more
+of them or I distribute the
+
+same amount.
+
+What would your first
+response to what you
+
+should go out and do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah?
+
+I would find two similar
+communities, and then
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+give bed nets would be one, and
+maybe help someone start a
+
+small business of selling
+bed nets in the other.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So you would take
+two similar communities,
+
+and in once case, give bed
+nets for free, and in one
+
+case, start to sell them,
+maybe by finding a small
+
+business, or maybe importing
+them to the village.
+
+What would be an even---
+
+we'll go back to that.
+
+What would be an even easier,
+even more immediate way to do
+
+it that we could think of to
+start with, if we needed to do
+
+this quickly?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just look at the
+
+communities where it is already.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Right.
+
+You would look at a community
+where this is already in
+
+place, and you would say, well,
+in this community, the
+
+bed nets are given for free, and
+in this community, the bed
+
+nets are sold.
+
+Let me try my thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+In this community, the bed
+nets are given for free.
+
+In this community, the
+bed nets are sold.
+
+First question, do I see more
+bed nets where the bed nets
+
+are not given for free?
+
+Second question, do I see the
+bed nets more likely to be
+
+used as fishing nets in
+those communities?
+
+So that's, I think, what
+most people would--
+
+that would be your
+initial instinct.
+
+The problem you would have if
+you did that, as opposed to--
+
+sorry, can you remind
+of your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: [? Sif. ?]
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: [? Sif. ?]
+
+The problem to do that, as
+opposed to do what [? Sif ?]
+
+suggested, is to know why some
+community happened to be the
+
+one that got them for free and
+some community happened not to
+
+have the free distribution.
+
+So let's think of one reason
+why there might be a free--
+
+if you were to start a free bed
+net distribution program
+
+somewhere, where would
+you start it?
+
+You have a country and you want
+to start a free bed net
+
+distribution, what
+would you pick?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If there was
+a particularly bad
+
+increase, or something.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Right.
+
+You would try to pick a place
+where there is a lot of
+
+malaria, presumably, or
+maybe a place where
+
+people are very poor.
+
+So let's work with the example
+where you would pick, to start
+
+your free bed net distribution,
+the region where
+
+there is a lot of malaria.
+
+It would make sense.
+
+So if that's the case that free
+bed nets are distributed
+
+where malaria is a huge problem,
+then in these places,
+
+even if they had to pay for the
+bed net, they might have
+
+purchased them more willingly
+than in places where malaria
+
+is not such a big
+problem anyway.
+
+Because the private benefits of
+having a bed net is higher
+
+in those [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this is what we call the
+counter-factual, which is what
+
+would have happened in the place
+where the bed net got
+
+distributed for free if they
+had actually been sold.
+
+So let's look at it in the
+form of a simple graph.
+
+So suppose we have two--
+
+we are going to do the argument
+for purchase, and the
+
+same kind of discussion
+we could have for use.
+
+So suppose we have two regions,
+a high-malaria region
+
+and a low-malaria region.
+
+And suppose that God told us
+this is how many people would
+
+buy a bed net, the fraction of
+people who would buy a bed net
+
+in the high-malaria region and
+the low-malaria region, if the
+
+bed net was not subsidized.
+
+And this dot is higher, because
+since malaria is more
+
+of a problems, people are more
+willing to buy bed nets.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's what we would have
+if bed nets were expensive.
+
+And if bed nets were free,
+we would have those ones.
+
+So compared to the previous
+dots, they are higher.
+
+Why are they higher
+in both regions?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's because
+they're free.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Because they're
+free, so you're more likely to
+
+get something free than
+to have to pay for it.
+
+But they are still higher in
+the high-malaria region,
+
+because why would you get a
+bed net in a region where
+
+malaria is not a problem?
+
+You really don't need it.
+
+If you don't have a fishing
+boat, you don't need a fishing
+
+net either.
+
+So they are still higher in a
+high-malaria region then in a
+
+low-malaria region when
+bed nets are free.
+
+So this is what God would
+have given you.
+
+But sadly, God didn't
+give you that.
+
+God gave you either this
+point or that point.
+
+What you observe is the purchase
+of bed nets in the
+
+area where they are given for
+free, and the purchase of bed
+
+nets in the area where
+they are expensive.
+
+And those regions are different
+because one is a
+
+high-malaria region and one
+is a low-malaria region.
+
+So what you observe is the
+demand for bed nets when they
+
+are free in a high-malaria
+region, and the demand for bed
+
+nets when they're expense in
+the low-malaria region.
+
+And what you don't see
+is those guys.
+
+What you see is this and this.
+
+What is the true effect of
+price on purchase in the
+
+high-malaria region?
+
+Where do I find it
+on the graph?
+
+That's the vertical thing.
+
+That's the true effect of free
+versus expensive in the
+
+high-malaria region.
+
+And this is the true effect of
+free versus expensive in the
+
+low-malaria region.
+
+So this is the true effect.
+
+That's what I'm looking for.
+
+Sadly, I don't have this,
+and I don't have this.
+
+I'm not in very good shape.
+
+What I do have is
+this and this.
+
+So if I just did to comparison
+that we started with, we would
+
+compare the high-malaria region
+purchase when it's free
+
+to the low-malaria purchase
+region when it's expensive.
+
+Take the difference.
+
+That would be our effect.
+
+So is that the true effect?
+
+Is it biased upwards, or
+is it biased downwards?
+
+Is that too big, too small,
+or the right size?
+
+AUDIENCE: Too big.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Too big.
+
+And we can see it here,
+which we can re-put.
+
+We can say, well, suppose we had
+what God would have given
+
+all the numbers.
+
+In the low-malaria region, this
+is the effect of price
+
+and purchase.
+
+And the rest is the best.
+
+In the high-malaria region,
+this is the true effect of
+
+price and purchase, and
+the rest is the bias.
+
+So if we knew this and this, we
+could calculate the effect,
+
+and we calculate the bias that
+we would get if we compare
+
+this to this.
+
+But suddenly, we don't
+have those.
+
+So what this is saying, in other
+words, is that when we
+
+compare purchase when it's free
+to purchase when it's
+
+expensive, in the high- and
+low-malaria region, we combine
+
+two effects.
+
+We combine the effect that even
+at the same price, the
+
+purchase would have
+been different.
+
+So the counter-factual would
+have been different--
+
+those are this versus this,
+and this versus this--
+
+and the fact that there
+is actually an effect.
+
+So that's why it's not a very
+good answer for the question
+
+we're asking.
+
+This we did for only two points,
+but we would have the
+
+same thing if we had
+many price points.
+
+So suppose this is the observed
+
+demand at various prices--
+
+when it's free, when it's 10
+shilling, when it's 20
+
+shilling, when it's
+30 shilling.
+
+That's the observed demand.
+
+So someone could say, well,
+I'm going to trace a line
+
+here, and that's going to give
+you my elasticity of purchase
+
+with respect to the
+price of the good.
+
+Now, let's say if God had given
+us the observed demand,
+
+the demand we would observe in
+the region with the free bed
+
+net if the bed net were not
+free, that's the demand we
+
+would observe in this
+highest-malaria region.
+
+It also decreases with
+price, but less
+
+than we see in reality.
+
+And why does it decrease less
+than we see in the data, the
+
+yellow dots?
+
+So the yellow dots are
+what we would see in
+
+the high-price region--
+
+so in the free region, what we
+would see in the zero price
+
+region, if the price were
+in fact 10, 20, 30, 40.
+
+So why is it flatter than
+the observed curve?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it was
+free, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So this
+is what is free?
+
+This is a bit more.
+
+This is the demand
+when it's free.
+
+It's very high.
+
+This is in the next region,
+where it costs 10 shilling.
+
+It's a bit lower.
+
+This point is telling us, this
+is how many bed nets the
+
+people in this region would
+purchase if the price was, in
+
+fact, 10 shilling instead
+of being free.
+
+So this and this and this,
+we don't observe.
+
+But we just say, let's say I'm
+telling you this is God told
+
+you what it would be.
+
+The reason why it is higher is
+because the region where it is
+
+free is a region where people
+need the malaria nets a lot.
+
+So even if they had pay
+10 shilling, they
+
+would still buy them.
+
+And even if they had pay
+20 shilling, they
+
+would still buy them.
+
+And even if they had to pay 30
+shilling, they would still buy
+
+them, although less, because of
+course they are sensitive
+
+to the price.
+
+But the difference between the
+yellow point and the red point
+
+is the yellow point is just
+the effect of the price,
+
+whereas the red point also has
+the effect of the fact that
+
+you're more likely to have to
+pay for bed nets in places
+
+where the malaria is not
+such a big problem.
+
+So the red dot, which is what
+we observe in reality,
+
+combines the effect of the price
+and the fact that the
+
+regions where people have
+to pay are different.
+
+Yeah, Ben?
+
+AUDIENCE: The x-axis is price?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: The
+x-axis is price.
+
+Yeah, sorry.
+
+I should have--
+
+it's like this, 0, 10, 20, 30.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's still not obvious
+to me why if it's
+
+free, if you go from zero to,
+let's say, a million, why the
+
+demand for free bed nets would
+change [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: No, it's not the
+demand for free bed nets.
+
+This is always going to be the
+demand at this price--
+
+0, 10, 20.
+
+So it's still declining,
+you see?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, I'm saying
+for free bed nets.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Oh.
+
+For free, it's pretty high.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why does it change
+at all, if you go
+
+from price 0 to 30--
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Oh, you're
+wondering about this one.
+
+You're wondering about
+this point.
+
+You're wondering, in the
+low-malaria region, if I give
+
+you a bed net for free,
+why don't you get it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, no.
+
+Because the x-axis is high
+instances of malaria, low
+
+instances of malaria.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You switched
+the price.
+
+I'm confused why changing how
+much a free bed nets costs
+
+would decrease the amount of
+purchases for free bed nets.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So what is a
+little tricky is that there
+
+are two things in the axis.
+
+There is the fact that this is a
+high-malaria region, and the
+
+fact that it's a low-malaria
+region.
+
+And it turns out-- but this is
+what is very important--
+
+it turns out that the price
+is related to the
+
+incidence of malaria.
+
+So here, for example, in the
+two-region case, I have given
+
+the bed net for free
+in the region where
+
+the malaria was high.
+
+And the reason is because if I'm
+a good policy maker and I
+
+don't have that much money,
+that's what I will do.
+
+I will first give the bed net
+for free in the region where
+
+malaria is high.
+
+And I will ask people to pay for
+the bed net in the region
+
+where malaria is low.
+
+So what I observe in reality
+is the demand for free bed
+
+nets in the high-malaria region
+and the demand for
+
+expensive bed nets in the
+low-malaria region.
+
+So if I compare the difference
+between the two,
+
+and if I call this--
+
+I'm combining two effects.
+
+I'm combining the effect of the
+price, which is, given the
+
+same region, people are more
+likely to get a bed net for
+
+free than to pay for it, and
+the fact that people, given
+
+that bed nets are more useful
+in a region where there is a
+
+lot of malaria than
+in a region where
+
+there is little malaria.
+
+People are more likely to get
+bed nets at any price--
+
+the red dots are for
+the same price--
+
+at any price, people will be
+more likely to get bed nets in
+
+the high-malaria region than
+in the low-malaria region.
+
+So if you compare within a line
+the yellow to the red
+
+dot, you get the effect
+of the price.
+
+If you compare across columns
+within the same color, you get
+
+the effect of being in high-
+versus low-malaria region.
+
+And you see they tend to go in
+the same direction, which is
+
+what creates your bias.
+
+All right, do you get the
+
+two-region, two-prices example?
+
+If you get the two-region,
+two-prices example, then this
+
+one is the same, but
+with four prices.
+
+Now we have four regions--
+
+a region where we give them for
+free, a region where we
+
+give them for 10 shilling, a
+region where we give them for
+
+20 shilling, a region where we
+give them for 30 shilling.
+
+And this is what I observe in
+reality, a very steep slope.
+
+At 30, almost no one buys it.
+
+But this is due, again,
+to two things.
+
+One is that that's expensive.
+
+So even if malaria was a real
+problem, people would be less
+
+likely to buy them for 30.
+
+And, in addition, those regions
+where people had to
+
+pay a lot of money for malaria
+is precisely because malaria
+
+is not such a big problem
+in those regions.
+
+So in order to decompose those
+two effects, what I'm doing is
+
+that I'm playing God and I'm
+telling you, this is what the
+
+demand at various prices would
+have been in this first
+
+region, in the zero region, in
+the high-malaria region.
+
+So this I don't see
+in reality.
+
+In the world, I don't see that,
+but this is what it
+
+would have been.
+
+And it's a little flatter
+than this one because
+
+this is like the bias.
+
+This is saying, these are places
+which don't really need
+
+malaria, and this is the
+effect of prices.
+
+The yellow one is a true effect
+of prices, and the
+
+vertical lines are the bias
+that are added by the fact
+
+that prices are expensive in
+places where a bed net is not
+
+very useful because malaria is
+not so much of a problem.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+Why is there not a bias based
+on your environment and how
+
+much malaria there is when
+they're for free?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Well, when they're
+for free, we observe
+
+the true demand at free.
+
+So that happens to be the same
+point, which is, I'm giving
+
+you what I observe.
+
+And the free region is the
+demand when it's free.
+
+What I would like to know, then,
+is what would the demand
+
+in the free region be if, in
+fact, it had been 10 shilling?
+
+So this is this counter-factual,
+which is,
+
+there is something we don't
+observe, which is precisely
+
+what we need to compare
+to the region where,
+
+in fact, it is free.
+
+Ask as many questions
+as you have.
+
+The more questions, the better.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering
+why [INAUDIBLE]
+
+more likely to go from
+zero to 10 shillings.
+
+Do you see that the [INAUDIBLE]
+decrease in the
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So you have--
+so what is your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Katja.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Katja.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Katja.
+
+Katja has a question, which is,
+she doesn't believe that
+
+the elasticity is the
+way I drew it.
+
+You think that it's more like
+steep and then flatter?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Possibly.
+
+That's the way I made that up.
+
+I consider that zero and 10 is
+kind of similar, but that has
+
+no reason to be true.
+
+And substantially, you're
+absolutely right.
+
+It could be that, in fact, there
+is a big drop in demand.
+
+But then the red point would
+probably be even lower.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why were the
+experiments conducted so that
+
+you only get the orange
+data points?
+
+Why did you not mix up different
+communities that
+
+have had malaria and
+[INAUDIBLE] malaria
+
+[? for each-- ?]
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: That's
+an excellent point.
+
+So this is not supposed to have
+come from an experiment.
+
+This is the real world.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+a real world outside
+of an experiment.
+
+And outside of an experiment
+in the real
+
+world, it is likely--
+
+it doesn't have to be the case,
+but it's likely that
+
+policy maker will make the bed
+net available for free in
+
+high-malaria region, because
+it makes sense for them.
+
+But your question exactly brings
+to what the answer to
+
+the problem is.
+
+So we have a problem, which is
+that we observe the low prices
+
+in places where the need is
+high, and high prices in the
+
+regions where they need
+is low, so that
+
+leads to this bias.
+
+And the solution is exactly what
+you suggested, which is,
+
+let's have variation in prices
+in regions where
+
+the need is the same.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So on the x-axis, are
+you exactly correlating
+
+the price of the bed nets with
+the incidence of malaria, or--
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So what I'm
+assuming, I'm telling you this
+
+doesn't have to be true.
+
+And the problem is we'll never
+know, because we won't observe
+
+both in the real world.
+
+But I'm telling you this happens
+to be like that in
+
+this particular fictional world
+that I constructed,
+
+where this was like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you go along
+the x-axis to the right, you
+
+mean that bed nets get more
+expensive and malaria
+
+incidence goes up?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Goes down.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry,
+goes down?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: I constructed
+it that way.
+
+You could construct the opposite
+example, and you
+
+could make up a story where the
+richer regions have more
+
+political power, and they
+also have less malaria.
+
+So the richer region will get
+the free bed nets, and they
+
+will also have less malaria.
+
+In that case, where would the
+observed compared to the true
+
+elasticity, where would the red
+dot be, if, in fact, the
+
+correlation was the other way?
+
+AUDIENCE: They would
+go the other way?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: They would
+go the other way.
+
+So the red dot would be above,
+because the bed nets are more
+
+expensive where they
+are more needed.
+
+And your question brings in an
+essential question, which is,
+
+sadly, we can't know.
+
+We can know some stuff, which
+is we can, for example,
+
+measure malaria prevalence.
+
+But we never observe the
+counter-factual.
+
+So either we observe the demand,
+where the price is
+
+high, in the places where it's
+high, or we observe the demand
+
+where the price is low in the
+places where it's low.
+
+And we never get to see the
+demand where the price is low
+
+in the places where it's high.
+
+That's the missing data point.
+
+That's why this is what
+we are missing.
+
+In other words, we don't see
+those yellow points.
+
+We don't see what the demand
+would have been in a zero
+
+price region if the price, in
+fact, had been 10, 20, 30.
+
+We just don't know.
+
+So the solution is what you
+suggested, which is to say,
+
+why don't we take one region and
+try to vary the prices in
+
+those regions?
+
+Or in fact, we could take two
+regions, a high-malaria region
+
+and a low-malaria region,
+and vary the prices
+
+in those two regions.
+
+And this is where the word
+experiment comes up.
+
+This is where the experiment is,
+which is the way you would
+
+do it to be completely sure that
+there is no difference
+
+between the places or the people
+which got the bed net
+
+for free, and the places or
+people which had to pay for
+
+it, is you would randomly assign
+the price of the bed
+
+net to different regions or
+two different people.
+
+So this is what is done, for
+example, in medicine when you
+
+want when you want
+to find out the
+
+effectiveness of a new drug.
+
+You don't give the new drug to
+people who need it the most.
+
+Otherwise, you would
+find that the drug
+
+killed a lot of people.
+
+You take some part of people
+who need the drug, and you
+
+randomly assign some people to
+take the drug and some people
+
+to get the placebo.
+
+You might also take a sample
+of people who need the drug
+
+less, and randomly assign the
+drug within them, to find out
+
+side effect if you
+misprescribe.
+
+But you wouldn't give the drug
+to people who need it, and not
+
+the drug to people who don't
+need it, otherwise all of the
+
+drugs would be sure to
+kill a lot of people.
+
+So most evaluation of social
+policy is trying to estimate
+
+the effect of policies by
+doing these kind of
+
+comparisons, this point
+to this point.
+
+And that creates this
+bias situation.
+
+And in fact, you can try and
+make more progress on this
+
+question by creating experiments
+where you fix the
+
+region, or you fix the
+environment, and you randomly
+
+assign the prices.
+
+The randomization ensures
+that there is nothing
+
+systematically different between
+the people who got the
+
+free bed net and people
+who didn't get it.
+
+In other words, there is no--
+
+if we go back to this graph, for
+example, the places that
+
+got the free bed net and the
+places that had to pay for the
+
+bed net, if they had gotten it
+for free, they would be at the
+
+same level.
+
+And if they had pay
+for it, they would
+
+be at the same level.
+
+There is now no difference
+between the region who paid
+
+for the net and the region who
+didn't pay for the net.
+
+One point before going into the
+results of what Cohen, and
+
+then Pascaline Dupas found for
+the bed net is that of course,
+
+this is not true if it's just
+one village and another
+
+village, like Steve suggested.
+
+Why is it, if we took only one
+village, and in one case we
+
+make free, one case we make not
+free-- we can flip a coin,
+
+and then we compare--
+
+why is that problematic?
+
+Two villages--
+
+why is two villages
+not enough?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you can't make
+sure that everything is
+
+the same [INAUDIBLE]
+
+like one village might
+have more [INAUDIBLE]
+
+actually care about each other,
+or one village might
+
+end up having a really rainy
+season, so all the mosquitoes
+
+happen to swamp around it.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Exactly.
+
+Two villages, even if there
+is nothing systematically
+
+different, because you've thrown
+a coin, so you didn't
+
+choose one village rather
+than the other for their
+
+characteristic to give the bed
+net for free or to ask people
+
+to pay for them.
+
+Even in that case, there are
+things that are different
+
+across villages that you
+can't fully control.
+
+So you need the samples to be
+large enough such that all the
+
+other differences between people
+or between regions
+
+average out, so that even though
+you do not observe what
+
+the demand for bed net would
+have been in the free region
+
+when actually you ask people to
+pay for it, you would not
+
+observe that.
+
+But you can be confident that
+what the demand you observe in
+
+the other region where it was
+free gives you the right
+
+counter-factual.
+
+And for that, the sample needs
+to be large enough so that all
+
+the noise and the idiosyncrasies
+get swamped.
+
+So let's look at two sets
+of experiments.
+
+Both were Pascaline Dupas, who
+is a professor at UCLA, was is
+
+involved in both of them.
+
+The first one was conducted
+with Jessica Cohen.
+
+In and around this
+place, which is
+
+called Busia in Kenya.
+
+This hotel, you can see that the
+beginning of the hotel is
+
+called "Blue York," where
+I spent a lot of time.
+
+And so what did they do?
+
+They randomly chose clinics,
+prenatal clinics, they gave
+
+them nets to give to people who
+come for their prenatal
+
+exam, either at zero or
+20 shilling or 30
+
+shilling or 40 shilling.
+
+So the unit of randomization
+is the clinic.
+
+And then they compare how many
+bed nets they sold, and
+
+whether the bed net got used,
+and therefore the effective
+
+coverage in those clinics.
+
+And this is what they find.
+
+So the little vertical
+line here is
+
+the confidence interval.
+
+So it's taking into account
+all the noise that
+
+exists in the data.
+
+And so what is the conclusion
+from this graph, at free, 10
+
+shilling, 20 shilling,
+40 shilling?
+
+This is the number of nets
+sold per week, I think.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does that indicate if
+the customers actually use
+
+the bed net?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: No.
+
+So far, this is the first look
+at, which is just how many bed
+
+nets were given out.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the demand curves downward.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: The demand curves
+downward, and it's
+
+quite steep, right?
+
+Basically, at 40 shilling,
+which is still heavily
+
+subsidized, because the full
+price of a bed net is more
+
+like 80 shilling, you distribute
+only about 10 bed
+
+nets per week, versus 40
+per week, when you
+
+give them for free.
+
+So it goes down quite steeply.
+
+And I remember, because they
+were randomly selected, we
+
+know that it is due to the
+price, and not due to
+
+differences across
+those regions.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+That's funny, because the error
+bars are pretty big.
+
+Like, if you if you looked at
+the lower error, versus the
+
+higher error, it's
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So you take this
+one compared to this one.
+
+That's the confidence
+interval.
+
+So we are 95% confident that
+the truth is somewhere in
+
+between there.
+
+That the 95 confidence interval,
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Right?
+
+So you can know that this
+is systematically
+
+different from this.
+
+You're right that this
+and this, the
+
+confidence interval overlaps.
+
+And in fact, the numbers
+are quite similar.
+
+This is why I don't answer
+someone who was asking why
+
+didn't I draw the elasticity
+that way I'd drawn it that
+
+way, because I already knew the
+answer to the question.
+
+I was ahead of the
+game, slightly.
+
+So zero to 10 is not such
+a big difference.
+
+Maybe 10 is not that
+expensive.
+
+But 40 is definitely different
+from free.
+
+You're right.
+
+Certainly we would like those
+bars to be smaller.
+
+If we had more observations,
+they would be.
+
+They would be even
+more precise.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Were the clinics far
+apart from each other?
+
+It could be, say, I'd go to the
+clinic where I'd have to
+
+pay 20 shillings [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Right.
+
+That's a very good point.
+
+The people shift from one
+clinic to the other.
+
+So they couldn't really do that,
+because the clinics were
+
+quite far away.
+
+On the other hand, what they did
+find is a lot more people
+
+coming to the clinic, presumably
+to get the bed net,
+
+which is a good thing, because
+it cost subsidizes other
+
+services that you get
+in the clinic, in
+
+particular a test for HIV.
+
+And if the mother is HIV
+positive, then you can give
+
+them Nevirapine just before the
+delivery to prevent the
+
+transmission to the
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So that's another story, which
+is a reason why you might want
+
+to distribute bed nets
+if people like them.
+
+Now, this was your question,
+which is, but are people are
+
+using them?
+
+And so far, the usage, you can
+ask people what they tell you.
+
+But they could lie.
+
+Or you can try and go to their
+home and see whether you see
+
+the bed net.
+
+And here, what's
+the conclusion?
+
+So this is conditional, having
+gotten a bed net.
+
+So what they did that they
+took the register.
+
+They saw who got a bed net, and
+they went to their home
+
+and said, what are you doing
+with the bed net?
+
+Is it a fishing net or are you
+using it for a bed net?
+
+And what do they find?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the y-axis?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So it's percentage
+divided by 10.
+
+So it's 0%, 20%, 40%,
+60%, 80%, 100%.
+
+Ben?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm a little confused
+about the why.
+
+So 10 is interesting to me, like
+why 50% of the people who
+
+purchase the bed nets actually
+use the bed nets.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: So a bit more,
+it's more like 60%.
+
+AUDIENCE: For 10?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Yeah,
+for 10 shilling.
+
+It's about 60%.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you help
+me understand
+
+why that trend happens?
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: Oh, why
+is it going down?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: It's not--
+
+I mean, going back to the
+question earlier, it's not
+
+significantly different.
+
+So it's kind of all similar.
+
+So overall, about the trend,
+what do you have to say?
+
+This is pretty similar.
+
+It seems pretty flat.
+
+So there is no very big evidence
+that how much of paid
+
+for a bed net influenced whether
+or not you're going to
+
+use it or not.
+
+And it's not 100%.
+
+It's more like towards 60%
+to 70%, so not everybody
+
+uses the bed net.
+
+But how much they pay for it
+doesn't affect whether or not
+
+they use it or not.
+
+Interestingly, when they went
+back six months to a year
+
+later, more people are
+likely to use them.
+
+So some people just took them
+because they were free, maybe,
+
+or they were not very expensive,
+and decided to
+
+store them for future
+usage, which is also
+
+something you can do.
+
+So people do not seem to not use
+the bed net because they
+
+got them for free.
+
+And the result is that if you
+look at the effective
+
+coverage, the effective coverage
+is very strongly
+
+declining with price.
+
+So the conclusion from their
+study is that you should give
+
+the bed nets for free, because
+you get many more bed nets
+
+out, you're much more
+likely to go--
+
+if you get them for free,
+you're going to
+
+be above 60% coverage.
+
+And once you go above 60%
+coverage, you're more likely
+
+to buy them.
+
+But before you go, I want
+to give you the
+
+epilogue, which is--
+
+so this is the reading I asked
+you to see, which is people--
+
+so this got posted on Daniel
+Roderick's blog, under the
+
+title "Jeff Sachs Vindicated,"
+which is to say, oh, yeah, we
+
+should give bed nets for free.
+
+This experiment showed that.
+
+And then people complained,
+and said, this is only
+
+pregnant women, and pregnant
+women all need the bed net, so
+
+they are going to use
+it at any price.
+
+The sunk cost effect won't be
+there for pregnant women.
+
+And secondly, it's Kenya, where
+bed nets are still quite
+
+well-known.
+
+So what are people objecting?
+
+People are objecting to saying,
+the experiment gives
+
+you a lot of internal
+validity.
+
+We know now that in the specific
+context of clinics in
+
+western Kenya with pregnant
+mothers, there is no effect of
+
+the price you pay on
+whether you use.
+
+But maybe this doesn't apply
+to Uganda, Maybe it doesn't
+
+affect non-pregnant women,
+et cetera, et cetera.
+
+So this is a question of
+external validity.
+
+So what's the solution?
+
+When these kind of questions
+are raised, what's the
+
+solution to make progress?
+
+You've can't ignore
+these questions.
+
+They are very good questions.
+
+What's the solution
+to make progress?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Try it
+in other areas.
+
+ESTHER DUFLO: You want to
+try it in other areas.
+
+So in fact, in bed nets,
+this got done.
+
+So this got tried first in
+different countries, so in
+
+Uganda, in Madagascar.
+
+And secondly, it got tried in
+Kenya, but as I was going to
+
+say, real people, not pregnant
+women, but people from the
+
+market, men and women.
+
+And here, vouchers got given
+at various prices to
+
+individuals for them to pick
+them up in the shop.
+
+So now this is an environment
+where have you would have
+
+expected to be more likely to
+find a sunk cost effect.
+
+Moreover, the experiment was
+also done to look at these
+
+longer-term consequences.
+
+So after six months, they went
+back again to the same people,
+
+and tried to sell them a bed net
+for 100 shillings, so not
+
+the lowest price, and not
+the highest price.
+
+And so the question is, the
+people who got the first bed
+
+net for free, are they more
+likely to buy the second one
+
+for 100 shilling, or are they
+less likely to buy the second
+
+one for 100 shilling?
+
+So I'll run you to the
+result quickly.
+
+So they find the same effect of
+price on purchase, that the
+
+more you pay, the less you
+get, quite steeply.
+
+They find the same lack
+of effect of price
+
+on whether you use.
+
+And so this is not pregnant
+woman anymore.
+
+So this kind of generalizes
+a bit the result.
+
+And this is the effect on
+future approaches, the
+
+confidence bar, a
+little bit high.
+
+But if anything, what you find
+is that people are more likely
+
+to buy a second bed net when
+they got it for free or almost
+
+free than when they
+were offered the
+
+option to pay for one.
+
+And this is despite the fact
+that at that time, they
+
+already had a bed net.
+
+So presumably, their need for
+a second bed net is less so.
+
+So it seems that the learning
+effect dominates the
+
+entitlement effect.
+
+So if we go back to the
+wrecking market story,
+
+sustainability question you
+could say, well actually,
+
+giving a sweep of bed nets for
+free might be a good way to
+
+create a market.
+
+Because you create a demand
+among people who start
+
+learning and say, actually,
+it's kind of nice,
+
+that bed nets idea.
+
+The last way in which you create
+a demand is by creating
+
+this first user of a bed net.
+
+So this is the last card that
+I'm going to show you.
+
+This is the purchase of a bed
+net if you have to pay for it
+
+if none of your neighbors
+got it for free.
+
+And this is a purchase of a bed
+net, if you had to pay for
+
+it, if all of your neighbors
+got it for free.
+
+And that is randomly assigned,
+because depending on who your
+
+neighbors are, where they are
+located, what kind of voucher
+
+they get, this is just random
+whether they get this one.
+
+And what you see is that if your
+neighbor got bed nets for
+
+free, you're more likely
+to get one.
+
+So there is actually a positive
+social effect.
+
+So the reason why I wanted
+detail into this experiment is
+
+that that's an experiment that
+shows us how we can use
+
+experiments not only to evaluate
+the impact of a
+
+policy, but the answer those
+questions that help us
+
+understand how people decide
+whether the entitlement effect
+
+is bigger or smaller than the
+learning effect, whether the
+
+sunk cost fallacy exists,
+whether how the big the price
+
+elasticities are, et cetera.
+
+And we need to design
+the experiment to
+
+answer all those questions.
+
+And then we can start informing
+the policy debate.
+
+Sorry for running over.
\ No newline at end of file
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+videos of crushing things with the
+explicit purpose of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit purpose of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit purpose of understanding
+material properties so that we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties so that we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties so that we can talk
+a little bit about radiation damage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about radiation damage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about radiation damage in
+nuclear materials since I got more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials since I got more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials since I got more than
+a few requests to say what's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few requests to say what's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few requests to say what's all this
+nuclear materials it's like the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials it's like the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials it's like the biggest
+research field in the department and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research field in the department and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research field in the department and yet
+it's not talked about in 2201 well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not talked about in 2201 well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not talked about in 2201 well now
+it is so we talked before about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so we talked before about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so we talked before about all the
+different stages in radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages in radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages in radiation damage
+from creation of single defects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from creation of single defects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from creation of single defects to
+they're clustering into things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clustering into things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clustering into things like
+voids or loops and super structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids or loops and super structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids or loops and super structures that
+have end up having macroscopic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have end up having macroscopic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have end up having macroscopic effects
+on material properties and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on material properties and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on material properties and all of them
+is due to the production of crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the production of crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the production of crystalline
+defects due to irradiation and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects due to irradiation and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects due to irradiation and to
+refresh your memory quickly I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh your memory quickly I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh your memory quickly I'm going to
+jump ahead to the stress-strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump ahead to the stress-strain curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump ahead to the stress-strain curve
+that we were looking at before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking at before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking at before we
+started watching videos of crushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started watching videos of crushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started watching videos of crushing
+things to remind you about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to remind you about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to remind you about the different
+material properties and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties and what they
+actually mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean
+so anyone remember what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyone remember what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyone remember what we mean by
+toughness in relation to this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughness in relation to this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughness in relation to this curve
+that's right like the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right like the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right like the amount of energy
+it would take to actually cause this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take to actually cause this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take to actually cause this
+material to fail that's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to fail that's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to fail that's a measure of
+toughness how about strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember this curve is stress which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this curve is stress which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this curve is stress which
+is a force per unit area versus strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a force per unit area versus strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a force per unit area versus strain
+which is an amount of elongation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an amount of elongation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an amount of elongation the
+strength of the material is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material is how much
+stress you can put in until it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you can put in until it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you can put in until it starts to
+either plastically deform or it hits its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plastically deform or it hits its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plastically deform or it hits its
+UTS ultimate tensile strength where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTS ultimate tensile strength where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTS ultimate tensile strength where it
+will just fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just fail
+how about ductility what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about ductility what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about ductility what do we mean by
+that either intuitively or on the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either intuitively or on the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either intuitively or on the curve
+yeah exactly how much you can stretch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly how much you can stretch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly how much you can stretch it
+before it fails indicated by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it fails indicated by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it fails indicated by this point
+right here the strain to failure would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the strain to failure would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the strain to failure would
+be a good measure of ductility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good measure of ductility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good measure of ductility and
+finally stiffness what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stiffness is more of a response function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness is more of a response function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness is more of a response function
+so it's how much does it deform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how much does it deform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how much does it deform in
+relation to how much stress you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to how much stress you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to how much stress you put into
+it so it's the slope of this part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's the slope of this part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's the slope of this part right
+here so that's why I want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's why I want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's why I want you guys to
+know that we mean actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we mean actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we mean actually different
+physical things by these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical things by these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical things by these properties
+which will be important to note when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be important to note when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be important to note when we
+start to discuss what radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to discuss what radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to discuss what radiation damage
+actually does so the basic mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does so the basic mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does so the basic mechanism of
+radiation damage is like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is like you might
+imagine let's say this green particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's say this green particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's say this green particle is
+a neutron or a heavy ion or a proton or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutron or a heavy ion or a proton or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutron or a heavy ion or a proton or
+an electron or anything anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron or anything anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron or anything anything that's
+energetic enough to cause atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic enough to cause atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic enough to cause atomic
+displacement so as that neutron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so as that neutron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so as that neutron or
+whatever enters it will strike some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever enters it will strike some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever enters it will strike some of
+the atoms in this perfect crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms in this perfect crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms in this perfect crystal
+creating what's called a primary knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating what's called a primary knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating what's called a primary knock
+on atom or PKA for short and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on atom or PKA for short and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on atom or PKA for short and then that
+Neutron and the released PKA will go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and the released PKA will go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and the released PKA will go on
+to hit more and more atoms resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit more and more atoms resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit more and more atoms resulting in
+what we call a damaged cascade leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a damaged cascade leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a damaged cascade leaving
+behind a lot of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a lot of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a lot of different types of
+defects we talked about these last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects we talked about these last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects we talked about these last time
+but I'll just refresh your memory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just refresh your memory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just refresh your memory a
+vacancy is a type of defect that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy is a type of defect that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy is a type of defect that well
+it's not really a thing right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a thing right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a thing right it's just
+the absence of where an atom would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of where an atom would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of where an atom would have
+been but we refer to them as defects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been but we refer to them as defects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been but we refer to them as defects of
+their own that can diffuse and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own that can diffuse and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own that can diffuse and move
+because let's say another atom moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say another atom moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say another atom moved
+into the position of this vacancy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the position of this vacancy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the position of this vacancy then
+we can say the vacancy kind of moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say the vacancy kind of moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say the vacancy kind of moved to
+that atomic position there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atomic position there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atomic position there's also
+interstitials or atoms where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials or atoms where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials or atoms where they
+shouldn't quite be and this leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't quite be and this leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't quite be and this leaves
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+a whole bunch of damage that we quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of damage that we quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of damage that we quantify
+using a measure called DPA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a measure called DPA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a measure called DPA or
+displacements per atom it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements per atom it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements per atom it's a simple
+measure of how many times has every atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how many times has every atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how many times has every atom
+left it's a lot of site that's it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's a lot of site that's it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it's a lot of site that's it though
+it's not actually a unit of damage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually a unit of damage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually a unit of damage and
+I'll be giving a talk at Mrs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be giving a talk at Mrs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be giving a talk at Mrs the
+Materials Research conference tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials Research conference tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials Research conference tomorrow
+railing against this DPA unit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railing against this DPA unit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railing against this DPA unit because
+I'm going to explain this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain this a little bit
+right now what is a DPA a DPA measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what is a DPA a DPA measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what is a DPA a DPA measures
+the number of times that each atom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times that each atom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of times that each atom has
+moved out of its original site but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved out of its original site but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved out of its original site but it
+has nothing to do with how many times it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with how many times it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with how many times it
+stays out of its original site because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays out of its original site because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays out of its original site because a
+lot of those atoms will get knocked away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those atoms will get knocked away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those atoms will get knocked away
+and then just move right back but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just move right back but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just move right back but the
+DPA part only measures what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA part only measures what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA part only measures what we call the
+ballistic stage of radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see if this works just realize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this works just realize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this works just realize I
+can jump back to a slide without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump back to a slide without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump back to a slide without
+inducing epilepsy anything yeah so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing epilepsy anything yeah so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing epilepsy anything yeah so what
+DPA actually measures is how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA actually measures is how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA actually measures is how many times
+does this process happen how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this process happen how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this process happen how many times
+are the atoms get knocked around but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the atoms get knocked around but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the atoms get knocked around but it
+says nothing about where they end up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says nothing about where they end up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says nothing about where they end up and
+that's the really interesting part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really interesting part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really interesting part about
+specifically radiation material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically radiation material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically radiation material science
+because let's say one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say one of these
+interstitials were then to combine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials were then to combine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials were then to combine with
+one of these vacancies it's like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these vacancies it's like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these vacancies it's like they
+were never there even though they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were never there even though they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were never there even though they were
+displaced and would be counted as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and would be counted as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced and would be counted as part
+of the DPA or the radiation damage dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DPA or the radiation damage dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DPA or the radiation damage dose
+the net effect on the crystal material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net effect on the crystal material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net effect on the crystal material
+is nothing so let's say what really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing so let's say what really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing so let's say what really the
+DPA is it's a simple formula that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA is it's a simple formula that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA is it's a simple formula that I
+think you guys may recognize this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys may recognize this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys may recognize this look
+familiar from all of neutronics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar from all of neutronics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar from all of neutronics that
+we've been doing it's yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it's yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it's yet another
+reaction rate it's an energy dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate it's an energy dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate it's an energy dependent
+flux times another type of cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux times another type of cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux times another type of cross section
+that we call the damage displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the damage displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the damage displacement
+cross section or Sigma D and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section or Sigma D and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section or Sigma D and it's
+integrated over your entire energy range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over your entire energy range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over your entire energy range
+and that's all there is to it so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all there is to it so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all there is to it so with
+what you know in 2201 you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in 2201 you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know in 2201 you can understand
+the basic unit of radiation damaged as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic unit of radiation damaged as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic unit of radiation damaged as
+you might imagine we've had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine we've had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine we've had four
+lectures on neutronics so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on neutronics so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on neutronics so if you can
+understand all there is to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all there is to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all there is to know about
+DPA after for sophomore lectures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA after for sophomore lectures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA after for sophomore lectures it's
+probably a pretty simple unit you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty simple unit you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a pretty simple unit you're
+right it is what goes into this damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is what goes into this damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is what goes into this damage
+displacement cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement cross
+it's also something that might look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that might look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also something that might look a
+little familiar is a cross-section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar is a cross-section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little familiar is a cross-section that
+says what's the probability of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's the probability of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's the probability of some
+particle coming in with energy E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in with energy E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in with energy E and
+imparting kinetic energy T to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparting kinetic energy T to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparting kinetic energy T to another
+struck atom that comes right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck atom that comes right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck atom that comes right from
+remember our treatment I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our treatment I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our treatment I think I've
+drawn this probably 50 times now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this probably 50 times now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn this probably 50 times now our
+hollow cylinder treatment of a charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder treatment of a charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder treatment of a charged
+particle with charge little ze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with charge little ze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with charge little ze
+interacting with a particle of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a particle of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a particle of big
+charged Biggs ze at some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Biggs ze at some impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged Biggs ze at some impact
+parameter B that we wanted to know will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter B that we wanted to know will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter B that we wanted to know will
+for all possible approach paths the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible approach paths the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all possible approach paths the area
+of this hollow circle or the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hollow circle or the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hollow circle or the probability
+that this particular approach path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular approach path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular approach path is
+taken is just the area here 2 pi B DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is just the area here 2 pi B DB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken is just the area here 2 pi B DB
+with some constants in front of it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some constants in front of it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some constants in front of it which
+actually is that cross-section what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is that cross-section what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is that cross-section what's
+the probability that our particle goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that our particle goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that our particle goes
+in with energy E and imparts kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with energy E and imparts kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with energy E and imparts kinetic
+energy T it's directly related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy T it's directly related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy T it's directly related to that
+impact parameter B and this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact parameter B and this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact parameter B and this is the same
+thing that you're seeing right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're seeing right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're seeing right here you
+then multiply by this little function nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by this little function nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by this little function nu
+of T which represents the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which represents the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which represents the amount of
+damage or the number of displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage or the number of displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage or the number of displacements
+done for each one of these reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for each one of these reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for each one of these reactions and
+there are simple models there are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are simple models there are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are simple models there are mostly
+linear models for if a particle comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models for if a particle comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models for if a particle comes in
+with energy e leaves with energy T how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy e leaves with energy T how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy e leaves with energy T how
+many displacements happen it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many displacements happen it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many displacements happen it's a pretty
+simple linear piecewise model and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear piecewise model and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear piecewise model and that
+fairly well approximates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well approximates the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well approximates the number of
+displacements that happen but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that happen but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements that happen but I want to
+get the idea of DPA versus damage there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea of DPA versus damage there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea of DPA versus damage there
+are two very different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two very different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two very different things and
+they're often equated much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often equated much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often equated much like the
+material properties of strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties of strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties of strength
+ductility hardness and toughness are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductility hardness and toughness are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductility hardness and toughness are
+equated in colloquial speeds but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated in colloquial speeds but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated in colloquial speeds but that's
+absolutely wrong so our the idea so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wrong so our the idea so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wrong so our the idea so is
+the idea of DPA and radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of DPA and radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of DPA and radiation damage
+because DPA again just measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DPA again just measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DPA again just measures the
+number of times that an atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that an atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that an atom is
+displaced damage is some measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced damage is some measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced damage is some measure of the
+number of messed up atoms at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of messed up atoms at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of messed up atoms at the end of
+the game and they operate on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and they operate on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and they operate on very
+different timescales it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different timescales it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different timescales it takes
+femtoseconds to picoseconds for a damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds to picoseconds for a damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds to picoseconds for a damage
+cascade to happen so the DPA is all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade to happen so the DPA is all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade to happen so the DPA is all over
+in less than a picosecond but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than a picosecond but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in less than a picosecond but it can
+take years for those all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take years for those all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take years for those all these different
+defects to diffuse to cluster up and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects to diffuse to cluster up and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects to diffuse to cluster up and to
+form these super structures and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these super structures and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these super structures and actually
+end up causing the damage that can lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up causing the damage that can lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up causing the damage that can lead
+to material properties and degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to material properties and degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to material properties and degradation
+so what sort of factors would affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what sort of factors would affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what sort of factors would affect the
+speed at which these different defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which these different defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which these different defects
+end up finding each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up finding each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up finding each other
+what could you vary about a material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you vary about a material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you vary about a material or
+its environment to change the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its environment to change the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its environment to change the speed of
+these atomic diffusion jumps indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atomic diffusion jumps indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atomic diffusion jumps indeed
+temperature you're reading off my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're reading off my list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're reading off my list
+right all the whole list jumped up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the whole list jumped up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the whole list jumped up okay
+you got the first one who are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the first one who are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the first one who are you gonna
+say okay yeah absolutely temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay yeah absolutely temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay yeah absolutely temperature
+determines diffusivities it also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines diffusivities it also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines diffusivities it also can
+change phases or Crystal Oriental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change phases or Crystal Oriental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change phases or Crystal Oriental
+Arrangements like for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements like for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements like for the case of
+anything iron based the dose rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything iron based the dose rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything iron based the dose rate the
+rate at which those neutrons come in can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which those neutrons come in can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which those neutrons come in can
+change the rate at which the defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate at which the defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate at which the defects
+cluster up chemistry like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster up chemistry like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster up chemistry like if you have
+solute atoms which I've drawn here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute atoms which I've drawn here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute atoms which I've drawn here you
+may have let's say chromium atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have let's say chromium atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have let's say chromium atoms and
+iron and the chromium atoms are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and the chromium atoms are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and the chromium atoms are a little
+bit bigger defects may be attracted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger defects may be attracted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger defects may be attracted to
+or repelled to those extra solute atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or repelled to those extra solute atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or repelled to those extra solute atoms
+changing the way that they interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way that they interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the way that they interact with
+each other and then microstructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then microstructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and then microstructure
+things that are bigger than on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are bigger than on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are bigger than on the order
+of atoms grain boundaries dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms grain boundaries dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms grain boundaries dislocations
+all of those defects that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those defects that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those defects that we talked
+about last time and just to refresh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time and just to refresh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time and just to refresh your
+memory of what those are we had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of what those are we had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of what those are we had been
+talking about one two zero dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one two zero dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about one two zero dimensional
+defects like vacancies we spent a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects like vacancies we spent a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects like vacancies we spent a while
+on dislocations these one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dislocations these one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dislocations these one-dimensional
+defects that other defects can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that other defects can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that other defects can be
+attracted to we saw an example of a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to we saw an example of a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to we saw an example of a two
+dimensional defect known as a grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional defect known as a grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional defect known as a grain
+boundary where you can see this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary where you can see this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary where you can see this line
+between different arrangements of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different arrangements of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different arrangements of atoms
+and there can be three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there can be three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there can be three-dimensional
+defects like inclusions of some separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects like inclusions of some separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects like inclusions of some separate
+face sitting in the material like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face sitting in the material like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face sitting in the material like the
+manganese sulphide we found in the al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese sulphide we found in the al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese sulphide we found in the al
+Couture fusion reactors power rotor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Couture fusion reactors power rotor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Couture fusion reactors power rotor and
+all of the presence and density of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the presence and density of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the presence and density of all
+those different defects can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different defects can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different defects can be quite
+strongly influenced let me start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly influenced let me start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly influenced let me start that
+sentence over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence over
+the movement and clustering of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement and clustering of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement and clustering of those
+defects can be quite strongly influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects can be quite strongly influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects can be quite strongly influenced
+by the presence of all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the presence of all those other
+defects so again the DPA actually tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so again the DPA actually tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so again the DPA actually tells
+us this part of radiation damage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this part of radiation damage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this part of radiation damage and
+that's what we tend to simulate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we tend to simulate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we tend to simulate with
+these ballistic binary collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ballistic binary collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ballistic binary collision
+approximation simulations where we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation simulations where we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation simulations where we just
+say like billiard balls how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like billiard balls how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like billiard balls how many atoms
+knock into each other what it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock into each other what it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock into each other what it doesn't
+tell us is everything else and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is everything else and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us is everything else and it's the
+stuff that happens here that can tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that happens here that can tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that happens here that can tell us
+will our materials fail in nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our materials fail in nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our materials fail in nuclear
+reactors and there's evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and there's evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and there's evidence for this
+I'm not just ranting against it and no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not just ranting against it and no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not just ranting against it and no I
+am but I'm doing so with evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am but I'm doing so with evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am but I'm doing so with evidence
+so it's justified so here's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's justified so here's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's justified so here's a nice
+experiment I like to show in every talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I like to show in every talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I like to show in every talk
+for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case
+these folks took pure nickel and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks took pure nickel and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks took pure nickel and put it
+in the same reactor at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same reactor at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same reactor at the same
+temperature at the same and got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the same and got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the same and got the same
+amount of swelling all the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of swelling all the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of swelling all the conditions
+were the same same temperature same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same same temperature same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same same temperature same
+material same microstructure same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material same microstructure same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material same microstructure same
+reactor save Neutron energies just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor save Neutron energies just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor save Neutron energies just a
+different dose rate a 30 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dose rate a 30 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dose rate a 30 percent
+difference in the rate at which neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the rate at which neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the rate at which neutrons
+arrived at the nickel and they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the nickel and they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at the nickel and they get the
+same result in void swelling what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result in void swelling what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result in void swelling what are
+those bad things that happens at two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bad things that happens at two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bad things that happens at two and
+a half times the DPA which tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half times the DPA which tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half times the DPA which tells us that
+there's a very strong dose rate effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very strong dose rate effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very strong dose rate effect
+for material damage so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for material damage so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for material damage so if you want to
+answer the question well how much dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question well how much dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question well how much dose
+does it take to reach three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to reach three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to reach three percent
+swelling and nickel you can't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling and nickel you can't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swelling and nickel you can't answer
+that question you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question you don't have enough
+information even if you say how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if you say how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if you say how much
+dose does it take with one IV at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose does it take with one IV at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose does it take with one IV at one of
+me V neutrons at 600 Celsius in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me V neutrons at 600 Celsius in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me V neutrons at 600 Celsius in this one
+reactor you can't answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you can't answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you can't answer that question
+kind of tricky and a lot of the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tricky and a lot of the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tricky and a lot of the rest of
+nuclear materials data look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials data look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials data look something
+like this now I don't want you to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now I don't want you to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now I don't want you to worry
+about what the AXI say they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the AXI say they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the AXI say they're not
+readable because they're not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable because they're not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable because they're not important
+what I do want you to note is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do want you to note is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do want you to note is what's the
+quality of this data set you see would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of this data set you see would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of this data set you see would
+you be bold enough to draw a trend line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be bold enough to draw a trend line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be bold enough to draw a trend line
+through a single data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a single data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a single data point
+no what about three where it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what about three where it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what about three where it doesn't
+actually match up with one of them or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually match up with one of them or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually match up with one of them or is
+there any reason why do you think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any reason why do you think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any reason why do you think they
+made this parabolic instead of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this parabolic instead of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this parabolic instead of a linear
+line I can draw a line that would fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I can draw a line that would fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I can draw a line that would fit
+between the error bars of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the error bars of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the error bars of these two
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+so the trick is doing these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick is doing these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick is doing these experiments
+is extremely difficult and expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely difficult and expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely difficult and expensive so
+just throwing something near the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing something near the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing something near the MIT
+reactor for a month because we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor for a month because we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor for a month because we did this
+we took a few hundred milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took a few hundred milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took a few hundred milligrams of
+copper aluminum in Dickel threw it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper aluminum in Dickel threw it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper aluminum in Dickel threw it in a
+near core position of the MIT reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near core position of the MIT reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near core position of the MIT reactor
+and that cost forty thousand dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost forty thousand dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost forty thousand dollars and
+that did about point zero zero to DPA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did about point zero zero to DPA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did about point zero zero to DPA or
+about the dose that you'd receive in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dose that you'd receive in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dose that you'd receive in a
+normal power reactor in one day if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal power reactor in one day if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal power reactor in one day if you
+want to actually say how long will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually say how long will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually say how long will it
+take to get materials to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get materials to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get materials to the end of
+their useful life this tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their useful life this tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their useful life this tends to be
+anywhere from ten DPA in light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from ten DPA in light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from ten DPA in light water
+reactors to hundreds of DPA in proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors to hundreds of DPA in proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors to hundreds of DPA in proposed
+fast reactors to 500 DPA for Terra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors to 500 DPA for Terra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors to 500 DPA for Terra
+powers traveling wave reactor now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers traveling wave reactor now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers traveling wave reactor now I
+don't particularly have let's see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly have let's see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particularly have let's see what's
+five hundred divided by 0.001 and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred divided by 0.001 and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred divided by 0.001 and years
+to wait for the final answer the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for the final answer the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait for the final answer the best we
+can do right now is to stick them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do right now is to stick them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do right now is to stick them in a
+reactor called bore sixty in Russia I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor called bore sixty in Russia I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor called bore sixty in Russia I've
+actually been there it's in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been there it's in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been there it's in the very
+western edge of Siberia I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western edge of Siberia I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western edge of Siberia I don't know if
+you could call it that in a city called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call it that in a city called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could call it that in a city called
+Dimitrovgrad they have a sodium cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitrovgrad they have a sodium cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitrovgrad they have a sodium cooled
+fast reactor though for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor though for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor though for those of you who
+are wondering when are advanced reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wondering when are advanced reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wondering when are advanced reactors
+going to be built they are built it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be built they are built it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be built they are built it's
+not in this country not very much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this country not very much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this country not very much but
+Russia has got a fleet of sodium cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia has got a fleet of sodium cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia has got a fleet of sodium cooled
+fast reactors that can get you 25 DPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors that can get you 25 DPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors that can get you 25 DPA
+per year and if your reactor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and if your reactor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year and if your reactor is going to
+go to 500 DPA you have to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 500 DPA you have to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 500 DPA you have to know whether
+or not your materials will survive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not your materials will survive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not your materials will survive you
+have to wait 20 years for the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 20 years for the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 20 years for the answer
+so what investor is gonna be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what investor is gonna be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what investor is gonna be like
+alright here's 10 billion dollars but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright here's 10 billion dollars but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright here's 10 billion dollars but I
+can wait 20 years for a return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait 20 years for a return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait 20 years for a return on
+investment no I can wait 20 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment no I can wait 20 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment no I can wait 20 years to
+start building the reactor which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building the reactor which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building the reactor which means
+40 years for a return on investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years for a return on investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years for a return on investment
+chances are if someone's got 10 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are if someone's got 10 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are if someone's got 10 billion
+to give they're gonna be dead by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give they're gonna be dead by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give they're gonna be dead by the
+time they get a return so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they get a return so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they get a return so this is a
+no-win proposition so what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-win proposition so what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-win proposition so what we really
+need to know is what is the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is what is the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is what is the full
+population of every single type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of every single type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of every single type of
+defect in an irradiated material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in an irradiated material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in an irradiated material that's
+what I mean by damage did I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by damage did I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by damage did I show you
+guys this movie yet the orange one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this movie yet the orange one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this movie yet the orange one we've
+talked about vacancies in an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about vacancies in an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about vacancies in an abstract
+sense but this is a movie of one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but this is a movie of one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but this is a movie of one of them
+actually moving about on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving about on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving about on the surface of
+germanium so this is a scanning scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium so this is a scanning scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium so this is a scanning scanning
+tunneling microscope image I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling microscope image I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling microscope image I think
+that's what it stands for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it stands for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it stands for and
+these are atoms on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are atoms on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are atoms on the surface of
+germanium and that right there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium and that right there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium and that right there that
+darker orange thing moving about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker orange thing moving about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker orange thing moving about is
+vacancy diffusion it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffusion it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffusion it's actually
+happening you can see it in real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty much yeah yes I think this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much yeah yes I think this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much yeah yes I think this was
+yeah 30 frames a second or so oh then II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 30 frames a second or so oh then II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 30 frames a second or so oh then II
+way I don't remember exactly but I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I don't remember exactly but I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I don't remember exactly but I'd say
+that's why I always reference everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I always reference everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I always reference everything
+in the presentations encourage you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presentations encourage you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presentations encourage you guys
+to look it up and then the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up and then the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up and then the only reason
+these slides aren't off yet is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides aren't off yet is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides aren't off yet is because
+they're 300 megabytes and I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 300 megabytes and I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 300 megabytes and I didn't have
+the bandwidth to upload that from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth to upload that from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth to upload that from my
+house so now that I'm on campus I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so now that I'm on campus I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so now that I'm on campus I can
+get the 300 Meg presentation up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 300 Meg presentation up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 300 Meg presentation up there
+because it's full of movies what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's full of movies what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's full of movies what sort of
+things could happen to these defects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could happen to these defects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could happen to these defects so
+radiation produces all these crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation produces all these crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation produces all these crazy
+defects then the DPA description is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects then the DPA description is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects then the DPA description is over
+what could happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry Jared and then yeah material could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Jared and then yeah material could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Jared and then yeah material could
+crack that would be the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack that would be the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack that would be the worst case
+scenario but that is indeed what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but that is indeed what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but that is indeed what happens
+in the end and I'll show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end and I'll show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end and I'll show you some
+pictures of that actually happened yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so they could recombine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so they could recombine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so they could recombine with
+different types of defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of defects and
+annihilate each other like if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate each other like if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate each other like if you have a
+vacancy and an interstitial nearby the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and an interstitial nearby the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy and an interstitial nearby the
+interstitial can plug the hole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial can plug the hole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial can plug the hole of the
+vacancy in you're left with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy in you're left with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy in you're left with another
+perfect crystal but now what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal but now what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal but now what happens if
+two vacancies find each other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vacancies find each other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vacancies find each other then
+you've got the makings of avoid or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the makings of avoid or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the makings of avoid or we
+then call it a small vacancy cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then call it a small vacancy cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then call it a small vacancy cluster of
+two vacancies but it's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vacancies but it's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vacancies but it's actually more
+stable for these vacancies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for these vacancies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for these vacancies or
+interstitials to find each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials to find each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials to find each other and
+make these larger defects than it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these larger defects than it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these larger defects than it is for
+them to sit alone in the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to sit alone in the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to sit alone in the crystal
+structure so there is a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there is a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there is a thermodynamic
+driving force bringing them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force bringing them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force bringing them together and
+then as those defects build up then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as those defects build up then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as those defects build up then what
+Jared said could happen you could crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jared said could happen you could crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jared said could happen you could crack
+the material because it could get weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material because it could get weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material because it could get weaker
+less ductile less tough weaker is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ductile less tough weaker is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ductile less tough weaker is the
+opposite of strong and what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of strong and what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of strong and what's the other
+one toughness oh and harder actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one toughness oh and harder actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one toughness oh and harder actually so
+the origins of void swelling I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of void swelling I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origins of void swelling I'll start
+with the humble vacancy a void is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the humble vacancy a void is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the humble vacancy a void is
+nothing but a bunch of vacancies or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but a bunch of vacancies or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but a bunch of vacancies or a
+pocket of vacuum or gas and a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum or gas and a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum or gas and a material
+and it all has to start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all has to start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all has to start with these
+entities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities the
+single vacancies as they cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vacancies as they cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single vacancies as they cluster
+together they reach this threshold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they reach this threshold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they reach this threshold in
+terms of free energy we're putting a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of free energy we're putting a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of free energy we're putting a few
+of them together is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them together is not quite
+energetically favorable but it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically favorable but it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically favorable but it's not so
+unfavorable that it never happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable that it never happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable that it never happens so
+once in a while you'll get a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while you'll get a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while you'll get a few
+vacancies to come together and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies to come together and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies to come together and that
+cluster will survive for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster will survive for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster will survive for a little while
+all the while you're making more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the while you're making more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the while you're making more and
+more vacancies nearby and if it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vacancies nearby and if it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vacancies nearby and if it gets to
+a certain size that free energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain size that free energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain size that free energy goes
+negative and when the free energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and when the free energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and when the free energy goes
+negative it becomes stable on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it becomes stable on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it becomes stable on its own
+and then that void will simply continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that void will simply continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that void will simply continue
+to grow and grow and grow and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and grow and grow and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and grow and grow and so there's
+this process of absorption and emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of absorption and emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of absorption and emission
+of defects by larger or smaller void so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defects by larger or smaller void so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defects by larger or smaller void so
+if you have a whole bunch of voids near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a whole bunch of voids near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a whole bunch of voids near
+each other some of them can be emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other some of them can be emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other some of them can be emitting
+vacancies which can be captured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies which can be captured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies which can be captured by the
+other ones and this is part of why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones and this is part of why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones and this is part of why they
+don't all just disappear at once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all just disappear at once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all just disappear at once they
+have finite lifetimes long enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite lifetimes long enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite lifetimes long enough that
+you can build them up to the size where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build them up to the size where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build them up to the size where
+they become stable then this free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become stable then this free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become stable then this free energy
+eventually curves down becomes negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually curves down becomes negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually curves down becomes negative
+and then they just stick around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they just stick around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they just stick around and
+we've actually seen these clusters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually seen these clusters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually seen these clusters or
+voids diffusing so it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids diffusing so it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids diffusing so it's not like
+vacancies alone are the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies alone are the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies alone are the only thing that
+moves we've actually seen clusters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves we've actually seen clusters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves we've actually seen clusters of
+defects diffusing mostly in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects diffusing mostly in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects diffusing mostly in one
+dimension but what you're seeing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but what you're seeing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but what you're seeing here is
+a TEM or transmission electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TEM or transmission electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TEM or transmission electron
+microscope image of one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope image of one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope image of one dimensional
+diffusion of a vacancy cluster that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of a vacancy cluster that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of a vacancy cluster that
+little black blob right there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black blob right there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black blob right there is a
+pocket of vacuum that's moving back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum that's moving back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum that's moving back and
+forth and if it happens to find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and if it happens to find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and if it happens to find another
+pocket of vacuum it could then combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum it could then combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of vacuum it could then combine
+to a bigger pocket becoming a bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bigger pocket becoming a bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bigger pocket becoming a bigger and
+bigger void the other problem too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger void the other problem too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger void the other problem too is
+that most materials generate helium when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most materials generate helium when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most materials generate helium when
+you are radiate them with neutrons did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are radiate them with neutrons did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are radiate them with neutrons did
+we go over the what's called the N alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go over the what's called the N alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go over the what's called the N alpha
+cross-section does that sound familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section does that sound familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section does that sound familiar
+to anyone all right I'm gonna pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone all right I'm gonna pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone all right I'm gonna pull up
+Janus like I do pretty much every class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janus like I do pretty much every class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janus like I do pretty much every class
+and show you what's going on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you what's going on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you what's going on because
+this is an important one to note because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important one to note because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important one to note because
+if you a pocket a vacuum is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you a pocket a vacuum is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you a pocket a vacuum is not that
+stable but if you get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but if you get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but if you get a little bit of
+gas to stabilize that pocket of vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to stabilize that pocket of vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to stabilize that pocket of vacuum
+then that pressure differential goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that pressure differential goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that pressure differential goes
+down and that void becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that void becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that void becomes a
+and that bubble is more stable good was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bubble is more stable good was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that bubble is more stable good was
+on the last isotope where I was showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last isotope where I was showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last isotope where I was showing
+someone the N alpha cross-section how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone the N alpha cross-section how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone the N alpha cross-section how
+convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient
+so among the millions of cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the millions of cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the millions of cross-sections
+that we've gone through there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've gone through there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've gone through there is this
+one right here called Z alpha so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here called Z alpha so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here called Z alpha so what
+yeah got a clone the screen that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah got a clone the screen that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah got a clone the screen that's right
+Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks
+there we go so there's this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so there's this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so there's this one here
+called Z alpha which means Neutron comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Z alpha which means Neutron comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Z alpha which means Neutron comes
+in alpha particle goes out alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha particle goes out alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha particle goes out alpha
+particle is just an ionized helium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is just an ionized helium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is just an ionized helium ion
+which very quickly pulls in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very quickly pulls in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very quickly pulls in two
+electrons from anywhere else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from anywhere else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from anywhere else in the
+metal and becomes helium gas and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and becomes helium gas and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and becomes helium gas and this
+cross-section is not zero especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is not zero especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is not zero especially at
+higher energy starting around two MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy starting around two MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy starting around two MeV
+there is a small but non negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a small but non negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a small but non negligible
+chance that a neutron will go in and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that a neutron will go in and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that a neutron will go in and a
+helium atom comes out and those helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atom comes out and those helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atom comes out and those helium
+atoms have nowhere to go they find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have nowhere to go they find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have nowhere to go they find the
+easiest place to sit that happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest place to sit that happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest place to sit that happens to be
+pockets of vacuum voids and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of vacuum voids and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of vacuum voids and what that
+actually does is stabilize as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does is stabilize as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does is stabilize as those
+voids so the curve I showed you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids so the curve I showed you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids so the curve I showed you back
+here this is the case of free energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the case of free energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the case of free energy for
+a vacuum pocket avoid and that free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum pocket avoid and that free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum pocket avoid and that free
+energy gets lower and lower as you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets lower and lower as you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets lower and lower as you start
+to fill that void with gas so as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that void with gas so as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that void with gas so as the as
+the voids filled with gas they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voids filled with gas they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voids filled with gas they become
+more and more stable and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more stable and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more stable and a lot of
+materials generate their own gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials generate their own gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials generate their own gas so
+that's that and they end up forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that and they end up forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that and they end up forming
+these bubbles now you guys remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubbles now you guys remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubbles now you guys remember last
+time I showed you a bunch of voids they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I showed you a bunch of voids they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I showed you a bunch of voids they
+looked like diamonds all aligned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like diamonds all aligned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like diamonds all aligned in the
+same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction
+what do you see different here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see different here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see different here they're
+not quite circles right but they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite circles right but they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite circles right but they're kind
+of like rounded round edge squares they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like rounded round edge squares they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like rounded round edge squares they
+are also all pointing in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also all pointing in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also all pointing in the same
+direction if you look carefully at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you look carefully at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you look carefully at this
+one this one the one above it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one the one above it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one the one above it and the
+big one over there it's harder to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one over there it's harder to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one over there it's harder to see
+for the small ones but for these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small ones but for these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small ones but for these three
+big ones you can see that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones you can see that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones you can see that they're all
+rotated in the same direction giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated in the same direction giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated in the same direction giving
+away the crystal orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the crystal orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the crystal orientation of the
+material but the reason that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but the reason that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but the reason that they're
+starting to swell up from diamonds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to swell up from diamonds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to swell up from diamonds into
+bubbles is they're full of gas and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles is they're full of gas and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles is they're full of gas and they
+stabilize the voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the voids
+you can also get dislocation build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get dislocation build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get dislocation build up
+normally you would have to deform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you would have to deform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you would have to deform a
+material to create and move dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to create and move dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to create and move dislocations
+but when you apply radiation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you apply radiation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you apply radiation you can
+just create dislocations I mean look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create dislocations I mean look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create dislocations I mean look at
+that this is kind of cool you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of cool you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is kind of cool you've got a
+dislocation source right here every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation source right here every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation source right here every one
+of those lines you see is a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those lines you see is a dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those lines you see is a dislocation
+and you can see it's spiraling out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's spiraling out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's spiraling out and
+ejecting dislocations from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejecting dislocations from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejecting dislocations from this one
+little spot any combination of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot any combination of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot any combination of small
+clusters can collapse into dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters can collapse into dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters can collapse into dislocations
+or the stress induced from a radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the stress induced from a radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the stress induced from a radiating
+things can cause more stress that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can cause more stress that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can cause more stress that can
+move more dislocations you create what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move more dislocations you create what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move more dislocations you create what's
+called this network forest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this network forest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this network forest of
+dislocations that makes things a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations that makes things a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations that makes things a lot
+harder to deform so let's say I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to deform so let's say I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to deform so let's say I want to
+show a couple more videos of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a couple more videos of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a couple more videos of this
+because it's very clear in some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very clear in some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very clear in some of these
+you can actually see along these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see along these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see along these lines
+right here a few different orientations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a few different orientations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a few different orientations
+of dislocations and if you watch like up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dislocations and if you watch like up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dislocations and if you watch like up
+here you can see some dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see some dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see some dislocations
+moving and then there's a source that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and then there's a source that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and then there's a source that
+emits more right there and so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits more right there and so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits more right there and so all the
+time you're creating dislocations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're creating dislocations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're creating dislocations that
+are being emitted from different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being emitted from different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being emitted from different places
+and colliding with each other the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colliding with each other the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colliding with each other the trick
+that we didn't talk about yet is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't talk about yet is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't talk about yet is when
+dislocations from different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations from different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations from different directions
+collide they get stuck and when they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide they get stuck and when they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide they get stuck and when they get
+stuck they can't move and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck they can't move and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck they can't move and when they
+can't move you shift the balance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move you shift the balance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move you shift the balance from
+slip to fracture which means like Jared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip to fracture which means like Jared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip to fracture which means like Jared
+said it's easier to just break something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's easier to just break something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's easier to just break something
+rather than plastically deform it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than plastically deform it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than plastically deform it and
+the effects of this are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this are things like
+stiffening an increase in the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffening an increase in the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffening an increase in the Young's
+modulus because if you remove some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus because if you remove some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus because if you remove some of
+the compliance from the material or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliance from the material or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliance from the material or make
+it stiffer by injecting all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stiffer by injecting all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stiffer by injecting all sorts of
+different defects it takes more stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different defects it takes more stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different defects it takes more stress
+to impart the same strain that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart the same strain that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart the same strain that might not
+be a bad thing on its own your materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad thing on its own your materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad thing on its own your materials
+get stronger that sounds like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stronger that sounds like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stronger that sounds like a good
+thing right not all not always because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right not all not always because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right not all not always because
+it doesn't just come as stiffening but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't just come as stiffening but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't just come as stiffening but
+now from an atomic point of view why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from an atomic point of view why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from an atomic point of view why
+does this stiffening happen anybody have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this stiffening happen anybody have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this stiffening happen anybody have
+an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna jump back to the stress-strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna jump back to the stress-strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna jump back to the stress-strain
+curve so the stress or the yield stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the stress or the yield stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the stress or the yield stress
+of a material is usually defined as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a material is usually defined as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a material is usually defined as this
+point right here when you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right here when you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right here when you go from
+elastic reversible deformation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic reversible deformation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic reversible deformation to
+irreversible plastic deformation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible plastic deformation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible plastic deformation if
+something gets stronger it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets stronger it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets stronger it means that
+this yield stress goes up and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yield stress goes up and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yield stress goes up and if
+something gets stiffer it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets stiffer it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gets stiffer it means the
+slope goes up these two tend to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope goes up these two tend to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope goes up these two tend to happen
+at the same time so if something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so if something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so if something is
+stiffer and stronger then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer and stronger then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer and stronger then the
+stress-strain curve would be drawn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-strain curve would be drawn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-strain curve would be drawn more
+like that and what actually physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and what actually physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and what actually physically
+happens at this point this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at this point this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at this point this is when
+dislocations start to move this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations start to move this location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations start to move this location
+movement is irreversible you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is irreversible you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is irreversible you can't just
+snap it back when you relieve the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap it back when you relieve the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap it back when you relieve the stress
+and by making something stronger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by making something stronger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by making something stronger and
+stiffer you make it more difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer you make it more difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer you make it more difficult for
+those dislocations to start moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations to start moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations to start moving and
+you can do that by throwing any defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that by throwing any defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that by throwing any defects
+in their way and since radiation creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their way and since radiation creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their way and since radiation creates
+pretty much any and all defects it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any and all defects it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any and all defects it's a
+great way to stiffen and strengthen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to stiffen and strengthen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to stiffen and strengthen the
+material so one of the reasons things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so one of the reasons things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so one of the reasons things
+get stiffer and stronger is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stiffer and stronger is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stiffer and stronger is remember
+before we showed you that video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we showed you that video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we showed you that video of
+dislocations sliding through material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations sliding through material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations sliding through material
+folks don't remember I'll bring it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks don't remember I'll bring it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks don't remember I'll bring it up
+right now so I didn't see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I didn't see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so I didn't see a lot of
+shaking heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one right this one this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right this one this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right this one this one right
+here so remember before we showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember before we showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so remember before we showed you
+the way that dislocations move so ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that dislocations move so ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that dislocations move so ways
+that materials can deform without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that materials can deform without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that materials can deform without
+breaking if you throw anything in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking if you throw anything in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking if you throw anything in its
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you're gonna make this process a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna make this process a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna make this process a lot
+more difficult and all radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult and all radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult and all radiation damage
+does is throw things in the way so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is throw things in the way so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is throw things in the way so if
+you throw absolutely anything in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw absolutely anything in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw absolutely anything in the way
+from solute atoms to interstitials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solute atoms to interstitials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solute atoms to interstitials to
+vacancies all of a sudden it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies all of a sudden it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies all of a sudden it's harder
+for that dislocation to move because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that dislocation to move because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that dislocation to move because
+some of those bonds are stretched out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those bonds are stretched out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those bonds are stretched out or
+there's a few extra atoms in the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few extra atoms in the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few extra atoms in the way and
+you can then start to create what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then start to create what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then start to create what's
+called little pinned sections called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little pinned sections called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little pinned sections called
+jogs let's say a little vacancy moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogs let's say a little vacancy moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jogs let's say a little vacancy moves
+over to this dislocation meaning that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this dislocation meaning that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to this dislocation meaning that it
+goes up by one atomic position then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one atomic position then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by one atomic position then
+you've got pieces of this dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got pieces of this dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got pieces of this dislocation
+that are not in this preferential slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in this preferential slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in this preferential slip
+plane and they get stuck so all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and they get stuck so all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and they get stuck so all of a
+sudden you go from a completely gliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you go from a completely gliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you go from a completely gliding
+or what we call Gliss i'll dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call Gliss i'll dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call Gliss i'll dislocation
+to one that's stuck or sessile those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one that's stuck or sessile those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one that's stuck or sessile those are
+the actual material science words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual material science words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual material science words that
+we use and what it lends up leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and what it lends up leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and what it lends up leading to
+is a strong loss in ductility at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong loss in ductility at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong loss in ductility at the
+same time as things get stronger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as things get stronger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as things get stronger and
+stiffer they tend to get much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer they tend to get much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffer they tend to get much less
+ductile so what you're looking at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile so what you're looking at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile so what you're looking at here
+are fuel shrouds these are sort of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fuel shrouds these are sort of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fuel shrouds these are sort of fuel
+boxes that surround the fuel pins in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that surround the fuel pins in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that surround the fuel pins in a
+Russian sodium fast reactor and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian sodium fast reactor and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian sodium fast reactor and usually
+what you do is you would grab on to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you would grab on to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you would grab on to this
+piece right here and lift up to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right here and lift up to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right here and lift up to remove
+this fuel from the reactor during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fuel from the reactor during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fuel from the reactor during
+refueling what happened here is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling what happened here is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling what happened here is they
+grabbed that they started to pull and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed that they started to pull and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed that they started to pull and
+they heard a little clink and up came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard a little clink and up came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they heard a little clink and up came
+half the fuel box in the fuel stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the fuel box in the fuel stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the fuel box in the fuel stayed
+down in the reactor with no way to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the reactor with no way to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the reactor with no way to pull
+it out so this is the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so this is the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so this is the reason why
+radiation damage is such an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is such an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is such an important
+field of study is you might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of study is you might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of study is you might not know
+anything has happened until you shut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything has happened until you shut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything has happened until you shut the
+reactor down and go to take out the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor down and go to take out the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor down and go to take out the fuel
+and realizing you can't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realizing you can't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realizing you can't because
+everything is as brittle as glass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is as brittle as glass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is as brittle as glass this
+is actually a talk I saw yesterday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a talk I saw yesterday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a talk I saw yesterday we
+had ass we had a summer visitor in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ass we had a summer visitor in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ass we had a summer visitor in our
+lab from Kazakhstan and most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab from Kazakhstan and most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab from Kazakhstan and most of their
+radioactive materials came from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive materials came from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive materials came from this
+reactor that shut down in 1999 on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that shut down in 1999 on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that shut down in 1999 on one
+side of Kazakhstan and they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of Kazakhstan and they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of Kazakhstan and they wanted to
+transport those materials to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport those materials to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport those materials to the other
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+so they hired the cheapest truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hired the cheapest truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hired the cheapest truck drivers
+to go on the bumpiest roads and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on the bumpiest roads and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on the bumpiest roads and the
+scientists were freaking out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists were freaking out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists were freaking out because
+only they knew that all of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they knew that all of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they knew that all of the metal
+that all those guys thought was gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those guys thought was gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those guys thought was gonna be
+ductile like metal was more brittle than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile like metal was more brittle than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile like metal was more brittle than
+glass and any sort of bump would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and any sort of bump would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and any sort of bump would cause
+just complete shattering of this metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete shattering of this metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete shattering of this metal
+and catastrophic release of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catastrophic release of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catastrophic release of radioactive
+material so this took them let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so this took them let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so this took them let's see I
+think Kazakhstan is smaller than the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Kazakhstan is smaller than the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Kazakhstan is smaller than the US
+so who here's done a cross-country trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who here's done a cross-country trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who here's done a cross-country trip
+how long did it take you okay how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long did it take you okay how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long did it take you okay how did
+you stop along the way yeah okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop along the way yeah okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop along the way yeah okay so this
+trip took them 13 days because they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip took them 13 days because they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip took them 13 days because they went
+slow and I don't think the roads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and I don't think the roads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and I don't think the roads in
+Kazakhstan are as good as they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan are as good as they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan are as good as they are and
+most of the middle of the country the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the middle of the country the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the middle of the country the
+coasts are terrible but the middle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coasts are terrible but the middle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coasts are terrible but the middle is
+pretty good so this trip went slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so this trip went slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good so this trip went slow
+because the scientists said this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scientists said this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scientists said this happens
+you should be careful and luckily there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be careful and luckily there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be careful and luckily there
+were no problems and no release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no problems and no release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no problems and no release of
+radioactivity it's pretty cool what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity it's pretty cool what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity it's pretty cool what you
+want to happen is for dislocations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to happen is for dislocations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to happen is for dislocations to
+move on the easiest planes and so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on the easiest planes and so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on the easiest planes and so what i
+wanted i've redrawn here is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted i've redrawn here is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted i've redrawn here is let's say
+you've got a bar of some metal some face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bar of some metal some face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bar of some metal some face
+centered cubic metal if you pull on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic metal if you pull on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic metal if you pull on it
+like this it will actually deform at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it will actually deform at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it will actually deform at
+about 45 degree angles you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 degree angles you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 degree angles you might wonder
+like why does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why does that happen
+but if you look carefully here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look carefully here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look carefully here what's
+the closest packed plane of atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest packed plane of atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest packed plane of atoms that
+you can see it's not this plane normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's not this plane normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's not this plane normal
+to the stress direction it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stress direction it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stress direction it's like this
+one or like this one and so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or like this one and so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or like this one and so you actually
+end up getting deformation in what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting deformation in what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting deformation in what's
+called slip planes or the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slip planes or the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slip planes or the easiest
+directions for things to deform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for things to deform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for things to deform and
+without going into any of the math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into any of the math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into any of the math or
+atomistic sigh just want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic sigh just want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomistic sigh just want to show you
+some examples pulled out of again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples pulled out of again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples pulled out of again the
+fusion reactor so this is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion reactor so this is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion reactor so this is a piece of
+rotor steel from the same alket or rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor steel from the same alket or rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotor steel from the same alket or rotor
+where he found that inclusion we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he found that inclusion we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he found that inclusion we were
+pulling it in this direction and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it in this direction and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it in this direction and look
+what formed all of these slip bands at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formed all of these slip bands at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formed all of these slip bands at
+45 degree angles showing you that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree angles showing you that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree angles showing you that just
+because you pull in something in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pull in something in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you pull in something in one
+direction doesn't mean it deforms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction doesn't mean it deforms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction doesn't mean it deforms in
+that direction it deforms and little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction it deforms and little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction it deforms and little
+slices in the direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices in the direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices in the direction that
+dislocations can move the easiest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations can move the easiest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations can move the easiest so
+when you actually pull on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually pull on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually pull on some
+to show you diagrammatically it deforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you diagrammatically it deforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you diagrammatically it deforms
+something like that you get a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you get a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you get a mixture of
+bending and rotation to make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and rotation to make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and rotation to make it look
+like the bar is bending uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bar is bending uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bar is bending uniformly
+straight but on the micro scale it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but on the micro scale it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but on the micro scale it's not
+so this is a pretty slick image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty slick image of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty slick image of a
+single crystal of cadmium being pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single crystal of cadmium being pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single crystal of cadmium being pulled
+in this direction and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and you can actually
+see every plane there that's a slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every plane there that's a slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every plane there that's a slip
+plane that's a plane where dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's a plane where dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's a plane where dislocations
+have been moving all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been moving all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been moving all the way to the
+outside of the material which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the material which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the material which is pretty
+cool and this is the process that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and this is the process that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and this is the process that you
+want to happen anything in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to happen anything in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to happen anything in the way of
+those dislocations you don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations you don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations you don't start
+forming these slip bands and you makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these slip bands and you makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these slip bands and you makes
+it more preferable that the thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more preferable that the thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more preferable that the thing will
+just break in fracture to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break in fracture to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break in fracture to show you some
+extreme examples of slip that's when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme examples of slip that's when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme examples of slip that's when you
+have to go in nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go in nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go in nano
+so these are some pillar compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some pillar compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some pillar compression
+tests that used a focused ion beam which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that used a focused ion beam which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that used a focused ion beam which
+we will be using to top off our study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be using to top off our study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be using to top off our study of
+electron interactions with matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions with matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions with matter and
+ion interactions to take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion interactions to take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion interactions to take a piece of
+metal and carve out a little cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and carve out a little cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and carve out a little cylinder
+and all they did is smash they came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all they did is smash they came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all they did is smash they came down
+come compressively pushed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come compressively pushed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come compressively pushed on the
+cylinder and look how it deformed not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and look how it deformed not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and look how it deformed not in
+the way you might intuitively expect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you might intuitively expect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you might intuitively expect if
+you don't know any material science so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know any material science so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know any material science so
+it deformed all on 45-degree angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deformed all on 45-degree angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deformed all on 45-degree angles and
+very weird compression not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird compression not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird compression not actually
+weird if you know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird if you know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird if you know what's going on
+there's lots more neat examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots more neat examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots more neat examples of this
+if you don't push too hard you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't push too hard you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't push too hard you can
+actually see these perfectly symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see these perfectly symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see these perfectly symmetrical
+slip planes at 45-degree angles to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip planes at 45-degree angles to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip planes at 45-degree angles to the
+axis of compression and mean on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of compression and mean on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of compression and mean on every
+one of these pillars you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pillars you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pillars you see this
+happening and this is what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is what you want to
+happen to nuclear materials because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to nuclear materials because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to nuclear materials because
+you're really trying to balance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to balance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to balance this
+between slip and fracture towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between slip and fracture towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between slip and fracture towards the
+direction of slip that means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of slip that means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of slip that means that you
+can something will deform a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can something will deform a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can something will deform a little bit
+before it just shatters like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it just shatters like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it just shatters like those
+channel boxes from the Russian reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel boxes from the Russian reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel boxes from the Russian reactor
+any questions on what I said before I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on what I said before I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on what I said before I go
+on to the macro scale properties cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the macro scale properties cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the macro scale properties cool
+all right let's get into the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get into the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get into the real world
+stuff what actually causes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what actually causes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what actually causes this
+embrittlement well there's a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrittlement well there's a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrittlement well there's a few things
+remember we saw videos of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we saw videos of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we saw videos of those
+dislocations in a traffic jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations in a traffic jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations in a traffic jam
+not then I'll refresh your guy's memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then I'll refresh your guy's memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then I'll refresh your guy's memory
+it's a phenomenon called pileup let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon called pileup let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon called pileup let's
+see there's the traffic jam so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's the traffic jam so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's the traffic jam so you guys
+remember this video now from I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this video now from I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this video now from I know it's
+been a week but these dislocations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a week but these dislocations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a week but these dislocations are
+moving and feeling each other's stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and feeling each other's stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and feeling each other's stress
+and so they can't move as easily as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can't move as easily as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can't move as easily as they
+would want to so you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to so you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to so you end up with a
+phenomenon called pileup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called pileup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called pileup
+this happens both near other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens both near other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens both near other
+dislocations and near any other defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and near any other defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and near any other defect
+that gets in the way like a grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets in the way like a grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets in the way like a grain
+boundary so for smaller material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so for smaller material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so for smaller material for
+smaller grain materials you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller grain materials you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller grain materials you end up with
+more of this pileup and they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this pileup and they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this pileup and they tend to be
+a fair bit stronger and a fair bit no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair bit stronger and a fair bit no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair bit stronger and a fair bit no
+they can be less ductile with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be less ductile with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be less ductile with some
+exceptions I won't say they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions I won't say they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions I won't say they're always
+less ductile but if you put anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ductile but if you put anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ductile but if you put anything in
+the way notice this is just says barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way notice this is just says barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way notice this is just says barrier
+any other defect can act as a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other defect can act as a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other defect can act as a barrier
+and this ends up shifting what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ends up shifting what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ends up shifting what we call
+the ductile to brittle transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ductile to brittle transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ductile to brittle transition
+temperature this is the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is the property that
+people worry about for reactor pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worry about for reactor pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people worry about for reactor pressure
+vessels because you would want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels because you would want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels because you would want the
+pressure vessel which encases the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel which encases the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel which encases the entire
+core of the reactor to always be ductile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the reactor to always be ductile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of the reactor to always be ductile
+in the worst possible situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst possible situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst possible situation the
+worst possible situation is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible situation is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible situation is on the
+absolute last day of operation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute last day of operation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute last day of operation at the
+coldest temperature it could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest temperature it could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest temperature it could possibly be
+as you guys know you probably probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you guys know you probably probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you guys know you probably probably
+know when you make something colder it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you make something colder it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you make something colder it
+tends to be more brittle so whose frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be more brittle so whose frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be more brittle so whose frozen
+stuff and liquid nitrogen and broken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and liquid nitrogen and broken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and liquid nitrogen and broken it
+before good I'm glad to see a few hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before good I'm glad to see a few hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before good I'm glad to see a few hands
+well what did you guys freeze and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so just like throws a bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so just like throws a bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so just like throws a bottle of
+Pepto Bismol and shattered it nice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepto Bismol and shattered it nice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepto Bismol and shattered it nice that
+must have been a fun mess to clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a fun mess to clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been a fun mess to clean up
+yeah what about you Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about you Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about you Sarah
+cool okay and we're able to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and we're able to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay and we're able to break the
+coin there you go so normally you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin there you go so normally you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin there you go so normally you'd be
+able to bend a coin or if it's a 1 yen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bend a coin or if it's a 1 yen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bend a coin or if it's a 1 yen
+coin you can bite through it not when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin you can bite through it not when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin you can bite through it not when
+immersed in liquid nitrogen what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in liquid nitrogen what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in liquid nitrogen what about
+you Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Charlie
+flowers okay classic so take a rose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers okay classic so take a rose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers okay classic so take a rose and
+shatter it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatter it yeah
+all these normally ductile materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these normally ductile materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these normally ductile materials
+become extremely brittle when they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become extremely brittle when they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become extremely brittle when they get
+colder so to reactor pressure vessels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder so to reactor pressure vessels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder so to reactor pressure vessels
+the problem is they don't get just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is they don't get just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is they don't get just get
+brittle when they get to liquid nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle when they get to liquid nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle when they get to liquid nitrogen
+temperatures at the end of their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures at the end of their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures at the end of their life
+they could be brittle at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be brittle at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be brittle at room
+temperature from radiation damage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from radiation damage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from radiation damage so
+there is what's called a ductile to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is what's called a ductile to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is what's called a ductile to
+brittle transition temperature before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle transition temperature before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle transition temperature before
+pressure vessels irradiated there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessels irradiated there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessels irradiated there's
+about this 50% line whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 50% line whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 50% line whatever this
+temperature was where you have let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was where you have let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was where you have let's say
+50 or 10 or zero percent ductility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or 10 or zero percent ductility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or 10 or zero percent ductility
+whatever measure you're using you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever measure you're using you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever measure you're using you say
+okay we always want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we always want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we always want to make sure that
+it's got a certain amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a certain amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a certain amount of energy
+absorption capability toughness at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption capability toughness at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption capability toughness at a
+certain temperature and as you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature and as you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature and as you were
+radiates that vessel this shifts over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates that vessel this shifts over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates that vessel this shifts over
+this way and this upper amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and this upper amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and this upper amount of energy
+this USC or what we call upper shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this USC or what we call upper shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this USC or what we call upper shelf
+energy because this looks kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because this looks kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because this looks kind of like a
+shelf goes down and what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf goes down and what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf goes down and what you want to
+make sure is that this change in ductile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure is that this change in ductile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure is that this change in ductile
+to brittle transition temperature never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brittle transition temperature never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brittle transition temperature never
+reaches room temperature you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches room temperature you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches room temperature you might think
+oh it's okay reactors run at like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's okay reactors run at like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's okay reactors run at like 300
+Celsius and things are pretty ductile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and things are pretty ductile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and things are pretty ductile
+right there well you usually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there well you usually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there well you usually have to
+shut the reactor down once you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the reactor down once you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the reactor down once you're done
+with it to refuel and if something goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it to refuel and if something goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it to refuel and if something goes
+wrong and there's a pressure spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and there's a pressure spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and there's a pressure spike
+you're gonna have a condition called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a condition called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a condition called
+pressurized thermal shock or pts in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized thermal shock or pts in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized thermal shock or pts in that
+case you would have a sudden pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would have a sudden pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would have a sudden pressure
+wave from let's say from steam explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave from let's say from steam explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave from let's say from steam explosion
+or whatever you could have and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you could have and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you could have and you want
+that vessel to be able to absorb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vessel to be able to absorb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vessel to be able to absorb that
+energy instead of breaking in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead of breaking in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead of breaking in half
+because if you break in half that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you break in half that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you break in half that's a
+radioactive release the way you test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive release the way you test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive release the way you test
+ductile the brittle transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile the brittle transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductile the brittle transition
+temperature is what's called a sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is what's called a sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is what's called a sharpie
+impact test it's probably the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact test it's probably the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact test it's probably the highest
+tech lowest tech test I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech lowest tech test I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech lowest tech test I've seen
+you simply hit things with a hammer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply hit things with a hammer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply hit things with a hammer a
+very well calibrated precise hammer let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well calibrated precise hammer let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well calibrated precise hammer let
+me pause so you can see what the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pause so you can see what the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pause so you can see what the sample
+looks like you have these little bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have these little bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have these little bars
+with a notch in them the notch is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a notch in them the notch is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a notch in them the notch is to
+make sure that's acts as a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that's acts as a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that's acts as a stress
+concentrator and you know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and you know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and you know where the
+breaks gonna happen so in a sharpie test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks gonna happen so in a sharpie test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks gonna happen so in a sharpie test
+you line up this little sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you line up this little sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you line up this little sample and
+you've got actually in your reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got actually in your reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got actually in your reactors
+usually you've got pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you've got pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you've got pieces of the
+pressure vessel in this form lining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel in this form lining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel in this form lining the
+inside rim of the reactor Pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside rim of the reactor Pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside rim of the reactor Pressure
+Vessel so every time you refuel your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vessel so every time you refuel your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vessel so every time you refuel your
+reactor you take another few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you take another few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you take another few of these
+out and you hit them with a very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you hit them with a very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you hit them with a very well
+calibrated hammer and you can measure by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated hammer and you can measure by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated hammer and you can measure by
+actually turning this dial and letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turning this dial and letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turning this dial and letting
+the hammer turn it as it moves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hammer turn it as it moves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hammer turn it as it moves through
+the material you can see how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material you can see how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material you can see how much energy
+was absorbed by the material as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absorbed by the material as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absorbed by the material as the
+hammer comes back up so it breaks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer comes back up so it breaks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer comes back up so it breaks right
+through the material in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material in this case it's
+in a quenched or brittle condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quenched or brittle condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quenched or brittle condition and
+for some reason they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason they have a lot of
+footage of the guy standing and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of the guy standing and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of the guy standing and not
+breathing but what I want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing but what I want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing but what I want to show you is
+what actually happens here I didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens here I didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens here I didn't make
+the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video
+I just got it there we go so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just got it there we go so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just got it there we go so what you
+can see is that if the hammer were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that if the hammer were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that if the hammer were to
+move through air with absolutely no drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through air with absolutely no drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through air with absolutely no drag
+it would come back to the zero position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come back to the zero position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come back to the zero position
+if the it encounters some resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the it encounters some resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the it encounters some resistance
+like with a piece of steel in the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a piece of steel in the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a piece of steel in the way it
+then measures the amount of energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measures the amount of energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measures the amount of energy in
+joules that that piece of steel absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules that that piece of steel absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules that that piece of steel absorbs
+from the hammer blow the larger that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hammer blow the larger that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hammer blow the larger that is
+the better and by doing this test at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better and by doing this test at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better and by doing this test at a
+number of different temperatures you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different temperatures you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different temperatures you can
+recreate this ductile to brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate this ductile to brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate this ductile to brittle
+transition temperature curve so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature curve so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature curve so they'll
+take a few sharpie coupons they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few sharpie coupons they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few sharpie coupons they will
+test them at let's say every 25 Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them at let's say every 25 Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them at let's say every 25 Celsius
+get a bunch of points draw the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of points draw the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of points draw the line
+through the points and decide where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the points and decide where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the points and decide where is
+the material brittle at what temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material brittle at what temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material brittle at what temperature
+will it become brittle to show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it become brittle to show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it become brittle to show you what
+something looks like when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like when it's not
+brittle the same test is done in what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle the same test is done in what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle the same test is done in what's
+called the normalized condition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the normalized condition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the normalized condition where
+you simply heat the steel to a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply heat the steel to a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply heat the steel to a high
+temperature relaxing out most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature relaxing out most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature relaxing out most of the
+defects and bringing back as much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and bringing back as much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and bringing back as much of the
+perfect crystal structure as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal structure as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect crystal structure as possible
+which is really good for letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really good for letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really good for letting
+dislocations move through it so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations move through it so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations move through it so the same
+test is done by the same awkward feller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is done by the same awkward feller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is done by the same awkward feller
+likes to stand there and not breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to stand there and not breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to stand there and not breathe
+but you'll notice a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll notice a very different
+result of this test doesn't look like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this test doesn't look like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this test doesn't look like it
+but if you actually look at how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you actually look at how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you actually look at how much
+energy was absorbed much much higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was absorbed much much higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was absorbed much much higher so
+something like 18 times more energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 18 times more energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 18 times more energy and
+you can qualitatively see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can qualitatively see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can qualitatively see the difference
+between these two conditions by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two conditions by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two conditions by looking
+at the fracture surfaces and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fracture surfaces and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fracture surfaces and this is
+where it starts to get intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts to get intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it starts to get intuitive
+something that's ductile would tear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's ductile would tear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's ductile would tear more
+like taffy whereas something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taffy whereas something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taffy whereas something that's
+brittle would cleave or break in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle would cleave or break in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle would cleave or break in half
+much more smoothly so these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more smoothly so these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more smoothly so these are the two
+pieces of metal that we just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of metal that we just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of metal that we just showed you
+the one that absorbed 180 joules by lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that absorbed 180 joules by lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that absorbed 180 joules by lots
+of deformation and the one that absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deformation and the one that absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deformation and the one that absorbed
+10 joules by fracture in a brutal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 joules by fracture in a brutal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 joules by fracture in a brutal way
+this is what you want your reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you want your reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you want your reactor
+vessel to behave like but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to behave like but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to behave like but the problem
+with these ductile of brittle transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these ductile of brittle transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these ductile of brittle transition
+temperature curves is this not just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature curves is this not just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature curves is this not just this
+part that you're worried about it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you're worried about it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you're worried about it's that
+part so even at high temperatures things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so even at high temperatures things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so even at high temperatures things
+get less ductile so it's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less ductile so it's a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less ductile so it's a combination
+of temperature and number of defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature and number of defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature and number of defects and
+if either one of these criteria fails if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either one of these criteria fails if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either one of these criteria fails if
+you become too brittle at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become too brittle at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become too brittle at low
+temperature or your total ductility at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or your total ductility at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or your total ductility at
+high temperature goes down too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature goes down too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature goes down too much
+that's the end of life of your reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of life of your reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of life of your reactor
+vessel and this is one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and this is one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and this is one of the biggest
+problems in life extensions of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in life extensions of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in life extensions of light
+water reactors they were built for 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactors they were built for 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactors they were built for 40
+years and they originally had licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they originally had licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they originally had licensed
+for 40 years how many of you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 years how many of you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40 years how many of you guys have
+heard of the license extensions going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the license extensions going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the license extensions going on
+now to 60 or 80 years yeah so a few you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to 60 or 80 years yeah so a few you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to 60 or 80 years yeah so a few you
+guys I've heard why not run the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I've heard why not run the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I've heard why not run the reactor
+longer not build a new one but keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer not build a new one but keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer not build a new one but keep
+getting all this clean green cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all this clean green cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all this clean green cheap
+nuclear energy this is why you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy this is why you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy this is why you have to
+be absolutely sure that your vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely sure that your vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely sure that your vessel
+their primary containment will survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primary containment will survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their primary containment will survive
+and we're not so sure because well we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not so sure because well we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not so sure because well we go
+we jump to the part of the video that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump to the part of the video that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump to the part of the video that's
+got the Sharpie coupons those we ran out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Sharpie coupons those we ran out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Sharpie coupons those we ran out
+we only plan to put these vessels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only plan to put these vessels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only plan to put these vessels in
+service for 40 years and folks put 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for 40 years and folks put 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for 40 years and folks put 40
+years worth of these coupons plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of these coupons plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years worth of these coupons plus some
+extras in the reactor vessel now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extras in the reactor vessel now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extras in the reactor vessel now in
+order to prove that it's actually safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prove that it's actually safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prove that it's actually safe
+to continue operation you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue operation you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue operation you have to have
+some amount of material to test and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of material to test and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of material to test and say
+okay this vessel is still ductile it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this vessel is still ductile it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this vessel is still ductile it's
+still gonna work what happened what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna work what happened what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna work what happened what do
+you do when you run out of coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when you run out of coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when you run out of coupons
+anyone have any ideas cuz I'm sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any ideas cuz I'm sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any ideas cuz I'm sure the
+industry would love to hear him yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry would love to hear him yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry would love to hear him yeah you
+could start using material from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start using material from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start using material from the
+vessel that's actually what I plan to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that's actually what I plan to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that's actually what I plan to do
+too but with some very strong caveats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but with some very strong caveats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but with some very strong caveats so
+if you were to scoop out a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to scoop out a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to scoop out a piece of the
+vessel you then create a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you then create a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you then create a stress
+concentration in addition reactor vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in addition reactor vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in addition reactor vessel
+looks like a gigantic forging of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a gigantic forging of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a gigantic forging of really
+thick carbon steel with a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick carbon steel with a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick carbon steel with a very thin
+liner of stainless steel and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liner of stainless steel and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liner of stainless steel and this
+stainless steel is there to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel is there to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel is there to prevent
+corrosion from the reactor water that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion from the reactor water that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion from the reactor water that
+little that thin like quarter-inch bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little that thin like quarter-inch bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little that thin like quarter-inch bit
+of stainless steel is what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stainless steel is what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stainless steel is what actually
+saved what could have been one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved what could have been one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved what could have been one of the
+worst nuclear accidents in US history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst nuclear accidents in US history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst nuclear accidents in US history
+the davis-besse plant where there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the davis-besse plant where there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the davis-besse plant where there was a
+crack in the vessel boric acid actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack in the vessel boric acid actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack in the vessel boric acid actually
+ate through a whole chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate through a whole chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate through a whole chunk of the
+pressure vessel leaving the stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel leaving the stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel leaving the stainless
+steel intact and it's that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel intact and it's that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel intact and it's that little
+quarter-inch of stainless steel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter-inch of stainless steel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter-inch of stainless steel that
+saved the plant but if you were to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved the plant but if you were to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved the plant but if you were to take
+something out from the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out from the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out from the inside of the
+vessel the part that gets the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel the part that gets the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel the part that gets the most
+damage you'd be taking out some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you'd be taking out some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you'd be taking out some of the
+stainless steel which is the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is the problem you
+could take a piece out from here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a piece out from here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a piece out from here maybe
+the outside but then you've got a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside but then you've got a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside but then you've got a stress
+concentrator any sort of chunk that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator any sort of chunk that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator any sort of chunk that is
+missing is where a crack is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is where a crack is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is where a crack is going to
+preferentially form so you would weaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially form so you would weaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially form so you would weaken
+that vessel by taking a piece out does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vessel by taking a piece out does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vessel by taking a piece out does
+anyone else have any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes a new vessel means a new reactor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a new vessel means a new reactor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes a new vessel means a new reactor so
+the license for the plant is intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for the plant is intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the license for the plant is intimately
+tied to the license for the vessel any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the license for the vessel any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the license for the vessel any
+other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what they that's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they that's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they that's what they did
+right so that's why these Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why these Sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why these Sharpie
+coupons were there but what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons were there but what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons were there but what do we do
+about the vessels that we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vessels that we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vessels that we already have
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar to the status of the ones that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the status of the ones that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the status of the ones that's
+what they're doing so they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing so they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing so they're taking
+these Sharpie coupons which they're this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sharpie coupons which they're this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Sharpie coupons which they're this
+is bigger than actual size they break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than actual size they break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than actual size they break
+them so let's say this region's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's say this region's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's say this region's all
+garbage and then they cut little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage and then they cut little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage and then they cut little mini
+Sharpie coupons out of the last piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpie coupons out of the last piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpie coupons out of the last piece
+and they're putting those back in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're putting those back in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're putting those back in so
+that's absolutely right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right you just
+probably recreated the years worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably recreated the years worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably recreated the years worth of
+licensing work and ideas and you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing work and ideas and you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing work and ideas and you know in
+a class but I actually wanna get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class but I actually wanna get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class but I actually wanna get back to
+Charlie's idea because that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's idea because that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie's idea because that's what I
+think has to happen is you'd like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has to happen is you'd like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has to happen is you'd like to be
+able to take a piece out from the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take a piece out from the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take a piece out from the actual
+vessel and run a test on it the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and run a test on it the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and run a test on it the only way
+to do that is to go nan-oh take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is to go nan-oh take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is to go nan-oh take the
+tiniest tiniest little piece out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest tiniest little piece out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest tiniest little piece out and
+perform some other sort of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some other sort of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some other sort of measurement
+so this is the idea that our group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea that our group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea that our group has
+had in using what's called stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in using what's called stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in using what's called stored energy
+of radiation damage so don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage so don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage so don't mind
+telling you about it even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it even though it's
+not like funded or paper did yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like funded or paper did yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like funded or paper did yet because
+it's educational and it's cool so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's educational and it's cool so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's educational and it's cool so every
+kind of defect takes energy to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of defect takes energy to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of defect takes energy to create
+defects don't just create themselves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects don't just create themselves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects don't just create themselves you
+either have to race the temperature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to race the temperature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to race the temperature of a
+material or in our case irradiated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or in our case irradiated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or in our case irradiated and
+it's the energy of those incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the energy of those incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the energy of those incoming
+neutrons that bounces around different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that bounces around different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that bounces around different
+atoms and creates all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and creates all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and creates all these different
+types of defects so those defects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of defects so those defects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of defects so those defects are
+storing energy in the material and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in the material and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing energy in the material and so if
+you think about how much energy does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how much energy does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how much energy does it
+take to destroy something it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to destroy something it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to destroy something it would have
+to be the energy that it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the energy that it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the energy that it's already
+stored plus the energy that you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored plus the energy that you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored plus the energy that you put into
+it during the test can reach the failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during the test can reach the failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it during the test can reach the failure
+energy what if you could measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what if you could measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what if you could measure this
+stored energy what if there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy what if there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy what if there is a way to
+know how many of each of those defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of each of those defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of each of those defects
+there actually were in a material we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually were in a material we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually were in a material we
+think there is well we know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is well we know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is well we know there is
+it's called differential scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called differential scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called differential scanning
+calorimetry it's a way of measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry it's a way of measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry it's a way of measuring the
+change in heat capacity of a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in heat capacity of a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in heat capacity of a material
+where you take two very small furnaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take two very small furnaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take two very small furnaces
+you don't have to put this in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put this in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put this in your notes
+by the way this is just for fun you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is just for fun you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is just for fun you take
+two small furnaces put your chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two small furnaces put your chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two small furnaces put your chunk of
+them your material on one and you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them your material on one and you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them your material on one and you apply
+a lot of heat to both of them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of heat to both of them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of heat to both of them and you
+look at the difference in the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference in the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the difference in the amount of
+heat you have to put in to keep the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you have to put in to keep the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you have to put in to keep the two
+at the same temperature so normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature so normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature so normally you
+would get the heat capacity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the heat capacity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get the heat capacity of a
+material how much he can extort per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how much he can extort per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how much he can extort per
+degree Kelvin if this materials got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Kelvin if this materials got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree Kelvin if this materials got a
+bunch of defects already in it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of defects already in it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of defects already in it then you
+should release that defect energy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should release that defect energy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should release that defect energy by
+heating it and that would take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating it and that would take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating it and that would take a little
+less energy to heat it up but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy to heat it up but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy to heat it up but there's a
+lot of problems with calorimetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems with calorimetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems with calorimetry so
+we're actually using what's called nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using what's called nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using what's called nano
+calorimetry we're doing this process on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry we're doing this process on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry we're doing this process on
+nano grams of material and seeing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano grams of material and seeing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano grams of material and seeing if you
+can irradiated measure its stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can irradiated measure its stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can irradiated measure its stored energy
+because if you could then you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you could then you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you could then you could take
+a tiny little razor blade take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny little razor blade take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny little razor blade take out the
+smallest sliver of the vessel smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest sliver of the vessel smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest sliver of the vessel smaller
+than a grain of sand not enough to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a grain of sand not enough to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a grain of sand not enough to cause
+a crack enough to measure its stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crack enough to measure its stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crack enough to measure its stored
+energy and I want to show you guys what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I want to show you guys what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I want to show you guys what
+this process looks like so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process looks like so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process looks like so I'm just
+gonna deviate from the actual lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna deviate from the actual lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna deviate from the actual lecture
+and jump to the talk I'm gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jump to the talk I'm gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jump to the talk I'm gonna give
+tomorrow I think it's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I think it's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I think it's more interesting
+and more relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna skip through some of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip through some of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip through some of the stuff
+but it's within the last five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's within the last five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's within the last five minutes
+I'll try to get through this see if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to get through this see if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to get through this see if this
+is a record it's what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a record it's what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a record it's what we call the
+ultimate snipe hunt does anyone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate snipe hunt does anyone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate snipe hunt does anyone here
+have been on a snipe hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been on a snipe hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been on a snipe hunt
+what's a snipe hunt that's right pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a snipe hunt that's right pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a snipe hunt that's right pretty
+much this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this right
+they say bang a bunch of sticks get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say bang a bunch of sticks get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say bang a bunch of sticks get a
+bag and go look for Snipes they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and go look for Snipes they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and go look for Snipes they don't
+exist right they actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist right they actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist right they actually do
+Snipes are real pretty much have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snipes are real pretty much have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snipes are real pretty much have to be
+British to know it because they hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British to know it because they hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British to know it because they hunt
+them they're for sport and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're for sport and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're for sport and apparently
+they're delicious it's actually where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're delicious it's actually where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're delicious it's actually where we
+get the term sniper because the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the term sniper because the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the term sniper because the actual
+size of the snipe compared to the sniper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the snipe compared to the sniper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the snipe compared to the sniper
+is about that if you could shoot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about that if you could shoot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about that if you could shoot that
+bird with a gun you are an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird with a gun you are an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird with a gun you are an expert
+marksman and dealer deserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marksman and dealer deserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marksman and dealer deserve the
+delicious and tiny treat that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious and tiny treat that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious and tiny treat that you've
+then blown apart with your balloon yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then blown apart with your balloon yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then blown apart with your balloon yeah
+exactly so you can you know Rain Bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you can you know Rain Bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you can you know Rain Bird
+dust on whatever meal you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust on whatever meal you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust on whatever meal you've already
+prepared that's what I like in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared that's what I like in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared that's what I like in finding
+these radiation damage defects too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radiation damage defects too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radiation damage defects too
+because some experiments have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some experiments have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some experiments have been done
+to plot the number of defects versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the number of defects versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot the number of defects versus
+their size and as the defects get bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size and as the defects get bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size and as the defects get bigger
+the number of them decrease so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of them decrease so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of them decrease so most
+defects are very very small and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are very very small and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are very very small and it turns
+out that first of all the resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that first of all the resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that first of all the resolution of
+the screen is kind of funny I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen is kind of funny I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen is kind of funny I think I
+know how to fix that clone the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to fix that clone the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to fix that clone the screen
+and then jump back to presenter mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then jump back to presenter mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then jump back to presenter mode
+that usually that's not what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually that's not what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually that's not what I wanted
+that's what I wanted great most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted great most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted great most of the
+defects that caused these reductions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that caused these reductions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that caused these reductions in
+material properties are too small to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties are too small to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties are too small to see
+even in the transmission electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the transmission electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the transmission electron
+microscope so I don't have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope so I don't have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope so I don't have to tell you
+this stuff again that I don't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff again that I don't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff again that I don't like the
+DPA I showed you that what we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA I showed you that what we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPA I showed you that what we want is
+that we took some inspiration directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we took some inspiration directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we took some inspiration directly
+from the Manhattan Project luckily I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Manhattan Project luckily I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Manhattan Project luckily I
+have an uncle who works at the DuPont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an uncle who works at the DuPont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an uncle who works at the DuPont
+library and DuPont was quite responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and DuPont was quite responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and DuPont was quite responsible
+for the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Manhattan Project
+so this memo between Eugene Wigner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this memo between Eugene Wigner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this memo between Eugene Wigner and
+Leo's a lard one of whom won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo's a lard one of whom won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo's a lard one of whom won the Nobel
+Prize the other one probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize the other one probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize the other one probably should have
+said hey radiation stores energy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey radiation stores energy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey radiation stores energy by
+Neutron collisions like cold working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron collisions like cold working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron collisions like cold working and
+a morph ization so we've dug up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morph ization so we've dug up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morph ization so we've dug up this
+original memo from the 40s and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original memo from the 40s and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original memo from the 40s and said
+let's do this for everything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this for everything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this for everything because
+every defect has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every defect has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every defect has it
+unique amount of energy that it stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique amount of energy that it stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique amount of energy that it stores
+in creating it in some different amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating it in some different amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating it in some different amount
+of evey per defect and we've done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evey per defect and we've done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evey per defect and we've done some
+molecular dynamic simulations to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamic simulations to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamic simulations to show
+that this amount of energy stored is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this amount of energy stored is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this amount of energy stored is
+pretty universal when you were radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty universal when you were radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty universal when you were radiate
+something we predict that it stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we predict that it stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we predict that it stores
+about 2% of its energy and radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2% of its energy and radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2% of its energy and radiation
+defects so if you know the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so if you know the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so if you know the number of
+neutrons that hit and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that hit and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons that hit and you know the
+amount of energy per Neutron you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy per Neutron you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy per Neutron you know
+how much you're looking for so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're looking for so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're looking for so you know
+what your signal should be and to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your signal should be and to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your signal should be and to jump
+through to the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the whole idea of
+differential scanning calorimetry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential scanning calorimetry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential scanning calorimetry it's
+like what I drew here but a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I drew here but a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I drew here but a lot more
+legible you simply heat two materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legible you simply heat two materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legible you simply heat two materials
+one of which contains your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which contains your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of which contains your sample
+measure their temperature and look how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure their temperature and look how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure their temperature and look how
+much energy it takes between them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it takes between them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it takes between them to
+keep them at the same temperature we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them at the same temperature we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them at the same temperature we did
+some of these measurements on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these measurements on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these measurements on a piece of
+steel from the nuclear reactor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel from the nuclear reactor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel from the nuclear reactor and we
+got a whole bunch of interesting looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole bunch of interesting looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole bunch of interesting looking
+peaks for the red curve compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks for the red curve compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks for the red curve compared to the
+blue curve in the on irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve in the on irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve in the on irradiated
+conditions so we think there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we think there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we think there's something
+there so we tried a more controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we tried a more controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we tried a more controlled
+experiment a radiating aluminum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a radiating aluminum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a radiating aluminum with
+helium ions and the accelerator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium ions and the accelerator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium ions and the accelerator in
+northwest 13 and we were encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest 13 and we were encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest 13 and we were encouraged
+because the initial time that we heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the initial time that we heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the initial time that we heated
+this material we got some stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material we got some stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material we got some stored energy
+out of it in some funky spectrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it in some funky spectrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it in some funky spectrum that
+might tell us what the defects are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us what the defects are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tell us what the defects are the
+bad news is we got that with the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news is we got that with the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news is we got that with the control
+heat too and the really bad news is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat too and the really bad news is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat too and the really bad news is that
+when you normalize all these curves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you normalize all these curves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you normalize all these curves you
+get something that you can't tell if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that you can't tell if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that you can't tell if I
+drew it or my son drew it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it or my son drew it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it or my son drew it looks
+suspiciously like the sort of doodles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously like the sort of doodles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously like the sort of doodles
+that he does not scientific data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does not scientific data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does not scientific data and the
+problem is that DSC differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that DSC differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that DSC differential
+scanning calorimetry induces a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning calorimetry induces a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning calorimetry induces a lot of
+artifacts in the signal that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts in the signal that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts in the signal that we couldn't
+separate from the noise so our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the noise so our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the noise so our solution
+was to go nano to use a nano DSC or nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to go nano to use a nano DSC or nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to go nano to use a nano DSC or nano
+differential scanning calorimeter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential scanning calorimeter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential scanning calorimeter that
+can heat about 10,000 times faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can heat about 10,000 times faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can heat about 10,000 times faster than
+a traditional DSC so you can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional DSC so you can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional DSC so you can get your
+energy out from smaller materials way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out from smaller materials way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out from smaller materials way
+faster than these artifacts can manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than these artifacts can manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than these artifacts can manifest
+themselves what we think is gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what we think is gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what we think is gonna happen
+is that every one of these Peaks here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every one of these Peaks here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every one of these Peaks here is
+going to correspond to one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to one type of
+defect that's released at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect that's released at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect that's released at a certain
+temperature and by extrapolating or say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and by extrapolating or say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and by extrapolating or say
+integrating the area under those curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the area under those curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the area under those curves
+you get the energy in each type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the energy in each type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the energy in each type of
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+and by extrapolating to a zero heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by extrapolating to a zero heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by extrapolating to a zero heating
+rate you should know which type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you should know which type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you should know which type of
+defect they are and if you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect they are and if you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect they are and if you know which
+defects you have and how many of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects you have and how many of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects you have and how many of each
+one you know the full defect properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know the full defect properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know the full defect properties
+of the material and you should know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and you should know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and you should know its
+material properties because we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties because we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties because we already
+know if you have this many dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have this many dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have this many dislocations
+it's this brittle the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this brittle the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this brittle the question is how
+many dislocations so we start off by we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dislocations so we start off by we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dislocations so we start off by we
+use a different kind of calorimeter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different kind of calorimeter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different kind of calorimeter it
+actually fits on a chip in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fits on a chip in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fits on a chip in fact there's
+two on a chip there's one that we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on a chip there's one that we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on a chip there's one that we put
+our material on and one as a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material on and one as a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material on and one as a reference
+that we both put in the accelerator beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we both put in the accelerator beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we both put in the accelerator beam
+and radiates at the same time to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiates at the same time to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiates at the same time to control
+for that effect and this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that effect and this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that effect and this is what they
+actually look like this scale bar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like this scale bar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look like this scale bar here
+is 100 microns and that transparent spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 microns and that transparent spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 microns and that transparent spot
+is the little bit of aluminum that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the little bit of aluminum that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the little bit of aluminum that we
+vapor deposited onto the calorimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor deposited onto the calorimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor deposited onto the calorimeter
+right there and so the way this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and so the way this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and so the way this process
+works is we take our DSC chip we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is we take our DSC chip we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is we take our DSC chip we put a
+mask over it vaporize some aluminum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask over it vaporize some aluminum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask over it vaporize some aluminum to
+deposit on one of the calorimeter x'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on one of the calorimeter x'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit on one of the calorimeter x'
+take the mask away and to radiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the mask away and to radiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the mask away and to radiate the
+whole thing and then finally put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and then finally put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and then finally put it in
+the nano calorimeter and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nano calorimeter and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nano calorimeter and I'll show you
+what happens slowed down by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens slowed down by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens slowed down by a factor of
+a thousand that pulse right there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand that pulse right there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand that pulse right there that
+whole thing just went from zero to 450 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just went from zero to 450 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing just went from zero to 450 C
+in a millisecond and the reason it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a millisecond and the reason it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a millisecond and the reason it took
+a second is because I've slowed down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second is because I've slowed down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second is because I've slowed down the
+video by four thousand times or by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video by four thousand times or by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video by four thousand times or by a
+thousand times and that little pulse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times and that little pulse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times and that little pulse of
+heat actually released some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat actually released some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat actually released some of the
+defect energy we were able to see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect energy we were able to see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect energy we were able to see very
+clearly the first time we heated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the first time we heated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the first time we heated the
+sample this extra area corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this extra area corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this extra area corresponds to
+some sort of energy release we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of energy release we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of energy release we then
+heated that same sample a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated that same sample a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated that same sample a whole bunch of
+times and made sure that it was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and made sure that it was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and made sure that it was always
+the same which meant we had our fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same which meant we had our fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same which meant we had our fully
+relaxed material and it shows some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed material and it shows some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed material and it shows some sort
+of a trend if you note this data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trend if you note this data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trend if you note this data was
+taken like two months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken like two months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken like two months ago
+it's pretty fresh not published yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty fresh not published yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty fresh not published yet so
+hopefully by the time this video comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the time this video comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the time this video comes
+out it will be and we see some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it will be and we see some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it will be and we see some sort of
+trend between the amount of a radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend between the amount of a radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend between the amount of a radiation
+you give and the amount of stored energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give and the amount of stored energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give and the amount of stored energy
+you can get out so this is what we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get out so this is what we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get out so this is what we hope
+can be used instead of those sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used instead of those sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used instead of those sharpie
+coupons because we can go much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons because we can go much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons because we can go much much
+smaller and just take out tiny pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and just take out tiny pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and just take out tiny pieces of
+the vessel and get the same information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vessel and get the same information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vessel and get the same information
+as you would from a Sharpie test but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would from a Sharpie test but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you would from a Sharpie test but on
+the nano scale so the question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nano scale so the question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nano scale so the question then is
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+effect fingerprints where are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect fingerprints where are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect fingerprints where are those
+individual defects that we were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual defects that we were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual defects that we were looking
+for well I think they're just popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well I think they're just popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well I think they're just popping up
+right here the reason for that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the reason for that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the reason for that is we
+pick the very fast heating rate for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the very fast heating rate for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the very fast heating rate for our
+experiments and doing these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and doing these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and doing these sorts of
+measurements on other materials shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on other materials shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on other materials shows
+that at 10,000 Kelvin per second let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at 10,000 Kelvin per second let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at 10,000 Kelvin per second let me
+think about that for a sec 10,000 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that for a sec 10,000 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that for a sec 10,000 Kelvin
+per second so in a millisecond something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so in a millisecond something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second so in a millisecond something
+heats up by like 10 K which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up by like 10 K which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up by like 10 K which is
+ridiculous yeah something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous yeah something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous yeah something like that
+you don't really see any Peaks the UH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see any Peaks the UH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see any Peaks the UH
+the heating is so fast that the defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating is so fast that the defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating is so fast that the defects
+don't even have time to find each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have time to find each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have time to find each other
+annihilate and release their stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate and release their stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilate and release their stored
+energy so we need to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we need to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we need to repeat the
+experiments at some lower temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at some lower temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at some lower temperatures
+see what the peaks are but if you go too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the peaks are but if you go too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the peaks are but if you go too
+low you end up getting a lot of noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you end up getting a lot of noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you end up getting a lot of noise in
+your signal so there's gonna be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal so there's gonna be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal so there's gonna be some
+sweet spot that we haven't yet found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot that we haven't yet found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot that we haven't yet found in
+order to see this stored energy so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see this stored energy so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see this stored energy so we're
+just at the very first experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the very first experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the very first experimental
+stage of trying to see can we extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of trying to see can we extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of trying to see can we extend
+reactor lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor lifetimes
+after doing simulations for a year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing simulations for a year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing simulations for a year that
+probably no one believes until you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably no one believes until you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably no one believes until you do an
+experiment including me but for now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment including me but for now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment including me but for now it
+actually so shows some sort of a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so shows some sort of a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so shows some sort of a trend
+so it's just enough justification for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just enough justification for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just enough justification for us
+to buy one of these nano calorimeter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy one of these nano calorimeter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy one of these nano calorimeter and
+start looking for real so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for real so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for real so if you want to
+see now I've taken you from basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now I've taken you from basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now I've taken you from basic
+material science to where's the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science to where's the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science to where's the field
+going to how do we keep our reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to how do we keep our reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to how do we keep our reactors
+running in about two hours I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in about two hours I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in about two hours I think
+that's the most compact introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most compact introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most compact introduction to
+nuclear materials I can possibly give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials I can possibly give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials I can possibly give
+you so any questions on what you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so any questions on what you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so any questions on what you've seen
+today yes I would expect an up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes I would expect an up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes I would expect an up that's
+the best I can say as far as is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can say as far as is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I can say as far as is it
+actually a line is it a curve I am NOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a line is it a curve I am NOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a line is it a curve I am NOT
+as brave or stupid as some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as brave or stupid as some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as brave or stupid as some of the other
+folks that will draw an arbitrary shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that will draw an arbitrary shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that will draw an arbitrary shaped
+line through a single data point so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through a single data point so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through a single data point so I'm
+not drawing a trend line yet yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drawing a trend line yet yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drawing a trend line yet yeah any
+other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions yeah
+yesterday the assumption that one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the assumption that one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the assumption that one little
+vessel to say oh not at all take a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to say oh not at all take a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel to say oh not at all take a whole
+bunch then instead of just doing sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch then instead of just doing sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch then instead of just doing sharpie
+coupons of one place which is what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons of one place which is what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons of one place which is what we do
+now you can get a map we don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can get a map we don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can get a map we don't have that
+information now but if you take pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now but if you take pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now but if you take pieces
+from all over the vessel then you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over the vessel then you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over the vessel then you get an
+actual 3d map instead of a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual 3d map instead of a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual 3d map instead of a single point
+of saying all right well we pick what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying all right well we pick what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying all right well we pick what we
+think is gonna be the worst condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is gonna be the worst condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is gonna be the worst condition
+how do you know you don't how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you don't how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you don't how do you
+know for sure you make measurements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for sure you make measurements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for sure you make measurements like
+these yeah any other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would expect that a peak would relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect that a peak would relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would expect that a peak would relate
+to a certain type of defect reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain type of defect reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain type of defect reaction
+occurring when some type of defect gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring when some type of defect gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring when some type of defect gets
+high enough in temperature that it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough in temperature that it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough in temperature that it goes
+from stuck to mobile and as it moves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stuck to mobile and as it moves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stuck to mobile and as it moves it
+encounters anything else at will in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters anything else at will in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters anything else at will in the
+material and will react with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and will react with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and will react with all the
+other defects nearby decimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other defects nearby decimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other defects nearby decimating the
+population of that defect and slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of that defect and slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of that defect and slightly
+depressing that of the others and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing that of the others and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing that of the others and as you
+go higher and higher in temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go higher and higher in temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go higher and higher in temperature the
+slower and slower defects start to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and slower defects start to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and slower defects start to move
+yeah that would be awesome but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be awesome but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be awesome but that
+vessel is the properties of the vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel is the properties of the vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel is the properties of the vessel
+are highly dependent on not just its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly dependent on not just its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly dependent on not just its its
+composition but the heat treatment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but the heat treatment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but the heat treatment that
+went into make it if you heat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into make it if you heat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into make it if you heat that
+vessel you both remove the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you both remove the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you both remove the radiation
+damage and remove the strengthening put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and remove the strengthening put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and remove the strengthening put
+in by the forging and heating process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by the forging and heating process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by the forging and heating process so
+you would have is again if you let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have is again if you let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have is again if you let's say
+replace the new vessel the price would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the new vessel the price would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the new vessel the price would
+replace a vessel you have a new reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a vessel you have a new reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a vessel you have a new reactor
+if you heat the vessel too much it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the vessel too much it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the vessel too much it's no
+longer a code stamp vessel pretty tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a code stamp vessel pretty tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a code stamp vessel pretty tricky
+spot that we're in huh but we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot that we're in huh but we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot that we're in huh but we're trying
+to science our way out of it well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to science our way out of it well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to science our way out of it well it's a
+couple minutes after I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes after I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes after I don't want to
+keep you longer but I'll open on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you longer but I'll open on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you longer but I'll open on
+Thursday with a little story about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday with a little story about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday with a little story about how
+mass attenuation coefficients can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation coefficients can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation coefficients can get
+you out of apartheid South Africa I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of apartheid South Africa I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of apartheid South Africa I'm
+serious and then we'll move into dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and then we'll move into dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and then we'll move into dose
+and biological effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UJG0f0BSX14.txt b/UJG0f0BSX14.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf261a572a18ba1d3295a128e54066a971fa15dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UJG0f0BSX14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1949 @@
+So the topic for today is we
+have a system like the kind we
+
+have been studying,
+but there is now a difference.
+
+A system of first order
+differential equations,
+
+just two of them.
+It is an autonomous system
+
+meaning, of course,
+that there is no t explicitly
+
+on the right-hand side.
+But what makes this different,
+
+now, is that it is nonlinear.
+
+In other words,
+the functions on the right-hand
+
+side are no longer simple things
+like ax plus by,
+
+cx plus dy.
+Those are the kind we have been
+
+studying.
+But we are going to allow them
+
+to have quadratic terms,
+sines, cosines,
+
+different stuff there that are
+not linear functions anymore.
+
+And the problem is,
+if it's a linear system you
+
+know how to get a sketch of its
+trajectories without using the
+
+computer by using eigenlines.
+You were very good at that on
+
+the exam on Friday.
+Most of you could do that very
+
+well.
+But what do you do if you have
+
+a nonlinear system?
+The problem is to sketch its
+
+trajectories.
+
+In general, there are not
+analytic formulas for the
+
+solutions to nonlinear systems
+like that.
+
+There are only computer-drawn
+things.
+
+But sometimes you have to get
+qualitative information,
+
+a quick idea of how the
+trajectories look.
+
+And, especially on Friday,
+I will give you examples of
+
+stuff that you can do that the
+computer cannot do very well at
+
+all.
+Okay, so the problem is to
+
+sketch those trajectories.
+Now, what I am going to do is
+
+--
+The way I will give the lecture
+
+is, this is the general problem.
+We have to do two things sort
+
+of simultaneously.
+I will give a general
+
+explanation using x and y,
+but then, as we do each step of
+
+the process and talk about it in
+general, I would like to carry
+
+it out on a specific example.
+And so we will do it with a
+
+specific example.
+The example I am going to carry
+
+out is that of the nonlinear
+pendulum.
+
+I am using this because it
+illustrates virtually
+
+everything.
+And, in addition,
+
+it has the great advantage
+that, since we know how a
+
+pendulum swings,
+we will be able to,
+
+when we get the answer,
+verify it and,
+
+at various stages of the
+procedure, verify that the
+
+mathematics is,
+in fact, in agreement with our
+
+physical intuition.
+It is going to be a lightly
+
+damped pendulum because I am
+going to have to put in numbers
+
+in order to do the calculations.
+And that seems like a good case
+
+which illustrates several types
+of behavior.
+
+Let's first of all,
+before we talk in general,
+
+remind you of the pendulum.
+The pendulum I am talking about
+
+has the vertex from which it
+swings.
+
+This is a rigid rod.
+It is not one of these
+
+string-type pendulums.
+There is a mass here.
+
+The rigid rod is of length l.
+And so it swings in a circular
+
+orbit like that back and forth
+in a circle.
+
+And let's put in the vertical
+distance, the vertical position
+
+rather.
+And now, as variables,
+
+of course normally we use
+neutral variables like x and y.
+
+But here x and y are not
+relevant variables to describing
+
+the way the mass moves.
+The obviously relevant variable
+
+is theta, this angle.
+Now, I am taking it in the
+
+positive direction.
+Here theta is zero.
+
+As it swings,
+theta becomes positive.
+
+Over here, when it is
+horizontal, theta has the value
+
+pi over two and then so on it
+goes.
+
+Values here correspond to
+negative values of theta.
+
+That is how it swings.
+Now, just to remind you of the
+
+equation that this satisfies,
+it satisfies F equals ma,
+
+rather ma equals F.
+Now, the acceleration is along
+
+the circular path.
+And that is different from the
+
+angular acceleration.
+I have to put in the factor of
+
+the length.
+You had that a lot in 8.01 so I
+
+am simply going to write it
+down.
+
+It is the mass.
+Therefore, the linear
+
+acceleration along the circular
+path is equal to the angular
+
+acceleration times l.
+It is l times theta prime
+
+prime, or double dot if you
+prefer.
+
+And so this much of it is the
+acceleration vector.
+
+Now, once the force is acting
+on it, well, there is a force of
+
+gravity which is pulling it
+straight down.
+
+But, of course,
+that is not the relevant force.
+
+I am interested in the force
+that acts along that circular
+
+line.
+And that will not be all of the
+
+pink line but only its component
+in that direction.
+
+And the component,
+I fill out the little right
+
+triangle.
+And then the way to get the
+
+component in that direction,
+the vertical pink part has the
+
+magnitude mg.
+But, since I only want this
+
+part, I have to multiply by the
+sign of this angle.
+
+Now, sometimes I have given on
+a diagnostic test to students
+
+when they enter to what angle is
+that?
+
+But, of course,
+anybody can guess it must be
+
+theta.
+Otherwise, why would he be
+
+asking it?
+So this is still the angle
+
+theta.
+You can prove these two
+
+triangles are similar.
+One of them I haven't even
+
+written in, but it would be the
+right triangle whose leg is
+
+perpendicular to it.
+So the right angle is here.
+
+If that is theta then the
+length of this small pink line
+
+is mg times the sine of theta.
+
+That is the force due gravity.
+It is mg sine theta.
+
+Except in what direction is it?
+It is acting in the negative
+
+direction.
+This is theta increasing.
+
+This is the opposite direction,
+so I should put a negative sign
+
+in front of it.
+But that is not the only force.
+
+There is also a damping force
+that goes with a velocity.
+
+And that also occurs if the
+angular velocity is positive,
+
+the angle theta is increasing,
+in other words,
+
+the damping force resists that.
+It is opposite to the velocity.
+
+So the velocity is going to be
+l times theta prime.
+
+There is my velocity v.
+Linear velocity,
+
+not angular velocity.
+And so this is going to be a
+
+negative times some constant
+times that c1.
+
+Now, that is the equation.
+But let's make it look a little
+
+better by getting rid of some of
+these constants.
+
+If I write it out this way and
+put everything on the left-hand
+
+side, the way it is usually done
+in writing a second order
+
+differential equation.
+Theta I am going to divide
+
+through by ml and put everything
+on the left-hand side and in the
+
+right order.
+Next should come the theta
+
+prime term.
+And so that is going to be c1l
+
+divided by ml,
+so that is c1 over m.
+
+The l's cancel out.
+And, finally,
+
+the last term on the right,
+I will move this over to the
+
+left, but remember everything is
+being divided by ml,
+
+so the m's cancel out,
+and it is plus g over l times
+
+the sine of theta.
+That is our differential
+
+equation.
+But let's make it look still a
+
+little bit better by lumping
+these constants and giving them
+
+new names.
+It is going to be finally theta
+
+double prime.
+I will simply call this thing
+
+the damping constant.
+I will lump those two together
+
+into single damping constant.
+And then g over l,
+
+I will lump those together,
+too.
+
+And we usually call that k.
+It is k sine theta.
+
+Now, this is a second-order
+
+different equation,
+but it is not linear.
+
+If this were a month and a half
+ago and I said solve that,
+
+you would stare at me.
+But, anyway,
+
+you couldn't solve that.
+And nobody can,
+
+in some sense.
+It is a nonlinear equation.
+
+It doesn't have any exact
+solution.
+
+The only thing you could do is
+look for a solution in infinite
+
+series or something like that.
+Well, what do you do?
+
+You throw it on the computer,
+that is the easy answer,
+
+but what does the computer do?
+Well, the first thing the
+
+computer does is turns it into a
+system because the computer is
+
+going to use numerical methods
+to solve it.
+
+But only those methods,
+the formulas it uses,
+
+Euler or modified or improved
+Euler or the Runge-Cutta method,
+
+they are always expressed not
+for single higher-order
+
+equations, but instead they
+always assume that the equation
+
+has been converted to a first
+order system.
+
+Let's do that for the computer,
+even though it will do it
+
+itself if nobody tells it not
+to.
+
+Theta prime is equal to,
+now I have to figure out what
+
+new variable to introduce.
+Normally we use x prime and
+
+call that y.
+That really doesn't seem to be
+
+very suitable here.
+But what do the physicists call
+
+it?
+This is the angular velocity.
+
+And the standard designation
+for that is omega.
+
+Two Greek letters.
+I told you this was going to be
+
+hard.
+Omega prime equals what?
+
+Well, omega prime equals,
+now you do it in the standard
+
+way, you convert the system,
+but remember you have to put
+
+the theta first.
+So it is minus k sine theta.
+
+The theta first and then the
+
+omega term first.
+So minus c times omega,
+
+minus c theta prime,
+but theta prime is,
+
+in real life,
+omega.
+
+And now we have our acceptable
+system.
+
+The only problem is I have not
+put in any numbers yet.
+
+The numbers I am going to put
+in will make it lightly damped.
+
+I am going to give c,
+think of it here,
+
+this is the damping,
+and this is the stuff
+
+representing,
+well, if I want to make it
+
+lightly damped all I am saying
+is that c should be small
+
+compared with k,
+but it doesn't have to be very
+
+small.
+I am going to take c equal one
+
+and k equal two,
+and that will make it
+
+lightly enough damped.
+This is the lightly damped
+
+value, values which give
+underdamping.
+
+In other words,
+they are going to allow the
+
+pendulum to swing back and forth
+instead of strictly going ug and
+
+ending up there.
+Finally, therefore,
+
+the system that we are going to
+calculate is where theta prime
+
+equals omega and omega prime
+equals negative two sine theta
+
+minus omega.
+
+And now what do we do with
+that?
+
+There is our example.
+That is our system that
+
+represents a pendulum swinging
+back and forth,
+
+damped away.
+And now let's go back to the
+
+general theory.
+And, in general,
+
+if you have a nonlinear system,
+
+how do you go about analyzing
+it?
+
+The first step is to find the
+simplest possible solutions,
+
+solutions that you hope can be
+found by inspection.
+
+Now, what would they be?
+They are the solutions that
+
+consist of a single point.
+How could a solution be a
+
+single point?
+Well, like the origin for a
+
+linear system,
+those points which form
+
+solutions all by themselves are
+called the critical points.
+
+I am looking for the critical
+points of the system.
+
+That is the first step.
+The definition is a critical
+
+point x zero,
+y zero.
+
+For that to be a critical point
+
+means that it makes the
+right-hand side zero.
+
+The f is zero there,
+and the g is zero there.
+
+See the significance of that?
+If you have such a point,
+
+let's say there is a critical
+point, what is the velocity
+
+field at that point?
+Well, it is given by the
+
+vectors on the right-hand side,
+but the components are zero.
+
+That means, at this point the
+velocity vector is zero.
+
+Well, that means if a solution
+starts there,
+
+you put the mouse there and
+tell it to move,
+
+where do you go?
+It has no reason to go anywhere
+
+since the velocity vector is
+zero there.
+
+So it sits there for all time.
+And indeed it solves the
+
+system, doesn't it?
+It makes the right-hand side
+
+zero and it makes the left-hand
+side zero because x equals x
+
+zero, y equals y zero for
+
+all time.
+If that is true for all time it
+
+sits there then the derivatives,
+with respect to time are zero,
+
+so the left-hand sides are
+zero, the right-hand sides are
+
+zero and everybody is happy.
+Well, these are great points.
+
+How do I find them?
+Well, by looking for points
+
+that make these two functions
+zero.
+
+I find them by solving
+simultaneously the equations f
+
+of (x, y) equals zero and g of
+(x, y) equals zero.
+
+A pair of equations.
+But the trouble is those are
+
+not linear equations.
+Linear equations you know how
+
+to solve, but they are not
+linear equations.
+
+They are nonlinear equations
+that you don't know how to
+
+solve.
+And, to some extent,
+
+nobody else does either.
+There are very fat books in the
+
+library whose topic is how to
+solve just a pair of equations,
+
+f of (x, y) equals zero,
+g of (x, y) equals zero.
+
+And it is quite a hard problem.
+It is even a hard problem by
+
+computer.
+Because, if you know
+
+approximately where the solution
+is going to be,
+
+you can make up the little
+screen and then the computer
+
+will find it for you.
+Or, even without a screen,
+
+it will calculate it by
+Newton's method or something
+
+else, it will zero in.
+The problem is,
+
+if you don't know in advance
+roughly where the critical point
+
+is that you are looking for,
+there are a lot of numbers.
+
+They go to infinity that way
+and infinity that way.
+
+In general, it is almost an
+impossible problem.
+
+The only thing that makes it
+possible is that these problems
+
+always come from the real world
+and one has some physical
+
+feeling, one hopes,
+for where the critical point
+
+is.
+I am going to assume breezily
+
+and cheerily we can solve those.
+And I am only going to give you
+
+examples where it is possible to
+solve them.
+
+But even there,
+you have to watch out.
+
+There is a certain trickiness
+that will be talked about in the
+
+recitations tomorrow.
+Okay, so we found the critical
+
+points.
+Let's do it for our example.
+
+Let's find the critical point.
+What is the pair of equations
+
+we have to solve?
+We have to solve the equations
+
+omega equals zero,
+minus two sine theta minus
+
+omega equals zero.
+
+Now, it is not always this
+easy.
+
+But the solution is omega is
+zero.
+
+If omega is zero,
+then sine theta is zero,
+
+and sine theta is zero at the
+
+integral multiples of pi.
+The critical points are omega
+
+is always zero and theta is
+zero, or it could be plus or
+
+minus pi, plus or minus two pi
+and so on.
+
+In other words,
+there are an infinity of
+
+critical points.
+That seems a little
+
+discouraging.
+On the other hand,
+
+there are really only two.
+There are really physically
+
+only two because omega equals
+zero means the mass is not
+
+moving.
+The angular velocity is zero,
+
+so it is only the theta
+position which is changing.
+
+Now, what are the possible
+theta positions?
+
+Well, here is our nonlinear
+pendulum.
+
+Here is the critical point,
+theta equals zero,
+
+omega equals zero.
+Theta equals zero means the rod
+
+is vertical.
+Omega equals zero means that it
+
+is not moving,
+despite the fact that it is
+
+moving.
+Theoretically it is not moving.
+
+Now, what is the other one?
+Well, there is theta equals pi.
+
+Theta is now,
+starting from zero and
+
+increasing, I hope,
+through positive theta.
+
+And when it gets to pi,
+it is sticking straight up in
+
+the air.
+And so the claim is that
+
+another critical point is theta
+equals pi and omega equals zero.
+
+In other words,
+if it gets to this position,
+
+it starts out in this position
+and stays there for all time,
+
+as you see.
+[LAUGHTER] But my point is what
+
+about negative pi?
+That is the same as pi.
+
+Two pi is the same as zero.
+So physically there really are
+
+only two critical points,
+this one and that one.
+
+And they obviously have
+something very different about
+
+them.
+This critical point is stable.
+
+If I start near there,
+I approach that critical point
+
+in infinite time.
+This one, if I start near
+
+there, I do not stay near there.
+I always leave it.
+
+Of the two critical points,
+physically it is clear that the
+
+critical point is zero,
+zero and the other guys that
+
+look like it,
+two pi zero and so on is a
+
+stable critical point.
+Whereas, pi zero,
+
+when theta is sticking straight
+up in the air,
+
+is unstable.
+Now, of course,
+
+we will want to see that
+mathematically also,
+
+but basically there are just
+physically two point.
+
+There are just two critical
+points.
+
+Well, that raises the question
+what about all the others?
+
+As you will see,
+we have to have those.
+
+They are an essential part of
+the problem.
+
+They are not just redundant
+baggage that is trailing along.
+
+They are really important.
+But you will see that when we
+
+talk about finally how the
+trajectories look and how the
+
+solutions look.
+Now what do we do?
+
+Well, we found the critical
+points, and now the work begins.
+
+Virtually all the work is in
+this next step.
+
+What do we do?
+Step two.
+
+I can only describe it in
+general terms,
+
+but here is what you do.
+For each critical point x zero,
+
+y zero, a procedure that has to
+be done at each one,
+
+you linearize the system near
+that point.
+
+In other words,
+you may find a linear system,
+
+the good kind,
+the kind you know about,
+
+which is a good approximation
+to the nonlinear system at that
+
+critical point.
+Plot the trajectories of this
+
+linearized system.
+And you do that near the
+
+critical point.
+
+How do you plot the
+trajectories?
+
+Well, that you knew how to do
+on Friday so I am assuming you
+
+still know how to do it on
+Monday.
+
+In other words,
+if the system is linear you
+
+know how to plot the
+trajectories of it by
+
+calculating eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors and maybe the
+
+direction of motion if it is a
+spiral.
+
+I will give you a couple of
+examples of that when we work
+
+out the pendulum.
+But, on the other hand,
+
+how do I line arise a system?
+Well, there are two methods.
+
+There is one method the book
+gives you, which by and large I
+
+do not want you to use,
+although I will give you an
+
+example of it now.
+I want you to use another
+
+method because it is much
+faster.
+
+Especially if you have to
+handle several critical points
+
+it is much, much faster.
+Let's first carry this out on
+
+an easy case,
+and then I will show you how to
+
+do it in general.
+Just this once I will use the
+
+book's method because I think it
+is the method which would
+
+naturally occur to you.
+Let's linearize this example at
+
+the point zero,
+zero.
+
+What should be the linearized
+system?
+
+In other words,
+it's only the nonlinear terms I
+
+have to worry about.
+Well, the minus omega is fine.
+
+It is that stupid sine theta
+that I don't like.
+
+But if theta is small,
+in other words,
+
+if I stay near zero,
+I could replace sine theta by
+
+theta.
+The linearized system is minus
+
+two.
+You replace sine theta by
+
+theta, since sine theta is
+approximately theta if theta is
+
+small, if theta is near zero.
+It is the first term of its
+
+Taylor series you can think of,
+or it's just the linear
+
+approximation starts out sine
+theta equals theta.
+
+That is it.
+Or, you draw a picture.
+
+I don't know.
+There are a millions of ways to
+
+do it.
+So we have it.
+
+Now what do I do?
+Okay, now we will plot that.
+
+The matrix, let's do our little
+routine, in other words.
+
+I am writing right to left for
+no reason.
+
+The matrix is,
+now I am just going to make
+
+marks on a board the way you did
+on your exam,
+
+zero, one.
+[LAUGHTER] I don't know what I
+
+am doing, but you know.
+Negative two,
+
+negative one,
+and then I write down the
+
+eigen-whatchamacallits.
+Lambda squared,
+
+plus lambda,
+minus the trace.
+
+The determinant is minus,
+minus two, so it is plus two
+
+equals zero.
+And then, since it doesn't
+
+occur to me how to factor this,
+I will use the quadratic
+
+formula.
+It is negative one plus or
+
+minus the square root of,
+b squared minus 4ac,
+
+minus seven.
+Complex.
+
+That means it is going to be a
+spiral.
+
+I am going to get a spiral.
+Will it be a source or a sink
+
+since they are complex roots?
+Complex eigenvalues give a
+
+spiral.
+A source or a sink?
+
+I tell that from the sine of
+the real part.
+
+The real part is negative
+one-half.
+
+Therefore, the amplitude is
+shrinking like e to the minus t
+
+over two.
+And, therefore,
+
+the spiral is coming into the
+origin.
+
+It is a spiral sink since
+lambda equals minus one-half
+
+plus some number times i.
+Spiral sink.
+
+And the other thing to
+determine is its direction of
+
+motion, which will be what?
+I determine its direction of
+
+motion by putting in a single
+vector from the velocity field.
+
+Here it is.
+The vector at one,
+
+zero will be the
+same as the first column of the
+
+matrix.
+So that is zero,
+
+negative two.
+
+Here is a vector from the
+velocity field,
+
+and that shows that the motion
+is clockwise and is spiraling
+
+into the origin.
+That is a picture,
+
+therefore, at the origin of how
+that looks.
+
+Now, it is of the utmost
+importance for your
+
+understanding of what comes now
+that you understand in what
+
+sense this picture corresponds
+to the physical behavior of the
+
+pendulum.
+Let's start it over here.
+
+What is it doing?
+That means that theta is some
+
+number like one,
+for example.
+
+Let's make it smaller.
+Let's say a little bit.
+
+And this is the omega access.
+If it starts over here that
+
+means the angular velocity is
+zero and theta is a small
+
+positive number.
+Theta is a small positive
+
+number.
+The angular velocity is zero.
+
+It's velocity zero,
+theta small and positive.
+
+I release it and it does that.
+What does this have to do with
+
+the spiral?
+Well, the spiral is exactly a
+
+mathematical picture of this
+motion.
+
+What happens?
+Theta starts to decrease.
+
+And the angular velocity
+increases but in the negative
+
+direction.
+This is negative angular
+
+velocity.
+Theta is decreasing.
+
+The angular velocity gets
+bigger and bigger.
+
+And it is biggest,
+most negative when theta is
+
+zero.
+It has reached the vertical
+
+position is when the angular
+velocity is biggest.
+
+It continues then.
+Theta gets negative,
+
+but the angular velocity then
+decreases to zero.
+
+Now the angular velocity is
+zero and theta is at its most
+
+negative, and then it reverses.
+Angular velocity gets positive
+
+as theta increases again,
+and so on.
+
+These represent the successive
+swings back and forth.
+
+Notice the fact that it is
+damped is reflected in the fact
+
+that each successive swing,
+the biggest that theta gets is
+
+a little less than it was
+before.
+
+In other words,
+this point is not quite as far
+
+out as that one.
+And this one isn't as far out
+
+as that one.
+In other words,
+
+it is spiraling in.
+
+Well, I hope that is clear
+because we now have to go to the
+
+next critical point.
+And now we have a little
+
+problem.
+If I want to do the next
+
+critical point,
+so what I want to do now is,
+
+in other words,
+I want to linearize at the
+
+point pi zero where theta is pi
+and the thing is sticking up in
+
+the air.
+The question is,
+
+how am I going to do that?
+This trick of replacing sine
+
+theta by theta,
+that doesn't work at pi.
+
+That works at zero.
+
+Now we have to go to the next
+step of the method.
+
+The way to do this,
+in general, as you will read in
+
+the notes because,
+as I say, this is not in the
+
+book, is to calculate the
+Jacobian.
+
+I mean the Jacobian matrix.
+The Jacobian is the
+
+determinant.
+I mean, before you put the two
+
+bars down and made a
+determinant, you called it just
+
+the Jacobian matrix.
+And the formula for it is,
+
+it is calculated from f and g.
+The top line is the partial of
+
+f with respect to x and y,
+and the bottom line is the
+
+partial of g with respect to x
+and y.
+
+So that is the Jacobian matrix.
+
+I hope I get a chance at the
+end of the period to explain to
+
+you why, but I am most anxious
+right now to at least get you
+
+familiar with the algorithm,
+how to do it.
+
+The notes describe the y of it,
+if we don't get a chance to get
+
+to it, but I hope we will.
+What do you do?
+
+The Jacobian matrix.
+You calculate it at the point x
+
+zero, y zero.
+
+I will indicate that by putting
+a subscript zero on it.
+
+This means without the
+subscript zero it is the
+
+Jacobian matrix calculated out
+of those four partial
+
+derivatives.
+When I put a subscript zero,
+
+I mean I evaluated it at the
+critical point by plugging in
+
+each entry as a function of x
+and y.
+
+You plug in for x equals 
+x zero, y equals y zero,
+
+and you get a numerical
+matrix.
+
+That is the matrix which is the
+matrix of the linearized system.
+
+This is the matrix of the
+linearized system.
+
+Trust me, it is.
+Now, since I don't expect you
+
+to trust me, let's calculate it.
+Here, we got the matrix another
+
+way, by this procedure of saying
+sine theta is theta-- What would
+
+we have gotten if we had done it
+instead by the linearized
+
+system?
+Let's do it that way.
+
+Let's do it via the Jacobian.
+
+I need to know the Jacobian of
+the system, which I have
+
+conveniently covered up.
+There is the system.
+
+The Jacobian matrix is what?
+The top line,
+
+I take the partial derivative
+of omega first with respect to
+
+theta and then with respect to
+omega.
+
+I then take the second line on
+the right-hand side.
+
+I take its partial with respect
+to theta first.
+
+That is negative two cosine
+theta.
+
+And, thinking ahead,
+I erase the one and move it
+
+over a little bit.
+And what is the partial of that
+
+thing with respect to omega?
+It is negative one.
+
+Does everyone see how I
+calculated that Jacobian matrix?
+
+And now I want to evaluate it.
+Let's do our old case first.
+
+At zero, zero what 
+would this have
+
+amounted to?
+This would have given me zero,
+
+one.
+The cosine of theta at zero is
+
+one, so this is negative two,
+negative one.
+
+I'm screwed.
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+That is the same as that.
+Now you see it,
+
+now you don't.
+We got our old answer back.
+
+That should give us enough
+confidence to use it in the new
+
+case, where I don't have an old
+answer to compare it with.
+
+What is it going to be at pi,
+zero?
+
+The answer is J zero is
+now going to be --
+
+Well, everything is the same.
+Zero, one, negative one.
+
+And here cosine of pi is
+negative one,
+
+so negative two times negative
+one is two.
+
+Everything is the same,
+except there is a two there now
+
+instead of negative two.
+Lambda squared plus lambda,
+
+the determinant,
+is now negative two.
+
+And this factors into lambda
+plus two times 
+
+lambda minus one.
+
+So lambda equals one.
+The corresponding eigenvector.
+
+I subtract one here,
+so the equation is minus a1
+
+plus a2 is zero.
+
+The solution is one,
+one, e to the t.
+
+And for the other one,
+it's lambda is equal to
+
+negative two.
+This is the sort of stuff you
+
+can do, so I am doing it fast.
+Zero minus negative two is two.
+
+So the equation is 2a1 plus a2
+equals zero.
+
+And the solution is now,
+I give a1 the value one,
+
+a2 will be negative two,
+and that is times e to the
+
+minus 2t.
+
+Well, what does the thing then
+actually look like?
+
+What I am now going to do is,
+I drew a picture before,
+
+that spiral picture we had
+before of the way the thing
+
+looked at the point zero,
+zero.
+
+So at the point pi,
+zero how does it
+
+look, now?
+Well, it looks like the origin,
+
+but I am thinking of it really
+as the point pi,
+
+zero.
+In other words,
+
+I am thinking of a linear
+variable change sliding along
+
+the axis so that the point pi,
+zero now looks like
+
+the origin.
+If I do that then those two
+
+basic solutions,
+there is the one,
+
+one solution which
+is going out that way.
+
+And it is going out this way.
+But the other guy is coming in
+
+along the vector one,
+negative two.
+
+So one, negative two looks like
+this.
+
+This guy is coming in at a
+somewhat sharper angle,
+
+coming in because it is e to
+the negative 2t.
+
+And we recognize this,
+of course, as a saddle.
+
+And I would complete the
+trajectories by putting in some
+
+of the typical saddle lines like
+that.
+
+Now, I say that,
+too, gives a picture of what is
+
+happening to the pendulum near
+that point.
+
+Let's, for example,
+look here.
+
+What is happening here?
+This is theta,
+
+or really it is theta minus pi,
+is this axis.
+
+In other words,
+this will be zero.
+
+When theta is pi this will
+correspond to the point zero.
+
+Here is omega.
+What is theta doing?
+
+Starting up there this
+represents a value of theta a
+
+little bit less than pi,
+a little bit to the negative.
+
+A little bit less than pi.
+Here is pi, so a little bit
+
+less than pi is over here.
+A little bit less than pi.
+
+A little bit less.
+And omega is zero.
+
+What happened?
+Theta started decreasing ever
+
+more rapidly so that the omega
+was zero here,
+
+now omega is negative and gets
+much more negative.
+
+In other words,
+both theta decreases from that
+
+point and omega decreases also.
+What happened here?
+
+Here, theta is a little bit
+more than pi.
+
+Now it is a little bit more
+than pi.
+
+Theta now increases until it
+gets to 2pi and then oscillates
+
+around 2pi.
+So theta increases.
+
+And omega increases,
+too, because the angular
+
+velocity started at zero but,
+as theta gets more positive,
+
+omega gets positive,
+too, because theta is
+
+increasing.
+So omega increases and theta
+
+increases and it goes off like
+that.
+
+Well, the final step is to put
+them all together to be the big
+
+picture.
+Here we are for three,
+
+let's say, the big picture.
+Plot trajectories around each
+
+critical point and then add
+some.
+
+It's that last step that can
+cause you a little grief,
+
+but we will see how it works
+out.
+
+Add some more,
+according to your best
+
+judgment.
+Let's make a big picture now of
+
+our pendulum the way it
+apparently ought to look.
+
+Nice big axis since we are
+going to accommodate a lot of
+
+critical points here.
+Let's put in some critical
+
+points.
+Here is the origin.
+
+And now here is the one at pi,
+let's say, here is one at 2pi.
+
+I am going to add some of these
+others, 3pi, 4pi.
+
+I won't in their values.
+You can figure out what I mean.
+
+Zero here.
+And then here it will be
+
+negative pi, and here negative
+2pi.
+
+I guess I can stop there.
+That is the theta axis,
+
+and here is the omega axis.
+And now, at each one of these,
+
+I stay nearby and I draw the
+linear trajectories,
+
+the trajectories of the
+corresponding linearized system.
+
+We decided here that the spiral
+went clockwise.
+
+Now, this point is physically,
+of course, the same as that
+
+one.
+But mathematically,
+
+the Jacobian matrix is the same
+also because if theta is 2pi the
+
+cosine of 2pi is also one.
+And this is the same matrix.
+
+So the analysis is identical.
+And, therefore,
+
+this point will also correspond
+to a counterclockwise spiral,
+
+as will this one.
+I am sorry, a clockwise spiral.
+
+Here, too, all of these points
+are the same.
+
+The behavior near them,
+clockwise spirals everywhere.
+
+How about the other ones?
+Well, the other ones correspond
+
+to these saddles,
+so let's draw them efficiently
+
+by doing the same thing on every
+one, mass production of saddles.
+
+There.
+And these guys go out.
+
+And the other guys come in,
+etc.
+
+And so here we have a little
+bit there, a little here,
+
+here, there,
+everywhere, etc.
+
+Now what?
+Now you pray for inspiration.
+
+And what you have to do is add
+trajectories that are compatible
+
+with the ones you have.
+Let's start with this guy.
+
+Where is it going?
+Well, a trajectory either goes
+
+off to infinity,
+but generally they get trapped
+
+around critical points.
+This guy must be surely doing
+
+this.
+How about this one?
+
+Yeah, sure.
+How about this one?
+
+Why not?
+How about that one?
+
+Yeah.
+But notice you are in trouble
+
+when two arrows you want to put
+in are near each other and going
+
+in opposite directions.
+That you cannot have.
+
+Continuity forbids it.
+But notice if I,
+
+for example,
+had gotten these eigenlines
+
+wrong, if I made this come in
+and those go out because I made
+
+a simple error in drawing the
+thing, I would have said but I
+
+cannot draw this picture because
+this spiral wants to go that way
+
+but this, right next to it,
+wants to go the other way.
+
+That is the way you would know
+if you made a mistake.
+
+If you didn't make a mistake
+you won't have any trouble
+
+filling these things out.
+The directions of motions of
+
+the spirals, everything will be
+compatible.
+
+Okay.
+What is this guy doing?
+
+Oh, well, it must be joining up
+with that.
+
+How about this one?
+Well, it must be coming back
+
+there.
+How about this one?
+
+Well, trajectories cannot
+cross.
+
+This guy cannot cross so it
+must be doing this.
+
+All right.
+What is that trajectory?
+
+Starts zero.
+Omega, on the other hand,
+
+is big and positive.
+Omega big and positive.
+
+[LAUGHTER] I am scared.
+Omega starts.
+
+Theta is zero.
+Omega big and positive.
+
+It went around,
+slowed up, but continued beyond
+
+pi.
+And, in fact,
+
+went too far.
+It continued to go here and
+
+then finally wound around that
+one.
+
+Now do you see why we had to
+have all the critical points?
+
+You have to have all the
+critical points.
+
+And not just the two physicals
+ones because the other critical
+
+points are necessary to describe
+a complicated motion that goes
+
+round and round and round until
+finally it crashes.
+
+You are going to practice
+drawing these pictures and
+
+interpreting them in recitation
+tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ULmjdacV_aw.txt b/ULmjdacV_aw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce94e6142db55652a9cbc82a91b56848805e0fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ULmjdacV_aw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+when we had the move the possibility say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had the move the possibility say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had the move the possibility say
+okay we can relocate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can relocate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can relocate some of these
+things to a distant place and avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to a distant place and avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to a distant place and avoid
+avoid some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the
+dispatch transport costs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch transport costs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatch transport costs um
+the solution there was okay maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution there was okay maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution there was okay maybe we
+want to move it to the most distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move it to the most distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move it to the most distant
+place and we're going to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we're going to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and we're going to do it uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gas we're going to transfer it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we're going to transfer it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we're going to transfer it by
+pipeline and not by truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and not by truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and not by truck
+by tanker truck of the finished product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tanker truck of the finished product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tanker truck of the finished product
+so that that could save us some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that could save us some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that could save us some money
+and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this
+solution for the numbers we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the numbers we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the numbers we had
+increased the expected value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the expected value in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the expected value in this
+case for about 10 for another 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for about 10 for another 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for about 10 for another 10
+but here's the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the kind of thing that
+happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is that
+in this case to be able to enable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case to be able to enable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case to be able to enable this
+flexibility you had to invest in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility you had to invest in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility you had to invest in a
+pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that would cost some money so under many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cost some money so under many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cost some money so under many
+cases if you invested in it but didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you invested in it but didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if you invested in it but didn't
+use it you'd have this extra cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it you'd have this extra cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it you'd have this extra cost so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh this pipeline some solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pipeline some solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pipeline some solution
+was a disadvantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a disadvantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a disadvantage
+for me you say re remove reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you say re remove reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you say re remove reduce the
+expected value say from about 11 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value say from about 11 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value say from about 11 here
+for both the alternatives to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the alternatives to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the alternatives to something
+around let's call eight or nine so is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's call eight or nine so is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's call eight or nine so is a
+significant over a range here but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant over a range here but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant over a range here but on the
+other hand it was really great demand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it was really great demand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it was really great demand it
+was a very profitable one so you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very profitable one so you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very profitable one so you had a
+trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+to happen so that very often as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so that very often as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen so that very often as in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+if you were simply comparing the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were simply comparing the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were simply comparing the red
+line and the green line it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the green line it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the green line it's not
+so obvious which is the better one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious which is the better one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious which is the better one or
+how you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you ought to
+organize it so it does frequently happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it so it does frequently happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it so it does frequently happen
+and you should expect it that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should expect it that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should expect it that it's not
+always well one is uniformly better this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well one is uniformly better this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always well one is uniformly better this
+kind of effect where investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of effect where investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of effect where investing in
+the um and the flexibility has a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and the flexibility has a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um and the flexibility has a cost
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+just like i buy life insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i buy life insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i buy life insurance
+not to be morbid about it if i buy life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be morbid about it if i buy life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be morbid about it if i buy life
+insurance and i every year goes by i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and i every year goes by i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and i every year goes by i've
+lost money on my bet but i'm very in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost money on my bet but i'm very in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost money on my bet but i'm very in
+this case i'm very happy with not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case i'm very happy with not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case i'm very happy with not
+cashing in on my life insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cashing in on my life insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cashing in on my life insurance
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this has some uh comparisons and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some uh comparisons and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some uh comparisons and it
+shows that the flexible or within the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the flexible or within the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the flexible or within the no
+move can increase not just the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move can increase not just the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move can increase not just the expected
+value but also other kinds of measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but also other kinds of measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but also other kinds of measures
+which i suggest that we should be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i suggest that we should be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i suggest that we should be taking
+into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+regularly which is for example the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly which is for example the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly which is for example the value
+at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+both the flexible with and without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the flexible with and without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the flexible with and without the
+move increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move increased the
+improve the value at risk by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the value at risk by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the value at risk by uh
+two or three times here in comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three times here in comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three times here in comparison
+with what was happening with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what was happening with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what was happening with the um
+fixed design so the fixed design you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed design so the fixed design you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed design so the fixed design you had
+a 10 value at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 value at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10 value at risk
+of a 1.8 and here you increased it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 1.8 and here you increased it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 1.8 and here you increased it to
+five or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or this
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+basically and the same thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and the same thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and the same thing with the
+upside you had considerable possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside you had considerable possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside you had considerable possible
+improvements so it's not just a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so it's not just a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so it's not just a unit
+unit dimensional thing it changes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit dimensional thing it changes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit dimensional thing it changes not
+just the averages but the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the averages but the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the averages but the distribution
+of averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages
+on the one hand reducing the risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand reducing the risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand reducing the risk and
+increasing the opportunities those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the opportunities those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the opportunities those are
+the kind of things that you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of things that you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of things that you would expect
+now let's think about learning rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about learning rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's think about learning rates
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+being a parametric study not knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a parametric study not knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a parametric study not knowing
+what the learning rate might be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the learning rate might be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the learning rate might be on this
+kind construction we assumed there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind construction we assumed there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind construction we assumed there was
+either nothing or it had different rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nothing or it had different rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either nothing or it had different rates
+and what you can see is again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see is again this is
+part of the trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the trade-off between
+economy the scale and learning if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy the scale and learning if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy the scale and learning if you're
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+as you build modules the later ones will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you build modules the later ones will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you build modules the later ones will
+be cheaper than the earlier ones and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheaper than the earlier ones and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheaper than the earlier ones and so
+that it will decrease the overall cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will decrease the overall cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will decrease the overall cost
+of expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion
+and this counterbalances the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this counterbalances the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this counterbalances the effect of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+economies of scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale and
+infl increases the effect of discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infl increases the effect of discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infl increases the effect of discount
+rates meaning that the further you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates meaning that the further you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates meaning that the further you build
+it out in the future the less expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in the future the less expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out in the future the less expensive
+is going to be and as you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see here right let's try to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here right let's try to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here right let's try to illustrate
+here that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that for
+the no move analysis simply looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no move analysis simply looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no move analysis simply looking at
+changing the learning rate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the learning rate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the learning rate on the
+construction of the modules it pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the modules it pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the modules it pushed
+out the maximum value you could have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the maximum value you could have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the maximum value you could have uh
+the far end of the of the curve meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far end of the of the curve meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far end of the of the curve meaning
+that if demand really grew and you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if demand really grew and you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if demand really grew and you build
+a lot but you build it in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but you build it in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but you build it in the future and
+it basically came to you at a very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically came to you at a very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically came to you at a very cheap
+price you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you had
+tremendous advantages in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous advantages in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous advantages in terms of the
+expected value going from about 20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value going from about 20 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value going from about 20 to
+about 50 in this particular case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 in this particular case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 in this particular case with
+these numbers and i wouldn't put much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and i wouldn't put much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and i wouldn't put much
+attention to these numbers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to these numbers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to these numbers because
+there's not backed by a specific case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not backed by a specific case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not backed by a specific case
+but it shows and the intent of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows and the intent of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows and the intent of this is
+to show that there is that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there is that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there is that distribution
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+changing the learning rate can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the learning rate can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the learning rate can be really
+very powerful so even if it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful so even if it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful so even if it goes from
+far zero none to some five percent which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far zero none to some five percent which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far zero none to some five percent which
+is fairly modest it has a change from 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly modest it has a change from 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly modest it has a change from 20
+to 28 so it has a lot of leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 28 so it has a lot of leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 28 so it has a lot of leverage
+in there if there is uh a learning rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there if there is uh a learning rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there if there is uh a learning rate
+and this if you're making cars you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if you're making cars you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this if you're making cars you're
+going from having produced a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from having produced a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from having produced a hundred
+thousand two hundred and ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two hundred and ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two hundred and ten thousand
+it's not very much but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very much but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very much but if you're
+producing big units such as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing big units such as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing big units such as in the
+victoria desalting and you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victoria desalting and you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victoria desalting and you go from
+building one your first time you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building one your first time you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building one your first time you didn't
+know how to do it the building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it the building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it the building the
+second and the third the effect can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the third the effect can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the third the effect can be
+really quite significant uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significant uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significant uh when you're
+dealing in low numbers of units within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing in low numbers of units within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing in low numbers of units within
+modules you're talking about are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you're talking about are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules you're talking about are in the
+units so single single units one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so single single units one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so single single units one two
+three four five or even in the teams so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five or even in the teams so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five or even in the teams so
+this could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have
+can have a huge effect which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a huge effect which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a huge effect which is the
+point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this
+graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so
+the general lesson three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general lesson three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general lesson three
+is the rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rep
+repetition of modules promotes learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of modules promotes learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of modules promotes learning
+which is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is most
+impactful for initial replications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful for initial replications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impactful for initial replications
+so learning can increase value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so learning can increase value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so learning can increase value
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+let me repeat the example that i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the example that i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the example that i think i
+cited earlier in the class but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited earlier in the class but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited earlier in the class but i want to
+emphasize in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize in this context
+is when bp was building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when bp was building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when bp was building a
+platforms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rlc near azerbaijan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rlc near azerbaijan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rlc near azerbaijan
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+their first they had the for a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first they had the for a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first they had the for a variety
+of circumstances having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circumstances having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circumstances having to do with
+contract disputes with designers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract disputes with designers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract disputes with designers and
+what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you
+they ended up building three identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up building three identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up building three identical
+units of platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of platforms
+which was very different from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was very different from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was very different from their
+traditional approach was to optimize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach was to optimize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach was to optimize to
+to have bespoke tailor-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have bespoke tailor-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have bespoke tailor-made
+platforms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms for
+different sites where you had different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites where you had different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites where you had different
+expectations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the
+fuel coming through or the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel coming through or the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel coming through or the product
+coming through at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through at different times
+different depths of water and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depths of water and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depths of water and so forth
+and in that case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case is
+the the savings and labor costs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the savings and labor costs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the savings and labor costs were
+reported to be i reported i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to be i reported i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to be i reported i don't have
+the actual data for me but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual data for me but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual data for me but it was
+reported to be about 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to be about 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to be about 40
+people knew what was going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew what was going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew what was going to happen
+next they had could schedule things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next they had could schedule things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next they had could schedule things
+better they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they um
+changed up a little bits of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed up a little bits of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed up a little bits of the way the
+order in which they did assembly anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which they did assembly anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which they did assembly anyway
+it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like
+you and me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me we
+if we ever did this which i have many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ever did this which i have many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ever did this which i have many of
+you may have put out a tent to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have put out a tent to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have put out a tent to go
+camping the first time you do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camping the first time you do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camping the first time you do it you
+make mistakes and don't know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mistakes and don't know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make mistakes and don't know what you're
+doing and by the time you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and by the time you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and by the time you've done it
+several times you're a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times you're a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times you're a lot more
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+so and maybe you can think of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and maybe you can think of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and maybe you can think of a lot of
+other examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of
+when you go from the first time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from the first time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from the first time to the
+second or third times you sort of get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third times you sort of get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third times you sort of get to
+know the rogues and it happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rogues and it happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rogues and it happens so
+that's the general lesson is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general lesson is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general lesson is that this
+could have uh quite significant impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh quite significant impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh quite significant impacts
+can have may have uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have may have uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have may have uh it is
+not of course necessary
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UwwqPwp16_0.txt b/UwwqPwp16_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ac57060f8b38daeadde5a429984ba1cdc9704d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UwwqPwp16_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that we have defined what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have defined what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have defined what a
+Markov chain is what can we do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is what can we do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is what can we do with it
+well we usually build malls in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we usually build malls in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we usually build malls in order to
+predict some phenomenon of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict some phenomenon of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict some phenomenon of interest in
+the case of a Markov chain there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a Markov chain there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a Markov chain there is
+randomness and so it is natural to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and so it is natural to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and so it is natural to think
+about making probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making probabilistic
+predictions for example going back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for example going back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for example going back again
+to our checkout counter example you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our checkout counter example you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our checkout counter example you have
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. there are two
+customers in a queue and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a queue and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a queue and you want to
+predict the number of customers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the number of customers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the number of customers in the
+queue at 7 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue at 7 p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue at 7 p.m.
+assuming time steps are in seconds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming time steps are in seconds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming time steps are in seconds that
+corresponds to 900 time steps later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to 900 time steps later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to 900 time steps later
+there is no way to know exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to know exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to know exactly where
+the system will be but you may be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be but you may be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be but you may be able
+to give probabilistic prediction that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give probabilistic prediction that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give probabilistic prediction that is
+to give the probability for the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the probability for the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the probability for the system
+to be in a given State 900 time steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in a given State 900 time steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in a given State 900 time steps
+later our main purpose will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later our main purpose will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later our main purpose will be to
+calculate such probabilities a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate such probabilities a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate such probabilities a notation
+will be useful here suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful here suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful here suppose that the
+Markov chain of interest starts in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain of interest starts in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain of interest starts in a
+given state I and that it runs for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state I and that it runs for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state I and that it runs for n
+transitions letters introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions letters introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions letters introduced the
+notation R IJ n to represent the N step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation R IJ n to represent the N step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation R IJ n to represent the N step
+transition probability of adding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability of adding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability of adding in
+state J this is the initial state I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J this is the initial state I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J this is the initial state I and
+this is the definition R IJ of n first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition R IJ of n first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the definition R IJ of n first
+note that these are probabilities given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that these are probabilities given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that these are probabilities given
+that you story in AI after n steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you story in AI after n steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you story in AI after n steps you
+will end up in some states with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in some states with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up in some states with
+probability 1 so the summation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 so the summation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 so the summation of all
+our IJ of n for all possible state J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IJ of n for all possible state J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our IJ of n for all possible state J
+will be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1
+and this is true for all I all initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for all I all initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for all I all initial
+state I and for any time step and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and for any time step and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and for any time step and also
+because we have a time invariant Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a time invariant Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a time invariant Markov
+chain R IJ n is also given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain R IJ n is also given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain R IJ n is also given by this
+formula here for any possible value of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here for any possible value of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here for any possible value of s
+going from here to here plus s plus s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from here to here plus s plus s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from here to here plus s plus s in
+other words if currently you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if currently you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if currently you are in
+state I at time steps s and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I at time steps s and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I at time steps s and you're
+interested in knowing what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing what is the
+probability of being in state J at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being in state J at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being in state J at time
+n plus s which means n steps later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus s which means n steps later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus s which means n steps later you
+will still have the same expression R IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still have the same expression R IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still have the same expression R IJ
+n so how to calculate R IJ n for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so how to calculate R IJ n for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so how to calculate R IJ n for some
+particular n this is easy for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular n this is easy for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular n this is easy for example
+for our IJ of zero that means that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our IJ of zero that means that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our IJ of zero that means that are
+no transition it will be either one if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no transition it will be either one if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no transition it will be either one if I
+equal J and 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in one step in other words when N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step in other words when N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step in other words when N equals
+1 our IGF 1 will be the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 our IGF 1 will be the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 our IGF 1 will be the priority
+transition given by the Markov chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition given by the Markov chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition given by the Markov chain and
+that is true for all I and og now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true for all I and og now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true for all I and og now let us
+calculate R IJ n for N greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate R IJ n for N greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate R IJ n for N greater than or
+equal to 2 we are going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 we are going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 we are going to apply the
+total probability theorem and break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem and break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem and break up
+the calculation of that quantity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of that quantity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of that quantity by
+considering the different ways that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the different ways that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the different ways that the
+event of interest can happen again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest can happen again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest can happen again the
+event of interest is to go from AI state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest is to go from AI state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest is to go from AI state
+I to state J in n time steps there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to state J in n time steps there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to state J in n time steps there are
+many ways for that event to happen let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways for that event to happen let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways for that event to happen let's
+group these many different ways as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group these many different ways as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group these many different ways as
+follows let us consider the first n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows let us consider the first n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows let us consider the first n
+minus 1 steps and group together all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 steps and group together all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 steps and group together all
+possible ways of going from AI to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of going from AI to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of going from AI to a
+state K a given state K in n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state K a given state K in n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state K a given state K in n minus 1
+steps and this we go paths here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and this we go paths here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and this we go paths here
+represent all possible ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all possible ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all possible ways of doing
+that using the definition above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the definition above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the definition above that
+probability of going from I to K in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going from I to K in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of going from I to K in n
+minus 1 steps will be R I K of n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 steps will be R I K of n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 steps will be R I K of n minus 1
+now assuming that you ended up in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assuming that you ended up in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assuming that you ended up in state
+K in n minus 1 transitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in n minus 1 transitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in n minus 1 transitions the
+probability that you end up in state J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in state J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you end up in state J
+in the next transition is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next transition is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next transition is simply the
+one-step transition probability P KJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all together the priority of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all together the priority of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all together the priority of going
+from state I to state J in n steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state I to state J in n steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state I to state J in n steps and
+in being in state K after n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being in state K after n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being in state K after n minus 1
+steps is simply R I K and minus 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P kg note that state K can be any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P kg note that state K can be any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P kg note that state K can be any of the
+finite number of possible states of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of possible states of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of possible states of our
+system in summary all such paths can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in summary all such paths can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in summary all such paths can be
+represented by the following diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the following diagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the following diagram so
+again from time 0 to a time you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from time 0 to a time you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from time 0 to a time you're in
+state I and you want to be at time n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and you want to be at time n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and you want to be at time n in
+state J and you break down the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J and you break down the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J and you break down the all the
+possible ways by first looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways by first looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways by first looking at what
+would happen after step n minus 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen after step n minus 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen after step n minus 1 you
+can be in state 1 state K all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in state 1 state K all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in state 1 state K all the way to
+state M we have calculated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state M we have calculated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state M we have calculated these
+expression here this is what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here this is what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here this is what we have
+done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is for state one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and state him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the overall probability of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall probability of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall probability of reaching
+no J is obtained by an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no J is obtained by an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no J is obtained by an application of
+the total probability theorem it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability theorem it gives
+the following formula so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following formula so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following formula so this is
+corresponding to the total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the total probability
+theorem here this is the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here this is the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here this is the calculation
+that we have done here and we sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have done here and we sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have done here and we sum over
+all possibilities for K where do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possibilities for K where do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possibilities for K where do we use
+the Markov property in this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Markov property in this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Markov property in this calculation
+well the key step here was when we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the key step here was when we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the key step here was when we said
+that this probability year was pkg going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this probability year was pkg going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this probability year was pkg going
+back to the calculation that we had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the calculation that we had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the calculation that we had here
+this was in fact the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in fact the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in fact the probability of
+being in state J at times n given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state J at times n given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state J at times n given you
+started state I and you were in state n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started state I and you were in state n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started state I and you were in state n
+minus 1 in K and that probability being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 in K and that probability being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 in K and that probability being
+equal to the priority of xn equals J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the priority of xn equals J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the priority of xn equals J
+given the last time that is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the last time that is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the last time that is due to the
+Markov and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pkg this is the recursion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkg this is the recursion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkg this is the recursion in the
+following sense assume that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense assume that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense assume that you have
+calculated our I K n minus 1 for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated our I K n minus 1 for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated our I K n minus 1 for all
+possible values of I and all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of I and all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of I and all possible
+value of K and you had stored all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K and you had stored all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K and you had stored all these
+values M square of them for any pair IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values M square of them for any pair IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values M square of them for any pair IJ
+you can now calculate R IJ n using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now calculate R IJ n using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now calculate R IJ n using that
+formula and you can do it in essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you can do it in essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you can do it in essentially
+M multiplication and n minus 1 additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M multiplication and n minus 1 additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M multiplication and n minus 1 additions
+that is in a number of steps or number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in a number of steps or number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in a number of steps or number
+of elementary steps proportional to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elementary steps proportional to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elementary steps proportional to n
+you do this for all M square pair of I G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this for all M square pair of I G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this for all M square pair of I G
+at the time step n and then you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time step n and then you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time step n and then you repeat
+for n plus 1 etc so this is the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n plus 1 etc so this is the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n plus 1 etc so this is the essence
+of the recursion here is a variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion here is a variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion here is a variation
+that is another recursion for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another recursion for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another recursion for computing
+our G of n you start at I and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our G of n you start at I and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our G of n you start at I and suppose
+that in a one time step you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a one time step you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a one time step you find
+yourself in state K the priority here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in state K the priority here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in state K the priority here is
+the one step transition ek Pik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one step transition ek Pik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one step transition ek Pik
+and then given that you're in state K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then given that you're in state K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then given that you're in state K
+what is the priority that you will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the priority that you will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the priority that you will end
+up in state J in n minus 1 step will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in state J in n minus 1 step will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in state J in n minus 1 step will be
+again looking at this formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at this formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looking at this formula that we
+had here our KJ of n minus 1 again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here our KJ of n minus 1 again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here our KJ of n minus 1 again you
+have to consider all possible values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider all possible values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider all possible values for
+K here and the application of the troll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here and the application of the troll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here and the application of the troll
+probability theorem gives the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem gives the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem gives the following
+alternative recursion R IJ of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative recursion R IJ of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative recursion R IJ of n
+the Sun for all K equals one to n of P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun for all K equals one to n of P I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun for all K equals one to n of P I
+K times R K G of n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two recursion this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two recursion this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two recursion this one and this
+one are different they are both valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are different they are both valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are different they are both valid
+and could be useful depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be useful depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be useful depending on the
+specific questions you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific questions you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific questions you may want to
+answer finally note that if initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finally note that if initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finally note that if initial
+state is itself random that is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is itself random that is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is itself random that is given by
+a random distribution this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random distribution this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random distribution this is the
+initial distribution on the state then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distribution on the state then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distribution on the state then
+the state probability distribution after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state probability distribution after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state probability distribution after
+n steps will be given by this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps will be given by this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps will be given by this formula
+this is the state after n step is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the state after n step is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the state after n step is simply
+that and this is yet again an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is yet again an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is yet again an
+application of the total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the total probability
+theorem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UzcecPqqQPY.txt b/UzcecPqqQPY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8158848c6ed60089439f32eb94a7a852e524801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UzcecPqqQPY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so up until now you've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so up until now you've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so up until now you've been doing
+what I've asked you to do now it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've asked you to do now it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've asked you to do now it's time
+to put your imagination on display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put your imagination on display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put your imagination on display
+you've noticed that we've only been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've noticed that we've only been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've noticed that we've only been
+working with major Tri or major scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with major Tri or major scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with major Tri or major scales
+and Triads and all kinds of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Triads and all kinds of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Triads and all kinds of things like
+this but what else could we do well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but what else could we do well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but what else could we do well we
+could thinking about the other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could thinking about the other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could thinking about the other important
+scale the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the minor
+scales and we'll remember that the minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we'll remember that the minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and we'll remember that the minor
+scales have not just one form but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales have not just one form but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales have not just one form but at
+least three forms the natural the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three forms the natural the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three forms the natural the
+harmonic and the melodic minor I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and the melodic minor I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and the melodic minor I want
+you to think for a second which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think for a second which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think for a second which one of
+these scills is most attuned to writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scills is most attuned to writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scills is most attuned to writing
+out the harmonies of Rowan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numerals that's right it's the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals that's right it's the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals that's right it's the harmonic
+minor form so that's what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor form so that's what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor form so that's what you're going
+to be most thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be most thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be most thinking about
+here why do we have to restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do we have to restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do we have to restrict
+ourselves to Triads why can't we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to Triads why can't we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to Triads why can't we do
+seventh chords or ninth chords or 11th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh chords or ninth chords or 11th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh chords or ninth chords or 11th
+chords or something else so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords or something else so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords or something else so we have to
+think about returning Roman numerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about returning Roman numerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about returning Roman numerals
+like 5 seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 seven or
+seven half diminish 65 or four4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven half diminish 65 or four4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven half diminish 65 or four4
+two while we're at it why do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two while we're at it why do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two while we're at it why do we think
+that all chords have to be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all chords have to be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all chords have to be part of the
+scale that's being played so why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's being played so why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that's being played so why can't
+we return flat 3 in C major for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return flat 3 in C major for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return flat 3 in C major for the
+major Triad beginning E flat GB flat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Triad beginning E flat GB flat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Triad beginning E flat GB flat for
+those who have taken 302 or 303 and 304
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have taken 302 or 303 and 304
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have taken 302 or 303 and 304
+what about secondary dominance or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about secondary dominance or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about secondary dominance or what
+about thinking about Neapolitan chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about Neapolitan chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about Neapolitan chords
+or augmented sixth chords can you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or augmented sixth chords can you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or augmented sixth chords can you return
+a French 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a French 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a French 43
+chord and why are we sticking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and why are we sticking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and why are we sticking in the
+realm of Music analysts chords like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of Music analysts chords like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of Music analysts chords like
+Roman numerals why not think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numerals why not think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numerals why not think about the
+chords that people use very often like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that people use very often like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that people use very often like
+jazz and pop chord symbols where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz and pop chord symbols where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jazz and pop chord symbols where you
+might have uh CM for C minor or c sus4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh CM for C minor or c sus4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh CM for C minor or c sus4
+for the particular sustained ACC chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular sustained ACC chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular sustained ACC chord
+that appears there if you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears there if you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears there if you know how to
+use Jazz symbols why not use them and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Jazz symbols why not use them and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Jazz symbols why not use them and if
+you've taken broke music or medieval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken broke music or medieval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken broke music or medieval and
+renaissance music you might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance music you might think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance music you might think about
+figured Bas symbols so they're A Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured Bas symbols so they're A Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured Bas symbols so they're A Whole
+New World unto themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this should just be the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should just be the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should just be the beginning of
+what your imagination can make so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your imagination can make so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your imagination can make so for
+your final part of this assignment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final part of this assignment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final part of this assignment I
+want you to make an open-ended extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to make an open-ended extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to make an open-ended extension
+you're going to write and document very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write and document very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write and document very
+very important document an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important document an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important document an interesting
+extension to the problems above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the problems above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the problems above
+according to what you've seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what you've seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what you've seen in the
+video so go ahead and call your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so go ahead and call your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so go ahead and call your
+extension whatever you want and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension whatever you want and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension whatever you want and test
+your extension show me that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your extension show me that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your extension show me that you have
+really seen what your extension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen what your extension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen what your extension is
+supposed to do and what what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do and what what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do and what what you can do
+when you're going to do all this don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to do all this don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to do all this don't
+spend too much time on this but spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on this but spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend too much time on this but spend
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+because asking your own questions is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because asking your own questions is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because asking your own questions is a
+great way to understand what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to understand what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to understand what's going to
+be asked at the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked at the end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked at the end of the semester
+research project
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VE4whF07w08.txt b/VE4whF07w08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..338a85c39c949725417222b49a886b9a9bcdca3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VE4whF07w08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I couldn't connect but uh so the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't connect but uh so the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't connect but uh so the FED
+just hike by 25 basis points and uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hike by 25 basis points and uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hike by 25 basis points and uh as
+people expected you know this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expected you know this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expected you know this is the way
+it works when there's lot of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works when there's lot of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works when there's lot of uncertainty
+essentially the f starts communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the f starts communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the f starts communicating
+what's going to do and the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to do and the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to do and the communication
+was very clear that that 25 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very clear that that 25 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very clear that that 25 basis points
+was uh to be expected and and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh to be expected and and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh to be expected and and apparently
+I was reading this right now it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reading this right now it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reading this right now it was
+released three minutes ago four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released three minutes ago four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released three minutes ago four minutes
+ago um they also said that that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um they also said that that further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um they also said that that further
+hikes are no longer guarantee so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikes are no longer guarantee so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikes are no longer guarantee so
+remember that we saw that expected ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we saw that expected ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we saw that expected ER
+hikes sort of we saw several several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikes sort of we saw several several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hikes sort of we saw several several
+expected hikes for the next few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected hikes for the next few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected hikes for the next few months
+before the svb mes and right after it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the svb mes and right after it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the svb mes and right after it we
+sort of the whole thing declining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole thing declining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the whole thing declining and
+and at least the minutes are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least the minutes are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least the minutes are consistent
+with that um so there we are so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um so there we are so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um so there we are so not
+being uncertain I imagine the markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uncertain I imagine the markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uncertain I imagine the markets
+are rallying or something like that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rallying or something like that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rallying or something like that at
+least for the next 10 minutes or so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the next 10 minutes or so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the next 10 minutes or so but
+we shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shall
+see anyway so but today we we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anyway so but today we we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anyway so but today we we're going
+to really start the I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really start the I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really start the I'm going to show
+you sort of the first model of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of the first model of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of the first model of economic
+growth uh and uh before I do that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh and uh before I do that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh and uh before I do that who
+knows who that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clue he actually he's Robert solo he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue he actually he's Robert solo he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue he actually he's Robert solo he
+wasn't he an Emeritus professor at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't he an Emeritus professor at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't he an Emeritus professor at MIT
+together with Paul Samson essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with Paul Samson essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with Paul Samson essentially
+he's responsible for building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's responsible for building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's responsible for building the
+economics department at MIT and he won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department at MIT and he won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics department at MIT and he won
+the Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in
+1987 I was a student then here H and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 I was a student then here H and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 I was a student then here H and uh
+and uh for his work primarily for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for his work primarily for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for his work primarily for his
+work on economic growth and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on economic growth and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on economic growth and so what
+we're going to do in the next two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the next two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the next two three
+lectures are essentially things that pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are essentially things that pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are essentially things that pop
+solo developed many many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo developed many many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo developed many many years
+ago the basic mechanism you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the basic mechanism you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the basic mechanism you know
+remember that we had this Kian cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we had this Kian cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we had this Kian cross
+before where we have this multiply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where we have this multiply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where we have this multiply in
+the Goods Market and aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goods Market and aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Goods Market and aggregate demand
+feeding into income and so on so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding into income and so on so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding into income and so on so forth
+that was sort of the star mechanism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of the star mechanism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of the star mechanism in
+in in short run macro in Long Run macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in short run macro in Long Run macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in short run macro in Long Run macro
+growth Theory this is sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth Theory this is sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth Theory this is sort of the the
+key mechanism and you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism and you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism and you can think of it as
+the following at any point in time an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following at any point in time an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following at any point in time an
+economy has you know factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy has you know factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy has you know factors of
+production primarily labor and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production primarily labor and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production primarily labor and capital
+that Capital stock labor is more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Capital stock labor is more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Capital stock labor is more or less
+fixed so depends on population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so depends on population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so depends on population growth
+things that are sort of difficult to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are sort of difficult to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are sort of difficult to to
+control or they're not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or they're not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or they're not really that
+endogenous to to economics not at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous to to economics not at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous to to economics not at least
+in the current time times many centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current time times many centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current time times many centuries
+ago yes they were we had this malthusian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yes they were we had this malthusian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yes they were we had this malthusian
+theories in which no population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in which no population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in which no population growth
+deter determine growth because food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter determine growth because food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter determine growth because food
+scarcity and stuff like that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity and stuff like that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity and stuff like that but that's
+no longer the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer the case
+fortunately for in most parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately for in most parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately for in most parts of the
+world so but what can what can change o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so but what can what can change o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so but what can what can change o
+over time and quite a bit and it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and quite a bit and it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and quite a bit and it depends
+on economic decisions is the capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on economic decisions is the capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on economic decisions is the capitalist
+stock but at any point in time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock but at any point in time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock but at any point in time there's
+certain capitalist stocks which combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain capitalist stocks which combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain capitalist stocks which combined
+with labor give you some certain output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with labor give you some certain output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with labor give you some certain output
+out put is income part of that income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out put is income part of that income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out put is income part of that income
+will be saved as we have seen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be saved as we have seen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be saved as we have seen and that
+those savings will be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those savings will be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those savings will be used for
+investment okay but investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay but investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay but investment is
+nothing else than capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than capital
+accumulation so this income will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation so this income will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation so this income will lead to
+saving which will fund investment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving which will fund investment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving which will fund investment which
+will change a stock of capital will Fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change a stock of capital will Fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change a stock of capital will Fed
+into Capital stock that will fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Capital stock that will fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Capital stock that will fit into
+income and so on all this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and so on all this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and so on all this is happening
+very slowly because the Capital stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly because the Capital stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly because the Capital stock
+accumulates slowly I mean but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates slowly I mean but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates slowly I mean but but
+but this is what is happening and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what is happening and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what is happening and so all
+the mods we want to look at certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mods we want to look at certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mods we want to look at certainly
+the model we're going to look at in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're going to look at in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're going to look at in this
+lecture is all about this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is all about this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is all about this mechanism
+okay so let's remember what we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's remember what we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's remember what we did in
+the previous lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture we
+uh and I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm going to assume that
+population is constant I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is constant I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is constant I'm going to
+relax that at the very end but assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax that at the very end but assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax that at the very end but assume
+that the population is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population is constant and
+equal to n and remember we're not woring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n and remember we're not woring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n and remember we're not woring
+about unemployment and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unemployment and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unemployment and stuff like that
+here um so output per capita of a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so output per capita of a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so output per capita of a person
+H is y/ n and we remember we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is y/ n and we remember we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is y/ n and we remember we had an
+production function f of K and N then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function f of K and N then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function f of K and N then
+because of Conant returns to scale we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Conant returns to scale we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Conant returns to scale we
+could divide by n on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could divide by n on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could divide by n on both sides
+everything and we ended up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we ended up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we ended up with this
+relationship so output per person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so output per person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so output per person is
+equal to an is a is an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to an is a is an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to an is a is an increasing
+function of capital per person it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital per person it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital per person it's an
+increasing function of capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of capital per
+person but it's also concave H function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it's also concave H function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but it's also concave H function
+of capital per person why is it concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per person why is it concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per person why is it concave
+that is why is it increasing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why is it increasing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why is it increasing at a
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+decreasing marginal product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing marginal product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing marginal product of capital
+exactly you know for fixed amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know for fixed amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know for fixed amount of
+Labor the more Capital you put in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor the more Capital you put in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor the more Capital you put in in
+into production well output keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into production well output keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into production well output keeps
+expanding but by less and less because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding but by less and less because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding but by less and less because
+it has less and less labor to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has less and less labor to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has less and less labor to work with
+each each unit of capital perfect that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each unit of capital perfect that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each unit of capital perfect that's
+very important uh then let's we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important uh then let's we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important uh then let's we're going
+to work in close economy I haven't open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in close economy I haven't open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in close economy I haven't open
+it I'm going to do that after uh quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to do that after uh quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to do that after uh quiz
+two and so and I'm going to assume also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so and I'm going to assume also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so and I'm going to assume also
+no public deficit so G equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public deficit so G equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no public deficit so G equal to T
+capital T and in that case then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and in that case then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and in that case then we know
+that ER private investment private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ER private investment private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ER private investment private
+savings equal to private investment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings equal to private investment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings equal to private investment okay
+that that's a away with the right the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a away with the right the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a away with the right the is
+curve um so that's that's that's not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve um so that's that's that's not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve um so that's that's that's not new
+I'm going to modify a little bit what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to modify a little bit what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to modify a little bit what we
+did in the short run er um and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the short run er um and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in the short run er um and I'm going
+to assume that that savings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that that savings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that that savings is
+proportional to income so savings little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to income so savings little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to income so savings little
+stimes y notice that that this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimes y notice that that this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimes y notice that that this is is
+different from what we did in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we did in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we did in the short
+run in the short run remember we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the short run remember we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in the short run remember we had a
+czo floating around we had a constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo floating around we had a constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czo floating around we had a constant in
+the consumption function so savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption function so savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption function so savings
+which was equal to income minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was equal to income minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was equal to income minus
+consumption also had a constant floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption also had a constant floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption also had a constant floating
+around now that that constant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now that that constant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now that that constant was
+important in the short run mod because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the short run mod because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the short run mod because
+it were approximating for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were approximating for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were approximating for a bunch of
+things that are not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not related to
+short-term income wealth you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term income wealth you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term income wealth you know the
+price of houses stuff like that we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of houses stuff like that we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of houses stuff like that we put
+all that in that constant there when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that in that constant there when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that in that constant there when you
+think about the long run though H most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the long run though H most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the long run though H most
+of those things that we excluded there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that we excluded there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things that we excluded there
+asset prices stuff like that tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset prices stuff like that tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset prices stuff like that tend to
+scale with output as well so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with output as well so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with output as well so so this is
+these are inconsistent on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inconsistent on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are inconsistent on the surface
+but if you were to fully work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to fully work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to fully work out what
+is behind the c0 in in the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behind the c0 in in the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behind the c0 in in the consumption
+function then this is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then this is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then this is not about
+approximation they're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they're not that
+inconsistent because endogenous thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent because endogenous thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent because endogenous thinks
+that over the long run scale with income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the long run scale with income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the long run scale with income
+I mean you know wealth tends to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know wealth tends to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know wealth tends to rise
+with income and all these things tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with income and all these things tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with income and all these things tend to
+move together at not at high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together at not at high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together at not at high frequency
+you can have all sort of fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have all sort of fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have all sort of fluctuations
+but over the long run they tend to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over the long run they tend to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over the long run they tend to scale
+up together so that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together so that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up together so that's going to be our
+saving function so that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving function so that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving function so that means that we
+know an equilibrium this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an equilibrium this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an equilibrium this is not
+investment function we know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function we know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function we know that in
+equilibrium investment will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium investment will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium investment will be equal to
+H it will be proportional to income okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it will be proportional to income okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it will be proportional to income okay
+so remember what we were through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember what we were through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember what we were through the
+going through the box we had at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the box we had at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the box we had at the top
+of the box we had Capital that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box we had Capital that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box we had Capital that led to
+Output we're doing everything ter per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output we're doing everything ter per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output we're doing everything ter per
+capita that Les led to savings and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita that Les led to savings and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita that Les led to savings and that
+funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded
+investment okay so that's that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay so that's that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay so that's that's what we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+so this growth model is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this growth model is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this growth model is really
+about these three functional forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these three functional forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these three functional forms and
+then a dynamic equation for the stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a dynamic equation for the stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a dynamic equation for the stock of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+so the evolution of the stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evolution of the stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evolution of the stock of capital
+capital will increase because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital will increase because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital will increase because of
+investment that's what investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that's what investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that's what investment is
+it's an increase in the stock of Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an increase in the stock of Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an increase in the stock of Capital
+H but but it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but but it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but but it will also
+decrease as a result of depreciation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as a result of depreciation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as a result of depreciation I
+mean things do break up no h once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things do break up no h once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things do break up no h once in a
+while and so uh and different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and so uh and different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and so uh and different type of
+capital have different depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital have different depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital have different depreciation
+rates equipment depreciate much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates equipment depreciate much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates equipment depreciate much faster
+than structures and buildings and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than structures and buildings and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than structures and buildings and so on
+but we're going to not going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to not going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to not going to make
+those distinctions here but you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distinctions here but you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distinctions here but you see this
+tells you the Capital stock at t+1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the Capital stock at t+1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the Capital stock at t+1 is
+equal to the Capital stock we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the Capital stock we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the Capital stock we had before
+minus what is depreciated of that stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what is depreciated of that stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what is depreciated of that stock
+of capital plus any new investment we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital plus any new investment we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital plus any new investment we do
+today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay
+in per worker terms and remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in per worker terms and remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in per worker terms and remember that
+for now I'm keeping population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I'm keeping population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I'm keeping population growth
+constant uh equal to zero not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh equal to zero not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh equal to zero not not
+population growth constant yeah constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth constant yeah constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth constant yeah constant
+but equal to zero so population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equal to zero so population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but equal to zero so population is
+constant I can divide this both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I can divide this both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I can divide this both sides by
+n no and I get that Capital per worker H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n no and I get that Capital per worker H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n no and I get that Capital per worker H
+per worker or per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker or per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker or per
+person is equal to this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is equal to this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is equal to this expression here
+I did two things here I divided by n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did two things here I divided by n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did two things here I divided by n and
+I replaces replace this I function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replaces replace this I function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replaces replace this I function this
+investment for savings okay because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment for savings okay because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment for savings okay because I
+know in equilibrium they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in equilibrium they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in equilibrium they have to be
+equal so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so I have
+that um I can rewrite this know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I can rewrite this know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I can rewrite this know just
+substract KT over n on both sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substract KT over n on both sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substract KT over n on both sides and
+then you get a the change in capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a the change in capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a the change in capital per
+person is is an increasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is is an increasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is is an increasing function of
+savings and decreasing of depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and decreasing of depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and decreasing of depreciation
+okay so the last step that is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the last step that is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the last step that is important
+in this model is to so here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is to so here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is to so here I have a
+difference equation for Capital but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation for Capital but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation for Capital but we
+have an output per capita on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output per capita on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an output per capita on the right
+hand side but it turns out that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side but it turns out that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side but it turns out that that I
+know that output per capita per person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that output per capita per person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that output per capita per person
+they said per capita per person the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said per capita per person the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said per capita per person the same
+thing per worker it's the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing per worker it's the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing per worker it's the same thing in
+this part of the course H so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course H so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course H so this is
+equal to H is a function is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H is a function is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H is a function is an
+increasing and concave function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and concave function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and concave function of
+capital per person okay so this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per person okay so this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per person okay so this is I
+would say is the sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is the sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is the sort of fundamental
+equation of the solo growth model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the solo growth model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the solo growth model it
+says the change in the stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the change in the stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the change in the stock of capital
+increases H with uh um with investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases H with uh um with investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases H with uh um with investment
+of course and decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and decreases with
+depreciation and both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and both of these
+Expressions here are increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions here are increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions here are increasing
+functions of the stock of capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the stock of capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the stock of capital per
+person okay so let's let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so let's let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so let's let's try to
+understand what is in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is in here
+so why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why uh
+so this is linear obviously because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is linear obviously because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is linear obviously because
+depreciation is linear you say say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation is linear you say say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation is linear you say say you
+you lose 5% of your stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose 5% of your stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose 5% of your stock of capital
+every year because it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year because it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year because it breaks
+down obviously the more Capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down obviously the more Capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down obviously the more Capital per
+person you have the more units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you have the more units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you have the more units of
+capital you're going to lose this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital you're going to lose this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital you're going to lose this is in
+units of capital per person have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of capital per person have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of capital per person have a
+larger stock of capital you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger stock of capital you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger stock of capital you're going to
+lose 5% of of a larger number is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose 5% of of a larger number is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose 5% of of a larger number is a
+larger number so this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number so this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number so this and this is
+proportion is linear now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is linear now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion is linear now this one
+remember this comes here from the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this comes here from the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this comes here from the saving
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and this term here is equal to income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term here is equal to income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term here is equal to income
+per person H now suppose that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per person H now suppose that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per person H now suppose that that you
+start in a situation where the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in a situation where the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in a situation where the Capital
+stock is relatively low and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is relatively low and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is relatively low and this is
+positive what does it mean that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive what does it mean that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive what does it mean that this is
+positive I mean the implication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I mean the implication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I mean the implication of this
+being positive is that the stock stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive is that the stock stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive is that the stock stock
+of capital per person will be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per person will be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per person will be growing
+but what does it mean that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean that this is
+positive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words I mean if you have a stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I mean if you have a stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I mean if you have a stock of
+capital there are things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital there are things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital there are things that that
+reduce the stock of capital and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stock of capital and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stock of capital and there
+are things that increase the stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that increase the stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that increase the stock of
+capital this is the thing that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital this is the thing that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital this is the thing that increases
+the stock of capital that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital that's the thing
+that reduces the stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the stock of capital
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+this is greater than that what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is greater than that what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is greater than that what is that
+what does that mean that means this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means this is
+positive but in words what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me simplify this is remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me simplify this is remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me simplify this is remember this is
+just investment per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person well this just says that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well this just says that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well this just says that this
+economy in this economy there is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in this economy there is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in this economy there is more
+investment than destruction of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment than destruction of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment than destruction of capital
+due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+depreciation okay that's what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation okay that's what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation okay that's what this means
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+investment and this is positive means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and this is positive means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and this is positive means
+that the investment that which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the investment that which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the investment that which is a
+function of saving the saving rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of saving the saving rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of saving the saving rate and
+stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that
+is a function of the funding available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the funding available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the funding available
+for investment is equal to the funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investment is equal to the funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investment is equal to the funding
+available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+investment um if this is positive well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um if this is positive well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um if this is positive well
+this is greater than the stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is greater than the stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is greater than the stock of
+capital another way of saying it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital another way of saying it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital another way of saying it you
+need a minimum level of investment in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a minimum level of investment in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a minimum level of investment in an
+economy to maintain the stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to maintain the stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to maintain the stock of
+capital the minimum level of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital the minimum level of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital the minimum level of investment
+you need to maintain the stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to maintain the stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to maintain the stock of
+capital is equal to the depreciation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is equal to the depreciation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is equal to the depreciation so
+10 machine breaks you need to invest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 machine breaks you need to invest at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 machine breaks you need to invest at
+least 10 Ma machines in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 Ma machines in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 10 Ma machines in order to
+maintain the stock of capital constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the stock of capital constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the stock of capital constant
+okay now if this is positive it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if this is positive it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if this is positive it means
+you're investing more than the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're investing more than the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're investing more than the machines
+are breaking down now suppose you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are breaking down now suppose you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are breaking down now suppose you start
+in a situation where that's the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where that's the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where that's the case so
+that means the stock of capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the stock of capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the stock of capital is
+growing I suppose I ask you the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing I suppose I ask you the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing I suppose I ask you the next
+period do you think that Gap will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period do you think that Gap will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period do you think that Gap will be
+larger or smaller than it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually that's not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not a great
+question because I'm not doing it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I'm not doing it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because I'm not doing it in the
+right units for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right units for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right units for
+that let me ask you a variation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me ask you a variation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me ask you a variation of that
+question soose we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question soose we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question soose we keep
+going after a while do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after a while do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after a while do you think that
+number will get larger or smaller after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will get larger or smaller after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will get larger or smaller after
+a after let it run for a little for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a after let it run for a little for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a after let it run for a little for for
+quite a while do you think that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while do you think that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while do you think that number
+will so remember say we start for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so remember say we start for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so remember say we start for some
+stock of capital this is positive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital this is positive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital this is positive if
+this is positive means that the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive means that the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive means that the Capital
+stock is growing that means this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is growing that means this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is growing that means this guy is
+growing and that guy is growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and that guy is growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and that guy is growing and
+they're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing
+equally but after a while do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally but after a while do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally but after a while do you think
+this number will get smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number will get smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number will get smaller or
+bigger after a long while just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger after a long while just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger after a long while just to make
+sure that my approximation is not Paving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here exactly it's going to get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly it's going to get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly it's going to get smaller
+because this guy keeps growing linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy keeps growing linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy keeps growing linearly
+when stock of capital and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stock of capital and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stock of capital and this one is
+not it's concave know at some point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's concave know at some point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's concave know at some point this
+income sort of you need to put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income sort of you need to put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income sort of you need to put a lot of
+capital for for income to keep rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for for income to keep rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for for income to keep rising
+and therefore for saving to keep rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for saving to keep rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for saving to keep rising
+and therefore for investment to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for investment to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for investment to keep
+rising and at some point yes it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and at some point yes it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and at some point yes it won't be
+able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able
+to H to really grow I mean you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H to really grow I mean you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H to really grow I mean you're going
+to be using all your investment really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using all your investment really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using all your investment really
+to maintain the stock of capital that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the stock of capital that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the stock of capital that's
+sort of the logic of the solo model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the logic of the solo model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the logic of the solo model
+and it's all in this diagram so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all in this diagram so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all in this diagram so this is
+diagram you should really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you should really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you should really really
+understand well and control it and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well and control it and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well and control it and play
+with it and all that it's the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and all that it's the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and all that it's the equivalent
+to your islm model in in in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your islm model in in in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your islm model in in in the first
+part of the course so look at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course so look at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course so look at what we
+have here so I'm going to plot output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so I'm going to plot output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so I'm going to plot output
+per worker ER per worker per person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker ER per worker per person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker ER per worker per person
+against Capital per worker here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Capital per worker here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Capital per worker here and
+so this this red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this red line
+here is just the depreciation okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just the depreciation okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just the depreciation okay this
+term here and that's is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here and that's is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here and that's is a linear
+function of the capital per worker okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the capital per worker okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the capital per worker okay
+that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it
+is H the blue line here is output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H the blue line here is output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H the blue line here is output per
+worker which as we said is a concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker which as we said is a concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker which as we said is a concave
+function of K Over N remember I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K Over N remember I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K Over N remember I showed
+you that production function last in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that production function last in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that production function last in the
+last in the previous lecture there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last in the previous lecture there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last in the previous lecture there you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+okay what is the green line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the green line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the green line is
+investment per worker which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment per worker which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment per worker which is equal to
+saving per worker and saving per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving per worker and saving per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving per worker and saving per worker
+is little s the saving rate times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little s the saving rate times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little s the saving rate times a
+output so it's little s which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so it's little s which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so it's little s which is a
+number like 0.1 if if if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 0.1 if if if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 0.1 if if if we're talking
+about the US and you know point4 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the US and you know point4 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the US and you know point4 if
+we're talking about Singapore it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Singapore it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Singapore it varies
+a lot across countries but but ER but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot across countries but but ER but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot across countries but but ER but so
+this this green line here is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this green line here is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this green line here is nothing
+else than this blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than this blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than this blue line
+multiply by a number that is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a number that is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a number that is less than
+one that's the reason it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay good so the point I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay good so the point I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay good so the point I was
+describing before is was a point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing before is was a point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing before is was a point like
+this remember the point I was describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember the point I was describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember the point I was describing
+is suppose that the economy starts in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose that the economy starts in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose that the economy starts in a
+point like this one k0 over n well and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like this one k0 over n well and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like this one k0 over n well and I
+want to understand the Dynamics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the Dynamics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the Dynamics of this
+economy how will it grow over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy how will it grow over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy how will it grow over time so
+what you have see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have see here is that
+that ER at this level of capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ER at this level of capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ER at this level of capital per
+worker investment is greater than ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker investment is greater than ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker investment is greater than ER
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+depreciation so that's exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation so that's exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation so that's exactly a
+situation where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where this is
+positive okay that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay that distance
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+that okay and the reason I sort of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and the reason I sort of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and the reason I sort of said
+I'm not going to do any local analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do any local analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do any local analysis
+because we could have started with a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could have started with a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could have started with a K
+Over zero over here and then that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over zero over here and then that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over zero over here and then that number
+is growing but it's growing if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing but it's growing if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing but it's growing if you were
+to normalize by the stock of capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize by the stock of capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize by the stock of capital is
+it's declining that's that's that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's declining that's that's that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's declining that's that's that what I
+didn't want to do that then but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do that then but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do that then but now
+that's what so let's look at this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what so let's look at this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what so let's look at this case
+you're in a situation where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a situation where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a situation where this is
+positive if this is positive it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if this is positive it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if this is positive it means
+the Capital stock per worker is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Capital stock per worker is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Capital stock per worker is growing
+so you're moving to the right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving to the right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving to the right in the
+next period you're going to be here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period you're going to be here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period you're going to be here that
+that means the capital so keeps growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the capital so keeps growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the capital so keeps growing
+but by a smaller state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually uh the investment is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh the investment is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh the investment is entirely
+used for a ER recovering from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for a ER recovering from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for a ER recovering from the
+depreciation of capital so covering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of capital so covering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of capital so covering the
+depreciation of capital and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of capital and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of capital and at that
+point the capital stop stock stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the capital stop stock stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the capital stop stock stops
+growing we call that a stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing we call that a stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing we call that a stady state
+stationary State we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary State we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary State we stop
+there okay so that's a steady state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's a steady state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's a steady state of
+this mode that means this economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode that means this economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode that means this economy
+regardless of where and do the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where and do the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where and do the analysis
+from the other side suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other side suppose that you
+start from a situation like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from a situation like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from a situation like this you
+start with a lot of capital okay well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a lot of capital okay well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a lot of capital okay well if
+you start with a lot of capital in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a lot of capital in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with a lot of capital in this
+economy what happens when here well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy what happens when here well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy what happens when here well what
+happens here is that the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that the investment
+you're putting into the ground in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting into the ground in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting into the ground in this
+economy is less than what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is less than what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is less than what you need to
+maintain the stock of capital which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the stock of capital which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the stock of capital which is
+the depreciation and that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation and that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation and that means the
+stock of capital will be shrinking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital will be shrinking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital will be shrinking over
+time okay you're moving that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay you're moving that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay you're moving that way so
+regardless of where you start in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where you start in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where you start in this
+economy if I you I ask you the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy if I you I ask you the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy if I you I ask you the question
+100 years from now where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years from now where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years from now where are
+you you I tell you tell me I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you I tell you tell me I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you I tell you tell me I don't need
+to know where you start from I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you start from I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where you start from I know that
+we're going to end up around there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up around there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up around there you
+can either you start from here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either you start from here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either you start from here you go
+there from here you go there and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from here you go there and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from here you go there and so on
+that's the reason we call this a stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we call this a stady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we call this a stady
+state it's where you converge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's where you converge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's where you converge in the
+long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is already interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is already interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is already interesting
+because it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you
+you know and at this Mo at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and at this Mo at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and at this Mo at this point
+here the economy was growing the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the economy was growing the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the economy was growing the Capital
+stock was growing and and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock was growing and and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock was growing and and and and the
+and output was growing you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output was growing you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output was growing you see the
+capitalist if you start from here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist if you start from here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist if you start from here the
+capitalist stock is growing well output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist stock is growing well output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist stock is growing well output
+is also growing okay you're moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also growing okay you're moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also growing okay you're moving up
+there okay so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so you had
+growth that kind of growth we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that kind of growth we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that kind of growth we call
+transitional growth know it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth know it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth know it goes from
+one point to another point it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point to another point it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point to another point it's not a
+permanent growth grow it's transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent growth grow it's transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent growth grow it's transitional
+growth it's the fact that you were away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's the fact that you were away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth it's the fact that you were away
+from your state state and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your state state and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your state state and you're going
+convergent towards your state state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent towards your state state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent towards your state state a
+lot of the growth we observe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the growth we observe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the growth we observe and the
+difference of growth we observe across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of growth we observe across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of growth we observe across
+countries remember I show you downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries remember I show you downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries remember I show you downward
+sloping curves and all that is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping curves and all that is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping curves and all that is as a
+result of that poorer economies tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that poorer economies tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that poorer economies tend to
+have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower
+capital capital labor Capital employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital capital labor Capital employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital capital labor Capital employment
+ratios Capital population ratios and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios Capital population ratios and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios Capital population ratios and
+therefore they they tend to grow faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they they tend to grow faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they they tend to grow faster
+because they're catching up with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're catching up with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're catching up with their
+State very advanced economies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State very advanced economies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State very advanced economies that have
+been more or less in the same place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more or less in the same place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more or less in the same place for
+a long time are moving around there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time are moving around there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time are moving around there so
+there's less catching up growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less catching up growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less catching up growth and
+that's the main responsible for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main responsible for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main responsible for the the
+downward sloping curve I show you within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping curve I show you within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping curve I show you within
+OCD countries and even broader than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCD countries and even broader than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCD countries and even broader than that
+Africa was a little of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa was a little of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa was a little of a problem
+there okay so that's this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's this is an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+model for you important diagram let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for you important diagram let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for you important diagram let's
+let's play a little with it so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play a little with it so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's play a little with it so suppose
+that you know at the time this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know at the time this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know at the time this is a very
+simple model but at the time the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model but at the time the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model but at the time the The
+View was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View was
+that well what really supports growth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well what really supports growth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well what really supports growth is
+saving so economies that Save A Lot grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving so economies that Save A Lot grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving so economies that Save A Lot grow
+a lot and this sort of sort of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and this sort of sort of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and this sort of sort of makes
+sense here because investment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here because investment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here because investment which is
+what leads to capital accumulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what leads to capital accumulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what leads to capital accumulation is
+entirely funded by savings it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely funded by savings it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely funded by savings it makes
+sense you have more saving you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have more saving you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have more saving you should
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+more okay so let's this is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so let's this is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay so let's this is something we
+can do experiment suppose you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do experiment suppose you start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do experiment suppose you start at
+at at a say state if you will and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at a say state if you will and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at a say state if you will and now we
+increase the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the saving
+rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what
+moves which curve this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves which curve this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves which curve this is the kind of
+thing you should know when you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should know when you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should know when you work with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+mode if I change the saving rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode if I change the saving rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode if I change the saving rate which
+curve moves in this model let me go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve moves in this model let me go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve moves in this model let me go one
+by one does the red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move no has nothing to do with savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move no has nothing to do with savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move no has nothing to do with savings
+has to do with depreciation if I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with depreciation if I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with depreciation if I move
+depreciation rate that curve will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate that curve will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate that curve will move
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not will the production function move no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will the production function move no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will the production function move no
+so the Blue Line cannot move all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Blue Line cannot move all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Blue Line cannot move all that
+would move is the green line because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move is the green line because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move is the green line because the
+green line is the saving rate times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line is the saving rate times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line is the saving rate times the
+the the blue line so if I increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue line so if I increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue line so if I increase the
+saving rate I'm going to move the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate I'm going to move the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate I'm going to move the green
+line up okay that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up okay that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up okay that's what we have
+here so you see what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you see what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you see what happens is you
+start for for this was a St state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start for for this was a St state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start for for this was a St state for
+this saving rate in this econom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saving rate in this econom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this saving rate in this econom
+now all of a sudden this economy start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of a sudden this economy start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of a sudden this economy start
+saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving
+more what happen then this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what happen then this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what happen then this tells you
+very much the story of Asia the Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the story of Asia the Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the story of Asia the Asian
+Miracle of the 60s 70s and so on is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of the 60s 70s and so on is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of the 60s 70s and so on is very
+much something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much something like
+that a little more complicated but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little more complicated but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little more complicated but you
+know a big part of what explains sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a big part of what explains sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a big part of what explains sort of
+the fast growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast growth of
+Asia during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia during that
+period is that something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is that something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is that something like that
+happened now why the saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now why the saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now why the saving rate
+increase and so on that's all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and so on that's all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and so on that's all very
+interesting and so but but it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so but but it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so but but it's not what
+I want to discuss today so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss today so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss today so but what
+happened here then so what happens see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here then so what happens see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here then so what happens see
+this economy was in a steady state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy was in a steady state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy was in a steady state so
+there was no growth it was growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no growth it was growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no growth it was growing at
+zero in a steady state no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in a steady state no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in a steady state no
+because this says in a stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this says in a stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this says in a stady state
+output per per worker remains constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per per worker remains constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per per worker remains constant
+and since we have no population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we have no population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we have no population growth
+then that means output is not growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means output is not growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means output is not growing
+either okay the only way you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay the only way you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay the only way you can have
+that ratio constant with the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio constant with the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio constant with the denominator
+not moving moving is the numerator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving moving is the numerator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving moving is the numerator is
+not moving either okay okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving either okay okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving either okay okay good so
+now Bo all the sudden we get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Bo all the sudden we get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Bo all the sudden we get a higher
+saving rate so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate so what happens
+now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reacts so the saving rates go up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts so the saving rates go up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts so the saving rates go up it's a
+close economy it means the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy it means the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy it means the investment
+rate will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will go up
+okay what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that Gap tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you now you have a positive Gap there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you have a positive Gap there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you have a positive Gap there
+which means you're investing more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you're investing more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you're investing more than
+the what you need in order to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you need in order to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you need in order to maintain
+the stock of capital at the previous St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital at the previous St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital at the previous St
+state so that means that stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that means that stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so that means that stock of
+capital is going to start growing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is going to start growing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is going to start growing to the
+right it's going to start growing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to start growing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to start growing okay
+and as the stock of capital grows then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the stock of capital grows then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the stock of capital grows then
+output per capita also grows and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per capita also grows and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per capita also grows and it will
+keep happening until you reach the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep happening until you reach the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep happening until you reach the new
+state okay so a higher saving rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so a higher saving rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so a higher saving rate so
+important conclusion there this this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion there this this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion there this this as
+simple as it is prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as it is prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as it is prove
+something ER that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ER that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ER that you know the
+conventional wisdom that the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional wisdom that the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional wisdom that the highest
+saving rate would give you sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate would give you sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate would give you sustained
+growth higher growth isn't really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth higher growth isn't really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth higher growth isn't really true
+and not certainly not in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not certainly not in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not certainly not in this model
+eventually you'll go back to growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll go back to growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll go back to growth
+equal to zero okay when you reach a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay when you reach a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay when you reach a new
+state you're going to be also growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you're going to be also growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you're going to be also growing at
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what is true though is that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is true though is that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is true though is that you get
+again what is called transitional growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is called transitional growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is called transitional growth
+because here you're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you're going to start
+growing very fast in fact okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing very fast in fact okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing very fast in fact okay and then
+you're going to keep growing at a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep growing at a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep growing at a low
+slow lower Pace until you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow lower Pace until you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow lower Pace until you go back to
+zero but you're going to get lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you're going to get lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you're going to get lots of
+growth in the transition as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the transition as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the transition as a result of
+that and it turns out in the data when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out in the data when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out in the data when
+you're looking at 20 30 years of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at 20 30 years of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at 20 30 years of data
+it's difficult to H this entangle sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to H this entangle sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to H this entangle sort
+of very permanent rate of growth versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very permanent rate of growth versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very permanent rate of growth versus
+transitional rate of growth this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional rate of growth this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional rate of growth this is one
+of the things that has concerned China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that has concerned China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that has concerned China
+quite a bit no they have been they grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit no they have been they grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit no they have been they grow
+very very fast they have been growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast they have been growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast they have been growing
+very very fast for a long time but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast for a long time but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast for a long time but it's
+very clear it's becoming harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear it's becoming harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear it's becoming harder and
+harder for them to grow at the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for them to grow at the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for them to grow at the type of
+rate of growth that they had in the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth that they had in the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth that they had in the 20
+years ago okay they had rates of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago okay they had rates of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago okay they had rates of growth
+15% or so they had very high they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% or so they had very high they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% or so they had very high they had a
+very low initial Capital population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low initial Capital population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low initial Capital population
+ratio big population little capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio big population little capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio big population little capital and
+enormous saving rades so so they grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous saving rades so so they grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous saving rades so so they grew
+very very fast they had the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast they had the green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast they had the green line
+very close to to the Blue Line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to to the Blue Line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to to the Blue Line the
+capital is stock very low so they grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is stock very low so they grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is stock very low so they grew
+very very fast but they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast but they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast but they have been
+growing very fast for a very long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing very fast for a very long period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing very fast for a very long period
+of time so now it's getting a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so now it's getting a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so now it's getting a lot harder
+because they're getting closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're getting closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're getting closer and
+closer to the stady state that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the stady state that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the stady state that's the
+issue okay there are other sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay there are other sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue okay there are other sources of
+growth and that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and that's what we're going to
+talk about in the next lecture but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the next lecture but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the next lecture but but
+this this is sometime calls the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is sometime calls the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is sometime calls the easy
+part of growth is sort of running out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of growth is sort of running out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of growth is sort of running out in
+China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it has run out in all developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it has run out in all developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it has run out in all developed
+economies for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good is this clear it's important I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this clear it's important I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this clear it's important I mean
+a question like that is guarantee in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question like that is guarantee in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question like that is guarantee in
+your p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your p
+81 what happens if the saving rate does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 what happens if the saving rate does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 what happens if the saving rate does
+something so so if so this is a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so so if so this is a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so so if so this is a plot
+over time um so this is a case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time um so this is a case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time um so this is a case in which
+a wear a say State and at time T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wear a say State and at time T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wear a say State and at time T the
+saving rate goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate goes
+up S1 greater than S zero Jump Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up S1 greater than S zero Jump Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up S1 greater than S zero Jump Then
+output cannot jump so the saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output cannot jump so the saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output cannot jump so the saving rate
+goes up but output cannot jump at Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but output cannot jump at Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but output cannot jump at Day
+Zero why why is it that output doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero why why is it that output doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero why why is it that output doesn't
+jump immediately to a new state state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this is the I'm I'm saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the I'm I'm saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the I'm I'm saying this
+is what will happen to Output you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will happen to Output you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will happen to Output you're
+going to start growing very fast early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start growing very fast early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start growing very fast early
+on and then you keep growing keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then you keep growing keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then you keep growing keep
+growing at a slower and lower Pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at a slower and lower Pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at a slower and lower Pace
+because of decrease in returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of decrease in returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of decrease in returns to
+Capital uh and eventually you'll convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh and eventually you'll convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital uh and eventually you'll convert
+to a new stud state with with the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new stud state with with the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new stud state with with the rate
+of growth equal to zero like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth equal to zero like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth equal to zero like like the
+one you had before this savings shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you had before this savings shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you had before this savings shock
+and the question I'm asking now is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question I'm asking now is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question I'm asking now is why
+doesn't out why does outut would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't out why does outut would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't out why does outut would have to
+do this why why doesn't it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump what would what is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump what would what is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump what would what is the only
+variable that could make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump well you need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump well you need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump well you need to look at the
+production function the is function of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function the is function of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function the is function of K
+Over N N is fixed the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N N is fixed the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N N is fixed the only thing that
+can make it jump is is the Capital stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it jump is is the Capital stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it jump is is the Capital stock
+jumps but the Capital stock is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps but the Capital stock is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps but the Capital stock is not
+jumping that's a stock and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping that's a stock and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping that's a stock and in order to
+accumulate a larger stock of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate a larger stock of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate a larger stock of the new
+stud State you're going to go to a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud State you're going to go to a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud State you're going to go to a lot
+of close that's investment know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close that's investment know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close that's investment know every
+year you're going to be adding a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you're going to be adding a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you're going to be adding a little
+more to the stock of capital on net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the stock of capital on net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the stock of capital on net
+that's the way you grow it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you grow it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you grow it's not that
+all of a sudden your stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden your stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden your stock of capital
+jumps that's very much because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps that's very much because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps that's very much because this is a
+close economy if you're in an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy if you're in an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close economy if you're in an open
+economy Capital stock can move a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy Capital stock can move a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy Capital stock can move a lot
+faster in a transition because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in a transition because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in a transition because you can
+borrow from abroad you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from abroad you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from abroad you don't need to
+fund it all with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund it all with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund it all with
+domestic sources and in fact that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic sources and in fact that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic sources and in fact that's what
+typically happens in in in emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically happens in in in emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically happens in in in emerging
+markets and so is they typically borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and so is they typically borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and so is they typically borrow
+for a long time problem is they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time problem is they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time problem is they tend to
+consume it rather than invest it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume it rather than invest it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume it rather than invest it and
+that's the reason you end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason you end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason you end up in
+financial crisis and so on but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and so on but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and so on but but but
+in principle things could go much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle things could go much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle things could go much faster
+if you have an open economy and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an open economy and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an open economy and and you
+have Capital inflows into your country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Capital inflows into your country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Capital inflows into your country
+but that you will talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you will talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you will talk more about
+that five or six six lectures from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five or six six lectures from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five or six six lectures from now
+anyways but this is what happens we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but this is what happens we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but this is what happens we're
+then increasing the saving rate so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increasing the saving rate so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increasing the saving rate so yes
+it affects the rate of growth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the rate of growth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the rate of growth of the
+economy during the transition H but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy during the transition H but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy during the transition H but but
+not in the long now this transition can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the long now this transition can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the long now this transition can
+be very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very long
+okay now what about consumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about consumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what about consumption so
+so invariably and there's no way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so invariably and there's no way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so invariably and there's no way around
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+if given a technology and so on if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if given a technology and so on if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if given a technology and so on if the
+saving rate goes up then output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate goes up then output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate goes up then output per
+worker will go up okay the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will go up okay the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will go up okay the question is
+the next question is what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next question is what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next question is what happens to
+consumption per worker does consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption per worker does consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption per worker does consumption
+per worker go up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker go up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker go up or
+not you are in cl to say well I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you are in cl to say well I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you are in cl to say well I mean it
+makes sense that it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that it goes up
+because H we have more income no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H we have more income no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H we have more income no the
+saving rate is little stimes y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate is little stimes y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate is little stimes y then
+consumption is 1 minus little s time y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is 1 minus little s time y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is 1 minus little s time y
+so income goes up consumption should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and and yes that's a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and and yes that's a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and and yes that's a dominant
+Source but it's not all the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source but it's not all the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source but it's not all the story
+because remember I what I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so consumption here is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumption here is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumption here is going to be equal
+to 1 minus little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 minus little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 minus little
+s time y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s time y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s time y so
+consumption per person will be y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption per person will be y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption per person will be y that
+remember that what is increasing y Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what is increasing y Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what is increasing y Over
+N there so what is making this guy go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N there so what is making this guy go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N there so what is making this guy go up
+which will lead to an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will lead to an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will lead to an increase in
+consumption Over N is that this guy went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Over N is that this guy went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Over N is that this guy went
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and that's a force in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a force in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a force in the opposite
+direction okay so and in fact that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so and in fact that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so and in fact that was
+one of the debates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the debates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the debates with
+the East Asian Mira Southeast Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Asian Mira Southeast Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Asian Mira Southeast Asian
+Miracle is that it was fueled by lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle is that it was fueled by lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle is that it was fueled by lots of
+savings so people say okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so people say okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so people say okay that's
+wonderful your output growth is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful your output growth is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful your output growth is very
+fast but consumption growth is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but consumption growth is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but consumption growth is not so
+fast and at some point it may be hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and at some point it may be hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and at some point it may be hurting
+you I think that they were right though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think that they were right though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think that they were right though
+for other reasons but but uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other reasons but but uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other reasons but but uh but that's
+that picture makes the point you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture makes the point you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture makes the point you know so
+if if if your saving rate to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if your saving rate to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if your saving rate to start with
+this is a general lesson if the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a general lesson if the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a general lesson if the saving
+rate is you start with is very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is you start with is very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is you start with is very very low
+then an increase in the saving rate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an increase in the saving rate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an increase in the saving rate will
+lead to a strong increase in consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a strong increase in consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a strong increase in consumption
+because this change is small relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this change is small relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this change is small relative to
+the big Bank you get on output because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big Bank you get on output because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big Bank you get on output because
+if you have low saving rate that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have low saving rate that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have low saving rate that also
+means that the ER the Capital stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the ER the Capital stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the ER the Capital stock is
+very low and if the Capital stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low and if the Capital stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low and if the Capital stock is
+very low F Prime is is very big you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low F Prime is is very big you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low F Prime is is very big you know
+this a concave function and you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a concave function and you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a concave function and you the
+Steep part of the function later on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steep part of the function later on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steep part of the function later on if
+saving is very high you're going to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving is very high you're going to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving is very high you're going to tend
+to have Capital stock very high and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have Capital stock very high and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have Capital stock very high and then
+first of all H more Capital won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all H more Capital won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all H more Capital won't
+increase output per worker a lot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase output per worker a lot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase output per worker a lot because
+uh because of decrease in returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of decrease in returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of decrease in returns and
+and this is a big number so it it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a big number so it it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a big number so it it starts
+dominating and that's what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and that's what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and that's what you see here
+this economy as you increas the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy as you increas the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy as you increas the saving
+rate a consumption per worker Rises but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate a consumption per worker Rises but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate a consumption per worker Rises but
+at some point it reaches a maximum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point it reaches a maximum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point it reaches a maximum and
+then it starts declining I mean think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts declining I mean think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts declining I mean think of
+the limit if you save 100% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit if you save 100% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit if you save 100% of your
+income you don't consume anything no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you don't consume anything no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you don't consume anything no
+matter how much is your output if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much is your output if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much is your output if your
+saving rate is 100% then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate is 100% then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate is 100% then you're not
+going to consume anything if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume anything if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume anything if you have no
+income no saving rate no savings no Inc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income no saving rate no savings no Inc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income no saving rate no savings no Inc
+no Capital stock no income you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Capital stock no income you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Capital stock no income you're not
+going to consume anything either okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume anything either okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume anything either okay so
+you at least you know these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least you know these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least you know these two points
+and since you know there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since you know there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since you know there are some
+positive points in the in the middle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive points in the in the middle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive points in the in the middle you
+know that the curve is going to tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the curve is going to tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the curve is going to tend to
+have that that kind of change it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that kind of change it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that kind of change it's not
+it's going to be non monotonic and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be non monotonic and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be non monotonic and and
+that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it
+is so let me just play with a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let me just play with a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let me just play with a little a
+few numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers this
+is yeah let me play with a few numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah let me play with a few numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah let me play with a few numbers
+not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+crazy H suppose you have a a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy H suppose you have a a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy H suppose you have a a production
+function that gives equal weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that gives equal weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that gives equal weight to
+Capital and workers so this production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital and workers so this production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital and workers so this production
+function does a production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does a production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does a production function
+constant return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant return to
+scale it better be because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it better be because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it better be because that's what
+we're doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing but
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+think yes the sum of the exponents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes the sum of the exponents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes the sum of the exponents is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so it's K to the 1/2 n to the 1/2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's K to the 1/2 n to the 1/2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's K to the 1/2 n to the 1/2 the
+sum of the exponents is one so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the exponents is one so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the exponents is one so you know
+that it's proportional to the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's proportional to the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's proportional to the scaling
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+so we're going to use the as a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the as a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the as a scaling
+as before n so um so we have this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before n so um so we have this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before n so um so we have this okay
+this is this is a f of little f of k/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a f of little f of k/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a f of little f of k/ n
+is the square root of k/ n okay minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of k/ n okay minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of k/ n okay minus
+Delta K Over N so all that I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K Over N so all that I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K Over N so all that I'm doing is
+I'm plugging in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plugging in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plugging in that
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ER so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER so here
+only I'm replacing all these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm replacing all these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm replacing all these functions
+by by a a specific example one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a a specific example one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a a specific example one in which
+this is a square root of k/ n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a square root of k/ n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a square root of k/ n okay
+that's a concave function square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root good now do it as an exercise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root good now do it as an exercise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root good now do it as an exercise if
+you solve for the steady state how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the steady state how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the steady state how do
+you solve for the steady state well set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the steady state well set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve for the steady state well set
+this equal to zero that will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero that will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero that will give you
+the steady state no if the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state no if the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state no if the steady state
+is when the capital is not growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the capital is not growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the capital is not growing
+anymore it's when this is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's when this is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's when this is equal to zero
+when this is equal to zero I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is equal to zero I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this is equal to zero I can solve
+for the steady state level of K Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the steady state level of K Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the steady state level of K Over N
+no from here this equal to zero I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no from here this equal to zero I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no from here this equal to zero I can
+solve for K Over N and I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for K Over N and I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for K Over N and I'm going to call
+that the steady state K star we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the steady state K star we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the steady state K star we
+typically use stars for steady States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically use stars for steady States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically use stars for steady States in
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+the okay well the answer to this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay well the answer to this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay well the answer to this is is
+K the state stock of capital per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the state stock of capital per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the state stock of capital per per
+person is the saving rate over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is the saving rate over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is the saving rate over Delta
+Square that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's what it
+is output uh per person which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is output uh per person which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is output uh per person which is the
+square root of K Over N is therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K Over N is therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K Over N is therefore the
+square root of s over Delta Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of s over Delta Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of s over Delta Square so
+it's s over Delta okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's s over Delta okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's s over Delta okay so in this
+particular model in the long run output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model in the long run output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model in the long run output
+per worker doubles when the saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker doubles when the saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker doubles when the saving rate
+doubles okay if I double the saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles okay if I double the saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles okay if I double the saving rate
+then output per worker will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double notice that the stock of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double notice that the stock of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double notice that the stock of capital
+is going to grow a lot more in this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to grow a lot more in this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to grow a lot more in this when
+you increase the saving rate okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square so in that economy if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so in that economy if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so in that economy if you do
+increase a saving rate from 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a saving rate from 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a saving rate from 10 to
+20% this is the way it goes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% this is the way it goes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% this is the way it goes okay
+so remember 10 to 20% that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember 10 to 20% that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember 10 to 20% that means that
+the new state state output per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new state state output per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new state state output per worker
+will be twice what it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be twice what it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be twice what it was in the
+previous state state okay so you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous state state okay so you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous state state okay so you go from
+one to two but it takes a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two but it takes a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two but it takes a long
+time and the numbers are not Cas 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the numbers are not Cas 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the numbers are not Cas 50
+years takes you to go to the new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years takes you to go to the new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years takes you to go to the new state
+state okay so so that's sort of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so so that's sort of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so so that's sort of the time
+frame we're talking about so it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we're talking about so it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we're talking about so it is true
+that the saving rate will not change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the saving rate will not change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the saving rate will not change the
+longterm rate of growth absent other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm rate of growth absent other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm rate of growth absent other
+mechan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechan
+ISM but you can grow faster than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM but you can grow faster than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM but you can grow faster than your
+average your state state level for quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average your state state level for quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average your state state level for quite
+quite some time okay and and again a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time okay and and again a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time okay and and again a lot
+of that of the Asian Miracle has been of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the Asian Miracle has been of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the Asian Miracle has been of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+kind this is what I was telling you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind this is what I was telling you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind this is what I was telling you of
+China before no well yeah you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China before no well yeah you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China before no well yeah you you can
+grow very fast especially if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very fast especially if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow very fast especially if you have
+saving rates much higher than 20% I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rates much higher than 20% I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rates much higher than 20% I mean
+50% or so but but but the rate of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% or so but but but the rate of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% or so but but but the rate of growth
+will have a tendency to decline abs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a tendency to decline abs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a tendency to decline abs and
+some other Miracle there a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Miracle there a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Miracle there a lot of the
+reasons why we have all this fight about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we have all this fight about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we have all this fight about
+technology and so on it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so on it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so on it has to do with
+because that's the main mechanism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the main mechanism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the main mechanism you
+alternative mechanism to grow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative mechanism to grow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative mechanism to grow is
+technology okay we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay we're going to talk
+about that in the next lecture but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the next lecture but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in the next lecture but but
+this Force which is what I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force which is what I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force which is what I said before
+is the easy part of growth is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easy part of growth is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easy part of growth is very
+difficult to fight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern so here you have numbers H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so here you have numbers H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so here you have numbers H for
+the say States so if the saving rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say States so if the saving rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say States so if the saving rate is
+zero obviously everything is zero no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero obviously everything is zero no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero obviously everything is zero no way
+around if the saving rate is 0.1 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if the saving rate is 0.1 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if the saving rate is 0.1 10%
+then in this m capital per worker is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this m capital per worker is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this m capital per worker is one
+output per worker is one consumption per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per worker is one consumption per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per worker is one consumption per
+worker didn't go from zero to one why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker didn't go from zero to one why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker didn't go from zero to one why
+because you were saving something so Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were saving something so Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were saving something so Z
+is 1 minus 0.1 which is a saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 0.1 which is a saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 0.1 which is a saving rate
+suppose you double the saving rate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you double the saving rate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you double the saving rate well
+we know that we're going to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we're going to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we're going to double
+output per work in this economy we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per work in this economy we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per work in this economy we said
+that we're going to go from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to go from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to go from one to two
+the Capital stock is going to have to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Capital stock is going to have to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Capital stock is going to have to a
+lot more to double the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to double the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to double the amount of
+output why is that decrease in returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output why is that decrease in returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output why is that decrease in returns
+to double output you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double output you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double output you're going to have to
+much more than double Capital because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than double Capital because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than double Capital because
+you know you need you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you need you're going to be
+fighting decreasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting decreasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting decreasing in
+Returns what about a consumption well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns what about a consumption well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns what about a consumption well it
+won't double because you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't double because you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't double because you're doing this
+out of increasing the saving rate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of increasing the saving rate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of increasing the saving rate so you
+get the two minus now 02 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the two minus now 02 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the two minus now 02 not
+0.1 okay minus point2 * 2 so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 okay minus point2 * 2 so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 okay minus point2 * 2 so you get
+1.6 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 and so on
+and the higher you go with your saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the higher you go with your saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the higher you go with your saving
+rate the harder it gets for Capital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the harder it gets for Capital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the harder it gets for Capital to
+bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+along um output per capita and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um output per capita and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um output per capita and the more
+the dragon consumption because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dragon consumption because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dragon consumption because you need
+to be saving a lot in order to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be saving a lot in order to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be saving a lot in order to maintain
+this High stock of capital that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High stock of capital that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High stock of capital that you're
+having okay you have a very large stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having okay you have a very large stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having okay you have a very large stock
+of capital that means you need to save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital that means you need to save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital that means you need to save a
+lot just for the sake of maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot just for the sake of maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot just for the sake of maintaining
+that stock of capital and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock of capital and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock of capital and so
+little is left for extra output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little is left for extra output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little is left for extra output per
+capita and so you see that here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and so you see that here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and so you see that here in this
+particular for this particular mole when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for this particular mole when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for this particular mole when
+the saving rate exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saving rate exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saving rate exceeds
+05 then ER output obviously keeps Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 then ER output obviously keeps Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 then ER output obviously keeps Rising
+when you increase the saving rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you increase the saving rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you increase the saving rate but
+but output starts declining so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but output starts declining so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but output starts declining so that's
+your in the declining part and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in the declining part and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in the declining part and if you
+get to one of course there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of course there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to one of course there's no
+consumption so that's that's a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so that's that's a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so that's that's a curve
+that we Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is everything clear now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everything clear now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everything clear now I'm going
+to that's a basic solo model and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's a basic solo model and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's a basic solo model and that's
+a model that again you need to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that again you need to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model that again you need to control
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+okay all that I'm going to do now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all that I'm going to do now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all that I'm going to do now it's
+very simple I'm going to just modify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple I'm going to just modify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple I'm going to just modify a
+little bit this model to H add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this model to H add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this model to H add
+population growth okay so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth okay so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth okay so what happens
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+way for for centuries population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for for centuries population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for for centuries population growth
+has been one of the main in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been one of the main in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been one of the main in this model
+we concluded that output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concluded that output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concluded that output per
+worker was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker was not
+growing what we're want to conclude in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing what we're want to conclude in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing what we're want to conclude in a
+second is that output per worker will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that output per worker will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is that output per worker will
+not grow if population is growing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not grow if population is growing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not grow if population is growing but
+that means that output is growing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that output is growing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that output is growing if
+population is growing and output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing and output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing and output per
+worker is not growing it's constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is not growing it's constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is not growing it's constant that
+means output is also growing and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means output is also growing and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means output is also growing and for a
+long time growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time growth
+of output not of output per worker was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output not of output per worker was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output not of output per worker was
+driven by large population growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by large population growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by large population growth and
+sometimes you get big migration flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get big migration flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get big migration flows
+into a country that lead sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a country that lead sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a country that lead sort of to
+growth and so on now big parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so on now big parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so on now big parts of the
+world have negative population growth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world have negative population growth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world have negative population growth so
+now we're going through a cycle in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going through a cycle in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going through a cycle in which
+things are going the the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going the the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going the the other way
+around in in in many large parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in in in many large parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in in in many large parts of the
+world I mean this true in almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean this true in almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean this true in almost all of
+Continental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental
+Europe H certainly in Japan I said South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe H certainly in Japan I said South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe H certainly in Japan I said South
+Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea
+China and even some places Latin America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and even some places Latin America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and even some places Latin America
+okay so the drug actually is is against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the drug actually is is against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the drug actually is is against
+the we don't have the natural force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we don't have the natural force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we don't have the natural force for
+growth that we have for for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that we have for for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that we have for for many many
+years so let me let me introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so let me let me introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so let me let me introduce
+population growth so assume now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth so assume now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth so assume now that
+that population rather been constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that population rather been constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that population rather been constant
+growth growth at the rate G which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth growth at the rate G which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth growth at the rate G which could
+be positive or negative I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive or negative I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive or negative I'm going to do
+the example for the POS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example for the POS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example for the POS a
+positive population growth example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive population growth example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive population growth example so
+there's no equation that changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equation that changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equation that changes in the
+sense that this is still true it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that this is still true it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that this is still true it's still
+true that investment equal to saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that investment equal to saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that investment equal to saving
+it's still true that that output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still true that that output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still true that that output is
+equal to Output per worker and output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Output per worker and output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Output per worker and output is
+equal to F of K andn and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to F of K andn and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to F of K andn and so on so
+forth the the thing that is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the the thing that is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the the thing that is a little
+tricker is that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricker is that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricker is that that you
+know in this model if I don't normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this model if I don't normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this model if I don't normalize
+things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for
+if I if I you know in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I you know in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I you know in this case here
+where population was not growing I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where population was not growing I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where population was not growing I could
+have just eliminated this n it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just eliminated this n it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just eliminated this n it's a
+constant and I would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I would have done
+everything in in capital in space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in capital in space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in in capital in space of
+capital here and output here it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital here and output here it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital here and output here it would
+have been the same just scale by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the same just scale by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the same just scale by a
+number a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a constant
+n when I have population growth I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when I have population growth I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when I have population growth I'm not
+indifferent between doing one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between doing one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between doing one way or the
+other because if I don't have if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because if I don't have if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because if I don't have if I don't
+if I do it in the space of K and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it in the space of K and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it in the space of K and Y and
+population is growing then all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing then all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is growing then all these
+curves are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are moving
+so this see a very unfriendly diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this see a very unfriendly diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this see a very unfriendly diagram
+because my curves are all moving as n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my curves are all moving as n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my curves are all moving as n is
+moving everything is moved so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving everything is moved so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving everything is moved so the the
+trick in all these growth models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick in all these growth models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick in all these growth models and
+it's going to be even more important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be even more important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be even more important in
+the next lecture is to find the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture is to find the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture is to find the right
+scaling of capital so there a St state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of capital so there a St state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of capital so there a St state
+so you the your curves are not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the your curves are not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the your curves are not moving
+around as population growth it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as population growth it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as population growth it's very
+easy to find the scaling factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find the scaling factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find the scaling factor is
+population okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay
+so that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm going to
+do but remember what is different here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but remember what is different here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but remember what is different here
+is so I want what I'm saying I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I want what I'm saying I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I want what I'm saying I want to
+get all my variables scales by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all my variables scales by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all my variables scales by
+population at some point in time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at some point in time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at some point in time that's
+what I want to do because I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do because I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do because I know I
+practice enough with these things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice enough with these things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice enough with these things that's
+going to give me a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a steady state
+okay um now what is trickier relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now what is trickier relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now what is trickier relative to
+what I showed you before is that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before is that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you before is that before
+I just divided by n both sides and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just divided by n both sides and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just divided by n both sides and and I
+was home now I can't really do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was home now I can't really do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was home now I can't really do that okay
+let me divide by nt+ one both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me divide by nt+ one both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me divide by nt+ one both
+sides so that's nice I get my Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so that's nice I get my Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so that's nice I get my Capital
+per worker at t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker at t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per worker at t+
+one but there are certain things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there are certain things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there are certain things are not
+as nice what I have on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nice what I have on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nice what I have on the right hand
+side is not what I really want I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not what I really want I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not what I really want I don't
+want Capital over population Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Capital over population Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Capital over population Next
+Period my state state is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period my state state is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period my state state is going to be in
+the space of capital over population at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of capital over population at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of capital over population at
+the same time that's my state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that's my state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that's my state
+state so this is not so nice so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is not so nice so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is not so nice so what I
+have to do is I want to convert this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is I want to convert this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is I want to convert this the
+right hand side in something that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side in something that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side in something that these
+are the kind of things that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of things that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of things that I want to
+have so what I'm going to do is divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what I'm going to do is divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what I'm going to do is divide
+and multiply each of these sides by NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply each of these sides by NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply each of these sides by NT
+over NT + one so sorry I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over NT + one so sorry I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over NT + one so sorry I'm going to
+divide and multiply each of this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and multiply each of this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and multiply each of this by
+nt Okay so multiply by NT divide by NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nt Okay so multiply by NT divide by NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nt Okay so multiply by NT divide by NT
+so multiply by one well and and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiply by one well and and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiply by one well and and then I
+can rearrange the terms in this way so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rearrange the terms in this way so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rearrange the terms in this way so I
+get what I want which is capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what I want which is capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what I want which is capital per
+person at time T all at time T but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at time T all at time T but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at time T all at time T but then
+I get this ratio here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this ratio here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this ratio here
+okay and I can do the same for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can do the same for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can do the same for this
+expression here now what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio population today divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio population today divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio population today divided by
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow well is one over one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow well is one over one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow well is one over one plus the
+rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of
+population NT + 1 is equal to NT * 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population NT + 1 is equal to NT * 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population NT + 1 is equal to NT * 1 +
+GN that's the rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+okay so so what I have here is 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what I have here is 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what I have here is 1 over 1
+plus G GN now GN is not a big number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G GN now GN is not a big number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G GN now GN is not a big number so
+1 / 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / 1 +
+GN 1 over 1 plus GN is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN 1 over 1 plus GN is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN 1 over 1 plus GN is approximately
+equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus
+GN okay so 1/ 1+ GN GN is very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN okay so 1/ 1+ GN GN is very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN okay so 1/ 1+ GN GN is very close to
+zero is approximately equal to minus GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is approximately equal to minus GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is approximately equal to minus GN
+okay so that's the reason this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the reason this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the reason this guy
+became that guy approximately that guy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became that guy approximately that guy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became that guy approximately that guy I
+can do the same here but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same here but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same here but it turns out
+that the term there's an extra term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the term there's an extra term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the term there's an extra term here
+therefore which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore which is equal
+to S * GN * yt/ NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S * GN * yt/ NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S * GN * yt/ NT
+well that's second order that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's second order that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's second order that's the
+reason I'm going to drop it okay it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm going to drop it okay it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm going to drop it okay it's a
+saving rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate which
+is it's a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a small number
+times a a rate of population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a rate of population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a rate of population growth
+which is a number like you know 01 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a number like you know 01 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a number like you know 01 or
+something like that so that's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so that's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so that's a small
+number so I'm dropping it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I'm dropping it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I'm dropping it that's a
+bigger approximation than that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger approximation than that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger approximation than that one
+actually but I'm going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I'm going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I'm going to do it
+everything becomes a lot simpler but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything becomes a lot simpler but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything becomes a lot simpler but so
+this an approximation okay and just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an approximation okay and just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an approximation okay and just drop
+in second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second order
+terms and once I have that I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and once I have that I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and once I have that I have the
+system I want because now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want because now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want because now I have a
+system for the evolution of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for the evolution of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for the evolution of the of the
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+per per worker okay or per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per per worker okay or per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per per worker okay or per
+person and if you see it looks exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and if you see it looks exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and if you see it looks exactly
+as we had before remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we had before remember this is
+exactly what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had
+before SF K over we used to have n not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before SF K over we used to have n not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before SF K over we used to have n not
+sub subscri T now is K over andt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subscri T now is K over andt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subscri T now is K over andt but
+what is different is that now rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different is that now rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different is that now rather
+than having only the depreciation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having only the depreciation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having only the depreciation rate
+here we have the depreciation rate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the depreciation rate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the depreciation rate plus
+the rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of growth of
+population why do you think we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population why do you think we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population why do you think we have the
+rate of growth of population there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of population there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of population there
+remember the the the economics behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the the economics behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the the economics behind
+this expression before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression before it
+was this is what adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is what adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this is what adds to
+Capital to Capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to Capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital to Capital per
+worker this is what you need to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker this is what you need to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker this is what you need to maintain
+what takes away from capital okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what takes away from capital okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what takes away from capital okay now
+it's what takes away from given we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what takes away from given we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what takes away from given we're
+doing everything in the space of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in the space of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in the space of capital
+per work that takes away from Capital oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per work that takes away from Capital oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per work that takes away from Capital oh
+that's a typo there's a t there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typo there's a t there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typo there's a t there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay so why do you think I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so why do you think I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so why do you think I have this
+GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GN
+here well I have only one minute so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I have only one minute so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well I have only one minute so I
+don't have time to because if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to because if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to because if I want to
+maintain a stock of capital per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a stock of capital per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a stock of capital per worker
+and workers are growing then I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and workers are growing then I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and workers are growing then I need to
+be growing the capital St even if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing the capital St even if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing the capital St even if I had
+no depreciation if I want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no depreciation if I want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no depreciation if I want to maintain
+the capital per worker constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital per worker constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital per worker constant and
+workers are growing then I need to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are growing then I need to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are growing then I need to grow
+the stock of capital so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of capital so in order to
+maintain the capital I still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the capital I still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the capital I still need to
+spend what I used to spend for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend what I used to spend for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend what I used to spend for
+depreciation of the Capital stock but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of the Capital stock but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation of the Capital stock but if
+I want to maintain the the capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to maintain the the capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to maintain the the capital per
+worker constant then I want to need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker constant then I want to need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker constant then I want to need more
+investment okay just to make make up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay just to make make up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay just to make make up for
+that that extra comp onon it so now set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that extra comp onon it so now set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that extra comp onon it so now set
+GA equal to zero that's your diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA equal to zero that's your diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA equal to zero that's your diagram is
+exactly as before in this space set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as before in this space set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as before in this space set a
+equal to one and constant but this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and constant but this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and constant but this line
+the red line here will have Delta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line here will have Delta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line here will have Delta plus
+GN okay so it rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so you can play here and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you can play here and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you can play here and see what
+happens if there's change in population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if there's change in population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if there's change in population
+growth and so on so forth it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so on so forth it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so on so forth it's going to
+be counterintuitive initially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counterintuitive initially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counterintuitive initially because
+you see if I increase population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if I increase population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see if I increase population growth
+this Curve will rotate up and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Curve will rotate up and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Curve will rotate up and then it
+will appear as if that leads to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth but you don't get Negative growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth but you don't get Negative growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth but you don't get Negative growth
+in this diagram you do get that y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram you do get that y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram you do get that y over
+over n will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n will
+decline but that doesn't mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline but that doesn't mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline but that doesn't mean that you
+get Negative growth it just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative growth it just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative growth it just means that
+output is not growing as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is not growing as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is not growing as fast as
+population but but both are growing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but but both are growing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but but both are growing just
+the population is growing faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is growing faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population is growing faster than
+output I I'll I'll start from that ER oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I I'll I'll start from that ER oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I I'll I'll start from that ER oh
+I think it's after your break so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's after your break so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's after your break so you
+when have forgotten everything by then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when have forgotten everything by then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when have forgotten everything by then
+so I'll do a review of this and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do a review of this and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll do a review of this and then and
+then we okay have a have a nice break
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vp4udMmeH7M.txt b/Vp4udMmeH7M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1b0e96d2baeebc6ba5b66d5a884ba98748c8605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vp4udMmeH7M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now I would like to
+demonstrate to you a very widely tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to you a very widely tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to you a very widely tunable
+laser in this case it's a die laser with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser in this case it's a die laser with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser in this case it's a die laser with
+a die being Romine 6G when pumped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die being Romine 6G when pumped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die being Romine 6G when pumped with
+an argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argon
+laser the die laser can be tuned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the die laser can be tuned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the die laser can be tuned from
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+green to Yellow to orange red and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to Yellow to orange red and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to Yellow to orange red and even
+deep red using just that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep red using just that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep red using just that one
+D so in this demonstration then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so in this demonstration then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so in this demonstration then what
+we're going to do is fire up the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is fire up the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is fire up the die
+laser and then and then tune it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and then and then tune it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and then and then tune it so that
+you can see all these colors right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all these colors right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all these colors right on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+screen again you have to be careful make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen again you have to be careful make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen again you have to be careful make
+sure that your monitor is is adjusted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your monitor is is adjusted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your monitor is is adjusted so
+that you can see these colors all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see these colors all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see these colors all right
+now the die laser is right here behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the die laser is right here behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the die laser is right here behind
+me and uh when we come back we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and uh when we come back we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and uh when we come back we'll have
+it all set up ready to show you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all set up ready to show you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all set up ready to show you those
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Laser Now on the left you see the Argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser Now on the left you see the Argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser Now on the left you see the Argon
+laser pump that pumps the Die Jet now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pump that pumps the Die Jet now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pump that pumps the Die Jet now as
+we zoom out we see the entire ring D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laser so let's look at the Dil laser in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so let's look at the Dil laser in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so let's look at the Dil laser in
+a more of a close up here's the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more of a close up here's the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more of a close up here's the pump
+coming in into the Dil laser here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in into the Dil laser here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in into the Dil laser here it is
+is the pump the Argon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pump the Argon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pump the Argon laser
+pump and Thum gets focused into into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump and Thum gets focused into into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump and Thum gets focused into into the
+D jet over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fluoresence from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoresence from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoresence from the
+diget then is picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diget then is picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diget then is picked up
+by mirrors close to to the diget and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirrors close to to the diget and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirrors close to to the diget and
+then Senter around this ring ring cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Senter around this ring ring cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Senter around this ring ring cavity
+this this one mirror here is a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one mirror here is a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one mirror here is a laser
+beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+and is the other mirror here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is the other mirror here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is the other mirror here and
+then the other two on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other two on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other two on either side of the
+of the jet so here's the output of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet so here's the output of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet so here's the output of the D
+laser what we're going to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser what we're going to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser what we're going to do with it
+going to pass it through a diffuser to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass it through a diffuser to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass it through a diffuser to
+dramatize the the display of the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize the the display of the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatize the the display of the color
+here's the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the output of the
+diffuser and I'm going to let it fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and I'm going to let it fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and I'm going to let it fall
+onto the screen over there now right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen over there now right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen over there now right now
+the D laser is putting out an orangish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D laser is putting out an orangish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D laser is putting out an orangish
+uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+the screen so now I'm ready to tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen so now I'm ready to tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen so now I'm ready to tune the
+Dil laser so that we can observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dil laser so that we can observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dil laser so that we can observe this
+huge tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning
+range and in order to tune the laser we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and in order to tune the laser we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and in order to tune the laser we
+have inserted a bof refringent element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inserted a bof refringent element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inserted a bof refringent element
+over here and just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and just by
+simply uh adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh adjusting the
+angle using a micrometer we can tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle using a micrometer we can tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle using a micrometer we can tune the
+wavelength of the uh of the laser but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the uh of the laser but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the uh of the laser but
+first let me remind you that the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me remind you that the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me remind you that the colors
+you're seeing depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing depend
+on the setting of your monitor right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the setting of your monitor right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the setting of your monitor right now
+you should be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orange okay now I'm going to tune either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange okay now I'm going to tune either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange okay now I'm going to tune either
+side of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of of
+orange now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange now I have
+yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+towards greenish greenish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are on the screen I see light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the screen I see light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the screen I see light light
+green color and I hope you see that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color and I hope you see that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color and I hope you see that also
+so here we are from light green now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are from light green now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are from light green now I'm
+going to tune towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red you what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red you what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red you what is
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orange and now even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orange now it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reddish now it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddish now it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reddish now it's nice and
+red and getting in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+bread over here again I hope your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+huge tuning range now I will go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning range now I will go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning range now I will go back
+again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to
+red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orange now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange now we
+have yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all
+right now let me just also remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let me just also remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let me just also remind you
+that the tuning range that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tuning range that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tuning range that you've
+seen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is
+about 10 to the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the 14
+Hertz that's a huge huge tuning range
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VqP2tREMvt0.txt b/VqP2tREMvt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f623824da21c3c781c7e9805f955dccd47e99708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VqP2tREMvt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6328 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's linear
+algebra lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra lecture
+s I've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I've been talking
+about Vector spaces and especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Vector spaces and especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Vector spaces and especially the
+null space of a matrix and the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a matrix and the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a matrix and the column
+space of a matrix what's in those spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a matrix what's in those spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a matrix what's in those spaces
+now I want to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to actually
+describe them H how do you describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them H how do you describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them H how do you describe all
+the vectors that are in those spaces how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors that are in those spaces how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors that are in those spaces how
+do you compute these things so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute these things so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compute these things so this is
+the uh turning the idea the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh turning the idea the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh turning the idea the definition
+into an algorithm what's the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm what's the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algorithm what's the algorithm
+for solving ax equals z so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving ax equals z so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving ax equals z so that's the
+null space that I'm interested in so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space that I'm interested in so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space that I'm interested in so can
+I take a particular Matrix a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a particular Matrix a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a particular Matrix a and
+describe the natural algorithm and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the natural algorithm and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the natural algorithm and I'll
+execute it for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute it for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute it for that
+Matrix uh here we go uh so let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh here we go uh so let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh here we go uh so let me take
+the Matrix as an example so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix as an example so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix as an example so we're
+definitely talking rectangular matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely talking rectangular matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely talking rectangular matrices
+in this chapter so I'll make I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter so I'll make I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter so I'll make I'll have
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+columns and three rows 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and three rows 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and three rows 2
+468 and 36810
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if I just look at those columns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I just look at those columns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I just look at those columns uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+rows well I noticed right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows well I noticed right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows well I noticed right away that
+column two is a multiple of column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two is a multiple of column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two is a multiple of column one
+it's in the same direction as column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the same direction as column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the same direction as column one
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+independent I I'll expect to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I I'll expect to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I I'll expect to discover
+that in the process actually with rows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the process actually with rows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the process actually with rows I
+noticed that that row plus this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that that row plus this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that that row plus this row
+gives the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the third
+row so the third row is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so the third row is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so the third row is not
+independent so uh all that should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so uh all that should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so uh all that should come
+out of elimination so now what am I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of elimination so now what am I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of elimination so now what am I my
+my algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm is
+elimination but extended now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but extended now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but extended now to the
+rectangular case where we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular case where we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular case where we have to
+continue even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue even
+if there's zeros in the pivot position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's zeros in the pivot position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's zeros in the pivot position
+we go on okay so let me execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on okay so let me execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go on okay so let me execute
+elimination for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for that
+Matrix my goal is oh was while I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix my goal is oh was while I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix my goal is oh was while I'm doing
+elimination I'm not changing the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm not changing the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm not changing the null
+space that's very important right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's very important right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's very important right I'm
+solving ax equals z by elimination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ax equals z by elimination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ax equals z by elimination and
+when I do these operations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do these operations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do these operations that you
+already know when I subtract a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know when I subtract a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know when I subtract a multiple
+of one equation from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one equation from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one equation from another
+equation I'm not changing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm not changing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm not changing in the
+solutions so I'm not changing the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so I'm not changing the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so I'm not changing the null
+space actually I am changing the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space actually I am changing the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space actually I am changing the column
+space as you'll see so you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you'll see so you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you'll see so you have to pay
+attention what does elimination leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention what does elimination leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention what does elimination leave
+unchanged and it the answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and it the answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and it the answer is the
+solutions to the system are not changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the system are not changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the system are not changed
+because I'm doing the same thing to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm doing the same thing to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm doing the same thing to I'm
+doing a legitimate operations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a legitimate operations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a legitimate operations on the
+equations of course on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of course on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of course on the right hand
+side it's always zero and I don't plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's always zero and I don't plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's always zero and I don't plan
+to write zero all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write zero all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write zero all the time
+okay so I'm really just working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm really just working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm really just working on the
+left side but the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side but the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side but the right side
+is is keeping up always zeros okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is keeping up always zeros okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is keeping up always zeros okay so
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+elimination well you know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination well you know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination well you know where the
+first pivot is and you know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pivot is and you know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pivot is and you know what to do
+with it so can I just take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so can I just take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so can I just take the first
+step below here so that pivot row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step below here so that pivot row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step below here so that pivot row is
+fine I take two times that row away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I take two times that row away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I take two times that row away from
+this one and I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and I get zero
+Z that's signaling a difficulty two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's signaling a difficulty two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that's signaling a difficulty two two
+tws away from the six leaves me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tws away from the six leaves me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tws away from the six leaves me with a
+two two tws away from the eight leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two tws away from the eight leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two tws away from the eight leaves
+me with a four and now three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with a four and now three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with a four and now three of those
+away from here is zero again another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from here is zero again another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from here is zero again another
+zero 3 tws away from that eight is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 3 tws away from that eight is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 3 tws away from that eight is the
+two 3 twos away from that 10 is a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 twos away from that 10 is a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 twos away from that 10 is a four
+okay that's the first stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the first stage of
+elimination I've got the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I've got the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I've got the First Column
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+so of course I move on to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course I move on to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course I move on to the second
+column I look in that position I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I look in that position I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I look in that position I see a
+zero I look below it hoping for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I look below it hoping for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I look below it hoping for a
+nonzero that I can do a row exchange but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that I can do a row exchange but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that I can do a row exchange but
+it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero
+below so that's telling me that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so that's telling me that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so that's telling me that that
+column is well what it's really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is well what it's really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is well what it's really going to
+be telling me is that that column is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be telling me is that that column is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be telling me is that that column is a
+combination of the earlier column it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the earlier column it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the earlier column it's
+depend that second column is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend that second column is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend that second column is dependent
+on the earlier column but I don't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the earlier column but I don't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the earlier column but I don't stop
+to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think
+here that column there's nothing to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that column there's nothing to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that column there's nothing to do I
+go on to the next so here's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next so here's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next so here's the next
+pivot so there's the first pivot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so there's the first pivot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so there's the first pivot and
+there's the second pivot can I just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the second pivot can I just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the second pivot can I just keep
+this elimination going downwards so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elimination going downwards so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this elimination going downwards so so
+the next step keeps the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeps the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the second
+row with its pivot so I've got my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with its pivot so I've got my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with its pivot so I've got my two
+pivots and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and does
+elimination to clear out the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to clear out the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to clear out the column
+below that pivot so actually you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that pivot so actually you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that pivot so actually you see the
+multiplier is one it subtracts row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is one it subtracts row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is one it subtracts row two
+from Row three and produces a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Row three and produces a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Row three and produces a row of
+zeros okay that I would I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay that I would I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay that I would I would call
+that Matrix U right that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix U right that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix U right that's our
+upper well I can't quite say upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper well I can't quite say upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper well I can't quite say upper
+triangular uh maybe upper I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular uh maybe upper I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular uh maybe upper I don't know
+upper something it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper something it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper something it's got
+uh it's it's in this so-called Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's in this so-called Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's in this so-called Echelon
+form e the word Echelon means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form e the word Echelon means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form e the word Echelon means like
+staircase form it's the the nonzeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase form it's the the nonzeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase form it's the the nonzeros
+come in that staircase form if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in that staircase form if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in that staircase form if there was
+another pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pivot
+here the then the staircase would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the then the staircase would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the then the staircase would
+include that but here's a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that but here's a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that but here's a case where we
+have two pivots only okay so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pivots only okay so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pivots only okay so actually
+we've already discovered the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already discovered the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already discovered the most
+important number about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number about this
+Matrix the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the number of
+pivots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots is
+two that number we will call the rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that number we will call the rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that number we will call the rank of
+the Matrix so let me put it put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix so let me put it put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix so let me put it put
+immediately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the
+rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of
+a so I'm telling you what the this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I'm telling you what the this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I'm telling you what the this word
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+means in the algorithm it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the algorithm it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the algorithm it's equal to the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+pivots and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and in this case
+two okay for me that number two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay for me that number two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay for me that number two is the
+crucial number okay now I go to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial number okay now I go to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial number okay now I go to you
+remember I'm always solving ax equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm always solving ax equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm always solving ax equals z
+but now I can solve uux equals 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can solve uux equals 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I can solve uux equals 0 right
+same Solutions same null space okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Solutions same null space okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Solutions same null space okay so I
+could stop here why don't I why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stop here why don't I why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stop here why don't I why don't I
+stop here and do the back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and do the back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and do the back substitution
+so now I have to ask you how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have to ask you how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have to ask you how do I
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+solutions there are solutions right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions there are solutions right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions there are solutions right to
+ax equals z I knew there would be I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals z I knew there would be I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals z I knew there would be I had
+three equations in four unknowns I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations in four unknowns I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations in four unknowns I
+certainly expected some solutions now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly expected some solutions now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly expected some solutions now I
+want to see what are they okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what are they okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what are they okay here's
+the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+step I and I refer to it up here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I and I refer to it up here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I and I refer to it up here as
+separating out the pivot variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out the pivot variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating out the pivot variables the
+pivot columns which are these two here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns which are these two here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns which are these two here I
+have two pivot columns those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pivot columns those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pivot columns those are those
+obviously they're The Columns with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're The Columns with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're The Columns with the
+pivot so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so I have two
+pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns and I have the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and I have the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and I have the other
+columns I'll call free two these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I'll call free two these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I'll call free two these are
+free columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why do I use those words why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do I use those words why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do I use those words why do I
+use that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word
+free because now I want to write I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because now I want to write I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free because now I want to write I want
+to find the solutions to ux equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solutions to ux equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solutions to ux equals z
+here's the way I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way I do
+it these free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it these free
+columns I can assign any number freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I can assign any number freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I can assign any number freely
+to those to those to those to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those to those to those to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those to those to those to the to the
+variables X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X2 and
+X4 the ones that multiply columns 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 the ones that multiply columns 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 the ones that multiply columns 2 and
+four so I can assign anything I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I can assign anything I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I can assign anything I like to
+X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and
+X4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 and
+then I can solve the equations for X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can solve the equations for X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can solve the equations for X1
+and X3 let me say that again if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X3 let me say that again if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X3 let me say that again if I give
+let me let me assign so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me assign so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me assign so so one
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+X is to assign say the value one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is to assign say the value one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is to assign say the value one to the
+to X2 and zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 and zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 and zero to
+X4 those are that was a free choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 those are that was a free choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 those are that was a free choice but
+it's a convenient Choice okay now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a convenient Choice okay now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a convenient Choice okay now I want
+to solve ux equals 0 and find numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve ux equals 0 and find numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve ux equals 0 and find numbers 1
+and three F complete the solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three F complete the solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three F complete the solution okay
+can I write down let's see shall we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I write down let's see shall we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I write down let's see shall we just
+remember what ux equals 0 represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what ux equals 0 represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what ux equals 0 represents
+what are my equations that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are my equations that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are my equations that first
+equation is X1 plus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is X1 plus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is X1 plus just
+I'm just saying what are these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying what are these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying what are these matrices
+of meaning that's the first equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meaning that's the first equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meaning that's the first equation and
+the second equation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation was
+2x3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 +
+4x4 = 0 those are my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 = 0 those are my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 = 0 those are my two
+equations okay now the point is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay now the point is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay now the point is I can
+find X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X1 and
+X3 by back substitution so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 by back substitution so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 by back substitution so we're
+building on what we already know the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on what we already know the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on what we already know the new
+thing is that there were some some free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that there were some some free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that there were some some free
+variables that I could give any numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I could give any numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I could give any numbers
+to and I'm systematically going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I'm systematically going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I'm systematically going to make
+a choice like this one and zero now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice like this one and zero now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice like this one and zero now what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+X3 let's let's go backwards back up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 let's let's go backwards back up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 let's let's go backwards back up I
+look at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last
+equation X3 is zero from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X3 is zero from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X3 is zero from the last
+equation because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because because
+X4 we've we've set X4 to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 we've we've set X4 to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 we've we've set X4 to zero and then
+we get X3 as zero okay now we set X2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get X3 as zero okay now we set X2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get X3 as zero okay now we set X2 to
+be one so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one so what is
+X1 -2 right so that I have -2 + 2 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 -2 right so that I have -2 + 2 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 -2 right so that I have -2 + 2 0 and
+0 correctly giving zero there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 correctly giving zero there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 correctly giving zero there is a
+vector in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the null
+space there's a solution to ax equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's a solution to ax equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's a solution to ax equals 0
+in fact what solution is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what solution is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what solution is that that
+simply says that -2 * the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that -2 * the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that -2 * the First Column
+plus 1 * the second column is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 * the second column is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 * the second column is the zero
+column of course that's right minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of course that's right minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of course that's right minus two
+of that column plus one of that or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that column plus one of that or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that column plus one of that or minus
+two of that plus one of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of that plus one of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of that plus one of that that
+solution is that that's just what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that that's just what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that that's just what we saw
+immediately that the second column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that the second column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that the second column is
+twice as big as the First Column okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big as the First Column okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big as the First Column okay
+tell me some more vectors in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some more vectors in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some more vectors in the null
+space I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I found
+one tell me uh how to get a bunch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tell me uh how to get a bunch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tell me uh how to get a bunch more
+immediately out of that one just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately out of that one just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately out of that one just take
+multiples of it it any multiple of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of it it any multiple of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of it it any multiple of I
+could multiply this by anything I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply this by anything I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply this by anything I might
+as well call it I could say C some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well call it I could say C some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well call it I could say C some
+multiple of this so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this so let
+me so X could be any multiple of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so X could be any multiple of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so X could be any multiple of this
+one okay that that describes now a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that that describes now a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay that that describes now a line
+an infinitely long line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely long line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely long line in
+four-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+but which is in the null space is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which is in the null space is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which is in the null space is that
+the whole null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole null space
+no I've got two free variables here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I've got two free variables here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I've got two free variables here I
+made this Choice One and zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this Choice One and zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this Choice One and zero for the
+free variables but I could have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables but I could have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables but I could have made
+another Choice let me make the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Choice let me make the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Choice let me make the other
+choice zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice zero and
+one you see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see my
+system it my so let me repeat the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it my so let me repeat the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it my so let me repeat the system
+this is the algorithm that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the algorithm that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the algorithm that you you
+just learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learn to
+do find do do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find do do elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find do do elimination
+decide which are the pivot columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which are the pivot columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which are the pivot columns and
+which are the free columns that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the free columns that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the free columns that tells
+you that that variables 1 and three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that variables 1 and three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that variables 1 and three are
+pivot variables two and four are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot variables two and four are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot variables two and four are free
+variables then those free variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then those free variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then those free variables you
+assign them you you give one of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign them you you give one of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign them you you give one of them the
+value one and the others the value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and the others the value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and the others the value zero
+in this case we had a one and a zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we had a one and a zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we had a one and a zero and
+complete the solution and you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the solution and you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the solution and you do you
+give the other one the value one and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the other one the value one and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the other one the value one and and
+zero and now complete to solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now complete to solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now complete to solution so
+let's complete that solution I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's complete that solution I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's complete that solution I'm looking
+for a vector in the null space and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector in the null space and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector in the null space and it's
+absolutely going to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely going to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely going to be different from
+this guy because uh because any multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy because uh because any multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy because uh because any multiple
+of that zero is never going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that zero is never going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that zero is never going to give the
+one so I have somebody new in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I have somebody new in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I have somebody new in the null
+space and let me finish it out what's X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let me finish it out what's X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and let me finish it out what's X3
+here so we're going by back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going by back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're going by back substitution
+looking at this equation now X4 we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this equation now X4 we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this equation now X4 we've
+changed we're doing the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed we're doing the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed we're doing the other
+possibility where X2 is zero and X4 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility where X2 is zero and X4 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility where X2 is zero and X4 is 1
+so X3 will happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X3 will happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X3 will happen to be
+min-2 and now what do I get for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 and now what do I get for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 and now what do I get for that
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+equation uh X1 let's see 2 x3s is min -4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh X1 let's see 2 x3s is min -4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh X1 let's see 2 x3s is min -4
+plus two do I get a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two do I get a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two do I get a two
+there perhaps yeah two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perhaps yeah two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perhaps yeah two for
+X1 - 4 and two okay that's in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 - 4 and two okay that's in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 - 4 and two okay that's in the null
+space what does that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the columns that says that two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the columns that says that two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the columns that says that two of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+column minus two of this column plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column minus two of this column plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column minus two of this column plus
+this column gives zero which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column gives zero which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column gives zero which it
+does two of that minus two of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does two of that minus two of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does two of that minus two of that and
+one of that gives the zero column okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that gives the zero column okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that gives the zero column okay
+now now I found another Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I found another Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I found another Vector in the
+null space now we're ready to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space now we're ready to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space now we're ready to tell me
+the whole null space what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole null space what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole null space what are all the
+solutions to ax equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've got this guy and when I have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this guy and when I have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this guy and when I have him
+what else is goes into the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is goes into the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is goes into the null space
+along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with
+that these are my two special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are my two special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are my two special
+Solutions I call them special I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I call them special I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I call them special I just
+invented that name special Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented that name special Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented that name special Solutions
+what's special about them is the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about them is the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about them is the special
+numbers I gave to the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I gave to the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I gave to the free
+variables the values zero and one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the values zero and one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the values zero and one for
+the free variables I could have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables I could have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables I could have given
+the free variables any values and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables any values and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables any values and got
+vectors in the null space but this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the null space but this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the null space but this was a
+good way to be sure I got got everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to be sure I got got everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to be sure I got got everybody
+okay so once I have him I also have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once I have him I also have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once I have him I also have any
+multiple right so I could take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple right so I could take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple right so I could take any
+multiple of that and it's in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of that and it's in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of that and it's in the null
+space and now what else I left a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now what else I left a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and now what else I left a little
+space for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for what
+what a plus sign I can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a plus sign I can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a plus sign I can take any
+combination here's a line of vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here's a line of vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here's a line of vectors in
+the null space a bunch of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space a bunch of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space a bunch of solutions
+would you rather I say in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather I say in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather I say in the null space
+or would you rather I say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you rather I say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you rather I say okay I'm
+solving ax equals z well really I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ax equals z well really I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ax equals z well really I'm
+solving ux equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z well okay let me put in that crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z well okay let me put in that crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z well okay let me put in that crucial
+plus sign I'm taking all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign I'm taking all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign I'm taking all the
+combinations of my two special Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of my two special Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of my two special Solutions
+that that's my conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's my conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's my conclusion
+now the null space contains contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the null space contains contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the null space contains contains
+exactly all the combinations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly all the combinations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly all the combinations of the
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+Solutions and how many special Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and how many special Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and how many special Solutions
+are there there's one for every free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there's one for every free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there there's one for every free
+variable and how many free variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and how many free variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and how many free variables are
+there oh I mean we can see all the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh I mean we can see all the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh I mean we can see all the whole
+picture now if if the rank R was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now if if the rank R was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now if if the rank R was two
+this is the this is the number of pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the number of pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the number of pivot
+variables right because it counted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pivots so how many free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so how many free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so how many free
+variables well you know it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables well you know it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables well you know it's two
+right what is it in for a matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is it in for a matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is it in for a matrix that's
+M rows n columns n variables that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M rows n columns n variables that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M rows n columns n variables that means
+with rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rank
+R how many free variables have we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how many free variables have we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how many free variables have we got
+left if R of the variables are pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if R of the variables are pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if R of the variables are pivot
+variables we have n minus r in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have n minus r in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have n minus r in this case
+4-2 fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables you see that first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all we get a ni we get clean answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we get a ni we get clean answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we get a ni we get clean answers
+here we get R pivot variables so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get R pivot variables so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get R pivot variables so there
+really were our equation equations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were our equation equations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were our equation equations here
+there looked like three equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looked like three equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looked like three equations but
+there were really only two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really only two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really only two independent
+equations and there were n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there were n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there were n minus
+r variables that we could choose freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r variables that we could choose freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r variables that we could choose freely
+and we gave them those special 01 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave them those special 01 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave them those special 01 uh
+values and we got the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we got the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we got the special
+Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions
+okay that for me we could stop at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that for me we could stop at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that for me we could stop at that
+point that gives you a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that gives you a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that gives you a complete
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+for finding all the solutions to ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding all the solutions to ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding all the solutions to ax
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay again you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again you do
+elimination going onward when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination going onward when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination going onward when a
+column when when there's nothing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column when when there's nothing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column when when there's nothing to be
+done on one column you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on one column you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on one column you just
+continue that this number R the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that this number R the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that this number R the number
+of pivots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pivots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pivots is
+crucial and it leaves n minus r free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial and it leaves n minus r free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial and it leaves n minus r free
+variables which you give value Zer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which you give value Zer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which you give value Zer and
+one to I would like to take one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step I would like to clean up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I would like to clean up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I would like to clean up this
+Matrix even more so now I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix even more so now I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix even more so now I'm going to go
+to this is in its this is in Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is in its this is in Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is in its this is in Echelon
+form upper triangular if you like I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form upper triangular if you like I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form upper triangular if you like I want
+to go one more step to make it as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go one more step to make it as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go one more step to make it as good
+as it can be okay so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it can be okay so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it can be okay so now I'm going to
+speak about the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about the reduced
+row Echelon form okay so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Echelon form okay so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Echelon form okay so now I'm going
+to speak about the Matrix R which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced row
+Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echelon
+form so what does that mean that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so what does that mean that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so what does that mean that means I
+just I I can I can work harder on you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I can I can work harder on you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I can I can work harder on you so
+let me start let me suppose I got as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start let me suppose I got as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start let me suppose I got as far
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+U which was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice how that row of zeros appeared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that row of zeros appeared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that row of zeros appeared I
+I didn't comment on that but I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't comment on that but I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't comment on that but I I should
+have that row of zeros appeared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that row of zeros appeared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that row of zeros appeared because
+Row three was a combination of rows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row three was a combination of rows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row three was a combination of rows one
+and two and elimination discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and elimination discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and elimination discovered that
+fact when we get a row of zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we get a row of zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we get a row of zero that's
+telling us that the that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that the that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that the that that the
+original row that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original row that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original row that was
+there was a combination of other rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a combination of other rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a combination of other rows
+and elimination knocked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination knocked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination knocked it
+out okay so we got this far now how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so we got this far now how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so we got this far now how can
+I clean that up further I can do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I clean that up further I can do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I clean that up further I can do uh
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+upwards I can get zero above the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards I can get zero above the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards I can get zero above the pivots
+so this reduced row Echelon form has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this reduced row Echelon form has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this reduced row Echelon form has
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+pivots so let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so let me do
+that so now I'll subtract one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'll subtract one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'll subtract one of this
+from the row above that will leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row above that will leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row above that will leave a
+zero and a minus two in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a minus two in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a minus two in there
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay and I can clean it up even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and I can clean it up even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and I can clean it up even one
+more step I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step I can make the
+pivots the pivots I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots the pivots I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots the pivots I'm going to make
+equal to one because I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one because I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one because I can divide
+equation two by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation two by the
+pivot that won't change the solutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot that won't change the solutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot that won't change the solutions so
+let me do that and then I really I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that and then I really I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do that and then I really I'm
+ready to stop 1 2 0- 2 0 0 1 two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to stop 1 2 0- 2 0 0 1 two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to stop 1 2 0- 2 0 0 1 two I
+divided the second equation by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the second equation by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the second equation by two
+because now I have a one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I have a one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now I have a one in the
+pivot and Zer below okay this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and Zer below okay this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and Zer below okay this is my
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R I guess I'm hoping that you could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I guess I'm hoping that you could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I guess I'm hoping that you could now
+execute the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the whole
+algorithm mat lab will do it immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm mat lab will do it immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm mat lab will do it immediately
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+command RR R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command RR R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command RR R
+EF Ro reduced row Echelon form of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF Ro reduced row Echelon form of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF Ro reduced row Echelon form of a so
+if I input that original Matrix a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I input that original Matrix a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I input that original Matrix a and
+then I write then I type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I write then I type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I write then I type that
+command press return that Matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command press return that Matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command press return that Matrix will
+appear That's the reduced row Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear That's the reduced row Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear That's the reduced row Echelon
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+and it's got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got all the
+information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as
+clear as can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as can be
+what what information has it got well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what information has it got well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what information has it got well of
+course it immediately tells me the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it immediately tells me the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it immediately tells me the pivot
+rows pivot rows one and two pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows pivot rows one and two pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows pivot rows one and two pivot
+columns one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one and
+three and in fact it's got the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in fact it's got the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in fact it's got the identity
+Matrix in there right it's it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in there right it's it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in there right it's it's got
+zeros above and below the pivots and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros above and below the pivots and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros above and below the pivots and the
+pivots are one so it's so it's got a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots are one so it's so it's got a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots are one so it's so it's got a so
+notice the 2x two identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the 2x two identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the 2x two identity Matrix
+that's sitting in the pivot rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sitting in the pivot rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sitting in the pivot rows and
+pivot columns it's it's it's I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns it's it's it's I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns it's it's it's I in the
+pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot
+rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns it's got zero rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below those are always indicating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below those are always indicating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below those are always indicating that
+original rows were were combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original rows were were combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original rows were were combinations of
+other rows so we really only had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows so we really only had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rows so we really only had two
+rows there and now it also so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows there and now it also so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows there and now it also so there's
+the identity now it's also got its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity now it's also got its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity now it's also got its
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+columns and uh they're cleaned up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh they're cleaned up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and uh they're cleaned up as
+much as possible actually actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible actually actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible actually actually it's
+now so cleaned up that the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so cleaned up that the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so cleaned up that the special
+Solutions I can read off you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I can read off you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions I can read off you you
+remember I went through the steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I went through the steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I went through the steps of
+computing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing this uh
+this uh doing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh doing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh doing back
+substitution let me let me instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me let me instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me let me instead of
+that system let me take this improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system let me take this improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system let me take this improved
+system so I'm going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I'm going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I'm going to use these
+numbers right in these equations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right in these equations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right in these equations what
+did I do I divided this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and oh yeah and I had subtracted two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and oh yeah and I had subtracted two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and oh yeah and I had subtracted two
+of this which knocked out this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which knocked out this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which knocked out this guy and
+made that a minus sign is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that a minus sign is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that a minus sign is that what
+that's that's now I've now written RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's now I've now written RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's now I've now written RX
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 now I guess I'm hoping everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now I guess I'm hoping everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 now I guess I'm hoping everybody in
+this room understands the the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room understands the the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room understands the the solutions
+to the original ax equals z the Midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original ax equals z the Midway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original ax equals z the Midway
+halfway ux equal Z and the final RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway ux equal Z and the final RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway ux equal Z and the final RX
+equals 0 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 all the
+same because going from one of those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because going from one of those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because going from one of those to
+another one I didn't mess up I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I didn't mess up I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I didn't mess up I I just
+multiplied equations and subtracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied equations and subtracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied equations and subtracted from
+other equations which I'm allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equations which I'm allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equations which I'm allowed to
+do okay but my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay but my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay but my point is that
+now if I do this free variables and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I do this free variables and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I do this free variables and back
+substitution it's just the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it's just the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it's just the numbers are
+there when I let X so in this guy I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I let X so in this guy I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when I let X so in this guy I let
+X2 be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 be one
+and X4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X4
+b0 I I guess what am I seeing here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 I I guess what am I seeing here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 I I guess what am I seeing here let
+me let me sort of separate this out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me sort of separate this out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me sort of separate this out here
+I'm seeing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing in the
+pivot in the pivot columns if I if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot in the pivot columns if I if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot in the pivot columns if I if I put
+the pivot columns here I'm seeing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot columns here I'm seeing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot columns here I'm seeing those
+and I'm in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm in the free
+columns I'm seeing what am I seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I'm seeing what am I seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I'm seeing what am I seeing in
+the free columns the two Z and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free columns the two Z and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free columns the two Z and that
+first free column the the X2 column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first free column the the X2 column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first free column the the X2 column and
+a minus 22 in the in the in the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 22 in the in the in the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 22 in the in the in the fourth
+column the other free column and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column the other free column and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column the other free column and and the
+row of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros
+below which of course have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below which of course have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below which of course have
+no that equation is 0 equals z that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that equation is 0 equals z that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that equation is 0 equals z that's
+satisfying here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying here's my
+point that when I do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that when I do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that when I do back
+substitution these numbers are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution these numbers are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution these numbers are exactly
+what shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shows
+up oh their signs get switched I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh their signs get switched I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh their signs get switched I was
+going to say those numbers 2 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say those numbers 2 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say those numbers 2 - 2
+02 can I just circle the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 can I just circle the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 can I just circle the this is the
+free part of the Matrix this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free part of the Matrix this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free part of the Matrix this is the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+part this is the free part maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the free part maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the free part maybe I'll
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+F this of course I call I because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this of course I call I because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this of course I call I because it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+identity the free part is a I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the free part is a I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the free part is a I mean I'm
+just doing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and the those free numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the those free numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the those free numbers
+will show up with a minus sign because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up with a minus sign because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up with a minus sign because
+they pop onto the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop onto the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop onto the other side of the
+equation so I see min-2 0 and I see 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I see min-2 0 and I see 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I see min-2 0 and I see 2
+-2 C can I so that wasn't magic it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 C can I so that wasn't magic it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 C can I so that wasn't magic it had
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+happen let me uh show you clearly why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let me uh show you clearly why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let me uh show you clearly why it
+happened okay so that's this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so that's this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay so that's this this is
+what I'm interested in here and now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in here and now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm interested in here and now let
+me let me just like do it do it for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just like do it do it for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just like do it do it for or
+let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+we've we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to let's suppose we've got this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's suppose we've got this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's suppose we've got this system
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our
+RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF
+form so my Matrix R is what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so my Matrix R is what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so my Matrix R is what does it look
+like can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can
+I'll let me pretend that the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let me pretend that the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let me pretend that the pivot
+columns come first and then whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns come first and then whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns come first and then whatever is
+in the free cup and there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free cup and there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free cup and there might be some
+zero rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero rows
+below there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below there's a
+typical a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a pretty
+typical reduced row Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form you see what's typical it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you see what's typical it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you see what's typical it's it's
+got this is R by R this is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this is R by R this is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this is R by R this is this this is
+R pivot rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns and here are n minus r free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and here are n minus r free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and here are n minus r free
+columns okay tell me what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay tell me what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay tell me what are the
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+Solutions what are the what's what's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what are the what's what's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what are the what's what's X
+if I want to solve RX equals z in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to solve RX equals z in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to solve RX equals z in fact
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me I'm really going to uh do the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm really going to uh do the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm really going to uh do the whole
+since these this is now block matrices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these this is now block matrices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these this is now block matrices I
+might as well do all of the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do all of the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do all of the special
+Solutions at once so I want to solve RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions at once so I want to solve RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions at once so I want to solve RX
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+0 and I'll have some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll have some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll have some special
+Solutions let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions let me
+actually can I do them all at once I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can I do them all at once I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can I do them all at once I'm
+going to create a null space Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns are the special solute The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the special solute The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the special solute The
+Columns are the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions this is I'm making it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is I'm making it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is I'm making it sound
+harder it's going to be totally easy n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it's going to be totally easy n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it's going to be totally easy n
+will be this null space Matrix I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this null space Matrix I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this null space Matrix I want
+r n to be the zero Matrix these Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n to be the zero Matrix these Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n to be the zero Matrix these Columns
+of n are supposed to multi get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n are supposed to multi get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n are supposed to multi get
+multiplied by R and give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by R and give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by R and give zero
+columns so what n will do the job let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what n will do the job let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what n will do the job let me
+put I'm going to put the identity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I'm going to put the identity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I'm going to put the identity in the
+free variable part and then minus F will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable part and then minus F will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable part and then minus F will
+show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pivot variables just the way it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables just the way it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables just the way it did
+in that example there we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that example there we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that example there we had the
+identity and F here and in the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and F here and in the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and F here and in the special
+solution so these columns are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so these columns are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so these columns are there's
+the Matrix of special Solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of special Solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of special Solutions and
+actually there so there's a matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so there's a matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so there's a matlb
+command or a teaching code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or a teaching code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or a teaching code
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+null n equal so this is the the produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null n equal so this is the the produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null n equal so this is the the produces
+the null basis the null space Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null basis the null space Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null basis the null space Matrix
+null of a and there it is do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and how does that command actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and how does that command actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and how does that command actually
+work it uses matlb to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it uses matlb to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it uses matlb to compute
+R then it picks out the pivot variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then it picks out the pivot variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then it picks out the pivot variables
+the free variables puts puts ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables puts puts ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variables puts puts ones and
+zeros in for the free variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in for the free variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in for the free variables and
+copies out the pivot variables it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies out the pivot variables it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies out the pivot variables it it
+does back substitution but back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does back substitution but back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does back substitution but back
+substitution for this system is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for this system is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for this system is totally
+simple what what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what what is this
+system uh RX =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh RX =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh RX =
+Z so this is R is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is R is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is R is i
+f and X is the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and X is the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and X is the pivot
+variables and the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the free
+variables and it's supposed to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and it's supposed to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and it's supposed to give
+zero so what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what does that mean that means
+that the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pivot
+variables plus f * the free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables plus f * the free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables plus f * the free variables
+give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero
+so let me put ftimes the free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put ftimes the free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put ftimes the free variables
+on the other side I get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side I get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side I get minus
+ftimes the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftimes the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftimes the free
+variables there's there's my uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's there's my uh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's there's my uh equation
+as simple as it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as it can
+be that's that's what back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's that's what back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's that's what back substitution
+comes to when I've reduced and reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to when I've reduced and reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to when I've reduced and reduced
+and reduced this system to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced this system to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduced this system to the to the
+best form okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best form okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best form okay and
+uh then if the free variables I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then if the free variables I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then if the free variables I make
+this special choice of the identity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special choice of the identity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special choice of the identity then
+the pivot V pivot variables are minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot V pivot variables are minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot V pivot variables are minus F
+okay can I do uh another example could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I do uh another example could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I do uh another example could
+you do another example can I let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do another example can I let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do another example can I let me just
+take another Matrix and and let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another Matrix and and let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another Matrix and and let's go
+through this algorithm once more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this algorithm once more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this algorithm once more
+okay here we go here's a Blackboard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go here's a Blackboard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go here's a Blackboard for
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay so I'll call The Matrix a again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll call The Matrix a again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll call The Matrix a again but
+let me make it uh yeah how big should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make it uh yeah how big should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make it uh yeah how big should we
+make it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time ah why don't I do this just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah why don't I do this just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ah why don't I do this just for the
+heck of it let me take the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of it let me take the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of it let me take the transpose of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+a and see what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+468 and 3 6 8 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we do the calculations tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do the calculations tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do the calculations tell me
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+coming how many pivot variables do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming how many pivot variables do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming how many pivot variables do you
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+here how many columns are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many columns are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many columns are going to have
+pivots how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots how
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+many we have three columns in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many we have three columns in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many we have three columns in that
+Matrix but are we going to are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but are we going to are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but are we going to are we going
+to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have three
+pivots no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots no because
+this third column is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third column is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third column is the sum of the
+first two columns I'm totally expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns I'm totally expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns I'm totally expecting
+totally expecting that these will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally expecting that these will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally expecting that these will be
+pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot
+columns because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns because they're
+independent but that this third guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but that this third guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but that this third guy the
+third column which is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column which is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column which is dependent on the
+first two is going to be a free column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two is going to be a free column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two is going to be a free column
+elimination better discover that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination better discover that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination better discover that and
+elimination will also straighten out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will also straighten out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will also straighten out the
+rows we'll also Identify some zero some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we'll also Identify some zero some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows we'll also Identify some zero some
+some dependent rows and some independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dependent rows and some independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dependent rows and some independent
+rows what's the what's the row reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what's the what's the row reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what's the what's the row reduced
+Echelon form for this let's just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echelon form for this let's just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echelon form for this let's just do it
+okay so so that's the first pivot two *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's the first pivot two *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's the first pivot two *
+that away from that gives me a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that away from that gives me a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that away from that gives me a row of
+zeros two * that away from that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros two * that away from that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros two * that away from that gives me
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+022 and 2 * that away from that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+022 and 2 * that away from that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+022 and 2 * that away from that gives me
+a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay First Column is straight first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay First Column is straight first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay First Column is straight first
+variable is a pivot variable no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a pivot variable no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a pivot variable no problem
+on to the second column I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the second column I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the second column I look at the
+second pivot it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pivot it's a
+zero I look below it there's a two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I look below it there's a two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I look below it there's a two okay
+I do a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a row
+exchange so this zero is now there I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so this zero is now there I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange so this zero is now there I now
+have a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfectly good
+pivot and I use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and I use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and I use it
+okay and I subtract two of that row away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I subtract two of that row away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I subtract two of that row away
+from this row you all right if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this row you all right if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this row you all right if I do it
+like that I I've got to the form U now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I I've got to the form U now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I I've got to the form U now
+this was my a now there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U I can see I can see now I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I can see I can see now I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I can see I can see now I I have to
+stop right I would go on to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right I would go on to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right I would go on to the third
+column I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I should have
+tried I quit but without trying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried I quit but without trying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried I quit but without trying I
+shouldn't have done that on to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have done that on to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have done that on to the third
+column look at the pivot position it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column look at the pivot position it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column look at the pivot position it's
+got a zero in it look below all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero in it look below all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero in it look below all zeros
+now I'm entitled to stop okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm entitled to stop okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm entitled to stop okay so the
+rank is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again uh what about the null space how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh what about the null space how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh what about the null space how
+many special Solutions are there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many special Solutions are there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many special Solutions are there this
+time how many special solutions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how many special solutions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how many special solutions for this
+Matrix I've got an which are the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I've got an which are the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I've got an which are the free
+variables and which are the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and which are the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and which are the pivot
+variables and so on pivot columns I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so on pivot columns I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so on pivot columns I've
+got two pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two pivot
+columns and that's no accident the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and that's no accident the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and that's no accident the
+number of pivot columns for a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pivot columns for a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pivot columns for a matrix
+a that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a great
+fact that the number of pivot columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the number of pivot columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the number of pivot columns
+for a and a trans a transpose are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and a trans a transpose are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and a trans a transpose are the
+same and then I have a free column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I have a free column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then I have a free column
+there's a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free
+column one free column because the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one free column because the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one free column because the count
+is 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 -
+2 3 - 2 gives me one free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column okay so now let me solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay so now let me solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay so now let me solve
+uh what's in the null space okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in the null space okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in the null space okay so how
+do I H let's see these vectors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I H let's see these vectors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I H let's see these vectors have
+length three they only have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three they only have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three they only have three
+components I'm making too much space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'm making too much space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'm making too much space for
+the to write X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to write X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to write X
+X has just got three components and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has just got three components and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has just got three components and what
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+they I'm looking for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so how do I
+start I give the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I give the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I give the free
+variable some convenient value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable some convenient value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable some convenient value and
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+that I set it to one I set the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I set it to one I set the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I set it to one I set the free
+variable to one if I set the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to one if I set the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to one if I set the free
+variable to zero and solve for the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero and solve for the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero and solve for the pivot
+variables I'll get all zeros no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'll get all zeros no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'll get all zeros no
+progress but by setting the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress but by setting the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress but by setting the free
+variable to one you see my two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to one you see my two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to one you see my two equations
+now are shall I my equations are X1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are shall I my equations are X1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are shall I my equations are X1 +
+2x2 + 3x3 is z that's my first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 + 3x3 is z that's my first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 + 3x3 is z that's my first equation
+and my second equation is now 2x2 + 2x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my second equation is now 2x2 + 2x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my second equation is now 2x2 + 2x3
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+0 and uh okay so if X3 is 1 then X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and uh okay so if X3 is 1 then X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and uh okay so if X3 is 1 then X2
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+minus1 and if X3 is 1 and X2 is min -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and if X3 is 1 and X2 is min -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and if X3 is 1 and X2 is min -1
+then maybe X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus1 and actually I go back to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and actually I go back to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and actually I go back to check
+now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't
+like I I did I did a quick calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I did I did a quick calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I did I did a quick calculation
+mentally can I mentally do a quick check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally can I mentally do a quick check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally can I mentally do a quick check
+that Matrix that solution X says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix that solution X says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix that solution X says that
+minus this column minus this column plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this column minus this column plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this column minus this column plus
+this one is the zero column and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the zero column and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the zero column and it is
+minus that minus that plus that is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that minus that plus that is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that minus that plus that is zero
+so that's in the null space and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in the null space and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in the null space and now you
+can tell me what else is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what else is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me what else is in the null
+space what's what's the whole null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what's what's the whole null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what's what's the whole null space
+now it's I multiply by C right the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's I multiply by C right the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's I multiply by C right the whole
+null space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space is a
+line so that's the description if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that's the description if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that's the description if I ask
+you on a homework or a quiz or the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on a homework or a quiz or the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on a homework or a quiz or the final
+what give me describe tell me the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what give me describe tell me the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what give me describe tell me the null
+space find the null space of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space find the null space of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space find the null space of this
+Matrix you could take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you could take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you could take those
+steps and that's the answer I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and that's the answer I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and that's the answer I'm looking
+for and I'm looking for that c too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm looking for that c too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm looking for that c too
+because that's telling me that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's telling me that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's telling me that you're
+remembering that it's a whole space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that it's a whole space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that it's a whole space and
+not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one
+vector later I will ask you for a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector later I will ask you for a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector later I will ask you for a basis
+for the null space then I just want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space then I just want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space then I just want this
+Vector but if I ask for the whole null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but if I ask for the whole null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but if I ask for the whole null
+space then there's the whole line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then there's the whole line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then there's the whole line
+through that Vector okay now one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that Vector okay now one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that Vector okay now one more
+natural thing to do with this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do with this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do with this example
+right is keep going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is keep going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is keep going to
+the the reduced Matrix R so can I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reduced Matrix R so can I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reduced Matrix R so can I push
+onwards to r that should be quick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards to r that should be quick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards to r that should be quick but
+let's just practice let me keep going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just practice let me keep going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just practice let me keep going to
+R okay so what do I do here I subtract I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so what do I do here I subtract I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay so what do I do here I subtract I
+I want I clear out above the pivot so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I clear out above the pivot so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I clear out above the pivot so I
+subtract that from that that's one1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from that that's one1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from that that's one1 is
+left right when I subtracted this Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right when I subtracted this Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right when I subtracted this Row
+from this it produces zero Above This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it produces zero Above This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it produces zero Above This
+pivot and now I want that pivot to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and now I want that pivot to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and now I want that pivot to be a
+one so for the r Matrix I'll divide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so for the r Matrix I'll divide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so for the r Matrix I'll divide this
+equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by
+two and of course these zero zeros are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and of course these zero zeros are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and of course these zero zeros are
+great they don't change there's R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great they don't change there's R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great they don't change there's R that's
+r you see what R is you see the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r you see what R is you see the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r you see what R is you see the identity
+Matrix sitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix sitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix sitting up
+here you see the Free Part F the F part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the Free Part F the F part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the Free Part F the F part
+here and you see the zeros below this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see the zeros below this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see the zeros below this is
+if F0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F0
+0 and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and what's the
+X the X has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the X has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the X has the
+identity well it's only a single number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity well it's only a single number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity well it's only a single number
+one but it's the identity Matrix in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's the identity Matrix in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's the identity Matrix in the
+free in the free part and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the free part and what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the free part and what does it
+have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+the pivot variables what did back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables what did back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables what did back
+substitution give it gave minus these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution give it gave minus these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution give it gave minus these
+guys you see that what this is is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you see that what this is is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you see that what this is is any
+multiple of this is the identity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this is the identity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of this is the identity there
+and this is minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus F
+here that's our null space this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's our null space this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's our null space this is our
+null space Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space Matrix
+n for this our our null space Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for this our our null space Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for this our our null space Matrix is
+the guy whose columns are the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy whose columns are the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy whose columns are the special
+Solutions so their free variables have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so their free variables have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so their free variables have
+these special values one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special values one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special values one and
+the pivot variables have minus F so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables have minus F so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot variables have minus F so do
+you see the how the minus F just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the how the minus F just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the how the minus F just
+automatically shows up in the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions that's it really I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions that's it really I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions that's it really I I don't
+think there's anything more I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's anything more I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's anything more I can
+say about ax equals z there's more I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about ax equals z there's more I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about ax equals z there's more I can
+say about ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about ax equal
+B but that'll be uh Friday okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but that'll be uh Friday okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but that'll be uh Friday okay so
+that's that's the null space thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W1FtRnLslSA.txt b/W1FtRnLslSA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b5ff16374b39867a3c9f5750444b9c93d02c7b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W1FtRnLslSA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today I'm going to start
+talking about diatomic molecules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diatomic molecules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about diatomic molecules and the
+sort of thing that I've been doing ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that I've been doing ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that I've been doing ever
+since I was a graduate student and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was a graduate student and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I was a graduate student and and I
+have a particularly simple view of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particularly simple view of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particularly simple view of what
+you need to know to become quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to become quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to become quite
+sophisticated in uh diatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in uh diatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in uh diatomic molecule
+problems and I will present that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I will present that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I will present that I I
+think that my Approach is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that my Approach is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that my Approach is probably
+needlessly simple and that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needlessly simple and that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needlessly simple and that it would be
+better to lard it with three and 6j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to lard it with three and 6j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to lard it with three and 6j
+coefficients but I prefer to present it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but I prefer to present it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but I prefer to present it
+in a in a way where you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way where you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way where you can basically
+derive everything yourself without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive everything yourself without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive everything yourself without
+without recourse to tables although that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without recourse to tables although that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without recourse to tables although that
+can be a very painful and laborious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very painful and laborious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very painful and laborious
+thing needlessly so okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing needlessly so okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing needlessly so okay so we're going
+to set up effective hamiltonians for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up effective hamiltonians for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up effective hamiltonians for
+diatomic molecules and the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and the effective
+hamiltonians basically have two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians basically have two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians basically have two pieces
+they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the
+rotational hamiltonian which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational hamiltonian which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational hamiltonian which is some
+operator that depends on internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that depends on internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that depends on internuclear
+distance and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and an
+operator r s which is the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator r s which is the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator r s which is the nuclear
+rotation these are two different RS I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation these are two different RS I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation these are two different RS I'm
+sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about
+that and uh uh the other thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh uh the other thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh uh the other thing that you
+need to know about which I I love even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about which I I love even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about which I I love even
+more than this is the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this is the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this is the spin orbit
+hamiltonian which is I write in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is I write in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is I write in a
+simplified form which is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified form which is some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified form which is some function
+of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual
+electrons the angular momenta of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the angular momenta of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the angular momenta of the
+individual electrons and the spins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electrons and the spins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electrons and the spins of
+the individual electrons and this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual electrons and this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual electrons and this sum
+over electrons is what is called a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over electrons is what is called a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over electrons is what is called a one
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+operator and we are going to be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we are going to be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we are going to be learning
+how to evaluate Matrix elements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate Matrix elements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate Matrix elements in a
+Slater determinantal basis set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater determinantal basis set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater determinantal basis set and
+Matrix elements of one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of one electron
+operators are particularly transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are particularly transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are particularly transparent
+and when you H when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you H when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you H when you have the
+opportunity of writing an operator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of writing an operator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of writing an operator in
+such a form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a form you
+celebrate uh because that simp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate uh because that simp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate uh because that simp
+simplifies the algebra and makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the algebra and makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the algebra and makes it
+almost uh equivalent to what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh equivalent to what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh equivalent to what you would
+have done if you didn't have Slater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinants so these are the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants so these are the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants so these are the two things
+that we are going to become extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to become extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to become extremely
+skilled at dealing with Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled at dealing with Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled at dealing with Matrix elements
+of and the tools for this uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the tools for this uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and the tools for this uh will
+be angular momentum uh Matrix ele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angular momentum uh Matrix ele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be angular momentum uh Matrix ele
+angular momentum basis functions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum basis functions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum basis functions of this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+where we have a magnitude of an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a magnitude of an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a magnitude of an angular
+momentum a projection of that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a projection of that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum a projection of that angular
+momentum into the body frame and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum into the body frame and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum into the body frame and a
+projection of that angular momentum into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of that angular momentum into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of that angular momentum into
+the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory
+frame and these These are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and these These are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and these These are the basic
+building blocks and when you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks and when you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks and when you deal with
+functions of this form where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of this form where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of this form where you have a
+magnitude and a body projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and a body projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and a body projection
+you don't generally care about the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't generally care about the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't generally care about the lab
+projection although it's always there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although it's always there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although it's always there
+this makes your life simple and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes your life simple and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes your life simple and when you
+have this you don't need to use Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you don't need to use Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you don't need to use Vector
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+coefficients because all of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because all of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients because all of the Matrix
+elements can be evaluated very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements can be evaluated very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements can be evaluated very
+simply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh this is closely related to Hun's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is closely related to Hun's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is closely related to Hun's case
+a uh and when you are in Hun's case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh and when you are in Hun's case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh and when you are in Hun's case a
+you have the ability to write Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the ability to write Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the ability to write Matrix
+elements without a great deal of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements without a great deal of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements without a great deal of thought
+and that's a very useful thing so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very useful thing so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very useful thing so when
+you're using a hun case a basis set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a hun case a basis set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a hun case a basis set so
+I'm going to talk briefly about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk briefly about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk briefly about these
+angular momentum functions and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum functions and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum functions and their
+properties and I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the vigner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eart light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eart light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eart light
+because this is a tool that enables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a tool that enables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a tool that enables you
+to classify operators and simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify operators and simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify operators and simplify
+operators and write down without a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and write down without a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and write down without a great
+deal of thought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of thought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of thought a
+convenient operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient operator
+replacement which will suffice for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement which will suffice for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement which will suffice for most
+purposes this is already a replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is already a replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is already a replacement
+of the microscopic spin orb at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic spin orb at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic spin orb at
+hamiltonian having used a kind of vigner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian having used a kind of vigner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian having used a kind of vigner
+eart light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eart light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eart light
+but so anyway these are the the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so anyway these are the the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so anyway these are the the things
+that are going to be really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be really important in
+the next few lectures I'm going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures I'm going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures I'm going to uh
+talk about okay how do you set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about okay how do you set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about okay how do you set up the
+effective hamiltonian for a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian for a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian for a diatomic
+molecule and it will mostly involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it will mostly involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it will mostly involve
+these two Matrix elements of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Matrix elements of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Matrix elements of these two
+operators but you will then get matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you will then get matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you will then get matrices
+for multiplet states which need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiplet states which need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for multiplet states which need some
+extra Corrections due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Corrections due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Corrections due to
+uh effects from far away States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effects from far away States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effects from far away States and
+that's called the vanvleck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the vanvleck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the vanvleck
+transformation it's a way of taking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it's a way of taking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it's a way of taking out
+of the exact full hamiltonian the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exact full hamiltonian the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exact full hamiltonian the part
+you need to deal with as accurately as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to deal with as accurately as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to deal with as accurately as
+you want the uh the little bit of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the uh the little bit of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the uh the little bit of State
+space that happens to be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that happens to be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that happens to be in your
+spectrum and so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so there is a
+simplification that I'll talk about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that I'll talk about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that I'll talk about then
+I'll also talk about uh when's cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ity and EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ity and EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ity and EF
+symmetry so that's mostly what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that's mostly what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that's mostly what I'm going
+to be doing this week I don't think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing this week I don't think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing this week I don't think I'll
+quite be able to do all of that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite be able to do all of that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite be able to do all of that this
+week but we'll see how far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we'll see how far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we'll see how far we
+get okay so first of all we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so first of all we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so first of all we're going to
+deal with diatomic molecules and since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with diatomic molecules and since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with diatomic molecules and since I
+don't want to resort to uh fancy tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to resort to uh fancy tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to resort to uh fancy tools
+for angular momentum coupling I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angular momentum coupling I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angular momentum coupling I'm not
+going to consider nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider nuclear
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+spins so the actors in this drama are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so the actors in this drama are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so the actors in this drama are
+the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear
+rotation the orbital angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the orbital angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the orbital angular momentum
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+spin the uh the total angular momentum n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin the uh the total angular momentum n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin the uh the total angular momentum n
+and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J
+A so this is nuclear rotation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so this is nuclear rotation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A so this is nuclear rotation this is
+the total electronic angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total electronic angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total electronic angular
+momentum this is the total electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this is the total electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this is the total electron
+spin this is the total angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin this is the total angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin this is the total angular momentum
+this is the total angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total angular momentum
+exclusive of spin in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive of spin in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive of spin in other words it's
+Jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jus
+s and Ja is the atomic angular it's L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and Ja is the atomic angular it's L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and Ja is the atomic angular it's L
+and S for the individual atoms and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S for the individual atoms and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S for the individual atoms and this
+you normally won't encounter except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally won't encounter except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally won't encounter except in
+H's Case C and uh most people don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's Case C and uh most people don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's Case C and uh most people don't talk
+about it and but anyway those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and but anyway those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and but anyway those are the
+actors that we're going to be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that we're going to be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that we're going to be dealing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so since we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we're going to be talking about
+angular momenta and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta and we're going to be
+talking about angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about angular
+momenta bras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta bras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta bras and
+cats we'd like to be able not to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats we'd like to be able not to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats we'd like to be able not to ever
+look at the form of a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the form of a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the form of a differential
+operator or form of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or form of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or form of a wave
+function that we're going to be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we're going to be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we're going to be dealing
+with this in an abstract space and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in an abstract space and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in an abstract space and so
+that it very much like the way we dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it very much like the way we dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it very much like the way we dealt
+with vibrational wave functions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrational wave functions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrational wave functions we have
+an algebra that we know how to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebra that we know how to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebra that we know how to use and
+we don't question it until we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't question it until we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't question it until we get into
+trouble because there is some thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because there is some thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because there is some thing
+that requires making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires making an
+assumption that's that you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's that you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's that you don't know
+whether it's Justified or not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Justified or not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's Justified or not because
+you don't know what you're playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what you're playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what you're playing with
+but most people you know when they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people you know when they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people you know when they're uh
+when they're small children get Tinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're small children get Tinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're small children get Tinker
+Toys or some sorts of models and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toys or some sorts of models and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toys or some sorts of models and you
+build these elaborate things you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these elaborate things you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these elaborate things you don't
+really ask well what's the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ask well what's the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ask well what's the nature of the
+plastic in that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in that red
+bar uh or what are the angles you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh or what are the angles you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh or what are the angles you sort
+of do it and uh so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do it and uh so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do it and uh so you're going to have
+a kind of an idiot savant approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an idiot savant approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an idiot savant approach to
+diatomic molecules which is what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules which is what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules which is what I do
+okay so the way in which you you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way in which you you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way in which you you deal
+with anular momenta is you say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anular momenta is you say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anular momenta is you say I'm going
+to classify an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to its commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+so these are the components of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the components of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the components of an
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momenta operator and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta operator and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta operator and they can be
+laboratory fixed or body fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory fixed or body fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory fixed or body fixed
+components and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and so this is the
+commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation
+rule AI AJ minus AJ AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule AI AJ minus AJ AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule AI AJ minus AJ AI
+and its value is equal to uh I bar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its value is equal to uh I bar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its value is equal to uh I bar times
+this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful
+symbol times the other component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol times the other component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol times the other component of the
+angular momentum so if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so if you have an
+angular momentum it's got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum it's got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum it's got three
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+components and all three cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and all three cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and all three cartisian
+components are present in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are present in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are present in this
+formula this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this
+symbol is equal to + one minus one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is equal to + one minus one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is equal to + one minus one or
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh and so if the components appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so if the components appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so if the components appear in
+cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic
+order so if I is x j is y and K is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so if I is x j is y and K is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so if I is x j is y and K is z
+that plus one if they appear in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus one if they appear in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus one if they appear in any
+other order then it's minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order then it's minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other order then it's minus one
+anticyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if any two indices are repeated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any two indices are repeated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any two indices are repeated that
+symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is
+zero it's a wonderful thing and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a wonderful thing and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a wonderful thing and it
+enables you to do very elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to do very elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to do very elaborate
+derivations because sums just vanish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations because sums just vanish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations because sums just vanish you
+know it once you get the hang of it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it once you get the hang of it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it once you get the hang of it it's
+a wonderful tool but anyway this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful tool but anyway this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful tool but anyway this is the
+definition of an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an angular
+momentum and with that definition of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and with that definition of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and with that definition of an
+angular momentum you can derive The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you can derive The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum you can derive The
+Matrix elements of an angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of an angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of an angular momentum
+so you know that a s on a basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that a s on a basis function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that a s on a basis function
+a alpha m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha m a
+is going to be equal to hr^ s a a + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to hr^ s a a + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to hr^ s a a + 1
+time the basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we have these things with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have these things with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have these things with three
+labels one is the magnitude one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels one is the magnitude one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels one is the magnitude one is the
+body projection one is the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body projection one is the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body projection one is the lab
+projection and so we'd like to know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and so we'd like to know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and so we'd like to know uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what the various operators do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the various operators do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the various operators do and so
+here is now the uh the body projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now the uh the body projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now the uh the body projection
+operating on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so starting with the commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so starting with the commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so starting with the commutation
+rule definition and the idea that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule definition and the idea that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule definition and the idea that there
+should be a uh uh a set of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a uh uh a set of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a uh uh a set of functions
+which are simultaneously igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simultaneously igen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simultaneously igen functions
+of uh the magnitude the body projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the magnitude the body projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the magnitude the body projection
+and the lab projection we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lab projection we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lab projection we can derive
+these Matrix elements and I will spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix elements and I will spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Matrix elements and I will spare
+you that derivation because it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that derivation because it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that derivation because it's one of
+the most horrible boring things it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most horrible boring things it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most horrible boring things it's a
+wonderful result because you use it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful result because you use it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful result because you use it all
+the time and you've probably seen it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you've probably seen it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and you've probably seen it but
+uh uh it's it's really quite a quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's it's really quite a quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it's it's really quite a quite a
+tedious Enterprise and so uh a capital Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious Enterprise and so uh a capital Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious Enterprise and so uh a capital Z
+operating in that this gives an harar M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in that this gives an harar M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in that this gives an harar M
+sub Alpha M sub a times the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Alpha M sub a times the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Alpha M sub a times the original
+function and then the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+Define these sorts of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I'm using capital letters for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm using capital letters for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm using capital letters for the
+body and since capital letters are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and since capital letters are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and since capital letters are big
+I'm putting the uh plus and minus up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting the uh plus and minus up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting the uh plus and minus up and
+uh I forget that I tend to use these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forget that I tend to use these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I forget that I tend to use these the
+the plus and minus up uh for body fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus and minus up uh for body fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus and minus up uh for body fix
+components because that's just what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components because that's just what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components because that's just what I
+you know I fell into but this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I fell into but this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I fell into but this is the way
+you're supposed to do it I urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do it I urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to do it I urge you to
+do it now so we have this function these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now so we have this function these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now so we have this function these
+functions which are simultaneously igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are simultaneously igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are simultaneously igen
+functions of a s a little Z and a big Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a s a little Z and a big Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a s a little Z and a big Z
+and another thing you can derive is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing you can derive is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing you can derive is well
+what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does
+A+ minus do to a alpha M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ minus do to a alpha M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ minus do to a alpha M
+A and what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and what it does
+okay one of the rules is if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the rules is if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the rules is if you have an
+operator as Oppo you get an H bar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator as Oppo you get an H bar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator as Oppo you get an H bar for
+each power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each power of the
+operator okay and but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay and but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay and but we're going to
+make all the H bars go away because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the H bars go away because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the H bars go away because why
+why write them all the time so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write them all the time so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why write them all the time so we'll
+absorb them into the constants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb them into the constants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb them into the constants that
+we're going to be having so we get an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be having so we get an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be having so we get an H
+bar and then an A A +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+minus um alpha alpha Plus or - 1 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um alpha alpha Plus or - 1 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um alpha alpha Plus or - 1 square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+a alpha Plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus1 M sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 M sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 M sub
+a okay so it is possible to derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so it is possible to derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so it is possible to derive this
+using that definition that is a tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that definition that is a tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that definition that is a tedious
+derivation but it's possible and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but it's possible and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but it's possible and you
+certainly don't want to see me attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't want to see me attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't want to see me attempt
+it uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but uh
+so when a plus or minus operates on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a plus or minus operates on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a plus or minus operates on one
+of these these guys you get a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these guys you get a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these guys you get a constant
+times times a new function where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times a new function where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times a new function where the the
+quantum number has been increased by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number has been increased by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number has been increased by one
+if it's a plus decreased by one if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a plus decreased by one if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a plus decreased by one if it's
+a minus that's why we call these raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus that's why we call these raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus that's why we call these raising
+and lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lowering
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+and you can imagine that we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that we could write
+this in the form of a matrix element by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the form of a matrix element by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the form of a matrix element by
+just uh uh left multiplying by this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh uh left multiplying by this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh uh left multiplying by this guy
+having this now as expressed as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this now as expressed as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this now as expressed as a matrix
+element and then you'll see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then you'll see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then you'll see that you
+have Alpha and Alpha plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha and Alpha plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha and Alpha plus or minus one
+the product of the two values of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two values of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the two values of alpha
+that will appear in The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will appear in The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will appear in The Matrix
+element so you never have to remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you never have to remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you never have to remember I
+mean so you can say I've got Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you can say I've got Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you can say I've got Matrix
+elements of this sort of thing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this sort of thing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this sort of thing and I
+have Alpha here and Alpha Prime here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha here and Alpha Prime here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha here and Alpha Prime here and
+it's either going to be zero uh or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either going to be zero uh or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either going to be zero uh or it's
+going to be a a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a +
+1 minus alpha alpha Prime s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus alpha alpha Prime s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus alpha alpha Prime s
+root it's just just like remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's just just like remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's just just like remembering
+Matrix elements of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements of harmonic
+oscillators there you've got a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators there you've got a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators there you've got a matrix
+element that's going to be of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's going to be of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's going to be of a
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+uh if it's not zero it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's not zero it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it's not zero it's going to be the
+square root of the larger quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the larger quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the larger quantum number
+here it's AA + 1 minus the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's AA + 1 minus the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's AA + 1 minus the product of
+the two quantum numbers so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two quantum numbers so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two quantum numbers so you don't
+ever have to look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have to look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have to look it
+up don't ever have to look it up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up don't ever have to look it up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up don't ever have to look it up and you
+know that this raises or lowers by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this raises or lowers by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this raises or lowers by one
+and that I think is a very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think is a very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think is a very useful thing
+to store in your memory better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store in your memory better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store in your memory better than
+tables of 3j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of 3j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of 3j
+coefficients okay and uh the same sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay and uh the same sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay and uh the same sort
+of thing happens for a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing happens for a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing happens for a +
+minus then instead of Alpha and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then instead of Alpha and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then instead of Alpha and Alpha
+Prime you have M sub A and M M sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you have M sub A and M M sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you have M sub A and M M sub a
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so the usual angular momenta have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual angular momenta have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual angular momenta have the
+wonderful property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful property that
+A+ whether it's Plus or plus uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ whether it's Plus or plus uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ whether it's Plus or plus uh is a
+raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+operator it increases the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it increases the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it increases the number of
+Quant uh of the projection quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant uh of the projection quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant uh of the projection quantum
+number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay
+so it's probably a good idea to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably a good idea to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably a good idea to go
+through a derivation of these Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a derivation of these Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a derivation of these Matrix
+elements assuming uh the from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements assuming uh the from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements assuming uh the from that
+commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation
+rule but you can also take it on faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but you can also take it on faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but you can also take it on faith
+it's not an awful lot to take on faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an awful lot to take on faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an awful lot to take on faith
+it happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true does the body fixed one work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true does the body fixed one work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true does the body fixed one work the
+same way okay I'm about to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way okay I'm about to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way okay I'm about to introduce a
+surprise the body fixed ones I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise the body fixed ones I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise the body fixed ones I'm sorry
+the laboratory fixed ones always work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory fixed ones always work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory fixed ones always work
+the the right way but we're about to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right way but we're about to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right way but we're about to do
+a little fix because the body fix ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fix because the body fix ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fix because the body fix ones
+are in a non-inertial coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a non-inertial coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a non-inertial coordinate system
+and we we end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we end up doing
+something uh that makes your life simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that makes your life simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that makes your life simple
+but you know that it's a sin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that it's a sin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that it's a sin it's
+something that you shouldn't do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you shouldn't do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you shouldn't do because
+what it is you're doing something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing something you
+don't understand why somebody told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand why somebody told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand why somebody told you
+to do it but it simplifies your life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but it simplifies your life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but it simplifies your life and
+you know many people go through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many people go through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many people go through life
+that way anyway so there's what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way anyway so there's what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way anyway so there's what are
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anomalous commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous commutation
+rules and for body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and for body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and for body
+fixed uh uh angular momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only for body fixed angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for body fixed angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for body fixed angular momentum of
+certain types you get a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types you get a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types you get a minus sign here
+instead of a positive sign and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a positive sign and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a positive sign and what that
+does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+a uh plus which is a x plus I a y into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh plus which is a x plus I a y into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh plus which is a x plus I a y into a
+lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so you derive you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you derive you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you derive you know if you
+start with these commutation rules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with these commutation rules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with these commutation rules you
+will derive a result and you'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will derive a result and you'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will derive a result and you'll discover
+that this symbol A+ is now lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this symbol A+ is now lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this symbol A+ is now lowering
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raising and you say I'll live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising and you say I'll live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising and you say I'll live with
+it now I have tried very hard over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I have tried very hard over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I have tried very hard over the
+years to to understand in a deeper way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to to understand in a deeper way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to to understand in a deeper way
+why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and I can't say that I've been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I can't say that I've been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I can't say that I've been very
+successful all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful all
+right so this is one of the dangers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one of the dangers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one of the dangers when
+we're manipulating symbols that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're manipulating symbols that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're manipulating symbols that we don't
+know what they mean but as long as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they mean but as long as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they mean but as long as we're
+obedient and accept what someone tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedient and accept what someone tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedient and accept what someone tells
+us until we discover we really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us until we discover we really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us until we discover we really have to
+understand why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's
+true we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we'll be
+fine okay so we have a basis set a alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so we have a basis set a alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so we have a basis set a alpha
+M sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sub
+a and this basis set means that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this basis set means that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this basis set means that we call
+a an angular momentum that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momentum so what about B operator some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so what about B operator some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so what about B operator some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+operator we'd like to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we'd like to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we'd like to be able to write
+Matrix elements in this basis set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements in this basis set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements in this basis set of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+operators and so there is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and so there is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and so there is a wonderful
+thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which
+is uh a baby form of the vigner eart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a baby form of the vigner eart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a baby form of the vigner eart
+theorem which says okay let's classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which says okay let's classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which says okay let's classify
+the operator B according to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator B according to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator B according to its
+commutation rules with an operator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules with an operator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules with an operator uh
+with a Bonafide angular momentum so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Bonafide angular momentum so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Bonafide angular momentum so what
+we do is we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh we' like to know uh where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we' like to know uh where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we' like to know uh where do I
+where did I write this okay we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I write this okay we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I write this okay we'd like to
+write the commutation rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if this is what we're going to call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is what we're going to call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is what we're going to call a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+operator it has angular momentum Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it has angular momentum Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it has angular momentum Like
+commutation rules although you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules although you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules although you know for
+the angular momentum you would have an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you would have an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum you would have an A
+here so a vector has you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a vector has you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so a vector has you know something
+to but this is how we Define a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so we find an operator and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so we find an operator and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so we find an operator and we
+even evaluate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even evaluate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even evaluate its
+commutation uh relationships with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation uh relationships with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation uh relationships with the
+components of uh an angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of uh an angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of uh an angular momentum and
+we discover that it follows this rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that it follows this rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that it follows this rule or
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule uh that means it's a vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh that means it's a vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh that means it's a vector we
+think of it as a vector can't it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a vector can't it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a vector can't it also
+just commute with the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just commute with the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just commute with the the other
+possibility is we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is we have an
+operator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh uh this operator not the spin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh this operator not the spin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh this operator not the spin we
+call it s because that's going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it s because that's going to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it s because that's going to mean
+scaler Vector scaler uh this is zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler Vector scaler uh this is zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler Vector scaler uh this is zero for
+all components of the classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all components of the classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all components of the classifying
+operator these are the two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator these are the two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator these are the two things that
+you most care about when you have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most care about when you have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most care about when you have higher
+tensorial rank operators than vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial rank operators than vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial rank operators than vectors
+and scalers then you have to resort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scalers then you have to resort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scalers then you have to resort to
+more powerful tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful tools
+but almost everything you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost everything you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost everything you're going to
+encounter is going to be a vector or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter is going to be a vector or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter is going to be a vector or a
+scaler okay so what's so good about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler okay so what's so good about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler okay so what's so good about a
+vector and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and and a
+scaler well if you can show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler well if you can show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler well if you can show that the
+operator in question is either a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in question is either a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in question is either a vector
+or a scaler you can immediately write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scaler you can immediately write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scaler you can immediately write
+down a whole bunch of Matrix elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a whole bunch of Matrix elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a whole bunch of Matrix elements in
+this basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um your scalar operator operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your scalar operator operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your scalar operator operating on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis function is going to give a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is going to give a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is going to give a number
+which can depend on the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can depend on the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can depend on the value of the
+projection quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and it's not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's not going to change
+anything and it cannot depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and it cannot depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and it cannot depend on the
+values of alpha or M sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha or M sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha or M sub
+alpha or M sub a so it's a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or M sub a so it's a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or M sub a so it's a number that
+can depend on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on on
+a but can't depend on anything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but can't depend on anything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but can't depend on anything else and
+it's a diagonal operator it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a diagonal operator it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a diagonal operator it doesn't
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything okay so let's uh begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so let's uh begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay so let's uh begin to
+extract some meaning now suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some meaning now suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some meaning now suppose we have
+two angular momentum now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angular momentum now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angular momentum now this is the
+spin and this is the orbital angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and this is the orbital angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and this is the orbital angular
+momentum and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we know
+that the spin operates on spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spin operates on spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spin operates on spin
+coordinates not spatial coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates not spatial coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates not spatial coordinates and
+L operates on spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L operates on spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L operates on spatial
+coordinates and so we have a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so we have a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so we have a reasonably
+good idea that these two guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that these two guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea that these two guys are going
+to commute with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commute with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commute with each
+other so what that means is well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so what that means is well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so what that means is well this is
+an angular momentum and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angular momentum and this is an
+angular momentum but this is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum but this is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum but this is a scalar
+with respect to that and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that and this is a
+scalar with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar with respect to
+that in other words they operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words they operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words they operate on
+different functions and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions and uh so
+we can have spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have spin
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and uh orbital angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh orbital angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh orbital angular momentum
+functions and uh this only operates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and uh this only operates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and uh this only operates on
+this and this only operates on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this only operates on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this only operates on that and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh we have SI I li I equals zero they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have SI I li I equals zero they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have SI I li I equals zero they
+commute so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute so it's a little bit
+counterintuitive here we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive here we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive here we have two
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momenta they're angular momenta they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta they're angular momenta they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta they're angular momenta they're
+vectors whatever but they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors whatever but they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors whatever but they are not
+angular momentum with respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum with respect to each
+other and they're scalar operators with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're scalar operators with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're scalar operators with
+respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other okay now another I told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay now another I told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay now another I told you about
+anomalous Comm uh commutation rules well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Comm uh commutation rules well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Comm uh commutation rules well
+uh any operator that that uh operates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any operator that that uh operates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any operator that that uh operates in
+the body frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame and
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+um I just want to make sure I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um suppose we have J is equal to R + L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we have J is equal to R + L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we have J is equal to R + L +
+S we have to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we have to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we have to be careful because
+um with with with body frame Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with with body frame Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with with body frame Matrix
+elements of R of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of R of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of R of R
+LNS um and we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LNS um and we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LNS um and we discover
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the commutation rules with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the commutation rules with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the commutation rules with respect to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the uh body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for
+uh body fix components of uh of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh body fix components of uh of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh body fix components of uh of certain
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+operators they're going to turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they're going to turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they're going to turn out to
+be they're going to have Min they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're going to have Min they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they're going to have Min they're
+going to have anomalous commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules and so we get anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and so we get anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and so we get anomalous
+commutation rules of things like L and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules of things like L and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules of things like L and S
+with respect to R and L and S with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R and L and S with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to R and L and S with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+J okay and now here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay and now here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay and now here we have a
+a a wonderful an unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so what I what I meant to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is operate body fix components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operate body fix components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operate body fix components of
+angular momenta operating uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta operating uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta operating uh with this
+guy are anomalous and then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy are anomalous and then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy are anomalous and then what we
+discover is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that
+l i s j they're all equal to zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i s j they're all equal to zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i s j they're all equal to zero all
+combinations of these guys but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these guys but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these guys but what
+about r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r
+i either l or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i either l or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i either l or
+S so L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so L
+J that one has the anomalous commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that one has the anomalous commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that one has the anomalous commutation
+rules okay I've got it right now I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay I've got it right now I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay I've got it right now I'm on
+the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the
+track okay so so this is true for L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track okay so so this is true for L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track okay so so this is true for L and
+S but now what about J with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S but now what about J with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S but now what about J with with
+L and J with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s it's going to turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that these are going to both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are going to both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are going to both be
+zero this is a surprise because uh L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a surprise because uh L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a surprise because uh L is
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J and S is inside J and so you'd sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and S is inside J and so you'd sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and S is inside J and so you'd sort of
+expect well uh I'm going to get ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect well uh I'm going to get ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect well uh I'm going to get ordinary
+either anomalous or regular commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anomalous or regular commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anomalous or regular commutation
+rules with these guys but if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules with these guys but if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules with these guys but if we write
+this out we write J is equal to R + L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we write J is equal to R + L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we write J is equal to R + L +
+S uh commuting with L sub uh J what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh commuting with L sub uh J what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh commuting with L sub uh J what's
+this going to be so let's put an i on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to be so let's put an i on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to be so let's put an i on
+here an I on here and an I on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an I on here and an I on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an I on here and an I on
+here so what we're going to get is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we're going to get is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we're going to get is an
+anomalous commutation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous commutation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous commutation here
+which gives back L sub K with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives back L sub K with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives back L sub K with a minus
+sign we'll get a normal commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we'll get a normal commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we'll get a normal commutation
+between these guys which gives back L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys which gives back L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys which gives back L
+subk with a positive sign we'll get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk with a positive sign we'll get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk with a positive sign we'll get zero
+from this so the commutation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so the commutation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so the commutation of the
+components of L with the the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L with the the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L with the the components
+the first two parts of big J uh gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two parts of big J uh gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two parts of big J uh gives
+two cancelling terms and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancelling terms and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cancelling terms and as a result
+uh we have these two commutation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have these two commutation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have these two commutation rules
+and this enables us to write basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this enables us to write basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this enables us to write basis
+functions uh an electronic Bas wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh an electronic Bas wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh an electronic Bas wave
+function n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function n l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function n l
+Lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda a
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+function Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega
+JM we can write our wave functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JM we can write our wave functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JM we can write our wave functions or
+basis functions a product of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions a product of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions a product of three
+factors because of the the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors because of the the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors because of the the fact that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+these quantum number if these oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum number if these oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum number if these oper
+angular momenta commute with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta commute with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momenta commute with all
+components of J well then J doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of J well then J doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of J well then J doesn't
+operate on this and J doesn't operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on this and J doesn't operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on this and J doesn't operate on
+this and L doesn't operate on this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and L doesn't operate on this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and L doesn't operate on this s
+doesn't operate on this and so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate on this and so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate on this and so we've
+partitioned our basis functions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned our basis functions into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned our basis functions into
+three convenient little pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three convenient little pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three convenient little pieces and
+that's only possible in H's case a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only possible in H's case a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only possible in H's case a basis
+set when you start having uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when you start having uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when you start having uh uh
+a an angular momentum coupling system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an angular momentum coupling system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an angular momentum coupling system
+scheme where you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme where you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme where you don't have the
+magnitude and the projection of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the projection of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the projection of each of
+the angular momenta but instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momenta but instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momenta but instead you
+couple say J plus s j minus s makes n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple say J plus s j minus s makes n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple say J plus s j minus s makes n
+where you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have three
+magnitudes as opposed to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes as opposed to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes as opposed to individual
+angular and individual projections then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular and individual projections then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular and individual projections then
+you have to use more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use more powerful
+techniques there's nothing wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there's nothing wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there's nothing wrong with
+them but you can do so much when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you can do so much when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you can do so much when you
+have the magnitude and the projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude and the projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude and the projection of
+every quantum number that I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every quantum number that I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every quantum number that I recommend
+that for establishing confidence and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for establishing confidence and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for establishing confidence and and
+being able to impress your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to impress your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to impress your friends
+because there's no problem you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no problem you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no problem you can't
+solve in this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in this basis
+it it's just if your friends already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just if your friends already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just if your friends already
+know 3j they can eat you but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't okay and you can make them want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay and you can make them want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay and you can make them want to
+do this because you can see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because you can see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because you can see that they
+can see that there's not much there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's not much there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's not much there okay
+so I just told you something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just told you something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just told you something really
+wonderful but now I'm going to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful but now I'm going to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful but now I'm going to take it
+partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back because L is no damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because L is no damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because L is no damn
+good we can't have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have
+Lambda but we can't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda but we can't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda but we can't know
+L but doesn't change anything it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but doesn't change anything it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but doesn't change anything it just
+means that there are certain symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are certain symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are certain symbols
+that you can't evaluate you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't evaluate you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't evaluate you have to
+manipulate them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them as
+symbols and you let the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and you let the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and you let the molecule
+evaluate them but it doesn't cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them but it doesn't cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them but it doesn't cost you
+anything in terms of the rigor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in terms of the rigor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in terms of the rigor of the
+manipulations you're going to do so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you're going to do so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you're going to do so why
+is this so we have an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so we have an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so we have an atom
+here and it sees us spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it sees us spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it sees us spherical
+world and if there's spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if there's spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and if there's spherical
+symmetry L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good now we have another atom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we have another atom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we have another atom here
+goodbye spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye spherical
+symmetry so we can think about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so we can think about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so we can think about this you
+still have cylindrical symmetry so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have cylindrical symmetry so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have cylindrical symmetry so you
+can think about this as saying this atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this as saying this atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about this as saying this atom
+interacts with the electrons in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the electrons in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the electrons in this
+atom by applying an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom by applying an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom by applying an electric
+field which is a axially symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a axially symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a axially symmetric and
+so the electric field will will pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electric field will will pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electric field will will pull
+electron say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way uh and what that it's just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and what that it's just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and what that it's just like the
+Stark effect the and the Stark effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect the and the Stark effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect the and the Stark effect
+is um the stock effect you can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the stock effect you can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the stock effect you can describe
+as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vector
+operator and uh the vector operator has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and uh the vector operator has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and uh the vector operator has
+the the properties of of mixing L with l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the properties of of mixing L with l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the properties of of mixing L with l
+plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus
+one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you
+have and it's the Z component because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's the Z component because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's the Z component because
+this is the the cylindrical symmetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the cylindrical symmetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the cylindrical symmetry so
+Mel uh so if you apply an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel uh so if you apply an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel uh so if you apply an electric field
+to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+atom you just you mix L's and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you just you mix L's and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you just you mix L's and you know
+that because atoms have electric dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because atoms have electric dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because atoms have electric dipole
+transitions where where L changes by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where where L changes by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where where L changes by one
+but uh Mel doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Mel doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh Mel doesn't
+change so this is this simple argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this is this simple argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this is this simple argument
+says okay in a non-spherical world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay in a non-spherical world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay in a non-spherical world where
+you have molecules diatomic molecules L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have molecules diatomic molecules L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have molecules diatomic molecules L
+is not going to be defined either for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be defined either for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be defined either for
+the individual atoms or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms or for the
+molecule but the projection of L on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but the projection of L on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but the projection of L on the
+body frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body frame is
+preserved this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved this is a little bit
+counterintuitive because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because you're
+destroying the thing that gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the thing that gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the thing that gave rise to
+the projection but you destroy it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection but you destroy it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection but you destroy it in
+such a way that the projection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the projection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the projection is
+conserved not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved not a big
+deal so how much time do we have oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so how much time do we have oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so how much time do we have oh we
+got plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+have uh a basis set where we normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a basis set where we normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a basis set where we normally
+don't write l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't write l in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't write l in
+here and that's the electronic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the electronic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the electronic wave
+function and this N is a symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this N is a symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this N is a symbol for
+anything you might choose to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you might choose to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you might choose to know about
+the electronic wave function like its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave function like its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave function like its
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+configuration and then we have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and then we have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and then we have S
+Sigma and we're entitled to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and we're entitled to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and we're entitled to say
+something about the body projection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the body projection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the body projection the
+lab projection of S M Subs but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab projection of S M Subs but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab projection of S M Subs but we
+normally don't worry about that unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally don't worry about that unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally don't worry about that unless
+we're going to apply a field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply a field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply a field that
+interacts with the electron spin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the electron spin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the electron spin that
+would be the zamon effect and so but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the zamon effect and so but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the zamon effect and so but if
+we understand uh the Stark effect or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand uh the Stark effect or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand uh the Stark effect or if
+we understand the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand the interaction of
+radiation with the orbital part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with the orbital part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation with the orbital part of the
+wave function then there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function then there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function then there's nothing
+mysterious here we could deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious here we could deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious here we could deal with that
+but so we tend to not include quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we tend to not include quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we tend to not include quantum
+numbers we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we don't
+need but if we need them for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but if we need them for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but if we need them for the
+particular term in the interaction we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular term in the interaction we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular term in the interaction we'll
+pull them out so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have J Omega m j so these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J Omega m j so these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have J Omega m j so these are the three
+things and these are our friends because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these are our friends because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these are our friends because
+we know what l+ and LZ do to this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what l+ and LZ do to this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what l+ and LZ do to this we
+know what s+ minus and SZ and S squ do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what s+ minus and SZ and S squ do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what s+ minus and SZ and S squ do
+to this we know what J squ JZ J plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we know what J squ JZ J plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we know what J squ JZ J plus
+minus due to this and so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus due to this and so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus due to this and so there's no
+Matrix element of terms in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element of terms in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element of terms in the uh
+hamiltonian that we can't evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this should be pretty exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be pretty exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be pretty exciting
+because you can you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can you can see that you
+know there's an awful lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's an awful lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's an awful lot of problems
+that you can solve without thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve without thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can solve without thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore so I forgot there's one more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I forgot there's one more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I forgot there's one more the
+vibrational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave
+function um and that remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and that remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um and that remember the
+vibrational wave function is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave function is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave function is kind of
+dependent on J but that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on J but that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on J but that's something that
+we deal with later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so to prove that we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to prove that we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to prove that we can actually do
+useful stuff let's let's start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful stuff let's let's start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful stuff let's let's start working
+out the Matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the Matrix elements of the
+rotational hamiltonian that's half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem for datomic molecules really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for datomic molecules really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for datomic molecules really
+there all there is is spin orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all there is is spin orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all there is is spin orbit and
+rotation and so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and so we're going to do
+rotation okay so um the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so um the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so um the rotational
+hamiltonian is B of r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is B of r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is B of r r
+squ and so this is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and so this is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and so this is a scalar
+operator it operates only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it operates only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it operates only on the
+vibrational wave function and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave function and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave function and so we have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now because this is a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because this is a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because this is a function of r
+you know that from your homework on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from your homework on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from your homework on
+Herman Wallace and other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herman Wallace and other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herman Wallace and other things and
+centrifugals so uh we can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugals so uh we can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugals so uh we can have two
+indices here but we normally only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices here but we normally only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices here but we normally only have
+one we normally are only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we normally are only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we normally are only interested in
+diagonal matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix elements of the
+rotational uh or Matrix elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh or Matrix elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh or Matrix elements of the
+rotational operator within an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational operator within an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational operator within an electronic
+state but it's sometimes possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it's sometimes possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but it's sometimes possible to
+have Matrix elements of the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Matrix elements of the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Matrix elements of the rotational
+operator between what we call different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator between what we call different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator between what we call different
+electronic States but what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States but what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States but what we call
+different electronic States is partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic States is partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic States is partly a
+basis uh partly based on our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis uh partly based on our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis uh partly based on our our
+approach what have we you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what have we you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what have we you know what are
+we grouping together arbitrarily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we grouping together arbitrarily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we grouping together arbitrarily and
+what are we and and that comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we and and that comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we and and that comes from this
+okay so we have this part and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this part and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this part and we can
+sort of forget about it it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forget about it it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forget about it it's just going
+to be a constant either B of V or B of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant either B of V or B of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant either B of V or B of v
+v Prime depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v Prime depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v Prime depending on
+what we're dealing with and now we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with and now we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with and now we care
+about that and so we have R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and so we have R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and so we have R is equal to
+J minus l - s because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus l - s because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus l - s because this is the
+nuclear rotation J is everything so J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear rotation J is everything so J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear rotation J is everything so J is
+R plus L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus L plus
+s and but we it turns out we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and but we it turns out we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and but we it turns out we don't want
+J we want we and so we have J minus l- s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we want we and so we have J minus l- s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we want we and so we have J minus l- s
+we want R squar so we Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want R squar so we Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want R squar so we Square
+this and now now one could proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now now one could proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now now one could proceed
+without further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without further
+Insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight
+but here's a diatomic molecule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a diatomic molecule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a diatomic molecule and the
+body rotation the rotational Ang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body rotation the rotational Ang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body rotation the rotational Ang
+momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+axis this is not true in poly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this is not true in poly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this is not true in poly in
+nonlinear polyatomic molecules and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear polyatomic molecules and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear polyatomic molecules and so
+maybe it's a bad habit to exploit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a bad habit to exploit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a bad habit to exploit this
+simplification but uh so um since R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification but uh so um since R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification but uh so um since R is
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily perpendicular to the body
+axis we can write this as rx^ 2 + r y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 which is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is the same thing as
+j x - j- LX - s x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j x - j- LX - s x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j x - j- LX - s x^
+2ar plus j y - l y - Sy y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar plus j y - l y - Sy y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar plus j y - l y - Sy y
+squ less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ less
+algebra much less algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra much less algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra much less algebra
+here remember these are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember these are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember these are three
+components and uh uh There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh uh There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and uh uh There are
+commutation rules that you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules that you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rules that you might have to
+worry about although I told you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about although I told you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about although I told you that the
+components of L and S commute with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L and S commute with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L and S commute with the
+components of L of J surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L of J surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of L of J surprisingly
+unexpectedly better than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly better than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly better than you
+deserve so this it turns out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve so this it turns out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve so this it turns out that you
+don't have commutation problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have commutation problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have commutation problems but
+anyway uh so uh this is what you can how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so uh this is what you can how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so uh this is what you can how
+you can write these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so then you just start doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then you just start doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then you just start doing the
+algebra and you're going to get a JX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and you're going to get a JX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and you're going to get a JX
+squ and a JY squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are a lot of similarities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of similarities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of similarities to
+the way you handle a polyatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you handle a polyatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you handle a polyatomic molecule
+asymetric top because even though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymetric top because even though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymetric top because even though there
+yeah you'll see uh and you'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll see uh and you'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll see uh and you'll have an
+lx2 plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+sx2 Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sx2 Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sx2 Sy
+y^2 well what's this this is j^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 well what's this this is j^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 well what's this this is j^2 minus
+jz^ 2 this should make you feel warm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jz^ 2 this should make you feel warm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jz^ 2 this should make you feel warm all
+over because j s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because j s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because j s
+and JZ are operators that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and JZ are operators that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and JZ are operators that we know the
+Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and this is s^2 minus S z^ 2 so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this is s^2 minus S z^ 2 so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this is s^2 minus S z^ 2 so two
+pieces now this is l^2 minus L z^ 2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now this is l^2 minus L z^ 2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now this is l^2 minus L z^ 2 but
+we don't know l l is il defined so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know l l is il defined so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know l l is il defined so we
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+j^2 minus jz^ 2 we call this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2 minus jz^ 2 we call this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2 minus jz^ 2 we call this L
+perpendicular squar we call this s s - s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular squar we call this s s - s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular squar we call this s s - s
+uh uh z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+so now there are cross terms in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there are cross terms in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there are cross terms in here and
+I haven't dealt with the cross terms yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't dealt with the cross terms yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't dealt with the cross terms yet
+but I'm just pulling out the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just pulling out the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just pulling out the the the
+nice ones and so you know so we're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice ones and so you know so we're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice ones and so you know so we're happy
+about this we're happy about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we're happy about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we're happy about this and
+we'll deal with that and what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll deal with that and what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll deal with that and what we do is
+we say well L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well L
+perpendicular we don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular we don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular we don't know what it is
+it's a number it's a small number and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number it's a small number and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number it's a small number and it
+multiplies B and it we'll call it an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies B and it we'll call it an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies B and it we'll call it an a
+contribution to the electronic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the electronic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the electronic energy
+we'll lump it in with the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lump it in with the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lump it in with the electronic
+plus vibrational energy and forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus vibrational energy and forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus vibrational energy and forget about
+it that's what people do it does result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what people do it does result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what people do it does result
+in a small isotopic contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small isotopic contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small isotopic contribution
+which if you forget about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you forget about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you forget about it
+eventually uh Mr Ogie will tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh Mr Ogie will tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh Mr Ogie will tell you you
+made a mistake and none of you ever want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake and none of you ever want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake and none of you ever want
+to meet Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet Mr
+oie but if you go to the columus meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oie but if you go to the columus meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oie but if you go to the columus meeting
+you probably will actually see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably will actually see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably will actually see him
+making a fool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a fool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a fool of
+himself uh okay so we have some cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh okay so we have some cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh okay so we have some cross
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+to and so we're going to have cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and so we're going to have cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and so we're going to have cross
+terms that have the form two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JX LX Plus j y l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX LX Plus j y l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX LX Plus j y l
+y and - 2 JX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and - 2 JX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and - 2 JX
+s x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x +
+JY s y + 2 LX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JY s y + 2 LX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JY s y + 2 LX
+SX plus l y s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX plus l y s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX plus l y s y
+okay so those are there's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's so these are what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so these are what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so these are what's left
+over I guess I didn't multip let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I guess I didn't multip let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I guess I didn't multip let's
+forget the bees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the bees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the bees for
+now okay so what do we do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so what do we do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so what do we do with these
+well you can show that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can show that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can show that this is the same
+thing as uh J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as uh J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as uh J +
+lus + jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus + jus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus + jus
+l+ and this is the same thing as J + S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ and this is the same thing as J + S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ and this is the same thing as J + S
+minus +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus +
+J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s+ j+ is a lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ j+ is a lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ j+ is a lowering
+operator L minus is the lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator L minus is the lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator L minus is the lowering
+operator J operates on the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator J operates on the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator J operates on the part that
+gives you Omega this operates on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Omega this operates on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Omega this operates on the
+part that gives you Lambda and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that gives you Lambda and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that gives you Lambda and so
+this the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that
+Omega is Lambda plus Sigma you get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is Lambda plus Sigma you get no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is Lambda plus Sigma you get no
+problems this changes Omega in just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this changes Omega in just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this changes Omega in just the
+way it has to in order to keep up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it has to in order to keep up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it has to in order to keep up with
+this changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changing
+Lambda it's very easy to get confused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's very easy to get confused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's very easy to get confused by
+this so both of these are changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so both of these are changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so both of these are changing the
+same corresponding things in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same corresponding things in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same corresponding things in the two
+pieces of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the wave
+function in the same direction okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same direction okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the same direction okay and
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+is l plus s - + l-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l plus s - + l-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l plus s - + l-
+s+ this is called J called L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncoupling this is called s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncoupling and this is just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and this is just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and this is just called
+rotation uh spin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh spin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh spin or
+spin rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin rotation
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+interaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay
+this doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have a
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+because it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big this these two have names because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this these two have names because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this these two have names because
+the Matrix elements of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix elements of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix elements of these are
+proportional to J and they get big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to J and they get big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to J and they get big and
+you can never ignore them this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never ignore them this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never ignore them this is always
+you know this can be a 100 this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this can be a 100 this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this can be a 100 this is going
+to be two and so you do have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two and so you do have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two and so you do have to keep
+track of it but it's not so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of it but it's not so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of it but it's not so important
+and so one tends to ignore it and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one tends to ignore it and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one tends to ignore it and also
+it's going to have the same form as spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the same form as spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the same form as spin
+orbit and so you'll lump it in with spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and so you'll lump it in with spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and so you'll lump it in with spin
+orbit and forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and forget about
+it so these two things it's called L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these two things it's called L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these two things it's called L
+uncoupling and L uncoupling has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and L uncoupling has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and L uncoupling has the
+property of destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of destroying
+Lambda s uncoupling has a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda s uncoupling has a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda s uncoupling has a property of
+destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying
+Sigma both of these have the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma both of these have the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma both of these have the property of
+destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega we because Omega is Lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we because Omega is Lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we because Omega is Lambda plus
+Sigma this one doesn't destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma this one doesn't destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma this one doesn't destroy
+Omega doesn't do much it it does spoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega doesn't do much it it does spoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega doesn't do much it it does spoil
+both uh Lambda and zigma okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh Lambda and zigma okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh Lambda and zigma okay
+so now we have reduced the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have reduced the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have reduced the rotational
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+into uh convenient form for writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh convenient form for writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh convenient form for writing down
+all the Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think this is just the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is just the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is just the most
+amazing and wonderful thing and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and wonderful thing and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and wonderful thing and uh um
+the only problem with it is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot do much with a a symbol like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do much with a a symbol like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do much with a a symbol like that
+we know that this symbol is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this symbol is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this symbol is going to
+give rise to n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to n Prime
+Lambda + 1 that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda + 1 that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda + 1 that we
+know but we don't know values of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we don't know values of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we don't know values of Matrix
+elements so what we do is whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so what we do is whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so what we do is whenever we
+have a matrix element involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix element involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix element involving
+l+ or L minus we Define a symbol alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ or L minus we Define a symbol alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l+ or L minus we Define a symbol alpha
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+beta that so uh that that symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that so uh that that symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that so uh that that symbol
+represents a matrix element either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a matrix element either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a matrix element either a
+spin orbit or a rotational Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit or a rotational Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit or a rotational Matrix
+element of l+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of l+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of l+
+and we will manipulate those symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will manipulate those symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will manipulate those symbols
+honestly but we don't know the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly but we don't know the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly but we don't know the value of
+those symbols unless we do a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols unless we do a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols unless we do a Quantum
+chemical calculation or we allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical calculation or we allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical calculation or we allow the
+molecule to evaluate it for us by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to evaluate it for us by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to evaluate it for us by giving
+us something in the spectrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something in the spectrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something in the spectrum that
+determines the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the magnitude of
+this uh Matrix element of l+ or L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we tend
+to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we tend to call an electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tend to call an electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we tend to call an electronic state
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symbol 2 s + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol 2 s + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol 2 s + 1
+Lambda we call this a multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda we call this a multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda we call this a multiplet
+state so this is a state that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is a state that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this is a state that has
+definite value of Lambda a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite value of Lambda a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite value of Lambda a definite
+value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+spin and so if the spin is other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and so if the spin is other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and so if the spin is other than
+zero there will be several values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there will be several values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there will be several values of
+Omega uh and several values of Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega uh and several values of Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega uh and several values of Sigma and
+so this is a multiplet state and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a multiplet state and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a multiplet state and the
+different components of the multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of the multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of the multiplet
+state are split by spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are split by spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are split by spin
+orbit and so because spin orbit is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and so because spin orbit is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and so because spin orbit is small
+at the the beginning of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the beginning of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the beginning of the periodic
+table we think of this as the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we think of this as the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we think of this as the normal
+building block for electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block for electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block for electronic structure
+we say we're this is a state we say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we're this is a state we say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we're this is a state we say we
+have a triplet Pi State the triplet Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a triplet Pi State the triplet Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a triplet Pi State the triplet Pi
+state has Lambda of 1 and sigma 0 + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has Lambda of 1 and sigma 0 + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has Lambda of 1 and sigma 0 + one
+or minus one and so we can have Omega =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and so we can have Omega =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and so we can have Omega =
+2 Omega = 1 Omega = 0 and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega = 1 Omega = 0 and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega = 1 Omega = 0 and it turns out
+you can have plus and minus parity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have plus and minus parity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have plus and minus parity for
+both and so this is really six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so this is really six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so this is really six
+electronic States but we call it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States but we call it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic States but we call it one
+electronic State and so uh the term um s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncoupling operates within a multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling operates within a multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling operates within a multiplet
+state and it just leads to complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it just leads to complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it just leads to complexity in
+the spectrum of an isolated State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of an isolated State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of an isolated State
+because it's really Six States or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really Six States or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really Six States or a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+states and L uncoupling operates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and L uncoupling operates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and L uncoupling operates between
+States because Lambda states are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because Lambda states are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because Lambda states are far
+relatively far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far
+apart and so it's normal to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so it's normal to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so it's normal to think of
+them as separate but this the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as separate but this the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as separate but this the L
+uncoupling term can mix states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling term can mix states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling term can mix states of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+Lambda and these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and these are called
+perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+because you could normally ignore them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could normally ignore them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could normally ignore them
+unless states of different lambdas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless states of different lambdas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless states of different lambdas are
+near each other and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other and then something
+happens and so s uncoupling happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so s uncoupling happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so s uncoupling happens
+within an electronic State we've called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an electronic State we've called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an electronic State we've called
+the electronic State a multiplet state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic State a multiplet state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic State a multiplet state
+and that's there's God didn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's there's God didn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's there's God didn't tell us
+about multiplet States you know it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiplet States you know it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiplet States you know it just
+happens it's been orbit is usually small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's been orbit is usually small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's been orbit is usually small
+at the beginning of the table periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the table periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the table periodic
+table and that's where we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and that's where we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and that's where we learned about
+spectroscopy so uh and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so uh and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so uh and then we have
+these other terms that that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other terms that that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other terms that that cause
+trouble but now s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble but now s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble but now s
+uncoupling is what's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling is what's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling is what's responsible for
+going from case a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from case a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from case a to
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+b it's the thing that destroys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it's the thing that destroys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it's the thing that destroys
+Lambda it by destroying Lambda you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it by destroying Lambda you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it by destroying Lambda you get
+back capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back capital
+N you so you lose one quantum number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you so you lose one quantum number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you so you lose one quantum number you
+get another one and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another one and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another one and so uh
+you the the most universal problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the most universal problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the most universal problem you
+experience in spectroscopy is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in spectroscopy is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in spectroscopy is the fact
+that as the molecule rotates the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the molecule rotates the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the molecule rotates the spin
+orbit splittings which I haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit splittings which I haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit splittings which I haven't talked
+about get overpowered by the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about get overpowered by the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about get overpowered by the S
+uncoupling and you go over to H's case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and you go over to H's case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling and you go over to H's case b
+and that leads to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to a different
+characteristic pattern than the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic pattern than the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic pattern than the Spectrum
+but it doesn't matter you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter you can still
+describe any limited case in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any limited case in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any limited case in case
+a and so all of the owering things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so all of the owering things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so all of the owering things I
+told you about today when's case a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about today when's case a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about today when's case a you
+can use regardless of what the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use regardless of what the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use regardless of what the molecule
+is thinking because you're smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking because you're smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking because you're smarter than
+the molecule you've got a tool that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule you've got a tool that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule you've got a tool that can
+capture whatever the molecule can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture whatever the molecule can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture whatever the molecule can
+do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so it can it can go over to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it can it can go over to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it can it can go over to a
+different level pattern but you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level pattern but you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level pattern but you'll be
+able to describe the pattern with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to describe the pattern with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to describe the pattern with your
+case a hamiltonian and case a ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a hamiltonian and case a ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a hamiltonian and case a ideas for
+where do the intensities come from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the intensities come from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the intensities come from and
+so this is enough to really do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is enough to really do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is enough to really do a lot of
+really powerful things so I'll on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful things so I'll on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful things so I'll on
+Wednesday and Thursday I will go deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and Thursday I will go deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and Thursday I will go deeper
+into these uh multipet State effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these uh multipet State effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these uh multipet State effective
+hamiltonians and uh uh I think by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians and uh uh I think by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians and uh uh I think by the
+end of the week you will know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the week you will know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the week you will know about
+datomic molecule electronic spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecule electronic spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecule electronic spectroscopy
+about as much as I was able to learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much as I was able to learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much as I was able to learn in
+my six years as a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my six years as a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my six years as a graduate
+student but you know a lot of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student but you know a lot of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student but you know a lot of this is
+false you know you go down you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you know you go down you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you know you go down you think you
+understand then you discover that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then you discover that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand then you discover that that's
+not necessary so this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary so this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary so this is a a
+distillation but I think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation but I think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation but I think it's a very
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+distillation sir so we look at molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation sir so we look at molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation sir so we look at molecules
+deep into the pr table yes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into the pr table yes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into the pr table yes where
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so I don't know Zenon dier for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know Zenon dier for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know Zenon dier for example
+should we never think about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we never think about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we never think about something
+like the standard multiplicate for Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard multiplicate for Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard multiplicate for Well
+you certainly are not going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly are not going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly are not going to think
+about it in case a but you can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in case a but you can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in case a but you can I can
+still show you how to evaluate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still show you how to evaluate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still show you how to evaluate all the
+Matrix elements uh for Zen on D but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements uh for Zen on D but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements uh for Zen on D but what
+I would do and what you depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do and what you depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do and what you depending on how
+much time we have and what choices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time we have and what choices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time we have and what choices we
+make I will expand the I will write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I will expand the I will write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I will expand the I will write an
+separated atom basis set which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom basis set which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom basis set which is you
+know then I can do a case a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then I can do a case a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then I can do a case a like
+treatment for each of the atoms and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for each of the atoms and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for each of the atoms and I
+can build up the molecular States out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build up the molecular States out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build up the molecular States out of
+separated atom States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom States
+so what I like to do when I approach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I like to do when I approach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I like to do when I approach a
+spectrum is I like to break the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is I like to break the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is I like to break the thing
+down into pieces that I can kill that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into pieces that I can kill that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into pieces that I can kill that I
+can represent simply and then I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent simply and then I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent simply and then I bring
+the pieces together and usually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces together and usually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces together and usually that's
+not too hard if there are a small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard if there are a small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard if there are a small enough
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces and so that'll be the attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so that'll be the attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so that'll be the attitude
+I'll be taking when we when we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be taking when we when we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be taking when we when we approach
+spectroscopic problems throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic problems throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic problems throughout the
+remaining lectures in this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining lectures in this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining lectures in this of course
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WKW0dZ7Torg.txt b/WKW0dZ7Torg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b417226efe82815cd3347889b2b05883e5b2cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WKW0dZ7Torg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i'm going to talk about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to talk about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to talk about the second
+phase the analysis the first case was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the analysis the first case was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the analysis the first case was to
+look at the engineering base case i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the engineering base case i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the engineering base case i'm
+now going to say let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to say let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to say let's think about
+how the system will perform when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system will perform when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system will perform when we
+recognize the uncertainty and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the uncertainty and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the uncertainty and of course
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+particular performance in this case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular performance in this case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular performance in this case of
+the garage there are a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage there are a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage there are a lot of things
+that are uncertain we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uncertain we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uncertain we don't know
+how many people will actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people will actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people will actually want to
+park there we don't know how popular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park there we don't know how popular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park there we don't know how popular the
+garage is going to be we don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage is going to be we don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage is going to be we don't know if
+there's going to be competition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be competition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be competition so
+we really don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know what the
+performance is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going to be
+we are now going to explore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to explore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now going to explore in
+particular variability in the demand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular variability in the demand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular variability in the demand you
+could also look at variabilities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at variabilities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at variabilities and the
+other factors as we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors as we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors as we did for the
+platform case i mentioned in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform case i mentioned in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform case i mentioned in a previous
+presentation but in this one we'll only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but in this one we'll only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but in this one we'll only
+look at the variability in the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the variability in the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the variability in the demand
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we assumed for this analysis as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed for this analysis as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed for this analysis as an
+illustration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration that
+the future could be 50 off either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future could be 50 off either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future could be 50 off either way
+from what would uh was projected and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what would uh was projected and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what would uh was projected and it
+could also be volatile that it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be volatile that it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be volatile that it could go
+up sometimes and down the next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sometimes and down the next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sometimes and down the next time and
+so forth because and that will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth because and that will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth because and that will affect
+the actual value that you calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual value that you calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual value that you calculated
+over time whether or not it started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time whether or not it started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time whether or not it started off
+slow and then increased or started up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and then increased or started up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and then increased or started up
+high and then decreased because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then decreased because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then decreased because of the
+competition or the factors that may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or the factors that may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or the factors that may have
+occurred so we looked at all those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so we looked at all those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred so we looked at all those kinds
+of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the effect of the uncertainty let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the uncertainty let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the uncertainty let's
+think about it in advance before we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in advance before we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in advance before we see
+the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations
+it changes the result why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a because there are non-linearities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because there are non-linearities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because there are non-linearities in
+the model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model that is
+although the inputs were equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the inputs were equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the inputs were equally likely
+to be above and below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be above and below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be above and below
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+of the analysis are not equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis are not equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis are not equally likely
+to be above and below the uh projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be above and below the uh projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be above and below the uh projected
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+that is harking back to what one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is harking back to what one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is harking back to what one of the
+earlier presentations because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier presentations because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier presentations because of
+jensen's law the flaw of averages what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen's law the flaw of averages what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jensen's law the flaw of averages what
+happens is it's a very non-linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is it's a very non-linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is it's a very non-linear system
+in particular the garage if it's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the garage if it's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the garage if it's built
+with six stories can only service the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six stories can only service the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six stories can only service the
+amount of demand appropriate for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of demand appropriate for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of demand appropriate for six
+stories if the demand was higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories if the demand was higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories if the demand was higher than
+that it's limited so it chops off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's limited so it chops off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's limited so it chops off the
+upside potential on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside potential on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside potential on the other hand if
+the demand is lower than uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand is lower than uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand is lower than uh would be
+satisfied by six story you lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied by six story you lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied by six story you lose money
+so the non-linearity in here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the non-linearity in here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the non-linearity in here has
+the effect of lowering the results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of lowering the results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of lowering the results and
+because of these capacity constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these capacity constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these capacity constraints
+this is a typical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical reaction
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+systems with limited capacity whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with limited capacity whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with limited capacity whatever
+they might be a warehouse a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be a warehouse a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be a warehouse a water
+desalination plant a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electric power generation whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power generation whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power generation whatever
+things tend to have a fixed capacity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things tend to have a fixed capacity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things tend to have a fixed capacity or
+maximum capacity and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum capacity and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum capacity and that leads to
+non-linearities in the results chopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearities in the results chopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearities in the results chopping
+off the upside allow you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the upside allow you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the upside allow you to have
+lower or allowing you giving you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or allowing you giving you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or allowing you giving you lower
+performance overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance overall
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this changes the design why is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes the design why is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes the design why is that it
+is because if you have that risk and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if you have that risk and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if you have that risk and you
+lower the value that it hurts you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the value that it hurts you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the value that it hurts you more
+when you've built larger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've built larger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've built larger so
+systematically tends to push you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically tends to push you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically tends to push you
+the design the good design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the good design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the good design the
+appropriate design for the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate design for the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate design for the actual
+conditions with the uncertainty it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with the uncertainty it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with the uncertainty it
+pushes to a smaller amount so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes to a smaller amount so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes to a smaller amount so
+to see how this happens let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how this happens let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how this happens let's look at
+this graph here which shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here which shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here which shows the
+results from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the
+deterministic case which go up quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic case which go up quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic case which go up quite
+high and give you a design of about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and give you a design of about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and give you a design of about uh
+six stories here six stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stories here six stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stories here six stories
+specifically and what happens with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and what happens with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and what happens with the
+same case with the variability in design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same case with the variability in design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same case with the variability in design
+systematically you get a lower value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically you get a lower value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically you get a lower value
+overall for all the floors doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for all the floors doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall for all the floors doesn't
+matter so much if you're at the extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so much if you're at the extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so much if you're at the extremes
+but in the case of the count it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case of the count it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case of the count it's
+significantly lower and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower and in this
+particular case the sweet spot is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the sweet spot is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the sweet spot is not
+six stories but five stories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stories but five stories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six stories but five stories so
+what you also should note is that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you also should note is that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you also should note is that while
+we had a six story and in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a six story and in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a six story and in this case it
+had a high return which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a high return which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a high return which is about
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+million here as its value this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million here as its value this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million here as its value this is a
+fairy tale because the reality is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale because the reality is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale because the reality is we
+won't have a deterministic case we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a deterministic case we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a deterministic case we'll
+have a variable case that there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable case that there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable case that there'll be
+ups and downs in the demand and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups and downs in the demand and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups and downs in the demand and that
+leads to the actual performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the actual performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the actual performance of the
+system being constrained and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system being constrained and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system being constrained and being
+systematically tends to be lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically tends to be lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically tends to be lower in
+value because of that nonlinear and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because of that nonlinear and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because of that nonlinear and that
+constraint that everything is lower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that everything is lower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that everything is lower so
+that although we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although we thought
+in a deterministic engineering case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a deterministic engineering case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a deterministic engineering case that
+it was a value of 6 million or so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a value of 6 million or so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a value of 6 million or so the
+actual value it would be about 3 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value it would be about 3 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value it would be about 3 million
+or something almost half in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something almost half in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something almost half in this
+particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case
+because of course the costs are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the costs are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the costs are are
+basically already fixed so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically already fixed so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically already fixed so it's the
+amount of revenues that uh occur that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of revenues that uh occur that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of revenues that uh occur that
+lead to the uh to the value so basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the uh to the value so basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the uh to the value so basic
+result is in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is in this case
+the value calculated for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value calculated for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value calculated for the
+deterministic case was 6.2 million the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic case was 6.2 million the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic case was 6.2 million the
+actual value with the uncertainty as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value with the uncertainty as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value with the uncertainty as
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modeled it was about 3.5 million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled it was about 3.5 million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled it was about 3.5 million a
+significant difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant difference
+so the deterministic value in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deterministic value in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deterministic value in any case
+is false because the world is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false because the world is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false because the world is not
+deterministic the world is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic the world is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic the world is full of
+variability and in this case it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and in this case it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and in this case it's lower
+because of the capacity constraint on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the capacity constraint on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the capacity constraint on
+upside gains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside gains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside gains and
+the deterministic analysis is wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic analysis is wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic analysis is wrong in
+two counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counts
+the value of the system has calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the system has calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the system has calculated
+is wrong and the optimal design is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong and the optimal design is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong and the optimal design is not
+the same as it was before so wrong wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it was before so wrong wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it was before so wrong wrong
+twice we've got to do better than that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WlmKwIe9z1Q.txt b/WlmKwIe9z1Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f829a2432e87b0b16d3d4a8f3e124b0a5e08d26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WlmKwIe9z1Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4970 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So let's get started
+with the second lecture
+
+in our stunning series
+on web security.
+
+So to start off the
+class today, I actually
+
+want to go over
+some quick demos.
+
+So as you know, demos
+almost never work.
+
+So hopefully, you won't just
+be seeing my empty terminal
+
+up here.
+
+But the basic idea
+is that I first
+
+wanted to show you an
+example of the Shellshock bug
+
+that you may have heard of.
+
+This has been a pretty
+sort of popular topic
+
+in the security literature.
+
+And people were
+saying that Heartbleed
+
+was like a 10 out of
+10 security [? bug. ?]
+
+But people were saying, like,
+we should not have reserved
+
+10 out of 10 for Heartbleed.
+
+This is potentially worse.
+
+All right?
+
+And so I thought that this would
+be a great idea for you guys
+
+to see some living history, and
+for you to tell your parents
+
+that, you know, they're getting
+their tuition's worth out
+
+of MIT.
+
+So what is the basic idea
+behind the Shellshock bug?
+
+Well, it's a really
+great example
+
+of why it's so difficult
+to build secure web
+
+applications that span
+multiple technology
+
+stacks, multiple languages,
+multiple OS's, so on and so
+
+forth.
+
+So the basic idea
+is that Shellshock
+
+is going to take
+advantage of the fact
+
+that the attacker can
+craft a special HTTP
+
+request to a server and
+control the headers that
+
+are in that request.
+
+And so I've written
+an example up here.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+So let's say that the attacker
+wants to send some GET query.
+
+They're going to send that
+query to some CGI interface.
+
+And then there's going
+to be some question mark.
+
+The person wants
+to search for cats,
+
+because that's all
+that people search for.
+
+And then there's some
+standard headers here,
+
+like host, for example.
+
+So this is saying
+that this URL here
+
+is hanging off of example.com.
+
+Now, note that the attacker can
+also specify custom headers.
+
+Right?
+
+So the attacker can
+just say, I want
+
+it to find some
+application-specific header
+
+called Custom-header, and I want
+to specify some value there,
+
+because you can imagine that
+a web application might define
+
+certain functionalities
+that can't
+
+be expressed using the simple,
+pre-defined HTTP headers.
+
+OK.
+
+So that all seems
+fairly innocuous.
+
+But what ends up happening is
+that in a lot of these CGI web
+
+servers, they will actually
+take these custom header values
+
+and use them to set
+environment variables for Bash.
+
+OK?
+
+So they will use this header
+to create a Bash variable name
+
+custom header.
+
+Then they will take
+this value here
+
+that the attacker
+has supplied, and use
+
+that to be the value of
+that Bash variable, right?
+
+And then once that
+variable is set up,
+
+then the CGI server
+will do some processing
+
+in the context of
+that environment.
+
+Right?
+
+So this is clearly bad.
+
+You can probably see
+where this is going.
+
+Web servers should not be
+taking these arbitrary values
+
+from arbitrary unwashed masses.
+
+So in the particular example
+of the Shellshock bug,
+
+what ended up happening is that
+if you set your Bash variable
+
+to this, this kind of malformed,
+evil-looking thing, then
+
+there's going to be
+insanity that happens.
+
+Basically, this is a malformed
+[? Select ?] function
+
+definition in the Bash
+scripting language.
+
+You don't have to worry
+about the specifics of it.
+
+But what was intended to
+happen, if Bash were correct,
+
+is that this part over
+here wouldn't be executed.
+
+So basically, you just defined
+some stupid function here
+
+that doesn't do anything.
+
+And in the [INAUDIBLE]
+terminate here.
+
+But this sequence of
+characters actually
+
+confuses the Bash parser.
+
+And so what ends up happening
+is that it sort of stumbles
+
+through this nonsense here.
+
+And then it says, oh, I
+might as well keep on parsing
+
+and execute some
+commands here, right?
+
+And so in this case, this
+just does the bin/id command,
+
+which displays some
+information about the user.
+
+But this could be
+any code right here.
+
+So that's the heart
+of the vulnerability.
+
+So I'll give you a very
+simple example here,
+
+so you see up on the screen.
+
+So basically, we've got a very
+simple Python server here,
+
+just the dumbest one you
+could possibly imagine.
+
+It's got this do GET method.
+
+And so with the
+do GET method, it
+
+is going to basically iterate
+through all of the HTTP headers
+
+in the request.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's what this four
+key value for the header
+
+and the value in this request.
+
+And then it'll just print out
+the headers that it finds.
+
+And then in this
+dirt-simple example,
+
+it's going to do
+something very dumb, which
+
+is execute the system
+call and just directly set
+
+the environment value to the
+value specified in the header.
+
+So that's the whole
+root of vulnerability.
+
+So if I come over here and I
+start my victim web server--
+
+OK, so it's now ready
+to accept requests.
+
+And then I can write my special
+Shellshock client like so.
+
+And this is actually
+pretty dirt-simple.
+
+So here, I just define one
+of these malformed strings.
+
+So I have these kind of janky
+characters at the beginning.
+
+And then I know that everything
+after this is essentially
+
+going to be executed on my
+behalf on the server side.
+
+So in this case, I
+pick something that
+
+was actually pretty innocuous.
+
+It just says, echo,
+I own your machine.
+
+But this could be anything here.
+
+You could start another Bash
+shell kind of like I do here.
+
+And then, echo attacker command,
+where in the real world,
+
+that could actually be
+something very dangerous.
+
+So then I set the headers
+and my custom request.
+
+And then I just use Python
+to create an HTTP connection
+
+and just send it to server.
+
+So what ends up happening?
+
+So I execute my
+Shellshock client here.
+
+So it's saying that
+I had a 404 here,
+
+because it doesn't matter
+what file I requested.
+
+So I just put in some index,
+an HTML that doesn't exist.
+
+But if we look over here, this
+is the output for the server.
+
+And so what you see is
+that you have this output,
+
+I OWN UR MACHINE,
+and ATTACKER CMD.
+
+And that's because as the
+server got that header,
+
+it set the Bash variable.
+
+It set it with this
+weird thing here.
+
+And as a result, an
+ATTACKER-controlled command
+
+got the run.
+
+So does that all make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: So does this happen if
+the program is run under that?
+
+I'm still unclear on, like--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the specifics of how
+the attack works actually
+
+depends on are you running
+Apache, like what exactly
+
+your web server looks like.
+
+So in this example, it's
+a little bit contrived,
+
+because I actually called
+[INAUDIBLE] explicitly spawned
+
+off another Bash shell, set the
+environment variable in there,
+
+and then we were ready to go.
+
+But you could imagine that
+if you were spawning off
+
+a different process for
+each incoming connection,
+
+you could set the environment
+variable for that directly
+
+if that guy was using--
+was living inside
+
+of a Bash environment.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you go back
+to your web server code,
+
+it seems that you have a
+much worse vulnerability
+
+than the Shellshock, because
+you're calling [? though ?]
+
+a system.
+
+And I can execute a command just
+by setting the custom header
+
+to something [? that I ?].
+
+I wouldn't have to use the
+Shellshock bug in this example.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So in this particular web
+server, which is something
+
+I wrote just for sort
+of teaching value,
+
+yeah, this thing you
+shouldn't trust for anything.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the
+Shellshock exploit
+
+was on assigning something
+malicious to an environment
+
+variable using [? set N ?]
+or something like that,
+
+which is something [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah, yeah.
+
+So that gets back
+to his question.
+
+That's right.
+
+So if you had, like,
+let's say, Apache up here,
+
+Apache's a little bit
+tricky to sort of configure
+
+in a way that's obviously
+what's going on.
+
+But you're exactly right.
+
+So Apache would
+call Set nth, which
+
+is another way that you can
+directly set the environment
+
+value for whatever
+particular service [? I ?]
+
+process you have.
+
+But you also actually
+have some servers
+
+like this that you can
+imagine that they actually
+
+do a spawn of a separate process
+and do something very morally
+
+equivalent to this.
+
+But you're exactly
+right, that the way
+
+that a patch in
+particular was violated
+
+was the way that you described.
+
+So does it all make sense?
+
+OK.
+
+So that's sort of a
+quick and dirty example
+
+of Shellshock stuff.
+
+And so another example
+I wanted to give
+
+you was an example of
+a cross-site scripting.
+
+And so the Shellshock
+bug was sort
+
+of an example of how content
+sanitization is very important.
+
+So as we'd just been
+discussing, you shouldn't just
+
+take inputs from
+an arbitrary person
+
+and them use them directly
+in commands of any type.
+
+So cross-site scripting
+attacks are another example
+
+of how something can go wrong.
+
+So in this example,
+I have another sort
+
+of dumb CGI server here.
+
+And if we look at
+this CGI server,
+
+so what is it going to do?
+
+So once again, I've written
+something very simple
+
+in Python.
+
+This is going to
+be the handle that
+
+executes when a request
+comes in from the client.
+
+And so essentially,
+what happens is
+
+that up here, I'm going to print
+some headers for the response.
+
+So I'm going to
+say, my response is
+
+going to be of type text HTML.
+
+This line here we'll
+actually explain in a second.
+
+So as it turns out, browsers
+have some security mechanisms
+
+to try to prevent the attack
+that I'm about to show you.
+
+So I put this example-- I
+put that header line in there
+
+to turn some of the
+protections off.
+
+And then what the
+CGI script does
+
+is it gets access to all of the
+fields and the CGI requests.
+
+So imagine that everything
+in a query string
+
+after this question mark-- like
+these header and value things,
+
+that's what goes into
+that form example there.
+
+And so what the CGI script
+does is something very simple.
+
+It just directly prints
+the value of something that
+
+was passed from the attacker.
+
+So same basic idea.
+
+This is a bad idea, because
+this Print statement,
+
+it's printing directly
+into the HTML itself.
+
+So what can happen
+is as follows.
+
+So let's say that I have a
+bunch of queries I want to run.
+
+So in this first query here, I'm
+just setting the message value
+
+to Hello.
+
+So if I go over here
+and I run that page,
+
+well, then you're going to
+see that this Hello shows up,
+
+because once again, the
+server was taking directly
+
+what I pass to it.
+
+And it prints Hello.
+
+So no big surprises there.
+
+Now let's say I realize
+that I can actually
+
+pass arbitrary HTML in there.
+
+So now I actually try to
+embed some styling in there.
+
+So I say, h1 and
+then Hello again /h1.
+
+So that worked, right?
+
+So once again, we're printing
+directly into the [? pake. ?]
+
+So now you might think,
+OK, we're in business now.
+
+This is cool.
+
+So let's just directly embed
+some JavaScript code in there.
+
+All right.
+
+And so I do this.
+
+And here, I've actually just
+put in-- for the message,
+
+I put script.
+
+And then I want it to just
+alert XSS and then script.
+
+So now that's interesting.
+
+So it seems like something
+didn't quite work.
+
+So I don't see any output.
+
+I didn't see the alert either.
+
+And if I actually look at the
+output for the web server--
+
+and what I see is
+that here, the web
+
+server itself didn't actually
+get that trailing script tag.
+
+So it seems like the
+browser itself has somehow
+
+detected something evil
+even though I tried
+
+to disable the XSS filter.
+
+So that's interesting.
+
+We're going to come to this
+defense mechanism a bit
+
+in the lecture.
+
+But suffice it to say,
+it seems like the browser
+
+is trying to resist this
+cross-site scripting attack.
+
+But of course, what
+we can take advantage
+
+of is the fact that HTML,
+and CSS, and JavaScript,
+
+they're extremely
+complex languages.
+
+And they compose in these very
+difficult to understand ways.
+
+So here, this is what I've been
+setting my attack string here.
+
+This is malform URL.
+
+I'm saying, image, and
+then three quotation
+
+marks in a row, and
+then a script tag.
+
+Like, this shouldn't
+actually parse.
+
+But what's going
+to end up happening
+
+is that the browser's
+going to get confused here.
+
+So it's built-in cross-site
+scripting detection
+
+actually fails here.
+
+And so what ends up happening
+is that now you see the alert.
+
+OK?
+
+And what's interesting
+is that if you actually
+
+look at the contents of the page
+now, it's kind of messed up.
+
+Like, where did this quotation
+mark and brace come in?
+
+If we do a Control,
+U, we can see
+
+that this does not make the
+browser happy in some way.
+
+That's a little bit unclear.
+
+But it doesn't matter
+if we're their attacker.
+
+We saw that alert.
+
+That means that
+[? our code ?] got the run.
+
+And from the perspective
+of the attacker, who cares
+
+that the page is messed up now?
+
+Because I could
+have used that code
+
+to steal the cookie
+or things like that.
+
+So does that all make-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+cross-site aspect?
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah.
+
+So the cross-site aspect is that
+if the attacker can convince
+
+the user to go to
+a URL like this,
+
+then the attacker's the
+one who's specifying
+
+that stuff in the message.
+
+It's the attacker who's
+specifying the alert XSS
+
+or something like that.
+
+And so essentially,
+what's happening
+
+is that the victim
+page is executing code
+
+on behalf of someone
+that is not that page.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain
+exactly what the browser roles
+
+are for sanitizing
+[? games ?] for [? play? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah.
+
+So we'll get to
+that in a second.
+
+OK.
+
+So that is all for story time.
+
+And let's see here.
+
+So I guess I can
+turn this guy on.
+
+And maybe he will
+[INAUDIBLE] guy here.
+
+This guy here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Front wall.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah, OK.
+
+There you go.
+
+All right.
+
+Eighth time's the charm.
+
+OK, thanks.
+
+OK.
+
+So yeah, so those are just two
+quick demos to sort of show you
+
+the filthy and dirty world
+that we live in right now.
+
+So why is cross-site
+scripting so prevalent?
+
+Why are these problems
+such a big deal?
+
+Well, the reason
+is that websites
+
+are increasingly more
+and more dynamic,
+
+and they want to incorporate
+a user content a lot of times,
+
+or they want to incorporate
+content from other domains.
+
+So think about the Comment
+section on a news article.
+
+Those comments come
+from untrusted folks,
+
+from the users.
+
+So somehow, these sites
+have to figure out,
+
+what are the rules for
+composing those types of things?
+
+And also, the websites might
+host user-submitted documents,
+
+a thing like Google Docs
+or Office 365, for example.
+
+Those documents all come
+from untrusted folks,
+
+but somehow, they have
+to live with each other
+
+and with the large
+infrastructure
+
+from Google or from
+Microsoft or whatnot.
+
+So what are some of the
+cross-site scripting defenses
+
+we can use?
+
+This kind of gets
+to your question.
+
+So we'll actually look
+at some of those now.
+
+So one type of defense
+is to basically
+
+have cross-site scripting
+filters in the browser itself.
+
+And so these filters
+will essentially
+
+try to detect when there's a
+potential cross-site scripting
+
+attack.
+
+And so we actually saw one
+of those filters in action.
+
+And I think that was the third
+example that we looked at.
+
+If you have some website--
+or some URL-- excuse me--
+
+that looks like
+this-- so foo.com.
+
+And then you have some question
+mark and then some query string
+
+you're going to submit.
+
+This is very similar to the
+example that I tried third.
+
+So I just set this
+source to something like
+
+evil.com/cookiestealer.js.
+
+And so what ended
+up happening was
+
+that when I tried an
+example similar to this,
+
+the browser actually
+rejected it out of hand.
+
+So we saw that it
+didn't even work.
+
+And the reason
+why it didn't work
+
+is because the browser
+looked and said,
+
+is there an embedded
+script tag in a URL?
+
+So basically, it's a
+very simple heuristic
+
+for figuring out if something
+evil's probably going on,
+
+because no legitimate
+developer-- or no developer
+
+that's sane-- should be
+doing stuff like this.
+
+So there's actually these
+configuration options
+
+in your browser you can use to
+turn these things on and off.
+
+Occasionally, this
+is useful for testing
+
+if you just want to inject
+some JavaScript really
+
+quick and dirty.
+
+But this is almost always
+assigned [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So for example, Chrome and IE
+have a built-in filter that
+
+will look at your URL
+value in the address bar,
+
+look for things like this.
+
+And if it's there, they will
+do things like maybe delete
+
+this whole thing completely.
+
+They will maybe change
+the source to be empty,
+
+stuff like that.
+
+And so essentially, to
+get to your question,
+
+there's a bunch of heuristics
+that the browsers have
+
+to identify things like this.
+
+And if you look
+at the OWASP site,
+
+they actually collect
+examples of heuristics
+
+you can use to detect
+cross-site scripting,
+
+as well as tricks you can
+use to bypass those filters.
+
+So it was very funny.
+
+So the first thing I
+wanted to do for the demo
+
+is do something like
+this, and it didn't work.
+
+So then I went to the
+OWASP cheat sheet.
+
+I looked at, like, the
+third thing they suggested,
+
+and the third thing
+they suggested
+
+worked, which was that sort of
+broken image syntax type stuff.
+
+So the basic problem
+with just relying on this
+
+is that, like I said, there's
+a lot of different ways
+
+to force the CSS and HTML
+parsers to mal-parse something.
+
+So these things are
+not complete solutions.
+
+They don't have the
+perfect coverage.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't this
+just be like the lead-in
+
+from the browsers?
+
+Because it seems like not
+the browser's job to do this.
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean it's
+not the browser's job
+
+to sanitize this kind of stuff?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: I mean,
+you could imagine
+
+sort of having a browser sit
+atop a proxy, for example.
+
+And maybe the proxy did
+sort of cleaning like this.
+
+I mean, intuitive reason
+why it might make sense
+
+to do it inside the
+browser is because so many
+
+of the legitimate parsing
+engines are inside the browser.
+
+So presumably, if you're closer
+to where the actual parsing's
+
+being done, it's better.
+
+But you're right.
+
+In practice, you can imagine
+there being sort of defense
+
+in layers, basically.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+what he might be
+
+saying is that it's the
+web developer's job,
+
+not the client's job
+to sanitize this.
+
+PROFESSOR: But, I mean, that's
+kind of like saying-- so
+
+in a certain sense, we could
+say that about processes,
+
+too, in Unix or Windows.
+
+So we could say it's
+sort of developers' jobs
+
+to make sure those
+things stay isolated.
+
+But in fact, the
+OS and the hardware
+
+as well has an
+important role to play,
+
+because [INAUDIBLE] trusted
+whereas any two arbitrary
+
+programs developed by any
+two arbitrary developers
+
+may or may not be trusted to
+sort of implement security
+
+correctly.
+
+But you're correct.
+
+And in fact, frameworks
+like Django or whatnot,
+
+they actually try to
+help you to get around
+
+some of these problems.
+
+So anyways, so yeah, so filters
+are not a perfect solution.
+
+And also, filters
+can't prevent what's
+
+known as a persistent--
+persistent-- cross-site
+
+scripting attacks.
+
+This is known as sort of a
+reflected or transient one,
+
+because this script code just
+sort of lives in the URL.
+
+Then once the user's
+closed that URL,
+
+basically, the attack's gone.
+
+But you could imagine
+that you could
+
+have someone who-- user puts
+malicious HTML in the Comment
+
+section for a website.
+
+And if the web server actually
+accepts that comment is valid,
+
+then that comment, with
+this malicious payload,
+
+can essentially
+live there forever.
+
+So whenever any user
+goes there, they
+
+would be exposed to
+that malicious content.
+
+Another example,
+which is sort of
+
+funny and sad, as
+all these things,
+
+is if you look at
+dating websites.
+
+So some dating
+websites actually allow
+
+users to put full-blown
+HTML in their profile.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+So when someone else is
+lonely, presumably, or looking
+
+to find their one true soul
+match, they go to your website.
+
+They're going to
+run HTML that you've
+
+crafted in the context
+of their session.
+
+And so that can also be a
+very damaging attack as well.
+
+So just doing these
+kinds of filters
+
+don't protect against
+things like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]
+in the Comments
+
+section presumably does
+that by setting a post--
+
+the information goes to the
+server in a post variable
+
+or something like that?
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's a
+bunch of different ways
+
+you could imagine doing it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So one way you could
+imagine doing it is a post.
+
+Another way you could imagine
+doing it is a dynamic XML
+
+HTTP request.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+But if it's like a post, why
+can't you just scan through it
+
+and do the same thing
+that you have in the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So you're exactly
+correct about that,
+
+and we'll discuss some
+of that in a second.
+
+But you're exactly
+correct that the server
+
+side of the
+application should be
+
+very defensive and
+mistrustful of this stuff.
+
+So you're exactly right.
+
+So you could imagine that
+when the server maybe
+
+saw something like
+this, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+even if the browser did not.
+
+You're correct about that.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's basically a survey
+of these cross-site filters
+
+in the browser.
+
+So another defense against
+cross-site scripting
+
+is something known
+as HTTP-only cookies.
+
+And so the basic
+idea behind this
+
+is that a server can
+actually tell the browser
+
+that client-side
+JavaScript should not
+
+be able to access a
+particular cookie.
+
+And so basically,
+the server can just
+
+send a header value in response
+in the set Cookie field.
+
+It can say, hey, don't let
+clients like JavaScript
+
+manipulate this cookie.
+
+So only the server
+could do this.
+
+And so this is only a
+partial defense, though,
+
+because the attacker can
+still issue requests that
+
+contain the user's cookies.
+
+So this was the
+cross-site request forgery
+
+that we looked at
+in last lecture.
+
+So even if JavaScript code
+can't manipulate cookies,
+
+the attacker can still
+do things like conjure
+
+up a URL to some e-commerce
+site, let's say buy.com.
+
+The attacker can put whatever
+item the attacker wants to buy.
+
+So puts a Ferrari, for example.
+
+And then the attacker can then
+say, who should this go to?
+
+This should go to the attacker.
+
+And so even though
+clients like JavaScript
+
+can't access the
+cookie, there's nothing
+
+that prevents the attacker
+from just conjuring up
+
+a URL like this.
+
+This is what some
+of the CSRF tokens
+
+help to prevent
+against, which we'll
+
+talk about a little bit later.
+
+So another thing
+that you can try
+
+to do to prevent these
+cross-site scripting attacks
+
+is privilege separation.
+
+And so the idea
+here is basically
+
+that you want to use a separate
+domain for all the content that
+
+is untrusted.
+
+And so for example, a lot of
+the online server providers
+
+were things like email or
+online productivity suites.
+
+So think Google Docs, Office
+365, so on and so forth.
+
+They actually use
+a separate domain
+
+to host user-submitted content.
+
+So Google, I think
+they still use this.
+
+They used to put all
+the stuff that users
+
+submitted into
+some special domain
+
+called googleusercontent.com.
+
+And so here, they
+would put things
+
+like cached copies of pages,
+your Gmail [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and things like this.
+
+And at least as of
+a year or two ago,
+
+this is like one of the top 25
+[? Alexa-visited ?] domains,
+
+because Google services
+were so popular.
+
+And so what's the advantage
+of putting stuff in here?
+
+Well, the hope, at
+least, is that if there
+
+is some type of cross-site
+scripting vulnerability
+
+or something like this in
+a user-submitted content,
+
+then hopefully, the
+daemons would just
+
+be limited to that domain.
+
+It wouldn't actually affect
+the full-blown google.com.
+
+This isn't a perfect
+defense, though,
+
+because user-submitted
+content may have references
+
+to things from google.com.
+
+And so once again,
+this is only sort
+
+of a partial fix for a much
+more pervasive problem.
+
+Now, another thing
+you could do--
+
+and this gets back to the
+gentleman's suggestion
+
+over here is that
+we can actually
+
+do content sanitization.
+
+And so the idea here is that,
+essentially, whenever you--
+
+where you can be the browser,
+where you can be the web
+
+server, or whatever-- whenever
+you receive untrusted content,
+
+you don't trust it at all.
+
+And so you go through it, and
+you do things to sort of render
+
+it sort of neutral such
+that it can't actually
+
+execute code or subvert
+your system in any way.
+
+And so an example of this is
+the Django template system.
+
+And so Django is an
+example of a web framework.
+
+So basically, the
+high-level web framework
+
+is something that helps
+to automate and secure
+
+some of the sort of tedious
+tasks of developing a website.
+
+So it will help you with
+making database access easier.
+
+It'll help you with doing
+things like session management.
+
+And it will also help you with
+maintaining a consistent look
+
+and feel across your website.
+
+And so one way to maintain
+that consistent look and feel
+
+is to use this
+notion of templates.
+
+So all of your
+pages automatically
+
+start out with the
+same CSS and things
+
+like that, the same styles.
+
+But then there's these
+portions in the web page
+
+where you can specialize
+it with the particular news
+
+article that's at the top of
+everybody's mind that day,
+
+or something like that,
+or user-specific content.
+
+So for example, in Django,
+you can look at a template,
+
+and it might look like
+something like this.
+
+So you have a bold tag.
+
+It says, Hello.
+
+And then you have these braces
+here, these double braces.
+
+And it says, name.
+
+And so essentially,
+what this means
+
+is that this is like a
+placeholder variable.
+
+So essentially, these pages
+get dynamically generated.
+
+So when the user goes
+to a Django site,
+
+the Django server says,
+OK, well, this name
+
+is going to be somewhere,
+who knows, in the cookie.
+
+Maybe it's going to be in
+a CGI string, whatever.
+
+And so as the Django
+server dynamically
+
+generates the page
+[? to return ?] to user,
+
+it replaces this
+special reference here
+
+with whatever the value
+of this variable is.
+
+So it's pretty straightforward.
+
+This is kind of like that
+dinky CGI server I showed you.
+
+So just reflecting
+user-submitted content
+
+right here.
+
+But Django actually does it
+better than the silly CGI
+
+server that I showed you,
+because it uses this notion
+
+of content sanitization.
+
+So Django expects that
+users may be adversarial.
+
+So it's not just
+going to directly put
+
+the value of the
+name variable here.
+
+Instead, it is going to
+encode it in such a way
+
+that this content will
+never be able to escape out
+
+of the HTML context
+and execute JavaScript
+
+or something like this.
+
+So for example,
+one thing it'll do
+
+is it'll take the
+angle brackets,
+
+and it will translate them
+into these HTML entities.
+
+So the less than character
+gets transformed into this.
+
+The greater than character
+gets translated into this.
+
+Double quotations get
+translated into ampersand quote,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+And so what this ensures is
+that if the content the user put
+
+in name actually tries
+to contain angle brackets
+
+or things like this, then
+it'll basically be neutered.
+
+And it'll be translated
+into something
+
+that would not be
+interpreted as HTML
+
+on the client-side browser.
+
+So does that make sense?
+
+So now I know that this is not
+a completely foolproof defense
+
+against some of this
+cross-site scripting stuff.
+
+And the reason, as we
+showed in the example,
+
+is that these grammars for
+HTML, and CSS, and JavaScript
+
+are so complicated that
+it's very easy to confuse
+
+the browser's parser.
+
+So for example, let's say that
+you had something like this.
+
+And this is a very
+common thing to do
+
+in frameworks like Django.
+
+So you have some div.
+
+And then you want to set
+its class dynamically.
+
+So you set its class to some
+var, so on and so forth.
+
+So the idea is that when
+Django processes this,
+
+it should figure out what the
+current styling is and then put
+
+it in here.
+
+Well, one thing
+you can do is maybe
+
+the attacker supplies something
+like a string like this.
+
+So attacker will say, class 1.
+
+OK, so far so good, because
+that seems like a valid CSS
+
+expression.
+
+But then the attacker
+will then try
+
+to put some JavaScript here.
+
+So it might say, onclick
+equals-- and then put
+
+JavaScript URL.
+
+And then put some
+function call here.
+
+So this is malformed.
+
+The browser should probably
+just do a fail-stop here.
+
+But the problem is
+that if you've ever
+
+looked at the HTML for a
+real web page, all of it's
+
+broken, even for like
+legitimate, benevolent sites.
+
+People just can't hack HTML.
+
+So if the browser
+were to be fail-stop,
+
+literally, no site that you
+enjoy would ever work ever.
+
+If you ever want to be
+disappointed by the world
+
+if I haven't helped
+you do that enough,
+
+open up your JavaScript console
+when you browse a website
+
+and see how many
+errors get spit out.
+
+Like, go to CNN and just see
+how many errors get spit out.
+
+CNN basically kind of works,
+but it's very disturbing,
+
+because if you were to
+open up Acrobat reader
+
+and you're just
+constantly throwing
+
+null pointer
+exceptions, you would
+
+feel a bit cheated by life.
+
+But in the web, apparently,
+we've learned to accept this.
+
+So because browsers have to be
+so tolerant of these things,
+
+they will actually try
+to massage malformed code
+
+into something that
+seems reasonable.
+
+And therein lies a
+security vulnerability.
+
+So I guess the
+take-home point for this
+
+is that content
+sanitization kind of works.
+
+So it is literally
+better than nothing.
+
+It can actually
+catch a lot of cases.
+
+But in many cases, it
+is not a full defense.
+
+And so one thing you might
+actually think about doing
+
+is-- actually, let's
+put this over here.
+
+You might think about sort of
+using a less expressive markup
+
+language.
+
+So what do I mean by that?
+
+So HTML and CSS and JavaScript
+are [? touring ?] complete.
+
+They allow you to do all kinds
+of fun things, but-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry to bother you.
+
+When does content
+sanitization not work?
+
+PROFESSOR: When does content--
+
+AUDIENCE: In many
+cases, it doesn't work.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+So like in this
+case, for example,
+
+Django will probably not be
+able to statically determine
+
+this is a bad thing.
+
+Like, in this particular case.
+
+But in the case where I inserted
+that malformed image tag--
+
+I basically said--
+
+AUDIENCE: In that
+particular case,
+
+I would expect the
+class=assignment to be
+
+in quotes and then for that
+thing to not have any effect.
+
+So Django could enforce
+codes that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, see, there's
+a little bit trickiness there,
+
+because if we assumed that
+all pages were written-- well,
+
+pull me back up a little bit.
+
+If we assume the HTML
+grammar was well specified
+
+and the CSS grammar
+was well specified
+
+and so on and so
+forth, then you could
+
+imagine a world in which
+perfect parsers would
+
+be able to sort of
+catch these problems
+
+or somehow convert
+them to normal things.
+
+But in fact, the HTML
+grammars and the CSS grammars
+
+are not well specified.
+
+And then on top of that,
+browsers don't implement specs.
+
+So it's like Babushka
+dolls of terror.
+
+So I mean, this, in fact,
+gets into this notion here.
+
+Because I think essentially
+what you're saying
+
+is, well, look, if we have
+the grammar for something,
+
+that should mean something.
+
+And as it turns
+out, if you stick
+
+to a less expressive grammar,
+then it is actually much easier
+
+to do content sanitization.
+
+There's some language.
+
+It's called Markdown
+instead of markup.
+
+[? Wall, ?] right?
+
+And so with Markdown,
+the basic idea
+
+is that it's designed
+to be a language that
+
+allows, for example,
+users to submit comments,
+
+but it doesn't actually have
+things like the blank tag,
+
+and applet support,
+and stuff like that.
+
+And so in Markdown, it's
+actually much easier
+
+to do what you suggested, which
+seems like a reasonable thing
+
+at first glance.
+
+Just define the grammar
+unambiguously and then just
+
+enforce that grammar.
+
+So it's much easier
+to do sanitization
+
+in a simple language than
+in the full-blown HTML, CSS,
+
+and JavaScript.
+
+And in a certain
+sense, think about it
+
+like the difference between
+understanding gnarly C
+
+code versus gnarly Python code.
+
+There's actually
+a big difference
+
+in trying to understand that
+much more expressive language.
+
+Because it can do
+many more things.
+
+By constraining
+expressivity, you oftentimes
+
+improve security.
+
+Does that all make sense?
+
+All right.
+
+So another thing
+that you can imagine
+
+doing to protect against
+cross-site scripting attacks
+
+is to use something called
+CSP, Content Security Policy.
+
+And so the idea behind
+CSP is that it's going
+
+to allow a web server to-- oh.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm just curious
+about this Markdown language.
+
+So all browsers know how
+to parse this language?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, no.
+
+So what happens with a lot
+of these types of languages
+
+is that you essentially--
+you can convert them.
+
+You can pile them down to
+HTML, but they're not natively
+
+understood by the
+browser, typically.
+
+So in other words, you've got
+some comment submission system.
+
+It internally expresses
+stuff in Markdown.
+
+But then before it can
+be rendered to the page,
+
+it essentially goes to
+the Markdown compiler.
+
+The Markdown compiler then
+translates it to HTML.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+Thanks.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] Markdown
+might not be
+
+the best trick
+[? to use Markdown ?]
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So Markdown
+does allow inline HTML.
+
+As far as I know,
+there's a way to disable
+
+that in the compiler.
+
+I could be wrong about that.
+
+But I believe that
+there's a flag
+
+you can pass to get rid of it.
+
+But you're correct.
+
+If you use a
+constrained language
+
+but then you embed an
+unconstrained language,
+
+then that-- I mean, the
+terrorists have won.
+
+So you're right about that.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So another thing you can
+do to improve security
+
+is this thing called
+Content Security Policy.
+
+So like I was saying, what
+this allows the server to do
+
+is to tell a web browser
+what types of content
+
+can be loaded in the
+page it's sending back,
+
+and also where that
+content should come from.
+
+So for example, in
+an HTTP response,
+
+the server might be able
+to say something like this.
+
+It'd include the Content
+Security Policy header.
+
+And then it might say
+something like the default
+
+source is going to equal self.
+
+And it will also accept things
+from asterisk mydomain.com.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+So essentially, the server
+is saying the content
+
+from this site should
+only come from whatever
+
+it is that the domain is
+for the particular page.
+
+And any other subdomain
+from mydomain.com.
+
+So what that means,
+basically, is
+
+that let's say if self
+was bound to foo.com,
+
+let's say, that's the origin
+of the server that's sending
+
+this thing back to the browser.
+
+So if, somehow, there is
+a cross-site scripting
+
+attack and the page tried
+to generate a reference to,
+
+let's say, bar.com,
+the browser would say,
+
+OK, bar.com is not self.
+
+Bar.com is also not in this
+sort of set of domains.
+
+So therefore, the
+browser can just say,
+
+I will not allow that
+request to go forward.
+
+So this is actually a
+pretty powerful mechanism.
+
+And you can actually specify
+more fine-grained controls
+
+here.
+
+You can say, my images
+should come from here.
+
+My scripts should come from
+here, so on and so forth.
+
+This is actually pretty nice.
+
+And one nice thing
+about this, too,
+
+is that it actually
+prevents inline JavaScript.
+
+So you can't have script tag
+and then some literal JavaScript
+
+and close script tag.
+
+Everything has to come from
+a script tag with a source.
+
+So it can be validated
+through this.
+
+And also, a Content
+Security Policy
+
+prevents these danger
+statements like eval.
+
+So eval basically
+allows a web page
+
+to check dynamically
+generated JavaScript code.
+
+And so if the CSP
+header is specified,
+
+the browser does
+not execute evals.
+
+So does that all make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: So since it's a
+kind of ad-hoc set of things,
+
+is that like a complete set
+of things that it [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So there's a whole
+list of resources
+
+that it actually protects.
+
+So this is sort of like the
+most blanket type protection
+
+you could get.
+
+But like I said,
+it actually allows
+
+you to specify, I think,
+like, where CSS can come from,
+
+like a bunch of
+different things.
+
+AUDIENCE: But on preventing
+evals, that seems
+
+like the system's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Are there are other
+things [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So yeah, there are.
+
+So there's always this
+question of completeness.
+
+So for example, eval
+is not the only way
+
+JavaScript can actually
+generate code dynamically.
+
+There's the function
+constructor, for example.
+
+There's certain ways you
+can call a set timeout.
+
+You pass in a string.
+
+You can evaluate code that way.
+
+So I believe that CSP actually
+shuts down those vectors
+
+as well.
+
+But if you're asking, is this
+provably complete in terms
+
+of what it isolates, no.
+
+And I don't think that
+any of these solutions
+
+are provably complete.
+
+AUDIENCE: One really
+interesting thing about CSP
+
+is the fact that you can set
+it to disallow all inline
+
+[? dom ?] script on a page.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's right.
+
+Yeah, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which [? helps ?]
+[INAUDIBLE] to be sanitized.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+prevents an attacker from--
+
+PROFESSOR: So that
+helps with some things.
+
+But that still would allow,
+like, [INAUDIBLE] to use eval.
+
+So that's why it's
+important to try to get rid
+
+of all of those dynamically.
+
+All of those interfaces
+[? use dynamic ?]
+
+code generation.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you list your tag
+with a source but then also
+
+inline code, is there like
+standardized [INAUDIBLE] that
+
+all browsers do with--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So what should happen
+is that the inline code
+
+should be ignored.
+
+The browser should
+always get the code
+
+from the source attribute.
+
+I actually don't know
+if all browsers do that.
+
+I've actually
+personally experienced
+
+browsers exhibit different
+behavior [? in that. ?]
+
+This was a couple years
+ago, so I'm not sure.
+
+And so yeah.
+
+So one thing to keep in
+mind about doing work
+
+in web security is
+that in a sense,
+
+it's almost like
+a natural science.
+
+So it's like people
+actually propose theories
+
+about how browsers work.
+
+And then you go
+seeing them do that.
+
+And so that can be a
+little bit disappointing,
+
+because we're taught, yay,
+algorithms, and proofs,
+
+and stuff like that.
+
+But these browsers are
+so ill-behaved that a lot
+
+of times, the answer
+is maybe or maybe not.
+
+And then [? you go ?]
+see, as we'll see.
+
+They keep on adding features.
+
+It gets back to
+your question about,
+
+are these things
+provably complete?
+
+I think web vendors have punted
+on this notion of creating
+
+a browser that is
+provably [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Basically, what
+they try to do is
+
+just try to keep one step
+ahead of the attackers.
+
+And we'll see some examples of
+that further in the lecture.
+
+So yeah.
+
+So CSP is actually pretty cool.
+
+Another thing that's useful is
+that the server can set this
+
+HTTP header called
+X-Content-Type-Options,
+
+and then can say, nosniff.
+
+And so what this means is
+that this prevents the browser
+
+from doing some of those, quote,
+unquote, helpful optimizations,
+
+like we discussed last lecture,
+where it will say, a-ha,
+
+there's a mismatch
+between the file extension
+
+and the actual [? bytes ?] that
+I have sniffed in the contents.
+
+So let me somehow
+massage this content
+
+to some different thing.
+
+And then all of a sudden, you've
+given the barbarians the keys
+
+to the kingdom.
+
+So you can set this
+header to basically say,
+
+browser, do not do that.
+
+And so that can be
+useful in mitigating
+
+some types of attacks as well.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's kind of a
+quick survey of some
+
+of these cross-site
+scripting vulnerabilities.
+
+So now let's look at another
+popular vector for attacks.
+
+And that vector is
+going to be SQL.
+
+And so you've probably heard
+of these SQL injection attacks.
+
+And so what these attacks do is
+they take advantage of the fact
+
+that on the back end,
+for a lot of websites,
+
+there's some type of database.
+
+And so to dynamically
+construct a page that's
+
+shown to the user,
+there have to be
+
+some database queries that are
+issued to that back-end server.
+
+So imagine that you have some
+query that looked like this.
+
+So you do a SELECT asterisk.
+
+So give me all the values
+from this query FROM
+
+some particular table,
+WHERE the User ID field
+
+is equal to something
+that is specified
+
+over the web from some
+potentially untrusted source.
+
+So at this point, I may think
+we all know how this story ends.
+
+It ends very badly
+There are no survivors.
+
+So basically, if this comes
+from someone untrusted,
+
+then you can do all kinds of
+[? chicaner ?] stuff here.
+
+So one thing you could do
+is if you want to be a jerk,
+
+you could just set
+this to the string, 0
+
+and then something
+like DELETE TABLE.
+
+So what happens here?
+
+So basically, the database
+server's going to say,
+
+OK, I'll set the user ID to 0;.
+
+Here's a sort of a new command.
+
+DELETE TABLE.
+
+OK, cheers, there
+goes your table.
+
+And you're done.
+
+And in fact, there
+was a viral image that
+
+went around a couple years ago.
+
+It's unclear if it
+was true, like many
+
+of these viral images.
+
+But it was that
+people in Germany
+
+had license plates that
+actually said 0; DELETE TABLE.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Because the idea is that
+the security cameras,
+
+they would use OCR, Optical
+Character Recognition,
+
+to figure out what your license
+plate was, and then put it
+
+in a SQL database.
+
+And there were images
+floating around.
+
+These Volkswagens,
+people would have
+
+this as their license plate.
+
+I don't know if that works.
+
+It's funny.
+
+So I like to believe
+that it's true.
+
+But who knows.
+
+But you get the basic
+idea behind that.
+
+So once again, the
+idea is you want
+
+to be sure to sanitize this
+content that you're getting
+
+from these untrusted sources.
+
+And so note that
+there may be some sort
+
+of straightforward things
+that don't quite work.
+
+So you might think,
+OK, well then why
+
+can't I just put another
+quote here and then
+
+put another quote here
+such that whatever
+
+it is that the attacker
+submits, it's going
+
+to be enclosed in a string?
+
+So this doesn't work, because
+then the attacker can always
+
+just put a quote inside
+his or her attack string.
+
+So a lot of times, these
+sort of half-hearted hacks
+
+don't really get you the
+security you think they might.
+
+So the solution here
+is that you need
+
+to rigorously encode your data.
+
+And once again, that just means
+that when you get information
+
+from an untrusted source,
+don't just stick it
+
+in the system sort of as it is.
+
+Make sure that, for
+example, it can actually
+
+escape from whatever
+sandbox or whatnot you think
+
+you're actually putting into.
+
+So for example, you want to
+put in an Escape function that
+
+would prevent
+maybe the semicolon
+
+operator from showing up in a
+raw form and things like this.
+
+And so a lot of
+these web frameworks
+
+like Django will actually have
+built-in libraries to do things
+
+like character escaping
+for SQL queries
+
+to try to prevent
+some of this stuff.
+
+And a lot of these
+frameworks actually
+
+encourage developers not
+to ever directly interface
+
+with the database.
+
+So it's like Django
+itself would provide
+
+some high-level interface which
+does sanitization for you.
+
+It takes care of some of
+these icky corner cases.
+
+But performance,
+performance, performance.
+
+Sometimes people think
+that these web frameworks
+
+are too slow.
+
+So you will still see, on
+the back end a lot of time,
+
+people will still make
+these raw SQL queries.
+
+And that can lead to problems.
+
+So you can also
+imagine that there
+
+are problems if the web
+server takes in path names
+
+from untrusted images.
+
+So imagine that
+somewhere in your server,
+
+you do something like this.
+
+You have an open call.
+
+And then you say
+that you're going
+
+to read from the WWW directory.
+
+You're going to read from the
+images subdirectory in there.
+
+And then you're going to read
+from some file name that, once
+
+again, is supplied by the user.
+
+So as we saw in some of the
+discussion of [? Troot ?]
+
+and things like this, what
+if this file name maps
+
+to something like a bunch
+of instances of the dot dot
+
+character?
+
+So if you're not careful,
+then the untrusted entity
+
+can specify basically
+glub, glub, glub, glub,
+
+and go down to etc
+password and may
+
+be able to do some evil here.
+
+So once again, if you want
+to be able to use the web
+
+server or the web
+framework, you need
+
+to be able to detect these
+dangerous characters,
+
+escape them in
+some way to prevent
+
+sort of those raw
+commands from executing.
+
+So yeah, it's all
+pretty straightforward.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's move on from
+the discussion of content
+
+sanitization, and now let's
+talk a little bit about cookies.
+
+So cookies are a
+very popular way
+
+to do session
+management, to bind
+
+the user to some
+set of resources
+
+that exist on the server side.
+
+And so a lot of frameworks
+like Django, like [? zoobar ?]
+
+that you see in this
+class, they actually
+
+put a random session
+ID inside the cookie.
+
+And so the idea is that
+this session ID is the index
+
+into some server-side table.
+
+So you just supply
+the session ID there.
+
+And this is where
+your user info lives.
+
+And so as a result, this session
+ID and cookies, by extension,
+
+are very sensitive entities.
+
+And so that's why
+a lot of attacks
+
+involve stealing of
+the cookie in order
+
+to get that session ID.
+
+And so as we discussed
+in the last lecture,
+
+the same origin policy can
+help you, to a certain extent,
+
+against some of these
+cookie-stealing attacks,
+
+because there are
+origin-based rules that
+
+prevent arbitrary
+tampering with cookies.
+
+But one thing that's
+a little bit subtle
+
+is that you shouldn't share
+a domain or a subdomain
+
+with someone that
+you don't trust.
+
+Because as we discussed
+in last lecture,
+
+there are these sort
+of very subtle rules
+
+in which two origins with
+the same domain or possibly
+
+some subdomain relationship,
+they can actually
+
+access each other's cookies.
+
+And so if you trust a
+domain that you shouldn't,
+
+then that domain may be able
+to do things like directly
+
+set the session ID in that
+cookie that both of you
+
+can access.
+
+And that can do things
+like allow the attacker
+
+to force the user to use a
+session ID of the attacker's
+
+choosing.
+
+And then, for
+example-- let's say
+
+the attacker sets the user's
+Gmail cookie, let's say.
+
+The user goes to Gmail,
+types some emails.
+
+The attacker, later on,
+can then use that cookie
+
+or specifically use
+that session ID,
+
+load up Gmail, and
+then access Gmail
+
+as if he or she were the
+user who was victimized.
+
+So there's a lot of subtleties
+with using these cookies
+
+for session management.
+
+So there's a lot more we
+could talk about cookies.
+
+We'll discuss some of it
+today and last lecture.
+
+So you might be thinking, well,
+can we just get rid of cookies?
+
+Cookies just seem more
+trouble than they're worth,
+
+just like [? dribbels. ?] So can
+we just not have these cookies?
+
+So one thing you could imagine
+is you could imagine basically
+
+having some notion
+of stateless cookies,
+
+of somehow getting rid of the
+notion of sessions altogether
+
+and preventing this
+nasty attack vector that
+
+seems to be sort of prevalent
+in all these discussions
+
+that we have.
+
+So the basic idea here is if you
+want to go sort of stateless,
+
+then this essentially
+means you have
+
+to authenticate every request.
+
+Because the nice
+thing about cookies
+
+is that they basically
+follow you wherever you go.
+
+So you authenticate
+once, and then
+
+every subsequent
+request you make
+
+has this little token in it.
+
+But if you want to get rid of
+those things, well then now
+
+you essentially have to have
+some proof of your authority
+
+in every request that you make.
+
+And so one way you
+could imagine doing
+
+this is by using something
+called MAX, or Message
+
+Authentication Codes.
+
+And so the basic way to
+think about one of these MAX,
+
+it's like a hash that
+takes in a key as well.
+
+So the method
+authentication code
+
+is the hash of some key
+and then some message.
+
+And so the basic idea is
+that the client, the user,
+
+and the server are going to
+share some secret key, k.
+
+And so the client uses that
+key to produce a signature
+
+over the message that
+it sends to the server.
+
+And then the server,
+who also knows the key,
+
+can then use this
+same function here
+
+to validate if a
+signature is correct.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's look at a very specific
+example of how this works.
+
+So one real service
+that uses these types
+
+of stateless cookies
+is Amazon Web Services.
+
+So like x3, for example.
+
+And so basically, Amazon, AWS,
+gives each user two things--
+
+gives that user a secret key.
+
+And so this is
+equivalent to the k
+
+that we were
+discussing over there.
+
+And it also gives them
+a-- just think of it
+
+like an AWS user ID.
+
+So this part is not
+secret, but this part is.
+
+And so every time you want to
+send a request to AWS via HTTP,
+
+you have to send it
+in a special format.
+
+So you'll have the first
+line of the GET request.
+
+So you want to
+access some photos.
+
+No surprises here.
+
+And then you will put
+the host from which
+
+you expect to get it.
+
+That's not super important.
+
+So this is just some
+AWS server that's there.
+
+You'll have the date.
+
+So maybe this is Monday, June 4.
+
+Whatever.
+
+And then you have this
+thing that's essentially
+
+the Authorization field.
+
+And this is where the message
+authentication code comes in.
+
+So essentially, what
+this looks like is
+
+you've got some string here.
+
+This represents your
+access ID, the user ID.
+
+And then you've
+got something here,
+
+some other seemingly
+random letters.
+
+And then these things
+are a signature
+
+that use this Message
+Authentication Code here.
+
+So what does that
+signature look like?
+
+So the details are a
+little bit complicated.
+
+But basically, this
+signature is over a string
+
+that encapsulates a bunch
+of details of this request.
+
+So essentially,
+the string assigned
+
+looks something like this.
+
+So you put the
+HTTP verb in there.
+
+So in this case,
+that verb is GET.
+
+And then you put
+[? indy5 ?] checksum
+
+of the message content.
+
+And then you also
+put the content type.
+
+So it's html or
+image or whatever.
+
+And put in the date.
+
+And then the resource name,
+which is essentially the path
+
+that you see over here.
+
+So in other words,
+this string here
+
+is the message that you pass
+into the H MAC over here.
+
+And so note that the server
+can see all this stuff
+
+in clear text in the request.
+
+And so that's what
+allows the server
+
+to validate that that
+message authentication
+
+code was correct.
+
+Because note that the server
+shares that key with the user.
+
+So that allows the server to
+validate that kind of stuff.
+
+So does that all make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+So in this case,
+for the content,
+
+that's probably going to be
+nothing, like the empty string.
+
+But you can imagine there's like
+a post or something like that.
+
+You'd actually have
+the data of the HTTP.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] which
+is kind of an unfortunate
+
+choice nowadays.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I
+believe that they do.
+
+So I checked the Amazon
+documentation yesterday.
+
+So I believe they do use it.
+
+But I think-- I could be wrong,
+but I think they actually
+
+use a stronger hash here.
+
+So that helps a little bit.
+
+But you're right.
+[? Indy5 ?] is not the best.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+this works.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So allow me to help
+you, hopefully,
+
+even though I'm the
+guy who confused you
+
+in the first place.
+
+So the basic idea
+is that we want
+
+to get rid of this notion of
+this persistent cookie that's
+
+always following
+the user around.
+
+Now, the problem, though,
+is that the server
+
+needs some way to identify
+which client it's talking to.
+
+So what we're going
+to do is we're
+
+going to ensure that
+each client shares
+
+a unique key with the server.
+
+And so basically, whenever
+the client sends a message
+
+to the server, the
+client is going
+
+to send the message
+before and then also send
+
+this special
+cryptographic operation,
+
+the result of this
+operation here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK. [INAUDIBLE]
+and then again, you hash it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So basically, to
+first approximation,
+
+like imagine in
+the regular world,
+
+like, this would
+be some cookie here
+
+instead of the authorization.
+
+But now we're getting rid of
+the cookie, and we're saying,
+
+here's this clear text message.
+
+And then here's
+this crypto thing,
+
+which basically allows
+the server to figure out
+
+who this thing came from.
+
+And so the server knows who
+the user is, because that's
+
+embedded in the clear.
+
+That's not a secret, right?
+
+But this basically
+allows the server
+
+to say, aha, I know which
+secret key this user
+
+should have been using
+to create this if that
+
+is, in fact, the real user.
+
+AUDIENCE: Nice.
+
+OK.
+
+Thanks.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what prevents the
+attacker from finding the key?
+
+Where is this secret key?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's a good question.
+
+So in a lot of cases,
+the client for AWS
+
+is not a browser, but some
+VM running in the cloud,
+
+for example.
+
+So you'll see sort of just
+VM and VM communication.
+
+You can also imagine,
+too, that users
+
+can sort of hand out these links
+or embed them somehow in HTML.
+
+So it's like you just have
+sort of this-- inside the HTML
+
+or JavaScript source
+code, you'd have the code
+
+to create a request like this.
+
+So that's almost like me
+giving you a capability.
+
+So if I give you
+one of these things,
+
+you can make that request
+on my behalf, basically.
+
+AUDIENCE: So would
+it be possible to use
+
+MACs on the normal
+clients [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: For a normal--
+you mean like browsers?
+
+AUDIENCE: For normal users.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I mean,
+you get into these questions
+
+like, where does
+the key live, which
+
+was [? kind of like what ?]
+he was asking.
+
+So in a certain extent, the
+issue of where the key lives
+
+is actually super,
+super important.
+
+Because if the key can be stolen
+just as easily as the cookie,
+
+well then we're sort
+of back to square one.
+
+So in many cases, this
+stuff is actually just,
+
+as I said, sort of
+server to server,
+
+like a VM to VM
+somewhere in the cloud.
+
+So the application
+developer runs
+
+a VM that sort of outsources a
+bunch of stored stuff to AWS.
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you
+think [INAUDIBLE]
+
+but isn't that kind of like
+a bad way of preventing--
+
+I mean, they have
+network latency,
+
+so it can't be like too
+fine-grained of a constraint
+
+that they're putting on.
+
+If an attacker sends the same
+request again really quickly
+
+after the user, wouldn't
+they be able to [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah, yeah.
+
+So suffice it to say that
+secure timestamping is
+
+like several
+people's PhD theses.
+
+But you're exactly right that if
+this-- just as a crude example.
+
+So imagine this just
+said, Monday, June 4.
+
+Then if, somehow, the
+attacker could get access
+
+to this entire
+thing and there was
+
+nothing that was
+different about it--
+
+so there was no [? knocks, ?]
+no random stuff like that,
+
+then that's right.
+
+Then that request
+could be [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, one thing that
+AWS actually does
+
+is you can actually
+include an expiration
+
+date in these things.
+
+So one thing you
+can actually do is
+
+add sort of an Expires
+field, essentially,
+
+have that thing be assigned.
+
+Then I can hand that reference
+to a bunch of different people.
+
+Kind of like I was saying
+in response to his question,
+
+it acts as a capability.
+
+The server can then check
+that expiration date
+
+from when it actually sees
+it and then not actually--
+
+AUDIENCE: But even if
+the expiration date
+
+is like 200 milliseconds in
+the future or something, as
+
+long as the attacker
+has [INAUDIBLE] latency,
+
+then they might
+send two [INAUDIBLE]
+
+two copies instead of one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's exactly right.
+
+So yeah, if the
+attacker can somehow--
+
+like a network
+attacker, for example,
+
+is seeing these things go over
+the wire-- and you're right.
+
+If there's enough wiggle
+room in the expiration date,
+
+then they can exactly
+do that attack.
+
+That's right.
+
+OK.
+
+So that is an overview of how
+these stateless cookies work.
+
+And so one question
+that's interesting
+
+is you might think, well,
+what does it mean to log out
+
+with this type of cookie?
+
+And the answer is that
+you don't really log out.
+
+I mean, you have this key.
+
+And so whenever you want to send
+a request, you just send it.
+
+You include this
+dude right here,
+
+and then you're ready to go.
+
+Now, one thing the server
+could do, for example,
+
+though, is revoke your key.
+
+So the server revokes your key.
+
+Then you can generate
+one of these things.
+
+But when you send the
+message over there,
+
+the server's going to say, aha,
+I know what your user ID is.
+
+You've been revoked, so I'm not
+going to honor your request.
+
+But it's a little
+bit interesting.
+
+And revocation, as we'll
+talk more about with things
+
+like SSL, is always a tricky
+issue, because as it turns out,
+
+taking authority
+away from human users
+
+is often much more difficult
+than giving it to them
+
+in the first place.
+
+So that's the basic
+idea behind these sort
+
+of stateless cookies.
+
+So there's also a
+couple other things
+
+that you can use if
+you want to avoid
+
+traditional cookies for
+implementing authentication.
+
+So one thing you
+can imagine doing
+
+is actually using DOM storage to
+hold client-side authentication
+
+information.
+
+This says "alternatives" in case
+you couldn't [? read that. ?]
+
+So one thing you could
+do is to use DOM storage
+
+to hold some of
+that session state
+
+that you would ordinarily
+put inside of a cookie.
+
+So if you remember
+from last lecture,
+
+DOM storage is essentially
+a key value interface
+
+that the browser
+provides to each origin.
+
+So you can say GET and PUT
+in both the key and eval
+
+[? strings. ?] So you could
+imagine putting authentication
+
+stuff inside there.
+
+Now, the nice thing about this
+is that DOM storage actually
+
+has much less wacky
+rules with respect
+
+to the same origin policy.
+
+So if it were
+cookies, you can do
+
+all these tricks with
+subdomains and stuff like that.
+
+It got kind of weird.
+
+DOM storage is actually strictly
+tied to a single origin.
+
+You can't do any of this
+subdomain expansion,
+
+all that kind of stuff.
+
+And so frameworks like
+Meteor use DOM storage
+
+for this very reason.
+
+But now, note that if you
+want to store authentication
+
+information in DOM
+storage, then you
+
+have to write JavaScript code
+yourself to actually pass
+
+that authentication
+information to the server
+
+to do the [? encryption ?]
+that's necessary
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So that's one
+thing you could do.
+
+Another thing you
+could do is actually
+
+use client-side certificates.
+
+So for example, like
+an x.509 format.
+
+And so what's nice
+about these certificates
+
+is that, basically, JavaScript
+has no explicit interface
+
+to access these things.
+
+So unlike cookies, where
+there's always this arms race
+
+to find these weird
+same-origin bugs,
+
+there's no explicit JavaScript
+interface for that stuff.
+
+So that's very nice from
+a security perspective.
+
+One problem that I
+mentioned very briefly
+
+that we'll look at in more
+detail in later lectures
+
+is that the
+revocation [? store ?]
+
+is kind of hard for these.
+
+So once a user leaves
+your organization,
+
+how do you take back
+their certificates?
+
+And it becomes a
+little bit tricky.
+
+Also, these things don't
+have great usability,
+
+because who wants to install
+a bunch of certificates
+
+for each site that you go to?
+
+So as a result, these things
+have a lot of friction,
+
+and these are not super
+popular except for in companies
+
+or organizations that are
+super security-conscious.
+
+All right.
+
+So that concludes our
+discussion of cookies.
+
+And so now let's talk about
+protocol vulnerabilities
+
+in the web stack.
+
+And so one kind of
+interesting attack
+
+is that there are all
+these bugs in the way
+
+that different browser
+components parse URLs,
+
+for example.
+
+So how can URL parsing
+get us into trouble?
+
+So suppose that we have a
+URL that looks like this.
+
+HTTP comes from example.com.
+
+And then it's got an explicit
+port specifies that it's 80.
+
+And then for some
+unknown reason,
+
+it embeds this @ character here.
+
+So the question is,
+well, what is the origin
+
+of this particular URL?
+
+So as it turns
+out, so Flash would
+
+say that the host name portion
+of this was example.com.
+
+However, when the
+browser would parse this,
+
+it would say that the host
+name part of the origin
+
+was actually foo.com.
+
+So this is clearly a bad
+thing, because once you
+
+have two different
+entities who are confused
+
+about the origin of
+the same resource,
+
+then you can get into all
+kinds of nasty problems.
+
+So for example,
+the Flash code can
+
+be malicious, can download
+stuff from example.com.
+
+If it was embedded in
+the page from foo.com,
+
+it could then do some
+evil things there.
+
+And it takes some
+code from example.com
+
+and run it with the
+authority of foo.com.
+
+So there's a lot of
+complex parsing rules
+
+like that that make
+life very difficult.
+
+This is a continuing theme.
+
+Like, as we just saw with
+the content sanitization--
+
+so the basic idea that
+it's oftentimes much better
+
+to have simpler parsing
+rules for this kind of stuff.
+
+It's difficult to do
+that in retrospect,
+
+though, because HTML's
+already out there.
+
+So all aboard the wam-bulance.
+
+So this next one,
+this is actually
+
+my all-time favorite
+security vulnerability.
+
+So it basically attacks
+the way that the browser
+
+[? rule 1 ?] JAR files,
+basically Java applets.
+
+So in 2007, I
+think-- yeah, 2007.
+
+So lifehacker.com--
+great website
+
+if you haven't been to it.
+
+Lifehacker.com
+basically explains
+
+how you can embed ZIP
+files inside of images.
+
+Now, it's not quite
+clear who you're trying
+
+to hide from by doing this.
+
+But Lifehacker says you
+can do it, so hurray.
+
+So basically, what they take
+advantage of is the fact
+
+that if you look at image
+formats like GIF, for example,
+
+typically, the way the
+parser works is the parser
+
+works from the top, down.
+
+So it finds information
+in the header.
+
+And then it sort of computes
+on the rest of the bits here.
+
+Now, what was interesting
+is that, as it turns out,
+
+programs which manipulate
+ZIP files typically
+
+work from the bottom up.
+
+So they find some information
+in the footer of the file.
+
+Then they work up to try to
+extract what's inside of it.
+
+So what Lifehacker
+basically said
+
+is that if you wanted to
+hide a ZIP file on a merger
+
+or something like this, then you
+could actually post a GIF there
+
+that has this ZIP file here.
+
+It will pass all the validation
+checks on Flickr or whatever
+
+as an image.
+
+It will actually display as
+an image in your browser.
+
+Aha, but only you
+know the hidden truth,
+
+that if you take this file
+here, you can pass it to unzip,
+
+and it will unzip [INAUDIBLE]
+information there.
+
+OK, fine, this seems like it's
+sort of like a cheap parlor
+
+trick.
+
+OK, that's nice.
+
+Now, attackers, of
+course, never sleep,
+
+and they want to ruin our life.
+
+So what did they realize?
+
+They realize that JAR files
+are basically derivatives
+
+of the .ZIP format.
+
+So this meant that
+you could actually
+
+create a GIF or
+an image that had
+
+a JAR file, executable
+JavaScript code,
+
+at the bottom of it.
+
+So then people
+called this attack--
+
+they called it the GIFAR attack.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Half GIF, half JAR, all evil.
+
+Because this was amazing.
+
+And so what did this
+mean that you could do?
+
+Well, it's actually
+quite subtle.
+
+Because people first
+discovered this,
+
+they thought it was amazing,
+but they didn't quite
+
+know how to exploit it.
+
+But as it turns out, you can
+do things like the following.
+
+So first of all, how do you
+make one of these things?
+
+You just use CAD.
+
+There is literally
+no [? trickeration ?]
+
+that you have to do.
+
+Take this, take
+this, you CAD it.
+
+Boom, you've got a GIF/JAR.
+
+So once you have
+that, what can you do?
+
+Well, there are
+some sensitive sites
+
+that will allow
+users to submit data,
+
+but not arbitrary types of data.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE]
+Flickr or something
+
+like that, it may not allow
+you to submit arbitrary ActiveX
+
+or whatever, arbitrary HTML.
+
+But it will allow
+you to submit images.
+
+So what you could do is
+construct one of these things,
+
+submit it to one of these
+sensitive sites that does
+
+allow you to submit images.
+
+And then what can you do?
+
+Well, the next thing you
+need to do is-- so yes,
+
+the first thing you do is you
+submit one of these things
+
+to the sensitive [? cycle. ?]
+
+And then the next
+thing that you can do
+
+is if you have an
+XSS attack, if you
+
+have a cross-site
+vulnerability, then
+
+you can use the cross-site
+scripting to inject something
+
+like this.
+
+And due to poor
+board management,
+
+I will draw this over here.
+
+So you can inject an applet,
+write JavaScript code that has,
+
+as its sort of source,
+you just say, cats.gif.
+
+And so what's
+interesting about this
+
+is that this code, because we're
+using a cross-site scripting
+
+vulnerability, runs in the
+context of the vulnerable site.
+
+This has been uploaded to
+the vulnerable site's origin.
+
+So this will pass
+the same origin test.
+
+But however, this code was
+specified by the attacker.
+
+So now what happens
+is that the attacker
+
+gets to run that Java applet
+in the context of the victim's
+
+site with all the
+authority of that origin
+
+even though the GIFAR passed
+the vulnerable site's image
+
+validation code.
+
+Because one of these
+things will actually
+
+parse correctly as a GIF.
+
+But it has this
+hidden code in here.
+
+And so [INAUDIBLE]
+when the browser tries
+
+to execute the JAR
+part of it, once again,
+
+it starts from the
+bottom, comes up here,
+
+and just ignores that part.
+
+So this is actually
+pretty amazing.
+
+And so there's some fairly
+straightforward ways
+
+you can fix something like this.
+
+So for example, you can actually
+have the applet loader actually
+
+understand that there should
+not be random junk up here,
+
+for example.
+
+What was happening in many cases
+is that there was information
+
+in the metadata saying, here's
+the length of this resource.
+
+And then if it said, the
+length, it stops here,
+
+they would just say, who
+cares what's the rest.
+
+It's probably zero.
+
+But in this case, it wasn't.
+
+What I love about
+this is that it really
+
+shows how wide the software
+stack is for the web.
+
+So sort of taking these two
+formats, GIF and then JAR,
+
+we can actually create
+this really nasty attack.
+
+You can actually do
+this for PDFs, too.
+
+You can put PDFs here.
+
+I think that was called,
+like, the [? PDFR ?]
+
+attack or something like this.
+
+So people had a field
+day with this for a day.
+
+These vulnerabilities
+have been closed now.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what can
+you do with this attack
+
+that you can't do
+with [INAUDIBLE]
+
+XSS or your own [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's
+nice-- yeah, yeah.
+
+So good question.
+
+So what's nice about this
+is that Java oftentimes
+
+can be more powerful than just
+running regular JavaScript,
+
+because it has slightly
+different rules on,
+
+[? same origin ?] policy
+and stuff like that.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] get more
+lower-level access
+
+to the file systems
+or things like that.
+
+But you're right, that if you
+can do cross-site scripting,
+
+running JavaScript's
+already pretty damaging.
+
+But the main advantage
+of this is, once again,
+
+running inside the applet.
+
+All right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So like I said, that's my
+favorite attack of all time,
+
+mainly just because it forced
+serious-minded security
+
+individuals to say
+GIFAR all the time.
+
+So if you're easily
+amused, like myself, then
+
+this was a bonanza for you.
+
+So another thing
+that's interesting
+
+is that there are
+actually attacks
+
+that are based on a time.
+
+So you might not think of
+time as a resource which
+
+could be a vector for attacks.
+
+But as I was discussing with
+someone a few minutes ago,
+
+yeah, time can actually be a way
+that a system can be exploited.
+
+And so these attacks are
+called-- the particular attack
+
+I'm going to talk
+to you about is
+
+a specific example of a
+covert channel attack.
+
+And so the idea behind
+the covert channel attack
+
+is that, essentially,
+the attacker
+
+has found some way
+for two applications
+
+to exchange information.
+
+And that exchange vector is
+not an officially sanctioned
+
+vector.
+
+The attacker is somehow
+leveraging some other part
+
+of the system to pass
+bits of information
+
+between two different entities.
+
+So a good example of
+some of this stuff
+
+is something called
+CSS-based sniffing attacks.
+
+So what is this
+attack all about?
+
+So attacker has a website
+that the user can visit.
+
+And once again, getting
+a user to visit a website
+
+is actually usually
+pretty straightforward.
+
+You create ads.
+
+You send them a phishing
+email, whatever.
+
+So the attacker has a
+website that the user visits.
+
+And the goal of the
+attacker is to learn
+
+what other websites
+the user has visited.
+
+And the attacker might want to
+know this for several reasons.
+
+Maybe they're trying to figure
+out what kinds of search terms
+
+the user's looking for.
+
+Maybe they're
+trying to figure out
+
+where that person's
+employed, or maybe they
+
+want to know if they've
+accessed some type
+
+of embarrassing material,
+so on and so forth.
+
+So how is the
+attacker going to do
+
+that if the only thing
+that the attacker controls
+
+is a website that he or she
+can convince the user to visit?
+
+Well, the exploit is to
+leverage link colors.
+
+So you know like when
+you go to a web page
+
+and you click on a link, the
+next time you see that link,
+
+it is now a different color.
+
+So zoinks, that's actually
+a security vulnerability.
+
+Because what that means is
+that in this attacker website,
+
+if the attacker can trick
+you into visiting it,
+
+then the attacker can generate
+a huge list of candidate URLs
+
+that you might have
+visited and then
+
+use JavaScript to see
+what color those URLs are.
+
+And if the URL color
+is purple, that means,
+
+aha, you have visited that site.
+
+So this was very subtle.
+
+And what's
+interesting about this
+
+is that you don't even have to
+display the URLs in many cases
+
+to the user.
+
+You can just sort of
+conjure up a domino that
+
+has a particular href and
+just look at its style,
+
+and then see if it has
+the visited color or not.
+
+So this is actually
+pretty subtle.
+
+So you might be
+thinking, well, isn't
+
+it going to be inefficient
+to scan through all
+
+these candidate URLs?
+
+We can do all kinds of
+clever optimizations.
+
+So for example, you can
+have multiple passes.
+
+In your first pass,
+you could only
+
+see if the user had
+visited top-level URLs--
+
+cnn.com, Facebook.com,
+so on and so forth.
+
+If the answer is
+yes, you can then
+
+do sort of a depth-first
+search on those hits
+
+that you found at the top level.
+
+So you can actually
+really constrain
+
+the search space this way.
+
+So this was really,
+really funny, too,
+
+if you have a demented
+sense of humor,
+
+because it showed that
+this very innocuous feature
+
+that browsers support-- they're
+just trying to help you out.
+
+They're trying to
+say, hey, buddy,
+
+here's where you visited.
+
+It can actually reveal this
+very damaging information.
+
+So what is a solution for this?
+
+So in practice, what the
+browser [? runners ?] did
+
+is that they made it such that
+the browser lies to JavaScript
+
+about the color of links.
+
+So basically, when JavaScript
+tries to look at the link
+
+and look at its styling, the
+browser always says, unvisited.
+
+OK.
+
+So that seems
+somewhat unfortunate,
+
+but it prevents this attack.
+
+So I guess we can live with it.
+
+JavaScript not being able
+to read link colors, eh, not
+
+the end of the world.
+
+So are we done, though?
+
+Does this fix the
+problem of the attacker
+
+being able to figure
+out where you've been?
+
+The answer, of course, is no.
+
+So the next attack that
+the attacker can do
+
+is a cache-based attack.
+
+And so the intuition here is
+that, once again, the goals
+
+are the same.
+
+Attacker wants to know
+what sites you visited.
+
+The exploit vector
+is that information
+
+that has been cached
+is quicker to access.
+
+That, in fact, is the whole
+reason why you cache it
+
+in the first place.
+
+So once again, the
+attacker can generate
+
+a list of candidate objects
+that the attacker thinks
+
+you might have visited
+and then just time
+
+how quickly those objects
+come back to the attacker.
+
+And so if the objects
+come back quickly,
+
+you know [? you need some ?]
+threshold,
+
+the attacker can guess
+that you, in fact, have
+
+been to those objects before.
+
+So does that make sense?
+
+Once again, the browser's
+just trying to help you out.
+
+But you can leverage these
+techniques to figure out
+
+some evil knowledge.
+
+And what's
+interesting about this
+
+is that this attack
+can actually leverage
+
+some very interesting
+geographic location information.
+
+So imagine that we're doing
+attacks on Google Map tiles,
+
+for example.
+
+So if I detect that
+you've actually
+
+accessed a series
+of Google Map tiles,
+
+that probably means you
+are either in that place
+
+or you're interested
+in other people who
+
+might be in that place.
+
+So it's actually a
+pretty powerful attack.
+
+So OK.
+
+So how can you fix this one?
+
+Well, this one is
+not quite clear.
+
+You could have a site that
+doesn't cache anything at all.
+
+And then your site's
+going to be slow.
+
+So that kind of sucks.
+
+So it's not quite clear
+how you get around this.
+
+But OK.
+
+Let's suppose that we have the
+defense we put in place here--
+
+JavaScript can't
+read link colors.
+
+Let's assume that
+the site is super
+
+paranoid it caches nothing.
+
+So have we completely defended
+ourselves against this attack?
+
+One second.
+
+So the answer is no.
+
+Because the attacker can
+actually launch DNS-based
+
+attacks.
+
+So the intuition is that even if
+you don't cache anything, when
+
+you access a resource
+for the first time,
+
+you have to generate a DNS
+request for the hosting that's
+
+associated with that resource.
+
+So once again, the
+attacker can look in time
+
+and see how long it
+takes for the attacker
+
+to access these candidate
+objects the attacker thinks
+
+you may have accessed.
+
+And if they come back
+quickly, then that's
+
+perhaps a good hint that
+you've resulted the DNS
+
+name for that host before.
+
+And so this works even if
+you don't cache anything,
+
+because the DNS cache lives with
+the OS, not with the browser.
+
+AUDIENCE: You've mentioned, I
+think last class, the ability
+
+to get JavaScript
+to take screenshots.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So can you just
+render the [? link ?]
+
+as a single pixel, and
+then take a screenshot,
+
+and [INAUDIBLE] that pixel?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Well-- so you could.
+
+So rendering stuff is
+always a little bit tricky,
+
+because you have to
+play these games.
+
+If you want to show
+something to the user,
+
+it has to flash really quickly.
+
+Or else they might see
+that someone's entering
+
+this huge list of URLs.
+
+But you're right.
+
+If you have access to
+the screen-sharing API,
+
+a lot of this becomes
+a lot simpler.
+
+AUDIENCE: And if you just have
+some kind of animated image
+
+that looks mostly
+random, then you just
+
+pay attention to
+one pixel of it?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're exactly right.
+
+I mean, in general, I think
+the screen-sharing API is
+
+a bad idea.
+
+I'm not the president of
+the world, so what can I do?
+
+So anyways, so DNS-based
+attacks work even if there
+
+is no caching that takes place.
+
+OK.
+
+So as the final
+piece de resistance,
+
+so you might think, OK, what
+if we only use raw IP addresses
+
+for all of our host names?
+
+We don't cache a thing!
+
+OK?
+
+And we're running on an updated
+browser that doesn't expose
+
+link colors to JavaScript.
+
+So surely we're fine.
+
+I'm here to tell you
+you are not fine.
+
+Because what the
+attacker can actually do
+
+is take advantage of
+rendering attacks.
+
+So the basic idea here is
+that it is typically faster
+
+to render a URL that
+you have visited
+
+before for various
+wacky reasons that
+
+have to deal with how
+browsers [INAUDIBLE] rendering
+
+[INAUDIBLE] internal.
+
+And so what the attacker
+can do is actually
+
+create a candidate iframe, let's
+say, puts some content in there
+
+that the attacker thinks you
+may have visited, and then
+
+constantly see if the attacker
+loses access to that iframe.
+
+Because as that
+iframe is loading,
+
+the browser typically
+thinks that iframe
+
+belongs to the attacker's page.
+
+And then as soon as that
+different origin content
+
+comes in, then you'll start
+getting these access errors.
+
+Because now that different
+origin [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So now the attacker
+can't touch anymore.
+
+So the attacker can do
+things like this still
+
+to see if there's caching,
+rendering information
+
+[INAUDIBLE] browser for
+these candidate sites.
+
+So anyways, so those are
+the only hopes and dreams
+
+I want to crush in you today.
+
+I believe we're
+running out of time.
+
+But I will see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X9xv3ISHN7M.txt b/X9xv3ISHN7M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ae35e82c8bedc19ccd37d5c39afdafad2a46907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X9xv3ISHN7M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is anna yvonne moyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is anna yvonne moyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is anna yvonne moyo
+i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am
+currently acting executive director at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently acting executive director at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently acting executive director at
+the center for the study of violence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for the study of violence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for the study of violence and
+reconciliation csvr in short based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation csvr in short based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation csvr in short based in
+johannesburg south africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johannesburg south africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johannesburg south africa
+i am a transitional justice expert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a transitional justice expert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a transitional justice expert and
+have worked extensively on the african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked extensively on the african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked extensively on the african
+continent on transitional justice issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent on transitional justice issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent on transitional justice issues
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+addressing colonial era legacies through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing colonial era legacies through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing colonial era legacies through
+transitional justice addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice addressing
+socio-economic issues through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic issues through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic issues through
+transitional justice but also addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice but also addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice but also addressing
+some of the current and imaging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the current and imaging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the current and imaging uh
+challenges and issues in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and issues in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and issues in practice
+through transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice
+thank you so much for taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for taking the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for taking the time
+today to discuss with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to discuss with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to discuss with us
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe before we start with uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before we start with uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before we start with uh with the
+with the main topic could you tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the main topic could you tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the main topic could you tell us
+what is transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is transitional justice
+i'm sure there are a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure there are a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure there are a lot of people who
+don't know what this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this term
+means uh transitional justice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh transitional justice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh transitional justice uh
+basically refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically refers to
+a set of measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of measures
+that include truth uh reparations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that include truth uh reparations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that include truth uh reparations um
+justice and accountability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and accountability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and accountability and
+guarantees of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees of non
+recurrence of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence of conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence of conflict
+that are aimed at addressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are aimed at addressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are aimed at addressing the
+consequences of conflict consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of conflict consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of conflict consequences of
+authoritarian rule and other incidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian rule and other incidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian rule and other incidents
+that bring about across human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring about across human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring about across human rights
+violations uh and other human rights uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations uh and other human rights uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations uh and other human rights uh
+violations and crimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations and crimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations and crimes
+a particular setting be it a society a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular setting be it a society a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular setting be it a society a
+nation a country or a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation a country or a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation a country or a region
+that is the the simpler definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the the simpler definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the the simpler definition of
+transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice
+on the african continent for instance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the african continent for instance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the african continent for instance we
+have expanded this definition to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expanded this definition to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expanded this definition to really
+also include specific tenets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also include specific tenets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also include specific tenets of
+transformation or transformative justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or transformative justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or transformative justice
+so to speak so we are looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak so we are looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak so we are looking at these
+measures uh uh including uh formal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh uh including uh formal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh uh including uh formal and
+non-formal measures or mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-formal measures or mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-formal measures or mechanisms
+also including traditional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also including traditional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also including traditional justice
+mechanisms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to
+implemented or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented or
+implemented to the ground together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented to the ground together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented to the ground together with
+um formal justice mechanisms to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formal justice mechanisms to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formal justice mechanisms to address
+consequences of violence consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of violence consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of violence consequences of
+some of the tendencies and incidents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tendencies and incidents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tendencies and incidents in
+africa including legacies of africa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa including legacies of africa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa including legacies of africa's
+brutal past uh to ensure that we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutal past uh to ensure that we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutal past uh to ensure that we move
+away from uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from uh that
+history of brutalization and violations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of brutalization and violations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of brutalization and violations
+to economic transformation developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economic transformation developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economic transformation developmental
+justice and transformative justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and transformative justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and transformative justice
+and have you used that framework in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you used that framework in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you used that framework in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in the context of csvr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of csvr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of csvr
+to tackle the i mean colonial crimes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle the i mean colonial crimes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle the i mean colonial crimes or
+the legacies of colonialism on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacies of colonialism on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacies of colonialism on the
+continent or if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent or if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent or if uh
+somewhere else in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the world
+indeed lillian we are using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed lillian we are using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed lillian we are using that
+framework to address a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to address a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to address a number of
+occurrences on the continent if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences on the continent if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences on the continent if you look
+at a number of countries on the african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a number of countries on the african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a number of countries on the african
+continent some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent some of the
+conflicts that we're experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts that we're experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts that we're experiencing
+currently really stem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently really stem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently really stem from
+some of the unresolved issues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the unresolved issues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the unresolved issues of the
+past the colonial irreligious issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the colonial irreligious issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the colonial irreligious issues of
+land in africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in africa
+that has not yet um been redistributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not yet um been redistributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not yet um been redistributed
+for instance from the colonial from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance from the colonial from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance from the colonial from the
+colonial uh um era owners for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial uh um era owners for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial uh um era owners for instance
+is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the
+the root causes of conflict in africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root causes of conflict in africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root causes of conflict in africa
+issues of access to resources access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of access to resources access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of access to resources access to
+opportunities for instance access for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for instance access for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for instance access for
+instance to development in africa still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to development in africa still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to development in africa still
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+is an unresolved issue of the past so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unresolved issue of the past so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unresolved issue of the past so we
+are using this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using this framework
+of addressing the unresolved issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of addressing the unresolved issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of addressing the unresolved issues of
+the past and the colonial era legacies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and the colonial era legacies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and the colonial era legacies
+through transitional justice to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice to ensure
+that we deal with issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we deal with issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we deal with issues of
+redistributed justice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed justice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed justice through
+transitional justice we deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice we deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice we deal with the
+issues for instance of addressing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for instance of addressing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for instance of addressing some
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+past issues for instance the high levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past issues for instance the high levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past issues for instance the high levels
+of inequality in a number of african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality in a number of african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality in a number of african
+countries really stem from africa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries really stem from africa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries really stem from africa's
+unequal past when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal past when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal past when it comes to
+the rights the access and opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights the access and opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights the access and opportunities
+that are available for citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for citizens
+vis-a-vis those available for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vis-a-vis those available for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vis-a-vis those available for instance
+for colonial uh masters or colonial era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for colonial uh masters or colonial era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for colonial uh masters or colonial era
+owners for instance those who colonized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners for instance those who colonized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners for instance those who colonized
+africa in the past so we we have um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa in the past so we we have um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa in the past so we we have um in
+africa where our colonial era owners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa where our colonial era owners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa where our colonial era owners or
+colonial era masters live alongside um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era masters live alongside um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era masters live alongside um
+the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority
+of africans who are poor who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of africans who are poor who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of africans who are poor who are
+uh excluded from the mainstream economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excluded from the mainstream economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excluded from the mainstream economic
+activity because of the segregation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity because of the segregation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity because of the segregation and
+the exclusionary laws during colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusionary laws during colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusionary laws during colonial
+era so how do we address some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era so how do we address some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era so how do we address some of those
+issues we really need to rethink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we really need to rethink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we really need to rethink and
+re-look um at some of the issues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-look um at some of the issues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-look um at some of the issues for
+instance the inequalities brought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the inequalities brought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the inequalities brought about
+by colonialism in africa addressing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by colonialism in africa addressing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by colonialism in africa addressing them
+as some of the root causes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some of the root causes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some of the root causes of the
+current conflicts that we experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current conflicts that we experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current conflicts that we experience in
+africa some of the tensions we see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa some of the tensions we see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa some of the tensions we see in a
+number of countries for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries for instance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries for instance uh
+really need us to adopt that lens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need us to adopt that lens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need us to adopt that lens of
+addressing some of these issues through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of these issues through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of these issues through
+transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice
+and addressing them from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addressing them from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addressing them from a
+redistributive justice lens that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive justice lens that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributive justice lens that is one
+of the elements are enshrined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements are enshrined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements are enshrined in the
+african union transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african union transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african union transitional justice
+policy as an element or a pillar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy as an element or a pillar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy as an element or a pillar of
+transitional justice to address some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice to address some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice to address some of
+these issues coming from africa's brutal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues coming from africa's brutal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues coming from africa's brutal
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+can you give us uh concrete examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us uh concrete examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us uh concrete examples of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of how i mean how you are you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how i mean how you are you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how i mean how you are you are
+mobilizing this framework with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing this framework with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing this framework with uh
+specific countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific countries
+certainly um some countries for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly um some countries for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly um some countries for instance
+like namibia currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like namibia currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like namibia currently
+are undertaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undertaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undertaking
+an audit around the land reform agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit around the land reform agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audit around the land reform agenda
+for instance so we are coming in saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance so we are coming in saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance so we are coming in saying
+there is a need to use transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a need to use transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a need to use transitional
+justice lens to that discussion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice lens to that discussion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice lens to that discussion it
+cannot be simply um a matter of uh land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be simply um a matter of uh land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be simply um a matter of uh land
+expropriation it has to be it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation it has to be it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation it has to be it has to be
+an issue that is looped or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that is looped or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that is looped or
+from a transitional justice lens through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a transitional justice lens through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a transitional justice lens through
+risk uh redistributive justice that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh redistributive justice that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh redistributive justice that i
+spoke about how does it look like from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about how does it look like from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about how does it look like from a
+transitional justice lens how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice lens how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice lens how do we
+address this as an issue of the past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this as an issue of the past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this as an issue of the past the
+unresolved past the colonial era legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved past the colonial era legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved past the colonial era legacy
+in namibia for instance that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in namibia for instance that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in namibia for instance that for
+instance is causing tensions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is causing tensions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is causing tensions in the
+current uh in the current uh governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh in the current uh governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uh in the current uh governance
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in in namibia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in namibia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in namibia so
+having a transitional justice lens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a transitional justice lens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a transitional justice lens then
+will ensure that we look at land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ensure that we look at land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ensure that we look at land
+ownership issues and look at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership issues and look at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership issues and look at for
+instance who were the original owners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance who were the original owners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance who were the original owners of
+the land prior before colonial colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land prior before colonial colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land prior before colonial colonial
+colonization and seeking then to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization and seeking then to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization and seeking then to at
+least redistribute land equally evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least redistribute land equally evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least redistribute land equally evenly
+amongst the populace of namibia so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the populace of namibia so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the populace of namibia so a
+transitional justice look then forces us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice look then forces us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice look then forces us
+not only to look at it from an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to look at it from an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to look at it from an economic
+point of view or from a land ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or from a land ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or from a land ownership
+point of view but to really look at who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view but to really look at who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view but to really look at who
+are the owners in some instances colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the owners in some instances colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the owners in some instances colon
+communal lands are belonging to ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal lands are belonging to ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal lands are belonging to ethnic
+groups was taken so some of it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups was taken so some of it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups was taken so some of it really
+will require that we redistribute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require that we redistribute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require that we redistribute that
+land to the original owners and ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land to the original owners and ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land to the original owners and ensure
+that that ownership um of the land to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ownership um of the land to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ownership um of the land to
+the original sectors is retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original sectors is retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original sectors is retained
+but at the same time addressing the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time addressing the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time addressing the high
+levels of inequality in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of inequality in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of inequality in the country
+through transitional justice so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transitional justice so with
+transitional justice we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice we are looking at
+addressing or redressing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing or redressing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing or redressing some of the
+wrongs the the colonial inner wrongs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongs the the colonial inner wrongs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongs the the colonial inner wrongs at
+the same time ensuring that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time ensuring that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time ensuring that we are
+transforming and developing the lives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming and developing the lives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming and developing the lives of
+namibians currently in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namibians currently in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namibians currently in the current
+dispensation ensuring that issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispensation ensuring that issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispensation ensuring that issues of
+equity equitable redistribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity equitable redistribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity equitable redistribution of
+resources of land and opportunities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources of land and opportunities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources of land and opportunities uh
+for agriculture for economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agriculture for economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for agriculture for economic development
+and economic empowerment are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic empowerment are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic empowerment are distributed
+evenly across races across um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly across races across um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly across races across um
+ethnic groups ethnicity and across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic groups ethnicity and across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic groups ethnicity and across the
+population the whole population and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the whole population and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the whole population and the
+people of namibia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of namibia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of namibia
+thank you very much and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and um
+uh i guess it's very uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess it's very uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess it's very uh it's very
+obvious when you are on a continent when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious when you are on a continent when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious when you are on a continent when
+you can see on uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on uh uh
+every day like the different uh ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day like the different uh ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day like the different uh ways in
+which colonialism is still present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colonialism is still present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colonialism is still present and
+its legacies is still structuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its legacies is still structuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its legacies is still structuring the
+lives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of
+of the population but what about uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population but what about uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population but what about uh do
+you think that we are this framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that we are this framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that we are this framework of
+transitional justice could be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice could be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice could be useful
+in tackling the legacies of colonialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tackling the legacies of colonialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tackling the legacies of colonialism
+in the in the global north where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the global north where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the global north where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe uh states uh like here in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh states uh like here in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh states uh like here in uh in
+belgium could be inclined to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belgium could be inclined to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belgium could be inclined to say
+it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that
+which happened in the past and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happened in the past and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happened in the past and which is
+far not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far not
+that which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is not
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which is uh which which belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which which belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which which belongs to the
+past it's not the present anymore so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it's not the present anymore so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it's not the present anymore so how
+uh first of all do you think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all do you think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all do you think it's it's
+relevant it could be useful and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it could be useful and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it could be useful and uh
+and how could it be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could it be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could it be done
+thank you lillian for that question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you lillian for that question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you lillian for that question um
+issues of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the past
+um can never really be buried with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can never really be buried with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can never really be buried with the
+past which is what for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which is what for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past which is what for instance
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+uh uh former colonial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh former colonial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh former colonial um
+countries will be pushing for to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries will be pushing for to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries will be pushing for to say
+it's in the past let's let bygones be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the past let's let bygones be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the past let's let bygones be
+bygones let's move forward but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bygones let's move forward but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bygones let's move forward but really
+the past at least in the african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past at least in the african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past at least in the african
+continent continues to haunt the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent continues to haunt the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent continues to haunt the present
+and it also uh threatens the future for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also uh threatens the future for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also uh threatens the future for
+instance because some of those legacies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance because some of those legacies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance because some of those legacies
+continue to become to to manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to become to to manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to become to to manifest
+themselves as root causes of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as root causes of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as root causes of current
+conflicts and current manifestations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and current manifestations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and current manifestations are
+of tensions that lead to conflict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tensions that lead to conflict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tensions that lead to conflict that
+can easily lead to gross human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily lead to gross human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily lead to gross human rights
+violations so definitely we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations so definitely we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations so definitely we need to
+revisit the past if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the past if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the past if you look at a
+country uh like germany for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh like germany for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh like germany for instance in
+20 2018 germany developed a transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 2018 germany developed a transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 2018 germany developed a transitional
+justice strategy to deal with the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice strategy to deal with the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice strategy to deal with the past
+uh especially in the african countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially in the african countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially in the african countries
+that were former colonies um of germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were former colonies um of germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were former colonies um of germany
+again this was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was um
+an acknowledgement by germany uh to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement by germany uh to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement by germany uh to um
+of the fact that we cannot really bury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we cannot really bury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we cannot really bury
+the past the past is very much present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past the past is very much present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past the past is very much present
+the only way we can move forward um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we can move forward um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way we can move forward um and
+really begin the development um begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really begin the development um begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really begin the development um begin to
+give developmental aid to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give developmental aid to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give developmental aid to some of these
+countries is really by first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries is really by first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries is really by first and
+foremost addressing the past because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost addressing the past because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost addressing the past because um
+even though we may say we are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we may say we are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we may say we are moving
+forward collectively but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward collectively but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward collectively but the very
+communities the ethnic groups that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the ethnic groups that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the ethnic groups that were
+affected by genocide gross human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by genocide gross human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by genocide gross human rights
+violations uh slavery and many other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations uh slavery and many other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations uh slavery and many other uh
+uh international crimes that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh international crimes that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh international crimes that happened
+during the colonial era are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the colonial era are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the colonial era are very much
+wounded uh they are still uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded uh they are still uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded uh they are still uh uh
+wounded um the past is not in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded um the past is not in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wounded um the past is not in the past
+but still very much alive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still very much alive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still very much alive the
+experiences have been passed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences have been passed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences have been passed on
+through generations through narration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through generations through narration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through generations through narration
+oral history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral history
+you name it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it so
+communities are aware of what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are aware of what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are aware of what happened
+and therefore when nothing is being seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore when nothing is being seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore when nothing is being seen
+to be done to address or redress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done to address or redress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done to address or redress
+colonial era wrongs or legacies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era wrongs or legacies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era wrongs or legacies or
+crimes then this fuels tensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes then this fuels tensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes then this fuels tensions
+amongst those communities especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst those communities especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst those communities especially
+where the very same colonial era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the very same colonial era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the very same colonial era
+masters come in the name of providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters come in the name of providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters come in the name of providing
+aid providing support and developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid providing support and developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid providing support and developmental
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and economic uh support to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic uh support to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic uh support to the very
+countries that they um they previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that they um they previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that they um they previously
+committed atrocities and and wrong stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed atrocities and and wrong stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed atrocities and and wrong stone
+so that easily fuels that tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that easily fuels that tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that easily fuels that tension
+especially when now you look at um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when now you look at um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when now you look at um other
+uh tensions for instance and other fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tensions for instance and other fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tensions for instance and other fault
+lines of ethnicity fault lines of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of ethnicity fault lines of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of ethnicity fault lines of uh
+political party um and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political party um and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political party um and and and and
+association amongst others so in as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association amongst others so in as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association amongst others so in as much
+as a particular president in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particular president in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particular president in the in the
+global south may accept that aid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global south may accept that aid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global south may accept that aid but
+those who are aggrieved or those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are aggrieved or those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are aggrieved or those who are
+affected if they belong to the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if they belong to the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if they belong to the opposite
+ethnic group for instance this tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic group for instance this tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic group for instance this tends to
+fuel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh
+tensions amongst community members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions amongst community members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions amongst community members and
+we have seen some of these tensions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen some of these tensions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen some of these tensions are
+becoming full-blown conflict or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming full-blown conflict or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming full-blown conflict or
+full-blown um wars in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown um wars in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown um wars in some of the
+countries in africa look at anguilla for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in africa look at anguilla for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in africa look at anguilla for
+instance look at countries um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance look at countries um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance look at countries um for
+instance um that are still now battling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um that are still now battling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um that are still now battling
+with a lot of um with a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of um with a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of um with a lot of uh
+instability like gimme did that just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability like gimme did that just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability like gimme did that just hit
+a coup recently so these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coup recently so these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coup recently so these are some of the
+fault lines that usually when we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault lines that usually when we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault lines that usually when we don't
+address the past then the past continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the past then the past continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the past then the past continues
+to want the present and it threatens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want the present and it threatens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want the present and it threatens the
+stability of the future and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the future and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the future and the the
+sustainable peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peace
+that we try to build for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to build for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to build for future
+generations so there is a need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so there is a need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so there is a need to
+address the past in order to secure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the past in order to secure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the past in order to secure the
+present and um uh secure again a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and um uh secure again a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and um uh secure again a future
+that is free of violence and also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of violence and also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of violence and also that
+um is a transformational and leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a transformational and leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a transformational and leads to
+sustainable peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peace
+so what i would say uh for instance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i would say uh for instance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i would say uh for instance for
+countries in the global north uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the global north uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the global north uh
+especially european countries um europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially european countries um europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially european countries um europe
+for instance developed a transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance developed a transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance developed a transitional
+justice policy but what is a big gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice policy but what is a big gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice policy but what is a big gap in
+this policy is addressing issues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy is addressing issues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy is addressing issues of the
+past so we are having a policy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so we are having a policy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so we are having a policy in the
+european union that focuses on current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european union that focuses on current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european union that focuses on current
+and future uh conflicts without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future uh conflicts without really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future uh conflicts without really
+addressing issues of the past that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing issues of the past that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing issues of the past that in
+itself um is a big gap because we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um is a big gap because we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um is a big gap because we cannot
+dissociate the past and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate the past and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate the past and the current
+occurrences of conflict in many african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of conflict in many african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of conflict in many african
+countries uh from the colonial era rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh from the colonial era rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh from the colonial era rome
+so there is a need for a holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a need for a holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a need for a holistic
+approach to addressing uh conflicts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to addressing uh conflicts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to addressing uh conflicts in
+africa that really got back to the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa that really got back to the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa that really got back to the past
+the the colonial era wrongs the colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the colonial era wrongs the colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the colonial era wrongs the colonial
+era legacies that have been unresolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era legacies that have been unresolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era legacies that have been unresolved
+until now and starting from there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now and starting from there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now and starting from there in
+order to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to build
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+culture of non-impunity for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of non-impunity for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of non-impunity for those who
+committed those wrongs at the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed those wrongs at the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed those wrongs at the time but
+also for future uh uh perpetrators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for future uh uh perpetrators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for future uh uh perpetrators of
+these crimes in the future whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crimes in the future whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crimes in the future whether
+they're africans or non-africans and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're africans or non-africans and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're africans or non-africans and we
+are seeing a lot of proliferation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing a lot of proliferation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing a lot of proliferation for
+instance of guns coming from uh europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of guns coming from uh europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of guns coming from uh europe
+coming from um the the global north for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from um the the global north for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from um the the global north for
+instance so even the current um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so even the current um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so even the current um uh
+conflicts for instance do have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts for instance do have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts for instance do have um a
+starting point they do have instigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point they do have instigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point they do have instigators
+and fuelers so the role of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuelers so the role of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fuelers so the role of the global
+north uh can never really be um uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh can never really be um uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north uh can never really be um uh uh um
+uh overlooked in the current conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overlooked in the current conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overlooked in the current conflicts
+and addressing some of these really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addressing some of these really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and addressing some of these really has
+to go back to the history go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the history go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to the history go back to the
+colonial era rooms that were committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era rooms that were committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial era rooms that were committed
+and start addressing them are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start addressing them are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start addressing them are coming
+from the past coming to the present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past coming to the present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past coming to the present and
+then um seeking also to secure and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um seeking also to secure and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um seeking also to secure and build
+a transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformative
+sustainable peaceful future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peaceful future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable peaceful future
+um before uh thank you very much it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before uh thank you very much it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before uh thank you very much it's um
+it's fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fascinating
+i was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was uh
+before we started this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we started this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we started this uh
+this recording we were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording we were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording we were talking about the
+uh the technical nightmares uh technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the technical nightmares uh technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the technical nightmares uh technical
+nightmare uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare uh
+when we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we um
+that is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh uh
+uh that we uh we face when we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we uh we face when we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we uh we face when we bring
+those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of
+uh crimes the colonial crimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crimes the colonial crimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crimes the colonial crimes
+into uh uh courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh uh courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh uh courts
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so do you do we have what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do we have what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you do we have what are the
+constraints of using of using the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of using of using the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of using of using the uh
+transitional justice framework because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice framework because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice framework because
+as you are you have said with our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are you have said with our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are you have said with our uh
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+uh advantages related to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages related to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages related to the fact that
+we can go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go uh
+we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+tackle the roots of conflict so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the roots of conflict so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the roots of conflict so i think
+in terms of prescription we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of prescription we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of prescription we have more
+advantages maybe you can develop on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages maybe you can develop on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages maybe you can develop on that
+point but what are the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but what are the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but what are the constraints
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we
+to what extent is it really the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is it really the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is it really the way to
+which people have to frame or to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people have to frame or to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people have to frame or to uh
+shape uh their struggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you lillian for that question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you lillian for that question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you lillian for that question um
+indeed um i have alluded to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um i have alluded to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um i have alluded to some of the
+the advantages and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages and some of the
+the opportunities for transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities for transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities for transitional
+justice to address this one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice to address this one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice to address this one of their
+biggest opportunities i think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest opportunities i think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest opportunities i think just
+before i go into the constraints one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i go into the constraints one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i go into the constraints one of
+the opportunities of transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities of transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities of transitional
+justice is that there is a recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is that there is a recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is that there is a recognition
+for instance when we are dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance when we are dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance when we are dealing with
+these issues through transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues through transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues through transitional
+justice that we are dealing with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice that we are dealing with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice that we are dealing with an
+abnormal situation that therefore calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal situation that therefore calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal situation that therefore calls
+for some form of flexibility in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some form of flexibility in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some form of flexibility in terms of
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+looking at the the narrower and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the narrower and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the narrower and very
+restrictive international law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive international law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive international law and
+international human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tenants that call that uh seek to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants that call that uh seek to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants that call that uh seek to
+identify a perpetrator seek to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a perpetrator seek to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a perpetrator seek to identify
+a victim in their form they must be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a victim in their form they must be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a victim in their form they must be um
+the perpetrator must be brought to book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetrator must be brought to book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetrator must be brought to book
+and the the the victim must be retraced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the victim must be retraced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the victim must be retraced
+or there must be reparation but within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there must be reparation but within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there must be reparation but within a
+transitional justice there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice there are a number
+of trade-offs in built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trade-offs in built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trade-offs in built
+within the system for instance yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system for instance yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system for instance yes
+perpetrators have to be identified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrators have to be identified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrators have to be identified and
+there has to be acknowledgement of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be acknowledgement of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be acknowledgement of of
+having committed some wrongs but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having committed some wrongs but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having committed some wrongs but at the
+same time the kind of justice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the kind of justice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the kind of justice that we
+are talking about is not a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about is not a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about is not a perfect
+justice it is justice that comes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice it is justice that comes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice it is justice that comes with a
+number of cutoffs where for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cutoffs where for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cutoffs where for instance
+sometimes an apology uh can be uh taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes an apology uh can be uh taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes an apology uh can be uh taken
+as what is needed to redress for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what is needed to redress for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what is needed to redress for
+instance or to satisfy those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or to satisfy those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or to satisfy those who are
+victims reparation not in the true sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims reparation not in the true sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims reparation not in the true sense
+of um the full measure of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the full measure of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the full measure of what the
+victim suffered but as a talking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim suffered but as a talking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim suffered but as a talking all
+as a symbol of acknowledgement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symbol of acknowledgement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a symbol of acknowledgement so
+symbolic preparations are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic preparations are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic preparations are some of the
+traitors for instance so it's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traitors for instance so it's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traitors for instance so it's not your
+perfect justice um but it's justice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect justice um but it's justice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect justice um but it's justice that
+comes with trade-offs but that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with trade-offs but that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with trade-offs but that also
+acknowledges the experiences of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledges the experiences of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledges the experiences of those
+who suffered and also the perpetration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who suffered and also the perpetration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who suffered and also the perpetration
+of those who may have perpetrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those who may have perpetrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those who may have perpetrated the
+atrocities and those coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities and those coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities and those coming together
+co-existing towards moving forward being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-existing towards moving forward being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-existing towards moving forward being
+transformed transforming perpetrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed transforming perpetrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed transforming perpetrators
+and victims into active citizens who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and victims into active citizens who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and victims into active citizens who can
+live alongside each other who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live alongside each other who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live alongside each other who can
+partner together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner together
+in order to to to to to to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to to to to to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to to to to to build a
+sustainable uh uh peaceful future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable uh uh peaceful future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable uh uh peaceful future so
+some of the constraints of transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints of transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints of transitional
+justice once again um is uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice once again um is uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice once again um is uh the fact
+that um there may not be political will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there may not be political will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there may not be political will
+in most instances from those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most instances from those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most instances from those who are
+seen to be perpetrators especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to be perpetrators especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to be perpetrators especially for
+colonial iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial iran
+are wrongs they may not be the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrongs they may not be the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrongs they may not be the states
+who may have perpetrated those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may have perpetrated those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who may have perpetrated those
+atrocities may not be willing to reopen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities may not be willing to reopen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities may not be willing to reopen
+the chapter uh to look at what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter uh to look at what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter uh to look at what happened
+uh begin a process of uh truth seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh begin a process of uh truth seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh begin a process of uh truth seeking
+um then identification of perpetrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then identification of perpetrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then identification of perpetrators
+acknowledging that indeed wrong wrongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging that indeed wrong wrongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging that indeed wrong wrongs
+were committed and seeking to forge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were committed and seeking to forge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were committed and seeking to forge
+a path together with victims towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path together with victims towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path together with victims towards
+addressing some of these atrocities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of these atrocities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of these atrocities and
+together achieving or rather building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together achieving or rather building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together achieving or rather building
+towards achieving sustainable peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards achieving sustainable peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards achieving sustainable peace
+in the long term so there might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long term so there might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long term so there might not be
+any political will whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any political will whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any political will whatsoever
+and transitional justice really relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitional justice really relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitional justice really relies
+on the political will and willingness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the political will and willingness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the political will and willingness of
+those who perpetrated those atrocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who perpetrated those atrocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who perpetrated those atrocities
+and the victim or rather the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the victim or rather the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the victim or rather the countries
+uh uh to whom these wrongs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to whom these wrongs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to whom these wrongs were
+committed against so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed against so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed against so that is the
+starting point if this is not there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point if this is not there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point if this is not there then
+any transitional justice talks will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transitional justice talks will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transitional justice talks will
+definitely fail because both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fail because both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fail because both parties
+need to come to the table need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come to the table need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come to the table need to
+initiate that conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate that conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate that conversation
+and map out a transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map out a transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map out a transitional justice
+strategy on how this will be addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy on how this will be addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy on how this will be addressed
+so that is number one constraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is number one constraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is number one constraint and
+this is where uh in most countries even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where uh in most countries even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where uh in most countries even
+countries just were without in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries just were without in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries just were without in in the
+global south where there is no uh global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global south where there is no uh global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global south where there is no uh global
+north um uh uh uh a perpetrator this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north um uh uh uh a perpetrator this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north um uh uh uh a perpetrator this is
+how many transitional justice processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transitional justice processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many transitional justice processes
+fail because of that lack of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because of that lack of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because of that lack of political
+will uh another constraint that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh another constraint that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh another constraint that i can
+bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+with transitional justice once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transitional justice once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transitional justice once again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is just the the issue around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the the issue around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the the issue around um
+records because now we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records because now we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records because now we are talking about
+what happened in the past a colonial era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the past a colonial era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the past a colonial era
+in many african countries means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many african countries means more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many african countries means more
+than 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 years
+of of these atrocities having been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these atrocities having been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these atrocities having been
+committed some are committed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed some are committed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed some are committed in the
+1900s we are in 2021 so the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s we are in 2021 so the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s we are in 2021 so the direct
+victims have passed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims have passed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims have passed away
+so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no
+uh record-keeping at the time so issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh record-keeping at the time so issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh record-keeping at the time so issues
+of record-keeping uh to really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of record-keeping uh to really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of record-keeping uh to really uh
+determine who was a victim uh how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine who was a victim uh how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine who was a victim uh how they
+suffered and all of those things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered and all of those things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered and all of those things so
+archives are not available in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives are not available in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives are not available in many
+countries so really it's a word of mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so really it's a word of mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so really it's a word of mouth
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+experiences of victims passed on orally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of victims passed on orally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of victims passed on orally
+uh by word of mouth over the uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by word of mouth over the uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by word of mouth over the uh through
+generations so the first-hand narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so the first-hand narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations so the first-hand narrative
+of what happened may not exist uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happened may not exist uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happened may not exist uh some
+countries have have really done well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have have really done well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have have really done well in
+terms of archiving what happened or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of archiving what happened or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of archiving what happened or
+keeping a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a national
+collective of what happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective of what happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective of what happened in the past
+but in many instances for transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many instances for transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many instances for transitional
+justice especially when we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice especially when we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice especially when we are looking
+at reparations uh a direct uh or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reparations uh a direct uh or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reparations uh a direct uh or rather
+individual operations this may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual operations this may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual operations this may not be
+enough for instance to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for instance to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for instance to secure
+direct or individual reparations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or individual reparations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or individual reparations for
+direct victims it may not be enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct victims it may not be enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct victims it may not be enough for
+instance to secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance to secure
+a prosecution for those who may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prosecution for those who may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prosecution for those who may have
+committed those atrocities but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed those atrocities but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed those atrocities but of course
+other international law principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other international law principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other international law principles
+may kick in that will really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may kick in that will really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may kick in that will really help
+transitional justice processes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice processes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice processes for
+instance the international law principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the international law principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the international law principle
+in international human rights that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international human rights that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international human rights that um
+even um even in instances where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um even in instances where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even um even in instances where those
+who committed atrocities may not be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who committed atrocities may not be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who committed atrocities may not be in
+government at the time but the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government at the time but the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government at the time but the the the
+the the most uh current governments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most uh current governments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most uh current governments um
+who belong to that specific state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who belong to that specific state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who belong to that specific state
+inherit the crimes committed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit the crimes committed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit the crimes committed by the
+previous government so they can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous government so they can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous government so they can still be
+held accountable they can still be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held accountable they can still be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held accountable they can still be uh
+taken to court they can still be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to court they can still be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to court they can still be uh
+called to answer or respond to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to answer or respond to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to answer or respond to some of
+them uh to some of the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to some of the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to some of the questions that
+may come up around transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may come up around transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may come up around transitional justice
+reparations and so forth and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations and so forth and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations and so forth and they can
+make a uh make an apology they can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a uh make an apology they can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a uh make an apology they can um
+pay reparations to victims they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay reparations to victims they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay reparations to victims they can make
+symbolic preparations they can come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic preparations they can come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic preparations they can come to
+the party in terms of acknowledging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party in terms of acknowledging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party in terms of acknowledging and
+admitting the wrongs that were committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting the wrongs that were committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting the wrongs that were committed
+in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past
+thank you very much it's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much it's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much it's very clear
+um you mentioned at some point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mentioned at some point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mentioned at some point that we
+were building a transitional justice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building a transitional justice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were building a transitional justice uh
+strategy with the african union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with the african union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with the african union
+so do you think it's more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think it's more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think it's more um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i mean on this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean on this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean on this issue
+on the issues of colonial crimes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the issues of colonial crimes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the issues of colonial crimes more
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+from the perspective of african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of african
+countries to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to work
+at the regional level rather than at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the regional level rather than at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the regional level rather than at the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+national level or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and how how and how this strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and how how and how this strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and how how and how this strategic
+eu strategy african union is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eu strategy african union is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eu strategy african union is going to be
+deployed implement and implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed implement and implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed implement and implement it
+thank you for that question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for that question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for that question so the
+african union developed the policy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african union developed the policy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african union developed the policy it
+was adopted in 2019 and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was adopted in 2019 and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was adopted in 2019 and one of the
+issues that really it focuses on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that really it focuses on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that really it focuses on is
+addressing the the the colonial era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the the the colonial era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the the the colonial era
+legacies in africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacies in africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacies in africa
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+of course the the policy is continental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the policy is continental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the the policy is continental
+but um it's it's still applying at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's it's still applying at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it's it's still applying at a
+national level for instance for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level for instance for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level for instance for those
+countries that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that um
+that are affected so the policy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affected so the policy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are affected so the policy really
+is a guideline for member states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a guideline for member states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a guideline for member states
+undertaking transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking transitional justice
+processes uh so it provides sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh so it provides sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh so it provides sort of a
+menu of um transitional justice options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu of um transitional justice options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu of um transitional justice options
+that a country that is undertaking a tj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a country that is undertaking a tj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a country that is undertaking a tj
+process can choose from in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can choose from in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can choose from in order to
+address the consequences of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the consequences of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the consequences of past
+violations past and present violations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations past and present violations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations past and present violations
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+the application is still very much at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application is still very much at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application is still very much at a
+national level although the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level although the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level although the strategy
+really is applicable at a and and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is applicable at a and and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is applicable at a and and and um
+exists at a continental level so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at a continental level so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at a continental level so really
+um it's still very much applied at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's still very much applied at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's still very much applied at a
+continental level but they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental level but they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental level but they're definitely
+um alternatives of applying it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternatives of applying it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternatives of applying it are
+regionally especially where some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally especially where some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regionally especially where some of
+conflicts take an original 10 or take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts take an original 10 or take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts take an original 10 or take a
+regional um manifestation for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional um manifestation for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional um manifestation for instance
+um so those opportunities exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those opportunities exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those opportunities exist and
+in addressing some of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addressing some of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addressing some of the original
+concerns or regional manifestations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or regional manifestations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or regional manifestations of
+conflict uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict uh
+some of the regional economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regional economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regional economic
+communities are also now engaging taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are also now engaging taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are also now engaging taking
+that uh continental transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh continental transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh continental transitional justice
+policy and developing their own regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and developing their own regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and developing their own regional
+region specific uh transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region specific uh transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region specific uh transitional justice
+policies or strategies to address some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies or strategies to address some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies or strategies to address some
+of the regional contextual realities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regional contextual realities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regional contextual realities so
+it can apply regionally it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can apply regionally it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can apply regionally it can also
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+nationally but um we are seeing a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally but um we are seeing a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally but um we are seeing a trend
+now where there is a regional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where there is a regional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where there is a regional uh
+strategy that really seeks to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that really seeks to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that really seeks to address
+some of the regional realities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regional realities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the regional realities and
+experiences of conflict as we see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of conflict as we see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences of conflict as we see with
+some of these issues like violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these issues like violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these issues like violent
+extremism uh there is a regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremism uh there is a regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremism uh there is a regional
+connotation to them so a regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation to them so a regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation to them so a regional
+approach is much more preferred than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is much more preferred than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is much more preferred than a
+national approach that may not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national approach that may not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national approach that may not really
+address or retrace the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or retrace the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or retrace the issues that
+affect a specific region or a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect a specific region or a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect a specific region or a number of
+countries within a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries within a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries within a region
+thank you very much i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i'm
+looking forward to having a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to having a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to having a discussion
+with you with you and the students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you with you and the students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you with you and the students and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh and the activists because i think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the activists because i think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the activists because i think you
+are you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you bring
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a number of a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of a very important
+elements that we have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that we have to consider
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+when we we address or think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we address or think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we address or think about the
+possibility of pursuing justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of pursuing justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of pursuing justice
+for a colonial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a colonial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a colonial um
+for colonial crime scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for colonial crime scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for colonial crime scenario
+in the context of belgium
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YdtHAIh-kas.txt b/YdtHAIh-kas.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d69bd2629d75614d285f068b47885fce1d74cb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YdtHAIh-kas.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do a normal wave analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a normal wave analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a normal wave analysis to
+demonstrate that indeed these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that indeed these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that indeed these things
+should not quite happen so for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not quite happen so for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not quite happen so for that so
+so ordinary waves and Galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you have a wave as you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a wave as you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a wave as you probably
+have seen many times before the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen many times before the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen many times before the key
+object in the wave is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the wave is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the wave is something called
+the face of the wave face and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of the wave face and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of the wave face and it's
+controlled by this quantity K X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by this quantity K X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by this quantity K X minus
+Omega T okay being the wave number Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T okay being the wave number Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T okay being the wave number Omega
+being the angular frequency we spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angular frequency we spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the angular frequency we spoke
+about and the wave may be sine of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the wave may be sine of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the wave may be sine of that
+face or cosine of that face or a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face or cosine of that face or a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face or cosine of that face or a linear
+combination of sines and cosines or if e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of sines and cosines or if e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of sines and cosines or if e
+to the this wave any of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the this wave any of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the this wave any of those things
+could be your wave and whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be your wave and whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be your wave and whenever you have
+such a wave what we say is that the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a wave what we say is that the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a wave what we say is that the face
+of this wave is a Galilean invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant what it means is that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant what it means is that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant what it means is that two
+people looking at this wave and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking at this wave and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking at this wave and they
+look at a point on this wave both people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a point on this wave both people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a point on this wave both people
+will agree on the value of the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree on the value of the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree on the value of the face
+because basically the reality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the reality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the reality of the
+wave is based on the face and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is based on the face and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is based on the face and if you
+have for example cosine of this face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example cosine of this face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example cosine of this face the
+place where this closed sign is zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where this closed sign is zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where this closed sign is zero is
+some value of the face and if the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of the face and if the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of the face and if the cosine
+is zero the wave is zero and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the wave is zero and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the wave is zero and everybody
+should agree that the wave is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should agree that the wave is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should agree that the wave is zero at
+that point so if you have a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so if you have a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so if you have a place where
+the wave is a maximum or a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is a maximum or a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is a maximum or a place where
+the wave is zero this is an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is zero this is an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is zero this is an ordinary
+wave everybody would agree that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave everybody would agree that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave everybody would agree that at that
+place you have a maximum and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you have a maximum and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you have a maximum and at that
+place you have a zero so observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you have a zero so observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you have a zero so observers
+should agree on the value of this face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should agree on the value of this face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should agree on the value of this face
+it's going to be an invariant and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an invariant and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an invariant and we can
+rewrite this face in a perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this face in a perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this face in a perhaps more
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+by factoring the K and then you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factoring the K and then you have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factoring the K and then you have X
+minus Omega over K T and this is 2 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega over K T and this is 2 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega over K T and this is 2 PI
+over lambda X minus this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda X minus this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda X minus this quantity is
+called the velocity of the wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the velocity of the wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the velocity of the wave and
+we'll write it this way and I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write it this way and I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write it this way and I'll write
+it one last way 2 pi X over lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one last way 2 pi X over lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one last way 2 pi X over lambda minus
+2 pi V over lambda T and this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi V over lambda T and this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi V over lambda T and this quantity
+is Omega and this quantity is K so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega and this quantity is K so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega and this quantity is K so this
+is our face and we've said that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our face and we've said that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our face and we've said that it's a
+Galilean invariant so I will say that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galilean invariant so I will say that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galilean invariant so I will say that s
+should see the observer s prime should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the observer s prime should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the observer s prime should
+see the same face face as s so Phi Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same face face as s so Phi Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same face face as s so Phi Prime
+the face that s prime sees must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face that s prime sees must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face that s prime sees must be equal
+to Phi when referring to the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Phi when referring to the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Phi when referring to the same point
+when referring to the same point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when referring to the same point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when referring to the same point and
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's write this so Phi prime should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this so Phi prime should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this so Phi prime should
+be equal to Phi and Phi with written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to Phi and Phi with written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to Phi and Phi with written it
+there 2 PI over lambda X minus VT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 PI over lambda X minus VT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 PI over lambda X minus VT and
+this is so far so good but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so far so good but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so far so good but we want to
+write it in terms of quantities that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in terms of quantities that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in terms of quantities that s
+prime measures so this X should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime measures so this X should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime measures so this X should be
+replaced by 2 PI over lambda X prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by 2 PI over lambda X prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by 2 PI over lambda X prime
+plus VT minus VT like this and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VT minus VT like this and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VT minus VT like this and I could
+even do more if I wish I could put T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do more if I wish I could put T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do more if I wish I could put T
+prime here because T and T prime is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime here because T and T prime is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime here because T and T prime is are
+the same so Phi prime by the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so Phi prime by the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so Phi prime by the condition
+that this faces agree it's given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this faces agree it's given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this faces agree it's given by this
+which is by the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by the relation between the
+coordinates and times of the two frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and times of the two frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and times of the two frames
+just this quantity so we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this quantity so we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this quantity so we can rewrite
+this as 2 PI over lambda X prime minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 2 PI over lambda X prime minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 2 PI over lambda X prime minus 2
+PI over lambda v1 minus little V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over lambda v1 minus little V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over lambda v1 minus little V over
+capital V T Prime I think I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V T Prime I think I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital V T Prime I think I got the
+algebra right 2 PI over lambda the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right 2 PI over lambda the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right 2 PI over lambda the sign
+yes i grouped those two terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i grouped those two terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i grouped those two terms and
+rewrote it that way so that is the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote it that way so that is the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrote it that way so that is the face
+and therefore we look at this face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we look at this face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we look at this face and
+see oh whenever we have a wave we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh whenever we have a wave we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh whenever we have a wave we can
+read the wave number by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the wave number by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the wave number by looking at the
+factor multiplying X and we can read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor multiplying X and we can read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor multiplying X and we can read the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+by looking at the factor multiplying P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the factor multiplying P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the factor multiplying P
+so you can do the same thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the same thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the same thing in this
+case and read therefore that Omega prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this whole quantity is this Omega Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole quantity is this Omega Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole quantity is this Omega Prime
+and this is K prime because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is K prime because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is K prime because they
+correspond to the frame s Prime so Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the frame s Prime so Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the frame s Prime so Omega
+prime is equal to this 2 pi v over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to this 2 pi v over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to this 2 pi v over
+lambda which is omega times 1 minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda which is omega times 1 minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda which is omega times 1 minus V
+over V and K prime is equal to K or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V and K prime is equal to K or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V and K prime is equal to K or what
+I wanted to show that lambda prime for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show that lambda prime for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show that lambda prime for a
+normal wave is equal to lambda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal wave is equal to lambda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal wave is equal to lambda for
+ordinary wave moving in a medium so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary wave moving in a medium so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary wave moving in a medium so at
+this moment one wonder so what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment one wonder so what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment one wonder so what happened
+what have we learned is that this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we learned is that this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we learned is that this wave
+function is not like a sound wave it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not like a sound wave it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not like a sound wave it's
+not like a water wave we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a water wave we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a water wave we're doing
+everything nonrelativistic but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything nonrelativistic but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything nonrelativistic but still
+we're seeing that you're not expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that you're not expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that you're not expected to
+have agreement that is if somebody looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreement that is if somebody looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreement that is if somebody looks
+at one wave function and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one wave function and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one wave function and you look at the
+same wave function this two people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function this two people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function this two people will
+not agree on the value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not agree on the value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not agree on the value of the wave
+function necessarily so the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function necessarily so the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function necessarily so the things that
+we conclude so the conclusions are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude so the conclusions are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude so the conclusions are that
+these waves are surprising so size are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves are surprising so size are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves are surprising so size are
+not directly measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immeasurable because if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurable because if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurable because if you had a
+quantity for which you can measure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for which you can measure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity for which you can measure like
+a sound wave or a water wave and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound wave or a water wave and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound wave or a water wave and you
+could measure aspects to it they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure aspects to it they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure aspects to it they should
+agree between different observables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree between different observables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree between different observables so
+this is going to be something is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be something is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be something is not
+directly measurable not all of sigh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measurable not all of sigh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measurable not all of sigh can
+be measured some of sorry can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measured some of sorry can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measured some of sorry can be
+measured and you already heard the hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and you already heard the hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and you already heard the hints
+of that because we said any number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that because we said any number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that because we said any number that
+you multiplied you cannot measure it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiplied you cannot measure it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiplied you cannot measure it any
+phase that you multiply it you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that you multiply it you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that you multiply it you kind of
+measure it so complex numbers can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it so complex numbers can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it so complex numbers can't be
+measured you measure real numbers so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured you measure real numbers so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured you measure real numbers so at
+the end of the day these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day these are not
+directly measurable per se the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measurable per se the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly measurable per se the second
+thing is that they're not Galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant and that sets the stage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and that sets the stage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and that sets the stage to
+that problem sakes you see the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem sakes you see the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem sakes you see the fact that
+this phase that controls these waves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase that controls these waves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase that controls these waves is
+Galilean invariant led you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galilean invariant led you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galilean invariant led you to the
+quality of the wavelengths but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the wavelengths but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the wavelengths but these
+wavelengths don't do that the de Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths don't do that the de Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths don't do that the de Broglie
+wavelengths don't transform as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths don't transform as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths don't transform as they
+would do for a Galilean invariant wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do for a Galilean invariant wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do for a Galilean invariant wave
+therefore this thing is not Galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this thing is not Galilean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this thing is not Galilean
+invariance and what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance and what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance and what does that mean that
+if you have two people and you ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two people and you ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two people and you ask what
+is the value of the wave function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the wave function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of the wave function here
+at 103 the two observers might give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 103 the two observers might give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 103 the two observers might give you
+a different complex number for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different complex number for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different complex number for the wave
+function we will just not agree not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we will just not agree not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we will just not agree not all
+is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost
+because you will find how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will find how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will find how their
+measurements can be compared that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements can be compared that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements can be compared that will
+be the task of the problem how if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the task of the problem how if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the task of the problem how if you
+have a wave function how does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function how does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function how does your
+friend at this moving with some velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend at this moving with some velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend at this moving with some velocity
+measure the wave function what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wave function what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the wave function what does this
+other person measure so the end result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person measure so the end result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person measure so the end result
+if you have a point here at some time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a point here at some time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a point here at some time T
+the wave function Phi of X and T is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function Phi of X and T is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function Phi of X and T is not
+gonna be the same as the wavefunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same as the wavefunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same as the wavefunction
+measured by the prime observer at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by the prime observer at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by the prime observer at X
+prime T prime so this point is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime T prime so this point is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime T prime so this point is the point
+X and T or X Prime and T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and T or X Prime and T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and T or X Prime and T Prime
+these are two different labels for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different labels for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two different labels for the
+same point you're talking about the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point you're talking about the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point you're talking about the wave
+function at the same point at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the same point at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the same point at the same
+time you still don't agree this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you still don't agree this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you still don't agree this two
+people will not agree if they agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will not agree if they agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will not agree if they agreed
+this wave function would have a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function would have a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function would have a simpler
+transformation law with a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation law with a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation law with a wavelength
+that is conserved so so by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conserved so so by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conserved so so by simply
+discussing the Galilean properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the Galilean properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the Galilean properties of
+this way if we're led to know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if we're led to know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way if we're led to know that the
+de Broglie waves are not like normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie waves are not like normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie waves are not like normal
+matter waves that propagate in a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter waves that propagate in a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter waves that propagate in a medium
+or simple things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YrHlHbtiSM0.txt b/YrHlHbtiSM0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..909c3aafcc17999a01e38efe4b2b71c2d2c34f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YrHlHbtiSM0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm
+Gil Strang and I'm very happy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gil Strang and I'm very happy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gil Strang and I'm very happy if you
+know the linear algebra videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear algebra videos on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear algebra videos on
+OpenCourseWare or on YouTube that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare or on YouTube that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare or on YouTube that's for
+the math course 1806 and I've even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math course 1806 and I've even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math course 1806 and I've even
+happier if you like them and here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier if you like them and here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier if you like them and here today
+to update them for several reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update them for several reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update them for several reasons
+well lots happened a lot has happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lots happened a lot has happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lots happened a lot has happened in
+linear algebra in these years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra in these years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra in these years
+fortunately the whole subject has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the whole subject has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the whole subject has just
+become more and more essential more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more essential more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more essential more and
+more important more more beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important more more beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important more more beautiful and
+so I wanted to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to say something about the
+those later steps and also when I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later steps and also when I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later steps and also when I teach
+it now I have a new starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I have a new starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I have a new starting point and
+I'll show you that so I'll go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you that so I'll go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you that so I'll go a little
+slowly on that starting point this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly on that starting point this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly on that starting point this the
+slides tell you the whole course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides tell you the whole course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides tell you the whole course and
+that's like crazy to have a full course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like crazy to have a full course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like crazy to have a full course
+within the short video but especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the short video but especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the short video but especially
+the first part is new and and I'm even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is new and and I'm even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is new and and I'm even
+writing a textbook called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook called
+linear algebra for everyone that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for everyone that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for everyone that will
+start this way I hope that the new start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this way I hope that the new start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this way I hope that the new start
+brings in sort of real linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in sort of real linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in sort of real linear algebra
+ideas write it right away and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas write it right away and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas write it right away and let me
+show you where those are so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you where those are so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you where those are so this is an
+outline of the whole video and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the whole video and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the whole video and the first
+line which I think about in my mind as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which I think about in my mind as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which I think about in my mind as a
+matrix a is the product of a C matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is the product of a C matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is the product of a C matrix a
+column matrix and a row matrix R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column matrix and a row matrix R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column matrix and a row matrix R and
+you'll see what those are so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what those are so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what those are so that's the
+new idea that when that will come first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea that when that will come first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea that when that will come first
+then these are five famous essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are five famous essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are five famous essential
+shorthand descriptions of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand descriptions of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand descriptions of the key
+chapters of linear algebra the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of linear algebra the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of linear algebra the key
+chapter so they represent for example Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter so they represent for example Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter so they represent for example Lu
+is those letters are famous and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those letters are famous and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those letters are famous and and
+computer commands would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer commands would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer commands would be
+actually those letters lu4 elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those letters lu4 elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those letters lu4 elimination
+for solving equations the first job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving equations the first job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving equations the first job of
+the linear algebra and then QR so Q is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra and then QR so Q is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear algebra and then QR so Q is a
+very interesting important type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting important type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting important type of
+matrix that's standing for an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's standing for an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's standing for an orthogonal
+matrix there's the word orthogonal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there's the word orthogonal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there's the word orthogonal or
+perpendicular so those are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so those are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so those are the best
+matrices to compute with and that QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to compute with and that QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to compute with and that QR is
+gets us there and s is for a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us there and s is for a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us there and s is for a symmetric
+matrix and it will involve oh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it will involve oh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it will involve oh well I
+should say the first half ending with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the first half ending with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the first half ending with
+there with QR is about solving equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with QR is about solving equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with QR is about solving equations
+the second half the these three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half the these three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half the these three are
+about eigenvalues and eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues and eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues and eigenvectors and
+singular values a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values a different way to
+approach the whole subject and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the whole subject and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the whole subject and a very
+very important way among my goals is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important way among my goals is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important way among my goals is to
+help courses around the world get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help courses around the world get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help courses around the world get
+singular values included because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values included because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values included because you
+really don't want to miss them there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to miss them there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to miss them there the
+that's a high point of of the theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a high point of of the theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a high point of of the theory and
+it's expressed like all the others as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expressed like all the others as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expressed like all the others as a
+as a breaking a matrix into two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a breaking a matrix into two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a breaking a matrix into two or three
+pieces two or three parts so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces two or three parts so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces two or three parts so that's my
+plan for this video and I hope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for this video and I hope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for this video and I hope it's
+helpful again it's a whole course in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful again it's a whole course in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful again it's a whole course in a
+short time and please go to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time and please go to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time and please go to the real
+1806 videos for the details thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZLdooNwP7Pw.txt b/ZLdooNwP7Pw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ad1cb02baba32a7bc7cdb864522642d9096fbe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZLdooNwP7Pw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well uh welcome to problem session five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh welcome to problem session five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh welcome to problem session five
+of 6006 it's a pleasure to see all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6006 it's a pleasure to see all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6006 it's a pleasure to see all your
+smiling faces here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling faces here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling faces here today
+uh this week we're going to cover some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this week we're going to cover some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this week we're going to cover some
+problems in graph theory related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in graph theory related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in graph theory related to
+death for search and breadth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for search and breadth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for search and breadth first
+search which were roughly the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which were roughly the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which were roughly the topics
+that i guess we've covered in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i guess we've covered in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i guess we've covered in the last
+couple lectures and what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures and what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures and what's going to be
+on your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your homework
+uh and i believe this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i believe this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i believe this is basically the
+homework from from last year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework from from last year uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework from from last year uh
+with a few revisions uh based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few revisions uh based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few revisions uh based on some
+typos we cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos we cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typos we cut
+oh and i caught a spelling mistake that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and i caught a spelling mistake that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and i caught a spelling mistake that
+i'll bother our instructor about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll bother our instructor about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll bother our instructor about later
+okay uh so without further ado let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so without further ado let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so without further ado let's get
+started i guess we'll just do them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started i guess we'll just do them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started i guess we'll just do them in
+order for lack of creativity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for lack of creativity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for lack of creativity here
+um the very first problem has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the very first problem has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the very first problem has to do with
+some measurements on a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements on a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements on a graph
+uh which is actually a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is actually a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is actually a really
+interesting one to me so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one to me so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one to me so it turns out
+that in a lot of research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of research in
+for some reason in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason in computer science
+there's graph theory research and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's graph theory research and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's graph theory research and then
+there's networks research and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's networks research and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's networks research and these are
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+communities for weird historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities for weird historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities for weird historical reasons
+that i don't totally understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't totally understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't totally understand
+but people in the network science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people in the network science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people in the network science
+literature often measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature often measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature often measure
+things like the radius of a graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the radius of a graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the radius of a graph and
+some other kind of measures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of measures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of measures that are
+trying to tell you something about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you something about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you something about like
+is a graph a long spread out thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph a long spread out thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph a long spread out thing like
+a line graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line graph or
+something super compact like a star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super compact like a star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super compact like a star and
+so on uh and so this problem is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh and so this problem is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh and so this problem is kind of
+digging into the algorithmic aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into the algorithmic aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging into the algorithmic aspects
+of how we might compute one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we might compute one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we might compute one of the
+measurements that i believe is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that i believe is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that i believe is is
+fairly common in in that community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common in in that community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common in in that community
+uh so let's uh kind of go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's uh kind of go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's uh kind of go through these
+problems as usual in 6006 we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as usual in 6006 we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as usual in 6006 we like to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+actually relatively straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relatively straightforward
+computational problems and then dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems and then dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems and then dress
+them up with a lot of language to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up with a lot of language to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up with a lot of language to make
+it annoying for you guys to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it annoying for you guys to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it annoying for you guys to parse
+and indeed this problem is no exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed this problem is no exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed this problem is no exception
+to that uh so in this problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh so in this problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh so in this problem we're
+given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an
+undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and as usual we will call him g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we define a particular number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we define a particular number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we define a particular number
+that we're trying to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to measure
+in this in in this problem right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in in this problem right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in in this problem right so uh
+in particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh
+right if we given a given a vertex v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we given a given a vertex v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we given a given a vertex v
+uh then we can define something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can define something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can define something called
+the eccentricity of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eccentricity of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eccentricity of v
+which is the distance to the farthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the distance to the farthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the distance to the farthest
+away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh
+thing so in particular um we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is going to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to be given by
+the following which is the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following which is the max
+over all the possible i'll try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible i'll try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible i'll try to make
+sure my notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure my notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure my notation
+oops i've already oh that's okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over all the other vertices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the other vertices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the other vertices of the
+distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from
+uh v to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v to w
+right uh so i'm like standing at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so i'm like standing at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so i'm like standing at a point
+on a graph and now i like you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a graph and now i like you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a graph and now i like you know make
+a loud noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loud noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loud noise
+and the last person to hear me uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last person to hear me uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last person to hear me uh the
+distance to him would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to him would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to him would be
+uh the the eccentricity of that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the eccentricity of that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the eccentricity of that vertex
+and so uh this is some kind of notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is some kind of notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is some kind of notion of
+like radius or diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radius or diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radius or diameter
+but sort of planted at a point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of planted at a point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of planted at a point and then
+if we want to learn a property not of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to learn a property not of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to learn a property not of a
+vertex but of the entire graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but of the entire graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but of the entire graph
+one thing we can do is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we can do is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we can do is to find the
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is given by r of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is given by r of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is given by r of g
+is uh the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the min
+over all of the different vertices u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the different vertices u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the different vertices u
+of the eccentricity of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eccentricity of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eccentricity of u
+okay so i think this is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think this is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think this is one of these
+definitions that's really annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that's really annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that's really annoying to
+parse and think about so we should like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and think about so we should like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and think about so we should like
+draw a little bit of a schematic and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little bit of a schematic and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little bit of a schematic and see
+what's what's going on here because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on here because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on here because uh
+especially as a geometry professor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as a geometry professor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as a geometry professor this
+one's kind of nice because it translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of nice because it translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of nice because it translates
+directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to
+what you might do in metric geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might do in metric geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might do in metric geometry so
+um let's say that i have a circle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say that i have a circle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say that i have a circle here
+and i want the world's most complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want the world's most complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want the world's most complicated
+way of defining its radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining its radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining its radius
+okay so for any given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for any given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for any given point
+there's a point in a circle that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point in a circle that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point in a circle that's a
+circle in case you're wondering you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in case you're wondering you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in case you're wondering you know
+those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those
+internet contests where like they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet contests where like they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet contests where like they have
+people that just walk up to the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that just walk up to the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that just walk up to the board
+and draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw
+perfect circles and then leave i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect circles and then leave i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect circles and then leave i
+unfortunately am not an expert at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately am not an expert at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately am not an expert at this
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+um but anyway so if we think of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so if we think of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway so if we think of a point
+like a circle as some analog of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a circle as some analog of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a circle as some analog of our
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+and then i draw a point which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i draw a point which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i draw a point which might be
+the analog of a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of a vertex
+right then what is the eccentricity well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then what is the eccentricity well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then what is the eccentricity well
+it's the distance to the farthest away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distance to the farthest away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distance to the farthest away
+point right so for this guy it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the length of this line roughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this line roughly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this line roughly uh
+because that's the distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the distance to the
+farthest away thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away thing
+right so for every different point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for every different point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for every different point that
+i draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i draw
+you know each point has its own farthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each point has its own farthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each point has its own farthest
+away point in the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away point in the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away point in the circle
+uh so there's some positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's some positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's some positive number
+that's assigned to every single point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to every single point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to every single point in
+this domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this domain
+and if i take the minimum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take the minimum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take the minimum of that
+positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number
+where do you think i end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right jason i end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right jason i end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right jason i end up in the
+center of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the circle
+because if i think about it the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i think about it the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i think about it the distance
+to the farthest away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farthest away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farthest away
+point in this domain um one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this domain um one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this domain um one thing you
+can convince yourself is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself is that that's
+sort of as small as possible so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as small as possible so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as small as possible so this is
+what we might call a minimax problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call a minimax problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call a minimax problem
+in in optimization because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in optimization because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in optimization because we are
+minimizing the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the maximum
+distance yeah um this also shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance yeah um this also shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance yeah um this also shows up in
+game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game theory
+all kinds of different places that solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different places that solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different places that solve
+this stuff but thankfully in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but thankfully in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but thankfully in this
+particular problem we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem we're not going to
+need all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all that
+okay so uh right so this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so this homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so this homework
+problem has two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has two parts
+um the first is to give an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first is to give an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first is to give an algorithm for
+computing the uh the radius of a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the uh the radius of a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the uh the radius of a graph
+and then the second one is to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second one is to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second one is to give an
+algorithm for approximating the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for approximating the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for approximating the radius
+of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph
+uh really quickly or more quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really quickly or more quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really quickly or more quickly than
+the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part
+um i actually don't know if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i actually don't know if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i actually don't know if there's a
+lower bound there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound there but
+come back to that later okay so in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later okay so in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later okay so in part
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+right we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're given
+g and moreover we're given one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and moreover we're given one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and moreover we're given one
+additional piece of information which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of information which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of information which we
+actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+need in this problem i think it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in this problem i think it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in this problem i think it's one of
+those words that kind of slips past us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words that kind of slips past us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words that kind of slips past us
+when we read graph theory problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we read graph theory problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we read graph theory problems
+but it's important to pay attention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to pay attention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to pay attention of
+course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+that is we're given g and it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we're given g and it's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we're given g and it's connected
+i suppose really it should be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose really it should be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suppose really it should be given
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+g but that's okay um now what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g but that's okay um now what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g but that's okay um now what we want
+is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the radius of g in time that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of g in time that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of g in time that looks like
+the product of the vertices the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the vertices the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the vertices the number
+of vertices oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices oops
+times the number of edges or the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of edges or the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of edges or the number
+of edges times the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges times the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges times the number of vertices
+your instructor struggles to speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor struggles to speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor struggles to speak and
+write at the same time but it's a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write at the same time but it's a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write at the same time but it's a skill
+that i'm working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm working on
+and frankly handwriting is much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly handwriting is much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly handwriting is much easier
+with this little chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this little chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this little chalk
+okay so essentially you know i used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially you know i used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially you know i used to
+have a math professor in college that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a math professor in college that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a math professor in college that
+use this phrase all the time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this phrase all the time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this phrase all the time that you
+know this is like it's important not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is like it's important not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is like it's important not to
+think here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think here
+um you know the the problem asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the problem asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the problem asks you to
+compute the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the radius
+of a graph and in some sense there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph and in some sense there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph and in some sense there's an
+algorithm that just like writes itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that just like writes itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that just like writes itself
+for computing the radius right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing the radius right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing the radius right because
+the radius is the min over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is the min over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is the min over all the
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+of the eccentricity the eccentricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eccentricity the eccentricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eccentricity the eccentricity is
+the max distance so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max distance so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max distance so what would be the
+simplest thing to do here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to do here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to do here well
+in some sense it would be to loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it would be to loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it would be to loop over
+all the vertices compute their distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices compute their distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices compute their distance
+to all the other vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other vertices
+and and and and take the max for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and take the max for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and take the max for each
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+and then the min over all of the guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the min over all of the guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the min over all of the guys in
+the outer loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer loop
+since i just said a sentence that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i just said a sentence that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i just said a sentence that i'm
+realizing doesn't parse particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing doesn't parse particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing doesn't parse particularly
+well uh let's let's sort of write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let's let's sort of write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let's let's sort of write down
+what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+um which is to say we're gonna think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is to say we're gonna think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is to say we're gonna think of
+there being an outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being an outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being an outer
+that's why we don't use this chalk an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't use this chalk an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't use this chalk an
+outer for loop uh which is computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer for loop uh which is computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer for loop uh which is computing
+this min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this min
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well what are we going to do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what are we going to do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what are we going to do we
+can you know compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the shortest path distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shortest path distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shortest path distance
+to uh all of the other w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in in my graph you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in my graph you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in my graph you know
+take the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of w of the distance from v to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of the distance from v to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of the distance from v to all the
+other w's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other w's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other w's
+obviously we can kind of do these two at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can kind of do these two at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can kind of do these two at
+the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time
+and then if this number is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if this number is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if this number is bigger than
+my current max keep it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current max keep it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current max keep it and
+or oh yikes if it's smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oh yikes if it's smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oh yikes if it's smaller than the
+current estimate i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current estimate i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current estimate i have
+of the uh the radius then i keep it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the radius then i keep it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the radius then i keep it and
+if it's not then i throw it away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then i throw it away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not then i throw it away right
+so maybe i initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i initialize
+you know my radius at infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my radius at infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my radius at infinity
+and now let's call this number i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's call this number i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's call this number i don't
+know little r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know little r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know little r
+if little r is less than big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little r is less than big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little r is less than big
+r then just keep it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r then just keep it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r then just keep it around
+right and so if we think about it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we think about it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we think about it i
+don't think it's terribly hard to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's terribly hard to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's terribly hard to prove
+that this algorithm is correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this algorithm is correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this algorithm is correct because
+it's sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of just
+taking our definition of what the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking our definition of what the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking our definition of what the radius
+of a graph is and translating it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph is and translating it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph is and translating it into
+um a brain dead algorithm um so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a brain dead algorithm um so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a brain dead algorithm um so i think
+really the the challenge here uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the challenge here uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the challenge here uh is is
+proving the the run time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the the run time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the the run time uh
+in in this particular algorithm so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this particular algorithm so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this particular algorithm so what
+does our runtime look like so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our runtime look like so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our runtime look like so we have a
+loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over
+vertices right so i kind of incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right so i kind of incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right so i kind of incur
+a factor of mod v here uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of mod v here uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of mod v here uh and then
+uh well our graph is unweighted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well our graph is unweighted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well our graph is unweighted so
+one strategy for computing the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy for computing the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy for computing the shortest
+path distance would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path distance would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path distance would be
+uh breath first search i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breath first search i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breath first search i think that's
+what's in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in my notes
+yep uh and in general breadth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh and in general breadth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh and in general breadth first
+search if you recall from lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search if you recall from lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search if you recall from lecture
+takes mod v plus mod e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes mod v plus mod e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes mod v plus mod e
+time so the question is okay so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the question is okay so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the question is okay so if i
+multiply these things together what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these things together what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these things together what do i
+get i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get i get
+o of v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of v times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of v times
+v plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that time but like uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that time but like uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that time but like uh oh
+that's not the time that my homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the time that my homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the time that my homework
+problem wanted right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wanted right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wanted right because the
+homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problem
+asks you to solve this in just mod v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to solve this in just mod v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to solve this in just mod v
+times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e
+time and somehow we've incurred an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and somehow we've incurred an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and somehow we've incurred an extra
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and now we have to figure out why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to figure out why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to figure out why this
+is actually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually okay
+or we have to fix our algorithm but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have to fix our algorithm but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have to fix our algorithm but in
+this case uh it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh it turns out that this
+runtime is just inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is just inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is just inaccurate
+okay um what's our intuition here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what's our intuition here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what's our intuition here well
+i i kind of underlined it for you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i kind of underlined it for you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i kind of underlined it for you here
+our graph is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph is connected
+in particular there's going to be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's going to be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's going to be a nice
+property of connected grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of connected grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of connected grass
+which is that the number of edges dwarfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the number of edges dwarfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the number of edges dwarfs
+the number of vertices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices here
+so really if we have v plus e you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really if we have v plus e you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really if we have v plus e you know
+and sometimes it's going to look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's going to look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's going to look like a
+constant factor times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor times e
+plus another e here so this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another e here so this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus another e here so this whole thing
+is going to be v times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be v times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be v times e
+time yeah so let's let's make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah so let's let's make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah so let's let's make that
+argument a tiny bit more uh formal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument a tiny bit more uh formal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument a tiny bit more uh formal here
+so in particular we know that g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we know that g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular we know that g
+is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right and every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and every vertex
+so in particular what can happen here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what can happen here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what can happen here is
+okay unless my graph consists of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless my graph consists of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless my graph consists of one
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+which is a case you could dispose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case you could dispose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a case you could dispose of
+pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly
+what i can't have is a graph that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can't have is a graph that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can't have is a graph that looks
+like this like one vertex and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like one vertex and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like one vertex and then an
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+floating around there everything has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around there everything has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around there everything has to
+be connected together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected together okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together okay so
+in particular uh what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex
+is adjacent to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adjacent to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adjacent to at least
+one edge again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge again
+except i guess technically the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except i guess technically the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except i guess technically the one
+vertex case but i think we can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex case but i think we can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex case but i think we can convince
+ourselves that for any graph of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that for any graph of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that for any graph of constant
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+we're we're not terribly worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not terribly worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're not terribly worried about
+it right it's just the asymptotics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's just the asymptotics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's just the asymptotics that
+matter in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in this problem
+okay so if every vertex is adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if every vertex is adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if every vertex is adjacent to
+one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+well and remember that every edge kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and remember that every edge kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and remember that every edge kind
+of by definition of an edge is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by definition of an edge is adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by definition of an edge is adjacent
+to two vertices then what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vertices then what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vertices then what we can
+conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+is that the number of vertices is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the number of vertices is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the number of vertices is less
+than or equal to the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the number of edges
+divided by two there's a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two there's a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two there's a conservative
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+and so in particular what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular what does that mean
+it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+that v is big o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v is big o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v is big o of
+e this is a case where we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is a case where we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is a case where we have to be
+quite careful about big o being an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite careful about big o being an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite careful about big o being an upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+right uh in this case typically v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in this case typically v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in this case typically v is
+much less than e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than e
+um well depends how many edges like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well depends how many edges like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well depends how many edges like if
+you have a really dense graph or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really dense graph or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really dense graph or not
+um but in this case what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this case what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this case what does that mean
+that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that
+mod v plus mod e is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod v plus mod e is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod v plus mod e is really just
+big o of mod e right because this is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of mod e right because this is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o of mod e right because this is big
+o mari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o mari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o mari
+plus big o of e and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus big o of e and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus big o of e and that means
+that our problem really runs in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our problem really runs in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our problem really runs in v
+times e time uh which is what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e time uh which is what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e time uh which is what we wanted
+in our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our problem
+are there any questions from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions from our
+audience on part part a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool yes understand why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yes understand why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yes understand why uh
+where you went from the first statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you went from the first statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you went from the first statement
+to the second statement there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second statement there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second statement there
+every versus one edge implies v is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every versus one edge implies v is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every versus one edge implies v is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+e oh yeah so i guess i guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e oh yeah so i guess i guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e oh yeah so i guess i guess there's
+sort of two things that matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two things that matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two things that matter here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh every vertex is adjacent to one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every vertex is adjacent to one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every vertex is adjacent to one edge
+at most and every edge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most and every edge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most and every edge uh
+yikes uh every edge uh is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vertices
+um i guess actually it's the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i guess actually it's the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i guess actually it's the second one
+that matters so you you can never have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters so you you can never have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters so you you can never have a
+vertex just floating by itself so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just floating by itself so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just floating by itself so one
+way that i can count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that i can count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that i can count
+my number of vertices by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my number of vertices by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my number of vertices by looking at the
+number of edges and saying that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and saying that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and saying that well
+every edge can touch exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge can touch exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge can touch exactly two
+vertices every vertex has to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices every vertex has to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices every vertex has to touch
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+well at least one edge um so if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least one edge um so if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least one edge um so if you put
+those together you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together you can convince yourself
+that this bound has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bound has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bound has to be true
+if you want to be conservative about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be conservative about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be conservative about it
+you can just get rid of the divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just get rid of the divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just get rid of the divided by
+two here i guess it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here i guess it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here i guess it doesn't really
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions from our audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions from our audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions from our audience
+all right so now uh let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now uh let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now uh let's take a look at
+part b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part b
+uh so in in in part b here uh they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in in in part b here uh they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in in in part b here uh they ask
+us to basically do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to basically do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to basically do the
+some version of the same thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of the same thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some version of the same thing right
+they want us to now approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want us to now approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want us to now approximate the
+radius but we're given a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius but we're given a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius but we're given a smaller
+budget of time so now what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of time so now what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget of time so now what we want
+in number b here is uh compute an r star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that uh i got yelled at in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh i got yelled at in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh i got yelled at in my
+textbook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that
+st apparently should always be subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st apparently should always be subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st apparently should always be subject
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+i got an angry review of the textbook i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got an angry review of the textbook i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got an angry review of the textbook i
+wrote because of that which was puzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote because of that which was puzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote because of that which was puzzling
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+but amazon.com is not a great source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amazon.com is not a great source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amazon.com is not a great source of
+useful data but in any event we want our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful data but in any event we want our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful data but in any event we want our
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+which is sandwiched between the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sandwiched between the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sandwiched between the radius
+of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two times the radius of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two times the radius of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two times the radius of g
+um like that now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like that now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like that now notice
+so in other words we want to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words we want to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words we want to the first
+thing to notice is we want to upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is we want to upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice is we want to upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+the radius of our graph and already this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of our graph and already this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of our graph and already this
+should suggest to us how we might solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should suggest to us how we might solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should suggest to us how we might solve
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+right because if we take a look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we take a look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if we take a look back at
+our definition of radius over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of radius over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of radius over here
+notice that the radius is a min right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the radius is a min right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the radius is a min right so
+what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+if i returned epsilon of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i returned epsilon of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i returned epsilon of some other
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+well it's lower bounded by the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's lower bounded by the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's lower bounded by the radius
+because the radius is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radius is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radius is the smallest
+possible epsilon over any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible epsilon over any vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible epsilon over any vertex
+that makes sense now when i was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense now when i was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense now when i was doing
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+um because uh you know i'm the dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because uh you know i'm the dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because uh you know i'm the dumb
+instructor of the three i said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor of the three i said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor of the three i said well okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+like you know maybe i need to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe i need to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe i need to be like
+somehow judicious about what vertex i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow judicious about what vertex i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow judicious about what vertex i
+choose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose like
+you know well in some sense what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well in some sense what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well in some sense what this
+suggests is that maybe i choose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests is that maybe i choose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests is that maybe i choose some
+other vertex and compute its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertex and compute its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertex and compute its its
+radius and return that as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and return that as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and return that as our
+approximation but of course the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but of course the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but of course the problem
+wants me to sandwich it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants me to sandwich it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants me to sandwich it
+between two values here so in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values here so in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values here so in addition
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh you know upper bounding r i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know upper bounding r i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know upper bounding r i want to
+be less than two terms are in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than two terms are in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than two terms are in other
+words my approximation is within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words my approximation is within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words my approximation is within a
+constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor
+um i tried some some weird stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i tried some some weird stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i tried some some weird stuff like
+farthest point sampling and so on then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest point sampling and so on then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest point sampling and so on then i
+realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that
+you actually don't really need to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't really need to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't really need to do any
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+one thing you can do is literally choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is literally choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is literally choose
+any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex
+return its uh eccentricity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return its uh eccentricity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return its uh eccentricity and that's
+actually good enough yeah so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good enough yeah so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good enough yeah so here's our
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um great let me go back to my notes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great let me go back to my notes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great let me go back to my notes here
+i don't know why i'm following my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why i'm following my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why i'm following my notes
+actually through the soft top head but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually through the soft top head but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually through the soft top head but
+they make me feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make me feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make me feel better
+if i'm looking at them at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm looking at them at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm looking at them at the same time
+so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular
+what i'm going to do is choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a u and v let me be clear here any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and v let me be clear here any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and v let me be clear here any
+u and v so if i'm using some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v so if i'm using some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v so if i'm using some data
+structure to store all my vertices i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to store all my vertices i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to store all my vertices i
+just take the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the first one
+whatever and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and two
+i'm going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r star is equal to epsilon of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r star is equal to epsilon of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r star is equal to epsilon of u
+um now of course this isn't really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now of course this isn't really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now of course this isn't really an
+algorithm if you do this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you do this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you do this on your
+homework you'll lose points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you'll lose points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you'll lose points
+and the reason is that i haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that i haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that i haven't told
+you how to compute this value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute this value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to compute this value here
+so if you were to write out your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were to write out your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were to write out your answer
+for this problem of course you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem of course you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem of course you should
+tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+that like really to compute epsilon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like really to compute epsilon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like really to compute epsilon what
+do i do i use breadth first search to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do i use breadth first search to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i do i use breadth first search to
+compute the shortest path from u to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the shortest path from u to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the shortest path from u to all
+the other vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other vertices
+and then i guess i take the the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i guess i take the the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i guess i take the the max
+value here okay so i think you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here okay so i think you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here okay so i think you guys can
+fill in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the uh
+the details of the algorithm uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the algorithm uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the algorithm uh the
+bigger challenge is going to be to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger challenge is going to be to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger challenge is going to be to prove
+that this is actually a good bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually a good bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually a good bound
+right uh and so in other words what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and so in other words what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and so in other words what we
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+prove here i don't know like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove here i don't know like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove here i don't know like there's a
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+there's a proposition there's a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proposition there's a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a proposition there's a theorem
+so we're like somewhere on that axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like somewhere on that axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like somewhere on that axis
+i'm going to call this one a claim i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call this one a claim i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call this one a claim i'm
+going to downgrade it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is that the radius of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that the radius of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that the radius of my graph
+is less than or equal to r star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to r star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to r star
+which is less than or equal to two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to two times
+the radius of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's uh let's prove this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's prove this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh let's prove this uh
+this thing managing to use all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing managing to use all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing managing to use all of my
+boards on one problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh in particular to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh in particular to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh in particular to prove this
+claim i need to prove two inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim i need to prove two inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim i need to prove two inequalities
+this is like two homework problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like two homework problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like two homework problems in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh so let's number those off there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's number those off there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's number those off there's one
+there's two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two okay
+so let's do inequality one i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do inequality one i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do inequality one i think we
+can squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can squeeze
+him into a relatively small space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into a relatively small space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into a relatively small space so
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+uh what is the radius of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the radius of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the radius of my graph
+well just by definition right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just by definition right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just by definition right we know
+that it's the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the min
+over all possible u of epsilon of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular what's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what's the nice
+property about the minimum of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property about the minimum of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property about the minimum of something
+is that it's less than everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's less than everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's less than everything else
+or equal so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal so this
+maybe let's call this u naught just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's call this u naught just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's call this u naught just to
+distinguish between that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between that and
+the notation i have on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation i have on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation i have on the left hand
+side this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is less than or equal to
+epsilon of u because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of u because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of u because
+i don't know because min yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know because min yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know because min yeah uh
+so uh that actually already uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that actually already uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that actually already uh and of
+course this is exactly what we chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is exactly what we chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is exactly what we chose to
+be our star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our star
+so our first part of our proof is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first part of our proof is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first part of our proof is done
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yep so this is the easy part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so this is the easy part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so this is the easy part and
+sometimes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like
+this is sort of what inspired our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of what inspired our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of what inspired our
+algorithm so we expect this bound to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so we expect this bound to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so we expect this bound to be
+kind of straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of straightforward
+okay but the other half of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the other half of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the other half of the problem
+is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more
+tricky uh and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh and actually
+there's a solution in the notes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution in the notes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution in the notes and then
+i decided just to make it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided just to make it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided just to make it a little more
+inaccurate to write up my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate to write up my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccurate to write up my own
+um so uh but actually i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh but actually i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh but actually i have
+i have an ulterior motive which as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an ulterior motive which as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an ulterior motive which as i
+noticed in this class we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in this class we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in this class we don't
+tend to use a tiny piece of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use a tiny piece of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use a tiny piece of notation
+that i like so for my convenience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like so for my convenience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like so for my convenience and
+future problem sessions i thought i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future problem sessions i thought i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future problem sessions i thought i'd
+introduce it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it now
+so we're solving a minimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're solving a minimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're solving a minimization problem
+the nice thing is that in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing is that in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing is that in this class
+everything we do is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do is finite
+if you take my graduate course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take my graduate course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take my graduate course that's
+not going to be the case in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the case in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the case in fact
+actually in lecture two we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in lecture two we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in lecture two we're going to
+do like variational calculus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like variational calculus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like variational calculus but
+uh in in this course uh what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this course uh what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this course uh what does that
+mean that means if i minimize a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if i minimize a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if i minimize a function
+there's actually a vertex in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a vertex in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a vertex in my graph
+that achieves that minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that achieves that minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that achieves that minimum
+right this is different than like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is different than like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is different than like for
+example if i then i'll shut up but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if i then i'll shut up but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if i then i'll shut up but like
+if i wanted to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to minimize
+you know here's f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's f of x equals
+1 over x and i ask you for the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over x and i ask you for the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over x and i ask you for the minimum
+value well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well it's
+you know overall x greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know overall x greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know overall x greater than or equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+well the minimum value is zero right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the minimum value is zero right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the minimum value is zero right if
+i take x off to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take x off to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take x off to infinity
+but it never quite crosses zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it never quite crosses zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it never quite crosses zero right so
+you're kind of in this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of in this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of in this weird
+universe if you remember jason's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe if you remember jason's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe if you remember jason's lecture
+he talked about imps and supes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about imps and supes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about imps and supes as
+opposed to min's and max's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to min's and max's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to min's and max's
+but this can't happen in our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this can't happen in our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this can't happen in our problem
+because when we compute a min there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we compute a min there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we compute a min there's
+actually a vertex that achieves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vertex that achieves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a vertex that achieves it
+and that vertex we call argument okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vertex we call argument okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vertex we call argument okay
+and so this arg here stands for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this arg here stands for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this arg here stands for for
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+so one thing that i can do is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that i can do is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that i can do is say okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+remember that my radius is the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the min overall u of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min overall u of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min overall u of u
+epsilon of u that i'm going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of u that i'm going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of u that i'm going to define a
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+u naught to be the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught to be the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught to be the argument
+over u of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u of epsilon
+of u and this is just fancy notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and this is just fancy notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u and this is just fancy notation for
+saying give me the actual vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give me the actual vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give me the actual vertex
+that makes this value as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this value as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this value as small as
+possible yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible yep
+uh the nice thing about this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nice thing about this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nice thing about this problem is
+that we're not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not worried
+yet about i will make runtime so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet about i will make runtime so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet about i will make runtime so i can
+construct this kind of thing and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this kind of thing and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this kind of thing and not
+worry about how i actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how i actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how i actually found
+it right okay so let's say that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right okay so let's say that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right okay so let's say that we did
+that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is
+find me the vertex um that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me the vertex um that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me the vertex um that actually
+gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me
+the radius right so in other words i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius right so in other words i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius right so in other words i
+find that vertex and then i find his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that vertex and then i find his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that vertex and then i find his
+or her farthest away vertex and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her farthest away vertex and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her farthest away vertex and measure
+the distance and that distance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and that distance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and that distance is the
+radius of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of my graph
+okay um so let's actually do that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let's actually do that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so let's actually do that so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+then i can define a second vertex v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can define a second vertex v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can define a second vertex v
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+well how does the radius algorithm work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how does the radius algorithm work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how does the radius algorithm work
+i find the central guy and then i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find the central guy and then i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find the central guy and then i find
+the one that's farthest away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's farthest away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's farthest away
+so we're going to make him the arg max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to make him the arg max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to make him the arg max
+over all v in my graph of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all v in my graph of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all v in my graph of the distance
+starting at u to any v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at u to any v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at u to any v
+right so if i think about my circle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about my circle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think about my circle it's
+a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle
+right then u naught is like that center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then u naught is like that center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then u naught is like that center
+of my circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my circle
+and then v naught is like that far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then v naught is like that far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then v naught is like that far away
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+this is a schematic right my circle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a schematic right my circle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a schematic right my circle is
+really a graph in this problem but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a graph in this problem but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a graph in this problem but i
+think i think the analogy actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i think the analogy actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i think the analogy actually works
+okay but in reality my algorithm was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in reality my algorithm was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in reality my algorithm was
+brain dead i didn't actually compute u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead i didn't actually compute u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dead i didn't actually compute u
+naught i computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught i computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught i computed
+i just randomly drew sorry i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just randomly drew sorry i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just randomly drew sorry i shouldn't
+use that word i arbitrarily drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word i arbitrarily drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word i arbitrarily drew a
+vertex u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u
+and then computed you know the farthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then computed you know the farthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then computed you know the farthest
+away distance from that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away distance from that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away distance from that guy
+uh and of course what we have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course what we have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course what we have to check
+is that that thing is within a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that thing is within a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that thing is within a factor of
+two of what i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of what i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of what i wanted
+so okay uh if i have u then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay uh if i have u then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay uh if i have u then i'm
+additionally gonna define one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally gonna define one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally gonna define one more thing
+called v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called v
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mm-hmm
+oh boy uh okay so i'm noticing i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy uh okay so i'm noticing i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy uh okay so i'm noticing i'm
+saying one thing and i'm writing another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one thing and i'm writing another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying one thing and i'm writing another
+u naught is the center of my graph i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught is the center of my graph i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u naught is the center of my graph i
+just i think i said it i just forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i think i said it i just forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i think i said it i just forgot to
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+and then this v is the farthest away guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this v is the farthest away guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this v is the farthest away guy
+from him so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him so basically
+the subscript zero here means like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript zero here means like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript zero here means like is
+the platonic ideal of what i wanted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platonic ideal of what i wanted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platonic ideal of what i wanted in
+my problem and no subscript is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem and no subscript is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem and no subscript is gonna
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+the other one so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so now um
+i compute the farthest away thing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i compute the farthest away thing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i compute the farthest away thing from
+the u that i actually chose in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u that i actually chose in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u that i actually chose in my
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+that's some v bar right so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some v bar right so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some v bar right so again
+remember my algorithm just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my algorithm just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my algorithm just says
+okay i'm going to like choose some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to like choose some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to like choose some other
+point v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point v
+and then return v's distance to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then return v's distance to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then return v's distance to some
+farthest away point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away point
+uh oh sorry choose another oh boy choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry choose another oh boy choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry choose another oh boy choose
+a point u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point u
+and return his distance to some far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return his distance to some far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return his distance to some far away
+point v i think i've managed to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point v i think i've managed to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point v i think i've managed to lose
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+uh nodding together using fees here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodding together using fees here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodding together using fees here okay
+so why did i introduce all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did i introduce all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did i introduce all of this
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+um because this is what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this is what's going on in
+this problem right to actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem right to actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem right to actually compute
+the radius i want to find the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius i want to find the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius i want to find the most
+central point u naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central point u naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central point u naught
+and its distance to its farthest away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its distance to its farthest away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its distance to its farthest away
+thing v naught in reality i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing v naught in reality i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing v naught in reality i
+arbitrarily chose a point u and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily chose a point u and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily chose a point u and i
+returned uh u's distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned uh u's distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned uh u's distance
+to some point v and i want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some point v and i want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some point v and i want to show that
+those two things are within a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are within a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are within a factor of
+two of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each other
+okay that summary makes sense even if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that summary makes sense even if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that summary makes sense even if i
+talked in circles for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in circles for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in circles for a little while
+okay so let's actually do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually do that so
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+uh the thing that i'm going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing that i'm going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing that i'm going to actually
+return is r star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is r star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is r star
+and that is equal to the distance from u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to the distance from u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is equal to the distance from u
+to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v
+now because i just made all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because i just made all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because i just made all these
+definitions and now i get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and now i get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and now i get to
+uh use my favorite inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use my favorite inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use my favorite inequality
+um in fact this is sort of the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact this is sort of the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact this is sort of the only
+inequality we know in this class so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we know in this class so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we know in this class so far
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+which is the triangle inequality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the triangle inequality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the triangle inequality uh
+which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+that of course this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course this is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the distance from u to u naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from u to u naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from u to u naught
+plus the distance from u not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from u not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the distance from u not
+to v right so in other words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v right so in other words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v right so in other words this is
+saying the shortest path from u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the shortest path from u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the shortest path from u
+to v is always upper bounded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v is always upper bounded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v is always upper bounded from the
+length of the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the shortest path
+from u to u naught and then u naught to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to u naught and then u naught to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to u naught and then u naught to
+v right this is drawing a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v right this is drawing a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v right this is drawing a triangle
+aha but take a look what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha but take a look what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha but take a look what is
+the actual radius of my graph well in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual radius of my graph well in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual radius of my graph well in my
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+the radius of my graph is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of my graph is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of my graph is exactly the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+from u naught to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u naught to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u naught to v
+naught and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and this thing
+is bigger than the distance from u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the distance from u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the distance from u
+naught to anything else by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all of e right so if i flip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of e right so if i flip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of e right so if i flip this
+inequality backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality backward
+well take a look this is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well take a look this is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well take a look this is the distance
+from u naught to something this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u naught to something this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u naught to something this is the
+distance from u naught to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from u naught to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from u naught to something
+so i incur two factors of the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i incur two factors of the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i incur two factors of the radius
+and i get the bound that i wanted yep uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get the bound that i wanted yep uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get the bound that i wanted yep uh
+and so this is a slightly more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a slightly more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a slightly more formal
+proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of
+exactly the same thing that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing that's in the
+homework notes okay so the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework notes okay so the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework notes okay so the one thing
+that's remaining is to actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's remaining is to actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's remaining is to actually show
+that our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our algorithm
+runs in a reasonable amount of time so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in a reasonable amount of time so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in a reasonable amount of time so i
+think they give us a budget of order e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they give us a budget of order e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they give us a budget of order e
+time but notice that argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but notice that argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but notice that argument is
+precisely the argument that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the argument that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the argument that we
+just made right here uh just minus the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made right here uh just minus the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made right here uh just minus the v
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and the v factor just came from looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v factor just came from looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v factor just came from looping
+over all the vertices in in part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the vertices in in part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the vertices in in part a
+uh so now i think we're we're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now i think we're we're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now i think we're we're done with
+problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one
+as usual i've wasted too much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual i've wasted too much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual i've wasted too much time on
+the easy problem all right any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy problem all right any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy problem all right any questions
+about uh about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about this one
+excellent well now that i've written too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent well now that i've written too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent well now that i've written too
+much uh let's uh do the rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh let's uh do the rest of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh let's uh do the rest of it
+i spent time on this problem because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent time on this problem because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent time on this problem because i
+like it it looks like a geometry problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it looks like a geometry problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it looks like a geometry problem
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+uh let's see in problem two which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see in problem two which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see in problem two which i
+noticed that this homework is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this homework is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this homework is kind of
+full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of
+prototypical 606
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical 606
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical 606
+graph theory problems in general like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory problems in general like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory problems in general like
+they just go down the list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just go down the list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just go down the list of things
+that people typically do in graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people typically do in graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people typically do in graph theory
+that are like useful tricks to know so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like useful tricks to know so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like useful tricks to know so i
+would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest
+the students in this class even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in this class even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in this class even if it's
+pass fail uh look very closely at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass fail uh look very closely at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass fail uh look very closely at this
+homework before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework before doing
+uh the current one i think the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the current one i think the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the current one i think the ordering
+works out that they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out that they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out that they can do that
+um because i think you'll get some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i think you'll get some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i think you'll get some good
+hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints
+for how to solve all the the the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to solve all the the the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to solve all the the the current
+homework uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh
+so you hear you heard you heard it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you hear you heard you heard it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you hear you heard you heard it here
+first guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guys
+okay so in problem two uh we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in problem two uh we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in problem two uh we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+internet investigation uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet investigation uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet investigation uh so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+uh mit has a bunch of different routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mit has a bunch of different routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mit has a bunch of different routers
+that are connected by cables uh to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected by cables uh to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected by cables uh to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+and essentially uh what are we given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially uh what are we given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially uh what are we given
+we're given a bunch of different routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a bunch of different routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a bunch of different routers
+and we're given the length of the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're given the length of the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're given the length of the cable
+in between them and the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them and the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them and the latency
+unsurprisingly is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly is proportional to the
+length of the cable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cable that
+in my abstract understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my abstract understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my abstract understanding of how
+computers work kind of makes sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers work kind of makes sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers work kind of makes sense to me
+i'm not sure that's actually true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that's actually true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that's actually true but
+um that's sort of immaterial for 606.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sort of immaterial for 606.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sort of immaterial for 606.
+i assume our department has a networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i assume our department has a networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i assume our department has a networks
+class if you're interested in that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you're interested in that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you're interested in that kind
+of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing
+uh and essentially uh what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and essentially uh what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and essentially uh what we're trying
+to do is sum up the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is sum up the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is sum up the latency
+over all of the uh the router so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the uh the router so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the uh the router so let's
+let's write down a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down a little bit of
+notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here
+while i continue to dance all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i continue to dance all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i continue to dance all over the
+room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room here
+keep losing uh losing my chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i need like a holster i feel like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need like a holster i feel like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need like a holster i feel like that
+would be useful for for the chalk bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful for for the chalk bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful for for the chalk bucket
+okay so now we're going to do problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to do problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to do problem
+2 here so we're given our routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are marked as entry points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and now we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we have a bunch of
+bi-directional wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wi each of which has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l i uh and that's a positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i uh and that's a positive integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i uh and that's a positive integer
+value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here
+yep and uh actually because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and uh actually because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and uh actually because of this
+so technically i think a lot of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so technically i think a lot of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so technically i think a lot of students
+in this class have encountered weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class have encountered weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class have encountered weighted
+graphs before but if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs before but if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs before but if you think about the
+narrative of of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative of of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative of of this course
+i think for the version of this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for the version of this homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for the version of this homework
+we haven't really encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really encountered
+weighted graphs yet but a better way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graphs yet but a better way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graphs yet but a better way of
+putting it rather than psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it rather than psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it rather than psychologically
+diagnosing your instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosing your instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosing your instructors
+uh is is that what we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is that what we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is that what we're going to find
+is that they're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're often
+problems that look like they're weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that look like they're weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that look like they're weighted
+graph problems but they really aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph problems but they really aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph problems but they really aren't
+and and this is a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a nice example
+uh where that's the case okay uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where that's the case okay uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where that's the case okay uh so we
+define latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as follows that it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as follows that it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as follows that it's at least
+proportional to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to um
+the shortest uh path to an entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we have two additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have two additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have two additional
+assumptions that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we need
+right one is that the total latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is that the total latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one is that the total latency
+uh or at least the latency of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least the latency of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least the latency of every
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+which is the same thing latency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing latency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing latency uh
+is less than infinity what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than infinity what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than infinity what is this
+really saying by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saying by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saying by the way
+like when would the latency be infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when would the latency be infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when would the latency be infinity
+it would only be infinity if i like took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would only be infinity if i like took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would only be infinity if i like took
+a pair of scissors and cut a wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of scissors and cut a wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of scissors and cut a wire and
+would just connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just connect it
+from the rest of the network yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rest of the network yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rest of the network yes uh
+every router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every router
+is connected to some entry point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to some entry point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to some entry point that's
+exactly like there's some path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like there's some path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like there's some path from
+every router to some entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every router to some entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every router to some entry point
+doesn't necessarily mean the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean the entire
+graph is connected i guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is connected i guess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is connected i guess um
+but at least that you can always get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least that you can always get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least that you can always get to
+an entry point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entry point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entry point uh
+and then moreover uh and this one's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moreover uh and this one's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moreover uh and this one's the
+the real kicker here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real kicker here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real kicker here
+uh that there's uh at most a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's uh at most a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's uh at most a hundred
+r uh feet of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incidentally r stands for routers i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally r stands for routers i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally r stands for routers i had
+like the problem the previous problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem the previous problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem the previous problem in
+my head was thinking radius a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head was thinking radius a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head was thinking radius a long time
+um so don't be like your instructor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't be like your instructor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't be like your instructor and
+actually read the entire problem before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read the entire problem before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read the entire problem before
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+hung up on it but in any event the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung up on it but in any event the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung up on it but in any event the thing
+that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to
+do is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum over all of the routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all of the routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all of the routers
+uh i don't know are whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know are whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know are whatever
+of the latency of of that router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the latency of of that router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the latency of of that router
+okay so that's our our problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our our problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our our problem here
+incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally
+this little goofy exercise i just did of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little goofy exercise i just did of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little goofy exercise i just did of
+taking this paragraph problem and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this paragraph problem and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this paragraph problem and kind
+of writing in bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing in bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing in bullet points
+i find helps me a lot when i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find helps me a lot when i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find helps me a lot when i'm trying to
+solve these algorithms problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these algorithms problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve these algorithms problems
+because i think it's really easy to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it's really easy to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it's really easy to just
+get like thrown off by a wall of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like thrown off by a wall of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like thrown off by a wall of text
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so this problem is screaming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this problem is screaming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this problem is screaming out
+graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory
+like we're practically like using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're practically like using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're practically like using the
+terms here we are using the terms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here we are using the terms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here we are using the terms right
+like you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got
+nodes that are kind of like routers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are kind of like routers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are kind of like routers and
+maybe edges or kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe edges or kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe edges or kind of like
+wires but there's a bit of a catch which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires but there's a bit of a catch which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires but there's a bit of a catch which
+is that your runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your runtime
+right at the end of the day i think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end of the day i think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end of the day i think you
+want order r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run time that's where things get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time that's where things get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time that's where things get a
+little funky initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funky initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funky initially
+um and so we have to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we have to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we have to think a little bit
+carefully about how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how to do it
+and here's going to be the the trick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's going to be the the trick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's going to be the the trick so
+this is starting to look like a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to look like a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to look like a shortest
+path problem but what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem but what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem but what would you
+maybe not want to do would be to iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not want to do would be to iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not want to do would be to iterate
+over every single router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every single router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every single router
+or every single vertex and every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every single vertex and every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every single vertex and every single
+router and compute the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router and compute the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router and compute the shortest path
+between every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between every single
+pair because if you did that oh boy i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair because if you did that oh boy i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair because if you did that oh boy i'm
+i'm confusing my terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm confusing my terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm confusing my terminology
+there are entry points which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are entry points which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are entry points which is the
+thing that i need to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i need to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i need to compute the
+distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+uh and i need to iterate over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i need to iterate over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i need to iterate over every
+single router and compute its distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single router and compute its distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single router and compute its distance
+maybe to all the entry points and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to all the entry points and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to all the entry points and then
+take the min or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the min or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the min or something like that
+but if i had a double for loop then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i had a double for loop then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i had a double for loop then i'm
+probably not going to get order our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to get order our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to get order our
+time right because somehow you expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because somehow you expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because somehow you expect it
+to look like something squared or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like something squared or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like something squared or like
+the product of two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two terms
+supposed to be a little more sneaky than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a little more sneaky than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a little more sneaky than
+that and we're going to use a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to use a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to use a sort of a
+canonical uh trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical uh trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical uh trick
+in graph theory okay so let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory okay so let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory okay so let's uh let's
+follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the
+the toucan sam approach here we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toucan sam approach here we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toucan sam approach here we're gonna
+follow our nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow our nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow our nose
+and say that okay there's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that okay there's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that okay there's basically a
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+that's uh staring us in the face in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh staring us in the face in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh staring us in the face in this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+but then we're gonna have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're gonna have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're gonna have to make a
+little bit of an edit because we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an edit because we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an edit because we'd like
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+the kind of linear looking time search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of linear looking time search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of linear looking time search
+uh that that bfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that bfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that bfs
+affords us but it looks like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affords us but it looks like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affords us but it looks like we have
+edge weights in our graph right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights in our graph right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge weights in our graph right because
+the wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires
+are associated to uh lengths right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated to uh lengths right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated to uh lengths right
+different wires have different sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wires have different sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wires have different sizes
+but we have this nice fun fact which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have this nice fun fact which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have this nice fun fact which is
+of the total amount of wire and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total amount of wire and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total amount of wire and our
+whole universe is less than 100r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe is less than 100r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe is less than 100r
+i guess the units of this 100 are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the units of this 100 are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the units of this 100 are kind
+of weird right it's like feet per router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird right it's like feet per router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird right it's like feet per router
+or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something but
+whatever okay uh so in particular uh i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay uh so in particular uh i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay uh so in particular uh i'm
+going to make a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a node per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a node per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a node per
+router right so maybe here's a router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router right so maybe here's a router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router right so maybe here's a router
+there's another router there's router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another router there's router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another router there's router
+one and router two but since i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and router two but since i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and router two but since i want to
+use the sort of linear time advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sort of linear time advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sort of linear time advantages
+of breath first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breath first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breath first search
+uh when i'm when i'm computing distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i'm when i'm computing distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i'm when i'm computing distances
+i can be a little bit sneaky about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can be a little bit sneaky about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can be a little bit sneaky about this
+which is to say instead of having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say instead of having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say instead of having like
+10 feet of wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 feet of wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 feet of wires
+i'm going to have 10 one foot wires yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have 10 one foot wires yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have 10 one foot wires yeah
+except now i'm additionally going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now i'm additionally going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now i'm additionally going to
+have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know
+little chains so here maybe the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chains so here maybe the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chains so here maybe the length
+l one two is equal to three right so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l one two is equal to three right so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l one two is equal to three right so i'm
+gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put
+three edges in between um so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges in between um so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges in between um so in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+and i'm gonna i'm gonna connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna i'm gonna connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna i'm gonna connect them
+with chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l i
+edges for each wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for each wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for each wire
+that makes sense so essentially i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so essentially i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so essentially i'm
+going to take my weighted graph problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take my weighted graph problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take my weighted graph problem
+and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it
+unweighted by just like repeating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted by just like repeating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted by just like repeating a
+bunch of well not really repeating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of well not really repeating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of well not really repeating but
+chaining together a bunch of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining together a bunch of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining together a bunch of edges
+uh so that the total length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the total length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the total length of this
+thing uh is equal to the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh is equal to the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh is equal to the distance from
+one router to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one router to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one router to another
+okay one thing we might as well do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing we might as well do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one thing we might as well do is
+bound the number of vertices and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the number of vertices and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the number of vertices and edges
+in our graph when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph when we do that
+so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's think about the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the number of vertices
+and we can be totally lazy and upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can be totally lazy and upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can be totally lazy and upper
+bound this stuff it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this stuff it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this stuff it doesn't matter
+well for one thing i have one node per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for one thing i have one node per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for one thing i have one node per
+router so we incur one factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router so we incur one factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router so we incur one factor of
+r there and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r there and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r there and now
+notice that we're kind of laying down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're kind of laying down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we're kind of laying down
+cable one little piece at a time here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable one little piece at a time here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable one little piece at a time here in
+our chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chains
+and now i always uh tend to have a fence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i always uh tend to have a fence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i always uh tend to have a fence
+post style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post style
+headache about exactly what the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache about exactly what the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache about exactly what the constant
+factor is here but if we're conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is here but if we're conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is here but if we're conservative
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+uh you know we incur at most a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we incur at most a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we incur at most a factor of
+100 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 are
+kind of additional edges because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of additional edges because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of additional edges because those
+are all the different pieces that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the different pieces that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the different pieces that we
+could lay together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lay together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lay together
+it's actually less than that because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually less than that because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually less than that because of
+the endpoints but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoints but whatever
+uh because r plus 100r is big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because r plus 100r is big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because r plus 100r is big o
+of r so the number of vertices in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r so the number of vertices in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r so the number of vertices in my
+graph here is big o of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here is big o of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here is big o of r
+similarly what's the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is exactly the amount of cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is exactly the amount of cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is exactly the amount of cable
+uh that's inside of my network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's inside of my network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's inside of my network
+i believe yep right so this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe yep right so this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe yep right so this is exactly
+100r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i guess the way the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess the way the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess the way the problem is
+written it's uh upper bounded by a 100r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it's uh upper bounded by a 100r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it's uh upper bounded by a 100r
+but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever
+um so this again is big o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this again is big o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this again is big o of
+r this is kind of convenient so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is kind of convenient so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is kind of convenient so now we
+have one number that rules them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one number that rules them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one number that rules them all
+right which is r which tells you both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is r which tells you both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is r which tells you both
+the number of vertices and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices and the number of
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+up to a constant factor right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a constant factor right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a constant factor right so one
+thing i can convince myself is if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i can convince myself is if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i can convince myself is if i do
+bfs on my graph that's sort of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs on my graph that's sort of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs on my graph that's sort of okay
+remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's
+vertices plus edges time uh but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices plus edges time uh but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices plus edges time uh but in this
+case uh those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh those are the same
+okay so uh right so remember at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so remember at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so remember at the end
+of the day i'm trying to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day i'm trying to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day i'm trying to compute the
+latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency
+this is like the length of the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the length of the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the length of the shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+to the entry point nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entry point nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the entry point nodes
+so here would be a braindead algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here would be a braindead algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here would be a braindead algorithm
+which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say
+for all routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all entry points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know let's call the router on i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know let's call the router on i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know let's call the router on i
+the entry point j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point j
+i compute distance i j like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i compute distance i j like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i compute distance i j like using
+breadth first search or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth first search or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth first search or something
+uh and then i you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then i you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then i you know uh
+you know take them the men of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take them the men of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take them the men of these
+values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and add them all together right so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them all together right so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them all together right so i
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+for every router i look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every router i look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every router i look at every
+possible entry point i compute its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible entry point i compute its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible entry point i compute its
+distance to the entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the entry point
+i take the min over all these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the min over all these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the min over all these things and
+now i add that to my running cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i add that to my running cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i add that to my running cell
+there's a problem here which is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here which is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here which is i
+haven't told you the relative number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you the relative number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you the relative number of
+entry points to the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry points to the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry points to the total number of
+routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers
+so at least the way that i've i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least the way that i've i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least the way that i've i've
+written this algorithm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this algorithm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this algorithm here
+how much time would this take well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time would this take well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time would this take well
+there's two different for loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two different for loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two different for loops
+and in the worst possible case at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the worst possible case at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the worst possible case at least
+in my brain diet algorithm i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my brain diet algorithm i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my brain diet algorithm i don't
+notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+you know if i am an entry point then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i am an entry point then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i am an entry point then i
+don't need to compute distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this would take order r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would take order r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this would take order r squared
+whoa r squared time right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa r squared time right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa r squared time right um
+at least right actually i shouldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least right actually i shouldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least right actually i shouldn't even
+write big o i should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write big o i should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write big o i should write
+uh what's slower bound oh god i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's slower bound oh god i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's slower bound oh god i'm a
+terrible algorithm professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible algorithm professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible algorithm professor
+omega of r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega of r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega of r squared
+time because i haven't even accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because i haven't even accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because i haven't even accounted
+for the amount of time that it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amount of time that it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amount of time that it takes to
+compute the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the distance
+right uh and this is a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and this is a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and this is a problem because
+i've only given you a budget of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've only given you a budget of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've only given you a budget of linear
+time for your algorithm right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for your algorithm right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for your algorithm right so
+so this is this is frowny face i tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is frowny face i tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is frowny face i tried
+drawing the turret emoji on my notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the turret emoji on my notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the turret emoji on my notes and
+it really it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really it didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really it didn't work
+okay so we need a better trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need a better trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need a better trick
+uh and this is actually sort of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is actually sort of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is actually sort of one of
+these proto-typical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proto-typical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proto-typical uh
+uh tricks uh which is uh to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricks uh which is uh to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricks uh which is uh to do the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+so let's construct a graph i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's construct a graph i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's construct a graph i'm gonna
+draw my graph in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my graph in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my graph in a particular way
+but notice that there's nothing about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that there's nothing about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that there's nothing about my
+algorithm that cares about the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that cares about the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that cares about the way that
+i drew it this is just to make my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew it this is just to make my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew it this is just to make my life
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+which is i'm going to put all the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm going to put all the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm going to put all the entry
+points on the left and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the left and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the left and all the
+just the remaining non-entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the remaining non-entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the remaining non-entry point
+routers on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers on the right
+because i can uh and so this is what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can uh and so this is what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can uh and so this is what my
+graph looks like so these are like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like so these are like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like so these are like my
+entry points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know here are my other routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my graph doesn't have to be bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph doesn't have to be bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph doesn't have to be bipartite
+like it could be that my routers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be that my routers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be that my routers are
+connected to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other
+whatever um and then there's some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and then there's some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and then there's some some
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+edges that go from my entry points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that go from my entry points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that go from my entry points to
+the routers in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routers in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routers in the graph
+trying to make sure that my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sure that my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sure that my graph is
+connected okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected okay
+right and so essentially what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so essentially what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so essentially what this
+problem is asking you to do uh is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do uh is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do uh is to say
+okay for every single note in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for every single note in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for every single note in my graph
+i need to compute the the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to compute the the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to compute the the distance to
+the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest
+entry point and then sum all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point and then sum all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point and then sum all those
+things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+right that's the schematic we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the schematic we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the schematic we could have
+in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense
+what we want to do is think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is think about the
+set of entry points as like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of entry points as like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of entry points as like one
+giant node right because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant node right because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant node right because it doesn't
+matter which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which of
+these guys i choose for my shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys i choose for my shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys i choose for my shortest path
+uh to an entry point i just need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to an entry point i just need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to an entry point i just need to find
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah and so here's the basic trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so here's the basic trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so here's the basic trick and
+this is one that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that appears
+all over graph theory which is i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over graph theory which is i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over graph theory which is i'm going
+to introduce one additional note to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce one additional note to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce one additional note to my
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+and i'm going to put him on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put him on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put him on the left
+hand side he's really big because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side he's really big because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side he's really big because he
+is a super note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a term of art uh this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a term of art uh this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a term of art uh this term
+shows up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up a lot
+and i'm gonna connect it to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry point in uh in my my network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point in uh in my my network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point in uh in my my network of
+routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers
+does that make sense class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense class okay
+so here's the here's the kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the kind of cool
+thing so first of all for every entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so first of all for every entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so first of all for every entry
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+what's the the shortest path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the shortest path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the the shortest path from the
+entry point to the super node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point to the super node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point to the super node
+well obviously it has length one right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously it has length one right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously it has length one right i
+drew it for you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it for you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it for you here
+now here's the thing let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the thing let's take the
+shortest path from the super node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from the super node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from the super node
+to any of the routers on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of the routers on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of the routers on the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+what do i know well clearly like maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i know well clearly like maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i know well clearly like maybe i
+choose this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this guy here
+well what is my shortest path it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is my shortest path it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is my shortest path it goes
+here and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then there
+there's one property that matters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one property that matters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one property that matters here
+which is that it has to pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it has to pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it has to pass through
+one of these entry notes which one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these entry notes which one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these entry notes which one does
+it has to pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to pass through
+shrek for shame well remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrek for shame well remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrek for shame well remember
+uh the justin's favorite inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the justin's favorite inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the justin's favorite inequality is
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality
+and what does it say it says that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it say it says that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it say it says that if i
+compute the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the shortest path
+from the super node to any node in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the super node to any node in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the super node to any node in my
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+then every sort of sub piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every sort of sub piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every sort of sub piece of that
+shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+is also a shortest path that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a shortest path that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a shortest path that sentence
+was hard to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard to parse
+let's try that again so in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that again so in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that again so in particular if
+i have a graph from the super node to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a graph from the super node to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a graph from the super node to
+some router over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some router over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some router over here
+well we've convinced ourselves it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've convinced ourselves it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've convinced ourselves it has to
+pass through one of the entry nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through one of the entry nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through one of the entry nodes
+which one does it have to pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one does it have to pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one does it have to pass through
+is it ever something that is farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it ever something that is farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it ever something that is farther
+than the closest entry node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the closest entry node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the closest entry node
+well no because i could compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no because i could compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no because i could compute a
+shorter path in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter path in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter path in that case
+by choosing the closest entry mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing the closest entry mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing the closest entry mode and
+then going to the super node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to the super node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to the super node
+so uh this is a complicated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a complicated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is a complicated way of
+saying that essentially what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that essentially what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that essentially what we really
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is for every router
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every router
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every router
+the distance from that router let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from that router let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from that router let's call
+it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i
+to the super node s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that quite right is that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that quite right is that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that quite right is that the distance
+to the closest uh entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the closest uh entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the closest uh entry point
+one you went one more inch too far i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you went one more inch too far i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you went one more inch too far i
+went one inch too far right because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went one inch too far right because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went one inch too far right because i
+went to the closest entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the closest entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the closest entry point
+and then i took an additional edge so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i took an additional edge so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i took an additional edge so we
+want to do minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do minus one
+okay so what does this mean well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does this mean well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does this mean well that
+means that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that i don't
+actually have to have this inner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have this inner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have this inner for
+loop over all the possible entry points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over all the possible entry points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over all the possible entry points
+i just need to construct this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just need to construct this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just need to construct this new
+special graph with one additional node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special graph with one additional node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special graph with one additional node
+notice that's not going to affect my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's not going to affect my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's not going to affect my
+runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+and compute the shortest distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute the shortest distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute the shortest distance from
+the super node to every other node in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super node to every other node in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super node to every other node in my
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+and then use that as my output yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that as my output yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that as my output yeah so
+in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is my algorithm going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my algorithm going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my algorithm going to look like
+well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first
+i'm going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to construct
+my graph right so what do i need to do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph right so what do i need to do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph right so what do i need to do i
+have uh if i were to write this out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh if i were to write this out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh if i were to write this out on
+my homework i would have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my homework i would have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my homework i would have to talk about
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+i've got these chains of edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got these chains of edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got these chains of edges between
+different pairs of routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs of routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs of routers
+in addition to that i'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that i'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that i'm going to make
+one additional super node uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional super node uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional super node uh
+and and insert an edge from that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and insert an edge from that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and insert an edge from that to
+every uh entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh entry point
+uh notice that adding the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that adding the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that adding the uh
+entry point here just adds a one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point here just adds a one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point here just adds a one to the
+number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices
+and at most i guess an r to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most i guess an r to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most i guess an r to the number
+of edges which doesn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges which doesn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges which doesn't affect
+asymptotically the size of either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically the size of either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically the size of either of
+these two sets so that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets so that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets so that's a good thing
+now i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to do
+i'm going to use a bff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use a bff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use a bff
+to do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a single
+source shortest path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source shortest path from
+my super node to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my super node to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my super node to
+all other vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how much time does this take well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much time does this take well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much time does this take well
+remember that in general bfs takes v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in general bfs takes v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in general bfs takes v
+plus e time in this case v plus e are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e time in this case v plus e are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e time in this case v plus e are
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+you know look like r so this is order r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look like r so this is order r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look like r so this is order r
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay uh and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then finally
+i'm going to sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to sum over
+router's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i the value of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the value of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the value of the distance
+from the super node to the router i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the super node to the router i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the super node to the router i
+minus one to account for that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to account for that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to account for that that
+additional edge that i added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional edge that i added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional edge that i added
+okay and that's the solution to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the solution to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the solution to our
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay any questions about uh number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about uh number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about uh number two
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+excellent go team okay so now uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent go team okay so now uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent go team okay so now uh let's
+move on to problem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to problem three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to problem three
+am i yeah we're about halfway uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i yeah we're about halfway uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i yeah we're about halfway uh okay
+so in problem three right so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in problem three right so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in problem three right so we're doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+poetry harder and three wizard friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry harder and three wizard friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry harder and three wizard friends
+the number three here i believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number three here i believe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number three here i believe is
+actually irrelevant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually irrelevant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually irrelevant um
+although like anytime you see a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although like anytime you see a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although like anytime you see a specific
+number in a problem like you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a problem like you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a problem like you should you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+cash that in your bag of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that in your bag of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that in your bag of things to
+remember and in this case that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and in this case that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and in this case that was a
+that was a red herring um padre harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a red herring um padre harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a red herring um padre harder
+and um her three wizard friends uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um her three wizard friends uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um her three wizard friends uh
+are tasked with searching around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tasked with searching around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tasked with searching around a
+labyrinth yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labyrinth yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labyrinth yeah
+uh and and in particular uh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and in particular uh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and in particular uh there's some
+some some nice things to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some nice things to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some nice things to know about
+the labyrinth and patri-harder world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labyrinth and patri-harder world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labyrinth and patri-harder world
+which has really thrown off my dyslexia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has really thrown off my dyslexia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has really thrown off my dyslexia
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which is the following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what do we know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we know we know that
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+n rooms uh in my labyrinth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and that each of my rooms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that each of my rooms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that each of my rooms uh
+has at most four doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so in other words uh if i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so in other words uh if i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so in other words uh if i think
+of building a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a graph
+out of my rooms which is like i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my rooms which is like i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my rooms which is like i don't
+think i'm giving much away about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm giving much away about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i'm giving much away about
+about this problem by like jumping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem by like jumping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem by like jumping to
+the solution a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution a little bit uh
+what do we know about the degree of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the degree of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the degree of any
+vertex assuming my vertices are rooms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex assuming my vertices are rooms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex assuming my vertices are rooms in
+the labyrinth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labyrinth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labyrinth
+is it most four so that's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it most four so that's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it most four so that's kind of nice
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+right uh and all the doors start closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that seems like a useful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a useful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a useful piece of
+information to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to remember
+um but we have this kind of weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we have this kind of weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we have this kind of weird thing
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+some doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some doors
+are enchanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and apparently uh pop oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently uh pop oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently uh pop oh my
+uh pottery harder uh can open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pottery harder uh can open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pottery harder uh can open up
+uh certain doors for free which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain doors for free which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain doors for free which are not
+the enchanted doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enchanted doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enchanted doors
+and then other ones they have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then other ones they have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then other ones they have to like
+you know do the blessing and the holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do the blessing and the holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do the blessing and the holy
+water and whatever it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and whatever it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and whatever it is that
+that happens in in in this universe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in in in this universe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in in in this universe uh
+and then opens up that door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then opens up that door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then opens up that door
+um but that costs them materials and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that costs them materials and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that costs them materials and and
+um heartache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heartache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heartache
+right and so we wanted to minimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we wanted to minimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we wanted to minimize that
+right and so what they're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is basically a map right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a map right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a map right and this
+includes all of the different rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all of the different rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes all of the different rooms
+how they're connected to one another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're connected to one another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're connected to one another and
+which of the doors are enchanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the doors are enchanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the doors are enchanted
+and what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the minimum number of doors that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum number of doors that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum number of doors that they
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disenchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant
+okay now this problem is like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this problem is like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this problem is like kind of
+sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky
+uh and and the reason why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the reason why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the reason why is that
+there's like the the network that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the the network that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the the network that's
+obvious to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to build
+uh and that turns out to be not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that turns out to be not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that turns out to be not quite
+the right one and then you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one and then you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one and then you can start
+thinking about adding weights on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about adding weights on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about adding weights on your
+graph and going crazy with that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and going crazy with that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and going crazy with that but that
+turns out not to be the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out not to be the right direction
+and in fact in poetry harder world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in poetry harder world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in poetry harder world um
+apparently we're not worried about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we're not worried about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we're not worried about their
+physical fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical fitness
+in other words like shortest paths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words like shortest paths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words like shortest paths are
+actually irrelevant in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually irrelevant in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually irrelevant in this problem
+do you see that because like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that because like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that because like let's say
+that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+a really complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really complicated uh
+annoying problem so like you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying problem so like you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying problem so like you know maybe
+i have you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have you know here's
+my labyrinth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my labyrinth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my labyrinth
+and um no we don't even talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um no we don't even talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um no we don't even talk about the
+entry point like where they actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point like where they actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point like where they actually go
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+but just for for fiction purposes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for for fiction purposes let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for for fiction purposes let's
+say that they enter my labyrinth here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they enter my labyrinth here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they enter my labyrinth here
+uh and that just to be annoying the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that just to be annoying the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that just to be annoying the two
+doors that are enchanted remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that are enchanted remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that are enchanted remember we
+could make a graph where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a graph where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make a graph where all the
+vertices or rooms and the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or rooms and the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or rooms and the edges are
+doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+are like at these two endpoints of the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like at these two endpoints of the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like at these two endpoints of the t
+so i have a giant t and i enter right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a giant t and i enter right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a giant t and i enter right in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+now what is what is patri harder to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is what is patri harder to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is what is patri harder to do
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+well obviously there's like since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously there's like since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously there's like since this
+graph is a tree there's only so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a tree there's only so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a tree there's only so much
+they can do right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do right they
+maybe they they they enter here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they they they enter here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they they they enter here they
+walk over all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over all the way to the end
+to disenchant the door over here uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disenchant the door over here uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disenchant the door over here uh and
+then they turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they turn around
+they walk to the other end they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walk to the other end they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walk to the other end they
+disenchant that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant that guy
+yep and now they can reach uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and now they can reach uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and now they can reach uh other
+rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms
+um yeah because that's their goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because that's their goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because that's their goal is to
+visit every room sorry i think i skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every room sorry i think i skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every room sorry i think i skipped
+that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step
+now there's a few things to notice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a few things to notice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a few things to notice about
+this example which make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example which make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example which make it a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+from the typical graph theory thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the typical graph theory thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the typical graph theory thing
+which is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is once
+they disenchant this door right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they disenchant this door right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they disenchant this door right they
+walk over here and they open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over here and they open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk over here and they open it
+well now they walk over to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now they walk over to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now they walk over to this other
+room just to you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room just to you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room just to you know it's like
+you know those gym exercises you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those gym exercises you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those gym exercises you like
+run to the other side of the room you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the other side of the room you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the other side of the room you
+like touch the floor and then you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like touch the floor and then you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like touch the floor and then you run
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+that's kind of what they did here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what they did here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what they did here right
+they ran to the this room they tap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran to the this room they tap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran to the this room they tap that
+vertex and now they want to turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and now they want to turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and now they want to turn around
+and walk to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk to the other side
+they don't pay money again on their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pay money again on their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pay money again on their way
+out right so once they open that door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so once they open that door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so once they open that door
+it stays open right and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays open right and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays open right and and that's
+actually quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important
+um because this uh what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this uh what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because this uh what it does is it
+makes this problem not look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem not look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem not look like a
+traveling salesman problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling salesman problem which
+wouldn't be so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be so great
+um okay so right and moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so right and moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so right and moreover
+does the fact that they're like maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the fact that they're like maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the fact that they're like maybe i
+suffered by these edges i have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered by these edges i have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered by these edges i have a bunch
+of edges here that are all not enchanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges here that are all not enchanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges here that are all not enchanted
+does that matter like if i had like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matter like if i had like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matter like if i had like five
+billion edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion edges
+here no right because they only ask in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no right because they only ask in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no right because they only ask in
+this problem for the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem for the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem for the minimum
+uh number of doors that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of doors that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of doors that you have to
+disenchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disenchant
+yeah so it might be the the harry harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it might be the the harry harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it might be the the harry harry
+harder walks really far along my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder walks really far along my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder walks really far along my graph
+but as long as they don't walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as they don't walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as they don't walk through
+an enchanted door it costs them nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enchanted door it costs them nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enchanted door it costs them nothing
+so what does that mean well that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean well that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean well that means
+that like in some sense the second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in some sense the second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in some sense the second that
+i enter a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i enter a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i enter a room
+i might as well walk to every other room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might as well walk to every other room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might as well walk to every other room
+that it's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's connected to
+through unenchanted doors and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through unenchanted doors and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through unenchanted doors and that
+doesn't cost me anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost me anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cost me anything
+right so sort of as a policy uh i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sort of as a policy uh i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sort of as a policy uh i should
+do that right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right i
+enter a room and then i kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a room and then i kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a room and then i kind of just
+search around and enter every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search around and enter every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search around and enter every possible
+door that i can that doesn't cost me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door that i can that doesn't cost me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door that i can that doesn't cost me an
+enchantment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchantment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchantment
+because those are free and and my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are free and and my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are free and and my goal
+is to visit every room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to visit every room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to visit every room
+yeah okay so here's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so here's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so here's going to be the
+sneaky trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky trick
+like what is that starting to smell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is that starting to smell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is that starting to smell like
+right i open a door and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i open a door and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i open a door and i want to
+explore all the other rooms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore all the other rooms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore all the other rooms that are
+that are connected to that one connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected to that one connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected to that one connected
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+yeah maybe a connected component there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe a connected component there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe a connected component there's
+a problem is it connected component in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is it connected component in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is it connected component in
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+well no like this whole graph is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no like this whole graph is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no like this whole graph is one
+giant connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant connected component
+so the sneaky trick is we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sneaky trick is we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sneaky trick is we're actually
+going to remove the enchanted doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove the enchanted doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove the enchanted doors
+that was supposed to erase and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was supposed to erase and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was supposed to erase and it didn't
+happen um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um but
+the the point is that if we remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that if we remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that if we remove the
+connected doors these are like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected doors these are like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected doors these are like the
+chunks of my map that i can visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of my map that i can visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of my map that i can visit
+without incurring any cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring any cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring any cost
+right so if i think of my graph maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think of my graph maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i think of my graph maybe
+there's like a bunch of vertices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a bunch of vertices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a bunch of vertices over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then there's an enchanted door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an enchanted door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an enchanted door and
+there's a bunch of vertices over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of vertices over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of vertices over here
+and then like two more enchanted doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like two more enchanted doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like two more enchanted doors
+like that and like what goes on in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and like what goes on in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and like what goes on in here
+like if this is like a giant triangle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if this is like a giant triangle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if this is like a giant triangle or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+it's actually irrelevant because once i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually irrelevant because once i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually irrelevant because once i
+touch any one of these i can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch any one of these i can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch any one of these i can now
+touch all the rest of them so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch all the rest of them so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch all the rest of them so that
+suggests an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests an algorithm
+so our first step is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first step is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first step is to be
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a graph g where the nodes are the rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what should the edges be well if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what should the edges be well if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what should the edges be well if i'm
+just trying to find these like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to find these like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to find these like little
+clumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumps
+of rooms that i can visit for free if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms that i can visit for free if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rooms that i can visit for free if i
+get to any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to any one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to any one of them
+then the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the non-enchanted doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now uh
+in step two i'm gonna compute my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step two i'm gonna compute my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step two i'm gonna compute my
+number my connected components which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number my connected components which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number my connected components which we
+covered in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in lecture
+uh the connected components of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the connected components of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the connected components of my graph
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+how much time does that take well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time does that take well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time does that take well
+remember that there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there are two different
+algorithms we mentioned that can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we mentioned that can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we mentioned that can do this
+this is full b f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is full b f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is full b f
+s or d f s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or d f s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or d f s
+and both of them are going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of them are going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of them are going to take the
+same amount of time right what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time right what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time right what is that
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear in the size of the graph okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the size of the graph okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the size of the graph okay so
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+right that could be problematic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be problematic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be problematic because
+i want order n remember their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want order n remember their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want order n remember their
+uh n rooms here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n rooms here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n rooms here but
+thanks to our degree bound thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to our degree bound thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to our degree bound thanks to
+knowing that every room has at most four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that every room has at most four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that every room has at most four
+doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors
+you can convince yourself that both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that both the
+number of vertices and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and the number of
+edges are order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are order n
+which i should probably rush through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i should probably rush through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i should probably rush through
+because as usual i'm going slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as usual i'm going slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as usual i'm going slowly
+okay so now what do i have i have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do i have i have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do i have i have a list
+of all the connected components in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the connected components in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the connected components in my
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+and each one is potentially connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one is potentially connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one is potentially connected to
+some other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other ones
+by enchanted doors so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enchanted doors so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enchanted doors so in some sense
+i could think about this not to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could think about this not to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could think about this not to say the
+solution to the problem but i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem but i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem but i could
+think about modeling my problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about modeling my problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about modeling my problem as
+making some new graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some new graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some new graph
+or like i put a giant vertex and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like i put a giant vertex and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like i put a giant vertex and every
+connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component
+and maybe i connect them by enchanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i connect them by enchanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i connect them by enchanted
+doors and i want a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and i want a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and i want a path
+that touches every one of these rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that touches every one of these rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that touches every one of these rooms
+but that's not quite the right way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not quite the right way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not quite the right way to go
+uh and and this is what what catches by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and this is what what catches by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and this is what what catches by
+the surprise because this starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprise because this starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprise because this starts
+sounding scary right if you've heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding scary right if you've heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding scary right if you've heard of
+the traveling salesman problem it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling salesman problem it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling salesman problem it like
+kind of smells like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smells like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smells like that
+but that's not actually correct here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not actually correct here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not actually correct here uh
+for two reasons one is that once i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons one is that once i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons one is that once i
+open an enchanted door i can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open an enchanted door i can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open an enchanted door i can go back
+through it like i can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it like i can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it like i can like
+hopscotch back and forth through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopscotch back and forth through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopscotch back and forth through that
+door as many times i want and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door as many times i want and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door as many times i want and it doesn't
+cost me anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost me anything
+only cost me something the first time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost me something the first time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost me something the first time i
+open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+moreover i didn't ask you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover i didn't ask you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover i didn't ask you to actually
+compute me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute me that
+path if you read the problem closely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path if you read the problem closely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path if you read the problem closely it
+just asks for the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asks for the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asks for the minimum
+number of doors you have to open so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of doors you have to open so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of doors you have to open so this
+is a really sneaky problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really sneaky problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really sneaky problem
+because it turns out there's additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out there's additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out there's additional
+one line of code that solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line of code that solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line of code that solves this
+problem that's step three which i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's step three which i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's step three which i'm
+going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+before steps one and two just to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before steps one and two just to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before steps one and two just to keep
+you confused and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you confused and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you confused and that is
+to return this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return this
+number of connected components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of connected components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of connected components
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+that seems sneaky why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems sneaky why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems sneaky why is that well
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here
+uh is the following um which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the following um which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the following um which is the
+let's say that i walk along remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i walk along remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i walk along remember
+that my graph is connected so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my graph is connected so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my graph is connected so what i
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+is that i can always get from any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i can always get from any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i can always get from any one
+connected component to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component to any other
+right and so let's just take whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so let's just take whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so let's just take whatever
+ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering
+notice that the problem hasn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the problem hasn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the problem hasn't actually
+actually asked me how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asked me how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asked me how to
+return an efficient path it just asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return an efficient path it just asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return an efficient path it just asked
+me for the minimum number of doors i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for the minimum number of doors i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for the minimum number of doors i
+have to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open
+so all i have to do is convince myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i have to do is convince myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i have to do is convince myself
+there exists a path with this many doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a path with this many doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a path with this many doors
+i have to open i don't have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to open i don't have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to open i don't have to actually
+return it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return it
+if i did it would be mildly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did it would be mildly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i did it would be mildly more
+annoying to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to think about
+okay so my graph is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my graph is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my graph is connected
+so one thing that i could do is make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that i could do is make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing that i could do is make the
+worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds
+like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+how do i want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's see here i guess i could i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see here i guess i could i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see here i guess i could i
+could come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with an
+ordering um that looks like depth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering um that looks like depth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering um that looks like depth first
+search of my graph that should do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search of my graph that should do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search of my graph that should do it
+okay so maybe i started this guy i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe i started this guy i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe i started this guy i just
+started some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started some arbitrary
+vertex i'm going to do depth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex i'm going to do depth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex i'm going to do depth first
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+but rather than on the full graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than on the full graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than on the full graph on
+this kind of metagraph where i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of metagraph where i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of metagraph where i've
+clumped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together
+rooms that i can get to with no cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that i can get to with no cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that i can get to with no cost
+right so what i'm going to do i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do i'm going
+to start walking outward toward this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start walking outward toward this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start walking outward toward this guy
+and then it doesn't research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it doesn't research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it doesn't research
+backtracking and then going back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking and then going back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking and then going back down
+and if you think about it remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it remember that
+you know in depth research i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in depth research i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in depth research i have this
+property i never need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property i never need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property i never need to
+revisit a clump once i've got to it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit a clump once i've got to it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit a clump once i've got to it once
+well the total number of doors that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the total number of doors that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the total number of doors that i'm
+going to open is exactly the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open is exactly the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open is exactly the number of
+connected components minus one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components minus one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components minus one because
+as soon as i've done that my death first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as i've done that my death first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as i've done that my death first
+search is is done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is is done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is is done here
+yeah uh in other words that's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh in other words that's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh in other words that's the number
+of of nodes in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nodes in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of nodes in my graph
+so if i took what would be a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i took what would be a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i took what would be a better way
+to to i'm noticing that in my head this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to i'm noticing that in my head this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to i'm noticing that in my head this
+was easier to articulate than in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier to articulate than in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier to articulate than in words
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there'll be a way to do it uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a way to do it uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a way to do it uh would be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maybe add some more enchanted doors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe add some more enchanted doors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe add some more enchanted doors to
+the ground maybe add some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground maybe add some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground maybe add some more
+enchantment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchantment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchantment
+ah that's true actually my problem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah that's true actually my problem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah that's true actually my problem is a
+little too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little too easy
+so as long as my back my death first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as my back my death first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as my back my death first
+search backtracks along the path that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search backtracks along the path that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search backtracks along the path that's
+already found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found
+then i'm sort of reaching out into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm sort of reaching out into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm sort of reaching out into this
+tentacle and then reaching back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacle and then reaching back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentacle and then reaching back and then
+reaching to a new place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching to a new place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching to a new place
+i'll never traverse an enchanted door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll never traverse an enchanted door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll never traverse an enchanted door
+that i don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't need to
+uh because i've already already seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because i've already already seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because i've already already seen the
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+um is your traversing tree yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your traversing tree yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your traversing tree yeah yeah so
+i've got a shortest path tree that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a shortest path tree that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a shortest path tree that's
+going on here actually i guess a breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here actually i guess a breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here actually i guess a breath
+first search would be a better example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search would be a better example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search would be a better example
+um in fact here's okay let's be concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact here's okay let's be concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact here's okay let's be concrete
+about i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i'm sorry
+i should have thought about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have thought about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have thought about this more
+carefully than i did at home yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully than i did at home yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully than i did at home yesterday
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one thing i could do would be to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i could do would be to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i could do would be to compute
+a shortest path tree from one vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path tree from one vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path tree from one vertex in
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+to all the other ones in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other ones in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the other ones in particular that
+gives me the the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the the shortest path
+and i could traverse that tree to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could traverse that tree to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could traverse that tree to one
+node and then turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then turn this
+all the way back and then traverse it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back and then traverse it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back and then traverse it to
+a new node and then traverse it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new node and then traverse it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new node and then traverse it all the
+way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back
+and so on this is not an efficient path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on this is not an efficient path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on this is not an efficient path
+from a walking perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a walking perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a walking perspective
+but from a door opening perspective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from a door opening perspective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from a door opening perspective it's
+extremely efficient because it's a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely efficient because it's a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely efficient because it's a tree
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and remember that the number of edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the number of edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the number of edges in
+a spanning tree of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spanning tree of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spanning tree of my graph
+is exactly a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly a number of
+vertices in my graph minus one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in my graph minus one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in my graph minus one which is
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+the property we have here sweating for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property we have here sweating for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property we have here sweating for a
+second there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there
+okay so now in our remaining uh 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now in our remaining uh 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now in our remaining uh 30
+minutes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes here
+we've got two more problems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two more problems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two more problems which is
+more than enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than enough time
+especially because the last problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the last problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the last problem is
+is largely combinatorial and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely combinatorial and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely combinatorial and less
+algorithmic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic so
+i think it's okay to focus maybe talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's okay to focus maybe talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's okay to focus maybe talk
+about that at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that at a high level
+um and show a fun plot okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and show a fun plot okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and show a fun plot okay so for
+problem four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem four
+uh we have an airline uh purity atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have an airline uh purity atlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have an airline uh purity atlantic
+uh that's that's cute uh jason really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's cute uh jason really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's cute uh jason really um
+and it's owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's owned by
+richard ranson did i get that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard ranson did i get that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard ranson did i get that right
+uh and purity atlantic uh has a cute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and purity atlantic uh has a cute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and purity atlantic uh has a cute uh
+sale this is not like a cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale this is not like a cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale this is not like a cute
+angle i suppose um which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle i suppose um which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle i suppose um which is uh
+essentially the following which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the following which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the following which is that
+you can book an itinerary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can book an itinerary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can book an itinerary
+where you have your home city and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have your home city and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have your home city and then
+you choose i believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose i believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose i believe
+three other cities that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other cities that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other cities that you want to
+visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+and then purity atlantic um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then purity atlantic um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then purity atlantic um you know
+maybe you're on your honeymoon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're on your honeymoon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're on your honeymoon and
+you're not concerned with price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not concerned with price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not concerned with price
+uh but rather just the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but rather just the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but rather just the efficiency
+because you don't want to spend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want to spend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want to spend your
+whole time in an airplane that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time in an airplane that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time in an airplane that's
+particularly true this month uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly true this month uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly true this month uh then
+what do you want to do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do you want to
+minimize your total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your total number of
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+right because as we all know in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because as we all know in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because as we all know in um
+spring 2020 we don't want to spend very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring 2020 we don't want to spend very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring 2020 we don't want to spend very
+much time in airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in airports
+yeah uh so right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so right uh
+so how do we do that well you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that well you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that well you know we
+make a website where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a website where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a website where
+you tell purity atlantic the cities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell purity atlantic the cities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell purity atlantic the cities that
+you want to visit in your home city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to visit in your home city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to visit in your home city and
+they give you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you back
+an efficient itinerary that minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient itinerary that minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient itinerary that minimizes
+the number of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of connections
+okay and the question uh is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question uh is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question uh is how do you
+actually do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that right
+how do you um compute the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you um compute the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you um compute the the best
+itinerary uh that minimizes the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary uh that minimizes the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itinerary uh that minimizes the number
+of flights you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flights you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flights you have to take
+so what are our variables and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are our variables and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are our variables and sometimes
+it feels like the variables are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like the variables are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like the variables are all the
+different permutations of the cities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations of the cities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations of the cities you
+could visit right i could like go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could visit right i could like go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could visit right i could like go to
+i don't know cambridge uh boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know cambridge uh boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know cambridge uh boston and
+then cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cambridge
+in the uk maybe you're doing like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk maybe you're doing like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk maybe you're doing like a
+university thing and then yeah i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university thing and then yeah i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university thing and then yeah i don't
+know budapest and some other place or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know budapest and some other place or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know budapest and some other place or
+you do those in any other order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do those in any other order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do those in any other order
+um and that feels like it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that feels like it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that feels like it should be
+factorial which would be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which would be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which would be bad
+news but this is one of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news but this is one of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news but this is one of these problems
+which um i suppose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um i suppose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um i suppose a
+computer science theorist might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theorist might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theorist might call
+fixed parameter tractable but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed parameter tractable but that's
+sort of an overkill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an overkill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an overkill
+uh term here but essentially as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term here but essentially as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term here but essentially as long as
+you ignore all the factors that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignore all the factors that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignore all the factors that make
+this problem hard then it's then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem hard then it's then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem hard then it's then it's
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+um a different way to put it is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different way to put it is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a different way to put it is that uh
+okay if i'm only visiting three cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i'm only visiting three cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i'm only visiting three cities
+what's the total number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the total number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the total number of possible
+orderings of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings of my
+my my three cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my three cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my three cities
+class so i have city a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so i have city a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so i have city a
+b c i could do b c a i could do b a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listen up yeah fine jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen up yeah fine jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen up yeah fine jason
+uh i'll do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what we call direct proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call direct proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call direct proof
+mathematically uh which are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically uh which are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically uh which are all the
+possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways
+um to visit three cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now by my direct uh proof i claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by my direct uh proof i claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by my direct uh proof i claim
+there are no other ways to visit three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other ways to visit three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other ways to visit three
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+uh and in particular there are one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular there are one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular there are one two
+three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six
+uh different orderings of the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different orderings of the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different orderings of the cities
+that i can visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can visit
+notice that this is a constant in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is a constant in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is a constant in my
+problem i am not asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i am not asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i am not asking you
+to make a website that takes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a website that takes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a website that takes like the
+total set of cities that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total set of cities that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total set of cities that you want to
+visit as a couple and order them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit as a couple and order them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit as a couple and order them it's
+specifically three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically three
+you might also notice that six is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also notice that six is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also notice that six is three
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+uh which is perhaps a more efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is perhaps a more efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is perhaps a more efficient way
+to get to that same balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that same balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that same balance
+okay so right so there's there's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so there's there's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so there's there's six
+different orderings of the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orderings of the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orderings of the cities
+and in each case uh what am i going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each case uh what am i going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each case uh what am i going to
+have to do i'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do i'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do i'm going to have to
+compute the sum of going from my source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum of going from my source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum of going from my source
+city to city the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to city the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to city the first one
+from the first one to the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one to the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one to the second one
+from the second one to the third one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second one to the third one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second one to the third one the
+third one back to the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one back to the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one back to the first one
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+what do i need well i need in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i need well i need in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i need well i need in some sense
+i want to be conservative about it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be conservative about it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be conservative about it just
+the cost of flying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of flying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of flying from
+every city to every other city but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city to every other city but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city to every other city but
+that's not quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite right
+i only need the cost of flying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need the cost of flying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need the cost of flying from
+every city that you have specified as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city that you have specified as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every city that you have specified as a
+city you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city you're interested in
+to every other city that you specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other city that you specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other city that you specified
+that you're interested in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in yeah
+okay so in particular i go to my new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular i go to my new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular i go to my new one
+um right so in this problem we have c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in this problem we have c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in this problem we have c
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um okay and initially it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay and initially it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay and initially it might
+seem that we have to compute a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem that we have to compute a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem that we have to compute a ton of
+shortest paths but like if i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths but like if i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths but like if i want to go
+from boston to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston to
+budapest to london to i'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budapest to london to i'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budapest to london to i'm running out of
+cities paris and back to boston or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities paris and back to boston or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities paris and back to boston or
+whatever ordering i prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ordering i prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ordering i prefer
+do i need to worry about the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need to worry about the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need to worry about the shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+from you know nebraska to california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know nebraska to california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know nebraska to california
+potentially not right like that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially not right like that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially not right like that could be
+relevant the only ones that i care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant the only ones that i care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant the only ones that i care about
+are those four cities that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those four cities that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those four cities that i've
+identified okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified okay
+um so there's there's three factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's there's three factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's there's three factorial
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+permutations at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations at the end of the day
+well there's two times four choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two times four choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two times four choose
+two um if you're wondering this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um if you're wondering this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um if you're wondering this is
+12 or big o of one pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or big o of one pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or big o of one pairs
+of cities um meaning that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities um meaning that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities um meaning that like
+uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for
+uh itinerary purposes itinerary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh itinerary purposes itinerary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh itinerary purposes itinerary
+okay meaning that uh if i always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meaning that uh if i always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meaning that uh if i always
+enter an airport in one of city abc or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter an airport in one of city abc or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter an airport in one of city abc or
+my hometown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hometown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hometown
+and i always exit through another one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i always exit through another one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i always exit through another one so
+then there's four possible cities i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's four possible cities i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's four possible cities i
+choose them two at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them two at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them two at a time
+notice that flights might not be ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that flights might not be ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that flights might not be ordered
+like i might be able to get from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i might be able to get from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i might be able to get from one
+city to another but then maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to another but then maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to another but then maybe the
+airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+has a connection or something so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a connection or something so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a connection or something so going
+back is a different cost but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is a different cost but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is a different cost but
+totally there's there's two times four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally there's there's two times four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally there's there's two times four
+choose two uh different pairs of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two uh different pairs of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two uh different pairs of cities
+that i could enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could enter
+exit from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit from okay
+so now what am i going to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what am i going to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what am i going to do well
+so i can compute the 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can compute the 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can compute the 12 different
+shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths
+that matter in my my graph so when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter in my my graph so when i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter in my my graph so when i say
+shortest path what do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path what do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path what do i mean
+well i'm going to construct a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g with one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per city right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per city right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per city right and
+one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+per flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and notice the the number of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the the number of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the the number of connections
+that i need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to make
+the minimum number between any city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number between any city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number between any city and
+any other city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other city
+is equal to the shortest path the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the shortest path the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the shortest path the length
+of the shortest path minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shortest path minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shortest path minus one
+right so like maybe i have you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe i have you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe i have you know like
+here's boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's boston
+here's london here's paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b l p for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b l p for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b l p for short
+right then the length of my shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the length of my shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the length of my shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+is two and the number of connections i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two and the number of connections i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two and the number of connections i
+have to make is one because i stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make is one because i stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make is one because i stopped
+through london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through london
+yeah so what am i going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what am i going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what am i going to do
+well for every pair of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in in this uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in the set of the source city and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the set of the source city and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the set of the source city and the
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+cities you want to visit i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you want to visit i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you want to visit i'm going to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the shortest the length of the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest the length of the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest the length of the shortest
+path right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right so this is the
+minimum number of connections i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of connections i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum number of connections i need to
+get from any one of these to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any one of these to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any one of these to any other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh in my graph g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in my graph g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in my graph g
+well how much time does this take well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how much time does this take well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how much time does this take well
+there's 12 such pairs we already argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 12 such pairs we already argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 12 such pairs we already argued
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right and how much time uh does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how much time uh does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how much time uh does it take
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+actually do a shortest path say using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a shortest path say using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a shortest path say using
+breath first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear time the size of the graph i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time the size of the graph i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time the size of the graph i
+think jason actually has a t-shirt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think jason actually has a t-shirt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think jason actually has a t-shirt that
+says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that
+um well in this case remember that's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well in this case remember that's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well in this case remember that's big
+o of the number of edges plus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of the number of edges plus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o of the number of edges plus the number
+of vertices but just to make your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices but just to make your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices but just to make your life
+a little more annoying the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more annoying the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more annoying the number of
+vertices is the number of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is the number of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is the number of cities
+the number of edges the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges the number of
+flights right so this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights right so this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights right so this takes
+12 times o c plus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 times o c plus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 times o c plus f
+time which of course is just o of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which of course is just o of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which of course is just o of c
+plus f time notice this is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f time notice this is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f time notice this is one of these
+things where we're being sneaky we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where we're being sneaky we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where we're being sneaky we
+told you that you specifically visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that you specifically visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that you specifically visit
+three places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three places
+and that's where this number 12 came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where this number 12 came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where this number 12 came
+from right if we'd said that you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right if we'd said that you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right if we'd said that you wanted
+to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visit
+m cities then this would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m cities then this would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m cities then this would be a very
+different homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different homework problem
+this is one of those things you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those things you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those things you got to
+remember right where we've given you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right where we've given you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right where we've given you a
+few constants and you should use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few constants and you should use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few constants and you should use them
+okay so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh
+what can i do i can iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over every
+permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of
+a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c
+right so this is like saying i go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like saying i go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like saying i go from
+my source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my source
+to city 1 to city 2 to city 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to city 1 to city 2 to city 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to city 1 to city 2 to city 3
+back to my source right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my source right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my source right i
+add together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and compute the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cost of that trip and remember cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of that trip and remember cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of that trip and remember cost
+in this case is equal to the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to the minimum
+number of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of connections
+and then i return the minimizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i return the minimizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i return the minimizer
+so i say like is it cheaper for me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say like is it cheaper for me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say like is it cheaper for me to go
+boston budapest to paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston budapest to paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston budapest to paris
+boston paris budapest and so on so a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston paris budapest and so on so a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boston paris budapest and so on so a for
+loop over permutations which generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over permutations which generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over permutations which generally
+is frowned upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frowned upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frowned upon
+but in this case because we told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case because we told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case because we told you
+you're visiting precisely three places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting precisely three places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting precisely three places
+how many steps are going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many steps are going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many steps are going to happen in
+that for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for loop
+well we actually wrote them all out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we actually wrote them all out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we actually wrote them all out over
+here on our board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on our board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on our board
+it's exactly three factorial or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly three factorial or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly three factorial or six
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+right three times two times one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three times two times one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three times two times one which is
+6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.
+okay so right so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so at the end of the day
+this for loop is going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for loop is going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for loop is going to take
+well order 6 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well order 6 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well order 6 time
+which of course uh is just order one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course uh is just order one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course uh is just order one so
+it doesn't really contribute to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really contribute to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really contribute to our
+runtime at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime at all
+and our entire algorithm runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our entire algorithm runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our entire algorithm runs in
+c plus f time okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus f time okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus f time okay so uh
+right so this is one of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one of these problems
+where you're really taking advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're really taking advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're really taking advantage of
+the constants that we gave you we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants that we gave you we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants that we gave you we said
+you're visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting
+three cities so use it incidentally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cities so use it incidentally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cities so use it incidentally as a
+computer science theorist if i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theorist if i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theorist if i said
+you're visiting exactly 17 cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting exactly 17 cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting exactly 17 cities
+well what would be our our numbers now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would be our our numbers now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would be our our numbers now i
+mean there would be 17 factorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there would be 17 factorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there would be 17 factorial and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+like 17 choose 2. those are big numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 17 choose 2. those are big numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 17 choose 2. those are big numbers
+but they're still constants so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're still constants so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're still constants so for
+purposes of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this class
+that would be okay but the second that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay but the second that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay but the second that i
+gave it a name like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a name like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a name like
+m then i got to think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m then i got to think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m then i got to think about those
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+things a little more carefully all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little more carefully all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little more carefully all right
+um so that's this problem so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's this problem so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's this problem so so the
+basic trick here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trick here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trick here
+um was that like yeah it looks like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that like yeah it looks like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that like yeah it looks like all
+pairs shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs shortest path
+but it's not quite it's all pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not quite it's all pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not quite it's all pairs of
+things that you're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're actually going to
+travel between shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel between shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel between shortest path
+and since that number of pairs is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that number of pairs is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that number of pairs is finite
+this is 12 that's that's an okay thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12 that's that's an okay thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 12 that's that's an okay thing
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+okay how are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how are we doing
+about 15 minutes perfect i didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 minutes perfect i didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 minutes perfect i didn't want
+to do the last problem and i think i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the last problem and i think i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the last problem and i think i've
+managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to
+get myself in exactly that position okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get myself in exactly that position okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get myself in exactly that position okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the very last problem on this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last problem on this homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last problem on this homework
+which again this homework really follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again this homework really follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again this homework really follows
+the prototypical 6006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototypical 6006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototypical 6006
+breath first search depth research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath first search depth research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath first search depth research
+homework i feel like they all fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework i feel like they all fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework i feel like they all fall into
+a similar pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar pattern
+again we all these resources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we all these resources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we all these resources are
+available to you guys you should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you guys you should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you guys you should look at
+them the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the uh
+you know we're not trying to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not trying to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not trying to hide
+anything um this problem involves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um this problem involves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um this problem involves uh
+solving a pocket cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a pocket cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a pocket cube
+which is like a little mini rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like a little mini rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like a little mini rubik's cube
+which is two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is two by two
+um and and it looks like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah there's actually
+here we go right so here's my rubik's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go right so here's my rubik's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go right so here's my rubik's
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like a cube which i'm having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a cube which i'm having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a cube which i'm having some
+trouble drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble drawing
+uh uh and in particular it's two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which makes it a little easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which makes it a little easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which makes it a little easier than
+your typical rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical rubik's cube
+okay um and in particular we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in particular we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in particular we're gonna
+mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+uh some faces sneakily they used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some faces sneakily they used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some faces sneakily they used a
+little geometry term here which is cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little geometry term here which is cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little geometry term here which is cute
+so here's face f0 i'm sorry you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's face f0 i'm sorry you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's face f0 i'm sorry you can't
+quite see that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite see that but
+the top face is f zero case we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top face is f zero case we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top face is f zero case we were
+wondering uh the left face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering uh the left face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering uh the left face
+which is f one and the front facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f one and the front facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f one and the front facing
+face here f two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here f two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face here f two
+notice that we've identified these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we've identified these by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we've identified these by
+like vectors that point ninety degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vectors that point ninety degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vectors that point ninety degrees
+out from the face these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the face these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the face these are called
+normal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vectors
+if you want to define those rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to define those rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to define those rigorously
+you can take my my grad level class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take my my grad level class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take my my grad level class
+but for a rubik's cube it's not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a rubik's cube it's not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a rubik's cube it's not terribly
+difficult uh but in any event um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult uh but in any event um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult uh but in any event um
+i can talk about flipping this rubik's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can talk about flipping this rubik's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can talk about flipping this rubik's
+cube in a pretty easy way right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube in a pretty easy way right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube in a pretty easy way right which is
+that i like i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like i'm gonna
+fix one corner of my cube so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix one corner of my cube so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix one corner of my cube so this is
+like the corner that i'm holding onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the corner that i'm holding onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the corner that i'm holding onto
+with my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my hands
+and now i can grab what the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can grab what the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can grab what the top
+the side or the front of my cube and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side or the front of my cube and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side or the front of my cube and i
+can rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it
+clockwise or counterclockwise you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise or counterclockwise you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise or counterclockwise you can
+convince yourself those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself those are all the
+possible ways that i could uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways that i could uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways that i could uh sort of
+mess with the state of my cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with the state of my cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with the state of my cube
+after fixing one corner okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after fixing one corner okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after fixing one corner okay
+uh right and so this problem basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and so this problem basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and so this problem basically
+is involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involving
+um sort of a very typical trick in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a very typical trick in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a very typical trick in fact
+a lot of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the history of
+these different search algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different search algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different search algorithms
+breadth for search death for search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth for search death for search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth for search death for search
+a-star which i guess we won't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-star which i guess we won't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-star which i guess we won't really
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+here um date back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um date back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um date back to
+what 20-30 years ago we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 20-30 years ago we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 20-30 years ago we would have
+called artificial intelligence um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called artificial intelligence um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called artificial intelligence um these
+days that has a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that has a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that has a very different
+meaning but back in the day ai was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning but back in the day ai was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning but back in the day ai was all
+about like solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like solving
+board games and you know rubik's cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board games and you know rubik's cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board games and you know rubik's cubes
+and all these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these kinds of things
+uh using algorithms right and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using algorithms right and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using algorithms right and the way
+that they would do that is by searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would do that is by searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would do that is by searching
+the different spaces of configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different spaces of configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different spaces of configurations
+right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now
+uh if we think of every face of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we think of every face of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we think of every face of this
+cube as painted with a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube as painted with a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube as painted with a color
+right there are different configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different configurations
+of my graph that i get by like flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my graph that i get by like flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my graph that i get by like flipping
+the three sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three sides
+right so if we think of there being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we think of there being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we think of there being a
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each state
+of my cube where state here means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube where state here means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube where state here means like
+the coloring of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coloring of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coloring of every
+face on my my rabix cube then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face on my my rabix cube then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face on my my rabix cube then there's an
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every move
+and in this problem we encoded a move as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this problem we encoded a move as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this problem we encoded a move as
+a pair j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair j
+comma s where it's saying that i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma s where it's saying that i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma s where it's saying that i'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+rotate face f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate face f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate face f
+j where j is between i get 0 1 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j where j is between i get 0 1 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j where j is between i get 0 1 and 2
+in direction s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direction s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direction s
+and we can just index that as like plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just index that as like plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just index that as like plus
+or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one
+to kind of say counterclockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say counterclockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say counterclockwise or
+clockwise right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise right
+and so this is kind of a cute thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a cute thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a cute thing
+right where your graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where your graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where your graph
+has a bunch of vertices which are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of vertices which are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of vertices which are all
+rubix cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubix cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubix cubes
+that's cube and then their edges if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cube and then their edges if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cube and then their edges if i
+can get from one to another by doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from one to another by doing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from one to another by doing one
+of these moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these moves
+and this is a nice abstraction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a nice abstraction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a nice abstraction because
+if i want to solve a rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to solve a rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to solve a rubik's cube
+in the most efficient way possible one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most efficient way possible one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most efficient way possible one
+way to do that is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to compute the
+shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+from my current configuration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my current configuration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my current configuration to
+the you know the platonic rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the platonic rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the platonic rubik's cube
+right where all the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where all the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where all the colors
+are constant on the different uh faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constant on the different uh faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constant on the different uh faces
+of my cube yeah and so that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube yeah and so that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube yeah and so that's like a
+sort of basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic uh
+identification that happens all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification that happens all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification that happens all over the
+place in search strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in search strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in search strategies
+where like i'm going to think of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like i'm going to think of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like i'm going to think of every
+vertex of my graph as being the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of my graph as being the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of my graph as being the state of
+some system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some system
+and every edge as being a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every edge as being a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every edge as being a transition
+from one to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another
+and then paths in this thing are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then paths in this thing are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then paths in this thing are kind of
+like different ways of solving my puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different ways of solving my puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different ways of solving my puzzle
+right so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like
+a different one would be you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different one would be you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different one would be you know i
+don't know every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know every vertex
+is a chess board with the pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chess board with the pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a chess board with the pieces the
+chess pieces scattered on the chessboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess pieces scattered on the chessboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess pieces scattered on the chessboard
+and every edge is one chess move by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every edge is one chess move by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every edge is one chess move by one
+player or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player or the other
+in that case you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you have to be a little
+careful because you want player one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because you want player one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because you want player one or
+player two to go back and forth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two to go back and forth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two to go back and forth from
+each other but i'll let you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but i'll let you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but i'll let you think about
+the reduction there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction there
+okay so uh right this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right this problem
+i think largely is mostly just fun like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think largely is mostly just fun like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think largely is mostly just fun like
+combinatorics rather than algorithms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics rather than algorithms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics rather than algorithms but
+there's a lot of algorithms hiding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of algorithms hiding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of algorithms hiding in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um so they want you to argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they want you to argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they want you to argue that the
+number of distinct configurations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of distinct configurations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of distinct configurations of
+this rubik's cube this two by two guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rubik's cube this two by two guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rubik's cube this two by two guy
+is less than 12 million this is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 12 million this is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 12 million this is nice
+because 12 million is a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 12 million is a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 12 million is a number that
+computers can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can actually
+cope with um and so there's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cope with um and so there's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cope with um and so there's a pretty
+straightforward uh argument there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right uh so in particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so in particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so in particular um
+here's a cube how many corners are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cube how many corners are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cube how many corners are in a
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+eight thanks i i hid one back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thanks i i hid one back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thanks i i hid one back here
+in case you're wondering so uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you're wondering so uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you're wondering so uh let's say
+that i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i i
+fix the corner of the cube like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the corner of the cube like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the corner of the cube like we've
+done that right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that right then
+every time that i rotate one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that i rotate one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that i rotate one of the
+faces of my cube clockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of my cube clockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of my cube clockwise or
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+i'm essentially like taking one corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm essentially like taking one corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm essentially like taking one corner
+of my cube and like sticking it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube and like sticking it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cube and like sticking it in
+another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place
+right so in all seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in all seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in all seven
+corners of my cube can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i'm not worried about like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm not worried about like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm not worried about like you
+know it could be that like some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it could be that like some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it could be that like some of these
+permutations are not actually achievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are not actually achievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are not actually achievable
+by a set of steps like maybe i'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a set of steps like maybe i'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a set of steps like maybe i'd have to
+break my rubik's cube and glue it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my rubik's cube and glue it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break my rubik's cube and glue it back
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+but if i'm being conservative about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i'm being conservative about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i'm being conservative about it
+there's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course
+less than or equal to seven factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to seven factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to seven factorial
+different configurations of the corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in other words every time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words every time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words every time i
+rotate my face one of the corners ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate my face one of the corners ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate my face one of the corners ends
+up in a different place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a different place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a different place
+so there's seven factorial different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's seven factorial different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's seven factorial different
+ways that that could have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's part of my bound remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's part of my bound remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's part of my bound remember
+that i'm trying to bound the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm trying to bound the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm trying to bound the total
+number of configurations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of configurations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of configurations here
+and essentially what i've done so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what i've done so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what i've done so far is
+i've said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said okay
+well there's a bunch of cubes in my 2x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a bunch of cubes in my 2x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a bunch of cubes in my 2x2
+rubik's cube so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubik's cube so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubik's cube so i'm gonna
+like unglue this entire cube take just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unglue this entire cube take just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unglue this entire cube take just
+this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner
+and stick it up here and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it up here and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it up here and there's like
+seven factorial different ways that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven factorial different ways that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven factorial different ways that i
+could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that
+but i still have to account for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i still have to account for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i still have to account for the fact
+that i pull this piece off i stick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i pull this piece off i stick it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i pull this piece off i stick it in
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+but i have to figure out his orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have to figure out his orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have to figure out his orientation
+i can still rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still rotate it
+about this corner and in fact there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this corner and in fact there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this corner and in fact there are
+three different ways that i could rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that i could rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that i could rotate
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right you can kind of you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can kind of you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can kind of you can see it
+right one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two
+three yeah so in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yeah so in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yeah so in all
+so each corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways so
+that means that i have three times seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that i have three times seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that i have three times seven
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+uh different configurations as an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different configurations as an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different configurations as an upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+and this number is wait for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number is wait for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number is wait for it
+one one oh two two four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one oh two two four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one oh two two four
+eight oh um the problem asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight oh um the problem asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight oh um the problem asks you to
+argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+your upper bound is upper bounded by 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upper bound is upper bounded by 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upper bound is upper bounded by 12
+million and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and indeed
+it is less than or equal to 12 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is less than or equal to 12 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is less than or equal to 12 million
+is that three times seven factorial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that three times seven factorial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that three times seven factorial or
+oh i'm sorry um right because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry um right because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry um right because there are
+seven corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven corners
+each of which can rotate three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which can rotate three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which can rotate three different
+ways it's actually three to the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's actually three to the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's actually three to the seventh
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+times seven factorial thank you student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times seven factorial thank you student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times seven factorial thank you student
+um okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so
+uh let's see here really quickly move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see here really quickly move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see here really quickly move in
+here the next problem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the next problem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the next problem says
+state the maximum and minimum degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the maximum and minimum degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the maximum and minimum degree of
+any vertex in my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex in my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertex in my graph
+first of all do i expect vertices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all do i expect vertices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all do i expect vertices to
+have different degrees this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different degrees this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different degrees this is kind of a
+goofy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofy problem
+like what would it mean to have a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would it mean to have a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would it mean to have a vertex
+the the somehow has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the somehow has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the somehow has
+lower degree than another vertex would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower degree than another vertex would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower degree than another vertex would
+mean that there's some configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's some configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's some configuration of
+this cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cube
+for which there are fewer moves that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which there are fewer moves that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which there are fewer moves that i
+could do to change it than a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to change it than a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to change it than a different
+configuration of this cube and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of this cube and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of this cube and that's
+like obviously not the case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously not the case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously not the case right
+because when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i
+when i flip one of the the faces of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i flip one of the the faces of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i flip one of the the faces of my
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+all i'm doing is i'm moving the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm doing is i'm moving the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm doing is i'm moving the colors
+around i haven't like somehow changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around i haven't like somehow changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around i haven't like somehow changed
+the physics of how rubik's cube works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of how rubik's cube works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of how rubik's cube works
+right and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think this was just intended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this was just intended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this was just intended to be
+annoying by your instructors the the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+is equal to the max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact the degree of every node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the degree of every node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the degree of every node in
+my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is
+constant here the one thing that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here the one thing that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here the one thing that's worth
+noting here what i haven't argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting here what i haven't argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting here what i haven't argued
+it turns out i think to be true but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out i think to be true but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out i think to be true but what
+i haven't argued is that like i couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't argued is that like i couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i haven't argued is that like i couldn't
+rotate a face and actually end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate a face and actually end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate a face and actually end up in the
+same configuration like maybe for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same configuration like maybe for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same configuration like maybe for some
+reason i have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i have like
+red all the way around the outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red all the way around the outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red all the way around the outside so
+when i rotate it nothing changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i rotate it nothing changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i rotate it nothing changed
+that obviously isn't true but i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously isn't true but i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously isn't true but i haven't
+argued it carefully but as long as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued it carefully but as long as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued it carefully but as long as i
+don't worry about my graph being simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about my graph being simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about my graph being simple
+like i'm okay with self loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm okay with self loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm okay with self loops
+then the degree is certainly uh constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degree is certainly uh constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the degree is certainly uh constant
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay and in fact i don't think that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact i don't think that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact i don't think that can
+that can happen on a typical rubik's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen on a typical rubik's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen on a typical rubik's
+cube well i think the point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube well i think the point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube well i think the point is to
+say how what the degree was oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how what the degree was oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how what the degree was oh yeah
+indeed though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed though
+so we haven't computed the degree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't computed the degree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't computed the degree but
+we've argued that they're equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've argued that they're equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've argued that they're equal to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+okay so now we actually have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we actually have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we actually have to compute
+what that degree is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that degree is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that degree is um
+and here's how to do it so of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's how to do it so of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's how to do it so of course uh
+well this i think is actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this i think is actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this i think is actually even
+easier than than the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than than the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than than the first part
+essentially remember we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially remember we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially remember we have three
+different options for faces that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options for faces that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options for faces that i can
+rotate i can work it at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate i can work it at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate i can work it at the top
+the front or the side here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front or the side here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front or the side here right so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+uh three faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three faces
+that we could rotate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could rotate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could rotate uh
+okay and how many different ways can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how many different ways can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how many different ways can i
+rotate them i can rotate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate them i can rotate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate them i can rotate them
+counterclockwise or clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise or clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise or clockwise
+so there's two directions so in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two directions so in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two directions so in all
+there's degree six for every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degree six for every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degree six for every vertex
+right there's six different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's six different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's six different ways
+um in or out of a vertex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in or out of a vertex here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in or out of a vertex here
+okay so the next part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next part of the problem
+gives you a piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a piece of code
+and then does breadth first search on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does breadth first search on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does breadth first search on
+this uh this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this graph
+and it's super super slow to give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's super super slow to give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's super super slow to give me the
+distance to all the other configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to all the other configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to all the other configurations
+and jason conveniently has run it on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jason conveniently has run it on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jason conveniently has run it on his
+laptop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop here
+i don't i'm nervous to touch your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'm nervous to touch your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'm nervous to touch your laptop
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i don't care so much but i don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care so much but i don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care so much but i don't you
+know i i don't want to infect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i i don't want to infect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i i don't want to infect here
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+so we have a piece of code that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a piece of code that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a piece of code that um
+explores the graph of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores the graph of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores the graph of all the
+configurations of our cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of our cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of our cube
+um by breadth first search and then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by breadth first search and then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by breadth first search and then sort
+of gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gives me the
+shortest path i think from the base cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path i think from the base cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path i think from the base cube
+uh where all the faces are constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where all the faces are constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where all the faces are constant to
+all the other configurations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other configurations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other configurations that are
+reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable
+and generates a plot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates a plot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates a plot uh
+right and so what they ask is to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what they ask is to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what they ask is to um
+figure out the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the total number of
+configurations that explores uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that explores uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that explores uh one
+thing that you'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you'll find out
+um center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um center
+down uh is that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is that uh it
+explores pretty much a third in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores pretty much a third in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores pretty much a third in fact
+exactly a third of all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a third of all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a third of all the possible
+configurations of my cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of my cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of my cube
+i think we can see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can see that here
+um so i guess uh it runs this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i guess uh it runs this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i guess uh it runs this whole
+thing you sell them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you sell them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you sell them all together
+um right oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay um and so in fact uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay um and so in fact uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay um and so in fact uh the
+kind of fun fact that you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun fact that you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun fact that you can learn
+about the two by two by two rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two by two by two rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two by two by two rubik's cube
+is that uh there's actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there's actually three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there's actually three
+connected components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components
+in this graph so in other words there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph so in other words there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph so in other words there's
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+three different rubik's cubes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different rubik's cubes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different rubik's cubes you can
+make modulo all the different flips that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make modulo all the different flips that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make modulo all the different flips that
+you can do to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to the uh
+to the faces and those correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the faces and those correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the faces and those correspond to
+three corner rotations of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three corner rotations of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three corner rotations of one of the
+corners of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the thing
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so then the the next part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the the next part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the the next part of the
+problem asks you to state the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem asks you to state the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem asks you to state the maximum
+number of moves needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves needed to
+solve any rubik's cube and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any rubik's cube and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any rubik's cube and you can see
+it in this plot so what this plot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this plot so what this plot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this plot so what this plot is
+showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you
+is the size of the level set of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the level set of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the level set of this uh
+this distance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance uh
+function for for every distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for for every distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for for every distance so
+i think technically it looks like zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think technically it looks like zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think technically it looks like zero
+but it's actually this is at a one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually this is at a one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually this is at a one here
+we just say there's one uh vertex at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say there's one uh vertex at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say there's one uh vertex at
+distance zero which is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance zero which is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance zero which is the source
+right and as we move farther and farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as we move farther and farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as we move farther and farther
+out our tree is expanding and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our tree is expanding and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our tree is expanding and we're
+seeing more and more vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing more and more vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing more and more vertices
+apparently most vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently most vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently most vertices are
+approximately distance what is that 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately distance what is that 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately distance what is that 11
+or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12
+uh 11 away from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 11 away from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 11 away from the original
+then eventually i explore the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually i explore the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually i explore the entire
+graph and i'm done and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and i'm done and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and i'm done and you can see that
+the farthest away vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest away vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest away vertex
+is 14 away meaning that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 away meaning that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 14 away meaning that the most
+annoying rubik's cube to solve can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying rubik's cube to solve can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying rubik's cube to solve can be
+solved in 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in 14
+steps for the two by two by two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for the two by two by two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps for the two by two by two uh
+pocket cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket cube
+i'm sure that jason probably knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that jason probably knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that jason probably knows that
+the the equivalent of this number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the equivalent of this number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the equivalent of this number for
+the three by three by three but i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three by three by three but i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three by three by three but i have
+no idea what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what it is
+um i'm impressed if he can calculate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm impressed if he can calculate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm impressed if he can calculate in
+his head like he looks like he was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head like he looks like he was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head like he looks like he was about
+to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+uh but i digress uh right so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i digress uh right so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i digress uh right so in other
+words um this is actually a fancy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um this is actually a fancy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um this is actually a fancy term
+for uh uh you know we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh you know we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh you know we talked about the
+radius of your graph in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of your graph in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of your graph in the first
+problem now we've got the diameter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now we've got the diameter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now we've got the diameter which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+well not necessarily two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not necessarily two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not necessarily two times the
+radius the way that we've defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the way that we've defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the way that we've defined it
+here but but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but but actually
+almost um uh i think within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost um uh i think within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost um uh i think within some
+constant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of that
+okay so uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so
+notice that the vertical axis here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the vertical axis here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the vertical axis here is
+really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big
+and this is explaining why this bfs code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is explaining why this bfs code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is explaining why this bfs code
+is so slow right because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so slow right because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so slow right because these are
+all the different configurations it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different configurations it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different configurations it has
+to hit um or more accurately if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit um or more accurately if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit um or more accurately if i take
+the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+position of each one of these vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of each one of these vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of each one of these vertices
+and sum up its height those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum up its height those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum up its height those are all the
+configurations that are reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that are reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that are reachable
+and those are all the steps that bfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are all the steps that bfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are all the steps that bfs
+needs before it's done right and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs before it's done right and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs before it's done right and so that
+number is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is in the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+certainly in the millions yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the millions yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the millions yeah okay so
+then the last part of this problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last part of this problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last part of this problem which
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+conveniently looks like i'm low on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently looks like i'm low on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently looks like i'm low on time
+to solve but i'll refer you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but i'll refer you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but i'll refer you to the
+solution anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution anyway
+is asking how we might do this faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking how we might do this faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking how we might do this faster
+and so in particular what it says is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular what it says is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular what it says is uh
+let's say that i have a total of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i have a total of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i have a total of n
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+for my rubik's cube in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my rubik's cube in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my rubik's cube in this case it
+turns out that that's like roughly 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's like roughly 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's like roughly 3
+million i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million i think
+okay and now i want an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now i want an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now i want an algorithm
+that gives me the shortest sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the shortest sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the shortest sequence of
+moves to solve any pocket cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to solve any pocket cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to solve any pocket cube
+man i'm really ravaging the chalk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man i'm really ravaging the chalk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man i'm really ravaging the chalk today
+um and i want to solve any cube uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i want to solve any cube uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i want to solve any cube uh
+in a number of steps that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of steps that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of steps that looks like
+to n to the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n to the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n to the ceiling
+of w over two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w over two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w over two uh
+where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see here the code provides sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here the code provides sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here the code provides sorry
+this problem changed on me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem changed on me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem changed on me this
+afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh where n sub i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh where n sub i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh where n sub i is
+equal to the uh number of configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the uh number of configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the uh number of configurations
+reachable within imoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable within imoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable within imoves
+oh good i see what we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so like if this is my base cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if this is my base cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if this is my base cube
+then we've got like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got like maybe
+like a six different one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a six different one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a six different one two three four
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+six different cubes that i can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different cubes that i can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different cubes that i can reach
+from those and then there's six cubes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those and then there's six cubes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those and then there's six cubes i
+can reach from all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach from all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach from all of those
+but of course some of those might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course some of those might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course some of those might be
+pointing backward um or to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing backward um or to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing backward um or to each other
+but this is the number of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the number of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the number of things that
+are reachable in eye moves and they ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reachable in eye moves and they ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reachable in eye moves and they ask
+for an algorithm that finds the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an algorithm that finds the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an algorithm that finds the shortest
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+in this amount of time by the way big n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this amount of time by the way big n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this amount of time by the way big n
+typically exponentiates in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically exponentiates in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically exponentiates in that
+subscript there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript there
+this looks innocent but it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks innocent but it's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks innocent but it's not um
+the basic trick here uh is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick here uh is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic trick here uh is to do
+i'm not gonna bother writing it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna bother writing it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna bother writing it down
+we'll just talk about it for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk about it for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just talk about it for a second
+and call it for the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it for the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it for the day
+no i'll draw a picture so the breadth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'll draw a picture so the breadth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'll draw a picture so the breadth
+first search algorithm that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search algorithm that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search algorithm that we've
+thought about so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about so far
+chooses a vertex and then computes level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a vertex and then computes level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a vertex and then computes level
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+outward from that vertex until it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward from that vertex until it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward from that vertex until it maybe
+reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches
+the destination uh that you want to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination uh that you want to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination uh that you want to hit
+that doesn't quite work here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't quite work here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't quite work here and the
+well i mean it does work but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it does work but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it does work but it's going
+to be quite slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite slow
+because like let's say i had bad luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like let's say i had bad luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like let's say i had bad luck
+and i were in that 14 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i were in that 14 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i were in that 14 vertex
+right then somewhere in there i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then somewhere in there i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then somewhere in there i'm going
+to hit this big height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit this big height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit this big height
+which is sitting over the 11 before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sitting over the 11 before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sitting over the 11 before i
+can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to
+vertex 14. so the trick here is it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex 14. so the trick here is it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex 14. so the trick here is it turns
+out that i can do it by only ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that i can do it by only ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that i can do it by only ever
+getting to 7. and the way that i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 7. and the way that i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 7. and the way that i'm gonna
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+is instead i'm gonna run bfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead i'm gonna run bfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead i'm gonna run bfs
+sort of in parallel for two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel for two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel for two different
+vertices right the source and the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right the source and the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right the source and the target
+so in this case my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case my
+current cube and the cube i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cube and the cube i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current cube and the cube i would like
+it to be like the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be like the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be like the solution to the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+i'm first going to compute the level set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm first going to compute the level set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm first going to compute the level set
+one of that cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that cube
+then level set one of the next cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then level set one of the next cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then level set one of the next cube
+level set two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set two
+level set two three three and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set two three three and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level set two three three and notice
+that eventually they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually they're going to
+intersect pretty much right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect pretty much right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect pretty much right at the
+midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+and so the size of the level set i never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the size of the level set i never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the size of the level set i never
+need to compute a level set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute a level set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute a level set that's
+bigger than a half of the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half of the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than a half of the shortest path
+uh length i have to round up to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length i have to round up to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length i have to round up to be
+conservative about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative about that
+and and that's where i get this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's where i get this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's where i get this factor
+here so this is a nice little trick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a nice little trick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a nice little trick for
+for reducing the search size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing the search size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reducing the search size
+this is another kind of standard trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another kind of standard trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another kind of standard trick
+if you look at some of the uh code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of the uh code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of the uh code
+people use for for solving board games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for for solving board games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for for solving board games
+algorithmically and so on i think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically and so on i think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmically and so on i think they
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+uh sort of search from the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of search from the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of search from the beginning and
+end state outward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end state outward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end state outward to
+and try and meet in the middle uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and meet in the middle uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and meet in the middle uh for
+exactly this reason which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this reason which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this reason which is that
+exponential growth uh as we all know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth uh as we all know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth uh as we all know can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+quite problematic all right folks so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite problematic all right folks so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite problematic all right folks so i
+think we're just about out of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're just about out of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're just about out of time and
+i've certainly worn myself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've certainly worn myself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've certainly worn myself out
+uh so with that hopefully we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so with that hopefully we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so with that hopefully we'll see you
+next week and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and uh
+yeah i hope everybody's doing well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZjLZ_P8svSY.txt b/ZjLZ_P8svSY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b83238935eb0d6573deb87429a454c1642af52a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZjLZ_P8svSY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think I think in a course like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I think in a course like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I think in a course like this
+assessment is tricky that uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is tricky that uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is tricky that uh these are
+individual clients and projects and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual clients and projects and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual clients and projects and we
+can try to standardize maybe the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to standardize maybe the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to standardize maybe the design
+and engineering challenge to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering challenge to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering challenge to some extent
+but that's not necessarily what we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not necessarily what we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not necessarily what we took
+as our primary consideration we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our primary consideration we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our primary consideration we really
+uh started with the people first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started with the people first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started with the people first and
+tried to mat people to projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to mat people to projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to mat people to projects and
+there's no doubt there are some projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt there are some projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt there are some projects
+that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more
+technically uh involved there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically uh involved there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically uh involved there are some
+projects where the logistics are more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects where the logistics are more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects where the logistics are more uh
+difficult meeting with the client or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult meeting with the client or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult meeting with the client or
+even uh working with with him or her or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh working with with him or her or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh working with with him or her or
+even within the within the team so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the within the team so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within the within the team so it is
+a tricky uh kind of thing but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky uh kind of thing but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky uh kind of thing but I think
+having us as instructors uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having us as instructors uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having us as instructors uh very
+involved in the class and getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the class and getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the class and getting a
+sense of all of the projects having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of all of the projects having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of all of the projects having the
+mentors uh really have a a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors uh really have a a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors uh really have a a strong
+understanding of uh different projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of uh different projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of uh different projects
+progress so we had one Mentor for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so we had one Mentor for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so we had one Mentor for every
+uh two teams um was uh really key to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two teams um was uh really key to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two teams um was uh really key to um
+the assessment kind of a out a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment kind of a out a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment kind of a out a high
+level uh we had different pieces over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh we had different pieces over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh we had different pieces over
+the course of the uh semester so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the uh semester so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the uh semester so uh
+doing this midterm design review um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this midterm design review um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this midterm design review um
+counts as part of the assessment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as part of the assessment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as part of the assessment uh
+certainly the final presentations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the final presentations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the final presentations the
+documentation uh is a big part but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation uh is a big part but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation uh is a big part but we
+also rely on uh Mentor feedback client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rely on uh Mentor feedback client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rely on uh Mentor feedback client
+feedback we met we met with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback we met we met with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback we met we met with all the
+clients um at the end of the semester as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients um at the end of the semester as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients um at the end of the semester as
+well as peer feedback you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as peer feedback you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as peer feedback you know this is a
+team-based uh project course uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team-based uh project course uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team-based uh project course uh so
+taking into all these taking in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into all these taking in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into all these taking in all
+these inputs is what we tried to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs is what we tried to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs is what we tried to do when
+it came to assessment to really try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to assessment to really try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to assessment to really try to
+understand what students had learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what students had learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what students had learned and
+how they performed in the in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they performed in the in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they performed in the in the course
+so for some of these we did prepare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for some of these we did prepare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for some of these we did prepare a
+rubric or we had a vague sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric or we had a vague sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubric or we had a vague sense of what
+we were looking for um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking for um so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking for um so for example
+for the blog post we would score it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blog post we would score it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blog post we would score it
+based on not just like how well did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not just like how well did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on not just like how well did you
+write it in grammar and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in grammar and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in grammar and how much
+information is there but we were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is there but we were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is there but we were looking
+for really deep personal reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really deep personal reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really deep personal reflection and
+so that's what you know we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you know we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you know we gave
+distinctiveness points for I believe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctiveness points for I believe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctiveness points for I believe and
+so for example you know you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know you could have a
+post just on assist of dogs and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post just on assist of dogs and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post just on assist of dogs and what
+types of assistive dogs are there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of assistive dogs are there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of assistive dogs are there which
+is great it shows that a student is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great it shows that a student is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great it shows that a student is
+learning but another post um one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but another post um one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but another post um one of my
+favorite posts actually over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite posts actually over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite posts actually over the
+semester was from one of my students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester was from one of my students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester was from one of my students who
+was kind of struggling with should I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of struggling with should I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of struggling with should I go
+into assistive technology as a career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into assistive technology as a career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into assistive technology as a career
+when everyone is saying you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everyone is saying you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everyone is saying you should do
+something that's lucrative but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's lucrative but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's lucrative but this is
+like beneficial but what if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like beneficial but what if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like beneficial but what if you know
+beneficial isn't profitable what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial isn't profitable what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial isn't profitable what happens
+then and she was really struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and she was really struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and she was really struggling with
+like am I a selfish person things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like am I a selfish person things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like am I a selfish person things like
+that and so that kind of very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that kind of very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that kind of very deep
+personal growth is is something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal growth is is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal growth is is something that I
+valued a lot I think and that yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued a lot I think and that yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued a lot I think and that yeah we
+all valued a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all valued a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all valued a
+lot um in yeah there's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um in yeah there's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um in yeah there's actually very
+little weight put on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weight put on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weight put on the final
+project we put a lot of weight on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we put a lot of weight on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we put a lot of weight on how
+well did they go about the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well did they go about the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well did they go about the design
+process and so how many prototypes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so how many prototypes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so how many prototypes what
+did they manage to do when they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they manage to do when they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they manage to do when they didn't
+have the skills to do a certain project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the skills to do a certain project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the skills to do a certain project
+were they able to go look for resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to go look for resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to go look for resources
+did they go around MIT knocking on doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they go around MIT knocking on doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they go around MIT knocking on doors
+asking for professors for help asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for professors for help asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for professors for help asking
+machine shop technicians for help um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine shop technicians for help um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine shop technicians for help um
+that was that was also highly valued um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was also highly valued um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was also highly valued um
+and then what else do you think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what else do you think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what else do you think I'm
+missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+up um we also take into account when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we also take into account when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we also take into account when the
+clients um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients um
+were so some clients uh what changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so some clients uh what changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so some clients uh what changed
+their mind about what project they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind about what project they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind about what project they
+wanted the students to work on over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the students to work on over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the students to work on over the
+course of semester which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of semester which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of semester which is really
+difficult for the students because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the students because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the students because they
+would make progress on something it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make progress on something it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make progress on something it then
+have to you know change the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know change the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know change the project
+Direction completely um and so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction completely um and so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction completely um and so we would
+try and take that into account as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and take that into account as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and take that into account as well
+like how were the students able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how were the students able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how were the students able to
+manage that and so because of these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage that and so because of these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage that and so because of these kind
+of little those things you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little those things you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little those things you know we
+really didn't put a lot of weight on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't put a lot of weight on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't put a lot of weight on how
+the project turned out at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project turned out at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project turned out at the end of the
+day was more about how much effort did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day was more about how much effort did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day was more about how much effort did
+you put into it how much did you grow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into it how much did you grow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put into it how much did you grow as
+a person how well did you manage your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person how well did you manage your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person how well did you manage your
+client's expectations and um yeah were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's expectations and um yeah were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's expectations and um yeah were
+you able to satisfy the client given all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you able to satisfy the client given all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you able to satisfy the client given all
+the constraints so very very organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints so very very organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints so very very organic
+which is why we had to spread out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we had to spread out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we had to spread out the
+grading rubric across lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading rubric across lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading rubric across lots of little
+components and that's why we had to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and that's why we had to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and that's why we had to get
+feedback from mentors and peers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from mentors and peers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from mentors and peers and
+clients and have mid-semester reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and have mid-semester reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients and have mid-semester reviews
+and final semester reviews um yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final semester reviews um yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final semester reviews um yeah it
+was I hope I explained that yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I hope I explained that yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I hope I explained that yeah I think
+I think there's a lot of aspects uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a lot of aspects uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a lot of aspects uh to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um one is you know we really did try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is you know we really did try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is you know we really did try to
+structure the evaluation as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the evaluation as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the evaluation as much as
+possible in terms of uh uh being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in terms of uh uh being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in terms of uh uh being able to
+try to grade objectively and so we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grade objectively and so we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grade objectively and so we did
+have a decent number of structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decent number of structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decent number of structured
+rubrics that we're happy to share uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubrics that we're happy to share uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubrics that we're happy to share uh in
+terms of how we uh evaluated different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how we uh evaluated different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how we uh evaluated different
+components of the the project so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the the project so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the the project so
+everything from the blog or from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the blog or from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the blog or from from
+the course everything from the blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course everything from the blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course everything from the blog
+posts to the videos to the mid semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts to the videos to the mid semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts to the videos to the mid semester
+final semester panels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final semester panels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final semester panels the
+documentation um all aspects uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation um all aspects uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation um all aspects uh of the
+of the class um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class um I
+think we uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we uh uh
+for for kind of the individual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for kind of the individual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for kind of the individual um
+components really as what Grace says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components really as what Grace says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components really as what Grace says
+really trying to personalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to personalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to personalize the
+learning a little bit in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit in terms of uh
+having Reflections or blog posts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having Reflections or blog posts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having Reflections or blog posts where
+people could uh write about topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could uh write about topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could uh write about topics that
+interested them as related to assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested them as related to assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested them as related to assistive
+technology I think that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I think that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I think that's something that
+we tried this year as opposed to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried this year as opposed to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried this year as opposed to maybe
+um more sort of form kind of lab reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more sort of form kind of lab reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more sort of form kind of lab reports
+on some of the labs that we did or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the labs that we did or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the labs that we did or
+something uh like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh like that um
+the other part I think we we tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part I think we we tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part I think we we tried this
+year was really uh to take in as Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was really uh to take in as Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was really uh to take in as Grace
+is saying all of these uh kind of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying all of these uh kind of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying all of these uh kind of human
+uh inputs or feedback so we met weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inputs or feedback so we met weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inputs or feedback so we met weekly
+as a staff and kind of reflected on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a staff and kind of reflected on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a staff and kind of reflected on uh
+the projects and students uh progress um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects and students uh progress um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects and students uh progress um
+we talked to clients and you know had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked to clients and you know had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked to clients and you know had
+students themselves uh talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students themselves uh talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students themselves uh talk a little bit
+about their their PE um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their their PE um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their their PE um and
+so that's I think what we tried to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I think what we tried to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I think what we tried to take
+into account I think we tried to so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account I think we tried to so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account I think we tried to so some
+extent we tried to start from what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we tried to start from what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we tried to start from what would
+be sort of Ideal in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of Ideal in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of Ideal in terms
+of understanding um students experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding um students experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding um students experiences
+uh in the class and that I think makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the class and that I think makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the class and that I think makes
+it a little bit uh tricky to evaluate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit uh tricky to evaluate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit uh tricky to evaluate or
+grade um but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade um but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade um but hopefully
+um you know is sort of the is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is sort of the is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is sort of the is sort of
+one reasonable way or or one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reasonable way or or one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reasonable way or or one you know
+valuable way uh to to do it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_DbUa8w0W74.txt b/_DbUa8w0W74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9966d5b14a04fb14a4b90c9ba342588c6da23728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_DbUa8w0W74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the class was started in 2011 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the class was started in 2011 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the class was started in 2011 that
+was the first time it was offered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first time it was offered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first time it was offered in the
+fall semester of 2011 um it was founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall semester of 2011 um it was founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall semester of 2011 um it was founded
+by Professor Seth teller uh who uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Seth teller uh who uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Seth teller uh who uh has
+done a lot of work over the past couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work over the past couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of work over the past couple
+of decades particularly in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades particularly in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades particularly in computer
+vision and in robotics and I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and in robotics and I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and in robotics and I think uh
+over time I I think he saw that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I I think he saw that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I I think he saw that a lot of
+the work that he was doing could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that he was doing could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that he was doing could also be
+applicable to assistive technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to assistive technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to assistive technology or
+technologies that can help people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that can help people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that can help people with
+disabilities uh live more independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities uh live more independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities uh live more independently
+or help them in their day-to-day lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or help them in their day-to-day lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or help them in their day-to-day lives
+so I think uh over the over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think uh over the over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think uh over the over the past
+maybe decade or so he's been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe decade or so he's been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe decade or so he's been involved in
+a lot of uh course creation creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh course creation creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh course creation creating
+robotics courses and other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics courses and other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics courses and other uh
+undergraduate courses in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate courses in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate courses in electrical
+engineering computer science and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering computer science and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering computer science and and I
+think uh that this class was in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh that this class was in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh that this class was in a lot of
+ways uh kind of a an extension to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh kind of a an extension to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh kind of a an extension to that
+uh to some extent focused on assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to some extent focused on assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to some extent focused on assistive
+technology um over the years uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um over the years uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um over the years uh I think
+Seth had a chance to work in assist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth had a chance to work in assist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth had a chance to work in assist of
+technology in research projects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in research projects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in research projects and then
+interact a lot with people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact a lot with people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact a lot with people with
+disabilities in the Cambridge area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities in the Cambridge area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities in the Cambridge area or
+the Boston area and really get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston area and really get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston area and really get a sense
+of the kinds of practical challenges um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of practical challenges um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of practical challenges um
+that they that they face and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they face and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they face and how
+technology could help um so uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology could help um so uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology could help um so uh that
+really I think was the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think was the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think was the motivation for
+starting the class trying to uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the class trying to uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the class trying to uh work
+with this group of people and also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this group of people and also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this group of people and also to
+tap into the interest of under graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into the interest of under graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into the interest of under graduate
+students uh to work on service learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh to work on service learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh to work on service learning
+projects or to apply their design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or to apply their design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or to apply their design and
+Engineering skills to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering skills to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering skills to something
+something meaningful uh so so he taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something meaningful uh so so he taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something meaningful uh so so he taught
+this class for the past uh three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for the past uh three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for the past uh three years
+and uh we're fortunate to to be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're fortunate to to be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're fortunate to to be teaching
+at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this
+fall in terms of departmental support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in terms of departmental support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in terms of departmental support
+for the class so because Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class so because Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class so because Professor
+teller was part of the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller was part of the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller was part of the electrical
+engineering and computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science
+department MIT um that's mainly where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department MIT um that's mainly where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department MIT um that's mainly where it
+has been housed for the last three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been housed for the last three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been housed for the last three and
+this year as well uh so four years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year as well uh so four years um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year as well uh so four years um
+going forward we're actually looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward we're actually looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward we're actually looking to
+cross list the class um between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross list the class um between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross list the class um between
+electrical engineering computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering computer science
+U mechanical engineering um as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U mechanical engineering um as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U mechanical engineering um as well as
+Health Sciences and technology and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Sciences and technology and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Sciences and technology and so I
+I would say that when it was housed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that when it was housed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that when it was housed
+within electrical engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within electrical engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within electrical engineering and
+computer science we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science we had a lot of
+computer science students come to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science students come to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science students come to us and
+so a lot of the projects ended up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the projects ended up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the projects ended up being
+you know softwar related projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know softwar related projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know softwar related projects
+because that was your skill set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was your skill set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was your skill set and
+that's what they were comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were comfortable with
+um but we've also seen that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we've also seen that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we've also seen that a lot of
+assisted technology requires Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted technology requires Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted technology requires Hardware
+design as well and so that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design as well and so that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design as well and so that's why we're
+bring in mechanical engineering support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in mechanical engineering support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in mechanical engineering support
+for the class um and as for Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class um and as for Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class um and as for Health
+Sciences and Technology their role at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences and Technology their role at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences and Technology their role at
+MIT is really to serve as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is really to serve as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is really to serve as this
+integrative force between different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrative force between different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrative force between different uh
+facets of engineering and the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets of engineering and the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets of engineering and the medical
+community um and so what we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and so what we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and so what we're hoping to
+do next year um with hst's Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next year um with hst's Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next year um with hst's Health
+Science and Technology support um is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Technology support um is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Technology support um is to
+bring in occupational therapists into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in occupational therapists into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in occupational therapists into
+the class as well to help the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class as well to help the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class as well to help the students
+with the projects um so yeah just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the projects um so yeah just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the projects um so yeah just in
+thinking about um the different skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um the different skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about um the different skill
+sets that go into the projects we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that go into the projects we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that go into the projects we we do
+things software hardware and then being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things software hardware and then being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things software hardware and then being
+able to interface with the health side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interface with the health side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interface with the health side
+of things is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things is very
+important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_Fo3Jq1blKk.txt b/_Fo3Jq1blKk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9fa667f857b21f694e1922bad882ecc35a67a07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_Fo3Jq1blKk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome in this recitation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome in this recitation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome in this recitation so we're
+going to talk about linear systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about linear systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about linear systems of
+equations so in the first question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in the first question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in the first question we
+are given a system of equations x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given a system of equations x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given a system of equations x dot
+equal 6 6x + 5 y y dot equal equal x + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 6 6x + 5 y y dot equal equal x + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 6 6x + 5 y y dot equal equal x + 2
+y we're asked to write this system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we're asked to write this system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we're asked to write this system in
+Matrix form the second part asks us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix form the second part asks us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix form the second part asks us to
+convert a differential equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a differential equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a differential equation of
+second order x dot dot Plus 8 x dot + 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order x dot dot Plus 8 x dot + 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order x dot dot Plus 8 x dot + 7
+xal to0 into M Matrix form uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal to0 into M Matrix form uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal to0 into M Matrix form uh basically
+into a system of Odes similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a system of Odes similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a system of Odes similar to the
+first part in the second in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part in the second in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part in the second in the third
+part of the problem we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem we're asked to
+interpret the population model X do = 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the population model X do = 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the population model X do = 2x
+- 3 y y dot equals xus y so here X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 3 y y dot equals xus y so here X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 3 y y dot equals xus y so here X and Y
+are modeling either a prey or predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling either a prey or predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling either a prey or predator
+and you're asked to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asked to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asked to think about the
+interpretation of this system to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this system to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this system to to
+determine which of X or Y is the pre or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which of X or Y is the pre or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which of X or Y is the pre or
+the predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predator
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you take a few minutes
+think about these three questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these three questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these three questions and
+I'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back welcome back okay so for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back okay so for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back okay so for the first
+question basically we're just asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question basically we're just asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question basically we're just asked to
+write this system in Matrix form so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this system in Matrix form so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this system in Matrix form so we
+have X Y derivative for that left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Y derivative for that left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X Y derivative for that left hand
+side we need to write this in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we need to write this in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we need to write this in the form
+of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix
+multiplying X and Y so here we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X and Y so here we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X and Y so here we would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+65 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 one
+two and that would be our system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that would be our system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that would be our system of
+differential equations in Matrix form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in Matrix form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in Matrix form
+and what we would be solving for would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would be solving for would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would be solving for would
+be the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the vector
+XY the second part of the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY the second part of the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY the second part of the problem we
+need to do the opposite go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the opposite go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the opposite go
+from the second order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second order differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into Matrix form so to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Matrix form so to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Matrix form so to do that we
+introduce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable y equal x dot and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable y equal x dot and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable y equal x dot and from that
+point we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we can then
+write uh x dot dot so if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh x dot dot so if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh x dot dot so if I'm going to
+just start with what we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start with what we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start with what we know about the
+equation x do dot equals let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x do dot equals let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x do dot equals let me write it
+in a system first before I I do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system first before I I do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system first before I I do it in a
+vector form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would write x dot dot equal - 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would write x dot dot equal - 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would write x dot dot equal - 7
+x - 8 x dot but we introduced a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - 8 x dot but we introduced a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - 8 x dot but we introduced a new
+variable X do equals to Y so we have -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X do equals to Y so we have -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X do equals to Y so we have -
+7x minus 8 y so now the other equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7x minus 8 y so now the other equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7x minus 8 y so now the other equation
+we need is the one that tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is the one that tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is the one that tells us what
+this Y is so we have x dot equals to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y is so we have x dot equals to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Y is so we have x dot equals to Y
+which is the new variable that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the new variable that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the new variable that we
+introduced here and so we go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here and so we go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here and so we go from a
+second order differential equation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential equation into
+a system of two differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of two differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of two differential equations
+that we can write now in vectorial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write now in vectorial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write now in vectorial form
+and Matrix form like we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix form like we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix form like we did for the
+first part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part as
+x x dot which is just y I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x dot which is just y I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x dot which is just y I'm just going
+to write this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just from what we defined equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just from what we defined equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just from what we defined equals
+to again X Y like we did previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again X Y like we did previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again X Y like we did previously
+and now we have to read off our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to read off our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to read off our system
+to find the coefficient of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the coefficient of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the coefficient of this Matrix
+so X do equals to y means that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X do equals to y means that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X do equals to y means that there is
+zero coefficient in front of the X a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero coefficient in front of the X a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero coefficient in front of the X a one
+in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the
+y x dot dot equals - 7 x so we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y x dot dot equals - 7 x so we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y x dot dot equals - 7 x so we will have
+a minus 7 multiplying the X and A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 7 multiplying the X and A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 7 multiplying the X and A minus
+8 multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 multiplying the
+Y and so that's how we convert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so that's how we convert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so that's how we convert a
+differential equation second order into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation second order into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation second order into
+a system of uh of differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of uh of differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system of uh of differential equations
+in Matrix form and this Matrix would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Matrix form and this Matrix would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Matrix form and this Matrix would be
+called referred to the companion Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called referred to the companion Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called referred to the companion Matrix
+of this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential
+equation okay so that ends the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so now for the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now for the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now for the third
+question we're asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asked to
+interpret this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this population
+Dynamics system of equation minus 3 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y dot = xus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot = xus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y dot = xus
+y so the question was we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so the question was we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so the question was we have two
+species which one is the prey which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which one is the prey which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which one is the prey which one
+is the Predator so how do we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Predator so how do we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Predator so how do we go about
+figuring this out let's look at how x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring this out let's look at how x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring this out let's look at how x
+dot varies with Y or basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot varies with Y or basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot varies with Y or basically the
+variable X varies with Y here we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X varies with Y here we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X varies with Y here we can see
+that we have a coefficient that is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a coefficient that is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a coefficient that is minus
+three that is negative which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that is negative which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that is negative which means that
+when y increases we have a more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when y increases we have a more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when y increases we have a more and more
+negative x dot which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x dot which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x dot which means that the
+value of x goes down so as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x goes down so as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x goes down so as the
+population y increases we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population y increases we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population y increases we have a
+decrease of population X which suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of population X which suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of population X which suggests
+then Y is is a predator eating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is is a predator eating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Y is is a predator eating up
+population X and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population X and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population X and if you look at the
+equation for y we have x minus y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y we have x minus y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y we have x minus y and
+here what we see is that when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we see is that when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we see is that when X
+increases the population y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the population y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the population y then
+increases so that definitely confirms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so that definitely confirms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so that definitely confirms
+that Y is our Predator that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is our Predator that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y is our Predator that basically
+increases by feeding on the population X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by feeding on the population X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by feeding on the population X
+and as it feeds on population X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it feeds on population X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it feeds on population X the
+population x uh as it feeds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population x uh as it feeds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population x uh as it feeds on
+population X Y increases which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population X Y increases which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population X Y increases which means
+that here this term becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here this term becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here this term becomes more and
+more negative which means that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative which means that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative which means that X
+decreases in turn okay and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in turn okay and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in turn okay and these two
+terms could be modeling for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms could be modeling for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms could be modeling for example here
+just a growth of the population so birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a growth of the population so birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a growth of the population so birth
+THM of the prey and this minus y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+THM of the prey and this minus y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+THM of the prey and this minus y here
+could be just modeling for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just modeling for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just modeling for example a
+death rate of this Predator uh and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of this Predator uh and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of this Predator uh and so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+X prey and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predator okay so from this recitation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator okay so from this recitation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator okay so from this recitation we
+learned how to convert a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to convert a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to convert a system of
+differential equations to Matrix form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations to Matrix form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations to Matrix form we
+learned how to convert a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to convert a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to convert a second order
+differential equation into also Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation into also Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation into also Matrix
+form basically system differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form basically system differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form basically system differential
+equation introducing notion of companion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation introducing notion of companion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation introducing notion of companion
+Matrix and we learn how to interpret a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we learn how to interpret a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we learn how to interpret a
+system of differential equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of differential equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of differential equations in
+terms of what what populations could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what what populations could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what what populations could it
+be modeling or what Dynamics could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeling or what Dynamics could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeling or what Dynamics could it be
+modeling so that ends the recation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_GmzGci0Cpw.txt b/_GmzGci0Cpw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acad189b75bbd8aae709fad0a1bd1d2d2ac84938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_GmzGci0Cpw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we just talked about
+fusion processes and how elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion processes and how elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion processes and how elements are
+made in stars mostly for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in stars mostly for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in stars mostly for energy
+generation purposes now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation purposes now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation purposes now let's look at
+how that actually manifests in the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that actually manifests in the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that actually manifests in the star
+as a whole because as astronomers we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole because as astronomers we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole because as astronomers we can
+observe stars but we can't really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe stars but we can't really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe stars but we can't really look
+inside of stars we can only see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of stars we can only see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of stars we can only see the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are a number of ways we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of ways we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of ways we can get
+clues from the surface of the star as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues from the surface of the star as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues from the surface of the star as to
+what's going on in the core and so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the core and so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the core and so of
+all this a really nice example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this a really nice example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this a really nice example of how
+nuclear physics and astrophysics nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics and astrophysics nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics and astrophysics nuclear
+and astrophysics come together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and astrophysics come together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and astrophysics come together because
+the nuclear physics governs what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear physics governs what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear physics governs what's
+happening inside the core and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside the core and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside the core and then the
+astrophysics provides what what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics provides what what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics provides what what we can
+actually observe and kind of need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe and kind of need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe and kind of need to
+come together and work out and so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and work out and so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and work out and so over
+the last several decades a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last several decades a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last several decades a lot of
+progress has been made to put these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has been made to put these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has been made to put these two
+together and to understand what is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and to understand what is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and to understand what is now
+called stellar evolution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stellar evolution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stellar evolution that is
+actually governed by the nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually governed by the nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually governed by the nuclear physics
+process is specifically fusion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is specifically fusion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is specifically fusion in the
+core I wanted to share this with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I wanted to share this with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I wanted to share this with you
+because it's very insightful so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very insightful so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very insightful so I'm
+going to draw what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw what we call a
+hertzsprung-russell diagram it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertzsprung-russell diagram it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertzsprung-russell diagram it basically
+shows how a star evolves during its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how a star evolves during its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how a star evolves during its
+lifetime we can use the Sun as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime we can use the Sun as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime we can use the Sun as an
+example and what we're going to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what we're going to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what we're going to have is
+we're going to have hot stars here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have hot stars here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have hot stars here and
+cool stars here and then we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stars here and then we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stars here and then we have more
+luminous stars up here and less luminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous stars up here and less luminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous stars up here and less luminous
+stars down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there is a certain track that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a certain track that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a certain track that looks
+like this half of a Christmas tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this half of a Christmas tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this half of a Christmas tree and
+the Sun actually sits right now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun actually sits right now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun actually sits right now about
+here one can put any star in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one can put any star in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one can put any star in this
+diagram and you will see in a moment how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and you will see in a moment how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and you will see in a moment how
+how we can then learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can then learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can then learn about the
+evolutionary phase of the star and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary phase of the star and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary phase of the star and hence
+what's going on inside of the core it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside of the core it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside of the core it's
+called so the Sun is sitting here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so the Sun is sitting here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so the Sun is sitting here and we
+know on this branch here which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on this branch here which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on this branch here which we call
+the main sequence that says burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main sequence that says burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main sequence that says burn
+hydrogen to helium how does this look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium how does this look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium how does this look if
+we draw a star here in the core hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a star here in the core hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw a star here in the core hydrogen
+is burned into helium just like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned into helium just like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is burned into helium just like what we
+had in the previous section the star if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the previous section the star if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the previous section the star if
+when it so no and I should say it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it so no and I should say it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it so no and I should say it will
+every star will kind of start somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every star will kind of start somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every star will kind of start somewhere
+along the main sequence here and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the main sequence here and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the main sequence here and it will
+stay there for about 90% of its lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there for about 90% of its lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there for about 90% of its lifetime
+which means coming back to the old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means coming back to the old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means coming back to the old stars
+for a second 90% of 15 billion years is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second 90% of 15 billion years is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second 90% of 15 billion years is
+about the age of the universe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the age of the universe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the age of the universe which
+means the stars that started here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the stars that started here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the stars that started here when
+they were born in the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were born in the early universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were born in the early universe
+they are just at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just at the end of this
+hydrogen to helium process which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium process which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium process which really
+means they haven't done anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they haven't done anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they haven't done anything else
+but burning hydrogen to helium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but burning hydrogen to helium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but burning hydrogen to helium which
+really is the key to why these stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the key to why these stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the key to why these stars
+don't show their age they are just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show their age they are just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show their age they are just like
+what they've always done and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've always done and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've always done and we can
+observe them today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them today
+and infer things about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infer things about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infer things about the early
+universe from them today because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe from them today because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe from them today because they
+haven't changed that's the key here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed that's the key here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed that's the key here so
+but if we look at a star that that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at a star that that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at a star that that has a
+shorter lifetime and wants to evolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter lifetime and wants to evolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter lifetime and wants to evolve it
+will move up here and it will move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move up here and it will move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move up here and it will move up
+here when the core that seevis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when the core that seevis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when the core that seevis was
+hydrogen here and it has been converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen here and it has been converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen here and it has been converted
+to helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to helium
+when we indeed have just helium in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we indeed have just helium in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we indeed have just helium in the
+core and there's no hydrogen left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and there's no hydrogen left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and there's no hydrogen left in the
+core then the star will get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core then the star will get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core then the star will get a little bit
+Rumble II and so it's going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rumble II and so it's going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rumble II and so it's going to start
+moving along here and there all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along here and there all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along here and there all sorts of
+things going on in the core because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the core because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the core because the
+the thermostat is is out there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermostat is is out there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermostat is is out there's no
+energy being produced right now and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy being produced right now and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy being produced right now and so
+it what happens is the star actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what happens is the star actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what happens is the star actually
+inflates to counteract that and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflates to counteract that and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflates to counteract that and it will
+move up II and become very new minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up II and become very new minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up II and become very new minutes
+and up here we have the red giants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up here we have the red giants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up here we have the red giants
+they're called red giants because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called red giants because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called red giants because
+they're much bigger and more luminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much bigger and more luminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much bigger and more luminous
+but they're also cooler because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also cooler because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also cooler because they're
+bigger and so they are turn red and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so they are turn red and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so they are turn red and so
+they have just a helium core and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just a helium core and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just a helium core and what's
+happening is in an outer shell here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is in an outer shell here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is in an outer shell here
+there is still burn hydrogen to helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still burn hydrogen to helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still burn hydrogen to helium
+burning going on in the shower and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning going on in the shower and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning going on in the shower and that
+provides a little bit of substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a little bit of substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a little bit of substitute
+energy a little interim inner energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a little interim inner energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a little interim inner energy to
+the star as it moves up here and then up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star as it moves up here and then up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star as it moves up here and then up
+here we have something called the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have something called the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have something called the helium
+flash which means the helium here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash which means the helium here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash which means the helium here in the
+in the core is now being converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the core is now being converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the core is now being converted to
+carbon how can I draw this make this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon how can I draw this make this go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon how can I draw this make this go
+away so we eventually get helium gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so we eventually get helium gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so we eventually get helium gets
+helium gets converted to carbon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium gets converted to carbon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium gets converted to carbon so
+eventually we're going to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're going to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're going to get to a
+carbon core and then we have helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon core and then we have helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon core and then we have helium
+burning further out and hydrogen burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning further out and hydrogen burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning further out and hydrogen burning
+yet further out so when the carbon when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet further out so when the carbon when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet further out so when the carbon when
+helium burning starts here by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium burning starts here by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium burning starts here by the time
+it reaches here it has this carbon kua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches here it has this carbon kua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches here it has this carbon kua
+so here it reaches a helium core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then helium starts to to burn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then helium starts to to burn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then helium starts to to burn and
+then by the time you can hear me there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the time you can hear me there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the time you can hear me there
+the carbon core and then it moves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon core and then it moves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon core and then it moves up
+here and this last part here it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this last part here it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this last part here it really
+depends on the mass of the star the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the mass of the star the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the mass of the star the Sun
+is actually not going to do much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not going to do much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not going to do much it's
+gonna just stick it out with a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just stick it out with a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just stick it out with a carbon
+oxygen core here and then turn it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen core here and then turn it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen core here and then turn it to
+white dwarf and just cool down so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white dwarf and just cool down so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white dwarf and just cool down so the
+Sun is actually pretty boring star that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun is actually pretty boring star that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun is actually pretty boring star that
+has a pretty boring fate if we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pretty boring fate if we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pretty boring fate if we make the
+Sun much more massive let's say ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun much more massive let's say ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun much more massive let's say ten
+times more massive it would move up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more massive it would move up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more massive it would move up here
+in this carbon burning phase and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this carbon burning phase and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this carbon burning phase and a
+variety of later burning stages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of later burning stages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of later burning stages that
+lead to iron and then it would have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to iron and then it would have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to iron and then it would have an
+iron core up here and you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core up here and you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core up here and you already know
+what's going to happen if a star has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen if a star has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen if a star has an
+iron core it has lost its energy source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core it has lost its energy source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core it has lost its energy source
+and it will explode as a supernova and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will explode as a supernova and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will explode as a supernova and
+so before it explodes what's it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before it explodes what's it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before it explodes what's it going to
+look like we have a whole bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we have a whole bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we have a whole bunch of these
+so-called shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called shells
+sometimes they refer to as onion shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they refer to as onion shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they refer to as onion shells
+in the center we have iron and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center we have iron and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center we have iron and then this
+silicon and all the other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and all the other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and all the other elements
+folding out here oxygen carbon hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding out here oxygen carbon hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding out here oxygen carbon hydrogen
+there are a few more other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few more other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few more other elements
+being produced in in minority processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced in in minority processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced in in minority processes
+so some of these shells are not pure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these shells are not pure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these shells are not pure in
+these elements but that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements but that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements but that's the kind of
+the basic idea that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sulfur and others that that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and others that that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and others that that you have a
+star that looks like that so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that looks like that so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that looks like that so what you
+see here is that whatever is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that whatever is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that whatever is happening
+in the core has a direct impact of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the core has a direct impact of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the core has a direct impact of where
+the object sits on this diagram here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object sits on this diagram here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object sits on this diagram here and
+so by measuring the luminosity of a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by measuring the luminosity of a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by measuring the luminosity of a star
+as well as its temperature we can place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as its temperature we can place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as its temperature we can place
+it on this diagram and then learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this diagram and then learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this diagram and then learn in
+which evolutionary state the Stars can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which evolutionary state the Stars can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which evolutionary state the Stars can
+be in which tells us what is going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in which tells us what is going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in which tells us what is going on in
+its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its core
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_d27jyqzoKQ.txt b/_d27jyqzoKQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14f85dbbad18773f7d7d6f6e46d5561deda0dd45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_d27jyqzoKQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2489 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture I would like
+to discuss with you the
+
+updated Lagrangian formulation
+for general incremental
+
+nonlinear analysis.
+
+However, before doing so, I
+thought it would be good to
+
+take a bit of time and review
+some of the material that we
+
+have been discussing already.
+
+We have been encountering
+a large number of quite
+
+complicated equations, some very
+important basic concepts,
+
+and some subtleties.
+
+And to really understand all
+of this material, it is
+
+necessary to study it, of
+course, a lot more than the
+
+time that we have allocated
+so far.
+
+But it might help you to just
+review now some of that
+
+material once more.
+
+I've prepared here on the marker
+board the material that
+
+relates to the total Lagrangian
+formulation, in
+
+which really you have been
+seeing some of the very
+
+important equations.
+
+And here we have the basic
+equation that is used, of
+
+course, in finite element
+analysis.
+
+This basic equation states, of
+course, it is the equation of
+
+the principle of virtual work,
+states that an internal
+
+virtual work, or the internal
+virtual work, must be equal to
+
+external virtual work.
+
+You remember that we talked
+about the Cauchy stress, the
+
+stress which is actually
+force per unit area.
+
+And that's the engineering
+stress, that's the stress that
+
+we want to solve for.
+
+That we talked about
+a virtual strain.
+
+A virtual strain that
+is referred to time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+And that is why we have
+this subscript here,
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+And we integrate this product
+here over the volume at time t
+
+plus delta t.
+
+Notice that I'm using here a
+green color for the real
+
+stress that we want to solve
+for, and a red color for the
+
+virtual quantity that we're
+using basically as a mechanism
+
+to solve for this stress.
+
+Of course, on the right-hand
+side, we identified we have
+
+the external virtual work.
+
+And in here, this script R here,
+denotes contributions
+
+from the surface forces, body
+forces that are being applied
+
+externally to the body.
+
+This is really the basic
+equation that we want to
+
+operate on, and that we want to
+work with to solve for the
+
+unknown Cauchy stresses at
+time t plus delta t.
+
+Now we recall, of course, that
+we are here integrating over a
+
+volume at time t plus delta t,
+and that volume is unknown.
+
+Because it is unknown, we cannot
+very easily deal with
+
+this stress measure, and we
+have, therefore, introduced a
+
+new stress measure.
+
+A stress measure that we call
+the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress tensor.
+
+We introduce this one here.
+
+Notice this is a stress at time
+t plus delta t, referred
+
+to the original configuration,
+0, of the body.
+
+The capital S, and we have ij
+as the components of that
+
+stress tensor.
+
+Now, this is a new stress tensor
+that we know we can
+
+deal very well with.
+
+And we have to also introduce
+a new strain tensor.
+
+Why do we have to do so?
+
+Well because using this stress
+tensor, we have to use an
+
+energy conjugate
+strain measure.
+
+And this Green-Lagrange strain
+tensor, the Green-Lagrange
+
+strain tensor is energy
+conjugate to the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor.
+
+Having introduced these two
+quantities, and we looked at
+
+the components, how they're
+constructed, how they're
+
+related, for example, in this
+case, how this one is related
+
+to the Cauchy stress.
+
+Having now introduced these
+two quantities, we can
+
+directly work basically with
+this equation here.
+
+Well to do so, we have
+decomposed the stress tensor
+
+into a part that we know, and
+into an unknown part.
+
+And that's an important point.
+
+We can decompose this stress
+tensor into a stress that we
+
+know, and that we don't know,
+by simple addition
+
+here on this side.
+
+Notice we simply add here
+because we had a quantity that
+
+is referred to the volume at
+time 0, to another quantity
+
+that is referred to the
+volume at time 0.
+
+In other words, the reference
+configurations for both of
+
+these are the same, and that's
+why we can have a simple
+
+addition sign here.
+
+Please keep in mind that this
+quantity is known in our
+
+incremental solution.
+
+Because we, of course, assume
+that we have solved for the
+
+configuration of the body
+up to a time t.
+
+This one is unknown, and this is
+the reason why I used here
+
+black color to show that this
+is an unknown quantity and
+
+distinguish it from the
+one that is known.
+
+We proceed in the same
+way with the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain tensor.
+
+Here we have the equations.
+
+The Green-Lagrange strain tensor
+at time t plus delta t
+
+is decomposed into a quantity
+that we know,
+
+plus an unknown quantity.
+
+Once again, in black.
+
+So these are the two quantities
+that we really want
+
+to solve for, the increment in
+the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress, and the increment in
+the Green-Lagrange strain.
+
+Now we also discussed that
+the increment in the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain can
+actually be decomposed into
+
+two quantities.
+
+One that is linear in the
+particle incremental
+
+displacements ui, and one that
+is nonlinear in the particle
+
+incremental displacements ui.
+
+Please read it as follows.
+
+Linear in ui, nonlinear in ui.
+
+Of course, remember that we have
+so far only spoken about
+
+the continuum mechanics.
+
+In other words, we have not
+really, at this point, said
+
+anything about the finite
+element discretization.
+
+We also referred, however, in an
+earlier lecture to the fact
+
+that if we do interpolate in
+finite element analysis, then
+
+using continuum elements for
+the analysis of solids and
+
+structures, the incremental
+nodal point variables are
+
+linearly related to these
+incremental particle
+
+displacements.
+
+And for that reason, this is a
+true linear strain increment,
+
+and that is a true nonlinear
+strain increment.
+
+On the other hand, if we use
+structural elements that also
+
+include or use nodal point
+rotations, then the particle
+
+displacements, these ui's, are
+linearly related to the
+
+incremental nodal point
+displacements, but nonlinearly
+
+related to the incremental
+nodal point rotations.
+
+And in that case, this is here
+still the true linear
+
+increment of the Green-Lagrange
+
+strain for the particle.
+
+But this one here is not
+containing all the nonlinear
+
+strain incremental parts
+for the particle.
+
+There has to be a little bit--
+
+there has to be some amendment
+here, some addition here.
+
+And we briefly talked about the
+effect of neglecting this
+
+addition as well.
+
+Well the point now is that we
+want to use, of course, these
+
+two quantities to substitute
+these into the equation of the
+
+principle of virtual work, and
+we then arrive directly at
+
+this relationship here.
+
+Now what do we see here?
+
+We see an integral over the
+original volume of the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress referred
+to the original
+
+configuration, and it's a real
+stress, the one that we want
+
+to solve for, and that's why I
+use the color green again.
+
+This here is a virtual strain,
+Green-Lagrange strain.
+
+It's a variation on this
+Green-Lagrange strain here.
+
+And this product is integrated
+over the original volume,
+
+which is, of course, the
+volume that we know.
+
+And this is the reason
+why we can so well
+
+deal with this integral.
+
+On the right-hand side, we have
+made no modification.
+
+We still have simply the
+external virtual work.
+
+Now, please realize that this
+equation here is totally
+
+equivalent to the equation that
+we discussed earlier.
+
+This equation here.
+
+Here we are talking about
+Cauchy stresses, an
+
+infinitesimal virtual strain
+integrated over a volume of
+
+time t plus delta t
+that is unknown.
+
+This equation has simply been
+re-cast into a new form using
+
+continuum mechanics.
+
+No finite elements really, just
+continuum mechanics, into
+
+this form here.
+
+And now we have a form that we
+can work very well with.
+
+We substitute into this equation
+and we linearize, and
+
+we did that in the
+earlier lecture.
+
+The result of that substitution
+and linearization
+
+is given right here.
+
+Now notice that in each of these
+integrals, of course, we
+
+are integrating over a
+volume that is known,
+
+the original volume.
+
+Notice that in the first
+integral here, we involve,
+
+well a material tensor.
+
+That has to be defined, it
+depends on the material that
+
+you're looking at, that
+you want to analyze.
+
+This is here the increment in
+the Green-Lagrange strain, the
+
+linear part only.
+
+Here is a variation on this
+linear increment in green--
+
+sorry, it's in red, of course.
+
+This one was green.
+
+This one is in red.
+
+And this is, of course,
+a virtual quantity.
+
+This is the virtual quantity.
+
+Notice that here we are
+talking about a
+
+stress that we know.
+
+We're incrementally
+decomposing.
+
+Remember?
+
+We're adding to the quantities
+at time t, the increment.
+
+The quantities at time
+t are known.
+
+So this one is known.
+
+This one here is a variation on
+the nonlinear increment of
+
+the Green-Lagrange strain,
+total increment.
+
+Well, in red again.
+
+And on the right-hand side we
+have the external virtual
+
+work, which of course, is
+assumed to be given.
+
+Do you still remember that we
+are talking about deformation
+
+independent loading.
+
+So we can calculate this
+piece here directly.
+
+And here we have also the stress
+that is known, the
+
+stress at time t, and the
+virtual strain, linear strain.
+
+This is what we arrived at
+in our earlier lecture.
+
+Of course, there was a
+linearization involved, and we
+
+know there would be errors
+if we simply
+
+operate on this equation.
+
+We don't want to have these
+errors in the actual finite
+
+element solution.
+
+And we realize that it
+is good to iterate.
+
+So we also looked in the earlier
+lecture how we would
+
+iterate typically.
+
+And we developed an equation
+where there was something on
+
+the left-hand side, which I
+simply denote here by dots.
+
+There were quite some
+complicated expressions.
+
+You may want to look
+them up again.
+
+But I just denote them by dots
+because what is really
+
+important, and that I pointed
+out also earlier, is what is
+
+on the right-hand side.
+
+And what do we see on
+the right-hand side?
+
+On the right-hand side we see
+the external virtual work, and
+
+we are subtracting from
+it this integral.
+
+Let's look at this integral
+once more.
+
+We have here the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress at time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+Of course, always refer to the
+original configuration.
+
+Corresponding to iteration
+k minus 1.
+
+The iteration here
+written in black.
+
+We are operating on the
+Green-Lagrange strain at time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+Refer to the original
+configuration in
+
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+Actually, calculated at the end
+of iteration k minus 1 is
+
+better to say.
+
+And this product here is
+integrated over the original
+
+volume once more.
+
+k runs from 1, 2, 3, onwards.
+
+Well notice that when k is equal
+to 1 we have a 0 here,
+
+and we have to ask ourselves
+what is this quantity then?
+
+Well if there's a 0 right here,
+then we're looking here
+
+at t 0 Sij.
+
+The stress, the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress
+
+corresponding to the
+configuration at time t.
+
+And if we put a 0 here, we
+would have also here, the
+
+initial condition being the
+Green-Lagrange strain at time
+
+t, of course, referred
+to configuration 0.
+
+So we have the write initial
+conditions here, and therefore
+
+we can proceed with
+the iteration.
+
+We discussed that in the
+earlier lecture.
+
+The important point now is
+that once this iteration
+
+converges, we have to use, of
+course, schemes, solution
+
+procedures that makes the
+iteration converge.
+
+We will talk about that
+in later lecture.
+
+But once we have obtained
+convergence, and let's assume
+
+we have converged, then this R,
+the script R, the external
+
+virtual work, is equal
+to this integral.
+
+That's how we define
+convergence.
+
+And this means then that the
+external virtual work is now
+
+equal to the internal
+virtual work.
+
+What does this mean?
+
+It means in essence, that this
+right-hand side is 0, which
+
+means-- and now I like to go
+back to our earlier equation--
+
+that this equation here is
+satisfied because notice that
+
+if you look at this equation
+and you take this left-hand
+
+side and bring it to the
+right-hand side with a minus
+
+in front, then you have
+exactly what we
+
+just looked at earlier.
+
+In other words, our iteration
+is performed really on an
+
+expression that is nothing else
+than this R, this script
+
+R, minus this one on the
+right-hand side.
+
+There's a minus sign here and
+you take this and bring it
+
+right there.
+
+That's what we just looked at.
+
+Of course, we also remember now
+that this expression now
+
+is really totally equivalent
+to what we started with.
+
+Namely, this expression
+right here.
+
+And this is, of course, what
+we really want a solve.
+
+We mentioned earlier that
+we introduced the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress, and that
+we would like to get a
+
+physical understanding possibly
+of that stress.
+
+And I mentioned that that is
+very difficult to obtain.
+
+In the computer program, we
+just work with that stress
+
+measure in order to be able to
+solve the equation, to operate
+
+well on the principle
+of virtual work.
+
+What we really want to do, of
+course, is to solve this
+
+equation right here.
+
+This is the equation.
+
+That is the physical stress
+that we want to solve for.
+
+Well since this equation is
+totally equivalent to that
+
+equation, and looking at this
+equation, if we take this
+
+left-hand side, bring it to
+the right-hand side--
+
+of course, there's a minus
+appearing there--
+
+we do obtain what we see right
+here at convergence of course.
+
+We operate properly on the
+principle of virtual work.
+
+So this really closes, so to
+say, the loop, and I hope it
+
+helps you to have this overview
+in understanding of
+
+what I discussed earlier
+with you.
+
+But let's go one step further.
+
+In the finite element
+discretization, we obtain from
+
+this equation here--
+
+I haven't listed what is on the
+left-hand side, you can
+
+look it up--
+
+we obtain directly this
+equation here.
+
+Of course, there's quite a
+number of steps that we still
+
+have to discuss.
+
+How we obtain this matrix,
+we call this the tangent
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+We have to discuss how we
+calculate this vector here,
+
+this vector here.
+
+In fact, the way we actually
+introduced it, since it's a
+
+total Lagrangian formulation, I
+should really put here a 0.
+
+We have to discuss how we can
+calculate this vector for
+
+different elements, et cetera,
+and there is a
+
+lot still to be learned.
+
+But remember that up to here, we
+only talked about continuum
+
+mechanics, and this is where
+the finite element
+
+discretization starts.
+
+And these are then the basic
+equations that are being
+
+arrived at.
+
+At convergence, once again, here
+we iterate, of course.
+
+Notice that I'm using now
+the superscript i.
+
+Of course, this superscript is
+a dummy, it could be k, it
+
+could be j, it doesn't matter.
+
+We frequently use i.
+
+I didn't want to use up here i
+because we have an i already
+
+as a subscript, that's
+why I'm using k here.
+
+But at convergence in this
+iteration where we calculate
+
+always new displacements, add
+them to the previously
+
+calculated displacements, at
+convergence the right-hand
+
+side will be 0, or close
+to 0, of course.
+
+Well this means that we arrive
+at this equation right here.
+
+Because when the right-hand side
+is 0, we satisfy that t
+
+plus delta t R is equal to t
+plus delta t F And if you
+
+like, here also, we may want
+to introduce this little 0,
+
+signifying that we have used
+the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation to calculate
+that F.
+
+Now it is important to realize
+what we have achieved in the
+
+finite element solution.
+
+We satisfy compatibility in the
+finite element solution if
+
+we use compatible
+finite elements.
+
+That is buried in here.
+
+We use compatible finite
+elements to calculate this F,
+
+therefore we satisfy
+compatibility.
+
+We satisfy the stress strain law
+properly if we calculate
+
+this F here accurately and
+properly through the stress
+
+strain law.
+
+Of course, there is much
+to be discussed still.
+
+But let's assume we do that
+properly and then we satisfy
+
+the stress strain law.
+
+Equilibrium we also satisfy,
+but at the nodal points.
+
+We talked about the fact, in an
+earlier lecture, that in a
+
+finite element analysis,
+displacement based finite
+
+element analysis, we always
+satisfy equilibrium at the
+
+nodal point.
+
+Of course, assuming that the
+elements have been properly
+
+formulated.
+
+We would only satisfy local
+equilibrium if the mesh is
+
+fine enough.
+
+And we talked earlier, in an
+earlier lecture, about how we
+
+can measure whether local
+equilibrium is well enough
+
+satisfied using stress jumps,
+using pressure band plots.
+
+We talked about that and I
+gave you some examples.
+
+The important point though is to
+recognize that if we use a
+
+fine enough mesh, then
+equilibrium is satisfied, and
+
+the stress strain law would be
+satisfied if we calculated
+
+stresses properly from
+the given strains.
+
+And compatibility is satisfied
+if we use a compatible finite
+
+element mesh.
+
+In other words, the three basic
+important requirements
+
+of mechanics are fulfilled when
+we are satisfying this
+
+relationship right here.
+
+This basically then rounds
+up what we have been
+
+discussing so far.
+
+And we use the total Lagrangian
+formulation in this
+
+discussion.
+
+I now like to go over to discuss
+this, use the updated
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+The interesting point here is
+that we use a stress measure
+
+that is referred to the original
+configuration, and so
+
+a strain measure that is
+referred to the original
+
+configuration.
+
+I mentioned earlier already that
+we want to deal with a
+
+certain configuration
+that is known.
+
+The reason, of course, being
+that we want to incrementally
+
+decompose this stress into a
+quantity that we know, plus a
+
+quantity that we don't know.
+
+And that incremental
+decomposition should involve
+
+stress measures that are
+referred to a configuration
+
+that is known.
+
+The same for the strains.
+
+Well since we have calculated
+all the configurations from
+
+time 0 to time t already, a
+natural question to ask is why
+
+don't you use a configuration
+other than 0, say, the
+
+configuration at time delta
+t to delta t, or t.
+
+well in the updated Lagrangian
+formulation, we, indeed, use
+
+the configuration at time t as
+a reference configuration.
+
+And so we deal then with the
+second Piola-Kirchhoff stress
+
+referred to the configuration
+at time t.
+
+This is the stress that
+we're dealing with.
+
+Notice t plus delta t here,
+still the stress at time t
+
+plus delta t, but now the stress
+is referred to the
+
+configuration at time t.
+
+Similarly, we also deal
+with a strain.
+
+The Green-Lagrange strain at
+time t plus delta t, but
+
+referred to configuration
+at time t.
+
+We could, of course,
+ask, well why use a
+
+configuration at time t?
+
+Why not use some configuration
+in between?
+
+The answer is, and I gave it to
+you already in an earlier
+
+lecture, the answer is that
+you are losing all of the
+
+advantages of the total
+Lagrangian formulation, and
+
+you're losing the advantages
+of the updated Lagrangian
+
+formulation.
+
+You are left only with
+the disadvantages.
+
+So there's very little point
+really in trying to solve the
+
+principle of virtual work using
+another configuration
+
+other than 0 or t.
+
+Let us now look at the details
+of the updated Lagrangian
+
+formulation.
+
+And here I have now prepared
+some view graphs that show all
+
+the equations that we're
+operating on.
+
+The principle of virtual work,
+once again, is given right on
+
+this first view graph.
+
+We always start with the basic
+principle of virtual work, and
+
+that is written here.
+
+This is, once again, the Cauchy
+stress, the stress that
+
+we are actually interested
+in solving for.
+
+This is the infinitesimal
+virtual strain.
+
+Internal virtual work is equal
+to external virtual work.
+
+Now, with the stress measure
+that I just mentioned to you,
+
+and the corresponding strain
+measure, substituted for these
+
+stress and strain measures, we
+obtain directly this equation.
+
+Notice that here on the
+left-hand side, we have an
+
+integral that is exactly equal
+to this integral here.
+
+And that we are not
+talking here about
+
+finite elements yet.
+
+It's all continuum mechanics
+at this point.
+
+The second Piola-Kirchhoff
+stress here refer to time t
+
+is, of course, defined as the
+same way as the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress
+as before when it was
+
+referred to time 0.
+
+But what we have to do now is
+introduce this t whenever we
+
+use the 0 before in the equation
+linking up the Cauchy
+
+stress with the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress.
+
+We already then know the
+solution at time t.
+
+So we know basically these
+quantities here.
+
+And we can, therefore, now
+decompose directly the
+
+stresses into a stress that
+we know, and an increment.
+
+Similarly, we do for
+the strains.
+
+It's now interesting to observe
+that this stress here
+
+is nothing else than
+the Cauchy stress.
+
+If you were to plug in to the
+formula that I gave you
+
+earlier, which once again,
+expresses the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress in terms
+of the Cauchy stress,
+
+you would simply see that this
+quantity is nothing else than
+
+the Cauchy stress.
+
+And therefore, we have
+that now here.
+
+And of course, we carry this
+part in that equation here.
+
+The Green-Lagrange strain, if
+written out, one directly
+
+identifies that this part here
+is 0, because we are using
+
+only the increments in
+displacements from time t to
+
+time t plus delta t.
+
+And we are left with this part
+here, which is unknown.
+
+Let's look at the Green-Lagrange
+strain here.
+
+Notice t plus delta
+t, t epsilon ij is
+
+written as shown here.
+
+Where I should point out that
+we are looking here at the
+
+displacements from time t
+to time t plus delta t.
+
+In other words, if I want to
+write this out here, I'm doing
+
+it as follows.
+
+I'm saying that it's a partial
+of the displacements, t plus
+
+delta t, ui minus tui
+with respect to txj.
+
+Notice that here, we are
+subtracting from the
+
+displacement at time
+t plus delta t, the
+
+displacements tui.
+
+So it's the incremental
+displacements that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+And we're differentiating with
+respect to the coordinate at
+
+the time t.
+
+Similarly, of course, we define
+these expressions here,
+
+and those expressions, and
+those expressions.
+
+Notice, just to emphasize this
+point, that this here is
+
+nothing else than ui.
+
+And if we now substitute from
+here into there, we directly
+
+recognize that this term is, in
+fact, the same as that one,
+
+which I expressed already on
+the earlier view graph.
+
+Notice, linear part here,
+nonlinear part there.
+
+This part here, of course,
+I like to just write out
+
+for you once more.
+
+It's nothing else than partial
+ui with respect to txj.
+
+Notice, here we have a product
+incremental displacement, and
+
+that's why it is, of
+course, nonlinear.
+
+It is interesting to compare
+this expression for the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain, for the
+incremental Green-Lagrange
+
+strain, to the incremental
+Green-Lagrange strain of the
+
+total Lagrangian formulation.
+
+And if you do so, you'll find
+that the major difference is
+
+that in the total Lagrangian
+formulation you have an
+
+initial displacement effect.
+
+Here, we do not have an initial
+displacement effect.
+
+And in fact, that is one of the
+advantages of the updated
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+We can now define, just as
+in the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation, a linear strain
+increment, and a nonlinear
+
+strain increment.
+
+Of course, linear in the
+incremental displacement of
+
+the particles.
+
+Nonlinear in the incremental
+displacement of the particles.
+
+And this means that
+directly we obtain
+
+this expression here.
+
+And the variation on here,
+of course, on this total
+
+Green-Lagrange strain increment
+is simply given by
+
+these two additions.
+
+The equation of the principle
+of virtual work now becomes
+
+substituting from what I just
+discussed with you, directly
+
+this equation.
+
+Notice we have here now, the
+external virtual work, just as
+
+before, and we have here the
+internal virtual work
+
+corresponding to the
+stresses at time t.
+
+And these are actually
+the Cauchy
+
+stresses, the real stresses.
+
+This is here again our
+out of balance
+
+virtual work, so to say.
+
+On the left-hand side, we have
+one part that includes an
+
+increment in the stress.
+
+Refer to time t now, because
+the t configuration is our
+
+reference configuration.
+
+And we are multiplying it by
+the variation on the total
+
+Green-Lagrange strain
+increment--
+
+that's one integral--
+
+over the volume at time t.
+
+And here we have the Cauchy
+stress times the variation on
+
+the nonlinear part of the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain increment.
+
+Given a variation in
+displacement data ui, of
+
+course, we can calculate
+the right-hand side.
+
+But we recognize that on the
+left-hand side, we have
+
+unknown displacement increments
+and there would be
+
+nonlinearities occurring
+on the left-hand side.
+
+Remember, that so far no
+approximations have been made.
+
+This is a statement that is
+valid for any amount of
+
+deformation, any amount
+of displacements,
+
+rotations, and strains.
+
+Just as in the total Lagrangian
+formulation, the
+
+equation of the principle of
+virtual work in the updated
+
+Lagrangian formulation is, of
+course, a very complicated
+
+equation and highly nonlinear
+in the incremental
+
+displacement.
+
+And we somehow have
+to linearize.
+
+Because we want to obtain a
+finite element solution, we
+
+linearize first the principle of
+virtual work equation, and
+
+then we are ready to obtain an
+equation as shown here, which
+
+is very much like the equation
+which we are operating on
+
+using the total Lagrangian
+formulation.
+
+Notice, because we're dealing
+with the updated Lagrangian
+
+formulation, we now have a t
+here, and we have a t there,
+
+meaning the reference
+configuration is the time t
+
+configuration, and
+here as well.
+
+We begin to linearize the terms
+just as we have done it
+
+earlier in the total Lagrangian
+formulation.
+
+And we recognize that
+this term here is
+
+already linear in ui.
+
+That is quite simply seen
+because the stress does not
+
+contain ui, it's a
+known quantity.
+
+The variation on this part here
+gives us this expression.
+
+And we recognize that this is
+linear in ui because here we
+
+have the unknown ui appearing.
+
+This is going to be a constant
+for a given variation in
+
+displacement.
+
+And this is here also
+linear and ui.
+
+This is going to be a constant
+for a given variation in
+
+displacement.
+
+And so we have a linear
+part here in ui.
+
+No linearization
+required here.
+
+Let us now look at
+the next term.
+
+Here we have the increment in
+the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress times the variation
+on the increment in the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain
+integrated over the
+
+volume at time t.
+
+We recognize that tSij is a
+nonlinear function in general
+
+of the increment in the
+Green-Lagrange strain.
+
+If we take the variation
+on that increment and
+
+Green-Lagrange strain, we obtain
+these two terms, and we
+
+recognize that this is also
+a linear function of ui.
+
+Therefore, in this product, we
+have to neglect now all higher
+
+order terms in ui.
+
+First we recognize now that
+tSij can be written as a
+
+Taylor series expansion,
+as shown here.
+
+Notice that tSij is equal to
+one first term plus higher
+
+order terms.
+
+These higher order
+terms we neglect.
+
+If you look at this term here,
+we recognize that we can
+
+substitute for this term,
+as shown here.
+
+And this one here is, of course,
+the constitutive
+
+relation, the tangent
+constitutive
+
+relation for the material.
+
+Recognizing that this one here
+is quadratic in ui, we drop
+
+that term and we get this
+linearized result.
+
+Notice that here we have a
+constitutive tensor referred
+
+to the configuration
+at time t.
+
+In the total Lagrangian
+formulation we had here a 0
+
+instead of a t.
+
+Well if we now look at the
+product that we wanted to
+
+linearize again, we have this
+product on the left-hand side,
+
+which is now approximately
+equal to this term here.
+
+This already we derived as a
+linearization to that term.
+
+Here we are substituting
+for that term here.
+
+Notice that if we multiply out,
+we directly obtain this
+
+relationship here.
+
+This one here does not
+contain ui of course.
+
+And this one here
+is linear in ui.
+
+This means that since this one
+also is linear in ui, that we
+
+have here a quadratic
+term in ui.
+
+Notice this term now, totally
+linear, this one quadratic, we
+
+drop that one, and we are left
+with the linearized result,
+
+the result that we
+wanted to obtain.
+
+The final linearized equation
+is then given
+
+on this view graph.
+
+Notice we have here the
+constitutive relation times
+
+the linear strain increment in
+the total Green-Lagrange
+
+strain increment, the
+variation on it.
+
+And of course, this one again
+integrated over the
+
+volume at time t.
+
+Here we have a term
+where there was no
+
+linearization necessary.
+
+And here we have a term
+also there was no
+
+linearization necessary.
+
+These two terms were obtained
+already earlier.
+
+These here, this term be
+obtained by linearization.
+
+Notice that when we now use
+finite element interpolations,
+
+we will express this total term
+here via this term here
+
+where we now have a tangent
+finite element matrix, which
+
+is denoted by the t up there
+at time t referred to the
+
+configuration at time t.
+
+This t here refers to the
+configuration at time t.
+
+There's an increment in the
+displacement that we want to
+
+solve for, the real displacement
+increment.
+
+And this is here, the virtual
+displacement vector.
+
+The right-hand side gives us a
+virtual displacement vector,
+
+of course, transposed times this
+vector, and here we have
+
+the externally applied loads
+coming from the external
+
+virtual work minus the nodal
+point force vector
+
+corresponding to the internal
+element stresses.
+
+That is this term here results
+into this nodal point force
+
+vector corresponding to the
+internal element stresses.
+
+So here we have the continuum
+mechanics relation in black,
+
+linearized from the general
+principle of virtual work, and
+
+here we have the finite element
+expression of that.
+
+Of course, the actual finite
+element solution is then
+
+obtained by actually setting
+this vector here equal to the
+
+identity matrix so that we are
+left with K times delta U is
+
+equal to t plus delta
+tR minus tF.
+
+An important point in this
+development is to recognize
+
+that this term here is, of
+course, the virtual work due
+
+to the element internal
+stresses at time t.
+
+And we interpret this part here
+as the out of balance
+
+virtual work just in the same
+way as we have been doing it
+
+in the total Lagrangian
+formulation.
+
+Let's look now at the total
+solution using the updated
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+The displacement iteration is
+much the same way as in the
+
+total Lagrangian formulation.
+
+We take the old value
+corresponding to k minus 1
+
+iteration, and add an increment
+that we are solving
+
+for to obtain a new estimate
+on the displacements.
+
+k being the iteration counter.
+
+Notice, of course, in this
+iteration, we have to have
+
+initial conditions, and these
+initial conditions are given
+
+right here.
+
+In other words, when k is equal
+to 1, we would have here
+
+t plus delta t ui 0, and
+therefore we need this value,
+
+and that value is given right
+here as t plus delta tui, 0
+
+equal to tui.
+
+In other words, the displacement
+at the
+
+configuration t.
+
+If you look now at the total
+continuum mechanics equations
+
+that we are operating on, I
+should say one continuum
+
+mechanics equation really,
+which, of course, gives us
+
+then in the finite element
+discretization, the set of
+
+simultaneous equations that
+we will be working with.
+
+This continuum mechanics
+equation looks as follows.
+
+On the left-hand side we have
+the tangent constitutive
+
+relationship times an increment
+in real strains that
+
+we want to solve for
+in iteration k.
+
+These are the virtual strains.
+
+We integrate that product over
+the volume at time t.
+
+That, of course, holds for any
+one of these integrals.
+
+And here we have now the actual
+stresses, the real
+
+stresses that we know already,
+which correspond to the
+
+configuration at time t.
+
+Then a variation on the
+incremental Green-Lagrange
+
+strain, but I should add its
+only the nonlinear increment
+
+in the Green-Lagrange strain
+corresponding to iteration k.
+
+Once again, integrated over
+the volume at time t.
+
+And on the right-hand side, we
+have the external virtual work
+
+and this expression.
+
+Let's look at this expression
+carefully.
+
+Here we have an integral over
+the volume at time t plus
+
+delta t in the iteration
+k minus 1.
+
+Therefore, we are updating that
+volume as we go along in
+
+the iteration.
+
+Notice that here we have the
+stresses corresponding to
+
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+We are updating these stresses,
+of course, also in
+
+the iteration.
+
+Here we have the virtual strains
+corresponding to
+
+iteration at the end of
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+We are updating this as well.
+
+And this product here, once
+again, is integrated over the
+
+volume at time t plus delta t
+corresponding to the end of
+
+iteration k minus 1 or the
+beginning of iteration k.
+
+Well it's important to realize
+that when this right-hand side
+
+is 0, we have fulfilled, or we
+have basically solved, the
+
+equation of the principle of
+virtual work, because the
+
+external virtual work is equal
+to the internal virtual work.
+
+And then, of course, we have
+obtained the solution.
+
+So we iterate with k equals 1,
+2, 3, and so on, until the
+
+right-hand side is 0, and then
+we are satisfying that the
+
+external virtual work is equal
+to the internal virtual work.
+
+When we discretize this
+continuum mechanics equation
+
+via finite elements, we obtain
+this equation here.
+
+ttK, once again, the tangent
+stiffness matrix.
+
+Here, the increment in the
+nodal point displacements
+
+corresponding to iteration k.
+
+On the right-hand side
+the R vector of
+
+externally applied loads.
+
+And here, the nodal point force
+vector corresponding to
+
+the internal element stresses
+at time t plus delta t in
+
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+At the end of iteration
+k minus 1 is
+
+more precisely said.
+
+Notice that we are having a t
+plus delta t down here because
+
+we are always updating
+the actual
+
+configuration of reference.
+
+Here we are updating the
+configuration of reference
+
+because we are working with the
+Cauchy stresses at time t
+
+plus delta t, and in iteration
+at the end of
+
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+Of course, this vector is
+calculated from the
+
+displacement at time
+t plus delta t, and
+
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+These, of course, are known.
+
+This is a known quantity,
+whereas the unknown quantity
+
+are the increments in
+the displacements.
+
+These we want to calculate.
+
+We iterate until, with k equals
+1, 2, 3, and so on,
+
+until the right-hand
+side is 0.
+
+Of course, this is nothing else
+than an expression of, in
+
+finite element analysis, of the
+principle of virtual work
+
+where we had also the right-hand
+side, this was the
+
+external virtual work, and this
+was the internal virtual
+
+work corresponding to the
+current element stresses.
+
+Notice that the displacements
+that we are talking about here
+
+are obtained by adding all the
+incremental displacement that
+
+we're dealing with here.
+
+We are taking these and add them
+all up as expressed in
+
+this summation sign here. j goes
+from 1 to k to get, and
+
+we take that sum, of course,
+and add it to tU, the
+
+displacement corresponding to
+configuration time t, to get
+
+the displacements
+
+corresponding to the last iteration.
+
+The total iterative process is
+summarized on this view graph.
+
+We start with a given tU, the
+displacement at time t are
+
+given, and the external loads
+are also given corresponding
+
+to time t plus delta t.
+
+We compute the tangent stiffness
+matrix corresponding
+
+to time t, and the nodal point
+force vector corresponding to
+
+the internal element
+stresses at time t.
+
+This nodal point force vector
+provides initial conditions
+
+for this vector, because that is
+the vector which will enter
+
+actually into the iteration.
+
+This displacement vector
+provides the initial
+
+conditions for that vector.
+
+We set the iteration counter
+k equal to 1.
+
+We go in here, and notice now we
+are solving this equation,
+
+which we just discussed.
+
+When k is equal to 1, of course,
+we have here F0, and
+
+that F0 is nothing else
+than that vector here.
+
+Because that's how we
+initialized it.
+
+So we can calculate
+this incremental
+
+displacement vector.
+
+We add that increment and
+displacement vector to the
+
+displacement which
+we had already.
+
+When k is equal to 1, of course,
+this vector here is
+
+nothing else than that vector,
+which we are given already.
+
+We add on and get a new
+estimate for the
+
+displacements.
+
+We then check for convergence.
+
+This means we are checking
+whether equilibrium is
+
+satisfied sufficiently, meaning
+whether the right-hand
+
+side is 0 with this new
+displacement estimate.
+
+If we have not converged, we go
+into the next calculation
+
+of the force vector, the nodal
+point force vector
+
+corresponding to the current
+internal element stresses.
+
+And notice that, of course, now
+this force vector, these
+
+elements stresses that go in
+here, are computed based on
+
+the displacement at time t plus
+delta t at the end of
+
+iteration k.
+
+In other words, these are the
+displacements that we have
+
+just been calculating
+right there.
+
+We increase the iteration
+counter, and keep
+
+on looping as before.
+
+So this is the loop that we go
+through in the iteration until
+
+we converge, until
+we converge.
+
+If you compare this view graph
+with the view graph that we
+
+discussed in the total
+Lagrangian formulation, you
+
+will find a great similarity.
+
+You will find that basically all
+of these quantities have
+
+already been discussed in the
+total Lagrangian formulation,
+
+except that in the total
+Lagrangian formulation we
+
+always carry it down here and
+down there as 0 instead of t,
+
+t plus delta t here.
+
+We carry it as 0.
+
+Well because the reference
+configuration was the 0
+
+configuration.
+
+Now the reference configuration
+for the
+
+stiffness matrix is the
+t configuration.
+
+The reference configuration for
+the F vector is the t plus
+
+delta t configuration after
+iteration k minus 1.
+
+So there's a great similarity
+in the iteration process, in
+
+the finite element matrices
+that we are setting up.
+
+And of course, we have to ask
+ourselves what comparison is
+
+there between the T.L.
+and U.L. formulation?
+
+Why would one want to use the
+U.L. formulation if we have
+
+the T.L. formulation,
+for example.
+
+Well in the T.L. formulation,
+all the derivatives are
+
+defined with respect to the
+original configuration.
+
+In the U.L. formulation, they
+are defined with respect to
+
+the current configuration.
+
+And that will provide
+differences, that does provide
+
+differences.
+
+For example, in the U.L.
+formulation, we will have to
+
+calculate the derivatives
+newly in each iteration,
+
+because the configuration
+is continuously updated.
+
+We don't need to do it, of
+course, for the k matrix if we
+
+keep the k matrix constant
+on the left-hand side.
+
+But for the F vector on the
+right-hand side, we will have
+
+to always calculate new
+derivatives because the F
+
+vector involves the Cauchy
+stresses times the
+
+infinitesimal virtual strains
+referred to the current
+
+configuration, t plus delta t,
+iteration k minus 1, which is
+
+being updated.
+
+And so we would always calculate
+new derivatives
+
+right there.
+
+There, of course, is an
+expense involved.
+
+On the other hand, the U.L.
+formulation does not have this
+
+initial displacement effect that
+I mentioned earlier, so
+
+there's an advantage.
+
+In the U.L. formulation,
+we also directly
+
+deal with Cauchy stresses.
+
+These are, of course, the
+physical stresses that we are
+
+actually interested in, and that
+we want to get printed
+
+out from the computer program.
+
+Hence, there's no transformation
+necessary from
+
+some stress measure, and I'm
+thinking of the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress that we
+use in the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation, to the Cauchy
+stresses that we actually want
+
+to obtain in the computer
+program, and that we as
+
+engineers want to get, of
+course, printed out.
+
+Well if we now look at one other
+important point, one
+
+important point, regarding the
+T.L. and U.L. formulation, we
+
+recognize that if we make
+the assumption, the same
+
+assumptions, in both of these
+two formulations in the
+
+linearization, as we, of course,
+have done, really, the
+
+way I've presented it.
+
+Then the U.L. and T.L.
+formulation, provided the
+
+appropriate transformations
+are made, certain
+
+transformation rules are
+followed for the stresses, the
+
+strains, and so on.
+
+Those rules we will be talking
+about further later on in
+
+later lectures.
+
+Then, indeed, exactly the same
+stiffness matrix and force
+
+vector, F vector, vectors I
+should say, are calculated.
+
+In other words, provided we
+follow certain transformation
+
+rules, indeed, the same
+stiffness matrices and force
+
+vectors are calculated in both
+of these formulations.
+
+Of course, the actual numerical
+arithmetic required
+
+to obtain those matrices
+and vectors
+
+are, of course, different.
+
+But the final result
+is the same.
+
+We can demonstrate that in the
+general case, as I will do
+
+later on in a lecture, and we
+can also demonstrate that on
+
+simple examples.
+
+In fact, we will look in one
+lecture at the truss element
+
+where we can directly show
+that the T.L. and U.L.
+
+formulation really give exactly
+the same result for
+
+the k matrix, as well
+as the F vector.
+
+So there we have an example,
+but as I mentioned, we can
+
+also show it in the general
+case, and that we do
+
+as well later on.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_svW8NV1A6k.txt b/_svW8NV1A6k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a62dbe629b4da663c22b71fa92d8a2b15a5e95e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_svW8NV1A6k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
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+ 
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+conference in that mouth sixty two also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in that mouth sixty two also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in that mouth sixty two also
+with people like John McCarthy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people like John McCarthy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people like John McCarthy and
+Marvin Minsky who coined the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvin Minsky who coined the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvin Minsky who coined the term
+artificial intelligence and at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and at that time
+you know progress was made progress has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progress was made progress has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progress was made progress has
+been made especially in the last twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made especially in the last twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made especially in the last twenty
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or go through it but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or go through it but but they
+relied really only on computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied really only on computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied really only on computer science
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common sense and in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common sense and in the meantime
+there are all these other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these other disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these other disciplines
+which have made a lot of progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have made a lot of progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have made a lot of progress and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very likely to play a key role in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for answers to the problem of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for answers to the problem of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so those obvious that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so those obvious that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed different expertise is not all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed different expertise is not all in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science but in other ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science but in other ones and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the people that we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the people that we put
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from different labs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from different labs from
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience from computer science from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science and from a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the u.s. especially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the u.s. especially a
+mighty and Harvard let me tell you a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mighty and Harvard let me tell you a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mighty and Harvard let me tell you a bit
+more about the background here this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the background here this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the background here this idea
+of merging brain research and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of merging brain research and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was progress and convergence we saw
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different disciplines and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different disciplines and one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it was progress in AI and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it was progress in AI and this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really with deep blue I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really with deep blue I guess
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called at the time the Machine IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called at the time the Machine IBM
+that managed to beat Kasparov a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that managed to beat Kasparov a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that managed to beat Kasparov a chess
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the World Championship and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the World Championship and then of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there was Watson beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there was Watson beating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones
+able to land on aircraft carriers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to land on aircraft carriers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to go pretty fast this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to go pretty fast this was the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of nature probably eight months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of nature probably eight months
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so deepmind which is one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so deepmind which is one of our
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial partners in the center has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial partners in the center has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed an artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed an artificial intelligence
+called deep hue I think that learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called deep hue I think that learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called deep hue I think that learn to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+play better than humans 49 classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play better than humans 49 classical
+Atari games by itself and and this was 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atari games by itself and and this was 2
+ 
+
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+Atari games by itself and and this was 2
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 months ago a cover of a nature
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3 months ago a cover of a nature
+supplement on artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement on artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement on artificial intelligence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a system by mobile I and all that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system by mobile I and all that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+is an old video that gives vision to
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+
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+is an old video that gives vision to
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+
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+
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+and is able to break and accelerate when
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+there would be a lot of significant
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in AI think it's a golden age
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intelligent applications you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intelligent applications you know if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things that's the time but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things that's the time but this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of engineering interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but engineering we are still very far
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but engineering we are still very far
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+ align:start position:0%
+from understanding how people can answer
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+
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+from understanding how people can answer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about images this is one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about images this is one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus in the center really how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus in the center really how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your brain answer simple questions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your brain answer simple questions
+about this image about what is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this image about what is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this image about what is there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is this with this person what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is this with this person what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she doing what is she thinking please
+ 
+
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+tell me a story about this what's going
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+
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+tell me a story about this what's going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in issue and so and we would like to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in issue and so and we would like to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to have a system that does that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to have a system that does that but
+also to know how our brain does it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to know how our brain does it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to know how our brain does it right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the science part it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the science part it's not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have it's not enough to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have it's not enough to pass
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turing test in this case to have a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turing test in this case to have a
+system does it we want to have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does it we want to have a system
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+
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+system does it we want to have a system
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it how in the same way as our brain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it how in the same way as our brain
+does it and we want to compare you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and we want to compare you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and we want to compare you know
+what your model your power system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your model your power system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your model your power system with
+measurements on the brain of people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on the brain of people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on the brain of people or
+monkeys so during the same task so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys so during the same task so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys so during the same task so so
+that's what we call Turing plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call Turing plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call Turing plus plus
+questions and part of the rationale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and part of the rationale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and part of the rationale
+about it is this is kind of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is this is kind of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is this is kind of a more
+philosophical discussion I personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical discussion I personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical discussion I personally
+think that it's very difficult to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's very difficult to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's very difficult to have a
+definition of intelligence in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intelligence in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intelligence in general
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different forms of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different forms of
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+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence what we can ask his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence what we can ask his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what is human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what is human
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence because we can study that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence because we can study that
+right you know he is I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know he is I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know he is I don't know the
+ENIAC computers in the 50 more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENIAC computers in the 50 more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENIAC computers in the 50 more or less
+intelligent than a person you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent than a person you know we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent than a person you know we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things a person cannot do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things a person cannot do and so
+there are certain things ants or bees do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain things ants or bees do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain things ants or bees do
+are pretty amazing is this intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty amazing is this intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty amazing is this intelligence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in a certain sense is but so I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in a certain sense is but so I
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+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of a well-defined
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+human intelligence and so and so that's
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what from the scientific part we are
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+
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+what from the scientific part we are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on and you'd like to to be able
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on and you'd like to to be able
+to answer how people do and understand
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+ align:start position:0%
+to answer how people do and understand
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+
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+to answer how people do and understand
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+images we start with vision we are not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+images we start with vision we are not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited eventually to vision but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited eventually to vision but in the
+first five years of the center that's
+
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+first five years of the center that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first five years of the center that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus answer question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main focus answer question about
+images and we want to to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and we want to to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and we want to to understand how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer are produced by our brain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer are produced by our brain at
+the computational psychophysical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational psychophysical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational psychophysical and
+neural level it's ambitious and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural level it's ambitious and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural level it's ambitious and I think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably in terms of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably in terms of having
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different levels you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different levels you know
+levels of really understanding from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of really understanding from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of really understanding from the
+wetware the neuroscience to the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetware the neuroscience to the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wetware the neuroscience to the behavior
+we were not yet at the point in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not yet at the point in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were not yet at the point in which we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer all those kind of question at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer all those kind of question at
+all these different levels but some we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different levels but some we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different levels but some we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one example is who is there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one example is who is there it's
+essentially face recognition and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially face recognition and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially face recognition and this is
+a interesting problem because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a interesting problem because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a interesting problem because we know
+from work originally in the monkeys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work originally in the monkeys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from work originally in the monkeys and
+then in with fMRI in humans shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in with fMRI in humans shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in with fMRI in humans shown here
+parts of the brains of cortex which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brains of cortex which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brains of cortex which are
+involved in face recognition in face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in face recognition in face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in face recognition in face
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+and then it's possible to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's possible to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's possible to identify
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue regions in the monkey and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue regions in the monkey and the
+record from from the different patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from from the different patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from from the different patches
+in the monkeys each one probably around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the monkeys each one probably around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the monkeys each one probably around
+100 thousand neurons maybe 200,000 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 thousand neurons maybe 200,000 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 thousand neurons maybe 200,000 or so
+and look at their properties when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at their properties when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at their properties when the
+monkeys is looking at face and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys is looking at face and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys is looking at face and make
+models of what's going on and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of what's going on and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of what's going on and of course
+we want these models to to respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these models to to respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these models to to respect the
+neural data ideally the fMRI data and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural data ideally the fMRI data and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural data ideally the fMRI data and do
+the job of recognizing faces as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of recognizing faces as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of recognizing faces as well as
+human do so we are getting there I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human do so we are getting there I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human do so we are getting there I'm not
+saying we have the answer but we have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have the answer but we have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we have the answer but we have at
+least models that can be tested at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least models that can be tested at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least models that can be tested at all
+these different different levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different different levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different different levels so
+that's kind of the ideal situation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the ideal situation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the ideal situation from
+the point of view what we want to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view what we want to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view what we want to do in
+the center now as I said not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center now as I said not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center now as I said not all
+problems are maturities in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are maturities in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are maturities in this this
+level there are certain like telling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there are certain like telling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there are certain like telling a
+story we don't know exactly we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we don't know exactly we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we don't know exactly we cannot
+record yet from neurons in the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record yet from neurons in the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record yet from neurons in the monkey
+when the monkeys telling a story because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the monkeys telling a story because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the monkeys telling a story because
+the monkey has not been able to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey has not been able to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey has not been able to tell a
+story right and so so there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right and so so there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right and so so there are there
+are other questions that are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other questions that are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other questions that are not as
+advanced as as this one but other type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as as this one but other type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced as as this one but other type
+of studies can be done on them should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies can be done on them should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies can be done on them should be
+done and this is one of what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and this is one of what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and this is one of what we will
+hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_syDCw7t5Kk.txt b/_syDCw7t5Kk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8281238955c9e5c52e36813771b2c915e378cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_syDCw7t5Kk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1061 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+First of all, the first one is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the first one is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the first one is,
+but this is to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is to the extent
+that, so often, um, this kind of, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, so often, um, this kind of, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, so often, um, this kind of, um,
+amazingly, so much that I can't sleep, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, so much that I can't sleep, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, so much that I can't sleep, let's
+read the next page, um, so much that, for example, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next page, um, so much that, for example, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next page, um, so much that, for example, I
+want it to the extent that I can't sleep, I love that person to the extent that I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to the extent that I can't sleep, I love that person to the extent that I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sleep, or to the extent that I can't sleep, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep, or to the extent that I can't sleep, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep, or to the extent that I can't sleep, so
+amazingly, um, what is this, so much that it brings me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, um, what is this, so much that it brings me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly, um, what is this, so much that it brings me to
+tears, there are idiomatic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tears, there are idiomatic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or set phrases, is that right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or set phrases, is that right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or set phrases, is that right? And
+then, when it comes with a business card, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, when it comes with a business card, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example, Mr. Smith, there is probably no one who can speak Japanese as well as he does,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Mr. Smith, there is probably no one who can speak Japanese as well as he does,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Mr. Smith, there is probably no one who can speak Japanese as well as he does,
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+theEXSMspeakjapes, there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theEXSMspeakjapes, there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theEXSMspeakjapes, there is
+no foreign language more difficult than Arabic, is that how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no foreign language more difficult than Arabic, is that how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no foreign language more difficult than Arabic, is that how it is
+used?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used?
+And this is always in the plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is always in the plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is always in the plain
+form, so, um, so much that I can't sleep, please use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, so, um, so much that I can't sleep, please use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, so, um, so much that I can't sleep, please use the
+plain form,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain form,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain form,
+yes, we will study this in class, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, we will study this in class, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, we will study this in class, so let's
+skip here, yes, number 2, but for now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip here, yes, number 2, but for now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip here, yes, number 2, but for now,
+this is easy, um, something like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy, um, something like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy, um, something like,
+they say that, or it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that, or it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that, or it say
+that, for example, let's say this, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, for example, let's say this, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, for example, let's say this, the
+most touristy in the world,  The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most touristy in the world,  The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most touristy in the world,  The
+country is France, where more than 7 million people visit per year. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is France, where more than 7 million people visit per year. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is France, where more than 7 million people visit per year. Is
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+same as being said to be suitable? So what's here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as being said to be suitable? So what's here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as being said to be suitable? So what's here?
+This is a proposition, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a proposition, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please use the plain form as usual. Okay, so next is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please use the plain form as usual. Okay, so next is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please use the plain form as usual. Okay, so next is the
+next one. It says that it was in accordance with something,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one. It says that it was in accordance with something,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one. It says that it was in accordance with something,
+but when it is in accordance with something, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it is in accordance with something, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it is in accordance with something, then
+next comes the action or verb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next comes the action or verb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next comes the action or verb.
+For example, according to the condition, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, according to the condition, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, according to the condition, so
+according to, or that BAS on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to, or that BAS on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to, or that BAS on,
+that Cochon of the PA, various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cochon of the PA, various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cochon of the PA, various
+medicines are used. But now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines are used. But now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines are used. But now we have
+business card modifiers. Yes, it was in accordance with something, it was in accordance with something, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business card modifiers. Yes, it was in accordance with something, it was in accordance with something, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business card modifiers. Yes, it was in accordance with something, it was in accordance with something, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the modifier, this was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the modifier, this was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the modifier, this was.
+So N2 suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So N2 suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So N2 suitable for
+N1, for example, what should we choose, let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1, for example, what should we choose, let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1, for example, what should we choose, let's make
+this number 3. From this list, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 3. From this list, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can choose a product that fits your budget.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose a product that fits your budget.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose a product that fits your budget.
+Or a book that suits the age of your child, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or a book that suits the age of your child, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or a book that suits the age of your child, a
+book suitable for the A, a child.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book suitable for the A, a child.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book suitable for the A, a child.
+This is how it is used. Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how it is used. Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how it is used. Be
+careful, when it is in accordance, there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful, when it is in accordance, there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful, when it is in accordance, there is
+something here, that barbet. な English: When you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here, that barbet. な English: When you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here, that barbet. な English: When you're using a
+modifier, please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifier, please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifier, please
+use た. And then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use た. And then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use た. And then,
+number 4, It's like something. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 4, It's like something. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 4, It's like something. This is
+Asif, okay? It's hypo C. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asif, okay? It's hypo C. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asif, okay? It's hypo C. Okay?
+For example, what should we do? Yes, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, what should we do? Yes, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, what should we do? Yes, this
+robot can walk like a human. So, it's often like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot can walk like a human. So, it's often like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot can walk like a human. So, it's often like
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+Together, it goes like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Together, it goes like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Together, it goes like this.
+Okay? Asif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Asif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Asif
+it's War, so yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is also fine. That person is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also fine. That person is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also fine. That person is like a
+child. This is also fine. Asif that person W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child. This is also fine. Asif that person W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child. This is also fine. Asif that person W
+LIKE A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIKE A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIKE A
+CHILD. There are also usages like this. And then, it goes without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHILD. There are also usages like this. And then, it goes without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, but I
+think there are two patterns. For example, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two patterns. For example, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two patterns. For example, in
+tomorrow's exam, there will be a grammar question about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's exam, there will be a grammar question about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's exam, there will be a grammar question about how to
+say "need to say." And then, it goes without saying that "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say "need to say." And then, it goes without saying that "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ITGoes without saying that." It is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ITGoes without saying that." It is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used like this. For example, it goes without saying that we have to be quiet in the library. It is needless to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used like this. For example, it goes without saying that we have to be quiet in the library. It is needless to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used like this. For example, it goes without saying that we have to be quiet in the library. It is needless to
+say. Is that what you mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. Is that what you mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For example, in Japanese class, it goes without saying that we must not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, in Japanese class, it goes without saying that we must not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, in Japanese class, it goes without saying that we must not
+speak in English. Of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in English. Of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in English. Of course,
+this is what it is. In Japanese class,  It goes without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it is. In Japanese class,  It goes without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it is. In Japanese class,  It goes without
+saying that you shouldn't speak in English, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you shouldn't speak in English, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you shouldn't speak in English, but it's
+okay to paraphrase things like this. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to paraphrase things like this. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to paraphrase things like this. We'll
+practice this in class, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this in class, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this in class, so let's
+skip ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead.
+Next is number 6, which is ``up to''. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next is number 6, which is ``up to''. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next is number 6, which is ``up to''. This
+means ``Eve.''
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means ``Eve.''
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means ``Eve.''
+For example, let's say this. These days, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, let's say this. These days, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, let's say this. These days, there are
+robots that not only walk but also play soccer. ``up to'' is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that not only walk but also play soccer. ``up to'' is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that not only walk but also play soccer. ``up to'' is
+also okay. Is that okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay. Is that okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay. Is that okay?
+This is also optional. Also, ``from'' ``to'' ``up to'' is often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together. For example, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. For example, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. For example, from
+rap to classical music, it also applies to everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rap to classical music, it also applies to everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rap to classical music, it also applies to everything from
+modern Japanese culture to history. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Japanese culture to history. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Japanese culture to history. Not
+only children but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only children but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only children but also
+adults often use this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults often use this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults often use this pattern
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, we'll practice this. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, we'll practice this. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, we'll practice this. And then
+number 7, ``up to'' is ``W.'' X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 7, ``up to'' is ``W.'' X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 7, ``up to'' is ``W.'' X or
+Y is ``including X AND Y.'' For example, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is ``including X AND Y.'' For example, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is ``including X AND Y.'' For example, you should
+eat a balanced diet of meat, vegetables, or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a balanced diet of meat, vegetables, or whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a balanced diet of meat, vegetables, or whatever.
+Whether it's meat or vegetables, it's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whether it's meat or vegetables, it's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use it in class. Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in class. Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in class. Also,
+whether it's a child or adult, it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a child or adult, it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a child or adult, it can be
+enjoyed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, this is also, and we'll practice this in class, so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this is also, and we'll practice this in class, so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, this is also, and we'll practice this in class, so we'll
+skip ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead.
+This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the
+same as the English "accordingly thef", so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the English "accordingly thef", so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the English "accordingly thef", so it
+always comes at the beginning of the sentence, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes at the beginning of the sentence, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes at the beginning of the sentence, so let's
+skip this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one.
+And number 9 is, "such and such is a fact", so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And number 9 is, "such and such is a fact", so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And number 9 is, "such and such is a fact", so this is the
+proposition here. "It is TRUE that" is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here. "It is TRUE that" is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here. "It is TRUE that" is a
+blah blah blah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah,
+but this proposition...
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this proposition...
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this proposition...
+Wait a moment, yes, "such and such is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact", so this is, please,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact", so this is, please,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact", so this is, please,
+in plain form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plain form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plain form.
+For example, let's go with number 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, let's go with number 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, let's go with number 2.
+Tokyo is not only expensive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo is not only expensive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo is not only expensive,
+but the land is also narrow, so saying that the land is also narrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the land is also narrow, so saying that the land is also narrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the land is also narrow, so saying that the land is also narrow is
+literary, and the land is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary, and the land is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary, and the land is also
+narrow, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow, which
+means that there is little, so saying that it is difficult to live there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is little, so saying that it is difficult to live there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact, so this means that this proposition is TRUE, so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, so this means that this proposition is TRUE, so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study this again in class, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this again in class, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this again in class, so let's
+skip this for now. Okay, so this is part 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a5dXNyO3k0g.txt b/a5dXNyO3k0g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83699dfbefcf9d69167f2c4be681f9aab00d3391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a5dXNyO3k0g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+welcome back to the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to the second half
+we'll pick up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up on this
+somewhat pessimistic note of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how how one goes from a very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how one goes from a very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how one goes from a very accurate
+sequence to a probably less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a probably less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a probably less than
+accurate uh speculative ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate uh speculative ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate uh speculative ligand
+specificity to actually how we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to actually how we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to actually how we actually
+do get a sec at 3d structure and ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get a sec at 3d structure and ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get a sec at 3d structure and ligand
+specifically and some of the powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and some of the powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and some of the powerful
+methods that are shared by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are shared by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that are shared by the uh
+the computational tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational tools
+one of the one of the things we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the things we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the things we want to
+do is we want if possible find a homolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want if possible find a homolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want if possible find a homolog
+it may be a distant homolog or a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a distant homolog or a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a distant homolog or a very
+close one if it's very close as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close one if it's very close as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close one if it's very close as we saw
+from that previous slide about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that previous slide about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that previous slide about the
+the highest accuracy coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest accuracy coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest accuracy coming from
+homologs or 80 or 90 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologs or 80 or 90 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologs or 80 or 90 percent
+as we get further and further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get further and further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get further and further away
+remember we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had to
+you know first you could use exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first you could use exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first you could use exact
+matches and then you had to use dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and then you had to use dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches and then you had to use dynamic
+programming and then hidden markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and then hidden markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and then hidden markov
+models and finally at the bottom of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and finally at the bottom of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and finally at the bottom of this
+slide 37 we go to we resort to threading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 37 we go to we resort to threading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 37 we go to we resort to threading
+where one of the structures is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the structures is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the structures is a
+you search through a database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you search through a database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you search through a database of
+three-dimensional structures with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures with your
+favorite sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence
+and you you not only search through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you not only search through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you not only search through the
+database of structures but through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of structures but through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of structures but through each
+structure you think of every way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you think of every way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you think of every way you
+could thread your sequence into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could thread your sequence into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could thread your sequence into that
+complicated 3d structure and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated 3d structure and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated 3d structure and some of the
+threading positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading positions
+with insertions deletions and offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with insertions deletions and offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with insertions deletions and offsets
+will be better than others they will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be better than others they will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be better than others they will fit
+that three-dimensional structure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-dimensional structure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-dimensional structure some
+will cause clashes where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause clashes where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause clashes where the
+three-dimensional structure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure you're
+you're searching through and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching through and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching through and the
+particular thread position you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thread position you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thread position you've got
+causes two bulky groups to lie on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes two bulky groups to lie on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes two bulky groups to lie on top of
+each other in space in a way that's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in space in a way that's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in space in a way that's hard
+to relieve the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relieve the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relieve the stress
+and so that threading is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that threading is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that threading is probably the
+ultimate in getting very distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate in getting very distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate in getting very distant
+relationships it is limited by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships it is limited by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships it is limited by the fact
+that it really only works if one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really only works if one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really only works if one of the
+two proteins has a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two proteins has a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two proteins has a three-dimensional
+structure but you can search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but you can search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but you can search the
+database of sequences against a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of sequences against a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of sequences against a database
+of 3d structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+antidote to the limitation of having not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antidote to the limitation of having not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antidote to the limitation of having not
+enough three-dimensional structures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough three-dimensional structures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough three-dimensional structures is
+to launch a project like the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch a project like the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to launch a project like the genome
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+to get all of the three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the three-dimensional
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that finite well certainly for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that finite well certainly for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that finite well certainly for a
+particular genome that that number is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genome that that number is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genome that that number is uh
+less than or equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the number of
+proteins in that in that proteome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in that in that proteome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in that in that proteome for
+that particular organism but if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular organism but if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular organism but if we look
+at organisms as a whole where we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at organisms as a whole where we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at organisms as a whole where we don't
+even really even know how many organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even really even know how many organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even really even know how many organisms
+there are on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are on earth
+then that that number may be larger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that number may be larger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that number may be larger but
+some people estimate that it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people estimate that it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people estimate that it's less than
+ten thousand basic folds where a fold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand basic folds where a fold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand basic folds where a fold is
+the the scaffolding which once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the scaffolding which once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the scaffolding which once you have
+that fold well there's a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fold well there's a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fold well there's a certain number
+of alpha helixes betas and turns in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha helixes betas and turns in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha helixes betas and turns in a
+particular order in particular geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order in particular geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order in particular geometry
+once you have that and you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that and you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that and you have any
+amino acid sequences within a 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid sequences within a 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid sequences within a 35
+amino acid identity and we'll you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid identity and we'll you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid identity and we'll you'll see
+as as this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as this last
+section of this lecture goes along why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of this lecture goes along why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of this lecture goes along why
+it's around 35 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 35 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 35 percent
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+the goal is to get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to get and
+saturate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate
+these three dimensional structure space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three dimensional structure space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three dimensional structure space
+so that every three months every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that every three months every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that every three months every
+sequence is within at least 35 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is within at least 35 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is within at least 35 percent
+of one of those structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of those structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of those structures
+this is somewhat conjectural unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat conjectural unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat conjectural unlike the
+human genome project where we knew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome project where we knew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome project where we knew we
+had three billion bases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three billion bases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three billion bases to
+uh sequence here we hope that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence here we hope that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence here we hope that we have
+ten thousand uh basic folds and we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand uh basic folds and we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand uh basic folds and we hope
+that 35 amino acid sequence identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 35 amino acid sequence identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 35 amino acid sequence identity
+will be enough to do homology modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be enough to do homology modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be enough to do homology modeling
+okay it's not it's not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not it's not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not it's not currently
+and the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the criteria for
+this has to be prioritized in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be prioritized in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be prioritized in some way
+and remember we had prioritization for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we had prioritization for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we had prioritization for
+drug targets uh in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug targets uh in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug targets uh in the previous slide
+and here prioritization for structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here prioritization for structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here prioritization for structural
+genomics is similar but in addition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics is similar but in addition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics is similar but in addition you
+want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you want them to represent the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to represent the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to represent the largest
+family you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family you can get
+but not have it previously solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not have it previously solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not have it previously solved
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you want it to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to uh
+and for some reason they're excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason they're excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason they're excluding
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+uh or they're excluding transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or they're excluding transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or they're excluding transmembrane
+proteins now this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins now this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins now this is a very important
+class as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as we'll see
+in the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next slide
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the goals stated up at the top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals stated up at the top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals stated up at the top of this
+slide 38 of assigning functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 38 of assigning functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 38 of assigning functions
+and interpreting disease related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreting disease related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interpreting disease related
+polymorphisms and drug targets and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms and drug targets and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms and drug targets and so on
+certainly apply to membrane proteins as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly apply to membrane proteins as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly apply to membrane proteins as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and there are reasons that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are reasons that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are reasons that we've already
+alluded to for looking specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to for looking specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to for looking specific for
+programming cells via membrane proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming cells via membrane proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming cells via membrane proteins
+this is where cell cell interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where cell cell interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where cell cell interactions
+occur this is where adhesion motility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur this is where adhesion motility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur this is where adhesion motility
+immune recognition occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune recognition occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune recognition occurs
+these all occur without getting inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all occur without getting inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all occur without getting inside
+of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a major class of uh drug targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a major class of uh drug targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a major class of uh drug targets
+and furthermore it's not like this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore it's not like this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore it's not like this is an
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+uh class of proteins to solve actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class of proteins to solve actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class of proteins to solve actually
+the date the three dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date the three dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date the three dimensional
+structural databases more about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural databases more about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural databases more about that in
+a moment are filled with these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment are filled with these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment are filled with these things
+they're certainly are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're certainly are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're certainly are the most
+underrepresented class but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented class but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented class but they're
+plenty of examples and they're two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples and they're two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of examples and they're two major
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+one of them is soluble fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is soluble fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is soluble fragments of
+fibrous or membrane proteins some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrous or membrane proteins some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrous or membrane proteins some
+fibrous proteins are excluded as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrous proteins are excluded as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibrous proteins are excluded as well
+here you'll use a protease to cleave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll use a protease to cleave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll use a protease to cleave off
+possibly a tiny piece that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a tiny piece that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a tiny piece that makes it
+insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble
+maybe a little anchor into the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little anchor into the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little anchor into the membrane
+and all the rest of it now behaves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest of it now behaves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest of it now behaves like
+a soluble protein and we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soluble protein and we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a soluble protein and we know how to
+solve soluble proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve soluble proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve soluble proteins
+other times the other class is integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times the other class is integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times the other class is integral
+membrane proteins where they where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins where they where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins where they where they
+go like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacterial rhodopsin on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial rhodopsin on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial rhodopsin on the right hand
+side of the image you can see the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the image you can see the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the image you can see the red
+alpha helices go back and forth across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha helices go back and forth across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha helices go back and forth across
+the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+where the gray lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gray lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gray lipids
+and this is there there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is there there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is there there's no way you
+could clip off a little piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could clip off a little piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could clip off a little piece of this
+and have a major fraction of it left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a major fraction of it left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a major fraction of it left to
+solve but this was solved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve but this was solved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve but this was solved in the
+membrane and you see the little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you see the little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you see the little blue
+water molecules going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules going through the
+through a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a channel
+and uh in this that channel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this that channel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this that channel is
+responsible for proton pumping which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for proton pumping which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for proton pumping which is
+which can be part of the atp production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be part of the atp production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be part of the atp production
+process but there are many other classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but there are many other classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but there are many other classes
+redox proteins toxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox proteins toxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox proteins toxins
+ion channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels
+photosynthesis and phototransduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and phototransduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and phototransduction
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+there the g protein coupled receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the g protein coupled receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the g protein coupled receptor
+class is a particularly important drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a particularly important drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a particularly important drug
+target abc proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target abc proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target abc proteins
+transporters have also been solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so given that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that this is an
+underrepresented class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented class
+and given that the structural genomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that the structural genomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given that the structural genomics
+structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+genomics project will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics project will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics project will not
+necessarily target these in a quote in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily target these in a quote in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily target these in a quote in a
+rapid manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid manner
+how what is the current state of affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what is the current state of affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what is the current state of affairs
+for computational prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computational prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computational prediction
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the transmembrane regions of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmembrane regions of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmembrane regions of proteins
+and actually i would say the prospects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i would say the prospects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i would say the prospects
+here are fairly favorable compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are fairly favorable compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are fairly favorable compared to
+some of the least favorable ones in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the least favorable ones in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the least favorable ones in that
+slide that very pessimistic slide a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that very pessimistic slide a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that very pessimistic slide a few
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+here you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can get
+as indicated in this jmb paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated in this jmb paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated in this jmb paper
+transmembrane helices identified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helices identified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helices identified and
+there can also be transmembrane beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can also be transmembrane beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can also be transmembrane beta
+as well but helices identified with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but helices identified with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but helices identified with
+accuracy greater than 99 percent now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy greater than 99 percent now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy greater than 99 percent now
+remember this is this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is this is basically
+saying that you correctly identify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you correctly identify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you correctly identify those
+and then you also have false predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you also have false predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you also have false predictions
+there'll be a number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+peptide regions of known proteins which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide regions of known proteins which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide regions of known proteins which
+are incorrectly predicted to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incorrectly predicted to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incorrectly predicted to be in
+transmembrane and this is a tolerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane and this is a tolerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane and this is a tolerable
+false prediction rate of 17 to 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false prediction rate of 17 to 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false prediction rate of 17 to 43
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+given a set of soluble proteins as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of soluble proteins as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of soluble proteins as a
+negative learning set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's
+just merely knowing that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just merely knowing that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just merely knowing that a particular
+segment of protein is transmembrane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of protein is transmembrane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of protein is transmembrane is a
+big step in terms of identifying its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big step in terms of identifying its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big step in terms of identifying its
+function but to get the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but to get the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but to get the further
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+characterization we need things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization we need things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization we need things like
+ligand binding which we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding which we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding which we've already
+addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed
+if you look at some of these quotes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of these quotes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of these quotes you
+can see that a lot of the emphasis is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that a lot of the emphasis is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that a lot of the emphasis is on
+display and cataloging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and cataloging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and cataloging
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sort of hopeful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hopeful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hopeful uh
+expectation that that we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that that we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that that we'll be able to
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+rough three-dimensional structures to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough three-dimensional structures to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough three-dimensional structures to a
+ligand binding specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding specificity
+but where do these three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where do these three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where do these three-dimensional
+structures that we do have they do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we do have they do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we do have they do to
+believe that do tell us about the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that do tell us about the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that do tell us about the exact
+geometry of ligand binding come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of ligand binding come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of ligand binding come from
+where do they come from and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come from and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come from and how do we
+compute on them how do we read them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on them how do we read them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on them how do we read them how
+do our computer programs read them well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our computer programs read them well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our computer programs read them well
+this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+file of a three-dimensional structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of a three-dimensional structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file of a three-dimensional structure
+this happens to be one that we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be one that we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be one that we will show
+at the ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ver
+the three missile structure at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three missile structure at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three missile structure at the very
+end of this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this talk
+it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the
+human estrogen receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human estrogen receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human estrogen receptor
+and you can see the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the first
+line is that it is a complex between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that it is a complex between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that it is a complex between a
+protein and a dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and a dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and a dna molecule
+and the the molecule is the estrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the molecule is the estrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the molecule is the estrogen
+receptor the third line down is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the third line down is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the third line down is the
+resolution this is a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution this is a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution this is a technical
+description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+the x-ray diffraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-ray diffraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-ray diffraction pattern
+it gives you an upper limit to how per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you an upper limit to how per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you an upper limit to how per
+how precise it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how precise it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how precise it is
+it's going to be more precise than 2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more precise than 2.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more precise than 2.4
+angstroms depending on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms depending on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms depending on how much
+statistical over sampling you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical over sampling you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical over sampling you have and
+how how good your computer program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how good your computer program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how good your computer program is
+enforcing stereochemical constraints a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing stereochemical constraints a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing stereochemical constraints a
+typical precision for a 2.4 angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical precision for a 2.4 angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical precision for a 2.4 angstrom
+protein structure might be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure might be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure might be on the order
+of 0.3 angstroms maybe 8 times better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3 angstroms maybe 8 times better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3 angstroms maybe 8 times better
+than the nominal resolution but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the nominal resolution but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the nominal resolution but that's
+an important number unambiguously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important number unambiguously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important number unambiguously uh
+determined in the process of collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the process of collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined in the process of collecting
+it so when you look at the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when you look at the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when you look at the literature
+look at this number and look at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this number and look at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this number and look at the next
+number down which is the r value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number down which is the r value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number down which is the r value which
+is a not a measure of resolution but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a not a measure of resolution but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a not a measure of resolution but a
+measure of goodness of fit between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of goodness of fit between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of goodness of fit between the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+the model is the xyz coordinates of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is the xyz coordinates of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is the xyz coordinates of your
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+it's a goodness of fit between the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goodness of fit between the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a goodness of fit between the model
+and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data
+and we'll have a slide coming up soon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a slide coming up soon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have a slide coming up soon of
+how this r value is it's calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this r value is it's calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this r value is it's calculated
+okay the next line down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next line down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next line down
+begins the sequence and if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins the sequence and if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins the sequence and if you have a
+multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi
+uh chain sequence here i'm cut i cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain sequence here i'm cut i cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chain sequence here i'm cut i cut out
+some lines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lines for
+there's many lines of sequence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many lines of sequence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many lines of sequence for the
+protein in this three letter code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in this three letter code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in this three letter code and
+many lines of sequence for the nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines of sequence for the nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines of sequence for the nucleic
+acid in this one letter code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in this one letter code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in this one letter code
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+additional chemical parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional chemical parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional chemical parts of the
+structure remember the structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember the structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember the structure is
+complicated it's not just protein here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's not just protein here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's not just protein here
+it has nucleic acid it has zinc it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nucleic acid it has zinc it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nucleic acid it has zinc it has
+water molecules sometimes various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules sometimes various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules sometimes various other
+things each of the each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things each of the each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things each of the each of these
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+if you can find it in the structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can find it in the structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can find it in the structure you
+will determine the x y and z coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine the x y and z coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine the x y and z coordinates
+so the next one tells you this secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one tells you this secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one tells you this secondary
+structure remember that there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember that there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remember that there's three
+basic types alpha helices beta sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types alpha helices beta sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types alpha helices beta sheets
+and coils and these are described and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coils and these are described and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coils and these are described and
+again i'm just showing you one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm just showing you one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm just showing you one line
+example of each there's a long list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of each there's a long list for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of each there's a long list for
+each of these where that where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these where that where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these where that where they've
+been identified by either manually or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been identified by either manually or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been identified by either manually or or
+a computational automation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational automation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational automation from the
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and these can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be useful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a summary of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a summary of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a summary of the structure
+and then here's the real meat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the real meat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the real meat of the
+structure the the lines that begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the the lines that begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the the lines that begin with
+the word atom this is the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word atom this is the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word atom this is the position of
+the nitrogen atom number one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen atom number one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen atom number one in
+methionine which is amino acid number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine which is amino acid number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine which is amino acid number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+in the a chain so met a the a chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the a chain so met a the a chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the a chain so met a the a chain is
+is happens to the protein chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+following following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following following that
+is residue number one and then xyz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is residue number one and then xyz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is residue number one and then xyz
+coordinates you know roughly 50 24 79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know roughly 50 24 79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you know roughly 50 24 79
+then a scale factor one which is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a scale factor one which is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a scale factor one which is almost
+always one and the b factor 60 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the b factor 60 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the b factor 60 which is
+uh representative of how far from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh representative of how far from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh representative of how far from that
+xyz value can it deviate that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz value can it deviate that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyz value can it deviate that's a
+a square deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square deviation
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and it represents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represents uh
+it absorbs the thermal motion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absorbs the thermal motion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absorbs the thermal motion of that
+atom and various structural defects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and various structural defects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and various structural defects so
+it gives you some idea the disorder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you some idea the disorder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you some idea the disorder of
+that atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom
+and then you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uh
+the last couple of records have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of records have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of records have to do
+what atom is connected to what atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what atom is connected to what atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what atom is connected to what atom
+uh in the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the structure
+uh in a certain sense those can often be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a certain sense those can often be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a certain sense those can often be
+inferred just by the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred just by the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred just by the distance between
+atoms in the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the structure
+now the far right hand side it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the far right hand side it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the far right hand side it's just uh
+the record number and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record number and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record number and the the the
+shorthand for this structure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for this structure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for this structure which is
+one hcq when hcq refers to the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hcq when hcq refers to the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hcq when hcq refers to the human
+chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receptor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor now
+okay so that's a very dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a very dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a very dry
+that's the way that it appears when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that it appears when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that it appears when you
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+download it from the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it from the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it from the database
+pdb or rs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdb or rs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdb or rs or
+csb then when you display it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csb then when you display it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csb then when you display it
+while while you're solving it if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while you're solving it if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while while you're solving it if you're
+nmr or actually crystallographer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr or actually crystallographer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr or actually crystallographer or
+possibly uh display it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly uh display it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly uh display it from the
+databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+and the two different cultures nmr on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two different cultures nmr on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two different cultures nmr on
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+tends to describe their structures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to describe their structures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to describe their structures as
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+chain tracings because they're they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain tracings because they're they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain tracings because they're they want
+to either express their uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either express their uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either express their uncertainty
+of the structure or they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure or they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structure or they want to
+brag about how they know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag about how they know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brag about how they know something about
+the dynamics whatever you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics whatever you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics whatever you have multiple
+chains which overlap here in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains which overlap here in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains which overlap here in different
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+indicating some the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating some the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating some the different
+uncertainty or dynamics of each of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty or dynamics of each of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty or dynamics of each of each
+major atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major atom
+typically sometimes you'll show all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sometimes you'll show all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sometimes you'll show all the
+atoms as on the right or it'll just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as on the right or it'll just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms as on the right or it'll just show
+the major atoms like the carbon alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major atoms like the carbon alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major atoms like the carbon alphas
+which is the center of each amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the center of each amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the center of each amino acid
+as you go along on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go along on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go along on the left
+on the right is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is is
+the way that x-ray crystallographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that x-ray crystallographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that x-ray crystallographer
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+show the fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the fit
+to the data so the model is a stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data so the model is a stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data so the model is a stick
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+connecting the atoms as circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the atoms as circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the atoms as circles
+and then the mesh work is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the mesh work is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the mesh work is the electron
+density which you can observe once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which you can observe once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which you can observe once you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+all the x-ray data and the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x-ray data and the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x-ray data and the model
+or you can calculate it once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can calculate it once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can calculate it once you have
+the model the model plus the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model the model plus the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model the model plus the known
+physics of scattering of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of scattering of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of scattering of each of the
+known physics of the electron density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known physics of the electron density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known physics of the electron density of
+each atom so you can calculate electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom so you can calculate electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom so you can calculate electron
+density now you can compare the elec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density now you can compare the elec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density now you can compare the elec
+calculate electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate electron density
+with the observed or you can compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the observed or you can compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the observed or you can compare the
+calculated scattering with the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated scattering with the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated scattering with the observed
+typically it's done in the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's done in the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's done in the scattering
+which is the fourier transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fourier transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the fourier transform of the
+electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density
+and that's all that this is is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all that this is is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all that this is is just the
+electron density is indicated by rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density is indicated by rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density is indicated by rho
+here in the middle of this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle of this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle of this formula and
+the fourier transform is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourier transform is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourier transform is just this
+integral of rho over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of rho over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of rho over
+the the phasing information the phasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phasing information the phasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phasing information the phasing
+of the light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light uh
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+these waves just like a wave of an ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves just like a wave of an ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves just like a wave of an ocean
+has a phase you know whether it's up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a phase you know whether it's up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a phase you know whether it's up or
+down in the trough how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the trough how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the trough how much
+and so the product of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the product of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the product of the of the
+row electron density which is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row electron density which is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row electron density which is a function
+of x y and z all three coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y and z all three coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y and z all three coordinates
+is is summed by these integrals it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is summed by these integrals it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is summed by these integrals it's a
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+function from zero to one zero one x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from zero to one zero one x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from zero to one zero one x y
+and z this is y zero one it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z this is y zero one it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z this is y zero one it's because
+this is a repeating structure it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a repeating structure it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a repeating structure it has a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+uh rectangular or you know kind of cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rectangular or you know kind of cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rectangular or you know kind of cube
+of space around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space around it
+which repeats and so all you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which repeats and so all you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which repeats and so all you really need
+to do to calculate the entire electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to calculate the entire electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to calculate the entire electron
+density is to think about this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is to think about this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is to think about this little
+cube which goes from zero to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube which goes from zero to one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube which goes from zero to one in
+those arbitrary units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arbitrary units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arbitrary units
+in order to but now that's how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to but now that's how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to but now that's how you can
+get from one space to another from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one space to another from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one space to another from the
+electron density to the scattering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density to the scattering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density to the scattering that
+you actually observe when the when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually observe when the when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually observe when the when you
+shine x-ray light upon a repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine x-ray light upon a repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine x-ray light upon a repeating
+crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+but now you want to adjust the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want to adjust the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want to adjust the model
+adjust those atoms in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust those atoms in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust those atoms in the previous slide
+so you get maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get maximize
+the fit that is to say minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit that is to say minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit that is to say minimize the
+difference between the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the observed
+scattering f f zero and the calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering f f zero and the calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering f f zero and the calculated
+scattering fc because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering fc because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering fc because you know the
+scattering of each atom and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of each atom and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of each atom and you know the
+you're trying to determine the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to determine the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to determine the position
+of each atom the position of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each atom the position of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each atom the position of the atom
+might be a parameter p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a parameter p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a parameter p
+which you adjust a small bit at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that and that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that change
+is can be approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be approximated by
+a what's called a taylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's called a taylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's called a taylor series
+expansion here we're just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here we're just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here we're just taking the
+first term which involves first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term which involves first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term which involves first
+derivatives all the subsequent terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives all the subsequent terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives all the subsequent terms
+involve second derivatives are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve second derivatives are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve second derivatives are higher
+and those are close close enough to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are close close enough to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are close close enough to zero
+for this work that you drop them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this work that you drop them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this work that you drop them
+and this and this basically says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this basically says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this basically says that if
+we're going to adjust this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adjust this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adjust this parameter
+we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh
+get a feeling for how fast to adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling for how fast to adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling for how fast to adjust it
+which is based on the sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on the sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on the sensitivity of the
+scattering the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the f
+the derivative of f calculated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f calculated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of f calculated with
+respect to each parameter the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each parameter the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each parameter the parameters
+would be x y and z coordinates or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be x y and z coordinates or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be x y and z coordinates or they
+could be some kind of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some kind of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some kind of rotational
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+so this is to give you a flavor for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is to give you a flavor for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is to give you a flavor for how
+it's actually done this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually done this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually done this is how you
+actually get from the scattering off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get from the scattering off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get from the scattering off of
+a crystal the crystal has advantage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal the crystal has advantage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal the crystal has advantage in
+principle you can do a scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can do a scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can do a scattering
+experiment from single molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from single molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from single molecules
+but single molecules the signal is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but single molecules the signal is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but single molecules the signal is too
+weak and swamped out by the noise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and swamped out by the noise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and swamped out by the noise of
+random uh other photon events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh other photon events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh other photon events
+so by having a large number of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by having a large number of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by having a large number of them in
+an ordered array they all kind of cohere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered array they all kind of cohere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered array they all kind of cohere
+and they basically do your statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically do your statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically do your statistics
+for you they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you they they
+integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+and you get the value of the statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the value of the statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the value of the statistics
+of billions of molecules without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of molecules without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of molecules without having
+to observe each of the billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe each of the billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe each of the billions of
+molecules and then do the computation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then do the computation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and then do the computation in
+the presence of a huge noise so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of a huge noise so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of a huge noise so that's
+what the crystal is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the crystal is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the crystal is all about
+nmr also requires billions of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr also requires billions of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmr also requires billions of molecules
+and so they both have the big demand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they both have the big demand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they both have the big demand of
+requiring large amounts of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring large amounts of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring large amounts of pure
+molecules and that's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and that's one of the reasons
+that membrane proteins have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that membrane proteins have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that membrane proteins have
+been harder to get at it's harder to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been harder to get at it's harder to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been harder to get at it's harder to get
+large amounts of pure membrane patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of pure membrane patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of pure membrane patients
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+two methods nmr which i won't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods nmr which i won't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods nmr which i won't describe
+and and extra crystallography that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and extra crystallography that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and extra crystallography that
+barely described share with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely described share with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely described share with the
+abaniccio methods of protein structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abaniccio methods of protein structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abaniccio methods of protein structure
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+key computational components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key computational components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key computational components
+and these are embedded in a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are embedded in a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are embedded in a combined
+system which does crystallography nmr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which does crystallography nmr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which does crystallography nmr
+and some of these molecular mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these molecular mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these molecular mechanics
+that keeps the structure you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps the structure you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps the structure you can imagine
+that if the structure started blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the structure started blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the structure started blowing
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+atoms going in weird directions it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms going in weird directions it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms going in weird directions it could
+still minimize the function if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still minimize the function if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still minimize the function if you have
+a local minimum but if you hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local minimum but if you hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local minimum but if you hold the
+chemistry intact and satisfy what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry intact and satisfy what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry intact and satisfy what you
+know about molecular mechanics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about molecular mechanics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about molecular mechanics of
+chemicals then you actually can can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals then you actually can can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals then you actually can can fit
+a structure from further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure from further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure from further away
+now here's the r factor i said we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the r factor i said we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the r factor i said we will
+come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+as you do this refinement as you adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do this refinement as you adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do this refinement as you adjust
+the positions of each of the atoms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of each of the atoms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of each of the atoms as
+your computer adjusts the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer adjusts the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer adjusts the position of
+each of these atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these atoms
+you compare the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare the scattering
+of the observed fo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the fc these are absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fc these are absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fc these are absolute values
+because actually the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually the scattering
+results in loss of phase information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in loss of phase information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in loss of phase information so
+the actual things you measure are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual things you measure are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual things you measure are
+absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values
+and then you take the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the absolute value of
+the difference in order to you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in order to you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in order to you know make
+sure you sum up a positive numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you sum up a positive numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you sum up a positive numbers and
+then you normalize this as we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you normalize this as we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you normalize this as we did before
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to put it on a on a recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it on a on a recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it on a on a recognizable
+standard scale where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard scale where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard scale where
+0.4 means you have a very crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 means you have a very crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 means you have a very crude
+structure if you see this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if you see this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if you see this in the
+literature you don't believe it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you don't believe it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you don't believe it if it's
+less than 0.25 which the last structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0.25 which the last structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0.25 which the last structure
+was then you believe it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then you believe it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then you believe it as
+pretty close to done you could all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to done you could all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to done you could all this
+is very analogous to correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very analogous to correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very analogous to correlation
+coefficient remember we had a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient remember we had a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient remember we had a linear
+correlation coefficient between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient between two
+functions here would be observed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here would be observed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here would be observed and
+calculated if they correlate well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated if they correlate well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated if they correlate well then
+uh you're getting quotes for done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're getting quotes for done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're getting quotes for done
+correlating well is better than 0.7 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating well is better than 0.7 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating well is better than 0.7 in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+and one way of reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of reporting
+the similarities between two structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities between two structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarities between two structures
+this is not a goodness of fit between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a goodness of fit between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a goodness of fit between
+model and data this is a goodness of fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and data this is a goodness of fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and data this is a goodness of fit
+between two models you just take atom by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two models you just take atom by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two models you just take atom by
+atom you go through and you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you go through and you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you go through and you measure the
+distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that root mean squared deviation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root mean squared deviation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root mean squared deviation of all
+the distances over all the atoms or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances over all the atoms or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances over all the atoms or all
+the key atoms core atoms carbon alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key atoms core atoms carbon alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key atoms core atoms carbon alphas
+or maybe even a smaller core than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe even a smaller core than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe even a smaller core than that
+allows you to to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to to quote
+a root mean square deviation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root mean square deviation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root mean square deviation which is
+has some meaning independent of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some meaning independent of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some meaning independent of of
+how many atoms you have and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms you have and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms you have and what
+proteins you're looking at each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you're looking at each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you're looking at each of these
+is try to put this on a common scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to put this on a common scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to put this on a common scale so
+you can compare from structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare from structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare from structure to
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+now if we're going to do molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're going to do molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're going to do molecular
+mechanics which is common to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which is common to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which is common to the
+empirical method the the quasi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical method the the quasi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical method the the quasi the
+computational empirical methods and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational empirical methods and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational empirical methods and the
+computational sequence based methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational sequence based methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational sequence based methods we
+need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+talk about the this the side chains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the this the side chains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the this the side chains of
+the protein proteins we've mainly been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein proteins we've mainly been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein proteins we've mainly been
+talking about the backbones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the backbones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the backbones
+and just a refresher this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a refresher this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a refresher this is from the
+genetic code again the you know the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code again the you know the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code again the you know the blue
+or the positively charged the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the positively charged the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the positively charged the negative
+charge and so forth they have they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so forth they have they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and so forth they have they have
+a chirality it matters whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chirality it matters whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chirality it matters whether you're
+talking about l amino acids or d amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about l amino acids or d amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about l amino acids or d amino
+acids the way you remember this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids the way you remember this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids the way you remember this is just
+a mnemonic for remembering it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mnemonic for remembering it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mnemonic for remembering it is that
+when the hydrogen's pointing towards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hydrogen's pointing towards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hydrogen's pointing towards you
+going clockwise it goes co carbonyl r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going clockwise it goes co carbonyl r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going clockwise it goes co carbonyl r
+this is a side chain in corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a side chain in corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a side chain in corn
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+19 of these amino acids are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 of these amino acids are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 of these amino acids are uh
+have a chirality there glycine does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chirality there glycine does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chirality there glycine does not
+because it has two two hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has two two hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has two two hydrogens
+instead of an r it has a hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of an r it has a hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of an r it has a hydrogen and
+two of the amino acids uh actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the amino acids uh actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the amino acids uh actually have
+two centers of chiral asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two centers of chiral asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two centers of chiral asymmetry
+threonine which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine which has a
+the side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoleucine
+they have the the carbon alpha and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the the carbon alpha and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the the carbon alpha and the
+carbon beta are both asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon beta are both asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon beta are both asymmetric
+and one of the very earliest exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the very earliest exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the very earliest exercises
+was done when the very first models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done when the very first models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done when the very first models of
+proteins were looked at little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were looked at little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were looked at little
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can do this by hand with some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by hand with some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by hand with some very
+simple crude models and you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple crude models and you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple crude models and you can go
+through systematically there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through systematically there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through systematically there are there
+are three bonds along a peptide long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three bonds along a peptide long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three bonds along a peptide long
+peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide
+and these are the peptide bond itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the peptide bond itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the peptide bond itself
+which connects one amino acid to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects one amino acid to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects one amino acid to the
+next one and that tends to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and that tends to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and that tends to be pretty
+rigid it has a partial double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid it has a partial double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid it has a partial double-stranded
+bond that tends to be a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that tends to be a trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that tends to be a trans
+configuration 180 degrees this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration 180 degrees this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration 180 degrees this is the
+rotation around the bonds not the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around the bonds not the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around the bonds not the bond
+angle but the rotation around the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but the rotation around the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but the rotation around the bonds
+and uh and there are two other bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and there are two other bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and there are two other bonds
+that are that that are not so rigid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that that are not so rigid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that that are not so rigid so
+these are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are free
+but they're constrained by the clashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're constrained by the clashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're constrained by the clashes
+that occur that when you rotate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur that when you rotate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur that when you rotate around
+the bond of the the side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond of the the side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond of the the side chains
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+will clash with other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clash with other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clash with other parts of the
+protein and so ramachandran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so ramachandran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so ramachandran and
+colleagues went through systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues went through systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues went through systematically
+all the possible phi and psi angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible phi and psi angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible phi and psi angles
+these are these two free bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these two free bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these two free bonds
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+shown here you know ranging over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here you know ranging over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here you know ranging over the
+full range of phi and psi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full range of phi and psi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full range of phi and psi and the
+horizontal vertical axis and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical axis and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical axis and you get
+these little orange regions where even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little orange regions where even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little orange regions where even
+with very bulky side chain groups which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very bulky side chain groups which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very bulky side chain groups which
+would occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur
+you get these allowed regions and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these allowed regions and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these allowed regions and these
+two allowed regions happen to coincide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two allowed regions happen to coincide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two allowed regions happen to coincide
+with two of the most popular motifs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two of the most popular motifs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two of the most popular motifs you
+find in proteins which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in proteins which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in proteins which are the
+beta sheet and the alpha helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta sheet and the alpha helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta sheet and the alpha helix
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are other things such as the 310
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things such as the 310
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things such as the 310
+helix and various other structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and various other structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and various other structures that
+turn up but those are two by far the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up but those are two by far the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up but those are two by far the two
+most common and the yellow shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common and the yellow shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common and the yellow shows how
+they get extended when you have smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get extended when you have smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get extended when you have smaller
+side chains that allow more parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains that allow more parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains that allow more parts of
+space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the
+confirmation space as this is called to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation space as this is called to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation space as this is called to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+inspected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected
+now that's a very crude thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very crude thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a very crude thing that you
+can do with very simple stick figures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as you get to more detailed analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you get to more detailed analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you get to more detailed analysis
+the ultimate application of all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate application of all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate application of all we know
+about physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics
+if we could compute them would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could compute them would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could compute them would be
+quantum electrodynamics this is way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics this is way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics this is way out
+of range for any kind of molecule of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of range for any kind of molecule of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of range for any kind of molecule of the
+size that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that we're interested in
+and then as you go down this list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you go down this list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you go down this list you
+get more and more precise programs until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more precise programs until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more precise programs until
+you get down to something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to something which is
+barely computationally feasible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely computationally feasible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely computationally feasible for
+things the size of proteins and a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the size of proteins and a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the size of proteins and a great
+approximation of all the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of all the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of all the quantum
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+approximations above it every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations above it every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations above it every one of
+these is an approximation but each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is an approximation but each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is an approximation but each one
+as you go down gets more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down gets more and more
+approximate and the main thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and the main thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and the main thing is
+missing from molecular mechanics that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from molecular mechanics that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from molecular mechanics that's
+present in the next step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the next step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the next step up
+is the uh polarization of electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh polarization of electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh polarization of electrons in
+other words that is you in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that is you in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that is you in molecular
+mechanics you assume the electron clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you assume the electron clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you assume the electron clouds
+are basically spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically spherical
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is a huge loss but it it still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a huge loss but it it still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a huge loss but it it still is
+computationally very dynamic demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally very dynamic demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally very dynamic demanding
+so you don't get that asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't get that asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't get that asymmetric
+polarization that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that you get
+in hydrogen bonds and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hydrogen bonds and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hydrogen bonds and many other
+dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+so this is uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh really
+very this is basic physics you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is basic physics you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is basic physics you can see
+the first line force equals mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line force equals mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line force equals mass times
+acceleration basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration basic
+newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+and it and uh newton also introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and uh newton also introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and uh newton also introduced the
+calculus to us so the so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to us so the so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to us so the so that so
+you know he would be very comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he would be very comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he would be very comfortable
+with the next line which is that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next line which is that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next line which is that force
+it can be redefined as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be redefined as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be redefined as the first
+derivative of energy with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+or radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or radius
+and then mass is just mass and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mass is just mass and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mass is just mass and we're
+introducing the subscript i for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the subscript i for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the subscript i for the
+atomic for each atom gets its own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic for each atom gets its own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic for each atom gets its own um
+newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton's law
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+acceleration is just the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is just the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is just the second
+derivative of position with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of position with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of position with respect to
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+now what kind of time constants are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of time constants are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of time constants are we
+talking about here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here this is the
+femtosecond range for atomic motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond range for atomic motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond range for atomic motion
+to the minus 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 15 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 15 seconds
+and as you step through you update this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you step through you update this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you step through you update this
+kinetic procedure you can do it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic procedure you can do it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic procedure you can do it in half
+time intervals updating velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intervals updating velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intervals updating velocity and
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+femtosecond or half times a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond or half times a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtosecond or half times a second
+so now what's this energy term this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's this energy term this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's this energy term this is
+this is what i alluded to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i alluded to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i alluded to in the
+previous slide as being very approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide as being very approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide as being very approximate
+it's semi-empirical it is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's semi-empirical it is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's semi-empirical it is based on
+experiments not entirely from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments not entirely from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments not entirely from first
+principles or not even from the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles or not even from the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles or not even from the quantum
+approximations you'll have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations you'll have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations you'll have say
+spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic
+analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses
+that will show that the bent the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show that the bent the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show that the bent the the uh
+spring-like motion the two atoms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring-like motion the two atoms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring-like motion the two atoms can
+have when they're connected by a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they're connected by a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they're connected by a bond
+is uh you know has a kind of a hooke's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know has a kind of a hooke's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know has a kind of a hooke's
+law type of spring motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law type of spring motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law type of spring motion
+and that's the the energy of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the energy of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the energy of the bond
+length eb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length eb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length eb
+in this uh sum of all the e's slide 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh sum of all the e's slide 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh sum of all the e's slide 52
+and e theta is the angle that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e theta is the angle that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e theta is the angle that you have
+as a bond angle bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bond angle bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bond angle bends
+and that's a spring-like force and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a spring-like force and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a spring-like force and then
+omega is this kind of torsion angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega is this kind of torsion angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega is this kind of torsion angle that
+we've been talking about in the phi side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about in the phi side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about in the phi side
+plot the ramachandran plot just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the ramachandran plot just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the ramachandran plot just before
+van der waals is the non-bonded contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van der waals is the non-bonded contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van der waals is the non-bonded contact
+which can be either positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be either positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be either positive or negative
+actually show down at the very bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show down at the very bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show down at the very bottom of
+the slide is that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide is that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide is that there is a
+a repulsive force which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repulsive force which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repulsive force which is related to
+the r to the 12th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a attractive force which is r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a attractive force which is r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a attractive force which is r to the
+sixth power so as you get closer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power so as you get closer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power so as you get closer it
+starts to get attracted until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get attracted until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get attracted until you
+get this hard sphere repulsion as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this hard sphere repulsion as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this hard sphere repulsion as you
+get a little bit closer electro static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit closer electro static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit closer electro static
+interactions are the longest range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are the longest range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are the longest range
+effects all these covalent bonds b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects all these covalent bonds b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects all these covalent bonds b and
+theta and omega are short range van der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and omega are short range van der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and omega are short range van der
+waals are short range electrostatic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waals are short range electrostatic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waals are short range electrostatic is
+slightly longer range because the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly longer range because the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly longer range because the it's a
+one over r where r is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over r where r is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over r where r is the distance
+between the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two atoms
+and those are the main terms that enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the main terms that enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the main terms that enter
+into all molecular mechanics whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all molecular mechanics whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all molecular mechanics whether
+they're used in crystallography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in crystallography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in crystallography or
+whether they're used in ab initio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're used in ab initio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're used in ab initio
+now this is the state of the art for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the state of the art for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the state of the art for
+abaniccio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abaniccio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abaniccio
+just the very most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the very most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the very most recent
+cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+resulted in a very clear winner by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in a very clear winner by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in a very clear winner by some
+criteria at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria at least
+the baker lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baker lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baker lab
+here the url is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the url is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the url is down here
+is the number of standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of standard deviations
+away for the mean in terms of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for the mean in terms of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away for the mean in terms of the number
+of correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correct
+uh or the score for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the score for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the score for the number of
+correct predictions here out at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct predictions here out at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct predictions here out at around
+30 where the mean is close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 where the mean is close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 where the mean is close to zero
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+even with this huge advance uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this huge advance uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this huge advance uh for the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+in prediction still the kind of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prediction still the kind of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prediction still the kind of this is
+a typical rms standard deviation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical rms standard deviation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical rms standard deviation between
+the real structure which was kept hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real structure which was kept hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real structure which was kept hidden
+from sight from all these competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sight from all these competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sight from all these competitors
+until it was known but not not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it was known but not not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it was known but not not to the
+competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors
+and then revealed and the rms deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then revealed and the rms deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then revealed and the rms deviation
+was six or four or five in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six or four or five in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six or four or five in that in that
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+depending on the structure and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the structure and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the structure and whether
+you include all the atoms or just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include all the atoms or just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include all the atoms or just the
+core ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core ones
+and this is not adequate as we saw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not adequate as we saw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not adequate as we saw on
+that slide actually from the same group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide actually from the same group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide actually from the same group
+earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier on
+and why and another way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and another way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and another way of looking at
+this is now that was those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now that was those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now that was those were
+predictive structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive structures
+these are now observed structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now observed structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now observed structures the
+purple is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple is uh
+comparing two structures both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two structures both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two structures both of which
+were done by x-ray crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done by x-ray crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done by x-ray crystallography
+and along the red axis here is percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the red axis here is percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the red axis here is percent
+uh sequence identity ranging from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence identity ranging from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence identity ranging from zero
+to close to 100 say 96 plus percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close to 100 say 96 plus percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close to 100 say 96 plus percent and
+the green axis is the rms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green axis is the rms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green axis is the rms
+root mean square deviation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square deviation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square deviation between
+structure 1 and structure 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 1 and structure 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 1 and structure 2.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you can see that think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that think of this
+purple curve as starting in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple curve as starting in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple curve as starting in the lower
+right where you have very high sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where you have very high sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where you have very high sequence
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+and less than one angstrom root means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one angstrom root means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one angstrom root means
+deviation that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that when you solve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that when you solve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that when you solve two
+proteins that are that are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are that are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are that are very similar
+in sequence you will get very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence you will get very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence you will get very similar
+structures that's good that bodes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's good that bodes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's good that bodes well
+for structural modeling although that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for structural modeling although that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for structural modeling although that is
+not structural modeling i mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not structural modeling i mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not structural modeling i mean not
+homology modeling then as you go down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology modeling then as you go down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology modeling then as you go down in
+sequence identity the purple curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence identity the purple curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence identity the purple curve
+starts to slope up and up until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to slope up and up until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to slope up and up until it
+starts curving up towards 2.74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts curving up towards 2.74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts curving up towards 2.74
+and beyond uh it gets harder and harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond uh it gets harder and harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond uh it gets harder and harder
+to do these structural alignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these structural alignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these structural alignments
+and so four angstroms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sort you would get from homology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort you would get from homology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort you would get from homology
+modeling at less than 20 or 30 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling at less than 20 or 30 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling at less than 20 or 30 percent
+sequence identity and this is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence identity and this is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence identity and this is what i
+said earlier why we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier why we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier why we're trying to get
+enough proteins populating this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough proteins populating this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough proteins populating this this is
+all known proteins here being compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all known proteins here being compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all known proteins here being compared
+want enough compare populating it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want enough compare populating it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want enough compare populating it so you
+never have to go below 35 percent into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to go below 35 percent into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to go below 35 percent into
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+twilight zone where you really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight zone where you really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight zone where you really can't
+make good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't find good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't find good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't find good
+rms deviations between two known crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rms deviations between two known crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rms deviations between two known crystal
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we do
+protein dynamics using the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein dynamics using the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein dynamics using the molecular
+maximum mechanics approximation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum mechanics approximation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum mechanics approximation we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+these can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can be applied
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+to not only to predict a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not only to predict a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not only to predict a static
+structure or a series of steps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or a series of steps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or a series of steps in a
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+process but the dynamics of folding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but the dynamics of folding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but the dynamics of folding from
+a completely unfolded protein as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely unfolded protein as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely unfolded protein as it
+might be coming off the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be coming off the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be coming off the ribosome
+and this this is something for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is something for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is something for which
+there are relatively few experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are relatively few experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are relatively few experimental
+methods and so this is clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and so this is clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and so this is clearly a
+valuable contribution but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable contribution but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable contribution but there's a
+problem with doing a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with doing a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with doing a theoretical
+calculation that's hard to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that's hard to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that's hard to um
+empirically verify but in any case to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically verify but in any case to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically verify but in any case to do
+that one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them
+larger tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger tasks and
+ibm and others are sinking significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibm and others are sinking significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibm and others are sinking significant
+resources and infrastructure of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and infrastructure of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and infrastructure of this but
+doing your fifth your film the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your fifth your film the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your fifth your film the second
+time scale over a one microsecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale over a one microsecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale over a one microsecond
+simulation you can easily do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you can easily do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you can easily do the math
+that's uh 10 to the minus 6 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh 10 to the minus 6 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh 10 to the minus 6 divided by
+10 to the minus 15 is about 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 15 is about 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 15 is about 10 to the
+ninth such steps each of which involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth such steps each of which involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth such steps each of which involves
+this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+calculation that we just went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that we just went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that we just went through
+all the energy terms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy terms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy terms on
+but that's been done for this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's been done for this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's been done for this and you
+can see the the one the blue and the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the one the blue and the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the one the blue and the red
+represent the calculated and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the calculated and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the calculated and the
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+structure at one point in the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at one point in the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at one point in the dynamic
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you have a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a protein
+three-dimensional structure you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure you can try
+to dock it with small molecules this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dock it with small molecules this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dock it with small molecules this
+could be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be easier
+in principle because you can keep both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle because you can keep both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle because you can keep both
+the small molecule and the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small molecule and the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small molecule and the protein
+relatively rigid as you dot them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rigid as you dot them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rigid as you dot them there
+has to be some flexibility hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be some flexibility hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be some flexibility hence the
+name flex for one of these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name flex for one of these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name flex for one of these programs
+and overall the results are intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overall the results are intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overall the results are intriguing
+enough that you might want to use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you might want to use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you might want to use it as
+an alternative in the few cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative in the few cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative in the few cases where
+you have the three-dimensional structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the three-dimensional structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the three-dimensional structure
+of a protein but for some reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein but for some reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein but for some reason you
+can't solve the three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve the three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve the three-dimensional
+structure of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the complex
+but you must remember that actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must remember that actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must remember that actually even
+though we cited that that the solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we cited that that the solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we cited that that the solving a
+protein structure might be a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure might be a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure might be a hundred
+thousand dollars solving a complex once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars solving a complex once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars solving a complex once
+you have the protein structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the protein structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the protein structure is
+actually considerably less than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considerably less than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considerably less than that but
+any case this is this is uh encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case this is this is uh encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case this is this is uh encouraging
+where you have in the order of 0.25 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have in the order of 0.25 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have in the order of 0.25 to
+1.84 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.84 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.84 as a
+root mean square deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square deviation
+between the predicted and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predicted and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predicted and the
+experimental binding modes of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental binding modes of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental binding modes of small
+molecule you can imagine that to be off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can imagine that to be off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you can imagine that to be off
+by by 1.8 angstroms it must be docking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by 1.8 angstroms it must be docking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by 1.8 angstroms it must be docking
+in roughly the right pocket but maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in roughly the right pocket but maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in roughly the right pocket but maybe at
+the wrong angle or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong angle or yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong angle or yeah
+maybe slightly off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the last topic is the the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last topic is the the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last topic is the the issue of
+crosstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk
+as we talk about protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about protein
+three-dimensional structures we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures we try to
+find homologs and we often find homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find homologs and we often find homologs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find homologs and we often find homologs
+within an organism paralogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an organism paralogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an organism paralogs
+and these paralogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these paralogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these paralogs
+and alternative splice forms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alternative splice forms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alternative splice forms of a
+protein are potential toxic side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein are potential toxic side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein are potential toxic side
+reactions of a particular drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of a particular drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of a particular drug
+and you can see that many of these drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that many of these drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that many of these drugs
+are aimed at family members for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aimed at family members for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aimed at family members for example
+the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two
+are part of the steroid binding family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the steroid binding family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the steroid binding family
+which we have already introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already introduced
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+and it will be in an upcoming slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be in an upcoming slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be in an upcoming slide
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+what when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when you uh
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+proteins this that particular class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins this that particular class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins this that particular class of
+proteins interacts both with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interacts both with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interacts both with a small
+molecule which is a either a natural or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is a either a natural or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is a either a natural or
+artificial steroid or thyroid like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial steroid or thyroid like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial steroid or thyroid like which
+is a steroid-like compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a steroid-like compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a steroid-like compound
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+and it binds to a target nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it binds to a target nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it binds to a target nucleic acid
+and both the nucleic acid and the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both the nucleic acid and the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both the nucleic acid and the small
+molecule have potential for crosstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule have potential for crosstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule have potential for crosstalk
+and here's the nucleic acid part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the nucleic acid part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the nucleic acid part of the
+story and the next slide will show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and the next slide will show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and the next slide will show the
+small molecule part of the story but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule part of the story but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule part of the story but the
+nucleic acid part you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid part you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid part you have two
+protein domains similar to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domains similar to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein domains similar to one another
+this is another example of the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of the symmetry
+that we started this talk and ended last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started this talk and ended last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started this talk and ended last
+talk with the symmetry here is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with the symmetry here is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with the symmetry here is you have
+these two they can be direct or inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two they can be direct or inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two they can be direct or inverted
+repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats
+um separated by little spacers here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um separated by little spacers here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um separated by little spacers here uh
+so the dna is in yellow and the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dna is in yellow and the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dna is in yellow and the little
+spacers are in sort of this the gray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers are in sort of this the gray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers are in sort of this the gray and
+cbk colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbk colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbk colors
+and the protein domains are in green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein domains are in green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein domains are in green and
+white where the green and white are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white where the green and white are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white where the green and white are
+structurally similar to one another it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally similar to one another it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally similar to one another it's
+hard for you to appreciate them going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for you to appreciate them going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for you to appreciate them going
+around like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like that but
+um this is to em this is emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is to em this is emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is to em this is emphasize the
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the director inverted repeat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director inverted repeat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director inverted repeat here
+now that's the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's the dna
+interaction and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and this is the
+ligand binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand binding
+you can see uh the estradiol is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh the estradiol is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh the estradiol is a small
+yellow ligand and the tamoxifen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow ligand and the tamoxifen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow ligand and the tamoxifen is
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is the larger ligand this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the larger ligand this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the larger ligand this is something
+that's important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treating breast cancer that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating breast cancer that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating breast cancer that might be
+responsive to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to uh
+estrogen binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen binding
+drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+so this is the the part of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the part of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the the part of the the
+protein that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has two
+parts or three parts here the registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or three parts here the registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or three parts here the registered
+binding domain the little red thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding domain the little red thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding domain the little red thing is
+an activator peptide and there's the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activator peptide and there's the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activator peptide and there's the dna
+binding component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding component
+now where's what are the crosstalk we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where's what are the crosstalk we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where's what are the crosstalk we
+have here you can see that the crop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+wide variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of different
+steroid-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid-like
+protein binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein binding
+domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+they bind to vitamin d3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to vitamin d3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to vitamin d3
+retinoic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoic acids
+such as those that occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as those that occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as those that occur in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+developmental processes and envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental processes and envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental processes and envision
+thyroid which regulates our metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid which regulates our metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid which regulates our metabolism
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+estrogen testosterone and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen testosterone and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen testosterone and so forth
+all of these things have fairly similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things have fairly similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things have fairly similar
+small molecule binding sites and the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule binding sites and the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule binding sites and the dna
+sequence they bind are these half sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they bind are these half sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they bind are these half sites
+which are very closely conserved in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very closely conserved in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very closely conserved in all
+the members of this big family and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of this big family and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members of this big family and the
+only one of the main differences is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the main differences is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of the main differences is the
+distance between these can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these can vary
+and the distance here is indicated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance here is indicated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance here is indicated on
+the far left hand lower left here dr3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far left hand lower left here dr3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far left hand lower left here dr3
+means direct repeat with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means direct repeat with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means direct repeat with three
+nucleotides in between those two half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides in between those two half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides in between those two half
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ir0 means an inverted repeat with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir0 means an inverted repeat with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir0 means an inverted repeat with zero
+nucleotides between the half sites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides between the half sites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides between the half sites the
+r15 is direct repeat with 15 nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r15 is direct repeat with 15 nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r15 is direct repeat with 15 nucleotides
+and so on and you see each family member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you see each family member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you see each family member
+has a distinct ligand and nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a distinct ligand and nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a distinct ligand and nucleic acid
+although there's a lot of similarity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a lot of similarity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a lot of similarity in
+the ligands a lot of similar the nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands a lot of similar the nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands a lot of similar the nucleic
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+how do we last line of the slide 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we last line of the slide 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we last line of the slide 61
+target one member of this protein family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target one member of this protein family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target one member of this protein family
+or other protein families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+in some cases you will have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you will have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you will have complete
+artistic control not only on the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic control not only on the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic control not only on the small
+molecule but of the protein itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but of the protein itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but of the protein itself
+if you have a small molecule that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a small molecule that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a small molecule that looks
+like atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atp
+you can inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inhibit
+all sorts of atp binding proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of atp binding proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of atp binding proteins
+if you're lucky you can inhibit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky you can inhibit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky you can inhibit a
+specific class of atp binding proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific class of atp binding proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific class of atp binding proteins
+but getting knocking out a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting knocking out a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but getting knocking out a particular
+member of a class is hard and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a class is hard and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a class is hard and you can
+see here sort of on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here sort of on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here sort of on the right hand side
+these three chemical structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three chemical structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three chemical structures the
+adenine part are these are these uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine part are these are these uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine part are these are these uh five
+and six membered fused rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six membered fused rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six membered fused rings
+and uh attached to them are these side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh attached to them are these side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh attached to them are these side
+chains the first one all black structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains the first one all black structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains the first one all black structure
+is a known inhibitor of protein kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a known inhibitor of protein kinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a known inhibitor of protein kinases
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+and the the red additions are how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the red additions are how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the red additions are how to
+make that a little bit bulkier so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a little bit bulkier so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a little bit bulkier so that
+it will not it no longer will bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not it no longer will bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not it no longer will bind to
+protein kinases in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinases in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinases in general
+now why would you want to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would you want to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why would you want to make this
+inhibitor not bind to protein kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor not bind to protein kinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor not bind to protein kinases
+well now if it doesn't bind any protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if it doesn't bind any protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if it doesn't bind any protein
+kinase very well because it's too bulky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase very well because it's too bulky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase very well because it's too bulky
+it doesn't fit anymore then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fit anymore then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fit anymore then you can
+carve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve
+an amino acid out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acid out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amino acid out of
+one of the protein kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the protein kinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the protein kinases
+by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homologous recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous recombination
+or or transgenic mutating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or transgenic mutating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or transgenic mutating that
+particular the nucleic acid encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the nucleic acid encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the nucleic acid encoding
+that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene
+and you will have this kind of ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have this kind of ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have this kind of ability
+to manipulate both the chemical and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate both the chemical and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate both the chemical and the
+protein target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein target
+in in cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cases where
+as we'll get to in the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll get to in the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll get to in the last three
+lectures where we're analyzing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures where we're analyzing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures where we're analyzing systems
+biology networks you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology networks you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology networks you want to be able to
+target a particular protein at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target a particular protein at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target a particular protein at a time
+by having a known ligand protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a known ligand protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a known ligand protein
+interaction where you minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction where you minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction where you minimize the
+crosstalk by engineering this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk by engineering this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosstalk by engineering this specific
+interaction you start with a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you start with a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction you start with a specific
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+for the class and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class and then you
+engineer it so it hits one of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer it so it hits one of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer it so it hits one of them so
+that way you can do a time force say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can do a time force say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can do a time force say
+just knocking out that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knocking out that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knocking out that particular
+protein quickly or letting it come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quickly or letting it come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quickly or letting it come back
+and this shows the results down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows the results down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows the results down at the
+bottom here you start with these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here you start with these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here you start with these two
+different kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cdk2 involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdk2 involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdk2 involved in
+cell cycling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cam kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam kinase
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh both of these should would bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these should would bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both of these should would bind to
+the original black inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original black inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original black inhibitor
+and hence there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence there would be
+significant uh crosstalk and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh crosstalk and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant uh crosstalk and here the
+interfering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering
+dosages in micro molars are shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosages in micro molars are shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosages in micro molars are shown in the
+three columns here for the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns here for the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns here for the three
+different compounds runner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compounds runner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compounds runner in the
+epithelium and you can see that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium and you can see that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium and you can see that that uh
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the uh
+lower the number the better it binds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the number the better it binds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the number the better it binds so
+when you take uh these if you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take uh these if you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take uh these if you take these
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+binding pockets and carve them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding pockets and carve them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding pockets and carve them out
+that's what the little wedge cut out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the little wedge cut out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the little wedge cut out for
+the two lowest one cdk2 derivative as1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lowest one cdk2 derivative as1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lowest one cdk2 derivative as1
+and and cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cap
+cam kinase 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam kinase 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam kinase 2
+as1 derivative now that you can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as1 derivative now that you can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as1 derivative now that you can see they
+have a much improved binding constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much improved binding constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much improved binding constant to
+the bulk to even the bulkiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk to even the bulkiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk to even the bulkiest
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+and this is uh mediated by a threonine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh mediated by a threonine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh mediated by a threonine
+to pheno threonine or phenylalanine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pheno threonine or phenylalanine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pheno threonine or phenylalanine at
+position 38 it's changed to a glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 38 it's changed to a glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 38 it's changed to a glycine
+glycine is obviously smaller than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is obviously smaller than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine is obviously smaller than a
+threonine or a phenylalanine at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine or a phenylalanine at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threonine or a phenylalanine at that
+position and makes room for the the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and makes room for the the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and makes room for the the drug
+uh just in the same way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just in the same way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just in the same way that the
+changing the tyrosine to phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the tyrosine to phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the tyrosine to phenylalanine
+made room for the dideoxy terminator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made room for the dideoxy terminator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made room for the dideoxy terminator in
+the earlier example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier example
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in summary we have talked about protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary we have talked about protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary we have talked about protein
+three-dimensional structure and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure and how we
+can program proteins basically how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can program proteins basically how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can program proteins basically how we
+can use bits of proteins that we we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use bits of proteins that we we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use bits of proteins that we we may
+not be able to predict a priori from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to predict a priori from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to predict a priori from
+scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+how we get from a sequence to a ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get from a sequence to a ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get from a sequence to a ligand
+but we can take parts that we know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can take parts that we know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can take parts that we know and
+rearrange them in interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them in interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange them in interesting
+combinations we can build up databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations we can build up databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations we can build up databases
+of binding constants to combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binding constants to combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binding constants to combinations of
+combinatoric libraries of nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric libraries of nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric libraries of nucleic acids
+of peptides of small molecules and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peptides of small molecules and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peptides of small molecules and we
+can put these together in novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put these together in novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put these together in novel
+combinations that allow us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that allow us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that allow us to do
+network analysis and ask what protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network analysis and ask what protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network analysis and ask what protein
+does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+thank you until next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aCJECIYz8gM.txt b/aCJECIYz8gM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8116837903c864b85699134accc4caa357d14306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aCJECIYz8gM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8704 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now um exam one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um exam one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um exam one
+i mentioned this before i thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned this before i thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned this before i thought this
+would be helpful to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be helpful to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be helpful to everyone
+um what i did is uh put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i did is uh put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i did is uh put together
+what i call a concept map and i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call a concept map and i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call a concept map and i will
+post this here it is oh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this here it is oh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post this here it is oh there's a
+periodic table isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table isn't that
+lovely um this is what i put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely um this is what i put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely um this is what i put together
+for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys
+um and i call it exam one concept map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i call it exam one concept map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i call it exam one concept map
+now i'm not going to go through it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm not going to go through it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm not going to go through it now
+but i wanted you guys to have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i wanted you guys to have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i wanted you guys to have sort of
+the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture
+of what we've done this really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've done this really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've done this really is a
+celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration
+especially when you look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you look at all of the
+things that we've learned and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've learned and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've learned and how
+they're all connected together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected together and
+that's what i wanted you guys to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i wanted you guys to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i wanted you guys to see
+okay so look at this so here are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so look at this so here are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so look at this so here are on the
+left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here
+are this is all not graded stuff here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is all not graded stuff here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is all not graded stuff here's
+what's been graded oh and this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been graded oh and this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been graded oh and this is what's
+graded on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded on monday
+exam one problem topics look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one problem topics look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one problem topics look at all
+those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+now over here we have the three goodie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now over here we have the three goodie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now over here we have the three goodie
+bags that you guys have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags that you guys have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags that you guys have had
+and there have been problems in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been problems in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been problems in there
+right and and here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and here we have the
+the problems that you've had from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that you've had from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that you've had from the
+textbook right and the topics there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook right and the topics there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook right and the topics there
+here you've had your seven recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had your seven recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had your seven recitations
+here you've had it's even color-coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had it's even color-coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've had it's even color-coded
+it's even color-coded right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even color-coded right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even color-coded right so here
+you've got the lectures so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the lectures so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the lectures so these are the
+nine lectures and all the topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine lectures and all the topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine lectures and all the topics that
+we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+today is number 10 and as i said i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is number 10 and as i said i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is number 10 and as i said i will
+tell you something today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something today
+about lewis structures right that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lewis structures right that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lewis structures right that will
+not be on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be on the exam
+um and that is resident lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is resident lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that is resident lewis structure
+so we'll teach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll teach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll teach that
+um and then those are the three quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then those are the three quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then those are the three quizzes
+now you notice there's some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice there's some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice there's some things
+like here okay we've covered this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here okay we've covered this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here okay we've covered this stuff
+like lewis dots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lewis dots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lewis dots right
+and electronegativity right lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electronegativity right lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electronegativity right lewis
+structures stuff like that we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stuff like that we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stuff like that we've covered
+that has not been on a quiz but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not been on a quiz but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not been on a quiz but it could
+be on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the exam
+okay so this is a concept map that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a concept map that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a concept map that i
+hope gives you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope gives you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope gives you a sense
+of how this all connects together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this all connects together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this all connects together right
+and how this connects together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this connects together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this connects together
+to give you the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the knowledge
+that you need to answer questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to answer questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to answer questions about
+these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics
+about these topics right now the exam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these topics right now the exam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these topics right now the exam is
+not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know
+these exams walk the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exams walk the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exams walk the balance
+um we want you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want you to learn
+how to solve these problems these exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve these problems these exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve these problems these exams
+what i want you to do on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do on monday
+is run out of knowledge not run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is run out of knowledge not run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is run out of knowledge not run out of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right so so did i get a snap thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so did i get a snap thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so did i get a snap thank you
+right now now you might run out of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now now you might run out of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now now you might run out of both
+but but listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but listen
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+but these are not meant to break you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are not meant to break you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are not meant to break you in
+a speed test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed test
+these are meant to see if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to see if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to see if you have
+learned the concept so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the concept so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the concept so what i
+ask you to do on this exam is show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do on this exam is show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do on this exam is show us
+what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know
+right as you may know already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you may know already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you may know already
+i am a big fan of partial credit lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of partial credit lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of partial credit lots of
+partial credit if you show me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit if you show me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit if you show me you know
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+you will get credit yeah and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get credit yeah and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get credit yeah and so that
+gets into also like exam strategies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into also like exam strategies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into also like exam strategies with
+a lot of you already know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you already know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you already know about this
+stuff but please remember like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but please remember like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but please remember like don't
+don't just you know go in order and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just you know go in order and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just you know go in order and then
+run out of time and not even see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time and not even see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time and not even see the
+last two questions right take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two questions right take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two questions right take a look
+tell me what you know show us what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you know show us what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you know show us what you
+know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+we're not about like the last decimal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not about like the last decimal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not about like the last decimal on
+some calculation i'm much more about do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculation i'm much more about do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculation i'm much more about do
+you understand the concept do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the concept do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the concept do you know
+how to solve this problem so show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve this problem so show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve this problem so show us
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+please on the exam okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please on the exam okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please on the exam okay now
+um was that another loud snap in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that another loud snap in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was that another loud snap in favor
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+i think that means it's like positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that means it's like positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that means it's like positive
+reinforcement um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay topics now okay so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay topics now okay so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay topics now okay so like
+the other thing i want to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i want to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i want to say about the
+exam okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+is you know we're going to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know we're going to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know we're going to connect
+concepts together sometimes that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts together sometimes that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts together sometimes that's the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+right exams aren't just going gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exams aren't just going gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exams aren't just going gonna be
+another three quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three quizzes
+plus one more question on lewis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one more question on lewis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one more question on lewis right
+no we're gonna see if you can also weave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're gonna see if you can also weave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're gonna see if you can also weave
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+the knowledge right so an example would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge right so an example would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge right so an example would
+be if i were to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if i were to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if i were to ask you
+okay i'm gonna give you a pes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm gonna give you a pes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm gonna give you a pes
+and okay so let's see here would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let's see here would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so let's see here would be like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a question about a pes uh question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about a pes uh question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about a pes uh question so
+here's a pes diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a pes diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a pes diagram
+and here i'm gonna draw i'm gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm gonna draw i'm gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm gonna draw i'm gonna say
+okay i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i give you
+this pes here we go let's let's label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pes here we go let's let's label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pes here we go let's let's label it
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+four five six we don't need more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six we don't need more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six we don't need more than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so we're going to go oh and a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go oh and a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go oh and a break
+in the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the axis
+now you know all about that and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know all about that and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know all about that and we're
+going to go all the way up to six here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way up to six here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way up to six here
+right and we'll do another break we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we'll do another break we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we'll do another break we'll
+go up to two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to two there
+and now this is going to go up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is going to go up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is going to go up to here
+okay and you can read off of here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can read off of here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can read off of here that's
+the number remember with the ps that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number remember with the ps that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number remember with the ps that's a
+relative electron count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative electron count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative electron count
+how many electrons are i'm blasting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons are i'm blasting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons are i'm blasting this
+this atom with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom with
+with enough photon energy gazentite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough photon energy gazentite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough photon energy gazentite to
+get all the electrons out and then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the electrons out and then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the electrons out and then i'm
+counting their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting their relative
+right how i measure the kinetic energy i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how i measure the kinetic energy i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how i measure the kinetic energy i
+can get the energy oh by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the energy oh by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the energy oh by the way this
+would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like
+decreasing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing right
+the way i plotted it before and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i plotted it before and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i plotted it before and the way
+we usually plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually plot
+pes diagrams is the x-axis is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pes diagrams is the x-axis is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pes diagrams is the x-axis is going down
+in energy right because these are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy right because these are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy right because these are those
+are the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 1s
+electrons there and these would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and these would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there and these would be the
+2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s
+these would be the 2p right and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the 2p right and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the 2p right and i can
+keep on going so i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going so i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going so i've got
+3s now what do we got here we've got 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s now what do we got here we've got 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s now what do we got here we've got 3
+p how many four okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p how many four okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p how many four okay good
+so what what's that okay a question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's that okay a question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's that okay a question you
+might be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asking
+what atom is that sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what atom is that sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what atom is that sulfur
+okay good i say okay that's sulfur so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good i say okay that's sulfur so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good i say okay that's sulfur so i
+can answer that kind of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that kind of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that kind of question
+but now let's take another concept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's take another concept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's take another concept and
+weave it in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave it in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave it in here right
+so like okay if that's sulfur and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like okay if that's sulfur and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like okay if that's sulfur and say
+well what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if
+i had what if i went up to chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had what if i went up to chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had what if i went up to chlorine
+right so now sulfur has 16. sulfur has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now sulfur has 16. sulfur has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now sulfur has 16. sulfur has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and chlorine is 17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and chlorine is 17.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and chlorine is 17.
+i said what would this look like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what would this look like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what would this look like for
+chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine
+i gave you this well you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you this well you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you this well you might say well
+i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+it's going to just be like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to just be like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to just be like this right
+let's go to the right height and now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the right height and now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the right height and now i
+filled that with the one more electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled that with the one more electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled that with the one more electron
+and so it must be chlorine but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it must be chlorine but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it must be chlorine but that's
+not taking everything you know into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking everything you know into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking everything you know into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+that's not taking because you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not taking because you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not taking because you know that
+if i go up to chlorine i've added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go up to chlorine i've added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go up to chlorine i've added a
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+but i haven't really done much more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't really done much more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't really done much more to
+shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield
+those outer electrons and so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outer electrons and so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outer electrons and so everything
+wants to be closer to that more positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be closer to that more positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be closer to that more positive
+charge so you've got to reflect that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so you've got to reflect that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so you've got to reflect that in
+the pes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pes right
+so if i were really gonna say well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i were really gonna say well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i were really gonna say well now
+you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know
+you you might not even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might not even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might not even know
+quantitatively but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively but you know
+qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively
+if i'm gonna draw this peak for chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm gonna draw this peak for chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm gonna draw this peak for chlorine
+it better be to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be to the left
+of that peak it's got to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that peak it's got to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that peak it's got to move in
+just like the orbitals and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the orbitals and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the orbitals and all those
+things you're talking about that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're talking about that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're talking about that's the
+kind of thing that i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that i mean
+right i want you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i want you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i want you to be able to
+synthesize concepts as we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize concepts as we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize concepts as we think about
+exam questions okay everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions okay everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions okay everything's going
+to shift over if you go to chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift over if you go to chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift over if you go to chlorine
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on wednesday we talked about lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we talked about lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we talked about lewis
+structure so let's talk about lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so let's talk about lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so let's talk about lewis
+structures more uh let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures more uh let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures more uh let's suppose
+i've got acetaldehyde a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got acetaldehyde a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got acetaldehyde a wonderful
+toxic compound h4o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic compound h4o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic compound h4o
+i said okay here's what i'm saying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said okay here's what i'm saying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said okay here's what i'm saying here
+is a possible lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possible lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possible lewis structure
+for this all right let's see i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this all right let's see i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this all right let's see i'm going
+to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the
+the two carbons here here's my oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbons here here's my oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbons here here's my oxygen
+it's got some lone pairs i'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some lone pairs i'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some lone pairs i'll put
+another one there why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there why not
+hydrogen here and we got one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen here and we got one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen here and we got one more
+hydrogen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there
+what is wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double bond on the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond on the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond on the hydrogen
+all right the question really is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the question really is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the question really is what is
+not wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can count three things right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can count three things right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can count three things right now that
+are wrong with this what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong with this what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong with this what are they
+double bonded this has to have remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonded this has to have remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonded this has to have remember
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+these things need to be happy and follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things need to be happy and follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things need to be happy and follow
+their octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their octet
+octet means for hydrogen too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet means for hydrogen too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet means for hydrogen too
+right but otherwise now is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but otherwise now is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but otherwise now is this so
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+that's good that's not good right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's not good right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's not good right okay
+so we're not is this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not is this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not is this good
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that good all right
+now hold on because so but okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hold on because so but okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hold on because so but okay but
+there's something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else that's
+fundamentally wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with this
+anybody notice how many electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice how many electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice how many electrons
+this is how you start a lewis problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you start a lewis problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you start a lewis problem
+how many electrons do i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons do i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons do i have
+how many electrons do i have remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons do i have remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many electrons do i have remember
+lewis is all about the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis is all about the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis is all about the valence
+so i got four times two right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got four times two right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got four times two right that's
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+right eight electrons four electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eight electrons four electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eight electrons four electrons
+here and six electrons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and six electrons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and six electrons here
+how many do i have twelve okay so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do i have twelve okay so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do i have twelve okay so i've
+got eighteen electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eighteen electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eighteen electrons
+total now what did i put into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total now what did i put into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total now what did i put into this
+diagram okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay
+so each of these bonds remember a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these bonds remember a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these bonds remember a line
+is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two
+electrons it's a bonding pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's a bonding pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's a bonding pair
+right okay so i've got so i've got 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so i've got so i've got 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so i've got so i've got 2
+4 6 8 10 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 6 8 10 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 6 8 10 12
+14 16 18 20. i didn't even get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 16 18 20. i didn't even get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 16 18 20. i didn't even get the
+electron count right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron count right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron count right
+i didn't say it's acetaldehyde two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say it's acetaldehyde two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say it's acetaldehyde two minus
+right so what wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what wrong
+number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and octets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and octets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and octets
+not formed there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not formed there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not formed there's something else
+there's another way you can see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way you can see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way you can see how this
+lewis structure is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure is wrong
+how is that what else did we learn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that what else did we learn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that what else did we learn on
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+really important concept formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept formal charge
+formal charges are all all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges are all all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges are all all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lowest not lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest not lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest not lowest
+formal charge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge okay
+now when i say lowest i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closest to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to zero because
+that is what gives you the most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what gives you the most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what gives you the most stable
+structure as we talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as we talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as we talked about on
+wednesday you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday you see this
+formal charges here are are all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges here are are all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges here are are all over the
+place right so the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right so the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right so the formal charge
+on on on this carbon is okay so you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on on this carbon is okay so you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on on this carbon is okay so you go
+the number of valence electrons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence electrons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence electrons of the
+free atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free atom
+right minus dots minus six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus dots minus six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus dots minus six
+right so four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so four
+minus one two three right so that's plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one two three right so that's plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one two three right so that's plus
+one oh six minus one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh six minus one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh six minus one two three four
+five six seven right so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven right so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven right so that would be
+minus one so this is this is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is this is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so this is this is not a good
+lewis structure for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure for many
+for all of these reasons the right lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these reasons the right lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these reasons the right lewis
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+would look something like this very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like this very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look something like this very easy
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+right and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and see
+and here you go and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you go and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you go and now
+you can check all of these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check all of these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check all of these things that
+we just talked about you can check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about you can check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about you can check the
+formal charge you can check the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge you can check the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge you can check the total
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+right i could have taken two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could have taken two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could have taken two electrons
+off of here and it still would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of here and it still would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of here and it still would have been
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but this is the right lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is the right lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is the right lewis
+structure because we get we satisfy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because we get we satisfy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because we get we satisfy all
+of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things
+that we talked about on wednesday okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about on wednesday okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about on wednesday okay
+good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now
+as i mentioned there's one other concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last concept that will not be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last concept that will not be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last concept that will not be on the
+exam oh but it could be unlike the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oh but it could be unlike the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oh but it could be unlike the exam
+two i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i don't know
+um is the last concept about lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the last concept about lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the last concept about lewis
+structures that's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that's very important
+and it's what happens when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what happens when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's what happens when you have
+structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that
+look similar it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look similar it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look similar it's like
+if i look at all these things number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at all these things number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at all these things number of
+electrons octets forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons octets forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons octets forming
+formal charges these look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges these look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges these look
+good these both look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these both look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these both look good
+and so the question is which one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is which one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is which one of them
+is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+and this gets into this concept that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets into this concept that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gets into this concept that i
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+teach you which is called resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just to define resonance i'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to define resonance i'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to define resonance i'll put
+that on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the board
+these are called resonant structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called resonant structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called resonant structures
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when referring to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when referring to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when referring to uh
+lewis structures it the way i want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structures it the way i want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structures it the way i want you
+to think about it is that it describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it is that it describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it is that it describes
+delocalization haha i'm going all caps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization
+why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not shouting it i'm just saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not shouting it i'm just saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not shouting it i'm just saying it's
+an important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept
+describes delocalization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes delocalization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes delocalization right
+of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+in molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the case of ozone which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of ozone which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of ozone which is
+something we broke apart and talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we broke apart and talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we broke apart and talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+right we talked about ozone already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked about ozone already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked about ozone already
+in the case of ozone now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ozone now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ozone now what's
+happening well if i draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening well if i draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening well if i draw
+if i draw the ozone molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i draw the ozone molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i draw the ozone molecule
+the way let's see if i draw it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let's see if i draw it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let's see if i draw it the way
+one of those is so i'll draw it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is so i'll draw it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is so i'll draw it the way
+the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand
+picture is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is like this
+and oh and i'm not talking about shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh and i'm not talking about shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh and i'm not talking about shape
+no shape yet somebody said isn't it bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no shape yet somebody said isn't it bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no shape yet somebody said isn't it bent
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+next week shape this week no shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay hold on now um if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay hold on now um if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay hold on now um if i look at
+this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule
+this is a double bond there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a double bond there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a double bond there's more
+electrons on this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on this bond
+than here and what we know about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here and what we know about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than here and what we know about that is
+that that's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to make
+that bond stronger and those atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond stronger and those atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond stronger and those atoms are
+going to be closer so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be closer so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be closer so this
+this length would actually be around 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length would actually be around 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length would actually be around 1.2
+angstroms and this one would be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and this one would be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms and this one would be around
+1.5 ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 ish
+right but see and now you say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see and now you say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see and now you say well maybe
+it's the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other one
+1.2 over here 1.5 over there but now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 over here 1.5 over there but now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 over here 1.5 over there but now i
+take ozone and i can measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ozone and i can measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ozone and i can measure it
+i can measure those bond lengths and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can measure those bond lengths and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can measure those bond lengths and i
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+and when i do that what i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i do that what i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i do that what i find
+is that it's neither of these right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's neither of these right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's neither of these right
+so but in experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in experiment
+the bond length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.3
+and it's the same it's not different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same it's not different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same it's not different
+so what is happening physically what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is happening physically what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is happening physically what is
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+is delocalization and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delocalization and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delocalization and remember
+electrons do things to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do things to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do things to be happy
+happiness means lowering the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness means lowering the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness means lowering the energy of
+the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system
+right and so what these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what these electrons
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+what these extra two electrons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these extra two electrons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these extra two electrons here
+realize that okay okay i could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that okay okay i could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that okay okay i could make this
+bond short and that bond long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond short and that bond long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond short and that bond long
+but maybe if i delocalize across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if i delocalize across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if i delocalize across the
+whole molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole molecule
+maybe if i do that i can be happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i do that i can be happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i do that i can be happier
+meaning i can be in a lower energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can be in a lower energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can be in a lower energy state
+and that is what resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what resonance
+talks about that is what it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about that is what it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about that is what it tells us
+about it tells us when i have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it tells us when i have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it tells us when i have these
+different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states
+that look equivalent that the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look equivalent that the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look equivalent that the molecule
+essentially pictorially is going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pictorially is going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially pictorially is going back
+and forth between them so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between them so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between them so fast
+that it's an average that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an average that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an average that it's a
+delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization
+that those now the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those now the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those now the way that we
+think about this in terms of our lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of our lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of our lewis
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+is by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by having
+one resonant form and another resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one resonant form and another resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one resonant form and another resonant
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+okay now hold on so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now hold on so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now hold on so here
+uh okay let's do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay let's do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay let's do this and
+this and double bond on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and double bond on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and double bond on this side
+good and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the you know chemists are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know chemists are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know chemists are very
+particular about how you use arrows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about how you use arrows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about how you use arrows and
+you have to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be very careful
+in chemistry about how but here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry about how but here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry about how but here's a case
+where they really like the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they really like the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they really like the arrow
+and they really like curvy arrows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really like curvy arrows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really like curvy arrows in
+particular and what the curvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and what the curvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and what the curvy
+arrow shows you is what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow shows you is what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow shows you is what happened
+to the electrons so it's really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electrons so it's really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electrons so it's really just a
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+of where the electrons went to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the electrons went to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the electrons went to get from
+one resonant structure to another how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one resonant structure to another how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one resonant structure to another how
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+changed but it can be actually helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but it can be actually helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but it can be actually helpful
+to understand whether you really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand whether you really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand whether you really have a
+resonance structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure
+and what's happened so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened so for example in
+this case these are the two resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case these are the two resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case these are the two resonance
+structures for ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for ozone
+right okay so what happened well to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what happened well to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what happened well to get
+from this structure to this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this structure to this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this structure to this structure
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+what's happened is that uh okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened is that uh okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened is that uh okay these
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you can imagine this lone pair has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this lone pair has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this lone pair has gone
+on to that bond all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that bond all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that bond all right
+and oh okay and um this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh okay and um this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh okay and um this bond
+right this uh where am i this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this uh where am i this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this uh where am i this bond
+has no this lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no this lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no this lone pair
+has gone on to this bond okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone on to this bond okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone on to this bond okay right so
+i've made a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made a double bond
+to get to there and i've made the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to there and i've made the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to there and i've made the double
+bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here
+to get to there now what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to there now what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to there now what's missing
+well i've got to make the other lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i've got to make the other lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i've got to make the other lone
+pair appear here from this bond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair appear here from this bond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair appear here from this bond right
+so you can look at your resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at your resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at your resonance
+structures and realize that that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and realize that that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and realize that that also
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+right and you can look over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can look over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can look over here and
+i've got three lone pairs on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got three lone pairs on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got three lone pairs on that
+so the only way to get that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way to get that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way to get that would have
+been let's draw these over here to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been let's draw these over here to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been let's draw these over here to make
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+if that happened those curvy arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that happened those curvy arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that happened those curvy arrows
+help us just see how the changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us just see how the changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us just see how the changes in the
+electrons happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons happened
+in these resonance structures but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these resonance structures but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these resonance structures but the
+way to really think about this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to really think about this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to really think about this and this
+is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why
+i wanted to draw i wanted to capitalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to draw i wanted to capitalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to draw i wanted to capitalize
+this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word
+is that the actual structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual structure is
+a combination of these so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of these so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of these so let's see
+i'll do this and the way you would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this and the way you would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this and the way you would write
+the actual structure would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure would be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure would be like this
+okay this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this and
+this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+and dashed lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dashed lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dashed lines
+oh and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and this is called
+the resonant hybrid structure resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hybrid it's it's a mixture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid it's it's a mixture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid it's it's a mixture of the
+structures and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and it shows
+with the dashed lines the delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dashed lines the delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the dashed lines the delocalization
+and if you want to be complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to be complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to be complete
+about this resonant structure concept if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this resonant structure concept if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this resonant structure concept if
+you want to be complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be complete
+then you would also count formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would also count formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would also count formal charges
+okay and so you would see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you would see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you would see that the
+formal charge let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge let me
+make sure i get this right okay so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure i get this right okay so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure i get this right okay so over
+here we've got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got what
+six minus one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six minus one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six minus one two three four five six
+seven right so the formal charge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven right so the formal charge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven right so the formal charge here
+was minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus one
+okay the formal charge here six minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the formal charge here six minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the formal charge here six minus
+one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four
+five all right so that's minus one nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so that's minus one nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so that's minus one nope
+that's sorry plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sorry plus one
+in the middle okay and the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle okay and the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle okay and the formal charge
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+six minus one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six minus one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six minus one two three four five six
+right so that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's zero
+right and over here i'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and over here i'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and over here i'm not going to do
+the counting again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting again
+it's the same but the zeros and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same but the zeros and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same but the zeros and the
+minus ones have switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones have switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones have switched
+as you can see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see right
+now in the resonant hybrid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the resonant hybrid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the resonant hybrid structure
+what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened
+notice these are the two lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice these are the two lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice these are the two lewis
+structures so you're you know you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so you're you know you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so you're you know you do
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you do have formal charge formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have formal charge formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have formal charge formal charges
+are not zero ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not zero ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not zero ever
+but that's okay this is the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay this is the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay this is the best you can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+but you've got the two that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've got the two that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've got the two that are
+equivalent and they go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and they go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and they go back and forth
+and in this case the way you would draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the way you would draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the way you would draw
+that is that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you would have
+the plus is still there but now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus is still there but now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus is still there but now you're
+sort of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sharing
+the formal charge on the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on the ends
+so if you want to think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to think about this in
+terms of formal charge notice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of formal charge notice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of formal charge notice something
+about formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formal charge
+right i did not add or take away charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i did not add or take away charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i did not add or take away charge
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+i gotta add it up yeah the addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta add it up yeah the addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta add it up yeah the addition of
+all formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all formal
+charges by the definition of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges by the definition of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges by the definition of formal
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+must be equal to the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to the charge on the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+it must be so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be so if
+if this molecule is neutral then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this molecule is neutral then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this molecule is neutral then the
+formal charge must add up to zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge must add up to zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge must add up to zero which
+it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+right it does and it does good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does and it does good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it does and it does good way to
+check your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your work
+okay okay so we can go further so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can go further so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can go further so that's
+the concept of resonance and i did it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of resonance and i did it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of resonance and i did it as
+i like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to do
+kind of slowly and now i'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of slowly and now i'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of slowly and now i'll give you
+another example but i'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example but i'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example but i'm not going to go
+through it as slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it as slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it as slowly
+and um but oh let's ask this question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but oh let's ask this question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but oh let's ask this question so
+if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had
+the top thing okay so here's two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top thing okay so here's two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top thing okay so here's two other
+cases now this one we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now this one we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now this one we're going to get
+through quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quickly
+is this a resonant structure and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a resonant structure and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a resonant structure and i'm
+going to give you the answer the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the answer the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the answer the answer
+is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+and the reason is that resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that resonance
+structures only involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures only involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures only involve
+the curvy arrow motion of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvy arrow motion of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvy arrow motion of electrons
+right the curvy arrows showing us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the curvy arrows showing us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the curvy arrows showing us how
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+might change in this but not of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change in this but not of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change in this but not of atoms
+notice i cannot get from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i cannot get from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i cannot get from here
+to here without moving an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here without moving an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here without moving an atom
+that's not a resonance structure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a resonance structure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a resonance structure that is
+not a resonance structure so we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a resonance structure so we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a resonance structure so we're done
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+all right and we can put uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can put uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can put uh
+well let's put a little thing here only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of
+electrons not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms let's keep this separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms let's keep this separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms let's keep this separate
+okay not atoms all right but now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not atoms all right but now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not atoms all right but now we get
+to another one where we didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one where we didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one where we didn't change
+the location of atoms but we did change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of atoms but we did change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of atoms but we did change
+the location of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of electrons
+right um and and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and you can see the
+structure up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up there
+and i won't do this because i just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't do this because i just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't do this because i just did
+it for ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for ozone
+but you can go through this yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can go through this yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can go through this yourself and
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+with curvy arrows what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curvy arrows what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curvy arrows what's happening
+between these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these structures
+these are three resonant structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three resonant structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three resonant structures
+these are three resonance structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three resonance structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three resonance structures
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you can see how they go right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how they go right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how they go right so you
+can see like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see like here
+i had the extra lone pair on the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had the extra lone pair on the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had the extra lone pair on the oxygen
+that might have a curvy arrow to here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have a curvy arrow to here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have a curvy arrow to here to
+give you the double bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the double bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the double bond there
+right but as i did that in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as i did that in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as i did that in order for
+carbon to keep its formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon to keep its formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon to keep its formal charge
+right to keep its formal charge i had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to keep its formal charge i had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to keep its formal charge i had to
+take i had to do something with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take i had to do something with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take i had to do something with this
+double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+right and so this is how you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is how you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is how you think about
+resonance structures and just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures and just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures and just to give
+you the the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the final
+for that one just show you what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one just show you what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one just show you what it would
+look like once you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like once you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like once you've got
+the hybrid structure it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid structure it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid structure it would look
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there
+there and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen with its two lone pairs
+and the delocalized electrons and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the delocalized electrons and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the delocalized electrons and then
+you've got your charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your charge
+and this would be minus two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be minus two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be minus two-thirds
+minus two-thirds minus two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two-thirds minus two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two-thirds minus two-thirds
+notice on these on these three oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on these on these three oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on these on these three oxygen
+atoms notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms notice that
+again okay the formal charge adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay the formal charge adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay the formal charge adds up
+to the charge on the molecule there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the charge on the molecule there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the charge on the molecule there it
+is charging the molecule that's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging the molecule that's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging the molecule that's a two
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+right this is co3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is co3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is co3
+two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus
+formal charge adds up to the charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge adds up to the charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge adds up to the charge on
+the molecule good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule good
+okay one more example because now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more example because now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more example because now we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+combine this and learn one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this and learn one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this and learn one other
+really important concept about lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept about lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept about lewis
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+let's see if this yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if this yeah okay
+so here's an example what do i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example what do i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example what do i have this
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an example what if i had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example what if i had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example what if i had the
+thiocyanate ion this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiocyanate ion this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiocyanate ion this is a
+favorite so this is c n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite so this is c n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite so this is c n
+s minus this is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus this is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus this is a um
+that's a draw write the name here thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a draw write the name here thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a draw write the name here thio
+this is a favorite for demonstrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a favorite for demonstrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a favorite for demonstrating
+concepts about lewis and you'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts about lewis and you'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts about lewis and you'll see why
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+because first i'm going to draw a lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first i'm going to draw a lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first i'm going to draw a lewis
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+this is a minus so it's an ion first i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a minus so it's an ion first i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a minus so it's an ion first i'm
+going to draw a lewis structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw a lewis structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw a lewis structure that
+seems to make sense but then as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to make sense but then as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to make sense but then as you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+there are resonant lewis structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are resonant lewis structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are resonant lewis structures that
+also seem to make sense so i need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to make sense so i need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to make sense so i need to use
+some of the concepts we've learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the concepts we've learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the concepts we've learned to
+figure it out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out right
+so so if i draw this let's see i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i draw this let's see i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i draw this let's see i'm going
+to draw three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw three
+so n triple bond c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n triple bond c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n triple bond c
+sulfur lone pairs lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur lone pairs lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur lone pairs lone pair
+or i could have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i could have n
+double bond c double bond sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond c double bond sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond c double bond sulfur
+lone pair lone pair or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair lone pair or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair lone pair or
+try to squeeze this in underneath so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to squeeze this in underneath so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to squeeze this in underneath so you
+can ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put it here and three lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here and three lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here and three lone
+pairs single bond c triple bond sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these are resonant structures i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are resonant structures i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are resonant structures i i
+can get them by drawing my curvy arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them by drawing my curvy arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them by drawing my curvy arrows
+and moving electrons around right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving electrons around right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving electrons around right um
+but and so you might say well is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and so you might say well is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and so you might say well is this
+not just going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just going to be an
+average is are these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is are these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is are these electrons
+delocalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized
+according to their resonance structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their resonance structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their resonance structures
+but see once we start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see once we start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see once we start thinking about
+formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge
+we get more insight all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get more insight all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get more insight all right so the
+formal charge here is minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge here is minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge here is minus two
+five minus one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus one two three four five six
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+minus two right uh here it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two right uh here it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two right uh here it's zero
+and here it's plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's plus one
+right sulfur six minus one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sulfur six minus one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sulfur six minus one two three
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+five okay good but that and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay good but that and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay good but that and so that
+looks pretty bad right a large formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty bad right a large formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty bad right a large formal
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+minus two okay over here oh i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two okay over here oh i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two okay over here oh i didn't
+draw the lone pairs sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the lone pairs sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the lone pairs sorry about that
+here's two lone pairs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's two lone pairs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's two lone pairs here
+we will not mess up the electron count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not mess up the electron count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not mess up the electron count
+again today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again today
+okay and so here the formal charge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here the formal charge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so here the formal charge uh
+let's see this one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this one would be
+minus one and in here it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and in here it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and in here it's zero
+and over here it's zero that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here it's zero that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here it's zero that looks
+better right according to my rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right according to my rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right according to my rules
+on wednesday this looks like a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday this looks like a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday this looks like a more
+stable structure than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structure than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structure than that
+okay so even though it's resonant i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though it's resonant i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though it's resonant i'm
+going to say that's probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that's probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that's probably not going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+part of the most stable ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the most stable ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the most stable ground state
+structure but let's look at this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but let's look at this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but let's look at this last
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+zero and over here i've got zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and over here i've got zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and over here i've got zero
+and over here i've got minus one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do there's one last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do there's one last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do there's one last point
+that we need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to learn
+and it has to do with the formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the formal charges
+and it's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a general
+rule in writing lewis structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in writing lewis structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in writing lewis structures and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is that let's see if i can fit it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that let's see if i can fit it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that let's see if i can fit it here
+because it's very relevant to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very relevant to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very relevant to here
+that atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be i'm not going to fit it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be i'm not going to fit it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be i'm not going to fit it here
+should be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on
+the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electronegative ion electroneg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom not ion atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom not ion atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom not ion atom
+okay so let's take a look and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look and see what
+this means let's understand it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means let's understand it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means let's understand it first
+i just wrote something out let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wrote something out let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wrote something out let's make
+sure we understand it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand it right
+so atoms with the with the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atoms with the with the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so atoms with the with the negative
+formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge
+should be on more electronegative atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on more electronegative atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on more electronegative atoms
+that kind of makes sense right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of makes sense right because
+remember what our definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what our definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what our definition of
+electronegativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity is
+electronegativity is the desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity is the desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity is the desire
+of an atom to bring bonded pairs towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom to bring bonded pairs towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom to bring bonded pairs towards
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+remember and it makes a molecule polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and it makes a molecule polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and it makes a molecule polar
+polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar covalent
+for example maybe ionic but anyway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example maybe ionic but anyway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example maybe ionic but anyway it's
+that desire to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire to bring
+bonded pairs towards itself so if if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded pairs towards itself so if if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded pairs towards itself so if if an
+atom has a negative formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has a negative formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has a negative formal charge
+right then you think well that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you think well that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you think well that should be
+on the more electronegative atom because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the more electronegative atom because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the more electronegative atom because
+the negative formal charge means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative formal charge means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative formal charge means it's
+got a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little bit
+extra charge compared to when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra charge compared to when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra charge compared to when it was
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+okay and so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you look at this
+oh now you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now you need to know
+electronegativities something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativities something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativities something that
+we know the electronegativity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the electronegativity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the electronegativity of
+of nitrogen so uh chi remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen so uh chi remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen so uh chi remember
+of nitrogen is around 3.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen is around 3.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen is around 3.0
+and chi for sulfur is around 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chi for sulfur is around 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chi for sulfur is around 2.5
+and that tells us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that this
+is the ground state structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state structure
+okay all from the concepts we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all from the concepts we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all from the concepts we already
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+all from the concepts we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all from the concepts we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all from the concepts we already know
+now at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the atoms that are more electropositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that are more electropositive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms that are more electropositive
+would want to have positive formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to have positive formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to have positive formal
+charges in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in general
+right so the same rule applies the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the same rule applies the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the same rule applies the other
+way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay
+okay now so that's that's the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's that's the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's that's the last uh
+part of lewis structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of lewis structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of lewis structures
+that i want you to know about and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want you to know about and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want you to know about and and it
+all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of
+ties together you can see resonance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties together you can see resonance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties together you can see resonance this
+is why this is such a great example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this is such a great example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this is such a great example you
+can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about
+resonance and could you move electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and could you move electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and could you move electrons
+around and get different structures yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and get different structures yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and get different structures yes
+but then those aren't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then those aren't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then those aren't actually
+equivalent because they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because they have very
+different formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formal charges
+okay and then two of them had kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then two of them had kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then two of them had kind of
+similar-ish formal charges but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar-ish formal charges but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar-ish formal charges but one
+is more stable because of of that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more stable because of of that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more stable because of of that okay
+good now why does this matter and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now why does this matter and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now why does this matter and i'm
+going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you
+an example of why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of why this matters
+um i'm talking about delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm talking about delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm talking about delocalization
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+the actual structure of a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure of a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure of a molecule
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+what that says but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says but it
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+this shared equivalent bonds where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shared equivalent bonds where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shared equivalent bonds where the
+electron is shared and the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is shared and the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is shared and the whole system
+is lowered now there is one molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowered now there is one molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowered now there is one molecule
+where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is
+uh very much important and dictates all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much important and dictates all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much important and dictates all
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+him on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on wednesday
+right but back in the day they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but back in the day they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but back in the day they didn't
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+measure some things but it didn't none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some things but it didn't none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some things but it didn't none
+of it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it worked
+and pauling wrote a number of structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pauling wrote a number of structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pauling wrote a number of structural
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+of them is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is free
+from very serious objections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very serious objections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very serious objections
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+at these shapes for benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these shapes for benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these shapes for benzene
+if we don't know the right shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know the right shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know the right shape and
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+then we cannot understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot understand
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+what's happening with benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with benzene
+you have these two structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two structures that
+benzene actually averages over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene actually averages over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene actually averages over
+right these are resonant structures back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are resonant structures back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are resonant structures back
+in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day
+um they called them cacola structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they called them cacola structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they called them cacola structures
+because cacola as you can see was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cacola as you can see was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cacola as you can see was kind
+of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close
+and thought about this as well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about this as well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about this as well these are
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+massive amounts of things that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of things that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of things that we do
+with benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with benzene
+because with benzene and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with benzene and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with benzene and this is just
+you know we don't need to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't need to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't need to look at this
+in detail it's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail it's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail it's just an example
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+variations of benzene that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of benzene that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of benzene that we can make
+because we can take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can take one of those
+hydrogen atoms and put something on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and put something on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and put something on it
+or two places and each time we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two places and each time we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two places and each time we do that
+we get a different material a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a different material a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a different material a different
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that gives us different properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us different properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us different properties and
+different uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses
+okay and and it's but all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and it's but all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and it's but all of this
+even though we draw it still with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we draw it still with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we draw it still with those
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+right it's delocalized well it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's delocalized well it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's delocalized well it might
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+itself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself here
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+sets up the properties of benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up the properties of benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up the properties of benzene
+now okay let's go a little farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's go a little farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's go a little farther
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+right now you can keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can keep on going
+and keep adding benzenes and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep adding benzenes and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep adding benzenes and we're gonna
+get somewhere that i really love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get somewhere that i really love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get somewhere that i really love
+oh this is getting me excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is getting me excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is getting me excited
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+benzene wrong now i can keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene wrong now i can keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene wrong now i can keep going
+and if i kept going i might get sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i kept going i might get sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i kept going i might get sheets
+of benzene that are now called graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene that are now called graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene that are now called graphene
+and if i stack those up i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stack those up i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stack those up i've got
+graphite i've got graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i've got graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i've got graphite
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+large sheets of benzene now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sheets of benzene now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sheets of benzene now
+there are two very well known phases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two very well known phases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two very well known phases of
+pure carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure carbon
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+um does anybody know which one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anybody know which one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does anybody know which one is more
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people think graphite how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think graphite how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think graphite how many
+people think diamonds are forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think diamonds are forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think diamonds are forever
+no i listen i'm very sure i've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i listen i'm very sure i've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i listen i'm very sure i've given you
+guys some advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys some advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys some advice
+especially like you know remember like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like you know remember like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like you know remember like
+you're out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+about combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about combustion
+and you've written that down and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've written that down and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've written that down and you
+talked about how long you have in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how long you have in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how long you have in that
+room because you know about oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because you know about oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because you know about oxygen and
+the limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent
+that it's either you or the candle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either you or the candle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either you or the candle we
+talked about that we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that we also talked about
+how you need your periodic table on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you need your periodic table on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you need your periodic table on that
+date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they might give you an led candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might give you an led candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might give you an led candle
+instead you need to talk about leds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to talk about leds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to talk about leds
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+gained in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained in this class
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+but it could lead to engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could lead to engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could lead to engagement
+it could and now some people when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could and now some people when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could and now some people when they
+get engaged one person buys the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged one person buys the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged one person buys the other
+a ring and sometimes that involves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring and sometimes that involves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring and sometimes that involves this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+my point to you right now is when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point to you right now is when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point to you right now is when you go
+to the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after
+that time that ring is going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that ring is going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that ring is going to turn
+into graphite because graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into graphite because graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into graphite because graphite
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+stable form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form of carbon
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+it's just pure graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pure graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pure graphene
+but repeated in these beautiful rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we come back to when we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we come back to when we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we come back to when we come
+back to hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to hybridization
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+after exam one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exam one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exam one
+you'll see other beautiful properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see other beautiful properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see other beautiful properties of
+structures like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like this
+by the way speaking of seeing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way speaking of seeing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way speaking of seeing you can
+see this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this material
+right what are you throwing at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are you throwing at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are you throwing at this
+material to see it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see it like that
+not light you're not not photons you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not light you're not not photons you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not light you're not not photons you're
+throwing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing electrons
+i just came across this the other day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just came across this the other day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just came across this the other day in
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+world and crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and crazy
+they took electrons and they shined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took electrons and they shined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took electrons and they shined it
+on these little particles of platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these little particles of platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these little particles of platinum
+and iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron
+and they're able to literally see every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're able to literally see every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're able to literally see every
+single atom as they break apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom as they break apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom as they break apart the
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+under the by just throwing electrons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the by just throwing electrons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the by just throwing electrons out
+and say the transmission electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say the transmission electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say the transmission electron
+microscope was designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope was designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope was designed
+to break records using its meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break records using its meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break records using its meaning of
+electron scientists with many types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scientists with many types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scientists with many types of
+viruses etc etc they got down to 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses etc etc they got down to 0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses etc etc they got down to 0.4
+angstrom resolution in that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom resolution in that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom resolution in that work
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+see these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these materials
+has revolutionized what we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has revolutionized what we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has revolutionized what we can do with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+diamonds and graphite makes me when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and graphite makes me when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds and graphite makes me when i
+talk about graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about graphite
+i get excited i get excited now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get excited i get excited now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get excited i get excited now
+i'm working on my arm here so i got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working on my arm here so i got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working on my arm here so i got to
+go up that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that way
+and i got to go this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right hold on hold on let's go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hold on hold on let's go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hold on hold on let's go that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and now wait a second i'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now wait a second i'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now wait a second i'm very
+excited oh wait there's a lot of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited oh wait there's a lot of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited oh wait there's a lot of noise
+i try i gotta work on my arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's such a beautiful material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a beautiful material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a beautiful material
+too excited we'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too excited we'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too excited we'll have more
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't mean to bring us down after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean to bring us down after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't mean to bring us down after
+why this matters and excitement but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters and excitement but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters and excitement but you
+know here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's the thing
+if there's one thing you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one thing you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one thing you know about
+chemistry by now it's that chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by now it's that chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by now it's that chemistry
+lives in the fast lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in the fast lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in the fast lane
+and what i mean is they know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean is they know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean is they know about the
+rules and they also know they're meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and they also know they're meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and they also know they're meant
+to be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be broken
+and you know lewis is and octets are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know lewis is and octets are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know lewis is and octets are no
+exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception
+all right and so there are exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so there are exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so there are exceptions
+to lewis's octet rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lewis's octet rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lewis's octet rule
+and i'll give you a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you a couple of examples
+and it has to do with the concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with the concepts that
+we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+but in particular atoms like boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular atoms like boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular atoms like boron
+right boron trifluoride well that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boron trifluoride well that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boron trifluoride well that one
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you could draw it you know if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw it you know if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw it you know if you wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+you could draw it like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw it like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw it like this and
+now let's see here f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see here f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see here f
+and you could do this f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could do this f right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could do this f right
+but the problem with this is then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with this is then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem with this is then when
+you look at the formal charges you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the formal charges you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the formal charges you've
+got a minus one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a minus one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a minus one there
+and a minus one there and so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus one there and so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus one there and so actually
+what this structure does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this structure does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this structure does
+is boron is like you know what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boron is like you know what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is boron is like you know what i'm
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+i don't need my eight i can be okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need my eight i can be okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't need my eight i can be okay with
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+i'll just as long as you keep sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just as long as you keep sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just as long as you keep sharing
+fluorine atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine atoms
+as long as you keep sharing those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you keep sharing those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you keep sharing those those
+electrons so we can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we can make these
+three covalent bonds all equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three covalent bonds all equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three covalent bonds all equivalent
+i'm okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm okay and so this
+is actually and you can see the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually and you can see the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually and you can see the formal
+charges on all the atoms here are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on all the atoms here are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on all the atoms here are zero
+this is actually the stable structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the stable structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the stable structure
+even though boron does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though boron does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though boron does not
+this does not satisfy the octet rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not satisfy the octet rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not satisfy the octet rule
+chemistry breaking the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry breaking the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry breaking the rules
+so boron is said to be happy boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boron is said to be happy boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boron is said to be happy boron
+can be what is called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be what is called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be what is called in
+this world electron deficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and by the same token you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and by the same token you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and by the same token you can go
+the other way and sulfur likes to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and sulfur likes to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way and sulfur likes to go the
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+because sometimes sulfur you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes sulfur you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes sulfur you know so
+there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have
+sulfur tetrafluoride so i'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur tetrafluoride so i'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur tetrafluoride so i'm using the
+same external atom but sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same external atom but sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same external atom but sulfur
+also prefers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prefers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prefers to
+look like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this okay
+and to have one extra lone pair there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have one extra lone pair there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have one extra lone pair there
+and now we can go like this and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can go like this and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can go like this and like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that
+and so what sulfur will do oh boy lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sulfur will do oh boy lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sulfur will do oh boy lots
+of dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots
+and so what sulfur will do is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sulfur will do is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sulfur will do is it will
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at what's called an expanded octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expanded octet and this will become also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded octet and this will become also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded octet and this will become also
+a little bit uh you'll we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh you'll we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh you'll we'll sort of
+understand this also a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this also a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this also a little bit more
+once we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we look at
+shapes shapes are going to play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes shapes are going to play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes shapes are going to play an
+important role in in molecular stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in in molecular stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in in molecular stability
+right um but for now i just wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but for now i just wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but for now i just wanted you
+to know that there are exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that there are exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that there are exceptions
+to the rules and in particular as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rules and in particular as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rules and in particular as you go
+beyond the first couple of rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the first couple of rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the first couple of rows
+right so you go down in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go down in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go down in the periodic
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+you do find atoms more willing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do find atoms more willing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do find atoms more willing like
+sulfur to have an expanded octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur to have an expanded octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur to have an expanded octet
+in order to reach the the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reach the the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reach the the lowest energy
+state now in the last two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now in the last two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state now in the last two minutes
+i come back to this so that's just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come back to this so that's just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i come back to this so that's just to
+bring it all back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it all back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it all back home
+around lewis and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around lewis and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around lewis and around
+electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity
+and around all these covalent bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around all these covalent bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around all these covalent bonding
+concepts and what i want to leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and what i want to leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and what i want to leave you
+with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is
+is is what was kind of the point part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what was kind of the point part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what was kind of the point part of
+the point of your goodie bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of your goodie bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of your goodie bag
+you know which is i wanted you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is i wanted you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is i wanted you to get
+your hands on these materials so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands on these materials so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands on these materials so you
+could touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could touch and
+feel you know the differences and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you know the differences and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you know the differences and see
+that that actually it's the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually it's the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually it's the properties
+at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+that are also very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also very important for
+determining what a material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what a material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what a material is
+so you can make rules you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make rules you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make rules you know like
+you know like electronegativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like electronegativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like electronegativity
+difference less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference less than
+1.6 is gonna be polar covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 is gonna be polar covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 is gonna be polar covalent
+or nonpolar covalent or greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nonpolar covalent or greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nonpolar covalent or greater than two
+it's probably ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably ionic
+but at the end of the day you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day you got to
+come back to properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to properties
+right and um you know in ionic solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um you know in ionic solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um you know in ionic solids
+in ionic solid i'll put up a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ionic solid i'll put up a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ionic solid i'll put up a slide
+showing this but ionic solids are hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this but ionic solids are hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this but ionic solids are hard
+brittle and solid at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle and solid at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle and solid at room temperature
+covalent solids can be gases liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent solids can be gases liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent solids can be gases liquids
+or solids covalent solids have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or solids covalent solids have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or solids covalent solids have a low
+melting point ionic solids are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point ionic solids are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point ionic solids are typically
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+right covalent solids are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right covalent solids are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right covalent solids are poor
+conductors ionic ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors ionic ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors ionic ones
+are usually insulators as a solid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually insulators as a solid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually insulators as a solid this
+is what you need to also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you need to also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you need to also do
+you can't just go by one metric you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just go by one metric you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just go by one metric you got
+to look at the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the properties
+it's what mendeleev did and it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what mendeleev did and it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what mendeleev did and it's what
+chemists have always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists have always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists have always done
+to make progress okay so on that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make progress okay so on that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make progress okay so on that note
+have a great weekend and see you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great weekend and see you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a great weekend and see you at the
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aktu4aRQ5X4.txt b/aktu4aRQ5X4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40934a9bf9320d55592a7ee2caeba3c40e930188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aktu4aRQ5X4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+Until now, we have seen data
+that are structured, numerical,
+
+or categorical.
+
+On the other hand, tweets
+are loosely structured.
+
+They are often textual.
+
+They have poor
+spelling, often contain
+
+non-traditional grammar,
+and they are multilingual.
+
+In this example here,
+we see two examples
+
+of this aspect of tweets.
+
+We have also discussed why
+people care about textual data.
+
+A key question, however, is
+how to handle this information,
+
+including in the tweets.
+
+Humans cannot, of course, keep
+up with internet-scale volumes
+
+of data as there are about
+half a billion tweets per day.
+
+Even at the small
+scale, the cost and time
+
+required to process this
+is of course prohibitive.
+
+How can computers help?
+
+The field that addresses how
+computers understand text
+
+is called Natural
+Language Processing.
+
+The goal is to understand
+and derive meaning
+
+from human language.
+
+In 1950, Alan Turing, a major
+computer scientist of the era,
+
+proposed a test of
+machine intelligence.
+
+That the computer program
+passes it if it can take part
+
+in a real-time conversation and
+cannot be distinguished from
+
+a human.
+
+Let's discuss briefly the
+history of Natural Language
+
+Processing.
+
+There has been some
+progress-- for example,
+
+the "chatterbot" ELIZA.
+
+The initial focus has been
+on understanding grammar.
+
+Later, the focus shifted towards
+statistical, machine learning
+
+techniques that learn
+from large bodies of text.
+
+Today, there are modern versions
+of these Natural Language
+
+Processing.
+
+Apple is using Siri, and
+Google is using Google Now.
+
+Why is it hard?
+
+Let us give you an example.
+
+Suppose we say the phrase,
+I put my bag in the car.
+
+Is it large and blue?
+
+The question is, does
+the "it" refer to the bag
+
+or the "it" refers to car?
+
+The context is often important.
+
+Humans use homonyms,
+metaphors, often sarcasm.
+
+In this lecture, we'll see
+how can build analytics models
+
+using text as our data.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b0VOqHiq5zU.txt b/b0VOqHiq5zU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41e015def2e9804e8d5a575f6ca76da0d055f8d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b0VOqHiq5zU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4181 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: What I want to do
+today is to build on the movie
+
+and the discussion
+we had last time.
+
+So I think in the movie, a lot
+of themes appear that are also
+
+in the chapter on health,
+if you've read it.
+
+A lot of the themes are kind
+there, but in sort of some
+
+random way.
+
+And in the discussion we have
+had, we also have elaborated
+
+on the themes, but now what I
+want to do is to try and put
+
+them all together in a coherent
+frame, give you a bit
+
+more of specific examples that
+are in the book specifically.
+
+And we're, of course, going to
+be talking about health in
+
+particular with the angle of how
+people choose which health
+
+care to access, how people
+choose what doctors to see for
+
+what, why people are not doing
+more preventive care in
+
+investments, and things
+like that.
+
+Obviously, we are not doctors,
+so we are not talking about
+
+health from the point of view
+of what could treat people.
+
+We are taking this as given, and
+then wonder how do we get
+
+this stuff that can
+treat people out
+
+there in the landscape.
+
+So we start with these things.
+
+They are some technologies that
+are known, that have been
+
+demonstrated in [INAUDIBLE]
+
+trials to be effective
+and cheap ways to
+
+promote good health.
+
+Some examples of that include
+bed nets to prevent malaria,
+
+would include immunization,
+which costs a maximum of maybe
+
+$15 to $20 per child, and it's
+one of the cheapest ways to
+
+prevent child death.
+
+Breast feeding, which of
+course is free and is
+
+recommended by WHO to be done
+from one hour after birth
+
+until six months, at least in
+places where the water is not
+
+very clean.
+
+Oral rehydration solution, which
+is basically a mix of
+
+sugar and salt that you put in
+water when they kid comes with
+
+acute diarrhea.
+
+That's not going to cure
+whatever caused the diarrhea,
+
+but it's going to prevent
+dehydration, which is the main
+
+reason why people
+die of diarrhea.
+
+And bleach, chlorine, that
+you put in your water.
+
+These are just a few examples
+of things that have been
+
+demonstrated to be effective,
+and cost-effective, and cheap,
+
+and accessible.
+
+And one of the major puzzle and
+frustration that we see in
+
+world health is that these
+investments just don't really
+
+reach people, are not really
+undertaken by people.
+
+And so the question is, why?
+
+It's certainly not because
+they are not useful.
+
+They save lives.
+
+So you could argue what's
+the value of a life?
+
+Maybe it's not so
+much worth it.
+
+But the value of a life would
+have been very, very low for
+
+these things not
+to be worth it.
+
+But even if you leave that
+behind, conditional on
+
+surviving, you're going to do
+much better if you have not
+
+been very sick all through
+your childhood.
+
+We've seen that for deworming.
+
+We've seen that if kids were
+dewormed when they were
+
+children, they were not sick
+with worms, they are making
+
+23% more every year, which
+sounds to be like a
+
+fantastically good
+rate of return.
+
+We're talking about the maybe
+$1,400 in current dollars over
+
+a child's lifetime for an
+investment of less than $1.
+
+And the same argument that
+malaria also makes country's
+
+poor and people poor has been
+made for malaria by Jeff
+
+Sachs, and Gallup who was also a
+researcher at Harvard at the
+
+time when Sachs was there at
+the time, found that if you
+
+control for other factors,
+malarial countries, the
+
+countries where malaria is
+prevalent, have a GDP that is
+
+30% lower than non-malarial
+countries.
+
+And what are the
+other factors?
+
+They are geography, latitude,
+the climate, things like that.
+
+You can actually see it on a
+map from Gallup and Sachs
+
+where it shows where malaria is
+prevalent, at least where
+
+it was in 1965.
+
+And you can see that there is a
+fair amount of bad luck that
+
+is involved with malaria.
+
+If you're in between the topics,
+you're just much more
+
+likely to be infected with
+malaria simply because this is
+
+environment where the mosquitoes
+that carry the
+
+malaria thrive.
+
+So there used to be a lot of
+malaria in Latin America.
+
+There used to be malaria in the
+American South once upon a
+
+time, which is somewhat
+above the tropic.
+
+But otherwise, most of the
+malaria is in Africa, Latin
+
+America, India, and
+Southeast Asia.
+
+Keep this figure in
+mind, that this is
+
+where malaria is important.
+
+And now if we look
+at GDP in 1994--
+
+oh no, that's malaria
+in 1994-- it got
+
+better in Latin America.
+
+It didn't get much
+better in Africa.
+
+It got worse in India.
+
+And this is GDP per
+capita in 1995.
+
+And you can see that you have
+a striking reversal of the
+
+colors, which is the countries
+that are very dark in the
+
+malaria picture are now
+very light in the
+
+GDP per capita picture.
+
+So the results that he found in
+the regression, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+statistical bells and whistles,
+is just translation
+
+of that picture that basically
+the dark countries in the
+
+malaria picture are the light
+countries in the GDP picture.
+
+So that is no doubt
+about this fact.
+
+So on the [INAUDIBLE], this
+article was very influential.
+
+It was published in 2001.
+
+Was very influential to bring
+a push for the fight against
+
+malaria as an economic type of
+intervention that has a decent
+
+rate of return.
+
+Naturally you should do not for
+compassion value, but for
+
+economic purpose, fight malaria,
+use bed nets and
+
+things like that.
+
+Now some people obviously
+objected to that, saying,
+
+well, that's not necessarily
+a proof that malaria
+
+causes the low GDP.
+
+And what else could
+be going on?
+
+What else did they argue
+was going on?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it possible that
+is poor so it isn't able to
+
+fight malaria?
+
+So it has malaria because it has
+[INAUDIBLE] below GDP, not
+
+the other way around?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+It cold be that it takes some
+money to fight malaria.
+
+In fact, that's exactly what
+Sachs is arguing, that it
+
+takes some money to fight
+malaria, so we need to help
+
+the poor country.
+
+And in fact, when you look at
+the countries that got malaria
+
+in 1965 and don't get it in
+'94, or if you look at the
+
+country that had little of
+malaria in '65 and have a lot
+
+in '94, this is some kind
+of tracking pattern.
+
+Basically, it mostly
+disappeared--
+
+not entirely, but mostly
+disappeared--
+
+in Latin America between 1965
+and 1994, and nothing happened
+
+in most of Africa.
+
+In India, it actually increased
+between 1965 and
+
+1994, but the same increase
+didn't happen in Sri Lanka,
+
+which is the little dot
+that is next to
+
+India on the map here.
+
+So why is it the case that given
+the similar geographic
+
+circumstances, in a sense, Latin
+America managed to get
+
+rid of malaria, but
+not Africa?
+
+Why is it the case that malaria
+increased in India in
+
+the same time it reduced
+in Sri Lanka?
+
+That's not entirely explained
+by geography.
+
+In fact, for the most part, it's
+not explain by geography.
+
+It is explained by the fact that
+in Latin America, there
+
+have been very sustained, large
+effort to fight malaria
+
+that we are going to talk
+about in a moment.
+
+They just basically
+sprayed extremely
+
+aggressively with DDT.
+
+They drained the swamps.
+
+They did all sorts of things
+like that which managed to
+
+control malaria, and they
+managed to do it.
+
+And the same thing happened
+in Sri Lanka.
+
+So if you compare Sri Lanka, for
+example, and Tamil Nadu,
+
+which is the part of India that
+just faces Sri Lanka, for
+
+the most part has the
+same people--
+
+at least part of Sri Lanka is
+Tamil, even though they are
+
+not very pleased to be there--
+
+in Sri Lanka you had very
+aggressive control of malaria
+
+and pretty much the
+disappearance of malaria.
+
+In the meantime, in Tamil Nadu,
+right next door with a
+
+similar climate, your
+get if anything
+
+an increase of malaria.
+
+And so this is not due to
+geography or anything.
+
+This is due to politics, and
+your ability to organize your
+
+people, and to organize
+your country, and to
+
+get something done.
+
+And so it is likely to be the
+case that if you're able to
+
+get something done to control
+malaria, you're just able to
+
+get something done in general.
+
+And if you're not able to get
+something done with malaria,
+
+you're not able to get something
+done in general.
+
+So maybe the same countries--
+and this is not only true for
+
+Sri Lanka--
+
+that at the same time they
+managed to control malaria,
+
+they were also extremely
+effective in getting out
+
+preventive care for their
+people, immunizations for
+
+their people, preschools,
+and things like that.
+
+So Sri Lanka has a lot of
+political problems, but from
+
+the point of view of a country
+that delivers social services
+
+to their country, it's actually
+quite effective.
+
+So it's certainly the same
+countries that have managed to
+
+control malaria have managed to
+do other good things, and
+
+maybe this is why they have
+[INAUDIBLE] in 1995.
+
+So on its own, this correlation
+is certainly not
+
+sufficient to tell us that
+there is a cause.
+
+So before moving further, I want
+to be able to answer this
+
+question, which is we know that
+the malarial countries
+
+are 30% poorer than the
+non-malarial countries.
+
+To what extent can we say it is
+due to malaria, and to what
+
+extent is this the reverse
+causality that the countries
+
+that were good at controlling
+malaria also managed to do
+
+other good things?
+
+And we can answer this question
+precisely by looking
+
+at those episodes where my
+malaria was eradicated,
+
+because malaria was eradicated
+by very clear, specific action
+
+that was taken at some point
+in those countries.
+
+And there are a series of
+papers, one on the Americas,
+
+which is the one we are going
+to study now, one on what is
+
+called malarial peripheries--
+
+so that's Paraguay, Sri Lanka,
+and one in India--
+
+that looks at those eradication
+campaigns and
+
+tries to look at what is the
+impact for a child of having
+
+been born in a place that used
+to be malarial after the
+
+eradication campaign
+rather than before.
+
+So let's look at a very nice
+study that is the study about
+
+Latin America.
+
+It's a study by a researcher
+in Chicago called Hoyt
+
+Bleakley, and what he looks
+at is DDT spraying.
+
+This is also interesting because
+actually the question
+
+of DDT spraying is a pretty
+controversial one today,
+
+because it's now pretty much
+forbidden anywhere to spray
+
+anything with DDT, because it's
+not very good for you to
+
+eat food that has been
+sprayed with DDT.
+
+On the other hand, maybe it's
+also not very good for you to
+
+get malaria.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: So there is a little
+bit of a conflict
+
+between those two objectives
+with a lot of people are
+
+saying we should go back
+to DDT and a lot of
+
+people saying no.
+
+For example, there is a huge
+political fight in Uganda
+
+between the organic farmers and
+the rest of the country,
+
+essentially.
+
+The organic farmers don't want
+any DDT anywhere near their
+
+crop, obviously, because in
+that case the European
+
+community would put a stop
+on their export to
+
+other European Union.
+
+And so any effort of eradicating
+malaria with
+
+spraying of DDT has been
+stopped in Uganda.
+
+But at the time, they were not
+so worried about that, so
+
+there was a big eradication
+campaign in Latin America that
+
+started around 1955 partly with
+international funding.
+
+And so they sprayed everywhere,
+and they made sure
+
+to try and get rid of
+malaria everywhere.
+
+They even sprayed under people's
+roofs, like in the
+
+eaves of a house,
+the mosquito's
+
+nest under the roof.
+
+So they went there and put the
+DDT there, which is probably
+
+not excellent for people's
+health directly, but very bad
+
+for the mosquitoes for sure.
+
+What the Bleakley study does is
+to exploit the fact that if
+
+you started in a region where
+there was not so malaria to
+
+start with, then the decline
+in malaria was lower.
+
+So here is one example
+for Columbia.
+
+This is cases of malaria
+in Colombia by year.
+
+You can see that in 1950, you
+had a lot of malaria cases
+
+every year.
+
+The campaign started
+roughly in 1955.
+
+Intensive spraying started in
+1958, and you start getting a
+
+huge drop in the cases of
+malaria country-wide.
+
+So it's pretty effective.
+
+Basically you go from 600 cases,
+I think it's a month,
+
+to about nothing, to close to
+nothing, and that happened in
+
+a very short period of time.
+
+You could look at people born on
+those times, but of course,
+
+other things happen over time,
+so we don't really
+
+want to do that only.
+
+But what you can do then is to
+say, well, now let's look at
+
+regions that got more malaria
+before the campaign, and this
+
+is the reduction in the
+number of malaria
+
+cases in those regions.
+
+And of course, the more malaria
+you got, the bigger
+
+the reduction, because
+the reduction was
+
+pretty much to zero.
+
+So if you started with 100, you
+get about 100% reduction,
+
+like in this place, Choco.
+
+If you started with no malaria
+at all, t then you get no
+
+reduction because there
+was nowhere to go.
+
+It's a little bit
+like the anemia
+
+paper that we saw before.
+
+If you started anemic, then
+getting the pill makes you
+
+non-anemic, but if you're
+non-anemic, you don't benefit.
+
+Same thing here.
+
+This graph is by region,
+so these are
+
+all different regions--
+
+Choco, Cauca, Narino,
+Santander--
+
+these are all regions.
+
+And you can see that the regions
+that had a lot of
+
+malaria before the eradication
+got the biggest reduction
+
+between the post-campaign
+to the pre-campaign.
+
+So this is the reduction in
+cases, and this is where you
+
+started from.
+
+So now what it's going to look
+at is it the case-- take a
+
+child who was born and who was
+still a child before the
+
+eradication campaign started,
+and take a child who was born
+
+after the eradication
+campaign.
+
+So take a child who was, let's
+say, 10 by 1960 and a child
+
+who was born in 1962.
+
+And the child who is 10 by 1960
+doesn't benefit from the
+
+campaign whatsoever, but the
+child who was born in 1962, by
+
+the time he's born, malaria
+is history.
+
+So the young child relative to
+the old child would benefit
+
+more in a region where malaria
+was a big problem than in a
+
+region when it was
+a small problem.
+
+So what he is going to do next
+is to put on the y-axis here
+
+not the reduction in malaria
+cases, but how much these
+
+people make as adult, how much
+a child born after the
+
+campaign makes relative
+to a child
+
+born before the campaign.
+
+What is this difference in
+income between this, and is
+
+the difference in income
+related to the
+
+malaria at the beginning.
+
+This is called a difference in
+difference, because you're
+
+looking at whether the
+difference in earning between
+
+a young and an old cohort is
+different in places that start
+
+from a higher level.
+
+What you are assuming when
+you're doing that is that
+
+there are no other factors that
+are changing exactly at
+
+the same time in the same way,
+and we're going to see what we
+
+can say about that.
+
+Here is this graph that I was
+talking about for Brazil now.
+
+This is the pre-campaign
+malaria intensity.
+
+Don't worry about the axis.
+
+It's sort of standardized at
+zero, so for zero being the
+
+median case.
+
+And this is the income change of
+those born in 1960, that is
+
+those who were born after the
+campaign, minus those who were
+
+born in 1953.
+
+It is their income later.
+
+We measure the income much
+later, in 1980, for example.
+
+So in 1980, we measure the
+income of those born in 1960
+
+minus the income of
+those in 1953.
+
+This is all in log, so it's log
+income in 1960 minus log
+
+income in 1953.
+
+And what we see is exactly
+what we would expect if
+
+malaria does make you poor,
+which is the people who were
+
+born in places like Mato Grosso
+here where malaria had
+
+been a huge deal beforehand, the
+young people experience a
+
+bigger increase in earnings
+relative to the old people
+
+than people, say, in Bahia where
+malaria was not a big
+
+deal to start with.
+
+Do you understand this graph?
+
+So I'm arguing that nothing
+else changed between this
+
+cohort in a way that's related
+with malaria intensity, and
+
+what could you argue
+back to me?
+
+What is the worry with
+that assumption?
+
+AUDIENCE: There might be a lot
+of other factors that have
+
+changed over time.
+
+I mean, if you're born in the
+'60s, then [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes. so the worry
+is something else
+
+might happen over time.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to say,
+sort of similarly that there's
+
+probably a third, external
+factor that's both raising
+
+income and decreasing malaria
+at the same time.
+
+Since they have the same
+effects, it's not necessarily
+
+that they're affecting
+one another.
+
+There's a third thing that's
+affecting both of them.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it could be something
+affecting both of them, so
+
+Brazil is just becoming
+generally richer over time.
+
+But this should be something
+that is affecting
+
+disproportionally Mato Grosso
+than Bahia, right?
+
+Because here, I'm not only
+telling you that income
+
+increases between these
+two cohorts.
+
+I'm also telling you that
+increases faster in the region
+
+that had more malaria
+to start with.
+
+But you could ask me, for
+example, is it the case that
+
+this place was poorer in the
+beginning, so they had more
+
+places to go?
+
+As Brazil was becoming richer,
+the poorer regions were
+
+catching up with the older
+regions, and this is what I
+
+see here, just to catch up.
+
+So that could be.
+
+It's kind of one twist to the
+point that both of you made,
+
+which is as Brazil was growing,
+maybe it is possible
+
+that this region would have
+been growing more anyway.
+
+Now of course, I'm looking at
+the income in 1980s, but these
+
+are different cohorts, so maybe
+the same places that had
+
+a lot of malaria had
+people who were
+
+not very well educated.
+
+And at the same times that I
+took care of malaria, I also
+
+built a lot of schools for them,
+and I'm seeing these
+
+guys are income increased
+relative to the older ones.
+
+It's just because I also
+built a lot of
+
+schools in Mato Grosso.
+
+So that would be your third
+factor that would be
+
+differentially important
+in the region.
+
+So that is obviously
+a real concern.
+
+By looking at changes in income
+over the importance of
+
+malaria at the beginning, we've
+gone one step towards
+
+some credibility.
+
+We're still very far from our
+randomized trial, which would
+
+involve randomly treating some
+people for malaria, waiting 20
+
+years, and seeing how much more
+money they make like they
+
+did with the deworming.
+
+Such that it doesn't exist, so
+we need to try to do the best
+
+with what we have.
+
+One way to verify this is that
+we actually know exactly when
+
+people start getting treated
+for malaria, because the
+
+campaign, if you go back to this
+graph, was quite sudden.
+
+In fact, we know the date at
+which they started spraying,
+
+and so we should have a pretty
+clear idea of which cohort get
+
+exposed and which cohort
+are not exposed.
+
+So instead of doing this kind
+of graph for a broad cohort
+
+and looking at the slope here, I
+could say, well, let me do a
+
+test, for example, if I did the
+same graph for those born
+
+in 1953 versus those
+born in 1950.
+
+If this graph was due to the
+decline of malaria, what would
+
+I expect if I, instead of doing
+these differences, I did
+
+1953 minus 1950?
+
+What should I expect for my line
+if the only reason why I
+
+have an increasing line
+here is due to the
+
+reduction in malaria?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I should expect a flat
+line, exactly.
+
+Because the 1953 kids I
+exposed to malaria.
+
+So are the 1950.
+
+So the differences between their
+income should not be
+
+related to how much
+malaria there is
+
+because no one benefited.
+
+Now if instead I'm taking kids
+who were born in 1950, so in
+
+1970, and I'm comparing them
+to the wages of kid born in
+
+1965, what should I expect
+for this line?
+
+Now I'm looking at very
+young kids, kids born
+
+in 1970 versus 1965.
+
+So we can go back to
+this graph here.
+
+What's the pattern in malaria
+cases after the 1970?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, there is no
+further decline because there
+
+is no malaria left.
+
+AUDIENCE: It should be
+flat as well, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+It should be flat as well, not
+because everybody has malaria,
+
+but because no one
+has malaria.
+
+So with malaria, we have a
+pretty specific pattern as to
+
+when I should start
+seeing an effect.
+
+If I'm thinking that the big
+problem of malaria is when you
+
+are very small kids, then
+I should start seeing a
+
+difference between the children
+who were born just
+
+before and just after
+the campaign.
+
+During that time of the campaign
+scale up, I should
+
+this effect being the larger and
+larger, but for the young
+
+cohort, it should flatten out if
+I compare very young cohort
+
+to somewhat younger cohort but
+all of them got exposed.
+
+And for the old cohort, it
+should again flatten out,
+
+because the old cohort has
+not yet been exposed.
+
+So I can now say something
+more specific than why
+
+generally the very youngest
+versus the young are the
+
+difference increase in
+pre-malaria intensity, which
+
+could well be correlated
+with other things
+
+happening at the same time.
+
+He's doing that, so let me
+guide you to this graph.
+
+What is this graph?
+
+It has the shape that I talked
+to you about, right?
+
+It has the shape of being flat,
+and then increasing, and
+
+then being flat again.
+
+So what is this graph?
+
+Each of these points is the
+slope of a regression of this
+
+kind, except that instead of
+being 1960 versus 1953, it is
+
+one year versus the other.
+
+For example, this is everyone
+relative to the oldest cohort.
+
+Each dot indicates the strength
+of the relationship
+
+between pre-malaria index
+and the index for
+
+these particular cohorts.
+
+So for example, 1900 versus
+1910, 1911, 1912, et cetera.
+
+I'm taking the difference
+between the income of the
+
+cohort born, say, 1910 minus
+1900, and I'm plotting this
+
+graph that is here
+as a function of
+
+the pre-malaria intensity.
+
+So each of these points here is
+a slope of a graph that is
+
+this graph with instead of 1960
+minus 1953 is, say, 1901
+
+versus 1900, 1902 versus 1900,
+1903 versus 1900, et cetera.
+
+And this is plotted as a
+function of the 1901, 1902,
+
+1903, et cetera, the
+cohort of both.
+
+So all of these cohorts were
+cohorts that were not exposed,
+
+and we basically we see
+not much of a line.
+
+This line is superimposed, but
+if you see this cloud of dots,
+
+the cloud of dots is
+not increasing.
+
+So the difference is not
+related to the malaria
+
+intensity in those places.
+
+Those places are generally poor,
+but it's not correlated
+
+with the malaria intensity.
+
+For the younger cohort, we see
+the slope keeps increasing.
+
+The slope keeps increasing,
+keep increasing, keeps
+
+increasing until there is
+basically no difference
+
+between a region that initially
+had a lot of malaria
+
+and a region that didn't have a
+lot of malaria, and then it
+
+flattens again.
+
+So these are the patterns that
+we were expecting to see where
+
+between the old cohort and the
+slightly less old cohort we
+
+see no difference until they
+get exposed to the malaria,
+
+and then it increases, and
+then it flattens again.
+
+So you could do still have the
+type of factors that you get
+
+we were talking about, that
+maybe they were building
+
+schools exactly at the
+same time, et cetera.
+
+But it would have to be relative
+tricky to follow
+
+exactly that pattern where this
+is the pattern of the
+
+malaria campaign going and going
+and going, and we have
+
+the points pretty much following
+the expansion of the
+
+malaria campaign.
+
+This is not complete.
+
+You still have to believe
+that this is the
+
+only thing that happens.
+
+But it gives you a pretty good
+sense that it must have been
+
+the only thing that really
+happened for this, because
+
+otherwise why would
+it have this
+
+bizarre-looking snake shape?
+
+Are you all OK with
+this graph?
+
+And do find it reasonably
+convincing?
+
+Yes, no?
+
+No vote.
+
+I find it reasonably convincing,
+and I'm in the
+
+business of doing [INAUDIBLE],
+so I'm very skeptical of
+
+anything that might be a
+substitute to what I do.
+
+But it's hard to imagine another
+factor that would
+
+follow so nicely the pattern
+of the campaign.
+
+What he does, then, is to run a
+regression which is based on
+
+this idea, and he concludes
+that a child exposed to
+
+malaria in childhood would
+have an income that's 50%
+
+lower than a child who had not
+been exposed in childhood over
+
+their lifetime.
+
+So it's even better than
+deworming, which is not
+
+surprising because
+malaria makes you
+
+sicker than the worms.
+
+But this is a very large effect,
+so it's high, but it's
+
+not absurdly high.
+
+If you consider that deworming
+is 23%, we are still in kind
+
+of the ballpark of where
+it makes sense.
+
+So it suggests that childhood
+malaria actually makes you
+
+weak for the rest of your
+life, and again we could
+
+calculate what it means
+for the lifetime of
+
+someone, of an income.
+
+So if an increase of 23% of
+income with deworming make you
+
+about, I think we had found,
+$1,100 richer or $1,300
+
+richer, this is about twice
+that over your lifetime.
+
+So if these effects are the same
+in Kenya, it would mean
+
+that avoiding malaria in
+childhood would make you
+
+$2,600 richer for
+your lifetime.
+
+Which brings the question that
+Zachary has asked at the end
+
+of the deworming lecture, which
+is if that's so great,
+
+why aren't people
+are doing it?
+
+So the question here becomes why
+aren't countries doing it,
+
+and why are people
+not doing it?
+
+So why aren't countries all
+doing things like Latin
+
+America did of intensive
+campaign to try and get rid of
+
+the affliction, so public
+health kind of measure?
+
+And if they're not going to do
+it because they all have
+
+difference or because there
+is political, economic
+
+consideration that prevents
+DDT from being used or
+
+anything like that, then why
+aren't people at least buying
+
+a bed net which costs $7 or
+maybe $10 for a family?
+
+It would mean the child would
+have a pretty good chance of
+
+being substantially richer
+over the lifetime.
+
+So that's kind of the mystery.
+
+One thing just to close the loop
+on Sachs is now that you
+
+have this estimate, you can
+calculate what is malaria
+
+prevalence, in the countries
+that have a lot of malaria,
+
+how much more these people would
+make if they didn't have
+
+malaria and obtain a number that
+is comparable to the 30%
+
+differences that is in the
+Sachs and Gallup article.
+
+And what you find is a number
+that is much, much smaller.
+
+So you find that Sachs and
+Gallup completely overestimate
+
+the impact of malaria on GDP
+even though the impact on
+
+income is still positive and
+still quite serious.
+
+So you do find it's not 30%.
+
+I don't want to give you the
+number and then it happens not
+
+to be the right one,
+but the order of
+
+magnitude is maybe a fourth.
+
+But it's still pretty
+significant and important.
+
+So that gives us this idea of
+why aren't countries spraying
+
+and why aren't people
+buying bed nets?
+
+This question we could ask over
+and over and over again.
+
+I haven't seen a cross benefit
+analysis of not getting
+
+diarrhea all the time when
+you're a child, but presumably
+
+that's something probably
+similar to the deworming
+
+effect because worms are little
+bit equivalent of
+
+diarrhea in terms of getting
+rid of your nutrition.
+
+So why aren't people putting
+bleach in their water?
+
+Why aren't people buying
+[INAUDIBLE] when they're sick,
+
+and things like that.
+
+So this is the mystery
+we have to ask.
+
+What we have already seen in the
+previous lecture, and also
+
+a little bit with nutrition,
+us that preventive care is
+
+characterized by two things.
+
+One is it is very low demand,
+and the second is it is a high
+
+sensitivity to prices.
+
+Let me show a graph.
+
+This is the highest sensitivity
+to positive
+
+prices, and I'm going to show
+you in a moment the high
+
+sensitivity to negative prices,
+which are incentives.
+
+You've already seen some
+of these numbers.
+
+You've already seen the red
+dots, which are coming from
+
+the Dupas experiment in Kenya,
+so this is this one.
+
+This is the graph for bed nets,
+so when bed nets are
+
+free, you pretty much get them,
+but when you need to pay
+
+for them, a little bit of money
+like $0.60, you're less
+
+likely to get and use
+them, et cetera.
+
+What is interesting is that we
+find the same kind of slope,
+
+even steeper, for other goods
+that are completely different.
+
+So you find the same kind of
+slope for clothing in Zambia
+
+where if you ask people to pay
+a little bit for clothing,
+
+they're much less likely
+to get to it.
+
+So when they start to have to
+pay $0.10, $0.20, $0.30, the
+
+take up reduces a lot.
+
+You're finding the same thing
+for deworming in Kenya.
+
+We actually briefly evoked
+this when we were talking
+
+about deworming when we saw
+that people in the school
+
+where they did the experiment,
+at some point the NGO who was
+
+in this sustainability kind of
+mood, I guess, decided it
+
+makes sense to ask
+people to pay a
+
+little bit do for deworming.
+
+So they asked people to pay a
+little bit, and basically what
+
+happened is that the take up
+went essentially to zero.
+
+Let me try and get
+the right point.
+
+I think this is this one.
+
+The take up went essentially to
+zero when people had to pay
+
+just a little bit
+for deworming.
+
+So you're looking at bed nets.
+
+You're looking at clothing.
+
+You're looking at deworming.
+
+They're all very different
+products presumably with very
+
+different life time benefit, and
+they pretty much all seem
+
+to be on the same slope, which
+is as soon as people have to
+
+pay just a little bit, they
+don't do it anymore.
+
+So that's on the
+negative price.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are some lines steeper
+because people don't
+
+see the value as much in paying
+for the other things
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So what is
+interesting is that except for
+
+this one, all of the lines
+are pretty steep.
+
+So the question that we have
+to ask here is why is that?
+
+And one possible reason would
+clearly be that people don't
+
+see the value.
+
+I'm going to get to
+that in a moment.
+
+Before we go to that, let's
+see the elasticity with
+
+respect to negative price, which
+are small incentives.
+
+So one thing that you already
+noticed is that the rate of
+
+immunization is very, very
+low in some places.
+
+It's higher in some others.
+
+This is [INAUDIBLE], the places
+
+where you saw the movie.
+
+After the movie was finished,
+one thing we noticed is that a
+
+big problem seems to be that
+kids are not immunized.
+
+The immunization rate
+was very, very, very
+
+low, less than 5%.
+
+So we decided the
+try two things.
+
+The first thing was that the
+NGOs [INAUDIBLE] would work
+
+with the government to do a
+monthly camp for immunization.
+
+So every month, they would take
+the vaccines from the
+
+government, go to the village,
+and immunize whoever wanted to
+
+come to be immunized.
+
+And on top of this,
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+also instituted a small
+incentive to get immunized, so
+
+that's a kilo of lentil.
+
+Lentil is a [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's something people eat as a
+source of protein, and a kilo
+
+of lentil is about half
+the minimum wage.
+
+So this is a small, small
+gift to go with it.
+
+It's not like a large inducement
+that if it's
+
+something you don't want
+to do it would
+
+convince you to do it.
+
+And these were the results.
+
+There was also a set of control
+villages that I'm not
+
+showing to you.
+
+I'm just showing to you the
+effect of the incentive.
+
+So comparing the camp
+without incentive to
+
+the camp with incentive.
+
+Intervention B are the villages
+where the lentils
+
+were put in place, and you can
+see that pretty much everyone
+
+gets the first shot.
+
+That's BCG.
+
+And the second shot is
+also pretty similar.
+
+From the third, we start seeing
+a difference, and from
+
+the fourth, an even bigger
+difference, and from the
+
+fifth, the biggest difference.
+
+The biggest difference is
+between the more immunization
+
+you need to get, the more the
+small incentive matter.
+
+So it seems that people are
+not adverse to getting
+
+immunized, but they sort of
+lose interest or something
+
+such that the more you get into
+trying to get them to
+
+complete the course, the more
+the incentive is needed.
+
+And this is a reasonably
+large effect.
+
+Overall if you look at the
+effect on immunization, about
+
+12% of kids who are in one
+intervention received all the
+
+immunization they should get, so
+18% versus 38% if they get
+
+the incentive.
+
+We have three things that we
+need to try and square.
+
+One is the benefits are very
+high, two is the demand is
+
+very low, And three is the price
+elasticity is very high,
+
+both from the positive side
+and the negative side.
+
+And the question is, how
+do we put all of
+
+these elements together?
+
+And the reason it is surprising
+is that suppose we
+
+take as given that the benefits
+are indeed very high.
+
+In that case, if people knew
+it, if people don't do
+
+something, it must mean that
+they think that the cost is
+
+also very high.
+
+Why would they think the
+cost is very high?
+
+Maybe they think it's not
+culturally appropriate.
+
+Maybe they hate to get
+their kids immunized.
+
+Maybe sleeping under the bad
+nets is extremely unpleasant,
+
+or maybe they need the
+money so much.
+
+So if people are very sensitive
+to the benefits, are
+
+very aware of the benefits,
+the only reason why they
+
+wouldn't do it is because they
+think the costs are huge.
+
+For example, another fact that
+we see both in rich and poor
+
+countries, people are not very
+likely to get a test for HIV
+
+even and maybe particularly if
+they have put themselves at
+
+risk of HIV.
+
+And one of the reasons that
+people say is that people
+
+realize that it would be good to
+know your status, but they
+
+are worried.
+
+There is a fear of what will
+you do if you find out that
+
+you're positive.
+
+Or there is also the social
+factor of people knowing that
+
+if you go to get tested, it
+means you've done something
+
+not right, otherwise why would
+you have HIV if you are only
+
+faithful to your husband
+who is faithful to you?
+
+So this is an example where
+the benefits are high and
+
+maybe the costs are also high.
+
+But what is surprising is that
+if people don't do these
+
+things because the costs are
+high, then I should not able
+
+to bribe them to do these things
+with a small incentive
+
+like the kilo of lentil.
+
+If people know the benefits of
+immunization but don't do it
+
+because they think that the evil
+eye is going to be on the
+
+kid, then a kilo of lentils
+shouldn't convince them that,
+
+no, the evil eye is going
+to be good after all.
+
+It's something that just doesn't
+square together.
+
+Or if people were so much aware
+of the benefit, they
+
+shouldn't take a bed net when
+it's free but refuse to spend
+
+a few cents for it.
+
+So we can't have these three
+things be true at the same
+
+time, that people realize that
+the benefits are very high,
+
+the demand is very low,
+and the price
+
+elasticity is very high.
+
+So it has to be that the
+benefits viewed from the
+
+people is actually not as high
+as we think they are.
+
+And there could be three
+reasons for that.
+
+One is that maybe people don't
+care about their health or
+
+don't care about the health of
+their children, and that we
+
+already sort of ruled out
+because we've seen in the
+
+movie that people are extremely
+concerned about
+
+their health.
+
+They spend a lot
+of money on it.
+
+For example, they spend
+7% of their
+
+monthly budget on health.
+
+That's a lot, and that is
+something that we've seen in
+
+the first lecture.
+
+People do spend up to 5% to 7%
+of their budget on health, the
+
+very poor, except in countries
+like Mexico where there's a
+
+good public health system.
+
+So it is not that people don't
+care about health.
+
+We have seen the example
+of measles.
+
+They don't vaccinate their kids
+against measles, but if
+
+the kids do get measles, they
+spend a lot of money on the
+
+hospital and on treatment.
+
+So that's not because they
+don't care about health.
+
+Also when you ask them about
+what stresses them out, they
+
+tend to say that health is the
+one thing that stresses them
+
+out the most.
+
+What makes them worried, tense
+and anxious in the last month
+
+is their health, or the health
+of their kids, or the health
+
+of their relatives.
+
+So people do care about their
+health, and they spend money,
+
+but they don't spend it
+on curative care.
+
+They do spend it on directive
+care, not preventive.
+
+And they not only spend it
+on curative care, but
+
+on pretty bad ones.
+
+We've seen these shots
+and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and stuff like that.
+
+So we can remove this.
+
+So now why do people don't
+use preventive care?
+
+It's not because they don't care
+about health, but it's
+
+because there's something about
+preventive care, that
+
+either they don't really believe
+that it works or
+
+there's something else, that the
+perception of the benefits
+
+from today is relatively low.
+
+Are government to
+blame for that?
+
+Another possible interpretation
+is that people
+
+are not getting those services
+because they are
+
+not generally available.
+
+People don't even know
+that they exist.
+
+And we've seen in the movie that
+to a certain extent, we
+
+have reasons to blame
+the governments.
+
+Nurses are often absent, not
+only in India, but everywhere.
+
+There was a World Bank survey
+conducted in several
+
+countries, going to the little
+hospitals where the nurses
+
+are, found 35% of them absent.
+
+And even when they're there,
+they don't really spend a lot
+
+of time on people, they don't
+treat them very well.
+
+There is this interesting 3-3-3
+rule that Jishnu Das and
+
+Jeff Hammer found in India.
+
+That's three minutes, three
+questions, three drugs.
+
+That's what you get when you go
+to see a doctor in a public
+
+health facility.
+
+They interviewed
+three minutes.
+
+They ask three questions.
+
+They usually don't touch you.
+
+They ask you what do you have?
+
+And then they give you
+three medicines
+
+that you go away with.
+
+So that's not excellent care.
+
+And the government doctors
+usually know more than the
+
+private doctors who are
+not really qualified.
+
+They're all much
+more qualified.
+
+If you ask them to rank
+vignettes, so you show them a
+
+scenario of a child comes to the
+clinic with diarrhea, and
+
+you ask the right question to
+evaluate what is this kid
+
+suffering from, what should I
+do, the public doctors do much
+
+better than the private doctors
+on those tests.
+
+For example, when a pregnant
+woman arrives with
+
+preeclampsia, which is a
+potentially fatal condition
+
+that happens during pregnancy,
+they are much more likely to
+
+diagnose at its start and to say
+that the right course of
+
+action is to send them
+to hospital.
+
+So in principle, they know more,
+the public doctors, but
+
+in practice, they
+do much less.
+
+So even though they know what
+they are supposed to do, when
+
+you actually look at what they
+do by putting someone to
+
+observe their behavior, you
+realize that they don't really
+
+use their knowledge.
+
+So that's a part
+of the problem.
+
+The nurses are not here, they
+are desultory, they don't
+
+really care, but it's not
+the entire problem.
+
+Because if you go back to the
+immunization experiment that I
+
+just showed you where the first
+treatment was to have
+
+perfect immunization camps--
+
+every month, in your own
+village, with a paraworker
+
+that used to go to people and
+try to remind them that the
+
+camp is coming, and you should
+bring your kids, and the
+
+nurses who were vaccinating the
+kids were good, caring, et
+
+cetera people--
+
+even when you do all that, only
+18% of people or 12% of
+
+people got immunized.
+
+I think that's actually 18.
+
+It's 6 plus 12.
+
+18% of people got immunized.
+
+So the bad services by the
+government doctor is not the
+
+only thing that there is to
+blame, because even when you
+
+provide good services,
+you still don't get
+
+a lot of them in.
+
+So supply is not the
+only reason.
+
+Governments are not
+only to blame.
+
+What are we left with?
+
+People don't demand preventive
+care not because they don't
+
+care about health.
+
+Not because it's just not
+available, because they don't
+
+demand it even when
+it's available.
+
+So we are left with two
+possible explanations.
+
+One is that they understand the
+benefits, but the benefits
+
+are far away in the future,
+and they discount those
+
+benefits that are far away
+in the future a lot.
+
+And the second is that they
+don't know the effectiveness
+
+of preventive care just because
+it's very difficult to
+
+understand what works,
+and why it works, and
+
+why it doesn't work.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in India we saw
+that part of the reason is
+
+also because they believed
+in religious cures more.
+
+Is that true in other countries
+in the developing
+
+world as well?
+
+Is that predominantly
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I think it's true
+in general that people
+
+construct all sorts of
+interesting beliefs.
+
+What is important is that
+you have those beliefs.
+
+On the other hand, if I give you
+a kilo of lentils, those
+
+beliefs are not strong enough
+for you not to sell them for a
+
+kilo of lentils.
+
+So I think what is really
+important is that it's not
+
+that people think that
+immunization is something bad,
+
+because otherwise it would be
+very hard to convince them
+
+with small things.
+
+It has to be that they just
+don't think much about it one
+
+way or the other.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering
+is there an example of a
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+if people are embarrassed
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+assume something that
+they [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+That is a very interesting
+question.
+
+For example, you could say if
+you have a cultural reason not
+
+to do something, if you have
+this social reason that you
+
+are embarrassed, if I give you
+a small incentive, you can
+
+just say, oh, I've gone for
+this small incentive.
+
+And in fact, there was a very
+interesting study that was
+
+done which was trying to
+shed some light on
+
+exactly this issue.
+
+It's a study where as part of a
+survey, everyone got tested
+
+for HIV, everyone who agreed.
+
+But you didn't need to
+get your results.
+
+If you wanted your result, you
+had to go pick them up three
+
+weeks later at camp.
+
+And so, at the end, people
+[INAUDIBLE] a bottle cap where
+
+they got a reward for picking
+up their tests.
+
+It could go from zero to
+something like $1 in small
+
+increments.
+
+And in addition, the researcher
+also randomized
+
+where they put the tent where
+you would get your results.
+
+In some cases, it was put right
+in the middle of the
+
+village, so very convenient, but
+very visible so everybody
+
+would know that you're
+going there.
+
+In some places, it was put--
+because it was random, so it
+
+was like throwing a dart on the
+village and saying we are
+
+going to put it there-- it was
+like in the middle of a field.
+
+So a little bit far away, not
+very convenient, but much more
+
+discrete because no one would
+see you go there.
+
+And what they found is that,
+number one, people were
+
+extremely sensitive to the
+reward, suggesting that it is
+
+not some deep psychological
+fear that were making them
+
+worried to pick up their test,
+because whatever this fear was
+
+could be overcome by $0.10.
+
+Now it could still be
+the social thing.
+
+So here, what do you think
+they found with the tent?
+
+Do you think more people got
+their result when it was far
+
+away or when it was close by?
+
+First, what would we expect
+under both, and what would we
+
+expect under the social
+stigma story?
+
+AUDIENCE: The far away tent--
+
+PROFESSOR: That the far
+away tent would
+
+have been more popular.
+
+But in fact what they found is
+the exact opposite, that the
+
+far away tent was not
+popular at all.
+
+Nobody wanted to walk more
+than a kilometer
+
+to get their test.
+
+And the close by tent
+was very popular.
+
+And furthermore, they also found
+that the elasticity with
+
+respect to this tent was much
+smaller when there was a gift.
+
+So when there was a gift, people
+did walk a kilometer to
+
+get their results, but when
+there was no gift, people were
+
+very sensitive to
+the distance.
+
+So those suggest that in this
+case, in Malawi, [INAUDIBLE],
+
+neither the social background,
+not the psychological barrier,
+
+were so big, and that if people
+didn't get their HIV
+
+result, it was more due to some
+form of procrastination
+
+or inertia or something
+like that.
+
+And that is something a little
+bit surprising because
+
+anti-retrovirals are available
+in Malawi, so in principal if
+
+you find that you're positive,
+you can do something.
+
+And if you find out that you're
+negative, then you can
+
+try and take some steps
+to remain that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it possible they
+just value [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So in this case, it
+shows that-- so in the case of
+
+the HIV, [INAUDIBLE]
+all this money.
+
+Exactly what this means is that
+it has to be that they
+
+value the small gains more than
+the results of the exam.
+
+And this is what is surprising,
+which is you have
+
+to say why is that the case when
+it is something that it
+
+should be so helpful to
+you to know whether
+
+or not you're positive?
+
+Or with the lentils, it should
+be so helpful to you that your
+
+kid is immunized.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I ask a
+followup question?
+
+Does that mean that we should
+reevaluate how we [INAUDIBLE]
+
+so you're saying HIV tests
+could potentially be more
+
+helpful because they could
+be cured [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Shouldn't we be assigning more
+weight to [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What we have seen
+is it doesn't mean that we
+
+should put more weight on
+instant gratification things
+
+than we do.
+
+What this means, in my view, is
+that we should understand
+
+why there is this disconnect
+between what doctors know, for
+
+example, and what people feel.
+
+Because that's kind of the
+source of the mystery, that
+
+there is this big tension, and
+it has to be about the
+
+perception of the benefits.
+
+And one aspect of this is this
+future versus present, and one
+
+aspect of this is whether
+you understand what
+
+the benefits are.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+HIV testing, I think the
+results make sense just
+
+because if your test
+comes out HIV
+
+negative, well then, great.
+
+You're just going to go
+on with your life.
+
+And if it comes out positive, is
+there really that much you
+
+can do about it if you're
+[INAUDIBLE]--
+
+I thought those [INAUDIBLE]
+were very expensive.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, in Malawi and
+in several other African
+
+countries, it's actually
+available for free.
+
+So you can do something.
+
+It's not going to cure you,
+but it's going to greatly
+
+improve your life for
+the time to come.
+
+People might not fully
+realize that.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have
+two questions.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] certainty
+of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+if you're getting [INAUDIBLE]
+
+a certain cost [INAUDIBLE]
+
+really uncertain.
+
+And the second question was
+about with the lentil
+
+distribution, can you play
+with short term kind of
+
+[INAUDIBLE] cost?
+
+So people can procrastinate
+indefinitely to always get a
+
+pack of lentils when you get a
+vaccine, but if you only get
+
+lentils on the first day of the
+month, then wouldn't that
+
+really lower the cost today
+relative to tomorrow?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+very good point.
+
+Why don't I table the questions
+until we give a bit
+
+more context, and
+we'll go back to
+
+exactly these questions.
+
+They really have two problems.
+
+One is that you might not know
+that it's worthwhile getting
+
+your HIV test because you might
+not know that you are
+
+entitled to the drugs or that
+the drugs will really help
+
+you, or you might not know that
+getting immunized is so
+
+beneficial.
+
+And the other is the benefits
+are in the future, the cost is
+
+now, and that leads people
+to procrastinate.
+
+Let's go over both things.
+
+The first thing is learning
+about health care, and we had
+
+a little bit of that discussion
+already last time.
+
+But most diseases are
+self-limiting, that is, they
+
+just go away by themselves.
+
+You don't know that because
+how would you know?
+
+You start with a theory that
+someone has told you that as
+
+soon as you're sick, you should
+get a shot to put the
+
+medicine right into
+your blood.
+
+And if you don't do that,
+you won't get better.
+
+And then if the market is
+unregulated, like it is in a
+
+lot of developing countries
+where anybody can establish
+
+themself as a doctor--
+for example,
+
+we saw that in India--
+
+then you have a very strong
+demand for shots and someone
+
+who's willing to supply it.
+
+You're never going
+to experiment
+
+away from the shorts.
+
+So every time you're sick,
+you're going to get a shot,
+
+and you're going
+to get better.
+
+And so you're going to think
+that your theory was, once
+
+again, vindicated because you
+were sick, you got a shot, now
+
+you get better.
+
+That is going to further
+reinforce your belief that
+
+this was a good theory and
+further make you very
+
+suspicious of not
+getting a shot.
+
+Now of course, if you
+experimented once of not
+
+getting a shot, you would
+see, oh, I have
+
+gotten better as well.
+
+Progressively, your [INAUDIBLE]
+would move towards
+
+something closer to the truth,
+which is, let's say, 95% of
+
+the time you get better with a
+shot, and 90% of the time you
+
+get better without the shot.
+
+But if your beliefs were 95%
+of the time you get better
+
+with a shot and 10% you get
+without a shot, then mostly
+
+you're never going
+to experiment.
+
+You're never going to know,
+and you're continuing with
+
+this very strong belief.
+
+So this is for self-limiting
+diseases.
+
+And now if you take a disease
+like diabetes, or chest pains,
+
+or something like that that
+doesn't go away with the shot,
+
+when you go to a doctor and get
+a shot, it doesn't go, so
+
+progressively your [INAUDIBLE]
+
+are going to be that everything
+is useless, at
+
+which point you might as
+well go to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It might be why we see this
+paradoxical result of people
+
+spending a lot of money on
+diseases that would cure
+
+themselves anyway and not doing
+really any attempt to
+
+treat seriously the
+diseases that they
+
+should treat seriously.
+
+Because the disease that they
+should treat seriously are
+
+beyond the ability of the
+Bengali doctor to handle,
+
+because first order,
+the Bengali doctor
+
+can't handle nothing.
+
+So the Bengali doctor end
+up spending [INAUDIBLE]
+
+distributed this antibiotics
+for diseases that fixes
+
+themselves anyway.
+
+People don't get any form of
+treatment for things that they
+
+should really try and treat,
+which would be much more
+
+complicated to treat, and
+you get this no learning
+
+equilibrium that is very
+difficult to get away from.
+
+And it will be harder to
+attribute it to nothing, so
+
+the tendency to over medicate
+is a very [INAUDIBLE]
+
+tendency.
+
+And in fact, this tendency to
+over medicate is not something
+
+that you only have in
+poor countries.
+
+In rich countries, when
+you go to the doctor
+
+and they tell you--
+
+like when I arrived in the US,
+my first doctor visit was you
+
+should breathe under the shower,
+and I was like, what
+
+are you talking about?
+
+Like in my country, I would
+have gotten an antibiotic
+
+immediately.
+
+So our own tendency is always
+you must do something about
+
+me, like you should be
+able to do something,
+
+not just let it go.
+
+And the only reason why doctors
+don't do it here is
+
+because they are under
+guidelines, and they have
+
+regulations from their
+hospital, from their
+
+association, from what
+they have learned to
+
+not do these things.
+
+Now preventive care is even
+worse because with preventive
+
+care you are taking an action
+today to prevent something to
+
+happen in the future, but
+far away in the future.
+
+For example, you breast feed
+your child so that the child
+
+gets stronger in the future and
+doesn't get sick in the
+
+future, or I guess with
+breastfeeding it's also avoid
+
+diarrhea in the meantime.
+
+But for immunization, you get
+immunized, and then you don't
+
+get measles at some point.
+
+So linking the two is
+very difficult.
+
+And I think Noah had made this
+point with respect to
+
+deworming, it's even harder when
+you're immunized against
+
+communicable diseases, because
+even if you do get immunized
+
+and people around you don't get
+immunized, if there are
+
+enough people who
+get immunized,
+
+then no one gets measles.
+
+So the fact that you got
+immunized protects other
+
+people around you as well, so
+what you're seeing is that,
+
+oh, this whole immunization
+thing, now I got it, and now,
+
+yes, it's true my kid doesn't
+have measles, but no one has
+
+measles, so clearly it is not
+because I got immunized that I
+
+didn't get it.
+
+Now of course, it is because
+collectively there was
+
+immunization around, but it's
+very difficult to infer.
+
+If you remember the results of
+the deworming study, when
+
+people had more friends around
+them who got the deworming,
+
+they were actually less likely
+to get dewormed.
+
+And one possible explanation
+is that initially they were
+
+convinced by the people that
+deworming would make their
+
+kids less sick, but then they
+saw all of these kids around
+
+them who don't get dewormed and
+don't get sick either, and
+
+so they're saying what
+is the point?
+
+I don't need to do it.
+
+So this is basically
+not something that
+
+we can learn ourselves.
+
+In a lot of our own lives, for
+example if you try to go
+
+afield, and you do something,
+like, for example, plant in
+
+rows instead of scatter plant,
+you see immediately that your
+
+plant is doing better.
+
+So you can progressively
+experiment with better
+
+techniques, and you will
+get better at it.
+
+So in most of our lives, we
+experiment things, and we kind
+
+of see the results, or at least
+we have a sense of what
+
+the results are, and we can
+adjust our behavior.
+
+With health, our own
+experience, or own
+
+observations, is very misleading
+most of the time.
+
+We think we can infer from our
+actions something that we
+
+cannot really infer.
+
+It's not because of the medicine
+that we got better.
+
+We think we can infer from
+not seeing a result from
+
+immunization that immunization
+was not working, et cetera.
+
+So it is just not possible to
+learn, because the object is
+
+too complicated.
+
+So how do we learn
+about health?
+
+The answer is we don't.
+
+Well, you guys might because
+you've first taken biology, so
+
+you have some sense of it.
+
+But most of us just don't have
+anything to do, no real
+
+understanding of why medicines
+are working unless we have red
+
+stuff on the side.
+
+But still, when our doctor
+says you don't need an
+
+antibiotic to cure that,
+we trust them.
+
+We trust them because they have
+spent a lot of money and
+
+a lot of time getting a health
+care education, and we believe
+
+that there is something
+into it.
+
+And that trust, same thing
+with immunization.
+
+We get immunized because we are
+told to get immunized and
+
+not because we understand
+how it works.
+
+Not at all.
+
+So it's got nothing to do with
+our education or our superior
+
+intelligence.
+
+And in face, this trust
+is quite fragile.
+
+You see it eroding reasonably
+easily when something happens.
+
+so for example, there has been a
+few well-publicized articles
+
+linking the measles vaccine,
+which is MMR--
+
+Measles something Rubella,
+MMR vaccine--
+
+and autism.
+
+There's been some court cases,
+et cetera, which have been
+
+actually the people who were
+suing against the vaccine have
+
+generally lost.
+
+But despite the fact, there
+is pretty much ingrained
+
+somewhere in the collective
+mentality the idea that, in
+
+fact, MMR vaccines might
+cause autism.
+
+And as result, there is
+kind of an epidemic of
+
+non-vaccination for measles
+which has led in some places
+
+to measles outbreaks that you
+didn't used to have before.
+
+So these things are actually
+reasonably fragile.
+
+If you're interested in that,
+there is a book by a New
+
+Yorker journalist called
+Michael Specter called
+
+Denialism which has a very
+interesting chapter on this
+
+vaccination in the US.
+
+And this vaccination in the US
+story reminded me of polio
+
+vaccine in India.
+
+Polio vaccine is one thing
+that for some reason the
+
+government of India has decided
+that they are going to
+
+really do, so most kids do
+get the polio vaccine.
+
+But there are pockets where it's
+not being done, and they
+
+tend to be mostly in villages
+which are refusing the polio
+
+drugs, and the reason is that
+they say it's an attempt to
+
+sterilize us.
+
+And why would they have this
+idea that might sound a little
+
+bit bizarre?
+
+It is linked to the fact that
+long time ago, during the
+
+emergency period which is a when
+Indira Ghandi suspended
+
+the civil liberty, there was
+a big drive to encourage
+
+sterilization of people who
+had at least two children.
+
+And this big drive took a shape
+that with sometimes
+
+quite unacceptable, including
+rounding up people who had no
+
+desire being sterilized,
+including lying to people
+
+about what was being done
+to them, et cetera.
+
+And this has created this huge
+mistrust, in particular in the
+
+Muslim population, about what
+government's trying to do to
+
+them under the guise of doing
+something good for them.
+
+And so there are regions where
+people will simply not accept
+
+to be immunized.
+
+This is an extreme.
+
+Those are two extreme cases
+where people have a strong
+
+belief against.
+
+If you do that here in this
+region, giving people lentils
+
+to immunize them
+will not work.
+
+In fact, it might be
+counterproductive because they
+
+might think that you're trying
+to fool them like they did
+
+with the sterilization
+already.
+
+But more generally, the fact
+that people are generally
+
+indifferent about preventive
+care might be related to the
+
+fact that they don't think
+there is some grand
+
+conspiration.
+
+They just think you're
+bullshitting them like you
+
+always are.
+
+And once this trust is eroded,
+then it's very
+
+difficult to go back.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think in America,
+don't most people figure out
+
+all these things about
+vaccination and
+
+preventive care work?
+
+There's a reason because they
+have a family care doctor who
+
+tells them?
+
+There's some figure of authority
+that you can trust
+
+that tells them that
+these things work.
+
+I'm guessing most Americans
+don't know how vaccines work.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+exactly right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you have the
+same thing in India or in
+
+Africa, figures of authority
+that have been mandated by
+
+some government agency or some
+school that tells them that
+
+they know about this stuff,
+telling them that, wouldn't
+
+that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+exactly right.
+
+The question is, who is this
+figure of authority?
+
+In the US, except for examples
+like this autism in the US
+
+where there was some idea of
+conspiracy theory, where big
+
+pharma is trying to make our
+children autistic and things
+
+like that, except in those
+cases, we have a
+
+basic sense of trust.
+
+That if your doctor tells you
+to do something, you think
+
+they must know what it
+is they're doing.
+
+You don't understand what
+is going on, but
+
+you still trust them.
+
+But the problem with a place
+like India, for example, is
+
+whether this authority figure
+exists or whether they are
+
+interested in preventive care.
+
+So in India, this sterilization
+campaign that I
+
+was talking about had very, very
+long-lasting damage of
+
+convincing people that the
+government was quite liable to
+
+lie to them on any matter
+involving health.
+
+So people are quite suspicious,
+and if enough tell
+
+them you should get polio drugs,
+they're thinking he's
+
+trying to do something
+else to me.
+
+She's trying to get
+me sterilized.
+
+So once the trust is eroded,
+someone who is mandated by the
+
+government is someone who a
+priori you should not believe,
+
+so that the government becomes
+a negative, not a positive.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE] like
+a Muslim doctor [INAUDIBLE]
+
+saying [INAUDIBLE] the fact that
+we've been mandated by
+
+the government or [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+so you would need also
+authority figure once
+
+you've eroded it.
+
+And once you've eroded the
+trust, it takes a lot of time
+
+to rebuild it again,
+but you can have
+
+other authority figures.
+
+So in Phuket, for example, in
+the movie, you remember, there
+
+is a doctor from an NGO who is
+talking about the Bengali
+
+doctors sometimes being good,
+sometimes being bad, and about
+
+the kids with the long hair.
+
+So this doctor used to work in
+a small hospital run by a
+
+couple doctors.
+
+In this area, everybody was
+immunized, everybody was
+
+always going to them, everybody
+was getting
+
+preventive care because that
+have established that trust.
+
+But the point of it is how do
+you establish the trust?
+
+They were on a very small area,
+the government has a lot
+
+of power to reach a lot of
+people, but once they have
+
+misused it once, or twice, or
+three times, the temptation to
+
+use the trust that you have from
+the people to get them to
+
+do things that are not
+necessarily in their interest
+
+is very strong.
+
+And once you have done
+that, then it's
+
+difficult to get back.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+For example, in the movie that
+we watched, there were a lot
+
+of people who would choose
+to go to the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+instead of going to
+the actual doctor.
+
+Is there any initiative where
+people actually use those
+
+entities to actually provide the
+population with medicine?
+
+I know in Brazil, there's parts
+of it where for a lot of
+
+people who were dying with
+diarrhea, people use like
+
+these women that were supposed
+to be known to help them
+
+somehow, and they were more not
+really like the typical
+
+doctor, but they were more
+like the cultural thing.
+
+And [INAUDIBLE]
+
+those persons to deliver
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+or dehydration solution to
+actually help those people who
+
+were dying.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I think that's a great idea.
+
+I think it's been tried.
+
+The problem is that then you
+need to be able to control
+
+these people, because they
+already have some authority,
+
+and then you give them some more
+authority, and then you
+
+really are wary of what
+they start to say.
+
+So you don't want to transform
+them into a collection of
+
+Bengali doctors that are going
+to give them-- if the
+
+[INAUDIBLE] start giving
+antibiotics,
+
+then you're in trouble.
+
+But your idea is exactly right,
+is that basically once
+
+you've shut down the traditional
+channels, which
+
+would be your family doctor
+that you trust, how do you
+
+reconstruct some measure of
+communication that comes from
+
+other channels?
+
+And these could be
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+These could be television that
+a lot of people watch.
+
+In Brazil, actually, it's
+not about health,
+
+but it's about fertility.
+
+People were all watching the
+soap opera, and in the soap
+
+opera, the cool people have
+very few children.
+
+And there was a study that
+was done looking at the
+
+penetration of the soap opera.
+
+It was on network TV, so it's
+not always available, but it
+
+became progressively available
+in part of Brazil.
+
+So you can follow the fertility
+as it becomes
+
+available in the different
+part of Brazil.
+
+And you observe two interesting
+things.
+
+One is that as it became
+available, people had fewer
+
+kids, and the second is those
+kids tended to be poor.
+
+Like the name of the soap opera
+heroine, the kids had
+
+started to have those names,
+which is like the other.
+
+So other things like that you
+could try and view imbue.
+
+I haven't seen evolutions of
+trying to get health messages
+
+to go through the television,
+but these are things that you
+
+could also try, so use
+those other channels.
+
+In the last five minutes, I want
+to say something about
+
+the present and the future.
+
+That's something we are going
+to get back again, which is
+
+kind of elaborating on the point
+you were making before.
+
+Another problem is that the
+preventive health cost are
+
+incurred today, but the benefits
+are in the future,
+
+and furthermore, as you
+pointed out, in
+
+the uncertain future.
+
+Like, it is going
+to happen later.
+
+So even if you know that it
+prevents getting measles, you
+
+don't know whether you would
+really have gotten measles,
+
+and it's in the future,
+sometime later.
+
+And it turns out, which you
+can easily verify from
+
+introspection, is that human
+beings-- not only the poor,
+
+but the poor, the
+rich, everyone--
+
+tends to put much more weight
+on the present than in the
+
+entire future.
+
+This is something different than
+your regular discounting
+
+that today is more important
+than tomorrow, and tomorrow is
+
+more important than day after
+tomorrow, et cetera.
+
+This is something that today is
+much, much more important
+
+than tomorrow, and then tomorrow
+and day after,
+
+tomorrow is little bit more
+important than day after, and
+
+day after a little bit more
+important than the following
+
+day, et cetera.
+
+But today is much, much more
+important compared to the
+
+entire future in what we're
+thinking about.
+
+That's true for consumption, so
+you would like to save for
+
+your retirement, but
+not starting
+
+today, starting tomorrow.
+
+It's the same with time.
+
+I gave you the flexibility of
+when you're doing essays for
+
+this class, but I did warn you
+that in my experience, a lot
+
+of students will decide to do
+the five last essays because
+
+they think from today that
+it's the absolute optimal
+
+thing to do because now
+you're very busy.
+
+But of course at the end of
+the semester when all the
+
+projects are due, and the
+exams too, you'll
+
+have much more time.
+
+So this is something that it
+doesn't take much to realize
+
+that there is this problem.
+
+And not only we have this
+problem, but we are not fully
+
+aware of it.
+
+Because if we were fully aware
+of it, you would write me an
+
+email and say can I please
+commit to a schedule of essays
+
+and ask Laura or Millicent
+to enforce them.
+
+We realize to some extent,
+but we overestimate.
+
+We're thinking that today, the
+present is very important, but
+
+that tomorrow we will start
+being reasonable people again.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: And now tomorrow
+comes, and tomorrow becomes
+
+today, and again today is so
+important, and we get fooled
+
+by ourselves like
+that repeatedly.
+
+So with the immunization, you
+can think this can be
+
+available every month.
+
+So you're today I'm just so
+busy, I can't go, but I will
+
+go next month.
+
+Then next month comes, and
+then it's next month.
+
+And next month is now today,
+and you're so busy
+
+that you can't go.
+
+And that's way, you could
+procrastinate.
+
+AUDIENCE: After [INAUDIBLE]
+
+an experiment with decreasing
+incentives?
+
+Like if you said people who turn
+in essays, like the first
+
+five would get 10 extra points,
+and the next five
+
+wouldn't get 10 extra points,
+most people would do the first
+
+five essays just
+to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You're exactly right.
+
+The intuition is exactly right,
+which is if we suffer
+
+from things like that, giving
+us small incentive to act
+
+today rather than tomorrow
+will help.
+
+For example, this idea of saying
+if you're doing the
+
+first five, you're getting 10
+extra points for the first
+
+five, that helps.
+
+I could also have a
+disincentive, which is to say
+
+you get 10 negative points
+if you give them later.
+
+In principle, if you have some
+awareness of this problem, you
+
+should like this program,
+because you should like the
+
+idea of putting some incentive
+on yourself to act today
+
+rather than tomorrow.
+
+And so with preventive care,
+the problem is that in the
+
+developing world, the costs tend
+to be higher than for us.
+
+With immunization, like not only
+you have to go, but half
+
+of the time she's not there,
+and all of that.
+
+So it's constructed exactly
+the other way, which is a
+
+small cost, everything becomes a
+little bit more complicated.
+
+In our lives, everything is
+structured to make the small
+
+cost less costly, and also
+to impose schedule on us.
+
+For example, for immunization,
+you have a calendar that is
+
+given by the government that
+you have to follow.
+
+Otherwise the kids can't go to
+school, but since kids have to
+
+be in school, you have
+to follow that.
+
+So it's a form of incentive,
+very strong incentive, to make
+
+it compulsory.
+
+And the lentils is saying
+there is a small cost of
+
+going, but in extent of this
+small cost, you get a small
+
+benefit, which is the lentils.
+
+And so that can help
+people to go.
+
+And you're right that combining
+your two ideas, I
+
+could say you're going to get
+a bigger incentive if you
+
+follow the schedule than
+if you go at any point.
+
+And that way, that gives
+us a strong sense
+
+of doing it on time.
+
+So these procrastination issues,
+combining with the
+
+fact that people have probably
+not a full understanding of
+
+the benefits, could explain why
+we see this huge waste.
+
+Because we really have to call
+this as a waste, all of this.
+
+Kids who are not immunized.
+
+Kids who are not dewormed.
+
+Kids who drink dirty water,
+and adults also.
+
+And that could come from this
+combination of not fully
+
+understand the benefits, not
+trusting what you are told,
+
+and the disproportionate
+importance of small cost.
+
+How can we solve it?
+
+Well, we can solve it by making
+
+things as easy as possible.
+
+This is what we benefit from.
+
+When you open the tap in your
+water, there is chlorine that
+
+comes, right?
+
+You don't have to remember
+to add the tablet.
+
+So making things automatic
+and defaulted.
+
+And when it's not possible, like
+you're not a very well
+
+organized country like India,
+giving people small rewards
+
+that are offsetting the small
+cost, if possible exactly in
+
+the way that you're talking
+about it, which is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+people to do it later
+rather than earlier.
+
+That means that charging a small
+amount for goods may be
+
+totally counterproductive
+because you might lose a lot
+
+of people when you have your
+entire infrastructure to
+
+deliver the goods.
+
+And giving small incentive might
+actually be productive.
+
+The last word would be--
+
+and that's the question of the
+bed net that we spent a whole
+
+lecture on-- is it going to have
+some bad effect in the
+
+future if people are used to
+be helped in this way?
+
+And I think the answer
+is two prongs.
+
+Some of these problems
+are here to stay.
+
+It's not that we have them
+today, and it will be better
+
+in the future.
+
+We always have those problems.
+
+That's why immunization in the
+US is free and compulsory, and
+
+it's going to be forever.
+
+We're not expecting that one day
+people will now understand
+
+the value and will start
+doing it on their own.
+
+Secondly is when we think about
+the dynamic effect, we
+
+also have to include learning.
+
+And because of the lack of trust
+and people don't just
+
+believe you because you say
+something, the fact of giving
+
+people an occasion to try for
+themselves by making things
+
+very easy and cheap may actually
+have those dynamic
+
+effects that are positive
+because of the learning.
+
+Which is exactly what we
+saw with the bed nets.
+
+We don't need to go over it
+again, but with the bed net,
+
+people were probably relatively
+suspicious about
+
+the effectiveness of
+those bed nets.
+
+You give them one--
+
+[INAUDIBLE] not willing
+to pay the cost.
+
+You give them one for free,
+and then they realize the
+
+benefits are bigger than what
+they were, and that can
+
+overcome the small cost to get
+the benefits in the future now
+
+that they're convinced that
+those benefits actually exist.
+
+So we're done with health, and
+we are going to start with
+
+education next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bO0WsF4anko.txt b/bO0WsF4anko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fba67f01fdd8646b57498b5425c3394b4f4ceb21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bO0WsF4anko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1369 @@
+It comes acquainted with different antigens.   
+
+ And recall that what we were talking  
+
+about was the following,  that there were several kinds of  
+
+phagocytic cells.  Phagocytic cells are cells that  
+
+chew up other things,  both macrophages and even more  
+
+frequently, dendritic cells,  many of which hang around lymph  
+
+nodes by the way.  They process antigens into  
+
+oligopeptides.  The oligopeptides get presented on  
+
+the surface of these cells.  Let's say, here's a macrophage,   
+
+in the form of through the class 2 MHC molecules which are displayed on  
+
+the surfaces of the cells.  And, here's a typical oligopeptide  
+
+that has been chewed up from one of the antigens that was previously  
+
+internalized, eaten up by the macrophage, a dendritic cell,   
+
+and then presented on the surface.  Recall, then, we have an itinerant  
+
+macrophage or dendritic cell.  Could we turn up the sound just a  
+
+little, just a notch?  Thank you.  And this dendritic cell  
+
+or macrophage,  I'll just call it a macrophage for  
+
+the moment, is then moving largely through the lymph nodes,   
+
+but wherever it moves, it's carrying along this oligopeptide.   
+
+And recall that we liken this voyage of it to a Middle Eastern market  
+
+where there's a lot of bazaar stalls on either side of the road,   
+
+and where instead of the usual male merchants, there's a lot of female  
+
+merchants hanging out.  And these females are called T  
+
+helper cells.  They're a kind of T lymphocyte or T  
+
+cell.  TH refers to their function.  And here, all of these T helper  
+
+cells, I'll indicate each of them here as a pink circle.   
+
+And these T helper cells display on their surface to blow them up to a  
+
+large size a T cell receptor that is organized much the way  
+
+immunoglobulin molecule and antibody molecule's organized.   
+
+That is to say, it has variable and constant regions.   
+
+It's generated through the rearrangement of antibody-like genes.   
+
+But it only functions,  this T cell receptor or as it's  
+
+called in the trade the TCR,  only functions to sense the presence  
+
+of antigens in the extracellular space.  In fact,   
+
+it senses antigens in the context of the MHC class 2.   
+
+So here's an MHC class 2 molecule.  We can think of the MHC class 2 as  
+
+being a hand, which is presenting this oligopeptide.   
+
+I haven't drawn a hand,  but you can pretend it's a hand.   
+
+And this MHC class 2 is being presented by either a macrophage or  
+
+a dendritic cell.  And recall, we talked about the  
+
+voyage of this macrophage or dendritic cell through this street  
+
+here, and all these T helper cells are kind of lazily waiting along on  
+
+the sidelines looking at what this phagocytic cell is hocking.   
+
+Most of the T helper cells are totally uninterested in what he's  
+
+hocking.  But one of them is struck.  It's love at first sight, this one  
+
+over here, let's say,  because her T cell receptor  
+
+precisely recognizes this oligopeptide in the context of the  
+
+MHC class 2 molecule.  And, obviously I would like to draw  
+
+thousands of these T helper cells here, each of which bears a  
+
+different T cell receptor on her surface.  I'm only showing one.   
+
+And recall that after they make this encounter,   
+
+the T helper cell gets all excited because she says,   
+
+oh, I can't believe it,  you have exactly the oligopeptide  
+
+that's recognized by my receptor.  And so, she gets all excited, and  
+
+what she does is she proliferates because that's about all that  
+
+excited cells can do.  Well, they can do other things,   
+
+but again, we don't want to talk about it.  Anyhow,   
+
+so this particular T helper cell undergoes a clonal expansion,   
+
+and is now activated, i.e. activated not only psychologically but  
+
+physiologically by having encountered the antigen-presenting  
+
+cell.  The MHC class 2,  the macrophage is called an  
+
+antigen-presenting cell.  It's using its MHC class 2 molecules  
+
+to do so.  Macrophages and dendritic cells are pretty much similar in  
+
+this respect.  Macrophages go all over the body in the tissues.   
+
+Dendritic cells tend to inhabit the lymph nodes.  But from the point of  
+
+view of our discussion today,  we can imagine that they're  
+
+functionally essentially equivalent.  And having said that, now these T  
+
+helper cells go looking for a congenial B cell.   
+
+So, now we have a third actor in the drama, and the congenial B cell  
+
+looks like this.  And, the B cell has the following  
+
+thing.  The B cell has also on its surface, MHC class 2 molecules,   
+
+which can be used in antigen presentation.  But the B cell has an  
+
+addition as we said last time,  already, on its surface, IGM  
+
+molecules.  An IGM is a brand of antibody.   
+
+Keep in mind that really one of the paradoxes that we haven't really  
+
+fully settled on is the following question or the following issue.   
+
+How is it that when a B cell sees a cognate antigen,   
+
+why does it get stimulated?  In other words, what is it that  
+
+induces the B cell to start proliferating?   
+
+Here's another version of what I showed you last time,   
+
+where a B cell which makes the right antibody gets stimulated,   
+
+but a B cell that doesn't does not get stimulated.   
+
+And that's the issue we're wrestling with right now.   
+
+So here on the surface of this B cell is an IGM molecule.   
+
+Keep in mind an IGM molecule is an antibody molecule.   
+
+Immunoglobulin means IG.  It's the earliest form of antibody  
+
+that's made.  Once again,  it is antigen specific.   
+
+Its variable region has been rearranged through the fusion of  
+
+different VDJ segments and somatic hypermutation.   
+
+And, this B cell has a very interesting property.   
+
+This is a naīve cell,  and what this B cell does is as  
+
+follows.  It moves around the body,  and if this B cell happens to find  
+
+an antigen, which is recognized by its antibody, the IGM antibody.   
+
+Then the B cell will bind this antigen using its IGM molecule to do  
+
+so.  More importantly,  it will then internalize this  
+
+antigen and chew it up into little pieces, and then present it on it  
+
+surface via the MHC class 2 molecule.  So, let's just review what  
+
+we've been saying.  Before, we were talking about  
+
+macrophages and dendritic cells,  which gobbled up whatever they could,   
+
+processed whatever they gobbled up,  and put it on the surface again as  
+
+MHC class 2, and therefore the macrophages and the dendritic cells  
+
+are really like sewer rates.  They'll just chew on anything and  
+
+they'll put it on their surface.  They're totally promiscuous in what  
+
+they present on their surface.  But here, the B cell is doing  
+
+something rather similar.  But the B cell isn't presenting  
+
+whatever it happens to stumble across on its surface.   
+
+The B cell is extraordinarily selective at what it presents on its  
+
+surface.  It only presents on its surface those antigens which are  
+
+recognized by its IGM molecule.  So here, it uses its IGM molecule  
+
+to grab hold of this antigen.  It internalizes the antigen, and  
+
+then presents it back on the surface as an MHC class 2 molecule.   
+
+So, there's a profound contrast in the behavior of these two kinds of  
+
+antigen-presenting cells.  The macrophages and dendritic cells,   
+
+they just gobble up everything, and whatever they find,   
+
+they put on their surface.  They don't care with MHC class 2.   
+
+The B cell is extraordinarily selective and specific.   
+
+It will pull in not through regular phagocytosis.  It will pull in using  
+
+its IGM receptor,  specific antigens that are  
+
+recognized by its IGM molecule,  and then externalize it using its  
+
+MHC class 2 molecule to do so.  Let's go back to the drama of the  
+
+activated T helper cell,  and here's the activated T helper  
+
+cell.  We'll draw her in pink.  The T helper cell has just had an  
+
+encounter with a macrophage,  or dendritic cell.  And, she's just  
+
+left this marketplace.  And now, she's very excited.   
+
+So here is her T cell receptor.  And she's very excited.  She's  
+
+putting out all kinds of growth factors and multiplying  
+
+all over the place.  And she starts looking again now for  
+
+a B cell with which he can react.  Now, most of the B cells in the  
+
+body will not have an epitope that she recognizes.   
+
+Most of the B cells in the body will have picked up other kinds of  
+
+things that happen to recognize by their T cell receptor,   
+
+and will present it on the surface.  A rare B cell will happen to  
+
+internalize an antigen,  and put on the surface, which is the  
+
+same antigen that was recognized previously in the previous  
+
+encounter.  And so, now this T helper cell goes  
+
+around looking for an attractive male.  What's an attractive male for  
+
+her?  An attractive male for her is one whose MHC class 2 molecule is  
+
+recognized directly in the context,  and this oligopeptide is recognized  
+
+by her T cell receptor.  And so, she'll come over here and  
+
+she'll say excitedly to the B cell,  you can't believe what just happened.   
+
+She will say, I was just there.  I just went through the market.   
+
+I was sitting there in the marketplace, and along came a  
+
+macrophage, and presented me with an oligopeptide that exactly fit in my  
+
+T cell receptor.  And now, she says excitedly,   
+
+here I find a B cell has exactly the same oligopeptide presenting it to  
+
+me.  Isn't that a coincidence?  And the B cell says, come on lady,   
+
+get to the point.  And she says, I just had an encounter with a  
+
+macrophage dendritic cell.  I recognized the same oligopeptide  
+
+in the macrophage dendritic cell that you have.   
+
+And, the B cell says,  well, I guess this must be some kind  
+
+of meaningful encounter,  and so these two cells get together.   
+
+And what happens now is that the T cell, having recognized the  
+
+oligopeptide, presented on the surface of the B cell now begins to  
+
+send out signals to stimulate the B cell to proliferate.   
+
+And this B cell now begins to proliferate.  And this B cell now  
+
+begins to proliferate,  as is indicated on this overhead,   
+
+and eventually it starts making IGM molecules.  It makes more of them,   
+
+and then through the class switching that we talked about last time,   
+
+it'll make eventually IGG secreted antibody gamma globulin molecules.   
+
+So you see here the three essential cell types that participate in this.   
+
+And why is it so complicated?  Because it's extraordinarily  
+
+important that the immune system doesn't inadvertently make  
+
+antibodies that are inappropriate to express, because as we said before,   
+
+if a certain of those antibodies and indeed possibly many of them could  
+
+be autoreactive.  And what do I mean by autoreactive?   
+
+I mean reactive with self.  They could be antibodies that react with  
+
+one's own tissues.  And in so doing, they could create  
+
+series kinds of autoimmune diseases.  So, we have this sequence of  
+
+failsafe reactions.  So, when finally the decision for  
+
+the B cell to get activated depends on a previous encounter with the  
+
+same oligopeptide by a macrophage or dendritic cell,   
+
+the T helper cell acting as an intermediary and now activating the  
+
+B cell, once the T cell tells the B cell that the T cell has had a  
+
+previous encounter with exactly the same oligopeptide,   
+
+on that occasion being presented by a macrophage or dendritic cell.   
+
+And that is actually the mechanism by which we get this clonal  
+
+expansion of B cells in the immune system, and ultimately how we get  
+
+the productive antibody molecules.  I mean, this is the image I showed  
+
+you earlier, but I never really explained to you what the biology  
+
+behind that is.  I just said that antigen encounter  
+
+on the part of the B cell causes that B cell to enjoy clonal  
+
+expansion.  And now,  we've gone through the detail of  
+
+deciding how three different cell types interact,   
+
+collaborate with one another to create the antibody response because  
+
+this B cell then goes on to produce IGM as it already is doing,   
+
+and then eventually IGG, and possibly a series of other  
+
+immunoglobulins,  IGE and IGA which have other  
+
+purposes.  Now,  all of this actually is an important  
+
+prelude to our main topic of discussion today, which is  
+
+the disease of AIDS.  And, let me just add one other  
+
+detail to this because the ability of a T helper cell to recognize MHC  
+
+class 2 molecules depends on another cell surface molecule expressed by  
+
+the T helper cell.  And this other T cell surface  
+
+molecule is called CD4.  CD4, we don't have to worry of what  
+
+it stands for.  CD4 is not an antigen specific  
+
+receptor.  CD4,  instead, only recognizes MHC class 2  
+
+molecules no matter what they're carrying.   
+
+So, there are MHC class 2 molecules which I've implied to you can carry  
+
+thousands of different oligopeptides.  CD4 doesn't care what's being  
+
+carried by the MHC class 2.  It just binds to MHC class 2  
+
+molecules, thereby telling the T helper cell that an encounter has  
+
+been made with an antigen-presenting cell.   
+
+So, the ligand for CD4 is part of the MHC class 2 molecule.   
+
+Now, that all leaves us in a very nice segue to the whole disease of  
+
+AIDS.  Let's just remember how the disease of AIDS was discovered.   
+
+In 1981, there were a group of five young men who were all subsequently  
+
+determined to be gay,  be homosexual, who were discovered  
+
+in San Francisco to have a very unusual kind of immunodeficiency.   
+
+They all had night sweats.  They got different kinds of  
+
+otherwise unusual diseases.  For example one of the things they  
+
+got was a disease called Kaposi's sarcoma, which was otherwise known  
+
+only in old southern Italian and Jewish men, Kaposi's sarcoma.   
+
+But these were young men, and they were neither southern Italian  
+
+nor Jewish.  They got pneumocystis carinii,   
+
+which is a microbial infection of the lung.  And,   
+
+in fact, they got all kinds of herpes virus infections.   
+
+And they were all seen in a cluster by an alert physician who saw  
+
+something very unusual,  and therefore said, perhaps  
+
+correctly, that they had acquired immunodeficiency.   
+
+Now, this acquired immunodeficiency is a syndrome.   
+
+A syndrome, by the way,  for your information, is a whole  
+
+collection of symptoms that appear together.  That's what a syndrome  
+
+means.  So, this term AIDS came from the fact that they had a whole  
+
+series of symptoms.  And, this was an acquired  
+
+immunodeficiency rather than a congenital immunodeficiency rather  
+
+than a congenital immunodeficiency because given the complexity of the  
+
+immune system,  you can imagine correctly that there  
+
+are a lot of people in the world who were born with congenitally  
+
+defective immune systems that are immunodeficient from birth because  
+
+there's so many different proteins involved in regulating all of these  
+
+different immune responses.  But this was really different.   
+
+It was an acquired immunodeficiency.  It was seen in a very special  
+
+subgroup, and so the race was on over the next two years to figure  
+
+out what was going on.    
+
+Now, by coincidence,  starting in 1970-'71,   
+
+retrovirus research had begun.  And as it turned out, retrovirus  
+
+search, President Nixon's war on cancer, retrovirus research was  
+
+motivated largely by the notion that human cancers are caused by  
+
+retrovirus infections.  And, that led to the war on cancer.   
+
+And the notion behind the war on cancer was totally wrong because it  
+
+turns out that only a minute fraction of human cancers have  
+
+anything to do with retrovirus infections, although as we've said  
+
+earlier, retroviruses proved to be very important tools experimentally  
+
+for discovering proto-oncogenes and oncogenes in the genome.   
+
+But if you ask,  what fraction of human cancers are  
+
+actually due to a human being infected by a retrovirus?   
+
+It's almost zero.  It's a small fraction of a percent.   
+
+Nonetheless, in the 1970s,  there was an enormous effort made in  
+
+trying to figure out all of the biology of retroviruses.   
+
+And by the late 1970s,  people concluded this was very  
+
+interesting science.  Indeed, proto-oncogenes and  
+
+oncogenes were discovered,  but that it was pretty irrelevant to  
+
+understanding directly how human cancer arose, which human cancers  
+
+could be explained rather by somatic mutations in the genome.   
+
+In 1981, the AIDS infection arose.  And, what happened subsequently is  
+
+that there was a race on to try to find out what the infectious agent  
+
+was because it seemed to be an infectious agent.   
+
+It was being spread from one gay young man to another that was used  
+
+to induce this.  And within two years,   
+
+by 1983, the culprit retrovirus had been found.  I'm telling you this  
+
+long song and dance to give you the following insight.   
+
+If there had not been a decade of earlier retrovirus research,   
+
+it could have taken the scientific community many,   
+
+many years to figure out what was causing AIDS.  But through  
+
+happenstance, through a sheer stroke of luck, by the time the first  
+
+individuals suffering from AIDS were encountered in '81,   
+
+there was already a backlog of a decade's worth of detailed  
+
+retrovirus research,  which made it possible to discover,   
+
+to discern almost within months what was causing it.   
+
+And, the agent that was causing it was a retrovirus.   
+
+The retrovirus here has indicated,  very schematically, these artists'  
+
+drawings never have any resemblance of what things really look like.   
+
+And if they do, it's only by coincidence.  Let me borrow your  
+
+laser pointer here for a second.  So here, and this is what a  
+
+retrovirus looks like just to give you a feeling.   
+
+In the center,  there are two single stranded RNA  
+
+molecules.  The virus is diploid.  There's two copies of the genome  
+
+for reasons we still don't understand.   
+
+Surrounding it is a so-called nucleocapsid, which is responsible  
+
+for protecting the RNA molecules.  These two pink dots are  
+
+reverse-transcriptase molecules because as you'll recall,   
+
+when retroviruses infect a cell,  they carry the enzyme with them into  
+
+the cell.  You could say,  why don't they make it after they  
+
+get into the cell?  And it's not totally obvious why,   
+
+but this is what they do.  There's another shell of proteins out here.   
+
+And then, beyond that is a lipid bilayer.  And this lipid bilayer is,   
+
+as you may recall,  stolen from cell from which the  
+
+virus is protruding because if you look at retrovirus-infected cells,   
+
+here's the plasma membrane of a retrovirus-infected cell.   
+
+Here you can see a nucleo-capsid forming with the RNA molecules.   
+
+And this shoves  its way, protrudes its way through the plasma membrane,   
+
+stealing a patch of plasma membrane from the infected cell,   
+
+and at the same time this part of the plasma membrane carries with it  
+
+viral glycoproteins.  And viral glycoproteins,   
+
+they're obviously glycosylated,  as are many other extracellular  
+
+proteins.  And in this case,  they're indicated with these yellow  
+
+ovals, and these viral glycoproteins are used to attach to subsequently  
+
+infected cells so what happens is that when the retrovirus gets out of  
+
+the cell, I'll draw it again schematically here,   
+
+it has this glycoproteins coat on it with the plasma membrane,   
+
+and it uses these glycoproteins spikes.   
+
+I just won't put the yellow ovals on them, to attach to cells which need  
+
+to be infected.  So, here's a target cell that needs  
+
+to be infected.  So, the target cell,   
+
+and how does this virus know how to attach to this cell and not to other  
+
+cells?  Because on the surface of the target cell are certain cellular  
+
+proteins, which are used for normal cell physiology,   
+
+which are there, and which the virus has opportunistically developed  
+
+an affinity for.  So here on the surface of a target  
+
+cell might be a normal cellular protein to which the viral  
+
+glycoprotein combined.  Or, if you want to get technical,   
+
+this enables the virus particle to adsorb, to attach to.   
+
+Notice the D here rather than the B,  to adsorb to the surface of the  
+
+target cell.  Importantly,  what's the cell surface protein of  
+
+the target cell to which HIV virus adsorbs?  It's our old friend CD4.   
+
+I.e. the HIV particle likes to adsorb, preferentially adsorbs to  
+
+the surface of cells that express the CD4 molecule on the surface.   
+
+Note, by the way, that just five minutes ago, we described a totally  
+
+different function of CD4.  CD4 over here was said to represent  
+
+the means by which the T helper cell can recognize MHC molecules being  
+
+displayed on the surface of either of these dendritic  
+
+cells or B cells.  But here we see CD4 in a totally  
+
+different context.  Here, the CD4 represents the  
+
+docking site to which the viral glycoprotein can attach,   
+
+enabling the virus, which came to be called human immunodeficiency  
+
+virus.  In fact, the virus was discovered by  
+
+two groups simultaneously,  one of them called HDLV-3, the other  
+
+called lymphadenopathy virus.  The first group was American.   
+
+The second group was French, and they allowed Herald Varmus,   
+
+one of the co-discoverers of the proto-oncogene to act as sort of the  
+
+judge to see what it would be called because there was great political  
+
+tension.  Would it get the American or the French name depending on  
+
+which of the two warring scientists,  and they were warring, could claim  
+
+discovery?  So, he had a Solomonic decision.   
+
+He decided to name it human immunodeficiency virus.   
+
+That was a compromise.  And by the way, some people in less than  
+
+charitable mood say,  well, of course he named it human  
+
+immunodeficiency virus because those are almost his own initials.   
+
+But, I think that's unfair.  These were his initials.   
+
+Here's human immunodeficiency virus.  He named it for a perfectly good  
+
+reason.  Anyhow,  that broke the Franco-American  
+
+diplomatic tension,  and now one began to realize that  
+
+HIV or human immunodeficiency virus attacked T helper cells and  
+
+preferentially infected T helper cells by virtue of the ability of  
+
+the virus particle to dock itself to the CD4 molecules presented on the  
+
+surface of these cells.  By the way, what happens afterwards,   
+
+after the virus becomes adsorbed to the surface of an infectable cell  
+
+such as a T helper cell.  So, here's the virus particle.   
+
+Here's the surface of a T helper cell.  What happens then is these  
+
+two lipid bilayers fuse with one another so that now they became one,   
+
+and now the internal contents, the nucleocapsid which contains the RNA  
+
+and the reverse transcriptase now has direct topological access into  
+
+the cytoplasm of the cell.  In fact, the glycoprotein,   
+
+the yellow ovals there of human immunodeficiency virus actually had  
+
+two functions.  First, it specifically recognizes  
+
+the CD4 molecules to which it then anchors or adsorbs the virus  
+
+particle.  And secondly,  it also has fusing functions,   
+
+i.e. it's capable of causing the lipid bilayer of the virion,   
+
+or the virus particle, to fuse with that of the plasma membrane of the  
+
+infected target cell.  And, once it's in there,   
+
+then the virus can begin to do its replication.  Now,   
+
+the replication of the HIV virus was already pretty well understood by  
+
+the time that HIV was discovered in 1982-'83 because of this backlog of  
+
+retrovirus research.  And just to review for you how  
+
+retroviruses replicate,  RNA is put into the cell,   
+
+single stranded RNA.  It's called plus strand RNA because  
+
+it is of the same polarity of the same strandedness as messenger RNA.   
+
+If it were complementary to messenger RNA,   
+
+then it would be called minus strand RNA.  This is reverse transcribed by  
+
+the reverse transcriptase,  which is carried into the cell.   
+
+RT stands for reverse transcriptase.  And now, one gets a double stranded  
+
+DNA molecule, a copy of the virus.  And this DNA copy is sometimes  
+
+called a provirus.  And just to review,   
+
+this provirus is then subsequently integrated into the chromosomal DNA  
+
+of the cell.  So,  here's the provirus.   
+
+Here's the chromosomal DNA.  And then, this integrated provirus  
+
+then serves as a template for making progeny plus-stranded RNA.   
+
+And this progeny plus-stranded RNA,  which is, by the way, forward  
+
+transcribed by RNA polymerase too,  which does the bulk of the heavy  
+
+lifting in terms of making RNA in the nucleus, this plus-stranded RNA  
+
+can have two functions recall.  One, it can serve as a template on  
+
+ribosomes for making viral proteins such as the viral capsid proteins.   
+
+And two, the plus stranded RNA can in turn be encapsidated,   
+
+i.e. it can become packaged.  Encapsidate equals,   
+
+it can become packaged by the viral proteins to make progeny virus  
+
+particles, which can then bud,  as I've indicated here, from the  
+
+surface of the infected cell.  And in fact, we can imagine three  
+
+classes of viral proteins that are required for replication.   
+
+First is the reverse transcriptase,  which is encoded by the viral RNA.   
+
+Second are the capsid proteins which carry the RNA,   
+
+and third are the viral glycoproteins up here which these  
+
+glycoprotein spikes which are trans-membrane proteins that  
+
+protrude from the virion,  and allow the virion to adsorb to  
+
+the surface of infected cells.  It turns out that this virus has  
+
+become an extremely difficult virus to deal with.  For most viruses that  
+
+we have encountered over the last 100 years, one has had great success  
+
+in making vaccines against these viruses including,   
+
+as we discussed in great detail,  poliovirus.   
+
+In fact, for smallpox,  another virus, the vaccine effort  
+
+was so successful that about 20 years ago, the last case of smallpox  
+
+finally occurred in Eritrea in northeast African when some herdsmen  
+
+had the last documented case.  And since that time, there have  
+
+been no documented cases of smallpox in the wild, and there's only two or  
+
+three stocks of smallpox virus surviving.   
+
+One of them is in some type of research center is Moscow,   
+
+and the other is probably in the Communicable Disease Center in  
+
+Atlanta, Georgia.  And, there's been great debate,   
+
+by the way.  Should one get rid of those surviving stalks,   
+
+or should one keep them for research?  By now, you guys aren't vaccinated  
+
+against smallpox because nobody gets it anymore, and there's a certain  
+
+risk of getting a small pox vaccine.   
+
+I am, so I'm not worried,  but maybe you should be because  
+
+starting about 20-25 years ago,  one stopped vaccinating people  
+
+against smallpox because it just doesn't seem to be necessary.   
+
+Why give them the risk of having some disease which happens in one  
+
+out of a million vaccinees (sic) instead of just leaving them  
+
+unvaccinated?  Well,  I digress.  Back to HIV,   
+
+the fact is we've had enormous lack of success in making a good kind of  
+
+vaccine against HIV,  and why is that?   
+
+Well, one of the critical things is that HIV is attacking and  
+
+replicating in the T helper cells,  and the T helper cells it turns out  
+
+are the lynch pains of the immune response.  Keep in mind that the T  
+
+helper cells that I've shown you in this diagram over here represent  
+
+these critical cellular messengers between the dendritic cells and the  
+
+macrophages on the one hand,  and the B cells on the other.   
+
+You wipe them out, and the ability to make new antibodies is  
+
+totally compromised.  It turns out the T helper cells can  
+
+also help to make another class of cells which are called cytotoxic T  
+
+cells, another kind of T cell,  cytotoxic, and these cytotoxic T  
+
+cells have on their surfaces T cell receptors, which they can use to  
+
+recognize infected cells,  and kill infected cells.   
+
+So, the cytotoxic T cells aren't involved in making antibody  
+
+responses at all.  The cytotoxic T cells are involved  
+
+in recognizing cells that are expressing unusual or foreign  
+
+antigens on their surface,  and killing those cells.  That's the  
+
+function of the cytotoxic T cells.  Obviously, it's quite different  
+
+from the helper T cells.  But once again, the activation of  
+
+the cytotoxic T cells,  and empowering them to make these  
+
+attacks on abnormal cells depends on the helper T cells.   
+
+Once again, the helper T cells represent the lynch pins,   
+
+the keystones, of the immune response.  But,   
+
+because of this tropism,  and when I use the word tropism,   
+
+I mean because of the desire of the virus to phase towards and infect a  
+
+certain subset of cells in the body,  this tropism of HIV for infecting  
+
+and killing helper T cells,  the production of antibodies is  
+
+strongly compromised on the one hand,  and the production of cytotoxic T  
+
+cells is compromised on the other.   
+
+There's another aspect of HIV infection which is also very  
+
+insidious, and that's the following.  It turns out that the body can  
+
+initially make an immune response against an infecting HIV particle.   
+
+And here's kind of what things look like.  I hope this shows up here.   
+
+Who could lend me a laser pointer again?   
+
+Excellent, thank you.  OK, so here's what happens.   
+
+And, there's two graphs here.  On one hand are the cytotoxic T  
+
+cells, and their level is shown on the solid line here.   
+
+So, look at the course of infection.  It's plotted here in weeks and  
+
+years.  If you see what happens in a primary HIV infection,   
+
+and here on the right on this ordinate here is the viral titer  
+
+indicated on a log scale.  So, this is a semi-log graph for the  
+
+viral titer.  And what you see over here is that when you initially  
+
+infected it, there's an enormous burst of viral titer.   
+
+It goes up by four or five orders of magnitude, and then it falls down  
+
+dramatically by two or three orders of magnitude.  And it goes on,   
+
+and it remains depressed by two or three orders of magnitude below its  
+
+initial height for a number of years.   
+
+What's going on then?  The immune system has come to grips  
+
+with the presence of the HIV virus,  and begins successfully to try to  
+
+eliminate it.  How does the immune system eliminate HIV?   
+
+By two mechanisms.  First of all,  the immune system makes neutralizing  
+
+antibodies of the sort that float through the serum,   
+
+and are able to glom onto the virus particle, attach to the virus  
+
+particle, and thereby prevent it from being infectious.   
+
+And secondly, as I mentioned last time, the immune system also can  
+
+recognize virus-infected cells and kill them.  And by killing a  
+
+virus-infected cell,  the immune system prevents that cell  
+
+from continuing to function as a factory for putting out new virus  
+
+particles.  So,  there's two ways by which virus  
+
+particles are eliminated,  but note here that the virus  
+
+infected cell which is critically important among all the cell types  
+
+in the body are the T helper cells.   
+
+So, certain components of the immune system are killing the T helper  
+
+cells that are involved in harboring and producing HIV virus.   
+
+So, there's an auto destruction on the part of the immune system.   
+
+Look, at the same time, at the titer, at the number of CD4 cells,   
+
+and they're indicated here on the left ordinate,   
+
+in this case, cells per microliter.  CD4 cells originally started up  
+
+here.  They go down by a factor of two or  
+
+three for the first weeks,  and then over a period of years  
+
+there's this ongoing struggle between the HIV particle and the  
+
+immune system as the number of CD4 cells, and the CD4 cells we've said  
+
+before, the CD4 positive cells are these T helper cells as the number  
+
+of these cells per microliter of blood progressively declines further  
+
+and further and further.  And finally, the number of CD4  
+
+positive cells,  i.e. T helper cells,   
+
+gets so low that the body is totally overwhelmed, and the patient then  
+
+dies of an opportunistic infection.   
+
+What do I mean by an opportunistic infection?  Well,   
+
+what I mean is that we are surrounded all the time by all kinds  
+
+of microbes, which given the chance will kill us within a couple days.   
+
+Keep in mind, I told you that there are in your gut,   
+
+as many bacterial cells as there are the rest of your body.   
+
+And some of these bacteria are really nasty.  I remember,   
+
+my grandfather got kicked in the belly by a horse,   
+
+and three days later he was dead.  Why?  Because some of the bacteria  
+
+got out of his gut,  got into his peritoneal fluid cavity,   
+
+and gone.  This was the pre-antibiotic era,   
+
+by the way, never new him very well because he died in 1916.   
+
+I'm just telling you that your gut is full of all kinds of nasty thing  
+
+on your skin.  Not just on my skin,  but on your skin there are billions  
+
+of staph aureus bacteria.  They're just waiting to cause you  
+
+problems.  Don't look.  It's OK.   
+
+Don't look too closely.  They're just waiting to cause a  
+
+nasty infection as well.  Everyday we breathe in all kinds of  
+
+awful microbes,  fungi, and all these kinds of things  
+
+including pneumocystis.  And, rarely do we get sick because  
+
+of the extraordinary competence of the immune system to respond to such  
+
+a diversity of infectious agents,  and to hold them at bay.   
+
+In the 20th century,  the percentage of people who die of  
+
+infectious diseases has plummeted both because of the immune system  
+
+and because we're eating healthier up to a point,   
+
+and because of antibiotics and antifungals.  But if the immune  
+
+system is defective,  all the antibiotics in the world,   
+
+and all the antifungal agents can't save a patient if their CD4 cells  
+
+get down very,  very low because these antifungals  
+
+always worked as collaborators with the immune system.   
+
+They get rid of a bulk of the infection, but the immune system has  
+
+to wipe out the residue.  And what you see here is a struggle  
+
+going on for a period of three,  four, five, six years where the  
+
+viral titer is successfully held low,  and then all of a sudden as the  
+
+immune system weakens the viral titer goes up to high levels,   
+
+wipes out the residual T helper cells, and death invariably  
+
+ensues.  Now, I've given you one reason why  
+
+the immune system can't deal with this virus, because virtually all  
+
+other viruses attack various tissues throughout our body,   
+
+but they don't attack the immune system itself.   
+
+Here, we're having a virus which is attacking the defense of the body,   
+
+that is to say, the immune system.  So, one reason is the continuing  
+
+depletion of the T helper cells.  They can regenerate themselves for  
+
+a period of time,  very impressively long period of  
+
+time, four, five,  six, seven years.  But ultimately,   
+
+they get worn out, they die.  Another reason is this is antigenic  
+
+variation.  Now,  if you look at the retrovirus  
+
+particle, what you see is on the surface the glycoprotein.   
+
+It's right here.  And, the glycoprotein is used by antibodies  
+
+to recognize and bind to the virus particle and neutralize it,   
+
+same as with poliovirus.  But let's imagine,   
+
+as happens to be the case,  that the virus is highly error prone  
+
+in replicating its genome.  When I say error prone, I mean that  
+
+instead of the host cell,  polymerase, which makes ultimately  
+
+one mistake out of a billion,  the viral replication machinery  
+
+makes mistakes all the time.  It's quite defective in the  
+
+fidelity and the faithfulness with which it replicates nucleic acid.   
+
+That means that after each cycle of replication, there are in effect  
+
+mutant viruses that have been produced, mutant progeny viruses,   
+
+and where the mutation rate instead of being one in 10-9 might be one in  
+
+10-2 or one in 10-3.  And that means that there are  
+
+continually novel variants of HIV being produced in a person's body.   
+
+Let's imagine that that person has developed antibodies against the  
+
+viral glycoprotein of the virus that initially infected him or her.   
+
+Let's imagine that.  And those antibodies are successful  
+
+in eliminating most of the virus particles of the sort that initially  
+
+infected that individual.  But now we can imagine the  
+
+possibility that in the imperative weeks or months,   
+
+a new strain of HIV will arise within that individual's body a  
+
+mutant strain in which the sequences that code the viral glycoprotein had  
+
+been changed slightly.  And now, the viral glycoprotein has  
+
+changed slightly its epitopes.  And the initially developed  
+
+neutralizing antibody that recognized the initial cohort of  
+
+virus coming into the cell in the individual no longer works because  
+
+the virus has undertaken a strategy of immune evasion,   
+
+sometimes it's called immunoevasion,  in which now the viral glycoprotein,   
+
+although it's still competent to affect a replication cycle to adsorb  
+
+and fuse to the surface of an affected cell.   
+
+Many of the epitopes,  many of the oligopeptide antigens on  
+
+the surface of the glycoprotein have been changed slightly through amino  
+
+acid substitutions,  through point mutations.   
+
+And hence, the initially developed antibody, which previously was  
+
+successful in glomming on and neutralizing this virus particle is  
+
+rendered ineffective.  And now, this second wave,   
+
+this new strain of HIV will grow up and expand in that individual,   
+
+and once again provoke a new immune response.   
+
+And, the same cycle will repeat it.  The second strain will now soon be  
+
+eliminated, but while the elimination is going on,   
+
+there's strong Darwinian selective pressure favoring the outgrowth of  
+
+yet another mutant strain which is not recognized by either of the two  
+
+initial antibody responses.  And so, over this period of many  
+
+years, what's happening is that the virus in the immune system are  
+
+playing continual cat and mouse games with one another.   
+
+The immune system goes after the virus; the virus moves over here;  
+
+the immune system goes after that; and so you have a succession of  
+
+antigenic variance.  Here's one variant.   
+
+Here's another variant.  Here's another variant, and so  
+
+forth.  By the time the immune system succeeds in getting rid of  
+
+the first variant,  a new variant has appeared,   
+
+and then the immune system ramps up its defenses and tries to get rid of  
+
+that.  And, it succeeds almost.  But by the time that has happened,   
+
+yet a third variant has appeared.  And so, there are these continual  
+
+clonal successions.  A clonal succession represents a  
+
+time where one clonal virus explodes,  expands.  It's soon eliminated,   
+
+collapses, and then another clone comes up and expands.   
+
+And this goes on.  This works OK for about four,   
+
+five, six years.  But ultimately, the ability of the  
+
+T helper cells to replenish themselves and to continue to mount  
+
+an effective immune response fails.   
+
+There's yet another aspect of HIV infection which is so insidious,   
+
+and that's the following.  Let's look at the viral life cycle right  
+
+here, and the provirus,  remember the provirus is this thing  
+
+right here, which is integrated into the chromosomal DNA.   
+
+And, we can assume that this provirus is transcribed by RNA  
+
+polymerase too,  and I will tell you that the  
+
+promoter of the provirus is carried in by the proviral DNA,   
+
+and actually depends on transcription factors that are  
+
+present in the T helper cell.  In fact, you'll recall that the T  
+
+helper cell gets excited sometimes,  and other times it's not excited.   
+
+And she gets excited if I can attach gender to a T helper cell,   
+
+when she encounters macrophages and dendritic cells,   
+
+and/or when she encounters B cells.  Other times, the T helper cell is  
+
+kind of quiet and unactivated (sic).  And, what happens when a T helper  
+
+cell gets activated through these encounters?   
+
+The T helper cell starts making her own transcription factors,   
+
+which are used in order to facilitate these complex biological  
+
+interactions with both antigen-presenting cells,   
+
+macrophages and dendritic cells,  and later on, B cells.  And those  
+
+same transcription factors that the T helper cell uses to turn on its  
+
+own expression program are used by the provirus to transcribe  
+
+its own DNA,  i.e. HIV has evolved a proviral  
+
+promoter sequence here which takes advantage of transcription factors  
+
+that are present uniquely in an activated T cell.   
+
+And when those transcription factors are available,   
+
+not only does the T cell become activated, but the provirus becomes  
+
+transcribed because these transcription factors now enable RNA  
+
+polymerase 2 of the host to transcribe the provirus.   
+
+But let's imagine now, if we follow that scenario to its conclusion,   
+
+what happens when the T cell is not activated?   
+
+When the T cell is quiescent,  when it's quiet, these transcription  
+
+factors are unavailable to attach to the promoter of the integrated  
+
+provirus, and as a consequence the provirus will not be transcribed.   
+
+It won't make RNA, and in that situation, how will anybody know  
+
+that there's an integrated provirus in there?  Well,   
+
+the provirus is not being transcribed.  The transcripts aren't  
+
+being used to make viral protein.  So in effect, the only evidence for  
+
+the existence of HIV in the cell is this segment of DNA.   
+
+In other words, this provirus can hide out in an unactivated quiescent  
+
+T cell indefinitely.  And, the immune system can't know  
+
+that there's a provirus hiding out in this T helper cell because it's  
+
+not being transcribed.  And therefore, one can have a  
+
+quiescent T helper cell,  and several other cell types in the  
+
+body, macrophages also,  which aren't transcribing their  
+
+proviruses.  Well, you'll say,   
+
+so what?  It doesn't make any difference.  If it's not being  
+
+transcribed, it's not going to hurt the individual.   
+
+But, keep in mind that the idea of getting rid of a viral infection is  
+
+to eliminate all traces of a viral genome from an infected individual,   
+
+and that's what happens with smallpox and with poliovirus,   
+
+and with measles and virtually all the other infections we have.   
+
+But here, we have a situation where the viral genome can hide out in a  
+
+latent or inapparent (sic) configuration.   
+
+There's no way to know it's there,  and it may reemerge days, weeks,   
+
+months, even years later because this previously transcriptionally  
+
+silent provirus may suddenly be present in a cell which suddenly  
+
+becomes activated.  And now, an individual who  
+
+"thought" quote unquote that he or she had gotten rid of HIV infection  
+
+all of a sudden realizes there are viral genomes still hiding  
+
+out in the body.  And what that means is that in  
+
+effect, it's absolutely impossible to rid the body of HIV infection  
+
+ever.  Once an individual is infected, in fact,   
+
+that individual is infected for life.  There's no way on Earth what we  
+
+have at present of getting rid of the viral infection because the  
+
+viral genome is always hiding out here or there in different  
+
+interstices of the immune system,  hiding out in transcriptionally  
+
+silent state.  Of course, we have very effective  
+
+drugs against HIV now.  Some drugs inhibit the reverse  
+
+transcriptase.  Others inhibit the processing of  
+
+the capsid proteins,  that is, the proteins which these  
+
+capsid proteins happen to be cleaved from a large, high molecular-weight  
+
+protein precursor into individual proteins, and there's an inhibitor  
+
+of the protease that cleaves these proteins to the mature size.   
+
+And, those drugs together hold the viral infection at bay for maybe 10,   
+
+15, 20 years.  But keep in mind that even though  
+
+the viral infection is being stopped by these drugs,   
+
+first of all, the virus is always hiding out in the bodies of such  
+
+individuals in this latent,  hidden form, and secondly, there may  
+
+be a slow depletion of their T helper cells in spite of the  
+
+effectiveness of these drugs.  On that cheerful note, I wish you a  
+
+good day.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/bX3jvD7XFPs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1780 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good morning.
+
+This is 600.
+
+So I hope any of you who thought
+this was a different
+
+course find where you
+really belong.
+
+My name is John Guttag.
+
+And I'll be lecturing the
+course all semester.
+
+OK.
+
+Today I want to accomplish
+several things.
+
+Cover some of the administrative
+details.
+
+Talk about the goals
+of the course--
+
+what I hope you'll learn.
+
+And then begin talking
+about the conceptual
+
+material in the course.
+
+It will seem a little bit slow,
+because it will be a
+
+little bit slow.
+
+I promise starting on Thursday
+we're going to pick up the
+
+pace considerably.
+
+So let's start with the
+strategic goals of the course.
+
+The official introduction
+to course 6 is 601.
+
+Historically, students who
+arrive at MIT with little or
+
+no programming experience
+find 601 an ordeal.
+
+And the point of this is
+to prepare freshman and
+
+sophomores for entering
+course 6--
+
+that's the Electrical
+Engineering Computer Science
+
+department--
+
+in a gentler, kinder way.
+
+So that 601 is not so
+much of a problem.
+
+I want to help students
+feel justifiably--
+
+and I want to emphasize
+the word justifiably--
+
+confident in their ability
+to write small and
+
+medium sized programs.
+
+So at the end of the term, you
+should all feel comfortable
+
+writing programs.
+
+The real theme of the course,
+and what I spend most of the
+
+time on, is how to map
+problems into a
+
+computational framework.
+
+There's going to be an emphasis
+on scientific
+
+problems, rather than, say,
+commercial problems.
+
+But there will be some talk
+about some non-scientific
+
+problems as well.
+
+How to take a problem that may
+not at first blush appear to
+
+be attackable with the program,
+and show you how to
+
+formulate the problem in such
+a way that you can use
+
+computation to get insight
+into the problem.
+
+It should not take
+you very long.
+
+All of the problem sets involve
+programming in Python
+
+programming language, which I'll
+say a little bit about
+
+later today.
+
+The first problem set,
+basically, is getting Python
+
+installed on your
+own computer.
+
+Most of the people will want to
+just use whatever their own
+
+laptop is to do the
+problem sets on.
+
+Don't get fooled by the first
+two problem sets into thinking
+
+this is a gut course.
+
+It's not.
+
+It starts out gently
+to lure you in.
+
+And then life gets pretty
+hard pretty quickly.
+
+So don't be fooled.
+
+The quizzes--
+
+and there will be two evening
+quizzes and a final--
+
+are open book open notes.
+
+When you get to be my age, you
+get very sensitive about how
+
+difficult it is to
+remember things.
+
+And so, we won't be asking
+you to memorize stuff.
+
+The course is about solving
+problems, knowing how to solve
+
+problems, not how much
+you can remember.
+
+For many of you who are majoring
+in biology or course
+
+20, it's going to be kind of a
+shock that this course isn't
+
+about how much you can remember,
+but it's about how
+
+well you can solve problems.
+
+And that's what the quizzes
+are really going
+
+to be focused on.
+
+Probably the most unusual thing
+about this course is the
+
+collaboration policy, which
+is liberal in the extreme.
+
+You can collaborate with anybody
+you want on any of the
+
+problem sets.
+
+Not on the quizzes.
+
+But on any of the
+problem sets.
+
+You can work with each other,
+which is what I recommend.
+
+You can work with your parents,
+if one of them
+
+happens to be a software
+engineer.
+
+You can work with friends
+in course 6.
+
+Whatever you want to do.
+
+The goal of the problem sets
+is to help you learn.
+
+What we've seen in the past is
+people who are a little, shall
+
+I say too collaborative, i.e.
+they just copy the problem set
+
+from somebody else, live in a
+fool's paradise which comes
+
+crashing down at
+the first quiz.
+
+People who don't spend enough
+time thinking about the
+
+problem sets themselves cannot
+take the quizzes successfully.
+
+So it's a fine line.
+
+But our goal is not
+to be policemen.
+
+I tell my TAs, their job is to
+help you learn, not to prevent
+
+you from, quote, cheating.
+
+So to solve that problem, we've
+eliminated the concept
+
+of cheating on problem sets.
+
+There is no way to cheat
+on problem sets.
+
+So just go and do them.
+
+There's no textbook.
+
+We will be posting readings
+on the web.
+
+For the most part, these will
+be pointers to websites.
+
+Occasionally we'll
+post readings
+
+that we wrote ourselves.
+
+Doesn't mean you shouldn't
+buy a textbook.
+
+In fact, there are a number
+of Python texts.
+
+We'll recommend a few of them.
+
+It might make sense to buy one
+and bring it to a quiz,
+
+because it will have an index
+that will let you look things
+
+up quickly, that
+sort of thing.
+
+But again, a lot of students
+never buy a
+
+text and do just fine.
+
+We will not be handing
+out class notes
+
+on a regular basis.
+
+A lot of studies have indicated
+that students learn
+
+more when they take their own
+notes than when they are
+
+handed out.
+
+And so, as a matter of what I
+think is good pedagogy, we
+
+don't hand out detailed
+lecture notes.
+
+We will be using, after today, a
+lot of handouts with code on
+
+them, which we'll
+make available.
+
+But it's not intended to make
+any sense outside the context
+
+of lectures.
+
+It's not self-contained.
+
+The main purpose of this course
+is to help you become
+
+skillful in making the
+computer do what
+
+you want it to do.
+
+Once you acquire this skill,
+your first instinct, when
+
+confronted with many tasks, will
+be to write a program to
+
+do that task for you.
+
+I always tell people I became
+a computer scientist in part
+
+because I'm lazy.
+
+And there was a lot of stuff
+that I found it was easier to
+
+write a program to make
+the computer do it,
+
+rather than do it myself.
+
+So I do that a lot.
+
+If I need to do something, I
+say, can I just write a quick
+
+program to do it?
+
+And I'd like you to be able
+to acquire that skill.
+
+And remember, that programming
+is actually a lot of fun.
+
+So I should say that, in
+addition to learning a lot in
+
+this course, I hope most of
+you will find it fun.
+
+Kind of a strange thought.
+
+MIT course, fun.
+
+Maybe it's an oxymoron.
+
+But I don't think so.
+
+I really do think you can have
+a lot of fun writing programs
+
+for this course.
+
+There are many people
+who believe that--
+
+how shall I say this?
+
+Programming is the most
+fun you can have with
+
+your clothes on.
+
+It really can be a lot of fun.
+
+So think of it that way.
+
+All right.
+
+So the primary knowledge you're
+going to take away is
+
+computational problem solving.
+
+So to start with, we might
+ask the question, what is
+
+computation?
+
+And to think about that--
+
+this is interesting.
+
+Ah, there's where
+the chalk is.
+
+I was afraid I was going to be
+confronted with a sea of black
+
+boards and erasers
+and no chalk.
+
+But there is chalk.
+
+So if we think about it,
+there are essentially
+
+two kinds of knowledge.
+
+Declarative--
+
+and you're going to see, I'm
+not a great speller.
+
+And imperative.
+
+Declarative knowledge
+is composed of
+
+statements of fact.
+
+For example, a good health care
+plan improves the quality
+
+of medical care while
+saving money.
+
+As we know from doings in
+Washington, it's a lot easier
+
+to state that goal than to know
+how to achieve that goal.
+
+So the key thing about
+declarative knowledge is, it
+
+says something that is true.
+
+Otherwise it wouldn't be
+knowledge, it would be
+
+misinformation.
+
+But doesn't tell you
+how to do it.
+
+In a more mathematical sense,
+say y is the square root of x
+
+if and only if y times
+y equals x.
+
+All right?
+
+Perfectly clear statement of
+what it means to be the square
+
+root, but it doesn't tell you
+how to find the square root.
+
+Interestingly enough, it does
+tell you how to test whether
+
+or not you have the answer
+to the square root.
+
+And so if you had some way of
+generating guesses, you can at
+
+least check whether
+they're correct.
+
+And in fact, starting in the
+next lecture, we'll talk about
+
+the fact that a lot of
+computational techniques
+
+involve something called
+guess and check.
+
+Where you have a way to generate
+guesses and a way to
+
+check whether they're right.
+
+Imperative knowledge, in
+contrast, tells you how to
+
+solve a problem.
+
+How to accomplish something.
+
+So you could think of it as like
+a recipe in a cookbook.
+
+So it's one thing to say a
+chocolate cake is something
+
+that tastes delicious
+and is bad for you.
+
+That's declarative knowledge.
+
+But you can open a cookbook and
+get a recipe that tells
+
+you how to make a
+chocolate cake.
+
+That's imperative knowledge.
+
+Now, below, we have a recipe for
+finding not a square root
+
+necessarily, but an
+
+approximation to a square root.
+
+And one of the themes of this
+course is that a lot of
+
+problems we cannot solve
+precisely, but we can find
+
+answers that are good enough
+for practical purposes.
+
+And those are called
+approximation algorithms.
+
+So here's a way--
+
+this is a very old method for
+finding the square root.
+
+In fact, it's believed
+that Heron was
+
+the one who did this.
+
+Heron of Alexandria.
+
+In the news much today,
+Alexandria was the capital of
+
+ancient Egypt.
+
+He was the first one to
+write this method
+
+down a long time ago.
+
+Though it's believed that even
+before Heron, the Babylonians
+
+know how to do it.
+
+So you start with a guess, g.
+
+Any old guess will do.
+
+Then you say, is g times
+g close enough to x?
+
+If so, you stop.
+
+Say OK, I've got a good enough
+approximation of the answer.
+
+If it's not, you create a new
+guess by averaging g and x
+
+divided by g.
+
+So g new is going to be
+g old plus x divided
+
+by g old, over 2.
+
+And then using this new guess,
+you go back to step 2.
+
+So let's quickly run through
+an example of this.
+
+We can start with this
+pretty easily.
+
+We'll take a guess.
+
+Let's say g equals 3.
+
+So we look at three times 3.
+
+9.
+
+And we say, is that
+good enough?
+
+Well, let's say we're looking
+for the root of 25.
+
+I guess I should have started
+with the problem statement.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+Well, 9 is probably not close
+enough to 25 that we're happy.
+
+May be good enough for
+government work, but not for
+
+most other purposes.
+
+So we'll reset g, and we'll
+set g to 3 plus 25 over 3.
+
+All of that over 2.
+
+Which equals 5.6666 et cetera.
+
+All right.
+
+So now we'll multiply
+that by itself.
+
+And that gets to
+be about 32.04.
+
+Close enough to 25?
+
+Probably not.
+
+So we'll take another step.
+
+And we'll set g equal to--
+
+well, when we're done with it
+all, I'm not going to bore you
+
+with writing the
+formula again.
+
+It'll be 5.04.
+
+If we square that, it's 25.4.
+
+We decide that's close enough
+to 25, and we're done.
+
+What we say at this point
+is that the algorithm--
+
+and that's an important word.
+
+An algorithm is a description
+of how to perform a
+
+computation.
+
+We say that the algorithm
+has converged.
+
+Which is a fancy way
+to say it's halted.
+
+What we've got here, if you
+think about it, is a set of
+
+instructions.
+
+Steps that can be executed
+and a flow of control.
+
+The order in which
+we execute them.
+
+So if we look at this, there's a
+default order of execution--
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+But then there's the go back
+to step 2 and start over.
+
+And there's a termination
+condition.
+
+It tells us when to stop.
+
+And of course, that's
+important.
+
+I've always been amused, if you
+look at a shampoo bottle,
+
+you'll see an algorithm that
+says something like lather,
+
+rinse, repeat.
+
+And if you follow it
+literally, you
+
+never get to stop.
+
+Which I suppose make sense if
+you're selling shampoo,
+
+because people use
+a lot of it.
+
+But really, there
+ought to be some
+
+termination condition there.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, how do we capture this
+idea of a recipe in a
+
+mechanical process?
+
+One way would be to design a
+machine specifically to do
+
+square roots.
+
+So if I knew how to design
+circuits, which I don't, I
+
+could sit down-- probably many
+of you could sit down--
+
+and design a circuit that would
+
+implement this algorithm.
+
+And in fact, that's more or
+less what you'll find in a
+
+cheap four function calculator
+that does square roots.
+
+Not quite this algorithm, but
+a similar algorithm is just
+
+part of the circuitry
+to go compute that.
+
+And in fact, this used
+to be the way that
+
+all computers worked.
+
+So the initial computers
+were what are called
+
+fixed program computers.
+
+They were designed to do very
+specific things, and that's
+
+what they did.
+
+So for example, one of the very
+first computers, designed
+
+in 1941, by Atanasoff and
+Berry, solved systems of
+
+linear equations for the purpose
+of plotting artillery
+
+trajectories.
+
+And that's all it did.
+
+If you wanted to balance your
+bank account with this
+
+computer, you couldn't do it.
+
+But you could figure
+out how to drop an
+
+artillery shell somewhere.
+
+Also during World War II, Alan
+Turing built a machine
+
+specifically designed
+for breaking the
+
+German enigma code.
+
+Actually a fascinating story of
+science how that was built.
+
+But again, that was
+all it could do.
+
+These computers were useful,
+but only in a
+
+very limited way.
+
+The big breakthrough, the thing
+it made computation
+
+really important to society,
+was the invention of the
+
+stored program computer.
+
+It took people quite a while
+to figure this out.
+
+But once they did,
+it seems obvious.
+
+The basic notion of a stored
+program computer is that the
+
+instructions are the
+same as data.
+
+So now, there is no distinction
+between the
+
+program that implements the
+algorithm and the data on
+
+which that program operates.
+
+So there's no difference between
+the input of 25, part
+
+of the data, and the steps of
+the algorithm used to do that.
+
+Once that was possible,
+the machines
+
+became infinitely flexible.
+
+You could change the program
+anytime you wanted.
+
+And furthermore, programs
+could produce programs.
+
+Because programs can
+produce data.
+
+And if program and data are
+the same thing, that means
+
+programs can produce programs.
+
+And we were off and running.
+
+And that's really what made
+computers what they are today.
+
+Once this became clear as the
+paradigm for computers, people
+
+began to think of the computer
+itself as a program.
+
+And in particular, as a kind
+of program called an
+
+interpreter.
+
+And we'll get to more
+on this later today.
+
+An interpreter is a program that
+can execute any legal set
+
+of instructions.
+
+And consequently, can be used
+to describe and accomplish
+
+anything you can do
+with a computer.
+
+So roughly speaking, this is
+what a stored program computer
+
+looks like.
+
+This is 6004 in 40 seconds.
+
+It's got memory.
+
+Lots of it today.
+
+A control unit that basically
+tells it what to do.
+
+For example, fetch some data
+from memory, put some data
+
+into memory, send some output
+to a screen, all of those
+
+kinds of things.
+
+What for historical reasons we
+call the arithmetic logic
+
+unit, this is, in some sense,
+the brains of the computer.
+
+The thing that actually
+does computations.
+
+An accumulator, which
+is part of the
+
+ALU that stores results.
+
+And a bunch of input
+and output devices.
+
+The things that we actually see
+when we use a computer.
+
+And that's it.
+
+And again, the key thing to
+notice is, there's only one
+
+kind of memory.
+
+There's not a memory for program
+and a memory for data.
+
+There's just the memory.
+
+The nice thing to think about
+here is, given a small set of
+
+instructions, you can
+then build any kind
+
+of program you want.
+
+So typically, the computers have
+a very small number of
+
+built-in instructions.
+
+Order of dozens,
+and that's it.
+
+And by combining those
+instructions in very clever
+
+ways, you can do arbitrarily
+complex things.
+
+In much the same way a good
+chef can take a very small
+
+number of ingredients, and from
+those, produce a variety
+
+of interesting edibles.
+
+Alan Turing, in the 1930s--
+
+very famous British
+mathematician of whom you will
+
+hear more--
+
+showed that, in fact, there
+were six primitive
+
+instructions.
+
+Each of which operated on
+one bit of information.
+
+And with those six primitive
+instructions, you could do
+
+anything that could be
+done with a computer.
+
+Kind of amazing.
+
+It was six instructions.
+
+There were things like
+read, write, plus--
+
+I don't know, maybe minus.
+
+I forget what they were.
+
+And that was it.
+
+That's all you needed.
+
+We will not make you write
+programs using only six
+
+instructions.
+
+We will give you a
+much larger set.
+
+But still, it's really
+quite remarkable.
+
+It's what makes programming
+such an amazing endeavor.
+
+OK.
+
+So what instructions
+will you be using?
+
+Well, that's what a programming
+language does.
+
+So a programming language
+provides a set of primitive
+
+instructions.
+
+A set of primitive control
+structures.
+
+So instructions and mechanisms
+for controlling the order in
+
+which they get executed.
+
+And that's all.
+
+And then you can do whatever
+you want with them.
+
+And what distinguishes one
+programming language from
+
+another is what these
+things are.
+
+What are your instructions?
+
+What of your flow of control?
+
+And how do you combine them?
+
+What are the combining
+mechanisms?
+
+And in fact, it's the combining
+mechanisms more than
+
+anything else that separate
+one language from another.
+
+The most amazing thing
+about programming--
+
+and this has its good side and
+its bad side, and it's
+
+something you need to remember
+as you do the problem sets--
+
+is that the computer will always
+do exactly what you
+
+tell what to do.
+
+It's remarkable.
+
+You don't have any friends
+who will do whatever you
+
+tell them to do.
+
+I can tell you my children
+certainly don't do whatever I
+
+tell them to do.
+
+And my wife doesn't either.
+
+Sometimes she probably
+thinks I do whatever
+
+she tells me to do.
+
+But a computer will do what
+you tell it to do.
+
+So that's very empowering.
+
+It's also very annoying.
+
+Because it means if your program
+doesn't work, it's
+
+your own darn fault.
+
+You got nobody else to
+blame but yourself.
+
+Because it's not the
+computer's fault.
+
+You may want to curse the
+computer, but you shouldn't.
+
+It's just doing what
+you told it to.
+
+So be careful what
+you wish for.
+
+All right.
+
+The programming language we're
+going to use in 600 is Python.
+
+It's a relatively recent
+addition to
+
+the universe of languages.
+
+I want to emphasize that
+this course is not
+
+about learning Python.
+
+I will spend relatively little
+time in the lectures telling
+
+you about Python.
+
+It's about computational
+methods, is what this course
+
+is really about.
+
+And Python is merely
+a teaching tool.
+
+Once you learn to program in
+Python, it's easy to learn to
+
+program in another language.
+
+It's a very easily transferable
+skill.
+
+If we think about what defines
+any programming language, it's
+
+got a syntax, a static
+semantics, and a semantics.
+
+Are any of you here linguistics
+majors?
+
+Not a one.
+
+All right.
+
+Then I can make up whatever I
+want about these terms and
+
+maybe you'll believe me.
+
+All right.
+
+So the syntax tells us which
+sequences of characters and
+
+symbols constitute a
+well-formed string.
+
+So it would tell us, maybe, that
+we could write something
+
+like x equals 3 plus 4.
+
+And that's syntactically
+correct.
+
+It's well-formed.
+
+It might also tell us that
+x equals 3 blank 4 is not
+
+syntactically correct.
+
+It's not a legal string.
+
+So by analogy with English,
+the syntax describes which
+
+strings of words constitute
+well-formed sentences.
+
+Well-formed.
+
+Not necessarily meaningful.
+
+So it would tell you that some
+sentence like Susan is
+
+building is syntactically
+well-formed.
+
+It may not be very sensible.
+
+The static semantics tells
+us which well-formed
+
+strings have a meaning.
+
+That are which strings
+are meaningful.
+
+So you can think about that
+as also making sense.
+
+So in Python, it might tell us
+that some strings which are
+
+syntactically fine don't
+mean anything.
+
+So for example, it might tell
+us that the string 3 divided
+
+by the character string abc is
+syntactically well-formed
+
+because it's value
+operator value.
+
+Sort of like noun verb
+noun is syntactically
+
+well-formed in English.
+
+But it would tell us
+that there's no
+
+real meaning to this.
+
+Dividing a number by a string
+doesn't mean anything.
+
+And so you would get an error
+message saying the syntax is
+
+OK, but the static semantics
+is broken.
+
+So for example, in English ,
+the sentence I are big is
+
+somehow syntactically
+well-formed--
+
+noun verb noun--
+
+but we might say it fails the
+static semantic test.
+
+We don't want to assign
+a meaning to it.
+
+The semantics of the language
+looks only at the strings that
+
+are both syntactically correct
+and static semantically
+
+correct, and assigns a
+real meaning to them.
+
+In natural language, sentences
+can be ambiguous.
+
+So one of my favorites, when I
+have to write a recommendation
+
+letter for a student that maybe
+I don't think is so
+
+good, I might say something
+like I cannot praise this
+
+student too highly.
+
+Well, you can interpret
+that however you want.
+
+It keeps me from getting sued,
+but I can also claim, well, I
+
+don't like the student at all.
+
+And English is full
+of those things.
+
+Programming languages, in
+contrast, are designed so that
+
+every well-formed program
+has exactly one meaning.
+
+There's no ambiguity.
+
+So you can't typically
+talk of a program as
+
+having a semantic error.
+
+If it is well-formed, it
+means something, and
+
+that's what it means.
+
+On the other hand, it's easy
+to talk about a program
+
+meaning something other than
+you wanted it to mean.
+
+And you will discover in the
+problem sets, most of the time
+
+the programs don't mean what
+you want them to mean.
+
+That is to say, when you run
+them, they don't give you the
+
+correct answer.
+
+And then you will go through
+this process of debugging them
+
+and learning how to do it.
+
+So what might happen when we
+write a program that doesn't
+
+do what we want it to do?
+
+It might crash.
+
+By that, we mean stop running
+and produce some palpable
+
+indication that it
+has done so.
+
+So you've all used programs
+that have crashed, right?
+
+You sat there using your email
+program or Word, or
+
+PowerPoint, or something.
+
+And suddenly, it
+just goes away.
+
+And you get a message on your
+screen and an invitation to
+
+send Apple or Microsoft a file
+explaining what went wrong so
+
+they can fix it.
+
+In a properly designed computing
+system, when one
+
+program crashes, it does not
+damage the overall system.
+
+So you'd like it to
+just be local.
+
+What else might it do?
+
+It might never stop.
+
+Now, if you have no idea how
+long a program is supposed to
+
+run, this can be hard
+to diagnose.
+
+But again, I'm sure you've
+all run into this.
+
+I've certainly run into it.
+
+Every once in a while I'll
+say, try and write a
+
+PowerPoint file.
+
+And it'll just sit there.
+
+Or I'll try to read a file and
+it'll just sit there and never
+
+finish the job.
+
+Or I don't have enough
+patience.
+
+But probably it would never
+have finished it.
+
+Again, you will all write
+programs that do this.
+
+It's a good idea to know how
+long you expect your programs
+
+to run, so that you can
+recognize this.
+
+Typically, we say that these
+programs have in them an
+
+infinite loop.
+
+And we'll talk about that when
+we get to flow of control.
+
+Finally, a program might run to
+completion and produce the
+
+wrong answer.
+
+These problems are kind of in
+ascending order of badness.
+
+If it crashes, at least
+you know that
+
+something has gone wrong.
+
+An infinite loop can be very
+annoying, because you just
+
+wait for a long time.
+
+But the worst thing that happens
+is when you think
+
+everything is good
+and it's not.
+
+There have been lots of
+examples of this.
+
+This is the sort of thing
+that costs lives.
+
+There was a radiation therapy
+machine that produced the
+
+wrong dosage of radiation and
+actually killed quite a few
+
+people, because they put in
+the correct input, and it
+
+would dose the patient
+with radiation.
+
+And a fatal dose of radiation.
+
+That's a really bad mistake.
+
+There are buildings that
+collapse because people run
+
+programs that do the structural
+engineering, and
+
+the programs give the
+wrong answer.
+
+Lots of bad things can happen.
+
+So one of the things we're going
+to spend time on this
+
+term is, what you can do to
+avoid writing programs that
+
+have this rather unpleasant
+property.
+
+How do you test them?
+
+How do you write them in such
+a way that this is the least
+
+likely event?
+
+That's not what you
+want to happen.
+
+OK.
+
+Some programming languages
+give you a lot of help in
+
+avoiding these things.
+
+Python is kind of mediocre
+in that respect.
+
+It's not the best.
+
+It's not the worst.
+
+It's somewhere in the middle.
+
+Because what you'd like is a
+program with very rigorous
+
+static semantics, such that if
+you pass those tests, it has a
+
+high probability of behaving
+as expected.
+
+So for example, it's a good
+thing that Python doesn't
+
+allow you to do this.
+
+Because who knows what
+that's going to do?
+
+Something weird.
+
+You'd rather be told no,
+you can't write that.
+
+And then you have to write
+something that's more
+
+obviously meaningful.
+
+Rather than it just making
+up an interpretation.
+
+As we will see going forward,
+Python is not, for example, as
+
+good as Java is at weeding
+out meaningless things.
+
+Or things that have surprising
+meanings.
+
+On the other hand, it's better
+than C. So kind of in the
+
+middle as these programming
+languages go.
+
+Why do we use Python in this
+course if it's not the best in
+
+that respect?
+
+It's got several
+good features.
+
+One of them is, it's
+easy to learn.
+
+It's much less complicated
+than, say, Java.
+
+So the learning curve
+is much steeper.
+
+That's a good thing.
+
+You get up to speed faster.
+
+It's very widely used today in
+a lot of areas of science,
+
+particularly the
+life sciences.
+
+It has probably become the
+most popular language in
+
+biology and the other
+life sciences.
+
+And therefore, for those of you
+who have careers in that
+
+area, it's the most useful
+language to know.
+
+It's also widely used in
+other areas as well.
+
+It is easier to debug
+than most languages.
+
+And the reason it's easier to
+debug than most languages, or
+
+than many, is it's an
+interpreted language.
+
+So you'll remember, I talked
+about a computer as an
+
+interpreter.
+
+Something that you feed in a
+bunch of instructions, called
+
+the source code.
+
+You do some checking.
+
+And then it executes the
+instructions, including the
+
+flow of control instructions.
+
+Produces some output.
+
+The nice thing that goes on
+there is if something untoward
+
+happens, the interpreter can
+describe in the language of
+
+the source code what
+went wrong.
+
+The source code is the
+code that you wrote.
+
+On the other hand, the way a
+compiler works is, you take
+
+the source code, you check it,
+but then you translate it into
+
+another language called
+the object code.
+
+This is a language closer
+to the language that the
+
+computer, the hardware, knows
+how to interpret.
+
+Then the hardware interpreter
+interprets the compiled code,
+
+the object code, and
+produces output.
+
+And the problem here is if
+something goes wrong, it wants
+
+to give you an error message in
+terms of the object code,
+
+which you've never seen
+in your life.
+
+And that can make
+it very obscure.
+
+So the advantage?
+
+Why do we have compilers?
+
+Typically, compiled languages
+are more efficient.
+
+Because they go through this
+extra step, they take less
+
+time to run those programs.
+
+You can compile Python as well,
+if you want to get an
+
+efficient version.
+
+But it's not designed under
+that assumption.
+
+And so, it works well when
+it's interpreted, which
+
+is why we use it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/brsHU2jA73E.txt b/brsHU2jA73E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..892459098456407058826fab411490b87812f672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brsHU2jA73E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9896 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank everybody i'm going to talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank everybody i'm going to talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank everybody i'm going to talk today
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+uh confederated salish kootenai tribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh confederated salish kootenai tribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh confederated salish kootenai tribe
+uh which i offered as cskt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i offered as cskt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i offered as cskt
+tribes uh compact with the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes uh compact with the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes uh compact with the state of
+montana um to which the us government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana um to which the us government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana um to which the us government
+was also party um this compact kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also party um this compact kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also party um this compact kind of
+evolved over the course of a couple of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over the course of a couple of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over the course of a couple of a
+few decades and actually just started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few decades and actually just started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few decades and actually just started to
+be implemented this year so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be implemented this year so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be implemented this year so we'll we'll
+talk about how they got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how they got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how they got there
+um just to start this is montana um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to start this is montana um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to start this is montana um
+these are the various water basins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the various water basins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the various water basins in
+the state of montana this little area on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of montana this little area on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of montana this little area on
+the corner here is the flatbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner here is the flatbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner here is the flatbed
+reservation so it's actually a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation so it's actually a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation so it's actually a fairly
+large chunk of land the the water rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large chunk of land the the water rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large chunk of land the the water rights
+that we're talking about today uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about today uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about today uh really
+cover the entire region of northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the entire region of northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the entire region of northwest
+montana uh mostly west of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana uh mostly west of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana uh mostly west of the
+continental divide but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental divide but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental divide but there are some
+rights that were affected by the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that were affected by the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that were affected by the treaty
+that actually on the on the east side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually on the on the east side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually on the on the east side of
+continental divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental divide
+um so we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about the
+history uh the the kind of way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh the the kind of way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh the the kind of way that
+these water rights came about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these water rights came about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these water rights came about some of
+the context negotiations talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context negotiations talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context negotiations talk a little
+bit about the negotiation topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the negotiation topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the negotiation topics and
+where they ended up um and even as i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they ended up um and even as i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they ended up um and even as i go
+through the history i hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the history i hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the history i hope to
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+because some of the disputed rights kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the disputed rights kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the disputed rights kind
+of a lot of the questions go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of the questions go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of the questions go back to the
+origins of those rights i hope to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of those rights i hope to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of those rights i hope to kind
+of bring up some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bring up some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bring up some of the different
+disputes in the historical context so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes in the historical context so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes in the historical context so
+that and also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also kind of
+begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to
+shed light on kind of the present status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed light on kind of the present status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed light on kind of the present status
+of them and and how they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and and how they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and and how they came up with
+the negotiations based on that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations based on that context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations based on that context
+so to quickly look a little bit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to quickly look a little bit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to quickly look a little bit at the
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+the treaty of hellgate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty of hellgate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty of hellgate which is the
+treaty that created the planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty that created the planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty that created the planted
+reservation in northwest montana it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation in northwest montana it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation in northwest montana it's
+about a million and a quarter acres was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a million and a quarter acres was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a million and a quarter acres was
+signed on 18 in 1855 by representatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed on 18 in 1855 by representatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed on 18 in 1855 by representatives
+of the us as well as the tribes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us as well as the tribes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us as well as the tribes that
+that were partied to the treaty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were partied to the treaty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were partied to the treaty the
+treaty gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty gave them
+gave them the rights to that land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them the rights to that land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them the rights to that land
+but it also included uh an unusual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also included uh an unusual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also included uh an unusual um
+line which has become very important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which has become very important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which has become very important um
+that was not included in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not included in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not included in any of the
+other treaties that the us government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other treaties that the us government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other treaties that the us government
+negotiated with the state of montana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated with the state of montana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated with the state of montana
+this line is from article 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is from article 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is from article 3 the
+exclusive right of taking fish and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of taking fish and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of taking fish and all
+the streams running through or boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streams running through or boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streams running through or boarding
+said reservation is further secure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said reservation is further secure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said reservation is further secure to
+said indians as also the right of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said indians as also the right of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said indians as also the right of taking
+fish at all usual and accustomed places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at all usual and accustomed places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at all usual and accustomed places
+in common with citizens of the territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common with citizens of the territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common with citizens of the territory
+so this provision maintained that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this provision maintained that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this provision maintained that the
+tribes had the rights to use water that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes had the rights to use water that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes had the rights to use water that
+passed through some of the lands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through some of the lands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through some of the lands that
+they conceded that the part that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conceded that the part that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conceded that the part that says
+the right of taking fish at all usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of taking fish at all usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of taking fish at all usual
+and accustomed places this is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accustomed places this is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accustomed places this is the basis
+of what have become to be known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what have become to be known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what have become to be known as the
+tribes off reservation water rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes off reservation water rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes off reservation water rights and
+we'll talk about what those are and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what those are and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about what those are and how
+those became contentious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those became contentious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those became contentious
+as was often the case with treaties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was often the case with treaties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was often the case with treaties of
+native tribes the us government you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tribes the us government you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tribes the us government you know
+violated the spirit and the letter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the spirit and the letter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the spirit and the letter of
+the hellgate treaty within a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hellgate treaty within a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hellgate treaty within a number of
+decades the kind of general history that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades the kind of general history that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades the kind of general history that
+pertains to a lot of the you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to a lot of the you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to a lot of the you know all
+the native american tribes is in 1887
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the native american tribes is in 1887
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the native american tribes is in 1887
+the dallas act was passed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dallas act was passed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dallas act was passed which
+subdivided native reservations into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided native reservations into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivided native reservations into
+individual allotments and opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual allotments and opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual allotments and opened
+reservations to settlements by whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations to settlements by whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations to settlements by whites
+uh in particular the final reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular the final reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular the final reservation
+this kind of accelerated after the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of accelerated after the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of accelerated after the flat
+head allotment act of 1904 uh provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head allotment act of 1904 uh provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head allotment act of 1904 uh provided
+for the distribution and irrigation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distribution and irrigation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distribution and irrigation of
+actually slightly you know actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly you know actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly you know actually a
+few different sizes of allotments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different sizes of allotments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different sizes of allotments but
+predominantly 160 acre allotments indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly 160 acre allotments indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly 160 acre allotments indian
+households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households
+and then the rest of those of the acres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of those of the acres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of those of the acres
+that weren't given out um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't given out um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't given out um were
+considered surplus um and those surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered surplus um and those surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered surplus um and those surplus
+acres were available to to non-tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres were available to to non-tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres were available to to non-tribal
+members and so today actually most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and so today actually most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and so today actually most
+flathead reservation residents are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead reservation residents are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead reservation residents are not
+tribal members uh and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal members uh and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal members uh and there are many
+both public and private non-travel water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both public and private non-travel water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both public and private non-travel water
+uses including municipal uses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses including municipal uses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses including municipal uses for
+example uh polson montana which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh polson montana which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh polson montana which is the
+the county seat of lake county which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county seat of lake county which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county seat of lake county which is
+one of four counties in the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four counties in the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four counties in the that
+enters into the platform reservation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into the platform reservation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into the platform reservation um
+polson montana is the sikh county of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polson montana is the sikh county of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polson montana is the sikh county of
+lake montana and it's the largest town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake montana and it's the largest town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake montana and it's the largest town
+on the planet reservation so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet reservation so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet reservation so i think
+it's just important to to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just important to to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just important to to recognize the
+complexity of the land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the land use
+the flathead indian irrigation project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flathead indian irrigation project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flathead indian irrigation project
+was uh a federally funded uh irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh a federally funded uh irrigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh a federally funded uh irrigation
+system that was developed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that was developed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that was developed over the
+course of the first uh half century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the first uh half century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the first uh half century
+mostly in the in the 20s and 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the in the 20s and 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the in the 20s and 30s
+and it's really a really extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a really extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a really extensive
+network of irritable acres canals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of irritable acres canals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of irritable acres canals
+laterals distribution systems pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterals distribution systems pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterals distribution systems pumping
+stations storage reservoirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations storage reservoirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations storage reservoirs
+that provides irrigation to all the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides irrigation to all the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides irrigation to all the land
+that was described on the past slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was described on the past slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was described on the past slide
+both native uses native users and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both native uses native users and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both native uses native users and
+municipal and non-native users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal and non-native users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal and non-native users
+particularly agricultural users on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly agricultural users on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly agricultural users on the
+reservation who are not uh members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation who are not uh members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation who are not uh members of
+the tribe so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe so that's
+uh all you need to know about that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all you need to know about that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all you need to know about that oh
+yeah and it's important to note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it's important to note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it's important to note that
+cskt operates uh a large portion of fip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cskt operates uh a large portion of fip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cskt operates uh a large portion of fip
+of the platinum indian irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the platinum indian irrigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the platinum indian irrigation
+project um it has since the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um it has since the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um it has since the 80s
+so water rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so water rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so water rights
+like many western states montana adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many western states montana adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many western states montana adopted
+a first in time first and right doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first in time first and right doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first in time first and right doctrine
+of fire appropriation um and until 1973
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fire appropriation um and until 1973
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fire appropriation um and until 1973
+most rights in the state were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most rights in the state were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most rights in the state were used
+rights uh which means they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights uh which means they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights uh which means they would
+exercise when someone basically took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise when someone basically took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise when someone basically took
+water for a beneficial use most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for a beneficial use most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for a beneficial use most of the
+time they never filed those rights with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they never filed those rights with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they never filed those rights with
+the county or the state so many rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county or the state so many rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county or the state so many rights
+have no paper record you know rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no paper record you know rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no paper record you know rights
+often spam multiple counties and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often spam multiple counties and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often spam multiple counties and there
+were and it'd be competing claims the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and it'd be competing claims the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and it'd be competing claims the
+same quantity of water i mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quantity of water i mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quantity of water i mean this
+became increasingly complex because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became increasingly complex because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became increasingly complex because
+rights were also kept in county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights were also kept in county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights were also kept in county
+courthouses so even if a right was filed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courthouses so even if a right was filed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courthouses so even if a right was filed
+you had to go to every county courthouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go to every county courthouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go to every county courthouse
+to figure out um you know if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out um you know if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out um you know if there were
+competing rights so in 1972 when montana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing rights so in 1972 when montana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing rights so in 1972 when montana
+adopted a new state constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted a new state constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted a new state constitution
+recognizing existing water rights it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing existing water rights it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing existing water rights it
+also called upon the state legislature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called upon the state legislature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called upon the state legislature
+to quote establish a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote establish a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote establish a system of
+centralized records for water rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized records for water rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized records for water rights and
+that's the origin of the dispute is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the origin of the dispute is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the origin of the dispute is the
+status of the indian rights in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the indian rights in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the indian rights in the
+centralized record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized record
+in 1973 uh the water montana passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1973 uh the water montana passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1973 uh the water montana passed the
+water use act um which mandated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water use act um which mandated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water use act um which mandated that the
+department of natural resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of natural resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of natural resources
+conservation permit new claims and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation permit new claims and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation permit new claims and
+manage a record of water rights uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage a record of water rights uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage a record of water rights uh and
+it established a system of adjudicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it established a system of adjudicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it established a system of adjudicating
+pre-1970 claims this means that all new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-1970 claims this means that all new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-1970 claims this means that all new
+claims had to be filed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims had to be filed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims had to be filed with the
+department of natural resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of natural resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of natural resources to
+conservation um and it began to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation um and it began to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation um and it began to create a
+bureaucratic structure for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic structure for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic structure for looking at
+all claims filed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all claims filed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all claims filed
+prior or existing even if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior or existing even if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior or existing even if they weren't
+filed prior to 1973.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed prior to 1973.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed prior to 1973.
+in 79 uh the senate bill 76 established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 79 uh the senate bill 76 established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 79 uh the senate bill 76 established
+the montana water court which was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the montana water court which was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the montana water court which was set up
+uh initially on a 15-year term limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initially on a 15-year term limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initially on a 15-year term limit
+although it's still around now 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's still around now 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's still around now 50 years
+later and they're hoping to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and they're hoping to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and they're hoping to have all
+their work done i believe the least most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work done i believe the least most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work done i believe the least most
+recent estimate i saw was by 2028 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent estimate i saw was by 2028 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent estimate i saw was by 2028 that
+even that is you know questionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that is you know questionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that is you know questionable
+um and establish the water code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and establish the water code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and establish the water code to
+adjudicate all priest 1973 claims uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudicate all priest 1973 claims uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudicate all priest 1973 claims uh
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+while this legislation was under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this legislation was under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this legislation was under
+consideration both the u.s department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration both the u.s department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration both the u.s department of
+the interior this and the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior this and the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior this and the tribes
+expressed opposition um to having their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed opposition um to having their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed opposition um to having their
+water rights adjudicated by a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights adjudicated by a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights adjudicated by a state
+court because they argued that uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court because they argued that uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court because they argued that uh these
+water bites the both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bites the both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bites the both the
+federal water rights pertaining to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal water rights pertaining to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal water rights pertaining to
+federal lands whether they're national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal lands whether they're national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal lands whether they're national
+parks or bureau land management lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks or bureau land management lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks or bureau land management lands
+and also the uh the native water rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the uh the native water rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the uh the native water rights
+uh which were held and trust by the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which were held and trust by the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which were held and trust by the us
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+say that they argued that they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they argued that they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they argued that they were not
+subject to state courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to state courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to state courts
+and many in montana's agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many in montana's agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many in montana's agricultural
+community also opposed the use of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community also opposed the use of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community also opposed the use of water
+courts to determine native rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts to determine native rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts to determine native rights
+because ranchers and others both on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ranchers and others both on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ranchers and others both on the
+reservation off the reservation feared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation off the reservation feared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation off the reservation feared
+that extensive tribal claims would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extensive tribal claims would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extensive tribal claims would
+supersede their historical rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersede their historical rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersede their historical rights
+because of the first in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the first in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the first in time
+doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine
+in response the legislator amended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response the legislator amended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response the legislator amended the
+draft legislation and established the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft legislation and established the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft legislation and established the
+montana reserve water rights compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana reserve water rights compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana reserve water rights compact
+commission which negotiates on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission which negotiates on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission which negotiates on the
+state's behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's behalf
+the commission was also initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commission was also initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commission was also initially
+authorized for a limited term but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized for a limited term but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized for a limited term but uh
+that term has been was extended and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term has been was extended and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term has been was extended and
+extended and extended we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and extended we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and extended we'll talk about
+where it ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ended up
+uh there are just quickly there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are just quickly there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are just quickly there are two
+kinds of travel rights that retain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of travel rights that retain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of travel rights that retain there
+are federally reserved rights that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are federally reserved rights that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are federally reserved rights that were
+set aside by the federal government for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside by the federal government for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside by the federal government for
+use by the native tribe um and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by the native tribe um and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by the native tribe um and these
+have a priority date that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priority date that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priority date that's equivalent
+to the date of the reservation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the date of the reservation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the date of the reservation's
+creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation
+so in the flathead reservations 1855 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the flathead reservations 1855 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the flathead reservations 1855 and
+they're governed by what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're governed by what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're governed by what's called the
+winter's doctrine um which refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter's doctrine um which refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter's doctrine um which refers to the
+supreme court doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court doctrine
+that said that when the u.s set aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that when the u.s set aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that when the u.s set aside
+land for indian reservation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land for indian reservation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land for indian reservation it
+implicitly reserved adequate water for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly reserved adequate water for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly reserved adequate water for
+the tribes to fulfill their livelihoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes to fulfill their livelihoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes to fulfill their livelihoods
+and so this is the on reservation rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the on reservation rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the on reservation rights
+that we're talking about that are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about that are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about that are fairly
+reserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved
+the aboriginal rights are rights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aboriginal rights are rights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aboriginal rights are rights that
+predate a reservation um and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate a reservation um and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate a reservation um and are
+explicitly recognized in the two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly recognized in the two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly recognized in the two years
+chapter that create the reservation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that create the reservation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that create the reservation and
+these rights have a different priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rights have a different priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rights have a different priority
+date of time immemorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of time immemorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of time immemorial and
+thailand memorial work means i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand memorial work means i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand memorial work means i thought
+that was an interesting term you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an interesting term you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an interesting term you know
+time extend what it means is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time extend what it means is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time extend what it means is time
+extended to be on the reach of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to be on the reach of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to be on the reach of memory
+record or tradition and definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record or tradition and definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record or tradition and definitely
+ancient ancient beyond memory or record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient ancient beyond memory or record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient ancient beyond memory or record
+so these are the off reservation rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the off reservation rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the off reservation rights
+that were subject to that kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subject to that kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subject to that kind of the
+provision in the original treaty that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in the original treaty that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in the original treaty that i
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+and two things to note about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two things to note about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two things to note about this the
+aboriginal rights uh you know almost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal rights uh you know almost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal rights uh you know almost by
+definition because of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because of the time
+immemorial claim by definition have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immemorial claim by definition have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immemorial claim by definition have uh
+an earlier priority date than the then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier priority date than the then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier priority date than the then
+than all other claims in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all other claims in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all other claims in
+all other water rights in montana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other water rights in montana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other water rights in montana
+because of the tiny memorial date um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the tiny memorial date um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the tiny memorial date um and
+something similar has actually occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar has actually occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar has actually occurred
+although it's been more distributed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's been more distributed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's been more distributed with
+the federally reserved rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federally reserved rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federally reserved rights
+given that the tribe the flathead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the tribe the flathead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the tribe the flathead
+reservation was not open to homesteading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation was not open to homesteading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation was not open to homesteading
+by by not tribal members until 1909
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by not tribal members until 1909
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by not tribal members until 1909
+the tribe has argued that their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe has argued that their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe has argued that their on
+reservation rights are necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights are necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights are necessarily
+superior or senior sorry to all other on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior or senior sorry to all other on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior or senior sorry to all other on
+reservation rights regardless of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights regardless of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights regardless of whether
+their aboriginal reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aboriginal reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aboriginal reserve
+but this fact uh which has come to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this fact uh which has come to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this fact uh which has come to be
+accepted was not accepted at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted was not accepted at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted was not accepted at the time
+by many non-tribal residents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many non-tribal residents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many non-tribal residents of the
+reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation
+especially ranchers and other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially ranchers and other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially ranchers and other kind of
+large irrigators as well as a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large irrigators as well as a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large irrigators as well as a number of
+municipal governments and republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal governments and republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipal governments and republican
+state legislators who argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislators who argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislators who argued that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+somehow constituted an unconstitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow constituted an unconstitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow constituted an unconstitutional
+takings taking under the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takings taking under the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takings taking under the u.s
+constitution under the montana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution under the montana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution under the montana
+constitution it's not worth getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution it's not worth getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitution it's not worth getting into
+it but just to say that there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just to say that there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just to say that there there
+wasn't agreement at the beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't agreement at the beginning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't agreement at the beginning that
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+legislation that i just discussed set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that i just discussed set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation that i just discussed set up
+the comp the montana state compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp the montana state compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp the montana state compact
+commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+and the compact commission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the compact commission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the compact commission is a
+nine-member commission according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine-member commission according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine-member commission according to
+four-year terms uh kind of in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year terms uh kind of in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year terms uh kind of in this
+makeup and it created this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup and it created this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup and it created this really
+complex process for getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex process for getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex process for getting a
+uh agreement negotiated first there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreement negotiated first there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreement negotiated first there were
+negotiations and then the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and then the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and then the full
+commission wants to beat upon how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission wants to beat upon how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission wants to beat upon how to
+vote upon the negotiations then it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote upon the negotiations then it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote upon the negotiations then it had
+to go to the montana city legislature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the montana city legislature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the montana city legislature
+who had to ratify it uh then the tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had to ratify it uh then the tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had to ratify it uh then the tribal
+compact so on the left-hand column now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so on the left-hand column now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so on the left-hand column now
+then had to go to the u.s congress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had to go to the u.s congress in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had to go to the u.s congress in
+congress uh both the senate in the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress uh both the senate in the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress uh both the senate in the house
+had to ratify it uh the president had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to ratify it uh the president had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to ratify it uh the president had to
+sign it the tribe then had to vote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it the tribe then had to vote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it the tribe then had to vote to
+approve it and then and then and it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve it and then and then and it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve it and then and then and it then
+needs a kind of pro forma approval um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a kind of pro forma approval um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a kind of pro forma approval um by
+the montana water court uh who issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the montana water court uh who issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the montana water court uh who issues
+the final decree entering the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final decree entering the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final decree entering the rights
+agreed upon into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon into
+the system that the state now manages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that the state now manages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that the state now manages uh
+according to the 1973 constitution so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the 1973 constitution so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the 1973 constitution so it
+means there's a huge number of parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a huge number of parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a huge number of parties
+who have to sign on to this um and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to sign on to this um and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have to sign on to this um and at
+every step of the way there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the way there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step of the way there have been
+roadblocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadblocks and
+issues and renegotiations as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and renegotiations as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and renegotiations as a result of
+the complexity of this process and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of this process and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of this process and just
+how many parties were apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parties were apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parties were apart
+so there are a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a couple of other
+contextual things that i want to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual things that i want to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual things that i want to bring
+up because i think they're important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because i think they're important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because i think they're important to
+kind of understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understanding the
+contentiousness of the conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentiousness of the conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentiousness of the conversations
+around the uh compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the uh compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the uh compact
+three court cases that i'm gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three court cases that i'm gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three court cases that i'm gonna try to
+pronounce it chyoti one two and three i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it chyoti one two and three i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it chyoti one two and three i
+guess um there were three court cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um there were three court cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um there were three court cases
+that were fought between 1996 and 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were fought between 1996 and 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were fought between 1996 and 2003
+um and argued before the supreme court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and argued before the supreme court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and argued before the supreme court
+um and actually the last one was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually the last one was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually the last one was only
+only found kind of during the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only found kind of during the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only found kind of during the actual
+negotiations i was on the supreme court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations i was on the supreme court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations i was on the supreme court
+made it to boolean and it recognized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to boolean and it recognized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to boolean and it recognized the
+distinction um between state appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction um between state appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction um between state appropriate
+water rights and reserve water rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights and reserve water rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights and reserve water rights
+and the ruling was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ruling was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ruling was that
+new and amended water use permits on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and amended water use permits on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and amended water use permits on the
+reservation had to show that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation had to show that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation had to show that their
+proposed uses would not quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed uses would not quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed uses would not quote
+unreasonably interfere with the planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonably interfere with the planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonably interfere with the planned
+use for which water has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for which water has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for which water has already been
+reserved and what the supreme court said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved and what the supreme court said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved and what the supreme court said
+again and again um as this case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again um as this case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again um as this case was
+re-fought in different forms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-fought in different forms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-fought in different forms actually
+only the first one was actually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first one was actually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first one was actually called
+joe d as it was fought in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joe d as it was fought in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joe d as it was fought in different
+forms what they argued was that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms what they argued was that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms what they argued was that because
+the state and because private non-tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and because private non-tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and because private non-tribal
+water users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water users
+couldn't show proof that the uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't show proof that the uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't show proof that the uh that
+their claims were not unusually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their claims were not unusually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their claims were not unusually
+interfering with the planned use then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with the planned use then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with the planned use then
+that burden could not be met and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burden could not be met and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that burden could not be met and so a
+new water use permit could not be issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new water use permit could not be issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new water use permit could not be issued
+um and so this decision uh had a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this decision uh had a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this decision uh had a few
+significant impacts it gave the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impacts it gave the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impacts it gave the tribes
+the cskt a significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cskt a significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cskt a significant amount of
+bargaining power because municipalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power because municipalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power because municipalities
+and non-indian reservations of the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-indian reservations of the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-indian reservations of the on
+the flat hand reservation uh couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat hand reservation uh couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat hand reservation uh couldn't
+apply to the state for new or amended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the state for new or amended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the state for new or amended
+beneficial use permits so long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial use permits so long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial use permits so long as the
+tribes reserved rights remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes reserved rights remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes reserved rights remained
+unquantified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquantified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquantified and
+the potential negative impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential negative impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential negative impact of the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+on the state of having to litigate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state of having to litigate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state of having to litigate each
+of the claims separately to the travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the claims separately to the travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the claims separately to the travel
+king separately was ramified it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king separately was ramified it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king separately was ramified it's also
+important to note because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note because that
+non-indian permit holders were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indian permit holders were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indian permit holders were
+frightened of not receiving sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened of not receiving sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened of not receiving sufficient
+water for their own uses or losing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for their own uses or losing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for their own uses or losing their
+water rights altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water rights altogether
+because of the possibility of the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the possibility of the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the possibility of the tribes
+having having reserved claims and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having reserved claims and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having reserved claims and this
+generated political panic among kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated political panic among kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated political panic among kind of
+non-indian municipal and county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indian municipal and county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-indian municipal and county
+politicians and amongst other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and amongst other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and amongst other uh
+irrigators in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators in the region
+in 1982
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1982
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1982
+uh the tribes and coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes and coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes and coordination
+oh in anticipation of negotiations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in anticipation of negotiations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in anticipation of negotiations with
+the compact commission collaborated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compact commission collaborated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compact commission collaborated with
+the u.s geological survey on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s geological survey on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s geological survey on an
+extensive drainage by drainage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive drainage by drainage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive drainage by drainage
+measurement program of groundwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement program of groundwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement program of groundwater
+surface water stream flow river flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface water stream flow river flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface water stream flow river flow
+minimum fill levels of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum fill levels of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum fill levels of of different
+bodies of water um and so by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies of water um and so by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies of water um and so by the time
+the negotiation started in 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation started in 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation started in 2000
+the us government and the tribes were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us government and the tribes were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us government and the tribes were in
+possession of unprecedented amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession of unprecedented amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession of unprecedented amount of
+data about the uh the water that was up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about the uh the water that was up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about the uh the water that was up
+for review i got to interview a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for review i got to interview a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for review i got to interview a long
+time travel attorney who started his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel attorney who started his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel attorney who started his
+career in the early 80s and retired last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in the early 80s and retired last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career in the early 80s and retired last
+year so his his career uh was bookended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so his his career uh was bookended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so his his career uh was bookended
+basically by this negotiation what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by this negotiation what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by this negotiation what he
+said was that fact finding was a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was that fact finding was a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was that fact finding was a process
+of sharing data with the state to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing data with the state to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing data with the state to bring
+the state up to speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state up to speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state up to speed
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's something that i think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that i think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that i think was
+interesting about the negotiations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the negotiations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the negotiations is
+that opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opposition
+especially from legislators over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from legislators over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from legislators over the
+course of negotiations was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of negotiations was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of negotiations was often
+ignorance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance because
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+just the knowledge was so one-sided at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the knowledge was so one-sided at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the knowledge was so one-sided at
+the start of negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of negotiations
+finally it's important to note that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's important to note that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it's important to note that uh
+the alternative to negotiations loomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative to negotiations loomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative to negotiations loomed
+over over the over the uh negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the over the uh negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the over the uh negotiations
+the tribes of the state uh if they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes of the state uh if they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes of the state uh if they did
+not uh agree to a compact the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh agree to a compact the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh agree to a compact the two sides
+would be forced to litigate each claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be forced to litigate each claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be forced to litigate each claim
+separately in the water court that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in the water court that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in the water court that would
+have been very costly and taken many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been very costly and taken many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been very costly and taken many
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and it was a valid fierce on the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a valid fierce on the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a valid fierce on the part of
+the non-tribal water users that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-tribal water users that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-tribal water users that they
+would be at risk of losing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at risk of losing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at risk of losing their
+state-appropriated water rights because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-appropriated water rights because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-appropriated water rights because
+the tribe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe's
+earlier priority dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier priority dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier priority dates
+even the tribes recognized that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the tribes recognized that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the tribes recognized that having
+to litigate their claims would be costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to litigate their claims would be costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to litigate their claims would be costly
+and burdensome and just to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burdensome and just to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burdensome and just to give you a
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+these are just the off reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the off reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just the off reservation
+claims that you see here uh the left are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that you see here uh the left are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that you see here uh the left are
+97 rights that as of 2018 it changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 rights that as of 2018 it changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 rights that as of 2018 it changed a
+little bit after that as of 2018 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit after that as of 2018 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit after that as of 2018 the
+tribe was gonna rate was gonna um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe was gonna rate was gonna um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe was gonna rate was gonna um
+maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain
+um off reservation uh and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um off reservation uh and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um off reservation uh and these are the
+rights that the tribe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that the tribe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that the tribe uh
+that the state thought the tribe had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state thought the tribe had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state thought the tribe had uh
+the ability to adjudicate if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to adjudicate if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to adjudicate if they didn't
+have a compact and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a compact and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a compact and so
+the tribe if a compact wasn't reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe if a compact wasn't reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe if a compact wasn't reached
+the tribe would could have gone to court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe would could have gone to court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe would could have gone to court
+and litigated upwards of 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and litigated upwards of 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and litigated upwards of 10 000
+different water claims across western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different water claims across western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different water claims across western
+montana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana and
+as a result there was a lot of incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result there was a lot of incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result there was a lot of incentive
+for the state to come to a settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the state to come to a settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the state to come to a settlement
+that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both
+both quantified the tribes rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both quantified the tribes rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both quantified the tribes rights and
+also protected the junior rights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also protected the junior rights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also protected the junior rights of
+non-tribal water users so that this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal water users so that this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal water users so that this so
+that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh
+you know didn't occur and there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know didn't occur and there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know didn't occur and there wasn't
+decades of litigation over these rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in terms of kind of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of kind of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of kind of uh the
+negotiation topics that the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation topics that the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation topics that the various
+discussed um they were on reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed um they were on reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed um they were on reservation
+rights pertaining to the irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights pertaining to the irrigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights pertaining to the irrigation
+project on reservation advice pertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on reservation advice pertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on reservation advice pertaining
+to the irrigation deliveries so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the irrigation deliveries so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the irrigation deliveries so this is
+uh water from the irrigation project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh water from the irrigation project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh water from the irrigation project
+that has historically been used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has historically been used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has historically been used by the
+by non-tribal water users um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by non-tribal water users um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by non-tribal water users um and so
+their right to continue to receive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right to continue to receive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right to continue to receive that
+water there was a water from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there was a water from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there was a water from the
+flathead system meaning the flathead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead system meaning the flathead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead system meaning the flathead
+river um its tributaries uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river um its tributaries uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river um its tributaries uh and the
+flathead lake um and there were a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead lake um and there were a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flathead lake um and there were a number
+of non-consumptive rights uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-consumptive rights uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-consumptive rights uh
+off-reservation there are there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-reservation there are there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-reservation there are there were
+in-stream flow rights as well as state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-stream flow rights as well as state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-stream flow rights as well as state
+law based non-irrigation rights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law based non-irrigation rights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law based non-irrigation rights which
+i'll talk about a little more later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about a little more later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about a little more later um
+actually one thing that i didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one thing that i didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one thing that i didn't put
+here is the other thing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the other thing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the other thing that was
+obviously a part of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a part of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a part of this was
+off reservation rights claimed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation rights claimed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation rights claimed by
+non-tribal users uh which is most you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal users uh which is most you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal users uh which is most you
+know most rights of preservation rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most rights of preservation rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most rights of preservation rights
+that were at risk as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were at risk as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were at risk as a result of this
+were by non-tribal users somehow i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were by non-tribal users somehow i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were by non-tribal users somehow i
+didn't put that on here um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put that on here um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put that on here um and then
+there was implementation and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was implementation and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was implementation and so these
+were the discussions i'm gonna put a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the discussions i'm gonna put a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the discussions i'm gonna put a a
+kind of calendar in front of you and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of calendar in front of you and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of calendar in front of you and i
+don't need you to read through all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need you to read through all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need you to read through all of it
+um this is one first of two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one first of two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one first of two pages
+because i really want to call your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really want to call your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really want to call your
+attention to a couple of things so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a couple of things so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a couple of things so the
+first thing is a start date the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is a start date the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is a start date the first
+negotiation sessions occurred in 2000 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation sessions occurred in 2000 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation sessions occurred in 2000 um
+but in 2001 uh the state issued and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2001 uh the state issued and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in 2001 uh the state issued and this
+is after all three of those you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all three of those you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all three of those you know
+chyoti one and two were done and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyoti one and two were done and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyoti one and two were done and the
+chyoti iii was currently before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyoti iii was currently before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyoti iii was currently before the
+supreme court and despite that the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court and despite that the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court and despite that the state
+issued yet another on reservation permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued yet another on reservation permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued yet another on reservation permit
+during negotiations uh despite multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during negotiations uh despite multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during negotiations uh despite multiple
+rulings by the supreme court um and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulings by the supreme court um and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulings by the supreme court um and i
+think it's important just because it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important just because it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important just because it it
+shows to accept the level of distrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows to accept the level of distrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows to accept the level of distrust
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+the level of skepticism that uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of skepticism that uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of skepticism that uh that the
+tribe had about the state's uh ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe had about the state's uh ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe had about the state's uh ability
+to willingness to negotiate uh forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to willingness to negotiate uh forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to willingness to negotiate uh forth
+rightly i think it's also important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly i think it's also important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly i think it's also important that
+the facilitator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator
+who was bought in 2011 uh edward sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was bought in 2011 uh edward sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was bought in 2011 uh edward sheets
+i i was told that i've been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i was told that i've been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i was told that i've been trying to
+get in touch with him and i haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in touch with him and i haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in touch with him and i haven't been
+able to but i was told that relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to but i was told that relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to but i was told that relatively
+little had been decided by the time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little had been decided by the time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little had been decided by the time he
+began working on the negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began working on the negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began working on the negotiations
+but he brought order to the negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he brought order to the negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he brought order to the negotiations
+and served as an unbiased party uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and served as an unbiased party uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and served as an unbiased party uh with
+which both sides could discuss um and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which both sides could discuss um and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which both sides could discuss um and i
+think the the impact of him as a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the impact of him as a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the impact of him as a neutral
+party is really important um i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is really important um i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is really important um i think
+also just the number of years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the number of years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the number of years that
+passed between 2002 and 2005 the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed between 2002 and 2005 the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed between 2002 and 2005 the two
+sides turned their attention entirely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides turned their attention entirely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides turned their attention entirely to
+negotiate an interim agreement once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate an interim agreement once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate an interim agreement once they
+realized how long it would take to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized how long it would take to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized how long it would take to come
+to a final agreement and then because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a final agreement and then because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a final agreement and then because of
+a number of uh whatever political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of uh whatever political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of uh whatever political
+reasons they abandoned the interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they abandoned the interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they abandoned the interim
+agreement when the compact failed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement when the compact failed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement when the compact failed in the
+state legislature in 2013 uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislature in 2013 uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislature in 2013 uh because
+that's what occurred the first compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what occurred the first compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what occurred the first compact
+was agreed to it went to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was agreed to it went to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was agreed to it went to the state
+legislature and failed um and much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature and failed um and much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature and failed um and much of
+the opposition at the time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition at the time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition at the time was
+republican representatives expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republican representatives expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republican representatives expressing
+concern that the compact didn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that the compact didn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that the compact didn't uh
+sufficiently protect non-tribal water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently protect non-tribal water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently protect non-tribal water
+users and some of it was legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and some of it was legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and some of it was legitimate
+concern although some of it appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern although some of it appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern although some of it appears to
+have been political grandstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been political grandstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been political grandstanding
+uh then the state and the tribes agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the state and the tribes agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the state and the tribes agreed
+to limited reopening uh two years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limited reopening uh two years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limited reopening uh two years later
+when this trial when the uh legislature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this trial when the uh legislature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this trial when the uh legislature
+meets again they pass it um and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets again they pass it um and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets again they pass it um and then it
+went to the u.s congress where it sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the u.s congress where it sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the u.s congress where it sat
+for five years in different forms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years in different forms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five years in different forms with
+slight slight amendments occurring all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight slight amendments occurring all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight slight amendments occurring all
+over the place until finally it passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place until finally it passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place until finally it passed
+as a part of the covet 19 stimulus bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a part of the covet 19 stimulus bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a part of the covet 19 stimulus bill
+in december
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in december
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in december
+and just days after that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just days after that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just days after that um
+the tribe council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe council
+passed it and now it's awaiting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it and now it's awaiting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it and now it's awaiting a
+bureaucratic review that is expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic review that is expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic review that is expected to
+be a simple routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple routine
+uh i was told by uh by john carter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was told by uh by john carter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was told by uh by john carter the
+former staff attorney for the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former staff attorney for the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former staff attorney for the tribes
+that one thing that helped the revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that helped the revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one thing that helped the revised
+agreement pass two years later was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement pass two years later was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement pass two years later was
+extensive dialogue with a couple of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive dialogue with a couple of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive dialogue with a couple of key
+republicans who were willing to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republicans who were willing to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republicans who were willing to learn
+more about the agreement but whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the agreement but whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the agreement but whose
+opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition
+in 2013 faded by 2015 once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 faded by 2015 once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2013 faded by 2015 once they
+understood the thing better so that's i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the thing better so that's i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the thing better so that's i
+think something that uh i will return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something that uh i will return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something that uh i will return to
+at the end but just the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but just the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but just the importance of
+that of understanding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of understanding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of understanding um
+so this is where they ended up um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where they ended up um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where they ended up um on
+reservation rights were protected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights were protected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation rights were protected a
+number of ways the tribes agreed to with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways the tribes agreed to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways the tribes agreed to with
+211 total on reservation rights really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211 total on reservation rights really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+211 total on reservation rights really
+detailed i didn't get into the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed i didn't get into the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed i didn't get into the detail
+here in terms of how it's apportioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of how it's apportioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of how it's apportioned
+for where it comes from where it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where it comes from where it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where it comes from where it goes
+uh with a priority of 1855 they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a priority of 1855 they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a priority of 1855 they then
+agreed to relinquish the right to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to relinquish the right to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to relinquish the right to call
+all other on reservation rights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other on reservation rights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other on reservation rights the
+state agreed to give the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state agreed to give the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state agreed to give the tribes
+ownership of the uh or to the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the uh or to the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the uh or to the u.s
+ownership and trust of the tribe of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and trust of the tribe of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and trust of the tribe of the
+irrigation project uh provided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation project uh provided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation project uh provided that the
+tribe continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe continue to
+deliver a certain quantity of water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a certain quantity of water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a certain quantity of water to
+non-tribal water users non-troubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal water users non-troubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal water users non-troubled
+irrigators who have historically used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators who have historically used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigators who have historically used
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh irrigation project and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh irrigation project and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh irrigation project and that was a
+really contentious part of the agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contentious part of the agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really contentious part of the agreement
+because a number of the non-travel users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a number of the non-travel users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a number of the non-travel users
+wanted the state to retain ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the state to retain ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the state to retain ownership
+then there were a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were a number of
+non-consumptive rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-consumptive rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-consumptive rights
+yeah so one quote i'll skip a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one quote i'll skip a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so one quote i'll skip a little bit
+but one quote i want to say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one quote i want to say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one quote i want to say this is a
+quote from a a big timber a rancher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote from a a big timber a rancher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote from a a big timber a rancher
+named lawrence rosefield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named lawrence rosefield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named lawrence rosefield
+who formed a group to help support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed a group to help support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed a group to help support the
+2015 version of the compact the revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 version of the compact the revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 version of the compact the revised
+version of the compact she gave this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the compact she gave this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the compact she gave this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said there uh
+oh he gave it sorry lawrence uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he gave it sorry lawrence uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he gave it sorry lawrence uh there
+wasn't much in the way two years ago of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much in the way two years ago of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much in the way two years ago of
+an educational effort for the best or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educational effort for the best or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educational effort for the best or
+legislators or anybody we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislators or anybody we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislators or anybody we're going to be
+out invisible and just trying to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out invisible and just trying to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out invisible and just trying to spread
+accurate information about the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate information about the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate information about the compact
+and the whole process and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole process and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole process and that
+two years later after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years later after the first
+agreement failed that that educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement failed that that educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement failed that that educational
+process was really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was really important
+off reservation uh the tribes retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation uh the tribes retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation uh the tribes retained
+eight off reservation in-stream flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight off reservation in-stream flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight off reservation in-stream flow
+rights as well as 58 additional rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as well as 58 additional rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as well as 58 additional rights
+uh to be co-owned by the by the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be co-owned by the by the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be co-owned by the by the state
+and the tribes um with very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tribes um with very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tribes um with very detailed
+parameters the tribes agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the tribes agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the tribes agreed to
+relinquish 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relinquish 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relinquish 97
+many thousands of of claims protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thousands of of claims protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thousands of of claims protecting
+then non-travel users across western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then non-travel users across western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then non-travel users across western
+montana uh and that was hugely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana uh and that was hugely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana uh and that was hugely important
+i i want to point out one thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i want to point out one thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i want to point out one thing which is
+that the map i showed you earlier of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the map i showed you earlier of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the map i showed you earlier of the
+off reservation claims it said on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation claims it said on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation claims it said on the
+map that there were 97 off reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that there were 97 off reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that there were 97 off reservation
+rights than in 2018 at the tribe were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights than in 2018 at the tribe were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights than in 2018 at the tribe were
+getting but by the time the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but by the time the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting but by the time the actual
+agreement uh was passed by the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement uh was passed by the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement uh was passed by the u.s
+congress that number had dropped to 58
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress that number had dropped to 58
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress that number had dropped to 58
+and that occurred because senator daines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that occurred because senator daines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that occurred because senator daines
+of montana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of montana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of montana
+basically with the tribes uh negotiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the tribes uh negotiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the tribes uh negotiated
+slight changes in order to get other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight changes in order to get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight changes in order to get other
+senators on board or the u.s centers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senators on board or the u.s centers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senators on board or the u.s centers on
+board so it's interesting that even once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so it's interesting that even once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so it's interesting that even once
+the agree the agreement had passed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agree the agreement had passed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agree the agreement had passed you
+know was agreed to by the two sides even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was agreed to by the two sides even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was agreed to by the two sides even
+once the state legislature had agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the state legislature had agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the state legislature had agreed to
+it four years later when it was with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it four years later when it was with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it four years later when it was with the
+u.s congress they were continuing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s congress they were continuing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s congress they were continuing to
+negotiate over minor points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate over minor points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate over minor points
+so that they could get this thing passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they could get this thing passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they could get this thing passed
+once and for all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all and
+quantify the tribes rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the tribes rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the tribes rights
+implementation the tribes at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the tribes at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the tribes at the very
+beginning the tribes wanted a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the tribes wanted a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the tribes wanted a unitary
+system that they controlled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they controlled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they controlled on
+reservation um over time they came to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation um over time they came to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation um over time they came to an
+agreement for a unitary system that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement for a unitary system that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement for a unitary system that was
+jointly controlled uh and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly controlled uh and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly controlled uh and this was
+unprecedented for for the state and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented for for the state and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented for for the state and uh
+who had never given up some management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had never given up some management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had never given up some management
+to one of the tribes in the state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the tribes in the state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the tribes in the state and
+also was a significant concession by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was a significant concession by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was a significant concession by the
+tribes this joint board is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes this joint board is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes this joint board is currently
+being set up with help from the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being set up with help from the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being set up with help from the state
+commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+and the state read also to give 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state read also to give 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state read also to give 50
+million dollars to a number of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to a number of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars to a number of water
+measurement irrigation efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement irrigation efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement irrigation efforts
+the unitary system is is uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary system is is uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary system is is uh something
+that a lot of the uh also again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the uh also again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the uh also again the
+non-travel irrigators were very upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-travel irrigators were very upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-travel irrigators were very upset
+about because they felt that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because they felt that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because they felt that they would
+lose the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the ability
+to negotiate rights uh that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate rights uh that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate rights uh that they
+that they felt they didn't should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they felt they didn't should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they felt they didn't should not
+have to go to the tribe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to the tribe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go to the tribe for
+um i'll leave it at that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll leave it at that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll leave it at that no
+um a couple of conclusions that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of conclusions that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of conclusions that i want
+to bring up one is that divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring up one is that divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring up one is that divergent
+knowledge is an impediment early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is an impediment early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is an impediment early on
+negotiations that you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations that you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations that you know a lot of
+measurements should be jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements should be jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements should be jointly
+undertaken or jointly observed i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken or jointly observed i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken or jointly observed i think
+it's really interesting that that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really interesting that that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really interesting that that one of
+the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major
+uh impediments in the first years was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impediments in the first years was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impediments in the first years was
+simply the fact that the state didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the fact that the state didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the fact that the state didn't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+anything close to the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything close to the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything close to the level of
+understanding of the existing water on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the existing water on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the existing water on
+the reservation that the tribes had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation that the tribes had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation that the tribes had and
+that the us government had uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the us government had uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the us government had uh second
+that impartial facilitators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that impartial facilitators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that impartial facilitators are
+essential and should be utilized even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and should be utilized even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and should be utilized even
+before negotiations begin um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before negotiations begin um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before negotiations begin um that the
+first decade you know wasn't wasted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade you know wasn't wasted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade you know wasn't wasted a
+lot somewhat stuff was decided upon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot somewhat stuff was decided upon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot somewhat stuff was decided upon but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by all accounts when edward sheets was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all accounts when edward sheets was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all accounts when edward sheets was
+brought on things moved forward much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought on things moved forward much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought on things moved forward much
+more smoothly in a really ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smoothly in a really ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smoothly in a really ordered
+fashion and with a lot less chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and with a lot less chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and with a lot less chest
+beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating
+uh and third so when politics are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and third so when politics are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and third so when politics are bound
+to get in the way of an agreement's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in the way of an agreement's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in the way of an agreement's
+approval um it's better to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval um it's better to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval um it's better to include
+skeptical parties than to build wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical parties than to build wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical parties than to build wall
+about negotiators i mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negotiators i mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negotiators i mean this is a
+personal thing i think that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal thing i think that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal thing i think that certain
+state representatives and senators as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state representatives and senators as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state representatives and senators as
+well as some major irrigators might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as some major irrigators might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as some major irrigators might have
+been if they had been educated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if they had been educated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if they had been educated on the
+negotiations prior to the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations prior to the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations prior to the documents
+public release it's possible i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public release it's possible i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public release it's possible i don't
+know this is for certain but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is for certain but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is for certain but it's
+possible that uh some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that uh some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that uh some of their
+resistance could have been mitigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance could have been mitigated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance could have been mitigated
+and then again adaptive which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again adaptive which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again adaptive which we've
+talked about before this class adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before this class adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before this class adaptive
+governance necessitates shared control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance necessitates shared control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance necessitates shared control
+finally i didn't know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally i didn't know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally i didn't know what to do with
+this it's one question i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's one question i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's one question i've been
+grappling with the past days as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling with the past days as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling with the past days as i've
+been editing my doc my like my written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been editing my doc my like my written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been editing my doc my like my written
+report um which is what should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report um which is what should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report um which is what should we
+basically what should we make of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what should we make of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what should we make of the
+fact that even after the cskt after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that even after the cskt after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that even after the cskt after the
+tribes had negotiated with everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes had negotiated with everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes had negotiated with everybody in
+good faith they had to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good faith they had to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good faith they had to give up
+additional rights um in order to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional rights um in order to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional rights um in order to get it
+passed by a u.s congress is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by a u.s congress is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by a u.s congress is there
+another system given the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system given the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system given the complexity of
+the process another system that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process another system that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process another system that that
+could have been set up to help create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been set up to help create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been set up to help create a
+process that that wouldn't have required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that that wouldn't have required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that that wouldn't have required
+as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+legal approval or is that simply a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal approval or is that simply a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal approval or is that simply a fact
+of history and we need to accept it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history and we need to accept it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history and we need to accept it um
+and i'm just the question i'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just the question i'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just the question i'm interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and with that i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that i will
+open it up for comments and questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up for comments and questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up for comments and questions
+and i know there was a lot so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know there was a lot so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know there was a lot so thank you
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you um erin for the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um erin for the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um erin for the nice
+presentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so
+now i i would like to ask um s9 to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i i would like to ask um s9 to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i i would like to ask um s9 to make
+comments and feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh very well done erin with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very well done erin with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very well done erin with your
+presentation uh you really picked a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh you really picked a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh you really picked a very
+complicated uh case study because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh case study because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh case study because it
+involves very a lot of stakeholders uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves very a lot of stakeholders uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves very a lot of stakeholders uh
+so as uh as it involves a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as uh as it involves a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as uh as it involves a lot of
+stakeholders so my first question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so my first question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so my first question would
+be how do you think that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you think that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you think that all
+stakeholders came into one page um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders came into one page um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders came into one page um and
+why do you think what do you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think what do you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think what do you think this
+treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty
+this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh treaty uh took so much time uh to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treaty uh took so much time uh to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh treaty uh took so much time uh to you
+know finally conclude uh because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finally conclude uh because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finally conclude uh because it
+involved a lot of litigation uh what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a lot of litigation uh what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a lot of litigation uh what was
+the things which were not going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things which were not going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things which were not going in the
+right direction before and what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction before and what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction before and what was the
+thing which uh happened this time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which uh happened this time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which uh happened this time to
+make it in the right direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it in the right direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it in the right direction
+in terms of why it took so long there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of why it took so long there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of why it took so long there
+are a couple of things um when the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things um when the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things um when the water
+commission was created the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission was created the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission was created the compact
+commission was created in in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission was created in in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission was created in in the late
+70s uh you know they had about about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s uh you know they had about about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s uh you know they had about about a
+little over a dozen uh thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a dozen uh thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a dozen uh thing you know
+agreements to negotiate with the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements to negotiate with the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements to negotiate with the federal
+government and with the state's tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and with the state's tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and with the state's tribes
+and they decide they purposefully did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decide they purposefully did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decide they purposefully did
+all of the others and then did uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the others and then did uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the others and then did uh and
+then did the 500 reservation one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did the 500 reservation one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did the 500 reservation one because
+the latter reservation was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter reservation was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter reservation was the most
+complicated and i think that actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and i think that actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and i think that actually um
+that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+wasn't a good thing i think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a good thing i think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a good thing i think that there
+was a lot of a lot of study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of a lot of study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of a lot of study and
+animosity um and kind of divergence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animosity um and kind of divergence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animosity um and kind of divergence that
+that occurred in those in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred in those in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred in those in those
+intervening decades in part i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening decades in part i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening decades in part i think
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+the tribes saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribes saw
+what was coming out of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was coming out of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was coming out of these other
+agreements and immediately began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements and immediately began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements and immediately began
+formulating alternate things alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating alternate things alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating alternate things alternate
+ideas because they didn't like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas because they didn't like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas because they didn't like what the
+other agreements were saying and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agreements were saying and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other agreements were saying and so a
+lot of a lot more could have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot more could have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot more could have been done
+uh logo could have done earlier i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh logo could have done earlier i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh logo could have done earlier i think
+if discussions had started in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if discussions had started in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if discussions had started in the early
+80s for example or the mid-80s um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s for example or the mid-80s um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s for example or the mid-80s um i
+think the other things that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other things that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other things that that uh
+impeded uh the timeline first is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impeded uh the timeline first is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impeded uh the timeline first is that
+because partially because of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partially because of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partially because of that the
+tribes came into the negotiations with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes came into the negotiations with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes came into the negotiations with a
+lot of preconceived notions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of preconceived notions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of preconceived notions about what
+the uh kind of what the final agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh kind of what the final agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh kind of what the final agreement
+should look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like and
+there were a lot of news reports for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of news reports for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of news reports for
+example after their first after their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example after their first after their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example after their first after their
+first formal negotiation session of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first formal negotiation session of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first formal negotiation session of all
+of these things that the tribes said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that the tribes said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that the tribes said
+that they wanted in the final agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted in the final agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted in the final agreement
+that the states immediately threw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states immediately threw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states immediately threw up
+their hands and said absolutely not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands and said absolutely not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands and said absolutely not and
+negotiations actually shut down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations actually shut down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations actually shut down for a
+year at that point um and so and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at that point um and so and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at that point um and so and and so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if those conversations could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those conversations could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those conversations could have
+started in the 80s when the tribes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 80s when the tribes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the 80s when the tribes were
+beginning their process of studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning their process of studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning their process of studying the
+the water quantity the water quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water quantity the water quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water quantity the water quality and
+if um if that you know the the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if that you know the the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if that you know the the questions
+regarding the implementation could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the implementation could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the implementation could have
+been ongoing i think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ongoing i think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ongoing i think a lot of
+a lot of anger and uh you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of anger and uh you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of anger and uh you know could
+have been mitigated so a part of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been mitigated so a part of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been mitigated so a part of it was
+was was just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was so much there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was so much there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was so much there was so much
+confrontation going into the agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation going into the agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation going into the agreement
+and very little trust and so you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very little trust and so you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very little trust and so you and and
+the other thing i think that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i think that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i think that i think
+took a lot the second thing i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot the second thing i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot the second thing i want to
+say is that i think that uh the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that i think that uh the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that i think that uh the role of
+the negotiator was really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiator was really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiator was really important
+without the negotiator uh a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the negotiator uh a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the negotiator uh a lot of you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+a lot of the opportunity for building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the opportunity for building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the opportunity for building
+trust didn't didn't occur um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust didn't didn't occur um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust didn't didn't occur um and it
+became uh you know they became venting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh you know they became venting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh you know they became venting
+sessions the negotiations um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions the negotiations um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions the negotiations um and it
+wasn't always a productive thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't always a productive thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't always a productive thing um
+so that's the question in terms of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the question in terms of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the question in terms of in
+terms of what went what took so long i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what went what took so long i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what went what took so long i
+think negotiator helped a lot and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think negotiator helped a lot and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think negotiator helped a lot and then i
+think eventually having i mean and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think eventually having i mean and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think eventually having i mean and this
+is where i think the water diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where i think the water diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where i think the water diplomacy
+framework does come to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework does come to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework does come to bear
+significantly which is that i think once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly which is that i think once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly which is that i think once
+once the two sides did have a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the two sides did have a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the two sides did have a shared
+understanding of of the quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of of the quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of of the quantity of
+water in all the different locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in all the different locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in all the different locations and
+of the various of the you know various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various of the you know various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various of the you know various
+legal arguments of the potential uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal arguments of the potential uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal arguments of the potential uses
+uh once there was that shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once there was that shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once there was that shared
+understanding it was a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it was a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it was a lot easier to
+come to agreements because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreements because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to agreements because they
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what
+you know point they were uh they were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know point they were uh they were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know point they were uh they were uh
+compromising from um whereas the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising from um whereas the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising from um whereas the tribes
+went into it with a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into it with a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into it with a lot more
+understanding and uh and were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and uh and were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and uh and were you know
+put up a very hard wall to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a very hard wall to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a very hard wall to begin with
+and so having that shared understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having that shared understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having that shared understanding
+was was really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was really important
+sorry i i think i rambled on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i i think i rambled on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i i think i rambled on a little
+bit there but i hope i got to your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit there but i hope i got to your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit there but i hope i got to your your
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so yes yes first do you have further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes yes first do you have further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes yes first do you have further
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+questions yeah one more yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah one more yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah one more yeah
+yeah you know it is related to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know it is related to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know it is related to the the
+water diplomacy win-win framework uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy win-win framework uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy win-win framework uh how
+do you think both parties uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think both parties uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think both parties uh
+uh agreed on this you know on a win-win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreed on this you know on a win-win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agreed on this you know on a win-win
+site for example i i read somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for example i i read somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for example i i read somewhere on
+the on i was doing some research on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on i was doing some research on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on i was doing some research on it
+yesterday and i said i read that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and i said i read that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and i said i read that the
+tribes were allocated the national bison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes were allocated the national bison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes were allocated the national bison
+range which i think somehow uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range which i think somehow uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range which i think somehow uh was a
+an attractive thing for them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive thing for them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive thing for them for
+agreeing into this treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing into this treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing into this treaty
+there's a secondary note with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a secondary note with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a secondary note with this
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+uh you mentioned in one of your slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mentioned in one of your slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mentioned in one of your slides
+that the number of uh non-tribes is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of uh non-tribes is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of uh non-tribes is kind
+of more than the the actual tribal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than the the actual tribal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than the the actual tribal area
+of tribal people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tribal people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tribal people
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the
+the i just want to understand from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i just want to understand from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i just want to understand from you
+what is the percentage of tribal people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the percentage of tribal people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the percentage of tribal people
+there and non-tribal people and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and non-tribal people and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and non-tribal people and how do
+you think that that balances or evens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that that balances or evens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that that balances or evens
+out the whole treaty and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole treaty and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole treaty and things
+in the montana region yeah so so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the montana region yeah so so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the montana region yeah so so just to
+clarify the national bison range is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify the national bison range is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify the national bison range is on
+the flathead reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flathead reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flathead reservation
+um so uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh so the
+uh the tribes were giving uh the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes were giving uh the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes were giving uh the kind of
+the managed rights over the management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managed rights over the management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managed rights over the management
+of that range uh but it was already on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that range uh but it was already on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that range uh but it was already on
+the reservation it wasn't it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation it wasn't it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation it wasn't it wasn't
+something off reservation that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off reservation that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off reservation that they were
+fighting over it was on reservation land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting over it was on reservation land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting over it was on reservation land
+that was uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh you know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+under the legal authority of the tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the legal authority of the tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the legal authority of the tribes
+but managed in trust by the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but managed in trust by the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but managed in trust by the federal
+government until until this occurred um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government until until this occurred um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government until until this occurred um
+in terms of the sorry what was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the sorry what was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the sorry what was your
+question about the about the kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the about the kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the about the kind of uh
+the numbers of uh of non-tribal members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers of uh of non-tribal members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers of uh of non-tribal members
+yeah i i wanted to know that uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i wanted to know that uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i wanted to know that uh in this
+in this whole uh montana region which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole uh montana region which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole uh montana region which
+we're just with in which the treaty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just with in which the treaty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just with in which the treaty is
+uh enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enforced
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the what is the percentage of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the percentage of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the percentage of the the
+tribal people out there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal people out there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal people out there and the
+non-tribal people like how much benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal people like how much benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal people like how much benefit
+aren't we going to get the non-tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we going to get the non-tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we going to get the non-tribal
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+so i can't remember the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't remember the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't remember the population of
+the tribe i don't remember right now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe i don't remember right now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tribe i don't remember right now i
+believe i believe it's about 8 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe i believe it's about 8 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe i believe it's about 8 000
+and about 60 percent of the members live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 60 percent of the members live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 60 percent of the members live
+on the reservation so i believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reservation so i believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reservation so i believe it's
+it's i don't know the tribal numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i don't know the tribal numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i don't know the tribal numbers
+maybe it's five thousand i can't i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's five thousand i can't i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's five thousand i can't i can't
+remember exactly right now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly right now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly right now how many
+travel members live on the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel members live on the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel members live on the reservation
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+a few times that uh in non-tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times that uh in non-tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times that uh in non-tribal
+members it's not i'm not sure the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members it's not i'm not sure the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members it's not i'm not sure the exact
+numbers again i'm not trying to members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers again i'm not trying to members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers again i'm not trying to members
+of other positions but it's a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other positions but it's a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other positions but it's a few times
+that the town of polson which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the town of polson which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the town of polson which is the
+biggest town on the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest town on the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest town on the reservation
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+population of about three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about three and a half
+thousand and there are many other small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and there are many other small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and there are many other small
+towns um so those they were those rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns um so those they were those rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns um so those they were those rights
+uh the tribes were given a you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes were given a you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tribes were given a you know the
+this agreement quantified just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agreement quantified just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agreement quantified just to
+clarify anybody to make this clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify anybody to make this clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify anybody to make this clear
+before this agreement quantified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this agreement quantified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this agreement quantified the
+tribes rights on the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes rights on the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribes rights on the reservation
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+then there's still other water so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's still other water so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's still other water so that
+other water then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other water then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other water then
+because the triplets are quantified can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triplets are quantified can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triplets are quantified can
+now be claimed by non-tribal users on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be claimed by non-tribal users on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be claimed by non-tribal users on
+the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation
+but that makes sense um with regards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that makes sense um with regards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that makes sense um with regards to
+the with regards to the irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with regards to the irrigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with regards to the irrigation
+project the irrigation project included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the irrigation project included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the irrigation project included
+a number of delivery schedules and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of delivery schedules and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of delivery schedules and those
+delivery schedules were specifically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery schedules were specifically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery schedules were specifically to
+provide water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide water to
+non-tribal irrigators who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal irrigators who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal irrigators who have
+historically used that water um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically used that water um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically used that water um and
+there was a lot of disagreement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of disagreement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of disagreement about
+that those irrigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those irrigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those irrigators
+many of them uh you know argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them uh you know argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them uh you know argue that the
+amount of water they were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water they were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water they were being
+allocated was insufficient and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated was insufficient and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated was insufficient and they were
+going to have to move their lands um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move their lands um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move their lands um and
+the state of action montana agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of action montana agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of action montana agreed to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+uh support them by helping to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh support them by helping to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh support them by helping to invest in
+kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know
+drip agriculture and other things um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip agriculture and other things um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip agriculture and other things um but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it it it will protect it over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it will protect it over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it will protect it over the long
+term their rights the non-tribal rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term their rights the non-tribal rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term their rights the non-tribal rights
+on the reservation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reservation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reservation but
+uh the one limitation is that the tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one limitation is that the tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one limitation is that the tribal
+rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights
+which are quantified now have priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are quantified now have priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are quantified now have priority
+i i took herself in question to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i took herself in question to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i took herself in question to refer to
+proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality
+if you look at the overall benefits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the overall benefits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the overall benefits that
+are allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allocated
+to the federal government the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the federal government the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the federal government the state
+government the tribe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the tribe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the tribe and
+non-tribal members living on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal members living on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tribal members living on the
+reservation yeah does the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation yeah does the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation yeah does the final
+agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement
+reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect
+some kind of proportionality equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of proportionality equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of proportionality equal
+proportion of gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of gain
+however measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however measured
+did everybody come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody come out
+roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same
+relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the
+gains that they got not in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains that they got not in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains that they got not in terms of how
+many people but just in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people but just in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people but just in terms of these
+different categories yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories yeah that's a good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think in turn so in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in turn so in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in turn so in terms of the
+number of people i really i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people i really i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people i really i don't know
+in terms of the categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the categories
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the non-irrigators on the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-irrigators on the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-irrigators on the reservation
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+uh so non-irrigators meaning not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so non-irrigators meaning not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so non-irrigators meaning not the
+irrigation project users not uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation project users not uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation project users not uh the
+non-irrigators definitely did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-irrigators definitely did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-irrigators definitely did
+the the municipalities um were porsche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the municipalities um were porsche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the municipalities um were porsche
+are going to have sufficient water to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have sufficient water to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have sufficient water to to
+grow uh you know homeowners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh you know homeowners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh you know homeowners and
+developers can build again for for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers can build again for for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers can build again for for both
+reservation and non-reservation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation and non-reservation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation and non-reservation not
+traveling non-tribal members there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling non-tribal members there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling non-tribal members there's a
+significant amount of enough water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of enough water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of enough water and
+now enough legal clarity that that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now enough legal clarity that that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now enough legal clarity that that was a
+gain in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in itself
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the group um you know off reservation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group um you know off reservation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group um you know off reservation as
+well i think that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that uh
+a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+off reservation definitely the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation definitely the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off reservation definitely the uh
+the non-tribal members donald trump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-tribal members donald trump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-tribal members donald trump of
+the citizens of the state uh gained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citizens of the state uh gained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citizens of the state uh gained a
+lot uh because the tribe event you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh because the tribe event you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh because the tribe event you know
+gave up a lot of their claims the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave up a lot of their claims the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave up a lot of their claims the one
+area where i think there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where i think there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where i think there's still
+disagreement on and i don't have a i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on and i don't have a i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on and i don't have a i i
+think that it's still very controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's still very controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's still very controversial
+and it will be throughout implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be throughout implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be throughout implementation
+is on reservation irrigators i think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on reservation irrigators i think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on reservation irrigators i think our
+one group that's that still a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group that's that still a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group that's that still a number of
+whom still feel like they did not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom still feel like they did not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom still feel like they did not um
+have sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sufficient
+they did not gain sufficient protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not gain sufficient protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not gain sufficient protection
+um by uh as a result of the negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by uh as a result of the negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by uh as a result of the negotiations
+good that's a good answer thank you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's a good answer thank you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's a good answer thank you yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do you have any feedback or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any feedback or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any feedback or questions
+yes i i'll be very quickly first aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i i'll be very quickly first aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i i'll be very quickly first aaron
+congratulations for your case very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations for your case very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations for your case very well
+very well done very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well done very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well done very well
+it's a complex case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex case study
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i just want to highlight some points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to highlight some points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to highlight some points
+here i appreciate the historic context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i appreciate the historic context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i appreciate the historic context
+that you gave from 18 to 1855 into 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you gave from 18 to 1855 into 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you gave from 18 to 1855 into 2000
+also i learned i like to learn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i learned i like to learn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i learned i like to learn a lot
+about the first in time you first write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first in time you first write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first in time you first write
+that you mentioned before that 1973
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned before that 1973
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned before that 1973
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you you mentioned that the facilitator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mentioned that the facilitator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mentioned that the facilitator
+arrived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in the
+negotiation only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation only in
+but even with the facilitator took like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even with the facilitator took like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even with the facilitator took like
+nine years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine years
+to reach the agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the agreement
+uh so to clarify it it took it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so to clarify it it took it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so to clarify it it took it actually
+took so the secondary arrival of 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so the secondary arrival of 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so the secondary arrival of 2011
+they reached their first agreement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reached their first agreement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reached their first agreement in
+2013.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013.
+so so that was when they reached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that was when they reached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that was when they reached the
+agreement um then as a result the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement um then as a result the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement um then as a result the uh
+result of the state legislature voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the state legislature voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the state legislature voting
+it down they renegotiated the agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down they renegotiated the agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down they renegotiated the agreement
+uh for 20 in 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 20 in 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for 20 in 2015
+and at that point and at that point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point and at that point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point and at that point it
+was just sitting in congress so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sitting in congress so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just sitting in congress so the
+facility so they weren't negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility so they weren't negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility so they weren't negotiating
+anymore there were some minor things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there were some minor things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there were some minor things
+that were changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were changed
+but uh and the facilitator is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and the facilitator is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and the facilitator is actually
+still involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still involved but
+but it actually only took two years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually only took two years with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually only took two years with
+him to reach that agreement oh two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to reach that agreement oh two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to reach that agreement oh two years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't have to do here because i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do here because i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do here because i know
+gemma has to present the column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemma has to present the column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemma has to present the column the
+columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia
+presentation but if you can't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but if you can't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but if you can't describe
+more in your in your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in your in your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in your in your paper
+the negotiation process with the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation process with the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation process with the compact
+commission i like a lot that's uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission i like a lot that's uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission i like a lot that's uh these
+slides you put over there with the 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you put over there with the 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you put over there with the 90
+members and if you can compare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and if you can compare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and if you can compare with the
+water managed board that's only having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water managed board that's only having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water managed board that's only having
+five members right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five members right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five members right
+six members who own but only five can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six members who own but only five can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six members who own but only five can
+vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+i really appreciate congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really appreciate congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really appreciate congratulations
+thank you i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you i am
+trying to understand the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the negotiation
+process has been really tricky i like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has been really tricky i like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has been really tricky i like i
+i've heard i've read and i i've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've heard i've read and i i've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've heard i've read and i i've heard
+that there are uh that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are uh that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are uh that there are
+transcripts of the negotiations out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts of the negotiations out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts of the negotiations out
+there um but i've actually called i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um but i've actually called i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um but i've actually called i've
+called around i've called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called around i've called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called around i've called like
+the dnrc and and a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dnrc and and a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dnrc and and a number of other
+people who are partied to them and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are partied to them and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are partied to them and i've
+emailed people who mentioned that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed people who mentioned that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailed people who mentioned that who
+have cited them and i can't find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cited them and i can't find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cited them and i can't find them
+i have a number i have a lot of the uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a number i have a lot of the uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a number i have a lot of the uh i
+have a lot of the uh the what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of the uh the what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of the uh the what's it
+called the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the um
+topic lists the topic lists but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic lists the topic lists but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic lists the topic lists but not the
+uh but not the transcripts themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not the transcripts themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not the transcripts themselves
+which is disappointment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is disappointment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is disappointment
+uh so any any other um question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so any any other um question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so any any other um question or
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+flora or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora or
+gemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gemma
+okay thank you all i appreciate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you all i appreciate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you all i appreciate your
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so maybe before larry i i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so maybe before larry i i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so maybe before larry i i would
+like to ask one thing um so how does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to ask one thing um so how does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to ask one thing um so how does um
+national politics played a role um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national politics played a role um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national politics played a role um
+because i learned that the comparison uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i learned that the comparison uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i learned that the comparison uh
+the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+legislator specifically the republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator specifically the republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator specifically the republican
+legislator is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator is um
+was not in favor of this auto right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in favor of this auto right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in favor of this auto right
+issue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and
+and there is some issue between um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some issue between um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some issue between um with
+within the republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the republican
+and there are some conflicts so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some conflicts so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some conflicts so how
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+how does it play a role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it play a role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it play a role in the
+negotiation process um in this treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process um in this treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process um in this treaty
+i define anybody to explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define anybody to explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define anybody to explain that
+anybody i don't care who they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody i don't care who they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody i don't care who they are
+because there's what the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's what the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's what the system is
+designed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do
+and there's what the system political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's what the system political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's what the system political
+system actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually does
+and what it actually does is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it actually does is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it actually does is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+who has the majority and who's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the majority and who's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the majority and who's in
+leadership in the executive branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in the executive branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in the executive branch
+and it doesn't matter what it says on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't matter what it says on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't matter what it says on
+paper about what is a state's right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about what is a state's right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about what is a state's right what
+is a national government's right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a national government's right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a national government's right what is
+executive what is legislative doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive what is legislative doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive what is legislative doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+it all changes every time there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all changes every time there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all changes every time there's a
+shift in power and relationships so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in power and relationships so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in power and relationships so um
+there is no way to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to answer
+the question about what is this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about what is this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about what is this crazy
+intergovernmental system we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergovernmental system we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergovernmental system we have
+supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do
+relative to indian rights because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to indian rights because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to indian rights because you
+then also have the court entering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also have the court entering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also have the court entering we
+have these three branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three branches
+and the supreme court got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the supreme court got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the supreme court got involved
+in this case at one stage as you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case at one stage as you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case at one stage as you heard
+from from aaron and you have the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from aaron and you have the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from aaron and you have the state
+legislature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature
+and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the
+federal government religiously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government religiously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government religiously the
+congress but you also have the agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress but you also have the agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress but you also have the agencies
+and the agencies have responsibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agencies have responsibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the agencies have responsibilities
+for the tribes the interior department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tribes the interior department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tribes the interior department
+uh it is it is an insanely complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is it is an insanely complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is it is an insanely complicated
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and uh it's very hard to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very hard to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very hard to know what's
+going on even when it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on even when it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on even when it's happening
+because it's not transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not transparent
+and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people
+make all kinds of private deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all kinds of private deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all kinds of private deals
+and other issues get traded off against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other issues get traded off against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other issues get traded off against
+the issue you're interested in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue you're interested in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue you're interested in and you
+don't even know that that's why somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know that that's why somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know that that's why somebody
+voted a certain way did nothing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voted a certain way did nothing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voted a certain way did nothing they
+didn't care about the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about the issue
+but they got something from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they got something from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they got something from somebody
+else for something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for something else
+so unraveling all of that i mean i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unraveling all of that i mean i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unraveling all of that i mean i think
+aaron did a wonderful job as best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaron did a wonderful job as best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaron did a wonderful job as best you
+can do of at least getting a timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do of at least getting a timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do of at least getting a timeline
+and looking at the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the outcomes
+but the process i mean even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process i mean even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process i mean even with the
+transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+indecipherable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indecipherable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indecipherable
+and everything related to native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything related to native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything related to native
+americans in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans in the united states
+doesn't go the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go the way
+the law says it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law says it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law says it's supposed to
+every treaty has been broken continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every treaty has been broken continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every treaty has been broken continues
+to be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be broken
+every promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every promise
+everything that the u.s government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that the u.s government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that the u.s government
+promised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised and
+committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to
+none of it's been upheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it's been upheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it's been upheld
+and so yeah i can point to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah i can point to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah i can point to what the
+system says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system says
+and somebody can hold up a treaty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody can hold up a treaty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody can hold up a treaty and
+say look here you i'm guaranteed certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look here you i'm guaranteed certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look here you i'm guaranteed certain
+rights yeah well try to get it enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights yeah well try to get it enforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights yeah well try to get it enforced
+so uh it's the complexity of the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's the complexity of the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's the complexity of the u.s
+intergovernmental system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergovernmental system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergovernmental system
+and the extent to which it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extent to which it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extent to which it's really not
+transparent what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent what's happening
+uh make it impossible to answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it impossible to answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make it impossible to answer your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks uh so maybe for the final paper i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh so maybe for the final paper i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh so maybe for the final paper i
+would like to ask but because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask but because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask but because this is
+one of the treaty that is successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the treaty that is successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the treaty that is successful
+recently in terms of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in terms of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in terms of water
+treaty so maybe uh you can share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty so maybe uh you can share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty so maybe uh you can share
+very specific lesson learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific lesson learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific lesson learned from the
+negotiation process i think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process i think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process i think that would
+be much more uh helpful in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more uh helpful in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more uh helpful in terms of
+water diplomacy aspect i think as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy aspect i think as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water diplomacy aspect i think as this
+is very new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very new
+a kind of treaty that is successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of treaty that is successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of treaty that is successful and
+how the process works and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the process works and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the process works and what are the
+general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh
+general uh lesson learned i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh lesson learned i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh lesson learned i think that
+would be much more interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much more interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much more interesting things
+i really liked the four concluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really liked the four concluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really liked the four concluding
+points that you had i think those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you had i think those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you had i think those were
+very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+and as as long as in the text you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as long as in the text you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as long as in the text you will
+give your you elaborate on them slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your you elaborate on them slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your you elaborate on them slightly
+but as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as four
+concluding points in terms of what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding points in terms of what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding points in terms of what can
+be learned from this case i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be learned from this case i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be learned from this case i think
+they're terrific yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terrific yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're terrific yeah
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cKcAcm5NDOI.txt b/cKcAcm5NDOI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bca9c33b12b568bc46ea220c0854cbc989eaca97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cKcAcm5NDOI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I'd like to I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'd like to I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'd like to I'd like to
+jump right into the course content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump right into the course content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump right into the course content and
+then at the end uh uh will'll take 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end uh uh will'll take 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the end uh uh will'll take 15
+minutes to talk about the uh paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the uh paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the uh paper and
+so on and so forth and what the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and what the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth and what the rest of
+the course will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be
+about but I want to begin by telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but I want to begin by telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but I want to begin by telling you
+that this course is focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course is focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course is focused on the
+largest paradigm shift in The Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest paradigm shift in The Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest paradigm shift in The Innovation
+process since the Industrial Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process since the Industrial Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process since the Industrial Revolution
+it's a huge change it's happening on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge change it's happening on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge change it's happening on
+your shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shift
+so I get to admire and watch it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get to admire and watch it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get to admire and watch it and you
+get to have to do something about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to have to do something about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to have to do something about it and
+so that seems like a fair exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a fair exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a fair exchange of
+effort and so what I want to do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and so what I want to do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and so what I want to do is is
+explain to you in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you in this first
+class what it's about give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what it's about give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what it's about give you an
+overview and then you can uh uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and then you can uh uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and then you can uh uh sort of
+have a sense and then from there what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense and then from there what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense and then from there what we
+will do in other classes which follow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do in other classes which follow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do in other classes which follow is
+we will talk about specific kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about specific kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about specific kinds of
+techniques techniques you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques techniques you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques techniques you can use
+specific kinds of uh uh uh processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kinds of uh uh uh processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kinds of uh uh uh processes and
+also we will have visitors who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will have visitors who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will have visitors who are
+expert in those processes so that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in those processes so that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in those processes so that you'll
+get a sense of the art involved as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the art involved as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of the art involved as well
+as sort of the conceptual material okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of the conceptual material okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of the conceptual material okay
+so let me begin then by saying um in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me begin then by saying um in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me begin then by saying um in uh
+in in in one one slide which is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in one one slide which is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in one one slide which is even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+compressed what's going on with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed what's going on with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed what's going on with respect
+to the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the innovation
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+historically at least in your lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically at least in your lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically at least in your lifetimes
+historically since let's say 1934
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shumer
+uh producers have been thought to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh producers have been thought to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh producers have been thought to be the
+center of the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the Innovation
+process you know GE proudly says find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know GE proudly says find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know GE proudly says find a
+need and fill it or we bring good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and fill it or we bring good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and fill it or we bring good things
+to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life
+and I had personal experiences uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had personal experiences uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had personal experiences uh that
+caused me to doubt this years ago um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused me to doubt this years ago um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused me to doubt this years ago um I
+was a uh my father was a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a uh my father was a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a uh my father was a professor at
+MIT also and and he used to drop me off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT also and and he used to drop me off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT also and and he used to drop me off
+ever since age 12 uh in the Halls he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since age 12 uh in the Halls he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since age 12 uh in the Halls he
+sort of released me into the Halles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of released me into the Halles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of released me into the Halles and
+people at MIT are very tolerant as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are very tolerant as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT are very tolerant as you
+probably figured out and so I as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out and so I as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured out and so I as a
+12-year-old go running around and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-year-old go running around and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-year-old go running around and I'd
+look in different Laboratories and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in different Laboratories and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in different Laboratories and I'd
+say what you doing and they'd say oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you doing and they'd say oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you doing and they'd say oh oh
+you know I'm I'm looking at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm I'm looking at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm I'm looking at sort of
+Frog's eyes and and neurons and Frog's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog's eyes and and neurons and Frog's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog's eyes and and neurons and Frog's
+eyes or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or whatever
+and one of the things that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things that you could
+always see when you were running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see when you were running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see when you were running around
+and talking to scientists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking to scientists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking to scientists and Engineers
+was that they were developing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they were developing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they were developing their own
+equipment you know they weren't standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know they weren't standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know they weren't standing
+around waiting for a manufacturer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around waiting for a manufacturer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around waiting for a manufacturer to
+come and rescue them they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and rescue them they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and rescue them they were doing
+what they needed to do for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they needed to do for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they needed to do for themselves
+now that conflicted in my mind with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that conflicted in my mind with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that conflicted in my mind with the
+view the conventional wisdom as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the conventional wisdom as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the conventional wisdom as I say
+about the manufacturers being the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the manufacturers being the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the manufacturers being the center
+of the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovation
+process so what is that view about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what is that view about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what is that view about the
+traditional view if you if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional view if you if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional view if you if you look at
+this as a curve which is a Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a curve which is a Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a curve which is a Marketplace
+curve and you look at the middle and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you look at the middle and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you look at the middle and all
+those circles are potential or actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circles are potential or actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circles are potential or actual
+customers what you see is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers what you see is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers what you see is that there are
+a lot of customers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of customers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of customers at the
+middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and
+so what do you think to yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think to yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think to yourself if
+you're an economist you look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an economist you look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an economist you look at that and
+you say well you know a producer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know a producer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know a producer can
+spread R&D costs across all those users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread R&D costs across all those users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread R&D costs across all those users
+so a producer can spend more developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a producer can spend more developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a producer can spend more developing
+a responsive product so it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsive product so it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a responsive product so it must be the
+case that producers are the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that producers are the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that producers are the ones who
+develop the important innovations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the important innovations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the important innovations that
+we see see they can simply outspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see see they can simply outspend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see see they can simply outspend
+users they have therefore can hire more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users they have therefore can hire more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users they have therefore can hire more
+expertise and so on and so forth it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and so on and so forth it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and so on and so forth it must
+be a producer centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a producer centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a producer centered
+process now implications that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now implications that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+enormous one thing that you will notice
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+enormous one thing that you will notice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know I would look at you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+at you very carefully you see and I
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah you want rum flavored toothpaste and
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+department and they would make it okay
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+
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+department and they would make it okay
+and we would Supply it to you and you
+
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+and we would Supply it to you and you
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+what I told you about my experience at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I told you about my experience at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I told you about my experience at
+MIT the interesting thing is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the interesting thing is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT the interesting thing is that if you
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+
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+look at the beginnings of a market it's
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is exactly needed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is exactly needed is
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+
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+uncertain now producers hate small and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain now producers hate small and
+uncertain markets for the very reason
+
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+uncertain markets for the very reason
+ 
+
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+uncertain markets for the very reason
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the economists talk about namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to spread their their costs
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+better get a bunch of people buying
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+that well so who
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+the beginning of the market where new
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+
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+things start it is the user that
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+
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+innovates and the next thing that
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+
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+happens is if other users find this to
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+
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+
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+what's happening then is that first you
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+
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+what's happening then is that first you
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+nobody picks it up it drops
+
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+nobody picks it up it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+away and so what you're getting here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so what you're getting here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so what you're getting here is
+a stronger and stronger
+
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+a stronger and stronger
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+
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+a stronger and stronger
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so this is a very different view
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so this is a very different view
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovation process but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovation process but let me
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+
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+make it concrete for you with a specific
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+
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+
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+do in a little while is I'm going to ask
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+you know about so you'll you'll have
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+
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+you know about so you'll you'll have
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+
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+
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+
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+see okay so here's a specific
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+
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+story that relates to the general
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that relates to the general
+pattern I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern I just told you
+about the specific story is about heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific story is about heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific story is about heart
+lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+machines basically in the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines basically in the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines basically in the 30s
+1930s uh children were getting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh children were getting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh children were getting um
+rheumatic fever and one of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatic fever and one of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatic fever and one of the side
+effects of rheumatic fever can be damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of rheumatic fever can be damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of rheumatic fever can be damage
+to the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heart
+valve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and
+basically sometimes the damage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sometimes the damage it's
+ 
+
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+basically sometimes the damage it's
+scarring sometimes the damage can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarring sometimes the damage can be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarring sometimes the damage can be
+fixed you know you you you cut open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed you know you you you cut open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed you know you you you cut open the
+flaps and so on so they continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps and so on so they continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps and so on so they continue to
+function but sometimes the damage is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but sometimes the damage is so
+ 
+
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+function but sometimes the damage is so
+severe that you really have to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe that you really have to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe that you really have to replace
+the heart valve somehow and you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart valve somehow and you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart valve somehow and you can't do
+that on a beating heart so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a beating heart so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a beating heart so what do you
+do well at that time there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well at that time there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well at that time there was nothing
+to do because there was no heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do because there was no heart lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do because there was no heart lung
+machine there was no way to sustain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine there was no way to sustain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine there was no way to sustain the
+patient while they were installing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient while they were installing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient while they were installing a
+valve and so doctors in those periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and so doctors in those periods
+ 
+
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+valve and so doctors in those periods
+were coping and children were dying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coping and children were dying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coping and children were dying on
+their operating tables and The Story
+
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+their operating tables and The Story
+ 
+
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+their operating tables and The Story
+Goes that a particular young patient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes that a particular young patient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes that a particular young patient uh
+died on on John hasham gibbons's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died on on John hasham gibbons's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+died on on John hasham gibbons's
+operating table and he had had enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating table and he had had enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating table and he had had enough
+and so he said we have to devise a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said we have to devise a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said we have to devise a heart
+lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+machine and he went to producers and he
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+machine and he went to producers and he
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+
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+machine and he went to producers and he
+said to the producers look we've got to
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+said to the producers look we've got to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to the producers look we've got to
+have a heart Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heart Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a heart Lo
+machine and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you need techniques with a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need techniques with a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need techniques with a heart
+lung machine you know you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung machine you know you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung machine you know you need to be
+able to actually replace valves can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually replace valves can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually replace valves can you
+do that well I need a heart lung machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well I need a heart lung machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well I need a heart lung machine
+in order to do that well so you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that well so you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that well so you haven't
+developed these techniques yet no how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed these techniques yet no how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed these techniques yet no how do
+we know you can well I'm really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you can well I'm really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you can well I'm really good at
+vascular surgery yeah but but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular surgery yeah but but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular surgery yeah but but how do you
+know and do you know other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and do you know other people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and do you know other people will
+pick up that technique and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that technique and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that technique and so on and so
+forth now at the end of these meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now at the end of these meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now at the end of these meetings
+and he had quite a few on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had quite a few on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had quite a few on this
+vein uh they would withdraw the tea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein uh they would withdraw the tea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein uh they would withdraw the tea and
+cookies that they' offered him and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies that they' offered him and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies that they' offered him and say
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+effect come back when you've got a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect come back when you've got a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect come back when you've got a heart
+Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo
+machine now this is absolutely opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now this is absolutely opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine now this is absolutely opposite
+of the conventional wisdom that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conventional wisdom that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conventional wisdom that the
+producers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are
+pioneering so they said go away he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering so they said go away he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering so they said go away he went
+away what you see over here is that 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away what you see over here is that 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away what you see over here is that 20
+years later he worked with charitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later he worked with charitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later he worked with charitable
+donations and so on from IBM among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations and so on from IBM among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations and so on from IBM among
+others and 20 years later he who was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and 20 years later he who was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and 20 years later he who was not
+an engineer had built the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer had built the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer had built the first
+functioning heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine and then what happened well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then what happened well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then what happened well what
+happened was this pattern that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was this pattern that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was this pattern that I
+explained to you before what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained to you before what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained to you before what happened
+was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he was
+successful right and saved some patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful right and saved some patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful right and saved some patients
+and other surgeons heard of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other surgeons heard of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other surgeons heard of it and
+therefore they came to observe what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they came to observe what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they came to observe what he
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+doing and they then said well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and they then said well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and they then said well I'm going
+to send my technician to make a copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send my technician to make a copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send my technician to make a copy and
+he said fine one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said fine one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said fine one of the things that
+users generally do is share rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users generally do is share rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users generally do is share rather than
+sort of restrict others we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of restrict others we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of restrict others we'll get to
+that and then what happened was somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what happened was somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what happened was somebody
+said you know these the you know Silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know these the you know Silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know these the you know Silly
+each technician making a machine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each technician making a machine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each technician making a machine from
+scratch why doesn't somebody start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch why doesn't somebody start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch why doesn't somebody start a
+little company so that we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little company so that we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little company so that we can get this
+stuff made in in a more efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff made in in a more efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff made in in a more efficient way
+and the thing began to take off and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing began to take off and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing began to take off and then
+some number of years later big medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of years later big medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of years later big medical
+firms started to come in right so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms started to come in right so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms started to come in right so notice
+what's going on here two things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here two things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here two things one is
+the Innovation at the start where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation at the start where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation at the start where where
+everything has to start small at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to start small at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has to start small at the
+start of things it's the users who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of things it's the users who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of things it's the users who
+innovate and what happens is the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and what happens is the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and what happens is the users
+are also Pro providing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also Pro providing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also Pro providing to the
+producers signals as to what's good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers signals as to what's good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers signals as to what's good the
+producer I mean I I had a company years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer I mean I I had a company years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer I mean I I had a company years
+ago and uh you know and um uh it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh you know and um uh it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh you know and um uh it made
+fax machines you probably don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fax machines you probably don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fax machines you probably don't know
+what a fax machine is anymore but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fax machine is anymore but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fax machine is anymore but it
+made fax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made fax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made fax
+machines and um I had people I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and um I had people I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and um I had people I ran
+engineering there and I had people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering there and I had people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering there and I had people
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+in trying to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to give me
+ideas and they would come in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and they would come in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and they would come in and they
+would say well this is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well this is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well this is a really good
+idea I remember particularly because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I remember particularly because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I remember particularly because it
+was so crazy some person came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so crazy some person came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so crazy some person came in and
+said I've invented a rubber bowling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I've invented a rubber bowling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I've invented a rubber bowling
+pin which I thought did not have a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin which I thought did not have a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin which I thought did not have a close
+relationship to the fax market and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the fax market and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the fax market and I
+said well yeah he said well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well yeah he said well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well yeah he said well there's
+going to be a shortage of hardwood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a shortage of hardwood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a shortage of hardwood and
+then they'll have to make the pids out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll have to make the pids out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll have to make the pids out
+of rubber and I've got the first one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rubber and I've got the first one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rubber and I've got the first one and
+you should manufact well anyway so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should manufact well anyway so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should manufact well anyway so the
+point is that a lot of people come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that a lot of people come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that a lot of people come to
+producers and say they want this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and say they want this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and say they want this or that
+or you should really make this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you should really make this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you should really make this or that
+or the other thing the producer often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other thing the producer often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other thing the producer often
+doesn't know nor can the producer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know nor can the producer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know nor can the producer really
+figure it out without a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out without a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out without a huge amount of
+effort so it's not so stupid that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so it's not so stupid that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort so it's not so stupid that the
+producer is sitting there saying I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is sitting there saying I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is sitting there saying I'm not
+getting involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting involved
+till something happens I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till something happens I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till something happens I'm not
+criticizing producers I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing producers I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing producers I'm just saying
+that the conventional Paradigm isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conventional Paradigm isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conventional Paradigm isn't
+what it should be and so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be and so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be and so what you see
+here is that users are not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that users are not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that users are not only
+innovating but they're basically acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating but they're basically acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating but they're basically acting
+like a filtration system by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a filtration system by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a filtration system by the
+imitation that they do to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation that they do to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation that they do to separate the
+wheat from the chaff okay so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat from the chaff okay so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat from the chaff okay so they're
+doing those both those things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those both those things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing those both those things and then
+the producers are doing what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers are doing what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers are doing what they do
+which is picking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is picking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is picking up the
+successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+now what we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we really have
+then is two Innovation paradigms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is two Innovation paradigms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is two Innovation paradigms that
+are active in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active in the
+economy the traditional one which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy the traditional one which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy the traditional one which people
+have sort of talked about and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of talked about and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of talked about and which
+which policy is organized around is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which policy is organized around is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which policy is organized around is the
+one on the bottom that is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the bottom that is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the bottom that is the one that
+says you know this is called the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know this is called the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know this is called the linear
+Innovation model sometimes it has market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation model sometimes it has market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation model sometimes it has market
+research at the beginning sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the beginning sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the beginning sometimes it
+has uh R&D at the beginning and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh R&D at the beginning and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh R&D at the beginning and what
+happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that
+supposedly markets or R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly markets or R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly markets or R&D
+advances drive a producer to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances drive a producer to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances drive a producer to decide
+There's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an
+opportunity then what the producer does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity then what the producer does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity then what the producer does
+is develop something then what he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is develop something then what he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is develop something then what he does
+is produce it then what he does is sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produce it then what he does is sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produce it then what he does is sell
+it that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the
+Paradigm now the thing that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm now the thing that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm now the thing that has been
+invisible and I will show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and I will show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and I will show you that
+basically because people thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because people thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because people thought that
+the only people who were active in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only people who were active in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only people who were active in this
+system were producers the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system were producers the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system were producers the thing that's
+been invisible in the economy is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invisible in the economy is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invisible in the economy is this
+parallel user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel user Innovation
+Paradigm and it's sort of fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically you'll see when I it it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll see when I it it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll see when I it it seems
+to be in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in terms of
+activity pretty much as large or larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity pretty much as large or larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity pretty much as large or larger
+as the producer one but what it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the producer one but what it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the producer one but what it involves
+is that story I told you users innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that story I told you users innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that story I told you users innovate
+they collaboratively evaluate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collaboratively evaluate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collaboratively evaluate it
+replicate and improve think about Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and improve think about Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and improve think about Linux
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example and then they diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then they diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then they diffuse
+peer-to-peer for free so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer for free so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer for free so that was the
+story you saw in the case of John Hasam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you saw in the case of John Hasam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you saw in the case of John Hasam
+Gibbon right he innovated other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon right he innovated other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon right he innovated other people
+began to pick it up and improve it and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to pick it up and improve it and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to pick it up and improve it and S
+it and copy it and it was peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and copy it and it was peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and copy it and it was peer-to-peer
+diffusion it was not Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it was not Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it was not Marketplace
+diffusion it was given away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it was given away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion it was given away
+way okay now that red arrow there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay now that red arrow there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay now that red arrow there is
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+interesting because what happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because what happened there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because what happened there
+with the red arrow was that at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the red arrow was that at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the red arrow was that at a certain
+point as you saw producers began to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as you saw producers began to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as you saw producers began to make
+the heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart lung
+machine so in other words it shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so in other words it shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so in other words it shifted
+when they saw there was sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw there was sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw there was sufficient
+demand from the user Innovation Paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand from the user Innovation Paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand from the user Innovation Paradigm
+to the producer Innovation Paradigm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the producer Innovation Paradigm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the producer Innovation Paradigm and
+users started to buy the machines from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users started to buy the machines from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users started to buy the machines from a
+fabricator because of economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricator because of economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricator because of economies of scale
+they could get it cheaper and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get it cheaper and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get it cheaper and so on and
+so forth instead of buying it from uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth instead of buying it from uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth instead of buying it from uh or
+making it themselves from the user thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it themselves from the user thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it themselves from the user thing
+but here's a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the whole
+system of hard operations also involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of hard operations also involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of hard operations also involves
+techniques how do you do it the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how do you do it the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how do you do it the machine
+is no good which which was the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good which which was the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good which which was the point
+about the companies in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the companies in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the companies in the beginning
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+techniques and the techniques still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and the techniques still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and the techniques still
+diffus by the top Arrow the techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus by the top Arrow the techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus by the top Arrow the techniques
+are surgeon to surgeon teaching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surgeon to surgeon teaching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are surgeon to surgeon teaching for
+free so what you've got when you focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so what you've got when you focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so what you've got when you focus
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+arrow is you've got first of all only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow is you've got first of all only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow is you've got first of all only
+part of the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Innovation
+activity and you've got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and you've got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and you've got something that
+is in a sense codependent parasitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense codependent parasitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a sense codependent parasitical
+uh complimentary to things that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complimentary to things that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complimentary to things that have to
+travel through the upper system for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the upper system for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the upper system for the
+things you sell on the bottom system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you sell on the bottom system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you sell on the bottom system to
+make any sense so another example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense so another example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense so another example uh
+that's very uh uh consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very uh uh consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very uh uh consumer
+oriented a skateboard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented a skateboard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented a skateboard is
+sold right users develop skateboard same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold right users develop skateboard same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold right users develop skateboard same
+story users developed them they shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story users developed them they shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story users developed them they shared
+them other people picked them up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them other people picked them up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them other people picked them up they
+all made them at home eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made them at home eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made them at home eventually
+manufacturers come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers come in
+but a skateboard is nothing without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a skateboard is nothing without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a skateboard is nothing without the
+techniques that you do with it and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that you do with it and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that you do with it and those
+techniques still theuse peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques still theuse peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques still theuse peer-to-peer
+you'll see kids around they're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see kids around they're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see kids around they're showing
+each other you don't have the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you don't have the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you don't have the University
+of skateboarding although that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skateboarding although that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skateboarding although that might be
+a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good
+idea wouldn't that be cool all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea wouldn't that be cool all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea wouldn't that be cool all right so
+that's the general principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general principles
+now let me go into some specifics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me go into some specifics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me go into some specifics and
+then I'm going to go into some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go into some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go into some examples
+and then I'm going to ask you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to ask you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to ask you for your
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+okay so the first thing that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing that we have to
+make really clear here this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really clear here this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really clear here this is called
+the functional source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional source of
+innovation and Innovation is a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and Innovation is a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and Innovation is a user
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+benefit from using it it's a producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from using it it's a producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from using it it's a producer
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation when the developer expects to
+benefit from selling it okay so a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from selling it okay so a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from selling it okay so a user
+can be an individual or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an individual or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an individual or a
+firm for example Boeing when they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm for example Boeing when they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm for example Boeing when they make a
+new machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machine
+tool to better make airplanes that's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to better make airplanes that's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to better make airplanes that's say
+to machine metal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to machine metal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to machine metal or
+something they're user innovators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're user innovators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're user innovators
+because they're not expecting to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not expecting to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not expecting to sell
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+thing when Boeing makes a new airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when Boeing makes a new airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when Boeing makes a new airplane
+they're a producer innovator because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a producer innovator because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a producer innovator because
+they're expecting to sell that thing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expecting to sell that thing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expecting to sell that thing all
+of you have worked for companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have worked for companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have worked for companies that
+basically use some things and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use some things and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use some things and if they
+improve them they're user innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve them they're user innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve them they're user innovation
+for instance you use software in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you use software in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you use software in your
+firm and also that same firm produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm and also that same firm produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm and also that same firm produces
+something software Hardware whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something software Hardware whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something software Hardware whatever it
+produces services and it's in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces services and it's in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces services and it's in that case
+both a user and a producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a user and a producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a user and a producer
+innovator now users Innovation motives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator now users Innovation motives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator now users Innovation motives
+are are uh you know when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh you know when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh you know when you actually
+survey these users like uh like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey these users like uh like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey these users like uh like uh the
+the surgeons or something what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgeons or something what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgeons or something what you see
+is that really they really are needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that really they really are needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that really they really are needing
+that thing for themselves and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing for themselves and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing for themselves and and they
+also have process benefit this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have process benefit this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have process benefit this is sort
+of like divide 100 points up and tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like divide 100 points up and tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like divide 100 points up and tell us
+what your motivations were for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your motivations were for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your motivations were for
+innovating and what this was in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and what this was in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and what this was in this
+particular one it was a sports uh area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one it was a sports uh area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one it was a sports uh area
+kaying Whitewater kaying why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaying Whitewater kaying why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaying Whitewater kaying why did you
+innovate and what you see is that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and what you see is that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and what you see is that over
+half is personal need for the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is personal need for the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is personal need for the Innovation
+but there's something else really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something else really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something else really going
+on interesting too amongst consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on interesting too amongst consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on interesting too amongst consumers
+which is many times they find it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is many times they find it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is many times they find it really
+fun that's process benefit you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that's process benefit you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that's process benefit you know it's
+wow it's really it's great to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow it's really it's great to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow it's really it's great to develop
+this new technique I really had fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technique I really had fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technique I really had fun
+doing it and in the end I get to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and in the end I get to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and in the end I get to use it
+okay very different than I did it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very different than I did it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very different than I did it to
+sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+it now I want to also connect this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I want to also connect this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I want to also connect this up
+you've all heard of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard of open
+Innovation and I want to make a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and I want to make a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and I want to make a clear
+distinction here we are going to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction here we are going to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction here we are going to refer
+to open Innovation but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open Innovation but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open Innovation but there
+two ways that term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways that term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways that term is
+defined the first way as it were is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the first way as it were is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the first way as it were is uh
+or let's take the second one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's take the second one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's take the second one first
+Proctor and gambles connect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and gambles connect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and gambles connect and
+develop What Hank chesbro and Proctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop What Hank chesbro and Proctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop What Hank chesbro and Proctor
+and Gamble and so on are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamble and so on are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamble and so on are talking about
+is you should buy and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you should buy and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you should buy and sell
+Innovations rather than develop them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations rather than develop them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations rather than develop them all
+yourself it's an R&D Market thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself it's an R&D Market thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself it's an R&D Market thing it's
+open in the sense that you as a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the sense that you as a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the sense that you as a firm
+should be permeable to buying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be permeable to buying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be permeable to buying and
+selling stuff so doctor and gamble for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling stuff so doctor and gamble for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling stuff so doctor and gamble for
+instance will say well we want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance will say well we want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance will say well we want to write
+this is an actual example we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual example we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual example we want to
+write messages on our potato chips you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write messages on our potato chips you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write messages on our potato chips you
+always knew that was a need and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knew that was a need and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knew that was a need and so
+instead of developing some sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of developing some sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of developing some sort of an
+inkjet thing to do that we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet thing to do that we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet thing to do that we'll look
+around and we'll see if somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and we'll see if somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and we'll see if somebody else
+has done something like that and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done something like that and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done something like that and so they
+looked around and they found somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around and they found somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked around and they found somebody
+who was squirting messages onto the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was squirting messages onto the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was squirting messages onto the top
+of of cupcakes and they licensed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of cupcakes and they licensed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of cupcakes and they licensed that
+and that from their perspective was open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that from their perspective was open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that from their perspective was open
+Innovation what we're talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what we're talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what we're talking about here
+is open innovation in a different sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open innovation in a different sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open innovation in a different sense
+we're talking about open Innovation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about open Innovation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about open Innovation as
+an open source as in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open source as in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open source as in free
+information information that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information information that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information information that you can
+adopt it's part of that user Paradigm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt it's part of that user Paradigm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt it's part of that user Paradigm I
+told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about
+users generally as you'll see give stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users generally as you'll see give stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users generally as you'll see give stuff
+a way they develop why do they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way they develop why do they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way they develop why do they do that
+because they can get benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get benefit from
+in-house use they don't have to sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-house use they don't have to sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-house use they don't have to sell it
+if you develop a mountain bike for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you develop a mountain bike for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you develop a mountain bike for
+yourself you know it's hard work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know it's hard work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know it's hard work to
+patent that thing nobody will pay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent that thing nobody will pay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent that thing nobody will pay any
+attention to you anyway it's more fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to you anyway it's more fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to you anyway it's more fun to
+show other people and let them copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show other people and let them copy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show other people and let them copy it
+and so on and so forth so you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so you tend to
+give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it
+away and if you don't somebody else will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and if you don't somebody else will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and if you don't somebody else will
+give away something like it so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away something like it so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away something like it so basically
+it tends to be that users because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be that users because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be that users because they
+are rewarded in other ways tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rewarded in other ways tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rewarded in other ways tend to be
+able to give stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to give stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to give stuff
+away okay now how did we figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay now how did we figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay now how did we figure out and
+we're about to get to examples how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to get to examples how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to get to examples how did
+we figure out that users are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out that users are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out that users are the
+important innovators because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important innovators because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important innovators because it's easy
+to say it but how do you prove it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it but how do you prove it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it but how do you prove it well
+what we did was many studies first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was many studies first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was many studies first in
+specific Fields here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Fields here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Fields here's an
+example we said okay let's take the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we said okay let's take the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we said okay let's take the most
+this is scientific instruments this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is scientific instruments this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is scientific instruments this
+particular one this is four types gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one this is four types gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one this is four types gas
+chromatography and three others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography and three others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography and three others
+important types of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important types of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important types of scientific
+instruments then we said let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments then we said let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments then we said let's take the
+most important innovations that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important innovations that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important innovations that have
+occurred in these fields over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred in these fields over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred in these fields over 30
+years and let's Trace back where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and let's Trace back where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and let's Trace back where they
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+from is it the producer Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it the producer Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it the producer Innovation
+Paradigm or is it the user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm or is it the user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm or is it the user Innovation
+par what's going on here and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par what's going on here and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par what's going on here and so what you
+see is that this pattern whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that this pattern whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that this pattern whatever we
+uncover is the pattern that firms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover is the pattern that firms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover is the pattern that firms will
+care about because individual product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because individual product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because individual product
+lines and the innovations that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the innovations that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the innovations that affect
+them are things that firms care about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are things that firms care about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are things that firms care about so
+if we found out who innovated we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we found out who innovated we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we found out who innovated we would
+also have some understanding of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some understanding of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some understanding of where
+they should look next and how they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should look next and how they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should look next and how they might
+change their practice right so we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their practice right so we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their practice right so we took a
+sample like this and then we tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like this and then we tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample like this and then we tracked
+back so for instance uh temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so for instance uh temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so for instance uh temperature
+programming and gas chromatography was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and gas chromatography was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and gas chromatography was a
+particular important innovation we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular important innovation we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular important innovation we went
+to the first and I remember doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first and I remember doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first and I remember doing this
+you know we we had uh we had two really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we had uh we had two really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we had uh we had two really
+good Summers with uh quite a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Summers with uh quite a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Summers with uh quite a few
+students and and and a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and and and a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and and and a great deal of
+volleyball as I remember as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volleyball as I remember as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volleyball as I remember as well as uh
+data collection so you go to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection so you go to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection so you go to the first
+company to manufacture whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to manufacture whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to manufacture whatever it
+was like let's say the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like let's say the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like let's say the temperature
+programming innovation in GC and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming innovation in GC and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming innovation in GC and you can
+find that from journals and and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that from journals and and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that from journals and and you say
+well okay so where did did you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so where did did you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so where did did you get that
+Innovation from and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation from and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation from and they say
+well we developed it my son or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we developed it my son or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we developed it my son or my
+daughter depending on who had gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter depending on who had gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter depending on who had gone to
+see them he said oh and I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them he said oh and I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them he said oh and I was thinking
+to myself there goes tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself there goes tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself there goes tenure
+right it's a producer world after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a producer world after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a producer world after
+all but we then pursued it we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but we then pursued it we said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but we then pursued it we said okay
+so tell us how you did it said wow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell us how you did it said wow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell us how you did it said wow we
+improved this and we improved that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved this and we improved that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved this and we improved that and
+we shined it and man it was incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shined it and man it was incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shined it and man it was incredible
+and then we being people of very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we being people of very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we being people of very poor
+taste we would sort of press them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste we would sort of press them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste we would sort of press them and
+say yeah yeah but where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah yeah but where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah yeah but where the
+original prototype come from they'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original prototype come from they'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original prototype come from they'd say
+wellow we polished it and we shined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellow we polished it and we shined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellow we polished it and we shined it
+and yeah but and finally they'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah but and finally they'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah but and finally they'd say
+something very odd like well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very odd like well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very odd like well you
+know one day the ceiling opened up and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one day the ceiling opened up and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one day the ceiling opened up and a
+prototype fell out you know ah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype fell out you know ah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype fell out you know ah it's the
+Prototype fairy who knew but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prototype fairy who knew but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prototype fairy who knew but the point
+was eventually what we discovered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eventually what we discovered was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was eventually what we discovered was
+that users had done it in eight out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users had done it in eight out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users had done it in eight out of
+10 cases of these most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cases of these most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cases of these most important
+commercial and scientific Innovations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and scientific Innovations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and scientific Innovations in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+80% what we would find when we track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% what we would find when we track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% what we would find when we track
+back is that five to seven years earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is that five to seven years earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is that five to seven years earlier
+than any producer had made such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any producer had made such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any producer had made such a thing
+users had made it first just like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users had made it first just like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users had made it first just like John
+hasham given so for example wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasham given so for example wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasham given so for example wanted to
+measure lead and blood more effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure lead and blood more effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure lead and blood more effectively
+than could be done by the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than could be done by the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than could be done by the present
+instrumentation and then what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and then what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and then what happened
+was they they uh had to do it themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they they uh had to do it themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they they uh had to do it themselves
+because the manufacturer said nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the manufacturer said nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the manufacturer said nobody
+wants to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do that
+resolution and then other people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then other people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and then other people would
+pick it up and eventually people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up and eventually people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up and eventually people would
+start hammering away at The Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hammering away at The Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start hammering away at The Innovation
+company saying for God's sake why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company saying for God's sake why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company saying for God's sake why do we
+buy your equipment then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your equipment then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your equipment then we have to
+modify it why don't you make it right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it why don't you make it right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it why don't you make it right in
+the first place and they'd say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place and they'd say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place and they'd say something
+like oh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh all right
+and would begin to produce it now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would begin to produce it now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would begin to produce it now notice
+the second interesting point here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second interesting point here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second interesting point here was
+the producers didn't know this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers didn't know this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers didn't know this they
+weren't necessarily lying to us so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't necessarily lying to us so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't necessarily lying to us so there
+two fascinating things here one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fascinating things here one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fascinating things here one is that
+the users are the innovators the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users are the innovators the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users are the innovators the second
+one is that the firms don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the firms don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the firms don't necessarily
+know it which is fascinating so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it which is fascinating so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it which is fascinating so here you
+are and you've got an R&D Department in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you've got an R&D Department in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you've got an R&D Department in
+your commercializing instrument company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your commercializing instrument company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your commercializing instrument company
+busily working a way and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busily working a way and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busily working a way and what's
+happening is occasionally from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is occasionally from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is occasionally from a
+serviceman or something like that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serviceman or something like that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serviceman or something like that who
+says you know the customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know the customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know the customers are
+grumbling why don't we do this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grumbling why don't we do this you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grumbling why don't we do this you get
+these inputs entirely out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs entirely out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inputs entirely out of the
+ordinary system that say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary system that say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary system that say things like
+well here's your next new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's your next new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's your next new
+product so we began to wonder here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so we began to wonder here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so we began to wonder here's the
+data on this we began to again as I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on this we began to again as I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on this we began to again as I told
+you it's about 80% and this is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's about 80% and this is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's about 80% and this is not just
+the US user had the idea this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US user had the idea this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US user had the idea this is not
+co-creation with the user this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-creation with the user this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-creation with the user this is the
+user doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user doing it
+first okay now we then became curious as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay now we then became curious as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay now we then became curious as
+to why on Earth the companies didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why on Earth the companies didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why on Earth the companies didn't
+know this you know what on Earth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know what on Earth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know what on Earth is
+going on here and that's why I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and that's why I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and that's why I want you
+by the way in a few minutes to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in a few minutes to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in a few minutes to come up
+with your own examples because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own examples because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own examples because it's easy
+to look at this but until you try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this but until you try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this but until you try it
+with your own experience you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own experience you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your own experience you won't
+necessarily view it one way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily view it one way or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily view it one way or the other
+you won't know whether you believe it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't know whether you believe it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't know whether you believe it or
+not so why didn't these people believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so why didn't these people believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so why didn't these people believe
+it well something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well something very
+interesting this is a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is a user
+Innovation okay this is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation okay this is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation okay this is a particular
+scientific instrument the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific instrument the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific instrument the first
+completely automated radio imuno assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely automated radio imuno assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely automated radio imuno assay
+system which was used uh in in in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which was used uh in in in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which was used uh in in in um
+saying certain things in in patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying certain things in in patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying certain things in in patients and
+and uh a doctor in the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a doctor in the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a doctor in the University of
+Virginia had said I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia had said I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia had said I'm going to do a
+30,000 patient heart study and he looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 patient heart study and he looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 patient heart study and he looked
+at his residence and he said all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his residence and he said all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his residence and he said all we have
+to do is 30,000 manual uh manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is 30,000 manual uh manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is 30,000 manual uh manual
+assays and you know you yourselves know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays and you know you yourselves know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays and you know you yourselves know
+that you can uh you can you can ask your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can uh you can you can ask your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can uh you can you can ask your
+students to do something once or twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do something once or twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to do something once or twice
+but if you ask them to do it 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you ask them to do it 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you ask them to do it 30,000
+times they'll automate right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll automate right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll automate right and so
+that's what happened and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened and what happened
+was they went around the lab and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they went around the lab and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they went around the lab and they
+grab pieces of things that were around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab pieces of things that were around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab pieces of things that were around
+they scr and they put it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scr and they put it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scr and they put it together
+so they didn't start with an Ingot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't start with an Ingot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't start with an Ingot of
+Steel and work from the left they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel and work from the left they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel and work from the left they sort
+of said hey here's a sampler from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said hey here's a sampler from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said hey here's a sampler from
+something here's a pump from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here's a pump from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here's a pump from something
+here's a time delay coil here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a time delay coil here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a time delay coil here's the
+counting well where you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting well where you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting well where you measure the
+reactivity and a computer and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and a computer and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and a computer and so on and
+that's what they did and that's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did and that's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did and that's what was
+copied now in contrast what the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied now in contrast what the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied now in contrast what the producer
+made was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was
+this now this is inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this is inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this is inside this
+but this looks a lot glitzier right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this looks a lot glitzier right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this looks a lot glitzier right it's
+got a slopey front that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a slopey front that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a slopey front that's always
+important room for the logo I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important room for the logo I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important room for the logo I mean and
+it and it's also more reliable I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's also more reliable I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's also more reliable I'm sure
+and it has an operator's manual you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has an operator's manual you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has an operator's manual you know
+and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like
+that and the interesting thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the interesting thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the interesting thing is that
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+companies the people who were quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R&D were product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D were product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D were product
+developers so their entire job in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so their entire job in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers so their entire job in effect
+was going from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going from here to
+there so when you ask them who invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when you ask them who invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when you ask them who invented
+the product they said we did why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product they said we did why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product they said we did why because
+that's a product and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a product and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a product and that's
+not right and then of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right and then of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right and then of course what
+happens next is that marketing picks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens next is that marketing picks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens next is that marketing picks it
+up and says buy our excellent XYZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and says buy our excellent XYZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and says buy our excellent XYZ and
+before you know it life is good and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know it life is good and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know it life is good and the
+producer GE is again bringing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer GE is again bringing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer GE is again bringing good
+things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+now once you see this this you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once you see this this you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once you see this this you see it
+all over the place this is farming most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place this is farming most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place this is farming most
+farming Innovations things that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming Innovations things that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming Innovations things that John
+Deer might say they did were done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deer might say they did were done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deer might say they did were done by
+users so GPS guided tractors and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users so GPS guided tractors and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users so GPS guided tractors and all
+that stuff done by users you know time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff done by users you know time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff done by users you know time
+in the winter on your farm and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter on your farm and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter on your farm and this was
+the first center pivot irrigation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first center pivot irrigation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first center pivot irrigation system
+and it was conceptually a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was conceptually a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was conceptually a big deal
+because you know you if you've flown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you if you've flown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you if you've flown
+across the country you've seen these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country you've seen these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country you've seen these big
+circles and you know about right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and you know about right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and you know about right that's
+what's causing them it's not crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing them it's not crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's causing them it's not crop
+circles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or
+fairies and it's the same principle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairies and it's the same principle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairies and it's the same principle here
+what goes on is they used to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on is they used to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on is they used to take that
+kind of irrigation pipe that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of irrigation pipe that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of irrigation pipe that you see
+there and they used to lay it out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they used to lay it out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they used to lay it out on the
+ground and irrigate and then pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and irrigate and then pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and irrigate and then pick it up
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it over 50 m and do it again
+that's what they would do so this farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they would do so this farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they would do so this farmer
+said well you know what tube Wells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you know what tube Wells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well you know what tube Wells are
+now cheap there's certain kind of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cheap there's certain kind of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cheap there's certain kind of well
+that you just sort of push into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just sort of push into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just sort of push into the
+ground with a big pipe and uh we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground with a big pipe and uh we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground with a big pipe and uh we've got
+an aquifer that's 50 m down across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquifer that's 50 m down across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquifer that's 50 m down across
+hundreds of miles we can push in a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of miles we can push in a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of miles we can push in a well
+wherever we want and what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we want and what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we want and what we'll do is
+we'll set up this sort of pivot thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set up this sort of pivot thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set up this sort of pivot thing
+and each one has a well in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has a well in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one has a well in the center
+and it was quite an innovation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was quite an innovation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was quite an innovation this
+person did it was stuff that was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person did it was stuff that was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person did it was stuff that was around
+but it was sophisticated so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was sophisticated so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was sophisticated so what you see
+here is that's the pipe that he used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that's the pipe that he used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that's the pipe that he used in
+the previous way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous way of
+irrigating these are wheels from old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigating these are wheels from old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigating these are wheels from old
+farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+implements that's a piston and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that's a piston and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that's a piston and what he
+did was he drove water through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was he drove water through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was he drove water through this
+thing and he would drive it to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he would drive it to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he would drive it to the uh
+impart to the the sprinkler heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart to the the sprinkler heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart to the the sprinkler heads and
+impart to this thing here that piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart to this thing here that piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart to this thing here that piston
+would drive and move the uh the wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive and move the uh the wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive and move the uh the wheels
+these wires this was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires this was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires this was before
+microprocessors these wires would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors these wires would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors these wires would
+basically sense a bend in the pipe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sense a bend in the pipe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sense a bend in the pipe and
+turn on the next valve so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the next valve so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the next valve so the whole
+thing would sort of go around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would sort of go around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would sort of go around like
+this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now
+that spread amongst farmers and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spread amongst farmers and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spread amongst farmers and I think
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+Iowa and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa and then this
+happened and this is the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and this is the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and this is the commercial
+version and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and you can see it's
+considerably glitzier right got rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably glitzier right got rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably glitzier right got rubber
+tires hey we're not messing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires hey we're not messing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires hey we're not messing
+around but it's the same damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it's the same damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but it's the same damn
+thing conceptually right so I and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing conceptually right so I and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing conceptually right so I and my
+students we specialize in bad taste no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we specialize in bad taste no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we specialize in bad taste no
+social graces whatsoever we called up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social graces whatsoever we called up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social graces whatsoever we called up
+the Valmont company which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Valmont company which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Valmont company which is this
+company here and we said so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company here and we said so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company here and we said so who
+developed this device you or someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this device you or someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this device you or someone
+else and they said we did my son and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they said we did my son and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they said we did my son and we
+pushed the point we said did you get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed the point we said did you get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed the point we said did you get any
+input from users living or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from users living or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from users living or
+dead they said certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead they said certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead they said certainly
+not and when you send us our plaques be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and when you send us our plaques be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and when you send us our plaques be
+sure to spell our names right so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to spell our names right so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to spell our names right so we said
+okay but we also asked did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we also asked did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we also asked did you know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this I said yeah what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I said yeah what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I said yeah what about
+it so well isn't that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so well isn't that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so well isn't that it
+hello they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello they said
+no I said why and they said you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I said why and they said you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I said why and they said you should
+have seen the crappy quality of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the crappy quality of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the crappy quality of that
+Farmer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welding which is you know we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welding which is you know we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welding which is you know we're all
+proud of what we do right and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of what we do right and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of what we do right and what these
+people do is the share of the Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is the share of the Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is the share of the Innovation
+process which has to do with sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which has to do with sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which has to do with sort of uh
+improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving
+stuff now I promised you that uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now I promised you that uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now I promised you that uh what we
+would do next is oh well first I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do next is oh well first I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do next is oh well first I'll tell
+you about services this all applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about services this all applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about services this all applies to
+Services too I very quickly tell you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services too I very quickly tell you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services too I very quickly tell you so
+we're measuring services and where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring services and where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring services and where they
+came from and users in banking services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from and users in banking services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from and users in banking services
+for instance developed them before do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance developed them before do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance developed them before do
+for banks to and so forth and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for banks to and so forth and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for banks to and so forth and I'll give
+you one example of that which is so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of that which is so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of that which is so cool
+and fun just to give give you a feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fun just to give give you a feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fun just to give give you a feeling
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+it and then comes your own your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then comes your own your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then comes your own your own
+you'll get a chance to talk which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a chance to talk which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a chance to talk which will
+be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really
+wonderful so you know you all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so you know you all use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so you know you all use
+internet in your hotel room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in your hotel room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet in your hotel room
+right uh and uh that's a service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and uh that's a service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and uh that's a service and
+hotels are very proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels are very proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotels are very proud of
+it now have any of you ever in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now have any of you ever in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now have any of you ever in the time
+of AOL and dialup and all that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AOL and dialup and all that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AOL and dialup and all that sort of
+thing did any of you ever disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing did any of you ever disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing did any of you ever disconnect
+your hotel phone and connect up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hotel phone and connect up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hotel phone and connect up your
+computer did anybody do that you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer did anybody do that you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer did anybody do that you did
+that you did that yeah yeah you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did that yeah yeah you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did that yeah yeah you did that
+cool all right so in effect what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so in effect what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so in effect what you
+were doing was supplying internet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was supplying internet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was supplying internet in the
+room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to
+yourself right before the Hotel knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right before the Hotel knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself right before the Hotel knew
+anything about it so we went and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it so we went and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it so we went and we
+talked to the guys at Marriott the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the guys at Marriott the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the guys at Marriott the chain
+who were supposed to be involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were supposed to be involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were supposed to be involved with
+R&D and we said well so how'd that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and we said well so how'd that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and we said well so how'd that come
+about they said yeah well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they said yeah well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they said yeah well you
+know first they said they did it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first they said they did it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first they said they did it and
+then sort of thinking back we said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of thinking back we said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of thinking back we said so
+how how did that happen and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how did that happen and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how did that happen and they said
+well you know thinking back what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know thinking back what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know thinking back what would
+happen would be that uh the maid would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen would be that uh the maid would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen would be that uh the maid would
+come into the room and discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the room and discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the room and discover the
+phone in the middle of the floor cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in the middle of the floor cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in the middle of the floor cuz
+sometimes you wouldn't screw it back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you wouldn't screw it back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you wouldn't screw it back on
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+you right and what did she do well she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and what did she do well she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and what did she do well she
+called up maintenance and what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called up maintenance and what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called up maintenance and what did
+maintenance do they screwed it back onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance do they screwed it back onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance do they screwed it back onto
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wall then what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall then what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall then what happened
+well it kept happening sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it kept happening sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it kept happening sort of like
+these phones are migrating right you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phones are migrating right you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phones are migrating right you you
+just in the middle of the night they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the middle of the night they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the middle of the night they get
+up and they pull them anyway so um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they pull them anyway so um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they pull them anyway so um then
+what happened well what happened was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened well what happened was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened well what happened was we
+put on tamperproof screws so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on tamperproof screws so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on tamperproof screws so that the
+guests wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests wouldn't do
+that it's an Innovative response then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an Innovative response then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an Innovative response then
+what happened the guests brought special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened the guests brought special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened the guests brought special
+screwdrivers and kept on doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdrivers and kept on doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdrivers and kept on doing
+it then what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then what happened
+we made steel boxes so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made steel boxes so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made steel boxes so they
+wouldn't covered the connection then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't covered the connection then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't covered the connection then
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happened they cut the cord and stripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they cut the cord and stripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they cut the cord and stripped
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wires then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires then what
+happened we began to think we better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we began to think we better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we began to think we better
+find out what they're doing before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what they're doing before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what they're doing before they
+tear the hotel down you know so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear the hotel down you know so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear the hotel down you know so the
+point is here what you see is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is here what you see is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is here what you see is something
+very interesting first the users were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting first the users were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting first the users were
+doing it first but second the sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it first but second the sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it first but second the sensing
+instrumentation in the hotel was not set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation in the hotel was not set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation in the hotel was not set
+up to pick up the user Innovation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to pick up the user Innovation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to pick up the user Innovation right
+it was maintenance who was dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was maintenance who was dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was maintenance who was dealing with
+it and it was like oh yeah the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was like oh yeah the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was like oh yeah the phone
+walked into the middle of the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the middle of the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the middle of the floor
+again you know God does that got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know God does that got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know God does that got to get
+feet off that phone and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet off that phone and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet off that phone and then eventually
+only when it escalated did it get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when it escalated did it get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when it escalated did it get up to
+somebody who began to think what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who began to think what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who began to think what was
+going on here okay so now what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here okay so now what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here okay so now what I've done
+is I've given you an example example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've given you an example example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've given you an example example of
+a user innovation in service I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user innovation in service I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user innovation in service I've given
+you examples of user Innovations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples of user Innovations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples of user Innovations in
+products I've told you that a user can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I've told you that a user can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I've told you that a user can
+be a firm or an individual now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a firm or an individual now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a firm or an individual now what I
+want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to
+do is to think to yourself about a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to think to yourself about a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to think to yourself about a user
+Innovation either you did as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation either you did as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation either you did as an
+individual that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that you
+observed or that was done in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or that was done in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or that was done in your
+company now you can when you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now you can when you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company now you can when you're sitting
+in your company you can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your company you can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your company you can think about it
+two ways you can say yes we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways you can say yes we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways you can say yes we had to
+modify such and such a machine software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify such and such a machine software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify such and such a machine software
+because it wasn't good enough and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wasn't good enough and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wasn't good enough and so we
+did that or it can be the rotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that or it can be the rotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that or it can be the rotten
+customer I made this software perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I made this software perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I made this software perfectly
+then the rotten customer modified it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rotten customer modified it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rotten customer modified it and
+I heard about it right or when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard about it right or when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard about it right or when you were
+a kid it can be something like uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kid it can be something like uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kid it can be something like uh you
+know I modified a toy or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I modified a toy or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I modified a toy or whatever it
+might be okay or as an adult consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be okay or as an adult consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be okay or as an adult consumer
+one thing I'll show you in a minute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll show you in a minute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'll show you in a minute is
+that 6% of all the adults in the UK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 6% of all the adults in the UK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 6% of all the adults in the UK and
+the US basically modify products that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US basically modify products that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US basically modify products that's
+a huge number so I suspect some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number so I suspect some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number so I suspect some of you
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+too okay so just say hello to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so just say hello to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so just say hello to each other
+always a very nice initial thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a very nice initial thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a very nice initial thing to do
+and then tell each other you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell each other you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell each other you've got
+three to four minutes tell each other an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four minutes tell each other an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four minutes tell each other an
+example so this brings us to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this brings us to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so this brings us to the idea
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+really there's also scale involved here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's also scale involved here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's also scale involved here
+so I'm going to try and experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try and experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try and experiment with
+you guys um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um
+just to just to get a sense now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to get a sense now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to just to get a sense now for
+scale of this phenomenon and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of this phenomenon and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of this phenomenon and so this
+might go really right or really wrong we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go really right or really wrong we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go really right or really wrong we
+don't know now you all have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know now you all have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know now you all have something
+that you carry around stuff in backpacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you carry around stuff in backpacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you carry around stuff in backpacks
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+right how many of you have in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modified that thing that backpack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified that thing that backpack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified that thing that backpack or
+whatever it is how many of you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is how many of you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is how many of you have any
+of you modified raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you modified raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you modified raise your hand if
+you've modified in some way okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modified in some way okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modified in some way okay now
+hold it up for a second let me count 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it up for a second let me count 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it up for a second let me count 1 2
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
+13 that is 14 that is totally wild when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 that is 14 that is totally wild when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 that is 14 that is totally wild when
+you think about it how many of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it how many of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it how many of us are
+here maybe 100 people I named one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe 100 people I named one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe 100 people I named one
+prototype 14% of you have done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype 14% of you have done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype 14% of you have done something
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+it I mean when you think about it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean when you think about it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean when you think about it that's
+huge so this phenomenon that has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so this phenomenon that has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so this phenomenon that has never
+been measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measured
+before because who would measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because who would measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because who would measure
+something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't
+exist when you start to measure it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist when you start to measure it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist when you start to measure it turns
+out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+huge so we managed to scrape together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so we managed to scrape together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge so we managed to scrape together
+some money uh while back and we began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money uh while back and we began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money uh while back and we began to
+do the first colleagues and I began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first colleagues and I began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first colleagues and I began to
+do the first representative studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first representative studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first representative studies of
+the frequency with which consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency with which consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency with which consumers
+innovated and what we found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated and what we found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated and what we found was
+something quite fascinating if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite fascinating if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite fascinating if you look
+the UK was the first one to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK was the first one to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK was the first one to do it and
+what you did is you do this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did is you do this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did is you do this is really
+quite stringent we call them up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite stringent we call them up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite stringent we call them up you know
+on the phone we say do you innovate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone we say do you innovate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone we say do you innovate they
+say what's that you go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's that you go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's that you go through this
+conversation and you say well what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and you say well what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and you say well what it
+amounts to is create or modify a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to is create or modify a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to is create or modify a product
+you know here's some example what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's some example what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's some example what did
+you do tell us about it and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do tell us about it and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do tell us about it and so on and so
+forth and you know you get some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you know you get some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you know you get some large
+fraction like 30% saying so but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction like 30% saying so but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction like 30% saying so but then
+when you look at it some of them say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it some of them say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it some of them say
+things like I installed software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I installed software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I installed software that
+the manufacturer supplied onto my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer supplied onto my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer supplied onto my
+computer that's not what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's not what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's not what we're talking
+about so you screen that out and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you screen that out and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you screen that out and when
+you're really strict about it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really strict about it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really strict about it and you
+screen it out what you find out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it out what you find out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it out what you find out is that
+6.1% of the entire population we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1% of the entire population we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.1% of the entire population we
+couldn't ask people under 18 so it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't ask people under 18 so it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't ask people under 18 so it it's
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+18 that's 2.9 Million people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 that's 2.9 Million people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 that's 2.9 Million people in the
+UK when you add up the amount that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK when you add up the amount that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK when you add up the amount that they
+spent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent it's
+140% of all the money spent by all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140% of all the money spent by all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140% of all the money spent by all the
+companies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the
+UK on consumer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK on consumer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK on consumer product
+development in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in other words it's
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+so in other countries you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other countries you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other countries you know the
+country this particular measure the 140%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country this particular measure the 140%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country this particular measure the 140%
+is sort of an odd one because if your if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of an odd one because if your if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of an odd one because if your if
+your consumer industry is large as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumer industry is large as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumer industry is large as it is
+for instance in Japan and the us then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in Japan and the us then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in Japan and the us then
+that fraction goes down but we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction goes down but we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction goes down but we see this
+also in underdeveloped countries where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in underdeveloped countries where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in underdeveloped countries where
+you know they are the ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they are the ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they are the ones in the
+Philippines and so on that developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines and so on that developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines and so on that developed
+Mobile Banking using phones and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobile Banking using phones and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobile Banking using phones and so forth
+the the people who couldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people who couldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the people who couldn't even
+necessarily read they used it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily read they used it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily read they used it so the
+interesting thing here is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here is that it's
+ubiquitous and we really ought to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous and we really ought to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous and we really ought to start
+to think about how to integrate it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how to integrate it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how to integrate it into
+both our Theory and into our practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both our Theory and into our practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both our Theory and into our practice
+right it's something that just is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's something that just is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's something that just is all
+over the place it's also true for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place it's also true for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place it's also true for uh
+firms now before we get to uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms now before we get to uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms now before we get to uh uh you
+know so I'm going to show you some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I'm going to show you some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I'm going to show you some other
+things but I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I just want to show
+you how natural all this is It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how natural all this is It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how natural all this is It's just
+such a I'm going to show you a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a I'm going to show you a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a I'm going to show you a three
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+video um what happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um what happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um what happened was
+uh that uh Disney you know some guy Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh Disney you know some guy Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh Disney you know some guy Don
+Wells who was uh under contract of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells who was uh under contract of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells who was uh under contract of
+Disney decided you know he didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney decided you know he didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney decided you know he didn't really
+like Mattel and things like this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mattel and things like this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mattel and things like this and he
+wanted to go out and he wanted to film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go out and he wanted to film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go out and he wanted to film
+games that kids had developed on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that kids had developed on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that kids had developed on their
+own so he went around the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so he went around the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so he went around the country
+filming games that kids had developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming games that kids had developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming games that kids had developed
+and you'll see each of them he put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see each of them he put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see each of them he put in a
+five-minute clip and what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute clip and what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute clip and what you'll see is
+that in that clip he's showing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that clip he's showing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that clip he's showing the game
+and it was on the Disney Channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was on the Disney Channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was on the Disney Channel and
+he's also telling the kids how to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also telling the kids how to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also telling the kids how to play
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but I just want to play you one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to play you one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to play you one of these
+there are a lot of those clips I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of those clips I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of those clips I want to
+play you one uh so you sort of get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you one uh so you sort of get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you one uh so you sort of get the
+flavor uh now what I want you to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor uh now what I want you to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor uh now what I want you to watch
+for is that it's not a something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is that it's not a something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is that it's not a something that
+evolves full-fledged you all did it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves full-fledged you all did it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves full-fledged you all did it as
+kids it's natural as breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids it's natural as breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids it's natural as breathing
+air it's not something that emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it's not something that emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it's not something that emerges
+full-fledged what happens is you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-fledged what happens is you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-fledged what happens is you sort of
+figure it out collaboratively as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out collaboratively as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out collaboratively as you're
+going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along
+I'm sure as you all played games when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure as you all played games when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure as you all played games when
+you were kids you know the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were kids you know the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were kids you know the rules
+sometimes as you get older get more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as you get older get more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as you get older get more and
+more complex you know you evolve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex you know you evolve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex you know you evolve these
+complicated rules and eventually uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rules and eventually uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated rules and eventually uh yeah
+so anyway and it's collaborative so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway and it's collaborative so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway and it's collaborative so I
+just want to show you this one I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you this one I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you this one I just
+think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool now when you see that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now when you see that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now when you see that you know you
+remember the the hog tie right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the hog tie right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the hog tie right it's not
+like the kids anticipate that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kids anticipate that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kids anticipate that it's not
+like they say ah you know preservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they say ah you know preservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they say ah you know preservation
+of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular
+momentum right what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right what's going to happen is
+the string is going to go and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string is going to go and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string is going to go and then it's
+going to accelerate around and do no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accelerate around and do no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accelerate around and do no
+what happens is they're messing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is they're messing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is they're messing around
+and they're picking up and keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're picking up and keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're picking up and keeping the
+stuff that works and they're dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that works and they're dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that works and they're dropping
+the stuff that doesn't so they figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that doesn't so they figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that doesn't so they figure
+out rocks is a really bad idea they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rocks is a really bad idea they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out rocks is a really bad idea they
+don't use rocks and then they see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use rocks and then they see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use rocks and then they see this
+thing about this hog tie thing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this hog tie thing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this hog tie thing and they
+incorporate it into the game right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate it into the game right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate it into the game right
+that's how users are so powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how users are so powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how users are so powerful and
+lowcost innovators because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost innovators because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost innovators because basically
+they are operating in the theater of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are operating in the theater of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are operating in the theater of use
+and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can
+adjust what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust what they
+want by what they're experiencing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want by what they're experiencing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want by what they're experiencing right
+it was the same with jumping in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the same with jumping in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the same with jumping in the
+air with us skateboard right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air with us skateboard right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air with us skateboard right so what
+happened was you know these skateboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was you know these skateboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was you know these skateboard
+decks were initially flat and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decks were initially flat and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decks were initially flat and then what
+happened was you know people jumped on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was you know people jumped on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was you know people jumped on
+the back and it gave a little air you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and it gave a little air you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and it gave a little air you
+know lifted up a little bit then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lifted up a little bit then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lifted up a little bit then they
+figure oh hey that's that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure oh hey that's that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure oh hey that's that's pretty cool
+and so they started to make the decks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they started to make the decks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they started to make the decks
+curved all us are done just so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved all us are done just so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved all us are done just so you could
+get more air all us are done trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more air all us are done trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more air all us are done trial and
+error learning improving as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error learning improving as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error learning improving as you do
+compare that with some company coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with some company coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with some company coming
+and saying what do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying what do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying what do you think you
+want you don't even know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you don't even know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you don't even know in the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+right you don't even know if I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even know if I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't even know if I mean
+they're trying tons of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying tons of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying tons of things in
+addition to swinging stuff around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to swinging stuff around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to swinging stuff around you
+know they come up with all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they come up with all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they come up with all sorts of
+stuff throwing grapefruits through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff throwing grapefruits through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff throwing grapefruits through their
+mother's window or whatever it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's window or whatever it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's window or whatever it might be
+and sort of the stuff that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the stuff that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the stuff that eventually
+they don't get punished for and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get punished for and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get punished for and that
+seems to be fun and so on so forth is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be fun and so on so forth is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be fun and so on so forth is a
+stuff that builds and grows organically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that builds and grows organically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that builds and grows organically
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now just a couple more points here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a couple more points here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a couple more points here uh
+before we end for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day so now me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so now you start to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you start to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you start to think about
+this in terms of theory you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of theory you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of theory you start to
+think and say well yeah so users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and say well yeah so users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and say well yeah so users
+innovate a lot are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate a lot are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate a lot are they going to
+innovate more are they going to innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate more are they going to innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate more are they going to innovate
+less what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and so caros Baldin and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so caros Baldin and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so caros Baldin and I and I
+think it's on your list to read um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's on your list to read um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's on your list to read um by
+the way I'm not going to chase you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm not going to chase you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm not going to chase you about
+stuff that you're supposed to read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you're supposed to read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you're supposed to read you
+just hopefully will read it and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hopefully will read it and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hopefully will read it and and and
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um so if we look here what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we look here what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we look here what we have is
+communication cost on one axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication cost on one axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication cost on one axis and
+design cost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design cost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design cost in the
+other now John John hasham Gibbon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now John John hasham Gibbon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now John John hasham Gibbon is
+this guy here he's a single user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here he's a single user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here he's a single user
+innovator and basically what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and basically what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator and basically what happens is
+John Hasam Gibbon here's design cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hasam Gibbon here's design cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hasam Gibbon here's design cost
+John hasham Gibbon can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John hasham Gibbon can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John hasham Gibbon can afford to
+innovate up to the point that he can pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate up to the point that he can pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate up to the point that he can pay
+for it by in-house use or charity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it by in-house use or charity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it by in-house use or charity or
+whatever it might be okay so he can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be okay so he can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be okay so he can only
+make a design this big on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a design this big on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a design this big on the other hand
+John Hasam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hasam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Hasam
+Gibbon doesn't care at all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon doesn't care at all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon doesn't care at all about
+communication costs because he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs because he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs because he's doing
+it all himself right these costs can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all himself right these costs can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all himself right these costs can be
+high or low he's sitting there for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low he's sitting there for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low he's sitting there for 20
+years working away you know not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years working away you know not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years working away you know not an
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+now Beyond this we have the green namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Beyond this we have the green namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Beyond this we have the green namely
+If the product was bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product was bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product was bigger than that
+before users began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before users began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before users began to
+collaborate what happened was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate what happened was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate what happened was that the
+producer had to do it because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer had to do it because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer had to do it because again
+aggregation of demand distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of demand distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of demand distribution
+across now what users would often do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across now what users would often do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across now what users would often do is
+come up with something that was a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something that was a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something that was a small
+and cheap version of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap version of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheap version of something that
+again the manufacturers would come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the manufacturers would come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the manufacturers would come up
+with later but now what happened well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with later but now what happened well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with later but now what happened well
+with the internet and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the internet and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the internet and so on
+communication cost has dropped like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication cost has dropped like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication cost has dropped like a
+stone and so what has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone and so what has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone and so what has happened
+is also understanding of modularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also understanding of modularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also understanding of modularization
+has expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expanded
+design design tools are increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design design tools are increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design design tools are increasingly
+digital and so on and userfriendly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital and so on and userfriendly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital and so on and userfriendly and
+Powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful
+and so what happens is that a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens is that a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens is that a project
+that is huge gets divided up amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is huge gets divided up amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is huge gets divided up amongst
+users like Linux and all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users like Linux and all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users like Linux and all of a sudden you
+can do huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do huge
+stuff so what happens here is in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so what happens here is in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so what happens here is in a sense
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+producer is still in there and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is still in there and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is still in there and he's
+basically producing dimension of Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically producing dimension of Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically producing dimension of Merit
+improvements typically where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements typically where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements typically where he
+understands the market but increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the market but increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands the market but increasingly
+what's happening is collaborative users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is collaborative users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is collaborative users
+are becoming viable across more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming viable across more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming viable across more and more
+of the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opportunity
+space and as design costs go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and as design costs go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and as design costs go down the
+single user is capable of more so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single user is capable of more so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single user is capable of more so what
+you have to imagine is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to imagine is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to imagine is that
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+here are dots in this space and as costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are dots in this space and as costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are dots in this space and as costs
+go down all these opportunities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down all these opportunities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down all these opportunities are
+migrating into the space where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating into the space where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating into the space where they can
+be done collaboratively by users or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done collaboratively by users or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done collaboratively by users or
+singly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly by
+users now these kinds of tools that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users now these kinds of tools that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users now these kinds of tools that you
+see around when you look around and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see around when you look around and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see around when you look around and you
+see people creating apps and so on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people creating apps and so on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people creating apps and so on over
+a weekend they couldn't have done that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weekend they couldn't have done that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weekend they couldn't have done that a
+few years ago when you see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago when you see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago when you see people
+collaborating in crowdsourcing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating in crowdsourcing and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating in crowdsourcing and so on
+they couldn't have done that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't have done that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't have done that somebody
+coming in with a solution from Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with a solution from Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with a solution from Russia
+somebody else coming in from Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else coming in from Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else coming in from Afghanistan
+and so on and so forth right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth right they
+couldn't have done that but now they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done that but now they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done that but now they can
+and the result is that increasingly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is that increasingly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is that increasingly the
+producer is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer is getting
+challenged and it's no longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged and it's no longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged and it's no longer the
+case that you're having to stand there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you're having to stand there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you're having to stand there
+and say to the producer oh gee you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to the producer oh gee you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to the producer oh gee you know
+what you really ought to do is be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really ought to do is be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really ought to do is be really
+nice to your users and co-develop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to your users and co-develop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to your users and co-develop with
+them because they are so nice and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they are so nice and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they are so nice and it
+would be therapeutic and everybody be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be therapeutic and everybody be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be therapeutic and everybody be
+happy because what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy because what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy because what's really
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+is let me go to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me go to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me go to here
+what's really happening is that users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is that users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is that users
+are beginning to drive producers out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design and a really cool example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and a really cool example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and a really cool example of this
+is kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kite
+surfing so I don't know about kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing so I don't know about kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing so I don't know about kite
+surfing I don't know that moo didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing I don't know that moo didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing I don't know that moo didn't do
+it but uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh basically
+uh there was a guy named Saul Griffith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a guy named Saul Griffith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a guy named Saul Griffith
+and and others around and and users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others around and and users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others around and and users
+develop the entire sport if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the entire sport if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the entire sport if you don't
+know what it is it involves small uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it involves small uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it involves small uh uh
+equivalent of surfboards here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of surfboards here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of surfboards here and
+basically you've got a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you've got a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you've got a giant
+kite and the giant kite can in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite and the giant kite can in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite and the giant kite can in effect
+act like a reverse parachute it can lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like a reverse parachute it can lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like a reverse parachute it can lift
+you off the ground these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off the ground these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off the ground these people are
+being lifted off the ground you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being lifted off the ground you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being lifted off the ground you can go
+in different directions with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions with this thing
+and it's kind of you know you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of you know you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of you know you you have
+five control wires and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five control wires and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five control wires and it's kind of
+sophisticated in terms of aerodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in terms of aerodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated in terms of aerodynamics
+entirely developed by users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely developed by users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely developed by users
+and you have to do it pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do it pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to do it pretty well
+because when you're 40 meters up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you're 40 meters up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you're 40 meters up in the
+air if you come down at a rate of speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air if you come down at a rate of speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air if you come down at a rate of speed
+you think embarrassing that's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think embarrassing that's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think embarrassing that's really not
+good right so what happened was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so what happened was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right so what happened was there
+were thousands and thousands of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thousands and thousands of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thousands and thousands of these
+users building these things and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users building these things and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users building these things and they
+were playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were playing with
+them and then what happened as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then what happened as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then what happened as in the
+case of the producers of the heart lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the producers of the heart lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the producers of the heart lung
+machine what happened was that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what happened was that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what happened was that the uh
+that the firms decided they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the firms decided they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the firms decided they were going
+to make this stuff and so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this stuff and so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this stuff and so basically what
+they did was they said okay kids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they said okay kids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they said okay kids the
+experts have arrived to one side now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts have arrived to one side now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts have arrived to one side now we
+will handle it for you right and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will handle it for you right and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will handle it for you right and so they
+formed companies and each hired two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed companies and each hired two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed companies and each hired two or
+three engineers and they began this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three engineers and they began this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three engineers and they began this sort
+of yearly Model cycle where you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yearly Model cycle where you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yearly Model cycle where you know we
+have the coolest thing and we patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the coolest thing and we patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the coolest thing and we patent
+everything and we don't tell anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we don't tell anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and we don't tell anybody
+else what we're doing and all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what we're doing and all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what we're doing and all the rest
+well uh this particular guy named Saul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh this particular guy named Saul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh this particular guy named Saul
+Griffith uh who was an MIT didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffith uh who was an MIT didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffith uh who was an MIT didn't think
+that was so entertaining and he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so entertaining and he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so entertaining and he didn't
+think the designs were very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the designs were very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the designs were very interesting
+and so he said in this Modern Age he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said in this Modern Age he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said in this Modern Age he's
+going to put up a website that's all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put up a website that's all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put up a website that's all he
+did he put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he put up a
+website where people could post their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where people could post their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website where people could post their
+designs and so people began to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and so people began to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and so people began to post
+their designs this is uh from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their designs this is uh from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their designs this is uh from somebody
+Sebastian isn't it in Argentina so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian isn't it in Argentina so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian isn't it in Argentina so it's
+around the world a super high aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world a super high aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world a super high aspect
+ratio inflatable design for mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio inflatable design for mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio inflatable design for mountain
+boarding mountain boarding is the Once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding mountain boarding is the Once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding mountain boarding is the Once
+you figured out that you had this kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out that you had this kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figured out that you had this kite
+you could use it to Mountain you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use it to Mountain you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use it to Mountain you know to
+go along beaches you could use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along beaches you could use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along beaches you could use it to
+climb mountains basically you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb mountains basically you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb mountains basically you could go
+up the mountain instead of down being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mountain instead of down being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mountain instead of down being
+pulled by this kite and I've I've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled by this kite and I've I've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled by this kite and I've I've tried
+this thing and these kites are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and these kites are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and these kites are really
+powerful you know I mean they they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you know I mean they they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful you know I mean they they'll
+they'll pull you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull you no
+question so then what happened behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so then what happened behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so then what happened behind
+each of these things you'll see a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things you'll see a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things you'll see a bunch
+of stuff what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff what you'll see
+is the design of the kite right so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the design of the kite right so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the design of the kite right so those
+are pieces of fabric that are are sewn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of fabric that are are sewn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pieces of fabric that are are sewn
+into a 3D object but they're flat pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3D object but they're flat pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3D object but they're flat pieces
+of fabric these are the pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fabric these are the pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fabric these are the pieces the
+panels and what they did is they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and what they did is they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and what they did is they began
+to share these panels in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these panels in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share these panels in terms of
+sketches and measurements but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and measurements but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and measurements but then they
+found out that what are called Sail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that what are called Sail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that what are called Sail
+Lofts which are Cutters that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lofts which are Cutters that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lofts which are Cutters that cut
+sales are driven by uh a cad system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are driven by uh a cad system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are driven by uh a cad system a
+laser cutter and so on and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cutter and so on and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cutter and so on and that's
+standard around the world so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard around the world so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard around the world so that
+basically if you publish your CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you publish your CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you publish your CAD
+file then anybody around the world can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then anybody around the world can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then anybody around the world can
+make an exact copy of your cut you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an exact copy of your cut you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an exact copy of your cut you know
+you simply go to your local sale Loft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply go to your local sale Loft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simply go to your local sale Loft
+and and cut out the exact to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cut out the exact to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cut out the exact to the
+millimeter same thing and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter same thing and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter same thing and then you can
+put it together and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it together and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it together and then you can
+experiment with it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it so what
+happened well in not too long a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well in not too long a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well in not too long a
+time there were hundreds of people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were hundreds of people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were hundreds of people on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+site really expert people I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site really expert people I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site really expert people I mean
+aerodynamicist from NASA for Christ's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist from NASA for Christ's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist from NASA for Christ's
+sake who also did this and people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake who also did this and people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake who also did this and people from
+aerospace companies and so on and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace companies and so on and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace companies and so on and people
+from the top Aerospace departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top Aerospace departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top Aerospace departments
+around the world were doing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world were doing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world were doing this this
+was fun because it turns out that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fun because it turns out that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fun because it turns out that it's a
+fun to do and B sort of the aerodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to do and B sort of the aerodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to do and B sort of the aerodynamics
+of it are not straightforward and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it are not straightforward and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it are not straightforward and they
+brought tools you know they started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought tools you know they started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought tools you know they started to
+model the tur ulence and so on and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the tur ulence and so on and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the tur ulence and so on and they
+started to design this thing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to design this thing and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to design this thing and so on
+now so people were posting designs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so people were posting designs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so people were posting designs and
+other people were trying them and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people were trying them and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people were trying them and stuff
+like that what do you suppose happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what do you suppose happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what do you suppose happened
+to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those
+companies each with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each with two two
+Engineers well what happened was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers well what happened was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers well what happened was the
+site the designs on the site just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the designs on the site just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the designs on the site just
+totally blew them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally blew them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally blew them out of the
+water right I mean they couldn't compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right I mean they couldn't compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right I mean they couldn't compete
+so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words
+against a bunch of people who had firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a bunch of people who had firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a bunch of people who had firms
+who were following the traditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were following the traditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were following the traditional model
+of we innovate you consume the consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we innovate you consume the consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we innovate you consume the consumers
+turned around and said get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around and said get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around and said get
+lost we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost we're
+innovating and beat them and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and beat them and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and beat them and what the
+producers then began to do was adopt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers then began to do was adopt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers then began to do was adopt the
+user designs why wouldn't you they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user designs why wouldn't you they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user designs why wouldn't you they're
+free so when you think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so when you think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so when you think about this in
+terms of the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the economics of
+it what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you have
+basically is a design space let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is a design space let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is a design space let's say
+hypothetically for all possible Kites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically for all possible Kites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically for all possible Kites
+and what you have all those X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have all those X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have all those X's are
+users you have many more users than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users you have many more users than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users you have many more users than you
+do producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do producer
+engineers and the users are giving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and the users are giving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and the users are giving away
+their stuff for free and the producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff for free and the producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff for free and the producers
+are trying to tie it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to tie it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to tie it
+down so what happens well this producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so what happens well this producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so what happens well this producer
+can't copy a good design from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't copy a good design from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't copy a good design from that
+producer because you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer because you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer because you know what this
+producer has it protected so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer has it protected so you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer has it protected so you find
+the same thing when you go to a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing when you go to a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing when you go to a company
+like uh an automobile company Ford or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh an automobile company Ford or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh an automobile company Ford or
+whatever you might like the tailgate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might like the tailgate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you might like the tailgate of
+the BMW and you might like the engine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BMW and you might like the engine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BMW and you might like the engine of
+the Ford and you might like the steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ford and you might like the steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ford and you might like the steering
+wheel of the whatever you can't put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel of the whatever you can't put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel of the whatever you can't put them
+together they say listen like my engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they say listen like my engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they say listen like my engine
+buy my steering wheel you know it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy my steering wheel you know it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy my steering wheel you know it comes
+as a a package too damn bad and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a package too damn bad and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a package too damn bad and so you
+have to take it as a bunch but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take it as a bunch but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take it as a bunch but when
+you're a DIY user you can assemble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a DIY user you can assemble the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a DIY user you can assemble the
+best sub solution from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sub solution from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sub solution from
+anywhere do you all know know Local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere do you all know know Local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere do you all know know Local
+Motors or you don't so Local Motors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors or you don't so Local Motors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors or you don't so Local Motors is
+is a company that decided to crowdsource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a company that decided to crowdsource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a company that decided to crowdsource
+basically aspects of the design but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically aspects of the design but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically aspects of the design but they
+crowdsourced it you know what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsourced it you know what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsourced it you know what they were
+trying to do was get get popular shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do was get get popular shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do was get get popular shapes
+and styles but they were buying engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and styles but they were buying engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and styles but they were buying engines
+from certain companies and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from certain companies and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from certain companies and so on the
+components were not something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were not something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were not something they
+designed so uh you know then you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed so uh you know then you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed so uh you know then you've got
+style and then you've got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and then you've got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and then you've got their
+selection process and you think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process and you think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process and you think what
+what do you think sucks the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think sucks the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think sucks the performance
+of the car or I just I just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car or I just I just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car or I just I just like you
+don't like the style no I mean they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the style no I mean they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the style no I mean they they
+they Source hundreds of designs to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Source hundreds of designs to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Source hundreds of designs to come
+up with their first car which called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with their first car which called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with their first car which called the
+rally fighter and uh if you ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally fighter and uh if you ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rally fighter and uh if you ever seen
+the rally fighter it's like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rally fighter it's like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rally fighter it's like just the
+most poorly put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most poorly put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most poorly put together
+stylistically um you know spatially car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistically um you know spatially car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistically um you know spatially car
+you've ever seen you don't like it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen you don't like it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen you don't like it well
+but now this is fine but meanwhile tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is fine but meanwhile tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is fine but meanwhile tons
+of users out there are designing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users out there are designing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of users out there are designing and
+modding their own cars to be what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modding their own cars to be what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modding their own cars to be what they
+want them to be so where these guys got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be so where these guys got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be so where these guys got
+in trouble in a sense is they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble in a sense is they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble in a sense is they're trying
+to select from a bunch of user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select from a bunch of user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select from a bunch of user
+Innovations and choose one that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and choose one that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and choose one that they
+think most users will prefer and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most users will prefer and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most users will prefer and that's
+not working so well so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working so well so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working so well so one of the things
+you have to think about it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about it's not the
+complexity of the matter because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the matter because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the matter because I can
+design my own car and do it you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design my own car and do it you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design my own car and do it you know and
+lots of people do it's rather you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people do it's rather you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people do it's rather you got to
+figure out now how to make this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out now how to make this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out now how to make this system
+work and we'll be talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cecD1w3-SD0.txt b/cecD1w3-SD0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af07a8403cf20059d9220f22be5244c08ff2ecfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cecD1w3-SD0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right hey you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hey you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hey you know the
+drill from the previous couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill from the previous couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill from the previous couple of weeks
+get your piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your piece of paper
+out and write down which you think were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and write down which you think were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and write down which you think were
+important concepts for the last week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts for the last week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts for the last week or
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+let's see what you have on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay so s Center of concept of center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so s Center of concept of center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so s Center of concept of center
+of mass and things you can use it for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and things you can use it for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and things you can use it for so
+I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+to generalize that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles and you're tell what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and you're tell what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and you're tell what you've
+just said is Center of mass is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is Center of mass is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is Center of mass is one thing
+that comes from that anybody on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from that anybody on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from that anybody on this
+subject of systems of particles anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of systems of particles anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of systems of particles anybody
+else have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have
+something angular momentum so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah so uh this concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so uh this concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so uh this concept of the
+summation of the hi right equal to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the hi right equal to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the hi right equal to kind
+of the H of the system and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the H of the system and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the H of the system and that you can
+use that okay anything else about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that okay anything else about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that okay anything else about
+systems particles that we that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learn Newton's third law between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Newton's third law between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Newton's third law between
+particles yeah Newton's third law kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles yeah Newton's third law kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles yeah Newton's third law kind
+of kind of helped us supp things out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of helped us supp things out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of helped us supp things out and
+and a consequence you found Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a consequence you found Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a consequence you found Center of
+mass that's useful but you take the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that's useful but you take the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that's useful but you take the uh
+the derivative of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the center of mass
+what what do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you find
+out RG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out RG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out RG
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+times the total mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah it's momentum but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah it's momentum but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah it's momentum but it's
+momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of
+what well it's the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well it's the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well it's the momentum of the
+entire system right and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system right and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system right and so this is the
+summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the
+pis that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pis that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pis that's kind of
+important and finally take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and finally take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and finally take another
+derivative what's that what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative what's that what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative what's that what did you
+learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+pardon what kind of forces exter all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon what kind of forces exter all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon what kind of forces exter all the
+external forces on system all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them all of them so powerful things came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them so powerful things came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them so powerful things came
+out of thinking about Center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of thinking about Center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of thinking about Center of mass
+okay all right what something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what something else
+during the week that wasn't around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week that wasn't around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the week that wasn't around
+systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles Yes actually shout out give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles Yes actually shout out give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles Yes actually shout out give me
+your say your name when you're when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your say your name when you're when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your say your name when you're when I
+calling you I'm going to try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you I'm going to try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you I'm going to try to learn
+more of your name Christina Christina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your name Christina Christina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your name Christina Christina
+right um so when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so when you're looking at
+equations for example like the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for example like the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for example like the for
+external is equal to um the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external is equal to um the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external is equal to um the change in
+angular momentum um looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum um looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum um looking at what
+pieces go where so if you have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces go where so if you have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces go where so if you have like an
+applied moment does it go on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied moment does it go on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied moment does it go on this side
+or that side okay and I put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that side okay and I put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that side okay and I put that in the
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of free free body diagrams are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free free body diagrams are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free free body diagrams are you
+thinking of so constructing free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of so constructing free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of so constructing free body
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else Eddie Eddie yeah okay uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Eddie Eddie yeah okay uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Eddie Eddie yeah okay uh the two
+different methods for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods for finding
+torque yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go a little further with torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go a little further with torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go a little further with torque
+What do you use the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you use the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you use the torque
+for on you what do you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on you what do you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on you what do you want to find
+torque for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get all right let's generalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all right let's generalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all right let's generalize this
+to equation to motion so both in uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equation to motion so both in uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equation to motion so both in uh for
+forces and moments two different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and moments two different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and moments two different kinds
+of problems that we are able to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that we are able to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that we are able to do by
+being able to find the torqus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to find the torqus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to find the torqus okay
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else it's important this week Betsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's important this week Betsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's important this week Betsy
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion yeah I mean this isn't a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yeah I mean this isn't a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion yeah I mean this isn't a math
+course yeah you got to be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah you got to be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah you got to be able to solve
+differential equations but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but yeah
+that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe
+um you're you're actually on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're you're actually on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're you're actually on to
+something here but let's put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here but let's put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here but let's put it in the
+context of what kind of equations did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of what kind of equations did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of what kind of equations did we
+work on a lot on this week what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a lot on this week what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a lot on this week what kind of
+equations of motion I don't mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion I don't mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion I don't mean like
+second order linear I mean we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order linear I mean we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order linear I mean we're doing
+dynamic we did dynamics of what kind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic we did dynamics of what kind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic we did dynamics of what kind a
+lot of it acceleration yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it acceleration yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it acceleration yeah but
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+also we worked a lot of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we worked a lot of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we worked a lot of the examples
+this week were they rotational problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week were they rotational problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week were they rotational problems
+or translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or translational
+problems all right kind of heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right kind of heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right kind of heavy
+emphasis this week on angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis this week on angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis this week on angular momentum
+right so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay that's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that's a pretty good
+list my own list had my own list had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list my own list had my own list had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list my own list had my own list had
+most of that on them let's see where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that on them let's see where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that on them let's see where my
+list was Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list was Center
+Mass r dot r dble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot I wrote These as equations so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I wrote These as equations so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I wrote These as equations so this
+thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in
+particular the summation of the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the summation of the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the summation of the external
+torqus with respect to some point for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus with respect to some point for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus with respect to some point for a
+particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is
+dhdt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt plus
+VA cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and for we were just beginning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and for we were just beginning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and for we were just beginning to do
+sums of collections of particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of collections of particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of collections of particles and
+iate rigid bodies where we have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iate rigid bodies where we have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iate rigid bodies where we have maybe
+more than one particle the summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one particle the summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one particle the summation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+torqux is DH now Capital H now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqux is DH now Capital H now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqux is DH now Capital H now for the
+summation of the H's of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the H's of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the H's of I
+DT plus v a n o cross and here's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus v a n o cross and here's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT plus v a n o cross and here's where
+we learned something up here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned something up here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned something up here that you
+can do down here that was really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do down here that was really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do down here that was really helpful
+well it cross with what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P this one up here right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this one up here right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this one up here right and that's
+actually this one so this is cross P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one so this is cross P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one so this is cross P of
+the center of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of the
+system okay good those are uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay good those are uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay good those are uh that's
+that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+list so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so now let's
+do let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here's the
+problem it's a rigid rod with a mass on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's a rigid rod with a mass on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's a rigid rod with a mass on
+the end and the Rod's Mass lless just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and the Rod's Mass lless just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and the Rod's Mass lless just to
+make it easy for the moment but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy for the moment but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy for the moment but this is
+now a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a rigid
+body okay there's a torsional spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay there's a torsional spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay there's a torsional spring
+here here and a torsional spring resists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and a torsional spring resists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and a torsional spring resists
+angular displacement with a torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular displacement with a torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular displacement with a torque
+that's equal to the spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the spring constant
+times the Theta that you push it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Theta that you push it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Theta that you push it through
+okay so it generates a moment a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it generates a moment a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it generates a moment a moment
+restoring moment when you push it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring moment when you push it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring moment when you push it away
+it tries to push this thing back gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to push this thing back gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to push this thing back gravity
+is also acting so it's a pendulum with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also acting so it's a pendulum with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also acting so it's a pendulum with a
+rigid as a rigid body and a torsional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid as a rigid body and a torsional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid as a rigid body and a torsional
+spring so I want the first step I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring so I want the first step I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring so I want the first step I want
+you eventually to find the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually to find the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eventually to find the equation of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+and I want you to find do start by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find do start by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find do start by doing
+a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free body
+diagram but before you go to work I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but before you go to work I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but before you go to work I'm
+going to give you a little quick mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little quick mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little quick mini
+lecture on free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on free body
+diagrams so first thing you do is assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so first thing you do is assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so first thing you do is assign
+coordinates maybe draw is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates maybe draw is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates maybe draw is not really
+assign the coordinates for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the coordinates for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the coordinates for the
+problem determine the number of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem determine the number of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem determine the number of degrees
+of freedom we haven't talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom we haven't talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom we haven't talked about that
+much yet it will become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yet it will become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yet it will become much more
+important in the subject the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the subject the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the subject the number of
+degrees of freedom but I'll say it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom but I'll say it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom but I'll say it once
+and we'll do much more with this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do much more with this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do much more with this the
+number of degrees of freedom is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom is the same
+thing as the number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the number of independent
+coordinates you need to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you need to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you need to completely
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+motion okay and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay and the number of
+independent coordinates that you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coordinates that you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coordinates that you need is
+equal to the number of equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of equations in
+motion that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that you'll
+get so this problem how many coord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so this problem how many coord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so this problem how many coord
+ordinates does it take and it's so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinates does it take and it's so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinates does it take and it's so this
+is planer motion it's confined to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is planer motion it's confined to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is planer motion it's confined to the
+board how many actual coordinates does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board how many actual coordinates does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board how many actual coordinates does
+it take to completely describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to completely describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to completely describe the
+position of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I see a one how about anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I see a one how about anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I see a one how about anybody else
+what's the one what would you choose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one what would you choose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one what would you choose um
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+I yeah well what coordinate itself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah well what coordinate itself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah well what coordinate itself what
+is the single coordinate you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the single coordinate you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the single coordinate you would use
+to define the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the motion of the
+system I here a Theta everybody agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I here a Theta everybody agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I here a Theta everybody agree
+Theta of T if you can figure out Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of T if you can figure out Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of T if you can figure out Theta
+of T you know this position of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T you know this position of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T you know this position of this
+thing for all time that's all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for all time that's all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for all time that's all you need
+it's one degree of Freedom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one degree of Freedom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one degree of Freedom one
+coordinate and in terms of choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and in terms of choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and in terms of choosing the
+coordinate system to use basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system to use basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system to use basically you
+were saying use what Polar Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying use what Polar Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying use what Polar Polar
+coordinates centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but there's your ntial system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's your ntial system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's your ntial system but
+you're going to go with this point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go with this point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go with this point this
+is our a point and is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our a point and is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our a point and is it is it
+moving so if we use expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so if we use expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so if we use expressions like
+this what will happen to that term goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what will happen to that term goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what will happen to that term goes
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+nope and we'll get to that and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope and we'll get to that and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope and we'll get to that and if I
+divert to that I won't finish what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divert to that I won't finish what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divert to that I won't finish what I've
+got planned for the day it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got planned for the day it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got planned for the day it's important
+and we're going to come back to that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to that has
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+um so you assign the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you assign the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you assign the coordinates
+determine the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the number of degrees of
+freedom assign positive values to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom assign positive values to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom assign positive values to all
+rotations displacement ments velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations displacement ments velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations displacement ments velocities
+linear velocities and rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear velocities and rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear velocities and rotational
+velocities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the
+problem positive values of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem positive values of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem positive values of those and
+from that you deduce the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you deduce the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you deduce the direction of
+the resulting forces and moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting forces and moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting forces and moments and
+this will help you get the signs correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help you get the signs correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help you get the signs correct
+especially when you have multi-body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have multi-body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have multi-body
+problems like two masses with a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like two masses with a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like two masses with a spring
+in between them which way do the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them which way do the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them which way do the forces
+go on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on each
+Mass right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this problem there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this problem there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this problem there's only one
+coordinate so we're really saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so we're really saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so we're really saying is
+assign a positive Theta and assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a positive Theta and assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a positive Theta and assume a
+positive Theta dot what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Theta dot what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Theta dot what are the
+resulting forces that end up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting forces that end up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting forces that end up in your
+free body diagram so now I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram so now I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram so now I want you to
+right draw the free body diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right draw the free body diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right draw the free body diagram for
+this thing and up here final statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and up here final statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and up here final statement
+put in all forces and moments don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all forces and moments don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all forces and moments don't
+don't leave out anything because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave out anything because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave out anything because you
+know they're not going to matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not going to matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're not going to matter because
+it'll get you in trouble as the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get you in trouble as the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get you in trouble as the problems
+get more complicated okay draw your free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complicated okay draw your free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complicated okay draw your free
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know get in groups of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know get in groups of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know get in groups of three
+or four and compare notes Here you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four and compare notes Here you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four and compare notes Here you guys
+are kind of a natural natural group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of a natural natural group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of a natural natural group and
+you know can look check each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can look check each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can look check each other's
+stuff and come up with a come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and come up with a come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and come up with a come up with a
+final all right um so we were having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final all right um so we were having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final all right um so we were having a
+debate about whether or not you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about whether or not you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about whether or not you were
+asking us for the free body diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking us for the free body diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking us for the free body diagram of
+the system or if you were asking us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or if you were asking us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or if you were asking us for
+the free body diagram of the M two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free body diagram of the M two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free body diagram of the M two
+different yeah so are there moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah so are there moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah so are there moments and
+things involved up here um like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involved up here um like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involved up here um like that
+torsional spring when you are including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional spring when you are including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional spring when you are including
+the entire system okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire system okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire system okay so this is a
+rigid body I kept saying this is a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body I kept saying this is a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body I kept saying this is a rigid
+body it happens to have a single Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it happens to have a single Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it happens to have a single Mass
+point in it but it's a whole single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in it but it's a whole single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in it but it's a whole single
+rigid body and do the free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body and do the free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body and do the free body diagram
+for the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body looking at
+the can you show me something where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can you show me something where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can you show me something where you
+at where are you what's your best shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where are you what's your best shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where are you what's your best shot
+at this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this so
+far diagram we acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far diagram we acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far diagram we acting on
+and we say that the spring force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say that the spring force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say that the spring force is
+producing a moment so what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a moment so what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a moment so what what's the
+what's your body that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your body that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your body that you're working
+with what's the definition of your rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's the definition of your rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's the definition of your rigid
+body the mass on the end of the okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the mass on the end of the okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the mass on the end of the okay so
+you're still thinking about the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still thinking about the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still thinking about the particle
+but if you're only thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're only thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're only thinking about the
+particle it's kind of hard to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's kind of hard to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's kind of hard to get that
+Toral spring involved so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toral spring involved so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toral spring involved so you need to
+think of this as a sing whole body one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a sing whole body one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a sing whole body one
+whole rigid body and now draw you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rigid body and now draw you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rigid body and now draw you know
+just draw a stick in here and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a stick in here and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a stick in here and put the
+forces on it it doesn't matter where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on it it doesn't matter where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on it it doesn't matter where the
+mass is for the purpose of the free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is for the purpose of the free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is for the purpose of the free body
+diagram right that comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right that comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right that comes into the
+couldn't you just use the the the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you just use the the the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you just use the the the r
+cross um Force and and get the get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross um Force and and get the get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross um Force and and get the get the
+force on the ball from the so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the ball from the so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the ball from the so you're
+getting into kind of the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into kind of the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into kind of the equation of
+motion part of it this is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion part of it this is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion part of it this is only about
+assuming this thing has some Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this thing has some Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this thing has some Dynamic
+moment in time and draw the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time and draw the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time and draw the external
+forces and moments that act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and moments that act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and moments that act on the
+object the object is this full length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the object is this full length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the object is this full length
+stick okay so in that case we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick okay so in that case we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick okay so in that case we just have
+the spring force acting in oppos to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring force acting in oppos to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring force acting in oppos to or
+like I guess we can say it's acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess we can say it's acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess we can say it's acting
+positive the weight you have weight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the weight you have weight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the weight you have weight for
+sure you have the spring puts a a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have the spring puts a a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have the spring puts a a moment
+on the system and there are yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system and there are yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system and there are yet
+potential other forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I give you a couple minutes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a couple minutes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a couple minutes because
+there's a little confusion around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little confusion around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little confusion around
+whether it's a particle or a rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a particle or a rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a particle or a rigid body
+it's a rigid body you got to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body you got to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body you got to deal with a
+whole body all right let's see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body all right let's see what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body all right let's see what you
+got where's your where's your free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got where's your where's your free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got where's your where's your free body
+diagram this right here okay so and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this right here okay so and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this right here okay so and tell
+tell me what you have for forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you have for forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you have for forces and
+moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments
+point to each one of them and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to each one of them and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to each one of them and say what
+it is um so we have the weight of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is um so we have the weight of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is um so we have the weight of this
+end and we assume this was massless yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and we assume this was massless yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and we assume this was massless yep
+but it's rigid so it's all one system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rigid so it's all one system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rigid so it's all one system
+now yeah one rigid body so um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah one rigid body so um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah one rigid body so um so the
+center of mass is right here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is right here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is right here because
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+no up that way and then we have reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no up that way and then we have reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no up that way and then we have reaction
+forces at the pin and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at the pin and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at the pin and then we have the
+moment from the spring there okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment from the spring there okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment from the spring there okay all
+right yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah we
+have so you get convince one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you get convince one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you get convince one another
+who's right here so it depends on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's right here so it depends on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's right here so it depends on which
+way the ball so that's why there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the ball so that's why there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the ball so that's why there is a
+little system there's there's a rubric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little system there's there's a rubric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little system there's there's a rubric
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I so I recommend you just use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I recommend you just use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I recommend you just use the the
+system this is basically a system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is basically a system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is basically a system for
+getting equations of motion and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting equations of motion and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting equations of motion and this is
+important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so then if you know it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so then if you know it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so then if you know it's positive
+then you can figure out which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can figure out which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can figure out which direction
+the reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I hate stopping all the fun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I hate stopping all the fun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I hate stopping all the fun uh
+you guys are you doing well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are you doing well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are you doing well there's
+there is Great Value in talking to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Great Value in talking to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is Great Value in talking to one
+another and convincing one another of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and convincing one another of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and convincing one another of
+what the right way to do something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right way to do something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right way to do something is
+you know you'll have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll have two different
+points of view and talking it out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view and talking it out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view and talking it out it's
+amazing how fast you can make progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how fast you can make progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how fast you can make progress
+so do that do that when you're home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do that do that when you're home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do that do that when you're home
+doing solving problems so let's uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing solving problems so let's uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing solving problems so let's uh what
+was the assignment here find the draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the assignment here find the draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the assignment here find the draw a
+free body diagram well let's do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram well let's do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram well let's do it so
+it's a rigid body all one body even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body all one body even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body all one body even
+though the mass is all concentrated down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the mass is all concentrated down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the mass is all concentrated down
+here the forces uh what are forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the forces uh what are forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the forces uh what are forces that
+are on this thing give me one wait mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on this thing give me one wait mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on this thing give me one wait mg
+right okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what
+else noral normal force where top okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else noral normal force where top okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else noral normal force where top okay
+so you're talking about a reaction force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about a reaction force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're talking about a reaction force
+up here and have you chosen a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and have you chosen a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and have you chosen a coordinate
+system we already kind of decided didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we already kind of decided didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we already kind of decided didn't
+we on polar coordinates for this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we on polar coordinates for this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we on polar coordinates for this right
+so are the reaction forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are the reaction forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are the reaction forces
+known to start with no so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to start with no so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to start with no so what's a
+what's the cleverest way to to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cleverest way to to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cleverest way to to assign
+them on your free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram well and line and and associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram well and line and and associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram well and line and and associated
+with your the coordinates right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your the coordinates right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your the coordinates right so I
+would I which I would have two reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I which I would have two reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I which I would have two reaction
+forces up here one in which one in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces up here one in which one in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces up here one in which one in each
+of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which
+directions r radial n okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions r radial n okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions r radial n okay and the
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+radial positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial positive
+tangential like that right so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential like that right so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential like that right so I would
+say oh well I have an unknown F Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh well I have an unknown F Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh well I have an unknown F Theta
+force and I have an unknown F force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and I have an unknown F force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and I have an unknown F force and
+I draw them in their Positive Directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw them in their Positive Directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw them in their Positive Directions
+because I have no clue so just make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have no clue so just make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have no clue so just make them
+positive your assume direction for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive your assume direction for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive your assume direction for them
+forces here G there what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here G there what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here G there what about the
+tension on the the tension in the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it belong in this problem why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it belong in this problem why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it belong in this problem why
+not the rigid body it's an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the rigid body it's an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the rigid body it's an internal
+Force it's an little fi J fji thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force it's an little fi J fji thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force it's an little fi J fji thing it's
+those things that cancel internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that cancel internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that cancel internally
+right so you don't have to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't have to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't have to deal with it
+it's not an external Force to the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an external Force to the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an external Force to the rigid
+body so this is great uh we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so this is great uh we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so this is great uh we want to find
+an the next step in this is to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an the next step in this is to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an the next step in this is to find an
+equation of motion got to be Speedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion got to be Speedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion got to be Speedy
+about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+pardon moment you'd use moment to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon moment you'd use moment to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon moment you'd use moment to do it
+about what point about the point thep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what point about the point thep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what point about the point thep
+all right so if we call that a you'd use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we call that a you'd use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we call that a you'd use
+to angular momentum and torqux and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum and torqux and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to angular momentum and torqux and that
+sort of thing is that what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is that what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is that what you're saying
+moments about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about it
+okay no I'm going to have you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no I'm going to have you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no I'm going to have you do it
+yourself do it so now sit right she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself do it so now sit right she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself do it so now sit right she's
+talking about how there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how there's
+that put the oh we forget that one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put the oh we forget that one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put the oh we forget that one so
+which direction is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um clockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clockwise or
+counterclock all right so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclock all right so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclock all right so there's a
+moment about this point that is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment about this point that is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment about this point that is uh we
+know what it is it's in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it's in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it's in that direction
+and it has value KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has value KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has value KT
+time Theta so anytime you know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Theta so anytime you know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Theta so anytime you know what it
+is right don't just make it an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right don't just make it an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right don't just make it an unknown
+write it out you know it's that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out you know it's that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out you know it's that and you
+know it's in this direction okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's in this direction okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's in this direction okay and
+we're going to write how many equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write how many equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write how many equation
+of motion what we get and we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion what we get and we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion what we get and we've chosen
+polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+coordinates you could write you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you could write you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you could write you could do
+this in using forces just Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in using forces just Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in using forces just Newton's
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+law but then you have to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but then you have to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but then you have to solve for
+what if you write a for if you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you write a for if you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you write a for if you write
+force balance f equals Ma you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force balance f equals Ma you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force balance f equals Ma you have to
+these appear and you don't know them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these appear and you don't know them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these appear and you don't know them so
+the reason to use torqus in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to use torqus in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to use torqus in this problem
+is because are these going to appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because are these going to appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because are these going to appear in
+your answer no so that's the reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer no so that's the reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer no so that's the reason to
+use torque I saw something yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use torque I saw something yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use torque I saw something yeah is
+that L this is K sub T to distinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L this is K sub T to distinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L this is K sub T to distinguish it
+as a torsional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a torsional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a torsional
+spring no no it doesn't have an L it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring no no it doesn't have an L it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring no no it doesn't have an L it's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here it's a spring who gives a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a spring who gives a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a spring who gives a moment
+resistance to being deflected it has KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to being deflected it has KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to being deflected it has KT
+Theta is units of torque and this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is units of torque and this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is units of torque and this isn't
+units of uh Force per unit displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of uh Force per unit displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of uh Force per unit displacement
+this is units of torque per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is units of torque per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is units of torque per
+radian okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you have
+assigned polar coordinates and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned polar coordinates and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned polar coordinates and my
+assumption was that I drew it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption was that I drew it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption was that I drew it right here
+there's positive Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat right so isn't our torque negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right so isn't our torque negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat right so isn't our torque negative
+yeah see I've dra but it's negative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see I've dra but it's negative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see I've dra but it's negative is
+accounted for by the sign by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for by the sign by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for by the sign by the
+direction of the arrow so let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the arrow so let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the arrow so let's now
+write the equation of motion and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion and to do
+the equation of motion you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion you're going to
+say that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the sum of the
+what external torqu about what point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what external torqu about what point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what external torqu about what point a
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to D and I'll use the capital H because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D and I'll use the capital H because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D and I'll use the capital H because
+we're now working our way on the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working our way on the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working our way on the rigid
+bodies could have more than one point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies could have more than one point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies could have more than one point we
+could have more than one Mass point dhdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have more than one Mass point dhdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have more than one Mass point dhdt
+plus v a cross p and what's that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v a cross p and what's that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v a cross p and what's that in this
+problem that guy conveniently is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that guy conveniently is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that guy conveniently is zero so
+uh do it you can now do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do it you can now do this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do it you can now do this problem
+figure out right down an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out right down an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out right down an equation of
+motion using some of external torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion using some of external torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion using some of external torques
+and say you're going to have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you're going to have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you're going to have to figure
+out an angular momentum and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an angular momentum and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an angular momentum and some
+torqux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I hate pulling you guys away lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hate pulling you guys away lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hate pulling you guys away lots
+of there's lots of good thinking going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on all right drag yourselves away help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all right drag yourselves away help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all right drag yourselves away help
+me out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which groups figured out the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which groups figured out the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which groups figured out the external
+torqus okay what do you got tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus okay what do you got tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus okay what do you got tell me what
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+here tell me what it is I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tell me what it is I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here tell me what it is I want to write
+the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms
+down mg sin minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down mg sin minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down mg sin minus
+mg L sin Theta in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg L sin Theta in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg L sin Theta in what
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+okay others agree with that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait a second just once a time here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second just once a time here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second just once a time here the
+gravity term do we have the sign correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity term do we have the sign correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity term do we have the sign correct
+then we have the moment arm correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the moment arm correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the moment arm correct so
+it's a this is the moment arm R cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a this is the moment arm R cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a this is the moment arm R cross
+Force looks like minus K to me mg L sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force looks like minus K to me mg L sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force looks like minus K to me mg L sin
+Theta looks pretty good how what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torqus the moment from the moment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus the moment from the moment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus the moment from the moment from
+the spring okay and tell me how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring okay and tell me how to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring okay and tell me how to write
+that um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction well then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well then the
+KT KT Theta also in the K hat Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT KT Theta also in the K hat Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT KT Theta also in the K hat Direction
+and our free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our free body
+diagram does the forces produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram does the forces produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram does the forces produce
+moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments
+okay is everybody happy with that are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everybody happy with that are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is everybody happy with that are we
+done yes any questions about it of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yes any questions about it of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yes any questions about it of why
+it is the way it is okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the way it is okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the way it is okay we're going to
+now we need this piece of it so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need this piece of it so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need this piece of it so what's
+an H for rigid body the summation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H for rigid body the summation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H for rigid body the summation of all
+the bits how many bits are there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits how many bits are there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits how many bits are there just
+the one and that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and that's some
+R cross a p can somebody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cross a p can somebody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cross a p can somebody tell me what
+they got for the p is the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got for the p is the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got for the p is the momentum of
+our little Mass here with respect to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little Mass here with respect to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little Mass here with respect to an
+inertial frame which is also a because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame which is also a because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame which is also a because
+it's not moving and R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving and R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving and R is
+l so this is l r Hat Cross M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is l r Hat Cross M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is l r Hat Cross M
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+L Theta dot is its velocity mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Theta dot is its velocity mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Theta dot is its velocity mass times
+velocity and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and its
+direction Theta hat R cross Theta is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Theta hat R cross Theta is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Theta hat R cross Theta is K
+so this looks like m l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like m l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like m l
+s Theta do K hat we all agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dhdt this K change direction so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt this K change direction so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhdt this K change direction so the only
+only time dependent thing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time dependent thing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time dependent thing I think
+you're thank you we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thank you we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thank you we're going to need
+that all right the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay that's equal to that it's all KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay that's equal to that it's all KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay that's equal to that it's all KS
+get just one equation out of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just one equation out of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just one equation out of this you
+don't have to break it down into subc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to break it down into subc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to break it down into subc
+components and you can collect it all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and you can collect it all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and you can collect it all on
+one side m l 2 Theta double dot plus KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side m l 2 Theta double dot plus KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side m l 2 Theta double dot plus KT
+theta plus mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus mg
+L sin Theta equal Z and that's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L sin Theta equal Z and that's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L sin Theta equal Z and that's a second
+order nonlinear ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order nonlinear ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order nonlinear ordinary differential
+equation which you could linearize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which you could linearize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which you could linearize for
+small motion it's just a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small motion it's just a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small motion it's just a pendulum
+okay good I got one other one I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good I got one other one I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good I got one other one I want to
+do before the hour is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I got a big piece of cement pipe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a big piece of cement pipe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a big piece of cement pipe on the
+back of a truck it's not tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of a truck it's not tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of a truck it's not tied
+down the truck's moving at 3 m/ second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the truck's moving at 3 m/ second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the truck's moving at 3 m/ second
+okay and the uh rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the uh rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the uh rotation
+rate of this piece of pipe is 6 radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this piece of pipe is 6 radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of this piece of pipe is 6 radians
+per second and the truck's accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and the truck's accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and the truck's accelerating
+minus a half a meter perss squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half a meter perss squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half a meter perss squared it's
+actually breaking okay the guys in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually breaking okay the guys in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually breaking okay the guys in in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+right um so the first thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Omega is 6 radians per second does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega is 6 radians per second does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega is 6 radians per second does it
+matter with respect to what the truck or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with respect to what the truck or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with respect to what the truck or
+the ground I haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you talk in your groups and give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk in your groups and give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk in your groups and give me a
+quick answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+think say again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think say again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think say again
+so Kristen thinks it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kristen thinks it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Kristen thinks it doesn't matter
+anybody want to counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to counter
+that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so you're saying that this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so you're saying that this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so you're saying that this could be
+Omega with respect to the truck or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega with respect to the truck or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega with respect to the truck or it
+could be Mega with respect to this fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be Mega with respect to this fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be Mega with respect to this fixed
+frame and the answer will it' be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and the answer will it' be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and the answer will it' be the
+same in either case so um earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in either case so um earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in either case so um earlier
+Christine right Christin okay Christina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine right Christin okay Christina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine right Christin okay Christina
+all right so earlier we had that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so earlier we had that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so earlier we had that problem
+with the with there was an arm that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with there was an arm that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with there was an arm that was
+rotating then there's another one rot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating then there's another one rot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating then there's another one rot on
+here you you had to know what this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you had to know what this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you had to know what this Omega
+was with respect to what because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with respect to what because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with respect to what because this
+arm is rotating M also and so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm is rotating M also and so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm is rotating M also and so with this
+you have your one XY coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your one XY coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your one XY coordinate system
+and while the truck is translating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while the truck is translating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while the truck is translating the
+truck's not doing any rotation at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck's not doing any rotation at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck's not doing any rotation at so
+it's staying in the same coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's staying in the same coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's staying in the same coordinate
+plane as it's moving along so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as it's moving along so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as it's moving along so your
+argument is if you were standing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is if you were standing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is if you were standing on the
+ground seeing it rotating you'd say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground seeing it rotating you'd say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground seeing it rotating you'd say it
+seeing you would see it rotate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you would see it rotate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you would see it rotate at the
+same rate as if you were riding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate as if you were riding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate as if you were riding on the
+truck everybody agree with that does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck everybody agree with that does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck everybody agree with that does it
+matter that the truck's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerating what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating what do you
+think no it's only whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no it's only whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no it's only whether or not the
+truck's rotating if the truck's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck's rotating if the truck's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck's rotating if the truck's not
+rotating then rotation rate seen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating then rotation rate seen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating then rotation rate seen from
+this Frame or just a translating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame or just a translating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame or just a translating frame
+will always seem the same even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always seem the same even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always seem the same even if it's
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+accelerating okay uh so we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating okay uh so we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating okay uh so we've done that
+one now I want you to find the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I want you to find the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I want you to find the velocity
+of Point G given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point G given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Point G given this
+information so whip it down quickly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so whip it down quickly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so whip it down quickly how
+you would approach this problem see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would approach this problem see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would approach this problem see if
+you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve
+it g is the center of mass of that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it g is the center of mass of that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it g is the center of mass of that big
+pipe okay we're going to run it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe okay we're going to run it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe okay we're going to run it out of
+time let's uh who's got an answer for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's uh who's got an answer for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's uh who's got an answer for me
+I think they've got it sorted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they've got it sorted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they've got it sorted out
+Kristen velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truck all right so let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systematic so you do you have to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic so you do you have to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic so you do you have to pick
+some points and do did you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points and do did you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points and do did you use a
+rotating frame you use equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame you use equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame you use equation that
+requires a rotating reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a rotating reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a rotating reference
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so I assume though you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I assume though you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I assume though you're talking
+about this is we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is we're looking at the
+velocity of G in O is equal to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of G in O is equal to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of G in O is equal to in
+general the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the velocity
+of some point a that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some point a that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some point a that you're going to
+have to pick plus the velocity of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick plus the velocity of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick plus the velocity of G with
+respect to a and this this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a and this this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a and this this thing
+has two possible components right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two possible components right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two possible components right one
+which is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative of
+GA DT ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA DT ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA DT ignoring the
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus okay what's this term in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay what's this term in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay what's this term in this
+problem well we haven't picked the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well we haven't picked the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well we haven't picked the point
+a where you going to pick point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where you going to pick point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where you going to pick point a
+there's dumb points and there's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dumb points and there's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dumb points and there's good
+points uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh what
+put the front of the put front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the front of the put front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the front of the put front of the
+truck well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible Christina what do you think got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Christina what do you think got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Christina what do you think got
+your hand up um yeah I put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up um yeah I put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up um yeah I put it on the
+bottom of the disc where it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the disc where it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the disc where it's not the
+point of contact is that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact is that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact is that what you're
+saying anybody else what do you vote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anybody else what do you vote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anybody else what do you vote for
+where do you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you want to put
+a cont point of contact okay if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cont point of contact okay if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cont point of contact okay if you're
+using this equation and you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this equation and you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this equation and you're using
+these pieces you are using the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces you are using the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces you are using the concept
+of a rotating frame if there's any Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rotating frame if there's any Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rotating frame if there's any Omega
+in the problem you better have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem you better have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem you better have a
+rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+somewhere right unless you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right unless you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right unless you're using
+polar coordinates which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates which is sort of a
+degenerate rotating frame so if we at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate rotating frame so if we at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate rotating frame so if we at
+this point we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we're going to make a
+here and the you have a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the you have a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the you have a coordinate
+system little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system little
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+y1 and attach to a so you have an A X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and attach to a so you have an A X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and attach to a so you have an A X1
+y1 here Z1 and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotating yeah is it a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating yeah is it a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating yeah is it a rotating
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+system well if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well if it's
+not then you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you have this assumes this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have this assumes this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have this assumes this term
+here is the the velocity at which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the the velocity at which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the the velocity at which this
+point and this point are moving relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this point are moving relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this point are moving relative
+to one another as if you were sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another as if you were sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another as if you were sitting on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipe ignoring the you you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe ignoring the you you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe ignoring the you you don't you
+don't see the rotation you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the rotation you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the rotation you're moving
+with the pipe is the and the pipe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pipe is the and the pipe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pipe is the and the pipe it
+better it's assuming you have then put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's assuming you have then put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's assuming you have then put a
+reference frame on the pipe that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame on the pipe that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame on the pipe that moves
+with the pipe so it is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pipe so it is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pipe so it is a little
+reference frame reference frame axyz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame reference frame axyz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame reference frame axyz
+move with the pipe it better or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the pipe it better or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with the pipe it better or you
+can't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the
+equation so this this is attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this this is attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this this is attached to the
+pipe and as it rolls that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and as it rolls that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and as it rolls that you have to
+allow that XYZ frame to move with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that XYZ frame to move with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that XYZ frame to move with
+it okay so in that frame what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so in that frame what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so in that frame what's this
+term this is zero cuz the two points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is zero cuz the two points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is zero cuz the two points are
+fixed on the in the pipe okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the in the pipe okay and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the in the pipe okay and what's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity 3 m/ second in the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction we do it in the Nal frame if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we do it in the Nal frame if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we do it in the Nal frame if
+we want okay and then what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want okay and then what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want okay and then what's this
+term so it's six and we said doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it's six and we said doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so it's six and we said doesn't
+matter what frame it is it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what frame it is it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what frame it is it's all the
+same rotation rate radians per second in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rotation rate radians per second in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rotation rate radians per second in
+what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction
+K Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Hat
+Cross the radius is capital r what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross the radius is capital r what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross the radius is capital r what's its
+direction and now this is at an instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now this is at an instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now this is at an instant
+in time at this particular instant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time at this particular instant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time at this particular instant in
+time you've cleverly drawn the XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've cleverly drawn the XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've cleverly drawn the XYZ
+system so it lines up with the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it lines up with the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it lines up with the master
+one so it makes the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it makes the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it makes the problem
+easy so at the moment it's either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so at the moment it's either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so at the moment it's either in the
+big J hat or in the Little J hat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big J hat or in the Little J hat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big J hat or in the Little J hat it's
+easiest if you do it in big call it Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest if you do it in big call it Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest if you do it in big call it Big
+J because then there you're done so K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because then there you're done so K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because then there you're done so K
+cross J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think negative I and so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think negative I and so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think negative I and so this should
+work out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out to
+be 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m/s positive I 1 and 1 12 * 6 is 9 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s positive I 1 and 1 12 * 6 is 9 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s positive I 1 and 1 12 * 6 is 9 and a
+minus 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 9
+m/s in the ne in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s in the ne in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s in the ne in the I
+direction right so you are at minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so you are at minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so you are at minus 6
+m/s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theus to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus to the
+a wouldn't it be what does it matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wouldn't it be what does it matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wouldn't it be what does it matter if
+it's negative or oh matters a lot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative or oh matters a lot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative or oh matters a lot you
+have to you have to you exercise great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to you exercise great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to you exercise great
+care when you pick the the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care when you pick the the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care when you pick the the r
+vector and the r Vector goes from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the r Vector goes from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the r Vector goes from your
+origin to the point you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point you're talking about
+so the origin that's your frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the origin that's your frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the origin that's your frame and
+that's the point and when you draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point and when you draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point and when you draw the
+arrow of the r Vector it goes from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow of the r Vector it goes from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow of the r Vector it goes from a to
+G that's its direction and it has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that's its direction and it has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that's its direction and it has you
+know it's length it's length capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's length it's length capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's length it's length capital r
+long yep that's that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yep that's that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long yep that's that's a really
+important point you know which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point you know which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point you know which way the
+arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+go okay and so now we're done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay and so now we're done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay and so now we're done with that
+and I see we've got a minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see we've got a minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see we've got a minute or
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+two let's talk about the acceler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's talk about the acceler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's talk about the acceler
+ation let's do the acceleration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation let's do the acceleration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation let's do the acceleration of this
+problem acceleration of G in O and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem acceleration of G in O and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem acceleration of G in O and this
+is just an exercise in remembering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an exercise in remembering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an exercise in remembering the
+terms full 3d vector equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms full 3d vector equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms full 3d vector equation for
+accelerations what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations what's the what's the
+first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here how about before we even get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how about before we even get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how about before we even get into
+and we're not in polar coordinates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not in polar coordinates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not in polar coordinates in
+this acceleration all right let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration all right let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration all right let's just
+work it out I start with this one myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out I start with this one myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out I start with this one myself
+cation of a with respect to O what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation of a with respect to O what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation of a with respect to O what's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+term so acceleration of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so acceleration of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so acceleration of G with respect
+to a but no rotation right that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a but no rotation right that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a but no rotation right that term
+plus how many more terms do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus how many more terms do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus how many more terms do we have to
+go three okay what give me one somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else what's your name St stepen you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's your name St stepen you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's your name St stepen you've
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+twoa Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoa Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoa Omega
+R and Omega is let's get its unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Omega is let's get its unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Omega is let's get its unit Vector
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+here well actually it's not 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well actually it's not 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well actually it's not 2 Omega
+cross R let's just do that okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R let's just do that okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R let's just do that okay that's
+okay what that what's give me another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else Omega cross Omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Omega cross Omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Omega cross Omega cross
+R and got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and in fact we better be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in fact we better be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in fact we better be a little
+more careful than that so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful than that so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful than that so it's really
+the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+G with respect to a and do it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to a and do it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to a and do it have
+rotation in it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not this is the no rotation this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is the no rotation this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is the no rotation this is the
+speed at which the points are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which the points are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at which the points are moving
+apart from one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from one another
+right Omega cross Omega cross R we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega cross Omega cross R we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega cross Omega cross R we got
+one two I think we need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two I think we need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two I think we need another
+term Omega dot cross R and the r is r g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Omega dot cross R and the r is r g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Omega dot cross R and the r is r g
+a this R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this R is
+GA okay so what's the velocity what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA okay so what's the velocity what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA okay so what's the velocity what's
+the acceleration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of this
+nope so this one's minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope so this one's minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope so this one's minus a
+half uh what's the what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so this is your you're in the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is your you're in the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is your you're in the frame
+of the pipe now and this is a speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipe now and this is a speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pipe now and this is a speed at
+which G acceleration of G with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which G acceleration of G with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which G acceleration of G with respect
+to the a okay it doesn't move it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a okay it doesn't move it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a okay it doesn't move it's fixed
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+right this one what's the velocity of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one what's the velocity of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one what's the velocity of G
+with respect to a without rotation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved okay this one is omega K cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved okay this one is omega K cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved okay this one is omega K cross
+and this is our again Omega K cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our again Omega K cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our again Omega K cross and
+this RG is r in the what direction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RG is r in the what direction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RG is r in the what direction at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+instant J right so we can work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant J right so we can work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant J right so we can work that out
+and what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about this
+one what direction is Omega dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in K cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in K cross
+r at this instant J again okay do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at this instant J again okay do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at this instant J again okay do we
+know that back value no we have to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that back value no we have to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that back value no we have to that
+might be something we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something we have to figure out
+so we could you could now crank this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could you could now crank this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could you could now crank this out
+that'd be the acceleration of that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be the acceleration of that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be the acceleration of that point
+but you'd find out that hm we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd find out that hm we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd find out that hm we don't have
+that now how would you go about finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would you go about finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now how would you go about finding
+out what Omega dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you get the gold star equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get the gold star equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get the gold star equations of
+motion you need to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you need to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you need to come up with
+equations of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and
+um how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many how many equations of motion would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many equations of motion would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many equations of motion would
+we end up writing this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up writing this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up writing this is equivalent to
+asking how many degrees of freedom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many degrees of freedom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many degrees of freedom are
+there okay I hear two I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I hear two I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I hear two I hear
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+one so how many now now so this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how many now now so this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how many now now so this there's
+a lot of nuances to this this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of nuances to this this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of nuances to this this discussion
+anytime something is you're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime something is you're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime something is you're given a
+fixed value for something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value for something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value for something that that
+coordinate is constrained that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is constrained that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is constrained that parameter
+is constrained the uh we're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained the uh we're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained the uh we're given the
+motion of the truck it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specified the and you'll just you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the and you'll just you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the and you'll just you could
+just substitute numbers in for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute numbers in for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitute numbers in for those
+things I mean like this it pops up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean like this it pops up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean like this it pops up as a
+half okay the um I think this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the um I think this thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the um I think this thing will
+boil down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to one
+equation and you need to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you need to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you need to pick
+some set of coordinates to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of coordinates to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of coordinates to describe it
+so I would probably to if I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would probably to if I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would probably to if I'm looking
+for Omega dot I'd probably work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Omega dot I'd probably work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Omega dot I'd probably work with
+torque about that point some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about that point some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about that point some of the
+torqus on then isolate it to just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus on then isolate it to just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus on then isolate it to just this
+object and it's a sum of the torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's a sum of the torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it's a sum of the torqus
+around this point and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this point and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this point and see what happens
+it's got to be equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be equal to the sum of the
+external torque got to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what
+the HDT and then you have to sort out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HDT and then you have to sort out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HDT and then you have to sort out
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term so in this problem you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so in this problem you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so in this problem you know what's
+the direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity I what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I what is
+the unit Vector associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector associated with the
+linear momentum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum of that
+pipe what direction is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what direction is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what direction is the linear
+momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipe what's the velocity what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what's the velocity what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what's the velocity what is this
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+what's the momentum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the momentum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the momentum of that
+pipe mass times that velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe mass times that velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe mass times that velocity
+right M remember the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right M remember the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right M remember the velocity of the
+system the pipe may have has all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pipe may have has all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pipe may have has all its
+mass around the rim but the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass around the rim but the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass around the rim but the velocity of
+the the momentum of the pipe is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the momentum of the pipe is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the momentum of the pipe is the
+total mass of the pipe times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass of the pipe times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass of the pipe times the
+velocity of its Center of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of its Center of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of its Center of mass and
+that's the velocity of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity of the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity of the center of
+mass so its linear momentum has what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so its linear momentum has what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so its linear momentum has what
+unit Vector assigned with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and what is the unit Vector associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and what is the unit Vector associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and what is the unit Vector associated
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+VA I I cross I is things this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA I I cross I is things this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA I I cross I is things this is one of
+those cases where they're parallel paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases where they're parallel paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases where they're parallel paths
+and that term drops out so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term drops out so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term drops out so you could
+come up with very quickly and easily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with very quickly and easily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with very quickly and easily a
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+motion okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay very
+good see you on Tuesday next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good see you on Tuesday next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good see you on Tuesday next Tuesday
+lecture time will be review I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture time will be review I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture time will be review I think it
+kind of be more like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be more like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be more like one of these
+sessions and then quiz Tuesday night
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d00XI_UTKQo.txt b/d00XI_UTKQo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9612c5def53730fdc999495f335fafa9787ddac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d00XI_UTKQo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10288 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I'm going to give you a
+quick example of of uh what I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example of of uh what I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example of of uh what I think is a
+good way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do
+Solutions or approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem me give you a little formulaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem me give you a little formulaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem me give you a little formulaic
+here draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+on the first day I said I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day I said I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day I said I like to think
+of Dynamics problem I break them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics problem I break them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dynamics problem I break them down
+into three categories one is to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three categories one is to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three categories one is to describe
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion now what is describing the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion now what is describing the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion now what is describing the motion
+mean well how many the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well how many the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well how many the
+number of degrees of freedom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom in the
+problem that implies the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that implies the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that implies the number of
+equations of motion that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion that you're going to
+need to solve that problem so you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve that problem so you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve that problem so you got to
+identify the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the number of degrees of
+freedom it also then tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom it also then tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom it also then tells you the
+number of coordinates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need so this is all part of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so this is all part of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so this is all part of describing
+the motion is figuring out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is figuring out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is figuring out how many
+coordinates assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so assigning the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so assigning the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so assigning the coordinates
+and then finally essentially all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally essentially all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally essentially all
+underneath this you essentially do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinematics and that's the velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and that's the velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and that's the velocities
+accelerations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations so
+forth so once you have you've explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so once you have you've explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so once you have you've explained
+the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this I guess is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the
+correct physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laws you know how they apply f equals ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws you know how they apply f equals ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws you know how they apply f equals ma
+Newton's first second third law or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first second third law or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first second third law or
+conservational momentum or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservational momentum or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservational momentum or whatever you
+want you think is the appropriate thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you think is the appropriate thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you think is the appropriate thing
+so explain what your what the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so explain what your what the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so explain what your what the physical
+laws are and apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally you know do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+math so if you can break problems down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so if you can break problems down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so if you can break problems down
+that way it'll be give you a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it'll be give you a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it'll be give you a nice
+logical flow so I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical flow so I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical flow so I'm going to give you a
+bit of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and I'm also going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm also going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm also going to kind of
+pose a brain teaser to you it's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose a brain teaser to you it's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose a brain teaser to you it's the end
+of this problem today I want you to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem today I want you to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem today I want you to give
+you something to think about so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something to think about so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something to think about so I'm
+going to draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw my
+problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+block on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incline it's got some scales to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline it's got some scales to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline it's got some scales to measure
+your weight and you're standing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weight and you're standing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weight and you're standing on this
+thing riding it down the incline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing riding it down the incline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing riding it down the incline
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the first question about this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question about this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first question about this is to
+um find the position as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so that's the problem that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's the problem that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's the problem that's uh
+part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so State the problem find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position so how way we do well draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so how way we do well draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so how way we do well draw
+figures I've started with that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I've started with that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I've started with that next
+describe the motion I need a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we have to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to figure out how many
+degrees of freedom this problem has I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom this problem has I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom this problem has I'm
+going to just declare no rotation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just declare no rotation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just declare no rotation going
+to treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat it as a
+particle so a particle has how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so a particle has how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so a particle has how many
+generally how many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how many degrees of freedom
+how many coordinates to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many coordinates to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many coordinates to completely
+describe where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe where it's
+at three okay so I may need as many as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three okay so I may need as many as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three okay so I may need as many as
+three coordinates to describe the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coordinates to describe the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coordinates to describe the motion
+of this thing and if I really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and if I really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and if I really doing
+complete equations of motion I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete equations of motion I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete equations of motion I need
+three equations of motion so this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations of motion so this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations of motion so this is two
+three describing the motion I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three describing the motion I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three describing the motion I have three
+degrees of freedom I'm going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I'm going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I'm going to need
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates so in this case here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so in this case here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so in this case here's my
+picture I'm going just to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm going just to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I'm going just to set up a
+cartisian coordinate system aligned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinate system aligned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinate system aligned in a
+helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+way x y z coming out and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way x y z coming out and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way x y z coming out and this is my
+fixed inertial reference frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed inertial reference frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed inertial reference frame and
+here's my center of mass and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my center of mass and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my center of mass and basically
+my coordinates are describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coordinates are describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coordinates are describing the
+position of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+okay so that's pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's pretty much the
+describing the motion what I need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the motion what I need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the motion what I need for
+now we'll get to the velocities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll get to the velocities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll get to the velocities and
+accelerations when we get to the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations when we get to the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations when we get to the math
+part um apply the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm going to use newon Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Law sum of the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law sum of the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law sum of the external
+forces mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces mass times the
+acceleration that's the physical law I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration that's the physical law I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration that's the physical law I'm
+going I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I'm going to
+apply draw a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and I'm just going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm just going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and I'm just going to consider
+the block and the person this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block and the person this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block and the person this is the
+whole collection it's one thing I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection it's one thing I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection it's one thing I'm just
+not to keep drawing the person on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to keep drawing the person on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to keep drawing the person on it but
+so here's my object including the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my object including the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my object including the weight
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+person and it's going to have here's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it's going to have here's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and it's going to have here's its
+Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of
+mass obviously an mg a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass obviously an mg a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass obviously an mg a gravitational
+force it's going to have a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's going to have a normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's going to have a normal force
+it's going to have a friction force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a friction force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a friction force and
+how do I figure out what the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I figure out what the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I figure out what the friction
+which direction friction is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction friction is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction friction is I
+assume motion down the hill friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume motion down the hill friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume motion down the hill friction
+will oppose it I draw in the arrows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oppose it I draw in the arrows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oppose it I draw in the arrows in
+the direction I expect the forces to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I expect the forces to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I expect the forces to act
+and I'll use a sign convention that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use a sign convention that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use a sign convention that the
+arrows tell me what signs so since my x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows tell me what signs so since my x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows tell me what signs so since my x
+coordinate is down the hill this is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is down the hill this is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is down the hill this is y
+this is X friction X in the minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X friction X in the minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X friction X in the minus X
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I
+haven't I've left out a key piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I've left out a key piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I've left out a key piece of
+information got to have the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got to have the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got to have the angle of the
+slope and once you have the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and once you have the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and once you have the angle of the
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta this is Theta and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is Theta and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is Theta and I'm going to
+need to this is in a direction of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to this is in a direction of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to this is in a direction of one of
+my coordinates and so is this but I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coordinates and so is this but I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coordinates and so is this but I need
+to break the gravitational piece into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the gravitational piece into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the gravitational piece into
+components lined up with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components lined up with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components lined up with my
+coordinates and so you have a Theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so you have a Theta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so you have a Theta here
+as well and now I can write my equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and now I can write my equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and now I can write my equations
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing about
+vectors is that when you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is that when you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is that when you have three
+equations of motion three coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion three coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion three coordinates
+each that there are components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that there are components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that there are components of
+vectors in the X Y and Z directions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the X Y and Z directions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the X Y and Z directions it
+gives us three equations immediately so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us three equations immediately so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us three equations immediately so
+for example the summation of the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the summation of the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the summation of the forces
+in this problem in the Z Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem in the Z Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem in the Z Direction the
+external forces are sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces are sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces are sums
+to zero okay so we get a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay so we get a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero okay so we get a trivial
+solution out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't have to go much further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to go much further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to go much further
+summation of the forces in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the forces in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the forces in the y
+direction gives us some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information and in the Y directed forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in the Y directed forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in the Y directed forces
+I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an
+n and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a
+minus mg and is it I think it's cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay which tells me immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay which tells me immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay which tells me immediately
+what n is so from Statics I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to and from what we know about models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and from what we know about models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and from what we know about models of
+friction then we know that we can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction then we know that we can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction then we know that we can model
+the friction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friction as
+Mu time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu time
+n or mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or mu
+mg cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg cosine
+Theta okay so from the Statics I could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so from the Statics I could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so from the Statics I could I
+learn a bunch of things that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a bunch of things that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a bunch of things that I need to
+know for the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real heart of the problem writing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real heart of the problem writing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real heart of the problem writing my
+equation of motion in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction and the force is in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the force is in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and the force is in the X
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+mg sin Theta down the hill so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sin Theta down the hill so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sin Theta down the hill so it's
+positive minus the friction is up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive minus the friction is up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive minus the friction is up the
+hill so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mg mixing up my M's here but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg mixing up my M's here but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg mixing up my M's here but there's no
+other M's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this basically
+says that X double dot the M's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that X double dot the M's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that X double dot the M's all
+cancel out that X double dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out that X double dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out that X double dot is
+G sin Theta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sin Theta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sin Theta minus
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+G cine Theta and that have that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G cine Theta and that have that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G cine Theta and that have that just
+happens to be a pretty simple to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a pretty simple to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a pretty simple to solve
+ordinary differential equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation this is
+an equation in which the acceleration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation in which the acceleration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation in which the acceleration in
+the problem is constant I Theta is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is constant I Theta is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is constant I Theta is not
+changing none of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing none of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing none of these things are
+changing and so you can just solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and so you can just solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and so you can just solve this
+one now we're to the third part do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+math this one you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math this one you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math this one you can just
+integrate and so you find out that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and so you find out that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and so you find out that well
+x dot then and I'm just going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot then and I'm just going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot then and I'm just going to call
+this C some constant so X do CT plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C some constant so X do CT plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C some constant so X do CT plus an
+initial veloc velocity if it had one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial veloc velocity if it had one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial veloc velocity if it had one and
+X of T what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for and now so V KN and xnot are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and now so V KN and xnot are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and now so V KN and xnot are just
+your initial conditions more than likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial conditions more than likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial conditions more than likely
+zero if you set it up cleverly so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you set it up cleverly so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you set it up cleverly so that's
+just sort of modeling quickly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of modeling quickly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of modeling quickly kind of
+what I think a good way to lay out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think a good way to lay out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think a good way to lay out a
+problem is describing the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is describing the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is describing the motion
+explaining the physics physics doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the physics physics doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the physics physics doing the
+math drawing good pictures stating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math drawing good pictures stating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math drawing good pictures stating the
+problem all right so now the the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so now the the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so now the the brain
+teaser that I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the mass of the block plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales and here's the here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and here's the here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and here's the here you're
+standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person you're writing this down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B think about that when in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shower and if you got a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and if you got a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and if you got a really simple
+way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do
+it great write it up it's not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it great write it up it's not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it great write it up it's not terribly
+hard and it's most I'll give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it's most I'll give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and it's most I'll give you a hint
+thinking in terms of free body diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of free body diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of free body diagrams
+helps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a
+lot and we'll we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and we'll we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and we'll we'll come back to this
+kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay I want to go that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I want to go that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I want to go that's that
+was the part one I want to go on to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the part one I want to go on to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the part one I want to go on to this
+recapping the center of mass quickly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapping the center of mass quickly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapping the center of mass quickly we
+learned a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important things we got we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we got we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we got we talked about
+the center of mass because we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass because we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass because we were just
+talking about Newton's three laws from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Newton's three laws from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Newton's three laws from
+looking at the first law found that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first law found that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first law found that it's
+useful in determining whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in determining whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in determining whether or not
+you're an inertial frame we used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an inertial frame we used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an inertial frame we used it
+second law we've just applied it we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law we've just applied it we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law we've just applied it we used
+to do get equations of motion third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do get equations of motion third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do get equations of motion third law
+was about uh we used it when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about uh we used it when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about uh we used it when we were
+thinking about Center of mass we used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Center of mass we used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Center of mass we used it
+to Define what the center of mass was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what the center of mass was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define what the center of mass was so
+we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the
+total mass of a system I better draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass of a system I better draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass of a system I better draw my
+picture here's my system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's my system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's my system of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+M1 with position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 with position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 with position
+vectors it's a whole mess of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's a whole mess of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's a whole mess of particles
+with their position vectors this is r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their position vectors this is r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their position vectors this is r i
+with respect to O for example and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O for example and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O for example and this
+is my o XYZ frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my o XYZ frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my o XYZ frame
+we said that this total mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that this total mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that this total mass of the
+particles somewhere out here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles somewhere out here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles somewhere out here there's
+a center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of
+mass with a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with a position
+Vector r g with respect to O So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector r g with respect to O So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector r g with respect to O So the
+definition of c my center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of c my center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of c my center of mass is
+this is equal to the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the summation of the
+Mi r i O's and these V these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi r i O's and these V these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi r i O's and these V these are
+positioned vectors okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned vectors okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned vectors okay so that's the
+definition of my center of mass if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of my center of mass if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of my center of mass if I
+take two time derivatives of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two time derivatives of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two time derivatives of that we
+arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at
+Mt RG with respect to o double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt RG with respect to o double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt RG with respect to o double
+dot is a summation over I of my m i r IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is a summation over I of my m i r IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is a summation over I of my m i r IO
+double dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dots
+okay and that importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that importantly
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+summation of all of the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of all of the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of all of the external
+forces on each of these each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on each of these each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on each of these each one of
+these by itself satisfies Newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these by itself satisfies Newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these by itself satisfies Newton's law
+Second Law which he wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law which he wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law which he wrote about
+particles each one has a summation I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles each one has a summation I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles each one has a summation I've
+summed these I'm going to sum these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed these I'm going to sum these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed these I'm going to sum these but
+each one has a summation of internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a summation of internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a summation of internal
+forces acting on it these I called the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on it these I called the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on it these I called the f
+i JS and we learn some something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i JS and we learn some something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i JS and we learn some something about
+the third law tells us about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third law tells us about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third law tells us about that
+summation the third law tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the third law tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the third law tells us
+what that that goes to zero and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that goes to zero and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that goes to zero and that was
+the that's the really powerful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the really powerful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the really powerful piece of
+third law that we make great use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law that we make great use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law that we make great use
+of because this now essentially allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because this now essentially allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because this now essentially allows
+us to say that the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to say that the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to say that the summation of the
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+forces on an assembly of particles on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on an assembly of particles on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on an assembly of particles on a
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+acceleration of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of
+mass and that what that does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that what that does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that what that does in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+stroke takes you from Newton who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke takes you from Newton who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke takes you from Newton who was a
+whose laws applied to particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose laws applied to particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose laws applied to particles and
+allows you to apply Newton's Second Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to apply Newton's Second Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to apply Newton's Second Law
+to rigid bodies because rigid bodies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rigid bodies because rigid bodies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rigid bodies because rigid bodies can
+be thought up of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought up of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought up of a bunch of
+particles which are represented in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which are represented in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which are represented in that
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+equation and that gets you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that gets you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that gets you from
+particles to rigid bodies and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to rigid bodies and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to rigid bodies and we all
+know from physics that the summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from physics that the summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from physics that the summation of
+the external force on this thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force on this thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force on this thing is the
+mass times the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the acceleration of the
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+mass right okay so that's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right okay so that's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right okay so that's actually quite
+an important powerful law it it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important powerful law it it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important powerful law it it provides
+this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for
+us now I said I I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now I said I I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now I said I I wanted to
+um give you a quick very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give you a quick very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give you a quick very useful
+application of thinking about Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of thinking about Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of thinking about Center of
+mass I showed you the other day I had my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I showed you the other day I had my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I showed you the other day I had my
+carbon fiber tube here showed you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fiber tube here showed you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon fiber tube here showed you that
+trick for finding the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick for finding the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick for finding the center of mass
+just by sliding your fingers along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by sliding your fingers along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by sliding your fingers along it
+right and you end up at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you end up at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you end up at the center of
+mass well as a practical matter other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass well as a practical matter other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass well as a practical matter other
+things you really want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you really want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you really want to be able to
+find Center of masses this is a glider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Center of masses this is a glider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Center of masses this is a glider a
+sail plane uh called an ls8 I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail plane uh called an ls8 I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail plane uh called an ls8 I happen to
+I'm a I'm a glider flight instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a I'm a glider flight instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a I'm a glider flight instructor
+been flying gliders for 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flying gliders for 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been flying gliders for 35 years
+something like that and um I flew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and um I flew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and um I flew a
+glider of this type just recently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider of this type just recently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider of this type just recently that
+that machine has a 49 to1 let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine has a 49 to1 let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine has a 49 to1 let's call it
+50 to1 to make it easy glide ratio means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to1 to make it easy glide ratio means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 to1 to make it easy glide ratio means
+if you're mile above the ground in still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're mile above the ground in still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're mile above the ground in still
+air you will go 50 miles before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you will go 50 miles before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you will go 50 miles before you
+touch the ground so they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch the ground so they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch the ground so they're really
+amazing high performance machines one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing high performance machines one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing high performance machines one of
+the things about all aircraft that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about all aircraft that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things about all aircraft that you
+actually need to know is you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to know is you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to know is you really need
+to know where the center of mass of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where the center of mass of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where the center of mass of it
+is and if the center of mass is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if the center of mass is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if the center of mass is in the
+wrong place the plane will not fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place the plane will not fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong place the plane will not fly
+properly and so you can't just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and so you can't just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and so you can't just go
+throwing in 50 pounds of lead in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing in 50 pounds of lead in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing in 50 pounds of lead in the
+tail of that plane and expect to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of that plane and expect to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of that plane and expect to survive
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+flight so you have to know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so you have to know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so you have to know where the
+center of mass is and in fact you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is and in fact you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is and in fact you want
+the center Mass about 25% of the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mass about 25% of the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mass about 25% of the if the
+wing is this wide from front to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing is this wide from front to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing is this wide from front to back
+it's called the cord about 25% back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the cord about 25% back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the cord about 25% back from
+the Leading Edge this about where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge this about where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge this about where the
+center of lift of a of a wing is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of lift of a of a wing is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of lift of a of a wing is and you
+want your center of mass also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your center of mass also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your center of mass also called the
+center of gravity in these situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity in these situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gravity in these situations
+you want it to be pretty close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be pretty close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be pretty close to the
+center of lifts so that they're balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of lifts so that they're balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of lifts so that they're balanced
+and the plane flies nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plane flies nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plane flies nicely
+so is there a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there a simple way to
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Center of mass is something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Center of mass is something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Center of mass is something like a
+sail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail
+plane so I got to this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so I got to this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so I got to this is this is
+exactly how you do it so I'll I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you do it so I'll I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you do it so I'll I'll draw
+a quick picture of my sail plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here us have a little skid or tail wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here us have a little skid or tail wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here us have a little skid or tail wheel
+on the back and find the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back and find the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back and find the center of mass
+you just set them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales you weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you weigh
+it you pick a coordinate system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you pick a coordinate system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you pick a coordinate system doesn't
+matter where it is as long as it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where it is as long as it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where it is as long as it's fixed
+the easiest place is right at the nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest place is right at the nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest place is right at the nose
+of the sail plane so we'll make this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sail plane so we'll make this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sail plane so we'll make this x
+make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+y you take a and you can take a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you take a and you can take a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you take a and you can take a tape
+measure and measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and measure the
+distance from your reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from your reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from your reference
+point to the position where the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the position where the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the position where the wheel
+sits on the scales we'll call that L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the scales we'll call that L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the scales we'll call that L1
+here and that's typically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's typically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's typically about
+5T and back here you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5T and back here you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5T and back here you have another
+position to where you have your second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to where you have your second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to where you have your second
+set of scales that's L2 and a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of scales that's L2 and a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of scales that's L2 and a typical
+sail plane that's about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay apply Newton's law this thing's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay apply Newton's law this thing's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay apply Newton's law this thing's not
+going anywhere sum of the forces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anywhere sum of the forces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anywhere sum of the forces in the
+vert vertical directions equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert vertical directions equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vert vertical directions equal
+to zero free body diagram well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero free body diagram well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero free body diagram well you have
+somewhere about here where the wing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is your center of mass and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your center of mass and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your center of mass and you have
+M total times G downwards there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M total times G downwards there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M total times G downwards there you have
+two weights pushing on the sail plane a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights pushing on the sail plane a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights pushing on the sail plane a
+W2 pushing up holding up the tail and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 pushing up holding up the tail and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 pushing up holding up the tail and a
+W1 holding up the main gear and so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 holding up the main gear and so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 holding up the main gear and so from
+the sum of the forces in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction that better be zero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that better be zero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that better be zero so you
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+W1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 +
+W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2
+minus Mt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Mt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Mt
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+zero and so you find out that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you find out that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you find out that the total
+weight of the sail plane is no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the sail plane is no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the sail plane is no surprise
+the sum of the two weights on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+yeah let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do this
+MTG okay so the total weight times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTG okay so the total weight times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTG okay so the total weight times
+gravity is just a sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is just a sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is just a sum of the two
+readings on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on the
+scales and the second piece that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and the second piece that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and the second piece that you
+need to do to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to do this
+problem is you have a equation that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you have a equation that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you have a equation that says
+the sum of the external torqus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the external torqus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the external torqus with
+respect to your to a fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to your to a fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to your to a fixed Point
+O is equal to the mass moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is equal to the mass moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is equal to the mass moment of inertia
+times the angular acceleration often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular acceleration often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular acceleration often
+times written as Alpha in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times written as Alpha in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times written as Alpha in this case
+that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to
+be zero it's going nowhere okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero it's going nowhere okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero it's going nowhere okay so what
+are the external torqus with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the external torqus with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the external torqus with respect to
+this point well we have a right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point well we have a right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point well we have a right-handed
+coordinate system you have W1 uptimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L1 W2 up *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 W2 up *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 W2 up *
+L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+minus W1 + W2 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W1 + W2 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W1 + W2 which is the
+total weight of the sail plane times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total weight of the sail plane times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total weight of the sail plane times
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+g the location of the center of ma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g the location of the center of ma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g the location of the center of ma of
+the center of mass that's this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass that's this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass that's this distance
+that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can we know everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can we know everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can we know everything here
+except RG so we can solve for RG with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except RG so we can solve for RG with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except RG so we can solve for RG with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+O and it's simply W1 L1 plus W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and it's simply W1 L1 plus W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and it's simply W1 L1 plus W2
+L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+over W1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W1 plus
+W2 and if you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and if you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and if you run the
+numbers um typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W1 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb
+W2 the numbers I've done here is might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 the numbers I've done here is might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 the numbers I've done here is might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lb and I've already said 5T and 15 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb and I've already said 5T and 15 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb and I've already said 5T and 15 ft
+and you work the answer and you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you work the answer and you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you work the answer and you come up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5.62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.62
+ft which puts this you know here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft which puts this you know here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft which puts this you know here was
+here's the wheel and you're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the wheel and you're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the wheel and you're a little bit
+aft of the main gear and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aft of the main gear and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aft of the main gear and that's where
+you basically where you want to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically where you want to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically where you want to be so
+that's a real practical use of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real practical use of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real practical use of uh of
+knowing about centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about centers of
+mass and how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+second item I wanted to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second item I wanted to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second item I wanted to talk about today
+essentially a recap of the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a recap of the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a recap of the center of
+mass and now I want to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and now I want to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and now I want to move on to
+talking about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of
+a serious introduction to or we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious introduction to or we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serious introduction to or we've had
+the introduction velocities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction velocities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction velocities and
+accelerations we have to have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations we have to have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations we have to have a way of
+writing down the acceleration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the acceleration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the acceleration of a
+Mass a point a dog in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass a point a dog in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass a point a dog in a
+rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+translating reference frame with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating reference frame with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating reference frame with the
+possibility that in addition to that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that in addition to that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that in addition to that the
+dog's moving so we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog's moving so we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog's moving so we want to have
+equations we want to have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we want to have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we want to have the ability to
+write down Expressions that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Expressions that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Expressions that for the
+velocity and acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration
+of a mass moving in a translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mass moving in a translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mass moving in a translating
+rotating reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference
+frame so we've started this we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so we've started this we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so we've started this we did
+pretty much did velocities to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's my inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame call it o or o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame call it o or o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame call it o or o
+XYZ here's my rigid body out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there as a point a something else at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a point a something else at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a point a something else at B
+might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the
+dog and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and we
+we've described the position of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've described the position of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've described the position of this as
+the position of this point a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this point a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of this point a with
+respect to O and at this point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O and at this point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O and at this point we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+locate a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate a reference
+frame attached to the rigid body and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame attached to the rigid body and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame attached to the rigid body and so
+it's going to be called a and I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be called a and I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be called a and I'll call
+it X Prime y Prime Z Prime it's attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X Prime y Prime Z Prime it's attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it X Prime y Prime Z Prime it's attached
+to the rigid body it rotates with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rigid body it rotates with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rigid body it rotates with a
+rigid body and it's attached at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body and it's attached at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body and it's attached at just
+some fixed point now what would often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed point now what would often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed point now what would often
+times would be a smart choice for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times would be a smart choice for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times would be a smart choice for that
+fixed point that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a if you're going to write an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you're going to write an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you're going to write an equation
+expressing the motion of this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the motion of this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the motion of this where
+would you make point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make point
+A Center Mass Center Mass right so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Center Mass Center Mass right so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Center Mass Center Mass right so very
+very often especially when objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often especially when objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often especially when objects are
+free floating around out there you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating around out there you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating around out there you're
+going to make smart choices and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make smart choices and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make smart choices and you're
+going to put this this coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this this coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this this coordinate system
+right on the center of mass but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the center of mass but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the center of mass but it
+doesn't have to be but it can be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be but it can be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be but it can be okay
+so we were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were interested in
+knowing things about the motion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing things about the motion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing things about the motion of this
+point in our inertial reference frame in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our inertial reference frame in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our inertial reference frame in
+terms of positions of our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of positions of our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of positions of our coordinate
+system and then also this Vector here r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then also this Vector here r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then also this Vector here r
+b with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b with respect to
+a now last time we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now last time we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now last time we came up with
+expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the
+velocity of B with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O we said in general it's the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O we said in general it's the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O we said in general it's the velocity
+of your where your coordinate systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your where your coordinate systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your where your coordinate systems
+located the Translating velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located the Translating velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located the Translating velocity of the
+Translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Translating
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+plus the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RBA time derivative of the position as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA time derivative of the position as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA time derivative of the position as
+has seen from if you were sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and another way to say that or this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and another way to say that or this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and another way to say that or this is
+a derivative taken with the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative taken with the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative taken with the rotation
+rate momentarily set equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate momentarily set equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate momentarily set equal to zero
+another way to think of it plus a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of it plus a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of it plus a piece
+that comes from rotation so the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from rotation so the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from rotation so the rotation
+with respect to the fixed frame these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the fixed frame these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the fixed frame these
+are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+rotation with respect to the fixed frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with respect to the fixed frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation with respect to the fixed frame
+cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+RBA and this and we said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA and this and we said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA and this and we said this is
+actually a general formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a general formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a general formula for the
+derivative of this piece is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this piece is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this piece is the
+derivative of a vector in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame in a fixed frame you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in a fixed frame you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in a fixed frame you have two
+pieces the derivative as seen without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the derivative as seen without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the derivative as seen without
+rotation plus the contribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation plus the contribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation plus the contribution that
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I did this Center of mass thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this Center of mass thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this Center of mass thing a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ago I just kind of quickly wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I just kind of quickly wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I just kind of quickly wrote down
+two D time derivatives of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D time derivatives of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D time derivatives of the position
+Vector there's no Omega cross o or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector there's no Omega cross o or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector there's no Omega cross o or you
+in there right how why could I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right how why could I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right how why could I do
+that this is actually kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually kind of an
+important dist point I could do that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important dist point I could do that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important dist point I could do that it
+didn't say very specifically when I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say very specifically when I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say very specifically when I did
+it an assumption I was making except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an assumption I was making except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an assumption I was making except
+that perhaps I drew it this was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps I drew it this was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps I drew it this was done in
+a cartisian coordinate system and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartisian coordinate system and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartisian coordinate system and my
+coordinates were X Y and Z and the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates were X Y and Z and the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates were X Y and Z and the unit
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+were J JK and do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were J JK and do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were J JK and do they
+move no what's their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move no what's their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move no what's their time
+derivative okay when you don't when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay when you don't when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay when you don't when the
+unit vectors don't have time derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors don't have time derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors don't have time derivatives
+you don't get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get these
+terms this is the only term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is the only term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this is the only term that
+contributes so I could just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes so I could just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes so I could just write that
+equation but we now have a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we now have a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we now have a reference
+frame attached to a body and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame attached to a body and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame attached to a body and this
+reference frame is rotating and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame is rotating and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame is rotating and that
+means that the direction of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the direction of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the direction of the unit
+Vector is attached the unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is attached the unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is attached the unit Vector
+attached to x x Prime here is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to x x Prime here is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to x x Prime here is moving
+it's rotating and it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating and it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating and it's going to have a
+Time derivative so we have to and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time derivative so we have to and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time derivative so we have to and that
+is given when you take those time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given when you take those time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given when you take those time
+derivatives you get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you get the second
+piece all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece all
+right uh I'm going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I'm going to give you the
+answer in advance the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration of B with respect to O I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B with respect to O I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B with respect to O I'm
+going to give you the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the full
+3d equation then we'll go back and see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d equation then we'll go back and see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d equation then we'll go back and see a
+bit where it comes from so here's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit where it comes from so here's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit where it comes from so here's it's
+the time derivative of that velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression with respect to time taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with respect to time taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with respect to time taken in
+the inertial frame o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame o
+XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and am I going to have enough room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and am I going to have enough room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and am I going to have enough room to
+get this on be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close all right this has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right this has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right this has several
+pieces it's got a contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it's got a contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it's got a contribution of the
+acceleration of a with respect to O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a with respect to O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a with respect to O
+that's just the acceleration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the acceleration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the acceleration of this
+point has nothing to do with rotation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has nothing to do with rotation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has nothing to do with rotation so
+it's just a straight out acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight out acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight out acceleration of
+my trans lighting frame with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trans lighting frame with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trans lighting frame with respect to
+O that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O that's the first
+piece the second piece is related is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the second piece is related is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the second piece is related is the
+derivative of this guy it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this guy it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this guy it comes from the
+derivative of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+acceleration of B with respect to a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B with respect to a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B with respect to a as
+seen in this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in this a
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+okay if you read the Williams book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you read the Williams book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you read the Williams book it's
+called the relative acceleration it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the relative acceleration it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the relative acceleration it's
+relative to the if you were sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the if you were sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the if you were sitting at
+Point a it's what you would see as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a it's what you would see as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a it's what you would see as the
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+cross velocity of B with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross velocity of B with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross velocity of B with respect to
+a as seen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a plus Omega dot the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus Omega dot the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus Omega dot the derivative of the
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+Omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross
+Omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross
+RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a kind of daunting right a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of daunting right a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of daunting right a little
+messy basically one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy basically one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy basically one two three
+four five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five different
+terms and you're going to and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you're going to and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you're going to and they all
+have names and meanings and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have names and meanings and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have names and meanings and one of the
+things that'll really help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that'll really help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that'll really help you
+is to get familiar you really need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get familiar you really need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get familiar you really need to be
+be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with
+the meaning of each one of the terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of each one of the terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of each one of the terms and
+it's not terribly difficult this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly difficult this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly difficult this one
+just the acceleration of the Translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the acceleration of the Translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the acceleration of the Translating
+frame so if it's a marar round sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so if it's a marar round sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so if it's a marar round sitting
+on a train and the Train's heading down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a train and the Train's heading down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a train and the Train's heading down
+the track it's acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track it's acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track it's acceleration of the
+train rotating frame is attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train rotating frame is attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train rotating frame is attached to the
+merga round so uh and if you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merga round so uh and if you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merga round so uh and if you've got the
+dog on the marar round this is then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog on the marar round this is then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog on the marar round this is then the
+acceleration of the dog relative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the dog relative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the dog relative to this
+the merar round this position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merar round this position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merar round this position of the
+coordinate system attached to the marar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the marar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the marar
+round has no rotation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round has no rotation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round has no rotation in
+it this is this is the velocity of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is this is the velocity of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is this is the velocity of that
+point the dog as seen from the A-frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the dog as seen from the A-frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the dog as seen from the A-frame
+again you have no sense of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have no sense of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have no sense of rotation
+rotation is not a part of this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is not a part of this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is not a part of this cross
+product with the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate this is the acceler this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this is the acceler this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this is the acceler this is the
+angular acceleration cross product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration cross product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration cross product with
+RBA now that's a term what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA now that's a term what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA now that's a term what does that
+mean you know if I'm swinging a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know if I'm swinging a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know if I'm swinging a baseball
+bat and I'm accelerating this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat and I'm accelerating this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat and I'm accelerating this thing
+idealize it as just something on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize it as just something on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize it as just something on a
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+accelerating the acceleration of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the acceleration of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the acceleration of a point
+out here is the radius times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is the radius times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is the radius times the angular
+acceleration so that's all this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so that's all this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so that's all this term is
+that's and it's called the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and it's called the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and it's called the oiler
+acceleration but it's just simply R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but it's just simply R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration but it's just simply R
+Theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta double
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+okay this if you multiply it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this if you multiply it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this if you multiply it out and
+just think about units this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about units this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about units this ends up
+looking like R Omega squar have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like R Omega squar have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like R Omega squar have you ever
+R into that before what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R into that before what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R into that before what's
+that in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in common
+language that's that's centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's that's centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's that's centrifugal
+centripetal this is centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal this is centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal this is centripetal
+acceleration so this is the centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is the centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is the centripetal
+acceleration term that's the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term that's the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term that's the oiler
+acceleration term this is the uh local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term this is the uh local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term this is the uh local
+acceleration this the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration this the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration this the acceleration of
+your frame this is the strange one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frame this is the strange one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your frame this is the strange one this
+is the cholis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration and we'll get familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and we'll get familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and we'll get familiar with
+it too so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too so that's the that's the
+full-blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown
+3D acceleration equation and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D acceleration equation and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D acceleration equation and by the way
+the vector the velocity one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector the velocity one is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector the velocity one is also
+perfect 3D now in this course we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect 3D now in this course we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect 3D now in this course we won't
+do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much
+in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of
+3D Dynamics problems yes is the point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D Dynamics problems yes is the point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D Dynamics problems yes is the point B
+on the on the rigid plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the rigid plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the rigid plane
+move does the it it may it could be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move does the it it may it could be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move does the it it may it could be this
+is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh an asteroid out there in space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an asteroid out there in space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an asteroid out there in space and
+you've got this is home base and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this is home base and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this is home base and that's
+guy out there in a spacit running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to be able to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to describe the
+acceleration of that guy as seen from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that guy as seen from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that guy as seen from a
+fixed reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed reference
+frame now why why would we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now why why would we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now why why would we want to know
+that acceleration the ex and and why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acceleration the ex and and why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acceleration the ex and and why do
+we want to know it in a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know it in a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know it in a fixed
+frame well if you want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well if you want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well if you want to calculate the
+forces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the
+person like how much what's it what's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person like how much what's it what's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person like how much what's it what's he
+have to do with his feet to brace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with his feet to brace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with his feet to brace
+himself or whatever what are the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself or whatever what are the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself or whatever what are the actual
+forces you have to know the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you have to know the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you have to know the acceleration
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+person but Newton's laws in order to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but Newton's laws in order to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but Newton's laws in order to say
+f equals ma Newton's Laws have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals ma Newton's Laws have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals ma Newton's Laws have to be
+applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied
+in inertial reference frames is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inertial reference frames is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inertial reference frames is this
+thing out there doing this an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out there doing this an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out there doing this an inertial
+reference frame no so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame no so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame no so you can't
+calculate the forces without having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the forces without having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the forces without having some
+idea of this inertial Frame so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this inertial Frame so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this inertial Frame so this is
+the way of getting the acceleration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of getting the acceleration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of getting the acceleration on
+at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+location on a moving rotating body with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on a moving rotating body with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on a moving rotating body with
+respect to an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to an inertial
+frame in in with all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in in with all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in in with all the terms
+present now most this course his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present now most this course his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present now most this course his
+generally has uh addressed problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally has uh addressed problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally has uh addressed problems
+which are in the in most textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the in most textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the in most textbooks
+address only planer motion problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address only planer motion problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address only planer motion problems
+planer motion basically means that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion basically means that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer motion basically means that uh we
+canine the translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canine the translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canine the translations
+to a plane so imagine an X and A Y and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plane so imagine an X and A Y and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plane so imagine an X and A Y and a
+z upwards coordinate system attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z upwards coordinate system attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z upwards coordinate system attached to
+the top of this table and I only allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of this table and I only allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of this table and I only allow
+motions that are around the table and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that are around the table and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that are around the table and I
+only allow motions that have a single ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allow motions that have a single ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allow motions that have a single ax
+of rotation and that's lined up with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation and that's lined up with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation and that's lined up with Z
+those are essentially planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are essentially planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are essentially planer motion
+problems and most most courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and most most courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and most most courses and
+Dynamics at listo well that's as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics at listo well that's as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics at listo well that's as far as
+they get and so most of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get and so most of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get and so most of the problems
+that you'll do will be planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll do will be planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll do will be planer motion
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+but that equation you know reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equation you know reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equation you know reduces to
+the planer motion problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planer motion problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planer motion problem as
+well we will do a little bit of 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will do a little bit of 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will do a little bit of 3D
+because there a class of problems that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there a class of problems that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there a class of problems that I
+really think it's important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think it's important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think it's important for you to
+understand that just come up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that just come up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that just come up all the
+time that require a little 3D and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that require a little 3D and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that require a little 3D and as you
+want to have some things going on out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some things going on out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some things going on out of
+the plane but we'll still confine the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane but we'll still confine the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane but we'll still confine the uh
+axis of rotation to a single Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation to a single Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation to a single Direction
+yeah around and it's in a planer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah around and it's in a planer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah around and it's in a planer system
+then would you have three degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would you have three degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would you have three degrees of
+freedom like rotating and Y that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom like rotating and Y that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom like rotating and Y that's a
+great question she say if you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question she say if you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question she say if you had the
+dog running on the mar around how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog running on the mar around how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog running on the mar around how many
+degrees of freedom do you have so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom do you have so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom do you have so in
+general rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rigid
+bodies each rigid body each independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies each rigid body each independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies each rigid body each independent
+rigid body has you have to describe its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body has you have to describe its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body has you have to describe its
+location of its Center of mass and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of its Center of mass and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of its Center of mass and that
+takes how many coordinates how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes how many coordinates how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes how many coordinates how many uh
+coordinates I'll call them two if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I'll call them two if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I'll call them two if it's
+well in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in general
+three okay and it can now rotate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and it can now rotate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and it can now rotate around
+three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different
+axes and that takes three more so rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and that takes three more so rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes and that takes three more so rigid
+bodies have six degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies have six degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies have six degrees of
+freedom and any problem when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and any problem when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and any problem when you go to
+address the problem you essentially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the problem you essentially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the problem you essentially for
+a rigid body you start with six and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body you start with six and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body you start with six and you
+start applying constraints to reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start applying constraints to reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start applying constraints to reduce it
+down to the number of remaining degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the number of remaining degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the number of remaining degrees
+of freedom so if it's confined to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom so if it's confined to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom so if it's confined to a
+plane and no Z motion is allowed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and no Z motion is allowed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and no Z motion is allowed one
+constraint if it is on a plane and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if it is on a plane and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint if it is on a plane and it's
+only allowed to rotate about the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed to rotate about the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed to rotate about the z-axis
+that means you've constrained its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you've constrained its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you've constrained its
+rotation in around Y and X so that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in around Y and X so that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in around Y and X so that's two
+more and so now you're down to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so now you're down to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so now you're down to three
+degrees of freedom left x y and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom left x y and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom left x y and a
+rotation about the z-axis so planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis so planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis so planer
+motion problems generally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion problems generally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion problems generally have
+uh three degrees of freedom but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three degrees of freedom but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three degrees of freedom but it's
+instant let's just say we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant let's just say we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant let's just say we're just
+interested in just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just something that
+rotates and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates and doesn't
+translate how many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate how many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate how many degrees of freedom
+does that have then just One X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have then just One X and Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that have then just One X and Y are
+it forced not to no motion two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forced not to no motion two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forced not to no motion two more
+constraints you're down to one so lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you're down to one so lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you're down to one so lots
+of problems we do are in fact uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems we do are in fact uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems we do are in fact uh single
+degree of Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to do planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do planer motion
+problems we often times use polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we often times use polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we often times use polar
+coordinates so I'm going to intro you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so I'm going to intro you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so I'm going to intro you
+know R Theta R the uh and actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R Theta R the uh and actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R Theta R the uh and actually going
+to call it cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates and cylindrical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and cylindrical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and cylindrical coordinates
+then you have an R A Theta and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's think of a well let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think of a well let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's think of a well let's see I
+have a demo a little demo here so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a demo a little demo here so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a demo a little demo here so here's
+a here's a problem with a single axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation but and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but and it's
+A's a mass out here and this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's a mass out here and this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's a mass out here and this this is a
+rod and so think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and so think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and so think of this
+think of this Mass out here as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this Mass out here as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this Mass out here as being a
+bug walking out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug walking out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug walking out this
+rod and the rod this thing can go round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and the rod this thing can go round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod and the rod this thing can go round
+and round it's not a merar around it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round it's not a merar around it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round it's not a merar around it's
+mer around with a gang plank on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer around with a gang plank on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer around with a gang plank on it and
+the it's going up at an angle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's going up at an angle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's going up at an angle and you
+know you can walk the gang plank while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can walk the gang plank while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can walk the gang plank while
+the mar go arounds going around that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar go arounds going around that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar go arounds going around that's
+so that's what we got here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we got here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we got here so this is
+this is actually allowed to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually allowed to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually allowed to change
+position this Mass okay so how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this Mass okay so how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this Mass okay so how would I
+describe that with cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that with cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that with cylindrical
+coordinates let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates let me
+uh so it's going to take a couple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's going to take a couple one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's going to take a couple one
+one would be a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view and so you see your vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and so you see your vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and so you see your vertical axis
+here going to have to have a bearing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to have to have a bearing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to have to have a bearing to
+hold it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arm here's the bug walking out the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm here's the bug walking out the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm here's the bug walking out the arm
+has some rotation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta dot this is the Za
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot this is the Za
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot this is the Za
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the position of this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position of this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the position of this point is
+described by an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector in the r hat Direction which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the r hat Direction which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the r hat Direction which I
+think is the unit vectors you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the unit vectors you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the unit vectors you're used to
+using and then this is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and then this is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and then this is the Z
+component in the K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the K hat
+Direction okay and this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here would be R of B with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be R of B with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be R of B with respect
+to what should I call it I'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and over here someplace I I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertial uh let's see I got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial uh let's see I got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial uh let's see I got to be
+careful here I want that to be Z then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here I want that to be Z then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here I want that to be Z then I
+have a y going out here x y z pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a y going out here x y z pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a y going out here x y z pointing
+upwards and my this fixed inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and my this fixed inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards and my this fixed inertial
+system the unit vectors here this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the unit vectors here this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the unit vectors here this would
+be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I
+hat J hat and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat J hat and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat J hat and K
+hat but these the this rotating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but these the this rotating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but these the this rotating system
+with its unit Vector little K and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its unit Vector little K and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its unit Vector little K and this
+Vector they're the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector they're the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector they're the same they're
+parallel but looking down on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but looking down on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but looking down on this this
+is my polar coordinate system now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my polar coordinate system now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my polar coordinate system now I'm
+going to look at my top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at my top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at my top
+view I will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view I will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view I will see a
+projection I I'll just see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection I I'll just see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection I I'll just see the
+r this is r r hat this is my point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is r r hat this is my point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r this is r r hat this is my point B
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay and I have a unit Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and I have a unit Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay and I have a unit Vector so
+the unit Vector R hat is some unit long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector R hat is some unit long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector R hat is some unit long
+pointing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in this
+direction and the unit Vector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the unit Vector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the unit Vector in this
+direction is Theta hat and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is Theta hat and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is Theta hat and it's
+perpendicular to that radius right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that radius right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that radius right so
+now I have my three unit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have my three unit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have my three unit vectors
+one pointing in the direction of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pointing in the direction of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pointing in the direction of R
+here's also my unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's also my unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's also my unit vector
+just just to make sure there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to make sure there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to make sure there's no
+confusion this unit Vector is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction K is in that direction Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction K is in that direction Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction K is in that direction Theta
+is in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and over here you still have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and over here you still have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and over here you still have your
+now here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's my
+uh x y z out of the board inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x y z out of the board inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x y z out of the board inertial frame
+and this you know in my inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you know in my inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you know in my inertial frame
+this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be
+RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB
+o right so in my inertial frame I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o right so in my inertial frame I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o right so in my inertial frame I want
+to know what's going on here I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on here I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on here I want to
+be able to calculate velocities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerations so the notation here gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations so the notation here gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations so the notation here gets
+can get a little confusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little confusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a little confusing the
+rbo notation that I've been using all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rbo notation that I've been using all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rbo notation that I've been using all
+along that's the motion that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that's the motion that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that's the motion that's the
+position Vector describing that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector describing that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector describing that point in
+my inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inertial
+frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and
+my just lowercase R here no scub scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my just lowercase R here no scub scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my just lowercase R here no scub scripts
+or anything that's just going to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything that's just going to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything that's just going to that's
+my polar coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my polar coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my polar coordinate
+R Theta and Z that happen to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Theta and Z that happen to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Theta and Z that happen to be in this
+case this is a rotating frame this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is a rotating frame this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is a rotating frame this is a
+rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating frame
+it's the Center of this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Center of this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Center of this coordinate
+systems at a but this thing rotates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at a but this thing rotates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at a but this thing rotates okay
+so this is a pretty simplified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty simplified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty simplified version
+of this General problem okay now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this General problem okay now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this General problem okay now it's
+it's because it's simplified you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's simplified you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's simplified you can
+actually uh it's a lot easier to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh it's a lot easier to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh it's a lot easier to use
+also has some real limitations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has some real limitations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has some real limitations you can
+only just Des there's limited things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just Des there's limited things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only just Des there's limited things
+that you can describe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start by describing velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start by describing velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start by describing velocities
+in cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this RBA is the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this RBA is the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this RBA is the length of this
+guy here and it's made up of RR hat ZK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to express the velocity we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to express the velocity we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to express the velocity we have to
+take a Time derivative of this RBA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Time derivative of this RBA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a Time derivative of this RBA and
+I'm going to express it in terms of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to express it in terms of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to express it in terms of R
+Theta and z and to get accelerations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and z and to get accelerations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and z and to get accelerations I
+have to take two time derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take two time derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take two time derivatives of
+this but this is going to be expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is going to be expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is going to be expressed
+in my cylindrical coordinates so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my cylindrical coordinates so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my cylindrical coordinates so this is
+where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+and lots of problems uh many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of problems uh many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of problems uh many many of
+these problems have fixed axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems have fixed axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems have fixed axis of
+rotations and this velocity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and this velocity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and this velocity and this
+acceleration are zero and you just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration are zero and you just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration are zero and you just drop
+it out we're going to I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out we're going to I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out we're going to I'm going to do
+that just to keep this uh make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to keep this uh make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to keep this uh make this
+problem a little simpler so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little simpler so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little simpler so we can just
+focus on these terms okay so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on these terms okay so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on these terms okay so let's just
+let the coordin the uh transl the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the coordin the uh transl the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the coordin the uh transl the there
+be no translation of this Frame and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no translation of this Frame and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no translation of this Frame and that
+says that v a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that v a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that v a with respect to
+O the acceleration of a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O the acceleration of a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O the acceleration of a with respect to
+o or zero so I want to just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o or zero so I want to just focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o or zero so I want to just focus on
+these terms I don't lose anything I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms I don't lose anything I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms I don't lose anything I put
+these back in later if I need them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back in later if I need them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back in later if I need them I
+just don't want to keep carrying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have my remember my side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view this is r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is r r
+hat ZK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat ZK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat ZK
+hat it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it's my
+point and my top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projection just looking down on it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection just looking down on it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection just looking down on it what
+I see is the length R and what I see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see is the length R and what I see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see is the length R and what I see in
+my unit Vector going that way R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my unit Vector going that way R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my unit Vector going that way R
+Direction and Theta hat Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and Theta hat Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and Theta hat Direction
+okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+x in the I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the I and
+Y with a J hat Vector looking down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y with a J hat Vector looking down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y with a J hat Vector looking down on
+it my rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my rotation
+rate Mega with respect to my inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Mega with respect to my inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate Mega with respect to my inertial
+frame is some Theta dot k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat all right so now let's find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat all right so now let's find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat all right so now let's find the
+velocity of B with respect to O well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of B with respect to O well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of B with respect to O well
+it's zero no translation plus and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero no translation plus and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero no translation plus and now I
+need a Time derivative of RB with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a Time derivative of RB with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a Time derivative of RB with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+a but so this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but so this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but so this is then
+RBA is r r hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA is r r hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA is r r hat
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+z k hat and I need the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k hat and I need the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k hat and I need the time derivative
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so I get an r dot R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get an r dot R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get an r dot R
+hat plus an r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an r r
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+dot plus a z do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus a z do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus a z do
+K right so this is the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right so this is the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right so this is the product of two
+things they're both time dependent so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're both time dependent so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they're both time dependent so I
+have to get get two pieces K does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get get two pieces K does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get get two pieces K does not
+change in Direction so it has no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Direction so it has no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Direction so it has no time
+derivative so I only have a z.k so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I only have a z.k so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I only have a z.k so this
+is the result of doing this but I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of doing this but I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the result of doing this but I now
+have to figure out what is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what is the time
+derivative of the unit Vector in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the unit Vector in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the unit Vector in the r
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when I told when I we worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I told when I we worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I told when I we worked out
+this formula the other day for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the other day for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the other day for the time
+derivative of a rotating Vector I most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating Vector I most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating Vector I most
+did it it was kind of an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it it was kind of an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it it was kind of an intuitive
+argument so on this one occasion I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so on this one occasion I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so on this one occasion I'm
+going to give you an example of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an example of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an example of actually
+figuring out what the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the derivative of this
+rotating Vector is and if you go read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Vector is and if you go read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating Vector is and if you go read
+that kinematics or uh handout then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinematics or uh handout then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinematics or uh handout then it
+does this in kind of full-blown form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this in kind of full-blown form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this in kind of full-blown form for
+uh in general so I'm just going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general so I'm just going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in general so I'm just going to do it
+as one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one example
+so here's our looking down on this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our looking down on this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our looking down on this the
+projection on the XY plane here's our R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection on the XY plane here's our R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection on the XY plane here's our R
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and here's this unit vector and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's this unit vector and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's this unit vector and it
+starts from I have a unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from I have a unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from I have a unit Vector
+starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from
+a it's unit it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's unit it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's unit it's one
+long and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and this is our
+hat and it's of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length right and it's in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and it's in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and it's in this particular
+direction now in a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now in a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now in a little bit of time
+delta T it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T it
+moves it moves to here so this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it moves to here so this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves it moves to here so this is Delta
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat and it it what direction does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move yeah moves in the moves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move yeah moves in the moves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move yeah moves in the moves in the
+Theta hat Direction okay and the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat Direction okay and the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat Direction okay and the amount
+that it moves is the rotation rate Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it moves is the rotation rate Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it moves is the rotation rate Theta
+dot delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot delta
+T all right so delt R hat if I solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right so delt R hat if I solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right so delt R hat if I solve for
+this delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta
+T and this is in the Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is in the Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is in the Theta hat
+direction is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is Theta
+dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so this is the
+limit as T delta T goes to zero you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as T delta T goes to zero you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as T delta T goes to zero you get
+the derivative of R hat with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of R hat with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of R hat with respect to
+time it's direction is in the Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's direction is in the Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's direction is in the Theta hat
+Direction and its magnitude is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and its magnitude is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and its magnitude is Theta
+dot so that's that's the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so that's that's the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so that's that's the time derivative
+of the unit Vector R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+y that work with unit how does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that work with unit how does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that work with unit how does it work
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+units uh what's left out of here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh what's left out of here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh what's left out of here is that
+uh this is unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is unit length
+and has Dimensions you know it's unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has Dimensions you know it's unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has Dimensions you know it's unit
+length one Whatever unit system you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one Whatever unit system you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one Whatever unit system you're
+working right so that is e implicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working right so that is e implicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working right so that is e implicitly in
+here it's one meter Theta Dot and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's one meter Theta Dot and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's one meter Theta Dot and that
+Theta dot the delta T the times Go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot the delta T the times Go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot the delta T the times Go away
+You're left with one meter times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're left with one meter times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're left with one meter times the
+magnitude of theta dot so the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of theta dot so the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of theta dot so the distance
+that actually moves is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually moves is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually moves is R
+Theta R Delta Theta Delta Theta is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R Delta Theta Delta Theta is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R Delta Theta Delta Theta is Theta
+delta T and the radius happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and the radius happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and the radius happens to be
+one right so whatever unit system you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so whatever unit system you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so whatever unit system you're
+working in it's a unit Vector has unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in it's a unit Vector has unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in it's a unit Vector has unit
+length it's so its units are buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's so its units are buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length it's so its units are buried
+right there good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there good
+question okay so now we now we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so now we now we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so now we now we know what
+this is so now we can come back finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so now we can come back finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so now we can come back finish
+our uh description of the velocity of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh description of the velocity of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh description of the velocity of B
+with respect to a then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a then is
+R do R hat plus Z do K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R do R hat plus Z do K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R do R hat plus Z do K
+hat plus Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+times so the r times the derivative of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the r times the derivative of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the r times the derivative of R
+of uh the unit Vector R which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the unit Vector R which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the unit Vector R which we just
+figured out is Theta do theta Hat Time r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out is Theta do theta Hat Time r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out is Theta do theta Hat Time r
+r Theta dot Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta dot Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta dot Theta hat
+so that's my velocity of B with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my velocity of B with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my velocity of B with respect
+to a my velocity of B with respect to O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a my velocity of B with respect to O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a my velocity of B with respect to O
+all you have to add in is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to add in is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to add in is the velocity
+of a with respect to O which we've let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with respect to O which we've let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with respect to O which we've let
+be zero for now so for the moment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for now so for the moment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for now so for the moment this
+is also V with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also V with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also V with respect to
+O but this is the general piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O but this is the general piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O but this is the general piece of the
+velocity of B with respect to a in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of B with respect to a in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of B with respect to a in polar
+cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates now we could have uh so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now we could have uh so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now we could have uh so I've
+actually worked it out just shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked it out just shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked it out just shown you
+just draw the picture and figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw the picture and figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw the picture and figured out
+the derivative we could have used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative we could have used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative we could have used that
+magic formula right the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic formula right the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic formula right the formula for the
+derivative of a vector in a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame so the I'll just do that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so the I'll just do that quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so the I'll just do that quickly
+to remind you how we could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you how we could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you how we could have done
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+O frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O frame
+right is the partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the partial derivative of
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBA with respect to time as seen in the
+rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating
+frame plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame plus
+Omega cross RBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross RBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cross RBA
+a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the derivative of this RBA as seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of this RBA as seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of this RBA as seen
+from inside of the RO rotating frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside of the RO rotating frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inside of the RO rotating frame is
+just the change in length this is RBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the change in length this is RBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the change in length this is RBA
+here from the side it's the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the side it's the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the side it's the change in
+length of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of that
+Vector the derivative the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the derivative the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the derivative the time
+derivative of it it's the vector sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of it it's the vector sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of it it's the vector sum of
+the r dot plus Z dot so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r dot plus Z dot so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r dot plus Z dot so this
+piece comes from is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece comes from is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece comes from is this and
+this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this
+piece should this one here it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece should this one here it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece should this one here it better be
+this well this is let's figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is let's figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is let's figure it out
+this is Omega in the K hat Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega in the K hat Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega in the K hat Direction
+cross and RBA is r r hat plus z k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and RBA is r r hat plus z k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and RBA is r r hat plus z k
+hat K cross K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat K cross K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat K cross K
+is zero K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crossr Theta half K cross r k Hat Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossr Theta half K cross r k Hat Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossr Theta half K cross r k Hat Cross
+R hat is Theta hat positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R hat is Theta hat positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R hat is Theta hat positive
+right R Omega Theta hat same thing as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right R Omega Theta hat same thing as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right R Omega Theta hat same thing as R
+Theta do theta hat so we could have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do theta hat so we could have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta do theta hat so we could have just
+applied this formula for the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied this formula for the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied this formula for the derivative
+of a rotating vector and we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rotating vector and we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rotating vector and we would have
+gotten the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay just ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a quick little exercise you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a quick little exercise you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a quick little exercise you can do
+on your own is we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own is we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own is we're going to need the
+be able to calculate the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the derivative of
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+hat well just plug it in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat well just plug it in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat well just plug it in that little
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and the first term you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the first term you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the first term you'll find
+out the derivative of the of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat the length doesn't change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the length doesn't change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the length doesn't change in time
+it's a unit Vector so you only have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unit Vector so you only have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unit Vector so you only have the
+second piece so it's some omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece so it's some omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece so it's some omega
+cross Theta you're going to get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Theta you're going to get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross Theta you're going to get minus
+theta. r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat so I really want to get here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so I really want to get here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so I really want to get here the
+acceleration of B and O that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B and O that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of B and O that's the real
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the single piece we really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single piece we really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single piece we really need to
+finish the kinematics so we can do most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the kinematics so we can do most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the kinematics so we can do most
+any problems we got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems we got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems we got to be able to
+describe the acceleration of a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the acceleration of a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the acceleration of a point in
+translating rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating rotating
+frame and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and that's going to be the
+acceleration of a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a with respect to
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+plus a Time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a Time derivative
+of the velocity of B with respect to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity of B with respect to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity of B with respect to oh
+we've calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've calculated the
+velocity we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we need to be able to
+essentially carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially carry out this
+derivative two time derivatives of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative two time derivatives of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative two time derivatives of the r
+ba or a single time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba or a single time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba or a single time derivative of
+vva well we just computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Velocity in this R this rotating frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity in this R this rotating frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity in this R this rotating frame
+and this is our final expression so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our final expression so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our final expression so we
+need to compute the time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute the time derivative of
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+just so it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so it's going to look like
+R do R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat plus over here a term R Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus over here a term R Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus over here a term R Theta dot
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pardon me for doing this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pardon me for doing this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pardon me for doing this I think
+it'll end be cleaner in the end I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll end be cleaner in the end I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll end be cleaner in the end I'm
+going to start with my z.k keep it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with my z.k keep it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with my z.k keep it over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+plus r do R hat plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and this is going to take up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is going to take up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is going to take up a lot
+of room spread out this way and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so let's just I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so let's just I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so let's just I'm going to write
+down how where this comes out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how where this comes out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how where this comes out this is
+just a little tedious but then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little tedious but then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little tedious but then you'll
+have seen it once hopefully believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it once hopefully believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it once hopefully believe that
+it uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+okay so these terms this first term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these terms this first term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these terms this first term here
+just gives you Z double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you Z double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you Z double
+dot so let's write her down so this is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so let's write her down so this is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot so let's write her down so this is z
+double dot k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot k
+Hat Time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat Time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat Time derivative of
+this plus an R double dot R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus an R double dot R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus an R double dot R
+hat but now I have to take do it flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but now I have to take do it flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but now I have to take do it flip it
+and do the other side of it so I I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this term leads to This this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term leads to This this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term leads to This this
+term brings you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term brings you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term brings you to
+here this term you get an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot time Theta do theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat plus an r and now you need to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an r and now you need to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an r and now you need to take a
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+of theta dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta dot Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta dot Theta
+hat so that's going to expand so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so that's going to expand so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so that's going to expand so this
+brings you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now we we've done this derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we we've done this derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we we've done this derivative so
+we can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put it
+in so that this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right this term over here so let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term over here so let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term over here so let's keep
+adding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up notice this gives me an R do theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up notice this gives me an R do theta do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up notice this gives me an R do theta do
+theta hat this gives me an R do theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat this gives me an R do theta do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat this gives me an R do theta do
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+hat okay two two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms now this term gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now this term gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms now this term gives me an
+R Theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Theta double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Theta double
+dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Theta
+hat and now this now we need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now this now we need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now this now we need to take the
+derivative of theta hat and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta hat and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta hat and that gives
+you minus theta. r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minus theta. r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minus theta. r
+hat so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so you get a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+but multiplied by Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but multiplied by Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but multiplied by Theta
+dot again squared r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot again squared r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot again squared r
+hat so I think we're about there we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so I think we're about there we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so I think we're about there we're
+going to start collecting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+2 r dot Theta dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat plus an R Theta double dot Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an R Theta double dot Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus an R Theta double dot Theta
+hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus
+r Theta do SAR R hat so these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta do SAR R hat so these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theta do SAR R hat so these things
+these derivatives just all kind of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives just all kind of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivatives just all kind of flow
+down and led to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms but now if we compare that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but now if we compare that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but now if we compare that we got
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two 3 four five I Clump these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 four five I Clump these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 four five I Clump these together
+this is the change in length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change in length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change in length of
+the r Vector the stretch in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r Vector the stretch in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r Vector the stretch in the
+position has a z component and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has a z component and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has a z component and R
+component this is the movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this is the movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this is the movement of the
+coordinate system if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system if it
+moves this is the cholis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves this is the cholis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves this is the cholis
+term this is the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is the oiler
+acceleration and this is the centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and this is the centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and this is the centripetal
+acceleration so this is the what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is the what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so this is the what happens
+when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start
+with that messy Vector thing and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that messy Vector thing and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that messy Vector thing and apply
+it restrict it to a cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it restrict it to a cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it restrict it to a cylindrical
+coordinate problem which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate problem which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate problem which is basically
+planer planer motion but you allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer planer motion but you allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer planer motion but you allow some
+some things in the Z Direction only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things in the Z Direction only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things in the Z Direction only so
+the polar coordinates is a more limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar coordinates is a more limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar coordinates is a more limited
+form of that but it's every term comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that but it's every term comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of that but it's every term comes
+back you every term is still in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you every term is still in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you every term is still in it
+so move acceleration of the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so move acceleration of the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so move acceleration of the moving
+coordinate system change of length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system change of length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system change of length of
+the position Vector in the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector in the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position Vector in the moving
+coordinate system the cholis term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the cholis term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the cholis term the
+oiler acceleration term that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler acceleration term that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler acceleration term that angular
+acceleration speed up and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration speed up and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration speed up and finally the
+centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal
+term now the way you go about solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now the way you go about solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now the way you go about solving
+problems using doing problems in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems using doing problems in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems using doing problems in polar
+coordinance so now you're asked to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinance so now you're asked to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinance so now you're asked to find
+an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of
+motion this is an expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is an expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is an expression for the
+acceleration of whatever it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of whatever it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of whatever it is you're
+trying to describe in an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe in an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to describe in an inertial
+frame so that when you say you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that when you say you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so that when you say you can now
+say f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f equals
+ma but if you know the sometimes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma but if you know the sometimes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma but if you know the sometimes you're
+given the forces in problems and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the forces in problems and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the forces in problems and you're
+asked to find the Accel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find the Accel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find the Accel the
+accelerations right but what if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations right but what if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations right but what if you're
+given the acceleration and you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the acceleration and you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the acceleration and you're asked
+to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the
+force all right I give you the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force all right I give you the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force all right I give you the simplest
+problem of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind what's the tension in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what's the tension in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind what's the tension in the
+string well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string well if I
+know that so I just say we the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that so I just say we the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that so I just say we the way you
+do these problems is how many things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these problems is how many things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these problems is how many things can
+you eliminate well I wasn't moving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate well I wasn't moving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate well I wasn't moving this
+term goes away that's zero Z wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term goes away that's zero Z wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term goes away that's zero Z wasn't
+involved it's not changing it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it's not changing it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it's not changing it just
+constant angular rotation that term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant angular rotation that term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant angular rotation that term is
+zero uh what's the change in length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what's the change in length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what's the change in length of
+the string while I was doing it no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string while I was doing it no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string while I was doing it no that
+term zero this getting easier all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term zero this getting easier all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term zero this getting easier all the
+time how far how fast was the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how far how fast was the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how far how fast was the length
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+longer that that term's gone away was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that that term's gone away was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that that term's gone away was I
+speeding up or slowing down or constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down or constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up or slowing down or constant
+speed well say it's constant speed oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed well say it's constant speed oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed well say it's constant speed oh
+this problema getting easier all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problema getting easier all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problema getting easier all the
+time I'm down to one term f equals Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus r Theta do 2ar R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r Theta do 2ar R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r Theta do 2ar R
+hat so the force that I must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so the force that I must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so the force that I must have been
+applying to the string was in the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to the string was in the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to the string was in the minus
+r hat Direction and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r hat Direction and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r hat Direction and had
+magnitude Mr Omega squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude Mr Omega squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude Mr Omega squ
+okay so that's actually that's all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually that's all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually that's all there
+is to of using polar coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to of using polar coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to of using polar coordinates and
+cylindrical coordinates to do Second Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates to do Second Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates to do Second Law
+problems so there's a couple of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so there's a couple of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so there's a couple of problems
+that you're going doing these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going doing these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going doing these kind of
+things on the homework set that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the homework set that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the homework set that's being
+put out today so uh give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out today so uh give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out today so uh give them a
+try have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try have a good
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dhMAf7qhVLY.txt b/dhMAf7qhVLY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02bb54b33d6a6baef80cd456904469a351e8d257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dhMAf7qhVLY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+from your class exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your class exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your class exercise
+about restriction endonucleases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about restriction endonucleases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about restriction endonucleases you
+should now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now
+be able to manipulate a piece of dna to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to manipulate a piece of dna to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to manipulate a piece of dna to
+reveal blunt ends or sticky ends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal blunt ends or sticky ends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal blunt ends or sticky ends you
+should know whether or not it's a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know whether or not it's a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know whether or not it's a five
+prime overhang or a three prime overhang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime overhang or a three prime overhang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime overhang or a three prime overhang
+and this will set us up for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will set us up for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will set us up for the next
+topic i want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic i want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic i want to discuss
+which is the question of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of the vector
+and ligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's set the stage for this topic by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set the stage for this topic by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set the stage for this topic by
+looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back
+at the overall view that i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall view that i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall view that i gave you
+on cloning and using a gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cloning and using a gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cloning and using a gene of interest
+we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+cutting the dna now and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the dna now and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the dna now and we haven't
+talked about how you exactly isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how you exactly isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how you exactly isolate
+your gene of interest but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest but we'll
+not worry about that for the moment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about that for the moment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about that for the moment what
+we need to talk about now is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about now is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about now is the next
+step how you're going to put your gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step how you're going to put your gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step how you're going to put your gene
+of interest into some kind of carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest into some kind of carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest into some kind of carrier
+dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecule
+that will allow it to replicate to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow it to replicate to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow it to replicate to high
+copy number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy number
+and the reason that this can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that this can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that this can occur
+is because of these things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of these things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of these things called
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+a vector is really a virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector is really a virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector is really a virus
+that grows in bacteria it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows in bacteria it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows in bacteria it may be
+pathogenic or it may be harmless to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogenic or it may be harmless to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogenic or it may be harmless to the
+bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+the vector is made of dna and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is made of dna and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is made of dna and it is
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+circular in which case it is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular in which case it is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular in which case it is called
+got a special name which is a plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a special name which is a plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a special name which is a plasmid
+the trick about plasmids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick about plasmids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick about plasmids and
+any vector is that they have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector is that they have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector is that they have something
+called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+origin of replication this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of replication this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of replication this is
+abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated
+ory and this origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ory and this origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ory and this origin
+in the vector we'll write it out is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vector we'll write it out is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vector we'll write it out is an
+origin of replication and this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of replication and this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of replication and this refers to
+dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication
+the origin is a particular sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin is a particular sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin is a particular sequence in
+the plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid
+that tells dna replication to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells dna replication to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells dna replication to begin
+it is a start site for dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a start site for dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a start site for dna synthesis
+in fact it's not just plasmids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's not just plasmids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's not just plasmids and
+vectors that have got origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that have got origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that have got origins of
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+our own chromosomes do too i just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own chromosomes do too i just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own chromosomes do too i just didn't
+tell you about them when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about them when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about them when we were talking
+about dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dna synthesis
+but now you've heard of them you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you've heard of them you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you've heard of them you can add
+that to your compendium of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your compendium of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to your compendium of knowledge
+about dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dna synthesis
+in general this origin of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this origin of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this origin of replication
+allows the plasmid to replicate within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the plasmid to replicate within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the plasmid to replicate within
+the bacterial host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterial host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterial host
+cell to very high copy number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to very high copy number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to very high copy number
+10 000 copies or more and because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 copies or more and because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 copies or more and because you
+can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow
+billions and billions of bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions and billions of bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions and billions of bacteria
+without too much difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without too much difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without too much difficulty
+you can land up with very large amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can land up with very large amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can land up with very large amounts
+of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna
+grams even kilograms of dna from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams even kilograms of dna from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams even kilograms of dna from
+the right amount of bacteria that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount of bacteria that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right amount of bacteria that are
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+the viral vector okay so the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral vector okay so the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral vector okay so the origin of
+replication allows the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication allows the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication allows the vector
+to replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate
+to something like 10 000 copies per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like 10 000 copies per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like 10 000 copies per cell
+and that will give you lots of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give you lots of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give you lots of dna
+there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one
+other property that vectors usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other property that vectors usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other property that vectors usually have
+and that is called a selectable marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called a selectable marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called a selectable marker
+or two selectable markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two selectable markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two selectable markers
+and i'll tell you what they are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you what they are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you what they are in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+but let's just put down that vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just put down that vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just put down that vectors
+also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have
+a selectable marker there's our vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a selectable marker there's our vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a selectable marker there's our vector
+what we have to do now is to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do now is to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do now is to insert
+the gene of interest into the vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene of interest into the vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene of interest into the vector we
+have to do a pasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a pasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a pasting
+and we paste the gene of interest into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we paste the gene of interest into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we paste the gene of interest into
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+using a particular enzyme called dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a particular enzyme called dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a particular enzyme called dna
+ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase
+our gene of interest is pasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gene of interest is pasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gene of interest is pasted
+or covalently bonded through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or covalently bonded through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or covalently bonded through
+phosphodiester bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bonds
+that join up the nucleic acid polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that join up the nucleic acid polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that join up the nucleic acid polymer
+is pasted or covalently bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pasted or covalently bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pasted or covalently bonded
+into the vector using an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the vector using an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the vector using an enzyme
+called dna ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dna ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dna ligase
+and just a little note you heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little note you heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little note you heard about
+restriction endonuclease and dna ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonuclease and dna ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonuclease and dna ligase
+if you hear about a molecule that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear about a molecule that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear about a molecule that's got
+the a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a's
+at the end it's usually an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end it's usually an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end it's usually an enzyme
+what is this dna ligase it will join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this dna ligase it will join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this dna ligase it will join
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+any two compatible dna ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two compatible dna ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two compatible dna ends
+okay what does that mean so ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean so ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean so ligase
+joins two compatible dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins two compatible dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins two compatible dna
+ends and now you have to think back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and now you have to think back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and now you have to think back
+to the restriction endonuclease ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the restriction endonuclease ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the restriction endonuclease ends
+any two blunt ends can be joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two blunt ends can be joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two blunt ends can be joined
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+because there's bluntness there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's bluntness there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's bluntness there there's
+no kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kind of
+nucleic acid hybridization involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid hybridization involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid hybridization involved
+any two blunt ends restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two blunt ends restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two blunt ends restriction
+enzyme endonuclease ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme endonuclease ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme endonuclease ends
+can ligate but the same thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ligate but the same thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ligate but the same thing is not
+true of sticky ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of sticky ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of sticky ends
+there you've got the single stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you've got the single stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you've got the single stranded
+bits sticking out that's why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits sticking out that's why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits sticking out that's why they're
+sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky
+and in order to get sticky ends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to get sticky ends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to get sticky ends to
+ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligate
+those sticky single stranded bits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sticky single stranded bits have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sticky single stranded bits have
+to base pair with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base pair with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base pair with one another
+if they can base pair exactly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can base pair exactly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can base pair exactly then
+ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase
+will join them together and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will join them together and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will join them together and make a
+covalently closed molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently closed molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently closed molecule
+so two complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two complementary
+or ends that can base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ends that can base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ends that can base pair
+those complementary ends can ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complementary ends can ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complementary ends can ligate
+after ligation of restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after ligation of restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after ligation of restriction
+endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease
+cut dna you may or may not regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut dna you may or may not regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut dna you may or may not regenerate
+a restriction and endonuclease site okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction and endonuclease site okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction and endonuclease site okay
+that's not part of the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of the deal
+so you may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may or may not
+regenerate a restriction endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate a restriction endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate a restriction endonuclease
+site let's look at a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site let's look at a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site let's look at a couple of slides
+so that you can see what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here firstly is your basic plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here firstly is your basic plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here firstly is your basic plasmid
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+this one called pbr 322 was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one called pbr 322 was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one called pbr 322 was one of the
+very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first
+that was used in genetic engineering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in genetic engineering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in genetic engineering you
+can see a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a region
+called ori that is the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ori that is the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ori that is the origin of
+replication and it's where dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and it's where dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and it's where dna
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+starts both the vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts both the vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts both the vector and the
+gene of interest that you insert in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest that you insert in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest that you insert in it
+will be replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be replicated
+starting at this origin of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this origin of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at this origin of replication
+and then there are these selectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are these selectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are these selectable
+markers that we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers that we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers that we mentioned
+that are here listed amp and tet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here listed amp and tet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here listed amp and tet
+now let's look at some compatible ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at some compatible ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at some compatible ends
+any blunt ends can ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any blunt ends can ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any blunt ends can ligate
+i just made up two in the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just made up two in the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just made up two in the top of the
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+one of them is half of an sma1 site but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is half of an sma1 site but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is half of an sma1 site but
+the other one is a different site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is a different site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is a different site
+but they can ligate just fine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can ligate just fine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can ligate just fine because
+all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need
+are three prime and five prime ends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three prime and five prime ends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three prime and five prime ends to
+join together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join together
+you need the three prime hydroxyl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the three prime hydroxyl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the three prime hydroxyl and
+the five prime phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five prime phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five prime phosphate
+and then ligase can come along and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ligase can come along and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ligase can come along and it
+can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+a phosphodiester bond between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphodiester bond between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphodiester bond between those two
+molecules and join them back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and join them back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and join them back together
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+any complementary sticky ends can ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any complementary sticky ends can ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any complementary sticky ends can ligate
+so complementary means that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complementary means that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complementary means that they can
+base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair
+so for example in the example of the eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in the example of the eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in the example of the eco
+r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1
+site you can see that if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you can see that if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you can see that if you take two
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+eco r1 sites and put them back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 sites and put them back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 sites and put them back together
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+that they will be able to ligate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will be able to ligate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will be able to ligate and
+regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+a covalently closed dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covalently closed dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covalently closed dna molecule
+and regenerate an eco r1 site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate an eco r1 site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regenerate an eco r1 site
+okay the base pairing is exact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the base pairing is exact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the base pairing is exact there
+the aat on this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aat on this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aat on this molecule
+will base pair with the tta on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will base pair with the tta on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will base pair with the tta on that
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and you will get out the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get out the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get out the perfect
+covalently closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently closed
+dna on the bottom of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna on the bottom of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna on the bottom of the slide
+you'll see that there are two compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there are two compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there are two compatible
+ends there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends there
+they've again got the aat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've again got the aat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've again got the aat
+ttaa base pairing that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttaa base pairing that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttaa base pairing that can
+make a closed dna molecule that ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a closed dna molecule that ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a closed dna molecule that ligase
+can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with
+but in fact the outcome is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the outcome is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the outcome is not a
+restriction site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction site
+it's not an eco r1 site there's a a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an eco r1 site there's a a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an eco r1 site there's a a t
+on the five prime end on off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the five prime end on off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the five prime end on off the top
+strand and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and then the
+three prime end of the bottom strand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime end of the bottom strand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime end of the bottom strand and
+that doesn't give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't give your
+an eco r1 sight okay so that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eco r1 sight okay so that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eco r1 sight okay so that's some
+detail about compatible ends and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about compatible ends and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about compatible ends and you
+will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need
+to be able to work with those in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to work with those in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to work with those in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+figure out whether or not your gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not your gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether or not your gene of
+interest can ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest can ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest can ligate
+into your vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your vector
+let's complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's complete the
+process of thinking about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of thinking about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of thinking about now
+how to get the gene of interest into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get the gene of interest into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get the gene of interest into the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+okay and the way it goes is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way it goes is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way it goes is that you
+have to get your vector ready to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get your vector ready to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get your vector ready to receive
+your gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest
+usually you cut your vector with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you cut your vector with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you cut your vector with the
+same restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same restriction
+enzyme or enzymes that you've cut your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme or enzymes that you've cut your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme or enzymes that you've cut your
+gene of interest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest with
+and then the ends can go together in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the ends can go together in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the ends can go together in a
+matching way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching way
+and you'll get a covalently closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a covalently closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a covalently closed
+recombinant dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna molecule
+that has got both your vector and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has got both your vector and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has got both your vector and your
+gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest
+so you're going to prepare the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to prepare the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to prepare the vector
+and you'll cut it with a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll cut it with a restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll cut it with a restriction
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+restriction enzymes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes the same
+as will use to cut the gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as will use to cut the gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as will use to cut the gene of interest
+you then mix together your cut vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then mix together your cut vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then mix together your cut vector
+and your cut gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cut gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your cut gene of interest
+and they should have at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should have at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should have at this point
+compatible ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible ends
+that is your job as a genetic engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your job as a genetic engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your job as a genetic engineer
+to make sure that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that that's true
+you add dna ligase to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add dna ligase to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add dna ligase to get
+bonding and a single vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and a single vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and a single vector
+gene of interest molecule and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest molecule and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest molecule and then you
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+the mix you're usually at the millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix you're usually at the millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix you're usually at the millions
+and millions of molecules that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of molecules that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of molecules that you're
+doing this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this with
+you take the whole mix and you insert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the whole mix and you insert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the whole mix and you insert it
+into the host bacterium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host bacterium okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host bacterium okay
+you insert and the correct term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insert and the correct term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insert and the correct term is
+transform you insert or transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you insert or transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you insert or transform the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+mix into host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix into host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix into host
+bacteria and these are the bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and these are the bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and these are the bacteria that
+that vector likes to grow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector likes to grow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector likes to grow it
+and the last step in this then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last step in this then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last step in this then is that
+not all the bacteria are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the bacteria are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the bacteria are going to get
+one of these molecules these recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these molecules these recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these molecules these recombinant
+dna molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecules
+inserted into them in fact most won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into them in fact most won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into them in fact most won't
+it's only a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a tiny
+fraction of a percentage that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a percentage that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a percentage that are going
+to get a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a molecule
+of vector plus gene of interest inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector plus gene of interest inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector plus gene of interest inserted
+so you want to get rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to get rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to get rid of all the
+bacteria that don't have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that don't have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that don't have your
+recombinant clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant clone
+and this is where this selectable marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this selectable marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this selectable marker
+we mentioned comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned comes in
+you select for bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select for bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select for bacteria
+that have got the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have got the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have got the vector
+gene of interest construct and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest construct and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest construct and usually
+the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection
+is with a particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a particular type of
+chemical that is an antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical that is an antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical that is an antibiotic
+and so you put an antibiotic resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you put an antibiotic resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you put an antibiotic resistance
+gene into the plasmid and that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene into the plasmid and that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene into the plasmid and that allows
+the bacteria that have got the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria that have got the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria that have got the vector
+plus the gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the gene of interest
+to grow in the presence of antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in the presence of antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow in the presence of antibiotics
+but don't worry about that for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't worry about that for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't worry about that for now
+but you select for bacteria and the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you select for bacteria and the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you select for bacteria and the gene
+of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest
+and then this allows the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this allows the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this allows the vector
+goi to specifically grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goi to specifically grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goi to specifically grow
+in the bacteria and you can then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacteria and you can then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacteria and you can then go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+and isolate and use the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isolate and use the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isolate and use the dna
+from this growth mix i've drawn this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this growth mix i've drawn this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this growth mix i've drawn this for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+in this next slide where you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this next slide where you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this next slide where you can see a
+gene of interest is cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest is cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest is cut
+the plasma vector with its origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma vector with its origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma vector with its origin of
+replication is cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication is cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication is cut
+the two dnas are ligated they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dnas are ligated they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dnas are ligated they've got
+compatible ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible ends
+and you can actually get three outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually get three outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually get three outcomes
+of this ligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ligation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ligation
+you might get your gene of interest just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get your gene of interest just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get your gene of interest just
+circularizing that's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularizing that's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularizing that's not going to be
+very productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive
+those will dnas will just disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will dnas will just disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will dnas will just disappear
+later in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the process
+you might get the vector only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get the vector only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get the vector only that
+ligates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligates
+that's can be a bit of a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's can be a bit of a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's can be a bit of a problem and
+there are ways you can get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways you can get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways you can get rid of those
+and then you might get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might get the correct
+construct which is your gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct which is your gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct which is your gene of interest
+plus the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the vector
+and that's what you want you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you want you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you want you take that
+ligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligation
+mix and transform bacteria with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and transform bacteria with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and transform bacteria with it and
+grow as we said a lot of the recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as we said a lot of the recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as we said a lot of the recombinant
+clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone
+the selectable marker comes in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectable marker comes in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectable marker comes in because
+you can grow your transformance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grow your transformance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grow your transformance
+the vector or the vector plus gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector or the vector plus gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector or the vector plus gene of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+on in this case ampicillin which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this case ampicillin which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this case ampicillin which is an
+antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic
+normally ampicillin will stop bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally ampicillin will stop bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally ampicillin will stop bacteria
+from growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from growing
+that's why if you get a bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you get a bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you get a bacterial
+infection antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection antibiotics
+are the things that you take to treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you take to treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you take to treat it
+you can use that you can ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that you can ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that you can ex
+the bacteria we got antibiotics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria we got antibiotics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria we got antibiotics from
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+and now we can use them in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can use them in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can use them in molecular
+cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning
+okay so here there is an ampicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here there is an ampicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here there is an ampicillin
+resistance gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance gene
+also on the plasmid vector if you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the plasmid vector if you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the plasmid vector if you grow
+the bacteria in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria in the presence of
+ampicillin only the bacteria that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampicillin only the bacteria that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampicillin only the bacteria that took
+up the vector with ampicillin resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the vector with ampicillin resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the vector with ampicillin resistance
+will be able to grow okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to grow okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to grow okay so that's a
+way to get rid of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get rid of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get rid of all the other
+non-transformed bacterial clones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transformed bacterial clones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transformed bacterial clones
+good you've got a lot of information now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you've got a lot of information now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you've got a lot of information now
+about how you put together vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you put together vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you put together vectors
+and inserts or genes of interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inserts or genes of interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inserts or genes of interest and
+part of it is the notion of compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is the notion of compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is the notion of compatible
+ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+so i want you to do some practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to do some practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to do some practice in
+this class exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class exercise
+and see if you are able to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you are able to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you are able to use the
+concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+in a practical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e3FfmXtkppM.txt b/e3FfmXtkppM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8621dda81ec3fd732f9c31fa6a5b4a4a969c3af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e3FfmXtkppM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2103 @@
+As a matter of fact,
+it plots them very accurately.
+
+But it is something you also
+need to learn to do yourself,
+
+as you will see when we study
+nonlinear equations.
+
+It is a skill.
+And since a couple of important
+
+mathematical ideas are involved
+in it, I think it is a very good
+
+thing to spend just a little
+time on, one lecture in fact,
+
+plus a little more on the
+problem set that I will give
+
+out.
+The last problem set that I
+
+will give out on Friday.
+I thought it might be a little
+
+more fun to, again,
+have a simple-minded model.
+
+No romance this time.
+We are going to have a little
+
+model of war,
+but I have made it sort of
+
+sublimated war.
+Let's take as the system,
+
+I am going to let two of those
+be parameters,
+
+you know, be variable,
+in other words.
+
+And the other two I will keep
+fixed, so that you can
+
+concentrate on them better.
+I will take a and d to be
+
+negative 1 and negative 3.
+And the other ones we will
+
+leave open, so let's call this
+one b times y,
+
+and this other one will be c
+times x.
+
+I am going to model this as a
+fight between two states,
+
+both of which are trying to
+attract tourists.
+
+Let's say this is Massachusetts
+and this will be New Hampshire,
+
+its enemy to the North.
+Both are busy advertising these
+
+days on television.
+People are making their summer
+
+plans.
+Come to New Hampshire,
+
+you know, New Hampshire has
+mountains and Massachusetts has
+
+quaint little fishing villages
+and stuff like that.
+
+So what are these numbers?
+Well, first of all,
+
+what do x and y represent?
+x and y basically are the
+
+advertising budgets for tourism,
+you know, the amount each state
+
+plans to spend during the year.
+However, I do not want zero
+
+value to mean they are not
+spending anything.
+
+It represents departure from
+the normal equilibrium.
+
+x and y represent departures --
+
+-- from the normal amount of
+money they spend advertising for
+
+tourists.
+The normal tourist advertising
+
+budget.
+
+If they are both zero,
+it means that both states are
+
+spending what they normally
+spend in that year.
+
+If x is positive,
+it means that Massachusetts has
+
+decided to spend more in the
+hope of attracting more tourists
+
+and if negative spending less.
+What is the significance of
+
+these two coefficients?
+Those are the normal things
+
+which return you to equilibrium.
+In other words,
+
+if x gets bigger than normal,
+if Massachusetts spends more
+
+there is a certain poll to spend
+less because we are wasting all
+
+this money on the tourists that
+are not going to come when we
+
+could be spending it on
+education or something like
+
+that.
+If x gets to be negative,
+
+the governor tries to spend
+less.
+
+Then all the local city Chamber
+of Commerce rise up and start
+
+screaming that our economy is
+going to go bankrupt because we
+
+won't get enough tourists and
+that is because you are not
+
+spending enough money.
+There is a push to always
+
+return it to the normal,
+and that is what this negative
+
+sign means.
+The same thing for New
+
+Hampshire.
+What does it mean that this is
+
+negative three and that is
+negative one?
+
+It just means that the Chamber
+of Commerce yells three times as
+
+loudly in New Hampshire.
+It is more sensitive,
+
+in other words,
+to changes in the budget.
+
+Now, how about the other?
+Well, these represent the
+
+war-like features of the
+situation.
+
+Normally these will be positive
+numbers.
+
+Because when Massachusetts sees
+that New Hampshire has budgeted
+
+this year more than its normal
+amount, the natural instinct is
+
+we are fighting.
+This is war.
+
+This is a positive number.
+We have to budget more,
+
+too.
+And the same thing for New
+
+Hampshire.
+The size of these coefficients
+
+gives you the magnitude of the
+reaction.
+
+If they are small Massachusetts
+say, well, they are spending
+
+more but we don't have to follow
+them.
+
+We will bucket a little bit.
+If it is a big number then oh,
+
+my God, heads will roll.
+We have to triple them and put
+
+them out of business.
+This is a model,
+
+in fact, for all sorts of
+competition.
+
+It was used for many years to
+model in simper times armaments
+
+races between countries.
+It is certainly a simple-minded
+
+model for any two companies in
+competition with each other if
+
+certain conditions are met.
+Well, what I would like to do
+
+now is try different values of
+those numbers.
+
+And, in each case,
+show you how to sketch the
+
+solutions at different cases.
+And then, for each different
+
+case, we will try to interpret
+if it makes sense or not.
+
+My first set of numbers is,
+the first case is --
+
+-- x prime equals negative x
+plus 2y.
+
+And y prime equals,
+this is going to be zero,
+
+so it is simply minus 
+3 times y.
+
+Now, what does this mean?
+Well, this means that
+
+Massachusetts is behaving
+normally, but New Hampshire is a
+
+very placid state,
+and the governor is busy doing
+
+other things.
+And people say Massachusetts is
+
+spending more this year,
+and the Governor says,
+
+so what.
+The zero is the so what factor.
+
+In other words,
+we are not going to respond to
+
+them.
+We will do our own thing.
+
+What is the result of this?
+Is Massachusetts going to win
+
+out?
+What is going to be the
+
+ultimate effect on the budget?
+Well, what we have to do is,
+
+so the program is first let's
+quickly solve the equations
+
+using a standard technique.
+I am just going to make marks
+
+on the board and trust to the
+fact that you have done enough
+
+of this yourself by now that you
+know what the marks mean.
+
+I am not going to label what
+everything is.
+
+I am just going to trust to
+luck.
+
+The matrix A is negative 1,
+2, 0, negative 3.
+
+The characteristic equation,
+
+the second coefficient is the
+trace, which is minus 4,
+
+but you have to change its
+sign, so that makes it plus 4.
+
+And the constant term is the
+determinant, which is 3 minus 0,
+
+so that is plus 3 equals zero.
+This factors into lambda plus 3
+
+times lambda plus one.
+And it means the roots
+
+therefore are,
+one root is lambda equals
+
+negative 3 and the other root is
+lambda equals negative 1.
+
+These are the eigenvalues.
+With each eigenvalue goes an
+
+eigenvector.
+The eigenvector is found by
+
+solving an equation for the
+coefficients of the eigenvector,
+
+the components of the
+eigenvector.
+
+Here I used negative 1 minus
+negative 3, which makes 2.
+
+The first equation is 2a1 plus
+2a2 is equal to zero.
+
+The second one will be,
+in fact, in this case simply
+
+0a1 plus 0a2 so it won't give me
+any information at all.
+
+That is not what usually
+happens, but it is what happens
+
+in this case.
+What is the solution?
+
+The solution is the vector
+alpha equals,
+
+well, 1, negative 1
+would be a good thing to
+
+use.
+That is the eigenvector,
+
+so this is the e-vector.
+How about lambda equals
+
+negative 1?
+Let's give it a little more
+
+room.
+If lambda is negative 1 then
+
+here I put negative 1 minus
+negative 1.
+
+That makes zero.
+I will write in the zero
+
+because this is confusing.
+It is zero times a1.
+
+And the next coefficient is 2
+a2, is zero.
+
+People sometimes go bananas
+over this, in spite of the fact
+
+that this is the easiest
+possible case you can get.
+
+I guess if they go bananas over
+it, it proves it is not all that
+
+easy, but it is easy.
+What now is the eigenvector
+
+that goes with this?
+Well, this term isn't there.
+
+It is zero.
+The equation says that a2 has
+
+to be zero.
+And it doesn't say anything
+
+about a1, so let's make it 1.
+
+Now, out of this data,
+the final step is to make the
+
+general solution.
+What is it?
+
+(x, y) equals,
+well, a constant times the
+
+first normal mode.
+The solution constructed from
+
+the eigenvalue and the
+eigenvector.
+
+That is going to be 1,
+negative 1 e to the minus 3t.
+
+And then the other normal mode
+
+times an arbitrary constant will
+be (1, 0) times e to the
+
+negative t.
+
+The lambda is this factor which
+produces that,
+
+of course.
+Now, one way of looking at it
+
+is, first of all,
+get clearly in your head this
+
+is a pair of parametric
+equations just like what you
+
+studied in 18.02.
+Let's write them out explicitly
+
+just this once.
+x equals c1 times e to the
+
+negative 3t plus c2 times e to
+the negative t.
+
+And what is y?
+
+y is equal to minus c1 e to the
+minus 3t plus zero.
+
+I can stop there.
+
+In some sense,
+all I am asking you to do is
+
+plot that curve.
+In the x,y-plane,
+
+plot the curve given by this
+pair of parametric equations.
+
+And you can choose your own
+values of c1,
+
+c2.
+For different values of c1 and
+
+c2 there will be different
+curves.
+
+Give me a feeling for what they
+all look like.
+
+Well, I think most of you will
+recognize you didn't have stuff
+
+like this.
+These weren't the kind of
+
+curves you plotted.
+When you did parametric
+
+equations in 18.02,
+you did stuff like x equals
+
+cosine t, y equals sine t.
+
+Everybody knows how to do that.
+A few other curves which made
+
+lines or nice things,
+but nothing that ever looked
+
+like that.
+And so the computer will plot
+
+it by actually calculating
+values but, of course,
+
+we will not.
+That is the significance of the
+
+word sketch.
+I am not asking you to plot
+
+carefully, but to give me some
+general geometric picture of
+
+what all these curves look like
+without doing any work.
+
+Without doing any work.
+Well, that sounds promising.
+
+Okay, let's try to do it
+without doing any work.
+
+Where shall I begin?
+Hidden in this formula are four
+
+solutions that are extremely
+easy to plot.
+
+So begin with the four easy
+solutions, and then fill in the
+
+rest.
+Now, which are the easy
+
+solutions?
+The easy solutions are c1
+
+equals plus or minus 1,
+c2 equals zero,
+
+or c1 equals zero,
+or c1 = 0, c2 equals plus or
+
+minus 1.
+By choosing those four values
+
+of c1 and c2,
+I get simple solutions
+
+corresponding to the normal
+mode.
+
+If c1 is one and c2 is zero,
+I am talking about (1,
+
+negative 1) e to the minus 3t,
+
+and that is very easy plot.
+Let's start plotting them.
+
+What I am going to do is
+color-code them so you will be
+
+able to recognize what it is I
+am plotting.
+
+Let's see.
+What colors should we use?
+
+We will use pink and orange.
+This will be our pink solution
+
+and our orange solution will be
+this one.
+
+Let's plot the pink solution
+first.
+
+The pink solution corresponds
+to c1 equals 1 and c2
+
+equals zero.
+Now, that solution looks like--
+
+Let's write it in pink.
+
+No, let's not write it in pink.
+What is the solution?
+
+It looks like x equals e to the
+negative 3t,
+
+y equals minus e to the minus
+3t.
+
+Well, that's not a good way to
+look at it, actually.
+
+The best way to look at it is
+to say at t equals zero,
+
+where is it?
+It is at the point 1,
+
+negative 1.
+
+And what is it doing as t
+increases?
+
+Well, it keeps the direction,
+but travels.
+
+The amplitude,
+the distance from the origin
+
+keeps shrinking.
+As t increases,
+
+this factor,
+so it is the tip of this
+
+vector, except the vector is
+shrinking.
+
+It is still in the direction of
+1, negative 1,
+
+but it is shrinking in
+length because its amplitude is
+
+shrinking according to the law e
+to the negative 3t.
+
+In other words,
+this curve looks like this.
+
+At t equals zero it is over
+here, and it goes along this
+
+diagonal line until as t equals
+infinity, it gets to infinity,
+
+it reaches the origin.
+Of course, it never gets there.
+
+It goes slower and slower and
+slower in order that it may
+
+never reach the origin.
+What was it doing for values of
+
+t less than zero?
+The same thing,
+
+except it was further away.
+It comes in from infinity along
+
+that straight line.
+In other words,
+
+the eigenvector determines the
+line on which it travels and the
+
+eigenvalue determines which way
+it goes.
+
+If the eigenvalue is negative,
+it is approaching the origin as
+
+t increases.
+How about the other one?
+
+Well, if c1 is negative 1,
+then everything is the
+
+same except it is the mirror
+image of this one.
+
+If c1 is negative 1,
+then at t equals zero it is at
+
+this point.
+And, once again,
+
+the same reasoning shows that
+it is coming into the origin as
+
+t increases.
+I have now two solutions,
+
+this one corresponding to c1
+equals 1,
+
+and the other one c2 equals
+zero.
+
+This one corresponds to c1
+equals negative 1.
+
+How about the other guy,
+the orange guy?
+
+Well, now c1 is zero,
+c2 is one, let's say.
+
+It is the vector (1,
+0), but otherwise everything is
+
+the same.
+I start now at the point (1,
+
+0) at time zero.
+And, as t increases,
+
+I come into the origin always
+along that direction.
+
+And before that I came in from
+infinity.
+
+And, again, if c2 is 1
+and if c2 is negative 1,
+
+I do the same thing but
+on the other side.
+
+That wasn't very hard.
+I plotted four solutions.
+
+And now I roll up my sleeves
+and waive my hands to try to get
+
+others.
+The general philosophy is the
+
+following.
+The general philosophy is the
+
+differential equation looks like
+this.
+
+It is a system of differential
+equations.
+
+These are continuous functions.
+That means when I draw the
+
+velocity field corresponding to
+that system of differential
+
+equations, because their
+functions are continuous,
+
+as I move from one (x,
+y) point to another the
+
+direction of the velocity
+vectors change continuously.
+
+It never suddenly reverses
+without something like that.
+
+Now, if that changes
+continuously then the
+
+trajectories must change
+continuously,
+
+too.
+In other words,
+
+nearby trajectories should be
+doing approximately the same
+
+thing.
+Well, that means all the other
+
+trajectories are ones which come
+like that must be going also
+
+toward the origin.
+If I start here,
+
+probably I have to follow this
+one.
+
+They are all coming to the
+origin, but that is a little too
+
+vague.
+How do they come to the origin?
+
+In other words,
+are they coming in straight
+
+like that?
+Probably not.
+
+Then what are they doing?
+Now we are coming to the only
+
+point in the lecture which you
+might find a little difficult.
+
+Try to follow what I am doing
+now.
+
+If you don't follow,
+it is not well done in the
+
+textbook, but it is very well
+done in the notes because I
+
+wrote them myself.
+Please, it is done very
+
+carefully in the notes,
+patiently follow through the
+
+explanation.
+It takes about that much space.
+
+It is one of the important
+ideas that your engineering
+
+professors will expect you to
+understand.
+
+Anyway, I know this only from
+the negative one because they
+
+say to me at lunch,
+ruin my lunch by saying I said
+
+it to my students and got
+nothing but blank looks.
+
+What do you guys teach them
+over there?
+
+Blah, blah, blah.
+Maybe we ought to start
+
+teaching it ourselves.
+Sure.
+
+Why don't they start cutting
+their own hair,
+
+too?
+
+Here is the idea.
+Let me recopy that solution.
+
+The solution looks like (1,
+negative 1) e to the minus 3t
+
+plus c2, (1, 0) e to the
+negative t.
+
+What I ask is as t goes to
+infinity, I feel sure that the
+
+trajectories must be coming into
+the origin because these guys
+
+are doing that.
+And, in fact,
+
+that is confirmed.
+As t goes to infinity,
+
+this goes to zero and that goes
+to zero regardless of what the
+
+c1 and c2 are.
+That makes it clear that this
+
+goes to zero no matter what the
+c1 and c2 are as t goes to
+
+infinity, but I would like to
+analyze it a little more
+
+carefully.
+As t goes to infinity,
+
+I have the sum of two terms.
+And what I ask is,
+
+which term is dominant?
+Of these two terms,
+
+are they of equal importance,
+or is one more important than
+
+the other?
+When t is 10,
+
+for example,
+that is not very far on the way
+
+to infinity, but it is certainly
+far enough to illustrate.
+
+Well, e to the minus 10
+is an extremely
+
+small number.
+The only thing smaller is e to
+
+the minus 30.
+The term that dominates,
+
+they are both small,
+but relatively-speaking this
+
+one is much larger because this
+one only has the factor e to the
+
+minus 10,
+whereas, this has the factor e
+
+to the minus 30,
+which is vanishingly small.
+
+In other words,
+as t goes to infinity --
+
+Well, let's write it the other
+way.
+
+This is the dominant term,
+as t goes to infinity.
+
+Now, just the opposite is true
+as t goes to minus infinity.
+
+t going to minus infinity means
+I am backing up along these
+
+curves.
+As t goes to minus infinity,
+
+let's say t gets to be negative
+100, this is e to the 100,
+
+but this is e to the 300,
+
+which is much,
+much bigger.
+
+So this is the dominant term as
+t goes to negative infinity.
+
+Now what I have is the sum of
+two vectors.
+
+Let's first look at what
+happens as t goes to infinity.
+
+As t goes to infinity,
+I have the sum of two vectors.
+
+This one is completely
+negligible compared with the one
+
+on the right-hand side.
+In other words,
+
+for a all intents and purposes,
+as t goes to infinity,
+
+it is this thing that takes
+over.
+
+Therefore, what does the
+solution look like as t goes to
+
+infinity?
+The answer is it follows the
+
+yellow line.
+Now, what does it look like as
+
+it backs up?
+As it came in from negative
+
+infinity, what does it look
+like?
+
+Now, this one is a little
+harder to see.
+
+This is big,
+but this is infinity bigger.
+
+I mean very,
+very much bigger,
+
+when t is a large negative
+number.
+
+Therefore, what I have is the
+sum of a very big vector.
+
+You're standing on the moon
+looking at the blackboard,
+
+so this is really big.
+This is a very big vector.
+
+This is one million meters
+long, and this is only 20,000
+
+meters long.
+That is this guy,
+
+and that is this guy.
+I want the sum of those two.
+
+What does the sum look like?
+The answer is a sum is
+
+approximately parallel to the
+long guy because this is
+
+negligible.
+This does not mean they are
+
+next to each other.
+They are slightly tilted over,
+
+but not very much.
+In other words,
+
+as t goes to negative infinity
+it doesn't coincide with this
+
+vector.
+The solution doesn't,
+
+but it is parallel to it.
+It has the same direction.
+
+I am done.
+It means far away from the
+
+origin, it should be parallel to
+the pink line.
+
+Near the origin it should turn
+and become more or less
+
+coincident with the orange line.
+And those were the solutions.
+
+That's how they look.
+
+How about down here?
+The same thing,
+
+like that, but then after a
+while they turn and join.
+
+Here, they have to turn around
+to join up, but they join.
+
+And that is,
+in a simple way,
+
+the sketches of those
+functions.
+
+That is how they must look.
+What does this say about our
+
+state?
+Well, it says that the fact
+
+that the governor of New
+Hampshire is indifferent to what
+
+Massachusetts is doing produces
+ultimately harmony.
+
+Both states revert ultimately
+their normal advertising budgets
+
+in spite of the fact that
+Massachusetts is keeping an eye
+
+peeled out for the slightest
+misbehavior on the part of New
+
+Hampshire.
+Peace reins,
+
+in other words.
+Now you should know some names.
+
+Let's see.
+I will write names in purple.
+
+There are two words that are
+used to describe this situation.
+
+First is the word that
+describes the general pattern of
+
+the way these lines look.
+The word for that is a node.
+
+And the fact that all the
+trajectories end up at the
+
+origin for that one uses the
+word sink.
+
+This could be modified to nodal
+sink.
+
+That would be better.
+Nodal sink, let's say.
+
+Nodal sink or,
+if you like to write them in
+
+the opposite order,
+sink node.
+
+In the same way there would be
+something called a source node
+
+if I reversed all the arrows.
+I am not going to calculate an
+
+example.
+Why don't I simply do it by
+
+giving you --
+For example,
+
+if the matrix A produced a
+solution instead of that one.
+
+Suppose it looked like 1,
+negative 1 e to the 3t.
+
+The eigenvalues were reversed,
+
+were now positive.
+And I will make the other one
+
+positive, too.
+c2 1, 0 e to the t.
+
+What would that change in the
+picture?
+
+The answer is essentially
+nothing, except the direction of
+
+the arrows.
+In other words,
+
+the first thing would still be
+1, negative 1.
+
+The only difference is that now
+
+as t increases we go the other
+way.
+
+And here the same thing,
+we have still the same basic
+
+vector, the same basic orange
+vector, orange line,
+
+but it has now traversed the
+solution.
+
+We traverse it in the opposite
+direction.
+
+Now, let's do the same thing
+about dominance,
+
+as we did before.
+Which term dominates as t goes
+
+to infinity?
+This is the dominant term.
+
+Because, as t goes to infinity,
+3t is much bigger than t.
+
+This one, on the other hand,
+dominates as t goes to negative
+
+infinity.
+
+How now will the solutions look
+like?
+
+Well, as t goes to infinity,
+they follow the pink curve.
+
+Whereas, as t starts out from
+negative infinity,
+
+they follow the orange curve.
+
+As t goes to infinity,
+they become parallel to the
+
+pink curve, and as t goes to
+negative infinity,
+
+they are very close to the
+origin and are following the
+
+yellow curve.
+This is pink and this is
+
+yellow.
+They look like this.
+
+Notice the picture basically is
+the same.
+
+It is the picture of a node.
+All that has happened is the
+
+arrows are reversed.
+And, therefore,
+
+this would be called a nodal
+source.
+
+The word source and sink
+correspond to what you learned
+
+in 18.02 and 8.02,
+I hope, also,
+
+or you could call it a source
+node.
+
+Both phrases are used,
+depending on how you want to
+
+use it in a sentence.
+And another word for this,
+
+this would be called unstable
+because all of the solutions
+
+starting out from near the
+origin ultimately end up
+
+infinitely far away from the
+origin.
+
+This would be called stable.
+In fact, it would be called
+
+asymptotically stable.
+I don't like the word
+
+asymptotically,
+but it has become standard in
+
+the literature.
+And, more important,
+
+it is standard in your
+textbook.
+
+And I don't like to fight with
+a textbook.
+
+It just ends up confusing
+everybody, including me.
+
+That is enough for nodes.
+I would like to talk now about
+
+some of the other cases that can
+occur because they lead to
+
+completely different pictures
+that you should understand.
+
+Let's look at the case where
+our governors behave a little
+
+more badly, a little more
+combatively.
+
+It is x prime equals negative x
+as before,
+
+but this time a firm response
+by Massachusetts to any sign of
+
+increased activity by
+stockpiling of advertising
+
+budgets.
+Here let's say New Hampshire
+
+now is even worse.
+Five times, quintuple or
+
+whatever increase Massachusetts
+makes, of course they don't have
+
+an income tax,
+but they will manage.
+
+Minus 3y as before.
+Let's again calculate quickly
+
+what the characteristic equation
+is.
+
+Our matrix is now negative 1,
+3, 5 and negative 3.
+
+The characteristic equation now
+
+is lambda squared.
+What is that?
+
+Again, plus 4 lambda.
+But now the determinant is 3
+
+minus 15 is negative 12.
+
+And this, because I prepared
+very carefully,
+
+all eigenvalues are integers.
+And so this factors into lambda
+
+plus 6 times lambda minus 2,
+
+does it not?
+Yes.
+
+6 lambda minus 2 is four
+lambda.
+
+Good.
+What do we have?
+
+Well, first of all we have our
+eigenvalue lambda,
+
+negative 6.
+And the eigenvector that goes
+
+with that is minus 1.
+This is negative 1 minus
+
+negative 6 which makes,
+shut your eyes,
+
+5.
+We have 5a1 plus 3a2 is zero.
+
+And the other equation,
+
+I hope it comes out to be
+something similar.
+
+I didn't check.
+I am hoping this is right.
+
+The eigenvector is,
+okay, you have been taught to
+
+always make one of the 1,
+forget about that.
+
+Just pick numbers that make it
+come out right.
+
+I am going to make this one 3,
+and then I will make this one
+
+negative 5.
+As I say, I have a policy of
+
+integers only.
+I am a number theorist at
+
+heart.
+That is how I started out life
+
+anyway.
+There we have data from which
+
+we can make one solution.
+How about the other one?
+
+The other one will correspond
+to the eigenvalue lambda equals
+
+2.
+This time the equation is
+
+negative 1 minus 2 is negative
+3.
+
+It is minus 3a1 plus 3a2 is
+zero.
+
+And now the eigenvector is (1,
+1).
+
+Now we are ready to draw
+pictures.
+
+We are going to make this
+similar analysis,
+
+but it will go faster now
+because you have already had the
+
+experience of that.
+First of all,
+
+what is our general solution?
+It is going to be c1 times 3,
+
+negative 5 e to the minus 6t.
+
+And then the other normal mode
+
+times an arbitrary constant will
+be 1, 1 times e to the 2t.
+
+I am going to use the same
+strategy.
+
+We have our two normal modes
+here, eigenvalue,
+
+eigenvector solutions from
+which, by adjusting these
+
+constants, we can get our four
+basic solutions.
+
+Those are going to look like,
+let's draw a picture here.
+
+Again, I will color-code them.
+Let's use pink again.
+
+The pink solution now starts at
+3, negative 5.
+
+That is where it is when t is
+
+zero.
+And, because of the coefficient
+
+minus 6 up there,
+it is coming into the origin
+
+and looks like that.
+And its mirror image,
+
+of course, does the same thing.
+That is when c1 is negative
+
+one.
+How about the orange guy?
+
+Well, when t is equal to zero,
+it is at 1, 1.
+
+But what is it doing after
+
+that?
+As t increases,
+
+it is getting further away from
+the origin because the sign here
+
+is positive.
+e to the 2t is
+
+increasing, it is not decreasing
+anymore, so this guy is going
+
+out.
+And its mirror image on the
+
+other side is doing the same
+thing.
+
+Now all we have to do is fill
+in the picture.
+
+Well, you fill it in by
+continuity.
+
+Your nearby trajectories must
+be doing what similar thing?
+
+If I start out very near the
+pink guy, I should stay near the
+
+pink guy.
+But as I get near the origin,
+
+I am also approaching the
+orange guy.
+
+Well, there is no other
+possibility other than that.
+
+If you are further away you
+start turning a little sooner.
+
+I am just using an argument
+from continuity to say the
+
+picture must be roughly filled
+out this way.
+
+Maybe not exactly.
+In fact, there are fine points.
+
+And I am going to ask you to do
+one of them on Friday for the
+
+new problem set,
+even before the exam,
+
+God forbid.
+But I want you to get a little
+
+more experience working with
+that linear phase portrait
+
+visual because it is,
+I think, one of the best ones
+
+this semester.
+You can learn a lot from it.
+
+Anyway, you are not done with
+it, but I hope you have at least
+
+looked at it by now.
+That is what the picture looks
+
+like.
+First of all,
+
+what are we going to name this?
+In other words,
+
+forget about the arrows.
+If you just look at the general
+
+way those lines go,
+where have you seen this
+
+before?
+You saw this in 18.02.
+
+What was the topic?
+You were plotting contour
+
+curves of functions,
+were you not?
+
+What did you call contours
+curves that formed that pattern?
+
+A saddle point.
+You called this a saddle point
+
+because it was like the center
+of a saddle.
+
+It is like a mountain pass.
+Here you are going up the
+
+mountain, say,
+and here you are going down,
+
+the way the contour line is
+going down.
+
+And this is sort of a min and
+max point.
+
+A maximum if you go in that
+direction and a minimum if you
+
+go in that direction,
+say.
+
+Without the arrows on it,
+it is like a saddle point.
+
+And so the same word is used
+here.
+
+It is called the saddle.
+You don't say point in the same
+
+way you don't say a nodal point.
+It is the whole picture,
+
+as it were, that is the saddle.
+It is a saddle.
+
+There is the saddle.
+This is where you sit.
+
+Now, should I call it a source
+or a sink?
+
+I cannot call it either because
+it is a sink along these lines,
+
+it is a source along those
+lines and along the others,
+
+it starts out looking like a
+sink and then turns around and
+
+starts acting like a source.
+The word source and sink are
+
+not used for saddle.
+The only word that is used is
+
+unstable because definitely it
+is unstable.
+
+If you start off exactly on the
+pink lines you do end up at the
+
+origin, but if you start
+anywhere else ever so close to a
+
+pink line you think you are
+going to the origin,
+
+but then at the last minute you
+are zooming off out to infinity
+
+again.
+This is a typical example of
+
+instability.
+Only if you do the
+
+mathematically possible,
+but physically impossible thing
+
+of starting out exactly on the
+pink line, only then will you
+
+get to the origin.
+If you start out anywhere else,
+
+make the slightest error in
+measure and get off the pink
+
+line, you end off at infinity.
+What is the effect with our
+
+war-like governors fighting for
+the tourist trade willing to
+
+spend any amounts of money to
+match and overmatch what their
+
+competitor in the nearby state
+is spending?
+
+The answer is,
+they all lose.
+
+Since it is mostly this section
+of the diagram that makes sense,
+
+what happens is they end up all
+spending an infinity of dollars
+
+and nobody gets any more
+tourists than anybody else.
+
+So this is a model of what not
+to do.
+
+I have one more model to show
+you.
+
+Maybe we better start over at
+this board here.
+
+Massachusetts on top.
+New Hampshire on the bottom.
+
+x prime is going to be,
+that is Massachusetts,
+
+I guess as before.
+Let me get the numbers right.
+
+Leave that out for a moment.
+y prime is 2x minus 3y.
+
+New Hampshire behaves normally.
+
+It is ready to respond to
+anything Massachusetts can put
+
+out.
+But by itself,
+
+it really wants to bring its
+budget to normal.
+
+Now, Massachusetts,
+we have a Mormon governor now,
+
+I guess.
+Imagine instead we have a
+
+Buddhist governor.
+A Buddhist governor reacts as
+
+follows, minus y.
+What does that mean?
+
+It means that when he sees New
+Hampshire increasing the budget,
+
+his reaction is,
+we will lower ours.
+
+We will show them love.
+It looks suicidal,
+
+but what actually happens?
+Well, our little program is
+
+over.
+Our matrix a is negative 1,
+
+negative 1, 2,
+negative 3.
+
+The characteristic equations is
+
+lambda squared plus 4 lambda.
+
+And now what is the other term?
+3 minus negative 2 makes 5.
+
+This is not going to factor
+because I tried it out and I
+
+know it is not going to factor.
+We are going to get lambda
+
+equals, we will just use the
+quadratic formula,
+
+negative 4 plus or minus the
+square root of 16 minus 4 times
+
+5, that is 16 minus 20 or
+negative 4 all divided by 2,
+
+which makes minus 2,
+pull out the 4,
+
+that makes it a 2,
+cancels this 2,
+
+minus 1 inside.
+It is minus 2 plus or minus i.
+
+Complex solutions.
+
+What are we doing to do about
+that?
+
+Well, you should rejoice when
+you get this case and are asked
+
+to sketch it because,
+even if you calculate the
+
+complex eigenvector and from
+that take its real and imaginary
+
+parts of the complex solution,
+in fact, you will not be able
+
+easily to sketch the answer
+anyway.
+
+But let me show you what sort
+of thing you can get and then I
+
+am going to wave my hands and
+argue a little bit to try to
+
+indicate what it is that the
+solution actually looks like.
+
+You are going to get something
+that looks like --
+
+A typical real solution is
+going to look like this.
+
+This is going to produce e to
+the minus 2t times e 
+
+to the i t.
+e to the minus 2 plus i all
+
+times t.
+This will be our exponential
+
+factor which is shrinking in
+amplitude.
+
+This is going to give me sines
+and cosines.
+
+When I separate out the
+eigenvector into its real and
+
+imaginary parts,
+it is going to look something
+
+like this.
+a1, a2 times cosine t,
+
+that is from the e to the it
+
+part.
+Then there will be a sine term.
+
+And all that is going to be
+multiplied by the exponential
+
+factor e to the negative 2t.
+
+That is just one normal mode.
+It is going to be c1 times this
+
+plus c2 times something similar.
+It doesn't matter exactly what
+
+it is because they are all going
+to look the same.
+
+Namely, this is a shrinking
+amplitude.
+
+I am not going to worry about
+that.
+
+My real question is,
+what does this look like?
+
+In other words,
+as a pair of parametric
+
+equations, if x is equal to a1
+cosine t plus b1 sine t 
+
+and y is a2
+cosine plus b2 sine,
+
+what does it look like?
+
+Well, what are its
+characteristics?
+
+In the first place,
+as a curve this part of it is
+
+bounded.
+It stays within some large box
+
+because cosine and sine never
+get bigger than one and never
+
+get smaller than minus one.
+It is periodic.
+
+As t increases to t plus 2pi,
+
+it comes back to exactly the
+same point it was at before.
+
+We have a curve that is
+repeating itself periodically,
+
+it does not go off to infinity.
+And here is where I am waving
+
+my hands.
+It satisfies an equation.
+
+Those of you who like to fool
+around with mathematics a little
+
+bit, it is not difficult to show
+this, but it satisfies an
+
+equation of the form A x squared
+plus B y squared plus C xy
+
+equals D.
+
+All you have to do is figure
+out what the coefficients A,
+
+B, C and D should be.
+And the way to do it is,
+
+if you calculate the square of
+x you are going to get cosine
+
+squared, sine squared and a
+cosine sine term.
+
+You are going to get those same
+three terms here and the same
+
+three terms here.
+You just use undetermined
+
+coefficients,
+set up a system of simultaneous
+
+equations and you will be able
+to find the A,
+
+B, C and D that work.
+I am looking for a curve that
+
+is bounded, keeps repeating its
+values and that satisfies a
+
+quadratic equation which looks
+like this.
+
+Well, an earlier generation
+would know from high school,
+
+these curves are all conic
+sections.
+
+The only curves that satisfy
+equations like that are
+
+hyperbola, parabolas,
+the conic sections in other
+
+words, and ellipses.
+Circles are a special kind of
+
+ellipses.
+There is a degenerate case.
+
+A pair of lines which can be
+considered a degenerate
+
+hyperbola, if you want.
+It is as much a hyperbola as a
+
+circle, as an ellipse say.
+Which of these is it?
+
+Well, it must be those guys.
+Those are the only guys that
+
+stay bounded and repeat
+themselves periodically.
+
+The other guys don't do that.
+These are ellipses.
+
+And, therefore,
+what do they look like?
+
+Well, they must look like an
+ellipse that is trying to be an
+
+ellipse, but each time it goes
+around the point is pulled a
+
+little closer to the origin.
+It must be doing this,
+
+in other words.
+And such a point is called a
+
+spiral sink.
+Again sink because,
+
+no matter where you start,
+you will get a curve that
+
+spirals into the origin.
+Spiral is self-explanatory.
+
+And the one thing I haven't
+told you that you must read is
+
+how do you know that it goes
+around counterclockwise and not
+
+clockwise?
+Read clockwise or
+
+counterclockwise.
+I will give you the answer in
+
+30 seconds, not for this
+particular curve.
+
+That you will have to
+calculate.
+
+All you have to do is put in
+somewhere.
+
+Let's say at the point (1,
+0), a single vector from the
+
+velocity field.
+In other words,
+
+at the point (1,
+0), when x is 1 and y is 0 our
+
+vector is minus 1, 2,
+
+which is the vector minus 1,
+2, it goes like this.
+
+Therefore, the motion must be
+counterclockwise.
+
+And, by the way,
+what is the effect of having a
+
+Buddhist governor?
+Peace.
+
+Everything spirals into the
+origin and everybody is left
+
+with the same advertising budget
+they always had.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eUYIcR1VGns.txt b/eUYIcR1VGns.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..642f9ebc6574f358579dd0c3f601e0060fd75a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eUYIcR1VGns.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3774 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in
+that case, let's
+
+start-- I want to begin by
+giving a quick review of where
+
+we were last time.
+
+And then we'll
+pick up from there.
+
+Today's lecture,
+the main subject
+
+will be the-- see if this works.
+
+The main subject will
+be the spacetime metric,
+
+which is what we'll
+begin by talking about.
+
+And later, I hope we'll be
+doing the geodesic equation.
+
+Last time, we began by
+talking about open universes.
+
+And we got to open universes
+by way of closed universes.
+
+And we started with this
+Robertson-Walker form
+
+of the closed
+universe metric, which
+
+holds for k greater than 0
+describing a closed universe.
+
+And then we said if we want
+to describe an open universe,
+
+we can use the same equation,
+but let k be less than 0.
+
+And this metric has a name,
+the Robertson-Walker metric,
+
+which applies for k
+being positive, negative,
+
+or 0 as a special case.
+
+When k is 0, this just
+becomes the Euclidean metric
+
+written in polar coordinates.
+
+So it's a flat space
+for k equals 0.
+
+Then we addressed
+the question of,
+
+why should we believe this
+as a proper description
+
+of an open universe?
+
+We know how to write it.
+
+And we could make it look
+a little better perhaps
+
+by introducing a kappa,
+which is minus k.
+
+So that kappa could be
+positive when k is negative.
+
+To answer that question,
+we had to define
+
+what criteria we had in mind for
+the metric we were looking for.
+
+And what we're trying
+to do is write down
+
+a metric that will describe
+a homogeneous and isotropic
+
+universe.
+
+Because from the
+beginning of course,
+
+we said that those are
+the key properties that
+
+describe, to a
+good approximation,
+
+the universe that we live in.
+
+So what we want to know
+is that this metric
+
+is homogeneous and isotropic
+when kappa is positive
+
+and k is negative, the new case.
+
+For the closed universe case,
+we already knew those things
+
+because in the
+closed universe case,
+
+it's obvious because we know
+we got it from a sphere.
+
+And a sphere is clearly
+homogeneous and isotropic
+
+from the start.
+
+So looking at this metric
+for kappa positive,
+
+we see immediately that
+it's obviously isotropic,
+
+at least about the origin.
+
+Because if we just
+sit at the origin
+
+and looked at different
+angles-- theta and phi--
+
+the theta phi dependence
+of this metric
+
+is simply given by
+that expression.
+
+And this is exactly the
+metric of the surface
+
+of a sphere whose radius happens
+to be a of t times little r.
+
+And we know that that
+sphere is isotropic.
+
+It doesn't look
+manifestly isotropic
+
+because when you put
+theta phi coordinates
+
+on the surface of a sphere, you
+choose a north pole and measure
+
+everything from that.
+
+So your coordinates
+break the isotropy.
+
+But you know perfectly
+well that the sphere itself
+
+is completely isotropic.
+
+So isotropy is settled
+about the origin.
+
+And if we're soon going
+to prove homogeneity,
+
+it's enough to know that it's
+isotropic about the origin
+
+because homogeneity
+will demonstrate
+
+that all points are equivalent.
+
+So if it's isotropic
+about the origin,
+
+we will ultimately know that's
+isotropic about all points.
+
+So homogeneity is
+the hard thing.
+
+How do we convince
+ourselves that this metric
+
+is homogeneous?
+
+Now, if we look at it, it
+doesn't look homogeneous.
+
+It certainly looks like
+the origin is special.
+
+That was the case for
+the closed universe
+
+Robertson-Walker metric as well.
+
+So it's certainly not decisive.
+
+But it also doesn't prove that
+it's homogeneous by itself.
+
+So we have to figure
+out how we would
+
+prove that it's homogeneous.
+
+And here, we only
+sketched an argument.
+
+We didn't really go
+through it in detail
+
+because it gets messy.
+
+But I think logic of
+the argument is clear.
+
+And it's, I think,
+rather persuasive
+
+that this argument would
+work if you wrote out
+
+all the equations.
+
+So let me go through
+the argument again.
+
+We start by thinking about
+how we would demonstrate
+
+that the closed
+universe was homogeneous
+
+in a mathematical way using
+algebra rather than words.
+
+And if we wanted to prove
+that the closed universe was
+
+homogeneous using
+algebra, we would set out
+
+with the goal of trying to show
+that any point-- and we'll let
+
+r sub 0, theta sub 0, pi sub
+0 denote an arbitrary point.
+
+What we'd like to
+show is that any point
+
+is equivalent to the origin.
+
+And by equivalent to the
+origin, what we really mean
+
+is that we could define a
+new coordinate system where
+
+this arbitrary point
+would become the origin,
+
+and the metric would look just
+like it looked to start with.
+
+And then this new
+arbitrary point
+
+will be playing
+exactly the same role
+
+that the origin played
+in the first place.
+
+So we're looking for
+a transformation which
+
+will map r0, theta 0, and phi 0
+to the origin while maintaining
+
+the form of the metric.
+
+And we really know
+how to do that,
+
+because we know
+from the beginning
+
+that this universe is
+homogeneous because
+
+of the way we constructed
+it as the coordinization
+
+of the surface of a sphere.
+
+And the sphere is
+manifestly homogeneous.
+
+You can rotate any point on
+the sphere into any other point
+
+just by performing a rotation,
+which certainly does not
+
+change anything about
+the metric on the sphere.
+
+So we want to basically
+take advantage of that fact.
+
+And we could imagine--
+and we can even
+
+carry it out if we have to,
+but I only want to imagine it.
+
+I want to imagine constructing
+a map from r, theta,
+
+and phi to some new r prime,
+theta prime, phi prime.
+
+We want to map the entire space.
+
+But we want it to
+have the property
+
+that the special point--
+r0, theta 0, and phi 0--
+
+gets mapped to the origin.
+
+So we want to construct
+this general mapping which
+
+has the property that
+our special point is
+
+mapped to the origin.
+
+And we can do that
+in three steps.
+
+And they're shown
+schematically here.
+
+We first simply transform
+from our r, theta,
+
+and phi coordinates to the
+four coordinates x, y, z,
+
+w that we, in fact, started
+with, the four coordinates
+
+that describe the euclidean
+four dimensional space in which
+
+this three dimensional
+sphere is embedded.
+
+Once we have the four
+dimensional space,
+
+we can perform
+euclidean rotations
+
+in that four dimensional space.
+
+And we can perform
+any rotation we want.
+
+And we, in principle, know how
+to write those out in detail.
+
+And we can choose the rotation,
+which maps r0, theta 0, and phi
+
+0, keeping track of where it
+went, to the values of x, y.
+
+Z, w that will
+ultimately correspond
+
+to the origin of our
+coordinate system
+
+when we get back to r prime,
+theta prime, and phi prime.
+
+So we can arrange
+for that to happen
+
+by choosing the
+right rotation here.
+
+And once we've
+rotated, we can then
+
+define r prime, theta
+prime, and phi prime
+
+in terms of x prime, y
+prime, z prime, and w prime
+
+in exactly the same way as
+we did in the first place
+
+when we didn't have primes.
+
+We just used the
+same formulas again.
+
+And that will ensure that
+the metric and r prime,
+
+theta prime, and phi prime will
+be just the metric that we've
+
+had, because it's determined
+from the euclidean
+
+metric in the four dimensional
+space in exactly the same way.
+
+So this does it.
+
+And we could, in principle,
+do it all in detail.
+
+And we would get a
+concrete expression
+
+for r prime, theta
+prime, and phi prime
+
+in terms of r,
+theta, and phi that
+
+would have the property that we
+want of mapping the arbitrary
+
+point that we chose to become
+the origin of the new system.
+
+So the point is that
+once you've written
+
+that all those
+equations, you know
+
+that they work for k positive.
+
+But in the end,
+you'd just have a set
+
+of equations that define
+r prime, theta prime,
+
+and phi prime in terms
+of r, theta, and phi.
+
+And those equations are
+just as valid for k negative
+
+as they are for k positive.
+
+And the fact that the
+metric will be unchanged
+
+is also just as valid for
+k positive and k negative,
+
+because the metric is
+really just determined
+
+by derivatives of the new
+coordinates with respect
+
+to the old coordinates.
+
+And those are all just
+algebraic expressions.
+
+And if an algebraic
+expression is
+
+an equality for
+one sine of k, it
+
+will be an equality for
+the other sine of k.
+
+So I think we have good
+faith-- although it'd
+
+be more convincing perhaps
+to actually write out
+
+all equations, but I
+think we have good faith
+
+that the same map will
+work for k less than 0.
+
+And by "work," it means that it
+will show that any point could
+
+be mapped to the origin
+by a metric-preserving
+
+transformation, which is the
+key thing, which is what we need
+
+to show that the space
+is actually homogeneous
+
+even though when we write
+in these coordinates,
+
+it doesn't look homogeneous.
+
+So does that make
+sense to everybody?
+
+Are there any questions
+at this point?
+
+The next thing we
+did-- ah, I'm sorry.
+
+I guess we-- point
+out that we're not
+
+going to actually
+show this explicitly
+
+because the algebra
+involved in the steps
+
+does get very complicated.
+
+I wanted to mention
+a few other facts
+
+about this
+Robertson-Walker metric.
+
+One important fact, which we
+will not show-- to show it
+
+would take approximately
+another lecture.
+
+It's not an incredibly
+deep mathematical fact,
+
+but it requires
+establishing some formalism
+
+to handle descriptions
+of curved spaces
+
+without yet knowing what
+the metric is going to be.
+
+But in any case,
+it can be shown--
+
+and we're going to store
+this in back of our heads--
+
+that any three dimensional,
+homogeneous isotropic space can
+
+be described by this
+Robertson-Walker metric.
+
+Now, it's important to
+realize that that does not
+
+mean that the Roberson-Walker
+metric is the only way
+
+to write down a metric for
+a homogeneous and isotropic
+
+space.
+
+You could choose different
+coordinate systems
+
+that would make
+things look different.
+
+But the point is that for any
+homogeneous and isotropic three
+
+dimensional space, it is always
+possible to assign coordinates
+
+who make the metric the
+Roberson-Walker metric, which
+
+means that if you understand
+the Robertson-Walker metric,
+
+you need to understand
+anything else.
+
+Any homogeneous
+and isotropic space
+
+can be described this way.
+
+Next, we pointed out last time--
+and did a short calculation
+
+to demonstrate for ourselves--
+that for k greater than 0,
+
+the universe is finite.
+
+And that's clear
+from the beginning,
+
+because it was described
+as a surface of a sphere
+
+and the surface of
+a sphere is finite.
+
+But for k less
+than or equal to 0,
+
+the variable little r of
+the Robertson-Walker metric
+
+can become arbitrarily large.
+
+That by itself does not
+imply that the space
+
+is necessarily infinite.
+
+But you could also
+calculate the distance
+
+from the origin as a
+function of little r.
+
+And that, you can show,
+becomes arbitrarily large.
+
+And that does mean that
+the space is literally
+
+infinite in size.
+
+So for the flat case
+or the open case,
+
+the Robertson-Walker metric
+describes an infinite universe.
+
+And next, so we mentioned--
+and this is a homework problem,
+
+or an optional homework
+problem on the current set--
+
+that the
+Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky
+
+geometry is actually simply
+the open universe in the two
+
+dimensional case rather
+than three dimensional case.
+
+So in the language of the
+Robertson-Walker metric,
+
+I think it's much
+easier to describe
+
+than in the coordinate system
+that Felix Klein invented.
+
+But it's the same space.
+
+And on the homework
+set, you can work out
+
+the mapping between
+the Klein coordinates
+
+and the Robertson-Walker
+coordinates
+
+to see that they're
+the same space.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Next, we changed subjects and
+started talking about the topic
+
+that we'll be continuing
+now because we did not
+
+finish this discussion--
+the discussion
+
+of how to go from
+this space metric
+
+that we now understand to
+the spacetime metric, which
+
+is the fundamental quantity
+of general relativity
+
+and which we'll be using to
+describe our model universes.
+
+Time ends up not playing
+an important role
+
+in what we'll be talking about.
+
+But nonetheless, it
+is an important part
+
+of the basic formalism
+of general relativity.
+
+And for some
+questions, it's crucial
+
+how time enters the metric.
+
+So we will discuss how
+time enters the metric.
+
+So we want to generalize the
+metric from a spatial metric
+
+to a spacetime metric.
+
+And the first
+thing that means is
+
+that we want to understand
+the relativistically invariant
+
+interval between two
+points in spacetime.
+
+A point in spacetime is
+also called an event.
+
+And we begin with
+special relativity
+
+because that's what all
+this is a generalization of.
+
+In special relativity, one can
+define the Lorentz invariant
+
+distance between two events.
+
+Here, the events are A
+and B. And the coordinates
+
+of those events are xA,
+yA, zA, and tA for event A.
+
+And as you would
+obviously guess,
+
+xB, yB, zB, and tB for event
+B. And the Lorentz invariant
+
+interval between those
+events is s squared sub AB.
+
+And the first and most important
+thing about this interval
+
+is that it is Lorentz invariant.
+
+That is, you can compute
+it in any inertial frame,
+
+in any Lorentz frame, and
+it will have the same value
+
+even though the
+different pieces of it
+
+will have different values.
+
+The differences will cancel out.
+
+And in the end, when you
+calculate the sum of these four
+
+terms to make s
+squared sub ab, you
+
+will find they'll have the same
+value in any Lorentz frame.
+
+And we're not going
+to show that fact.
+
+But we're going to use that
+fact, a very well known fact
+
+to anybody who studied special
+relativity in a reasonably way.
+
+It's important to think
+a little bit about what
+
+the meaning of this
+peculiar quantity
+
+is that mixes space and time.
+
+And I think the easiest way to
+think about the meaning of it
+
+is to think about special cases.
+
+And it's a real number which
+could be positive, negative,
+
+or 0.
+
+And those are the
+special cases I
+
+want to think about--
+positive, negative, or 0.
+
+So if s squared is
+positive, it means
+
+that the separation
+between the two events
+
+is what's called spacelike.
+
+It's dominated by
+the spatial term.
+
+And if that's the
+case, it's always
+
+possible to find a
+frame where the two
+
+events are simultaneous.
+
+And in that frame,
+s squared is just
+
+the square of the distance
+between the two events,
+
+so has a clear interpretation.
+
+It's just the distance
+in the Lorentz frame
+
+in which they occur
+simultaneously.
+
+Similarly, if s
+squared is negative,
+
+it means it's dominated
+by the negative time term.
+
+And in that case, the
+separation is called timelike,
+
+as you'd guess.
+
+And it has the property
+that it's always
+
+possible to find a Lorentz frame
+in which the two events occur
+
+at exactly the same
+point in space.
+
+And in that frame,
+s squared is equal,
+
+up to a factor of
+minus c squared,
+
+to the time separation
+between the two events.
+
+So s squared measures the time
+separation between the two
+
+events in the frame at which
+they happen in the same place.
+
+And s squared is
+actually minus c squared
+
+times the time
+separation squared.
+
+And finally, if s
+squared is 0, that's
+
+called a lightlike separation.
+
+And it means that the
+two events are separated
+
+by just the right distance so
+that if a light pulse left one,
+
+it would just arrive
+at the other location
+
+at exactly the
+time of that event.
+
+So the two events
+could be joined
+
+by a light pulse that travels
+at the speed of light.
+
+And that's the significance
+of s squared being 0.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+OK-- actually, I don't
+want to that slide.
+
+We'll get back to that.
+
+OK, that finishes the
+review of last lecture.
+
+Now, what we want
+to do is continue
+
+talking about
+spacetime intervals
+
+and how we fit that into the
+metric, which will ultimately
+
+describe distances in
+both space and time.
+
+So I'm going to work on the
+blackboard for awhile now.
+
+So the formula that we're
+starting with-- and we'll put
+
+dot dot dot here and minus c
+squared tA minus tB squared.
+
+The dot dot dot means the
+y term and the z term which
+
+you can probably imagine are
+there without my writing them.
+
+From this expression, knowing
+that what we want to do
+
+is to take advantage of these
+geometrical ideas introduced
+
+by people like Gauss
+which described distances
+
+in terms of
+infinitesimal distances
+
+between infinitesimally
+close points,
+
+we can write the
+analogous equation
+
+for an infinitesimal distance.
+
+And that becomes ds
+squared is equal to dx
+
+squared plus dy squared plus
+dz squared minus c squared
+
+dt squared.
+
+So this would be the
+Lorentz invariant separation
+
+between infinitesimally
+separated events.
+
+And this is what
+we're going to try
+
+to generalize to our
+curved space situation.
+
+So this would be the metric
+for special relativity.
+
+It's called the
+Minkowsky metric.
+
+OK, now I want to move
+into the general relativity
+
+generalization of this idea.
+
+And general relativity
+makes use of the idea
+
+that Gauss originally suggested
+that distances should always
+
+be quadratic functions of
+the coordinate differentials.
+
+So we're going to keep that.
+
+Einstein kept that.
+
+Now, in talking about
+coordinate differentials,
+
+we should emphasize here
+that in general relativity,
+
+unlike special
+relativity, coordinates
+
+are just arbitrary labels
+for points in spacetime.
+
+In special relativity,
+coordinates actually
+
+measure distances
+and times directly,
+
+which is why the
+metric is so simple.
+
+You don't really need the
+metric in special relativity.
+
+The coordinates
+themselves will tell you
+
+the distances and the times.
+
+But in general relativity,
+that will not be the case.
+
+There's no way to do
+that for a curved space
+
+or a curved spacetime.
+
+So in general relativity,
+the coordinates
+
+are just arbitrary labels
+of points in spacetime.
+
+And to know anything
+about actual distances,
+
+you have to look at the metric.
+
+The coordinates themselves don't
+tell you the actual distances.
+
+This immediately
+implies something
+
+about the kinds of
+coordinate transformations
+
+that you might want
+to think about.
+
+In special relativity,
+we have a privileged set
+
+of coordinates, namely the
+coordinates of Lorentz frames,
+
+of inertial frames.
+
+And the physics is simple when
+described in terms of those
+
+coordinates.
+
+In principle, you can
+use any coordinates
+
+you want, even in
+special relativity.
+
+But you never do, because the
+physics is so much simpler
+
+in the inertial coordinates
+that there's never
+
+any motivation for using any
+other coordinate systems.
+
+But in general
+relativity, there is
+
+no privileged coordinate system.
+
+And it's very common to make
+all kinds of transformations
+
+of coordinates in the context
+of general relativity.
+
+And the formalism
+is set up so you
+
+could make any coordinate
+transformation you want,
+
+and it's just thought
+of as a relabeling
+
+of the points in space and time.
+
+And the formalism of
+general relativity
+
+works for an arbitrary labeling
+of points in spacetime.
+
+So in general relativity,
+any coordinate transformation
+
+is allowed.
+
+But there's an
+important feature of
+
+these coordinate
+transformations--
+
+is that when we make a
+coordinate transformation,
+
+we're always going to readjust
+our metric so that ds squared
+
+between any two nearby
+spacetime points
+
+has the same value
+in the new coordinate
+
+system that it had in the old.
+
+We will always change
+our metric to reflect
+
+our changes of coordinates.
+
+So ds squared must have the same
+value in any coordinate system.
+
+So the statement
+is that ds squared
+
+is coordinate-invariant.
+
+OK, to define what we mean by
+ds squared, which if you notice,
+
+I haven't quite done yet.
+
+It's going to be, of course,
+the analog of what we've
+
+been talking about in
+special relativity.
+
+In special relativity, we
+did have this special class
+
+of observers, inertial
+observers, observers
+
+whose measurements
+of length and time
+
+really corresponded
+to the inertial frames
+
+and whose observations
+are related to each other
+
+by Lorentz transformations.
+
+It's important to
+start out by asking
+
+is there any class of
+observers in general relativity
+
+which might play the same
+roles-- the observers that
+
+sort of define the measurements
+that you want to talk about.
+
+And it's clearly a little
+bit more complicated
+
+in general relativity.
+
+The inertial observers
+of special relativity
+
+are characterized
+by the statement
+
+that there are no
+forces acting on them.
+
+So they just travel at
+a constant velocity.
+
+And you can always go to a
+frame where that velocity is 0
+
+and you an talk about the rest
+frame of any inertial observer.
+
+In general relativity,
+we need to distinguish
+
+to some extent between
+non-gravitational forces
+
+and gravitational forces.
+
+Non-gravitational forces,
+like say, electrical forces,
+
+are treated in
+general relativity
+
+in a way that's fundamentally
+similar to the way
+
+that such forces are treated
+in special relativity.
+
+But gravity is treated
+totally differently.
+
+Gravity is really just
+going to be described
+
+by the metric of spacetime--
+by the distortion of spacetime.
+
+And we already know, by
+way of simple examples,
+
+that if general
+relativity actually
+
+works to describe the universe
+that we've been talking-- which
+
+it'd better or we'd
+be in trouble--
+
+we have a system
+where if we just
+
+look at the co-moving observers,
+each co-moving observer has
+
+no non-gravitational
+forces acting on him.
+
+He's just sitting still
+as far as he's concerned.
+
+But nonetheless, these
+co-moving observers
+
+are accelerating
+relative to each other
+
+as the universe expands and
+as that expansion changes
+
+its expansion rate, which
+we've already calculated.
+
+So if there's going to
+be any observers that
+
+are going to play the role
+of inertial observers,
+
+it's presumably going
+to be a class that
+
+includes these
+co-moving observers.
+
+And the question
+of whether or not
+
+there are gravitational
+forces acting
+
+on the co-moving
+observers ends up
+
+depending on your point of view.
+
+Each co-moving
+observer would think
+
+that there's no gravitational
+forces acting on him.
+
+He would just be standing still.
+
+But he would see all these
+other co-moving observers
+
+accelerating relative to him.
+
+So he would say that there are
+gravitational forces acting
+
+on these other observers.
+
+So gravitational forces
+in general activity
+
+becomes
+coordinate-dependent ideas.
+
+And the Hubble
+expansion is one example
+
+of that where every co-moving
+observer would consider himself
+
+to be unaccelerating
+but would see
+
+all the other co-moving
+observers accelerating.
+
+The other famous
+example, which is
+
+part of the original motivation
+of general relativity,
+
+is the famous Einstein
+elevator, which
+
+is also discussed
+in Ryden's textbook.
+
+If we have an
+elevator box, we could
+
+imagine letting
+the elevator fall.
+
+There was a rope there,
+but somebody cut it.
+
+And the elevator's now falling.
+
+And we have a person in it.
+
+And the person in my--
+the version of the story
+
+that I have in
+the lecture notes,
+
+the person's holding
+a bag of groceries.
+
+And if the elevator
+is falling freely
+
+and we ignore any air resistance
+or any other kind of friction
+
+so the elevator's falling
+at exactly the freefall
+
+rate, inside the
+elevator, everything
+
+will be falling with
+the same acceleration.
+
+The person could lift his
+feet up off the floor,
+
+and he would just hover there.
+
+He would feel no gravity
+pushing him towards the floor.
+
+And similarly, he could let
+go of the bag of groceries,
+
+and they will just appear
+to float in front of him
+
+as long as he's
+undergoing this freefall.
+
+So the effects of gravity
+have been completely removed.
+
+On the other hand, from
+outside the elevator,
+
+if we use the frame of
+reference of the Earth,
+
+we said that there
+very definitely
+
+is a force of
+gravity acting here.
+
+It's just acting the
+same on all the objects.
+
+And this gets elevated into
+the equivalence principle
+
+of general relativity.
+
+And maybe before
+I annunciate that,
+
+I should consider
+the other case here.
+
+This is one example
+of how things work.
+
+A similar situation can
+involve the same elevator,
+
+but this time,
+let's have it just
+
+be sitting on the floor of the
+building that it's located in.
+
+In that case, the
+person inside would
+
+feel himself pushed against
+the floor by gravity.
+
+If he was holding
+his bag of groceries,
+
+he would notice he has to apply
+force to the bag of groceries
+
+to stop the groceries
+from falling to the floor.
+
+He would say that
+he's being acted
+
+on by the force of gravity.
+
+That would be the
+natural description.
+
+But we can consider
+an analogous case
+
+where we have the same elevator
+in empty space with a rocket
+
+ship up here that I
+didn't allow myself
+
+room to draw tied by
+cables to the elevator.
+
+And if the rocket ship
+accelerated with acceleration
+
+little g, the person
+inside the elevator
+
+would feel himself pressed
+against the floor in exactly
+
+the same way as you would here.
+
+So again, we have
+a situation where
+
+there's gravity in one case and
+no gravity in the other case,
+
+but no difference in what
+the person inside would feel.
+
+And that is what becomes this
+principle of equivalence, which
+
+says that the physics
+of the accelerating
+
+frame of the elevator in
+that analogy-- so this
+
+is accelerating frame
+but with no gravity--
+
+is equivalent to feeling
+the gravitational field
+
+of the Earth.
+
+In short, if you were
+living inside the elevator,
+
+you cannot tell which of those
+two pictures describe the world
+
+that you're actually part of.
+
+And this is a very
+deep principle.
+
+It has very strong implications.
+
+It really does mean
+that everything
+
+you'd ever want to know
+about how gravity affects
+
+physical systems can be
+described by understanding how
+
+accelerations affect
+the physical systems.
+
+So it reduces the
+questions of what gravity
+
+does to just understanding
+what happens when you're
+
+in an accelerating
+coordinate system.
+
+OK, this also opens the
+door for the question
+
+I began with-- is there a
+special class of observers
+
+here?
+
+And we can identify a
+special class of observers.
+
+But the special class
+is not observers
+
+which have no forces
+acting on them, which
+
+is what we would have said
+in special relativity.
+
+But rather, the
+special observers
+
+are the observers who have no
+non-gravitational forces acting
+
+on them, like the
+co-moving observers
+
+in our model of the universe.
+
+But gravitational
+forces, you could never
+
+say if they're there
+or not because they're
+
+always there in some frames
+and not there in other frames.
+
+So we have no control
+or no way of making
+
+any frame-invariant statements
+about the force of gravity.
+
+So what we'll be interested
+in as our primary observers
+
+and which we're going
+to use to define things
+
+in this class of observers with
+no non-gravitational forces--
+
+and those will be called
+free-falling observers.
+
+And they're called
+free-falling because you
+
+have no way of knowing
+whether they're just observers
+
+for which there is
+no gravity, which
+
+would be an example of
+a free-falling observer
+
+by our definition.
+
+But the situation
+is indistinguishable
+
+from this one,
+where free-falling
+
+has its obvious meaning--
+that the guy there
+
+is falling relative
+to the Earth's frame.
+
+But he's freely falling.
+
+And therefore, he does not feel,
+relative to his environment,
+
+any forces whatever.
+
+Now, I should emphasize that
+this equivalence principle
+
+holds only in small regions.
+
+In principle, it only holds
+in infinitesimal regions
+
+because there are, in
+gravitational systems, what
+
+we call tidal effects,
+where a tidal effect simply
+
+means that the
+gravitational field is never
+
+completely uniform.
+
+And if the gravitational
+field is not uniform,
+
+you do not completely cancel it
+by going into the accelerating
+
+frame of the elevator.
+
+But in any infinitesimal
+region, you
+
+can always cancel the
+effects of gravity
+
+by going into a properly
+accelerating frame.
+
+And that's what the
+equivalence principle says.
+
+OK, are there any
+questions about that?
+
+OK, this being said-- it was
+a long prelude-- we can now
+
+define what ds squared
+is supposed to represent.
+
+And the answer is simply that ds
+squared has the same meaning as
+
+in special relativity except
+that inertial observers are
+
+replaced by
+free-falling observers.
+
+OK, so let's review
+what exactly that means.
+
+It means that if ds
+squared is positive,
+
+it means that there
+will always be
+
+a class of free-falling
+observers for whom those two
+
+events will occur
+at the same time.
+
+And ds squared will be the
+distance between those two
+
+events as measured by those
+inertial observers-- bah,
+
+I said "inertial"--
+free-falling observers.
+
+And similarly, if ds
+squared is negative,
+
+it means there will be a class
+of free-falling observers
+
+for whom those two events will
+occur at the same location.
+
+And ds squared will measure, up
+to a factor of minus c squared,
+
+the time separation squared
+between those two events.
+
+And it will again be the
+case that if ds squared is 0,
+
+it will mean that the
+two events are separated
+
+by just the right distance
+so that a light pulse can
+
+travel from one to the other.
+
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+It's was kind of a
+long-winded discussion.
+
+But I think it does
+pay to actually
+
+understand what df ds means
+rather than just to write down
+
+a formula for it and say
+that's like special relativity.
+
+OK, having said all
+this, our next goal
+
+is to figure out how time enters
+the Robertson-Walker metric
+
+to give us a spacetime
+metric instead
+
+of just a spatial metric, which
+we already have written down.
+
+And I'm going to
+write down the answer
+
+and then describe why that
+has to be the right answer.
+
+I think it's the easiest
+way to handle it here.
+
+So the right answer is that when
+we incorporate time and think
+
+of this as a metric
+for spacetime,
+
+ds squared is going to be
+minus c squared dt squared
+
+plus a squared of t
+times dr squared over 1
+
+minus k r squared-- right now,
+it's just the same spatial part
+
+that we had before-- plus
+r squared d theta squared
+
+plus sine squared
+theta d phi squared.
+
+End parentheses.
+
+End curly brackets.
+
+So all I've done is
+I've added a minus
+
+c squared dt squared
+term to the metric.
+
+Now, why is this
+the right metric?
+
+I'm going to first consider
+two special cases, which
+
+will verify some
+of the terms there.
+
+And then I want to
+also discuss why
+
+there aren't any other
+terms besides the ones
+
+that we know have to be there.
+
+So first, let's just consider
+the case-- case one will just
+
+be dt equals 0.
+
+If there's no time separation
+between the two events,
+
+then we're only interested
+in spatial separations.
+
+And we've already
+talked about how
+
+to describe spatial
+separations in a way which
+
+makes the description
+homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+And we said that this is the
+most general way of describing
+
+spatial separations that
+are in a space which
+
+is homogeneous and isotropic.
+
+So from what we said previously,
+this has to be the answer.
+
+That's how we describe
+homogeneous isotropic spaces.
+
+So when dt vanishes,
+it just reduces
+
+to the case we've
+already discussed.
+
+Simple enough.
+
+Case two, which involves a
+little bit of new thinking--
+
+suppose dr equals d
+theta equals d phi
+
+equals 0 so that
+only time changes.
+
+OK, this describes the situation
+about our co-moving observers.
+
+They're sitting at fixed
+spatial coordinates
+
+and evolving in time.
+
+And we've already said that the
+thing that we call cosmic time
+
+is simply time as
+measured by the wrist
+
+watches of our
+co-moving observers.
+
+So t, if you want t to
+be cosmic time, which
+
+we do-- we're trying to describe
+a metric for our spacetime
+
+as we've already described it.
+
+We're now just trying to
+write a metric for it.
+
+So t should be cosmic time.
+
+So t should be the
+time as measured
+
+on the wrist watches of
+the co-moving observers.
+
+And that's exactly
+what this metric says.
+
+It says that if
+ds squared defines
+
+the measurements of our
+free-falling observers, which
+
+is what we said is the
+definition of ds squared,
+
+that it is just equal
+to minus c squared
+
+times the change in
+the coordinate time.
+
+And coordinate time
+means cosmic time
+
+because that's the coordinate
+system we're using.
+
+So putting in the
+minus c squared
+
+dt squared term is the
+only way that it can be so
+
+that the wrist watches of
+our co-moving, free-falling
+
+observers measure the same thing
+that the coordinate measures,
+
+which is what we defined cosmic
+time to be in the first place.
+
+So I think that
+justifies this term.
+
+And notice, if you had
+any coefficient here other
+
+than c squared, there'd
+be a multiplicity
+
+offset between what the wrist
+watches of your observers
+
+are measuring and what
+cosmic time is ticking off.
+
+And we're not allowing that,
+because we define cosmic time
+
+to be the time measured
+by the wrist watches.
+
+OK, so that takes care
+of these two cases.
+
+And I think it implies
+that these terms have
+
+to be here in exactly the
+form that we've written.
+
+And we could stop
+now and pretend
+
+that we've solved
+the whole problem.
+
+But I always like to be what
+I consider to be thorough.
+
+So I like to sort of
+imagine the questions that
+
+could pop up if people
+were inquisitive.
+
+So you might imagine that you
+have some difficult roommate
+
+who says, why can't I
+put some other term,
+
+and what else could there be?
+
+The only thing that
+we've left out here
+
+are terms that
+involve products of dt
+
+with either dr, d
+theta, or d phi.
+
+So what about terms like
+the product of dr times
+
+dt or d theta times
+dt or d phi times dt?
+
+Question mark.
+
+So one possible answer
+is I looked in a book
+
+and it wasn't there.
+
+But that's not the best
+of all possible answers.
+
+It's good to
+understand why things
+
+are in books and why
+other things or not.
+
+So you might want to
+construct an argument of why
+
+these terms have to be absent.
+
+And the reason why those
+terms have to be absent
+
+is because if they were there,
+they would violate isotropy.
+
+Roughly speaking, the
+notion is that if you
+
+have a dt times some
+d spatial coordinate,
+
+that singles out a certain
+direction in spatial
+
+coordinates space because dr
+is not the same as minus dr. Dr
+
+points in a certain direction.
+
+To be more explicit
+about that, in the notes,
+
+I discuss a thought
+experiment which basically
+
+gives a concrete
+realization of the asymmetry
+
+that I just discussed.
+
+So to see how those terms
+explicitly violate isotropy,
+
+we can imagine a
+thought experiment
+
+where we start by thinking about
+some particular point in space.
+
+And we'll give it coordinates
+r, theta, and phi.
+
+And I'll assume r is non-zero.
+
+We could then imagine that two
+people sitting at this point--
+
+and in the Lewis Carroll
+spirit, I call them
+
+Tweedledee and
+Tweedledum-- can decide
+
+to do an experiment by first
+synchronizing their clocks.
+
+And they might as well
+synchronize t cosmic time,
+
+let's say.
+
+And then, one of them can go off
+in the direction of positive r,
+
+and the other can go off in
+the direction of negative r
+
+at the same coordinate
+velocity, which I'll call v.
+
+And by coordinate
+velocity, I mean dr dt,
+
+because that's the simplest
+thing to talk about here.
+
+It many not be the same
+as the physical velocity,
+
+but we don't care.
+
+It'll be the same
+for both of them.
+
+And the experiment will be
+that they will each travel
+
+until there's some-- until
+cosmic time-- they're
+
+passing a lot of cosmic
+time clocks as they travel.
+
+And they agree to travel
+until cosmic time ticks off
+
+until some chosen final time.
+
+And when they each
+finish the experiment
+
+by noticing that the cosmic
+time clocks now read t sub f,
+
+they will look at
+their own watches
+
+and see how much time elapsed.
+
+So they're basically
+measuring time dilation--
+
+how do their wrist watch
+times, when they move,
+
+differ from cosmic time.
+
+And the point is that if we
+have a dr dt term in the metric,
+
+these people get
+different values
+
+because the time
+that they measure
+
+will be what they
+call ds squared,
+
+up to a factor of
+minus c squared.
+
+And that will include
+this dt dr term.
+
+And dr for one of them will
+be the coordinate velocity
+
+they chose times d cosmic
+time, the amount of cosmic time
+
+interval they travel for.
+
+They've agreed on that
+before they take off.
+
+And for the other, dr
+will be negative vc times
+
+dt, so cosmic.
+
+So this term will give
+a different contribution
+
+to the ds squared that each of
+these two entities, Tweedledee
+
+and Tweedledum, will measure.
+
+And therefore, they'll
+be measuring different ds
+
+squareds, and that means they'll
+be measuring different things
+
+on their wrist watches.
+
+And that means they have
+an asymmetry in directions.
+
+By going one direction
+or the other,
+
+they could determine
+whether their time dilation
+
+will be increased or decreased.
+
+And that, if our
+universe is isotopic,
+
+should not be possible.
+
+And therefore, if we want to
+write a metric which describes
+
+an isotropic universe, we
+have to omit the dr dt term.
+
+And a completely
+identical argument
+
+implies that we have to also
+omit d theta dt and d phi dt.
+
+So isotropy implies dt
+dr term is not allowed.
+
+Because otherwise, we would have
+a Tweedledee Tweedledum time
+
+dilation asymmetry,
+which we're not
+
+allowed to have an
+isotropic universe.
+
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+OK, if you have no
+questions about that,
+
+now we're ready to go
+onto our next topic.
+
+Now that we've described
+the metric of our universe,
+
+there it is-- the full
+Robertson-Walker spacetime
+
+metric for a homogeneous
+and isotropic universe.
+
+The next thing I'd like to about
+is how do we calculate motion
+
+in a metric in the context
+of general relativity.
+
+And our treatment here
+will be completely general.
+
+We'll learn how to calculate
+motion in an arbitrary metric.
+
+And we'll in fact use
+the Schwarzschild metric,
+
+which describes spherically
+symmetric objects like stars
+
+or even black holes
+as an example.
+
+But our real purpose
+is to understand things
+
+like motion in the universe.
+
+And I guess at this point, I
+am going to-- load up screen.
+
+OK, good.
+
+OK, I'm going to just use the
+equations from the lecture
+
+notes.
+
+This particular
+calculation involves
+
+a lot of long
+equations, so I think
+
+doing it on the blackboard would
+probably be a bit too tedious.
+
+So I'm instead going to
+just lift the equations
+
+and talk about them directly
+from the lecture notes
+
+themselves.
+
+So what we're interested
+in is thinking
+
+about a geodesic in
+some arbitrary metric.
+
+And we're going to start with
+the simplest possible example
+
+of the two dimensional spatial
+metric of the same kind
+
+of spaces that Gauss and
+Bolyai and Lobachevsky
+
+were talking about using
+this notation of differential
+
+geometry of thinking of a metric
+in terms of coordinates, which
+
+in this case, we'll
+initially call x and y.
+
+It will generalize perfectly
+straightforwardly to spacetimes
+
+because all the
+ideas are the same.
+
+But it's easiest to start out
+by thinking about you're simply
+
+talking about
+measuring distances
+
+in a two dimensional space.
+
+A geodesic is defined as a line
+between two points in space
+
+which has the property that
+the length of that line
+
+is stationary with
+respect to any variations.
+
+Stationary means the
+first derivative vanishes.
+
+Now, in this two
+dimensional space example,
+
+our stationary lines will
+also always be minima.
+
+That is, you can minimize the
+distance between two points
+
+by finding the
+shortest possible line.
+
+There is no longest
+possible line.
+
+And there aren't any saddle
+points either, I don't think.
+
+So I think in this
+case the minima--
+
+the stationary points will
+always be minimum I believe.
+
+But in general, when we
+have spacetime metrics,
+
+especially when things are
+not even positive definite,
+
+these geodesics, the
+stationary lines,
+
+can be either maxima or
+minima or saddle points.
+
+So you should imagine that all
+those possibilities are there.
+
+However, the
+equations we'll derive
+
+will really just
+be the equations
+
+that say that the first
+order difference vanishes.
+
+If you vary the path a
+little bit to first order,
+
+the length does not change.
+
+And that will be true for
+maxima, minima, or saddle
+
+points.
+
+We won't have to care in
+deriving the equations.
+
+So we start by imagining
+a metric like that.
+
+And the first
+thing we want to do
+
+is just adopt a better
+notation for the metric.
+
+And there are two improvements.
+
+The first is to
+number the coordinates
+
+instead of thinking of
+them as different letters.
+
+So instead of talking
+about x and y,
+
+we're going to talk about
+x super one and x super 2.
+
+Now, these 1's and
+2's have the danger
+
+of possibly being
+confused with a power.
+
+We probably never write
+x to the first power,
+
+but you might write x super 2
+and think of if as x squared.
+
+Many times we, of
+course, do that.
+
+So one always has to hope that
+the context will make it clear
+
+what that index refers to.
+
+But here, these upper index
+objects-- those superscripts
+
+are just indices.
+
+They're not powers.
+
+You might wonder why we tolerate
+such a crazy notation when
+
+we could have written
+them as subscripts.
+
+And then there would
+not be this confusion.
+
+But the answer is that
+in general relativity,
+
+one does make use of both
+subscripts and superscripts
+
+in a slightly different way.
+
+And to some extent, you'll see
+that in what we'll be doing.
+
+So it's useful in
+general relativity
+
+to have two kinds of scripts.
+
+And the only places that seem
+to exist are up and down.
+
+So they're superscripts
+and subscripts.
+
+And one simply
+hopes that there's
+
+no confusion with powers.
+
+OK, so step one is
+number your indices
+
+and to number your coordinates.
+
+And then instead of writing
+that the sum of three terms
+
+that we had-- and of course,
+it gets to be much more.
+
+If you have four coordinates, it
+would be 16 terms or 10 terms,
+
+depending on how
+you collected them.
+
+But instead of
+writing that mess,
+
+you can write it using
+the summation notation.
+
+Sum from i equals 1 to
+2, sum j equals 1 to 2
+
+of g sub ij of the
+x-coordinates times dx i dx j.
+
+And when you sum over i and j,
+you're summing over 1 and 2,
+
+which means you're
+summing over x and y.
+
+And the sum includes
+the x, x term,
+
+which is now called
+the 1, 1 term.
+
+And the y, y term
+which is now called
+
+the 2, 2 term,
+and the x, y term,
+
+which is now called the
+1, 2 or the 2, 1 term.
+
+And those are identical
+to each other.
+
+And they just get added.
+
+So that shortens the
+notation considerably.
+
+But then there's one
+further simplification
+
+that was actually introduced
+by Einstein himself.
+
+And it's always called the
+Einstein summation convention.
+
+Notice that in this
+equation, the letter i
+
+appears twice as an
+index-- as an upper index
+
+there and as a lower index
+on the metric, g sub ij.
+
+And the Einstein
+convention is that whenever
+
+you have a repeated index where
+one is upper and one is lower,
+
+you automatically sum over them
+without writing the summation
+
+sign.
+
+The summation sign is implied.
+
+So then this equation get
+simplified to that equation,
+
+which is the form that
+we'll actually be using.
+
+And that's as about
+as simple as it gets.
+
+OK, so far, that's
+just notation.
+
+OK, now what we want
+to do is to talk
+
+about a path between two points.
+
+And we want to discuss how
+we're going to describe the path
+
+and how we're going to derive
+the equations that will tell us
+
+that this path has the
+minimum possible length, which
+
+is what we're trying to do.
+
+We're trying to find the
+equations that tell us
+
+when a path has an extreme
+value of the length.
+
+So to describe the
+path itself, we're
+
+going to imagine
+parameterizing it, which
+
+means we're going to think
+of a function xi of lambda,
+
+where xi-- remember,
+xi means 1 and 2.
+
+It means specifying one both x
+and y as a function of lambda.
+
+So this is really two
+functions of lambda.
+
+And this function
+of lambda is going
+
+to show us how the point
+that traces out this path
+
+varies from point A
+to point B. And we'll
+
+allow it to vary as a
+function of this parameter
+
+that we've introduced, lambda.
+
+And we'll adopt the
+convention that lambda
+
+is 0 at one end and lambda
+sub f at the other end.
+
+So xi of 0 will be required to
+be the coordinates of point A
+
+If we want to start at
+some specified point A,
+
+we want to end up at
+some specified point B.
+
+So we'll insist that the
+coordinates evaluated at lambda
+
+sub f are xi sub B. And
+as long as xi of lambda
+
+is a continuous function,
+which we will also insist on,
+
+then xi of lambda will describe
+a path from A to B, which
+
+is what we're trying to do.
+
+OK, to apply the
+metric and write down
+
+an expression for the
+length of this path,
+
+that's what we want to do next.
+
+And then we want to
+figure how to extremize
+
+that expression for the length.
+
+First step, we need to get
+an expression for the length.
+
+So the metric is
+written in terms
+
+of infinitesimal separations.
+
+So we want to imagine
+dividing this path up
+
+into little segments, each
+corresponding to some d lambda.
+
+Each little segment goes from
+some lambda to some lambda
+
+plus d lambda, where d
+lambda is infinitesimal.
+
+And the change in the
+coordinates over that interval
+
+are then just the
+derivative of xi
+
+with respect to
+lambda-- remember,
+
+we have this function, xi
+of lambda-- times d lambda.
+
+This will give us
+the differential
+
+coordinates between
+any two neighboring
+
+points along the line.
+
+Then ds squared is
+defined in terms of d xi.
+
+And we just plug this
+formula into the expression
+
+for ds squared in terms of
+the infinitesimal separations.
+
+So we have the metric.
+
+And then where we had
+previously just d xi,
+
+now we have d xi d
+lambda times d lambda.
+
+And similarly, where we
+previously had just d xj,
+
+now we have the derivative
+of xj with respect to lambda,
+
+again, times d lambda.
+
+So we have two
+powers of d lambda
+
+appearing in this expression.
+
+ds itself will be the
+square root of ds squared.
+
+In this case, we
+are talking about
+
+positive, definite distances.
+
+So we can take the square root.
+
+So we put a square
+root sign over it.
+
+And now, we have only
+one power of d lambda.
+
+And this describes the
+length of the segment that
+
+goes from lambda to lambda plus
+d lambda, the length as defined
+
+by the metric.
+
+The full length of the
+line is obtained just
+
+by integrating that from 0
+to the final value of lambda.
+
+So equation 540
+here is what we're
+
+looking for-- the expression for
+the length of the line in terms
+
+of the parametrization
+that we've chosen.
+
+OK, any questions
+about that formula?
+
+OK, next step-- and here's where
+things get kind of complicated
+
+with the algebra,
+although I think
+
+the ideas are still
+pretty simple.
+
+The next step is
+to figure out how
+
+we determine when
+that expression is
+
+at its minimum value.
+
+How do we determine when the
+path has the right properties
+
+that we found the
+minimum length?
+
+So to do that, we want to
+imagine varying the path.
+
+We want to consider comparing
+the length of the path
+
+that we're thinking about to
+the length of an arbitrary
+
+nearby path.
+
+And to do that, we can introduce
+a little bit of extra notation
+
+here.
+
+Here's the point xA
+Here's the point xB.
+
+x of lambda is the path
+that we're thinking about.
+
+And we're asking the
+question, is this the path
+
+of minimum possible length?
+
+And to do that, we're
+going to compare it
+
+with an arbitrary nearby path.
+
+So the arbitrary
+nearby path is what's
+
+called x tilde in this diagram.
+
+It starts at the same point xA
+and ends at the same point xB.
+
+But along the way, it deviates
+by an infinitesimal amount
+
+from the original path.
+
+And we're going to parametrize
+that by equation 541a here.
+
+The tilde path will be
+equal to the original path
+
+plus a parameter that I'm going
+to introduce called alpha times
+
+a function wi of lambda,
+where wi of lambda
+
+is really an arbitrary function.
+
+And I've introduced this
+extra parameter alpha
+
+just so I could say
+in a simple way what
+
+it means for these paths to
+be infinitesimally close,
+
+which just means that if alpha
+has an infinitesimal value,
+
+the two paths are
+infinitesimally close.
+
+And the function wi,
+we'll think of being
+
+a perfectly finite function
+with values like 2 and 5,
+
+not values that are
+infinitesimally small.
+
+OK, with this
+parametrization of our paths,
+
+we want to impose one
+important criteria, which
+
+is that the two paths are
+supposed to start and end
+
+at the same points, A and B.
+And that means that this w super
+
+i that describes the
+derivation between two paths
+
+have an advantage at
+those two end points.
+
+Or else, the paths aren't going
+from the same starting point
+
+to the same ending point.
+
+And, certainly if you
+move the endpoints,
+
+you can always find
+a shorter path.
+
+There's no geodesic if you allow
+yourself to move the endpoints.
+
+So we insist therefore
+that wi of 0,
+
+which is wi at the
+first endpoint, is 0.
+
+And similarly, wi of lambda
+sub f at the other endpoint
+
+is also 0.
+
+That's what we insist on.
+
+OK, now having set
+up this formalism,
+
+we can now write down
+a very simple equation
+
+that says this path
+is an extremum.
+
+The path is an
+extremum if ds d alpha
+
+is equal to 0 for all
+choices of wi of lambda.
+
+OK, if it's an extremum, it
+means any small variation,
+
+any small variations are
+proportional to alpha.
+
+Any small variation
+produces 0 derivative.
+
+So ds d alpha should equal 0.
+
+And that should be the case
+for any possible deviation
+
+if we really have found the
+minimum possible length.
+
+OK?
+
+OK with everybody?
+
+OK, now, it's mostly just a
+lot of gore to get the answer.
+
+The key step will be a
+crucial integration by parts
+
+that you'll see in a minute.
+
+But let's just go through
+the algebra together.
+
+I'm going to define an auxiliary
+quantity a of lambda alpha,
+
+which is just the metric
+times the derivatives
+
+of the functions.
+
+The path length of the
+deviated path-- these
+
+are tilde functions here.
+
+So a is the integrand
+for the length
+
+of the perturbed
+path, the tilde path.
+
+So s of x tilde is
+just the integral
+
+of the square root
+of a, d lambda.
+
+OK, now we need some pieces
+to carry out our derivative.
+
+So I've introduced a few
+auxiliary calculations here
+
+that we can then put
+into the big calculation.
+
+We're going to need the
+derivative of the metric
+
+with respect to alpha.
+
+Now, the metric does not
+depend directly on alpha.
+
+But the metric does
+depend on x tilde.
+
+It's evaluated at
+the point x tilde
+
+for any given value of lambda.
+
+And x tilde depends on alpha,
+because remember, x tilde
+
+was equal to the original
+path plus alpha times
+
+this wi, the derivation.
+
+So it's a chain rule
+problem to figure out
+
+what the derivative of gij
+is with respect to alpha.
+
+So it's the derivative
+of gij with respect
+
+to xk times the
+derivative of xk tilde
+
+with respect to alpha-- just
+straightforward chain rule.
+
+And the derivative of x
+tilde with respect to alpha
+
+is just this function, w super
+i, or in this case, w super k.
+
+That's what defines
+the deviations.
+
+So this is our result,
+then, for the derivative
+
+of gij with respect to alpha.
+
+Then, we apply that to
+differentiating s itself,
+
+finding all the alpha's
+inside that square root.
+
+And scroll up a little bit so
+we can see the definition of a.
+
+a consists of gij times
+the dx's themselves.
+
+And the dx's themselves
+depend on the alphas.
+
+So we're going to get terms
+coming from differentiating
+
+those with respect to alpha.
+
+And we get a term coming
+from differentiating
+
+the gij with respect to alpha.
+
+So the whole quantity
+in the integrand
+
+here has a square
+root operating on it.
+
+So the derivative of the
+square root of a quantity
+
+is 1 over the square
+root of the same quantity
+
+times the derivative
+of the quantity,
+
+just differentiating
+the 1/2 power of a.
+
+So that gives us a 1/2 and
+1 over the square root of a.
+
+And then inside here,
+we have the derivative
+
+of a with respect to alpha.
+
+And one of those terms,
+we've already calculated.
+
+It's this multiplied
+by dx i d lambda dx j
+
+d lambda, which come
+along for the ride.
+
+And they lose their
+tilde because we're
+
+trying to calculate the
+derivative at alpha equals 0.
+
+So once we differentiate one
+factor with respect to alpha,
+
+we evaluate the other
+factors at alpha equals 0.
+
+So that's what we've done.
+
+We've evaluated the other
+factors at alpha equals 0.
+
+And then, when we
+differentiate dx i tilde
+
+with respect to d lambda, we
+just get DWI d wi with respect
+
+to lambda.
+
+And dx j d lambda comes
+along, now evaluated at alpha
+
+equals 0.
+
+And similarly,
+the second term is
+
+where we differentiated the
+second factor here with respect
+
+to alpha.
+
+And we differentiate
+with respect to alpha,
+
+we bring down the w.
+
+So this becomes dx i d
+lambda dx j d lambda.
+
+So this is the expression.
+
+And now we want to
+simplify it a little bit
+
+and figure out how to write
+down an equation which
+
+tells us when it's actually 0.
+
+So first, we want to
+simplify it a little bit.
+
+And I guess I want
+to-- do they fit?
+
+Almost.
+
+What I want to argue is
+that these last two terms
+
+are really equal to each
+other up to just rearranging
+
+the indices.
+
+Remember, i and j are
+just being summed over.
+
+So we could have called them
+any letter we wanted, and they
+
+would still just
+be summed 1 and 2.
+
+And in particular,
+we can interchange
+
+what we call i with
+what we call j.
+
+And then, these two terms
+would become identical.
+
+And we're allowed to do
+that because these are just
+
+what are called dummy indices.
+
+They're just names of indices
+that are being summed over.
+
+And you get the
+same sum no matter
+
+what you call the index
+you're summing over.
+
+So those terms can be combined,
+giving us just 2 times
+
+either one of those
+two terms we can keep.
+
+And now, we only two
+terms in our expression,
+
+which is not bad.
+
+But things are still
+a little complicated.
+
+And what makes them complicated
+at this point, which
+
+is what we have to get
+rid of, is the fact
+
+that w occurs as a multiplicity
+factor in the first term.
+
+But w is differentiated
+with respect
+
+to lambda in the second term.
+
+And when it's written
+that way, there's
+
+no direct way you could see
+what properties w has to have
+
+or the other terms
+have to have so
+
+that the expression vanishes.
+
+But the crucial
+trick for handling
+
+that particular issue-- and
+it's the only real issue
+
+in this problem.
+
+The rest is just straightforward
+or sometimes tedious
+
+manipulations.
+
+The key step is to
+integrate by parts
+
+to turn the derivative
+of w expression
+
+into an expression that is
+just multiplicative in w.
+
+And the miraculous thing is
+that for the situation we have,
+
+there are no boundary terms
+that arise from that integration
+
+by parts.
+
+So here's integration by parts
+spelled out in gory detail.
+
+We're going to use the
+famous formula that
+
+says that the integral
+of udv is equal to minus
+
+the interval at vdu plus
+the product U times V
+
+evaluated at the two
+endpoints and subtracted.
+
+So this is just the
+standard formula
+
+that defines
+integration by parts.
+
+The U is the term that starts
+out not having derivatives
+
+and later acquires derivatives.
+
+So that's the 1 over
+root a gij dxj d lambda
+
+of this-- this is the quantity
+we're trying to calculate.
+
+And the du will just be--
+I'm sorry-- dv will just
+
+be the factor which
+is a differential
+
+in the original expression,
+d wi d lambda times d lambda
+
+we're going to let
+be equal to dv.
+
+So this u and this dv give
+us the original integral.
+
+This integral is the
+same as the integral
+
+we're trying to evaluate.
+
+Now when we integrate by parts,
+we apply a derivative to U
+
+to write down dU, which means
+it's just the derivative
+
+with respect to lambda of the
+quantity in brackets times
+
+d lambda.
+
+That's the du.
+
+And dv is just
+easily integrable.
+
+D is equal to wi.
+
+Now, the important thing is
+to look at the boundary term.
+
+Because if the boundary
+term went on 0,
+
+we might not have
+accomplished anything.
+
+But the boundary term is 0
+because the boundary term
+
+is the product of U
+times V, and V is wi.
+
+And wi vanishes at both
+boundaries that remember,
+
+was just the condition that
+the path goes between A and B.
+
+When you vary the path,
+you don't vary the points A
+
+and B. You only vary
+the path in between.
+
+So wi vanishes at the endpoint.
+
+So that means that v
+vanishes at the endpoints.
+
+So that means if the
+product of U times V
+
+vanishes at the end points.
+
+And that means our boundary
+term, our service term,
+
+does not contribute.
+
+So we turned the original
+integral into another integral
+
+where now wi appears as
+the multiplicity factor
+
+and it's no longer
+differentiated.
+
+Lots of other things get
+differentiated in the process.
+
+But wi gets to sit by itself.
+
+And that now makes it easy
+to combine these two terms
+
+and see under what
+circumstances the sum vanishes.
+
+So the integral, after
+we make this integration
+
+by parts on one
+of the two terms,
+
+becomes this expression
+where now, the w's
+
+are always multiplicative.
+
+And by rearranging the names
+of these dummy indices--
+
+as we initially have it, w has a
+superscript k in the first term
+
+and the subscript i
+and the second term.
+
+But one could rearrange
+these dummy indices--
+
+we could name them anything you
+want-- so that in both cases,
+
+w has the same index.
+
+And then you can factor it out.
+
+And then you get this
+marvelous equation,
+
+which is now very close
+to being an equation
+
+that we're prepared
+to deal with.
+
+The question we
+want to address now
+
+is under what circumstances
+does this vanish for every wi?
+
+Now, if we only know
+that it vanished
+
+for some particular
+wi, then we would not
+
+be able to say very much.
+
+Because it's very
+easy for an integral
+
+to be nonzero all over the
+place, literally everywhere
+
+except maybe at some
+isolated points and still
+
+integrate to 0.
+
+It could be positive
+in some places,
+
+negative in other places and
+zero only at crossing points
+
+and still integrate to 0.
+
+But if this is going
+to vanish for any wi,
+
+then the claim is that the
+quantity in curly brackets
+
+has to vanish identically.
+
+And I think the
+best way to prove
+
+that is to say that if
+the quantity in brackets
+
+did not vanish
+identically, then you
+
+could let wi be equal to
+the quantity in brackets.
+
+Remember, if this is
+non-zero for any wi,
+
+we have a contradiction
+because we're
+
+going to require this
+to vanish for any wi.
+
+So if the quantity in
+brackets were nonzero,
+
+we could let wi be
+the same quantity.
+
+And then we would just have the
+integral of a perfect square.
+
+And then clearly, the
+integral would not vanish.
+
+So that shows that if
+the quantity in brackets
+
+does not vanish, the
+integral does not
+
+vanish, at least for some wi.
+
+And that means that
+if the integral's
+
+going to vanish
+for every wi, which
+
+is what we're trying to impose,
+the quantity in curly brackets
+
+has to vanish identically.
+
+And that's our conclusion.
+
+So that implies--
+and I guess here
+
+is where we're going to stop.
+
+But we get to the
+famous boxed equation.
+
+And this really is-- we'll
+simplify it a little bit
+
+afterwards next time.
+
+But this really is the result.
+
+The geodesic equation
+is that equation,
+
+which is just the equation
+that the quantity that we
+
+had in curly brackets vanishes.
+
+So if the path that
+we've chosen has
+
+the property that
+these derivatives are
+
+equal to each other-- and
+notice it depends on the metric
+
+and it depends on the path.
+
+Because you have dx d
+lambda appearing everywhere.
+
+And x of lambda is the path.
+
+But if this equation
+holds, then that path
+
+is a stationary point.
+
+It's an if and only
+if statement as long
+
+as paths are continuous.
+
+That is the geodesic equation.
+
+It tells us whether or not
+our path is the minimum.
+
+And next time, we will
+simplify it a bit.
+
+And we'll look at
+examples and understand
+
+how the formula works.
+
+So I'll see you folks
+again next Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/ehDAxjFK1jU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1953 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HERBERT GROSS: Hi, our lecture
+today, if we're looking at
+
+this from an analytical point
+view, should be called 'Maxima
+
+and Minima'.
+
+And if we're looking at it
+from a geometric point of
+
+view, 'High Points
+and Low Points'.
+
+And actually, whichever point of
+view we're looking at from,
+
+it's a very nice application off
+much of the theory that we
+
+have learned up until now.
+
+So without further ado, let's
+talk a little bit about what
+
+we mean by high points, low
+points, maxima or minima.
+
+Which is, as I say, I've called
+the lecture today.
+
+Now, as is always the case, we
+usually have to have some sort
+
+of a fundamental result
+from which all of our
+
+other results follow.
+
+And in this context what I call
+the fundamental theorem
+
+for a study of maxima minima
+is the following.
+
+Suppose that 'f of c' is at
+least as great as 'f of x' for
+
+all 'x' in a delta neighborhood
+of 'c'.
+
+In other words, we have some
+open interval with delta
+
+surrounding 'c'.
+
+And then for all 'x' in that
+neighborhood, 'f of c' is at
+
+least as great as 'f of x'.
+
+Or equivalently, it might be
+that 'f of c' is less than or
+
+equal to 'f of x' for all 'x'
+in this neighborhood.
+
+And suppose also, that 'f
+prime of c' exists.
+
+Then the theorem says, 'f
+prime of c' in this
+
+case, must be 0.
+
+And whereas this can be proven
+analytically, again the
+
+analytical proof is motivated
+by what's happening
+
+geometrically.
+
+And the geometric demonstration
+is particularly
+
+easy to visualize in this
+particular case.
+
+Let me run the risk of drawing
+this fairly freehand here.
+
+See what we're saying is this.
+
+Suppose you have at the point
+(c, 'f of c') on this
+
+particular curve.
+
+Suppose that this particular
+curve the derivative exists
+
+and is positive.
+
+See that's the way
+I've drawn this.
+
+In other words, notice that in
+the neighborhood of the point
+
+'c' here, for example, the
+derivative here is positive.
+
+The curve is always rising.
+
+Now, what we're saying over here
+is that if you look at
+
+this particular picture, observe
+that 'f of c' will not
+
+exceed 'f of x' for all 'x'
+in this neighborhood.
+
+In fact, I think you can see
+just by looking at this
+
+picture that as 'x' increases,
+'f of x' increases.
+
+In other words, in terms of this
+picture, if 'x' is less
+
+than 'c', 'f of x' is
+less than 'f of c'.
+
+And if 'x' is greater than
+'c', 'f of x' is
+
+greater than 'f of c'.
+
+In other words, what we're
+saying is if the derivative is
+
+positive, it means that the
+curve is always rising.
+
+And hence, the point in the
+middle of that neighborhood
+
+cannot be the highest point
+in that neighborhood.
+
+Nor, for example, can it
+be the lowest point.
+
+In fact, a similar argument
+holds if we want to illustrate
+
+that 'f of c' is less than or
+equal to 'f of x' in this
+
+particular neighborhood.
+
+And by the way, again, observe
+what we're saying.
+
+This is rather crucial
+over here.
+
+First of all, we're talking
+about a sufficiently small
+
+neighborhood of 'c'.
+
+What I mean by that is
+something like this.
+
+And by the way, this could
+cause a little bit of a
+
+problem if you're not careful
+with your language.
+
+If we drew a picture like this
+and you say to somebody, where
+
+are the high-low
+points on this?
+
+I think it's quite natural that
+the person would say,
+
+well, this is the high point.
+
+I'll call that 'H'.
+
+And this is the low point.
+
+I'll call that 'L'.
+
+And he might tend to forget
+about this point here because
+
+even though it's fairly high,
+it's not nearly as high as
+
+this point.
+
+What I'd like you to see however
+is that our definition
+
+talks about what?
+
+In a neighborhood of
+the given point.
+
+You see what we're saying here
+is that if we pick a
+
+particular neighborhood,
+an appropriately chosen
+
+neighborhood surrounding 'c',
+then what is true is that at
+
+the value of 'x' corresponding
+to 'c', 'f of c' is the
+
+highest point in a suitable
+neighborhood of 'c'.
+
+In other words, if you knew that
+for some reason or other,
+
+you had to be working in this
+neighborhood here, you could
+
+say, well, in the domain in
+which I'm interested in, this
+
+is a high point.
+
+And this is why we talk about
+'local' or 'relative' maxima
+
+or minima in addition to
+'absolute' maxima and minima.
+
+In fact, you see, this happens
+quite frequently in practice.
+
+Suppose you were doing an
+experiment and you really
+
+wanted to produce the largest
+possible value of 'y'.
+
+Well, you see, utopianaly you
+would like to pick 'x' out
+
+here someplace.
+
+But suppose because of some
+constraint in the laboratory,
+
+the largest value of 'x'
+that you could choose
+
+might be over here.
+
+And then you see what the
+equivalent problem would be.
+
+And this is where the domain
+of the function has such a
+
+powerful meaning in terms of
+practical applications.
+
+What you're saying is look-it ,
+if the domain of my function
+
+is limited to this interval
+over here, then this
+
+particular point as far
+as I'm concerned
+
+is the highest point.
+
+In other words then, notice
+that the labelling 'N sub
+
+'delta of c'' indicates that
+you're talking locally rather
+
+than globally in a neighborhood
+of 'c'.
+
+And this is the important
+issue here.
+
+Now, the hardest part about this
+particular result as I
+
+see it, is not understanding the
+result as much as it is of
+
+reading more into the result
+than what's really there.
+
+And so I have a few
+cautions for you.
+
+The three commandments
+they turn out to be.
+
+The first is, beware
+of false converses.
+
+And before you can be beware of
+false converses, you have
+
+to know what a converse is.
+
+Roughly speaking, a converse
+applies only to an if-then
+
+type of statement.
+
+And you get the converse
+of a given statement by
+
+interchanging the clauses that
+follow the if and the then.
+
+And the reason you have to
+beware is that a true
+
+statement can have
+a false converse.
+
+For example, consider the
+following true statement.
+
+If a person is listening to me
+lecture now, then he is alive.
+
+Hopefully, a true statement.
+
+If we now interchange the
+clauses to form the converse
+
+it says if a person is
+alive, then he is
+
+listening to me lecture.
+
+A tragically false statement.
+
+But notice the difference
+between inverting the clauses
+
+of an if-then statement.
+
+And the idea is this.
+
+Notice that our theorem says if
+'f prime' exists, then-- or
+
+if there is a local maximum
+or a local minimum, 'f
+
+prime of c' is 0.
+
+It does not say that if 'f prime
+of c' is 0 we have a
+
+local maximum or a
+local minimum.
+
+Perhaps the easiest
+way to see that is
+
+in terms of an example.
+
+That's the nicest thing to show
+how a converse is false.
+
+To prove that something is true,
+you can't do it just by
+
+showing its true in
+certain cases.
+
+But to show that something is
+not true, all you have to do
+
+is exhibit one example in which
+the result is false.
+
+That's enough to prove that
+it can't always be true.
+
+For example, in this particular
+diagram, notice
+
+that in the curve 'y' equals
+'f of x', which I've drawn
+
+here, the curve at the point
+'c' comma 'f of c' has a
+
+horizontal tangent.
+
+In other words, 'f prime
+of c' is 0 here.
+
+But notice that in any
+neighborhood that surrounds
+
+'c', in any open interval that's
+around 'c', notice that
+
+if 'x' is less than 'c', 'f of
+x' will be less than 'f of c'.
+
+And if 'x' is greater than 'c',
+'f of x' will be greater
+
+than 'f of c'.
+
+In other words, notice that
+except for the stationary
+
+value at which we have a
+horizontal tangent, the graph
+
+is always rising in any
+neighborhood of 'c'.
+
+That's the first point
+I want you to see.
+
+The second point says
+beware if 'f prime
+
+of c' doesn't exist.
+
+See all our theorem
+said is, look it.
+
+If you have a relative high
+point, a relative low point,
+
+relative max, or a relative min
+at 'x' equal 'c', and if
+
+'f prime of c' exists, then
+'f prime of c' is 0.
+
+But who said that 'f prime
+of c' has to exist?
+
+Again, let's look in terms
+of an example.
+
+If we let 'f of x' equal the
+absolute value of 'x', recall
+
+from our previous assignments
+and the like that the
+
+derivative of 'f of x',
+in this case, does not
+
+exist when 'x' is 0.
+
+In other words, 'f prime
+of 0' doesn't exist.
+
+And why is that?
+
+Well, notice that the graph of
+'y' equals the absolute value
+
+of 'x' is the straight line
+'y' equals 'x' if 'x' is
+
+non-negative and the straight
+line 'y' equals 'minus x' if
+
+'x' is negative.
+
+In other words, 'f prime of x'
+is 1 if 'x' is positive.
+
+It's minus 1 if 'x'
+is negative.
+
+And hence, a jump discontinuity
+in the
+
+derivative at 0.
+
+But you see, the
+point is this.
+
+If you look at our graph,
+do we have a low point
+
+at 'x' equals 0?
+
+In other words, is this the
+lowest point in the
+
+neighborhood of 0?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+In fact, it's an 'absolute'
+low point.
+
+Meaning that no matter where you
+go, no point on our graph
+
+can be less or lower than this
+particular point here.
+
+But that's irrelevant.
+
+The point is what?
+
+If we looked for a place where
+'f prime of c' was 0 in this
+
+example, we wouldn't find one.
+
+That would not mean that there
+wasn't a low point.
+
+What happened was what?
+
+The low point snuck in
+at a place where the
+
+derivative did not exist.
+
+And again, you have
+to be careful.
+
+All I said was what?
+
+Beware of points for which 'f
+prime of c' does not exist.
+
+It does not mean that at each
+point where 'f prime of c'
+
+does not exist that you're
+going to have a
+
+high or a low point.
+
+For example, remember that the
+derivative not existing
+
+loosely speaking means what?
+
+That there's a sharp corner
+to the curve.
+
+What I'm thinking of is
+something like this.
+
+Let's take a curve that's
+always rising, say
+
+something like this.
+
+Now, let's suppose we put a
+sharp corner in here, but in
+
+such a way that the curve still
+
+continues to always rise.
+
+Say like this.
+
+Now you see, at this particular
+value of 'c', 'f
+
+prime of c' doesn't exist.
+
+I think you can see intuitively
+
+what's happening here.
+
+The slope approaches one value
+as you approach 'c' from the
+
+left and another value if you
+approach 'c' from the right.
+
+Now even know 'f prime of c'
+doesn't exist at this point,
+
+notice that this point
+is neither a
+
+high nor a low point.
+
+Meaning that all points what?
+
+To the left of this point are
+below it and all points to the
+
+right of this point
+are above it.
+
+So again, what?
+
+Beware when 'f prime of c'
+equals 0, but don't jump to
+
+any false conclusions.
+
+And the third caution is an
+extremely important one.
+
+In fact, for the first time
+from a practical point of
+
+view, we are going to probably
+see analytically what is the
+
+difference between
+an open interval
+
+and a closed interval.
+
+Suppose I have the function 'f
+of x' equals 'x squared', but
+
+the domain of 'f' is now the
+open interval from 2 to 3.
+
+In other words, the inputs of
+the 'f' machine are restricted
+
+to all those numbers which
+are greater than 2,
+
+but less than 3.
+
+Now, let's take a look here.
+
+Let's first of all, see where
+'f prime of x' is 0.
+
+First of all, 'f prime of x' is
+'2x' and that equals 0 if
+
+and only if 'x' equals 0.
+
+Now here's where the domain
+is very important.
+
+Is 'x' equal 0 in our domain?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+'x' equals 0 is not
+in our domain.
+
+Our domain is restricted to be
+the open interval from 2 to 3.
+
+Therefore, as far as our
+function 'f' is concerned--
+
+and remember, way back in one
+of our early, I don't even
+
+think it was a lecture.
+
+It was in our supplementary
+notes.
+
+We pointed out that when you
+define a function, you need
+
+not only the rule, but you
+must specify the domain.
+
+Remember, two functions were
+equal not only if they were
+
+the same rule, but they had to
+be defined on the same domain.
+
+So f here is defined on
+a domain from 2 to 3.
+
+And on that particular domain
+of definition there is no
+
+place where the derivative
+is 0.
+
+By the same token, since the
+derivative is a polynomial and
+
+all polynomials are
+differentiable, and all
+
+differentiable functions are
+continuous, there certainly
+
+will be no places where 'f prime
+of x' doesn't exist.
+
+In other words, 'f prime' exists
+for all 'x' in the
+
+domain of 'f'.
+
+In other words, here is a
+particular example in which a
+
+particular function on its
+domain of definition does not
+
+have any high or low
+points on it.
+
+And I'll illustrate that
+graphically in a few moments.
+
+I simply wanted to put this on
+the board first to put it into
+
+sharp contrast with what we're
+going to say next.
+
+If we're not careful, in fact,
+the next problem looks exactly
+
+the same as the problem
+that we just solved.
+
+Namely, what we want to do now
+is investigate the function 'f
+
+of x' equals 'x squared'.
+
+But we want the domain of
+'f' now to be what?
+
+The closed interval
+from 2 to 3.
+
+In other words, the only
+difference between this
+
+problem and the problem that we
+just solved is that now we
+
+want the endpoints included.
+
+Now, there's no sense
+repeating the
+
+part that we did before.
+
+First of all, will 'f prime of
+x' equal 0 in the domain of
+
+definition?
+
+As we saw before, no.
+
+Is 'f prime' nonexistent any
+place in the interval?
+
+No, it's differentiable.
+
+It's a smooth polynomial
+curve.
+
+Answer is no.
+
+Now, here's where we come to two
+very important points that
+
+hopefully, will clarify certain
+conventions that were
+
+made in the textbook.
+
+In our section on continuity
+there was a little result that
+
+may have seemed a little
+bit obscure.
+
+It said what?
+
+That a continuous function
+defined on a closed interval
+
+must take on its maximum and
+minimum values someplace on
+
+that closed interval.
+
+You see, all we've proven
+over here is what?
+
+That if 'f' has a max or min,
+what we've proven is what?
+
+It does not occur in the open
+interval from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+Well, look it.
+
+If the high and low points have
+to occur some place on
+
+the closed interval and they
+can't appear, as we've seen,
+
+in the open interval, where
+must they occur?
+
+Well, if they can't be inside
+and they have to be on the
+
+interval, it must be that they
+take place at the endpoints.
+
+Let's go back without referring
+
+back to another board.
+
+Remember we wrote down when
+we're talking about high and
+
+low points that we talked about
+'x' being in a delta
+
+neighborhood of 'c'.
+
+It meant what?
+
+That you could surround 'c'
+by some bandwidth 'delta'.
+
+And notice that our definition
+in the textbook of a
+
+neighborhood was always
+an open interval.
+
+And the reason that the
+definition is given to be open
+
+is that notice that what the
+definition now says is what?
+
+You know what's going on
+on either side of 'c'.
+
+We know what's going on
+either side of 'c'.
+
+Notice that in the case where
+you have a closed interval, by
+
+definition of a closed interval
+notice that what?
+
+We know what's happening as we
+come in on 'a' from the right.
+
+And we know what's happening
+to 'b' as we come in on it
+
+from the left.
+
+But allegedly, meaning that
+since the function is only
+
+defined on the closed interval
+from 'a' to 'b', we don't know
+
+what's happening before 'a',
+and we don't know what's
+
+happening before 'b'.
+
+In other words, this is why the
+test for 'f prime of c'
+
+equaling 0 applies only to 'c'
+being in the interior.
+
+In other words, in
+an open interval.
+
+So in other words then, you see
+if a function happens to
+
+be continuous on the closed
+interval and it doesn't have
+
+any high-low points in the
+interior of the interval, then
+
+it must have its high-low
+points where?
+
+It must be at the endpoints.
+
+And to show you quite simply
+what was going on in this
+
+particular problem, notice
+that if we graph 'f of x'
+
+equals 'x squared' and look at
+this say, first of all, on the
+
+closed interval from 2 to 3 what
+we're saying is look it,
+
+any point in which we look at a
+neighborhood that isn't 2 or
+
+3, the curve is rising on
+one side of the point.
+
+In other words, the curve is
+rising on both sides of the
+
+point, so that if you are to
+the left of the point, the
+
+height will be less than the
+point you're interested in.
+
+If you're to the right of it,
+the height will exceed the
+
+point that you're
+interested in.
+
+But notice that at the end
+points themselves, you do have
+
+what in this case?
+
+Not a relative high or
+low, but actually an
+
+absolute high or low.
+
+In other words, the
+point '2 comma 4'.
+
+See, what is the
+endpoint here?
+
+One endpoint is 4, the other
+endpoint going up on the
+
+y-direction here is 9.
+
+What you're saying is what?
+
+4 is less than 9.
+
+Every value of 'x squared'
+between 2 and 3 falls
+
+between 4 and 9.
+
+And what you're saying
+is what?
+
+That the lowest point occurs
+when 'x' is 2, the highest
+
+point occurs when 'y' is 3.
+
+The interesting point to note is
+that if you now look at the
+
+open interval and exclude the
+endpoints, you cannot get a
+
+lowest point or a
+highest point.
+
+Namely, notice that if you allow
+yourself to get as close
+
+to 2 as you want without ever
+getting there, it means you
+
+could have done what?
+
+Moved closer to 2.
+
+In other words, if 'x' is
+greater than 2, you can pick
+
+another value that's what?
+
+Between 'x' and 2.
+
+There's a space there.
+
+In other words, what you saying
+is that no matter how
+
+low you get here, as long as
+you're not exactly at 2, you
+
+can find the point
+that's lower.
+
+And in the same way as you move
+out this way, as you move
+
+closer and closer to this point,
+if you exclude this
+
+point itself, no matter where
+you stop, you could have
+
+always found the point that
+was a little bit higher.
+
+And again, you have
+to be where?
+
+When I say check the endpoints
+of a closed interval, it does
+
+not mean that the endpoints
+will give
+
+you high or low points.
+
+For example, look at the
+following curve.
+
+It looks something like this.
+
+It's continuous.
+
+It's defined on the closed
+interval from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+Notice that at a we do not
+get an absolute maximum.
+
+In fact, what?
+
+All of these points on the curve
+are higher than what's
+
+happening here.
+
+Same thing happens, what?
+
+All of these points are lower
+than what the height is
+
+corresponding to
+'x' equals 'a'.
+
+And in the similar way, this
+is what happens at 'b'.
+
+You see, with the endpoints,
+obviously since you can't see
+
+what's happening before, this
+will be either the highest
+
+point or the lowest point near
+here depending on how the
+
+curve is sloped.
+
+But all we're saying is what?
+
+In terms of absolute high
+values and absolute low
+
+values, meaning the highest
+possible points and the lowest
+
+possible points, we must always
+check the endpoints.
+
+But we can't be positive
+that the endpoints
+
+are going to be chosen.
+
+In fact, let's summarize.
+
+And I'm going to summarize
+again at
+
+the end of the lecture.
+
+But the idea is this.
+
+If 'f of x' is continuous on the
+closed interval from 'a'
+
+to 'b'-- and here's
+the key word.
+
+To find candidates--
+
+you know the old cliche
+about many are
+
+called, but few are chosen.
+
+In this case, few are called
+and even fewer are chosen.
+
+Namely, what we're saying
+is look it.
+
+When we're looking for
+high-low points, the
+
+candidates are what?
+
+Those points for which
+the derivative is 0.
+
+We can check those out because
+those are possibilities.
+
+Those points for which the
+derivative fails to exist.
+
+We can check those out because
+they're possibilities.
+
+And the endpoints.
+
+Namely, if the function
+is continuous,
+
+we check the endpoints.
+
+By the way, if the function is
+not continuous, then there is
+
+no need to check-- well,
+let's put it this way.
+
+If you're on an open interval
+there's no need to check the
+
+endpoints because there
+aren't any.
+
+In other words, notice that
+I'm talking about what?
+
+That the function 'f' is not
+only continuous, but on a
+
+closed interval.
+
+That's all there is to this.
+
+In other words, these are all
+the possible candidates.
+
+Now you see the bigger
+question is,
+
+how do you use this?
+
+And I thought that I would make
+up a makeshift exercise,
+
+one that's rather easy to
+do at the blackboard.
+
+For deeper exercises, for more
+quantitative results, we have
+
+several exercises in the
+learning exercises.
+
+Several exercises worked out
+
+illustratively in the textbook.
+
+But let's pick a particularly
+straightforward example.
+
+Let's suppose that what I want
+to do is construct a cylinder.
+
+This is a cross sectional
+view of a cylinder.
+
+'x' represents the radius of
+the base and 'y' represents
+
+the height.
+
+This is a right circular
+cylinder.
+
+I'm given a constraint, namely
+I'm told that for some reason
+
+or other, and I don't know why
+anybody would ever want to
+
+impose this condition other
+than the fact that we want
+
+some condition imposed here
+to see what's happening.
+
+I'm told that I want the sum of
+the radius of the base and
+
+the altitude to be exactly 30.
+
+In other words, if the radius
+of the base is going to be 6
+
+inches, I want the altitude
+to be 24 inches.
+
+That's a constraint.
+
+And by the way, I'll come
+back to this later also.
+
+Notice how you're almost
+begging a related rates
+
+relationship here.
+
+Or an implicit relationship
+that 'x' and 'y' are not
+
+independent.
+
+But I've now put a constraint
+on here.
+
+At any rate the question is,
+how shall I use up my 30
+
+inches, say, if I want to make
+the volume of the resulting
+
+cylinder as large as possible?
+
+And notice how we
+work this thing.
+
+We say, well, the volume is
+equal to 'pi 'x squared' y'.
+
+In this particular case, it's
+easy to see explicitly that
+
+'y' is equal to '30 - x'.
+
+It's also easy to see physically
+that 'x' must be
+
+more than 0.
+
+You can't have a negative
+radius of the base.
+
+It must be less than 30 because
+if you used up more
+
+than 30 inches in the radius
+of your base, how can the
+
+radius of the base plus the
+altitude add up to exactly 30?
+
+Because physically, the
+constraint is that the
+
+altitude can't be negative.
+
+It's certainly a
+positive value.
+
+So our analytic relationship
+is what?
+
+That 'v' equals 'pi 'x squared'
+y', which can be
+
+written as 'pi 'x squared'
+times '30 - x''.
+
+Which in turn, can be written
+as the polynomial '30 pi 'x
+
+squared'' minus 'pi 'x cubed'',
+where 'x' is the open
+
+interval or defined on the open
+interval from 0 to 30.
+
+Now, how do I proceed?
+
+What was my test
+for membership?
+
+I have three ways of
+checking out where
+
+high-low points will occur.
+
+Or max-min points in this case,
+since notice that this
+
+function does not require a
+graph to understand it.
+
+I first check out to see where
+the derivative is 0.
+
+Well, the derivative
+is simply '60 pi x'
+
+minus '3 pi 'x squared''.
+
+If I set this thing equal to 0,
+I find upon factoring that
+
+either 'x' must be 0
+or 'x' must be 20.
+
+I can immediately exclude 'x'
+equals 0 because notice that
+
+my function 'v' had its domain
+of definition on the open
+
+interval from 0 to 30.
+
+'x' equals 0 is not in the open
+interval from 0 to 30.
+
+Consequently, we can rule
+this thing out.
+
+And what we discover is
+that 'x' equals 20.
+
+So 'x' equals 20 is
+the only possible
+
+candidate that we have.
+
+And by the way, since the sum of
+'x' and 'y' must be 20, if
+
+'x' equals 20, 'y' must be 10.
+
+So the only candidate that we
+have by setting the derivative
+
+equal to 0 is that 'x' should
+be 20 and 'y' should be 10.
+
+We do not get any candidates
+in the sense of where the
+
+derivative doesn't exist.
+
+Because if you look at '60 pi
+x' minus '3 pi 'x squared'',
+
+this certainly exists for
+all values of 'x'.
+
+And finally, we have no
+endpoints to check.
+
+Because again, our
+function 'v' is
+
+defined on an open interval.
+
+By the way, if I tried to draw
+this somewhat to scale, a very
+
+interesting result turns up,
+which may show the power of
+
+analytical methods versus more
+intuitive types of methods.
+
+You see, what we showed
+here was what?
+
+Without going into the details,
+that to get the
+
+largest volume cylinder,
+'x' should be 20.
+
+In other words, the radius of
+your base should be 20 and the
+
+altitude should be 10.
+
+Let's take a look at that
+drawn roughly to scale.
+
+The radius of the base here is
+20 and the altitude is 10.
+
+By the way, that means
+that the cross
+
+section will be what?
+
+A rectangle whose height is
+10 and whose base is 40.
+
+Now intuitively, I think it's
+easy to see that for a
+
+rectangle, for a given perimeter
+the largest possible
+
+area rectangle is the one
+which is a square.
+
+Well, without even trying to
+prove that, let's go to this
+
+thing here.
+
+Instead of using up the 20 and
+the 10, let's draw a second
+
+rectangle, or a second cross
+section of a cylinder where
+
+the radius is 15 and
+the height is 15.
+
+Notice that this still satisfies
+the fact that the
+
+sum of the radius and
+the altitude are 30.
+
+Now, look at this.
+
+If we compute the area of this
+particular rectangle, 40 times
+
+10, it's 400.
+
+On the other hand, the
+volume is what?
+
+Pi times 20 squared.
+
+The radius of the
+base squared.
+
+Times the height, which is 10.
+
+And that yields the result
+of 4,000 pi.
+
+On the other hand, if we look
+at our second rectangle, its
+
+area is 450.
+
+But its volume is what?
+
+It's pi times 15 squared times
+15, which is 3,375 pi.
+
+The interesting result
+here is what?
+
+The area of this rectangle
+is greater than the
+
+area of this rectangle.
+
+In fact, the area of the second
+rectangle is 450.
+
+The area of the first rectangle
+is only 400.
+
+But notice that when you revolve
+this thing to form the
+
+cylinder, the smaller cross
+sectional area generates the
+
+larger volume.
+
+And the reason, of course, for
+that is that the relationship
+
+in our variables
+was not linear.
+
+In other words notice that
+when 'x' is large, a
+
+relatively small change in
+'x' produces a large
+
+change in 'x squared'.
+
+In other words, a relatively
+small value in 'x' can offset
+
+a relatively large value
+or increase in 'y'.
+
+And this is kind of interesting
+because try to
+
+figure out intuitively how you
+would figure out where these
+
+stop compensating
+for one another?
+
+Where does it turn out that
+finally you've taken so much
+
+away from 'x' that even though
+you square it, it can't
+
+compensate the change in 'y'?
+
+How would you intuitively pick
+off where the high-low points
+
+occur in a problem like this?
+
+And all I want you to see is
+again, the beautiful gentle
+
+balance between intuitive
+calculus
+
+and rigorous calculus.
+
+That we don't throw away
+our intuition.
+
+But notice how, in many cases,
+where our intuition fails us,
+
+the analytic recipes
+come to our rescue.
+
+But enough said about that, let
+me now again, highlight
+
+the difference or the
+relationship between functions
+
+and graphs.
+
+Namely, in all of this
+discussion that we've done on
+
+this particular board, we're
+talking about what?
+
+'v' being a function of 'x'.
+
+We do not have to visualize
+this thing pictorially.
+
+But if we wish, what we can say
+is let's graph 'v' as a
+
+function of 'x'.
+
+And you see, going back to the
+material of last time.
+
+And notice, you see how
+interrelated these things are.
+
+Notice how curve plotting
+ties in very nicely with
+
+derivatives and the like.
+
+All we're saying is what?
+
+Given this relationship, which
+is how 'v' is related to 'x',
+
+we can form the first
+derivative, we can form the
+
+second derivative, we can look
+to see where the first
+
+derivative is 0, we can look
+to see where the second
+
+derivative is 0.
+
+I leave these details to you
+because after the homework
+
+assignment you did last time
+these should be fairly trivial
+
+exercises to do.
+
+But the idea is if you now
+utilize all of this
+
+information, you find that if
+you plot 'v' verses 'x', you
+
+get a graph something
+like this.
+
+By the way, again notice that we
+were not talking about just
+
+'v' being a function of 'x'.
+
+The domain of 'v' was restricted
+to be the open
+
+interval from 0 to 30, and this
+is a very crucial thing
+
+to keep in mind.
+
+You can get into a whole bunch
+of trouble if you start
+
+looking to see what
+happens out here.
+
+For example, you say, hey, this
+curve is always going to
+
+keep going up.
+
+Won't this be greater than this
+maximum value over here
+
+eventually?
+
+The answer is yes, it will be.
+
+But what does it mean to say
+that 'x' is negative?
+
+'x' was the radius
+of our base.
+
+So in other words,
+what we should
+
+really say here is what?
+
+That the function that we're
+talking about is not this
+
+whole curve.
+
+Yikes, that wasn't a very
+good job of drawing.
+
+But rather what?
+
+Just this portion of the curve
+defined on the open interval
+
+from 0 to 30.
+
+By the way, let me point
+out something else.
+
+You recall in an earlier
+lecture we talked about
+
+related rates.
+
+We had an assignment with other
+lecture where you've
+
+solved some problems using
+related rates.
+
+Let me show you how related
+rates play a very important
+
+computational role in dealing
+with max-min problems.
+
+In this particular problem, we
+had that 'v' equals 'pi 'x
+
+squared' y', where 'y' happened
+to be a particular
+
+function of 'x'.
+
+In fact, implicitly it was given
+by the fact that 'x + y'
+
+happened to equal 30.
+
+Now let's keep track
+of something here.
+
+In this particular problem,
+notice that it was very easy
+
+to change this implicit
+relationship
+
+to an explicit one.
+
+It was also easy once you
+expressed 'y' explicitly in
+
+terms of 'x' that when you
+wanted to substitute into
+
+here, it was a very easy
+computational job to carry out
+
+the operations.
+
+But suppose there happened to be
+cube roots in here, or all
+
+sorts of nasty things, whatever
+they might be.
+
+And suppose instead of 'x + y'
+equals 30, you had our old
+
+friend something like 'x to the
+eighth' plus ''x to the
+
+sixth' 'y squared'' plus 'y
+to the sixth' equals 3.
+
+How would you solve for
+'y' explicitly in
+
+terms of 'x' there?
+
+And the point that I'd like
+you to see is that we can
+
+solve this problem very nicely
+without having to resort to
+
+explicitly replacing 'y'
+as a function of 'x'.
+
+Namely, implicitly assuming that
+'y' is a differentiable
+
+function of 'x', we
+can differentiate
+
+this thing as a product.
+
+'dv dx' will be what?
+
+The derivative of the first
+factor, which is '2 pi x',
+
+times the second.
+
+Plus the first factor, which is
+'pi 'x squared', times the
+
+derivative of 'y' with
+respect to 'x'.
+
+So that's 'dv dx'.
+
+On the other hand, from this
+relationship here, we can
+
+conclude by differentiating
+implicitly that '1
+
++ 'dy dx'' is 0.
+
+And therefore, 'dy
+dx' is minus 1.
+
+And putting that value for 'dy
+dx' in here, we wind up with
+
+this explicit relationship.
+
+And we can now see that 'dv dx'
+is 0 if and only if just
+
+by solving this thing,
+setting it equal to
+
+0, 'x' equals '2y'.
+
+By the way, that's exactly what
+happened in our problem.
+
+You'll notice that 'x' turned
+out to be 20 and 'y' turned
+
+out to be 10.
+
+You see again, 'x' and
+'y' are related.
+
+You can say, gee, couldn't
+'x' be 60 and 'y' be 30?
+
+Answer, no.
+
+Because the constraint is
+that 'x + y' must be 30.
+
+Well, look it.
+
+I don't want us to get too
+wrapped up on the idea of
+
+computational differences now.
+
+What I do want to do is review
+our basic result.
+
+And in fact, let me
+come over here.
+
+I hope this doesn't spoil you.
+
+I'd like to come back
+to the board.
+
+And actually, since I've got
+this all written down, let's
+
+close on this particular
+result again.
+
+To find the high-low points of
+a function 'f of x', we first
+
+of all, check out when 'f
+prime of c' is 0 for
+
+candidates.
+
+We check out where 'f prime
+of c' fails to exist.
+
+And if it's a closed interval,
+we check the endpoints.
+
+This is the mechanism behind
+what we're doing from that
+
+point on, as the cliche goes,
+it's all engineering's baby.
+
+It's all computational
+know how.
+
+At any rate, I think this is
+enough in terms of emphasizing
+
+the points that we
+wanted to make.
+
+And so until next
+time, goodbye.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fMYY8pLMFcU.txt b/fMYY8pLMFcU.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/fMYY8pLMFcU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9755 @@
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+ 
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+
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
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+ 
+
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+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well thank you for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well thank you for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well thank you for those
+incredibly um kind kind words um so him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly um kind kind words um so him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly um kind kind words um so him
+and I have worked together actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have worked together actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have worked together actually for
+for quite a few years and and luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years and and luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years and and luckily
+over the last couple years have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last couple years have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last couple years have really
+been able to um to really link much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to um to really link much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to um to really link much more
+closely my interest which is sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely my interest which is sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely my interest which is sort of on
+the utilization end and his interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization end and his interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization end and his interest
+which is on the sort of collection end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on the sort of collection end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on the sort of collection end
+and and this sort of interface of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this sort of interface of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this sort of interface of of how
+do we get people to use the um the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get people to use the um the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get people to use the um the data
+that we're actually collecting um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually collecting um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually collecting um just a
+couple of words of sort of where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of sort of where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of words of sort of where I'm
+coming from so you understand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from so you understand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from so you understand a little
+bit of my background I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of my background I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of my background I'm actually
+trained in infectious disease and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in infectious disease and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in infectious disease and I
+happen to actually D medical school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to actually D medical school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to actually D medical school in
+1981 um yes I am actually old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 um yes I am actually old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 um yes I am actually old and
+actually if you in the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you in the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you in the definition of
+older in HIV I among the older people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older in HIV I among the older people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older in HIV I among the older people um
+and uh so which was happened to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so which was happened to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so which was happened to be the
+same year that HIV was actually first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year that HIV was actually first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year that HIV was actually first
+described the first cases and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the first cases and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the first cases and as a
+result of that while it wasn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that while it wasn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that while it wasn't actually
+the original Direction I went into I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Direction I went into I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Direction I went into I
+ended up going into HIV care and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up going into HIV care and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up going into HIV care and then
+spent about 16 or 17 years after my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about 16 or 17 years after my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about 16 or 17 years after my
+fellowship running an HIV program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship running an HIV program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship running an HIV program in
+Roxbury at a place called diit Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roxbury at a place called diit Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roxbury at a place called diit Community
+Health Center and there um was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Center and there um was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Center and there um was really
+sort of faced by this conundrum of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of faced by this conundrum of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of faced by this conundrum of of
+how do you care for people and ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you care for people and ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you care for people and ensure
+that we're doing quality and I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing quality and I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing quality and I'm an
+extraordinarily quantitative person so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily quantitative person so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily quantitative person so I
+will excuse and make apologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will excuse and make apologies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will excuse and make apologies to
+anybody here who mights be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here who mights be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here who mights be more
+qualitative I'm going to be mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative I'm going to be mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative I'm going to be mostly
+talking about quantitative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about quantitative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about quantitative um
+utilization um of data but the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization um of data but the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization um of data but the whole
+question was how do we actually use data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was how do we actually use data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was how do we actually use data
+particularly data that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly data that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly data that's already
+routinely collected and and use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely collected and and use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinely collected and and use that to
+actually measure quality and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure quality and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure quality and the other
+sort of side of me that comes from is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of side of me that comes from is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of side of me that comes from is I
+used to be the sort of Giver of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the sort of Giver of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the sort of Giver of these
+data so every March um we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so every March um we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so every March um we would have to
+do something called a cross act data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something called a cross act data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something called a cross act data
+report which was this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which was this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which was this enormous
+incredibly painful process of of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly painful process of of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly painful process of of giving
+data to our funders which was hersa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to our funders which was hersa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to our funders which was hersa in
+the United States and the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and the equivalent of
+sort of the Ryan White program um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Ryan White program um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Ryan White program um
+internationally and what we would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally and what we would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally and what we would do is
+um like three days before everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like three days before everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like three days before everybody
+would drop everything they were doing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drop everything they were doing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drop everything they were doing we
+would go and we would collect as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and we would collect as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and we would collect as much
+data as we could to sort of put in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as we could to sort of put in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as we could to sort of put in there
+and you know we weren't always quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we weren't always quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we weren't always quite
+right and if we were off by a couple we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we were off by a couple we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we were off by a couple we
+just kind of added a few here kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of added a few here kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of added a few here kind of
+took away a few there because we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took away a few there because we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took away a few there because we would
+just get it out and the only feedback we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it out and the only feedback we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it out and the only feedback we
+would ever get is was it complete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever get is was it complete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever get is was it complete and
+was it on time and for me that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it on time and for me that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it on time and for me that was a
+real lesson in how one should never ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real lesson in how one should never ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real lesson in how one should never ever
+collect data and so a lot of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data and so a lot of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data and so a lot of what you're
+going to be hearing about today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hearing about today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hearing about today is
+really based on that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really based on that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really based on that and then the
+subsequent work that that I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent work that that I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent work that that I've actually
+been doing so the questions that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so the questions that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so the questions that I want
+to actually try to do in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually try to do in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually try to do in this in this
+relatively short time is to to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time is to to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short time is to to talk a
+little bit about what are the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what are the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what are the dimensions
+of quality that are critical to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality that are critical to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quality that are critical to measure
+in the context of clinical Care Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of clinical Care Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of clinical Care Systems
+what are the attributes of a robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the attributes of a robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the attributes of a robust
+clinical quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical quality
+measure what are the critical components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what are the critical components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what are the critical components
+for a feasible understand feasible as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a feasible understand feasible as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a feasible understand feasible as
+well as effective quality measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as effective quality measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as effective quality measurement
+system in resource limited settings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in resource limited settings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in resource limited settings and
+how is quality measurement itself useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is quality measurement itself useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is quality measurement itself useful
+for quality improvement as well as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality improvement as well as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality improvement as well as for
+overall program monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall program monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall program monitoring and
+evaluation and finally where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and finally where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and finally where does
+information systems and electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems and electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems and electronic
+Health Data um sources fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Data um sources fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Data um sources fit into
+this so the first question when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the first question when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the first question when you're
+talking about quality is why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about quality is why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about quality is why don't
+people do what we know Works Ian that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what we know Works Ian that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what we know Works Ian that's
+sort of isn't that the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of isn't that the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of isn't that the fundamental
+question so if we know how care should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if we know how care should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if we know how care should
+be delivered why isn't it being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delivered why isn't it being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be delivered why isn't it being done
+that way and how can we actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and how can we actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and how can we actually make it
+better so we know how to screen for TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we know how to screen for TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we know how to screen for TB
+we know how to give good prenatal care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to give good prenatal care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to give good prenatal care
+we know that people with Advanced HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that people with Advanced HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that people with Advanced HIV
+should be on cotrimoxazol and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on cotrimoxazol and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be on cotrimoxazol and the second
+thing is why does it take so long for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is why does it take so long for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is why does it take so long for
+simple advances never mind more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple advances never mind more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple advances never mind more complex
+interventions to make it into routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to make it into routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to make it into routine
+practice now just in case we we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice now just in case we we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice now just in case we we think
+that this quality implementation Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quality implementation Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quality implementation Gap is
+something that's new um back in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's new um back in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's new um back in the uh
+in the 17 I think it was the 1700s or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 17 I think it was the 1700s or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 17 I think it was the 1700s or so
+there was really Innovative guy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really Innovative guy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really Innovative guy um
+there's actually two guys lisst and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two guys lisst and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two guys lisst and
+sovis but one of them in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovis but one of them in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovis but one of them in particular
+recognized that women who were dying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that women who were dying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that women who were dying of
+of what we called child bed fever which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we called child bed fever which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we called child bed fever which
+was actually an infection with strepto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually an infection with strepto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually an infection with strepto
+cacus at at this hospital and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cacus at at this hospital and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cacus at at this hospital and then he
+noticed that actually the women that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that actually the women that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that actually the women that
+were being delivered by The Midwives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being delivered by The Midwives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being delivered by The Midwives
+were actually doing fine and the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually doing fine and the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually doing fine and the women
+that were being delivered by the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being delivered by the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being delivered by the medical
+students were all dying and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were all dying and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were all dying and this was
+before they knew about bacteria and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they knew about bacteria and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they knew about bacteria and he
+sort of thought about it and he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought about it and he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought about it and he sort of
+said well what are people doing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what are people doing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what are people doing that's
+different and he knew that the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and he knew that the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and he knew that the medical
+students were going from the morg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were going from the morg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were going from the morg and
+going and delivering the babies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and delivering the babies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and delivering the babies right
+away and he said well maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and he said well maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and he said well maybe they're
+bringing some kind of bad evil humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing some kind of bad evil humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing some kind of bad evil humor
+from the morg and so he had them wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the morg and so he had them wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the morg and so he had them wash
+their hands in essentially a homegrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands in essentially a homegrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands in essentially a homegrown
+purel the equivalent of purel it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purel the equivalent of purel it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purel the equivalent of purel it was
+with lime instead and what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lime instead and what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lime instead and what they found
+was that the the rates dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the the rates dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the the rates dropped
+dramatically so that the the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so that the the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so that the the medical
+students had the same mortality rates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had the same mortality rates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students had the same mortality rates as
+the as The Midwives so we've known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as The Midwives so we've known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as The Midwives so we've known for
+many many many years if not centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many years if not centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many years if not centuries
+that we should wash our hands so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should wash our hands so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should wash our hands so what do
+you think the rates are of handwashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the rates are of handwashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the rates are of handwashing
+these day this day and age in hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these day this day and age in hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these day this day and age in hospitals
+in the United States is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States is it
+100% is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% is it
+80% 70 any other guesses 50 50 it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% 70 any other guesses 50 50 it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% 70 any other guesses 50 50 it's it's
+about 60% so this implementation Gap has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% so this implementation Gap has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% so this implementation Gap has
+been around for a long time and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a long time and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a long time and it's
+from the simplest to the most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simplest to the most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simplest to the most um
+difficult and occurs not just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and occurs not just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and occurs not just at the
+individual provider level but also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual provider level but also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual provider level but also at
+the site level and higher levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site level and higher levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site level and higher levels and
+because it really requires not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really requires not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really requires not just
+knowledge transfer but also Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge transfer but also Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge transfer but also Behavior
+change and then to identify and fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then to identify and fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then to identify and fix the
+system gaps and actually the hosal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system gaps and actually the hosal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system gaps and actually the hosal
+hospitals that are hitting 100% are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals that are hitting 100% are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals that are hitting 100% are ones
+that have addressed all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have addressed all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have addressed all of these
+different things both Purell dispensers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things both Purell dispensers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things both Purell dispensers
+as well as having pictures of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as having pictures of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as having pictures of of um
+people who are opinion leaders like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are opinion leaders like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are opinion leaders like you
+can see one of Paul Farmer telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see one of Paul Farmer telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see one of Paul Farmer telling you
+to wash your hands at the Brigham um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash your hands at the Brigham um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash your hands at the Brigham um in
+terms of improving so quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of improving so quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of improving so quality
+improvement works at this Gap really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement works at this Gap really on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement works at this Gap really on
+a local level implementation research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local level implementation research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local level implementation research
+which I'm also involved in attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm also involved in attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm also involved in attempts to
+understand how to do this at a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do this at a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do this at a broader
+level so why do we bother with quality I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so why do we bother with quality I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so why do we bother with quality I
+mean why why are we all sort of sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why why are we all sort of sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why why are we all sort of sitting
+here and that's because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's because we know that
+when services are delivered as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when services are delivered as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when services are delivered as they're
+supposed to be the organiz iation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the organiz iation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the organiz iation will
+be more efficient more effective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more efficient more effective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more efficient more effective and
+stronger and this will occur no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and this will occur no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and this will occur no matter
+what you're dealing with patient Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're dealing with patient Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're dealing with patient Health
+lab accuracy data quality in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab accuracy data quality in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab accuracy data quality in use
+research quality financial reporting no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research quality financial reporting no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research quality financial reporting no
+matter what you're doing um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you're doing um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you're doing um this is
+actually an important thing to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important thing to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important thing to be able
+to understand and in clinical care it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and in clinical care it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and in clinical care it's
+particularly important because quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important because quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important because quality
+is not just a predictor of the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a predictor of the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a predictor of the outcomes
+of care are we making a difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care are we making a difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care are we making a difference but
+actually can be a matter of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be a matter of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be a matter of life and
+death for the individual patient if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for the individual patient if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for the individual patient if
+you're not putting somebody on kotox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not putting somebody on kotox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not putting somebody on kotox
+isol they may actually be more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isol they may actually be more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isol they may actually be more likely to
+die if you don't give them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die if you don't give them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die if you don't give them we
+appropriate uh prevention for motherto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh prevention for motherto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh prevention for motherto
+child transmission their baby may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child transmission their baby may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child transmission their baby may be
+born HIV positive so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born HIV positive so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born HIV positive so this is actually
+something that really is um often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is um often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is um often a
+matter of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of life and
+death so quality improvement there's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so quality improvement there's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so quality improvement there's and
+I know you've had a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've had a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've had a number of different
+discussions and I apologize if I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and I apologize if I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and I apologize if I'm sort
+of repeating things I try to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeating things I try to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeating things I try to sort of do
+this very simply so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simply so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simply so there's a lot of
+very complex terminology you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex terminology you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex terminology you can learn
+about methodologies and quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methodologies and quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methodologies and quality
+improvement but for me quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement but for me quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement but for me quality
+improvement is about three basic steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement is about three basic steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement is about three basic steps
+it's knowing what to do what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knowing what to do what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knowing what to do what what what
+are you supposed to be doing knowing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you supposed to be doing knowing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you supposed to be doing knowing if
+it's being done the measurement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being done the measurement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being done the measurement and
+knowing how to make changes if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to make changes if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to make changes if a
+problem's found of quality improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's found of quality improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's found of quality improvement
+and really if you can get those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really if you can get those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really if you can get those three
+steps done you should be able to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps done you should be able to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps done you should be able to know
+what's going on and actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and actually make it
+better so in order to do that we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in order to do that we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in order to do that we first
+need to start by defining quality and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start by defining quality and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start by defining quality and we
+do that with standards and guidelines we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with standards and guidelines we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with standards and guidelines we
+then move on to identifying what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on to identifying what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move on to identifying what to
+measure which is the indicators and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is the indicators and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is the indicators and then
+we link that to Improvement and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we link that to Improvement and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we link that to Improvement and also
+ensuring that there's capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that there's capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that there's capacity to
+actually continue this doesn't help if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continue this doesn't help if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually continue this doesn't help if
+you kind of go in you fix something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of go in you fix something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of go in you fix something and
+then you leave and it goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you leave and it goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you leave and it goes back to the
+way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it
+was so the question then is where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so the question then is where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so the question then is where do you
+look for quality and the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for quality and the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for quality and the most common
+people place people look at processes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people place people look at processes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people place people look at processes or
+people doing what they're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing what they're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing what they're supposed to be
+doing but donabedian who was sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but donabedian who was sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but donabedian who was sort of one
+of the fathers of this really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fathers of this really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fathers of this really sort of
+identified three main domains of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified three main domains of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified three main domains of quality
+there's structural quality which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's structural quality which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's structural quality which is the
+systems and the resources are you having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the resources are you having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the resources are you having
+Pharmacy stockouts is your it system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy stockouts is your it system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmacy stockouts is your it system
+always functional um what is the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always functional um what is the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always functional um what is the quality
+of data that you're actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you're actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you're actually able to
+produce the process levels are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the process levels are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the process levels are people
+actually doing what they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing what they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing what they're supposed to
+be doing and then the outcome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing and then the outcome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing and then the outcome which is
+the results are you actually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are you actually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are you actually having
+making the difference that you that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the difference that you that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the difference that you that that
+you thought that you're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought that you're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought that you're supposed to be
+doing but I would argue that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I would argue that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but I would argue that actually
+there's a fourth domain and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fourth domain and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fourth domain and this is a
+domain that I'm particularly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that I'm particularly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that I'm particularly interested
+which is actually customer defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually customer defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually customer defined
+quality or what we say is health system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or what we say is health system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or what we say is health system
+responsiveness so that's the perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness so that's the perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsiveness so that's the perception
+of the patient of the care that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patient of the care that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patient of the care that they're
+actually getting and that has a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting and that has a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting and that has a lot more
+things around confidentiality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around confidentiality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around confidentiality and
+respect and dignity but we're finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and dignity but we're finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and dignity but we're finding
+particularly in chronic disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in chronic disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in chronic disease
+management like HIV like non-c communic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management like HIV like non-c communic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management like HIV like non-c communic
+chronic diseases that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic diseases that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic diseases that this is a very
+important component because this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component because this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component because this may
+actually predict whether or not patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predict whether or not patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predict whether or not patients
+remain in care now if you take one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in care now if you take one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in care now if you take one step
+back and you actually look at this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you actually look at this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you actually look at this from
+a public health perspective or from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public health perspective or from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public health perspective or from a
+Ministry of Health perspective there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Health perspective there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Health perspective there's
+one more domain and that's equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more domain and that's equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more domain and that's equity and
+there's I think an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I think an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I think an increasing
+understanding that quality and Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that quality and Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that quality and Equity
+can't really be divorced from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really be divorced from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really be divorced from each other
+and Equity is really defined as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Equity is really defined as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Equity is really defined as that
+there are no disparities that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no disparities that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no disparities that you can
+actually prevent so people are everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prevent so people are everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prevent so people are everybody
+is getting the care that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the care that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the care that they're
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+getting so if we if we improve quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so if we if we improve quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so if we if we improve quality
+just for people delivering at a at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for people delivering at a at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for people delivering at a at a
+district hospital but we ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district hospital but we ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district hospital but we ignore the
+women that are delivering at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that are delivering at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that are delivering at the at the
+health centers or ignore the women that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health centers or ignore the women that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health centers or ignore the women that
+can't even get into the health centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even get into the health centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even get into the health centers
+to deliver there then we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver there then we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver there then we may have
+quality but it's actually we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but it's actually we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but it's actually we're missing
+that domain of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domain of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domain of of
+equity so as I said before there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity so as I said before there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity so as I said before there's a
+huge number of approaches to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of approaches to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of approaches to improve
+quality and I could spend more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and I could spend more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and I could spend more than a
+course going through all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course going through all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course going through all these different
+things and there's a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there's a lot of things
+there's a lot of uh pdsa cycles and tqm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of uh pdsa cycles and tqm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of uh pdsa cycles and tqm
+and cqi and positive deviants and Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cqi and positive deviants and Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cqi and positive deviants and Six
+Sigma and balanced scorecards and PB F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and balanced scorecards and PB F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and balanced scorecards and PB F
+so as you can see there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see there's a lot of
+different ways of doing this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing this but the
+reality is that they all are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that they all are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that they all are trying to
+close the gap between what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the gap between what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the gap between what should be
+happening and what is actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what is actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what is actually happening
+and they try in differing amounts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try in differing amounts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try in differing amounts to
+understand why does that Gap exist how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why does that Gap exist how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why does that Gap exist how
+do we close it and and did we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we close it and and did we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we close it and and did we actually
+succeed all or most are based on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed all or most are based on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed all or most are based on using
+data to identify the gaps and the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to identify the gaps and the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to identify the gaps and the focus
+on almost all of these is improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on almost all of these is improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on almost all of these is improving the
+system not the performance of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not the performance of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not the performance of an
+individual so typical mentoring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual so typical mentoring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual so typical mentoring for
+example or typical kind of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or typical kind of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or typical kind of training
+focuses on the individual provider can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on the individual provider can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on the individual provider can
+you teach that person to know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach that person to know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach that person to know what to do
+quality improvement really takes a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement really takes a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement really takes a look
+and says how can we make sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says how can we make sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says how can we make sure that that
+actually doesn't happen again and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't happen again and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't happen again and that
+the system is in place to to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in place to to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in place to to make sure
+that things get better so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things get better so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things get better so if we look at
+this and this is the only thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is the only thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is the only thing that I
+have that actually moves in my uh in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that actually moves in my uh in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that actually moves in my uh in my
+um presentation is that um I'm married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presentation is that um I'm married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presentation is that um I'm married
+to a physicist who uses all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a physicist who uses all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a physicist who uses all kinds of
+flashy things and makes fun of my very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashy things and makes fun of my very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashy things and makes fun of my very
+basic PowerPoints um but if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic PowerPoints um but if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic PowerPoints um but if we look at
+AT Quality Improv we have a we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT Quality Improv we have a we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT Quality Improv we have a we have a
+performance goal and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance goal and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance goal and then we have the
+actual performance and the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual performance and the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual performance and the quality
+indicators say how well are you doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators say how well are you doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators say how well are you doing so
+we measure this and we sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this and we sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this and we sort of say
+here's what our actual performance is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what our actual performance is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what our actual performance is so
+we have this performance Gap and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this performance Gap and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this performance Gap and that's
+the whole focus of quality improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole focus of quality improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole focus of quality improvement
+so we want to develop some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to develop some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to develop some kind of
+intervention I know you've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention I know you've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention I know you've been talking
+about this I think you going to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think you going to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I think you going to hear
+about checklists um oh you did that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about checklists um oh you did that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about checklists um oh you did that yeah
+so that's sort of another way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of another way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of another way of of
+potentially sort of um doing this Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sort of um doing this Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sort of um doing this Gap
+and if you have an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have an effective
+intervention you can actually bump up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention you can actually bump up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention you can actually bump up
+the actual performance now usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual performance now usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual performance now usually you
+don't get it all the way up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it all the way up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it all the way up um
+occasionally you do but most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you do but most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you do but most of the time
+you just get it up part of the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get it up part of the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get it up part of the time and
+so then the goal is that you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the goal is that you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the goal is that you still have
+this performance Gap you remeasure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performance Gap you remeasure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performance Gap you remeasure you
+say we're there but we're not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're there but we're not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're there but we're not quite as
+far as we want to be so you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as we want to be so you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as we want to be so you might want
+to then um do a second quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then um do a second quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then um do a second quality
+improvement Intervention which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement Intervention which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement Intervention which can
+actually get you up there and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you up there and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you up there and I actually
+went to a very interesting uh seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a very interesting uh seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a very interesting uh seminar
+about the use of um uh point of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of um uh point of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the use of um uh point of care
+technology some very innovative ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology some very innovative ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology some very innovative ways of
+doing that which actually may end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that which actually may end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that which actually may end up
+creating performance gaps because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating performance gaps because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating performance gaps because the
+exciting thing is we may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing is we may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing is we may be able to
+actually improve our performance goal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve our performance goal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve our performance goal um
+so right now we're trying to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we're trying to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we're trying to actually
+get it up to what's what is standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it up to what's what is standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it up to what's what is standard of
+care but the thing that may be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but the thing that may be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but the thing that may be very
+exciting the next 5 years is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the next 5 years is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the next 5 years is can we
+actually improve standard of care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve standard of care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve standard of care and
+then we're going to have to get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have to get people
+um up to that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal so again what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so again what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal so again what we're talking about
+here is we're talking about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're talking about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're talking about performance
+measurement the indicators determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the indicators determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the indicators determining
+if there's a problem looking at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a problem looking at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a problem looking at your
+data and then finally quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then finally quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then finally quality
+improvement taking the action to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement taking the action to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement taking the action to address
+the problem so to measure this again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so to measure this again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so to measure this again we
+need data this is I know I'm preaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need data this is I know I'm preaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need data this is I know I'm preaching
+to the converted here uh but we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the converted here uh but we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the converted here uh but we look at
+two different components quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different components quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different components quantitative
+how many how often what's the effect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how often what's the effect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how often what's the effect but
+also qualitative how well how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also qualitative how well how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also qualitative how well how is it
+being done how is the system functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done how is the system functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done how is the system functioning
+are patients actually satisfied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patients actually satisfied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patients actually satisfied with
+care that's actually I think much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that's actually I think much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that's actually I think much more
+of a challenge um for uh Health System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a challenge um for uh Health System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a challenge um for uh Health System
+uh electronic health systems to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electronic health systems to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electronic health systems to actually
+figure out how to actually measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to actually measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to actually measure that
+so I keep on talking about the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I keep on talking about the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I keep on talking about the system so
+typically when you sort of go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you sort of go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you sort of go into this
+people think about let's let's collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about let's let's collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about let's let's collect
+new data and we we've done this a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and we we've done this a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and we we've done this a lot in
+a number of our programs in Rwanda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of our programs in Rwanda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of our programs in Rwanda for
+example when we got this dor Duke Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we got this dor Duke Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we got this dor Duke Grant
+there was not much measurement going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not much measurement going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not much measurement going on
+and everybody I sort of went there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody I sort of went there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody I sort of went there and I
+convinced everybody we need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced everybody we need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced everybody we need to measure
+what we're doing and then I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing and then I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing and then I taught
+people how do you actually develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how do you actually develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how do you actually develop
+indicators and numerators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and numerators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and numerators and
+denominators and you know we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and you know we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and you know we want to
+measure along the different aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure along the different aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure along the different aspects of
+care and so we had about eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and so we had about eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and so we had about eight different
+spheres and they all came back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and they all came back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and they all came back with
+about um uh probably about 60 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh probably about 60 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh probably about 60 different
+indicators so I said this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators so I said this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators so I said this is really
+great so excited that you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so excited that you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so excited that you're all
+interested however we cannot actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested however we cannot actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested however we cannot actually
+manage we this is just too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage we this is just too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage we this is just too much of a
+burden of data collection and so part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of data collection and so part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of data collection and so part of
+this is that you actually need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you actually need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you actually need to think
+about the performance measurement itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the performance measurement itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the performance measurement itself
+as a system and that looks at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system and that looks at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system and that looks at what
+you're going to measure and what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to measure and what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to measure and what you do
+not measure which is actually harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measure which is actually harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measure which is actually harder to
+to get people to convince how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to convince how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to convince how you're
+going to measure it what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure it what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure it what you're going to
+do with the data who's going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the data who's going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the data who's going to look at
+it how you going to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how you going to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how you going to use it for
+improvement and how you going to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and how you going to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and how you going to support
+this ongoing performance measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ongoing performance measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ongoing performance measurement
+because it's not for free and it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not for free and it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not for free and it needs
+actually skilled people to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually skilled people to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually skilled people to actually do
+this the idea is that you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the idea is that you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the idea is that you need to make
+sure that it Focus attention on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it Focus attention on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it Focus attention on all the
+priorities not just the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities not just the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities not just the individual
+provider but also the stakeholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider but also the stakeholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider but also the stakeholders and
+this is why some of the um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why some of the um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why some of the um some of the
+tools from industry I think are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from industry I think are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from industry I think are being
+increasingly used like a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly used like a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly used like a balance
+scorecard that makes sure you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard that makes sure you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorecard that makes sure you're looking
+at different areas as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different areas as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different areas as well as a
+dashboard I'll talk about our experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard I'll talk about our experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard I'll talk about our experience
+with that later but the more and a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that later but the more and a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that later but the more and a more
+efficient system allows the focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient system allows the focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient system allows the focus on the
+main goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goal of
+improvement so I think we have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement so I think we have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement so I think we have to sort
+of agree at this point hopefully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agree at this point hopefully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of agree at this point hopefully that
+measuring is the critical step because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring is the critical step because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring is the critical step because
+it helps us identify and prioritize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us identify and prioritize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us identify and prioritize
+where Qi is needed it establishes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Qi is needed it establishes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Qi is needed it establishes a
+baseline um I feel very strongly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline um I feel very strongly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline um I feel very strongly about
+and P heard me say this about um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P heard me say this about um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P heard me say this about um that we
+shouldn't be doing what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing what I call
+faith-based monitoring faith-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith-based monitoring faith-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith-based monitoring faith-based
+monitoring is I think that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring is I think that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring is I think that there's a
+problem here I know we're doing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here I know we're doing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here I know we're doing a good
+job I'm sure this is going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job I'm sure this is going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job I'm sure this is going to make
+things better we need to measure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better we need to measure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better we need to measure to
+actually know that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that this is actually
+happening it helps us Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening it helps us Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening it helps us Define the
+possible causes of the problems and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible causes of the problems and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible causes of the problems and will
+help us guide and evaluate really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us guide and evaluate really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us guide and evaluate really sort
+of critically and strategically where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critically and strategically where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critically and strategically where we
+going to put our resources to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put our resources to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put our resources to make
+things better so we have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better so we have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better so we have these three
+steps we have to Define our measures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we have to Define our measures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we have to Define our measures we
+have to collect the data and analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to collect the data and analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to collect the data and analyze it
+but again it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it's really important to
+understand I can't say this enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I can't say this enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I can't say this enough that
+it's not useful unless we link this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not useful unless we link this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not useful unless we link this to
+using and communicating and we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and communicating and we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and communicating and we sometimes
+get so caught up in measurement that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so caught up in measurement that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so caught up in measurement that for
+us the endgame is are the data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the endgame is are the data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the endgame is are the data and the
+endgame is not the data the the data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endgame is not the data the the data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endgame is not the data the the data are
+the tool that actually should lead us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool that actually should lead us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool that actually should lead us to
+improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the
+quality so I'm going to just sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so I'm going to just sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so I'm going to just sort of go
+a little bit aside and what and as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit aside and what and as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit aside and what and as I was
+said my title is monitoring evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said my title is monitoring evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said my title is monitoring evaluation
+and quality and I come at this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality and I come at this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality and I come at this actually
+from a quality improvement and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quality improvement and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quality improvement and I was
+sort of convinced by Paul farm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of convinced by Paul farm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of convinced by Paul farm and
+others to come in and help strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to come in and help strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to come in and help strengthen
+the measurement or the monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement or the monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement or the monitoring and
+evaluation and my view is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and my view is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and my view is that it's
+actually a spectrum they're not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a spectrum they're not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a spectrum they're not to
+independent uh uh areas but monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh uh areas but monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh uh areas but monitoring
+and evaluation good monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluation good monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluation good monitoring
+evaluation is a structured approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is a structured approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is a structured approach to
+assess a problem and you'll see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess a problem and you'll see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess a problem and you'll see a lot of
+this is the same what is being done how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same what is being done how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same what is being done how
+is it being done is it making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it being done is it making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it being done is it making a
+difference so a lot of overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a lot of overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a lot of overlap with
+quality improvement it provides the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement it provides the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement it provides the link
+between what you're putting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're putting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're putting into the
+program what we call inputs so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what we call inputs so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what we call inputs so we have
+our own jargon for & as well uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own jargon for & as well uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own jargon for & as well uh your
+staff your computer the medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff your computer the medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff your computer the medications
+you've bought the services that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've bought the services that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've bought the services that you're
+provided what we call Process measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided what we call Process measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided what we call Process measures
+how many children received uh prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many children received uh prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many children received uh prevention
+mother child transmission how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother child transmission how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother child transmission how many
+visits were seen the outputs which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits were seen the outputs which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits were seen the outputs which we
+sometimes talk about as coverage what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes talk about as coverage what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes talk about as coverage what
+was the percentage of people who should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the percentage of people who should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the percentage of people who should
+have gotten uh a service who got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten uh a service who got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten uh a service who got the
+service and finally the results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and finally the results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and finally the results the
+outcomes of the impact are people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the impact are people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the impact are people doing
+better are less deaths um things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better are less deaths um things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better are less deaths um things like
+that now what good m& is not and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what good m& is not and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what good m& is not and this is
+actually more typical monitor evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more typical monitor evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more typical monitor evaluation
+is a huge amount of data flowing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge amount of data flowing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge amount of data flowing up and
+little if any feedback going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if any feedback going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little if any feedback going down and
+again like I said that's what we did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like I said that's what we did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like I said that's what we did at
+demic Community Health Center uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demic Community Health Center uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demic Community Health Center uh we
+actually did a survey of 100 sites in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a survey of 100 sites in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a survey of 100 sites in uh
+in the US getting Ryan White funding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US getting Ryan White funding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US getting Ryan White funding and
+we asked if any of them had ever gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked if any of them had ever gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked if any of them had ever gotten
+feedback on this large report and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on this large report and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on this large report and the
+answer was none so this is not good m&
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was none so this is not good m&
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was none so this is not good m&
+nor is this but again this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is this but again this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is this but again this is really
+this is I mean this obviously a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I mean this obviously a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I mean this obviously a little
+over the top but this is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top but this is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the top but this is not too
+atypical from what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical from what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical from what actually
+happens so the argument that I'll sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the argument that I'll sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the argument that I'll sort
+of put forth is that monitoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put forth is that monitoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put forth is that monitoring and
+quality improvement actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement actually need to
+work hand inand and we know that most if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hand inand and we know that most if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hand inand and we know that most if
+not all donor supported and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all donor supported and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all donor supported and many
+programs require a significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs require a significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs require a significant amount of
+data we're trying to look for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we're trying to look for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we're trying to look for example at
+quality of care for tuberculosis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care for tuberculosis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care for tuberculosis we
+could go and we could create all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go and we could create all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go and we could create all these
+new measures but the reality is who in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new measures but the reality is who in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new measures but the reality is who in
+every National program has you collect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every National program has you collect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every National program has you collect a
+huge amount of data on tuberculosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of data on tuberculosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of data on tuberculosis and
+they're a lot of times focused on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a lot of times focused on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a lot of times focused on these
+process measures but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process measures but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process measures but there's a lot of
+resources in time that are committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in time that are committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in time that are committed
+because the donor says you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the donor says you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the donor says you have to do it
+the national government says you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national government says you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national government says you have to
+do it and so one of the things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and so one of the things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and so one of the things that that
+we're very interested in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in trying to
+figure out is you know how do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is you know how do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is you know how do we use
+these data to actually help the programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data to actually help the programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data to actually help the programs
+begin to understand quality and the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand quality and the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand quality and the need
+for quality improvement so that m& data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality improvement so that m& data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality improvement so that m& data
+should should inform quality activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should inform quality activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should inform quality activities
+and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa so again the problem is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so again the problem is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so again the problem is is that
+right now we don't actually usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't actually usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't actually usually
+monitor programs we report so reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor programs we report so reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor programs we report so reporting
+is you know oh my God the report's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know oh my God the report's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know oh my God the report's done
+we have one week and we just did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one week and we just did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one week and we just did this
+for a grant I have to say um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a grant I have to say um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a grant I have to say um you know
+one week everybody quickly race around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week everybody quickly race around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one week everybody quickly race around
+what kind of data do we have and we send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data do we have and we send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of data do we have and we send
+it up means the data was never looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up means the data was never looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up means the data was never looked at
+and it was never used for important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was never used for important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was never used for important for
+for improvement so the whole idea is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement so the whole idea is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement so the whole idea is how
+do we use data to understand and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use data to understand and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use data to understand and to
+drive Improvement about Services as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive Improvement about Services as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive Improvement about Services as well
+as also the data quality itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as also the data quality itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as also the data quality itself and
+that's another sort of initiative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sort of initiative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sort of initiative that
+we're working on together which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on together which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on together which is how
+do we actually help people understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we actually help people understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we actually help people understand
+how good their data are or are not so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good their data are or are not so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good their data are or are not so so
+why doesn't this happen this seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't this happen this seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't this happen this seems to
+make absolute sense and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make absolute sense and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make absolute sense and the problem is
+because there's burden of reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's burden of reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's burden of reporting
+again this idea of success is an ontime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this idea of success is an ontime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this idea of success is an ontime
+complete report and if you actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete report and if you actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete report and if you actually were
+to talk to project officers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to project officers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to project officers that's
+actually true the second is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true the second is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true the second is that people
+don't trust the data they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust the data they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trust the data they know that
+there's a what we call a data quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a what we call a data quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a what we call a data quality
+gap which is that the data do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap which is that the data do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap which is that the data do not
+reflect the care being given and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the care being given and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the care being given and so they
+say well we we it's there's no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we we it's there's no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we we it's there's no problem
+with quality of care which is the care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quality of care which is the care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quality of care which is the care
+that's being given doesn't reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being given doesn't reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being given doesn't reflect the
+standards it's all bad data and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards it's all bad data and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards it's all bad data and it's and
+the and the conversation ends so don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the conversation ends so don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the conversation ends so don
+Berwick actually has these really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berwick actually has these really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berwick actually has these really cool
+these sort of four stages and so stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of four stages and so stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of four stages and so stage
+one is the data are wrong and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the data are wrong and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the data are wrong and that's
+actually the most common thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most common thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most common thing that we
+get back our loss to follow-up rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back our loss to follow-up rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back our loss to follow-up rate
+isn't 23% it's the data so then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't 23% it's the data so then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't 23% it's the data so then you get
+people to look at the data and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at the data and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at the data and maybe
+improve the data and then you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the data and then you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the data and then you get them
+to stage two and they say the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stage two and they say the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stage two and they say the data is
+right but it's not a problem Oh 23% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's not a problem Oh 23% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's not a problem Oh 23% is
+okay or oh there's other reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or oh there's other reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or oh there's other reasons for
+that so then you sort of work with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then you sort of work with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then you sort of work with them
+you say yeah but still means 23% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yeah but still means 23% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yeah but still means 23% of
+patients we don't know where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients we don't know where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients we don't know where they are
+they say okay the data are right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay the data are right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay the data are right it's a
+problem but it's not my problem oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's not my problem oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's not my problem oh it's
+the it's the community it's the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the community it's the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the community it's the access
+it's the everything and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the everything and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the everything and then when we
+actually succeed with quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed with quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed with quality
+improvement we get people to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement we get people to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement we get people to say the
+data are right it's a problem and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are right it's a problem and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are right it's a problem and it's
+my problem that's different that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem that's different that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem that's different that's not
+saying it's my fault it's saying it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's my fault it's saying it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's my fault it's saying it's my
+problem meaning we as a clinic or we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem meaning we as a clinic or we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem meaning we as a clinic or we as
+a providers uh group need to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a providers uh group need to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a providers uh group need to actually do
+something about it now I will argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it now I will argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it now I will argue that
+there's actually a fifth stage that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a fifth stage that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a fifth stage that we
+run into which is what data so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into which is what data so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into which is what data so we
+so we have people like there's data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have people like there's data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have people like there's data you
+know what what are we talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what are we talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what are we talking about so
+we so we sometimes have to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we sometimes have to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we sometimes have to start with
+with which stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which stage
+zero so we have a lot of challenges we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we have a lot of challenges we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we have a lot of challenges we
+as we start to do this um people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to do this um people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to do this um people are
+actually very excited about quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very excited about quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very excited about quality
+improvement I do have to say that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I do have to say that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I do have to say that we did
+a survey in in um uh a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey in in um uh a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey in in um uh a network of
+clinics in Dar Salam and these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics in Dar Salam and these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics in Dar Salam and these are very
+busy HIV clinics and we asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy HIV clinics and we asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy HIV clinics and we asked the
+providers we asked the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers we asked the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers we asked the healthcare
+workers so this was um people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so this was um people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so this was um people doing
+clinical care administrative are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care administrative are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care administrative are you
+interested in being on a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being on a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in being on a quality
+improvement team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement team
+and actually 90% of them said yes only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually 90% of them said yes only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually 90% of them said yes only
+20% of them were on one CU there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of them were on one CU there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of them were on one CU there weren't
+that many but people really want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many but people really want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many but people really want to do
+better care nobody wakes up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better care nobody wakes up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better care nobody wakes up in the
+morning said you know I'd like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning said you know I'd like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning said you know I'd like to give
+really mediocre care today you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mediocre care today you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mediocre care today you know
+today I'd like to make sure my system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to make sure my system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'd like to make sure my system is
+really dysfunctional let's let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dysfunctional let's let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dysfunctional let's let the
+patients wait a long time so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients wait a long time so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients wait a long time so it's it's a
+question of getting people to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of getting people to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of getting people to understand
+that they can make things better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can make things better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can make things better and
+that really in you know information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really in you know information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really in you know information
+technology can really help do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can really help do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can really help do this
+because it will Zoom people through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will Zoom people through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will Zoom people through that
+measurement part and get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part and get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement part and get them to
+actually FOC focusing on Improvement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually FOC focusing on Improvement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually FOC focusing on Improvement so
+again we want to make measurement truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we want to make measurement truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we want to make measurement truly
+just the first step um we need to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first step um we need to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first step um we need to also
+though work with people how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though work with people how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though work with people how to
+institutionalize quality and quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalize quality and quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutionalize quality and quality
+improvement to not be afraid of it um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement to not be afraid of it um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement to not be afraid of it um we
+need to actually sustain these efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually sustain these efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually sustain these efforts
+because again if we do something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if we do something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again if we do something and
+this has been shown again and again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been shown again and again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been shown again and again with
+some of these collaboratives that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these collaboratives that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these collaboratives that are
+very very effective but when they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very effective but when they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very effective but when they leave
+the after the the the amount of of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the the the amount of of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the the the amount of of sort
+of improvement that remains is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improvement that remains is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improvement that remains is actually
+quite small and how do we get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small and how do we get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small and how do we get people to
+make the first step and again I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the first step and again I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the first step and again I would
+argue that the the important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the the important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the the important the
+critical role of it and health health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical role of it and health health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical role of it and health health
+information systems is to see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems is to see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems is to see if we can
+have readily available quality data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have readily available quality data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have readily available quality data on
+the quality of care so that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of care so that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of care so that people don't
+have to spend all their resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend all their resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend all their resources in
+collecting it so Information Systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it so Information Systems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it so Information Systems can
+help diagnose where it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help diagnose where it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help diagnose where it's a problem
+through performance measurement can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through performance measurement can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through performance measurement can say
+you know look the these numbers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look the these numbers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look the these numbers don't
+look so good it can help you triage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good it can help you triage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so good it can help you triage and
+you'll see I'm using a lot of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I'm using a lot of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see I'm using a lot of clinical
+terms here it helps you triage where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here it helps you triage where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here it helps you triage where to
+start do you want to start at the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start do you want to start at the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start do you want to start at the place
+that's 20% performance 40% performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 20% performance 40% performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 20% performance 40% performance
+or 95 performance to get it up to 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 95 performance to get it up to 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 95 performance to get it up to 100%
+so diagnose triage and then actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diagnose triage and then actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diagnose triage and then actually it
+will measure the effectiveness of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will measure the effectiveness of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will measure the effectiveness of your
+quality improvement it allows you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement it allows you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement it allows you to see
+did you actually make a difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you actually make a difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you actually make a difference and
+then finally and I think very excitingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally and I think very excitingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally and I think very excitingly
+it can actually be the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can actually be the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can actually be the quality
+improvement intervention itself and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement intervention itself and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement intervention itself and I'm
+just going to give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give you a couple of
+examples of that um in terms of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that um in terms of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that um in terms of what we
+actually know about it is so there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about it is so there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about it is so there there
+was um one thing about improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um one thing about improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um one thing about improving the
+availability of data and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of data and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of data and this was
+actually done by our colleague Cheryl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by our colleague Cheryl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by our colleague Cheryl
+amaroso and her colleagues in Rwanda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaroso and her colleagues in Rwanda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaroso and her colleagues in Rwanda and
+what they found was that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found was that um the
+clinicians were using outdated CD4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians were using outdated CD4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians were using outdated CD4
+counts so they were looking they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts so they were looking they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts so they were looking they were
+actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+um the information from the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the information from the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the information from the electronic
+health record but the problem was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record but the problem was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record but the problem was that
+the CD4 counts weren't actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CD4 counts weren't actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CD4 counts weren't actually getting
+into the um into there and so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um into there and so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um into there and so they were
+making decisions based on old data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions based on old data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions based on old data and
+that's actually really dangerous for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really dangerous for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually really dangerous for a
+patient because if there a patient who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because if there a patient who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because if there a patient who's
+on treatment and their CD4 count has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on treatment and their CD4 count has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on treatment and their CD4 count has
+dropped precipitously and you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped precipitously and you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped precipitously and you don't know
+that you're going to say oh so glad Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to say oh so glad Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to say oh so glad Mr
+Smith you're doing very well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith you're doing very well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith you're doing very well you know
+see again in three months when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in three months when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in three months when the
+reality was you needed to sort of say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality was you needed to sort of say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality was you needed to sort of say to
+them what's happening you taking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's happening you taking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's happening you taking your
+medicine are you getting better so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine are you getting better so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine are you getting better so this
+actually is something that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is something that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is something that is actually
+really really important and so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really important and so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really important and so what they
+did was they actually said look this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they actually said look this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they actually said look this is
+not an individual provider problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an individual provider problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an individual provider problem
+they're actually looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually looking at the
+information this is a systems problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this is a systems problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this is a systems problem
+and so they actually fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they actually fixed the
+information system they migrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system they migrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system they migrated the
+openms based laboratory information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openms based laboratory information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openms based laboratory information
+system so that CD4 counts were instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that CD4 counts were instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that CD4 counts were instead
+of having to be entered were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having to be entered were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having to be entered were actually
+going into there and so what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into there and so what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into there and so what they found
+was that the use of outdated CD4 counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the use of outdated CD4 counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the use of outdated CD4 counts
+decreased from about 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased from about 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased from about 25%
+pre-intervention to about 177% post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-intervention to about 177% post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-intervention to about 177% post
+intervention so it had about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so it had about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention so it had about a third
+reduction so this no there was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so this no there was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so this no there was not a
+single provider who had to do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single provider who had to do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single provider who had to do a single
+thing differently now Cheryl and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing differently now Cheryl and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing differently now Cheryl and her
+group had to do a lot of work but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group had to do a lot of work but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group had to do a lot of work but again
+this was actually um making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually um making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually um making this
+availability now what we we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability now what we we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability now what we we're trying to
+now do is to actually look at see did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is to actually look at see did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is to actually look at see did
+this actually improve the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually improve the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually improve the quality of
+care so were there decisions that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so were there decisions that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so were there decisions that should
+have been made before that weren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made before that weren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made before that weren't that
+actually were being made now now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were being made now now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were being made now now another
+one and I I believe you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I I believe you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I I believe you may have
+actually heard about this I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually heard about this I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually heard about this I think he
+spoke here already no yes yes yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke here already no yes yes yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke here already no yes yes yeah so
+this was in Kenya and I thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in Kenya and I thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in Kenya and I thought this was
+actually really nice because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really nice because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really nice because this was
+actually done in the um actually as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done in the um actually as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done in the um actually as a
+research so this was actually randomiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so this was actually randomiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so this was actually randomiz
+this is actually control trial and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually control trial and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually control trial and what
+they found was they um they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was they um they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was they um they wanted to
+sort of say how do we remind patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say how do we remind patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say how do we remind patient
+providers so every six months you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers so every six months you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers so every six months you're
+supposed to get a CD4 count test on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get a CD4 count test on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get a CD4 count test on
+people with HIV and that can either help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with HIV and that can either help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with HIV and that can either help
+you determine if they need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determine if they need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determine if they need to start
+treatment or if they're on treatment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or if they're on treatment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or if they're on treatment if
+they're actually responding um as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually responding um as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually responding um as well
+as sort of a couple of other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a couple of other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a couple of other things so
+it's very important monitoring clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important monitoring clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important monitoring clinical
+monitoring test and it works better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring test and it works better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring test and it works better than
+just looking at the patient and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the patient and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the patient and saying
+are you doing well but they were finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing well but they were finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing well but they were finding
+that a lot of people were actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people were actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people were actually not
+ordering the test and this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the test and this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering the test and this was very
+interesting for two reasons first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for two reasons first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for two reasons first of all
+they found that when they actually put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that when they actually put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that when they actually put a
+remind in the thing so when you came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind in the thing so when you came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind in the thing so when you came up
+it said CD4 count is due in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said CD4 count is due in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said CD4 count is due in the
+intervention Clinic it went up 53%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention Clinic it went up 53%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention Clinic it went up 53%
+versus only 38% in the um uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus only 38% in the um uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus only 38% in the um uh in the
+non-intervention clinic so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intervention clinic so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intervention clinic so it was
+definitely effective um and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely effective um and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely effective um and actually
+when they actually did the what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually did the what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually did the what we were
+in clinical trials say the as treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical trials say the as treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical trials say the as treated
+which means people actually got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means people actually got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means people actually got the
+reminder 68% of encounters were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder 68% of encounters were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder 68% of encounters were the
+reminders were printed out so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders were printed out so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders were printed out so very
+effective if you actually got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective if you actually got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective if you actually got the
+reminder to them but the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to them but the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to them but the other thing
+that I thought was really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought was really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought was really interesting
+was Why didn't it reach 100% you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Why didn't it reach 100% you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Why didn't it reach 100% you're
+there you're seeing a patient there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're seeing a patient there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're seeing a patient there's a
+reminder on your screen that says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder on your screen that says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder on your screen that says you
+need to get a CD4 count and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a CD4 count and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a CD4 count and they
+actually did this sort of very not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did this sort of very not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did this sort of very not not
+as qualitative research but they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as qualitative research but they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as qualitative research but they did
+actually ask them and the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask them and the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask them and the answer was
+first of all um some of it was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um some of it was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um some of it was was
+appropriate there was actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate there was actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate there was actually another
+source of CD4 count that wasn't entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of CD4 count that wasn't entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of CD4 count that wasn't entered
+into the system data quality problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system data quality problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system data quality problem
+missing data but the the other thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data but the the other thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data but the the other thing was
+that sometimes they disagreed with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes they disagreed with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes they disagreed with it so
+even though this was agreed upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this was agreed upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this was agreed upon
+standard of care the individual provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of care the individual provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of care the individual provider
+was still sort of saying oh no I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still sort of saying oh no I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still sort of saying oh no I I don't
+agree with it which which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it which which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it which which is actually
+not the way that you're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way that you're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way that you're supposed to be
+practicing medicine but also probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing medicine but also probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing medicine but also probably
+some other reasons of why people again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other reasons of why people again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other reasons of why people again
+go back to those Berwick stages of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to those Berwick stages of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to those Berwick stages of like
+you know the data are wrong or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the data are wrong or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the data are wrong or I don't
+believe the data so again this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the data so again this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the data so again this is where
+you realize that some of this is systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that some of this is systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that some of this is systems
+and some of this is psychology um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this is psychology um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this is psychology um and
+behavior change remember this is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior change remember this is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior change remember this is coming
+from a quantitative person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quantitative person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quantitative person
+so um the other thing that I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the other thing that I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the other thing that I think is a
+really interesting thing and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing and then this
+is again more of a sort of availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again more of a sort of availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again more of a sort of availability
+but also was a really interesting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also was a really interesting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also was a really interesting um
+opportunity about data quality was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity about data quality was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity about data quality was using
+the electronic medical record to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic medical record to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic medical record to
+streamline performance measurement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline performance measurement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline performance measurement and
+quality improvement and this occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement and this occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement and this occurred
+actually in Haiti in Haiti they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Haiti in Haiti they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Haiti in Haiti they have a
+national um electronic HIV database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national um electronic HIV database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national um electronic HIV database and
+we also have an electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have an electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have an electronic medical
+record and Haiti adopted a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and Haiti adopted a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and Haiti adopted a program
+called hiqual which is a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hiqual which is a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hiqual which is a national
+quality improvement program and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement program and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement program and it
+included a set of national performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included a set of national performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included a set of national performance
+indicators and they said to all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and they said to all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and they said to all the the
+participating sites you all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating sites you all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating sites you all have to
+measure these same I think it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these same I think it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these same I think it was about
+eight indicators or so and so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight indicators or so and so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight indicators or so and so the way
+that this was done instead of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was done instead of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was done instead of most of
+the other countries this is done people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other countries this is done people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other countries this is done people
+go and they do chart reviews it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they do chart reviews it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and they do chart reviews it was at
+the indicates were programmed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicates were programmed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicates were programmed into the
+electronic health system um whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health system um whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health system um whether it
+was the national program or or Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the national program or or Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the national program or or Partners
+at Health And So It produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Health And So It produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Health And So It produced
+measurements across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements across all the
+participating sites and so the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating sites and so the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating sites and so the idea was
+that the time is then focused on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time is then focused on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the time is then focused on using
+the data not not actually collecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data not not actually collecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data not not actually collecting the
+data um and so what we found actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um and so what we found actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um and so what we found actually
+and and it was very interesting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it was very interesting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it was very interesting um
+lomber uh actually sort of uh who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lomber uh actually sort of uh who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lomber uh actually sort of uh who's the
+head of M there really um shared this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of M there really um shared this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of M there really um shared this
+with me was again this issue about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me was again this issue about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me was again this issue about this
+quality of data versus quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data versus quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data versus quality of care
+so when they looked at their loss to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they looked at their loss to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they looked at their loss to
+followup rates they were actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup rates they were actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup rates they were actually quite
+high and one of the things that partisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and one of the things that partisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and one of the things that partisan
+Health really Prides itself on is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health really Prides itself on is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health really Prides itself on is very
+very low lost followup rates and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low lost followup rates and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low lost followup rates and so
+again there was this question about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there was this question about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there was this question about is
+this quality of care the care delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quality of care the care delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quality of care the care delivered
+reflects the accepted standards of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the accepted standards of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the accepted standards of care
+um and uh versus the quality of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh versus the quality of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh versus the quality of data
+sorry this actually didn't quite work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this actually didn't quite work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this actually didn't quite work
+out so um the data says that 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so um the data says that 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so um the data says that 50% of
+patients that's not the quite the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that's not the quite the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that's not the quite the exact
+number um had a visit in the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um had a visit in the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um had a visit in the last three
+months which is what they were using as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months which is what they were using as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months which is what they were using as
+their retention but we knew that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their retention but we knew that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their retention but we knew that we had
+much much higher rates and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher rates and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher rates and so the
+question was is this a data quality um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was is this a data quality um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was is this a data quality um
+issue and um versus the very concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and um versus the very concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and um versus the very concerning
+question which was um that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was um that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was um that actually
+really only 50% of patients had a vis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only 50% of patients had a vis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only 50% of patients had a vis in
+the last 3 months and when they went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 3 months and when they went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 3 months and when they went and
+took a fair amount of time and went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a fair amount of time and went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a fair amount of time and went and
+cleaned all the data so all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned all the data so all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned all the data so all the people
+who had transferred were removed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had transferred were removed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had transferred were removed and the
+people who had died were removed and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had died were removed and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had died were removed and we
+made sure that all the data had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that all the data had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that all the data had been
+entered so we had the visits the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered so we had the visits the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered so we had the visits the the the
+uh Mis visit rate went down to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mis visit rate went down to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mis visit rate went down to about
+3% so again you know it was only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% so again you know it was only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% so again you know it was only because
+these data were actually being used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data were actually being used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data were actually being used to
+measure quality of care that this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure quality of care that this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure quality of care that this issue
+of data quality became important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality became important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality became important and
+therefore now it's become a much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore now it's become a much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore now it's become a much much
+more effective system to use and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective system to use and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective system to use and they're
+sort of really starting to look at a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really starting to look at a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really starting to look at a lot
+of other indicators as well so again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other indicators as well so again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other indicators as well so again you
+know it can be used to help access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be used to help access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it can be used to help access the
+data but at the same time we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but at the same time we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but at the same time we actually
+may be able to improve the the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to improve the the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to improve the the quality
+of the data so how do we help people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data so how do we help people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data so how do we help people use
+these data and I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data and I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data and I think it's really
+important um to recognize and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um to recognize and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um to recognize and and we
+sort of I work in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I work in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I work in a lot of different
+countries that you have to know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that you have to know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that you have to know your
+audience the literacy and the numeracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the literacy and the numeracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the literacy and the numeracy
+um we're really starting to borrow more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're really starting to borrow more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're really starting to borrow more
+and more from industry in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more from industry in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more from industry in terms of
+dashboards we're trying to avoid what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboards we're trying to avoid what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboards we're trying to avoid what we
+call the monster report so the monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the monster report so the monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the monster report so the monster
+report is the big report that sits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is the big report that sits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is the big report that sits on
+someone's desk and every month the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's desk and every month the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's desk and every month the next
+one comes up and up and up and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes up and up and up and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes up and up and up and nobody
+ever looks at it and I actually I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever looks at it and I actually I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever looks at it and I actually I I
+borrow that term from a country that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow that term from a country that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow that term from a country that I'm
+working in where people actually used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in where people actually used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in where people actually used to
+call it the monster report um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the monster report um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the monster report um and then
+again you have to ensure that the qual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to ensure that the qual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to ensure that the qual
+the data is quality it has to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is quality it has to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is quality it has to be good
+enough for quality improvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for quality improvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for quality improvement and
+that's not the same thing as good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same thing as good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same thing as good enough
+for research uh if you want to publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for research uh if you want to publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for research uh if you want to publish
+something you want something for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want something for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want something for a
+national report your your data has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national report your your data has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national report your your data has to be
+squeaky clean you want to double enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeaky clean you want to double enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeaky clean you want to double enter
+that data quality improvement honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data quality improvement honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data quality improvement honestly
+do I care if a Clinic's performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I care if a Clinic's performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I care if a Clinic's performance is
+52% or 57% no I care it's like 20% 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% or 57% no I care it's like 20% 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% or 57% no I care it's like 20% 50%
+90% so the quality that we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so the quality that we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so the quality that we need for
+quality improvement is not actually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement is not actually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality improvement is not actually as
+rigorous as the quality that we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous as the quality that we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous as the quality that we need for
+example um for research and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um for research and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um for research and so for
+example if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to think about
+double entering data that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double entering data that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double entering data that you're going
+to use for quality improvement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for quality improvement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for quality improvement that's
+not going to be a good use of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a good use of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a good use of resources
+and I that's actually from a country one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that's actually from a country one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I that's actually from a country one
+of the countries that I work with so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the countries that I work with so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the countries that I work with so um
+one of the ways that we try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that we try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that we try to do this
+is um to use something like dashboards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um to use something like dashboards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um to use something like dashboards
+and so in Rwanda we've been doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in Rwanda we've been doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in Rwanda we've been doing the
+site survey because we're doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site survey because we're doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site survey because we're doing a lot of
+um Health System strengthening and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Health System strengthening and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Health System strengthening and so we
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+much hand ringing we actually got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hand ringing we actually got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hand ringing we actually got it
+down a quarterly survey down to a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a quarterly survey down to a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a quarterly survey down to a 100
+questions so that was from like 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that was from like 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so that was from like 400
+questions so we were pretty proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we were pretty proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we were pretty proud of
+ourselves um but the reality is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um but the reality is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um but the reality is if you
+give back to the head of the Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back to the head of the Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give back to the head of the Health
+Center or the guy who's overseeing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center or the guy who's overseeing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center or the guy who's overseeing all
+23 Health Centers the anwers to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 Health Centers the anwers to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 Health Centers the anwers to 100
+questions he's not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions he's not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions he's not going to be able to
+use it so we said well they really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so we said well they really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so we said well they really sort
+of fall into 10 critical domains and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fall into 10 critical domains and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fall into 10 critical domains and so
+if we can um if we can sort of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can um if we can sort of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can um if we can sort of figure
+out how to actually give that him back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to actually give that him back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to actually give that him back
+in a way that he can facilitate us rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that he can facilitate us rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that he can facilitate us rapid
+feedback and use and triage again where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and use and triage again where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and use and triage again where
+he needs to focus then he can look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to focus then he can look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to focus then he can look more
+deeply in that area and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply in that area and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply in that area and this is actually
+an example of the of what this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the of what this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the of what this actually
+ended up looking like and so um what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up looking like and so um what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up looking like and so um what you
+can see is this was actually sort of fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is this was actually sort of fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is this was actually sort of fed
+directly into Excel um there's a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into Excel um there's a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into Excel um there's a variety
+of different numbers of questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different numbers of questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different numbers of questions that
+actually lead into each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead into each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead into each one of these
+different domains infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains infrastructure
+Clinical Services human resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinical Services human resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinical Services human resources and
+then we um normalize them all so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we um normalize them all so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we um normalize them all so they
+went from 0 to 100 and then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 0 to 100 and then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 0 to 100 and then we actually
+did just conditional formatting so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did just conditional formatting so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did just conditional formatting so it
+automatically comes up as pink or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically comes up as pink or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically comes up as pink or green
+depending on on what the actual amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on what the actual amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on what the actual amount
+is so now this is for a district they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now this is for a district they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now this is for a district they
+can look at and they can say GE you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at and they can say GE you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at and they can say GE you know
+what if we want to look across District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to look across District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we want to look across District
+across the whole District maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole District maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole District maybe we
+better work on a referral system on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better work on a referral system on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better work on a referral system on the
+other hand if I'm worried about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I'm worried about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I'm worried about like
+which which health facility do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which health facility do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which health facility do I need to
+actually look at well e kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at well e kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at well e kind of looks
+like they're sort of struggling in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're sort of struggling in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're sort of struggling in in
+quite a few areas um and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few areas um and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few areas um and what's
+interesting is that they're struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they're struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that they're struggling
+for example in Clinical Services but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in Clinical Services but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in Clinical Services but you
+know what health center A and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what health center A and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what health center A and B are
+doing quite well there so rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well there so rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing quite well there so rather than
+meat going in there tell them what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat going in there tell them what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat going in there tell them what to do
+maybe I want to have them actually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to have them actually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to have them actually talk
+to Health Center A and B and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Health Center A and B and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Health Center A and B and figure out
+what are they doing that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they doing that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they doing that's actually
+working and the other ones aren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the other ones aren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the other ones aren't so
+there's a lot of different ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different ways you can
+use this and if you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this and if you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this and if you want to know what
+exactly in Clinical Services was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in Clinical Services was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in Clinical Services was
+dragging e down then you can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging e down then you can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging e down then you can go to the
+actual survey and you you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual survey and you you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual survey and you you can look at
+the 12 or so questions that actually fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 or so questions that actually fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 or so questions that actually fed
+into that so again this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that so again this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that so again this is something
+that's from the industry there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the industry there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the industry there's a lot
+of stuff that's available free on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that's available free on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that's available free on the
+web they're much much fancier than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web they're much much fancier than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web they're much much fancier than this
+they have different kinds of graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different kinds of graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different kinds of graphs and
+things we just started simple um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we just started simple um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we just started simple um and and
+this has actually already been put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has actually already been put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has actually already been put into
+use so we've sort of talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we've sort of talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so we've sort of talked a lot about
+the fact that we need to sort of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we need to sort of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we need to sort of figure
+out what we're going to measure we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what we're going to measure we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what we're going to measure we have
+to figure out how we're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we're going to measure
+it and um I didn't talk very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um I didn't talk very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um I didn't talk very much about
+the quality improvement techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality improvement techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality improvement techniques
+because you've sort of heard a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've sort of heard a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've sort of heard a lot about
+this but the idea is that we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the idea is that we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the idea is that we have to put
+it in a way that it actually is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that it actually is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that it actually is going to
+be used but the idea is that if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but the idea is that if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but the idea is that if we do
+this again and then we leave and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again and then we leave and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again and then we leave and it
+stops then we've failed so a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops then we've failed so a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops then we've failed so a lot of this
+sort of is now moving to this idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is now moving to this idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is now moving to this idea about
+how can quality not only be spread but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can quality not only be spread but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can quality not only be spread but
+also sustained and I think for this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sustained and I think for this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sustained and I think for this and
+again this is a little bit more squishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a little bit more squishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a little bit more squishy
+than I than I was originally trained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I than I was originally trained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I than I was originally trained and
+I'm actually trained originally in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually trained originally in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually trained originally in in
+pharmaco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaco
+epidemiology um is that we need to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology um is that we need to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology um is that we need to teach
+and support a culture of quality we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support a culture of quality we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support a culture of quality we have
+to get people to agree on what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to agree on what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to agree on what should be
+done if you have these half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if you have these half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done if you have these half of the
+providers saying I don't think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers saying I don't think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers saying I don't think we should
+get CD4 counts every six months and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get CD4 counts every six months and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get CD4 counts every six months and the
+other half said yes putting a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half said yes putting a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half said yes putting a reminder
+that you need to get a CD4 count every 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get a CD4 count every 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get a CD4 count every 6
+months is not going to actually work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months is not going to actually work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months is not going to actually work so
+you need to get agreement you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get agreement you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get agreement you have to
+get people open to measuring care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people open to measuring care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people open to measuring care and
+discussing gaps we're very careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing gaps we're very careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing gaps we're very careful about
+the terminology even though it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology even though it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology even though it's we
+don't say people are doing badly we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say people are doing badly we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say people are doing badly we say
+there's a challenge we say this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a challenge we say this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a challenge we say this this is
+an opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for
+improvement U I have two children this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement U I have two children this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement U I have two children this
+is like you know the terminology you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know the terminology you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know the terminology you use
+for us you never to them you're stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you never to them you're stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you never to them you're stupid
+you say well you seem to be struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you seem to be struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you seem to be struggling
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so um so I think it's it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so I think it's it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so I think it's it's an important
+thing to get people to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to get people to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to get people to make sure that
+you're not pointing a finger you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pointing a finger you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pointing a finger you're not
+you know being and and it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being and and it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being and and it's a problem
+because we actually quality assurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually quality assurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually quality assurance
+quality control accreditation it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control accreditation it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control accreditation it's all
+about finding the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding the problem
+and we're about looking all about uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're about looking all about uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're about looking all about uh um
+all about doing this and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about doing this and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about doing this and then we have to
+get people to be willing to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to be willing to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to be willing to try to
+improve a lot of times people are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a lot of times people are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a lot of times people are very
+like oh we can't improve it can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we can't improve it can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we can't improve it can't get
+better it'll always get worse and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it'll always get worse and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it'll always get worse and so
+when that happens actually I do a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens actually I do a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens actually I do a a an
+exercise with people which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise with people which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise with people which is called
+reversing the trend people say oh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the trend people say oh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the trend people say oh we're
+never going to get people to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to get people to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to get people to come back
+it's just too hard you know they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too hard you know they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too hard you know they they're
+it's just going to happen I said great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to happen I said great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to happen I said great
+so let's make it worse can we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make it worse can we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make it worse can we actually
+make fewer people come back and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fewer people come back and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fewer people come back and people
+have a million ideas oh we could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a million ideas oh we could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a million ideas oh we could be more
+rude to the patients we can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude to the patients we can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude to the patients we can make them
+wait longer we can make the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait longer we can make the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait longer we can make the facility
+less we can make sure they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we can make sure they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we can make sure they don't have a
+place to stay when it's raining so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stay when it's raining so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stay when it's raining so then
+you say well if that makes it worse how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well if that makes it worse how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well if that makes it worse how
+about if we try to make it better how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we try to make it better how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we try to make it better how
+about if we try to reduce weight time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we try to reduce weight time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we try to reduce weight time
+how about if we try to sort of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about if we try to sort of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about if we try to sort of work on
+you know courtesy for the patients how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know courtesy for the patients how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know courtesy for the patients how
+about if we actually try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we actually try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we actually try to figure out
+how we can get a place where PE where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can get a place where PE where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can get a place where PE where
+where it's going to keep people out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to keep people out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to keep people out of
+the rain so you have to get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain so you have to get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain so you have to get people
+willing to realize and and empowered um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to realize and and empowered um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to realize and and empowered um
+that they can actually make a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually make a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually make a change
+it's important to share the successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to share the successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to share the successes
+and support the ongoing work I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support the ongoing work I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support the ongoing work I always
+lead with a positive even if it's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead with a positive even if it's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead with a positive even if it's a kind
+of weak positive you want to make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weak positive you want to make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weak positive you want to make people
+realize that they're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're doing something
+well you know I know you're struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I know you're struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know I know you're struggling
+in nine out of the 10 things but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nine out of the 10 things but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nine out of the 10 things but look at
+that 10th thing isn't that great you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10th thing isn't that great you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10th thing isn't that great you're
+doing really well um and then to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really well um and then to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really well um and then to um
+share the successes to uh you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the successes to uh you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the successes to uh you need to
+have supportive leadership the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have supportive leadership the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have supportive leadership the leader
+has to be involved this is a team-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be involved this is a team-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be involved this is a team-based
+approach it's always a problem when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it's always a problem when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it's always a problem when you
+go to a site and you say who's in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a site and you say who's in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a site and you say who's in charge
+who who's working on quality they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's working on quality they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who's working on quality they say
+that nurse over there oh it's a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nurse over there oh it's a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nurse over there oh it's a quality
+problem it's her problem so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's her problem so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's her problem so it's it's
+actually very much of a teamwork um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very much of a teamwork um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very much of a teamwork um and
+this has to so there has to be relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to so there has to be relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to so there has to be relevant
+training so people understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so people understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so people understand what
+you're talking about and again there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about and again there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about and again there has
+to be this culture change um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this culture change um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this culture change um and this is
+this idea of a quality management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a quality management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of a quality management
+program a lot of people don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a lot of people don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a lot of people don't talk about
+this but it's really the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's really the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's really the big picture
+it's it's sort of everything that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's sort of everything that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's sort of everything that you do
+about it um including um I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um including um I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um including um I would argue
+the information system so we always try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information system so we always try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information system so we always try
+to insist that somebody from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insist that somebody from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insist that somebody from data
+somebody from it is actually involved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody from it is actually involved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody from it is actually involved um
+in in the quality improvement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the quality improvement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the quality improvement and the
+idea is again you start with quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is again you start with quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is again you start with quality
+improvement and performance measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and performance measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and performance measurement
+But ultimately it has to be supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But ultimately it has to be supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But ultimately it has to be supported by
+this infrastructure if you want things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infrastructure if you want things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infrastructure if you want things
+to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+stay um so I'm going to actually skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay um so I'm going to actually skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay um so I'm going to actually skip
+that but it's it's interesting there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's it's interesting there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's it's interesting there's
+actually some increasing evidence about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some increasing evidence about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some increasing evidence about
+this um where people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um where people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um where people have done
+qualitative research looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative research looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative research looking at these
+key factors again you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factors again you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key factors again you have to have
+leadership I mean I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership I mean I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership I mean I can tell you
+Partners in Health Quality is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in Health Quality is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in Health Quality is now the
+really number one on the list but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really number one on the list but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really number one on the list but it
+helped a lot when Paul Farmer and Joya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a lot when Paul Farmer and Joya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a lot when Paul Farmer and Joya
+started really sort of saying we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really sort of saying we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started really sort of saying we need to
+do quality pep far was all about numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quality pep far was all about numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quality pep far was all about numbers
+when pepar was reauthorized there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pepar was reauthorized there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pepar was reauthorized there was a
+recognition that there was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that there was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that there was a problem
+that we weren't being as effective with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't being as effective with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we weren't being as effective with
+the resources and now quality is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources and now quality is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources and now quality is in
+there because it's coming from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's coming from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's coming from the top
+people are valuing it again culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are valuing it again culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are valuing it again culture
+organizational design some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational design some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational design some type of
+incentive structure which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure which doesn't
+necessarily mean money as well as very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean money as well as very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean money as well as very
+importantly and this was clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly and this was clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly and this was clearly
+identified by Glickman Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by Glickman Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by Glickman Information
+Management um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management um and
+Technology now the other issue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology now the other issue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology now the other issue that the
+people have been talking about I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been talking about I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been talking about I just
+sort of put it out there because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put it out there because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put it out there because I
+thought it was a really interesting idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a really interesting idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a really interesting idea
+is how should we actually be doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how should we actually be doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how should we actually be doing this
+particularly in international settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in international settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in international settings
+where um a lot of times people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um a lot of times people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um a lot of times people like
+myself are coming in from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself are coming in from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself are coming in from sort of
+outside to help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside to help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside to help people
+and the idea is that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that it has
+sustainability has to focus really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability has to focus really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability has to focus really that
+it's um attention to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um attention to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um attention to local
+implementation what's happening at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation what's happening at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation what's happening at the
+health center what's happening at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health center what's happening at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health center what's happening at the
+district level um and that if we focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district level um and that if we focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district level um and that if we focus
+on these sort of high impact immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these sort of high impact immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these sort of high impact immediate
+change put a lot of money to improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change put a lot of money to improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change put a lot of money to improving
+insecticide treatment bed nets um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecticide treatment bed nets um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecticide treatment bed nets um and we
+we go from 20% to 90% that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from 20% to 90% that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from 20% to 90% that's really
+great but the question is will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the question is will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the question is will that
+actually remain up there and so he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remain up there and so he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remain up there and so he did
+this really interesting literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really interesting literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really interesting literature
+review and I sort of really if if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and I sort of really if if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and I sort of really if if I was
+one I believe was on the list and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I believe was on the list and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I believe was on the list and I
+don't know if people actually look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if people actually look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if people actually look at it
+but talks about these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but talks about these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but talks about these different
+categories of these sort of external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of these sort of external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of these sort of external
+models and the idea is and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the idea is and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the idea is and I just
+thought sort of an interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought sort of an interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought sort of an interesting thing is
+that you know if you do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you do this sort of
+imported models you should be delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported models you should be delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported models you should be delivering
+care up here you have to do CD4 counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care up here you have to do CD4 counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care up here you have to do CD4 counts
+every six months but you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months but you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months but you don't actually
+tell people how to get there and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people how to get there and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people how to get there and you're
+working in Malawi where there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Malawi where there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Malawi where there aren't
+access to CD4 c cap machines you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to CD4 c cap machines you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to CD4 c cap machines you're sort
+of left with this poor provider who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of left with this poor provider who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of left with this poor provider who's
+saying look I don't know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I don't know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I don't know what to do
+about this I can't do it um on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I can't do it um on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I can't do it um on the other
+thing is that if you do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you do that and you
+sort of have that so that there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have that so that there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have that so that there's sort
+of this this time limited thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this time limited thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this time limited thing where
+you bring in the expert I am the expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in the expert I am the expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in the expert I am the expert
+HIV provider I can tell you how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV provider I can tell you how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV provider I can tell you how to do it
+this is how we do it we give you we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we do it we give you we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we do it we give you we're
+going to give you um uh funds for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you um uh funds for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you um uh funds for for
+treating for the next two years and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating for the next two years and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating for the next two years and then
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+leave is there anything left or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave is there anything left or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave is there anything left or you
+again you have somebody who tumbles back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have somebody who tumbles back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have somebody who tumbles back
+down to where they were Um this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to where they were Um this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to where they were Um this can be
+an internal um initiative and again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal um initiative and again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal um initiative and again uh
+you this we see this quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this we see this quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this we see this quite often
+especially with vertical programs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with vertical programs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with vertical programs where
+there's a lot of funds that are put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of funds that are put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of funds that are put in
+and people are really working hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are really working hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are really working hard to
+get there but when the funding goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but when the funding goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there but when the funding goes away
+all of a sudden there a new initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden there a new initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden there a new initiative
+do they do that and so his argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do that and so his argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do that and so his argument is
+that we actually shouldn't be trying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually shouldn't be trying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually shouldn't be trying as
+much for these sort of big ticket you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for these sort of big ticket you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for these sort of big ticket you
+know big successes but really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big successes but really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know big successes but really sort of
+building this culture for improvement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this culture for improvement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this culture for improvement so
+that we're getting this sort of slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting this sort of slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting this sort of slow
+improvement over time and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement over time and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement over time and there's
+controversy about this some people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about this some people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy about this some people don't
+believe that but I do think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that but I do think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that but I do think it's an
+interesting thing because one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing because one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing because one of the key
+things is that every step of this along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that every step of this along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that every step of this along
+the way requires the measurement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way requires the measurement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way requires the measurement and
+it's only if we make measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only if we make measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only if we make measurement
+effective and efficient that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and efficient that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and efficient that we're
+actually going to be able to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to do this and
+to know to make sure that that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to make sure that that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to make sure that that when
+we're taking the steps the steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the steps the steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the steps the steps are
+going up not going down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up not going down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up not going down because
+sometimes that actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that actually does
+happen so I think I'm going to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so I think I'm going to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so I think I'm going to going to
+leave you just with a couple of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you just with a couple of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you just with a couple of key
+quotes this is from The Institute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes this is from The Institute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes this is from The Institute for
+healthcare Improvement which is while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare Improvement which is while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare Improvement which is while
+all changes do not lead to Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all changes do not lead to Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all changes do not lead to Improvement
+all improvements require change so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all improvements require change so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all improvements require change so we do
+have to make some changes um to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make some changes um to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make some changes um to actually
+make things better and then these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better and then these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better and then these are
+two my um favorite quotes um by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two my um favorite quotes um by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two my um favorite quotes um by by
+Balden which is if we keep doing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balden which is if we keep doing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balden which is if we keep doing what we
+have been doing we'll keep getting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing we'll keep getting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing we'll keep getting what
+we've always gotten and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always gotten and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always gotten and all the
+discussion in the world is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the world is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the world is not going to
+actually make quality better until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make quality better until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make quality better until we
+actually make changes and then rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make changes and then rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make changes and then rather
+than again blaming the individual it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than again blaming the individual it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than again blaming the individual it's
+that every system is perfectly designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every system is perfectly designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every system is perfectly designed
+to get the results it gets and until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the results it gets and until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the results it gets and until we
+are willing to change the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to change the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to change the system as
+opposed to Simply sort of admonish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Simply sort of admonish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to Simply sort of admonish the
+provider or train the provider um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider or train the provider um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider or train the provider um we're
+not going to actually um improve what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to actually um improve what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to actually um improve what's
+happening and so I know that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so I know that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so I know that there's a
+wide range of experience here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of experience here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of experience here and I
+don't know if I have any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I have any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I have any time
+left I do how much time I have till till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I do how much time I have till till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I do how much time I have till till
+104 so 25 minutes great okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104 so 25 minutes great okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104 so 25 minutes great okay so what I
+wanted to do was to sort of discuss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was to sort of discuss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was to sort of discuss and
+again I I I got a little bit from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I I got a little bit from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I I got a little bit from from
+heish about the difference is to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heish about the difference is to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heish about the difference is to talk a
+little bit about and sort of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about and sort of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about and sort of looking at
+your experience to dat using information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience to dat using information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experience to dat using information
+systems or in providing Services um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or in providing Services um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or in providing Services um you
+know thinking about this where have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinking about this where have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thinking about this where have
+there been potential opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been potential opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been potential opportunities to
+measure and to improve quality and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and to improve quality and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and to improve quality and to
+sort of utilize this kind of thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utilize this kind of thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of utilize this kind of thing what
+are the barriers to adoption how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the barriers to adoption how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the barriers to adoption how do you
+think we can make this happen more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can make this happen more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can make this happen more
+quickly or more effectively because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or more effectively because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or more effectively because I I
+don't I will say I don't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I will say I don't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I will say I don't know the answer
+um to this and then finally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to this and then finally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to this and then finally you know
+based on your experience how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your experience how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your experience how can you
+make these changes of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these changes of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these changes of the system
+sustainable over time so what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable over time so what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable over time so what does it
+actually take to do that so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take to do that so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take to do that so I'm going to
+sort of open this up to discussions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of open this up to discussions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of open this up to discussions or
+questions or comments that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments that people have
+at this point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fat0ZKEDzSY.txt b/fat0ZKEDzSY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0997bb11bf49e423a1b8559463e7748fdedaa90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fat0ZKEDzSY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hope you all had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hope you all had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hope you all had a
+good spring break and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good spring break and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good spring break and uh
+refreshed I I spend this 3 this in DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshed I I spend this 3 this in DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshed I I spend this 3 this in DC
+brainstorming that was pretty good uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming that was pretty good uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming that was pretty good uh so
+uh if you recall in the week before our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you recall in the week before our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you recall in the week before our
+last lecture uh we were discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture uh we were discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture uh we were discussing the
+uh wave propagation in layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave propagation in layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave propagation in layered
+structures and we spend time in deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we spend time in deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and we spend time in deriving
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reflectance reflection coefficient if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance reflection coefficient if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance reflection coefficient if I
+have one layer and there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one layer and there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one layer and there are three
+strategies one physically what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies one physically what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies one physically what happens
+if I have wave comes in uh the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have wave comes in uh the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have wave comes in uh the First
+Time The Wave me the interface there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time The Wave me the interface there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time The Wave me the interface there's
+reflection there's transmission go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection there's transmission go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection there's transmission go to
+The Lex interface reflection uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Lex interface reflection uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Lex interface reflection uh
+transmission so there are Infinite L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so there are Infinite L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so there are Infinite L of
+reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and
+transmission and of course if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and of course if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and of course if they
+absorption during the propagation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption during the propagation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption during the propagation of the
+wave uh in the layers uh you will the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh in the layers uh you will the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh in the layers uh you will the uh
+intensity will be lost otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity will be lost otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity will be lost otherwise it's
+say we wrot down the strategy is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we wrot down the strategy is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we wrot down the strategy is you can
+always do the uh um plan way propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do the uh um plan way propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do the uh um plan way propagation
+and if you can write the plan with form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can write the plan with form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can write the plan with form
+you can sum up and do infinite series we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sum up and do infinite series we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sum up and do infinite series we
+didn't do that in class but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that in class but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that in class but that's what
+the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics
+is and what we spend time is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what we spend time is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what we spend time is this
+so-called resultant wave method we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called resultant wave method we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called resultant wave method we say
+okay uh let's group this forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's group this forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's group this forward
+propagating which has the same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating which has the same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating which has the same phase
+Factor all into one term except now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor all into one term except now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor all into one term except now we
+don't have fixed relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have fixed relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have fixed relation between
+incoming and out say in the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and out say in the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and out say in the for
+propagating because you can say from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating because you can say from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating because you can say from the
+physics there it's multiple addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there it's multiple addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there it's multiple addition
+right so we want to find the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to find the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to find the coefficient
+and similarly backward propagating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly backward propagating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly backward propagating and
+we use the continuity of the maxw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the continuity of the maxw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the continuity of the maxw
+equation at the boundary and we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the boundary and we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at the boundary and we derive
+the expression for the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the reflection
+coefficient so that's uh uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's uh uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's uh uh what we
+spend time on and the third method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on and the third method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on and the third method which
+is much more General uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more General uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more General uh it's the
+transfer Matrix method and here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix method and here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix method and here you can
+say we're still distinguishing forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're still distinguishing forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're still distinguishing forward
+backward propagating and we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward propagating and we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward propagating and we're doing
+electric field and transfer Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and transfer Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and transfer Matrix
+method is writing down both uh incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is writing down both uh incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is writing down both uh incident
+reflect all group into what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all group into what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all group into what's the
+electric field component what's magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field component what's magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field component what's magnetic
+field component and and because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field component and and because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field component and and because at the
+interface this are continuous so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this are continuous so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this are continuous so it's
+easy for me to propagate this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for me to propagate this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for me to propagate this through
+many layers as long as I as I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers as long as I as I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers as long as I as I have the
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+Matrix right that transfer Matrix is a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right that transfer Matrix is a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right that transfer Matrix is a f
+factor it's written you have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it's written you have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it's written you have a general
+formula for each layer and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for each layer and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for each layer and when you have
+many layers it's just a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers it's just a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers it's just a multiplication
+of those layers so uh that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those layers so uh that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those layers so uh that's actually
+most convenient to use and people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient to use and people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient to use and people use
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh uh see very often and in fact uh th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh see very often and in fact uh th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh see very often and in fact uh th
+film deposition is so common anybody of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film deposition is so common anybody of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film deposition is so common anybody of
+you can pick up this method and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up this method and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up this method and do
+design of multi-layer films to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of multi-layer films to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of multi-layer films to get
+desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable
+properties and uh so that's in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and uh so that's in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and uh so that's in fact I
+tell you that I've never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that I've never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that I've never really
+seriously took a emwave class that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously took a emwave class that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously took a emwave class that's all
+I where I started I read the book and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where I started I read the book and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where I started I read the book and uh
+uh you have to have that patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to have that patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to have that patient to
+write down all terms and do your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all terms and do your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all terms and do your math
+through and uh uh get the appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and uh uh get the appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and uh uh get the appreciation
+uh for what's happening it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for what's happening it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for what's happening it's the
+exercise and if you take a square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and if you take a square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and if you take a square of
+this reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflection
+coefficient and here I'm assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and here I'm assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and here I'm assuming that
+it's real N1 N2 N3 is real because say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real N1 N2 N3 is real because say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's real N1 N2 N3 is real because say
+clearly if it's a complex number R12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if it's a complex number R12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if it's a complex number R12 is
+a frel coefficient for each interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frel coefficient for each interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frel coefficient for each interface
+you can calculate so even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate so even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate so even if it's
+complex L you can use all the complex L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex L you can use all the complex L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex L you can use all the complex L
+operation do the square but here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation do the square but here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation do the square but here because
+I'm taking real so I can actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking real so I can actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking real so I can actually write
+it just in terms of the regular square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just in terms of the regular square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just in terms of the regular square
+rather than complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than complex
+conjugate and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and uh you can
+say now what's interesting what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now what's interesting what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now what's interesting what we want
+to get in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in is the
+phenomena and in my expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and in my expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and in my expression for the
+reflectance I have a coine two five term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance I have a coine two five term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance I have a coine two five term
+in both the numerator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the numerator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the numerator and the
+denominator so you know then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so you know then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so you know then this
+reflectance will will be a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance will will be a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance will will be a periodic
+variant function because of this cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant function because of this cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant function because of this cosine
+term so let's use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion and uh you can of course use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and uh you can of course use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and uh you can of course use
+a single layer and you take a Dr D5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single layer and you take a Dr D5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single layer and you take a Dr D5
+right this 52 you can say is really uh D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this 52 you can say is really uh D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this 52 you can say is really uh D
+cosine Theta is more like a thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta is more like a thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta is more like a thickness
+effective thickness for the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective thickness for the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective thickness for the direction
+propagation and divide by Lambda 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and divide by Lambda 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and divide by Lambda 0 right
+so normalize to Lambda 0 and uh this 252
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normalize to Lambda 0 and uh this 252
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normalize to Lambda 0 and uh this 252
+is because of the round trip right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the round trip right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the round trip right if
+you look at the physics we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the physics we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the physics we have the
+reflection is coming reflect back so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is coming reflect back so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection is coming reflect back so is
+a forward backward that's a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward backward that's a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward backward that's a factor of
+two in Phase right so if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in Phase right so if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in Phase right so if I take this
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+zero and uh uh you can find where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh uh you can find where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh uh you can find where the
+maximum minimum is and uh it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum is and uh it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum is and uh it happens
+when s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when s
+252 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+252 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+252 equals
+Zer and uh for this we have uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and uh for this we have uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and uh for this we have uh different
+uh Solutions whether it's maximum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Solutions whether it's maximum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Solutions whether it's maximum or
+minimum so uh the this of course happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so uh the this of course happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so uh the this of course happens
+when uh if I substitute the 52 is 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh if I substitute the 52 is 4 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh if I substitute the 52 is 4 Pi
+because that's factor of two uh N2 D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's factor of two uh N2 D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's factor of two uh N2 D2
+cosine Theta 2 Lambda 0 is a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta 2 Lambda 0 is a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta 2 Lambda 0 is a vacuum
+equals say uh multiple L of Pi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say uh multiple L of Pi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals say uh multiple L of Pi that's
+when sign goes to zero m is integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sign goes to zero m is integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sign goes to zero m is integer
+right but whether it's a maximum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but whether it's a maximum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but whether it's a maximum or
+minimum so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so when
+m is a OD l so = 2 L + 1 let's say r l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a OD l so = 2 L + 1 let's say r l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a OD l so = 2 L + 1 let's say r l
+and in this case at least when Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case at least when Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case at least when Theta
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+z uh you will find that reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh you will find that reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh you will find that reflect
+reflectance is N1 N3 N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is N1 N3 N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is N1 N3 N2
+squ and N1 N3 + N2 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and N1 N3 + N2 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and N1 N3 + N2 s
+Square so that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so that's an interesting
+expression right it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right it means
+if I have those condition M at L more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have those condition M at L more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have those condition M at L more
+incidents here there also other angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents here there also other angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents here there also other angle
+where you can write the maximum minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can write the maximum minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can write the maximum minimum
+I'm here writing this because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here writing this because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm here writing this because this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+simple you can see that if I choose if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you can see that if I choose if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you can see that if I choose if I
+have how I do anti- reflection coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how I do anti- reflection coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how I do anti- reflection coding
+right I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a
+surface and I don't want to reflect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and I don't want to reflect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and I don't want to reflect any
+reflection and in this case I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and in this case I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection and in this case I add the
+layer in between n two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in between n two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer in between n two
+and you can say when N2 is square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say when N2 is square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say when N2 is square root
+of N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N1
+N3 you got a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 you got a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 you got a zero
+reflection right so by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right so by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right so by using the
+interference phenomena this is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference phenomena this is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference phenomena this is a the
+periodical variation of reflectance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical variation of reflectance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical variation of reflectance is
+the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference
+phenomena uh interference of light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena uh interference of light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena uh interference of light you
+can have maximum reflection A Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have maximum reflection A Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have maximum reflection A Min
+minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of
+reflection right and uh uh when uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right and uh uh when uh m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right and uh uh when uh m
+equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2
+L in this case what happens is uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in this case what happens is uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in this case what happens is uh again
+at Theta equal Z you'll say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Theta equal Z you'll say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Theta equal Z you'll say your
+reflectance is N1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is N1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is N1 -
+N3 N1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 N1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 N1 +
+N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square what does it tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square what does it tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square what does it tell you
+it tells you even though you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you even though you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you even though you put the
+layer there it doesn't matter it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there it doesn't matter it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there it doesn't matter it's just
+like a interface between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a interface between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a interface between one and
+three right so uh you use this effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so uh you use this effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so uh you use this effects
+to do different Optical codings and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different Optical codings and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do different Optical codings and here
+of course we're only talking about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're only talking about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're only talking about one
+layer and you can code many layers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and you can code many layers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and you can code many layers to
+have desirable properties and people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have desirable properties and people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have desirable properties and people do
+that uh for many applic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for many applic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for many applic
+uh I'll mention more as we go on so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll mention more as we go on so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll mention more as we go on so this
+is just a simple uh uh say uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a simple uh uh say uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a simple uh uh say uh example
+one important characteristic we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important characteristic we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important characteristic we learn
+from this is when we consider wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is when we consider wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is when we consider wave and
+here is a 52 right if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 52 right if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 52 right if you look at
+reflectance and what you have is say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and what you have is say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and what you have is say a
+periodical variation of reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical variation of reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical variation of reflectance
+that's the interference phenomena right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the interference phenomena right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the interference phenomena right
+if you go to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to clean
+room right you deposit layer of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right you deposit layer of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right you deposit layer of film
+very often some of you may go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often some of you may go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often some of you may go into the
+clean room deposit layer of film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean room deposit layer of film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean room deposit layer of film and
+experienced person will look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced person will look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced person will look at the
+color of the because of the light white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of the because of the light white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of the because of the light white
+light comes in is a broad band white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in is a broad band white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in is a broad band white
+light and because the inter ferency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and because the inter ferency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and because the inter ferency
+effect some color is reflect more some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect some color is reflect more some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect some color is reflect more some
+color reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color reflect
+less and if you do a lot of this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and if you do a lot of this you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and if you do a lot of this you get
+the experience you can tell from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience you can tell from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience you can tell from the
+color what the thickness range you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what the thickness range you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what the thickness range you
+have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right
+and of course the same film if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the same film if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the same film if you look
+at different angle you see different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different angle you see different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different angle you see different
+color and then again that's because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and then again that's because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and then again that's because if
+you look how 52 is angle dependent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look how 52 is angle dependent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look how 52 is angle dependent right
+the face of the light is say when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of the light is say when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of the light is say when it
+depends on the trajectory uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the trajectory uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the trajectory uh it
+propagates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates in the
+material so this is a uh one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so this is a uh one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so this is a uh one layer
+fi and uh uh then when we go multi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and uh uh then when we go multi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and uh uh then when we go multi-
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's hard to predict when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's hard to predict when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's hard to predict when you add
+many many layers the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many layers the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many layers the interference
+phenomena becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena becomes very
+complicated and uh um but say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh um but say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh um but say one
+special multi layer is this qu yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special multi layer is this qu yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special multi layer is this qu yes sorry
+which values of M correspond to minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which values of M correspond to minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which values of M correspond to minimum
+and which one to maximum uh which value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one to maximum uh which value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one to maximum uh which value
+of M so here you can say when this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M so here you can say when this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M so here you can say when this we
+have here it is the uh um uh this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here it is the uh um uh this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here it is the uh um uh this one is
+the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum
+right and uh uh this one I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh this one I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh this one I think is the
+maximum okay so when I have multi layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay so when I have multi layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay so when I have multi layer
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+film one special case is the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one special case is the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one special case is the quarter
+wavelength so when the period of layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so when the period of layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so when the period of layers
+is say uh say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say uh say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say uh say the the
+path length equals quarter wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length equals quarter wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length equals quarter wavelength so
+what I have when I have multi- layer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have when I have multi- layer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have when I have multi- layer you
+can choose layer one layer two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose layer one layer two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose layer one layer two and
+you're repeating layer one layer two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're repeating layer one layer two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're repeating layer one layer two
+right and in this case when uh I have 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case when uh I have 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case when uh I have 4
+Pi N1 D1 cosine Theta 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi N1 D1 cosine Theta 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi N1 D1 cosine Theta 1 over
+lambda0 plus uh 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda0 plus uh 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda0 plus uh 4 pi
+N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2
+D2 cine Theta 2 over Lambda 0 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 cine Theta 2 over Lambda 0 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 cine Theta 2 over Lambda 0 and this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+effective layer one and Layer Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective layer one and Layer Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective layer one and Layer Two
+right when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they are
+effectively uh uh equals 2 L Pi I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively uh uh equals 2 L Pi I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively uh uh equals 2 L Pi I have
+in this case the reflectance actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the reflectance actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the reflectance actually
+reach a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a maximum
+so uh what happens is if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what happens is if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what happens is if you look at
+your uh as a function of you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh as a function of you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh as a function of you can combine
+this two as your effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two as your effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two as your effective
+phas right let's say effective phas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas right let's say effective phas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas right let's say effective phas or
+you say you can change either wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you can change either wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you can change either wavelength
+of light if you make your structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light if you make your structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light if you make your structure
+ready for different wavelengths and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for different wavelengths and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for different wavelengths and what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+reflectance have the almost perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance have the almost perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance have the almost perfect
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is
+one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is
+zero and when it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when it's a perfect
+reflecting that means the light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that means the light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that means the light comes in
+100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%
+reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+right and uh uh what it means light is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh what it means light is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh what it means light is l
+not not aned in this periodic layer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not aned in this periodic layer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not aned in this periodic layer at
+this angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle of
+incidence right and so in Optics this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence right and so in Optics this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence right and so in Optics this is
+called a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bands and in solid States for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and in solid States for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and in solid States for electrons
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Fons we call the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons we call the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons we call the band
+Gap if you recall when we discuss three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap if you recall when we discuss three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap if you recall when we discuss three
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+crystals right the semiconduct band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals right the semiconduct band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals right the semiconduct band Gap
+that's when the wave functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the wave functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the wave functions of
+electrons are notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are notot
+allowed in this range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in this range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in this range of
+energy so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so you can
+say I mentioned before for Optics people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mentioned before for Optics people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mentioned before for Optics people
+the research direction is going from 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research direction is going from 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research direction is going from 1D
+to 3D this object codings people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3D this object codings people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3D this object codings people have
+developed over 100 years you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over 100 years you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over 100 years you read the
+yovich paper that's in only 86 he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yovich paper that's in only 86 he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yovich paper that's in only 86 he said
+okay okay let's do 3D analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's do 3D analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's do 3D analogy to
+crystals so that this Star Band happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals so that this Star Band happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals so that this Star Band happens
+in all directions so that you can pull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions so that you can pull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions so that you can pull a
+real Bank Gap when you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Bank Gap when you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Bank Gap when you have such a
+crystal no matter which direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal no matter which direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal no matter which direction of
+light you shine onto it it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you shine onto it it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you shine onto it it's all
+reflected right so that's why I joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected right so that's why I joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected right so that's why I joke
+before I had a colleague before was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had a colleague before was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had a colleague before was
+saying this is not photonic Crystal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not photonic Crystal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not photonic Crystal it's
+a br reflector because this quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a br reflector because this quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a br reflector because this quarter
+Wavin stack is called the BR reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wavin stack is called the BR reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wavin stack is called the BR reflector
+and this is the bra condition we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bra condition we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bra condition we talked
+before x-ray bra condition when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before x-ray bra condition when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before x-ray bra condition when you have
+per structure the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per structure the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per structure the wave
+consoles right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consoles right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consoles right so this is the
+corresponding bra condition and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding bra condition and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding bra condition and this is
+a bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflector so it turns out if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector so it turns out if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector so it turns out if you have
+such a periodic structure no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a periodic structure no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a periodic structure no matter how
+small is refractor that contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is refractor that contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is refractor that contrast
+when I say no matter as long as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say no matter as long as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say no matter as long as you have
+refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index
+contrast right it can be just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast right it can be just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast right it can be just no
+contrast at all right you can build many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast at all right you can build many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast at all right you can build many
+layers and have such a phenomena so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and have such a phenomena so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and have such a phenomena so
+normally when uh sometimes when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when uh sometimes when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when uh sometimes when people
+make uh say we want High reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh say we want High reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh say we want High reflection and
+they don't have the material that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the material that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the material that give
+one interface one interface reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interface one interface reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interface one interface reflectance
+is here right you're limited by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here right you're limited by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here right you're limited by by the
+refractor index contrast so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index contrast so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractor index contrast so what you do
+is you use multi layer Brock reflectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use multi layer Brock reflectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use multi layer Brock reflectors
+and make multi-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make multi-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make multi-layer
+structure and uh uh uh there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh uh uh there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and uh uh uh there are many
+many examples people using those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples people using those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples people using those kind of
+effects uh one is uh semiconductor laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh one is uh semiconductor laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh one is uh semiconductor laser
+so some of the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the semiconductor
+lasers are actually made of gum asite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+arenite right so uh one of this normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite right so uh one of this normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite right so uh one of this normally
+a semiconduct laser has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconduct laser has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semiconduct laser has two
+configuration one is the EDG emitting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration one is the EDG emitting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration one is the EDG emitting so
+this is a Quantum well we mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum well we mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum well we mentioned this
+configuration before Quantum typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration before Quantum typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration before Quantum typically
+very thin right 100 un strong so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin right 100 un strong so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin right 100 un strong so the
+light will go much wider region so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will go much wider region so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will go much wider region so you
+use a total internal reflection you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a total internal reflection you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a total internal reflection you put
+a aluminum gum aside in the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a aluminum gum aside in the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a aluminum gum aside in the surrounding
+which has a lower refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a lower refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a lower refractive
+index and in that case the ligh is a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and in that case the ligh is a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and in that case the ligh is a in
+this region and the propagate they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and the propagate they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and the propagate they come
+out from the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the edge of the
+Crystal and the light needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the light needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and the light needs to be
+Amplified so it needs to go certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified so it needs to go certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified so it needs to go certain
+distance because the laser is Amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because the laser is Amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because the laser is Amplified
+light emission right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emission right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light emission right so the
+amplification is a positive absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification is a positive absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification is a positive absorption
+coefficient we had before absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we had before absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we had before absorption
+coefficient the light is decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the light is decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the light is decaying
+exponentially and if you amplify is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and if you amplify is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and if you amplify is
+growing exponentially but you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially but you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially but you need a
+certain distance to grow so in this Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance to grow so in this Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance to grow so in this Ed
+Med laser the distance for the light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med laser the distance for the light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med laser the distance for the light to
+oscillate is typically a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate is typically a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate is typically a few hundred
+Micron and so it has the uh because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and so it has the uh because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and so it has the uh because they
+what they do is after they grow the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is after they grow the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is after they grow the S
+device they will cleave it leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device they will cleave it leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device they will cleave it leave a
+lateral interface between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral interface between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral interface between
+air and the semiconductor so the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and the semiconductor so the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and the semiconductor so the light
+comes to the end they will be reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the end they will be reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the end they will be reflected
+and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+reflectance right if a reflectance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance right if a reflectance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance right if a reflectance if
+the refractive index on Mater Ty 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index on Mater Ty 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index on Mater Ty 3 to
+four G night right you can go to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four G night right you can go to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four G night right you can go to say
+that reflectance is about what if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflectance is about what if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflectance is about what if it's
+three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's
+one4 a square it's lot big right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 a square it's lot big right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 a square it's lot big right
+so uh uh they uh so they need a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh they uh so they need a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh they uh so they need a long
+distance to amplify it but people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to amplify it but people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to amplify it but people don't
+like this configuration because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this configuration because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this configuration because you have
+to clear the light to come from The Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear the light to come from The Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear the light to come from The Edge
+and people spend a lot of try time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people spend a lot of try time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people spend a lot of try time
+trying to grw this so that light can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grw this so that light can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grw this so that light can
+come perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come perpendicular to the
+surface in that case this is the Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in that case this is the Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in that case this is the Quantum
+well region and they have to make a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well region and they have to make a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well region and they have to make a uh
+this a certain thickness half wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a certain thickness half wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a certain thickness half wave
+length or full wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or full wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or full wav
+length Okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so that's a
+cavity but the light only travel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity but the light only travel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity but the light only travel very
+short distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short distance
+right so in this case you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case you need a
+multiple bounce you need a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple bounce you need a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple bounce you need a high
+reflectivity so that light is bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity so that light is bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity so that light is bounce
+back and forth get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth get
+Amplified and to get that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified and to get that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified and to get that high
+reflectivity they will deposit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity they will deposit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity they will deposit this
+Brock reflector on the top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brock reflector on the top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brock reflector on the top and bottom
+made of Gite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of Gite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of Gite
+alumite so uh in that case after say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumite so uh in that case after say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumite so uh in that case after say the
+reflective reflect inside the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective reflect inside the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective reflect inside the surface
+can get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get over
+99% and uh the light comes some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% and uh the light comes some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% and uh the light comes some of the
+light coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out
+perpendicular to this substrate so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this substrate so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this substrate so this
+is vixel vertical cavity surface IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vixel vertical cavity surface IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vixel vertical cavity surface IM
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+laser right so in fact this is what got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser right so in fact this is what got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser right so in fact this is what got
+me interested in this multi-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me interested in this multi-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me interested in this multi-layer
+structure when I first do research I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when I first do research I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when I first do research I was
+where the heat cannot get out because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the heat cannot get out because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the heat cannot get out because in
+fact those wixel were invented were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those wixel were invented were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact those wixel were invented were
+conceived in 1970s it was only until 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived in 1970s it was only until 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived in 1970s it was only until 90s
+they start to be able to sell it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to be able to sell it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to be able to sell it because
+a heating issue there and when first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heating issue there and when first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heating issue there and when first
+when Knight goes through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Knight goes through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Knight goes through those
+multi-layer structure they have to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer structure they have to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer structure they have to put a
+charge going through that structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge going through that structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge going through that structure and
+this becomes very electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes very electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes very electrically
+resistive and it turns out also uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive and it turns out also uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive and it turns out also uh uh I
+start realize that the heat also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start realize that the heat also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start realize that the heat also has
+trouble to go through those multi layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble to go through those multi layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble to go through those multi layer
+structures so that's I I worked on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so that's I I worked on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so that's I I worked on it
+when I was doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was doing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was doing my
+PhD so uh that's the uh BR reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD so uh that's the uh BR reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD so uh that's the uh BR reflector
+right and if you use for example in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you use for example in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you use for example in your
+lab sometimes you buy a interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sometimes you buy a interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sometimes you buy a interference
+filter and interference filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and interference filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and interference filter is
+typically also made of BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically also made of BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically also made of BL
+reflectors and sometimes a laser uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors and sometimes a laser uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors and sometimes a laser uh uh
+laser uh wavelength like you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser uh wavelength like you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser uh wavelength like you want to
+distinguish different wavelength they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different wavelength they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different wavelength they
+all made a br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made a br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all made a br
+reflector and another uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector and another uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector and another uh example
+interesting example of this multi-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of this multi-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of this multi-layer
+now let's show the periodic structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show the periodic structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show the periodic structure is
+selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface right and uh uh when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and uh uh when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and uh uh when I say
+selective surface I mean wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective surface I mean wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective surface I mean wavelength
+selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective
+surface and one example is uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and one example is uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and one example is uh in the
+Solar thermal collectors you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar thermal collectors you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar thermal collectors you want the
+surface absorb thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface absorb thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface absorb thermal
+radiation but you do not want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but you do not want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but you do not want the
+surface radiate heat out right so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface radiate heat out right so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface radiate heat out right so uh the
+uh uh so ideally what you want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so ideally what you want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so ideally what you want because
+the solar radiation is limited to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar radiation is limited to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar radiation is limited to about
+2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4
+Micron so wavelength of solar radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron so wavelength of solar radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron so wavelength of solar radiation
+is typically less than 2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically less than 2.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically less than 2.4
+Micron and you want this ideally absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and you want this ideally absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and you want this ideally absorb
+emissivity equals one for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity equals one for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity equals one for this
+wavelength but emissivity equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but emissivity equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but emissivity equals zero
+beyond that when you heat up object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that when you heat up object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that when you heat up object you
+think about wind law right Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about wind law right Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about wind law right Lambda T
+about 3,000 so for if your object is 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3,000 so for if your object is 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3,000 so for if your object is 500
+kin your wence is 10 Micron that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin your wence is 10 Micron that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kin your wence is 10 Micron that's the
+peak wence so the black body emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak wence so the black body emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak wence so the black body emission
+from the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the surface is
+here so if you can minimize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you can minimize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you can minimize your
+emissivity to zero you do lose this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity to zero you do lose this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity to zero you do lose this much
+here right so that's what the selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so that's what the selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so that's what the selective
+surface ideally I want the emissivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface ideally I want the emissivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface ideally I want the emissivity
+one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero
+here and how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how you make
+it right you look at that say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right you look at that say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right you look at that say uh
+typically what is a Surface that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what is a Surface that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what is a Surface that's a a
+good reflector that means refle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reflector that means refle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reflector that means refle it's
+emittance is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emittance is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emittance is going to be
+low typically metal is a good reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low typically metal is a good reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low typically metal is a good reflector
+right and uh if you take a cop you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh if you take a cop you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh if you take a cop you take
+aluminum they're shiny if they're shiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum they're shiny if they're shiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum they're shiny if they're shiny
+that's you again you can calculate Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you again you can calculate Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you again you can calculate Now
+using the frel formula you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the frel formula you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the frel formula you get a
+refractive index or object constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index or object constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index or object constant you
+can calculate but the emittance of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate but the emittance of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate but the emittance of metal
+is typical low the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical low the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical low the problem is
+absorptance is also low right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance is also low right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance is also low right so what
+people do is they typically take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is they typically take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is they typically take this
+metal and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and they will
+c a few layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a few layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a few layers
+and this you have to optimize computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you have to optimize computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you have to optimize computer
+code you optimize depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you optimize depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you optimize depend on the
+refractive index and one of this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and one of this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and one of this way the
+code is aluminum they start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is aluminum they start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is aluminum they start with
+aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+substrate and the code they change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and the code they change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and the code they change the
+uh uh I think it's in nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I think it's in nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I think it's in nitrogen
+environment or oxygen environment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or oxygen environment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or oxygen environment right
+they change the oxygen pressure so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the oxygen pressure so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the oxygen pressure so now
+it's get you get the aluminum oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's get you get the aluminum oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's get you get the aluminum oxide
+aluminum mixture and if you change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum mixture and if you change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum mixture and if you change that
+comp pressure uh pressure you each layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp pressure uh pressure you each layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp pressure uh pressure you each layer
+you can actually have different mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have different mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have different mixture
+and that way they can do it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way they can do it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way they can do it really
+cheap and uh uh and the performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and uh uh and the performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and uh uh and the performance is
+pretty good they they can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good they they can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good they they can get that
+emissivity typically around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity typically around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity typically around
+95% in this Optical the the uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% in this Optical the the uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% in this Optical the the uh solar
+range and the emittance in the infra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the emittance in the infra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the emittance in the infra
+range as low as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as low as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as low as
+5% with three or four ler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% with three or four ler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% with three or four ler
+coding right I went to those companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding right I went to those companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding right I went to those companies
+that do this kind of coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this kind of coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do this kind of coding
+and the vacuum chamber is as a football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum chamber is as a football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum chamber is as a football
+field and they're doing this because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they're doing this because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and they're doing this because in
+China they this is actually really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China they this is actually really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China they this is actually really low
+WID they used uh solar thermal in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WID they used uh solar thermal in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WID they used uh solar thermal in many
+many household over 100 million square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many household over 100 million square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many household over 100 million square
+meters deployed right they do it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters deployed right they do it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters deployed right they do it really
+cheap right so you have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap right so you have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap right so you have to look at the
+those codings and of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codings and of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codings and of course when you
+think of energy have to look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of energy have to look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of energy have to look at your
+cost but what I want to tell you is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but what I want to tell you is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but what I want to tell you is now
+you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it
+using that transfer matrix it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that transfer matrix it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that transfer matrix it's a
+computer optimization it's a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer optimization it's a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer optimization it's a what
+material you choose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you choose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you choose that's
+realistic right and if you design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic right and if you design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic right and if you design that
+you there are lot of coding companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are lot of coding companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there are lot of coding companies
+outside that will be happy to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that will be happy to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that will be happy to do it for
+you if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have the
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+okay and uh uh next so so this is a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh next so so this is a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh next so so this is a we
+have really uh the uh Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really uh the uh Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really uh the uh Optical
+layer uh and multi-layer calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh and multi-layer calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh and multi-layer calculation we
+can do it now and uh to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it now and uh to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it now and uh to continue the
+discussion what I want is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion what I want is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion what I want is to look at the
+uh case when the angle of incidence at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case when the angle of incidence at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case when the angle of incidence at
+the first layer is larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first layer is larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first layer is larger than the
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of
+incidence right so uh in this case at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence right so uh in this case at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence right so uh in this case at a
+single interface we know there's total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single interface we know there's total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single interface we know there's total
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+reflection right but all the formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right but all the formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection right but all the formula we
+learned for example here this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned for example here this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned for example here this formula is
+still valid the only thing I assume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid the only thing I assume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid the only thing I assume here
+is real but say uh you if it's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real but say uh you if it's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real but say uh you if it's complex
+you can use complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use complex
+L and this angle larger than angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this angle larger than angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this angle larger than angle of
+incidence you can still use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence you can still use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence you can still use that
+formula the ma ma part is identical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the ma ma part is identical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the ma ma part is identical so
+what's interesting is when the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is when the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is when the angle of
+incidence is larger than critical angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence is larger than critical angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence is larger than critical angle
+what I have is a cosine Theta 2 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a cosine Theta 2 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a cosine Theta 2 you can
+say cosine Theta 2 is 1- sin Theta 2 squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cosine Theta 2 is 1- sin Theta 2 squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cosine Theta 2 is 1- sin Theta 2 squ
+right sin Theta 2 you using sna law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sin Theta 2 you using sna law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sin Theta 2 you using sna law is
+1 okay let's say sin Theta 2 squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay let's say sin Theta 2 squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay let's say sin Theta 2 squ and
+Theta 2 sin Theta 2 LW is sin Theta 2 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 2 sin Theta 2 LW is sin Theta 2 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 2 sin Theta 2 LW is sin Theta 2 um
+um ns2 = N1 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ns2 = N1 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ns2 = N1 sin Theta
+1 right so you can say in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so you can say in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so you can say in this case I
+have sin Theta 2 is larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sin Theta 2 is larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sin Theta 2 is larger than one
+above the critical angle so when I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the critical angle so when I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the critical angle so when I do my
+cosine 1- sin Theta 2 square I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 1- sin Theta 2 square I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 1- sin Theta 2 square I get the
+Imagine L and that's what we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine L and that's what we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine L and that's what we discussed
+before we have eveson wave on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have eveson wave on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have eveson wave on the other
+side so if I have one single interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if I have one single interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so if I have one single interface
+this eveson will Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eveson will Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eveson will Decay
+exponentially and doesn't carry energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and doesn't carry energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and doesn't carry energy
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+side but uh so if I do this what I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but uh so if I do this what I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but uh so if I do this what I write
+is uh N1 sin Theta 1 N2 s - 1 I put say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh N1 sin Theta 1 N2 s - 1 I put say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh N1 sin Theta 1 N2 s - 1 I put say
+this now becomes a real number and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now becomes a real number and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now becomes a real number and you
+can say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh cosine Theta 2 is a imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cosine Theta 2 is a imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cosine Theta 2 is a imagin
+l if I substitute into this imagin L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l if I substitute into this imagin L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l if I substitute into this imagin L
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now you will say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you will say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you will say my
+reflectance is L longer longer one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is L longer longer one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is L longer longer one it
+could be long say it could be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be long say it could be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be long say it could be less than
+one right and similarly your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and similarly your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and similarly your
+transmittance is longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance is longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance is longer
+zero so so this is what happens uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so this is what happens uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so this is what happens uh the
+optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical
+tunneling so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling
+phenomenon so what the happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so what the happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so what the happens
+physically is I have a high index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically is I have a high index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically is I have a high index
+material N1 right and uh you should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material N1 right and uh you should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material N1 right and uh you should the
+light above the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light above the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light above the critical
+angle and normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and normally
+it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally
+reflected but on this side there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected but on this side there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected but on this side there is
+exponentially Decay evess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially Decay evess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially Decay evess
+wave and now if here if you say IB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and now if here if you say IB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and now if here if you say IB
+cosine Theta is I * B you can say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta is I * B you can say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta is I * B you can say of
+course that depends on B *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that depends on B *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that depends on B *
+D2 right otherwise that's exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 right otherwise that's exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 right otherwise that's exponential
+decay it's a exponential function and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay it's a exponential function and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay it's a exponential function and if
+this is a really small that reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really small that reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really small that reflectance
+is one right if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right if this
+exponential term really small all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term really small all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential term really small all this
+drop out that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that's still
+one and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh
+uh uh when they uh say this one 52 D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when they uh say this one 52 D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh when they uh say this one 52 D2
+times that bide by Lambda is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that bide by Lambda is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that bide by Lambda is not that
+say uh uh it's very small actually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh it's very small actually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh it's very small actually where
+when it's very large it drop to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very large it drop to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very large it drop to zero but
+when it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very
+small I can actually now have the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I can actually now have the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I can actually now have the uh uh
+reflectance that's less than than the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance that's less than than the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance that's less than than the uh
+uh say it's lot longer one so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say it's lot longer one so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say it's lot longer one so that's the
+tunneling so what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling so what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling so what happens is this
+evalent wave when I bring a Le surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evalent wave when I bring a Le surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evalent wave when I bring a Le surface
+close by so this is N2 this N2 could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by so this is N2 this N2 could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by so this is N2 this N2 could be
+vacuum for example I put a glass I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum for example I put a glass I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum for example I put a glass I put a
+vacuum I put a another layer glass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum I put a another layer glass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum I put a another layer glass right
+and this when I bring the close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this when I bring the close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this when I bring the close this
+wave started propagating again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave started propagating again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave started propagating again is
+allowable because the angle law in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable because the angle law in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable because the angle law in the
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+medium the angle if I use the law is N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium the angle if I use the law is N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium the angle if I use the law is N1
+sin Theta 1 N2 sin Theta 2 already say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta 1 N2 sin Theta 2 already say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta 1 N2 sin Theta 2 already say
+is about critical angle but the N3 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about critical angle but the N3 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about critical angle but the N3 sin
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+3 and in this media I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and in this media I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and in this media I could be
+propagating right so this is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating right so this is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating right so this is in this
+case what I'll do what I'll have is R do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what I'll do what I'll have is R do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what I'll do what I'll have is R do
+not equal to one and transmittance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to one and transmittance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to one and transmittance is
+not equal to zero so I have final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero so I have final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero so I have final
+transmission of tunneling of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of tunneling of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of tunneling of this
+evolent wave so teling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and if you look at the distance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and if you look at the distance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and if you look at the distance for
+that to happen is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen is when the
+separation or the of the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation or the of the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation or the of the film is
+comparable to wence that's a exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to wence that's a exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to wence that's a exponential
+function right so that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so that gives you the
+order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+magnitude so this tunneling phenomena is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so this tunneling phenomena is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so this tunneling phenomena is
+valid for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for all
+waves right all those interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right all those interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right all those interference
+phenomenal teling phenomenal BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal teling phenomenal BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal teling phenomenal BR
+reflectors BR reflector in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors BR reflector in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors BR reflector in the case of
+electron is the super lce you read re2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is the super lce you read re2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is the super lce you read re2
+newspaper that's a super lce for going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper that's a super lce for going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper that's a super lce for going
+from 3D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3D to
+1D right so all this are are applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D right so all this are are applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D right so all this are are applicable
+for as long as you treat them as waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as you treat them as waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as you treat them as waves
+just whether it's a scalar wave for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whether it's a scalar wave for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whether it's a scalar wave for
+electron and uh uh transverse wave for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh uh transverse wave for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh uh transverse wave for
+Vector wave for em and uh acoustic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector wave for em and uh acoustic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector wave for em and uh acoustic wave
+is more complicated right longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more complicated right longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more complicated right longitudinal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+transverse so if this is toing ofas wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse so if this is toing ofas wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse so if this is toing ofas wave
+for photon there's corresponding you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photon there's corresponding you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photon there's corresponding you can
+do all the analysis as we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the analysis as we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the analysis as we did for
+electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so
+electron what we had before is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what we had before is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what we had before is at the
+one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one single
+interface when wave comes in you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface when wave comes in you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface when wave comes in you have
+reflection you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection you have
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+right and if the energy is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the energy is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the energy is less than the
+height barrier height you have total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height barrier height you have total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height barrier height you have total
+internal total reflection but you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal total reflection but you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal total reflection but you have a
+evalent wave function on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evalent wave function on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evalent wave function on this
+side and so again if I put a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and so again if I put a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and so again if I put a very thin
+film right and uh so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right and uh so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right and uh so this is my
+structure sandwich structure layer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure sandwich structure layer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure sandwich structure layer one
+layer two layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three right so electron wave launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so electron wave launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so electron wave launched
+from layer one and if the energy is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from layer one and if the energy is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from layer one and if the energy is less
+than the barrier height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the barrier height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the barrier height
+u0 if this is energy of electron so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 if this is energy of electron so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 if this is energy of electron so in
+this case I have a vacin wave that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I have a vacin wave that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I have a vacin wave that can
+so but if my Layer Two is thin enough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if my Layer Two is thin enough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if my Layer Two is thin enough it
+can come out and become propagating into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come out and become propagating into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come out and become propagating into
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+medium so that's the toning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so that's the toning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so that's the toning of
+electron and you could use again the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you could use again the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you could use again the uh
+same analysis similar analysis we do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis similar analysis we do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis similar analysis we do for
+uh the optical wave and this is scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the optical wave and this is scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the optical wave and this is scalar
+wave is easier you'll get get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is easier you'll get get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is easier you'll get get the
+transmittance for electron in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance for electron in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance for electron in this case
+is a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 4
+e energy u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e energy u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e energy u
+e and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and 4
+e u0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e u0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e u0 minus
+E plus u0 Square CCH function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+D and 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and 2 m
+u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0
+e and H bar Square so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and H bar Square so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and H bar Square so this is the
+transmittance and typically this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and typically this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and typically this s
+function is exponential function so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is exponential function so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is exponential function so it
+grows large so the first term can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows large so the first term can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows large so the first term can be
+dropped if you do that if you they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped if you do that if you they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped if you do that if you they say
+approximately exponential this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately exponential this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately exponential this one will
+be 16 e u0 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 16 e u0 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 16 e u0 m
+e over U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e over U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e over U
+square and exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and exponential
+to K2 D K2 is what we have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K2 D K2 is what we have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K2 D K2 is what we have in this
+bracket and that's the V Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and that's the V Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and that's the V Vector in the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium okay so uh we give the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay so uh we give the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay so uh we give the order
+magnitude of this before but let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this before but let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this before but let's do it
+again we said for optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said for optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said for optical
+waves right the T happen when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right the T happen when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right the T happen when the
+thickness is comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelength so if I do thermal radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so if I do thermal radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so if I do thermal radiation
+my wavelength come around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wavelength come around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wavelength come around 10
+Micron and uh that thickness is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and uh that thickness is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and uh that thickness is 10
+Micron range you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron range you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron range you start
+hyoning but for the electron wave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyoning but for the electron wave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyoning but for the electron wave this
+K2 is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 is 2
+m u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m u0
+e H bar Square it's magnitude so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e H bar Square it's magnitude so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e H bar Square it's magnitude so if we
+go to do to estimate again so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do to estimate again so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do to estimate again so here the
+electron Mass 9.1 10 Theus 31 so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Mass 9.1 10 Theus 31 so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Mass 9.1 10 Theus 31 so if this
+uh u0 e is about the one electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u0 e is about the one electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u0 e is about the one electron volts
+order magnitude right is 1.6 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude right is 1.6 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude right is 1.6 10us
+19 and H bar is 1 10- 34 so Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and H bar is 1 10- 34 so Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and H bar is 1 10- 34 so Square
+68 so this one I will get six and 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so this one I will get six and 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 so this one I will get six and 10 to
+the lines inverse unstr strong oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines inverse unstr strong oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines inverse unstr strong oh no
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so you can
+say essentially when K * D when D is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say essentially when K * D when D is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say essentially when K * D when D is of
+the order 1 10us 10 my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order 1 10us 10 my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order 1 10us 10 my
+exponential is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is pretty
+appreciable right so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable right so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable right so in the case of
+electron tunneling that happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron tunneling that happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron tunneling that happens in the
+unstr strong range in the case of photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstr strong range in the case of photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstr strong range in the case of photon
+tunneling happens of the order of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling happens of the order of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling happens of the order of uh uh
+say wence Optical wence say Thal wence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wence Optical wence say Thal wence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wence Optical wence say Thal wence
+right FL body radiation PE at 300 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right FL body radiation PE at 300 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right FL body radiation PE at 300 is
+about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10
+microns so it's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so it's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so it's a very different
+scale but the physics is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but the physics is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but the physics is all
+similar so there are really lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so there are really lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so there are really lot of uh
+interesting ideas using those phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas using those phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas using those phenomena
+uh I uh told you before this uh Benish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I uh told you before this uh Benish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I uh told you before this uh Benish
+when he interviewed at the IBM right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he interviewed at the IBM right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he interviewed at the IBM right so
+it was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was asked
+to think about the idea to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the idea to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the idea to measure
+roughness of surface down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness of surface down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness of surface down to
+Armstrong right so he did this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong right so he did this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong right so he did this using
+this idea so this is a layer one appr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea so this is a layer one appr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea so this is a layer one appr
+pro Layer Two is a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro Layer Two is a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro Layer Two is a vacuum
+three is the surface going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is the surface going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is the surface going to
+measure right and uh you apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right and uh you apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right and uh you apply a
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+voltage and you scan over the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and you scan over the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and you scan over the surface
+you measure current you use your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure current you use your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure current you use your current
+as the feedback that's a Tony right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the feedback that's a Tony right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the feedback that's a Tony right so
+if your current uh so by based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your current uh so by based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your current uh so by based on the
+current your feedback you can maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current your feedback you can maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current your feedback you can maintain
+your height not crash your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your height not crash your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your height not crash your
+tee so of course say they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tee so of course say they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tee so of course say they did the
+experiment and worked but in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and worked but in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and worked but in they
+actually didn't know where the tent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't know where the tent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't know where the tent
+happened because this is atomic skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because this is atomic skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because this is atomic skill
+right if you look at the proe they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at the proe they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at the proe they will
+cut a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a
+metal and cut a shop tip or or atch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and cut a shop tip or or atch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and cut a shop tip or or atch it
+so there are a lot of paper where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of paper where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of paper where this
+tent really happen and you you magnify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent really happen and you you magnify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent really happen and you you magnify
+the pro eventually there's one atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro eventually there's one atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro eventually there's one atom in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+front and that's probably where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and that's probably where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and that's probably where the
+current go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current go
+through right and uh so B should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right and uh so B should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right and uh so B should get
+lower price for this and but say not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower price for this and but say not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower price for this and but say not of
+you use Atomic Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use Atomic Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use Atomic Force
+microscope right that's also his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right that's also his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right that's also his
+invention he did his he was at this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention he did his he was at this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention he did his he was at this was
+what he did at ABM Zurich and he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did at ABM Zurich and he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did at ABM Zurich and he went to
+uh Stanford for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Stanford for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Stanford for
+sabatical and but he was uh everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical and but he was uh everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical and but he was uh everybody
+was asking how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking how to measure
+insulators right this is a limit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right this is a limit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right this is a limit to the
+conductors so I read one how his article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors so I read one how his article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors so I read one how his article
+he said one day he was sick he was lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said one day he was sick he was lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said one day he was sick he was lying
+his comment I look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his comment I look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his comment I look on the
+roof and came up with this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and came up with this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and came up with this idea of
+atomic Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic Force
+microscope why because there is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope why because there is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope why because there is always
+fundamentally he say he the thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally he say he the thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally he say he the thinking is
+okay you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have a
+solid and you have Contin right and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you have Contin right and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you have Contin right and your
+first question he say is the I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question he say is the I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question he say is the I'm going
+to scratch the surface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scratch the surface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scratch the surface or
+not right if you use a Contin on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right if you use a Contin on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right if you use a Contin on the
+surface you worried about that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you worried about that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you worried about that you
+scratch your surface how you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch your surface how you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch your surface how you going to
+measure Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Atomic
+roughness but he know so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness but he know so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughness but he know so this is where
+the basic knowledge the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic knowledge the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic knowledge the spring
+constant right so you know the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so you know the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so you know the vibration
+you know the spring constant between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the spring constant between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the spring constant between
+atoms and you go to see you go to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and you go to see you go to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and you go to see you go to look
+at the what's the spring constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the what's the spring constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the what's the spring constant of
+Contin what's the spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin what's the spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin what's the spring constant
+between atoms and the atom spring con is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms and the atom spring con is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms and the atom spring con is
+much stiffer that means the C will bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stiffer that means the C will bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stiffer that means the C will bend
+right the stiff one the moves less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the stiff one the moves less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the stiff one the moves less so
+people think of this idea that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of this idea that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of this idea that's because
+they have the knowledge you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the knowledge you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the knowledge you have to
+apply your knowledge and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply your knowledge and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply your knowledge and think about
+this this isn't say possible right so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this isn't say possible right so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this isn't say possible right so he
+has this and of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this and of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this and of course there's
+deflection so he knows how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection so he knows how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection so he knows how to measure
+deflection because he put a scan T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection because he put a scan T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection because he put a scan T
+microscope here that kind itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope here that kind itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope here that kind itself is a
+conductor so if you look at how the AFM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor so if you look at how the AFM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor so if you look at how the AFM
+at the beginning was the AFM Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning was the AFM Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning was the AFM Atomic
+Force Contin plus a scanning T tip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Contin plus a scanning T tip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force Contin plus a scanning T tip to
+measure this deflection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this deflection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this deflection of the
+continer it was later on people say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continer it was later on people say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continer it was later on people say okay
+this is there's a much easier way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there's a much easier way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there's a much easier way to do
+it and that's by Optical deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's by Optical deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's by Optical deflection
+because oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oper
+deflection is magnifying the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is magnifying the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is magnifying the small
+change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+the height into angle angle times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height into angle angle times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height into angle angle times this
+distance is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is a
+magnifier because that small angle angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifier because that small angle angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifier because that small angle angle
+if you magnify the distance you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you magnify the distance you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you magnify the distance you put a
+position detector and you measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position detector and you measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position detector and you measure this
+voltage change at different positions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage change at different positions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage change at different positions so
+that become much easier to implement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that become much easier to implement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that become much easier to implement you
+see that's the see you got to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the see you got to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the see you got to have your
+knowledge and got to be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and got to be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and got to be creative
+sometimes you also have to have a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you also have to have a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you also have to have a break
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay that's electron tunneling right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's electron tunneling right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's electron tunneling right and
+uh uh the phon tunneling you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the phon tunneling you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the phon tunneling you can easily
+think of same so there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of same so there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of same so there are people
+developed the different way of photon T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the different way of photon T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the different way of photon T
+microscope one one is this is a praise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope one one is this is a praise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope one one is this is a praise
+you launch the light perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you launch the light perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you launch the light perpendicular to
+the surface so there's no total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface so there's no total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface so there's no total internal
+reflection but at this surface there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection but at this surface there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection but at this surface there's
+total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal
+reflection so here your reflected light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so here your reflected light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection so here your reflected light
+your wave has a essent wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave has a essent wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave has a essent wave
+here and uh okay now you you bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh okay now you you bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh okay now you you bring a
+third surface that's a vacuum is a layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third surface that's a vacuum is a layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third surface that's a vacuum is a layer
+to you bring your third layer which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you bring your third layer which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you bring your third layer which is a
+pro you brought the clo that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro you brought the clo that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro you brought the clo that will
+interact with this evalent wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this evalent wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this evalent wave and
+scatter them into propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter them into propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter them into propagating
+wave so that's that's a ways people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so that's that's a ways people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so that's that's a ways people do
+uh in fact I think Professor Peter show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I think Professor Peter show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I think Professor Peter show
+in the department he would do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department he would do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department he would do this to
+try to image uh say nanop particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to image uh say nanop particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to image uh say nanop particle or
+biological object with under I say try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological object with under I say try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological object with under I say try
+to be the optical resolution the wavel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the optical resolution the wavel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the optical resolution the wavel
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+right there are different ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different ways to do it
+uh but sometimes there there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but sometimes there there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but sometimes there there are also
+crazy crazy ways to think let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy crazy ways to think let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy crazy ways to think let me give
+you idea that didn't work I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you idea that didn't work I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you idea that didn't work I don't think
+it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+work and uh there was a big project by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh there was a big project by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh there was a big project by
+daa trying to do uh the tunneling energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daa trying to do uh the tunneling energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daa trying to do uh the tunneling energy
+conversion and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion and uh so
+basically uh you heat up a surface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh you heat up a surface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh you heat up a surface this
+is TE hot this is TE cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TE hot this is TE cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is TE hot this is TE cold
+right and they want to bring the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they want to bring the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they want to bring the two
+surfaces really close so the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces really close so the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces really close so the electron
+from the h side t to the coside and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the h side t to the coside and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the h side t to the coside and you
+have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have power
+generation right there's a company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right there's a company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right there's a company you
+can you can search a web there is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can search a web there is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can search a web there is called
+cool chips is still there and they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool chips is still there and they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool chips is still there and they want
+to do cooling also you you apply current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cooling also you you apply current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cooling also you you apply current
+and you go tunnel electron from one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go tunnel electron from one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go tunnel electron from one side
+to the other principle wise is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other principle wise is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other principle wise is all
+fine but doing a theral system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but doing a theral system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but doing a theral system with
+unstrung to few un level separation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstrung to few un level separation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstrung to few un level separation you
+screw the most of time right the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the most of time right the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the most of time right the contact
+kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills
+you right and in fact that say uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and in fact that say uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and in fact that say uh there
+is also even last week I was in workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also even last week I was in workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also even last week I was in workshop
+with some people mentioning our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people mentioning our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people mentioning our
+work because they want to do uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because they want to do uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because they want to do uh this was
+Stanford group they want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford group they want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford group they want to do the
+tunneling uh uh the the therion emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling uh uh the the therion emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling uh uh the the therion emission
+right uh cic emission is a material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh cic emission is a material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh cic emission is a material has
+a work function and right and the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work function and right and the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work function and right and the f
+electron volt so you if you heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt so you if you heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt so you if you heat up
+electron heat up the object the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron heat up the object the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron heat up the object the electron
+will evaporate physically out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evaporate physically out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evaporate physically out of the
+surface right that's a thermionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right that's a thermionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right that's a thermionic
+emission right so the the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right so the the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right so the the problem is
+when you have two surfac close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two surfac close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two surfac close
+by and uh uh say not close by far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and uh uh say not close by far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and uh uh say not close by far apart
+when electron go out decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electron go out decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electron go out decrease the
+potential because a charge in the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because a charge in the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because a charge in the vacuum
+has a potential the other electron now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a potential the other electron now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a potential the other electron now
+will see that PO is hard to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that PO is hard to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that PO is hard to get to the
+other side so that's a space charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so that's a space charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so that's a space charge
+effect and this so their Theory and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and this so their Theory and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and this so their Theory and this
+is Stanford group is also doing they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Stanford group is also doing they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Stanford group is also doing they say
+okay we're doing Maps fabrication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing Maps fabrication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing Maps fabrication to
+make it smaller so to reduce space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller so to reduce space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it smaller so to reduce space
+charge effect which is fine but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge effect which is fine but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge effect which is fine but then
+when people say okay why don't you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people say okay why don't you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people say okay why don't you do
+this they say oh G has studed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they say oh G has studed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they say oh G has studed because
+when you getting really close what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you getting really close what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you getting really close what
+happens is the tunneling of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the tunneling of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the tunneling of light
+actually increase heat transfer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increase heat transfer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increase heat transfer which
+you don't want in energ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want in energ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want in energ
+conversion right so when you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion right so when you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion right so when you don't want
+to get the T T code Too Close below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the T T code Too Close below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the T T code Too Close below
+Micron that radiation tolerance start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that radiation tolerance start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron that radiation tolerance start to
+come in and increase your heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and increase your heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and increase your heat transfer
+because this vacuum is good uh but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this vacuum is good uh but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this vacuum is good uh but say
+uh once so you have to see where is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once so you have to see where is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once so you have to see where is your
+balance point and of course we do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance point and of course we do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance point and of course we do a lot
+of in the experiment we're doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the experiment we're doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the experiment we're doing a lot
+of experiment where this is a t hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment where this is a t hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment where this is a t hard
+this is a t Cod and we want we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a t Cod and we want we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a t Cod and we want we are
+staring the radiation transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring the radiation transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring the radiation transfer
+that's when the two surface gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the two surface gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the two surface gets really
+close I can have a teline and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I can have a teline and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I can have a teline and that will
+significant the blood body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the blood body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the blood body
+radiation okay and so this are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation okay and so this are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation okay and so this are different
+there very a lot of very funny fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very a lot of very funny fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very a lot of very funny fancy
+interesting physical phenomena happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physical phenomena happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physical phenomena happens
+at the scale and also is a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale and also is a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale and also is a interesting
+question is ask what do you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is ask what do you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is ask what do you can do with
+it right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right if you
+invent this it's great impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent this it's great impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent this it's great impact
+and uh uh some of this idea don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh some of this idea don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh some of this idea don't
+work but it's good to know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit okay so what we have done if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit okay so what we have done if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit okay so what we have done if you
+recall when we start chapter five this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we start chapter five this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we start chapter five this
+is actual chapter I spent the most time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual chapter I spent the most time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual chapter I spent the most time
+so far right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what we say what we want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we say what we want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we say what we want to find out
+is uh the transport between two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the transport between two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the transport between two points
+01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and
+2 and if I now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmission to from 1 to two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to from 1 to two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to from 1 to two and then
+now transmission from two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now transmission from two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now transmission from two to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right and then I know how many how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I know how many how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I know how many how much
+how fast I can count to see what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast I can count to see what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast I can count to see what's the
+energy flux what's momentum flux what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flux what's momentum flux what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flux what's momentum flux what's
+a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge
+flux right you can do those type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux right you can do those type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux right you can do those type of of
+Transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport
+calculations and what we have done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and what we have done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and what we have done in
+the past few lectures is see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few lectures is see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few lectures is see how we
+calculate that transmission from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that transmission from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that transmission from one
+point to the other be the interface be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the other be the interface be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the other be the interface be
+the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many
+layers right so now we can use this LGE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers right so now we can use this LGE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers right so now we can use this LGE
+put the story together and write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the story together and write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the story together and write down
+the transport formula if you recall so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport formula if you recall so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport formula if you recall so
+far we have been doing the best in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we have been doing the best in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we have been doing the best in terms
+of the energy for example is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy for example is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy for example is the heat
+capacity the energy stored per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity the energy stored per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity the energy stored per unit
+volume which is the density of stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is the density of stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume which is the density of stat
+times the L of uh uh say particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the L of uh uh say particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the L of uh uh say particle
+average L particle per state times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average L particle per state times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average L particle per state times the
+energy per state right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per state right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per state right so that's the
+integrate together get the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate together get the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate together get the total energy
+per unit volume but now we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume but now we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume but now we're looking
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flux and and from one point to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and and from one point to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and and from one point to the other
+so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+this and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh the
+uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formal n form formalism is actually view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal n form formalism is actually view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal n form formalism is actually view
+of Transport is relative new is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Transport is relative new is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Transport is relative new is much
+later than other like Boardman and uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than other like Boardman and uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than other like Boardman and uh or
+SAR response Theory uh transport this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR response Theory uh transport this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR response Theory uh transport this
+was developed in the 60s and 70s by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in the 60s and 70s by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in the 60s and 70s by n
+IBM and uh so uh the basic idea is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM and uh so uh the basic idea is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM and uh so uh the basic idea is what
+we say I if I know the transmission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say I if I know the transmission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say I if I know the transmission from
+one to two I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two I can
+count the flux right so let's say I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the flux right so let's say I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the flux right so let's say I want
+to count he because there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count he because there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count he because there are different
+ways you can write for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can write for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can write for different
+transport process so from 01 to point 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport process so from 01 to point 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport process so from 01 to point 2
+if I allow the transmission from 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I allow the transmission from 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I allow the transmission from 01
+point2 right and I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point2 right and I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point2 right and I can write
+perote uh the uh energy let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perote uh the uh energy let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perote uh the uh energy let's say if
+that Quantum State energy and by 01 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State energy and by 01 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State energy and by 01 I
+use sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sub
+E1 right and to one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 right and to one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 right and to one to
+two the say if I have a wave as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the say if I have a wave as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the say if I have a wave as the
+energy E1 comes to 0.1 how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy E1 comes to 0.1 how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy E1 comes to 0.1 how much is
+reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching
+2 right and uh uh if at that Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and uh uh if at that Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and uh uh if at that Quantum
+State how many l of particles I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how many l of particles I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how many l of particles I have so
+I have E1 and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have E1 and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have E1 and T
+E1 I use a t temperature but I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 I use a t temperature but I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 I use a t temperature but I put a
+subsquare e because there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsquare e because there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsquare e because there are some
+subtle points I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle points I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle points I'm going to
+comment okay so this is just a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment okay so this is just a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment okay so this is just a one
+Quantum State I have not said what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State I have not said what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State I have not said what's the
+speed right it has to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right it has to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right it has to have the
+velocity because I'm consider the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity because I'm consider the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity because I'm consider the flux
+so let's say if this is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction okay so this is a t uh z uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so this is a t uh z uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay so this is a t uh z uh V
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z1 so you count this is a per second now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 so you count this is a per second now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 so you count this is a per second now
+energy of a Quantum State transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a Quantum State transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a Quantum State transmission
+from 1 to two how many particle in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to two how many particle in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to two how many particle in that
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+state right now I just need to count how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right now I just need to count how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right now I just need to count how
+many any total Quantum States I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many any total Quantum States I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many any total Quantum States I have
+that's what you had before I sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you had before I sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you had before I sum up all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+kx1 K y1 kz1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 K y1 kz1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 K y1 kz1 and the
+polarization and that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that's where you
+start right if you can do this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right if you can do this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right if you can do this this is
+for energy of course you can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy of course you can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy of course you can do it for
+momentum you can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you can do it for
+charge you can do it for entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can do all transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all transport
+problem okay so my starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so my starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so my starting point and
+now you know once you start writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know once you start writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know once you start writing this
+summation the best way is convert into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the best way is convert into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation the best way is convert into
+integration right so I can convert I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right so I can convert I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right so I can convert I I
+say the way of conversion the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the way of conversion the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the way of conversion the difference
+I want I do want to uh common on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I do want to uh common on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I do want to uh common on
+difference here before when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here before when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here before when we do the
+heat capacity we just energy time F sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity we just energy time F sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity we just energy time F sum
+up with the KX KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the KX KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the KX KY
+KZ right sum of quantum States but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ right sum of quantum States but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ right sum of quantum States but here
+this one can depend on Direction look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can depend on Direction look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can depend on Direction look
+when we talk about single interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about single interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about single interface
+that's angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's angular
+dependent right so I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent right so I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent right so I don't have the
+angular symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry
+anymore the velocity could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the velocity could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the velocity could also be
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+dependent so I'm losing the Symmetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so I'm losing the Symmetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so I'm losing the Symmetry and
+I have to be careful when I convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be careful when I convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be careful when I convert
+using den of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using den of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using den of
+states and uh uh so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh uh so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh uh so I'm going to write
+it out let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out let's say
+polarization and uh of course uh K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and uh of course uh K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and uh of course uh K is a
+KX Quantum state is 2 pi/ LX that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX Quantum state is 2 pi/ LX that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX Quantum state is 2 pi/ LX that's the
+spacing right so I can always convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing right so I can always convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing right so I can always convert
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integration and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh
+dkx 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx 2 pi
+LX and in fact if I do flux I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and in fact if I do flux I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and in fact if I do flux I should do
+per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+and that will normalize out this LX l y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will normalize out this LX l y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will normalize out this LX l y
+and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is
+dky 2 pi l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky 2 pi l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky 2 pi l
+y DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y DK
+Z 2 pi l z so this is converting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 2 pi l z so this is converting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 2 pi l z so this is converting the
+summation points into integration points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation points into integration points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation points into integration points
+I have V Z1 power 1 to2 F and E1 T E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh uh here you can do uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh here you can do uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh here you can do uh so
+depends on KX KY KZ and typically this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on KX KY KZ and typically this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on KX KY KZ and typically this F
+is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of
+energy right so you have the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so you have the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so you have the choice
+convert everything in K integration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert everything in K integration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert everything in K integration or
+energy integration you make it your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy integration you make it your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy integration you make it your
+choice you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you have the
+freedom right and uh uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right and uh uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right and uh uh I'm going to
+convert it into e doesn't mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into e doesn't mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into e doesn't mean it's
+always conent using e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conent using e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conent using e
+okay and uh so I have dkx dky dkz this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so I have dkx dky dkz this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so I have dkx dky dkz this
+is a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a c
+coordinate right in Cas space not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right in Cas space not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right in Cas space not a real
+space k space ction coordinate and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space k space ction coordinate and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space k space ction coordinate and I do
+the spherical coordinate in k space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical coordinate in k space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical coordinate in k space so
+dkx dky DK Z if it's do uh dkx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx dky DK Z if it's do uh dkx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx dky DK Z if it's do uh dkx
+dky d k z is uh if a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky d k z is uh if a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky d k z is uh if a spherical
+coordinate is K squ that's the radius s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is K squ that's the radius s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is K squ that's the radius s
+Theta D Theta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D Theta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D Theta d
+f that's my uh conversion from ction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's my uh conversion from ction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's my uh conversion from ction to
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+coordinate right so when you do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so when you do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so when you do for
+example if you translate this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you translate this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you translate this into a
+problem or interface your wave comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or interface your wave comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or interface your wave comes in
+right that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's your
+okay and it has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it has a certain
+direction seta 5 you can choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction seta 5 you can choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction seta 5 you can choose your
+Theta F coordinate yourself as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta F coordinate yourself as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta F coordinate yourself as long as
+you count that correctly right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count that correctly right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count that correctly right so this
+is a uh uh uh What uh uh we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh uh uh What uh uh we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh uh uh What uh uh we're doing in
+the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+wise and uh if I do this before again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise and uh if I do this before again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise and uh if I do this before again if
+you think about what we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what we had for
+specific heat we had the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat we had the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat we had the spherical
+symmetry so I can integrate Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so I can integrate Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so I can integrate Theta and
+F but my problem is here is depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but my problem is here is depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but my problem is here is depends on
+Thea F tall right I lose my symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea F tall right I lose my symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea F tall right I lose my symmetry
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+symmetry so I cannot integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so I cannot integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so I cannot integrate
+out the general expression I lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the general expression I lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the general expression I lost the
+advantage I had when I do specific hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage I had when I do specific hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage I had when I do specific hit
+and uh in when we do specific heat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in when we do specific heat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in when we do specific heat we
+typically like to do energy integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like to do energy integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like to do energy integration
+that's why I say here it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I say here it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I say here it may not be
+necessarily you do energy integration e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you do energy integration e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you do energy integration e
+easiest you might be doing momentum just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest you might be doing momentum just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest you might be doing momentum just
+do KX K by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do KX K by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do KX K by
+KZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ is
+fine but I'm used to so what I if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but I'm used to so what I if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but I'm used to so what I if you
+recall what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what we had
+before right we say okay when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right we say okay when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right we say okay when I do this
+uh summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summation
+over uh uh say the the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh uh say the the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh uh say the the polarization
+whatever function I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function I'm going to do this
+is a f let's say that's the one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a f let's say that's the one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a f let's say that's the one that I'm
+interested and I get a 4 Pi k s DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and I get a 4 Pi k s DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and I get a 4 Pi k s DK
+that's when I had a spherical symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when I had a spherical symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when I had a spherical symmetry
+right when I integrate over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I integrate over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I integrate over C
+five and when I did that I I converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and when I did that I I converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and when I did that I I converted
+into this is uh DK is DK D and time D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is uh DK is DK D and time D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this is uh DK is DK D and time D so
+all this together plus this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together plus this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together plus this together
+gives me density of State D if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me density of State D if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me density of State D if you
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+right so if I combine this den of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I combine this den of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I combine this den of States
+I got a 4 Pi K squ DK K squ oh here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a 4 Pi K squ DK K squ oh here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a 4 Pi K squ DK K squ oh here I
+should have DK K squ DK is a dens State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have DK K squ DK is a dens State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have DK K squ DK is a dens State
+over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi Okay so
+what I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can write
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+q122 equals uh I convert everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q122 equals uh I convert everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q122 equals uh I convert everything into
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+integration and uh F integration is 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh F integration is 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh F integration is 0 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+D so if you look at this right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so if you look at this right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so if you look at this right this is
+my Theta my uh Asal uh plan is 2 pi 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Theta my uh Asal uh plan is 2 pi 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Theta my uh Asal uh plan is 2 pi 0 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my Theta integration has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Theta integration has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my Theta integration has to be
+careful because uh what comes in is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because uh what comes in is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because uh what comes in is it's
+l longer it's only 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l longer it's only 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l longer it's only 0 to
+90° it's not 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° it's not 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° it's not 0 to
+180° when I integrate the energy local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° when I integrate the energy local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° when I integrate the energy local
+energy is 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 0 to
+180° but I'm looking at the only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° but I'm looking at the only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° but I'm looking at the only only
+counting what come toward the surface 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting what come toward the surface 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting what come toward the surface 0
+90° so it's 0 Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and uh say uh DK I become a d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and uh say uh DK I become a d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and uh say uh DK I become a d and
+what's left in the bracket is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left in the bracket is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left in the bracket is V
+Z1 to one to 2 and the F E1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 to one to 2 and the F E1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 to one to 2 and the F E1 T
+E1 and times density of States at E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh this is a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E1 and this is the energy spectrum of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and this is the energy spectrum of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and this is the energy spectrum of at
+point1 okay so those are the less eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 okay so those are the less eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 okay so those are the less eval
+you have to do when you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do when you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do when you deal with
+transport is so the integration in face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is so the integration in face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport is so the integration in face
+space Theta 5 or k or E depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Theta 5 or k or E depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Theta 5 or k or E depends on your
+choice oh here I'm sorry sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice oh here I'm sorry sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice oh here I'm sorry sorry okay
+because there's a 4 Pi you recall cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a 4 Pi you recall cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a 4 Pi you recall cuz
+here when I convert this is 4 Pi I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I convert this is 4 Pi I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I convert this is 4 Pi I have
+to divide K squ DK I have to divide 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+okay and uh one further commment if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh one further commment if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh one further commment if you
+are too expert on this the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too expert on this the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too expert on this the density of
+State in fact you can write is a angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State in fact you can write is a angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State in fact you can write is a angle
+dependent if you have I tropical crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if you have I tropical crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if you have I tropical crystal
+in each Direction you may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each Direction you may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each Direction you may have different
+dens of States per unit it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle okay so this is a one to two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay so this is a one to two if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay so this is a one to two if
+you can write one to two you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write one to two you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write one to two you can write
+two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to
+one okay Q 2 to one the same I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Q 2 to one the same I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Q 2 to one the same I'm not
+going to repeat you you change all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat you you change all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat you you change all this
+stuff here I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here I'm going to write
+here okay V A 2 to 2 to one f e 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay V A 2 to 2 to one f e 2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay V A 2 to 2 to one f e 2 T
+E2 and d and say this is e E2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and d and say this is e E2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and d and say this is e E2 4
+Pi okay everything or the integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay everything or the integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay everything or the integration is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same and then you have the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then you have the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then you have the left
+difference q1 to2 left difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference q1 to2 left difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference q1 to2 left difference the
+left flux is a q 1 to2 m q 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left flux is a q 1 to2 m q 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left flux is a q 1 to2 m q 2 to 1
+mathematically physically it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically physically it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically physically it's very
+conceptu actually it's very easy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptu actually it's very easy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptu actually it's very easy right
+it's just the difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points okay now comes to this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay now comes to this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay now comes to this a very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+point you see if I write down this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you see if I write down this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you see if I write down this m
+this it's a pretty complex each time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a pretty complex each time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a pretty complex each time at
+least you have to do two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have to do two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have to do two times
+integration two less integration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration two less integration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration two less integration right
+and you may easily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may easily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may easily make
+mistakes and that mistake is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and that mistake is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and that mistake is
+you may violate second law when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may violate second law when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may violate second law when you do
+so so you have to know when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have to know when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have to know when you do
+this you have to meet the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to meet the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to meet the second law
+requirement the second law will tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the second law will tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement the second law will tells
+you will tell you if you have both side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will tell you if you have both side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will tell you if you have both side
+at same temperature or you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at same temperature or you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at same temperature or you have the
+system at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the
+equilibrium right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right what
+happens is left to right equals right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is left to right equals right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is left to right equals right to
+left as simple as that but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as simple as that but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left as simple as that but it's very
+powerful and if you I actually say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and if you I actually say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and if you I actually say some
+papers do those kind of integration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers do those kind of integration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers do those kind of integration at
+the end they did it wrong because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end they did it wrong because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end they did it wrong because they
+violate second say this this idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate second say this this idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate second say this this idea and
+this idea is a second law but is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea is a second law but is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea is a second law but is called
+the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance so principle of detail balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what it says at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and
+q12 should be zero there's no l flux and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 should be zero there's no l flux and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 should be zero there's no l flux and
+what goes from left equal goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes from left equal goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes from left equal goes from
+right to left it doesn't mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left it doesn't mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left it doesn't mean there's no
+transport it's just a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it's just a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport it's just a dynamic
+equilibrial left compos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrial left compos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrial left compos
+right right and with that when I reite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and with that when I reite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and with that when I reite
+the difference I actually from 2 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference I actually from 2 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference I actually from 2 to one
+you see two to one two point is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see two to one two point is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see two to one two point is either
+T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+E2 I can write this Q2 to one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 I can write this Q2 to one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 I can write this Q2 to one at a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+temperature equal should equal to 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equal should equal to 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equal should equal to 1 to
+two at the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at the same temperature
+T2 so I will write this okay so Q2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so I will write this okay so Q2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so I will write this okay so Q2 to
+one this is ADD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is ADD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is ADD
+T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+E2 and this should equal to according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and this should equal to according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and this should equal to according to
+detail balance this should equal to q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance this should equal to q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance this should equal to q1
+to2 at T E1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 at T E1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 at T E1 uh
+T2 and E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+basically if I just look at this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I just look at this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I just look at this term
+itself at temperature T2 from 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself at temperature T2 from 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself at temperature T2 from 2 to 1
+should be equal to 1 to two when the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 1 to two when the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to 1 to two when the one
+side is also at the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is also at the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is also at the same temperature
+that's a detail balance and the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a detail balance and the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a detail balance and the beauty
+of that is now if I write the 2 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is now if I write the 2 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is now if I write the 2 to one
+everything is the integration limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the integration limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the integration limit
+everything is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is in terms of
+E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+right follow me let me write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right follow me let me write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right follow me let me write down the
+final expression then if I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final expression then if I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final expression then if I use this
+detail balance I can write what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance I can write what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance I can write what I have
+for q12 now the let is E1 it's whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for q12 now the let is E1 it's whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for q12 now the let is E1 it's whether
+you choose one or two actually depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose one or two actually depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose one or two actually depends
+on your preference depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your preference depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your preference depends on the
+problem sometimes it's easier to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sometimes it's easier to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sometimes it's easier to get the
+transmittance from 1 to two than two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance from 1 to two than two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance from 1 to two than two to
+one so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is
+E1 and 0 2 pi D5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and 0 2 pi D5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and 0 2 pi D5
+and 0 to Pi / 2 D Theta and I have way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 to Pi / 2 D Theta and I have way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 to Pi / 2 D Theta and I have way
+Z1 uh and T one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 uh and T one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 uh and T one
+22 and uh D E1 4 pi and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and uh D E1 4 pi and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and uh D E1 4 pi and what's the
+difference now is f t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is f t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is f t
+E1 E1 m f t t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 E1 m f t t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 E1 m f t t
+E2 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 e
+1 D1 so I have conveniently using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 D1 so I have conveniently using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 D1 so I have conveniently using the
+detail balance principle to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance principle to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance principle to write this
+expression in terms of only one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of only one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in terms of only one side
+either one side one or side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one side one or side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one side one or side
+two right and you can see I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right and you can see I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right and you can see I never
+violated the principle of detail balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the principle of detail balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the principle of detail balance
+because when two sides are same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when two sides are same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when two sides are same
+temperature this is zero all itic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is zero all itic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is zero all itic
+satisfy and I save a lot of trouble I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and I save a lot of trouble I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and I save a lot of trouble I
+don't need to do two integration I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do two integration I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do two integration I only
+need to do one integration I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do one integration I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do one integration I don't need
+to calculate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate two
+coefficients and in fact these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in fact these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in fact these two
+coefficients must be related based on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients must be related based on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients must be related based on my
+detail balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle right so this is a uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right so this is a uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right so this is a uh very
+subtle very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle very
+important and uh let's use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and uh let's use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and uh let's use this to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+thermal boundary resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal boundary resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal boundary resistance
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so many of you have heard thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of you have heard thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of you have heard thermal
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+resistance and that's now we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and that's now we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and that's now we understand
+when I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have two
+medium right even if they are perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right even if they are perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium right even if they are perfect
+interface even they are Atomic flat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface even they are Atomic flat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface even they are Atomic flat but
+if they are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are two different
+materials or even same material with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or even same material with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or even same material with a
+different Crystal graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Crystal graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Crystal graphical
+configuration right what happens is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration right what happens is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration right what happens is at
+the interface I have we comes in I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface I have we comes in I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface I have we comes in I will
+have reflection I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reflection I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reflection I have
+transmission now that you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission now that you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission now that you can calculate
+in principle you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+right and so I know my to this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I know my to this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I know my to this is one
+this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and I can apply my expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can apply my expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I can apply my expression
+here and to get the heat flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to get the heat flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to get the heat flux is
+proportional to the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the temperature
+difference of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two
+sides right so in this case what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so in this case what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so in this case what I have
+remember if you look at this what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you look at this what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you look at this what I'm
+doing this is the Fon coming towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is the Fon coming towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is the Fon coming towards
+interface from one to medium two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface from one to medium two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface from one to medium two right
+so this is the corresponding temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the corresponding temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the corresponding temperature
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+E1 and I call this actually immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and I call this actually immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and I call this actually immediate
+Fon this is incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon this is incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon this is incoming
+Fon and it's highly long equinal process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and it's highly long equinal process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and it's highly long equinal process
+at the interface interface is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface interface is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface interface is always
+non transport there's no it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non transport there's no it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non transport there's no it's actually
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+think and uh uh it's not the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and uh uh it's not the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and uh uh it's not the equilibrium
+plus and this other side I have E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this other side I have E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this other side I have E2
+coming in reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in reflection and
+transmission so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so that's what
+happens and based on the expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and based on the expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and based on the expression I
+have and you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and you can say
+here if the temperature difference on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the temperature difference on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the temperature difference on
+the two sides are not very different I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides are not very different I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides are not very different I
+can do differentiation of that F so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do differentiation of that F so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do differentiation of that F so I
+can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+DT time T E1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT time T E1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT time T E1 T
+E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and uh delta T over Q is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh delta T over Q is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh delta T over Q is defined as
+C bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C bound
+resistance so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so if I have
+boundary I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I have
+reflection I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection I will get
+resistance and it's same for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and it's same for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and it's same for any
+material if you have charge reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you have charge reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you have charge reflection
+you get a electric resistance you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a electric resistance you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a electric resistance you say
+foron reflection got thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foron reflection got thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foron reflection got thermal
+resistance so and this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so and this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so and this uh
+q12 equals T E1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 equals T E1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 equals T E1 T
+E2 and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and R
+Prime and let me actually also put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and let me actually also put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and let me actually also put this
+is R Prime double Prime that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R Prime double Prime that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R Prime double Prime that's a
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+B resistance so the unit here will be me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B resistance so the unit here will be me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B resistance so the unit here will be me
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+K per watt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's a specific per unit area so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a specific per unit area so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a specific per unit area so if
+you have you know the area you divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know the area you divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you know the area you divide by
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so what uh uh so here based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what uh uh so here based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what uh uh so here based on this
+you can see I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate the C bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the C bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the C bound
+resistance e and 0 to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance e and 0 to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance e and 0 to Pi
+D5 0 Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 0 Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 0 Pi /
+2 and uh D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and uh D
+Theta uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh V
+Z1 and T one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and T one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and T one
+22 and E1 DF DT and density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and E1 DF DT and density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and E1 DF DT and density of
+States E1 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States E1 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States E1 4 pi
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+D1 So in theory now you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 So in theory now you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 So in theory now you can calculate
+this term you calculate this States you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term you calculate this States you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term you calculate this States you
+know this you know the band structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know the band structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this you know the band structure
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this this velocity I'll discuss next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this velocity I'll discuss next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this velocity I'll discuss next
+okay so you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can calculate
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+right and uh but you should ask me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but you should ask me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but you should ask me a
+problem I'm waiting for the question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm waiting for the question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm waiting for the question to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask you see there's some problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you see there's some problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you see there's some problem here
+that is if my transmissivity equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if my transmissivity equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if my transmissivity equals one
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H my transmissivity equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H my transmissivity equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H my transmissivity equals
+one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this
+zero resistance not zero right so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero resistance not zero right so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero resistance not zero right so what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem in fact the first paper on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in fact the first paper on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in fact the first paper on this
+was written by little uh Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written by little uh Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written by little uh Stanford
+proposal was this I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal was this I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal was this I think it was
+Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford
+professor and he had a discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and he had a discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and he had a discussion of
+this let's say you say this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say you say this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say you say this is what
+happens if you have imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have imaginary
+surface right he say this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right he say this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right he say this is not
+applicable you have to do this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable you have to do this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable you have to do this our
+mefree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mefree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mefree
+path so um but they two the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so um but they two the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so um but they two the problem
+really lies in how we Define temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lies in how we Define temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lies in how we Define temperature
+this is a highly longin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a highly longin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a highly longin
+process at the interface right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the interface right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the interface right and uh
+temperature is defined based on more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is defined based on more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is defined based on more a
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+concept and uh if we think about uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and uh if we think about uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and uh if we think about uh at
+equilibrium the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the distribution
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+isotropic right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and what happens at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and what happens at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and what happens at this
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+if you look at it I see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it I see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it I see this is the
+incoming this is the other side incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming this is the other side incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming this is the other side incoming
+each side you have a different Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side you have a different Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side you have a different Spectrum
+right you know that is this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that is this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that is this together
+give me the Spectrum different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the Spectrum different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the Spectrum different energy
+distribution right so what I really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so what I really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so what I really is
+say what's really the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's really the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's really the temperature at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point the temperature at the point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the temperature at the point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the temperature at the point if
+you think about the local energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the local energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the local energy density
+at the point gives you the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point gives you the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point gives you the temperature
+if you go back to the specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the specific heat
+calculation right the local energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation right the local energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation right the local energy is
+related to local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to local
+temperature and that local energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that local energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that local energy is
+defined based on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined based on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined based on all
+directions and when I look at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and when I look at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and when I look at this point
+my energy on the left side let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy on the left side let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my energy on the left side let's say
+this is my T1 this is my T2 I say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my T1 this is my T2 I say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my T1 this is my T2 I say it's
+different than T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than T1
+T2 that's because when I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 that's because when I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 that's because when I look at the
+point1 right I have those Fons coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 right I have those Fons coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 right I have those Fons coming in
+that's has chis lence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has chis lence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's has chis lence
+T1 that's only 180° on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 that's only 180° on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 that's only 180° on this
+side right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incoming the other is outgoing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming the other is outgoing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming the other is outgoing that's
+the other 180 and let's say look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 180 and let's say look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 180 and let's say look at this
+this is incoming that's this side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incoming that's this side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is incoming that's this side the
+outgoing on this side is reflection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing on this side is reflection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing on this side is reflection of
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so
+reflection depends on reflectance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection depends on reflectance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection depends on reflectance and
+the angular dependence it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular dependence it may not be
+symmetric at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric at
+all that's one part the other part is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's one part the other part is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's one part the other part is my
+transmission here on this side once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission here on this side once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission here on this side once it
+transmitted that's Again modulated by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted that's Again modulated by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted that's Again modulated by my
+transmission which has angle dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission which has angle dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission which has angle dependence
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+transmission so I add these two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so I add these two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so I add these two together
+that gives me the going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the going the other
+direction that's that part and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's that part and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's that part and it may
+not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely
+unsymmetric and the local energy should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric and the local energy should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric and the local energy should
+be defined based on you add this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined based on you add this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined based on you add this part
+add this part add this part and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this part add this part and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this part add this part and divide
+by if it's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if it's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if it's equivalent
+temperature all right so if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so if you do a
+equivalent temperature T1 and T2 you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature T1 and T2 you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent temperature T1 and T2 you do
+your redo your energy balance you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your redo your energy balance you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your redo your energy balance you will
+be different because this T1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because this T1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different because this T1 will
+clearly depends on not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly depends on not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly depends on not only the
+temperature comes in but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature comes in but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature comes in but also the
+transmitter from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter from the other
+side right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so
+you will have to write the relation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to write the relation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to write the relation at
+the end your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end your
+expression that's in the book I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's in the book I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's in the book I'm not
+going to rewrite it you get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite it you get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite it you get a different
+Su B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su B
+resistance and that one in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and that one in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and that one in the limit
+when transmission is one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when transmission is one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when transmission is one is
+zero okay I wrote that and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay I wrote that and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay I wrote that and then people
+typically don't know it so I people tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't know it so I people tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't know it so I people tell
+my own group you need to read my chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own group you need to read my chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own group you need to read my chapter
+five because they don't they don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because they don't they don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because they don't they don't you
+have to really carefully to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really carefully to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really carefully to understand
+that cuz very often people are comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuz very often people are comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuz very often people are comparing
+wrong things they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong things they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong things they do a
+experiment and they will compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they will compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they will compare with
+this Theory but they what they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory but they what they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory but they what they really
+measure is this two and you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is this two and you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is this two and you compare
+Apple and the orange and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and the orange and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and the orange and you'll see
+sometimes they have perfect comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they have perfect comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they have perfect comparison
+you know something's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something's wrong
+okay but this is not just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is not just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is not just this one
+problem it's actually you you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's actually you you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's actually you you went to
+check literature it's everywhere people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check literature it's everywhere people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check literature it's everywhere people
+discuss it people really do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it people really do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it people really do this kind of
+research they know it let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research they know it let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research they know it let me give
+examples and uh so um if you now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh so um if you now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh so um if you now you can
+use this to understand there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to understand there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to understand there are many
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+phenomena what we discuss here is Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena what we discuss here is Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena what we discuss here is Thal
+boundary resistance that's where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary resistance that's where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary resistance that's where I'm
+really interested so I spend time on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested so I spend time on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested so I spend time on it
+but say uh in electron so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh in electron so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh in electron so if you have a
+uh wire or a DOT right people do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wire or a DOT right people do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wire or a DOT right people do a lot
+of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of
+experiment where they measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they measure the
+voltage here V1 and V2 and go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here V1 and V2 and go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here V1 and V2 and go through a
+wire and when the wire is very small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and when the wire is very small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and when the wire is very small it
+go to very low temperature you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to very low temperature you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to very low temperature you got a
+Quant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant is
+conductance and that conductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and that conductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and that conductance is
+actually independent of material it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independent of material it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independent of material it's a
+universal and same if you do heat at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal and same if you do heat at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal and same if you do heat at a
+very low temperature this is all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low temperature this is all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low temperature this is all in the
+book The example problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The example problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The example problem
+you get a universal heat conductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a universal heat conductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a universal heat conductance is
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+okay and then the question is there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the question is there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the question is there was
+a question that's often people ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that's often people ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question that's often people ask if
+it's ballistic why you have resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ballistic why you have resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ballistic why you have resistance
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all ballistic means to go from one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ballistic means to go from one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ballistic means to go from one point
+to the other why you have resistance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other why you have resistance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other why you have resistance at
+all right me see here is those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right me see here is those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right me see here is those are the
+ballistic Quant quanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic Quant quanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic Quant quanti
+conductance right and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance right and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance right and and uh
+um the this is really depends on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the this is really depends on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the this is really depends on the the
+definition and uh in the case of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and uh in the case of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and uh in the case of and
+your experiment in the case where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment in the case where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment in the case where people
+do this quantise conductance measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this quantise conductance measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this quantise conductance measurement
+for example you have a carbon L tube you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have a carbon L tube you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have a carbon L tube you
+measure the conductance you put a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the conductance you put a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the conductance you put a two
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+electrodes right and so you have a nanot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes right and so you have a nanot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes right and so you have a nanot
+tube you put a two metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube you put a two metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube you put a two metal
+electrodes and what do you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and what do you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and what do you measure
+is not this temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this temperature or
+electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical
+potential you measuring the drain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you measuring the drain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you measuring the drain and
+the source this is the average over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source this is the average over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source this is the average over a
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+area so what the what does that mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so what the what does that mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so what the what does that mean is
+what launch into this region correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what launch into this region correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what launch into this region correspond
+to what you measure that's a what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you measure that's a what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you measure that's a what's
+launched is your immediate electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched is your immediate electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched is your immediate electron is
+if you had a chance if you there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a chance if you there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a chance if you there is a
+way to measure exactly the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure exactly the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to measure exactly the potential
+here of incoming plus ballistic going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of incoming plus ballistic going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of incoming plus ballistic going
+from this side to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side to the other
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+right then this point and this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this point and this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this point and this point is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+potential if you use that same potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you use that same potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you use that same potential
+you get the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the infinite
+conductance okay so it's really how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay so it's really how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay so it's really how you
+because those are all long equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are all long equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are all long equilibrium
+process and depends on how you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and depends on how you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and depends on how you do your
+measurement how you do your uh say uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement how you do your uh say uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement how you do your uh say uh uh
+and you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you interpret
+so in electrical engineering I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in electrical engineering I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in electrical engineering I I
+remember I was reading a book there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was reading a book there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I was reading a book there was
+a whole section devoted to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole section devoted to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole section devoted to this
+discussion and in fact you go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and in fact you go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and in fact you go to check
+uh I once I was looking this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I once I was looking this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I once I was looking this paper
+Professor petrick Le physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor petrick Le physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor petrick Le physics department
+had a few papers on this quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few papers on this quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few papers on this quiz
+conductance same problem same field say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance same problem same field say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance same problem same field say
+different fields is just really you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields is just really you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields is just really you you
+have to spend your time to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend your time to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend your time to understand it
+uh finally just say another example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally just say another example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally just say another example for
+you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think
+is that when I have two black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when I have two black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when I have two black body
+radiation between two surface right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation between two surface right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation between two surface right in
+vacuum T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum T1
+T2 what's the temperature of photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside there's no equilibrium you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there's no equilibrium you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there's no equilibrium you have
+two counterpropagating Photon they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counterpropagating Photon they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counterpropagating Photon they don't
+interact now if you have this black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact now if you have this black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact now if you have this black body
+absorber NE disc on one side they absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber NE disc on one side they absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber NE disc on one side they absorb
+T1 on the other side they absorb T2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 on the other side they absorb T2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 on the other side they absorb T2 so
+at the end your absorber temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end your absorber temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end your absorber temperature
+will be T4 equals T14 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be T4 equals T14 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be T4 equals T14 plus
+t24 average and that temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t24 average and that temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t24 average and that temperature is
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right but when you stick a thermal CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when you stick a thermal CLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when you stick a thermal CLE
+you measure this high side you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure this high side you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure this high side you measure
+not the photon temperature you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the photon temperature you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the photon temperature you measure
+solid temperature you stick Theron this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid temperature you stick Theron this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid temperature you stick Theron this
+side you measureing the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you measureing the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you measureing the solid
+temperature so when you do your BL body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so when you do your BL body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so when you do your BL body
+you see my Q equals Sigma t T1 4 powerus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my Q equals Sigma t T1 4 powerus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my Q equals Sigma t T1 4 powerus
+t24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t24
+power right and correspondingly you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right and correspondingly you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right and correspondingly you do
+your Q over delta T that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Q over delta T that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Q over delta T that's your
+conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance
+right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not
+infinite however if you are able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite however if you are able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite however if you are able to put
+this detector measure this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this detector measure this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this detector measure this point and
+this point it's same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's same
+temperature you should get a conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you should get a conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you should get a conductance
+infinite right so it depends on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so it depends on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so it depends on how you
+define it you have to be careful that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it you have to be careful that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it you have to be careful that's
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+point okay I'll stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fdIJzQl60ys.txt b/fdIJzQl60ys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f483b35765ec17465fca948e2413c1a4cd2a2848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fdIJzQl60ys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello welcome back to a701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello welcome back to a701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello welcome back to a701
+in this short video we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short video we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this short video we'll be talking
+about charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charge conjugation
+um charge conjugation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um charge conjugation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um charge conjugation is a
+transformation which switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which switches
+all particles the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all particles the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all particles the corresponding
+anti-particles and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles and vice versa
+so you have a particle p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a particle p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a particle p
+you apply charge conjugation on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply charge conjugation on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply charge conjugation on this
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+and you receive it's anti-particle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you receive it's anti-particle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you receive it's anti-particle this
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+all signs of internal quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all signs of internal quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all signs of internal quantum numbers
+the charge the barium number the lepton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the barium number the lepton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the barium number the lepton
+number strangeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number strangeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number strangeness
+charmness and so on but it leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charmness and so on but it leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charmness and so on but it leaves the
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+the energy the momentum and the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy the momentum and the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy the momentum and the speed
+and untouched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and untouched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and untouched
+on the electromagnetic and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electromagnetic and strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electromagnetic and strong
+interaction they obey charge symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction they obey charge symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction they obey charge symmetry
+but the weak interaction violates such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the weak interaction violates such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the weak interaction violates such
+charge symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so charge conjugation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charge conjugation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so charge conjugation it's a
+multiplicative quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative quantum number
+like parity um you get identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like parity um you get identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like parity um you get identity
+if you apply charged con conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply charged con conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply charged con conjugation
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+you make an anti-particle and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make an anti-particle and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make an anti-particle and then you
+apply this to the under particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this to the under particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this to the under particle
+you get the particle back only particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the particle back only particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the particle back only particles
+that their own anti-particles cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their own anti-particles cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their own anti-particles cannot
+can be eigen states of this symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be eigen states of this symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be eigen states of this symmetry
+you can see this here um you can when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this here um you can when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this here um you can when
+you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply this
+um you either get a positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you either get a positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you either get a positive or negative
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+but this is only valid for particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only valid for particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only valid for particles
+whose are their own anti-particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as elementary particles that that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as elementary particles that that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as elementary particles that that only
+leaves the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the photon
+as composite particles you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as composite particles you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as composite particles you will see
+later that there is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that there is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that there is a number of
+mesons which can be their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons which can be their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons which can be their own
+anti-particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particles
+but we'll discuss this in the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll discuss this in the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll discuss this in the subsequent
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+by itself there's limited use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself there's limited use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself there's limited use to
+the symmetry in order to learn things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry in order to learn things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry in order to learn things
+there are some examples and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some examples and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some examples and we'll
+discuss some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some in
+in a recitation where you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a recitation where you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a recitation where you can learn
+about possible decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about possible decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about possible decays
+um for example in pions neutral pions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example in pions neutral pions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example in pions neutral pions
+from applying this this symmetry without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applying this this symmetry without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applying this this symmetry without
+uh knowing uh really what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knowing uh really what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knowing uh really what is the
+underlying physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physics
+um but in the next lecture we then talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the next lecture we then talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in the next lecture we then talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh cp the you know the multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cp the you know the multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cp the you know the multiplication of
+parity and charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity and charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity and charge conjugation
+and some of the interesting effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the interesting effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the interesting effects
+which occur from this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fmmRyV9ObkU.txt b/fmmRyV9ObkU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a8616745096758ae479e96a263e3f3acc2face
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fmmRyV9ObkU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu so what we want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what we want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what we want to do now is
+to move away from local methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move away from local methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move away from local methods and
+start to do some form of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to do some form of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to do some form of global
+regularization method the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization method the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization method the word
+regularization I'm gonna use broadly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization I'm gonna use broadly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization I'm gonna use broadly as
+a term to define procedure statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term to define procedure statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term to define procedure statistical
+procedures and computational procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and computational procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and computational procedure
+that do have some parameters that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do have some parameters that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do have some parameters that allow
+to do from complex model to simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do from complex model to simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do from complex model to simple model
+in a very broad sense what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very broad sense what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very broad sense what I mean by
+comping something that is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comping something that is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comping something that is a you know
+potentially going closer to overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially going closer to overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially going closer to overfitting
+and by simple models something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by simple models something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by simple models something that is
+giving me something which is stable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me something which is stable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me something which is stable with
+respect to the data so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the data so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the data so we're gonna
+consider the following algorithm ok I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following algorithm ok I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following algorithm ok I
+imagine a lot of you have seen it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a lot of you have seen it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a lot of you have seen it before
+this is called it has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called it has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called it has a bunch of
+different names is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names is probably the most
+famous one is Tikhonov regularization a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous one is Tikhonov regularization a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous one is Tikhonov regularization a
+bunch of people at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people at the beginning of the
+60s thought about something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s thought about something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s thought about something similar
+either in the content of statistics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the content of statistics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the content of statistics or
+solving linear equations so Tikhonov is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear equations so Tikhonov is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving linear equations so Tikhonov is
+the only one for which I can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one for which I can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one for which I can find the
+picture the other one was Phillips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other one was Phillips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the other one was Phillips and
+then there is Earle and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is Earle and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is Earle and other people
+they basically thought all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically thought all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically thought all about this
+same procedure the procedure basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure the procedure basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure the procedure basically
+is based on a functional that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a functional that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a functional that you want
+to minimize based on two terms so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize based on two terms so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize based on two terms so there
+are several ingredients going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ingredients going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ingredients going on here
+first of all this is f of X we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this is f of X we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this is f of X we assume
+the functional form of we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of we try to
+estimate a function and we do assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a function and we do assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a function and we do assume a
+parametric form of this function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric form of this function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric form of this function which
+in this case just linear okay and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case just linear okay and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case just linear okay and for
+the time being I because you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being I because you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being I because you can really
+put your back in I don't look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your back in I don't look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your back in I don't look at the
+offset okay so I just take lines passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset okay so I just take lines passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset okay so I just take lines passing
+through the origin and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and this is just
+because you can prove in one line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can prove in one line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can prove in one line that
+you can put back in the offset at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put back in the offset at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put back in the offset at zero
+cost okay so for the time being just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so for the time being just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay so for the time being just
+think that data are actually standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that data are actually standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that data are actually standard
+the way you try to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you try to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you try to estimate this
+parameter is on one hand try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is on one hand try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is on one hand try to make the
+empirical error small and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical error small and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical error small and on the other
+hand you put a budget okay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you put a budget okay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you put a budget okay on the
+weights the reason why you do this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights the reason why you do this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights the reason why you do this there
+are a bunch of way to explain this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of way to explain this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of way to explain this and
+Dre yesterday talked about margin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dre yesterday talked about margin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dre yesterday talked about margin and
+different lines and so on another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines and so on another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines and so on another way to
+think about it is that you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is that you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is that you can convince
+yourself and we were gonna see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and we were gonna see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and we were gonna see later
+that if you're in low dimension a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're in low dimension a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're in low dimension a line
+is a very poor model okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very poor model okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very poor model okay because
+basically you you know if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you know if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you you know if you have more
+than a few points and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few points and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few points and they're not
+standing on the line you will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the line you will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the line you will not be
+able to make zero error but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make zero error but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make zero error but if the
+number of points is lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points is lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points is lower than the
+number of dimension you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimension you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dimension you can show that
+the line actually can give you zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line actually can give you zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line actually can give you zero
+error okay it's just a matter of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay it's just a matter of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay it's just a matter of degrees
+of freedom you have fewer equations than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom you have fewer equations than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom you have fewer equations than
+actual variables so what you do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual variables so what you do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual variables so what you do is that
+you actually add a regularization term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually add a regularization term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually add a regularization term
+it's basically a term that made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a term that made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a term that made the
+problem well posed we're gonna see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well posed we're gonna see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well posed we're gonna see this
+in a minute for a different perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute for a different perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute for a different perspective
+the easiest one is going to be numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest one is going to be numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest one is going to be numerical
+okay we stick to least squares for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we stick to least squares for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we stick to least squares for
+underneath so there is an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so there is an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so there is an extra
+parentheses that I forgot it but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses that I forgot it but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses that I forgot it but before
+I tell you why we use least squares also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you why we use least squares also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you why we use least squares also
+let me tell you that as somebody pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you that as somebody pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you that as somebody pointed
+out there is a mistake here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is a mistake here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there is a mistake here because this
+is a - okay it's it's a it should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a - okay it's it's a it should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a - okay it's it's a it should just
+be a - I'll fix this all right so back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a - I'll fix this all right so back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a - I'll fix this all right so back
+why do you easily squares okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you easily squares okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you easily squares okay so these
+queries on the one hand if you're in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries on the one hand if you're in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries on the one hand if you're in low
+dimension especially you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension especially you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension especially you can think of
+least squares as it's great it's basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares as it's great it's basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares as it's great it's basic
+but it's not a very robust a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a very robust a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a very robust a way to
+measure error because you square them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure error because you square them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure error because you square them
+and so small error so error just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so small error so error just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so small error so error just one
+error can count a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error can count a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error can count a lot okay
+so typically there is a whole deterrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically there is a whole deterrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically there is a whole deterrent
+robust at this is where you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust at this is where you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust at this is where you want to
+replace this square with something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this square with something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this square with something like
+an absolute value or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value or something like that
+it turns out that at least in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that at least in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that at least in our
+experience and when you have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and when you have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and when you have high
+dimensional problem it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional problem it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional problem it's not completely
+clear how much this kind of instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how much this kind of instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how much this kind of instability
+will occur and will not be cured by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur and will not be cured by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur and will not be cured by just
+adding some regularization term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some regularization term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some regularization term and the
+this the competition under language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the competition under language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the competition under language
+algorithm are extremely extremely simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm are extremely extremely simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm are extremely extremely simple
+so that's why we're sticking to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're sticking to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're sticking to this
+okay because it works pretty well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it works pretty well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it works pretty well in
+practice we actually developed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we actually developed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we actually developed in the
+last few years some toolbox that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years some toolbox that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years some toolbox that you can
+use there pretty much plug and play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there pretty much plug and play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there pretty much plug and play and
+because the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer
+know the algorithm is easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the algorithm is easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the algorithm is easy to understand
+in simpler terms yesterday Andrea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simpler terms yesterday Andrea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simpler terms yesterday Andrea was
+talking about SVM SVM is very similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about SVM SVM is very similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about SVM SVM is very similar in
+principle basically the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle basically the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle basically the only difference
+is that you change the way you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you change the way you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you change the way you measure
+cost here is this algorithm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost here is this algorithm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost here is this algorithm this
+algorithm you can use balls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you can use balls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you can use balls for
+classification and regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and regression
+whereas SVM the one he was talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas SVM the one he was talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas SVM the one he was talked about
+yesterday is just for classification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday is just for classification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday is just for classification and
+because the look the cost function turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the look the cost function turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the look the cost function turns
+out to be in non smooth and non-count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be in non smooth and non-count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be in non smooth and non-count
+and so non smooth is basically non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so non smooth is basically non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so non smooth is basically non
+differentiable and so the whole math is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and so the whole math is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and so the whole math is
+much more complicated because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated because you have
+to learn how to minimize things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to minimize things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to minimize things which
+are not differentiable so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not differentiable so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not differentiable so in this case
+we can stick to elementary stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stick to elementary stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stick to elementary stuff and
+indeed some word that also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed some word that also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed some word that also because
+Legendre 200 years ago said that least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legendre 200 years ago said that least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legendre 200 years ago said that least
+squares are really great there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares are really great there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares are really great there is this
+whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story
+who between Gauss and leshawna invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who between Gauss and leshawna invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who between Gauss and leshawna invented
+least squares first and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares first and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares first and there are
+actually long articles about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually long articles about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually long articles about this but
+it's anyway it's around that time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anyway it's around that time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's anyway it's around that time it's
+around the end of the write this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the end of the write this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the end of the write this is when
+it was born it's there on the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was born it's there on the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was born it's there on the end of the
+18th century so the algorithm is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century so the algorithm is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century so the algorithm is pretty
+it's pretty old all right so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty old all right so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty old all right so what's the
+idea so back to the to the case we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so back to the to the case we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so back to the to the case we had
+before you're gonna take a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you're gonna take a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you're gonna take a linear
+function so one thing is just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so one thing is just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so one thing is just to be
+careful think about it once because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful think about it once because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful think about it once because if
+you never thought about it before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never thought about it before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never thought about it before it's
+good to focus when you do this drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to focus when you do this drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to focus when you do this drawing
+okay this is not f of X okay this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not f of X okay this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not f of X okay this line
+it's not f of X is f of x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not f of X is f of x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not f of X is f of x equals zero
+okay so I think I made an attempt of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I made an attempt of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I made an attempt of a
+3d plot so f of X is actually a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d plot so f of X is actually a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d plot so f of X is actually a plane
+that cut through the slide okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut through the slide okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut through the slide okay it's
+positive when it's not dotted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when it's not dotted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when it's not dotted because
+these points are positive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points are positive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points are positive and then
+becomes negative and this line is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative and this line is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative and this line is where
+changes sign okay so the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes sign okay so the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes sign okay so the decision
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+is not f of X itself but is the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not f of X itself but is the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not f of X itself but is the level
+set that corresponds to f of X equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that corresponds to f of X equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that corresponds to f of X equals
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+whereas f of X itself is this one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas f of X itself is this one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas f of X itself is this one line
+if you think in one dimension the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in one dimension the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in one dimension the points
+are just standing on a line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just standing on a line okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just standing on a line okay
+some here are plus one some here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some here are plus one some here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some here are plus one some here minus
+one so what is f of X is just a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what is f of X is just a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what is f of X is just a line
+okay what is the decision boundary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the decision boundary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the decision boundary in
+this case it will just be one point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it will just be one point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it will just be one point in
+this case actually because it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually because it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually because it's just one
+line that cuts the the input line in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that cuts the the input line in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that cuts the the input line in one
+point okay and that's it if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and that's it if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and that's it if you were to
+take a more complicated nonlinear line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a more complicated nonlinear line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a more complicated nonlinear line
+would be more than one point in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more than one point in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more than one point in two
+dimension it becomes one line in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension it becomes one line in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension it becomes one line in three
+dimension becomes a plane and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension becomes a plane and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension becomes a plane and so on and
+so forth okay but the important bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth okay but the important bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth okay but the important bits
+just remain at least once then we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remain at least once then we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remain at least once then we look
+at this plot this is not f of X but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plot this is not f of X but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this plot this is not f of X but only
+the set f of X equals zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set f of X equals zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set f of X equals zero which is
+where you change sign and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you change sign and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you change sign and that's how you
+gonna make prediction you take real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make prediction you take real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make prediction you take real
+valued functions so you would like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions so you would like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued functions so you would like in
+principle in classification you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in classification you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in classification you would
+allow this function just to be binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this function just to be binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this function just to be binary
+okay but optimization with binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but optimization with binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but optimization with binary
+function is very hard so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very hard so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is very hard so what you
+typically do you relax this you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do you relax this you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do you relax this you just
+allow it to be a real valued function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to be a real valued function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to be a real valued function
+and then you take a sign when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a sign when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take a sign when it's
+positive with a plus one if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with a plus one if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with a plus one if it's
+negative you say minus one if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you say minus one if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you say minus one if it's
+regression problem you just keep it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem you just keep it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem you just keep it for
+what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is
+okay okay and okay how many three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and okay how many three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and okay how many three
+parameters is this algorithm well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is this algorithm well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is this algorithm well one
+it's lambda for now okay and W but W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lambda for now okay and W but W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lambda for now okay and W but W
+we're gonna solve by solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna solve by solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna solve by solving this
+optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem
+how about lambda well whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about lambda well whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about lambda well whatever we
+discussed before okay for K we would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before okay for K we would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before okay for K we would try
+to sit down and do some kind of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit down and do some kind of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit down and do some kind of best
+variance decomposition see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance decomposition see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance decomposition see what it
+depends on try to see if we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on try to see if we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on try to see if we can get a
+grasp on what the theory of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp on what the theory of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp on what the theory of this
+algorithm is and then we would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is and then we would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is and then we would try to
+see if we can use cross validation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can use cross validation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can use cross validation you
+can do all these things okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these things okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these things okay so we're
+not gonna discuss mass much how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna discuss mass much how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna discuss mass much how you
+choose lambda but mostly we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose lambda but mostly we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose lambda but mostly we're going to
+discuss how you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how you can compute the
+minimizer of this and this is not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer of this and this is not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer of this and this is not a bad
+problem because this is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because this is smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because this is smooth
+okay so you can take the Ridge respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can take the Ridge respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can take the Ridge respect
+to W and also this so what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W and also this so what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W and also this so what you can do is
+just to take the derivative to say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take the derivative to say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take the derivative to say of
+this set it equal to zero and check what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set it equal to zero and check what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set it equal to zero and check what
+happens so it's useful to do this to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so it's useful to do this to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so it's useful to do this to add
+just some kind of vectorial notation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some kind of vectorial notation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some kind of vectorial notation we
+can have already seen it before so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have already seen it before so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have already seen it before so you
+take all the x's and you stack it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the x's and you stack it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the x's and you stack it as
+rows in two of the data matrix X of n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in two of the data matrix X of n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in two of the data matrix X of n so
+this and why you just stack them it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why you just stack them it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why you just stack them it as
+entries of a vector you call it yn then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of a vector you call it yn then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of a vector you call it yn then
+you can rewrite this term just in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this term just in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite this term just in this
+way as this vector minus this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as this vector minus this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as this vector minus this vector
+here which attained by multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which attained by multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which attained by multiplying the
+matrix two with W so this norm is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix two with W so this norm is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix two with W so this norm is the
+norm in our n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm in our n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm in our n okay
+so this is just simple rewriting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just simple rewriting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just simple rewriting it's
+useful just because if you now take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful just because if you now take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful just because if you now take the
+derivative of this with respect to W set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this with respect to W set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this with respect to W set
+it equal to zero you get this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to zero you get this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal to zero you get this this is
+the gradient so yeah I haven't set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient so yeah I haven't set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient so yeah I haven't set it to
+zero yet this is the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yet this is the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yet this is the gradient of the
+least square part this is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square part this is the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square part this is the gradient
+of the second term it is still x lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second term it is still x lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second term it is still x lambda
+if you set them equal to zero what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set them equal to zero what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set them equal to zero what you
+get is this okay you would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this okay you would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this okay you would take
+everything with X so the two and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with X so the two and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with X so the two and the two
+goes away you tell everything with X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away you tell everything with X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away you tell everything with X and
+you put it here there is still the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it here there is still the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it here there is still the one
+here with lambda you put it here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with lambda you put it here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with lambda you put it here you
+take this term in X transpose Y and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this term in X transpose Y and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this term in X transpose Y and you
+put it on the other side of the equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the other side of the equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the other side of the equality
+so you take everything with W on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take everything with W on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take everything with W on one
+side and everything without W on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and everything without W on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and everything without W on the
+other side and then here I remove n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and then here I remove n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and then here I remove n by
+multiplying okay and for what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying okay and for what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying okay and for what you get is
+a linear system it's just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system it's just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear system it's just a linear
+system so that's the beauty of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's the beauty of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's the beauty of all these
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+what are your regularizing or not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your regularizing or not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your regularizing or not in
+this case for this simple squared loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for this simple squared loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for this simple squared loss
+regularization all you get is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization all you get is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization all you get is a linear
+system and it's the first way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's the first way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's the first way to think
+about the effect of adding this term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the effect of adding this term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the effect of adding this term so
+what is this doing so just quickly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this doing so just quickly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this doing so just quickly for
+you a quick linear system recap okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick linear system recap okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick linear system recap okay
+you're solving a linear system I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving a linear system I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving a linear system I change
+notation this is just a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is just a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is just a parent
+is just a little bit okay the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit okay the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit okay the simplest
+case you can think of is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can think of is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can think of is the case where
+m is diagonal okay suppose it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is diagonal okay suppose it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is diagonal okay suppose it's just a
+diagonal matrix a square diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you solve this problem you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you solve this problem you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you solve this problem you have
+to invert the matrix M okay what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert the matrix M okay what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert the matrix M okay what is the
+inverse of a diagonal matrix so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a diagonal matrix so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a diagonal matrix so it's
+just another diagonal matrix on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another diagonal matrix on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another diagonal matrix on the
+entries instead of say Sigma you have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries instead of say Sigma you have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries instead of say Sigma you have 1
+over Sigma or whatever it is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma or whatever it is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma or whatever it is okay so
+what you see is that if M if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that if M if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that if M if you just
+consider m and m is diagonal like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider m and m is diagonal like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider m and m is diagonal like this
+this is what you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're gonna get
+suppose that now some of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now some of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now some of these numbers
+are actually small then when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually small then when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually small then when you take
+one over this is gonna blow up when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over this is gonna blow up when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over this is gonna blow up when you
+apply this matrix to be what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this matrix to be what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this matrix to be what you might
+have is that if you change the Sigma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that if you change the Sigma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that if you change the Sigma's
+or they be slightly you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they be slightly you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they be slightly you can have an
+explosion okay and if you want this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion okay and if you want this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion okay and if you want this is
+one way to understand why adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to understand why adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to understand why adding the
+lambda would help and it's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda would help and it's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda would help and it's another way
+to look at overfitting if you want from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at overfitting if you want from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at overfitting if you want from
+a numerical point of view you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical point of view you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical point of view you take the
+data you change them slightly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you change them slightly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you change them slightly and you
+have numerical instability right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numerical instability right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numerical instability right away
+what is the effect of adding this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what you see is that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you see is that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you see is that instead of
+just doing M minus 1 you're doing M plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing M minus 1 you're doing M plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing M minus 1 you're doing M plus
+lambda I minus 1 and this is the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I minus 1 and this is the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I minus 1 and this is the simple
+case where it's diagonal okay but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's diagonal okay but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where it's diagonal okay but what
+you see is that on the day ya go instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that on the day ya go instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that on the day ya go instead
+of 1 over Sigma 1 you take 1 over Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over Sigma 1 you take 1 over Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over Sigma 1 you take 1 over Sigma
+1 plus lambda if Sigma 1 is big adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus lambda if Sigma 1 is big adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus lambda if Sigma 1 is big adding
+this lambda 1 matter if Sigma for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 1 matter if Sigma for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 1 matter if Sigma for
+example Sigma D now think their order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Sigma D now think their order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Sigma D now think their order
+okay I'm thinking their order and Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm thinking their order and Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm thinking their order and Sigma
+D is small if this is more at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is small if this is more at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is small if this is more at some point
+lambda is all is gonna jump in make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is all is gonna jump in make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is all is gonna jump in make the
+problem stable at the price of ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem stable at the price of ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem stable at the price of ignoring
+the information in that Sigma did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information in that Sigma did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information in that Sigma did you
+basically consider to be at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consider to be at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consider to be at the same
+size of the noise or the perturbation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the noise or the perturbation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the noise or the perturbation or
+the sampling in your data this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling in your data this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling in your data this makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+so this is what the algorithm is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the algorithm is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the algorithm is doing
+and it's in a numerical way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in a numerical way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in a numerical way to look at
+stability okay but you can imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay but you can imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay but you can imagine this
+is an immediate statistical consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an immediate statistical consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an immediate statistical consequence
+you change the data slightly would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the data slightly would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the data slightly would have
+a big change in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big change in your
+solution and the other way around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the other way around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the other way around and
+lambda governs this by basically telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda governs this by basically telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda governs this by basically telling
+you how much this is invertible so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much this is invertible so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much this is invertible so it's
+a connection between statistical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection between statistical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection between statistical and
+numerical stability okay now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stability okay now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical stability okay now of course
+you can say this is over simplistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say this is over simplistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say this is over simplistic
+because this is just the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the diagonal matrix
+but basically if you now take matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if you now take matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if you now take matrices
+which are that you can diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are that you can diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are that you can diagonalize
+conceptually nothing would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually nothing would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually nothing would change
+because basically would have that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically would have that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically would have that if you
+have a matrix so there is a mistake here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix so there is a mistake here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix so there is a mistake here
+this should be no minus one okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be no minus one okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be no minus one okay if you
+have an M that you can diagram this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an M that you can diagram this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an M that you can diagram this is
+just not minus one you can just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not minus one you can just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not minus one you can just I
+analyzed it and now every operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed it and now every operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed it and now every operation you
+want to do in the matrix you can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in the matrix you can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in the matrix you can just do
+on the diagonal so all the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal so all the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal so all the reasoning
+here will work the same only now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will work the same only now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will work the same only now you
+have to remember that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember that you have to
+squeeze the diagonal matrix between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze the diagonal matrix between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze the diagonal matrix between the
+NV transpose okay I'm not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NV transpose okay I'm not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NV transpose okay I'm not saying that
+this is what you want to do numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you want to do numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you want to do numerically
+but I'm just saying that the concept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just saying that the concept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just saying that the concept or
+reasoning here that would tell it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning here that would tell it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning here that would tell it that
+this was the fact of lambda it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the fact of lambda it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the fact of lambda it's gonna
+hold just the same here this is M which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold just the same here this is M which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold just the same here this is M which
+you can write that this n minus 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write that this n minus 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write that this n minus 1 you
+can write like this and so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write like this and so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write like this and so it's just
+gonna be the same diagonal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same diagonal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the same diagonal terms
+inverted and now you see the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and now you see the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and now you see the effect of
+land it's just the same okay so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's just the same okay so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's just the same okay so once you
+grasp this conceptually for any matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp this conceptually for any matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp this conceptually for any matrix
+you can make diagonal is the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make diagonal is the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make diagonal is the same and
+the point is that as long as you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that as long as you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that as long as you have a
+symmetric positive-definite matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite matrix the
+reason you can diagonalize it you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can diagonalize it you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can diagonalize it you just
+have the same thing squeezed in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing squeezed in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing squeezed in between
+V and V transpose okay and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and V transpose okay and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and V transpose okay and that's what
+we have because instead of because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have because instead of because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have because instead of because what
+we have is exactly this matrix here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is exactly this matrix here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is exactly this matrix here okay
+so instead of and you see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of and you see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of and you see here that
+basically this depends a lot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this depends a lot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this depends a lot on the
+dimensionality of the data if the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of the data if the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality of the data if the number
+of points is much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points is much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points is much bigger than the
+dimensionality okay these matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality okay these matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality okay these matrix in
+principle could be it's easier that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could be it's easier that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could be it's easier that it
+is invertible but if the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible but if the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible but if the number of
+points is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is smaller than the
+dimensionality how big is this matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality how big is this matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality how big is this matrix so
+xn is you remember how big was xn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is you remember how big was xn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is you remember how big was xn with
+the rows were the points and the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows were the points and the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows were the points and the columns
+were the variables so how big is this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the variables so how big is this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the variables so how big is this we
+call this D we called the length n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this D we called the length n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this D we called the length n so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+n by D okay so this matrix here is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by D okay so this matrix here is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by D okay so this matrix here is how
+big just D by D in the number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big just D by D in the number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big just D by D in the number of points
+is smaller than the number of dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the number of dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the number of dimension
+the rank of this this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of this this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of this this is going to be
+rank deficient okay so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank deficient okay so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank deficient okay so it's not
+invertible so if the number of points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so if the number of points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so if the number of points is
+Molly Fiona hides the kohai dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly Fiona hides the kohai dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly Fiona hides the kohai dimensional
+scenario where the number of points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where the number of points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where the number of points is
+more than number of dimension for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than number of dimension for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than number of dimension for sure
+you won't be able to invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to invert this
+ordinary squares will not work it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary squares will not work it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary squares will not work it will
+be unstable and then you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unstable and then you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unstable and then you will have to
+regularize to get anything reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize to get anything reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize to get anything reasonable
+okay so in the case of least squares but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of least squares but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of least squares but
+just by setting range to zero and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by setting range to zero and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by setting range to zero and look
+in this competition you get a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this competition you get a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this competition you get a graph of
+both what kind of competition you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what kind of competition you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what kind of competition you have
+to do and what they mean both from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and what they mean both from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and what they mean both from a
+statistical and the numerical point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical and the numerical point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical and the numerical point of
+view and that's why that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and that's why that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and that's why that's one of the
+beauty of these squares okay we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these squares okay we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these squares okay we could
+stick to a whole derivation of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to a whole derivation of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to a whole derivation of this so
+this is more the in linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more the in linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more the in linear system
+perspective there is a whole literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there is a whole literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective there is a whole literature
+trying to justify more from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to justify more from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to justify more from a
+statistical point of view what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical point of view what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical point of view what I'm
+saying okay you can talk about maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay you can talk about maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay you can talk about maximum
+likelihood then you can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood then you can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood then you can talk about
+maximum a posteriori you can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a posteriori you can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a posteriori you can talk about
+variance reduction and so called Stein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance reduction and so called Stein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance reduction and so called Stein
+effect and you can make a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you can make a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you can make a much bigger
+story trying for example to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story trying for example to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story trying for example to develop the
+whole theory of shrinkage estimators the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole theory of shrinkage estimators the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole theory of shrinkage estimators the
+base variance trade-off of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base variance trade-off of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base variance trade-off of this but
+we're not going to talk about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about that okay
+so this simple numerical stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this simple numerical stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this simple numerical stability
+statistical stability intuition is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical stability intuition is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical stability intuition is going
+to be my main motivation for considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my main motivation for considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my main motivation for considering
+these kind of schemes okay so well let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of schemes okay so well let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of schemes okay so well let
+me skip these I wanted to show the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me skip these I wanted to show the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me skip these I wanted to show the demo
+but it's very simple okay it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very simple okay it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very simple okay it's gonna be
+very stable because you're just drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable because you're just drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable because you're just drawing
+a one-dimensional line let me move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional line let me move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional line let me move on
+just a bit because we didn't cover as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bit because we didn't cover as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bit because we didn't cover as
+much as I want in the first part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I want in the first part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I want in the first part so
+first of all so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all so far so good
+are you all with me about this so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all with me about this so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all with me about this so again
+the basic thing if you want the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing if you want the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing if you want the all the
+interesting so this is the the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this is the the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this is the the this is
+the one line where there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one line where there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one line where there is something
+concept all happening this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept all happening this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept all happening this is the one
+line where we make it a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line where we make it a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line where we make it a bit more
+complicated mathematically and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mathematically and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mathematically and then all
+you have to do is to match this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is to match this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is to match this with
+what you just wrote before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just wrote before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just wrote before
+okay that's all these are the main three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all these are the main three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all these are the main three
+things we want to do and think a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do and think a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do and think a bit
+about dimensionality now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dimensionality now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dimensionality now if you look at
+a problem you can like this as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem you can like this as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem you can like this as I said
+this might be misleading a low dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be misleading a low dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be misleading a low dimension
+and in fact what you typically do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact what you typically do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact what you typically do in
+high dimension is that first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimension is that first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimension is that first of all you
+start with the linear model and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the linear model and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the linear model and you see
+how far you can go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you can go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you can go with that
+and typically go a bit further that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically go a bit further that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically go a bit further that you
+might imagine but still you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine but still you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine but still you can think
+why should I just stick to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should I just stick to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should I just stick to linear
+decision rule okay this one give me much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision rule okay this one give me much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision rule okay this one give me much
+of a flexibility so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flexibility so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flexibility so in this case
+obviously it looks like something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it looks like something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it looks like something they
+would repair some kind of quadric okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would repair some kind of quadric okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would repair some kind of quadric okay
+decision boundary so how can you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary so how can you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision boundary so how can you do this
+okay how can you go so what did I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how can you go so what did I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how can you go so what did I give
+you the code of least squares and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the code of least squares and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the code of least squares and you're
+the laziest programmer in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laziest programmer in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laziest programmer in the world
+which in my case is actually not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in my case is actually not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in my case is actually not hard to
+imagine how can you recycle the code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how can you recycle the code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how can you recycle the code to
+fit to create a solution like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to create a solution like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to create a solution like this
+instead of a solution like this see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a solution like this see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a solution like this see the
+question I give you the code to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I give you the code to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I give you the code to solve
+this problem they want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem they want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem they want to show you
+before the linear system for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the linear system for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the linear system for different
+lambdas but you want to go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but you want to go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but you want to go from this
+solution to this solution how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this solution how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this solution how could you
+do that so one way you can do it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so one way you can do it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so one way you can do it in this
+simple case is this is the example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case is this is the example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case is this is the example okay
+so the idea is you remember the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is you remember the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is you remember the matrix
+I'm gonna invent a new entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna invent a new entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna invent a new entries of the
+matrix not of the point because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not of the point because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not of the point because you
+cannot invent points but of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot invent points but of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot invent points but of the
+variables so what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what you're going to do is
+that I've just taken say in this scale I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've just taken say in this scale I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've just taken say in this scale I
+call them x1 x2 I'm just in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them x1 x2 I'm just in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them x1 x2 I'm just in two
+dimension these are my data okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension these are my data okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension these are my data okay this is
+just another example of this so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another example of this so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another example of this so these
+are my date so these are let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my date so these are let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my date so these are let's see what
+they are okay this is one point x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay this is one point x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay this is one point x1 and
+x2 here are just the entry of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 here are just the entry of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 here are just the entry of the point
+X okay so the first coordinate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so the first coordinate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so the first coordinate and the
+second coordinate so what she said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordinate so what she said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordinate so what she said is
+exactly one way to do this and it is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way to do this and it is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way to do this and it is I'm
+gonna now build a new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna now build a new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna now build a new vector
+representation of the same point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the same point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the same point it's
+going to be the same pot I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same pot I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same pot I'm adding
+stuff to coordinates I now use three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to coordinates I now use three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to coordinates I now use three
+which are going to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be the first
+coordinate square the second coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate square the second coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate square the second coordinate
+Square and the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and the product of the two
+coordinates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay
+once I've done this I forget about how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've done this I forget about how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've done this I forget about how I
+got this and I just treated as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this and I just treated as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this and I just treated as new
+variables and I do take a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I do take a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I do take a linear model
+with that variables okay it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that variables okay it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that variables okay it's a linear
+model with these new variables but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with these new variables but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with these new variables but it's
+a nonlinear model with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear model with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear model with the original
+variables and that's what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and that's what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and that's what you see here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so X tilde is this stuff okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X tilde is this stuff okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X tilde is this stuff okay it's just
+a new vector representation and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vector representation and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new vector representation and now I'm
+linear with respect to this new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with respect to this new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with respect to this new vector
+representation but when you write X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but when you write X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but when you write X
+still that explicitly it's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that explicitly it's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that explicitly it's some kind of
+lonely inner function of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely inner function of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely inner function of the original
+variable so this function here is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this function here is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this function here is no
+linear in the original variable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the original variable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the original variable it's
+harder to say than probably - to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to say than probably - to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to say than probably - to see
+does it make sense so if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense so if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense so if you do this
+you're completely recycling the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely recycling the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely recycling the beauty
+of the linearity from a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linearity from a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the linearity from a computational
+point of view while augmenting the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view while augmenting the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view while augmenting the power
+of your models from linear to nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your models from linear to nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your models from linear to nonlinear
+it's still parametric in the senton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still parametric in the senton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still parametric in the senton in
+this case what I mean by parametric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what I mean by parametric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what I mean by parametric is
+that we still fix a priori the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still fix a priori the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still fix a priori the number of
+degrees of freedom of our problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom of our problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom of our problem okay
+it was - now I make it three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was - now I make it three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was - now I make it three more
+general I could make it P but the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could make it P but the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I could make it P but the number
+of numbers have to find is fixed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers have to find is fixed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers have to find is fixed a
+priori it doesn't depend on my data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori it doesn't depend on my data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori it doesn't depend on my data and
+it's fixed okay but they can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed okay but they can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed okay but they can definitely
+go from linear to nonlinear so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from linear to nonlinear so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from linear to nonlinear so let's
+keep on going so from the simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going so from the simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on going so from the simple linear
+model we already went quite far because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we already went quite far because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we already went quite far because
+we basically know they'll be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically know they'll be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically know they'll be the same
+computation we can now solve stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we can now solve stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we can now solve stuff like
+this let's take a couple of step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's take a couple of step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's take a couple of step further
+so one is okay appreciate that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is okay appreciate that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is okay appreciate that really
+the code is just the same instead of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is just the same instead of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is just the same instead of X I
+have to do a pre-processing they replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a pre-processing they replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a pre-processing they replace
+X with these new matrix X tilde which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with these new matrix X tilde which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X with these new matrix X tilde which is
+the one which instead of being n by D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which instead of being n by D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which instead of being n by D is
+now n by P with P's this new number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n by P with P's this new number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n by P with P's this new number of
+variables that I invent okay now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I invent okay now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I invent okay now it's
+useful to just get the feeling of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just get the feeling of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just get the feeling of what
+is the complexity of this method okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complexity of this method okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the complexity of this method okay
+and this is a very quick complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very quick complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very quick complexity
+recap here basically the the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap here basically the the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap here basically the the product of
+two number is going to count 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number is going to count 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two number is going to count 1 and then
+when you take product of vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take product of vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take product of vectors of
+matrices just count how many real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices just count how many real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices just count how many real number
+multiplication you do and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you do and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you do and this is a
+quick recap if I multiply two vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick recap if I multiply two vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick recap if I multiply two vectors of
+size P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size P
+the cost P matrix vector is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost P matrix vector is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost P matrix vector is going to be
+n P matrix matrix is going to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n P matrix matrix is going to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n P matrix matrix is going to be n
+square P okay you have n vectors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square P okay you have n vectors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square P okay you have n vectors you
+want to multiply four other and vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply four other and vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply four other and vectors
+and they are size P so it's time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are size P so it's time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are size P so it's time you
+have it cost you P and you have to do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it cost you P and you have to do n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it cost you P and you have to do n
+against n so it's gonna be n square P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against n so it's gonna be n square P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against n so it's gonna be n square P
+and the last one is this is a much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is this is a much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is this is a much less
+clear to just look at it like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to just look at it like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to just look at it like this but
+roughly speaking the inversion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking the inversion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking the inversion of a
+matrix cost you roughly speaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix cost you roughly speaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix cost you roughly speaking and
+cube in the worst case okay just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube in the worst case okay just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube in the worst case okay just to give
+you a feeling of what the complexity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feeling of what the complexity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feeling of what the complexity are
+so that makes sense it's a bit quick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes sense it's a bit quick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes sense it's a bit quick but
+it's simple if you know it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple if you know it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple if you know it okay
+otherwise you just take this on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you just take this on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you just take this on the side
+when you think about this so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about this so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about this so what is the
+complexity of this well the matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this well the matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this well the matrix you
+have to multiply this times this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply this times this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply this times this and
+this is gonna cost you n D or NP you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna cost you n D or NP you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna cost you n D or NP you
+have to build this matrix this is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build this matrix this is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build this matrix this is gonna
+cost you M Square D or n square P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you M Square D or n square P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you M Square D or n square P and
+then you have to invert this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to invert this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to invert this is going to
+be n cube okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n cube okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n cube okay
+so sorry P cube because this matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry P cube because this matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry P cube because this matrix is
+gonna be or D cube because this matrix D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be or D cube because this matrix D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be or D cube because this matrix D
+by D okay so this is roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D okay so this is roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D okay so this is roughly speaking
+the cost so now look at this this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so now look at this this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so now look at this this is I
+take this in this case P is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this in this case P is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this in this case P is the new
+variables otherwise d okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables otherwise d okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables otherwise d okay so in this
+case I have P cube and then have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have P cube and then have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have P cube and then have P
+square n but one question is what if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square n but one question is what if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square n but one question is what if n
+is much and that's effect okay what if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much and that's effect okay what if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much and that's effect okay what if n
+is much smaller than P if any sake ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than P if any sake ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than P if any sake ten
+do I really have to pay quadratic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really have to pay quadratic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really have to pay quadratic or
+even cubic in the number of dimension to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cubic in the number of dimension to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cubic in the number of dimension to
+solve this problem because in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem because in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem because in some sense
+he looks I'm overshooting things a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks I'm overshooting things a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks I'm overshooting things a bit
+because I'm inverting a matrix yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm inverting a matrix yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm inverting a matrix yes but
+this matrix really rank n okay it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix really rank n okay it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix really rank n okay it only
+has n rows that are linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n rows that are linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n rows that are linearly independent
+at most you might be less but at most it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most you might be less but at most it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most you might be less but at most it
+has n so can I break the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n so can I break the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n so can I break the complexity of
+this linear system at solve you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear system at solve you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear system at solve you just use
+the table I show you before check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table I show you before check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table I show you before check the
+computation these are the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation these are the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation these are the computation
+you have to do and one observation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do and one observation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do and one observation here
+is you pay really a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pay really a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you pay really a lot in
+the dimension the number of variables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension the number of variables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension the number of variables or
+the number of features you invented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of features you invented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of features you invented and
+this might be okay when P is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be okay when P is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be okay when P is smaller
+than n but one thing it is seems wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n but one thing it is seems wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n but one thing it is seems wrong
+intuitively when n is much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when n is much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively when n is much smaller than
+P because the complexity of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because the complexity of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because the complexity of the problem
+the rank of the problem is just n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of the problem is just n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank of the problem is just n the
+matrix here as n rows and D or P columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here as n rows and D or P columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here as n rows and D or P columns
+depending on which representation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which representation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which representation you
+take and so the rank of the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and so the rank of the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and so the rank of the whole thing
+is that most n if they are if n is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that most n if they are if n is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that most n if they are if n is much
+more so now the red dot appears and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so now the red dot appears and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so now the red dot appears and what
+you can do is proving this one line okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is proving this one line okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is proving this one line okay
+so let's see what they do and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what they do and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what they do and then I
+tell you how you can prove it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how you can prove it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how you can prove it and it's
+an exercise so you see here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise so you see here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise so you see here if you
+invert this then you have to multiply X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this then you have to multiply X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this then you have to multiply X
+transpose Y times the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y times the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y times the inverse of this
+matrix okay which is what's written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay which is what's written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay which is what's written in
+here so I claim that this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I claim that this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I claim that this equality
+stands look what it does I take this X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands look what it does I take this X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands look what it does I take this X
+transpose I move it in front but then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I move it in front but then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I move it in front but then if
+I do this you clearly see that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this you clearly see that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this you clearly see that I'm
+messing around with dimension so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing around with dimension so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing around with dimension so what
+you do is that you have to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is that you have to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is that you have to switch the
+order ended of the two matrices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ended of the two matrices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ended of the two matrices in the
+middle okay now from a dimensional point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay now from a dimensional point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay now from a dimensional point
+of view at least I still see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view at least I still see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view at least I still see that these
+matrix and these matrix of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and these matrix of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and these matrix of the same
+dimension how do you prove this well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension how do you prove this well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension how do you prove this well you
+basically just need to do SVD okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just need to do SVD okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just need to do SVD okay you
+take the singular value decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the singular value decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the singular value decomposition of
+the matrix xn you plug it in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix xn you plug it in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix xn you plug it in and you
+just compute things and you check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute things and you check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute things and you check that
+this side of the equality is the same of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the equality is the same of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the equality is the same of
+this side of the equality okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the equality okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the equality okay so
+there's nothing more than this but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing more than this but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing more than this but we're
+gonna skip this so you just take this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip this so you just take this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip this so you just take this as
+a fact okay it's a little trick why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact okay it's a little trick why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact okay it's a little trick why do I
+want to do this trick because look now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this trick because look now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this trick because look now
+what I say is that my W is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say is that my W is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I say is that my W is going to be X
+transpose of something okay what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of something okay what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of something okay what is this
+something so W is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so W is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so W is going to be X
+transpose of this thing here how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this thing here how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this thing here how big is
+this vector so how big is this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector so how big is this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector so how big is this matrix
+first of all so remember X n it was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all so remember X n it was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all so remember X n it was how
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+and by d4p how big is this and by n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by d4p how big is this and by n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by d4p how big is this and by n okay
+so how big is this vector is n by one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how big is this vector is n by one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how big is this vector is n by one so
+now I have to I've come that I found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to I've come that I found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to I've come that I found out
+that my W can always be written as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my W can always be written as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my W can always be written as X
+transpose C where C is just an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C where C is just an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C where C is just an N
+dimensional vector I rewrote it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector I rewrote it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector I rewrote it like
+this if you want okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you want okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you want okay so what is the
+cost the cost of doing this well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the cost of doing this well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the cost of doing this well this
+was the cost of doing this okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cost of doing this okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cost of doing this okay but now
+you just have to do so let's say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do so let's say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to do so let's say what is
+the cost of doing this thing here above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of doing this thing here above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of doing this thing here above
+the bracket well if this one was P cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket well if this one was P cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket well if this one was P cubed
+P Square and this one will be how much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Square and this one will be how much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Square and this one will be how much I
+have that this metric will say P by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this metric will say P by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this metric will say P by P
+and then this vector was P by 1 whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this vector was P by 1 whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this vector was P by 1 whereas
+here my metric is n by n and the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my metric is n by n and the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my metric is n by n and the vector
+is n by one okay so you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n by one okay so you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n by one okay so you basically have
+that these two numbers swap instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two numbers swap instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two numbers swap instead of
+having this complexity now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this complexity now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this complexity now you have a
+choice which is n cube and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice which is n cube and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice which is n cube and then you have
+n square P which sounds about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square P which sounds about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square P which sounds about right
+it's linear in P you cannot avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in P you cannot avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in P you cannot avoid that
+it you have to look at the data at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have to look at the data at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have to look at the data at least
+once but then it's polynomial only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but then it's polynomial only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but then it's polynomial only in
+the small quantity of the tool so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small quantity of the tool so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small quantity of the tool so in
+some sense what you see that depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what you see that depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what you see that depending
+on the size of N or of course you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of N or of course you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of N or of course you still
+have to do this multiplication but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this multiplication but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this multiplication but this
+multiplication is just n nd or n P ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is just n nd or n P ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is just n nd or n P ok so
+let's just recap what I'm telling you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just recap what I'm telling you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just recap what I'm telling you it
+says this is a lightly more mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is a lightly more mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is a lightly more mathematical
+fact I put a warrant I will warning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I put a warrant I will warning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I put a warrant I will warning here
+the first thing is the question should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is the question should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is the question should
+be clear ok can I break the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear ok can I break the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear ok can I break the complexity
+of this in the case when n is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the case when n is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the case when n is smaller
+than P or D this is relevant because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P or D this is relevant because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P or D this is relevant because the
+question came out a second ago which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question came out a second ago which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question came out a second ago which was
+should I always explode the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I always explode the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I always explode the dimension of
+my features ok and here what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my features ok and here what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my features ok and here what you see is
+that well at least for now we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well at least for now we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well at least for now we see that
+even if you do you don't pay more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do you don't pay more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do you don't pay more than
+linearly in that ok and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in that ok and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in that ok and the way you
+prove it is a you observe this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it is a you observe this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it is a you observe this fact
+which again I imagine your crews to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I imagine your crews to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I imagine your crews to show
+you do it but it's a one line and till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it but it's a one line and till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it but it's a one line and till
+you observe that once you have this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe that once you have this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe that once you have this if
+you just rewrite the W you can write W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just rewrite the W you can write W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just rewrite the W you can write W
+as an X transpose C and to find the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an X transpose C and to find the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an X transpose C and to find the C
+which is now you basically parametrize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now you basically parametrize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now you basically parametrize
+and to find that new C is gonna cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to find that new C is gonna cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to find that new C is gonna cost you
+only n cube n square P okay so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n cube n square P okay so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n cube n square P okay so you do
+exactly what you wanted to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you wanted to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you wanted to do and
+basically what you see now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you see now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you see now is that
+whenever you do least squares you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do least squares you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do least squares you can
+check the number of dimensions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the number of dimensions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the number of dimensions the
+number of points and always repair a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and always repair a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and always repair a
+maîtrise the problem in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maîtrise the problem in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maîtrise the problem in such a way that
+the complexity is this is depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is this is depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity is this is depending
+linearly on the bigger of the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly on the bigger of the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly on the bigger of the two and
+polynomially on the smaller of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially on the smaller of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially on the smaller of the two
+ok so that's good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wrote it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote it okay
+dip so this is where we are right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip so this is where we are right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip so this is where we are right now so
+if you're last now you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're last now you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're last now you're going to
+become completely lost in one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become completely lost in one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become completely lost in one second
+because this is what we want to do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what we want to do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what we want to do we
+want to introduce Colonel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce Colonel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce Colonel in the
+simplest possible way which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible way which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible way which is the
+following so look at this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so look at this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so look at this is what we
+find out okay we discovered we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out okay we discovered we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out okay we discovered we actually
+proved the theorem and the theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the theorem and the theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the theorem and the theorem says
+that the W's that our output by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the W's that our output by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the W's that our output by the
+least squares algorithm are not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares algorithm are not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares algorithm are not any
+possible d dimensional vectors but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible d dimensional vectors but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible d dimensional vectors but there
+are always vectors that I can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always vectors that I can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always vectors that I can write as
+the combination of the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of the training set
+vectors so X I is long d4p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so X I is long d4p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so X I is long d4p
+and I sum them up with these weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sum them up with these weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sum them up with these weights and
+the W that are going to come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W that are going to come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W that are going to come out of
+least squares are always of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares are always of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares are always of that form
+okay they cannot be of any other form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they cannot be of any other form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they cannot be of any other form
+this is called the representor theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the representor theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the representor theorem
+okay it's the basic theorem of so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the basic theorem of so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the basic theorem of so-called
+kernel methods it shows you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel methods it shows you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel methods it shows you that the
+solution you're looking for is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you're looking for is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you're looking for is can be
+written as a linear superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear superposition of
+these terms if you now write this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms if you now write this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms if you now write this is
+just the W okay let's just write down f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the W okay let's just write down f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the W okay let's just write down f
+of X f of X is going to be X transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X f of X is going to be X transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X f of X is going to be X transpose W
+just a linear function okay and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear function okay and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear function okay and now you
+can if you write it down you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you write it down you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you write it down you just get
+this okay by linearity you can let so W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay by linearity you can let so W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay by linearity you can let so W
+is written like this you multiply by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written like this you multiply by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written like this you multiply by X
+transpose this is a finite sum so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is a finite sum so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is a finite sum so you
+can let the X transpose inside the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let the X transpose inside the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let the X transpose inside the sum
+and this is what you get okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you get okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you get okay so you
+have X transpose times the sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X transpose times the sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X transpose times the sum is the
+sum of X transpose x the rest why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X transpose x the rest why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X transpose x the rest why do I
+care about this because basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this because basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this because basically the
+idea of kernel methods in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of kernel methods in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of kernel methods in this very
+basic form is what if I replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic form is what if I replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic form is what if I replace this
+inner product which is a way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product which is a way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product which is a way to measure
+similarity between my functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between my functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity between my functions with
+another similarity so instead of mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similarity so instead of mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similarity so instead of mapping
+each X into a very high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X into a very high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X into a very high dimensional
+vector and then take a product which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then take a product which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then take a product which is
+itself if you want another way as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if you want another way as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if you want another way as you
+said of measuring similarity in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of measuring similarity in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of measuring similarity in their
+product distances between vectors what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product distances between vectors what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product distances between vectors what
+if I just define it instead of by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just define it instead of by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just define it instead of by an
+explicit mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit mapping
+redefining the inner product okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the inner product okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the inner product okay so
+this K here is the K that we similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K here is the K that we similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K here is the K that we similar to
+the one we had in the previous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had in the previous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we had in the previous in the
+very first light and it Reaper a Maitre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first light and it Reaper a Maitre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first light and it Reaper a Maitre
+is the inner product okay change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inner product okay change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inner product okay change the
+inner product and then I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product and then I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product and then I want to use
+everything else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay
+so we need to question we need to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to question we need to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to question we need to answer
+to question the first one is if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to question the first one is if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to question the first one is if I give
+you now a procedure that whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now a procedure that whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now a procedure that whenever you
+would want to do X transpose X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do X transpose X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do X transpose X that's
+something else called a X comma X prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else called a X comma X prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else called a X comma X prime
+okay how do you change the computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you change the computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you change the computations
+this is going to be very easy but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be very easy but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be very easy but also
+water what are you doing from a modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water what are you doing from a modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water what are you doing from a modeling
+perspective so from the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so from the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so from the computational
+point of view it's very easy because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it's very easy because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it's very easy because you
+see here you always said that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here you always said that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here you always said that you have
+to build the matrix whose entries where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the matrix whose entries where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the matrix whose entries where
+X I transpose XJ okay so it was always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I transpose XJ okay so it was always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I transpose XJ okay so it was always a
+product of two vectors and what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two vectors and what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two vectors and what you do
+now is that you do the same so you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that you do the same so you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that you do the same so you build
+the matrix a KN which is not just X n xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a KN which is not just X n xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a KN which is not just X n xn
+transpose but is the new matrix whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but is the new matrix whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but is the new matrix whose
+entries are just this this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are just this this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are just this this is just a
+generalization okay if I put the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization okay if I put the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization okay if I put the linear
+kernel I just get back in what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel I just get back in what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel I just get back in what we had
+before if you put another kernel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you put another kernel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you put another kernel you
+just get something else so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get something else so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get something else so from a
+computational point of view you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational point of view you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational point of view you're done
+for this computation of C you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this computation of C you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this computation of C you have to do
+nothing else you just replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else you just replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else you just replace this
+matrix with this general matrix and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with this general matrix and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with this general matrix and if
+you want to now compute F so W you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to now compute F so W you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to now compute F so W you
+cannot compute anymore because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot compute anymore because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot compute anymore because you don't
+know what an X by itself but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what an X by itself but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what an X by itself but if you want
+to compute f of X you can because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f of X you can because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f of X you can because you
+just took plug in so you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took plug in so you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took plug in so you know how to
+compute the C and you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the C and you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the C and you know how to
+compute this quantity because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this quantity because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this quantity because you have
+just to put the kernel there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put the kernel there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put the kernel there so the
+magic here is that you never add a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here is that you never add a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here is that you never add a point
+X in isolation your reserved point X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in isolation your reserved point X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in isolation your reserved point X
+multiplied by another point X and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by another point X and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by another point X and these
+allow you to replace vectors by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to replace vectors by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to replace vectors by
+ompletely in some sense this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ompletely in some sense this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ompletely in some sense this is an
+implicit remapping of the points by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit remapping of the points by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit remapping of the points by just
+redefining the inner product so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the inner product so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the inner product so what you
+should see for now is just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see for now is just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see for now is just that the
+computation that you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you've done
+to compute f of X in the linear case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f of X in the linear case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute f of X in the linear case you
+can redo if you replace the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can redo if you replace the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can redo if you replace the inner
+product with this new function because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with this new function because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with this new function because a
+you can compute C by just using this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute C by just using this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute C by just using this new
+matrix in place of this and B you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in place of this and B you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in place of this and B you can
+replace f of X because all you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace f of X because all you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace f of X because all you need is
+to replace this inner product with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace this inner product with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace this inner product with this
+one and put the right weights which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and put the right weights which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and put the right weights which you
+know how to compute from a modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute from a modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to compute from a modeling
+perspective what you can check is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what you can check is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective what you can check is that
+for example if you choose here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you choose here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you choose here this
+polynomial kernel which is just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial kernel which is just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial kernel which is just X
+transpose X prime plus one elevated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X prime plus one elevated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X prime plus one elevated to
+the D if you take for example D equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D if you take for example D equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D if you take for example D equal to
+this is equivalent to the mapping I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to the mapping I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to the mapping I show
+you before the one with explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before the one with explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before the one with explicit
+monomials as entries okay this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials as entries okay this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials as entries okay this is just
+doing it implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it implicitly
+if you're in low dimension if you're low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in low dimension if you're low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in low dimension if you're low
+dimension if the N is very big and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if the N is very big and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if the N is very big and the
+dimension are very small the first way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension are very small the first way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension are very small the first way
+might be better but if n is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better but if n is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better but if n is much bigger
+this way would be better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way would be better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way would be better okay
+but also you can use stuff like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you can use stuff like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you can use stuff like this
+like a Gaussian kernel and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Gaussian kernel and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Gaussian kernel and in that case
+you cannot really write down explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really write down explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot really write down explicitly
+the explicit map because it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit map because it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit map because it turns out
+that it's infinite dimensional the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's infinite dimensional the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's infinite dimensional the
+vectors you would need to write down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you would need to write down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you would need to write down to
+write down the explicit variable version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the explicit variable version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the explicit variable version
+of you know embedding version of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know embedding version of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know embedding version of this is
+infinite dimension okay so this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimension okay so this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimension okay so this is if
+you use this you get a truly non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this you get a truly non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this you get a truly non
+parametric model if you think of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model if you think of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model if you think of what is
+the effect of using this it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of using this it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of using this it's quite
+clear if you plug them here because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if you plug them here because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if you plug them here because what
+you have is that in one case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is that in one case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is that in one case you have a
+superposition of linear stuff a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of linear stuff a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of linear stuff a
+superposition of polynomial stuff / or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of polynomial stuff / or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of polynomial stuff / or a
+superposition of gaussians so so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of gaussians so so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of gaussians so so same
+game is before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so same data set we train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same data set we train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same data set we train
+I take kernel squares okay which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take kernel squares okay which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take kernel squares okay which is what
+I just show you compute the C inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just show you compute the C inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just show you compute the C inverting
+that matrix here's the Gaussian kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix here's the Gaussian kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix here's the Gaussian kernel
+the last of the example and then compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last of the example and then compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last of the example and then compute
+f of X and then we just want to plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the para the algorithm depends on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the para the algorithm depends on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the para the algorithm depends on two
+parameters what are they lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters what are they lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters what are they lambda the
+regularization parameter the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization parameter the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization parameter the one that
+appeared already in the linear case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared already in the linear case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared already in the linear case and
+then exactly whatever whatever parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exactly whatever whatever parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exactly whatever whatever parameter
+is there is in your kernel in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is in your kernel in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is in your kernel in this case
+is the Gaussian so it will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Gaussian so it will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Gaussian so it will depend on
+this width okay now suppose that I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width okay now suppose that I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width okay now suppose that I take
+gamma big I don't know what big is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma big I don't know what big is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma big I don't know what big is okay
+I just do it by hand here so we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just do it by hand here so we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just do it by hand here so we see what
+happens okay if you take gamma sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay if you take gamma sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay if you take gamma sorry
+gamma sigma big you start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma sigma big you start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma sigma big you start to get
+something very simple okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple okay
+and if I make it a bit bigger you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I make it a bit bigger you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I make it a bit bigger you will
+probably start to look very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start to look very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start to look very much like a
+linear solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if they make it small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they make it small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if they make it small
+look and again I don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and again I don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and again I don't know what's
+Mallya so I'm just going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you start to see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you start to see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you start to see what's going on
+okay and if you're going between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're going between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're going between you
+really start to see that you can circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to see that you can circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to see that you can circle
+out individual examples okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out individual examples okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out individual examples okay so let's
+think a second what we're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a second what we're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a second what we're doing here
+okay this is gonna be again another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is gonna be again another hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is gonna be again another hand
+waving explanation look at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving explanation look at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving explanation look at this equation
+let's read out what it says okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's read out what it says okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's read out what it says okay in the
+case of gaussians it says I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of gaussians it says I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of gaussians it says I take a
+Gaussian usual Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian usual Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian usual Gaussian
+I center it over a training set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I center it over a training set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I center it over a training set point
+then by choosing this CI I'm choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by choosing this CI I'm choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by choosing this CI I'm choosing
+whether is going to be a peak or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is going to be a peak or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is going to be a peak or a
+valley okay I can go up or it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley okay I can go up or it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley okay I can go up or it can go
+down in the two dimensional case and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the two dimensional case and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the two dimensional case and by
+choosing the width I decide how large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the width I decide how large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the width I decide how large is
+gonna be if I do f of X then I sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be if I do f of X then I sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be if I do f of X then I sum up
+all this stuff which basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff which basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff which basically means
+that I'm gonna have this Val these peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna have this Val these peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna have this Val these peaks
+and these valleys and I connect them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these valleys and I connect them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these valleys and I connect them in
+some way okay now you remember before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way okay now you remember before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way okay now you remember before
+that I pointed out within the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pointed out within the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I pointed out within the two
+dimensional case what we draw is not f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case what we draw is not f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case what we draw is not f
+of X but f of X equal to zero so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but f of X equal to zero so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but f of X equal to zero so what
+you should really think is that f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really think is that f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really think is that f of X
+in this case is no longer is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is no longer is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is no longer is no longer
+an upper plane but it's this surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper plane but it's this surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper plane but it's this surface it
+goes up and it goes down and it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it goes down and it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it goes down and it goes up
+and it goes down so in the blue part it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes down so in the blue part it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes down so in the blue part it
+goes up and in the orange part it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and in the orange part it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and in the orange part it goes
+down it's valid okay so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's valid okay so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's valid okay so what you do is
+that right now you're taking the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now you're taking the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now you're taking the all
+these small gaussians and you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small gaussians and you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small gaussians and you put them
+in around blue an orange point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around blue an orange point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around blue an orange point and then
+you connect their peaks and by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect their peaks and by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect their peaks and by making
+them small you allow them to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them small you allow them to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them small you allow them to create a
+very complicated surface okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're small they're getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're small they're getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're small they're getting smaller
+and smaller and smaller okay and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller okay and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller okay and they go
+out and you see the there is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you see the there is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you see the there is a point
+here so they circle it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so they circle it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so they circle it out here
+okay by putting basically Gaussian right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by putting basically Gaussian right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by putting basically Gaussian right
+there for that individual point imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that individual point imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that individual point imagine
+what happens if my points I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if my points I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if my points I have two
+points here and two points here and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here and two points here and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here and two points here and now
+I put a huge Gaussian around each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a huge Gaussian around each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a huge Gaussian around each point
+basically the peaks are almost gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the peaks are almost gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the peaks are almost gonna
+touch each other okay so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each other okay so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each other okay so what you
+imagine is that you get something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that you get something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that you get something where
+basically the decision boundary has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the decision boundary has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the decision boundary has to
+look like a line because you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a line because you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a line because you get
+something which is so smooth it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is so smooth it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is so smooth it doesn't
+go up and down all the time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down all the time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down all the time and that's
+what we saw before right and again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw before right and again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw before right and again I
+don't remember what I put here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what I put here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what I put here so this
+is start to look good so you really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start to look good so you really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start to look good so you really see
+that somewhat something nice happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somewhat something nice happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somewhat something nice happens
+maybe five is what we put before maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically what you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what you're basically
+doing is that you're computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is that you're computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is that you're computing the
+center of mass of one class as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of one class as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of one class as a
+community in the sense of the gaussians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in the sense of the gaussians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in the sense of the gaussians
+so you're doing a gaussian mixer on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're doing a gaussian mixer on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're doing a gaussian mixer on one
+side because the mixer on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because the mixer on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because the mixer on the other side
+your basic computer center of masses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic computer center of masses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic computer center of masses and
+then you just find the line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just find the line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just find the line that
+separate the center of masses that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the center of masses that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the center of masses that's
+right in here and you just find this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here and you just find this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here and you just find this one
+big line here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big line here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big line here okay
+so again so we're not playing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so we're not playing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so we're not playing around
+with the number of points okay we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of points okay we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of points okay we're not
+play around with lambda but because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with lambda but because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with lambda but because this
+is basically what we already saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically what we already saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically what we already saw before
+all I want to show you right now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to show you right now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to show you right now is the
+effect of the kernel and here I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the kernel and here I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the kernel and here I'm using
+the the Gaussian kernel but let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Gaussian kernel but let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Gaussian kernel but let's see
+but you can also use the linear kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use the linear kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use the linear kernel
+okay if you this is the linear kernel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you this is the linear kernel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you this is the linear kernel is
+just use a linear least-squares if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a linear least-squares if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a linear least-squares if you
+now use the Gaussian kernel you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use the Gaussian kernel you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use the Gaussian kernel you give
+yourself the extra possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the extra possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself the extra possibility
+essentially what you see is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you see is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you see is that if you
+put the gun which is very big in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the gun which is very big in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the gun which is very big in some
+sense you get back the linear kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you get back the linear kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you get back the linear kernel
+okay but if you put the Gaussian which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you put the Gaussian which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you put the Gaussian which
+is very small you allow yourself to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you allow yourself to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you allow yourself to this
+extra complexity and so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra complexity and so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra complexity and so that's what we
+gain with this little trick that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain with this little trick that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain with this little trick that we did
+of replacing the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this new kernel okay we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new kernel okay we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new kernel okay we went from
+this simple linear estimator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple linear estimator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple linear estimator to
+something which is it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is it's the same thing
+if you wanted we did by building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted we did by building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted we did by building
+explicitly these monomials of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly these monomials of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly these monomials of higher
+power but here you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but here you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but here you're doing it
+implicitly and it turns out that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly and it turns out that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly and it turns out that is
+actually there is no explicit version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is no explicit version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is no explicit version
+that you can do you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do you can do it
+mathematically but the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically but the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically but the feature
+representation the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the variable
+representation of this kernel will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this kernel will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this kernel will be an
+infinitely long vector the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long vector the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long vector the space of
+function that is billed as a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is billed as a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is billed as a combination
+of gaussians is not finite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gaussians is not finite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gaussians is not finite dimensional
+for polynomials you can check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polynomials you can check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polynomials you can check that the
+space of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of function
+it basically convenient is a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically convenient is a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically convenient is a polynomial
+in D okay if I ask you how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D okay if I ask you how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D okay if I ask you how big is the
+function space that you can build using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space that you can build using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space that you can build using
+this well this is easy it's just D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is easy it's just D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is easy it's just D
+dimensional okay with this well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional okay with this well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional okay with this well this is
+a bit more complicated but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated but you can
+compute for this is not easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for this is not easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for this is not easy to compute
+because it's infinite okay so this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's infinite okay so this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's infinite okay so this in
+sometimes is a parametric is a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a parametric is a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a parametric is a non
+parametric model what does it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model what does it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric model what does it mean that
+of course you still have a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you still have a finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you still have a finite number
+of parameters in practice and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters in practice and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters in practice and that's the
+good news but there is no fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news but there is no fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news but there is no fixed number
+of parameters a priori if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters a priori if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters a priori if I give you a
+hundred points you get a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred points you get a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred points you get a hundred
+parameters if I give you two million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if I give you two million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if I give you two million
+points you get two million parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get two million parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get two million parameters
+give you five million points get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you five million points get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you five million points get five
+million parameters but you never eat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million parameters but you never eat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million parameters but you never eat you
+know a boundary of complexity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a boundary of complexity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a boundary of complexity because
+this is in some sense as an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in some sense as an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in some sense as an infinite
+dimensional parameter space okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional parameter space okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional parameter space okay so
+of course I see that here there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I see that here there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I see that here there are some
+of the part that I'm explaining are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part that I'm explaining are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part that I'm explaining are
+complicated especially if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated especially if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated especially if this is the
+first time you see them okay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you see them okay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you see them okay but the
+take-home message should be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message should be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message should be essentially
+from these squares I can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these squares I can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these squares I can understand
+what's going on from a numerical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from a numerical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on from a numerical point
+of view and bridge numerix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and bridge numerix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and bridge numerix and
+statistics then by just simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics then by just simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics then by just simple linear
+algebra I can understand the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra I can understand the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra I can understand the complexity
+how I can get complexity which is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I can get complexity which is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I can get complexity which is linear
+in the number of dimension or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of dimension or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of dimension or in the
+number of points and then by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and then by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and then by following
+up I can do a kind of a blue magic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I can do a kind of a blue magic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I can do a kind of a blue magic and
+go from the linear model to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the linear model to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from the linear model to something
+nonlinear the deep reason why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear the deep reason why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear the deep reason why this is
+possible are complicated but as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible are complicated but as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible are complicated but as a
+take-home message a the computation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message a the computation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message a the computation you
+can check is it remain the same B you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check is it remain the same B you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check is it remain the same B you
+can check that what you're doing is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that what you're doing is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that what you're doing is now
+allow yourself to take a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow yourself to take a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow yourself to take a more
+complicated model with combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated model with combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated model with combination of
+the kernel functions and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel functions and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel functions and then you know
+even just by playing with this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just by playing with this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just by playing with this simple
+demos you can understand a bit what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos you can understand a bit what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos you can understand a bit what is
+the effect and that's kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect and that's kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect and that's kind of what you
+intuitively would expect so I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively would expect so I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively would expect so I hope that
+it would get you close enough to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get you close enough to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get you close enough to have
+some awareness when you use this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some awareness when you use this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some awareness when you use this okay
+and of course you can put when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can put when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can put when you
+abstract from the specificity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from the specificity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from the specificity of this
+algorithm you build an algorithm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you build an algorithm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you build an algorithm with
+one or two parameters lambda and Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two parameters lambda and Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two parameters lambda and Sigma
+and so as soon as you ask me how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as soon as you ask me how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as soon as you ask me how you
+choose those while we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose those while we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose those while we go back to the
+first part of the lecture bias-variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the lecture bias-variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the lecture bias-variance
+tradeoff cross-validation so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff cross-validation so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff cross-validation so on and so
+forth okay you just have to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay you just have to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay you just have to put them
+together there is a lot of stuff i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there is a lot of stuff i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there is a lot of stuff i've
+not talked about and it's like a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talked about and it's like a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talked about and it's like a step
+away from what we discussed so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from what we discussed so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from what we discussed so you just
+seen the kind of take-home message part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the kind of take-home message part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the kind of take-home message part
+but we could talk about reproducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could talk about reproducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could talk about reproducing
+kernel Hilbert spaces the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel Hilbert spaces the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel Hilbert spaces the functional
+analysis behind everything I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis behind everything I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis behind everything I said you
+can talk about Gaussian processes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about Gaussian processes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about Gaussian processes which
+is basically the probabilistic version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the probabilistic version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the probabilistic version
+of what I just show you now then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I just show you now then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I just show you now then we can
+all see you know the connection with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see you know the connection with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see you know the connection with a
+bunch of math like heating integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of math like heating integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of math like heating integral
+equations and PD is there is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and PD is there is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and PD is there is a whole
+connection with the sampling theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the sampling theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with the sampling theory
+Allah Shannon inverse problems and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah Shannon inverse problems and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah Shannon inverse problems and so on
+and there is a bunch of extension which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a bunch of extension which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a bunch of extension which
+are almost for free you change the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost for free you change the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost for free you change the loss
+function you can make it logistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can make it logistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can make it logistic and
+you take kernel logistic regression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kernel logistic regression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kernel logistic regression you
+can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+svm and you get Colonel SVM then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svm and you get Colonel SVM then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svm and you get Colonel SVM then you can
+also take more complicated output spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take more complicated output spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take more complicated output spaces
+and you can do multi class multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do multi class multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do multi class multivariate
+regression you can do regression you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you can do regression you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you can do regression you can
+do multi label and you can do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do multi label and you can do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do multi label and you can do a bunch of
+different things and these are really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and these are really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and these are really a
+step away okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away okay
+these are minor modification of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are minor modification of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are minor modification of the code
+and you can do a bunch of stuff so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a bunch of stuff so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a bunch of stuff so the
+good thing of this is that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing of this is that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing of this is that we really
+really really mind our effort you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really mind our effort you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really mind our effort you can
+actually solve a bunch of problems I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve a bunch of problems I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve a bunch of problems I'm
+not saying this is gonna be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying this is gonna be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying this is gonna be the best
+algorithm ever but definitely you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm ever but definitely you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm ever but definitely you get
+you you know quite far so again we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know quite far so again we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know quite far so again we spend
+quite a bit of time thinking about bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time thinking about bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time thinking about bias
+variance and what it means and use least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and what it means and use least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and what it means and use least
+squares and just basically warming up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and just basically warming up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and just basically warming up a
+bit with this setting and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with this setting and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with this setting and then in the
+last hour or so we discuss least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour or so we discuss least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour or so we discuss least squares
+because it allows you just think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you just think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you just think in
+terms of linear algebra which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of linear algebra which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of linear algebra which is
+something that one way or another you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that one way or another you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that one way or another you've
+seen in your life and then from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in your life and then from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in your life and then from there
+you can go from linear to nonlinear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from linear to nonlinear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from linear to nonlinear okay
+and that's a bit of magic but a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a bit of magic but a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a bit of magic but a couple
+of parts which are how you use it both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts which are how you use it both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts which are how you use it both
+numerically and just from a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and just from a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and just from a practical
+perspective to go from complex model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to go from complex model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to go from complex model to
+simple models and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and vice versa
+should be you know is the part that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know is the part that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know is the part that I
+hope you you keep in your mind for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you you keep in your mind for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you you keep in your mind for now
+our concern has just been to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concern has just been to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concern has just been to make
+predictions if you give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions if you give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions if you give your
+classification you want to have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification you want to have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification you want to have good
+classification give your regression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification give your regression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification give your regression you
+want to do good regression but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do good regression but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do good regression but you
+didn't talk about we didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about we didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about we didn't talk about
+understanding how did you do good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how did you do good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how did you do good
+regression so a typical example is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so a typical example is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression so a typical example is the
+is the example in biology this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the example in biology this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the example in biology this is
+perhaps a bit old this microarrays but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a bit old this microarrays but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a bit old this microarrays but
+the idea is the datasets you have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the datasets you have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the datasets you have is a
+bunch of patients okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of patients okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of patients okay
+for each patients you have measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each patients you have measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each patients you have measurements
+and the measurements correspond to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurements correspond to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measurements correspond to some
+gene expression level or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression level or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression level or some other
+biological process okay the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process okay the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process okay the patients are
+divided in tube groups say disease type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in tube groups say disease type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in tube groups say disease type
+A and disease type B and based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and disease type B and based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and disease type B and based on the
+good prediction of whether a patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction of whether a patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction of whether a patient is
+this type A or B you can change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type A or B you can change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type A or B you can change the way
+you cure it okay or you address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cure it okay or you address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cure it okay or you address the
+disease so of course you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so of course you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so of course you want to have a
+good prediction you want to be able when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction you want to be able when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction you want to be able when
+a new patients arrived to say whether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new patients arrived to say whether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new patients arrived to say whether is
+going to disease tape a or type A or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disease tape a or type A or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disease tape a or type A or
+type B but oftentimes what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type B but oftentimes what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type B but oftentimes what you want to
+do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that
+want to use this not as the final tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this not as the final tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this not as the final tool
+because unless deep-learning us of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unless deep-learning us of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unless deep-learning us of this
+you might go back and and study a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go back and and study a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go back and and study a bit
+more the biological process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the biological process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the biological process to
+understand a bit more so you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a bit more so you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a bit more so you use this
+statistic this has more statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic this has more statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic this has more statistical
+tools like you know measurements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like you know measurements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like you know measurements like
+the way you can use a microscope or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can use a microscope or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can use a microscope or
+something to look into your data and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to look into your data and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to look into your data and get
+information and in that sense sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in that sense sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in that sense sometimes
+is interesting too instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting too instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting too instead of just
+saying is this patients going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is this patients going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is this patients going to be more
+likely to be disease type A or B is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be disease type A or B is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be disease type A or B is to
+cornea and say ah but when you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea and say ah but when you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea and say ah but when you make the
+prediction what are the process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction what are the process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction what are the process that
+matters for this prediction is this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for this prediction is this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for this prediction is this gene
+number 33 or 34 so that I can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 33 or 34 so that I can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 33 or 34 so that I can go in and
+say oh these genes make sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh these genes make sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh these genes make sense because
+they're in fact related to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in fact related to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in fact related to this other
+process which are not to be related you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which are not to be related you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which are not to be related you
+know involved in this disease okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know involved in this disease okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know involved in this disease okay and
+doing that you use just as a little tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you use just as a little tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you use just as a little tool
+then you use the other one to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use the other one to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use the other one to get a
+picture and then you put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then you put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and then you put them together
+and then is mostly on the doctor or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is mostly on the doctor or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is mostly on the doctor or the
+clinician or the biostatistician to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician or the biostatistician to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician or the biostatistician to try
+to develop a better understanding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a better understanding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a better understanding but
+you do use these as tools to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do use these as tools to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do use these as tools to understand
+and look into the data okay and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look into the data okay and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look into the data okay and in that
+perspective the word interpretability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the word interpretability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the word interpretability
+plays a big role and here been through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a big role and here been through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a big role and here been through
+probability I mean I not only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I mean I not only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I mean I not only want to
+make predictions but I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions but I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions but I want to know how
+I make predictions and tell you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make predictions and tell you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make predictions and tell you come
+afterwards with an explanation of how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards with an explanation of how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards with an explanation of how I
+pick the information that were contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the information that were contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the information that were contained
+in my date okay so so far it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my date okay so so far it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my date okay so so far it's kind of
+hard to see how to do it with the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see how to do it with the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see how to do it with the tools
+we had so this is basically the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so this is basically the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so this is basically the field
+the field of variable selection okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of variable selection okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of variable selection okay and
+in this basic form the setting where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basic form the setting where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basic form the setting where we
+do understand what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do understand what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do understand what's going on in the
+setting of linear models so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of linear models so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of linear models so in this
+setting basically which I just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting basically which I just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting basically which I just rewrite
+what we've seen before you have X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen before you have X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen before you have X is a
+vector and you can think of it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you can think of it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you can think of it for
+example as a patient okay and XJ are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a patient okay and XJ are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a patient okay and XJ are
+measurements that you've done describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you've done describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you've done describing
+this patient when you do a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient when you do a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient when you do a linear model
+you basically have that by putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have that by putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have that by putting a
+weight on each variables you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on each variables you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on each variables you're making
+you're putting a weight on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting a weight on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting a weight on each
+measurement okay if a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay if a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement okay if a measurement
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+you think you might put here a 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you might put here a 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you might put here a 0 and
+will disappear from the Sun if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear from the Sun if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear from the Sun if
+measurement matters a lot then here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement matters a lot then here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement matters a lot then here you
+may get a big weight so one way to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get a big weight so one way to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get a big weight so one way to try
+to get the feeling of which measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the feeling of which measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the feeling of which measurements
+are important which are not and to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important which are not and to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important which are not and to try
+to estimate a model a linear model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate a model a linear model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate a model a linear model where
+you get the W but ideally we like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the W but ideally we like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the W but ideally we like to get
+the W which has many zeros you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W which has many zeros you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W which has many zeros you don't
+want to fumble with what's small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fumble with what's small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fumble with what's small and
+what's not so if you do least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not so if you do least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not so if you do least squares
+the way I show you before you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I show you before you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I show you before you would get
+a W then it will get most of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a W then it will get most of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a W then it will get most of them you
+can see check that will not be zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see check that will not be zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see check that will not be zero in
+fact none of them will be zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact none of them will be zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact none of them will be zero in
+general and so now you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so now you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so now you have to decide
+what's small and what's big and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small and what's big and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small and what's big and that
+might not be easy okay oops what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be easy okay oops what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be easy okay oops what
+happened here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so funny enough this is the name I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny enough this is the name I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny enough this is the name I found
+on how I remember the name of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how I remember the name of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how I remember the name of the book
+is the name that was used to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the name that was used to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the name that was used to describe
+the process of variable selection which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of variable selection which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of variable selection which
+is a much harder problem because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much harder problem because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much harder problem because you
+don't want to make prediction but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make prediction but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to make prediction but you
+want to go back and check how you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back and check how you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back and check how you you
+make the prediction and so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the prediction and so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the prediction and so it's it's
+very easy to start to get you know over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to start to get you know over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to start to get you know over
+50 and starts to try to squeeze the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and starts to try to squeeze the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and starts to try to squeeze the data
+and tell you get some information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you get some information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you get some information so
+it's good to have a procedure that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to have a procedure that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to have a procedure that will
+give you somewhat a clean procedure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you somewhat a clean procedure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you somewhat a clean procedure to
+extract the important variables again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the important variables again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the important variables again
+you can think of this basically I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this basically I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this basically I want
+to build an F but I also want to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build an F but I also want to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build an F but I also want to come up
+with the list or even better weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the list or even better weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the list or even better weights
+that tell me which variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell me which variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell me which variables are
+important and hopefully it will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hopefully it will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hopefully it will be just
+a list which is much smaller than D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list which is much smaller than D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list which is much smaller than D so
+that I can go back and say Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can go back and say Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can go back and say Oh
+measurement 33 34 and 50 what are they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement 33 34 and 50 what are they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement 33 34 and 50 what are they I
+couldn't go in I'll look at it I notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go in I'll look at it I notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go in I'll look at it I notice
+that there is also a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is also a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is also a computational
+reason why this would be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this would be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this would be interesting
+because of course if D here is 50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if D here is 50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course if D here is 50,000
+and what I see is that in fact I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see is that in fact I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see is that in fact I can
+throw away most of these measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away most of these measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away most of these measurements
+and just keep ten then it means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just keep ten then it means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just keep ten then it means that I
+can hopefully reduce the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hopefully reduce the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hopefully reduce the complexity of
+my computation but also the storage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computation but also the storage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computation but also the storage of
+the data for example if they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for example if they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for example if they have to
+send you the data sets after than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you the data sets after than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you the data sets after than this
+thing I just to send you these teeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just to send you these teeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just to send you these teeny
+tiny matrix okay so interpret ility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny matrix okay so interpret ility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny matrix okay so interpret ility is
+one reason but computational aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason but computational aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason but computational aspects
+would be another one okay another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another one okay another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another one okay another reason
+that I wanted to want to talk too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to want to talk too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to want to talk too much
+is also remember that we had this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also remember that we had this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also remember that we had this idea
+where we said we could document the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we said we could document the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we said we could document the
+complexity of a model by inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a model by inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a model by inventing
+features and he said do I always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and he said do I always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and he said do I always have to
+pay the price of like making it big well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the price of like making it big well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the price of like making it big well
+I basically if you want I was pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically if you want I was pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically if you want I was pointing
+at I said no not always because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I said no not always because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I said no not always because I was
+thinking of kernels this if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of kernels this if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of kernels this if you want
+give you another way potential to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another way potential to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another way potential to go
+around it in which what you do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it in which what you do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it in which what you do is that
+first of all you explode the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you explode the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you explode the number of
+features you take many many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you take many many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you take many many many many
+and then you use this is a preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use this is a preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use this is a preliminary
+step to you know shrink them down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to you know shrink them down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to you know shrink them down to a
+more reasonable number because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable number because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable number because it's
+quite likely there among these many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely there among these many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely there among these many many
+measurements some of them will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements some of them will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements some of them will just be
+very correlator or an interesting or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very correlator or an interesting or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very correlator or an interesting or so
+on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth
+okay so this kind of dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of dimensionality
+reduction or computational or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or computational or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction or computational or
+interpretive model perspective is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive model perspective is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive model perspective is what
+stands behind the desire to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands behind the desire to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands behind the desire to do something
+like this okay so let's say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so let's say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so let's say one more
+thing and then we stop so suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then we stop so suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then we stop so suppose that
+you have infinite computational power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite computational power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have infinite computational power
+okay so the computation are not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the computation are not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the computation are not your
+concern and you want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern and you want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern and you want to solve this
+problem how will you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that you have the code for least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have the code for least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have the code for least
+squares okay and you can write as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay and you can write as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay and you can write as many
+times as you want how will you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you want how will you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as you want how will you go and
+try to estimate which variables are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to estimate which variables are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to estimate which variables are more
+important that's one possibility okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's one possibility okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that's one possibility okay
+what you do is that you have you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is that you have you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is that you have you start
+and look at all single variables and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at all single variables and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at all single variables and you
+solve least squares for all single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve least squares for all single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve least squares for all single
+variables okay then you take all couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay then you take all couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay then you take all couples
+of variables then you get all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables then you get all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables then you get all three
+plots of variables and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots of variables and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots of variables and then you find
+which one is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is best
+okay from a statistical point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from a statistical point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from a statistical point of view
+there is absolutely nothing wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is absolutely nothing wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is absolutely nothing wrong with
+this because you're trying everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you're trying everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you're trying everything
+and at some point you find what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point you find what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point you find what's the
+best the problem is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the problem is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the problem is that it's
+combinatorial and you see that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial and you see that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial and you see that you know
+when you're in dimension few more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in dimension few more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in dimension few more than
+very few it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few it's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few it's huge
+okay so it's it's exponential so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it's exponential so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it's exponential so it
+turns out that doing what you just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doing what you just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doing what you just told
+me to do which is what I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do which is what I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do which is what I asked you to
+told me to do which is this brute force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me to do which is this brute force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me to do which is this brute force
+approach is equivalent to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is equivalent to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is equivalent to do something
+like this is again approach here I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is again approach here I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is again approach here I put
+what is called a zero norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called a zero norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called a zero norm
+okay the zero norm is actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the zero norm is actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the zero norm is actually not a
+norm and it's just a functional it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and it's just a functional it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and it's just a functional it's
+it's a thing that does the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that does the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that does the following
+thing if I give you a vector you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if I give you a vector you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if I give you a vector you return
+the number of components different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of components different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of components different from
+zero only that okay so you go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only that okay so you go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only that okay so you go inside
+look at each entry and it'll are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each entry and it'll are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each entry and it'll are
+different from zero this is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero this is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero this is absolutely
+not convex okay and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not convex okay and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not convex okay and so this is the
+reason why this problem is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this problem is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this problem is equivalent
+you know it becomes a computation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it becomes a computation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it becomes a computation not
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+so perhaps we can stop here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps we can stop here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps we can stop here and what
+they want to show you next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to show you next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to show you next is
+essentially if you have this okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you have this okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you have this okay and
+you know that in some sense what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that in some sense what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that in some sense what you
+would like to do if you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do if you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do if you could do it
+computationally but you cannot so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally but you cannot so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally but you cannot so how
+can you find approximate version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you find approximate version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you find approximate version of this
+that you can compute in practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute in practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute in practice and
+we're going to discuss two ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss two ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss two ways of doing
+one is greedy methods and one is convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is greedy methods and one is convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is greedy methods and one is convex
+relaxations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g4Ype5QTf4s.txt b/g4Ype5QTf4s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a9f7d74abc63967f248918f55762396e991f632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g4Ype5QTf4s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12901 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+welcome to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the second
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just as with the rna analyses we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as with the rna analyses we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as with the rna analyses we started
+with in that case with a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in that case with a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in that case with a brief
+discussion of rna structure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of rna structure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of rna structure and then
+moved on to rna quantitation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to rna quantitation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to rna quantitation in this
+case we spent a bit more time on protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we spent a bit more time on protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we spent a bit more time on protein
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and we'll spend a little less time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll spend a little less time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll spend a little less time on
+protein quantitation which will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quantitation which will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quantitation which will be the
+main topic today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic today
+but partly because the arnot the rna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but partly because the arnot the rna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but partly because the arnot the rna and
+proofing quantification have many themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofing quantification have many themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofing quantification have many themes
+in common so we've covered some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common so we've covered some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common so we've covered some of those
+and we'll talk about how one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about how one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about how one can
+integrate protein quantitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate protein quantitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate protein quantitation
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+with with rna quantitation and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with rna quantitation and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with rna quantitation and with
+and with metabolism so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with metabolism so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with metabolism so last time we
+talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh
+mainly with structure and interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly with structure and interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly with structure and interaction of
+proteins with small molecules at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with small molecules at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with small molecules at the
+structural level and this time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural level and this time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural level and this time we'll
+we'll be building up towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be building up towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be building up towards
+the quantitative proteins in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative proteins in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative proteins in their
+interactions with with uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with with uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with with uh other
+proteins and small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and small molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and small molecules
+so that we can address that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can address that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can address that uh
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step
+towards uh the network analysis will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh the network analysis will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh the network analysis will be
+the subject of the last three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of the last three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of the last three lectures
+of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course
+so we'll get a hint of that at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get a hint of that at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get a hint of that at the end
+of today's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+at the beginning of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the course
+had one slide talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one slide talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one slide talking about how
+purification was a revolution in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification was a revolution in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification was a revolution in many
+different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields
+it's one of them resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of them resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of them resulting in
+recombinant dna in the genome project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna in the genome project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna in the genome project
+and so on today we're going to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on today we're going to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on today we're going to talk more
+about purification standpoint from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about purification standpoint from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about purification standpoint from what
+does it tell us about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it tell us about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it tell us about the properties of
+the molecule itself as a as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule itself as a as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule itself as a as opposed to
+just purifying for its own sake how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just purifying for its own sake how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just purifying for its own sake how can
+we go in and data mine and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go in and data mine and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go in and data mine and get the
+maximum value out of purification the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value out of purification the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value out of purification the
+sort of things that we expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things that we expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things that we expect from
+purification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification
+is to reduce some source of noise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce some source of noise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce some source of noise that
+is to say in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say in the process of
+identification or quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification or quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification or quantum
+quantitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation
+of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins
+or their components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their components
+we want to remove uh sources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to remove uh sources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to remove uh sources of the
+major source of noise would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major source of noise would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major source of noise would be
+environmental contamination or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental contamination or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental contamination or more
+often contamination with other bona fide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often contamination with other bona fide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often contamination with other bona fide
+members of a mixture other proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of a mixture other proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of a mixture other proteins that
+may be very abundant or breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very abundant or breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very abundant or breakdown
+products or related products and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or related products and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or related products and we want
+to separate it into enough different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate it into enough different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate it into enough different
+components so that the major ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that the major ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that the major ones are
+off in their own little bin and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in their own little bin and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in their own little bin and don't
+interfere too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere too much
+so the second the second reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second the second reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second the second reason why
+why we might want to purify is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we might want to purify is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we might want to purify is to
+prepare materials for in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare materials for in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare materials for in vitro
+experiments we're studying networks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we're studying networks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we're studying networks in
+the next three classes we'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three classes we'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three classes we'll find that
+the real problem is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problem is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problem is that they're
+complicated enough that you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough that you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough that you need some
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isolating one network component from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating one network component from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating one network component from all
+the possible interactions and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible interactions and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible interactions and one way to
+do that is to purify that network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is to purify that network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is to purify that network
+component or a number of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or a number of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or a number of network
+components out and make a sub network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components out and make a sub network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components out and make a sub network
+completely artificially in vitro so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely artificially in vitro so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely artificially in vitro so
+that's another use of purification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another use of purification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another use of purification
+and finally and this is the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally and this is the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally and this is the the main
+theme for the next couple of slides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme for the next couple of slides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme for the next couple of slides is
+to discover biochemical properties about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover biochemical properties about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover biochemical properties about
+that component itself so what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that component itself so what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that component itself so what can you
+glean from the purification process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glean from the purification process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glean from the purification process and
+this requires careful use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requires careful use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requires careful use of
+purification now many of these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification now many of these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification now many of these methods
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+developed because they work well but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed because they work well but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed because they work well but now
+we go back and we look at which ones can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and we look at which ones can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and we look at which ones can
+give us information about the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us information about the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us information about the biology
+and the chemistry of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry of the system
+and so we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have uh
+it's the charge of a molecule which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the charge of a molecule which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the charge of a molecule which we
+talked about last time as being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time as being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time as being a very
+important long-range relatively long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important long-range relatively long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important long-range relatively long
+range interaction a one over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range interaction a one over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range interaction a one over r
+interaction and here uh two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and here uh two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and here uh two methods
+mentioned one involving electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one involving electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned one involving electric field
+isoelectric focusing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric focusing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric focusing which
+determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines
+the ph at which the charge is neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph at which the charge is neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph at which the charge is neutral
+and there's no net movement and ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no net movement and ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no net movement and ion
+exchange chromatography we have a mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange chromatography we have a mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange chromatography we have a mobile
+phase and a solid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and a solid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and a solid phase
+and uh and charge enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and charge enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and charge enters
+prominently into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominently into that
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+is something that will be a recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that will be a recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that will be a recurring
+theme tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme tonight
+where we'll be talking about the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll be talking about the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll be talking about the mass of
+protein complexes the mass of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein complexes the mass of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein complexes the mass of individual
+protein subunits and the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein subunits and the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein subunits and the mass of
+peptides cleaved out of those basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides cleaved out of those basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides cleaved out of those basic
+subunits and you can see there are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits and you can see there are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits and you can see there are quite
+a number of different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different methods
+sedimentation velocity will uh will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity will uh will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity will uh will be
+one that we will use uh gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we will use uh gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we will use uh gel
+electrophoresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis
+and uh and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on
+solubility and hydrophobicity all lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and hydrophobicity all lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and hydrophobicity all lump
+together here as uh properties kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here as uh properties kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here as uh properties kind of
+both properties of the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both properties of the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both properties of the amino acid
+composition of peptides and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of peptides and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of peptides and proteins
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+refer to the to their affinity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the to their affinity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the to their affinity for
+hydrophobic solid phases or hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic solid phases or hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic solid phases or hydrophobic
+mobile phases the solvents and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phases the solvents and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phases the solvents and so on
+these the biological significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the biological significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the biological significance of
+hydrophobicity might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity might be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinity for lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for lipid
+lipid bilayers or affinity for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid bilayers or affinity for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid bilayers or affinity for other
+hydrophobic patches and other proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic patches and other proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic patches and other proteins
+now we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have uh
+the size tells us something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size tells us something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size tells us something about the
+stoichiometry of protein protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry of protein protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry of protein protein
+interactions when we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions when we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions when we're looking at
+native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native
+measures of size of complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of size of complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of size of complexes
+and other indications of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other indications of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other indications of specific
+binding whether between proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding whether between proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding whether between proteins
+or protein in a small molecule can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or protein in a small molecule can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or protein in a small molecule can be
+detected by affinity chromatography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected by affinity chromatography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected by affinity chromatography or
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+related method is immune precipitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related method is immune precipitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related method is immune precipitation
+where you will uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will uh or
+where you'll have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll have one
+ligand like an antibody which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand like an antibody which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand like an antibody which is
+specific for a particular protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a particular protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a particular protein
+epitope and will pull down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitope and will pull down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitope and will pull down all the
+proteins that are associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are associated with that
+epitope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitope that
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+and then another sedimentation method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another sedimentation method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another sedimentation method
+now this the first sedimentation method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this the first sedimentation method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this the first sedimentation method
+was a velocity method a kinetic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a velocity method a kinetic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a velocity method a kinetic method
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+the largest particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest particles
+once you take into account buoyant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you take into account buoyant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you take into account buoyant
+density is all other things being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is all other things being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is all other things being equal
+largest particles will sediment most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest particles will sediment most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest particles will sediment most
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+if you set it up so that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set it up so that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set it up so that things are
+nearly equi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly equi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly equi
+buoyant and you build up a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyant and you build up a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyant and you build up a density
+gradient uh by centrifugal field then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh by centrifugal field then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh by centrifugal field then
+you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+particle separating by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle separating by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle separating by their
+properties which can include the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which can include the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which can include the binding
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+metal ions which greatly affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ions which greatly affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ions which greatly affect the
+density of nucleic acids for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of nucleic acids for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of nucleic acids for example and
+hence nucleic acid protein complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence nucleic acid protein complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence nucleic acid protein complexes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this is this is a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is a particularly
+awesome pair uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome pair uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome pair uh
+historically figures prominently into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically figures prominently into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically figures prominently into
+proteomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+still quite viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite viable
+and they illustrate some import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they illustrate some import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they illustrate some import
+important points when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points when we talk about the
+mass of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a native protein or a dna of a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a native protein or a dna of a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a native protein or a dna of a protein
+that's been denatured by a detergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been denatured by a detergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been denatured by a detergent
+micelle such as sodium dodecyl sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micelle such as sodium dodecyl sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micelle such as sodium dodecyl sulfate
+sds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's its mass can be resolved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its mass can be resolved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its mass can be resolved by
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+fairly potent uh polyacrylamide gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly potent uh polyacrylamide gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly potent uh polyacrylamide gel
+electrophoresis where you get sieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis where you get sieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis where you get sieving
+where the the gel causes sitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the gel causes sitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the gel causes sitting and
+this micelle of this detergent micelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this micelle of this detergent micelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this micelle of this detergent micelle
+size itself or the micelle is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size itself or the micelle is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size itself or the micelle is dependent
+upon the size of unfolded or partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the size of unfolded or partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the size of unfolded or partially
+full unfolded protein chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full unfolded protein chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full unfolded protein chain
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh you actually get fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calibratable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable
+uh plot of mass of the protein versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plot of mass of the protein versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plot of mass of the protein versus
+the mobility in an electric field when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility in an electric field when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility in an electric field when
+the protein embeds itself in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein embeds itself in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein embeds itself in this
+detergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+micelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micelle
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+observation this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation this of
+the the potent ability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the potent ability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the potent ability of this
+detergent to do nature proteins and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent to do nature proteins and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent to do nature proteins and then
+to resolve based on mass with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve based on mass with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve based on mass with the
+small exceptions of very hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small exceptions of very hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small exceptions of very hydrophobic
+proteins or very carbohydrate-rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or very carbohydrate-rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or very carbohydrate-rich
+proteins most other proteins will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins most other proteins will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins most other proteins will will
+have a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very nice
+calibratable relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable relationship
+similarly the charge on a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the charge on a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the charge on a protein
+approaches zero as its as the ph gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero as its as the ph gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero as its as the ph gets to
+the point where it's titrating out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it's titrating out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it's titrating out all
+the titratable groups and this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titratable groups and this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titratable groups and this can be
+calculated and the resolution of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and the resolution of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and the resolution of this is
+about one part and a hundred or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one part and a hundred or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one part and a hundred or better
+so both of these together are two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these together are two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these together are two very
+high resolution methods and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution methods and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution methods and you could
+think of trying to divide the you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of trying to divide the you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of trying to divide the you have a
+complex protein mixture you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex protein mixture you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex protein mixture you want to
+divide it up into a lot of separate bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up into a lot of separate bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up into a lot of separate bins
+maybe a hundred of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a hundred of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a hundred of each
+and if you combine two dimensions as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you combine two dimensions as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you combine two dimensions as you
+often do here where you'll run uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do here where you'll run uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do here where you'll run uh first
+isoelectric and then second the sds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric and then second the sds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectric and then second the sds
+dimension now you've got 100 bins in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now you've got 100 bins in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now you've got 100 bins in one
+dimension and each of those bands turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and each of those bands turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and each of those bands turns
+into 100 bins in the second dimension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 bins in the second dimension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 bins in the second dimension so
+theoretically you get on the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you get on the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you get on the order of 10
+to the fourth bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth bins
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if some of the contain things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of the contain things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of the contain things that you
+want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is
+some of the rare proteins you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rare proteins you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the rare proteins you want to
+analyze or in one of those bins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze or in one of those bins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze or in one of those bins you
+might have gotten as much as a 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten as much as a 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have gotten as much as a 10 to the
+fourth full enrichment for those rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth full enrichment for those rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth full enrichment for those rare
+proteins away from the more common ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins away from the more common ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins away from the more common ones
+which are all too easy to stumble upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all too easy to stumble upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all too easy to stumble upon
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+before we get to an actual example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to an actual example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to an actual example of a
+two-dimensional gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional gel
+i want to motivate this bot by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to motivate this bot by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to motivate this bot by the
+computational components to it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational components to it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational components to it and the
+computational biology that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology that you can get
+from these multi-dimensional separations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these multi-dimensional separations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these multi-dimensional separations
+and this comes from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from our
+uh recurring interest in comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recurring interest in comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recurring interest in comparing
+whenever we can calculate a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we can calculate a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we can calculate a property of
+a system or in this case a protein we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system or in this case a protein we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system or in this case a protein we do
+so and we compare it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we compare it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we compare it with the
+observations and the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and the properties
+uh some of the properties here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the properties here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the properties here are the
+localization in the cell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in the cell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in the cell which
+essentially is an association of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is an association of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is an association of the
+protein as it's made the post-synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as it's made the post-synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as it's made the post-synthetic
+modifications to the proteins such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the proteins such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the proteins such as
+proteolysis and phosphorylation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolysis and phosphorylation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolysis and phosphorylation and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+charged in its and its mass and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in its and its mass and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in its and its mass and here is
+shown a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a plot of
+calculated charge or isoelectric point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated charge or isoelectric point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated charge or isoelectric point
+um in ph units p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in ph units p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in ph units p
+p being negative logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p being negative logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p being negative logarithm of the
+hydrogen ion concentration so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion concentration so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ion concentration so it's
+calculated on the horizontal axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on the horizontal axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated on the horizontal axis and
+observed on the vertical axis and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed on the vertical axis and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed on the vertical axis and what
+we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing
+here is if there were perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if there were perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if there were perfect
+x equal y relationship here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal y relationship here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal y relationship here where
+calculated observed were the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated observed were the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated observed were the same then
+all the dots would lie on on this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dots would lie on on this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dots would lie on on this line
+and though the outliers originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though the outliers originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though the outliers originally
+initially they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they were
+such things as frame shifts in the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as frame shifts in the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as frame shifts in the dna
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+producing a wrong calculated protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a wrong calculated protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a wrong calculated protein
+once those were corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once those were corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once those were corrected
+then then there were observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there were observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then there were observed
+proteolytic cleavages which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolytic cleavages which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolytic cleavages which could be
+mapped down to the exact amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped down to the exact amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped down to the exact amino acid and
+then those corrected a few more onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those corrected a few more onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those corrected a few more onto the
+line and the remainders were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the remainders were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the remainders were other
+post-synthetic modifications such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-synthetic modifications such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-synthetic modifications such as
+phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+so here's a reason to embrace your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a reason to embrace your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a reason to embrace your
+outliers each one of these things is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers each one of these things is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers each one of these things is an
+exciting story where you either have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting story where you either have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting story where you either have a
+correction to a previous uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to a previous uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to a previous uh data
+type or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or a
+a new discovery of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new discovery of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new discovery of a
+postsynthetic modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynthetic modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsynthetic modification
+now how do we actually calculate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we actually calculate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we actually calculate all
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+protein properties some of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein properties some of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein properties some of these have
+biological significance which which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological significance which which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological significance which which we
+which we've listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've listed
+where it is in the cell obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is in the cell obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is in the cell obviously
+matters to us carrying out its function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to us carrying out its function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to us carrying out its function
+how how big it is determines what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how big it is determines what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how big it is determines what other
+proteins associated and so on so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins associated and so on so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins associated and so on so how do
+we calculate this the protein charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate this the protein charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate this the protein charge
+which was in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was in the previous slide
+is a simple linear function where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple linear function where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple linear function where you
+sum up the pkas of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the pkas of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the pkas of each of the
+individual amino acids now pka again p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amino acids now pka again p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual amino acids now pka again p
+means negative logarithm and the ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means negative logarithm and the ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means negative logarithm and the ka
+means just the equilibrium association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just the equilibrium association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just the equilibrium association
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+with each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of these
+chargeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargeable
+residues so depending on the ph uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues so depending on the ph uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues so depending on the ph uh there
+are a wide variety of nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a wide variety of nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a wide variety of nearly
+physiological phs where arginine lysines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological phs where arginine lysines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological phs where arginine lysines
+and histidines will positively charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and histidines will positively charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and histidines will positively charge
+the blues and the the red ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blues and the the red ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blues and the the red ones
+can be uh tyrosine cysteine especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh tyrosine cysteine especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh tyrosine cysteine especially
+aspartate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+can be negatively charged in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be negatively charged in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be negatively charged in the range
+of phs that we saw on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phs that we saw on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phs that we saw on the previous slide
+and so this is calculated as that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is calculated as that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is calculated as that simple
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+protein mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mass
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is calibratable with knowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calibratable with knowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calibratable with knowns
+even if you have a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have a very complex
+empirical relationship such as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relationship such as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relationship such as that
+detergent binding sds gel electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent binding sds gel electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detergent binding sds gel electricity
+sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very
+too many moving parts to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many moving parts to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many moving parts to be completely
+theoretical but if you calibrate it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but if you calibrate it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but if you calibrate it with
+good known uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good known uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good known uh
+proteins or protein complexes if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or protein complexes if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or protein complexes if you're
+doing a native uh electrophoresis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a native uh electrophoresis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a native uh electrophoresis or
+native sedimentation velocity then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native sedimentation velocity then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native sedimentation velocity then you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+then you can get a a curve where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get a a curve where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get a a curve where you can
+interpolate and find masses quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate and find masses quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate and find masses quite
+accurately or at least with serum about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately or at least with serum about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately or at least with serum about
+two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by mass spectrometry is commonly applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass spectrometry is commonly applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mass spectrometry is commonly applied
+to peptide masses sometimes whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to peptide masses sometimes whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to peptide masses sometimes whole
+protein masses and here this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein masses and here this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein masses and here this if the
+assuming the mass spectrometer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the mass spectrometer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the mass spectrometer is
+properly calibrated and so forth this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated and so forth this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated and so forth this is
+a simple isotope sum and this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple isotope sum and this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple isotope sum and this can be
+carried out sometimes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out sometimes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out sometimes to
+four or six significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or six significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or six significant figures
+and uh and it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it really is
+a simple sum of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple sum of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple sum of the of the
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+of the isotopes measured by physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the isotopes measured by physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the isotopes measured by physics and
+this can include postsynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can include postsynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can include postsynthetic
+modifications as you're getting down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications as you're getting down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications as you're getting down to
+peptides a postsynthetic modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides a postsynthetic modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides a postsynthetic modification
+becomes a much larger fractional effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a much larger fractional effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a much larger fractional effect
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh
+measures that you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that you're making
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+not only the mass but the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the mass but the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the mass but the liquid
+chromatography properties of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography properties of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography properties of either
+protein or peptide are can be calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or peptide are can be calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or peptide are can be calculated
+here you take amino acid composition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you take amino acid composition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you take amino acid composition and
+do linear regression on a calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear regression on a calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear regression on a calibration
+set and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a precision on the order of five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precision on the order of five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precision on the order of five percent
+or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better
+substituted localization we have motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted localization we have motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted localization we have motifs
+a particu sometimes hydrophobicity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particu sometimes hydrophobicity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particu sometimes hydrophobicity is a
+part of those motifs in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those motifs in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those motifs in their
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+expression would not be something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would not be something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would not be something you
+know we've seen the motifs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've seen the motifs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've seen the motifs that are
+involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+regulation transcription and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation transcription and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation transcription and so forth
+but kind of a shortcut that that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kind of a shortcut that that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kind of a shortcut that that might
+take you directly there uh in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you directly there uh in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you directly there uh in certain
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+is the codon adaptation index this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the codon adaptation index this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the codon adaptation index this is
+something that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that set
+where the hypothesis is that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hypothesis is that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hypothesis is that you can go
+directly from the nucleotide sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the nucleotide sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the nucleotide sequence of
+a protein coding region and if it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein coding region and if it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein coding region and if it uses
+codons that are very abundant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons that are very abundant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons that are very abundant that
+correspond to very abundant transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to very abundant transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to very abundant transfer
+rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas
+then that protein then that's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that protein then that's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that protein then that's saying
+that the evolutionary pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the evolutionary pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the evolutionary pressures
+producing that particular choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that particular choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that particular choice of
+codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons
+is revealing that that protein is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revealing that that protein is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revealing that that protein is going
+to be high abundance so in a way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high abundance so in a way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high abundance so in a way this is
+a way of going directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of going directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of going directly
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+due to this observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this observation
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in somewhat logical expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somewhat logical expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somewhat logical expectation
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+have all sorts of separation methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of separation methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of separation methods and
+motivation for studying them more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for studying them more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for studying them more than
+just using them but now we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using them but now we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using them but now we want to look
+at particular case of separation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at particular case of separation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at particular case of separation we're
+talking about complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about complexes
+and protein localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protein localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protein localization
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i
+this here is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is the uh
+our example of a two-dimensional another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example of a two-dimensional another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example of a two-dimensional another
+example of a two-dimensional gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a two-dimensional gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a two-dimensional gel
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+isoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is on the
+x-axis here and the vertical axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis here and the vertical axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis here and the vertical axis is
+this estimate of molecular mass provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of molecular mass provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of molecular mass provided
+by the association of protein with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the association of protein with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the association of protein with the
+sds mice cells in that effect on gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds mice cells in that effect on gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds mice cells in that effect on gel
+electrophoresis and this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis and this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis and this is a this is a
+2d gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d gel
+a small section of it not not the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small section of it not not the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small section of it not not the full
+ph range nor the full molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph range nor the full molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph range nor the full molecular weight
+range but this has a good fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but this has a good fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but this has a good fraction of
+the proteins that have been that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that have been that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that have been that are
+secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted
+now to what extent can we calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to what extent can we calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to what extent can we calculate this
+we've shown a number of calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown a number of calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown a number of calculations and
+observations so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so far
+and we pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pointed out
+uh in last class that to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in last class that to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in last class that to some extent
+the transmembrane regions of a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmembrane regions of a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmembrane regions of a protein
+could this is one of the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this is one of the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this is one of the better
+algorithms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in
+protein sequence gazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sequence gazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sequence gazing
+and taking that one step further you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that one step further you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that one step further you can
+actually say okay we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say okay we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say okay we know that this
+might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a
+a motif or two that interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motif or two that interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motif or two that interact with
+membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes
+or somehow are are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow are are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow are are part of the
+process by which proteins are targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which proteins are targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which proteins are targeted
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+move across membranes so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move across membranes so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move across membranes so that you can
+divide it into several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into several different
+sub-cellular localizations the vita in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-cellular localizations the vita in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-cellular localizations the vita in
+eukaryotes the mitochondrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes the mitochondrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes the mitochondrial
+localization the chloroplast and plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization the chloroplast and plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization the chloroplast and plants
+so many plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many plant
+secreted proteins that go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted proteins that go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted proteins that go all the way
+across the plasma membrane and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the plasma membrane and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the plasma membrane and other
+locations such as within the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations such as within the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations such as within the membrane
+and this can be uh have an 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be uh have an 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be uh have an 85
+success rate meaning a 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success rate meaning a 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success rate meaning a 15
+false negative and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negative and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negative and you can see
+modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest
+false positives here two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives here two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives here two over
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's return to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's return to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's return to mass
+and this time in the context of master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time in the context of master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time in the context of master
+commentary what do we have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary what do we have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary what do we have what
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's our starting point well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our starting point well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our starting point well if you
+look on the far left side of slide 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the far left side of slide 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the far left side of slide 11
+you'll see this the simplest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this the simplest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this the simplest of the
+atoms hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms hydrogen
+and you would expect this to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would expect this to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would expect this to have an
+atomic mass of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass of one
+well since carbon 12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since carbon 12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since carbon 12 is
+assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be
+precisely 12 it turns out that hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 12 it turns out that hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 12 it turns out that hydrogen
+is not precisely one when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not precisely one when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not precisely one when you actually
+measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it
+and it's not even good enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not even good enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not even good enough for
+government standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government standards
+when you when you actually uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you actually uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you actually uh you know
+say add a ch2 it adds up to 14 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say add a ch2 it adds up to 14 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say add a ch2 it adds up to 14 and that
+is discriminatable from a nitrogen 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discriminatable from a nitrogen 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discriminatable from a nitrogen 14
+with a good enough mass spectrometer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a good enough mass spectrometer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a good enough mass spectrometer as
+it turns out for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for most of
+biochemical anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical anal
+protein analyses you don't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein analyses you don't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein analyses you don't depend on
+those lap those the sixth decimal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lap those the sixth decimal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lap those the sixth decimal point
+you can get away really with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away really with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away really with uh
+or certainly don't depend on having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certainly don't depend on having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certainly don't depend on having
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+10 to the minus three atomic mass units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus three atomic mass units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus three atomic mass units
+as your resolution but you do depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your resolution but you do depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your resolution but you do depend
+upon in a much in a say a a kilo dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon in a much in a say a a kilo dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon in a much in a say a a kilo dalton
+size peptide being able to get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size peptide being able to get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size peptide being able to get um
+you know one part and ten to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one part and ten to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one part and ten to the fourth
+one atomic mass unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atomic mass unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atomic mass unit
+another big consideration here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big consideration here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big consideration here is that
+not only are these things not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are these things not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are these things not exactly
+integers but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but they
+in natural abundance they're a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural abundance they're a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural abundance they're a mixture
+of the major isotope on the far left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major isotope on the far left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major isotope on the far left and
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+and sometimes third and fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes third and fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes third and fourth
+stable isotopes not usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotopes not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotopes not usually
+non-radioactive isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radioactive isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radioactive isotopes
+which are present in nature and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are present in nature and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are present in nature and the most
+abundant in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant in this particular
+list is c13 and it's most abundant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is c13 and it's most abundant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is c13 and it's most abundant in
+two senses one is it's the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two senses one is it's the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two senses one is it's the highest
+fractional abundance of any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional abundance of any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional abundance of any of these
+elements and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and this
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+and secondly carbon itself is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly carbon itself is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly carbon itself is very
+common in peptides if you have a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in peptides if you have a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in peptides if you have a you
+cleave your protein up with trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave your protein up with trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleave your protein up with trypsin
+which please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which please
+c-terminal to lysines and arginines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal to lysines and arginines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal to lysines and arginines
+you'll get on the order of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get on the order of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get on the order of uh
+you know 10 of 10 or 20 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 of 10 or 20 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 of 10 or 20 of these
+peptides per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides per
+protein and they might be 10 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they might be 10 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they might be 10 amino acids
+long and so they might have on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and so they might have on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and so they might have on the order
+of 40 carbons in them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40 carbons in them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40 carbons in them and so
+so the now the fractional abundance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the now the fractional abundance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the now the fractional abundance of
+c13 in the in with 40 carbons is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c13 in the in with 40 carbons is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c13 in the in with 40 carbons is getting
+close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and we'll see an example of exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see an example of exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see an example of exactly how
+this plays out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plays out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plays out in terms of
+the multiple combinations of isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple combinations of isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple combinations of isotopes
+that can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occur
+sulfur on the other hand has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur on the other hand has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur on the other hand has more
+stabilized coats it has four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized coats it has four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized coats it has four different
+stable isotopes but each one is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotopes but each one is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotopes but each one is a fairly
+small fraction and the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction and the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction and the probability of
+having a sulfur in a given peptide is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a sulfur in a given peptide is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a sulfur in a given peptide is is
+low much i mean that's probably having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low much i mean that's probably having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low much i mean that's probably having
+one sulfur probably having 40 sulfurs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sulfur probably having 40 sulfurs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sulfur probably having 40 sulfurs is
+vanishingly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishingly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishingly small
+okay so we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gone through
+calculating all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating all these
+charge mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge mass
+now we're going to do liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do liquid
+chromatography in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography in particular
+hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+and this all funds up falls under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this all funds up falls under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this all funds up falls under the
+heading of high performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of high performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of high performance
+liquid chromatography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid chromatography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid chromatography or
+which is achieved in the high pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is achieved in the high pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is achieved in the high pressure
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+to uh to get to get it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to get to get it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to get to get it to go
+rapidly and so you'll have these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and so you'll have these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and so you'll have these little
+you'll have a you'll digest your protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a you'll digest your protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a you'll digest your protein
+with trypsin you get a series of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trypsin you get a series of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trypsin you get a series of these
+peptides say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids or so
+and then they're injected in a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're injected in a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're injected in a liquid
+phase they bind to the solid phase by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase they bind to the solid phase by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase they bind to the solid phase by
+the hydrophobic properties um you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrophobic properties um you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrophobic properties um you might
+have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+and then and then you'll have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you'll have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you'll have then
+you'll have a readout where as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a readout where as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a readout where as a
+function of time you get abundance where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time you get abundance where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time you get abundance where
+the peaks can be measured by mass or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks can be measured by mass or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks can be measured by mass or um
+ion counting and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion counting and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion counting and so on
+and these eq would be collected or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eq would be collected or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these eq would be collected or
+simply run into a mass spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply run into a mass spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply run into a mass spectrometer
+they're going to be two phases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be two phases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be two phases the
+mobile phase and solid phase talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phase and solid phase talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phase and solid phase talk at the
+mobile phase first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phase first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phase first
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hydrophobic tendency of any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic tendency of any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic tendency of any given
+peptide is going to be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide is going to be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide is going to be some kind of
+related to the sum of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the sum of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the sum of the individual
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and you can either have isochronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either have isochronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either have isochronic
+illusion where you have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion where you have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion where you have basically
+constant migration speed no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant migration speed no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant migration speed no change in
+the content of the mobile phase or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of the mobile phase or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of the mobile phase or you
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+the mobile phones change its composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile phones change its composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile phones change its composition
+say for something that's almost entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for something that's almost entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for something that's almost entirely
+water at the beginning is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at the beginning is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at the beginning is something that
+has a high organic content you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high organic content you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high organic content you know you
+know up to 40 or so acetonitrile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up to 40 or so acetonitrile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know up to 40 or so acetonitrile
+and so that at the end of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that at the end of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that at the end of the gradient
+even the most hydrophobic peptides now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the most hydrophobic peptides now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the most hydrophobic peptides now
+have just as much affinity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just as much affinity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just as much affinity for the
+mobile phases for the solid phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phases for the solid phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phases for the solid phase and
+they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+flowing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing on
+solid phase has a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase has a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase has a number of different
+options the main one we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options the main one we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options the main one we've been talking
+about implicitly at least is the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implicitly at least is the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implicitly at least is the reverse
+phase where you have um the hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where you have um the hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase where you have um the hydrophobic
+say carbon 18 alkyl chains immobilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say carbon 18 alkyl chains immobilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say carbon 18 alkyl chains immobilized
+to the highly porous media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the highly porous media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the highly porous media
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+in in a uh in a column that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a uh in a column that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a uh in a column that can
+withstand high pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstand high pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstand high pressure
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+or it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can have
+different mobility polarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mobility polarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mobility polarities
+size exclusion same sort of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size exclusion same sort of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size exclusion same sort of things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that we were talking about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about with
+electrophoresis except now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis except now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis except now the the
+force is not electric field but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not electric field but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is not electric field but it's
+simply the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the pressure
+differential between the injection port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential between the injection port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential between the injection port
+and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is a specific case worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a specific case worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a specific case worked
+out example of how you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out example of how you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out example of how you calculate the
+affinity of peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+hydrophobic column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic column
+this is a c18 column referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a c18 column referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a c18 column referring to the
+number of carbons in the alkyl chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons in the alkyl chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons in the alkyl chain so
+you can see that this is like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is like a kind of
+a lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid
+type phase it's the sort of thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type phase it's the sort of thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type phase it's the sort of thing you
+might see in the middle of a lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see in the middle of a lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see in the middle of a lipid
+bilayer membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilayer membrane
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you have root in this plot you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have root in this plot you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have root in this plot you have
+relative retention time along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative retention time along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative retention time along the
+vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+residue number refers to having short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue number refers to having short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue number refers to having short uh
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+cleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved
+sort of walking along the protein these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walking along the protein these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walking along the protein these
+have been synthesized so they march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been synthesized so they march
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been synthesized so they march
+along the proteins very analogous to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the proteins very analogous to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the proteins very analogous to how
+we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+in an earlier class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier class we
+rosetta made synthetic oligonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosetta made synthetic oligonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosetta made synthetic oligonucleotides
+marching along the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching along the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching along the human genome
+and this was done in order to calibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done in order to calibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was done in order to calibrate
+uh to see how the composition amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to see how the composition amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to see how the composition amino acid
+composition of a peptide might affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of a peptide might affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of a peptide might affect
+this its mobility and allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its mobility and allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its mobility and allow you to
+calculate it and so what you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it and so what you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it and so what you end up with
+here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+a somewhat intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat intuitive
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+of summing the contributions of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summing the contributions of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summing the contributions of each of
+these amino acids now remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these amino acids now remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these amino acids now remember this is
+done under fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done under fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done under fairly
+uh acidic conditions so the the normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acidic conditions so the the normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acidic conditions so the the normally
+uh charged acid groups will now have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged acid groups will now have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh charged acid groups will now have be
+protonated and be neutral and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated and be neutral and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated and be neutral and so
+uh what we'll find is mainly a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we'll find is mainly a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we'll find is mainly a spectrum
+from the very slowest to be alluded they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very slowest to be alluded they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very slowest to be alluded they
+require the most organic and then hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the most organic and then hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the most organic and then hence
+the most the longest retention time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the longest retention time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the longest retention time
+would be the hydro highly hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the hydro highly hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the hydro highly hydrophobic
+aromatics tryptophan and phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatics tryptophan and phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatics tryptophan and phenylalanine
+have uh have a component which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh have a component which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh have a component which you
+obtained by linear regression of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by linear regression of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by linear regression of each of
+these peptides you know the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peptides you know the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peptides you know the sequence of
+these peptides you calculate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peptides you calculate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peptides you calculate their
+composition vector and then you relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition vector and then you relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition vector and then you relate
+it to the retention time that's observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the retention time that's observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the retention time that's observed
+so the lower plot is the observed ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower plot is the observed ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower plot is the observed ones
+and then after you do the regression you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after you do the regression you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after you do the regression you
+get a set of these coefficients you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a set of these coefficients you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a set of these coefficients you can
+now plug them in as additive sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now plug them in as additive sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now plug them in as additive sense to
+make this calculated plot and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this calculated plot and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this calculated plot and you can
+see that there's very good correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's very good correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's very good correlation
+up and down it might be it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down it might be it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down it might be it might have
+been better if these authors had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better if these authors had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been better if these authors had done
+this as a as a plot of calculator versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a as a plot of calculator versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a as a plot of calculator versus
+observed as we did in the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed as we did in the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed as we did in the previous one
+and then showed scatter and did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then showed scatter and did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then showed scatter and did a
+regression curve but you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression curve but you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression curve but you get the idea
+and so the most hydrophobic ones are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the most hydrophobic ones are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the most hydrophobic ones are at
+the top and the ones that are acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the ones that are acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the ones that are acid
+conditions are the most highly charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are the most highly charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are the most highly charged
+so the positively charged ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the positively charged ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the positively charged ones the
+lysine the histidine and arginine down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine the histidine and arginine down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine the histidine and arginine down
+here at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom
+and the acidic one since they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acidic one since they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acidic one since they're not
+they're no close to neutral or near zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no close to neutral or near zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no close to neutral or near zero
+here and uh there's a slight effect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh there's a slight effect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh there's a slight effect as
+to whether the amino acid is at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether the amino acid is at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether the amino acid is at the end
+terminus or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we've calculated the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've calculated the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've calculated the reverse
+phase behavior here on the far left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase behavior here on the far left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase behavior here on the far left hand
+side of slide 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of slide 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of slide 17
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+and this is separated by hydrophobicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is separated by hydrophobicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is separated by hydrophobicity
+and then we have mass which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have mass which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have mass which we've
+outlined how you can calculate the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined how you can calculate the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined how you can calculate the mass
+so now you can calculate both its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can calculate both its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can calculate both its
+hydrophobicity on the vertical axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity on the vertical axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity on the vertical axis the
+mass and horizontal and you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and horizontal and you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and horizontal and you can make
+this uh in the computer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in the computer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in the computer this
+uh two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two-dimensional
+plot in this case this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot in this case this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot in this case this is actually
+observed data but you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data but you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data but you could also
+superimpose on that the calculated ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose on that the calculated ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose on that the calculated ones
+these are slightly streakier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are slightly streakier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are slightly streakier in the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase retention time rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase retention time rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase retention time rt
+just because of the scale that one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the scale that one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the scale that one uses
+or the properties of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the properties of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the properties of the of the
+separation method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation method
+now if you blow if you take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you blow if you take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you blow if you take one of these
+little two two full spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two two full spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two two full spots
+and and zoom in on it and look at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and zoom in on it and look at it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and zoom in on it and look at it in
+in greater detail you see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greater detail you see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greater detail you see that it
+actually is is a complex set of peaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a complex set of peaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is is a complex set of peaks in
+the mass direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass direction
+and fairly simple in the reverse and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairly simple in the reverse and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fairly simple in the reverse and the
+retention time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention time
+now you could say well maybe these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say well maybe these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say well maybe these are
+all different peptides but in fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different peptides but in fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different peptides but in fact and
+they are in a certain sense but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in a certain sense but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in a certain sense but they're
+trivial relatives of this that you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial relatives of this that you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial relatives of this that you where
+you need to to think where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to to think where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to to think where you can
+data mine and get additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data mine and get additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data mine and get additional information
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is
+uh separate are separate isotope peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separate are separate isotope peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh separate are separate isotope peaks
+meaning remember this might have 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning remember this might have 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning remember this might have 40
+carbons in this peptide and so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in this peptide and so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in this peptide and so so it's
+going to be a binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a binomial distribution
+where this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the
+the case where you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where you have zero
+carbon 13s in other words it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 13s in other words it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 13s in other words it's all
+carbon-12s and the next peak over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-12s and the next peak over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-12s and the next peak over to the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh is going to have one carbon 13 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to have one carbon 13 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to have one carbon 13 the
+next peak over is going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next peak over is going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next peak over is going to have two
+carbon 13s and n minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 13s and n minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 13s and n minus two
+where n is the total number of carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the total number of carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the total number of carbons
+in that peptide which will be carbon 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that peptide which will be carbon 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that peptide which will be carbon 12
+the most abundant one and so on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most abundant one and so on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most abundant one and so on and you
+get every possible combination in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every possible combination in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every possible combination in a in a
+binomial distribution just as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution just as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution just as you would
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+now what does this tell you tells you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this tell you tells you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this tell you tells you at
+least two things one is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two things one is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two things one is the distance
+between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+you can see here is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here is a half
+an atomic mass unit well how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic mass unit well how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic mass unit well how do you get
+a half an atomic mass unit i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half an atomic mass unit i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half an atomic mass unit i mean
+they're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be
+i mean we know they're not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we know they're not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we know they're not perfect
+integers but this is way off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but this is way off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but this is way off and the
+the reason is is because what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is is because what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is is because what's actually
+measured is the mass over charge you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured is the mass over charge you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured is the mass over charge you're
+not measuring the mass mass over charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measuring the mass mass over charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measuring the mass mass over charge
+and so this is saying is this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is saying is this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is saying is this particular
+peptide has a plus two charge state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide has a plus two charge state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide has a plus two charge state
+that's an important fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important fact
+it's gonna be hard to interpret uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be hard to interpret uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be hard to interpret uh its
+mass if you don't know its charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass if you don't know its charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass if you don't know its charge
+because m over z is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m over z is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m over z is measured
+the other thing is measured is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is measured is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is measured is from the
+exact binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact binomial distribution
+you can get an estimate of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an estimate of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get an estimate of the number of
+carbons in there because if there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in there because if there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in there because if there are a
+huge number of carbons then it will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of carbons then it will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of carbons then it will turn
+out that one of the secondary peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that one of the secondary peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that one of the secondary peaks
+here the one of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one of the right
+right word peaks will actually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word peaks will actually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word peaks will actually be the
+most abundant one if it has a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant one if it has a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant one if it has a small
+number of carbons then the zero carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons then the zero carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons then the zero carbon
+13's peak will be the all-around winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13's peak will be the all-around winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13's peak will be the all-around winner
+and so from the relative heights of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from the relative heights of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from the relative heights of zero
+one and two you can estimate the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two you can estimate the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two you can estimate the number
+of carbons so the two facts you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbons so the two facts you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbons so the two facts you can get
+from this sort of high resolution view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this sort of high resolution view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this sort of high resolution view
+of that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that heat
+okay so now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two phases
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+dimensions pretty well in hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions pretty well in hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions pretty well in hand the
+reverse phase and the mass now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse phase and the mass now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse phase and the mass now we're
+going to add another dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add another dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add another dimension
+actually a couple more dimensions one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a couple more dimensions one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a couple more dimensions one is
+another peptide dimension which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another peptide dimension which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another peptide dimension which is
+a strong cation exchange scx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong cation exchange scx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong cation exchange scx
+what this means is the peptides will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is the peptides will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is the peptides will
+have different cationic properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different cationic properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different cationic properties
+different charges and they will bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different charges and they will bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different charges and they will bind to
+different extents to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different extents to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different extents to this
+and you and you can put these in tandem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you can put these in tandem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and you can put these in tandem
+either physically or conceptually you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physically or conceptually you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either physically or conceptually you'll
+run one take a bunch of fractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one take a bunch of fractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one take a bunch of fractions and
+then put it on the reverse phase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put it on the reverse phase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put it on the reverse phase the
+first phase literally is is physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase literally is is physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase literally is is physically
+connected to the mass spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the mass spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the mass spectrometer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then we'll talk about some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some some
+upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+upstream uh separation methods before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream uh separation methods before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream uh separation methods before
+you frac fragmented into peptides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you frac fragmented into peptides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you frac fragmented into peptides you
+can separate you can have dimensions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate you can have dimensions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can separate you can have dimensions on
+the proteins which can tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins which can tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins which can tell you about
+the complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexes
+so let's go through a specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through a specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through a specific example
+of complexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you take the entire yeast proteome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the entire yeast proteome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the entire yeast proteome
+grind up yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind up yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind up yeast
+throw it on a first separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it on a first separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it on a first separation
+dimension which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sedimentation velocity remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity remember there's
+equilibrium velocity velocity is mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium velocity velocity is mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium velocity velocity is mainly
+responsive to the size of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the size of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the size of the complex
+this is a native dimension we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a native dimension we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a native dimension we're not
+denaturing with sds native and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturing with sds native and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturing with sds native and so you'll
+see the things that go absolutely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the things that go absolutely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the things that go absolutely the
+fastest in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest in the cell
+and among the most abundant are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among the most abundant are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and among the most abundant are the uh
+ribosomes and the ribosomal subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and the ribosomal subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes and the ribosomal subunits
+this is done under conditions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done under conditions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is done under conditions where you
+just tease apart the two ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tease apart the two ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tease apart the two ribosomal
+subunits so that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits so that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits so that they are
+they're separated and the bigger of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're separated and the bigger of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're separated and the bigger of the
+two is called 60s s refers to sedberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is called 60s s refers to sedberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is called 60s s refers to sedberg
+who was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of the
+pioneers of sedimentation philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneers of sedimentation philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneers of sedimentation philosophy
+and this uh can be correlated the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh can be correlated the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh can be correlated the the
+rate at which it goes down this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it goes down this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it goes down this this uh
+stabilized gradient centrifugal field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized gradient centrifugal field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized gradient centrifugal field is
+related to this the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this the complex
+and then so that's the first dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's the first dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's the first dimension
+is horizontally sedimentation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horizontally sedimentation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horizontally sedimentation at the
+very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top
+axis going horizontally is sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis going horizontally is sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis going horizontally is sedimentation
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+going down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down uh
+is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is
+sds gel electrophoresis so now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds gel electrophoresis so now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sds gel electrophoresis so now you're
+taking these native complexes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these native complexes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these native complexes and
+breaking them up in their component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them up in their component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them up in their component
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+and where uh high molecular weight is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where uh high molecular weight is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where uh high molecular weight is up
+then low molecular weight is down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then low molecular weight is down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then low molecular weight is down and
+you can see that there are quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are quite a
+number of proteins in each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of proteins in each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of proteins in each of these two
+subunits the 60s and the 40s now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits the 60s and the 40s now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits the 60s and the 40s now you see
+these proteins so that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins so that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins so that's the second
+dimension now you cleave it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now you cleave it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension now you cleave it into
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+and you analyze peptides by retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you analyze peptides by retention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you analyze peptides by retention
+time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+oil the three dimensions uh strong cadiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the three dimensions uh strong cadiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the three dimensions uh strong cadiz
+change retention time and mass and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change retention time and mass and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change retention time and mass and then
+you add a fourth one which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a fourth one which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a fourth one which we'll talk
+we'll develop a little later where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll develop a little later where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll develop a little later where you
+can actually break up the peptides into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually break up the peptides into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually break up the peptides into
+little pieces so you can identify which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces so you can identify which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces so you can identify which
+protein which protein each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which protein each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which protein each of the
+peptides came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides came from
+now unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately
+not all peptides are equal in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all peptides are equal in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all peptides are equal in their
+ionization potential and so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization potential and so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization potential and so if it
+ionizes poorly you won't detect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes poorly you won't detect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes poorly you won't detect a
+particular peptide from a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular peptide from a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular peptide from a protein
+if you detect a large number of peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you detect a large number of peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you detect a large number of peptides
+from a protein that probably means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a protein that probably means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a protein that probably means that
+it's abundant in your sample or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abundant in your sample or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abundant in your sample or your
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+and it also means that you can believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means that you can believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means that you can believe
+that the identity the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identity the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identity the computer
+identification of that protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of that protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of that protein is
+probably pretty solid so if you get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty solid so if you get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty solid so if you get five
+or more peptides from a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more peptides from a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more peptides from a particular
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+in your database search and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your database search and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your database search and we'll talk
+in just a moment about how you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment about how you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment about how you do that
+database search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database search
+then you believe it it's very solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you believe it it's very solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you believe it it's very solid and
+so if you look at this you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this you can see that
+all these as you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these as you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these as you look at the
+essentially the protein fingerprint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the protein fingerprint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the protein fingerprint for
+each of the 60s fractions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the 60s fractions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the 60s fractions and the
+sedimentation they look pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation they look pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation they look pretty similar
+and when you run out the mass effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you run out the mass effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you run out the mass effect you
+get similar sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get similar sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get similar sets of
+peptide signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide signatures
+and they correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they correspond
+to the most of them the especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the most of them the especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the most of them the especially the
+most abundant ones correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant ones correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most abundant ones correspond to the
+known 6ds proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known 6ds proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known 6ds proteins
+if you go a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go a little bit uh
+slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+you know less mass the 40s subunits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less mass the 40s subunits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less mass the 40s subunits and
+you analyze the sequences so the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze the sequences so the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze the sequences so the mass
+spec signatures for those peptides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec signatures for those peptides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec signatures for those peptides and
+they mainly turn up 40s there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mainly turn up 40s there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mainly turn up 40s there's some
+exceptions in both there's some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions in both there's some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions in both there's some some
+other categories which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other categories which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other categories which may be
+interesting the most the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the most the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the most the most uh
+interesting in this particular study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this particular study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in this particular study the
+authors highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors highlighted
+was uh ymr 116p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh ymr 116p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh ymr 116p
+which remember this is a very mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember this is a very mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember this is a very mature
+field this is a very recent study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is a very recent study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is a very recent study and
+ribosomes were very well characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes were very well characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes were very well characterized
+and i think we had the conceit that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we had the conceit that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we had the conceit that at
+least in microbial systems such as e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in microbial systems such as e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in microbial systems such as e
+coli and yeast we really understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli and yeast we really understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli and yeast we really understood
+all the proteins that were required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins that were required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins that were required to
+make a ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a ribosome
+hum but here was a new ribosomal protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum but here was a new ribosomal protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hum but here was a new ribosomal protein
+which is that since been confirmed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that since been confirmed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that since been confirmed that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a bona fide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bona fide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bona fide
+part of the 40th subunit you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 40th subunit you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 40th subunit you can see
+here it had many peptide hits so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it had many peptide hits so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it had many peptide hits so it was
+equal in abundance to the other 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in abundance to the other 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in abundance to the other 40s
+subunit proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit proteins
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we had in a certain sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we had in a certain sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we had in a certain sense uh
+five or so dimensions the sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or so dimensions the sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or so dimensions the sedimentation
+which is the native complex size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the native complex size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the native complex size the
+denatured protein subunit size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured protein subunit size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured protein subunit size
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+peptide ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide ion
+ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ion exchange the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion exchange the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion exchange the peptide
+mass and the peptide fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the peptide fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the peptide fragmentation
+so we talk about fragmentation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about fragmentation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about fragmentation that's
+what msms sometimes means it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what msms sometimes means it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what msms sometimes means it means that
+you're doing first mass separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing first mass separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing first mass separation of
+the peptide you break it up and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide you break it up and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide you break it up and you do
+another mass separation of the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mass separation of the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mass separation of the component
+parts and that allows us to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that allows us to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that allows us to do the
+database searching and sequencing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database searching and sequencing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database searching and sequencing of the
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+now how this works this is a blow up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how this works this is a blow up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how this works this is a blow up of
+something was in the earlier slide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was in the earlier slide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was in the earlier slide where
+you can really see the region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really see the region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really see the region where
+you've got electrospray we'll have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got electrospray we'll have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got electrospray we'll have it
+even closer blow up with this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even closer blow up with this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even closer blow up with this in a
+moment but basically there your reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but basically there your reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but basically there your reverse
+phase liquid chromatography is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase liquid chromatography is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase liquid chromatography is going
+directly into this vacuum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into this vacuum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into this vacuum here
+generating little spray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating little spray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating little spray
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+4 000 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 000 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 000 volts
+and then these uh these molecular ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these uh these molecular ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these uh these molecular ions
+will go through the vacuum through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through the vacuum through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through the vacuum through a
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+magnetic octopoles until it hits an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic octopoles until it hits an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic octopoles until it hits an ion
+trap which helps you determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap which helps you determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap which helps you determine the
+m over z and finally a detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m over z and finally a detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m over z and finally a detector
+you can see there's a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's a variety of
+different pressures in here sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pressures in here sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pressures in here sort of
+increasing pressure from the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing pressure from the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing pressure from the point where
+you have the aqueous solvent going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the aqueous solvent going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the aqueous solvent going in
+all the way to the detector which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the detector which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the detector which is the
+highest vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest vacuum
+at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around
+to the minus fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus fifth
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+now here's where the the tan of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where the the tan of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where the the tan of mass
+spectrometry or ms over ms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry or ms over ms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry or ms over ms or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+collision induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision induced
+dissociation you have here's your ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation you have here's your ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation you have here's your ion
+beam of molecular peptide ions you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of molecular peptide ions you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of molecular peptide ions you now
+turn peptides in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn peptides in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn peptides in sort of
+they're each on their own their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each on their own their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each on their own their own
+little space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space
+and in the middle of this quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the middle of this quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the middle of this quadrupole
+this this magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this magnetic
+environment here you bring in an inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment here you bring in an inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment here you bring in an inert
+gas like argon to collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas like argon to collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas like argon to collide
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+these rapidly moving ions and they break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rapidly moving ions and they break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rapidly moving ions and they break
+they will break the chain basically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will break the chain basically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will break the chain basically at
+any covalent bond and if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any covalent bond and if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any covalent bond and if you think of
+the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptide
+at a chain backbone as having three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a chain backbone as having three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a chain backbone as having three
+different covalent bonds there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different covalent bonds there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different covalent bonds there's the
+peptide bond itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond itself
+and then there's a carbon nitrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a carbon nitrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a carbon nitrogen bond
+and a carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a carbonyl
+nitrogen bond and i'm sorry and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen bond and i'm sorry and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen bond and i'm sorry and a
+carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+it can break at any of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can break at any of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can break at any of those three
+positions and then you'll generate a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and then you'll generate a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and then you'll generate a set
+of fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fragments
+uh coming in from the n-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming in from the n-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming in from the n-terminus
+with three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three possible
+c-terminal fragments and coming in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal fragments and coming in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal fragments and coming in for
+c-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus
+pleating at the same point the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleating at the same point the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleating at the same point the whole
+series coming in that way and as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coming in that way and as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coming in that way and as you're
+coming in from the n-terminus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the n-terminus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the n-terminus
+you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it
+a b and c depending on whether it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c depending on whether it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c depending on whether it breaks
+at the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the c
+carbon bond the carbon nitrogen bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bond the carbon nitrogen bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bond the carbon nitrogen bond and
+the nitrogen carbon bond a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen carbon bond a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen carbon bond a b and c
+respectively and the same ones coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and the same ones coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and the same ones coming in
+from the c terminus are called um z y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the c terminus are called um z y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the c terminus are called um z y
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+as it turns out just empirically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out just empirically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out just empirically if you
+you know you sort through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you sort through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you sort through all the
+chemistry it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it is
+in most cases it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most cases it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most cases it uh the
+peptide bond is the one that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond is the one that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond is the one that's most
+actively cleaved and so the b ions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively cleaved and so the b ions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively cleaved and so the b ions and
+their complementary y ions uh dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complementary y ions uh dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their complementary y ions uh dominate
+the picture now the other ones will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture now the other ones will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture now the other ones will be
+present especially if they come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present especially if they come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present especially if they come from a
+very abundant peptide they will they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abundant peptide they will they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abundant peptide they will they can
+uh they can swamp out the b and y ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can swamp out the b and y ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can swamp out the b and y ions
+for a less abundant peptide but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a less abundant peptide but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a less abundant peptide but all
+other things being equal to b and y will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things being equal to b and y will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things being equal to b and y will
+dominate and most of the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and most of the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and most of the rest of the
+discussion will be about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion will be about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion will be about those
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the closest
+picture we'll show of the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we'll show of the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we'll show of the ionization
+step this is this is a step which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is this is a step which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is this is a step which is uh
+has not has not been thoroughly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not has not been thoroughly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not has not been thoroughly enough
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+in the sense that this ionization step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that this ionization step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that this ionization step
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the droplet uh of of aqueous and organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet uh of of aqueous and organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet uh of of aqueous and organic
+solvent coming out of the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent coming out of the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent coming out of the separation
+column is subjected to the vacuum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is subjected to the vacuum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is subjected to the vacuum it
+starts the water starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the water starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the water starts
+being released from the droplet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being released from the droplet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being released from the droplet the
+protons remember this acidic media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons remember this acidic media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons remember this acidic media
+associate with the molecular ion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the molecular ion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the molecular ion they
+kind of explode because there's too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explode because there's too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explode because there's too much
+positive charge in a small space until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge in a small space until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge in a small space until
+you finally have a molecular ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally have a molecular ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally have a molecular ion
+associated with one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with one or two
+uh net positive charges remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh net positive charges remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh net positive charges remember we had
+an example just a little while ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example just a little while ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example just a little while ago it
+had a net positive charge of plus two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a net positive charge of plus two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a net positive charge of plus two um
+you don't need to have neutrality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have neutrality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to have neutrality in
+this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+anyway this is poorly understood in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is poorly understood in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is poorly understood in the
+sense that some peptides ionize much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that some peptides ionize much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that some peptides ionize much
+better than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than others
+we'll come back to this when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this when we talk
+about quantification but for right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantification but for right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantification but for right now
+what we want to do is ask how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is ask how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is ask how do we
+analyze the complex spectra that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the complex spectra that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the complex spectra that comes
+out when you frag when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you frag when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you frag when you take
+first you get a fairly simple spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you get a fairly simple spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you get a fairly simple spectrum
+which is just the masses a list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the masses a list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the masses a list of all
+the masses of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of all of the
+peptides and remember some will be weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides and remember some will be weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides and remember some will be weak
+and some will be strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some will be strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some will be strong
+because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+voodoo ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voodoo ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voodoo ionization
+but then we break them however whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we break them however whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we break them however whatever
+the intensity of the original peptide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the original peptide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the original peptide is
+we'll make a bunch of daughter ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a bunch of daughter ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a bunch of daughter ions
+which will be the b ions coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the b ions coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the b ions coming in from
+the internals the ions from the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internals the ions from the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internals the ions from the c
+terminus you'll have this big mixture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus you'll have this big mixture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus you'll have this big mixture a
+nested set they get increasingly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested set they get increasingly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested set they get increasingly large
+uh as you get further from the internals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you get further from the internals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you get further from the internals
+and the bion series and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bion series and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bion series and their
+complements and the sum of the b ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements and the sum of the b ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements and the sum of the b ion
+with this complementary ion has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this complementary ion has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this complementary ion has to be
+the original molecular mass corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original molecular mass corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original molecular mass corrected
+for the chemistry that occurs right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chemistry that occurs right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the chemistry that occurs right at
+the uh cleavage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cleavage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh cleavage
+and so here's a real example we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a real example we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a real example we're going
+to work work work through it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work work work through it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work work work through it so you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+what happens to a typical peptide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a typical peptide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a typical peptide here
+in the upper right hand corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand corner
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+this is tandem mass spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tandem mass spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tandem mass spectrometry
+remember there's a if you think of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a if you think of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a if you think of there
+was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+peptide that was then broken into all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide that was then broken into all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide that was then broken into all
+these little pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+almost impact peptide will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impact peptide will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impact peptide will be
+on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the
+far end of the horizontal axis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far end of the horizontal axis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far end of the horizontal axis which is
+the mass axis close to 1200 atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass axis close to 1200 atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass axis close to 1200 atomic mass
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+and then uh a relative abundance is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh a relative abundance is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh a relative abundance is up
+is the vertical axis and it's here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical axis and it's here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vertical axis and it's here it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+related to the iron counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the iron counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the iron counts
+and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+there's uh some variation here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh some variation here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh some variation here this is
+not not due to ionization this is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not due to ionization this is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not due to ionization this is due to
+the cleavage efficiency of cleaving of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleavage efficiency of cleaving of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleavage efficiency of cleaving of
+each of the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bonds
+for the y series which is in blue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the y series which is in blue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the y series which is in blue here
+and is this tends to be the higher peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this tends to be the higher peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this tends to be the higher peaks
+and the b series in red which tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the b series in red which tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the b series in red which tends to
+be slightly lower peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly lower peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly lower peaks
+and then you've got these little arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got these little arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got these little arrows
+the darker arrows indicate the y ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the darker arrows indicate the y ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the darker arrows indicate the y ion
+series that separate two adjacent peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that separate two adjacent peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that separate two adjacent peaks
+because what what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what what's the difference
+between those two peaks is the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two peaks is the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two peaks is the addition
+of one amino acid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one amino acid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one amino acid and so
+the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh
+focusing on the the blue series the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the the blue series the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the the blue series the y
+ions coming into the c terminus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions coming into the c terminus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions coming into the c terminus the
+shortest y the y one would be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest y the y one would be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest y the y one would be just the
+c-terminal amino acid itself which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal amino acid itself which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminal amino acid itself which would
+be arginine and its distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arginine and its distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arginine and its distance from the
+origin would be about the uh the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin would be about the uh the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin would be about the uh the mass of
+the arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arginine
+itself and then you add a glycine to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then you add a glycine to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then you add a glycine to it
+which is a small delta and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a small delta and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a small delta and then an
+alanine and isoleucine and syrian and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and isoleucine and syrian and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and isoleucine and syrian and so
+forth and and you can see here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and and you can see here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and and you can see here um
+very clearly the leucine and the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly the leucine and the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly the leucine and the sphere
+gene and the valine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and the valine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and the valine
+for that why not series all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that why not series all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that why not series all the way down
+until the g is the last one documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the g is the last one documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the g is the last one documented
+the n and the s at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n and the s at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n and the s at the at
+the highest molecular weight or not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest molecular weight or not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest molecular weight or not uh
+visible and actually many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and actually many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and actually many of these
+things you'll have very weak peaks uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll have very weak peaks uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll have very weak peaks uh of
+uh essentially have missing peaks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially have missing peaks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially have missing peaks that
+that corresponding to one of the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding to one of the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding to one of the delta
+amino acids so in that case the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids so in that case the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids so in that case the distance
+between the two prominent peaks will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two prominent peaks will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two prominent peaks will be
+two amino acids so you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two amino acids so you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two amino acids so you can see this
+starting to get to be a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get to be a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get to be a challenging
+pattern recognition problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition problem because
+you've got all of the ions mixed in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got all of the ions mixed in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got all of the ions mixed in with
+the y ions and this is summarized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y ions and this is summarized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y ions and this is summarized in the
+next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you've the b ions are mixed in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've the b ions are mixed in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've the b ions are mixed in with the
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+and some of the ions are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the ions are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the ions are missing
+uh each ion has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each ion has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each ion has
+a multiple isotopic forms that wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple isotopic forms that wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple isotopic forms that wasn't so
+evident in the previous slide but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident in the previous slide but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident in the previous slide but you
+could blow up they showed it a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could blow up they showed it a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could blow up they showed it a while
+back you had that binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you had that binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you had that binomial distribution
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+the lingering presence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac
+x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+z type ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z type ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z type ions
+where you've got cleavage of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got cleavage of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got cleavage of some of the
+other bonds you can ions can lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bonds you can ions can lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bonds you can ions can lose a
+water or ammonia you've got noise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or ammonia you've got noise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or ammonia you've got noise from
+other peptides and from contaminants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other peptides and from contaminants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other peptides and from contaminants in
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+and you've got amino acid com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got amino acid com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got amino acid com
+modifications which is not a contaminant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications which is not a contaminant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications which is not a contaminant
+or a bad thing it's good things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad thing it's good things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad thing it's good things what
+you're looking for but these can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for but these can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for but these can be in
+trace amounts in this sort of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace amounts in this sort of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace amounts in this sort of system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's two ways to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two ways to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two ways to approach
+this awesome amount of data that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this awesome amount of data that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this awesome amount of data that you can
+get out of these remember you've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of these remember you've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of these remember you've got all
+these multi-dimensions finally ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multi-dimensions finally ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multi-dimensions finally ending in
+this this forest of b ions and lions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this forest of b ions and lions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this forest of b ions and lions and
+all the rest in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest in there
+and there are two approaches one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two approaches one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two approaches one is
+we'll call it de novo peptide sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it de novo peptide sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it de novo peptide sequencing
+which would be analogous to the de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be analogous to the de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be analogous to the de novo
+dna sequencing that we're doing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequencing that we're doing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sequencing that we're doing and the
+other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+if you tell me the sequence then i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me the sequence then i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell me the sequence then i'll
+find it in my data at a game okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in my data at a game okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in my data at a game okay it's
+uh it's doing a database search where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's doing a database search where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's doing a database search where
+you're limited to proteins that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited to proteins that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited to proteins that are very
+very to finding peptides that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very to finding peptides that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very to finding peptides that you
+already know about or can hypothesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know about or can hypothesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know about or can hypothesize
+from a genome sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a genome sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a genome sequence
+so this is the first category this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first category this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first category this is
+lenovo sequencing and it takes on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenovo sequencing and it takes on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenovo sequencing and it takes on all
+the challenges in the previous slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges in the previous slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges in the previous slide it
+takes on the the possibility of missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the the possibility of missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the the possibility of missing
+data for particular ion species that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for particular ion species that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for particular ion species that you
+think should be there but for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be there but for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be there but for some
+reason are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason are not
+efficiently cleaved by the argon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently cleaved by the argon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently cleaved by the argon in the
+collision-induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision-induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision-induced
+association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+and it takes into account that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes into account that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes into account that you have
+to have one set of b ions a nested set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one set of b ions a nested set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have one set of b ions a nested set
+of masses from the intermiss that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masses from the intermiss that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masses from the intermiss that have
+to be complementary to this that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complementary to this that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complementary to this that's the
+set you get coming in from c terminus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you get coming in from c terminus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you get coming in from c terminus so
+this is dynamic programming and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dynamic programming and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dynamic programming and you can
+probably count how many different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably count how many different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably count how many different times
+we've done a dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a dynamic programming
+algorithm in this class and so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in this class and so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in this class and so hopefully
+you're happy that you did at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy that you did at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy that you did at least one
+of them by hand and this one we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them by hand and this one we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them by hand and this one we won't be
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+here you can see how it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see how it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see how it kind of
+conceptually maps to the simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually maps to the simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually maps to the simplest one
+that we talked about at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about at the beginning
+which was comparing two amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was comparing two amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was comparing two amino acid
+sequences there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences there
+the indels were caused by evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indels were caused by evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indels were caused by evolutionary
+change here the in the insertions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here the in the insertions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change here the in the insertions and
+deletions are due to a missing ion due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions are due to a missing ion due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions are due to a missing ion due
+to inefficient cleavage in the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inefficient cleavage in the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inefficient cleavage in the gas phase
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is further complicated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is further complicated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is further complicated by this
+necessity of essentially sequencing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of essentially sequencing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of essentially sequencing in
+both from the b and the y simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from the b and the y simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from the b and the y simultaneously
+and making sure that you have the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that you have the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure that you have the best
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+of bny assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bny assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bny assignments
+okay so that's the novo sequencing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the novo sequencing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the novo sequencing now
+in slide 29 we have the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slide 29 we have the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slide 29 we have the alternative
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+by far more commonly applied an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far more commonly applied an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far more commonly applied an example
+of the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alternative
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+you tell me the sequence office in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me the sequence office in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me the sequence office in my
+data is sequest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is sequest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is sequest
+and where you're basically calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you're basically calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you're basically calculating
+the spectrum that you might expect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that you might expect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum that you might expect for
+each peptide that you might expect in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each peptide that you might expect in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each peptide that you might expect in a
+genome so you basically use the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome so you basically use the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome so you basically use the genome
+predicted the protein coding regions use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the protein coding regions use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the protein coding regions use
+those to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to do a
+in silico digestion with trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silico digestion with trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silico digestion with trypsin
+basically cleave after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cleave after every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cleave after every
+glycine and arginine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine and arginine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine and arginine
+and maybe after some other ones are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe after some other ones are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe after some other ones are you
+know complicated rules where trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complicated rules where trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complicated rules where trypsin
+doesn't always leave after license and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always leave after license and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always leave after license and
+arginines and sometimes there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginines and sometimes there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginines and sometimes there'll be
+other proteases present you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteases present you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteases present you have to take
+those into account in case you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into account in case you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into account in case you generate
+a virtual set of peptides you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virtual set of peptides you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a virtual set of peptides you generate a
+virtual set of mass peaks now since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual set of mass peaks now since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual set of mass peaks now since we
+don't know the rules that determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the rules that determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the rules that determine the
+height of those mass peaks we wish we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of those mass peaks we wish we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of those mass peaks we wish we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+but we don't so we just set it to unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't so we just set it to unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't so we just set it to unity
+some arbitrary to make them all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary to make them all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary to make them all the same
+so you're not going to be you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to be you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to be you're not
+going to be getting a great correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting a great correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting a great correlation
+coefficient based on the heights but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient based on the heights but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient based on the heights but
+merely whether it's there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely whether it's there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely whether it's there or not
+and that's what you do is you every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you do is you every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you do is you every time
+you have a a hit between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a hit between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a hit between your
+uh predicted spectrum and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicted spectrum and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predicted spectrum and the other one
+no matter what the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the intensity of the
+other one is so you weight it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is so you weight it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is so you weight it on the
+observed intensity but you have no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed intensity but you have no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed intensity but you have no real
+calculated intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated intensity
+and this correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this correlation coefficient
+serves as a way of prioritizing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a way of prioritizing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a way of prioritizing your
+scores and if you have uh and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores and if you have uh and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores and if you have uh and very often
+the best score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best score
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the database hit for the peptide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database hit for the peptide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database hit for the peptide that
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+now if you're expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're expecting
+post-synthetic modifications you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-synthetic modifications you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-synthetic modifications you need to
+tell the algorithm to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the algorithm to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the algorithm to add that
+appropriate mass the appropriate amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mass the appropriate amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate mass the appropriate amino
+acid so for example if you inspect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so for example if you inspect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so for example if you inspect a
+phosphoserine you have to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine you have to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine you have to put the
+phosphate mass into the program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate mass into the program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate mass into the program and
+associate it with a serine so serine can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it with a serine so serine can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate it with a serine so serine can
+be either a regular serine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either a regular serine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either a regular serine or
+phosphoserine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoserine so
+that's another complexity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another complexity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another complexity there
+okay so now we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've gone through
+the richness that you of the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness that you of the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness that you of the separation
+methods separation is intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods separation is intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods separation is intimately
+connected with getting us to a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with getting us to a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with getting us to a mass
+spectrum which is clean enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which is clean enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum which is clean enough to do
+either de novo sequencing or database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either de novo sequencing or database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either de novo sequencing or database
+searching now that we've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching now that we've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching now that we've got it
+identified let's try to quantitate it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified let's try to quantitate it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified let's try to quantitate it we
+can quantitate it one of two ways just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantitate it one of two ways just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantitate it one of two ways just
+what we are just the same as with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are just the same as with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are just the same as with the
+rnas either on absolute scale on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas either on absolute scale on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas either on absolute scale on a
+relative scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative scale
+what is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will make an analogy to the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make an analogy to the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will make an analogy to the rna
+quantitation methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation methods
+which i i believe we've had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i i believe we've had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i i believe we've had something
+very similar to the left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the left hand side of
+slide 31 here when we talked about rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 31 here when we talked about rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 31 here when we talked about rnas
+all the ways we could quantify a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways we could quantify a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways we could quantify a subset
+of these have an analog in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have an analog in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have an analog in the
+in the protein domain on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein domain on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the protein domain on the right hand
+side side of the slide so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side side of the slide so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side side of the slide so for example
+one of our favorite methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our favorite methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our favorite methods
+that we used was microarrays that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used was microarrays that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used was microarrays that's the
+top line of the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line of the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line of the rna
+this is where you would have the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you would have the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you would have the gene
+segments either oligonucleotides or cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments either oligonucleotides or cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments either oligonucleotides or cdna
+is immobilized on a microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immobilized on a microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immobilized on a microarray
+fluorescently label your rna in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently label your rna in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently label your rna in the end
+and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantity
+for proteins this is the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins this is the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins this is the this the
+equivalent would be an antibody array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent would be an antibody array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent would be an antibody array
+aimed at uh unique features of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at uh unique features of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at uh unique features of each
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+this is in very early days because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in very early days because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in very early days because we're
+antibody limited we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody limited we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody limited we do not have
+antibodies against every protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies against every protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies against every protein
+surface epitope and they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface epitope and they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface epitope and they are not
+specific enough there's cross a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enough there's cross a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific enough there's cross a lot of
+crosstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we mentioned in the second line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned in the second line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned in the second line that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+microarrays could not measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays could not measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays could not measure
+the composition of of alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of of alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of of alternative
+splices or the size of the messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splices or the size of the messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splices or the size of the messenger
+rnas that was best done by a northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas that was best done by a northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas that was best done by a northern
+blot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blot which
+actually measured in size but was low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured in size but was low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured in size but was low
+was not high throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not high throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not high throughput
+the equivalent for that for proteins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent for that for proteins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent for that for proteins is
+called a western these are all puns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a western these are all puns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a western these are all puns on
+ed southern's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed southern's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed southern's name
+the westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns
+will allow you to measure the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to measure the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to measure the size of
+native or denaturing proteins and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native or denaturing proteins and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native or denaturing proteins and then
+detect them with antibodies again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them with antibodies again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them with antibodies again
+antibody limited if we had a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody limited if we had a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody limited if we had a technology
+breakthrough that would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough that would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough that would give us
+all the antibodies we need just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the antibodies we need just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the antibodies we need just like we
+had it it's it's easy to dial up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it it's it's easy to dial up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it it's it's easy to dial up any
+nucleic acid you want just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid you want just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid you want just by
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no real equivalent to pcr for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real equivalent to pcr for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real equivalent to pcr for a
+protein world you can tag proteins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein world you can tag proteins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein world you can tag proteins with
+nucleic acids and do do pcr and nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids and do do pcr and nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids and do do pcr and nucleic
+acids but there's no real direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but there's no real direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but there's no real direct
+uh amplification on proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amplification on proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amplification on proteins
+reporter constructs basically work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter constructs basically work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter constructs basically work the
+same for each you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for each you have something that
+you know is highly specific because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is highly specific because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is highly specific because you
+constructed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+vivo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivo
+but it it is a a sum of all the rna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is a a sum of all the rna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it is a a sum of all the rna and
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+that give you uh the reporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluorescent and c2 hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent and c2 hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent and c2 hybridization
+in the case of rna or fluorescent c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of rna or fluorescent c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of rna or fluorescent c2
+antibodies in case of proteins is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies in case of proteins is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies in case of proteins is a
+great way of correlating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way of correlating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way of correlating
+quasi-quantitative information with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-quantitative information with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-quantitative information with the
+subcellular or sub-organismal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcellular or sub-organismal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcellular or sub-organismal
+localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization
+tag counting there's nothing equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag counting there's nothing equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag counting there's nothing equivalent
+for proteins and mass spectrometry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins and mass spectrometry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins and mass spectrometry can
+be used for differential display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for differential display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for differential display
+okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have
+what are the sort of numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sort of numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sort of numbers of
+molecules we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we have
+football part when we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football part when we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football part when we're dealing with
+quantitation slide 32 we we it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation slide 32 we we it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation slide 32 we we it depends
+on the organism some of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the organism some of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the organism some of the simplest
+ones like equal and yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like equal and yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like equal and yeast
+we mentioned that the messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned that the messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned that the messenger rna
+molecules might be less than um one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules might be less than um one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules might be less than um one per
+cell just stochastic fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just stochastic fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell just stochastic fluctuations
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+in a human cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human cell
+it's probably a fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a fairly good
+approximation or assumption that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or assumption that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or assumption that almost
+every nucleotide in the human genome can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nucleotide in the human genome can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nucleotide in the human genome can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed
+uh you know maybe there's some leakiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe there's some leakiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe there's some leakiness
+where on the order of one and ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the order of one and ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the order of one and ten to the
+fourth cells will have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth cells will have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth cells will have a little
+leakiness at any particular nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakiness at any particular nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakiness at any particular nucleotide
+so that's kind of the background level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the background level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the background level
+is ten to the minus fourth per cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ten to the minus fourth per cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ten to the minus fourth per cell and
+it's really only achievable detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really only achievable detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really only achievable detection
+with reverser interface pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reverser interface pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reverser interface pcr
+the entire transcriptome of a human cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire transcriptome of a human cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire transcriptome of a human cell
+is on the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 10
+is on the order of a half a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of a half a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of a half a million
+transcripts messenger rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts messenger rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts messenger rnas
+and so if any particular messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if any particular messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if any particular messenger rna
+got up to 10 to the fifth it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to 10 to the fifth it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to 10 to the fifth it would
+dominate and this happens in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and this happens in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and this happens in some cases
+like reticulocytes maybe 90 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reticulocytes maybe 90 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reticulocytes maybe 90 percent of
+the messenger rna might be globin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger rna might be globin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger rna might be globin
+now for proteins you'll have typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for proteins you'll have typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for proteins you'll have typically
+have burst of proteins you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have burst of proteins you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have burst of proteins you have one
+messenger rna you might get 10 to 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rna you might get 10 to 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rna you might get 10 to 1000
+proteins made depending on the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins made depending on the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins made depending on the organism
+and so you typically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you typically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you typically have a
+corresponding amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding amplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding amplification
+in the last line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people
+assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess
+casually whether a particular method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually whether a particular method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually whether a particular method is
+quantitative or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or not
+they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+there is they can be easily intimidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is they can be easily intimidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is they can be easily intimidated
+so they might say you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might say you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might say you might
+i've commented that the ionization of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've commented that the ionization of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've commented that the ionization of uh
+the esi stands for electrospray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esi stands for electrospray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the esi stands for electrospray
+ionization mass spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization mass spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization mass spectrometry
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if the if you take a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cleave it with trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleave it with trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cleave it with trypsin
+in principle every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle every
+cryptic fragment since trypsin cleaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic fragment since trypsin cleaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic fragment since trypsin cleaves
+pretty close to completely fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to completely fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to completely fairly easily
+every tryptic fragment every peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every tryptic fragment every peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every tryptic fragment every peptide
+should be equimolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equimolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equimolar
+if you now inject that into the hplc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now inject that into the hplc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now inject that into the hplc
+into the mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mass spec
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+integrated intensity should be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated intensity should be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated intensity should be equal
+because they're all equal molar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all equal molar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all equal molar and then
+when you find that no they vary over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you find that no they vary over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you find that no they vary over
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two orders of magnitude that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orders of magnitude that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orders of magnitude that is to say
+some or 100 times more intense peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some or 100 times more intense peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some or 100 times more intense peaks
+than others then you might get the spurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others then you might get the spurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others then you might get the spurs
+and say oh this isn't a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this isn't a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this isn't a quantitative
+science at all this is uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science at all this is uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science at all this is uh you know this
+is i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i can't
+deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a
+factor of 100 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 different
+but i think what you need to you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think what you need to you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think what you need to you need to
+reassess that when people say that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassess that when people say that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassess that when people say that mass
+spectrometry is not quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry is not quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry is not quantitative
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+requirements are that for quantification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are that for quantification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are that for quantification
+is that you have reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have reproducibility
+and that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have
+a way of calibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of calibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of calibrating
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or calculating
+if you can calculate from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can calculate from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can calculate from first
+principles then you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles then you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles then you don't need
+calibration if you can't if it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration if you can't if it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration if you can't if it's too
+empirical they need calibration but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical they need calibration but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical they need calibration but you
+do not need that uh every disparate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not need that uh every disparate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not need that uh every disparate
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+behaves exactly the same way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves exactly the same way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves exactly the same way you know
+not every peptide has to give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every peptide has to give the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every peptide has to give the same
+quantitative answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative answer
+simply has to be reproducible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply has to be reproducible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply has to be reproducible and
+calibratable with that same peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable with that same peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibratable with that same peptide
+and so here's an example of establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's an example of establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's an example of establishing
+two examples in a row of establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in a row of establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in a row of establishing
+the reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reproducibility
+here this is from that ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is from that ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is from that ribosomal
+protein experiment that i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein experiment that i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein experiment that i showed
+earlier with the complexes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier with the complexes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier with the complexes the
+sedimentation velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation velocity and the
+multi-dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+you measure you do a measurement on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure you do a measurement on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure you do a measurement on day
+one and you do the whole experiment over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you do the whole experiment over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you do the whole experiment over
+on day two and then you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two and then you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day two and then you compare
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+intensity of the of the peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get what is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get what is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get what is a fairly
+good straight-line relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good straight-line relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good straight-line relationship
+over uh on a log log curve over about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh on a log log curve over about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh on a log log curve over about
+a little over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over three
+logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there were many moving parts in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many moving parts in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many moving parts in that
+experiment there were all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there were all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there were all those
+different dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions
+and the whole experiment was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole experiment was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole experiment was not
+designed to be quantitative and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be quantitative and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be quantitative and no
+internal controls and so forth so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal controls and so forth so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal controls and so forth so on
+nevertheless this is a this is a good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this is a this is a good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless this is a this is a good um
+starting point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for
+convincing yourself for determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing yourself for determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing yourself for determining
+whether something is reproducible enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something is reproducible enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something is reproducible enough
+that you can make it quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make it quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make it quantitative
+here's another way of measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another way of measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another way of measuring the
+reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility
+now that one was a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that one was a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that one was a correlation
+coefficient linear correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient linear correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient linear correlation
+coefficient on a log log pot here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on a log log pot here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on a log log pot here is the
+coefficient of variation i think we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation i think we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation i think we may
+have mentioned this before this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned this before this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned this before this is just
+the standard deviation normalized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation normalized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation normalized by the
+mean in the upper left-hand part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the upper left-hand part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the upper left-hand part of this
+line you can see that the cv or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you can see that the cv or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you can see that the cv or
+coefficient of variation is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation is just the
+standard deviation divided by the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation divided by the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation divided by the mean
+so you can report it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can report it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can report it in terms of
+percentages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages
+of variation so here with a calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation so here with a calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation so here with a calibration
+of standards of peptides you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standards of peptides you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standards of peptides you get
+somewhere between two percent and 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between two percent and 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between two percent and 28
+coefficient variation that means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variation that means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variation that means you can
+trust these things to be within two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust these things to be within two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust these things to be within two to
+twenty eight percent of their absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty eight percent of their absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty eight percent of their absolute
+amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts
+um when you calibrate them so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you calibrate them so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you calibrate them so these two
+are just two examples of uh this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just two examples of uh this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just two examples of uh this should
+reassure you that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure you that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure you that there is
+reproducibility and cal and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility and cal and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility and cal and you can
+calibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calibration can be uh an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration can be uh an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration can be uh an expensive
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+um but there but there are for there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there but there are for there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there but there are for there are
+various motivations for measuring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various motivations for measuring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various motivations for measuring uh
+quantitating both proteins and nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitating both proteins and nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitating both proteins and nucleic
+acids allowed to scale and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids allowed to scale and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids allowed to scale and for example
+you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to
+compare them to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them to each other
+you might want to say to what extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to say to what extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to say to what extent
+is it the case that the most abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the case that the most abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the case that the most abundant
+proteins result from the most abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins result from the most abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins result from the most abundant
+messenger rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rnas
+are you could imagine a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you could imagine a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you could imagine a world where
+these are completely independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are completely independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are completely independent
+since one is transcription factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since one is transcription factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since one is transcription factors the
+other is you know translation factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is you know translation factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is you know translation factors
+there's no reason that they necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason that they necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason that they necessarily
+are synced up or you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are synced up or you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are synced up or you could imagine a
+hypothesis where it's a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis where it's a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis where it's a lot of work to
+make a lot of protein and so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of protein and so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of protein and so everything
+has to be working right for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be working right for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be working right for the most
+abundant ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant ones
+and for the least abundant ones you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the least abundant ones you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the least abundant ones you can
+have a little more slop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more slop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more slop
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+this analysis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis um
+critiqued a little bit in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiqued a little bit in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiqued a little bit in the in the in
+the subsequent paper that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent paper that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent paper that we'll talk
+about after the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after the break
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+can be interpreted as being consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interpreted as being consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interpreted as being consistent
+when you include all the proteins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you include all the proteins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you include all the proteins you
+have a very good correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very good correlation coefficient
+this is a linear pearson correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear pearson correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear pearson correlation
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as you as you restrict yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you as you restrict yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you as you restrict yourself to
+the lowest abundance proteins it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest abundance proteins it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest abundance proteins it sort of
+falls apart you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls apart you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls apart you have
+less significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less significant
+piercing correlation focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing correlation focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing correlation focus
+so let's take a little break and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a little break and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a little break and we'll
+talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh
+critiquing this a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing this a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing this a little bit and
+improving and asking other motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving and asking other motivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving and asking other motivations
+for putting protein on absolute scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting protein on absolute scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting protein on absolute scale
+including viewing ratios
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gGlMSe7uEkA.txt b/gGlMSe7uEkA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52b81134757b83ff745918cec1193f2d2ead640c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gGlMSe7uEkA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4057 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK,
+let's get started.
+
+Last week we talked
+about random variables.
+
+And this week
+we're going to talk
+
+about their expected value.
+
+The expected value
+of a random variable
+
+comes up in all sorts
+of applications.
+
+We're going to spend a
+whole week talking about it
+
+and some of next week
+talking about variations
+
+from the expected value.
+
+And it's probably
+one of the best
+
+tools you have for
+working with probability
+
+problems in practice.
+
+So let's write down
+the definition.
+
+The expected value
+also has other names.
+
+It's also known as the
+average or the mean
+
+of a random variable.
+
+Random variable R over
+a probability space S
+
+is denoted by a lot of ways.
+
+We're going to use Ex
+to denote it, Ex of R.
+
+And it's the sum over all
+possible outcomes in the sample
+
+space of the value of
+the random variable
+
+on that outcome times the
+probability of that outcome.
+
+In other words, the expected
+value of a random variable
+
+is just a weighted average
+of all possible values
+
+of the random variable where
+the weight is the probability
+
+of that happening.
+
+For example, suppose we
+roll a fair six sided die.
+
+So the numbers that
+come up are 1 to 6.
+
+And we let R be the
+random variable denoting
+
+the outcome, 1 through 6.
+
+So the expected
+value of the role,
+
+we can easily compute
+from the definition.
+
+Well, there's a 1/6 chance
+that it comes out a 1.
+
+The next outcome would be a 2.
+
+That happens with 1/6 chance.
+
+3, 4, 5, and six all
+happen with a 1/6 chance.
+
+If I sum up 1, 2, 3, 4 up to
+6, I get 6 times 7 over 2 times
+
+the 1/6 is just 7
+over 2 or 3 and 1/2.
+
+So expected value when I roll
+a die, a fair six sided die,
+
+is just 3 and 1/2.
+
+And as you can see
+from this example,
+
+the expected value doesn't
+have to be attainable by one
+
+of the outcomes.
+
+You don't get a 3 and
+1/2 when you roll a die.
+
+But that's the average value.
+
+Now the expected value, the
+expectation, the average,
+
+the mean, they're
+all the same thing.
+
+They're all defined based
+on a random variable.
+
+They all mean the same thing.
+
+They are all different
+than the median.
+
+That's something
+that's different.
+
+So let me define the median.
+
+Basically it is the
+outcome which splits
+
+the probabilities in half.
+
+In other words, you've
+got a 50% chance
+
+of being bigger than the median
+and a 50% chance of being
+
+smaller.
+
+Now precisely you can
+define it this way.
+
+The median of a
+random variable R
+
+is the value in the range of
+R such that the probability
+
+that the random variable is
+less than this median point is
+
+at most 1/2.
+
+And the probability
+that random variable
+
+is bigger than the median
+is strictly less than 1/2.
+
+Now, some texts
+do it differently.
+
+They swap this less than
+or equal to with this one.
+
+And it could give you
+a different answer
+
+if you do that.
+
+And I think in the text,
+actually, we screwed it up.
+
+So we have to get
+that corrected.
+
+I think we might have
+put a less than or equal
+
+here, which is not
+the right definition.
+
+So this is the right
+definition that we'll use.
+
+So using this definition,
+what is the median
+
+of the random variable that
+corresponds to rolling a die?
+
+What's the median when I
+roll a six sided fair die?
+
+Not 3 and 1/2, because it's
+got to be one of the values.
+
+The median does have
+to be in the realm
+
+of the random variable.
+
+It has to one of the
+attainable values.
+
+What's the median value
+when I roll a die?
+
+AUDIENCE: Four.
+
+PROFESSOR: Four.
+
+Let's try that out.
+
+If I plug in 4 here, the
+probability I'm less than 4
+
+is 1/2.
+
+Could be 1, 2, or 3.
+
+The probability of greater
+than 4 is 5 or six is 1/3.
+
+That's less than 1/2.
+
+So 4 works.
+
+3 doesn't work, because the
+probability I'm bigger than 3
+
+is 1/2.
+
+So it doesn't work.
+
+And the other definition
+sometimes people use
+
+would turn out that
+three is the median.
+
+Now, we're not going
+to spend any more
+
+time talking about the median.
+
+What's really important in
+probability is the mean.
+
+And that's because
+you can do a whole lot
+
+more with it in applications.
+
+Any question about the
+definitions so far?
+
+All right, so now we're going to
+do a more interesting example.
+
+We're going to play
+a gambling game
+
+and we're going to analyze the
+expected winnings, the expected
+
+return.
+
+And this is a simple
+three person game
+
+that you can see played
+in bars and informally.
+
+But to play it I
+need a volunteer
+
+from the class, somebody
+who wants to play.
+
+You've done it.
+
+Who hasn't done it?
+
+Have you done it?
+
+You haven't played.
+
+Do you have money
+in your pocket?
+
+You got to borrow some money.
+
+If you don't have any money,
+you got to borrow some.
+
+AUDIENCE: How much money?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I
+don't know, $5 or $10.
+
+Got it?
+
+All right, come on down.
+
+you're going to play
+against a couple of TAs.
+
+Maybe a couple of you
+will want to play.
+
+I'll get Nick and
+Martyna to play here.
+
+Now, this is a very simple game.
+
+In each round, each of the
+players is going to wager $2.
+
+So I can loan you guys
+some money here, I guess.
+
+So you have $2?
+
+All right, I have
+to loan you money.
+
+I better count this out.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think I
+can find the Zimbabwe
+
+dollars I had here somewhere.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know
+if I'm taking those.
+
+Here, you can split that up.
+
+I loaned you guys $10 there.
+
+You got $2.
+
+Put it on the table.
+
+Wager your $2.
+
+Now what we're going
+to do is they're each
+
+going to guess the
+results of a coin toss.
+
+We'll put the pot
+together here, mix it up.
+
+You only have to do two.
+
+You can save those for now.
+
+Oh, that's your two.
+
+All right, so we
+have $6 in the pot.
+
+Now, each of you is going to
+guess the outcome of a coin.
+
+So here's the guesses.
+
+Heads or tails, that's for you.
+
+Heads or tails,
+the guess for you.
+
+And you get a heads or a tails.
+
+So instead of writing
+it down, you're
+
+going to sort of
+hide those, maybe
+
+get some advice from
+the class, and you're
+
+going to pick one and put it on
+the table here as your guess.
+
+And then one of you out
+there is going to flip a coin
+
+and announce the
+result. And then we're
+
+going to reveal their
+guesses and the winners
+
+split the money.
+
+And if there's no winners,
+well, they take their $2 back
+
+and they split the pot.
+
+So this is a very fair game.
+
+They make their
+choices, you guys
+
+toss the coin, and the
+winners share of the pot.
+
+If there's one, winner they get
+$6, which is a profit of $4.
+
+Two winners, they each
+get three, profit of one,
+
+the other one's out two bucks.
+
+Nobody wins, they get
+their money back, profit 0.
+
+They all win, they get
+their money back, profit 0.
+
+Is the game clear?
+
+Who's got a coin out there?
+
+You've got a coin?
+
+Very good.
+
+Now you've got to
+guess the coin.
+
+Don't show each
+other your guesses.
+
+And put your guesses
+on the table here.
+
+You get to pick heads or tails.
+
+Put it on the table.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+This is not a hard game.
+
+You got a heads
+and a tails, right?
+
+Well, yeah, did you put a
+heads or a tails in there?
+
+Yeah, there's one
+heads, one tails.
+
+No, that's blank.
+
+You don't win that way.
+
+There you go.
+
+That's the tails.
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought you meant--
+
+PROFESSOR: Heads.
+
+So if you want heads,
+you go like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+I thought you meant
+do it the other way.
+
+PROFESSOR: There you go.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right, I'll have
+to make these indistinguishable
+
+now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, yeah.
+
+One of them is
+all ripped up now.
+
+They already guessed, so they've
+already done their guess.
+
+So you pick one
+and put it there.
+
+AUDIENCE: This is
+what I was originally
+
+going to guess anyway.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's good.
+
+And you now flip the coin
+and tell us what it came out.
+
+AUDIENCE: Heads.
+
+PROFESSOR: Heads.
+
+All right, let's
+reveal your choices.
+
+All right, so there's one heads.
+
+Martyna takes all the money.
+
+Just bad luck there, right?
+
+We're going to play again.
+
+We're going to play a few times.
+
+But let's start recording
+what happened here.
+
+So the coin came out heads.
+
+OK, remind me your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Adam.
+
+PROFESSOR: Adam gassed tails.
+
+And Martyna.
+
+Is it Y?
+
+Martyna guessed heads and
+Nick, he also loses at tails.
+
+So in this case Adam is out $2.
+
+Martyna got a profit of $4.
+
+And Nick is also down $2.
+
+All right, let's try it again.
+
+So again, pick another
+heads or tails.
+
+Adam's busily working
+out probabilities here.
+
+Well you got to put your
+money on the table here now.
+
+You got $2.
+
+That's three.
+
+Here you go.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+There we go.
+
+Two more dollars.
+
+You can make change if you want.
+
+There we go.
+
+All right, make your choices.
+
+You got one?
+
+As long as you guys don't
+show him your choices,
+
+we should be good here, I think.
+
+And you got to pick one here.
+
+Very good.
+
+Can we have a coin toss please?
+
+AUDIENCE: Heads.
+
+PROFESSOR: Heads again.
+
+What do we got?
+
+All right, good job.
+
+OK, Adam got heads and
+Martyna's on a roll here.
+
+So we got to split this up.
+
+Can you make change
+for him here?
+
+He gets $3.
+
+So it was heads.
+
+Adam had heads, Martyna has
+heads, and Nick's in trouble.
+
+Nick's off another
+$2 of my money.
+
+Martyna is up $1 because she
+wagered two and got three
+
+and Adam is up $1
+here for that one.
+
+All right, let's make
+another selection.
+
+Heads or tails?
+
+Put the money up here, $2.
+
+Going to need another
+loan here, Nick?
+
+AUDIENCE: I can
+throw in my keys.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no.
+
+AUDIENCE: The keys to
+my non-existent car.
+
+PROFESSOR: You got money?
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: I got a lot of money.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, very
+good, that's good.
+
+That's what we
+like to hear here.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's what
+he likes to hear.
+
+PROFESSOR: Everybody
+make a choice.
+
+Heads or tails?
+
+Now, you all want
+to be thinking, OK,
+
+what's going on here?
+
+We're going to figure out
+expectations in a minute,
+
+do the tree method.
+
+Is there any catch going on?
+
+Not that we would
+have a catch here.
+
+OK, put a heads or tails down.
+
+OK, coin toss please.
+
+AUDIENCE: Tails.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tails.
+
+What do we got?
+
+A winner, a winner, and a loser.
+
+So we got tails, tails, tails.
+
+Nick has lost another $2.
+
+Martyna's cruising and
+Adam is back to even.
+
+Good job.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I cash out now?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+you're only even.
+
+You've got to get ahead here.
+
+All right, let's do it again.
+
+$2.
+
+Everybody got $2 on the table?
+
+I'm going to have to loan.
+
+You got money?
+
+You got it.
+
+OK.
+
+See, my hope is
+Nick loses track.
+
+OK, make a choice please.
+
+Coin toss, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: Tails.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tails.
+
+What do we got?
+
+Heads.
+
+Martyna, Nick!
+
+Oh, for goodness sake.
+
+AUDIENCE: She's
+psychic, I tell you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Martyna wins again.
+
+You didn't make a deal
+with him, did you?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Nick and Martyna are
+perfect and Adam is down again.
+
+Let's collect your money.
+
+She gets it all.
+
+Oh, she got four here.
+
+Yeah, she made four.
+
+Good point.
+
+Because she won it all.
+
+Very good.
+
+All right, let's put
+the next wager up.
+
+Nick, if I were you, I wouldn't
+do much gambling in life.
+
+[LAUGHS] You got
+any money left Adam?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm going
+to have a big win.
+
+PROFESSOR: There it is.
+
+Working on the big win.
+
+There we go.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm running
+out of ones here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Martyna can
+make change for you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Thanks, Martyna.
+
+Do you have change for a 10?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+There we go.
+
+A couple bucks there.
+
+And then make your selections.
+
+Okey doke.
+
+It's a pretty fair game.
+
+They put the money in,
+the winners split the pot.
+
+You guys flip the coin after
+they make their selections.
+
+OK, make a selection.
+
+Martyna has hers.
+
+Adam's ready and Nick is ready.
+
+Can we have a coin toss?
+
+AUDIENCE: Tails.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tails.
+
+What do we got?
+
+Nick!
+
+Congratulations.
+
+Nick wins big.
+
+All right.
+
+Tails, heads, heads, tails.
+
+Nick, $4.
+
+He's climbing back.
+
+And Martyna lost for
+the first time $2.
+
+Poor Adam is sinking
+a little bit here.
+
+All right, one more.
+
+So who collects?
+
+Nick, do you want
+to collect this?
+
+Start paying off the debts,
+but save $2 for the last round.
+
+This yours?
+
+Yeah, there's a last one.
+
+All right, two more bucks.
+
+Last round.
+
+OK, make your selections.
+
+Martyna's ready.
+
+Nick is ready.
+
+OK, Adam, what do you like?
+
+Coin toss.
+
+AUDIENCE: Heads.
+
+PROFESSOR: Heads.
+
+How'd you do?
+
+Oh Adam, tough break.
+
+Nick again.
+
+Nick is the sole winner.
+
+So he collects on the heads.
+
+All right, so it's plus $4
+for Nick, minus 2 for Martina,
+
+minus 2 for Adam.
+
+All right, let's see
+how they did in total.
+
+Oh, poor Adam.
+
+Minus $6 here.
+
+How did that happen?
+
+Martyna is plus $6.
+
+Now we know how it happened.
+
+And Nick is even.
+
+Even.
+
+Yeah, so that's just a
+tough break for Adam.
+
+He came up here and lost $6.
+
+AUDIENCE: Interestingly,
+there's $6 on the table.
+
+I think I should
+take that and run.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+you probably should.
+
+But I need to get paid
+back from Nick here.
+
+Now obviously this is
+a fair game, right?
+
+So how many people think
+that Adam was just unlucky?
+
+A few.
+
+How many people think we
+just screwed him out of $6?
+
+Yeah, you're right.
+
+But let's do the analysis
+to see what happened here.
+
+Meanwhile, I probably
+should give him his $6.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: And you got my money.
+
+All right, so I have
+a gift certificate,
+
+if you would like, for
+playing the game here.
+
+You can have this or you can
+have the pocket protector.
+
+I got to say somebody's
+last time turned
+
+in this for one of these.
+
+The nerd pride pocket protector.
+
+So what would you
+like for your memento?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm going
+to take the box where
+
+[? David Chena ?] is standing.
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: As in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You get one
+too for tossing the coin.
+
+So we'll pass this up.
+
+Here you go.
+
+Want to pass that up
+for our coin tosser?
+
+OK, very good.
+
+Thanks very much.
+
+Just leave the money here.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Leave my money here.
+
+Oh, we took some
+out of your wallet.
+
+AUDIENCE: I got $5
+money from you-- $5.
+
+PROFESSOR: $5 from me, yeah.
+
+All right, so leave me the $5.
+
+AUDIENCE: This is your $5.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I should
+give them back their $6.
+
+Well, otherwise they
+could report me,
+
+and I'd be in trouble.
+
+And it's all on film.
+
+That would not be good.
+
+OK, so what we're going to
+do now is analyze the game.
+
+And I'm going to
+prove to you he was
+
+just unlucky, despite
+the fact that you
+
+think I screwed him here.
+
+So we're going to analyze
+Adam's expected winnings
+
+playing this game.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So we're going to make
+the tree, as usual.
+
+Now, the first thing we
+have is Adam's choice.
+
+Now, Adam were you doing
+anything besides sort
+
+of randomly picking?
+
+Were you trying to
+psych out the coin?
+
+AUDIENCE: Apparently I
+wouldn't be able to bribe him
+
+from all the way down here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, and
+you did lose most of it.
+
+We'll say Adam
+was playing 50-50.
+
+It's a reasonable assumption.
+
+And then we have
+Martyna and then
+
+we have Nick and their choices.
+
+And let's say they're 50-50
+as well, because none of them
+
+know what coin is
+going to be tossed.
+
+And I'm not going to draw
+this bottom half of the tree,
+
+but it's totally symmetric.
+
+It just gets too deep otherwise.
+
+And then we have Nick's choices,
+heads, tails, heads, tails.
+
+And they're 50-50.
+
+And then we have the coin.
+
+And I'll start
+drawing it down here.
+
+And the coin can
+be heads or tails.
+
+And we're going to
+assume it was a fair coin
+
+toss back there, because
+it looked like it
+
+was flipping a bunch of times.
+
+And you don't look
+like Persi Diaconis,
+
+so we're going to
+assume you didn't
+
+learn how to flip heads always.
+
+So those are 50-50.
+
+A little tight here.
+
+Everything is 50-50.
+
+So the probabilities
+are all 1/16.
+
+I got 16 possible outcomes.
+
+2 by 2 by 2 by 2.
+
+They're all equally likely.
+
+So all the
+probabilities are 1/16.
+
+And now let's see the winnings.
+
+So we'll take Adam's game.
+
+It'll turn out to be negative.
+
+Now, in this case if Adam's
+heads and Martyna and Nick
+
+are heads and the coin comes
+up heads, they all win,
+
+they split the pot.
+
+So how much is the gain
+for Adam in that case?
+
+0.
+
+Now they all guessed heads,
+but the coin comes out tails,
+
+so they split the pot.
+
+What's Adam's gain there?
+
+0, because they just
+split the pot again.
+
+He gets his $2 back.
+
+That's 0.
+
+Now we have a case
+where Nick is tails,
+
+Adam and Martyna were heads,
+and it comes out heads.
+
+So Nick is losing here.
+
+The pot is split by
+Adam and Martyna.
+
+What does Adam get as a profit?
+
+1.
+
+He gets half the part because
+he splits with Martyna.
+
+That's $3 he put into,
+he gets 1, plus 1.
+
+Now it turns out same
+scenario of guesses,
+
+but it comes out tails,
+so Nick wins everything.
+
+What's Adam's status here?
+
+Minus 2.
+
+He bet $2, he lost it.
+
+Then we have heads for
+Adam, tails for Martyna,
+
+heads for Nick.
+
+Coin comes up heads, Adam splits
+with Nick, he gets a net of $1.
+
+Same scenario
+guesses, but now it's
+
+tails, so Martina wins
+everything, Adam loses $2.
+
+Now we go down to
+here where it's
+
+heads for Adam, tails
+for Martyna and Nick,
+
+and heads comes up, so
+Adam wins the whole thing.
+
+What does he get in this case?
+
+Plus 4.
+
+He wins the whole
+part of 6 minus 2.
+
+So he gets 4 net.
+
+And then lastly, in this
+scenario it comes up tails
+
+and Martina and Nick
+split the pot, Adam loses.
+
+Minus 2.
+
+And then the same thing
+is happening down here.
+
+Same thing.
+
+It's just everything is
+reversed by symmetry.
+
+Now, they're all equally likely.
+
+So what we do to compute
+the expected gain
+
+is take each value times its
+probability and add them up.
+
+So 0 times 1/16
+plus 0 times 1/16
+
+plus 1 times 1/16 minus 2
+times 1/16 and so forth.
+
+So it's easier just to add
+these up and multiply by 1/16.
+
+And when we do, we get 0.
+
+We get 0.
+
+If I add all these up, I get 0.
+
+The same thing for down here.
+
+So the expected
+gain for Adam is 0.
+
+And that is a fair game.
+
+What do you think?
+
+Do you think we'd go to
+all that trouble just
+
+to play a fair game?
+
+Or do you think we're trying to
+set him up and take his money?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Martyna and
+Nick are alternating,
+
+so the branch with
+the plus 4 goes away.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh,
+that's interesting.
+
+Look what happened here.
+
+Nick and Martina,
+well, they're opposite.
+
+That's opposite.
+
+You don't suppose they
+planned that, do you?
+
+And how could that possibly
+help that they just
+
+happened to guess opposite?
+
+AUDIENCE: One of
+them always wins.
+
+PROFESSOR: One of
+them always wins.
+
+And what does that
+mean for poor Adam?
+
+AUDIENCE: He never
+takes the whole pot.
+
+PROFESSOR: He never
+takes the whole pot.
+
+Well, all right.
+
+Let's see if that
+changed anything here.
+
+So if Nick and
+Martyna are always
+
+opposite, that means some of
+these branches can't occur.
+
+So if Martyna's heads,
+Nick is tails, this is out.
+
+So this is happening
+with probability 1 now.
+
+So these points are at
+1/8 each instead of 1/16.
+
+And these go to 0 because
+that branch can't happen.
+
+Same thing here.
+
+When you go tails to
+Martyna, Nick can't be tails,
+
+has to be heads.
+
+So these go to 1/8.
+
+These go to 0.
+
+Now, you notice this isn't
+working out so well for Adam
+
+because we're putting
+more weight here
+
+where he's got a net negative
+compared to an even situation.
+
+And here he's gone from a
+positive situation, that's
+
+getting wiped out
+to a net negative.
+
+So let's compute
+his probability now.
+
+And I'll get the same
+contribution down here.
+
+I've got 1 minus 2 plus 1
+of 0 minus 2 is negative 2.
+
+I'll get a negative 2
+down here times 1/8.
+
+In this case, I'll
+have the expected gain
+
+for Adam is going to be minus.
+
+Let's make sure I do this right.
+
+It's going to be 2 for the
+top and bottom times 1/8
+
+times these guys.
+
+1 minus 2 plus 1 minus 2.
+
+And that equals minus 2.
+
+That's minus 1/2.
+
+So in fact, if they come up
+here and guess differently,
+
+who knew?
+
+Now the expected gain
+for Adam is minus $0.50.
+
+Every time he plays, he expects
+to lose $0.50 on his $2 bet.
+
+That's a lousy game for
+Adam to be playing, even
+
+though it seemed very fair.
+
+You see what's going on here?
+
+Now, this kind of trick is used
+in all sorts of gambling games.
+
+Maybe you've probably
+played some of these games
+
+and may not have realized
+maybe somebody was
+
+using this trick against you.
+
+For example, how
+many of you have
+
+been in some kind of
+sports betting pool?
+
+It's March Madness,
+you're betting
+
+on the victors in round one.
+
+It's a football pool
+for the weekend.
+
+You're going to guess
+against the spread.
+
+Who's going to win?
+
+All right, some of
+you have done that.
+
+All right, now everybody
+puts $1 into the pool.
+
+And the winner is the
+guy who was the most wins
+
+or games picked right.
+
+All the winners split the pot.
+
+Now, what this says, by doing
+the same kind of analysis we
+
+just did, is that if you
+collude with one or two or three
+
+other players in the pool
+to always pick differently
+
+on all the games, it's
+going to give you an edge.
+
+Same reasoning.
+
+When they pick differently,
+it gives them an edge
+
+and now your expected
+return is bigger than 0,
+
+at the expense of
+the other players who
+
+just go in and are
+putting their picks, if we
+
+assume each one is 50-50.
+
+In fact, a former professor
+of statistics here at MIT
+
+used this idea, a guy named
+Herman Chernoff, in the 1980s
+
+to beat the state lottery.
+
+Now, everyone knows
+that lotteries
+
+are the worst game around
+because everybody puts
+
+the money in, the
+state takes half,
+
+and then the winners
+split the pot.
+
+So it's a horrendous game.
+
+Your expected return is
+half of what you put in.
+
+So you expect to lose half your
+bet, because the state's taking
+
+half and splitting the remainder
+among all the participants.
+
+Now, what Chernoff realized is
+that people don't bet randomly.
+
+They tend to pick the
+same sets of numbers.
+
+It might be a birthday.
+
+There's only so many
+birthdays out there.
+
+Might be number of
+home runs Papi's hit,
+
+his batting average,
+Pabelbon's ERA.
+
+Who knows?
+
+But they pick a
+relatively small set
+
+of numbers that
+tend to collapse on.
+
+In fact, if you graph
+how people tend to pick.
+
+And say you're
+playing pick four,
+
+where you pick four numbers.
+
+And now you look at the
+frequency with which
+
+the numbers are picked.
+
+Very crudely it looks
+something like this.
+
+Every once in a while
+you get a hot ticket
+
+where a lot of people
+pick that number.
+
+For example, if you're
+picking four numbers,
+
+MIT students might
+pick 2, 4, 6, 16.
+
+They might pick that and
+so it'd be a big spike
+
+for that set of four.
+
+Down the street they're
+probably picking in 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Something like that and
+there's a spike there.
+
+If you knew this was
+the histogram of what
+
+people were picking and
+you knew half the pot was
+
+going to get split with the
+winners, what would you pick?
+
+Would you pick these?
+
+No, because now you're splitting
+the pot with 100 people.
+
+That's no good.
+
+You pick down here.
+
+And now when you win,
+you get half the pot.
+
+The state always takes
+half, but you don't have
+
+to split it with anybody else.
+
+And that means if you're
+picking down here,
+
+your expected
+return is positive,
+
+even with the state taking half.
+
+Because so much of the money
+is piled up in these things.
+
+And so Chernoff proved
+that in fact, he
+
+didn't know which
+numbers were popular.
+
+He didn't know that.
+
+So what did he do?
+
+If you don't know where
+the spikes are but you're
+
+trying to avoid them and
+there's not very many spikes,
+
+what would you do to avoid them?
+
+Pick random.
+
+Because if you pick random,
+probably you miss the spike.
+
+You're down here.
+
+With a number nobody would
+have thought to pick,
+
+if some random number.
+
+And he showed that, in
+fact, if you pick randomly,
+
+your expected gain for
+the lottery at the time
+
+was 7%, or $0.7 on the dollar.
+
+So positive even with
+the state taking half.
+
+Now, shortly after that,
+you saw the proliferation
+
+of these random machines that
+we create random numbers.
+
+Because the state wanted
+to balance it out and not
+
+have this kind of a scenario.
+
+So now a lot of the
+picks are randomly
+
+generated in a lot
+of the lotteries.
+
+These things are not
+immediately obvious,
+
+but become very clear once you
+know the mathematics behind it.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How would a
+person hit a random number?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you go to
+your favorite computer
+
+and do a random
+number generator.
+
+Now, that's not
+perfectly random.
+
+People do get into
+a science of this
+
+where they're
+certain cosmic rays
+
+or whatever hitting the
+earth and the frequency
+
+they try to get random
+numbers out of it
+
+or certain kinds
+of clocks and stuff
+
+like that, the tiny
+low order bits.
+
+Actually getting really
+independent random numbers
+
+can be challenging.
+
+A lot of the things you do
+with a computer generating
+
+random numbers, they're
+distributed nicely,
+
+but they're not
+mutually independent.
+
+And there's whole texts
+that go into how to do
+
+that for mutual independence.
+
+Getting something that's
+fair for one of them
+
+is not too hard.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+There's another example.
+
+How many people
+ever participated
+
+in a Super Bowl bet?
+
+OK, like maybe you're trying to
+guess the over under on point
+
+scored.
+
+And the person who guesses close
+to the total number of points
+
+wins the pot.
+
+And if there's a
+tie, it's shared.
+
+So in that kind of
+situation, some people
+
+figured out that the average
+number of points scored
+
+in a Super Bowl is, say, 30.
+
+And a lot of the guesses then
+will cluster around 30 points.
+
+Now, if you knew this and you
+knew a lot of the guesses,
+
+because there may be people who
+cared betting, where would you
+
+make, say, this is, I don't
+know, 40 and this is 20,
+
+where would you guess?
+
+You could guess here.
+
+That's a good one.
+
+Or you could guess here.
+
+Not only are you not going to
+share the pot, which helps you,
+
+but in this case you'd
+actually, because being closest,
+
+you'd capture all
+the scores out here.
+
+So that's really good.
+
+So these are the best guesses to
+make for your expected return,
+
+assuming everybody is guessing
+around here because they
+
+know that's the median.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: But those scores
+aren't likely to happen.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're
+not likely to happen,
+
+but it can outweigh splitting
+the pot with all the people
+
+that guessed here.
+
+And you get to cover more bases.
+
+So you're right, they're
+less likely to happen
+
+because so many people guessed
+in here where it's likely.
+
+Your expected return
+is better out here.
+
+You may not be likely
+to win, but your payoff
+
+will be very large when you do.
+
+Now, if you're in
+a bet or a pool
+
+with a bunch of 6042
+students and they're all
+
+guessing out here, well then
+you want to go back home here.
+
+Then it's better.
+
+So it all depends on what
+that distribution looks like.
+
+All right, any more
+questions about this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+if you're going
+
+to be playing a
+whole bunch of times,
+
+and if you're only
+playing once, wouldn't you
+
+look at the most likely result?
+
+PROFESSOR: Say that again now?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're going to be
+only playing once wouldn't you
+
+only be concerned
+with the result that's
+
+most likely to show up?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it
+depends on your strategy.
+
+If you want the expected
+gain to be maximized,
+
+it doesn't matter how
+many times you're playing.
+
+And that can be very
+different than maximizing
+
+your probability of winning.
+
+If you want to maximize
+your probability of winning,
+
+you're going to go right
+at the center point here.
+
+Because if you look at the
+probability distribution
+
+and say the probability
+distribution looks like that,
+
+then you want to bet
+here, because that's
+
+the maximum chance of winning.
+
+But say so many people bet
+there, you'd split 30 ways.
+
+Well, this divided by 30 is
+smaller than this divided by 1.
+
+And so your expected return
+will be bigger out here.
+
+So two different things.
+
+Maximizing the probability
+of winning and maximizing
+
+your expected return.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you
+say maximizing,
+
+do you just do derivatives?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, then
+you could do derivatives
+
+and all that kind of stuff.
+
+That's right.
+
+Once you have the curve,
+you figure it out.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't it
+be better to maximize
+
+your expected value versus
+the probability that you win?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+In general, you want to
+maximize the expected return
+
+on the basis that
+probably over life you're
+
+doing lots of things.
+
+And that overall puts
+you in a better state.
+
+Now, we're going
+to talk about this
+
+some next time in terms
+of taking high risk
+
+bets with high, high payoffs.
+
+That can maximize
+your expected return,
+
+but you have a very decent
+chance of losing a lot.
+
+And so you might not
+want to go there.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that next time we
+
+talk about variance and
+actually what your choice is.
+
+Because that is a
+fundamental choice you face.
+
+Maximizing chance of winning,
+maximizing expected return.
+
+And of course, tied into
+that is the risk of losing
+
+and what kind of risk
+you're willing to tolerate.
+
+We're going to do a bunch more
+examples, but before I do,
+
+I want to show you
+some other equivalent
+
+definitions of expectation.
+
+So the expected value
+of a random variable,
+
+you can also compute
+it by summing over
+
+all possible values of
+the random variable.
+
+x being in the range of
+R. x times the probability
+
+that R equals x.
+
+And let's see why this is true.
+
+It follows from the definition.
+
+From the definition, we
+know the expected value
+
+is the sum over
+all sample points
+
+of the value of the random
+variable on the sample
+
+point times its probability.
+
+And now we can organize this
+sum by the value that R takes.
+
+So we're going to split
+this into a double sum
+
+where here we're looking
+first at x in the range of R.
+
+And then here we look at
+sample points for which R
+
+on that point is x.
+
+So this sum is
+equivalent to this one.
+
+Here we're just
+organizing all the sample
+
+points for the same value of x.
+
+All right, now in
+the inner sum, I've
+
+only got values for which
+R w equals x, so I can just
+
+replace this with x.
+
+The same as before.
+
+Only now I've just
+put x instead of Rw.
+
+Now I can pull the x out since
+it's a constant independent
+
+of that sum.
+
+Now here I'm summing up the
+probability of all the sample
+
+points for which R of
+the sample point is x.
+
+And that is just the
+probability that R equals x.
+
+That's the definition of the
+probability of that event.
+
+And so now my answer
+is some overall values
+
+x in the range of x times
+of probability R equals x.
+
+And that's what I
+was trying to prove.
+
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+Now there are some
+special cases of this
+
+when the random variable
+is on the natural numbers.
+
+So the range of R is
+the natural numbers.
+
+So a corollary.
+
+If the random variable has a
+range on the natural numbers,
+
+then another way to compute
+the expected value of r
+
+is to simply sum i equals
+1 to infinity i times
+
+the probability R equals i.
+
+And the proof, well, it's really
+just saying the same thing
+
+here.
+
+I'm just summing over
+the natural numbers.
+
+And the case with
+0 doesn't matter
+
+because I get 0 times
+the probability of 0.
+
+And that adds
+nothing to the sum.
+
+So I just have to sum over the
+positive integers in that case.
+
+All right, there's
+another special case
+
+of this, which
+makes it even easier
+
+sometimes to compute
+the expected value.
+
+If R is a random variable
+in the natural numbers,
+
+then the expected
+value of R is simply
+
+the sum i equals 0 to
+infinity of the probability
+
+the random variable
+is bigger than i.
+
+Which is the same as summing
+i equals 1 to infinity,
+
+the probability R is
+bigger than or equal to i.
+
+They're the same thing.
+
+For example, the first
+term here, your probability
+
+R bigger than 0.
+
+That's the same as saying R
+is bigger than or equal to 1
+
+and so forth.
+
+So these are clearly the same.
+
+And the difference
+here is we have i times
+
+probability R equals i.
+
+Here we have probability
+R is bigger than I,
+
+with no i out in front.
+
+So let's see why that's true.
+
+Well, we're going to work
+backwards and evaluate
+
+that sum.
+
+The sum i equal 0 to infinity
+probability R is bigger than i.
+
+Well, that's the
+probability R is bigger
+
+than 0 plus the
+probability R is bigger
+
+than 1 plus probability
+R is bigger than 2,
+
+and so forth out to infinity.
+
+Adding those up.
+
+And now I can
+write this one out.
+
+That's the probability R
+equals 1 plus the probability R
+
+equals 2 plus the probability
+R equals 3 and so forth.
+
+Probability are bigger than
+1 equals, well, R could be 2,
+
+R could be 3, and so forth.
+
+R bigger than 2.
+
+Well, R could be
+3, 4, and so forth.
+
+And so now if I
+add all these up,
+
+well, I get 1 times
+probability R equals 1.
+
+Two of these guys.
+
+Three of these guys.
+
+And you can see
+the pattern here.
+
+Before the next and so forth.
+
+And so we've shown that this
+value equals that value, which
+
+is by the corollary just
+the expected value of R.
+
+So by the corollary, we know
+that the expected value of R
+
+equals the sum up there.
+
+And that's the proof
+of the theorem.
+
+Sometimes it's easier to use
+that top expression there.
+
+And as a good example, it
+gives a really easy way
+
+to compute the mean time
+to failure in a system.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+Suppose you have a system and
+it fails with probability p
+
+at each step.
+
+And let's assume
+that the failures
+
+are mutually independent.
+
+So if the system has
+been going for t steps,
+
+it still will fail on step
+t plus 1 with probability p,
+
+no matter what's
+happened before.
+
+And the question is, what's
+the expected number of steps
+
+before the system fails?
+
+How long is it going to
+live before you get a crash?
+
+And we're going to let R
+be that random variable.
+
+It will be the step when
+failure occurs, first failure.
+
+We want to know what's the
+expected value of R. Mean time
+
+to failure.
+
+And we're going to use
+that top formula up there.
+
+Makes it a lot
+simpler to do that
+
+than the other definitions.
+
+Now, the probability
+that R is bigger than i
+
+is the same as the
+probability it did not
+
+fail in the first i steps.
+
+So this equals the probability
+of no failure in the first i
+
+steps.
+
+Because this event,
+R bigger than i
+
+means that the first failure
+was not in the first steps,
+
+so the system was fine
+for the first i steps.
+
+And because of
+mutual independence
+
+on when failure
+occurs, this is simply
+
+the product that we're OK,
+no failure in the first step
+
+times the probability.
+
+We're OK in the second step and
+so forth up to the ith step.
+
+We're OK in ith step.
+
+And this is where we're
+using mutual independence,
+
+because I've gone
+from a situation where
+
+we're OK in the first i steps.
+
+The probability of that is the
+product of the probabilities.
+
+We're OK in each
+step individually.
+
+So that needed independents.
+
+Well, what is the probability
+we're OK in the first step?
+
+What's the probability of
+no failure on step one?
+
+1 minus p, because p is the
+probability we did fail.
+
+So we're OK with
+probability 1 minus p.
+
+What is the probability
+we're OK in the second step?
+
+1 minus p and so
+forth for all i steps.
+
+So this is 1 minus p to the eye.
+
+And it's usually simpler to
+write that as alpha to the i
+
+where alpha equals 1 minus p.
+
+Because what we've got
+here now is the sum.
+
+Expected value of R
+is a sum, i equals 0
+
+to infinity of that probability,
+which is just alpha to the i.
+
+And we all know what
+that sum is, right?
+
+What's that sum?
+
+1 over 1 minus alpha.
+
+And that plug back in
+the alpha to be 1 minus
+
+p is 1 over 1 minus 1 minus p.
+
+And that's very simple.
+
+That's 1 over p.
+
+So the expected time to
+fail, the expected step
+
+of when you're going to
+fail, is 1 over p where
+
+p is the failure probability.
+
+So for example, if you have a 1%
+chance of failing on any step,
+
+your mean time to
+failure is what?
+
+100.
+
+1 over 0.01.
+
+So very easy to compute
+mean time to failure.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Of course, you can do it
+with the other definitions,
+
+but the calculations are
+a little more painful.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why are we summing it?
+
+Is it like an accumulative
+solution basically?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why are we summing?
+
+Well, that's the definition.
+
+The theorem says the expected
+value of a random variable
+
+is the sum of the probability
+that it's bigger than i.
+
+That's what the theorem says.
+
+So we're just plugging
+into the theorem.
+
+And then the theorem
+was proved based
+
+on the corollary, which came
+from the theorem and then
+
+the definition.
+
+So we went through
+a series of steps.
+
+We started with a definition
+of expected value, which
+
+makes sense.
+
+Then we got another
+way to compute it
+
+based on that definition.
+
+And then a corollary
+to that and then
+
+we use the corollary
+to prove another way
+
+of computing expected values.
+
+We went through a
+bunch of general steps
+
+and then we used, basically
+you could use this
+
+as a definition of this
+point for expected value.
+
+And it just says you
+sum those things up
+
+and you get the answer.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, there's a variation
+on this problem
+
+that you see all the time
+in sort of trick questions
+
+or in the popular
+press sometime, that
+
+often confuses people.
+
+People sometimes think
+of it as a paradox,
+
+though it's not really one.
+
+And the example's something
+like the following.
+
+Say that a couple, they're
+going to have kids.
+
+What they really
+want is a baby girl.
+
+They get a boy,
+fine, but that's not
+
+what they're concerned about.
+
+They want to have a baby girl.
+
+And let's say that
+each time they have
+
+a kid it's 50-50 boy or girl.
+
+And let's say that it's
+mutually independent from one
+
+kid to the next, which
+is not true in practice.
+
+There tends to be correlation.
+
+But let's assume it's
+mutually independent from one
+
+kid to the next.
+
+Now, if on the first
+try a couple get a girl,
+
+great, they're done, they
+have one kid, that's it,
+
+because they just wanted a girl.
+
+If they get a boy,
+OK, try again.
+
+And they keep trying again
+until they get the girl,
+
+even if it's 50 kids.
+
+They wait till
+they get the girl.
+
+And the question is,
+how many baby boys
+
+do you expect to get
+before you have the girl?
+
+what's?
+
+The expected number of boys to
+get the girl, then you quit?
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So we want to know.
+
+We have the following data.
+
+The probability of a boy is 1/2.
+
+You keep having boys until
+you get a girl, then you quit.
+
+We're going to let R
+be the random variable
+
+for the number of boys.
+
+And everything is mutually
+independent from one child
+
+to the next.
+
+How many people think you expect
+to have more boys than the one
+
+girl?
+
+You keep having boys
+till you get the girl.
+
+Most people think this.
+
+How many people think you expect
+to have fewer than one boy?
+
+Nobody.
+
+How many people think you
+expect to have an equal number?
+
+Expect one boy.
+
+Good, OK, so that's the answer.
+
+In fact, you expect
+to have just one boy.
+
+And the proof, we sort
+of just did it here.
+
+Now, in this case,
+we're going to set it up
+
+as a mean time to failure.
+
+Same kind of thing.
+
+Now, in this case the failure
+mode, they want the girl,
+
+but that's when you stop,
+so that's the failure mode.
+
+And a working step
+is you have a boy
+
+and you keep having the
+working steps until you have
+
+failure mode and then you stop.
+
+And in this case,
+we're not counting
+
+the step when you stop.
+
+So we know from that that
+the expected value of R
+
+is 1 over p, which
+is going to be 1/2.
+
+That's the number of
+children you have.
+
+And that equals the
+mean time to failure.
+
+Minus the girl.
+
+Because you count the girl
+as one of the children.
+
+And that's going to be the
+expected number of boys.
+
+So number of children
+you're expected
+
+to have minus the girl.
+
+This is 1 over 1/2.
+
+And that is 2 minus 1 equals 1.
+
+So you expect to have one
+boy before you get the girl.
+
+Any questions on that?
+
+OK, how about this?
+
+Some couples want to have
+at least one of each sex.
+
+They want to have at least
+one boy and one girl.
+
+So they keep having children
+until they get one of each
+
+and then they stop.
+
+How many children do
+they expect to have?
+
+Somebody said two.
+
+That's a minimum number.
+
+So it's not likely to
+be the expected number.
+
+Three.
+
+Well, OK, who said three?
+
+Why do you think three?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you have to
+have at least the first two,
+
+so it can be greater than one.
+
+I mean, one probability
+is greater than one child,
+
+one probability is
+greater than two children.
+
+And after that it's halves
+which add up to one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's right.
+
+That's a good proof.
+
+Very good.
+
+That'll work.
+
+Yeah, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a
+question about what
+
+you were doing before.
+
+If you were to switch your
+expectations for a girl
+
+and boy, wouldn't it come
+out to the same number
+
+but wouldn't it kind
+of contradict itself?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, if you stopped
+as soon as you had a boy,
+
+you'd expect to have one
+girl before you got a boy.
+
+Totally symmetric.
+
+In this case, we're stopping
+when we get the girl,
+
+so we expect to have one boy.
+
+You might have none, you might
+have one, you might have two.
+
+and as he mentions, if you put
+the probabilities in there,
+
+they will work
+out the right way,
+
+but we just did it simpler
+by the mean time to failure.
+
+And in fact, there's
+also another proof,
+
+what you're doing.
+
+Another way to think
+about how many kids
+
+you have to get one of each.
+
+Well you have the first kid.
+
+And now you have this
+problem, because you
+
+want one of the other sex.
+
+And you keep on trying to
+get one of the other sex
+
+and you expect to
+have two children
+
+to get one of the other sex.
+
+So you have one to start.
+
+Whatever it is doesn't matter.
+
+And now you expect
+to have two more
+
+until you hit the other sex.
+
+So a total of three is the
+expected number of children
+
+to get one boy and
+one girl, at least.
+
+Any questions about expectation?
+
+OK, let's do another example.
+
+This comes up all the
+time in experimental work.
+
+Probably all of you are going to
+have some example at some point
+
+where you're going to
+do a problem like this.
+
+And most all the time,
+people do it wrong.
+
+So let's see an example.
+
+Say that you want to measure the
+latency of some communications
+
+channel.
+
+And you want to know
+what's the average latency.
+
+So you set up an experiment.
+
+You send a package
+to the channel,
+
+you measure when it started,
+when it got to the other end,
+
+and you record the answer,
+and then you do it 100 times
+
+and you take the average.
+
+And you say that's the expected
+latency of the channel.
+
+Very, very typical kind of thing
+to do, and sometimes OK to do.
+
+So you'd do something like this.
+
+You pick a random
+variable D, which
+
+is going to denote the
+delay of a packet going
+
+through the channel.
+
+And there's, of course,
+some underlying distribution
+
+here, which we'll
+denote by f of x.
+
+And that's just the
+probability that D equals x.
+
+That's the probability
+distribution function.
+
+And as part of doing
+your stuff, you
+
+notice that if I
+look at plot f here,
+
+if I look at x on that
+axis and f of x here,
+
+it looks something like this.
+
+The chance of
+getting the observed
+
+cases where I got a long delay
+were small, low probability.
+
+And almost all the time
+I got a short delay.
+
+So very typically you'll get
+a curve that looks something
+
+like that in terms
+of the observations
+
+of your experiment.
+
+And say that you do your
+experiment 100 times
+
+and the average latency
+was 10 milliseconds.
+
+And sometimes you want
+to be really careful,
+
+so you do the whole thing
+again, you do another 100 times.
+
+And maybe it's nine
+milliseconds the next time.
+
+And that sort of
+confirms your belief
+
+that your first
+experiment was valid
+
+and that the expected
+latency on this channel
+
+is 10 milliseconds.
+
+Sounds pretty good.
+
+But it can be completely wrong.
+
+And not just because
+you're unlucky,
+
+but because you're taking
+a simple method like that.
+
+And let me show you an
+example where it is way off.
+
+All right, say you
+were just a little more
+
+sophisticated about this.
+
+And when you did
+your observations,
+
+you tried to figure out what
+this curve really looks like.
+
+And say that you,
+looking at the data,
+
+concluded that the probability
+that you have a delay of more
+
+than i milliseconds is 1 and i.
+
+That looks like this curve,
+as close as anything.
+
+So from your data,
+you conclude this.
+
+That's a little more
+sophisticated conclusion,
+
+because now you've
+identified what
+
+you believe the
+distribution is, which
+
+is stronger than expectation.
+
+How would you go about
+figuring out the expected value
+
+if you had that information?
+
+I mean, you could average
+the 100 sample points.
+
+But is there any way, if you
+assume this, what would you
+
+do for the expected value?
+
+Yeah, did I erase the theorem?
+
+No, it's over there.
+
+We just plug it to the theorem.
+
+The expected delay
+is going to be
+
+the sum of those probabilities
+from 1 to infinity.
+
+So we would compute
+from the theorem
+
+the expected delay is i equals
+1 to infinity probability.
+
+Do I want to do the 0 case?
+
+Want to be sure I don't get
+caught up in the 0 case.
+
+We'll use the case
+1 to infinity.
+
+Probability D greater
+than or equal to i.
+
+So let me put greater
+than or equal to here.
+
+That equals the sum i equals
+1 to infinity of 1 over i.
+
+What's that?
+
+What's the sum of 1 over
+i, i from 1 to infinity?
+
+It's infinite.
+
+Remember those harmonic number?
+
+i going from 1 to n
+gives you about log n.
+
+Remember that, the
+book stacking thing?
+
+i going from 1 to
+infinity, that's infinity.
+
+So in fact, your expected
+latency is infinite.
+
+And you just published a paper
+saying it was 10 milliseconds,
+
+maybe nine.
+
+So it's very dangerous to just
+take a bunch of the points,
+
+add them up, and average them
+and say that is the answer.
+
+Especially if you
+have some reason
+
+to believe the distribution
+looks like this
+
+and it really is
+something like that.
+
+It could be infinite.
+
+Now in some cases, if your
+distribution is very well
+
+behaved, averaging
+your sample points
+
+is the perfect thing to do.
+
+But it helps to know it's not
+necessarily the case that's
+
+a good way to go.
+
+Any ideas what went wrong?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+What would be your
+probability be over i squared?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, what
+would happen then?
+
+If in fact, it was
+1 over i squared.
+
+So you need to do this sum.
+
+Here's a good review
+question for the final.
+
+What method do you
+use to estimate that?
+
+Remember the how do we do that?
+
+Is that infinite?
+
+No.
+
+He used the integration bound.
+
+And you'll see what
+this is pretty small.
+
+It'll be, what, 1 and
+a 1/2, 2, something
+
+like that where we can do
+the integration method here.
+
+So huge difference.
+
+This is O of 1.
+
+This is bounded.
+
+Probably less than 2, if we
+did the integration method.
+
+So huge difference here
+in what the outcome is.
+
+Now, how can it be
+that I've got something
+
+with expected infinite value
+and I average 100 points
+
+and I got 10 milliseconds?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The infinite
+value comes from the fact
+
+that there is a
+decent probability
+
+that delay is going to be huge.
+
+However, if you only take a
+finite number of sample points,
+
+then chances are
+you're not going
+
+to get any monstrous delays.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+The chance of seeing anything
+beyond 100 milliseconds
+
+is 1 in 100.
+
+So I'm probably
+not going to see.
+
+In a sample size of
+100, almost surely
+
+I won't see something that takes
+a second, 1,000 milliseconds.
+
+But yet it's those
+rare sample points
+
+that are causing
+that sum to blow up.
+
+If I sum that from 1 to
+100, I get log of 10.
+
+Pretty small.
+
+So I get log of 100,
+which is pretty small.
+
+So what's happening when
+you do your finite sample is
+
+you're missing
+the big guys which
+
+are very rare, but enough
+to blow up your expectation.
+
+Now, you can draw two
+conclusions from that.
+
+One of them is just we did.
+
+The other is,
+well, expectation's
+
+the wrong measure.
+
+And really what
+we should be doing
+
+is looking at only 1,000 sample
+points or something like that.
+
+But in practice of using the
+thing over and over again,
+
+eventually you're going
+to get hit with a whopper.
+
+Sometimes you'll see
+people take data points out
+
+when they're really
+the big ones.
+
+They say, oh, well,
+that was an anomaly.
+
+I take that out and then
+we compute the average.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: How much
+would you pay to play
+
+a game where the pair would the
+be the latency of the packet?
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: How much
+do you pay to play
+
+a game where the pair would
+be the latency of the packet?
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+That's a big number.
+
+If that was my losses
+here, that's tough.
+
+I'd bet anything
+up against that.
+
+To get a payoff of infinity?
+
+You'd pay $1,000
+to play that game.
+
+Now, you'd want to
+play it for a long time
+
+to get that big payoff, right?
+
+But eventually that's
+what it's going to be.
+
+Any questions?
+
+People understand the
+issue here and what
+
+to worry about when you
+all do that someday?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, now here
+you don't know for a fact
+
+this is it.
+
+But you could model and
+you start seeing these.
+
+You fill in the points and
+you say, it looks like this,
+
+let's assume that's what it
+was, then here's the result.
+
+If it looks like it's 1
+over i squared, you can say,
+
+let's assume that's what
+it is and then you get
+
+a different result. But
+you take the various cases
+
+and consider them to do it.
+
+Or you could say, I take the
+expectation assuming I never
+
+get a point bigger than 100.
+
+And I limit it that way.
+
+And then you're
+safe at that point
+
+and you can get away with it.
+
+But to blindly go out
+there and say here it
+
+is, not so reliable.
+
+The expected value does have
+a lot of useful properties.
+
+And the most important is
+called linearity of expectation.
+
+And we'll spend the rest of
+today and some of next time
+
+talking about it.
+
+And quite possibly it's
+one of the reasons people
+
+use it so much instead of other
+things you might think about.
+
+The theorem, and this may be
+the most important theorem
+
+on probability.
+
+For any random variables, R1 and
+R2, on a probability space S,
+
+the expected value of R1 plus R2
+equals the expected value of R1
+
+plus the expected value of R2.
+
+Very simple.
+
+It's another way of
+saying expectation
+
+is a linear function.
+
+The proof.
+
+No, skip the proof here.
+
+It's not hard and
+it's in the text.
+
+Follows pretty simply
+from the definition.
+
+There's a generalization for
+more than two random variables.
+
+So corollary.
+
+For all k in the natural numbers
+and k random variables R1,
+
+R2, up to Rk on the
+sample probability space
+
+S. The expected value of
+R1 plus R2 plus Rk is just
+
+the sum of the expected values.
+
+And the proof of that is by
+induction using that result.
+
+And the really important
+thing about this
+
+is that neither of these
+results needs independence.
+
+It is true whether or not
+the Ri are independent.
+
+Pretty much everything
+we do in probability
+
+to manipulate random variables
+needs them to be independent.
+
+You don't need that here.
+
+And that'll make
+it very powerful.
+
+So let's do an example.
+
+Say I roll two fair dice.
+
+Six sided dice.
+
+Not necessarily independent.
+
+R1 is the outcome
+on the first die.
+
+And R2 will be the
+outcome on the second one.
+
+And I'm interested in
+the sum of the dice.
+
+So with that R
+it'd be R1 plus R2.
+
+And I want to know the expected
+value of the sum of the dice
+
+when I roll them.
+
+Now, if I didn't
+use that theorem
+
+I'd compute the tree
+in the sample space.
+
+I'd get 36 possible outcomes,
+take the probability of each.
+
+It'd take you a
+little while to do it,
+
+but using linearity of
+expectation, it's easy.
+
+It's expected value of R1
+plus the expected value of R2.
+
+Each of these we already
+figured out is 3 and 1/2.
+
+And so the answer is 7.
+
+So if you roll a pair
+of dice, whether or not
+
+they are independent, the
+expected sum is seven.
+
+Any questions about
+linearity of expectation?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This one?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I
+mean pluses here.
+
+Here?
+
+I'm computing the sum
+of the random variables.
+
+So this could be a 1, that could
+be a 10, this could be a 3.
+
+So I'm compute the
+expected value of the sum,
+
+just like when I
+rolled two, dice I'm
+
+taking the expected value
+of the sum of the dice.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Now we're going to do a
+little trickier problem that
+
+uses linearity of expectation.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+sets, like when
+
+we're looking at the failure.
+
+Couldn't we add the two
+cases, like R1 being
+
+a girl and R2 being a boy?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, what
+would it mean to sum-- so
+
+what is the random variable?
+
+R1 is the case
+when you get a boy.
+
+So it's an indicator
+for getting a boy.
+
+R2 is the indicator
+for getting a girl.
+
+R1 plus R2 is by
+definition 1 then,
+
+because you got a boy or a girl.
+
+One of them had to happen.
+
+And the expected
+value would be one,
+
+But that's a different
+kind of game.
+
+But we are going to start using
+this in sophisticated ways
+
+to make calculations be
+easier for things like that.
+
+so
+
+This problem we call
+the hat check problem.
+
+And the idea here
+behind this is say
+
+that you have n men at a
+restaurant having dinner.
+
+And when they come
+into the restaurant,
+
+they check their hats
+in the coat room.
+
+Then something goes
+wrong in the coat room
+
+and the hats are all
+scrambled up randomly.
+
+Let's say a random
+permutation of the hats.
+
+So the men come back
+to get their hats
+
+and they get a random
+hat coming back.
+
+So each man gets a random
+hat back after dinner.
+
+And the question is, what is
+the expected number of men
+
+to get the right hat back?
+
+So we let R be the
+random variable
+
+that says the
+number of men to get
+
+the right hat, their happen.
+
+And we want to know the
+expected value of R.
+
+Now, from the
+definition, that's just
+
+the sum of all possibilities.
+
+K from 1 to n.
+
+K times the
+probability R equals k.
+
+So using one of
+the definitions, we
+
+could compute the
+expected value this way.
+
+In fact, if you were to
+be assigned this on a test
+
+or on homework, that's
+probably how you'd
+
+start something like that.
+
+And then, well, the
+next step you'd take
+
+would be to figure out what's
+the probability that exactly
+
+K men get the right hat back.
+
+In fact, we actually
+asked this once before we
+
+started doing it in class.
+
+And it was really hard if
+you went down this path.
+
+Because if you spent all
+night with your buddies,
+
+you would maybe get
+to the conclusion
+
+that probability R
+equals K is this.
+
+1 over K factorial times n minus
+K down here for K less than
+
+or equal to n minus 2.
+
+And 1 over n factorial if
+K equals n minus 1 or n.
+
+Then you would plug that nasty
+looking thing into there.
+
+So multiply by K. And
+you'd have to sum it up.
+
+And Lord help you.
+
+That's just a nightmare to do.
+
+You'd have a very hard
+time getting the answer.
+
+If you doubt that, try it.
+
+But that would be a
+natural way to proceed.
+
+But it turns out there is a
+trivial way to get the answer.
+
+And this is a very
+powerful technique
+
+using linearity of expectation.
+
+And for sure there will be a
+problem on the final exam just
+
+like this.
+
+And so if you go down this path,
+which is a natural first path,
+
+it may take you the rest
+of the day to solve it.
+
+But the method I'm
+going to show you
+
+will take you a couple
+minutes to do it.
+
+Now, the trick is to use
+linearity of expectations.
+
+So the problem is
+there's no sum here.
+
+So what we need to do is
+we're going to express R
+
+as the sum of random variables.
+
+And the way we're going
+to do that is as follows.
+
+And it's not obvious,
+but once you see it,
+
+it's easy to keep using it.
+
+We let R be the sum
+of R1 plus R2 plus Rn.
+
+And Ri is going to
+tell us the event.
+
+This is sort of what
+you were talking
+
+about before with the event
+of a boy or event of a girl.
+
+This is going to be the
+event of the ith man
+
+gets his right hat back.
+
+So it's an indicator
+random variable.
+
+It's 1 if the ith man
+gets the right hat.
+
+And it's 0 if he doesn't.
+
+So whenever the ith guy gets his
+hat back, that counts as one,
+
+and now you can see
+why this sum works.
+
+R is the number of men to
+get the right hat back.
+
+And it basically there's a
+one counted in here every time
+
+a guy gets his hat back,
+and 0 if he doesn't.
+
+So this sum is counting how many
+men got their right hat back.
+
+Non-obvious the first
+time, gets really simple
+
+the fourth or fifth time.
+
+We'll try to do a
+couple of them today.
+
+All right, now the expected
+value of R is easy.
+
+It's just by linearity
+of expectation,
+
+expected value of
+R1 and so forth
+
+plus the expected value of Rn.
+
+The expected value of an
+indicator random variable
+
+is just the probability
+that it's 1.
+
+Right it's 1 times
+the probability,
+
+it's 0 times the
+probability of 0.
+
+That's just the
+probability that it's 1.
+
+What's the probability that the
+first man gets the right hat
+
+back?
+
+1 over n.
+
+There's n hats.
+
+He gets a random one.
+
+What's the probability that the
+second man gets his hat back?
+
+Not 1 over n minus 1.
+
+He's coming in whether he's
+first, second, or last.
+
+He gets a random hat.
+
+1 in n chance it's his.
+
+What's the probability the last
+man gets the right hat back?
+
+One over n.
+
+Doesn't really matter
+if he's first or last.
+
+Just sort of tricks
+up a little bit.
+
+He's getting a random hat back.
+
+So it's 1 over n.
+
+I got n of each, 1
+over n, so what's
+
+the expected number of men
+to get the right hat back?
+
+One.
+
+Now, the math doesn't get
+much easier than that.
+
+Now, the amazing
+thing is we just
+
+proved that if we take
+that mess, stick it in here
+
+and sum it up, what
+answer do we get?
+
+1.
+
+That is certainly not obvious,
+but that is a consequence
+
+of everything we've just done.
+
+We've just given a probability
+proof of that fact.
+
+But the nice thing here
+is there's actually
+
+even more powerful.
+
+Did I need to assume that it
+was a random permutation of hats
+
+like I would need
+to assume for this?
+
+No independence is needed.
+
+In fact, there's all sorts
+of distributions that will
+
+give the same expected value.
+
+All I need is that each
+person gets the right hat back
+
+with probability 1 over n.
+
+In fact, this is an example
+of a different distribution
+
+for which the
+result is the same.
+
+Say you're at a
+Chinese restaurant.
+
+And you know they have
+the thing that spins
+
+in the middle of the table?
+
+Say that you each
+order an appetizer.
+
+There's n people and they're
+around a big circular table.
+
+Everybody gets their appetizer.
+
+Wonton soup, whatever.
+
+And then there's always the
+joker who spins the thing
+
+and spins around
+and then it stops
+
+and now you've got a random
+appetizer in front of you.
+
+In this case, we
+want to know what's
+
+the expected number of people
+to get the right appetizer back.
+
+Not the other guys
+wonton soup, but yours.
+
+That's a different
+probability space
+
+because there's only n
+sample points, n places where
+
+the thing could have stopped.
+
+Not n factorial like the hats.
+
+Well, does the analysis change?
+
+Exactly the same.
+
+Ri is the indicator
+variable for the ith person
+
+gets the right appetizer back.
+
+Linearity of expectation.
+
+The expected value of
+the indicator variable
+
+is just the probability
+that it's 1.
+
+And the probability
+that any person
+
+gets the right
+appetizer is 1 over n.
+
+So the answer is the same.
+
+The expected number of people
+to get the right appetizer
+
+back is 1.
+
+So totally different
+probability spaces, exactly
+
+the same analysis and answer.
+
+OK, so we'll do more
+of this next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gW7BnC3jsVk.txt b/gW7BnC3jsVk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..875418a658f11ebd27c4c27a31bb17f06517054c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gW7BnC3jsVk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+not some off in the future we right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some off in the future we right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some off in the future we right
+today are in the place where even high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are in the place where even high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are in the place where even high
+school kids or maybe even younger can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school kids or maybe even younger can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school kids or maybe even younger can
+actually create a national resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a national resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a national resource
+that's available to everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available to everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available to everyone in the
+world I'm Sarah Hansen today on Chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm Sarah Hansen today on Chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm Sarah Hansen today on Chalk
+radio my guest is Hal ablon legendary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio my guest is Hal ablon legendary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio my guest is Hal ablon legendary
+professor of computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of computer science and
+engineering at MIT Hal came to MIT as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering at MIT Hal came to MIT as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering at MIT Hal came to MIT as a
+graduate student in 1969 and has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in 1969 and has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in 1969 and has has
+been teaching here since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching here since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching here since
+1972 he was instrumental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 he was instrumental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 he was instrumental in
+conceptualizing MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing MIT open courseware
+which is not at all surprising given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not at all surprising given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not at all surprising given
+that he's dedicated his whole career to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's dedicated his whole career to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's dedicated his whole career to
+opening computer science to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening computer science to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening computer science to everyone
+even and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and especially
+children in this interview we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children in this interview we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children in this interview we talk about
+his involvement in developing the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his involvement in developing the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his involvement in developing the first
+programming language for young people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language for young people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language for young people we
+also talk about his App Inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about his App Inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about his App Inventor
+platform artificial intelligence and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform artificial intelligence and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform artificial intelligence and his
+vision for the future of Mighty open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for the future of Mighty open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for the future of Mighty open
+courseware so without further Ado here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so without further Ado here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so without further Ado here's
+my conversation with Hal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conversation with Hal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conversation with Hal
+ablon I want to take you back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablon I want to take you back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablon I want to take you back in time
+for a minute sure back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute sure back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute sure back to
+1987 it was a very hot muggy summer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 it was a very hot muggy summer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 it was a very hot muggy summer in
+Yardley Pennsylvania which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yardley Pennsylvania which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yardley Pennsylvania which is just
+across the river from Trenton New Jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the river from Trenton New Jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the river from Trenton New Jersey
+I'm from there in New Jersey okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from there in New Jersey okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from there in New Jersey okay so you
+know I know the hot muggy Summers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know the hot muggy Summers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know the hot muggy Summers you
+know the hot muggy um so I was about 10:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hot muggy um so I was about 10:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hot muggy um so I was about 10:
+and we had only one window air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had only one window air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had only one window air
+conditioner in our house and so my mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner in our house and so my mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner in our house and so my mom
+signed me up for a computer class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed me up for a computer class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed me up for a computer class this
+was one of the first of its kind at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first of its kind at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first of its kind at a
+local elementary school during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local elementary school during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local elementary school during the
+summer I think mainly just to get me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I think mainly just to get me out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I think mainly just to get me out
+of the house and so I go in there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the house and so I go in there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the house and so I go in there are
+maybe like 10 other kids there we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like 10 other kids there we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like 10 other kids there we pull
+up our squeaky chairs to this box like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our squeaky chairs to this box like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our squeaky chairs to this box like
+beige computer and it had maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige computer and it had maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige computer and it had maybe a little
+colored apple on the on the corner Bott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored apple on the on the corner Bott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored apple on the on the corner Bott
+and turned on the screen it was black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned on the screen it was black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned on the screen it was black
+and like some green lines flashed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like some green lines flashed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like some green lines flashed and
+then a little turtle showed up named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little turtle showed up named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little turtle showed up named
+logo and the teachers began to teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo and the teachers began to teach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo and the teachers began to teach us
+how to make the logo go up four squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make the logo go up four squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make the logo go up four squares
+right four squares and that was my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four squares and that was my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four squares and that was my first
+introduction to Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Computing
+really and I never thought that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and I never thought that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and I never thought that I would
+be sitting across from the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sitting across from the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sitting across from the person who
+helped invent logo they the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped invent logo they the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped invent logo they the first
+computer programming language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programming language for
+children and that's you could you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and that's you could you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and that's you could you tell
+me about your involvement oh well my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about your involvement oh well my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about your involvement oh well my my
+involvement with logo goes way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with logo goes way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with logo goes way back to
+69 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 or
+1970 as far as the turtle in 1987 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 as far as the turtle in 1987 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 as far as the turtle in 1987 of
+course is late from from my perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is late from from my perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is late from from my perspective
+of that but when I first showed up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but when I first showed up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but when I first showed up at
+MIT I I can say a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I I can say a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I I can say a little bit more about
+how I got to know Seymour Pap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got to know Seymour Pap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I got to know Seymour Pap and
+and Logo but the first project I had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Logo but the first project I had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Logo but the first project I had was
+logo originally was working with kids at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo originally was working with kids at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo originally was working with kids at
+uh at Muzzy School in Lexington and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Muzzy School in Lexington and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Muzzy School in Lexington and we
+had a thing called the turtle which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a thing called the turtle which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a thing called the turtle which was
+a yellow thing about 2 feet high that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yellow thing about 2 feet high that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yellow thing about 2 feet high that
+kind of looked like a vacuum cleaner on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looked like a vacuum cleaner on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looked like a vacuum cleaner on
+Wheels and that was the actual first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheels and that was the actual first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheels and that was the actual first
+turtle and it was really the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle and it was really the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle and it was really the best one
+because kids could ride on it so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kids could ride on it so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kids could ride on it so not
+only could they move the turtle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could they move the turtle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could they move the turtle around
+ride a program but they could right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride a program but they could right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride a program but they could right on
+it but after a while we got this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but after a while we got this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but after a while we got this idea
+wouldn't it be kind of nice if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be kind of nice if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be kind of nice if you could
+do something on the display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something on the display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something on the display
+screen and of course in those days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and of course in those days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and of course in those days you
+could you just didn't have a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just didn't have a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you just didn't have a computer
+with a display and you certainly didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a display and you certainly didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a display and you certainly didn't
+have one uh in Lexington far from MIT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one uh in Lexington far from MIT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one uh in Lexington far from MIT so
+we set up a thing where you could run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up a thing where you could run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up a thing where you could run a
+display over phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display over phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display over phone
+lines and write commands and my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and write commands and my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and write commands and my first
+job at MIT doing things was why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job at MIT doing things was why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job at MIT doing things was why don't
+you make a turtle thing that could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a turtle thing that could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a turtle thing that could run
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+display so seamour I mentioned a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display so seamour I mentioned a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display so seamour I mentioned a little
+bit before he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before he was a
+mathematician with an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician with an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician with an interesting
+background he actually worked for Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background he actually worked for Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background he actually worked for Jean
+Pi the the you know incredible Inc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the the you know incredible Inc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the the you know incredible Inc
+incredible oh my gosh patr patron saint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible oh my gosh patr patron saint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible oh my gosh patr patron saint
+of all of all child psychology he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of all child psychology he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of all child psychology he he
+worked for p and worked in P's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for p and worked in P's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked for p and worked in P's lab
+thinking about about that stuff and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about about that stuff and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about about that stuff and then
+he came to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to MIT
+again as a mathematician to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a mathematician to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a mathematician to do
+mathematics research he he worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics research he he worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics research he he worked in
+topology and then I guess H I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and then I guess H I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology and then I guess H I don't know
+how he got got associated with Marvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he got got associated with Marvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he got got associated with Marvin
+Minsky but the two of them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky but the two of them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minsky but the two of them together
+started the MIT artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the MIT artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the MIT artificial intelligence
+laboratory and then as I said before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and then as I said before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and then as I said before it
+really became a thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really became a thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really became a thing about
+intelligence and a thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and a thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and a thing about
+empowering well computers are for kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering well computers are for kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering well computers are for kids
+was the phrase that that we all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the phrase that that we all use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the phrase that that we all use
+a lot of the stuff comes from Seymour he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the stuff comes from Seymour he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the stuff comes from Seymour he
+he didn't invent the term computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't invent the term computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't invent the term computational
+thinking but he sort of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but he sort of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but he sort of really
+popularized it because again coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized it because again coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized it because again coming from
+his background the key word is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his background the key word is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his background the key word is thinking
+so it's not about how do I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not about how do I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not about how do I make a
+program Loop to sort numbers it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program Loop to sort numbers it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program Loop to sort numbers it's about
+what does this have to do with the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this have to do with the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this have to do with the way I
+think about the world the way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the world the way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the world the way I think
+about how to make things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make things happen
+effectively and one of the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and one of the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and one of the most obvious
+ways to do that is you put it in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do that is you put it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do that is you put it in a very
+formal system like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system like a
+computer and part of that is is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and part of that is is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and part of that is is just the
+thinking that goes with it so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that goes with it so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that goes with it so he
+popularized this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularized this thing called
+computational thinking he sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking he sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational thinking he sometimes
+called it procedural thinking the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it procedural thinking the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it procedural thinking the the
+critical book is one he wrote called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical book is one he wrote called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical book is one he wrote called
+Mind storms which everybody should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind storms which everybody should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mind storms which everybody should read
+and everybody should still read it mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody should still read it mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody should still read it mind
+storms mind storms and it just expresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms mind storms and it just expresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms mind storms and it just expresses
+this philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this philosophy
+a lot of what he did talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what he did talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what he did talked about the
+turtle which is what you talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle which is what you talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle which is what you talked about in
+1987 but it really focuses on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 but it really focuses on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 but it really focuses on this is
+about about helping kids get ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about helping kids get ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about helping kids get ways of
+thinking that are Amplified by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that are Amplified by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that are Amplified by these
+incredibly powerful machines and paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful machines and paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful machines and paper
+really is the Genesis of this Pap paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the Genesis of this Pap paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the Genesis of this Pap paper
+then left the AI lab and then became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then left the AI lab and then became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then left the AI lab and then became
+went to become one of the principles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to become one of the principles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to become one of the principles in
+the MIT media lab he and Marvin Minsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT media lab he and Marvin Minsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT media lab he and Marvin Minsky
+just again really really along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again really really along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again really really along with
+Nicholas negranti they th started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas negranti they th started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas negranti they th started the
+media lab and promoted it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and promoted it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and promoted it and they
+rended it and of course one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rended it and of course one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rended it and of course one of the
+things that happened was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened was working with
+Mitch Resnik right Professor Mitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitch Resnik right Professor Mitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitch Resnik right Professor Mitch
+Resnik these days who started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resnik these days who started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resnik these days who started as a
+graduate student in the MIT AI lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the MIT AI lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the MIT AI lab
+working in logo and then in the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in logo and then in the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in logo and then in the media
+lab started the lifelong kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab started the lifelong kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab started the lifelong kindergarten
+project which uh really focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which uh really focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which uh really focused
+on partly computational thinking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on partly computational thinking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on partly computational thinking but
+very very much creativity so Mitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much creativity so Mitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much creativity so Mitch
+really pushed that kids could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushed that kids could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pushed that kids could use this
+thing to make these wonderful artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to make these wonderful artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to make these wonderful artistic
+animations and pictures and things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations and pictures and things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations and pictures and things to
+see themselves as empowered creators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see themselves as empowered creators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see themselves as empowered creators and
+and of course scratch has been insanely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course scratch has been insanely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course scratch has been insanely
+successful and uh it's still going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh it's still going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh it's still going with
+this image but this really this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image but this really this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image but this really this really
+really really goes back to sear paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really goes back to sear paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really goes back to sear paper
+and I can't emphasize enough how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't emphasize enough how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't emphasize enough how
+critical he was to this whole this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical he was to this whole this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical he was to this whole this whole
+development of what people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of what people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of what people think about
+computer education these days so in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer education these days so in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer education these days so in at
+MIT and the logo project we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and the logo project we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and the logo project we refer to
+those things as the floor turtle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as the floor turtle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as the floor turtle and the
+display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display
+turtle and my first job was actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle and my first job was actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle and my first job was actually to
+make a display Turtle so that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a display Turtle so that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a display Turtle so that's what you
+saw 15 16 17 years later it evolved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 15 16 17 years later it evolved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 15 16 17 years later it evolved to
+that yeah I have to ask why a turtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I have to ask why a turtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I have to ask why a turtle
+that's based on on work by a British AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on on work by a British AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on on work by a British AR
+researcher named Graham Walter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher named Graham Walter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher named Graham Walter who
+thought about these kind of autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these kind of autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these kind of autonomous
+robotic devices if you ever it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic devices if you ever it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic devices if you ever it's even
+way before AI if you look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way before AI if you look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way before AI if you look at what's
+called the cybernetics literature gram W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cybernetics literature gram W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cybernetics literature gram W
+was one of the leaders in that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the leaders in that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the leaders in that and he
+made a device who's was programmed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a device who's was programmed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a device who's was programmed to
+kind of run around the room and plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of run around the room and plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of run around the room and plug
+itself back in and he called that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself back in and he called that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself back in and he called that the
+turtle okay and that's that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle okay and that's that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle okay and that's that's where we
+got the turtle from okay this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the turtle from okay this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the turtle from okay this was
+specifically designed for children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed for children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed for children and
+I'm curious why children why was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious why children why was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious why children why was this
+important to you so that really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you so that really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you so that really comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a view of what do you think all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a view of what do you think all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a view of what do you think all of this
+computer today we talk about AI for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer today we talk about AI for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer today we talk about AI for real
+and impressed by it but the model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and impressed by it but the model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and impressed by it but the model we
+always had going back to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had going back to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had going back to a different
+kind of AI when I was at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AI when I was at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AI when I was at MIT in
+1969 was the beginning of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 was the beginning of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 was the beginning of the MIT
+artificial intelligence laboratory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence laboratory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence laboratory which
+is the precursor to the MIT laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the precursor to the MIT laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the precursor to the MIT laboratory
+for computer science which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer science which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer science which is the
+precursor to MIT computer science an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to MIT computer science an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to MIT computer science an
+artificial intelligence lab so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence lab so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence lab so there was
+a lot of work initially in that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work initially in that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work initially in that the the
+leaders of the miit artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of the miit artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of the miit artificial
+intelligence lab project were Seymour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence lab project were Seymour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence lab project were Seymour
+Pap and Marvin Minsky and so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pap and Marvin Minsky and so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pap and Marvin Minsky and so what was
+interesting in those days at MIT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in those days at MIT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in those days at MIT the
+same graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same graduate student
+researchers who were forging ahead in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who were forging ahead in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who were forging ahead in in
+the at the boundaries of AI were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the boundaries of AI were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the boundaries of AI were also
+thinking about kids and the the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about kids and the the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about kids and the the link
+there was how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was how do you think about
+intelligence so it wasn't just machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so it wasn't just machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so it wasn't just machines
+and it wasn't just teaching it was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't just teaching it was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't just teaching it was how
+do you try to understand intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to understand intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you try to understand intelligence
+from working across the boundary so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from working across the boundary so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from working across the boundary so what
+was really nice is the same graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nice is the same graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nice is the same graduate
+students who were writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who were writing the
+Breakthrough thesis at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakthrough thesis at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakthrough thesis at the beginning of
+AI were also working with kids and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI were also working with kids and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI were also working with kids and uh we
+had this expression because then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this expression because then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this expression because then of
+course in those days computers were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in those days computers were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in those days computers were used
+by the defense department and some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the defense department and some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the defense department and some very
+very large industries were talking 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large industries were talking 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large industries were talking 1970
+1971 um and so the the phrase we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 um and so the the phrase we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 um and so the the phrase we always
+had was computers are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was computers are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was computers are for
+kids and that kind of persisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and that kind of persisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and that kind of persisted
+eventually going into the MIT media lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going into the MIT media lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going into the MIT media lab
+uh Mitch Resnik starting the scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mitch Resnik starting the scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mitch Resnik starting the scratch
+program and it was always really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it was always really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it was always really about
+creativity and kids but there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and kids but there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and kids but there was a
+larger picture of what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger picture of what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger picture of what do we mean by
+intelligence and again I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and again I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and again I'm talking about
+1970 1971 72 but that's coming back if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 1971 72 but that's coming back if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 1971 72 but that's coming back if
+you look at today the news today is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at today the news today is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at today the news today is all
+about are these machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are these machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are these machines
+intelligent and there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and there's a little bit of
+dja view there but it's the same sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dja view there but it's the same sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dja view there but it's the same sense
+of my God we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my God we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my God we're making
+something that in that it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in that it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in that it's about
+intelligence as we see in kids but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence as we see in kids but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence as we see in kids but it's
+also about what do we mean by what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about what do we mean by what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about what do we mean by what it
+means to be human so there's a very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be human so there's a very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be human so there's a very deep
+kind of discussion that's going on kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discussion that's going on kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discussion that's going on kind
+of I was going to say under the covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I was going to say under the covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I was going to say under the covers
+but certainly not now certainly not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly not now certainly not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly not now certainly not in
+the last months but it really is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last months but it really is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last months but it really is about
+what do we mean by by Humanity what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by by Humanity what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by by Humanity what are
+we it's about us yeah yeah and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's about us yeah yeah and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's about us yeah yeah and I think
+another thread there is whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thread there is whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thread there is whose
+intelligence and who gets to shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and who gets to shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and who gets to shape the
+artificial intelligence and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and so what I
+see in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in your
+work is a strong intention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is a strong intention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is a strong intention to
+democratize Computing yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize Computing yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize Computing yes absolutely
+absolutely I mean the the key I I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I mean the the key I I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I mean the the key I I run
+this project called app inventure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project called app inventure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project called app inventure but
+the key vision is this really is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key vision is this really is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key vision is this really is for
+everybody and even when you're talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and even when you're talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and even when you're talk
+about kids it's not even kids who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kids it's not even kids who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kids it's not even kids who want
+to go learn about computer science it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go learn about computer science it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go learn about computer science it's
+about giving kids the sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about giving kids the sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about giving kids the sense that this
+wonderful technology can be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful technology can be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful technology can be something
+that empowers them for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that empowers them for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that empowers them for their own
+personal goals but of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal goals but of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal goals but of course that
+extends it's not just about kids it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends it's not just about kids it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends it's not just about kids it's
+about everyone who who does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everyone who who does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everyone who who does not have
+Technical Training so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical Training so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical Training so one of the things
+I'm interested in MIT is I teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in MIT is I teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in MIT is I teach a
+section of mit's main introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of mit's main introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of mit's main introductory
+Computing course specifically for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing course specifically for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing course specifically for people
+coming to MIT who have never programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT who have never programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT who have never programmed
+before but it really is saying you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it really is saying you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it really is saying you don't
+really need this technical background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need this technical background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need this technical background
+because the critical thing you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the critical thing you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the critical thing you know you
+used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the word
+democratization the critical thing is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization the critical thing is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization the critical thing is do
+you view this technology that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you view this technology that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you view this technology that's
+happening and transforming the world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and transforming the world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and transforming the world as
+something for you that can improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you that can improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you that can improve your
+life personally and so you see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life personally and so you see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life personally and so you see that in
+kids we spend we do most of our focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we spend we do most of our focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids we spend we do most of our focus on
+middle school kids but also we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school kids but also we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school kids but also we work with
+younger kids and we even have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger kids and we even have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger kids and we even have some
+projects with adults another project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects with adults another project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects with adults another project
+that I'm doing in mine is we're teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing in mine is we're teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing in mine is we're teaching
+creating apps to residents at Main state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating apps to residents at Main state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating apps to residents at Main state
+prison so that's a certainly example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison so that's a certainly example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison so that's a certainly example of
+adults but so kids are are sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults but so kids are are sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults but so kids are are sort of very
+visible interesting part of it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible interesting part of it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible interesting part of it but it
+really is a message that this ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a message that this ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a message that this ought to
+be for everyone and that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for everyone and that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for everyone and that's really the
+underlying principle of the App Inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying principle of the App Inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying principle of the App Inventor
+and I'm wondering if you could tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering if you could tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering if you could tell me a
+little bit about the App Inventor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the App Inventor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the App Inventor what
+it allows people to do even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows people to do even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows people to do even if they
+don't have a technical background right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a technical background right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a technical background right
+right I mean I mean especially if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean especially if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean especially if they
+don't have a technical background that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a technical background that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a technical background that's
+what we really really really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really really really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really really really care about
+when I talk about App Inventor I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about App Inventor I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about App Inventor I use the
+phrase computational action you hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase computational action you hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase computational action you hear a
+lot of stuff going on in education where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff going on in education where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff going on in education where
+people talk about comput ational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about comput ational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about comput ational
+thinking which is extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which is extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which is extremely important
+and in fact SE more Pap is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact SE more Pap is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact SE more Pap is pretty much
+the originator of that idea but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originator of that idea but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originator of that idea but I want
+to distinguish computational thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish computational thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish computational thinking
+which means learning about the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means learning about the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means learning about the concepts
+of computing and all of this stuff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing and all of this stuff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing and all of this stuff from
+a thing called computational action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called computational action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called computational action
+which is how do I see this technology as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do I see this technology as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do I see this technology as
+something that can improve my life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can improve my life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can improve my life that
+improve my family's life that can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my family's life that can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my family's life that can go on
+and even talk about maybe maybe my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even talk about maybe maybe my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even talk about maybe maybe my my
+country and the moonshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the moonshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the moonshot
+is can that be an attitude that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can that be an attitude that goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can that be an attitude that goes to
+everyone in the world you know even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world you know even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world you know even even
+young kids and even in the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kids and even in the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young kids and even in the poorest
+countries so let let me let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so let let me let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so let let me let me give you
+a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of examples
+Dari which is outside of Mumbai in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dari which is outside of Mumbai in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dari which is outside of Mumbai in India
+is one of the largest slums in Asia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the largest slums in Asia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the largest slums in Asia so
+it's got about a million people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got about a million people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got about a million people and the
+average family income is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average family income is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average family income is something like
+$100 a month so there's a thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 a month so there's a thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 a month so there's a thing in
+Darvey in addition to all this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darvey in addition to all this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darvey in addition to all this other
+stuff there's a group in Darvey called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's a group in Darvey called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's a group in Darvey called
+the Darvey girls for change these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Darvey girls for change these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Darvey girls for change these are
+girls from sort of like age 13 to 16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls from sort of like age 13 to 16 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls from sort of like age 13 to 16 and
+what they do is they create technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they create technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they create technology
+and mobile apps a lot using App Inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile apps a lot using App Inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile apps a lot using App Inventor
+to improve the lives of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the lives of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the lives of the people
+around them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and
+Dary so one of the apps they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dary so one of the apps they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dary so one of the apps they
+made is something where you can schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is something where you can schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is something where you can schedule
+your family's time at the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family's time at the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your family's time at the community
+water distribution plant because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water distribution plant because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water distribution plant because you can
+imagine if you don't do that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you don't do that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you don't do that you have to
+go there and you have to wait and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and you have to wait and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and you have to wait and there
+fights and there's arguments and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and there's arguments and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and there's arguments and all of
+this stuff and of course you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and of course you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and of course you know who
+the family is going to send to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is going to send to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family is going to send to have to
+wait and and argue with everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait and and argue with everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait and and argue with everybody else
+it's their teenage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their teenage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their teenage
+daughter so these girls see this use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter so these girls see this use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter so these girls see this use of
+Technology they've made an app that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology they've made an app that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology they've made an app that does
+the scheduling as something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheduling as something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheduling as something that can
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+have an impact on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on their
+lives right not a thing that well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives right not a thing that well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives right not a thing that well maybe
+they'll learn about Computing and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll learn about Computing and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll learn about Computing and maybe
+someday they would go to get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday they would go to get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday they would go to get higher
+education or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or something like that
+something that they can do right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they can do right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they can do right now and
+they see this thing immediately as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this thing immediately as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this thing immediately as
+something that's a benefit to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a benefit to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a benefit to them and
+their families another one from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families another one from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families another one from that
+same group is they made an app called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group is they made an app called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group is they made an app called
+women fight back and it's inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women fight back and it's inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women fight back and it's inspired by
+them watching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them watching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them watching their
+mothers coming back from work after dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers coming back from work after dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers coming back from work after dark
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+slum and so they've made an app that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slum and so they've made an app that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slum and so they've made an app that's
+specifically for that and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for that and what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for that and what does it
+have well of course it has a thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well of course it has a thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well of course it has a thing to
+call for help it has a thing to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for help it has a thing to saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for help it has a thing to saying
+where you can get information it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get information it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get information it has a
+thing where you can broadcast where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you can broadcast where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you can broadcast where you
+are and figure where you are but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and figure where you are but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and figure where you are but again
+it's not to them an abstract thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to them an abstract thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to them an abstract thing it's
+saying how does this technology really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how does this technology really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how does this technology really
+really improve my life and my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve my life and my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve my life and my family
+family's life so that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's life so that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's life so that's that's one
+example of what's at the core of App
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what's at the core of App
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what's at the core of App
+Inventor right another one to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inventor right another one to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inventor right another one to talk about
+is a mova which you know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mova which you know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mova which you know something about
+so Moldova has in addition to problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Moldova has in addition to problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Moldova has in addition to problems
+with Russia it has a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Russia it has a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Russia it has a problem with
+hepatitis B because there's a real need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepatitis B because there's a real need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hepatitis B because there's a real need
+for Pure pure water you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure pure water you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure pure water you were going to
+say something about that because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about that because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about that because you
+have experience yeah yeah so I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have experience yeah yeah so I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have experience yeah yeah so I was in
+the Peace Corps in mova a lifetime ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peace Corps in mova a lifetime ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peace Corps in mova a lifetime ago
+from 2000 to 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2000 to 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2000 to 2002
+and pecore issued me a water distiller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pecore issued me a water distiller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pecore issued me a water distiller
+when I got there because there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got there because there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I got there because there weren't
+potable water sources so I would spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potable water sources so I would spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potable water sources so I would spend
+12 hours to get half a gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 hours to get half a gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 hours to get half a gallon of
+drinking water and of course that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water and of course that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water and of course that took
+enormous amounts of electricity and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amounts of electricity and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amounts of electricity and that
+was enormously expensive so it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enormously expensive so it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enormously expensive so it was sort
+of a systemic problem um to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a systemic problem um to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a systemic problem um to deal with
+and so when I learned about what young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I learned about what young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I learned about what young
+adults in mdova doing with App Inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults in mdova doing with App Inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults in mdova doing with App Inventor
+I got really excited and I was like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got really excited and I was like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got really excited and I was like yes
+this is a real problem that youth are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real problem that youth are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real problem that youth are
+addressing through technology and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing through technology and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing through technology and I
+would love if you could share a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love if you could share a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love if you could share a little
+bit more about what they did right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what they did right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about what they did right so so
+this is a group of I think it's four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a group of I think it's four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a group of I think it's four or
+five high school girls and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five high school girls and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five high school girls and what they
+made is they made an app that you run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is they made an app that you run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made is they made an app that you run on
+your mobile phone what you do if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile phone what you do if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile phone what you do if you go
+around if you find a source of water you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you find a source of water you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you find a source of water you
+take a picture of that you fill out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture of that you fill out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture of that you fill out a
+little questionnaire that says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little questionnaire that says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little questionnaire that says something
+like the quality good if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the quality good if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the quality good if there's
+something else and a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and a couple of other
+things like oh at this well the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh at this well the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh at this well the pump
+handle is broken so you can't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is broken so you can't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle is broken so you can't use it
+what today is a pretty simple app but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today is a pretty simple app but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today is a pretty simple app but a
+very direct one and but then what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very direct one and but then what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very direct one and but then what they
+did is they used that and put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they used that and put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they used that and put it into a
+database that they put on in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that they put on in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that they put on in this case
+Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+Maps and so if you're driving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps and so if you're driving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps and so if you're driving around
+mova you see a picture on the map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mova you see a picture on the map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mova you see a picture on the map of
+where the good water resources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the good water resources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the good water resources are
+and that it's not that the app is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's not that the app is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's not that the app is such a
+wonderful thing or such high technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing or such high technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing or such high technology
+it's just imagine there is now a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just imagine there is now a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just imagine there is now a group
+of four high school girls who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four high school girls who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four high school girls who have
+created what you can call a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created what you can call a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created what you can call a national
+resource that's available not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that's available not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that's available not only to
+everyone driving around malova but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone driving around malova but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone driving around malova but in
+principle to everyone in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to everyone in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to everyone in the world and
+that's that's amazing that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's amazing that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's amazing that's kind of
+what I what I refer to when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I refer to when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I refer to when I talk about
+there there these moonshot things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there these moonshot things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there these moonshot things about
+this technology should be for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology should be for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology should be for everyone
+and just realize that not some off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize that not some off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize that not some off in
+the future we right today are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we right today are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we right today are in the
+place where even high school kids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where even high school kids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where even high school kids or
+maybe even younger can actually create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even younger can actually create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even younger can actually create a
+national resource that's available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national resource that's available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national resource that's available to
+everyone in the world it's you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world it's you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world it's you have to
+keep saying it to yourself because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying it to yourself because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying it to yourself because it's
+incredible you know if if you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible you know if if you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible you know if if you sort of
+said that three years ago it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that three years ago it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that three years ago it would be
+almost unbelievable it's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unbelievable it's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost unbelievable it's the kind of
+thing where if you sort of said to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where if you sort of said to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where if you sort of said to uh
+the researcher here at MIT 5 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher here at MIT 5 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher here at MIT 5 years ago
+or 10 years ago they'd say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years ago they'd say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years ago they'd say you're
+kidding we could possibly do that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding we could possibly do that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding we could possibly do that that's
+the thing that a giant company needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that a giant company needs to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that a giant company needs to
+do and now you get to the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and now you get to the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and now you get to the place where
+four kids can do it yeah that's but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kids can do it yeah that's but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four kids can do it yeah that's but I
+have to ask how like how do you in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask how like how do you in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask how like how do you in your
+research group make it that easy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group make it that easy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group make it that easy like
+could I go on App Inventor and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I go on App Inventor and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I go on App Inventor and start
+inventing apps but how how do you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing apps but how how do you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing apps but how how do you what
+behind the scenes work do you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes work do you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes work do you have to do
+to make it so easy for people without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so easy for people without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so easy for people without
+technical experience to make well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical experience to make well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical experience to make well
+there's a lot of there's a lot of behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's a lot of behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's a lot of behind
+the thing the most visible one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the most visible one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the most visible one is you
+actually create these programs by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create these programs by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create these programs by the
+program elements kind of look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program elements kind of look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program elements kind of look like
+Tinker toy blocks and you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tinker toy blocks and you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tinker toy blocks and you go to the
+screen and you drag them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and you drag them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and you drag them around and
+piece them together that's how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece them together that's how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece them together that's how you get
+an app that actually comes the jargon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an app that actually comes the jargon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an app that actually comes the jargon is
+block structured programming we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block structured programming we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block structured programming we were
+inspired to do that by scratch seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired to do that by scratch seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired to do that by scratch seeing
+the just seeing the great success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just seeing the great success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just seeing the great success of
+scratch and that scratch's work is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch and that scratch's work is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch and that scratch's work is based
+on some previous work that started kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some previous work that started kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some previous work that started kind
+of at the very beginning in the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the very beginning in the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the very beginning in the media
+lab and a little bit before but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and a little bit before but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and a little bit before but the idea
+is you don't really type programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't really type programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't really type programming
+code you drag around these blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you drag around these blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you drag around these blocks and
+that makes it easy but then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it easy but then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it easy but then of course
+the other part of it is what can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of it is what can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of it is what can the
+blocks do so you know I have a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks do so you know I have a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks do so you know I have a block
+that lets me put something in a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets me put something in a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets me put something in a database
+so for somebody to do that you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for somebody to do that you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for somebody to do that you just have
+to drag this block and say what database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drag this block and say what database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drag this block and say what database
+you want to put it into that's partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put it into that's partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put it into that's partly
+how you make it easy but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make it easy but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you make it easy but of course the
+other way you make it easy is is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way you make it easy is is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way you make it easy is is by
+presenting good ideas there's a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting good ideas there's a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting good ideas there's a phrase
+that the most important idea to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most important idea to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most important idea to learn
+for kids in computation or for anyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids in computation or for anyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids in computation or for anyone is
+what's worth making that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's worth making that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's worth making that's a big
+question not all of these technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not all of these technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not all of these technical
+things like loops and coding and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like loops and coding and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like loops and coding and all of
+this thing but really what's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing but really what's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing but really what's worth
+making how can you make a difference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making how can you make a difference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making how can you make a difference to
+yourself and how can you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and how can you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and how can you make a
+difference to the world that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the world that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the world that is kind of
+the key thing you'd like people to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing you'd like people to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing you'd like people to start
+understanding and again not just kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and again not just kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and again not just kids
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+right well I I feel like that Loops back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I I feel like that Loops back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I I feel like that Loops back
+to what you were talking about with AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you were talking about with AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you were talking about with AI
+and what is intelligence today and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is intelligence today and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is intelligence today and I
+feel like this is exactly where we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like this is exactly where we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like this is exactly where we need
+humans that's exactly right determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that's exactly right determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that's exactly right determine
+what is worth asking what is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is worth asking what is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is worth asking what is worth
+knowing right it's it's partly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing right it's it's partly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing right it's it's partly what's
+worth asking what's knowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth asking what's knowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth asking what's knowing and
+partly there's an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly there's an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly there's an enormous amount of
+research going on as as we both know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on as as we both know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on as as we both know
+right now it's crazy there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's crazy there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's crazy there's so much
+money going into into startups making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going into into startups making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going into into startups making
+things like computer tutors and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like computer tutors and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like computer tutors and computer
+acting things but what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting things but what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting things but what's not
+there is having the computer make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is having the computer make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is having the computer make an
+affective connection with people using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective connection with people using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective connection with people using
+them I mean I work in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I mean I work in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I mean I work in you know in
+Computing education and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing education and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing education and that's just
+missing right we can make computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing right we can make computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing right we can make computer
+tutors as smart as we want and have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors as smart as we want and have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors as smart as we want and have all
+of this stuff but what's really hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff but what's really hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff but what's really hard is
+to get what an outstanding teacher can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get what an outstanding teacher can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get what an outstanding teacher can
+do which is the affective emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is the affective emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is the affective emotional
+connection with kids the world is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with kids the world is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with kids the world is right
+now so crazy they're probably eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so crazy they're probably eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so crazy they're probably eight
+startups that are working on this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups that are working on this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups that are working on this but
+that's not where we are now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not where we are now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not where we are now yeah
+remember PHA Central ideas is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember PHA Central ideas is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember PHA Central ideas is this thing
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+constructivism right which kind of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism right which kind of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism right which kind of says
+people construct and kids construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people construct and kids construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people construct and kids construct
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+knowledge we we distinguish that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge we we distinguish that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge we we distinguish that from
+instructionism which is not about giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism which is not about giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism which is not about giving
+people this data but allowing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people this data but allowing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people this data but allowing them to
+create their own so pH made a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their own so pH made a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their own so pH made a thing
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+constructivism the thing we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism the thing we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism the thing we talk about
+at MIT and our Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and our Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and our Pro
+and very much in scratch is a thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much in scratch is a thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much in scratch is a thing that
+Seymour invented called constructionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour invented called constructionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seymour invented called constructionism
+not constructivism but constructionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constructivism but constructionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constructivism but constructionism
+which highlights the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which highlights the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which highlights the importance of
+making things right not just making your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things right not just making your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things right not just making your
+own knowledge but actually making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own knowledge but actually making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own knowledge but actually making things
+that you can share with other people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can share with other people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can share with other people and
+that that is absolutely absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is absolutely absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is absolutely absolutely
+Central to how we think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to how we think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to how we think about things
+yeah yeah so interesting so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so interesting so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so interesting so interesting
+um but an important part going back to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but an important part going back to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but an important part going back to p
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+constructivism and how it connects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism and how it connects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructivism and how it connects with
+instructionism is that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism is that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructionism is that you have to
+connect new knowledge to what students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect new knowledge to what students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect new knowledge to what students
+already know and their experiences their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and their experiences their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know and their experiences their
+pre-existing knowledge right oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing knowledge right oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing knowledge right oh that's
+absolutely true and so you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true and so you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true and so you have like
+going back to what you said before if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to what you said before if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to what you said before if we
+move forward in this generative AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward in this generative AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward in this generative AI
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+landscape like you need people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape like you need people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape like you need people who
+understand what students previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what students previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what students previous
+experiences are and their context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are and their context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are and their context and
+what they know before you can even begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know before you can even begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know before you can even begin
+to attach new knowledge to it right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach new knowledge to it right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach new knowledge to it right so I
+think we would be remiss if we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we would be remiss if we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we would be remiss if we tried to
+replace people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace people
+with AI entirely well of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with AI entirely well of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with AI entirely well of course there's
+a lot of you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you know there's a lot of
+research going on in that the I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on in that the I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on in that the I mean the
+only thing to say these days especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing to say these days especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing to say these days especially
+today if you come up with any idea there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you come up with any idea there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you come up with any idea there
+are probably eight startups who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably eight startups who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably eight startups who are
+working on yeah so so of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on yeah so so of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on yeah so so of course there's
+there's a lot of saying how do we how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of saying how do we how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of saying how do we how do
+we know what students already know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what students already know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what students already know right
+so that we can appropriately tailor our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can appropriately tailor our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can appropriately tailor our
+lessons to that yeah but that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to that yeah but that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to that yeah but that really
+comes in that's really instructionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in that's really instructionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in that's really instructionism
+yeah and it but and when I say like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it but and when I say like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it but and when I say like what
+students already know it's so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already know it's so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students already know it's so much more
+than like content area knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like content area knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like content area knowledge
+absolutely it's their life experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it's their life experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it's their life experiences
+their identities their languages their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identities their languages their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identities their languages their
+relationships to the community it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to the community it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships to the community it's so
+much bigger yeah that that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger yeah that that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger yeah that that's what's
+really really critical right and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really critical right and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really critical right and I don't
+know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how
+um large language machines or AI how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large language machines or AI how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large language machines or AI how
+they would tap into that in a human like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would tap into that in a human like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would tap into that in a human like
+way well I I don't know either but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well I I don't know either but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well I I don't know either but you
+can bet there are people working on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet there are people working on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet there are people working on you
+there is just so much ferment and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just so much ferment and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just so much ferment and money
+and so much investor aventage you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much investor aventage you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much investor aventage you can
+bet that on any idea there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that on any idea there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that on any idea there are people
+working on it I know I know well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it I know I know well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it I know I know well I'm
+going have to think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going have to think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going have to think about that for a
+while I just like I'm Pro people I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I just like I'm Pro people I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I just like I'm Pro people I know
+like we're going to have a future where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to have a future where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're going to have a future where
+it's we're going to all exist together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're going to all exist together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're going to all exist together
+there's going to be Ai and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be Ai and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be Ai and it's going to
+be people and hopefully we we'll live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people and hopefully we we'll live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be people and hopefully we we'll live in
+a future where AI enhances what humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future where AI enhances what humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future where AI enhances what humans
+can know and do and create let fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know and do and create let fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know and do and create let fingers
+cross everybody that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross everybody that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross everybody that's where we're
+headed is there anything you think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed is there anything you think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed is there anything you think we
+need to think about specifically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about specifically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about specifically when
+engaging children with AI today as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging children with AI today as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging children with AI today as a
+group what do you mean like when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group what do you mean like when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group what do you mean like when we're
+thinking about generative Ai and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about generative Ai and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about generative Ai and the
+field of education and engaging children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of education and engaging children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of education and engaging children
+with leveraging AI or computing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leveraging AI or computing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leveraging AI or computing to say
+create apps for computational Action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create apps for computational Action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create apps for computational Action is
+there anything any critical questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything any critical questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything any critical questions we
+should be asking ourselves in that realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be asking ourselves in that realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be asking ourselves in that realm
+specifically as it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically as it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically as it relates to
+Children Well you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children Well you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children Well you know there's a lot of
+verbiage going on that's saying as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbiage going on that's saying as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbiage going on that's saying as these
+kids get older they're in a world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids get older they're in a world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids get older they're in a world that
+is permeated with these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is permeated with these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is permeated with these kinds of
+devices so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the question
+is how do you become an Engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you become an Engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you become an Engaged
+effective citizen in a world like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective citizen in a world like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective citizen in a world like that
+what is it that you need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that you need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that you need to understand
+and people say those sort of things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people say those sort of things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people say those sort of things they
+say it pretty well one of the things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it pretty well one of the things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it pretty well one of the things to
+understand is these things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is these things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is these things are not
+always truthful they're not always right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always truthful they're not always right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always truthful they're not always right
+they have lots and lots of defects to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have lots and lots of defects to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have lots and lots of defects to be
+appropriately skeptical about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately skeptical about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately skeptical about what these
+things are doing because even today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are doing because even today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are doing because even today I
+mean forget about AI you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean forget about AI you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean forget about AI you see the the
+crazy effects of something appears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy effects of something appears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy effects of something appears on
+the computer and people tend to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer and people tend to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer and people tend to believe
+it right that and that already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right that and that already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right that and that already has
+enough enough harmful effects in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough enough harmful effects in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough enough harmful effects in society
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+imagine that expanding to a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that expanding to a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that expanding to a greater
+degree where you really have these AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree where you really have these AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree where you really have these AI
+things and they sound incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they sound incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they sound incredibly
+convincing but what they're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing but what they're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing but what they're saying is
+nonsense yeah I wonder how in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense yeah I wonder how in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense yeah I wonder how in the future
+if our definition of reality will even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our definition of reality will even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our definition of reality will even
+change oh that's a really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh that's a really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh that's a really really good
+point I'm so glad you said that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm so glad you said that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm so glad you said that because
+what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what
+happens again with respect to let think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens again with respect to let think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens again with respect to let think
+about about these AI systems these AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about these AI systems these AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about these AI systems these AI
+systems do what they do because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do what they do because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do what they do because they're
+trained on a lot of data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on a lot of data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on a lot of data from the
+internet now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now just
+imagine that more and more of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that more and more of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that more and more of this stuff
+on the internet is the outcome of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet is the outcome of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet is the outcome of these
+AI programs themselves synthe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI programs themselves synthe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI programs themselves synthe which
+which themselves have things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which themselves have things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which themselves have things that are
+harmful and wrong in them and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful and wrong in them and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful and wrong in them and then you
+sort of say what's what's reality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say what's what's reality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say what's what's reality right
+you know do we as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do we as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do we as a as a
+society even stop believing that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society even stop believing that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society even stop believing that there's
+such a thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as
+truth because the place where everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth because the place where everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth because the place where everyone's
+getting their information some from is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their information some from is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their information some from is
+so polluted by exaggeration and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so polluted by exaggeration and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so polluted by exaggeration and by
+things that are false so the real I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are false so the real I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are false so the real I mean
+the real I think fundamental danger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real I think fundamental danger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real I think fundamental danger is
+that we as a society lose respect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we as a society lose respect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we as a society lose respect for
+truth and that might sound extreme but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and that might sound extreme but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and that might sound extreme but
+it's a real real real possibility you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real real real possibility you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real real real possibility you
+know you see it now on the outliers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you see it now on the outliers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you see it now on the outliers of
+social networks but just imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks but just imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks but just imagine that
+extending and extending and extending so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending and extending and extending so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending and extending and extending so
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+things that you have to start with kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to start with kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to start with kids
+is to understand that these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand that these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand that these are not
+always right and they can be both biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right and they can be both biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right and they can be both biased
+and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be
+extreme and so that one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and so that one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and so that one of the things
+you do is try and instill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is try and instill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is try and instill
+skepticism in kids right and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism in kids right and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism in kids right and I I think
+an important part of instilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of instilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of instilling
+skepticism is human connection because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism is human connection because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism is human connection because
+you have to be aware of what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware of what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware of what other
+people's realities are absolutely their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's realities are absolutely their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's realities are absolutely their
+experiences and if we become so screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and if we become so screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and if we become so screen
+Centric and isolated from other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric and isolated from other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric and isolated from other people
+oh yeah we're never going to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah we're never going to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah we're never going to get those
+other perspectives yeah that's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives yeah that's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives yeah that's right I
+mean there's a lot of science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a lot of science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a lot of science fiction
+authors who yeah who who think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors who yeah who who think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors who yeah who who think about
+that but that's becoming real and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's becoming real and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's becoming real and you
+know it's something that's happening now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's something that's happening now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's something that's happening now
+and it's certainly something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's certainly something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's certainly something you can
+imagine seeing within you know three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine seeing within you know three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine seeing within you know three
+years or five years or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or five years or something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or five years or something yeah
+and we should be thinking about that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be thinking about that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be thinking about that now
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I think this all ties back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this all ties back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this all ties back
+to your deep desire to as I called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your deep desire to as I called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your deep desire to as I called it
+and and I think maybe you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think maybe you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think maybe you agree
+democratize Computing Computing action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize Computing Computing action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize Computing Computing action
+because you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if we
+don't the reality of the world will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the reality of the world will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the reality of the world will be
+defined by the few people that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the few people that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the few people that have the
+technological skills to shape it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological skills to shape it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological skills to shape it I think
+that is absolutely absolutely correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is absolutely absolutely correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is absolutely absolutely correct
+and again democratization does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again democratization does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again democratization does not mean
+that every everybody knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every everybody knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every everybody knows the
+programming language or that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language or that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language or that everybody
+you know understands what a a loop is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know understands what a a loop is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know understands what a a loop is or
+understands how to make an algorithm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how to make an algorithm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how to make an algorithm or
+something you know that's part of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know that's part of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know that's part of it but
+really it's a question of how can I view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a question of how can I view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a question of how can I view
+this thing as something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing as something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing as something that I
+personally can do to improve my life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally can do to improve my life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally can do to improve my life and
+to do something that hopefully has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that hopefully has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that hopefully has some
+social good in it so that's why I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social good in it so that's why I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social good in it so that's why I said
+the the critical thing I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the critical thing I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the critical thing I think in
+teaching kids about Computing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching kids about Computing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching kids about Computing is not
+computer languages or all the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer languages or all the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer languages or all the stuff that
+I do in MIT courses but what's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in MIT courses but what's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in MIT courses but what's worth
+making what's worth making yeah and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what's worth making yeah and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what's worth making yeah and I'm
+so curious how where this comes from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so curious how where this comes from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so curious how where this comes from for
+you like this you you were involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like this you you were involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like this you you were involved with
+starting MIT open cours whereare back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting MIT open cours whereare back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting MIT open cours whereare back in
+the early 2000 2000 yeah you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000 2000 yeah you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000 2000 yeah you wanted to
+unlock knowledge again for everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock knowledge again for everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock knowledge again for everybody and
+you were fundamental to that and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were fundamental to that and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were fundamental to that and your
+work even before that starting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even before that starting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work even before that starting in the
+late 60s and 70s you know allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s and 70s you know allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s and 70s you know allowing
+children to have access to Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to have access to Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to have access to Computing
+where did that come from in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that come from in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that come from in your life
+like what planted that seed for you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what planted that seed for you well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what planted that seed for you well
+let's see I started doing stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I started doing stuff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I started doing stuff with
+computers well probably in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers well probably in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers well probably in high
+school where we live near an Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school where we live near an Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school where we live near an Air Force
+Base in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base in New
+Jersey and somehow I just got a summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey and somehow I just got a summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey and somehow I just got a summer
+job there doing stuff they got one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job there doing stuff they got one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job there doing stuff they got one of
+the first computers where you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first computers where you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first computers where you went
+through punch paper tape it's so old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through punch paper tape it's so old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through punch paper tape it's so old
+that it was the place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was the place where you
+programmed by looking at the punch holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed by looking at the punch holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed by looking at the punch holes
+on the paper tape and we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper tape and we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the paper tape and we did a little
+bit they' gotten this funny thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit they' gotten this funny thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit they' gotten this funny thing in
+this language called Fortran and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language called Fortran and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language called Fortran and they
+just let us play with it a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let us play with it a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let us play with it a little bit so
+that was my first exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first exposure to
+Computing and a after that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and a after that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and a after that didn't
+actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+much and when I came to MIT I came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and when I came to MIT I came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and when I came to MIT I came to
+major in mathematics as a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in mathematics as a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in mathematics as a graduate
+student and about the third week I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and about the third week I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and about the third week I got
+there the students for Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the students for Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the students for Democratic
+Society at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society at
+MIT had demonstration and they took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had demonstration and they took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had demonstration and they took over
+some buildings and in particular they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buildings and in particular they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buildings and in particular they
+took over the president's office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over the president's office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over the president's office and
+they held open house in Howard Johnson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they held open house in Howard Johnson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they held open house in Howard Johnson's
+president's office and I said oh my God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's office and I said oh my God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's office and I said oh my God
+you know here I am a brand new graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am a brand new graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am a brand new graduate
+student at MIT when would I ever in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at MIT when would I ever in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student at MIT when would I ever in my
+life get a chance to see the president's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life get a chance to see the president's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life get a chance to see the president's
+office so I walked in and there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office so I walked in and there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office so I walked in and there was one
+of my friends who I went to high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my friends who I went to high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my friends who I went to high school
+with and we sort of said hi and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and we sort of said hi and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and we sort of said hi and he said
+what are you doing and I I said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing and I I said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing and I I said you know
+I'm I'm looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking for something
+interesting to do do you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to do do you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to do do you know an
+interesting place that I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place that I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place that I can find
+something that I can do something and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can do something and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can do something and he
+said why don't you go to this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why don't you go to this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why don't you go to this place
+called the artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the artificial intelligence
+laboratory so I walk over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory so I walk over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory so I walk over
+there and there was a talk there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there was a talk there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there was a talk there was a
+talk by Seymour paper who's math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk by Seymour paper who's math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk by Seymour paper who's math
+professor then and Cynthia Solomon who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor then and Cynthia Solomon who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor then and Cynthia Solomon who
+was sort of his assistant in running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of his assistant in running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of his assistant in running the
+logo project and he gave this talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo project and he gave this talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo project and he gave this talk and
+showed off you know the turtle the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed off you know the turtle the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed off you know the turtle the floor
+the floor turtle and those things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor turtle and those things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor turtle and those things yeah
+and it just blew my mind because what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just blew my mind because what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just blew my mind because what it
+said to me as a math graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me as a math graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me as a math graduate
+student this math these math ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student this math these math ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student this math these math ideas that
+I really really loved and I thought were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really really loved and I thought were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really really loved and I thought were
+so beautiful are a thing that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beautiful are a thing that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beautiful are a thing that actually
+could be communicated and used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be communicated and used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be communicated and used by
+children and that was the key so I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and that was the key so I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and that was the key so I went
+to this this talk I think the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this talk I think the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this talk I think the title of
+the talk was teaching children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk was teaching children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk was teaching children
+thinking again remember the whole ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking again remember the whole ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking again remember the whole ideas
+is about what's intelligence yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what's intelligence yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what's intelligence yeah right
+and uh I said gosh I would love to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I said gosh I would love to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I said gosh I would love to work
+in this so I walked back around the AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so I walked back around the AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so I walked back around the AI
+lab and I rode the elevator up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I rode the elevator up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I rode the elevator up and the
+elevator door opened and in there walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator door opened and in there walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator door opened and in there walked
+uh Seymour papert okay and he said who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Seymour papert okay and he said who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Seymour papert okay and he said who
+are you I have a new graduate student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you I have a new graduate student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you I have a new graduate student
+and he said what are you doing here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said what are you doing here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said what are you doing here what
+would you like to do and I said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to do and I said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to do and I said what
+kind of work for you and he said oh sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work for you and he said oh sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work for you and he said oh sure
+you can work for us we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work for us we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work for us we've got this
+project we'd like to do where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we'd like to do where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we'd like to do where we have
+this brand new display that can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new display that can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new display that can run
+remotely and we have this Turtle would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely and we have this Turtle would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely and we have this Turtle would
+you like to make a turtle thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to make a turtle thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to make a turtle thing that
+runs on the display so that's that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on the display so that's that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on the display so that's that's how
+I get started in this wow I mean one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get started in this wow I mean one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get started in this wow I mean one
+elevator ride yeah oh yeah I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator ride yeah oh yeah I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator ride yeah oh yeah I keep
+telling that by the way to students here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling that by the way to students here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling that by the way to students here
+and and lots of places there is so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lots of places there is so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and lots of places there is so much
+stress these days in students going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress these days in students going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress these days in students going all
+the way back through Junior High School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back through Junior High School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back through Junior High School
+and certainly there's students who show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly there's students who show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly there's students who show
+up at MIT and they've completely figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at MIT and they've completely figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at MIT and they've completely figured
+out what they want to do and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they want to do and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they want to do and that's a
+little sad for the kind of talent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sad for the kind of talent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sad for the kind of talent we
+have here or the kind of talent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here or the kind of talent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here or the kind of talent that's
+that's around anywhere true they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around anywhere true they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's around anywhere true they seem to
+be so fixed you know they've already fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so fixed you know they've already fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so fixed you know they've already fig
+I I'm a advisor to students they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm a advisor to students they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm a advisor to students they've
+already figured out what they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out what they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out what they need to
+take junior year or senior year and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take junior year or senior year and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take junior year or senior year and and
+that's just really sad because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really sad because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really sad because there is
+so much real talent here it's incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much real talent here it's incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much real talent here it's incredible
+they could be doing anything yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be doing anything yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be doing anything yeah and
+also again this points to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again this points to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again this points to the power of
+human connection being with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human connection being with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human connection being with others
+riding up in an elevator that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding up in an elevator that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding up in an elevator that could
+change your life like we need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your life like we need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your life like we need people
+yeah I mean I I love to tell that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I I love to tell that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I I love to tell that story
+especially to my my freshman advisees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to my my freshman advisees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to my my freshman advisees
+yeah to say there is a lot of room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to say there is a lot of room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to say there is a lot of room for
+Randomness and just lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and just lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and just lots of things
+happening don't try to plan everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening don't try to plan everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening don't try to plan everything
+else and just realize that you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and just realize that you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and just realize that you are so
+talented that you can make it in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented that you can make it in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented that you can make it in lots
+and lots of areas find something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of areas find something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of areas find something that
+you really think you're going to love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think you're going to love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really think you're going to love
+and want to work on yeah well I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to work on yeah well I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to work on yeah well I would be
+remiss if I didn't ask you just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remiss if I didn't ask you just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remiss if I didn't ask you just a little
+bit more about your role in starting MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about your role in starting MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about your role in starting MIT
+open courseware I'd love to hear like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware I'd love to hear like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware I'd love to hear like a
+little bit about the critical decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the critical decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the critical decisions
+you are making about democratizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making about democratizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making about democratizing
+education back then and then like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education back then and then like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education back then and then like where
+you personally would like to see ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personally would like to see ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you personally would like to see ocw
+going in the future oh okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the future oh okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the future oh okay yeah
+starting around well right before 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting around well right before 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting around well right before 2000
+there was of course a lot of stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was of course a lot of stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was of course a lot of stuff about
+the internet we were at uh laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet we were at uh laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet we were at uh laboratory
+for computer science there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer science there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer science there was a lot of
+the research and MIT getting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and MIT getting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and MIT getting on the
+Internet and doing the things and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet and doing the things and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet and doing the things and and
+and now it was becoming that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it was becoming that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it was becoming that people were
+noticing and noticing and Chuck vest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing and noticing and Chuck vest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing and noticing and Chuck vest
+president of MIT then would tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of MIT then would tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of MIT then would tell the
+story about he'd go around giving talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about he'd go around giving talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about he'd go around giving talks
+to groups like MIT alumni and things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to groups like MIT alumni and things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to groups like MIT alumni and things and
+he'd get these questions like there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd get these questions like there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd get these questions like there is
+this internet what's MIT doing do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this internet what's MIT doing do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this internet what's MIT doing do about
+it yeah right so this is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah right so this is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah right so this is to the
+president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of
+MIT um so they formed a thing he he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so they formed a thing he he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so they formed a thing he he and
+Bob Brown who was provos then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Brown who was provos then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Brown who was provos then you know
+who's now I think just stepped down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now I think just stepped down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now I think just stepped down as
+president of of BU started a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of of BU started a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of of BU started a thing
+called the MIT Council for educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the MIT Council for educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the MIT Council for educational
+technology and for some unknown reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and for some unknown reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and for some unknown reason
+they asked me to chair it and it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked me to chair it and it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked me to chair it and it was it
+was about you know what are what's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about you know what are what's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about you know what are what's kind
+of really worth doing as an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really worth doing as an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really worth doing as an MIT
+initiative well how there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative well how there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative well how there's that
+question what is worth doing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is worth doing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is worth doing yeah
+so what everybody was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what everybody was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what everybody was doing
+then universities had decided that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then universities had decided that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then universities had decided that this
+internet thing and being able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet thing and being able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet thing and being able to do
+things was going to be a gold mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things was going to be a gold mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things was going to be a gold mine and
+what they were going to do is record all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were going to do is record all
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+ align:start position:0%
+what they were going to do is record all
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+ align:start position:0%
+courses and put them on the internet in
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+that case it was sort of videos it was
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+ align:start position:0%
+that case it was sort of videos it was
+something called called mukes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called called mukes which is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called called mukes which is
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+ align:start position:0%
+still around massive open online
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+ align:start position:0%
+still around massive open online
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+ align:start position:0%
+educational but that was going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational but that was going to be the
+University of goldmon we're going to
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+ align:start position:0%
+University of goldmon we're going to
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+ align:start position:0%
+University of goldmon we're going to
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+ align:start position:0%
+take our courses and put them up for
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+ align:start position:0%
+alumni and Industry and everybody and
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+ align:start position:0%
+alumni and Industry and everybody and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was uh sort of the path to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was uh sort of the path to the
+Future the question is uh okay is MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future the question is uh okay is MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future the question is uh okay is MIT
+going to do that so our Council started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so our Council started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so our Council started
+talking about that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that one of the
+Intelligent Decisions we made is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intelligent Decisions we made is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intelligent Decisions we made is that we
+hired uh boo Allen as consultants who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh boo Allen as consultants who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh boo Allen as consultants who
+actually did a real study about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a real study about this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did a real study about this
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+ align:start position:0%
+thing and found out you know for the
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+ align:start position:0%
+thing and found out you know for the
+amount of money it cost to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money it cost to put this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money it cost to put this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+on and the number of MIT
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+ align:start position:0%
+on and the number of MIT
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the number of MIT
+alumni you know which is a lot but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumni you know which is a lot but not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumni you know which is a lot but not
+at the scale we're talking
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+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale we're talking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale we're talking
+about this
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+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+is not even doesn't even have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even doesn't even have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not even doesn't even have a chance
+of breaking even oh if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking even oh if you're thinking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking even oh if you're thinking
+you that money wow okay so we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that money wow okay so we sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that money wow okay so we sort of
+sort of ground on that a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ground on that a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ground on that a little bit and
+saying what are what are we doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what are what are we doing and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what are what are we doing and
+then there's a guy who's who who still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a guy who's who who still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a guy who's who who still
+AR on the faculty but I think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR on the faculty but I think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR on the faculty but I think just
+stepped down uh named dick U and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped down uh named dick U and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped down uh named dick U and he was
+assistant Dean I think of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Dean I think of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Dean I think of engineering
+I'm not sure but he was on the council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but he was on the council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but he was on the council
+too and he was sort of talked about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and he was sort of talked about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and he was sort of talked about you
+know going to the refrigerator at night
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+ align:start position:0%
+know going to the refrigerator at night
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know going to the refrigerator at night
+and thinking about this and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about this and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about this and thinking
+about this and uh suddenly occurred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and uh suddenly occurred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and uh suddenly occurred to
+him why don't we just give it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him why don't we just give it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him why don't we just give it away and
+then came back you know we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came back you know we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came back you know we talked about
+the coun he said you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coun he said you know that's not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coun he said you know that's not
+such a crazy idea because if we give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a crazy idea because if we give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a crazy idea because if we give it
+away we can use it as a source for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away we can use it as a source for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away we can use it as a source for
+funding so this was even imaginably
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+ align:start position:0%
+funding so this was even imaginably
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+ align:start position:0%
+funding so this was even imaginably
+practical and it was totally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and it was totally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and it was totally in the
+opposite direction from which all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from which all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from which all of the
+other universities were thinking that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities were thinking that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities were thinking that so
+again it's not that MIT doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not that MIT doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not that MIT doesn't want
+money but we actually like it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but we actually like it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but we actually like it as
+philanthropy and the other nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropy and the other nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropy and the other nice thing
+about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT
+that's really really true is the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really true is the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really true is the MIT
+Administration is very very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration is very very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration is very very good at
+promoting good ideas so you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting good ideas so you know we we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting good ideas so you know we we
+weren't sure whether we're making a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure whether we're making a joke
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure whether we're making a joke
+or not when we said give it away and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not when we said give it away and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not when we said give it away and Bob
+Brown and Chuck vest grabbed on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and Chuck vest grabbed on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and Chuck vest grabbed on this and
+they said wow that is a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said wow that is a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said wow that is a really really
+good idea so they went out and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea so they went out and they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea so they went out and they
+promoted in terms of MIT got the got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted in terms of MIT got the got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted in terms of MIT got the got the
+initial Grant from the the ulet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Grant from the the ulet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Grant from the the ulet
+foundation and the melet foundation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the melet foundation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and the melet foundation and
+that was the beginning of how open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the beginning of how open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the beginning of how open
+course were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course were were
+that's how it got off the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it got off the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it got off the ground and
+then of course the idea was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the idea was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the idea was that it was
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+exposing MIT educational contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing MIT educational contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing MIT educational contributions
+to the world and as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world and as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world and as part of
+that we really meant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really meant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really meant the
+world so part of that is that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so part of that is that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so part of that is that it was
+free and I know that that persists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and I know that that persists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and I know that that persists in
+open courser to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courser to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courser to this
+day and it's always been it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and it's always been it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and it's always been it's always
+been MIT seeing itself as a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been MIT seeing itself as a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been MIT seeing itself as a world
+resource not sort of as a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource not sort of as a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource not sort of as a special kind
+of business that does things so again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business that does things so again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business that does things so again I
+think that's the core thing of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the core thing of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the core thing of open
+corser that it really really really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corser that it really really really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corser that it really really really is
+for the world and then the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world and then the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world and then the second thing
+of course it becomes an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it becomes an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it becomes an opportunity to
+show off contributions of MIT faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show off contributions of MIT faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show off contributions of MIT faculty
+which are just very very good of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just very very good of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just very very good of course
+so my hope for open course where is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my hope for open course where is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my hope for open course where is that
+we figure out how to expand more and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out how to expand more and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figure out how to expand more and how
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+Inspire other institutions to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inspire other institutions to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inspire other institutions to do the
+same kind of thing and from my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing and from my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing and from my view
+there aren't enough of them I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough of them I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough of them I was
+talking yesterday to someone who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking yesterday to someone who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking yesterday to someone who has
+just been hired for open course whereare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been hired for open course whereare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been hired for open course whereare
+to think about collaboration with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about collaboration with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about collaboration with things
+and we we need a much better thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we need a much better thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we need a much better thing to
+involve other institutions in the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve other institutions in the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve other institutions in the kind
+of thing that we're doing to set out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that we're doing to set out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that we're doing to set out
+that kind of worldwide educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of worldwide educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of worldwide educational
+resource so that's that's my really hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource so that's that's my really hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource so that's that's my really hope
+for open course where I'm you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for open course where I'm you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for open course where I'm you know I'm
+I'm on the MIT faculty advisory Council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the MIT faculty advisory Council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the MIT faculty advisory Council
+I'd like to advocate for that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to advocate for that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to advocate for that and I
+think a lot of people would but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of people would but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of people would but again
+it's a thing that really really needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that really really needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that really really needs
+institutional support at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional support at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional support at the highest
+level because it really is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because it really is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level because it really is a big
+commitment yes thank you so much okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment yes thank you so much okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment yes thank you so much okay
+well thank you it's been a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you it's been a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you it's been a real
+pleasure that was Hal ablon a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that was Hal ablon a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that was Hal ablon a true
+Pioneer in democratizing knowledge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pioneer in democratizing knowledge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pioneer in democratizing knowledge you
+can find his work and teaching material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find his work and teaching material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find his work and teaching material
+on our MIT open courseware website as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our MIT open courseware website as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our MIT open courseware website as
+always they are openly licensed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they are openly licensed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they are openly licensed so you
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+teaching you can help others find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help others find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help others find the
+materials too by subscribing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials too by subscribing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials too by subscribing to the
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+review thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+and logo offici and AO Sarah Hansen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logo offici and AO Sarah Hansen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logo offici and AO Sarah Hansen from
+MIT open courseware MIT chalk radio's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware MIT chalk radio's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware MIT chalk radio's
+producers include myself red POI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers include myself red POI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers include myself red POI and
+Dave Lansky the show notes for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave Lansky the show notes for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave Lansky the show notes for this
+episode were written by Peter Chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode were written by Peter Chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode were written by Peter Chipman
+Jason player made our episode cassette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason player made our episode cassette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason player made our episode cassette
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+open learning and supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h2hAmn7cUxE.txt b/h2hAmn7cUxE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e09f072549ba9475b43c26e591e49482e730faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h2hAmn7cUxE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8016 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay well last time I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay well last time I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay well last time I had a
+long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and
+complicated uh set of notes and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh set of notes and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh set of notes and I'm
+going to start somewhere near the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start somewhere near the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start somewhere near the middle
+of those to try to give a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to try to give a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to try to give a little bit
+more perspective on what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perspective on what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perspective on what's going on here
+uh we're we're trying to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're trying to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're trying to develop the
+Machinery to uh describe vibrations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery to uh describe vibrations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery to uh describe vibrations in
+polyatomic molecules and the Wilson f&
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules and the Wilson f&
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules and the Wilson f&
+Matrix approach is especially beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix approach is especially beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix approach is especially beautiful
+because it focuses on the little parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it focuses on the little parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it focuses on the little parts
+of the molecule that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule that we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule that we're interested in
+that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh
+we know that molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that molecules
+behave uh with local units and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave uh with local units and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave uh with local units and what
+we're going to try to do is build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do is build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do is build up a
+description of vibrations focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of vibrations focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of vibrations focusing on
+the local things which are the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local things which are the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local things which are the if you
+have a CCH in a molecule there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CCH in a molecule there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CCH in a molecule there are lots
+of molecules with CCH in them and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules with CCH in them and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules with CCH in them and a lot
+of those things just transport from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things just transport from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things just transport from one
+to another the purely numerical approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another the purely numerical approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another the purely numerical approach
+uh is just that it's a purely numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just that it's a purely numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just that it's a purely numerical
+approach it will describe everything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it will describe everything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it will describe everything uh
+um but it won't allow you to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it won't allow you to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it won't allow you to use
+chemical intuition it won't allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition it won't allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition it won't allow you to
+zero in well it will but in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in well it will but in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in well it will but in a more
+indirect way uh and so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect way uh and so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect way uh and so I think it's
+really important to see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to see the uh
+microscopic treatment so let me begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic treatment so let me begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic treatment so let me begin
+again we have several sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have several sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have several sets of
+coordinates we have the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we have the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we have the cartisian
+displacements we have the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements we have the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements we have the mass weighted
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+displacements we have the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements we have the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements we have the internal
+coordinates and we have the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we have the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we have the normal
+coordinates and we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but I was just singing the Praises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I was just singing the Praises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I was just singing the Praises
+of these things these are the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things these are the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things these are the building
+blocks the internal coordinates the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the internal coordinates the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the internal coordinates the bond
+stretches the the angle bends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the the angle bends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the the angle bends the
+torsions these are the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions these are the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsions these are the things that we
+would expect to be able to move from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect to be able to move from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect to be able to move from one
+molecule to another these are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to another these are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to another these are the things
+that are the natural place where you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the natural place where you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the natural place where you put
+in isotopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isotopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in isotopic
+substitution and so uh this is the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and so uh this is the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and so uh this is the path
+now there's two uh to get from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two uh to get from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two uh to get from here to
+here we have the the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the the square root of the
+mass Matrix which is a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Matrix which is a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Matrix which is a diagonal
+matrix here we have a matrix called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here we have a matrix called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here we have a matrix called the
+D Matrix which is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Matrix which is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Matrix which is something that's
+complicated that comes from Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that comes from Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that comes from Vector
+analysis and we really want to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we really want to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we really want to work on
+that but for the time being we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for the time being we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for the time being we'll just
+say there is a d Matrix that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is a d Matrix that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is a d Matrix that describes
+this and we'll deal with that later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll deal with that later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll deal with that later and
+uh then there's a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's a matrix a
+transformation that takes you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes you from the
+normal coordinates from the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal coordinates from the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal coordinates from the internal
+coordinates to the normal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates
+and they all have names and there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have names and there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have names and there's even
+an ex another path and that's the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ex another path and that's the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ex another path and that's the B
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things are
+involved this is three and dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this is three and dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this is three and dimensional
+this is 3 n dimensional this is 3n - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 n dimensional this is 3n - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 n dimensional this is 3n - 6
+dimensional this is 3 N - 6 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this is 3 N - 6 dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional this is 3 N - 6 dimensional
+so these Transformations involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these Transformations involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these Transformations involve
+matrices some of which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices some of which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices some of which are not
+squar and there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and there's a little bit of
+counterintuitive stuff that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive stuff that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive stuff that you'll
+encounter now in all of this we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter now in all of this we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter now in all of this we have two
+matrices in which the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in which the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in which the critical
+information about the force field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the force field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the force field the
+force constants the second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constants the second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constants the second derivatives
+of the potential and something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential and something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential and something about
+geometry masses and geometry uh appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry masses and geometry uh appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry masses and geometry uh appear
+and everything about the vibrations come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything about the vibrations come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything about the vibrations come
+from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices for the time
+being uh I mean it's reasonable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh I mean it's reasonable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh I mean it's reasonable that
+there should be a matrix associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a matrix associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a matrix associated with
+potential energy and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and another one
+associated with kinetic energy and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with kinetic energy and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with kinetic energy and uh
+but we don't really know off the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really know off the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really know off the top of
+our heads what the G Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads what the G Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads what the G Matrix
+is it happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it happens to be
+this this thing that is really at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing that is really at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing that is really at the
+the the core of our understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core of our understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core of our understanding of how
+we get from simple things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from simple things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from simple things to the
+internal coordinates and I'll show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates and I'll show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates and I'll show this
+or at least I will show that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least I will show that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least I will show that it makes
+sense to to replace this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to to replace this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to to replace this thing that
+appears naturally in the the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears naturally in the the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears naturally in the the analysis of
+the problems by this thing that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems by this thing that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems by this thing that just
+makes it uh more Compact and we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it uh more Compact and we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it uh more Compact and we call it
+the G Matrix but the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Matrix but the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G Matrix but the thing that we
+really have in there is this one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and it would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it would be good
+if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were
+questions uh not that I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh not that I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh not that I believe that
+I'll be able to answer them because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to answer them because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to answer them because this
+is hard and but you know I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard and but you know I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard and but you know I've been
+working on these two lectures now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these two lectures now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these two lectures now for
+quite some time and I understand them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time and I understand them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time and I understand them a
+lot better than I did for the last 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than I did for the last 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better than I did for the last 12
+years but I do not think I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but I do not think I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but I do not think I understand
+the material deeply enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material deeply enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material deeply enough so
+anyway um to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um to get
+uh between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the
+various representations we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various representations we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various representations we write
+equations like this now remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this now remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this now remember this is
+is not quantum mechanics these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quantum mechanics these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quantum mechanics these are not
+brasen cats this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brasen cats this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brasen cats this is just
+a uh a way of describing things that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a way of describing things that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a way of describing things that is
+a shorthand for matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for matrix
+multiplication and we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and we know how to do
+this so well for quantum mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so well for quantum mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so well for quantum mechanics that
+it it acts as a sort of a pneumonic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it acts as a sort of a pneumonic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it acts as a sort of a pneumonic for
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+Transformations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so uh this DM is just b b is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh this DM is just b b is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh this DM is just b b is the
+thing that takes you between the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that takes you between the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that takes you between the uh
+cartisian displacements and the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian displacements and the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian displacements and the internal
+coordinates uh if you have an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh if you have an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh if you have an equation
+like this and you want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you want to write the
+inverse of it well you just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of it well you just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of it well you just write it
+that's one of the beautiful things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the beautiful things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the beautiful things about
+this notation you don't have to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation you don't have to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation you don't have to do any
+work eventually uh if you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work eventually uh if you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work eventually uh if you can Define
+some of the matrices the computers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the matrices the computers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the matrices the computers can
+find the inverse of the matrices and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse of the matrices and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse of the matrices and all
+that sort of stuff so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of stuff so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of stuff so it's very very
+powerful and you don't think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and you don't think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and you don't think about uh
+the calculations you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you think about the
+structure of the calculation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the calculation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the calculation and that's
+a wonderful thing okay so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful thing okay so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful thing okay so how do we
+write this well we want the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this well we want the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this well we want the inverse of
+this and when you take the inverse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and when you take the inverse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and when you take the inverse or
+any operation on a matrix product to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any operation on a matrix product to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any operation on a matrix product to
+reverse the order and so uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the order and so uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the order and so uh we want
+DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DM
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+um s and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that you know the there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that you know the there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that you know the there's just a
+few rules you have to learn for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules you have to learn for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules you have to learn for how to
+manipulate these symbols and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these symbols and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these symbols and it's really
+wonderful uh and then you manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh and then you manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh and then you manipulate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so our goal is we we know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our goal is we we know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our goal is we we know we have
+kinetic energy and potential energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy and
+we want to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find some
+representation for both both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for both both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for both both of them
+simultaneously one representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously one representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously one representation for
+both uh in which both the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh in which both the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh in which both the kinetic energy
+and the potential energy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential energy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential energy are
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+separable so we want to have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable so we want to have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable so we want to have some kind
+of coordinates where we don't have cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates where we don't have cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates where we don't have cross
+terms cross terms between what between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cross terms between what between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cross terms between what between
+coordinates so we'd like to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so we'd like to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so we'd like to write the
+kinetic energy as uh a a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy as uh a a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy as uh a a bunch of
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+velocities and we'd like to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and we'd like to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and we'd like to write the
+potential energy as a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy as a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy as a bunch of
+squared coordinates no cross velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared coordinates no cross velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared coordinates no cross velocities
+no cross coordinates and uh we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cross coordinates and uh we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cross coordinates and uh we ought to
+be able to do that and the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that and the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that and the normal
+coordinate representation is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate representation is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate representation is precisely
+that we want to get there but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to get there but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to get there but right now
+we're just playing around with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just playing around with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just playing around with the
+various uh uh um representations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh uh um representations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh uh um representations in
+order to get a way of imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get a way of imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get a way of imposing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we want to write an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to write an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to write an equation of
+motion which we solve and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which we solve and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which we solve and that's going
+to be lrange equation of motion uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lrange equation of motion uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lrange equation of motion uh and
+we could just as well have done this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just as well have done this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just as well have done this in
+uh terms of the hamiltonian equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh terms of the hamiltonian equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh terms of the hamiltonian equation
+Hamilton equation of motions uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton equation of motions uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton equation of motions uh and uh
+we could just as well have I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just as well have I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just as well have I don't know
+if I could have because I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could have because I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could have because I don't know
+where I would find it so I could copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would find it so I could copy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would find it so I could copy it
+down and repackage it for you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and repackage it for you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and repackage it for you but the
+lran is expressed as uh something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is expressed as uh something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is expressed as uh something in
+terms of coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of coordinates and
+velocities and it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and it doesn't matter what
+coordinates it's just it's a it's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it's just it's a it's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates it's just it's a it's a way
+of writing the uh the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the uh the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the uh the relevant
+quantities and so we express the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so we express the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so we express the kinetic
+energy in terms of velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in terms of velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in terms of velocity and the
+potential energy in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in terms of
+coordinates and the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and the equation of motion
+that needs to be solved is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be solved is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be solved is the total
+derivative with respect to time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time of the
+partial derivative of lran with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+velocities so this is kinetic this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so this is kinetic this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so this is kinetic this is
+related to the kinetic energy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the kinetic energy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the kinetic energy part
+because this is It's a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is It's a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is It's a partial
+derivative and the velocities only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the velocities only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the velocities only
+appear in the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the kinetic
+energy uh and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and then we
+have partial of the Lan with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial of the Lan with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial of the Lan with respect to
+coordinates and this is clearly uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is clearly uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is clearly uh the
+potential energy so we have two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so we have two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so we have two terms
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy potential energy this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy this is the same
+thing as fals ma but written in fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as fals ma but written in fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as fals ma but written in fancy
+language and uh that's good and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and uh that's good and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and uh that's good and so this
+these are the things that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that we're going to
+be trying to manipulate okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to manipulate okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to manipulate okay so let's
+begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by
+writing the kinetic energy in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the kinetic energy in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the kinetic energy in terms
+of things we know and then getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we know and then getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we know and then getting them
+into a different representation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a different representation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a different representation and we
+play around uh and it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around uh and it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around uh and it's it's very
+confusing the number of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the number of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the number of things that we
+do okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so we
+have the cartisian velocities so twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cartisian velocities so twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cartisian velocities so twice
+the kinetic energy well kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy well kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy well kinetic energy
+is 1 12 mv^ s and so we put the two out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 12 mv^ s and so we put the two out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 12 mv^ s and so we put the two out
+in front uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the fancy way of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fancy way of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fancy way of writing the
+kinetic energy remember this is two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy remember this is two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy remember this is two now
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+multiplications and so and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and so and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and so and we know the
+rules for doing this so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for doing this so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for doing this so that it's
+beautifully elegant and Compact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully elegant and Compact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully elegant and Compact and
+since it's so complicated the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's so complicated the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's so complicated the whole
+analysis you really do want a way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you really do want a way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you really do want a way of of
+making the the steps uh really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the steps uh really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the steps uh really simple
+looking okay so now uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking okay so now uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking okay so now uh we know
+that the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cartisian
+velocities can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities can
+be uh related to the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh related to the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh related to the mass weighted
+velocities this way and so all we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities this way and so all we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities this way and so all we need
+to do is if we want to reexpress T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if we want to reexpress T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if we want to reexpress T the
+kinetic energy in terms of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in terms of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy in terms of the mass
+weighted uh cartisian velocities we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh cartisian velocities we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh cartisian velocities we just
+plug in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now
+uh this quantity here and so we have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t uh we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh we're we're
+getting oops we're getting rid of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oops we're getting rid of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oops we're getting rid of uh uh
+the the size and we're replacing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size and we're replacing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size and we're replacing them
+with q's so we can we might as well put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with q's so we can we might as well put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with q's so we can we might as well put
+in parentheses like that we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses like that we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses like that we we've
+changed variables and now we have q do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed variables and now we have q do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed variables and now we have q do M
+-1 m m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 m m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 m m
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+-2 Q Dot and that's just Q do Q what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 Q Dot and that's just Q do Q what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 Q Dot and that's just Q do Q what we
+wanted this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this is
+simple that's just a simple sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that's just a simple sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that's just a simple sum over I
+of uh Qi do^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Qi do^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Qi do^
+2 so this is a separable form the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is a separable form the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is a separable form the kind
+of thing we're like we we'd like so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we're like we we'd like so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we're like we we'd like so what
+are we doing it's so trivial to get T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing it's so trivial to get T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing it's so trivial to get T in
+a simple separable form but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple separable form but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple separable form but the problem
+is we have to get T and v in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have to get T and v in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have to get T and v in simple
+separable forms simultaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable forms simultaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable forms simultaneously and
+that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so
+trivial okay so Mass weighted is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial okay so Mass weighted is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial okay so Mass weighted is just a
+convenient way of making all the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of making all the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way of making all the masses
+disappear but we know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but we know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but we know they're
+lurking uh and I should have put a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking uh and I should have put a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking uh and I should have put a uh a
+star on here to indicate complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star on here to indicate complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star on here to indicate complex
+conjugate but coordinates are real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate but coordinates are real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate but coordinates are real and
+almost all the quantities in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the quantities in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the quantities in here are
+real and so uh I probably will neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and so uh I probably will neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and so uh I probably will neglect
+occasionally complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally complex
+conjugating Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've done our duty with T at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done our duty with T at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done our duty with T at least
+for the time being now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time being now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time being now let's look at
+the potential energy expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy expressed in terms
+of the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mass weighted
+uh coordinates well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but we actually what we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we actually what we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we actually what we really want
+is the potential energy expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential energy expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential energy expressed in
+terms of uh the internal coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the internal coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh the internal coordinates and
+we know that the internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the internal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the internal coordinates
+are given by d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by d
+q and uh so what we do is we first write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and uh so what we do is we first write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and uh so what we do is we first write
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what am I doing oh I see if I don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing oh I see if I don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing oh I see if I don't look
+at my notes I'll do something stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my notes I'll do something stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my notes I'll do something stupid
+right away so uh we're going to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so uh we're going to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so uh we're going to all
+right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would like to be able to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to be able to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to be able to write the
+potential energy in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy in terms of the
+internal coordinates and so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates and so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates and so we're going
+to write a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a power series
+expansion and so we have the uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and so we have the uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and so we have the uh all of
+the internal coordinates uh or internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates uh or internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates uh or internal
+displacements zero and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements zero and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements zero and then we have the
+sum over T of the partial derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over T of the partial derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over T of the partial derivatives of
+the potential with respect to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential with respect to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential with respect to each of
+the function functions now this just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function functions now this just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function functions now this just is
+a shorthand for at equilibrium but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for at equilibrium but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorthand for at equilibrium but it's
+mathematically uh inelegant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically uh inelegant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically uh inelegant and
+incorrect to use this notation but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do uh and then we have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and then we have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and then we have the second
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough take that away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough take that away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough take that away
+now we just choose our zero of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just choose our zero of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just choose our zero of energy
+and that's zero that goes away we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's zero that goes away we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's zero that goes away we choose
+to find uh we we want uh to find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh we we want uh to find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh we we want uh to find to
+define the minimum of the potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the minimum of the potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the minimum of the potential and
+at the minimum the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the minimum the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the minimum the partial derivatives
+the first partial derivatives are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partial derivatives are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partial derivatives are all
+zero and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so this is
+gone for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone for all
+T and so what we have left is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so what we have left is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so what we have left is this and
+that's just called ftt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime so we're defining the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so we're defining the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so we're defining the F
+Matrix in terms of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in terms of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in terms of the internal
+coordinates the F Matrix is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the F Matrix is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the F Matrix is going to be
+of Dimension 3 N - 6 by 3 N - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dimension 3 N - 6 by 3 N - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dimension 3 N - 6 by 3 N - 6
+as opposed to uh what the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to uh what the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to uh what the quantum
+chemist would use which would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist would use which would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist would use which would be the
+little F Matrix expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F Matrix expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F Matrix expressed in terms of
+the mass weighted cartisian uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted cartisian uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted cartisian uh
+displacements and that would be 3n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and that would be 3n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and that would be 3n by
+3n and in this modern day of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n and in this modern day of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n and in this modern day of computation
+we don't care what the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care what the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care what the dimension of
+things are we uh we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are we uh we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are we uh we don't care about
+factoring these are small Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring these are small Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring these are small Dimension
+problems for the kinds of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for the kinds of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for the kinds of molecules
+we're and so removing six degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're and so removing six degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're and so removing six degrees of
+freedom or taking taking advantage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom or taking taking advantage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom or taking taking advantage or
+not taking advantage of symmetry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking advantage of symmetry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking advantage of symmetry it's
+not of great consequence and so uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of great consequence and so uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of great consequence and so uh but
+yet we're building all that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're building all that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we're building all that in
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+so we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the
+uh potential energy in terms of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential energy in terms of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential energy in terms of uh this
+F Matrix and the Shand for that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Matrix and the Shand for that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Matrix and the Shand for that is going
+to be SFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by choosing the zero of energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by choosing the zero of energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by choosing the zero of energy at the
+minimum of the potential and exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the potential and exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the potential and exploiting
+the the prop you know the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prop you know the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prop you know the fact that we
+are at the minimum we get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the minimum we get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the minimum we get rid of these
+two terms and the uh potential energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and the uh potential energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and the uh potential energy is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+SFS now this is not a simple separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SFS now this is not a simple separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SFS now this is not a simple separable
+form uh and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we want to do is we want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is we want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is we want to put
+this in simple seal form and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in simple seal form and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in simple seal form and we want to
+uh somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow
+uh do the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same thing for the
+uh kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinetic energy
+now we're going to stick with S as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to stick with S as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to stick with S as the
+variables and so we have to reexpress T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we have to reexpress T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we have to reexpress T
+in terms of s and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of s and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of s and so
+we saw before 2T is equal to Q doq do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before 2T is equal to Q doq do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before 2T is equal to Q doq do
+but s dot is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s dot is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s dot is equal to
+DQ Dot and so uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ Dot and so uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ Dot and so uh we can
+rewrite this we can TR back transform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S and so let's do that so d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and so let's do that so d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and so let's do that so d
+minus1 uh s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 uh s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 uh s is equal to
+q and so uh we can uh simply re uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and so uh we can uh simply re uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and so uh we can uh simply re uh
+rewrite Things 2 T is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite Things 2 T is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite Things 2 T is going to be equal
+to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s
+dot d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+-1 D- 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 D- 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 D- 1 s
+do okay all I did is I exploited this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay all I did is I exploited this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay all I did is I exploited this we
+take the time derivative of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time derivative of both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time derivative of both sides
+of this equation D is not time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation D is not time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation D is not time dependent
+and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have
+this and we just call this G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and if this is G minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if this is G minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if this is G minus
+one D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one D
+tagger - 1 T -1 then uh how do we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagger - 1 T -1 then uh how do we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagger - 1 T -1 then uh how do we write
+G well we want something that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well we want something that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well we want something that if we
+multiply uh this by it we'll get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh this by it we'll get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh this by it we'll get the the
+unit Matrix and so we'll see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Matrix and so we'll see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Matrix and so we'll see that that
+it will do the job I have a question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will do the job I have a question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will do the job I have a question yes
+why isn't it D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D um or is that the same thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D um or is that the same thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D um or is that the same thing it's
+probably the same thing I can't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same thing I can't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same thing I can't answer
+that question um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's a good point I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a good point I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a good point I don't know the
+answer Josh does it matter is d a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Josh does it matter is d a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Josh does it matter is d a square
+Matrix D is not a square matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix D is not a square matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix D is not a square matrix it's
+going to matter what it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to matter what it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to matter what it is going to
+matter okay uh it doesn't matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay uh it doesn't matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay uh it doesn't matter for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+derivation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation uh
+because I'm making an even number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm making an even number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm making an even number of of
+errors or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors or I
+me so uh but I think I think I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so uh but I think I think I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so uh but I think I think I'd have to
+I have to worry about whether you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to worry about whether you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to worry about whether you take
+the inverse first and then conjugate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse first and then conjugate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse first and then conjugate I
+think you're right it has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right it has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right it has to be the
+other way but I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way but I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way but I don't think it
+matters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for
+this uh this is true um okay I I see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is true um okay I I see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is true um okay I I see if
+you define it if it's defined as DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define it if it's defined as DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define it if it's defined as DD
+dagger then Gus one would have to be D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger then Gus one would have to be D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger then Gus one would have to be D
+dger minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dger minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dger minus one
+D yes I think I think I was just well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yes I think I think I was just well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yes I think I think I was just well I
+don't think you're confused at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you're confused at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you're confused at all I
+think that was a very profound question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was a very profound question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was a very profound question
+I'm you know when you're manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know when you're manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know when you're manipulating
+things that you don't choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you don't choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you don't choose to
+understand it's easy to make a an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's easy to make a an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's easy to make a an error
+of packaging and uh but you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packaging and uh but you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packaging and uh but you can you know
+you can check the my tracks and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check the my tracks and uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check the my tracks and uh now
+the notes for last lecture and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes for last lecture and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes for last lecture and this
+lecture are both extended Ely revised on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are both extended Ely revised on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture are both extended Ely revised on
+the web so what you have uh is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web so what you have uh is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web so what you have uh is uh
+riddled with either errors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddled with either errors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddled with either errors or
+infelicities okay so we now have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infelicities okay so we now have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infelicities okay so we now have the
+ability to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write
+uh the kinetic energy and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kinetic energy and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kinetic energy and the potential
+energy in a very compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a very compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a very compact
+representation which is not our Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we have the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have the same uh
+variables the S and S dots and we have G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the S and S dots and we have G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the S and S dots and we have G
+and F these two matrices this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F these two matrices this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F these two matrices this is very
+convenient now for inputting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient now for inputting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient now for inputting into the
+lrange equation of motion which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange equation of motion which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange equation of motion which is what
+we will use to be able to uh uh solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use to be able to uh uh solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use to be able to uh uh solve
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+lran is T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is T minus
+V and so we can write this in compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so we can write this in compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so we can write this in compact
+form as the sum over I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as the sum over I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as the sum over I and J
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+G minus one i j s i do SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus one i j s i do SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus one i j s i do SJ
+dot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot uh
+minus so this is some here f i j of Si i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so this is some here f i j of Si i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so this is some here f i j of Si i
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can see how this is wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see how this is wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see how this is wonderful
+because we're told to take partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're told to take partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're told to take partial
+derivatives with respect to s dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to s dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to s dot and
+with respect to S and we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to S and we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to S and we're supposed to
+take a total derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a total derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a total derivative with respect to
+time and this is going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is going to make this
+simple and we'll get our secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and we'll get our secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and we'll get our secular
+equation the thing that we have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the thing that we have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the thing that we have to solve
+in order to uh write everything out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh write everything out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh write everything out so
+we uh we write the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we write the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we write the equation of motion
+and uh so so what we get is that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so what we get is that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so what we get is that zero
+and I'm not going to write all the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to write all the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to write all the steps
+is equal to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation of Gus one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of Gus one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of Gus one i
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+SJ double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ double
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+plus that can't be plus has to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that can't be plus has to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that can't be plus has to be minus
+f i J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SJ
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh oh I see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh I see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh I see what I
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the equation of motion
+and you'll notice that we have a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that we have a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that we have a sum
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+we have a whole bunch of equations for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a whole bunch of equations for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a whole bunch of equations for 3
+n uh- 6 different values of I but each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh- 6 different values of I but each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh- 6 different values of I but each
+equation has pairs of terms where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has pairs of terms where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has pairs of terms where you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+derivative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh
+related uh to the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh to the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related uh to the second derivative
+related to the value times a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the value times a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the value times a constant it
+resembles 0 is equal to x dot dot minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles 0 is equal to x dot dot minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles 0 is equal to x dot dot minus
+ax which is the equation for harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax which is the equation for harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax which is the equation for harmonic
+oscillators so what we do is we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators so what we do is we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators so what we do is we say okay
+let us assume that each of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us assume that each of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us assume that each of the normal
+coordinates is a harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is a harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is a harmonic oscillator
+each of the internal coordinates is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the internal coordinates is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the internal coordinates is a
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+oscillator and further we say that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and further we say that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and further we say that uh we
+can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write
+them as uh so this is um s of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as uh so this is um s of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as uh so this is um s of t
+uh cosine Lambda to 12 t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cosine Lambda to 12 t +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cosine Lambda to 12 t +
+Epsilon for J = 1 2 3 N - 6 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for J = 1 2 3 N - 6 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for J = 1 2 3 N - 6 so we
+have all of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of the internal
+coordinates expressed as uh harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expressed as uh harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expressed as uh harmonic
+oscillators yes shouldn't could be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators yes shouldn't could be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators yes shouldn't could be plus
+a i j SJ uh in that secular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i j SJ uh in that secular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i j SJ uh in that secular equation
+this no right there I guess it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no right there I guess it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no right there I guess it should be
+plus for getting that cost solution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for getting that cost solution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for getting that cost solution it
+should be plus derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be plus derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be plus derivative
+is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because we want to have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we want to have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we want to have these two
+terms cancelling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this is going to be yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is going to be yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is going to be yeah
+so did I did I is everything okay now y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I did I is everything okay now y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did I did I is everything okay now y
+all right uh so one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh so one of the important
+things is that we have all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that we have all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is that we have all of the
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+coordinates expressed as having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expressed as having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expressed as having the same
+frequency and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and same
+phase so this is an assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this is an assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so this is an assumption about the
+form of the solution that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the solution that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the solution that we have to
+discover whether it can work I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whether it can work I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whether it can work I mean we
+can we can make what we can adopt all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can make what we can adopt all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can make what we can adopt all
+sorts of trial Solutions and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of trial Solutions and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of trial Solutions and if we do
+something stupid we'll end up with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stupid we'll end up with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stupid we'll end up with all
+of the A's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero or we'll end up with too few A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we'll end up with too few A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we'll end up with too few A's
+not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to
+zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this certainly has the right form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this certainly has the right form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this certainly has the right form we
+put it into the equation of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into the equation of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into the equation of motion and
+uh so substituting the this form into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so substituting the this form into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so substituting the this form into
+this equation of motion we have 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation of motion we have 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation of motion we have 12
+cos Lambda 12 t + Epsilon time the sum J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Lambda 12 t + Epsilon time the sum J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Lambda 12 t + Epsilon time the sum J
+= 1 3 N - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 3 N - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 3 N - 6
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+j f i j minus G Lambda g i j minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j f i j minus G Lambda g i j minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j f i j minus G Lambda g i j minus
+one so here we have a set a set of 3 nus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here we have a set a set of 3 nus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here we have a set a set of 3 nus
+6 linear homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 linear homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 linear homogeneous
+equations and in order for there to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and in order for there to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and in order for there to be a
+nonzero set of A's a non-trivial set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero set of A's a non-trivial set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero set of A's a non-trivial set of
+A's uh we have to solve a secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's uh we have to solve a secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's uh we have to solve a secular
+equation the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the determinant of the
+coefficients has to be equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients has to be equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients has to be equal to zero and
+so that says that this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says that this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says that this must be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+Fus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus Lambda
+gus1 is equal to zero this bar means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gus1 is equal to zero this bar means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gus1 is equal to zero this bar means
+determinant okay and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay and so this is the
+secular equation but we do another trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation but we do another trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation but we do another trick
+we know that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if you
+have the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the product of two
+matrices the uh the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the uh the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices the uh the product of two
+determinants the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants the determinant of the
+product is equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is equal to the product of the
+determinants and so we can multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and so we can multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and so we can multiply this
+secular equation by uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on the left by the determinant of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left by the determinant of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left by the determinant of G
+and so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we do that
+when we multiply on the left by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply on the left by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply on the left by the
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+G we get a new secular equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G we get a new secular equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G we get a new secular equation which is
+the one we choose to to solve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we choose to to solve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we choose to to solve and that
+will be uh 0 is equal to GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh 0 is equal to GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh 0 is equal to GF
+minus Lambda unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda unit
+Matrix this is the secular equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is the secular equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is the secular equation for
+vibrations so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations so we
+multiplied this secular equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied this secular equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied this secular equation on the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+by the determinant of G we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant of G we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant of G we could have
+multiplied it on the right if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it on the right if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it on the right if we did
+we'd get a different secular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get a different secular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get a different secular equation
+it's very tempting to say well FG GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tempting to say well FG GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tempting to say well FG GF
+doesn't matter it does matter they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it does matter they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it does matter they're
+not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same
+Matrix uh and this is not this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh and this is not this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh and this is not this is still
+not quantum mechanics we're not worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantum mechanics we're not worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantum mechanics we're not worrying
+about commutation of operators they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commutation of operators they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commutation of operators they are
+two big ugly things and they GF is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big ugly things and they GF is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big ugly things and they GF is not
+equal to FG this is the one we solve we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to FG this is the one we solve we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to FG this is the one we solve we
+could have solved the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have solved the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have solved the other one
+we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get
+different uh we'd get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh we'd get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh we'd get the same
+frequencies but we'd get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we'd get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we'd get different
+normal modes but so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes but so this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes but so this is what we're
+going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+at so in order to solve this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so in order to solve this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so in order to solve this problem we
+have to diagonalize GF now we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize GF now we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagonalize GF now we're used
+to uh looking at a problem and saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh looking at a problem and saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh looking at a problem and saying we
+have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+Matrix if we have a symmetric Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we have a symmetric Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if we have a symmetric Matrix
+then you can diagonalize it using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can diagonalize it using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can diagonalize it using a
+unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary
+transformation a unitary transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a unitary transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a unitary transformation
+is one where uh uh the inverse is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where uh uh the inverse is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where uh uh the inverse is equal
+to the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose well this is not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well this is not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well this is not a real
+symmetric Matrix G is a real symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix G is a real symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix G is a real symmetric
+Matrix f is a real symmetric Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix f is a real symmetric Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix f is a real symmetric Matrix but
+the product is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric and you can demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you can demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you can demonstrate that
+simply by writing uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typical pair of 2x two matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical pair of 2x two matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical pair of 2x two matrices and
+writing it out you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it out you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it out you'll see that the
+product is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is not
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+so you're not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not going to be able to
+diagonalize this by taking the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shortcut you can diagonalize it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut you can diagonalize it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut you can diagonalize it but you
+have to uh Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform so there is some Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so there is some Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so there is some Matrix
+L and it's interesting I used that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and it's interesting I used that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and it's interesting I used that name
+for a matrix before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to have to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have to prove that
+this is in fact the same L that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact the same L that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact the same L that we saw
+before this GF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this GF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this GF is
+diagonalized by a similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized by a similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized by a similarity
+transformation L now GF is rect is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation L now GF is rect is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation L now GF is rect is a
+square L is square so there's no nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square L is square so there's no nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square L is square so there's no nothing
+fancy there but uh GF is not symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy there but uh GF is not symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy there but uh GF is not symmetric
+so L is the L inverse is not L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now if we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we could write
+GF then we could ask a computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF then we could ask a computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF then we could ask a computer to
+diagonalize it and the computer would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it and the computer would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize it and the computer would do
+so and it would tell us the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it would tell us the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it would tell us the rows and
+columns uh of the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh of the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns uh of the Matrix that
+diagonalized it and if you wanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized it and if you wanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized it and if you wanted it to
+calculate the inverse of that Matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the inverse of that Matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the inverse of that Matrix it
+would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+too so there isn't anything M but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so there isn't anything M but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so there isn't anything M but we
+don't know what G is yet okay we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what G is yet okay we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what G is yet okay we will
+know it's not complicated well it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not complicated well it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not complicated well it is
+complicated but it's not it's it's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's not it's it's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's not it's it's uh it
+yes okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is
+the equation that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that has to be
+solved and uh uh these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and uh uh these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and uh uh these things are
+related to the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the normal mode
+frequencies new sub k is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies new sub k is Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies new sub k is Lambda
+K square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square
+root over 2 pi and since in vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root over 2 pi and since in vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root over 2 pi and since in vibrational
+problems we use omegas in reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we use omegas in reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we use omegas in reciprocal
+centimeter units that's new K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so these are in reciprocal centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so these are in reciprocal centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so these are in reciprocal centimeters
+these are in reciprocal seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in reciprocal seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in reciprocal seconds
+okay we started the whole formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we started the whole formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we started the whole formal
+derivation of the normal modes by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the normal modes by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the normal modes by saying
+we could get from the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get from the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get from the internal
+coordinates to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal
+coordinates by this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and
+uh um we could also write uh this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um we could also write uh this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um we could also write uh this in
+standard form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where so to get from from the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so to get from from the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so to get from from the internal
+coordinates to the normal coordinates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to the normal coordinates we
+we want the inverse L Matrix and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the inverse L Matrix and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the inverse L Matrix and we want
+the J row of the inverse L Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J row of the inverse L Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J row of the inverse L Matrix in
+order to do this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's see whether this L is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see whether this L is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see whether this L is the same
+L as this l or let's see whether we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L as this l or let's see whether we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L as this l or let's see whether we have
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+consistency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency we
+saw that we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm sorry we would like to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm sorry we would like to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm sorry we would like to have the
+kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+expressed in a separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a separable
+form in terms of the velocities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in terms of the velocities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in terms of the velocities of the
+normal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacements these things are given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements these things are given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements these things are given in
+terms of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the S
+dots uh and uh we can I'm skipping steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots uh and uh we can I'm skipping steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots uh and uh we can I'm skipping steps
+but s dot is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s dot is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s dot is going to be
+gus1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gus1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gus1 s
+dot because s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot because s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot because s
+dot is equal to l q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is equal to l q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is equal to l q
+do okay so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then we can go back and rewrite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can go back and rewrite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we can go back and rewrite uh
+the uh uh so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh so this is what we
+want uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh this is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm where did I have that I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm where did I have that I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm where did I have that I've said
+the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I do
+this this I did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this I did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this I did at the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+um and so I then go back to the Q dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I then go back to the Q dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I then go back to the Q dots
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh uh so I replace this and I have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so I replace this and I have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so I replace this and I have l
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+g-1 l q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-1 l q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-1 l q
+do okay so what we would like to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so what we would like to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so what we would like to be able
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+is if L is the thing that takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if L is the thing that takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if L is the thing that takes us
+between s and Q this thing has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s and Q this thing has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s and Q this thing has to be
+equal to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay we can rewrite that uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay we can rewrite that uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay we can rewrite that uh by
+multiplying on the uh on the left by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying on the uh on the left by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying on the uh on the left by the
+uh inverse El matx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as so this is an equation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so this is an equation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so this is an equation that is
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have the kinetic energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the kinetic energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the kinetic energy the
+potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q and we saw before that we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we saw before that we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we saw before that we could also
+write uh the K the potential energy as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh the K the potential energy as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh the K the potential energy as s
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+s and uh replacing s with with with q q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and uh replacing s with with with q q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and uh replacing s with with with q q
+l dagger f l q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dagger f l q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dagger f l q
+so we would also like to be able to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would also like to be able to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would also like to be able to show
+that l dagger f l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that l dagger f l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that l dagger f l is equal to
+Lambda this is a point of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is a point of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is a point of great
+confusion and disturbance because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and disturbance because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion and disturbance because this
+looks like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like our
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+uh uh unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation these
+lambdas are not the values of f they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas are not the values of f they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas are not the values of f they're
+the IG values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG values of
+GF this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF this
+transformation uh is a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh is a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh is a transformation
+that happens to take F into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to take F into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to take F into this
+Matrix but this L doesn't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but this L doesn't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but this L doesn't know anything
+I'm sorry these these igen values don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry these these igen values don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry these these igen values don't
+know about this they know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this they know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this they know about this
+jointly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly with
+G okay so now what we need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so now what we need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so now what we need to do is to
+show the this is also compatible and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the this is also compatible and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the this is also compatible and so
+what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do
+is uh we want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh we want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh we want to know whether
+this and that are compatible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that are compatible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that are compatible with the
+original equation L minus1 G F L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation L minus1 G F L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation L minus1 G F L is
+equal to Lambda so what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda so what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Lambda so what we do is we
+replace L minus one by this so we have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace L minus one by this so we have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace L minus one by this so we have l
+dagger G minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger G minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger G minus one
+GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF
+L and lo and behold what we have is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and lo and behold what we have is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and lo and behold what we have is l
+dagger f l which is this so all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger f l which is this so all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger f l which is this so all of the
+equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent so is that another sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so is that another sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so is that another sense of
+saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+um the L sort of has information of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the L sort of has information of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the L sort of has information of G
+and then in it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in it yes
+I mean the L is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the L is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the L is defined
+by diagonalizing GF now you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diagonalizing GF now you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diagonalizing GF now you can you can
+in fact I've had a long conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've had a long conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've had a long conversation
+with Troy and uh you can repartition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Troy and uh you can repartition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Troy and uh you can repartition the
+pieces of G you can and but uh it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of G you can and but uh it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of G you can and but uh it still
+doesn't make any more sense than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any more sense than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any more sense than just
+saying okay this is what this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this is what this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this is what this is what
+we're doing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing and uh
+uh you just have to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just have to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just have to be careful because
+this makes you think that you just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes you think that you just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes you think that you just give
+the computer the F Matrix and it finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the F Matrix and it finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer the F Matrix and it finds
+the igen values by a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values by a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values by a unitary
+transformation but L is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but L is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but L is something that's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+uh not a unitary Matrix L is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a unitary Matrix L is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a unitary Matrix L is defined as
+something that will diagonalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will diagonalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will diagonalize a
+non-real and symmetric a nonsymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-real and symmetric a nonsymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-real and symmetric a nonsymmetric
+matrix so put another way you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so put another way you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so put another way you know you
+have to have the geometrical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the geometrical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the geometrical information
+in order to get those it values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get those it values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get those it values
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+so now we're at the end of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're at the end of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're at the end of the previous
+lecture and now we're beginning to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and now we're beginning to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and now we're beginning to start
+to to to go towards how do we get uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to go towards how do we get uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to go towards how do we get uh the
+G Matrix because we sort of know about F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Matrix because we sort of know about F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Matrix because we sort of know about F
+uh okay but now let me just say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay but now let me just say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay but now let me just say some
+questionary remarks I want to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionary remarks I want to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionary remarks I want to finish
+this lecture because there's no sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture because there's no sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture because there's no sense in
+in stopping before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stopping before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stopping before it's
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+and having to go over the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to go over the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to go over the whole thing
+again so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we have two
+things that go into description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into description of the
+normal modes of vibration we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes of vibration we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes of vibration we have the
+force constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant
+Matrix and we have the G Matrix where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we have the G Matrix where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we have the G Matrix where do
+we get them well we could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get them well we could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get them well we could imagine that
+we would somehow get the f Matrix from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would somehow get the f Matrix from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would somehow get the f Matrix from
+Spectra you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra you can convince yourself
+that the number of independent elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of independent elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of independent elements
+of the F Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F Matrix is
+this and so then if we uh if we say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so then if we uh if we say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so then if we uh if we say we
+have three four five six atoms number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements number of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements number of modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements number of modes
+you can see that we have 6 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we have 6 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we have 6 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 independent elements of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 independent elements of the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 independent elements of the F
+Matrix and we have 3 6 9 12 normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we have 3 6 9 12 normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we have 3 6 9 12 normal modes
+so there is no way from experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no way from experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no way from experiment you
+can determine all of the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine all of the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine all of the elements in the
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+Matrix you have far too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have far too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have far too little
+information even if you did a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if you did a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if you did a huge
+amount of work too far too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work too far too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work too far too little
+information to empirically determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to empirically determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to empirically determine the
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+Matrix the way we get the F Matrix is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the way we get the F Matrix is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the way we get the F Matrix is uh
+by either taking huge hunks of it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either taking huge hunks of it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either taking huge hunks of it from
+obino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obino
+calculations or setting a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or setting a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or setting a lot of the
+elements in the F Matrix equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the F Matrix equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the F Matrix equal to zero
+if you have two internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two internal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two internal coordinates
+that are not adjacent to each other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not adjacent to each other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not adjacent to each other it's
+reasonable that there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that there won't be any
+appreciable cross terms between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable cross terms between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable cross terms between them so
+one can fill the F Matrix with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can fill the F Matrix with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can fill the F Matrix with a lot of
+zeros this is an approximation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros this is an approximation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros this is an approximation but it's
+a good approximation there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good approximation there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good approximation there's also
+questions of functional groups suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of functional groups suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of functional groups suppose
+you have a particular group of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particular group of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particular group of atoms
+that are together uh and you you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are together uh and you you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are together uh and you you sort of
+know how the various elements of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the various elements of the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the various elements of the F
+Matrix ought to behave and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix ought to behave and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix ought to behave and so you can
+take them from other molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them from other molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them from other molecules so
+we know that the F Matrix the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the F Matrix the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the F Matrix the force
+constant Matrix is something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Matrix is something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Matrix is something that uh
+requires a huge amount of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a huge amount of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a huge amount of information
+but we're not too concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not too concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not too concerned about
+getting all of it by hook or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crook well what about the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix the G Matrix is obtained by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the G Matrix is obtained by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the G Matrix is obtained by some
+really elegant Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really elegant Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really elegant Vector
+analysis and uh we'll just begin on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and uh we'll just begin on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and uh we'll just begin on that
+so what we want to do is Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is Define the
+various kinds of internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stretches and so we denote them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and so we denote them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and so we denote them by
+like this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bends we have dihedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angles and so a dihedral angle suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and so a dihedral angle suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and so a dihedral angle suppose
+you had something that looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had something that looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had something that looked like this
+A B C D and now you look at it end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A B C D and now you look at it end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A B C D and now you look at it end
+on a d b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a d b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a d b
+c it's the angle between the two planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c it's the angle between the two planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c it's the angle between the two planes
+and that's generally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toao okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toao okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toao okay
+now you draw a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you draw a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you draw a picture of a
+molecule and uh you have to decide well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh you have to decide well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh you have to decide well
+how do I choose 3 n minus 6 linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I choose 3 n minus 6 linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I choose 3 n minus 6 linearly
+independent internal coordinates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent internal coordinates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent internal coordinates and the
+answer is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's not
+easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but
+the other answer is well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other answer is well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other answer is well so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+Define just take all of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define just take all of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define just take all of the uh the
+internal coordinates have an overlarge f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates have an overlarge f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates have an overlarge f
+and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+Matrix and when we solve for the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and when we solve for the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and when we solve for the uh uh
+the frequencies the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies the normal mode
+frequencies you'll get a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you'll get a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you'll get a whole bunch of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+frequencies so that's one solution just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so that's one solution just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so that's one solution just
+uh uh put everything in I thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh put everything in I thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh put everything in I thought the
+matrices were defined to have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were defined to have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were defined to have certain
+size 3 they they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 3 they they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 3 they they should
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but we're talking about internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but we're talking about internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but we're talking about internal
+coordinates and as soon as we've gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and as soon as we've gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and as soon as we've gone to
+internal coordinates we know there are 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates we know there are 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates we know there are 3
+n minus 6 linearly independent internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 6 linearly independent internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 6 linearly independent internal
+coordinates but we can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but we can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but we can have an
+overcomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcomplete
+Matrix and the that doesn't anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and the that doesn't anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and the that doesn't anything
+else we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we've done
+up I don't believe so but what the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I don't believe so but what the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I don't believe so but what the trick
+is going to be I mean is is to find how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be I mean is is to find how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be I mean is is to find how
+the internal coordinates are uh enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates are uh enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal coordinates are uh enter
+into the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the kinetic
+energy and that's going to involve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's going to involve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's going to involve some
+very clever definitions of uh Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever definitions of uh Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever definitions of uh Vector
+displacements I guess have to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements I guess have to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements I guess have to be really
+careful then to make sure the f andj are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful then to make sure the f andj are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful then to make sure the f andj are
+both over in the same way yes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course but I mean often when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I mean often when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I mean often when you have
+redundant internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant internal
+coordinates uh they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh they have the
+same F Matrix element I mean so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same F Matrix element I mean so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same F Matrix element I mean so um I
+haven't thought about this carefully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about this carefully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about this carefully uh
+but all right so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so what we want to do is
+now attempt to describe the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now attempt to describe the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now attempt to describe the internal
+coordinates in terms of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in terms of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in terms of things that we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manipulate and this is the difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate and this is the difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate and this is the difficult
+part and I I want to at least say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I I want to at least say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I I want to at least say
+something about them so that uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about them so that uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about them so that uh we will
+be able to uh uh start next time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uh uh start next time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uh uh start next time uh
+having at least thought about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least thought about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least thought about these
+things so we're going to here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we're going to here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we're going to here is an
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+coordinate and we're going to Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and we're going to Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and we're going to Define it
+as a sum of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms of this little thing St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of this little thing St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of this little thing St
+Alpha dotted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha dotted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha dotted into
+a cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cartisian
+displacement of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom
+Alpha so uh part of the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so uh part of the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so uh part of the reason for
+defining these things is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining these things is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining these things is that this is
+how this is how we build up the G Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is how we build up the G Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is how we build up the G Matrix
+but it's also how we impose constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also how we impose constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also how we impose constraints
+of no Center of mass uh translation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no Center of mass uh translation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no Center of mass uh translation and
+no Center of mass rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Center of mass rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Center of mass rotation
+and so these things are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these things are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these things are really really
+beautiful and elegant uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and we're going to discover I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we're going to discover I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we're going to discover I'm not
+saying that that I you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that I you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that I you're not going to
+be able to see how this is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see how this is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see how this is true but
+we're going to be able to write the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to write the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to write the G
+Matrix as 1 / m alpha s t Alpha do s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as 1 / m alpha s t Alpha do s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as 1 / m alpha s t Alpha do s t
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+Alpha so this is the notation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so this is the notation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so this is the notation we're
+going to figure out what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out what these things
+are these are uh displacement factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are uh displacement factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are uh displacement factors
+which uh enable you to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh enable you to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh enable you to impose
+constraints and enable you to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and enable you to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and enable you to write the
+S the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S the G
+Matrix okay let's explore what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall that we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that we wrote
+s in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s in terms of the
+size so s of T is sum over i b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so s of T is sum over i b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so s of T is sum over i b
+TI SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I now we can write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now we can write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now we can write uh
+the this as a uh Power series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this as a uh Power series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this as a uh Power series and
+so we say that this is partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+i at zero I and neglect the higher terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i at zero I and neglect the higher terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i at zero I and neglect the higher terms
+remember this is displacement so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is displacement so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is displacement so the uh
+when you uh when you set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh when you set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh when you set uh
+when you go at s is equal to zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go at s is equal to zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go at s is equal to zero well
+that's just a zero here okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a zero here okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a zero here okay so this is
+the first term in the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the power series
+now uh knowing this we can write St in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh knowing this we can write St in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh knowing this we can write St in
+this wonderful Way St can be written not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful Way St can be written not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful Way St can be written not
+as a sum over individual cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum over individual cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum over individual cartisian
+displacements but uh as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements but uh as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements but uh as a sum
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+atoms and we have DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we have DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we have DS
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+d s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s x
+alpha s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y
+Alpha so i y plus d s d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so i y plus d s d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so i y plus d s d
+z alpha now this X Y and Z is an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z alpha now this X Y and Z is an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z alpha now this X Y and Z is an extra
+notation that helps to make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that helps to make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that helps to make everything
+clear so z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so z
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+um if we Define the radiant Vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we Define the radiant Vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we Define the radiant Vector you
+see lurking in here is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lurking in here is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lurking in here is something that's
+looking very much like a gradient so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very much like a gradient so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very much like a gradient so we
+Define the gradient or we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the gradient or we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the gradient or we write the
+gradient of for the motion of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of for the motion of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of for the motion of the alpha
+atom as partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as partial
+d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d x
+Alpha unit factor x partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha unit factor x partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha unit factor x partial
+d alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d alpha
+y unit Vector y plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y unit Vector y plus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y unit Vector y plus partial
+d s z alpha unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s z alpha unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s z alpha unit Vector
+Z and we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacement uh as s x Alpha unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement uh as s x Alpha unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement uh as s x Alpha unit Vector
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+s y Alpha unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y Alpha unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s y Alpha unit Vector
+y s Alpha Z unit Vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these two things together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two things together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two things together with
+this tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell you that
+St is just the sum over alpha 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St is just the sum over alpha 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St is just the sum over alpha 1 to n of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient of St dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into row Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've done is we've written uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done is we've written uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done is we've written uh
+the uh internal displacement as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internal displacement as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internal displacement as a
+gradient of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the internal
+displacement dotted into the arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacement okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay and
+then since we have a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since we have a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since we have a DOT
+product we'd like to know well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we'd like to know well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we'd like to know well what
+direction do we displace atom Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction do we displace atom Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction do we displace atom Alpha to
+get the most bang for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most bang for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most bang for the
+buck we want to know uh um and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck we want to know uh um and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck we want to know uh um and if this
+displacement is along the gradient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is along the gradient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is along the gradient uh
+the direction of the gradient then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient then we
+get the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the largest
+change so that means that St Alpha this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so that means that St Alpha this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so that means that St Alpha this
+little thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+pointing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that gives the
+largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+St so for each atom we have a we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St so for each atom we have a we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St so for each atom we have a we have a
+vector which is pointing in a Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is pointing in a Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which is pointing in a Direction
+that says okay we move in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay we move in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says okay we move in this direction
+we'll get the maximum increase in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the maximum increase in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the maximum increase in this
+then the next thing we know is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next thing we know is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next thing we know is what is
+the increase and once we do all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase and once we do all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase and once we do all of that
+we have then a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then a way of
+defining all of these St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all of these St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining all of these St
+alphas and then we can use them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and then we can use them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas and then we can use them to do
+all the neat stuff so I'll go over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the neat stuff so I'll go over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the neat stuff so I'll go over that
+a little bit at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit at the beginning of
+tomorrow morning's lecture but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning's lecture but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow morning's lecture but uh it's
+it's really a astonishing how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a astonishing how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a astonishing how this works
+out okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hzW2ZBtzrUE.txt b/hzW2ZBtzrUE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01da1321dc83d47f6dce1d4eaeca1c5d1532f378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hzW2ZBtzrUE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2288 @@
+Professor Hoffman asked me to step in today
+to talk about the Space Shuttle and the military.
+
+I'm going to do that.
+
+I encourage questions.
+
+I may not be able to answer all your questions
+either because, A, I don't know or, B, I cannot
+
+say.
+
+I am going to leave it to you to figure out
+which one is which.
+
+[LAUGHTER] I would like to say a few things
+before I start.
+
+One is I'm not a historian so I'm not here
+to give a history of the military and the
+
+Shuttle.
+
+I am here to give you my experiences with
+it which is a very select data slice, I think,
+
+as you will see.
+
+Second, the things I say here, although we're
+going to tape them, I have to [NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+very carefully.
+
+And, third, I really speak from a different
+era.
+
+I speak from an area of the '70s and early
+'80s when the political situation was a lot
+
+different than it is today.
+
+When a Cold War was hot.
+
+When there was a real threat of a massive
+land war, plus worse, in Northern Europe.
+
+When there were real threats of nuclear exchanges
+between the super powers.
+
+Things which are not true today, thank goodness.
+
+We have now been overcome by other threats
+and challenges, but I speak really from an
+
+era of the '70s and '80s.
+
+So, with that, I would like to start.
+
+Again, I encourage questions.
+
+Here is what I would like to do today.
+
+I would like to give you a little bit of intro
+and background.
+
+Talk about DoD and Air Force space missions.
+
+There is a difference which I shall highlight.
+
+I will talk about military system requirements
+and impacts on the Space Shuttle as a system.
+
+I will talk about facility impacts because
+that is easy to do, but there are impacts
+
+that are far more far reaching than that.
+
+I will close a little bit on national space
+policy and then I will show you a ten minute
+
+video.
+
+For the video I would like Tom to turn off
+the recording and we will just watch it kind
+
+of in silence.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions?
+
+My background is I served 29 years in the
+Air Force.
+
+As you folks know, you can retire up to 20,
+so I couldn't count.
+
+I stayed far longer than I should have.
+
+The reason I stayed was because the Air Force
+gave me assignments I could not turn down.
+
+I have had lots of experience from a program
+office payload user perspective on Shuttle,
+
+Titans off both coasts, MX, Pegasus XL.
+
+Last January I gave a talk, which I will repeat
+this year, on my activities on two accident
+
+investigations.
+
+One on Titan IV and one on Pegasus.
+
+I do that at one time.
+
+It takes about an hour and a half.
+
+If any of you are on campus in January, please
+come by.
+
+It's an interesting story.
+
+I served in multiple program offices in programs
+A and B.
+
+Programs A and B are subsets of the NRO.
+
+I won't say any more about that, but Program
+A is the Air Force element.
+
+Program A not only built Air Force satellites
+for the intelligence community, they also
+
+provided all the launch services for the intelligence
+community.
+
+I have been director of two major programs.
+
+The first one Space-Based Infrared Low.
+
+The second one was the DoD Space Test Program.
+
+I have also been the NRO Director of Safety.
+
+In general, Air Force and DoD space missions
+fall into this laundry list.
+
+The first one is Navigation which you know
+from GPS Communication which has many satellites
+
+of which Nelstar and DSCS are the ones you
+recognize.
+
+DSCS was launched on the Space Shuttle I believe
+twice, I'm not sure.
+
+Meteorology, the Air Force launches the DMSP
+which is the polar orbiting weather satellite
+
+now replaced now by the NPOESS system.
+
+For missile launch detection, the intelligence
+community and the Air Force have either operated
+
+the DSP satellite system or else proposed
+SVRS which is suffering tremendous programmatic
+
+problems currently.
+
+For arms free verification, it is terribly
+important to have complied at one time with
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] limitations.
+
+That is an interesting slice of history where
+at one time the total number of warheads,
+
+total number of bombers, submarines, ships,
+this sort of thing was limited by international
+
+agreement but it was the responsibility of
+the other side to verify compliance.
+
+There is also nuclear weapons test detection
+on Vela.
+
+And then a whole handful of what I call intelligence
+community or IC programs.
+
+Bob Siemens, a retired professor emeritus
+is planning to drop by today for the Q&A.
+
+His position, his role in this story is really
+very central.
+
+His influence is woven throughout the whole
+story of the DoD and the Space Shuttle, and
+
+I hope you will get a chance to talk to him.
+
+An extremely interesting and very pivotal
+guy.
+
+I would like to concentrate on Vandenberg
+Air Force Base right up on the Eastern Range
+
+for the Space Shuttle because the Vandenberg
+Air Force Base launch site was really built
+
+up for sun synchronous polar orbits, for really
+one payload, and that was the fellow here
+
+depicted in the late 1970s, launching out
+of the Western Range.
+
+This is a Titan IIID.
+
+I have helped launched, I think, eight of
+these off the West Coast.
+
+This is a heavy lift machine.
+
+It is roughly 30,000 pounds in low earth orbit,
+27,000 to 30,000.
+
+It has two solid strap-ons.
+
+I saw the first one go in 1970 and subsequently
+was able to transition into the Program Office
+
+to launch several times out of there.
+
+As some of you are aware because I have talked
+to you out of class, I served for many years
+
+not in what we call the regular Air Force
+but what is called the Office of Special Projects.
+
+It is called an Air Force Element.
+
+We did not report for the usual chain of command
+through the Air Force chains.
+
+We went straight up to the secdef of the JCS.
+
+We were given the responsibility to launch
+things quickly, quietly, with great national
+
+pressure.
+
+And we did that.
+
+And the machines we used to launch, payloads
+included, are Titans of various kinds, Atlases,
+
+as well as the Space Shuttle.
+
+The story I am going to tell you is really
+the special projects utilization of the Shuttle.
+
+More so than what I call the regular Air Force
+missions.
+
+In any case, when I joined SAFSP in the late
+1970s, life was really exciting.
+
+We were in the midst of phasing out all the
+expendables for the Space Shuttle.
+
+And when I went in there, I found within the
+first week they said the Space Shuttle is
+
+designed for our program, because we were
+flying on a regular basis out of the Western
+
+Range.
+
+So, the payload that sits inside here is a
+form, fit and function drop-in in the Space
+
+Shuttle bay.
+
+At the time, there were no Space Shuttle payloads
+of that size yet on the drawing boards.
+
+The intent was to have a seamless transition
+from Titans into Space Shuttle, first for
+
+our program and then for others.
+
+We drove the payload bay size, as you've heard
+from Professor Hoffman and Aaron Cohen, 15
+
+x 60.
+
+The cross-range requirement dictated the configuration
+of the vehicle plus the wing size because
+
+the Air Force and the DoD was very, very insistent
+on having a return to launch base capability.
+
+First orbit deploy, come back cross-range,
+land back at Vandenberg, recycle, be ready
+
+to go hopefully in a matter of days.
+
+It is interesting to note the evolution of
+the Titan space launch family.
+
+In the 1970s we pick it up with the Titan
+IIID we see here.
+
+The 3E was a Transtage version used for basically
+out-of-space missions.
+
+This is a commercial version.
+
+But the DoD use went from the 34B, 3C, 34D
+through this family here, and now we see the
+
+4A and the 4B which are the heavy lift guys.
+
+These guys basically were the follow-on to
+Shuttle.
+
+They lifted the Shuttle payloads that the
+Shuttle could not carry.
+
+And I will explain that in a few minutes.
+
+Very large, expensive, complex machines, complex
+programs.
+
+At Vandenberg, it turns out that back in the
+'60s there was a program called the Manned
+
+Orbiting Laboratory, MOL.
+
+Many of the original Space Shuttle Mercury
+astronauts were part of that.
+
+They built up a space lodge complex up there
+called Slick-6 to launch the MOL.
+
+It was going to be a space capsule with military
+officers onboard to do recognizance and surveillance
+
+flying off a rather large Titan IIIC.
+
+To do that, again, back in the '60s, they
+built a launch pad.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+As we got ready for the Shuttle, they took
+the MOL things and did all these things to
+
+it to make it shuttle-ized.
+
+They operated a launch pad.
+
+They put in a Mobile Service Tower.
+
+As you know, at the Cape, what they do is
+kind embrace the Shuttle and its stack with
+
+a gantry.
+
+And they pull back a little bit and then they
+launch.
+
+The Mobile Service Tower is a large, almost
+like a skyscraper complex that completely
+
+encloses the rocket during processing and
+then rolls back several hundred yards to expose
+
+the vehicle for launch, a totally different
+OPS concept.
+
+This facility here, the OMCF is similar to
+the KSC Orbiter Processing Facility.
+
+Then they have other facilities here.
+
+The payload preparation room where the payloads
+are received from transportation put together
+
+and tested.
+
+The PCRs were the payloads actually put into
+the shuttle bay.
+
+The Vandenberg runway was almost doubled in
+length.
+
+And then all this infrastructure is put in
+here, including crew quarters for the astronauts.
+
+And they were able to reuse the MOL facilities.
+
+A lot of [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+But what you see here is the buildup of a
+complex very similar to Cape Kennedy only
+
+on a California coast.
+
+Very, very elaborate, very, very complicated,
+very expensive, and taking a tremendous amount
+
+of budget to go do it.
+
+Back in the '70s by law or by policy, which
+is perhaps even more powerful, the Space Shuttle
+
+was going to be the only launch system for
+all military, civil and commercial payloads.
+
+This is somewhat of a forgotten fact, but
+at one time the cry went out from the advocates
+
+that said by having a reusable spacecraft
+that can launch 25, 30 times a year from both
+
+coasts, so that is times two, we can do great
+things.
+
+And certainly, coming from the folks that
+gave us Apollo, this did not seem that farfetched.
+
+The idea of launching a spacecraft like an
+airliner, as we know, did not happen in our
+
+generation.
+
+I think in your generation, if you can make
+that happen, that would be extremely wonderful.
+
+But at one time there was going to be a phase
+out, a shutdown of all the launch vehicles.
+
+All the launch vehicle folks were told fly
+out what you have, close up business, break
+
+up your tool and dies, send your people home,
+we are going to go with Shuttle.
+
+And to do that there was extensive redesign
+of payloads to fit the payload bay, the width,
+
+the length, to fit the safety requirements.
+
+All these things changed.
+
+So, it was not just a matter of just taking
+your existing payloads for these guys and
+
+dropping them into the shuttle payload bay.
+
+It was a huge engineering effort.
+
+And we thought at one time this is the way
+it is going to be forever.
+
+The things that are unique about this is,
+first of all, liftoff and flight loads are
+
+much different because of not only the main
+events, everything from the SRBs, the staging,
+
+but also being able to survive safely, things
+like slap down on landing if you had to come
+
+back home with a payload.
+
+Many of the heavy payloads require, as you
+know, upper stages.
+
+The PAMs are the small payload assist module,
+small [UNINTELLIGIBLE] upper stages.
+
+The IUSs, as you probably heard, are much,
+much more elaborate solid fuel devices.
+
+The Shuttle Center, Cryo Center was going
+to be a cryogenic upper stage that was going
+
+to take our biggest payloads up to GEO.
+
+That never got through the safety process
+but they worked it hard.
+
+The safety requirements, to make sure that
+the crew was not endangered at any time by
+
+anything, either accidental or inadvertent
+or a mishap, were huge.
+
+That is a whole separate discussion in itself,
+which I will be glad to have with you, but
+
+basically everything was looked at in terms
+of being dual fault tolerant so that in no
+
+case could any two events link up to cause
+hazard to the crew, even including accommodation
+
+of hardware and software errors.
+
+This was huge and caused, in many cases, extensive
+retests and redesign of payload systems.
+
+National Space Policy, back in the '70s and
+'80s.
+
+First of all, in '78 there was "strong endorsement
+for the Space Shuttle to be the prime mover
+
+for national security and civil missions".
+
+What is missing from this lineup here?
+
+Commercial.
+
+There were very few, almost no commercial
+missions at the time.
+
+Civil means NASA.
+
+The launch business of that time was dominated
+by the government, NASA and the DoD.
+
+1982 the position was strengthened.
+
+And, by the way, I suggest if you haven't
+already to look up these documents.
+
+National Space Policy is voiced in these documents.
+
+It is extremely powerful.
+
+It is the basis for programs.
+
+It is the basis for legislation.
+
+It is the basis for budgets.
+
+It is huge.
+
+Every word in these documents is worked over
+at great length by all the competing stakeholders,
+
+and it is big.
+
+But in '82, SCS was going to be the primary
+launch for national security in civil missions.
+
+What that really meant was anybody else with
+a rocket was told you're in the wrong list,
+
+don't come back.
+
+Then we had Challenger.
+
+And in 1988 there was now a directive.
+
+A 1988 PD that said we shall have a mix between
+man and unmanned launch systems.
+
+This is in contradiction to this I'm sure
+as you notice.
+
+An NSPD4 in 1981 now gave us the words "assured
+access to space."
+
+Code words.
+
+Anybody here care to tell me what that really
+means in plain English, anybody?
+
+Yes.
+
+Even if the Space Shuttle won't fly they want
+to have some alternatives.
+
+That's right.
+
+It says don't put all your eggs in one basket.
+
+Have two ways to get to space for your heavy
+payloads.
+
+This is authorization for what we now know
+as the EELV.
+
+But also at the time shortly after Challenger,
+Pete Aldridge who was Secretary of the Air
+
+Force at the time, now an executive of the
+Aerospace Corporation, previously the director
+
+of the NRO, prior to Challenger in the '84,
+'85 time period started getting a little bit
+
+antsy about access to space because of all
+the delays in the Shuttle Launch Manifest.
+
+And so he authorized, on his own authority,
+a start-up of the Titan fleet again.
+
+This led to huge problems with NASA because
+what they saw that as, correctly, was a loss
+
+of support for the Space Shuttle Program.
+
+But he did that.
+
+And when the Challenger disaster occurred
+in '86, the Air Force was about 18 to 24 months
+
+ahead of where they would have been.
+
+Here is Dr.
+
+Siemens.
+
+Hi, Bob?
+
+Hi, Pete.
+
+You want to sit over here?
+
+I would like to have you meet Dr.
+
+Bob Siemens.
+
+And he will be here for the Q&A afterwards.
+
+Bob, I'm just going over some of the National
+Space Policy.
+
+Write-ups that kind of led to where we are
+today.
+
+This was NSC37.
+
+This was NSC42, the primary launch.
+
+This was the post-Challenger mix between the
+manned and unmanned systems.
+
+And then this was the assured access to space
+presidential declaration.
+
+From a user perspective, the security requirements
+to fly on Shuttle were huge.
+
+What was required to be protected was any
+information on the mission type and details.
+
+LEO, GEO, HEO, you name it, that could not
+leak out.
+
+Any information on the spacecraft, who made
+it, where it was supposed to go, of course
+
+what the payload did had to be protected.
+
+Also protected was the Program Office and
+the prime contractors because often you can
+
+tell from that who does what.
+
+And during operations the deployment time
+location and the final payload orbit had to
+
+be protected.
+
+This is huge.
+
+As you know, thousands of people participate
+in getting a mission together for the Shuttle.
+
+It starts with a mission planning template
+that is roughly two to three years prior to
+
+flight.
+
+It goes all the way through preparation of
+the flight plans, the mission rules, the launch
+
+constraint documents, the processing, and
+finally the on orbit ops.
+
+All that had to be protected.
+
+And that was big.
+
+It was a huge and expensive philosophy.
+
+It was called the Control Mode Security System.
+
+It took a lot of effort from all parts and
+was almost airtight.
+
+Yes, a question.
+
+Was this for every shuttle mission or just
+DoD payloads?
+
+No, this is for what I call the intelligence
+community DoD missions.
+
+If you go back and look on the Shuttle Manifest,
+and I am not going to do it for you but you
+
+can do it if you want, you will see a number
+of missions where they will say DoD mission
+
+payload type, not unknown, but not available,
+NA.
+
+Also, the DoD/Air Force missions were all
+military astronauts.
+
+That is felt to be a safe thing to do.
+
+For implementation of encrypted voice data
+and commanding links starting, really, with
+
+the testing at the launch sites but also going
+through the flight ops.
+
+I mention all these things having been involved
+in the safety certifications.
+
+I will say that was long and arduous.
+
+The safety review process has to be extremely,
+extremely thorough starting early on.
+
+It is not just a whitewash of what the hardware
+is that comes with the pad.
+
+In many cases, it changed the design of the
+spacecraft, the design of its deployment systems
+
+and things like that.
+
+To protect classified information there also
+had to be need-to-know access to program details.
+
+This was a major, major set of impacts to
+the Space Shuttle system and payload mission.
+
+All these areas, which I can talk to you about
+at great length afterwards.
+
+I will say, thought, that when I do get back
+to JSC or when I talk to my NASA friends,
+
+they all say they were proud to have been
+on those missions.
+
+They were all hooked together on missions
+of great national importance.
+
+To the best of my knowledge, security has
+held tight over all those years, despite all
+
+the people who were cleared of the programs.
+
+And the programs were extremely successful
+as a result.
+
+Yes.
+
+You said all military crews.
+
+Does that mean active military or people who
+have been transitioned to the regular astronaut
+
+corp.
+
+from the military?
+
+These are military folks who transitioned
+to the astronaut corp., yes.
+
+There were also impacts of the Air Force Satellite
+Communication Networks.
+
+As you know, these are the worldwide set of
+tracking stations that were going to be replaced
+
+by TDRS.
+
+That is an interesting story.
+
+The selling point for TDRS was they would
+shut down the AFSCNs which were getting old
+
+and were very labor intensive.
+
+Well, we still have them both today.
+
+Worldwide network scattered around the world,
+but to provide secure Shuttle communication
+
+there had to be extensive upgrades because
+working with the Shuttle with a complicated
+
+payload in orbit, getting it initialized,
+tested and deployed was something new for
+
+the SCN.
+
+The SCN ordinarily just did space-to-ground
+data transfers through orbiting satellites,
+
+so to be working with a human crew and human
+system, to have all the contingencies in place
+
+was big.
+
+The SCNs were involved in the all the prelaunch
+testing and commanding, health and status
+
+checks, as well as all the deployment and
+post-deployment payload communications.
+
+I wish I could show you the contingencies,
+all the workarounds, the plan As, the plans
+
+Bs required for a complicated mission.
+
+It is immense.
+
+It takes a long time to do it right.
+
+The point is that when you're ready to fly,
+you should be ready for all know contingencies,
+
+even up to loss of communication, failure
+of critical computer systems and that sort
+
+of thing.
+
+You never want to fly and have to scratch
+your head and say what should we do next?
+
+Pre first flight issue was an STS1.
+
+Another MIT professor, Gene Covert who is
+also here and someone you should really talk
+
+to at some point in time, was part of our
+panel that reviewed Space Shuttle main engine
+
+quality testing.
+
+And they were the folks that really came to
+grips with this new and emerging issue called
+
+turbine micro-cracks.
+
+The turbine blades in the SSME were found
+to be developing very small cycle dependent
+
+micro-cracks.
+
+The question came up what is the ultimate
+failure mode?
+
+How many cycles can they stand?
+
+How good are they good for?
+
+The original intent, as you know, was to be
+able to re-fly the SSMEs with zero maintenance
+
+between flights many times.
+
+That hasn't happened.
+
+But even the question of would it be good
+even for one mission was a big, big question.
+
+And Gene, who is an extremely thorough manager
+and engineer, a lot of common sense, a lot
+
+of smarts, worked that very, very hard.
+
+There were also issues, of course, about thermal
+tile loss.
+
+There were questions about whether those would
+fall off.
+
+This is not ice now.
+
+This is thermal tiles.
+
+And, at the same time, there were huge costs
+growing in the development of the IUS, the
+
+Shuttle Centaur upper stage and also Vandenberg
+facilities.
+
+Everything was either late and/or over cost.
+
+Many folks thought that the IUS would never
+fly because the development problems were
+
+so huge.
+
+The fact that it has flown as many times as
+it has, on a variety of launch platforms,
+
+is truly amazing from my sight.
+
+And we also saw, prior to first flight, several
+delays, two and a half years is about right.
+
+And then more delays ensued.
+
+And so, from a user perspective, all these
+delays really added up to lost opportunities,
+
+extensive cost growth and things like that,
+really a heartbreaking story.
+
+This is a picture of a Defense Satellite Program,
+DSP.
+
+A machine lifting out of the shuttle bay.
+
+I think you have seen this.
+
+This is the IUS turntable that rotates the
+vehicle up and pushes it out with springs.
+
+This is a two-stage solid misconfiguration
+that takes the beast out to geosynch.
+
+Post-Challenger, the space policy was changed.
+
+The Shuttle was not to be used anymore for
+lifting all satellites but only for mission
+
+where human presence was required.
+
+But there was a problem.
+
+Because of the backup of missions, the SCS
+had to fly out the existing DoD payloads.
+
+We looked very hard at converting them back
+to the Titans.
+
+Since we were taking steps to shut down the
+Titan line, the Titans weren't ready at that
+
+time.
+
+But what we saw afterwards was increased use
+of, a restart, really, of these efforts, modernizations.
+
+And that was interesting because there was
+always the chance the Shuttle could come back
+
+and launch, hopefully, 15, 20 times a year.
+
+And we hoped it would happen but it never
+did.
+
+Steven Dorfman from Hughes was here as a visiting
+professor several years ago.
+
+He was extremely bitter about the fact that,
+from a satellite manufacturing point of view,
+
+he had to eat the cost to switch back to extendables
+from Shuttle.
+
+First he was told by National Space Policy,
+"Thou shalt fly on Space Shuttle."
+
+Then he was told, "You are now bared from
+flying that Space Shuttle."
+
+A huge lost to him.
+
+And I think Hughes is still contesting it.
+
+I don't think it will ever win that in court.
+
+And kind of most importantly, from a Central
+California point of view, the Vandenberg shuttle
+
+facilities were shut down completely.
+
+My DoD SCS mission involvement personally
+was I worked on the very first DoD sponsored
+
+mission STS4.
+
+It was Columbia launched in late June of '84
+flown by Ken Mattingly and Hank Hartsfield.
+
+This was a pathfinder for the DoD.
+
+It was a test not only of the security procedures
+but also the ability to do launch operations,
+
+orbital operations in a classified way.
+
+It came out truly successfully.
+
+We learned a lot.
+
+It was not easy.
+
+Getting any complicated mission to fly on
+the Shuttle is a very, very difficult process.
+
+To do it under the cloak of security makes
+it even harder.
+
+I was a primary DoD launch integrator, the
+interface between the Program Office and the
+
+Air Force, for two primary missions.
+
+I shadowed three others.
+
+I was also member of the NASA DoD Safety Review
+Team.
+
+This was interesting.
+
+The Safety Review Team or SRT was a very small,
+streamlined, fast-moving team that basically
+
+reviewed and bought off on the payload.
+
+As opposed to having the figurative casts
+of thousands, we had a cast of just a very
+
+small number of people both from the DoD and
+the NASA side.
+
+And we moved as quickly as we could to get
+these missions approved and bought off.
+
+And, lastly, in the mid '90s, I was a program
+manager for the DoD space test program.
+
+STP is in existence today.
+
+Their charter is to be the sponsor for space
+experiments with military relevant.
+
+They flew, among other things, the first atomic
+clocks that led to GPS as we know it today.
+
+They continue to fly numerous secondary and
+piggyback missions not just on Shuttle but
+
+also on Ariens, Russian vehicles, Korean vehicles,
+Indian vehicles.
+
+When I was the manager of the program it was
+great.
+
+It was like you were running a big used car
+lot and you were offering rides to everybody.
+
+It was terrific.
+
+The emphasis here is to use excess launch
+capacity to fly space experiments that you
+
+would screen every year.
+
+And then, on rare occasions, you would build
+a dedicated satellite and launch vehicle about
+
+every four years to launch the bigger satellites.
+
+My summary is that the DoD had requirements
+that really went back to the first years,
+
+the first days of the Shuttle Program.
+
+They were extremely demanding and dramatically
+affected the architecture of the Space Shuttle
+
+system.
+
+The heartbreak, of course, as we know, is
+that we never were able to achieve the launch
+
+rates and the low recurring costs that were
+promised.
+
+That really when we realized it was slipping
+away, those were truly sad days.
+
+I don't think anyone ever anticipated the
+one-time expenses and effort required to redesign
+
+payloads.
+
+Not just for mechanical form-fit function
+but also for safety.
+
+No one realized the extensive work required
+to certify the payloads for manned operations.
+
+The mission integration at the Cape was very
+complicated, and security, as you can tell,
+
+permeated everything.
+
+And, lastly, the sad thing is that MOL and
+SCS at Vandenberg all suffered from the curse
+
+of Slick-6, which was that both programs were
+cancelled despite millions of dollars put
+
+into refurbishing the facilities.
+
+I have here a list of references.
+
+Heppenheimer's book "Development of the Space
+Shuttle" I found was quite good.
+
+It talks a lot about the programmatics of
+the Space Shuttle.
+
+I hope you've had a chance to read it.
+
+I took some information from here.
+
+The Federation of America Scientists, the
+FAS site is interesting.
+
+I think it is still current on the Space Shuttle.
+
+And there are these books here which I point
+you to give you a little bit more insight
+
+into the missions, the roles of the intelligence
+community doing things such as flying and
+
+operating satellites in space.
+
+If there are any questions, I will be glad
+to take them now and then I will show a short
+
+ten-minute video.
+
+How am I doing on time?
+
+I'm moving fast.
+
+Yes, question.
+
+How many times was the [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+Was it even used to launch the Shuttle?
+
+Slick-6 never saw anything launched out of
+there until they launched a Lockheed low-cost
+
+machine called the Athena in about 1996.
+
+Presently, the Delta 4, remember the big machine
+that flew out of the Cape about nine months
+
+ago, is stacked there at Slick-6 ready to
+go with an operational payload.
+
+They are having big concerns, though, about
+fuselage so their launch date, which was going
+
+to be last week, has been rolled off to the
+right several months.
+
+They had a problem on the first flight of
+basically fuel cavitatation.
+
+And they are not happy with it yet.
+
+It is ready to go.
+
+When the Delta 4 launches out of Slick-6,
+it will be the first large payload system
+
+to go out of there for the first time.
+
+Question.
+
+Yes.
+
+I don't know if it is really fair, but in
+hindsight, was it worth it for the military
+
+to get onboard with the Shuttle from the military's
+perspective?
+
+Well, if the promises had been kept it certainly
+would have been worthwhile.
+
+With the way things have turned out, was it
+worth it?
+
+We were kind of driven into it.
+
+Can you say was it worth it from a cost point
+of view, from a schedule point of view?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+I think from the perspective of having people
+do extremely difficult tasks under very pressing
+
+circumstances, it showed us what NASA and
+the Air Force could do, although at a great
+
+cost.
+
+It was certainly one of the more, I will say,
+exciting times.
+
+It was one of the more exciting times for
+NASA.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+When you talked about safety certifying these
+payloads, was it mainly an issue of the fuel
+
+supplies for the payloads?
+
+Well, I will just give you one example.
+
+To get a payload into the bay and withstand
+launch loads, you have to have very large
+
+structural members, steel rods, for example,
+that had to take all of the launch loads and
+
+not have the satellite break away inside the
+payload bay in the worst case either during
+
+liftoff or in the worst case on landing.
+
+You could have as many as 18 to 24 steel bolts
+that all had to be fractured simultaneously
+
+within seconds by pyrotechnics to get them
+out.
+
+You had to prove by analysis and by test that
+you could have these simultaneous events for
+
+which you could not have any redundancy.
+
+You just couldn't do it.
+
+These were must-work devices.
+
+As probably Professor Hoffman has told you,
+on every Shuttle launch there is a large number
+
+of must-work category-one issues and items.
+
+Like the bolts that free the external tank
+from the vehicle, if those don't work you've
+
+got a big problem.
+
+From a safety certification point of view
+on the Shuttle, we had to make sure that in
+
+no case could the payloads pose any hazard
+to the crew under any circumstances, including
+
+the ones that are the most farfetched such
+as landing overseas in Spain or Morocco.
+
+But the things we were worried about was having
+a payload hung up during deployment so the
+
+Shuttle couldn't return or a payload damaging
+the Shuttle at any time and causing obviously
+
+big problems there and things like that.
+
+Plus things such as propulsion systems accidentally
+activating.
+
+Liquid solids, it didn't matter, all extremely
+hazardous.
+
+And we found out a lot, because it is one
+thing to design a payload for launching an
+
+expendable.
+
+There are certain things that you can or should
+not do.
+
+But when you go to a Shuttle context, we have
+a lot of commanding going into the vehicle.
+
+Pre-flight, during assent and ops, it becomes
+a much more tough a problem.
+
+For example, I will just give one example.
+
+If you have a very complicated payload which
+consists of a spacecraft bus, all the housekeeping
+
+and the payload front-end which may have all
+kinds of hazards associated with it like antenna
+
+booms that come out on command, how do you
+verify final configuration before you liftoff?
+
+How do you know every system is in the state
+that you think it is?
+
+How do you verify that?
+
+That is very hard.
+
+Because you can go in there with test equipment,
+but test equipment has subtleties all its
+
+own.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions?
+
+Do you think it would be possible to do the
+one orbit and return to base type mission?
+
+It sounds very difficult to do.
+
+It is not that hard.
+
+First orbit deploys were not easy but they
+were done.
+
+Coming back, I think the big problem is that
+it really forces the timelines.
+
+Because, as you know, to do a de-orbit burn
+and return to earth, it requires quite a bit
+
+of mission planning, real-time updates to
+verify you're on the right track, plus making
+
+sure that you have everything right so when
+you do the de-boost you're going to be within
+
+your corridors.
+
+To the best of my knowledge, NASA has never
+done a first orbit return.
+
+And I don't think they would want to.
+
+It's very stressing because in 90 minutes
+you have to not only get the spacecraft out,
+
+but then the vehicle re-safed and buttoned
+up and planned out to land back either at
+
+the primary or an alternate landing site.
+
+That's a lot of work to do in 90 minutes.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+Is there any way to give a ballpark figure
+of how many DoD payloads can be put in space
+
+by the Shuttle?
+
+Ten or hundreds?
+
+Oh, not, it's not hundreds.
+
+The NASA Manifest is published.
+
+From what they call a regular Air Force site,
+they launched a whole series of communication
+
+satellites, DSCS, DSP.
+
+In fact, the very last DSP satellites are
+still Shuttle compatible and could be launched
+
+if there was a problem with the Titans.
+
+They are up there in storage in Southern California.
+
+And then there are a fairly large number of
+what are called Intelligence Community Missions
+
+that are flown.
+
+And all the manifest will say is that these
+were just DoD missions.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What I would like to do is ask Tom to shut
+off the videotape and I will give you a little
+
+introduction to my video which I hope will
+run.
+
+We are ready to start her, folks.
+
+Bob Siemens is really a very pivotal person,
+not only in the Space Shuttle story, but also
+
+in the Apollo Program, which he can probably
+talk to you at a separate time.
+
+But I think he will like to spend ten or fifteen
+minutes talking about his role in the Space
+
+Shuttle story.
+
+OK.
+
+Here we go.
+
+I'm just wondering where to go to get comfortable.
+
+Can we turn that off?
+
+We cannot.
+
+All right.
+
+I would just like to get comfortable here.
+
+You know, as Pete said -- First of all, I
+thought that was a great summary of actually
+
+a very difficult subject to discuss.
+
+Let me just take you back, first of all, to
+the early '60s.
+
+I know that is going awful far back, but that
+was when I joined NASA as a general manager.
+
+And, before we knew it, we had gone from a
+billion dollar a year operation with the Mercury
+
+Program to a situation where we were given
+the assignment of putting men on the moon.
+
+And that was a gigantic shift in our responsibility.
+
+And in all of the planning and the discussions
+and so on, and we did work very closely with
+
+the Department of Defense, the Department
+of Defense had all kinds of assets that were
+
+going to be required in the Space Program.
+
+The Navy, for example, to pick up the astronauts.
+
+One example, a major example most people never
+heard of, was we had to construct very large
+
+facilities.
+
+The most famous and obvious is the Vertical
+Assembly Building and the large facility down
+
+at the Cape.
+
+You just saw the Shuttle taking off from that
+facility.
+
+And, in operating down there at the Cape,
+there already was Cape Canaveral.
+
+And there was not room for what we were going
+to do to fit on Cape Canaveral.
+
+We looked at seven different world sites and
+finally decided to camp on Merritt Island
+
+which is just across the river from Cape Canaveral
+because, again, the Department of Defense
+
+had all kinds of facilities down there with
+a tracking range and so on.
+
+But the biggest support that we got was in
+the building of those facilities.
+
+There was absolutely no confidence in NASA
+to build the largest structure in the world,
+
+the VAB, or many other facilities for assembly
+and for tests and so on.
+
+The Corp of Engineers was a major part of
+the operation.
+
+I am bringing this out because we had to figure
+out how far we were going to go with our launch
+
+vehicles on a shared basis.
+
+This is before anybody thought of a manned
+shuttle that would carry stuff up and stick
+
+it into orbit.
+
+But we put together a planning organization
+that actually operated for over a year's time.
+
+A fellow named Golivan for NASA, a fellow
+named Cavanaugh for the Department of Defense
+
+put this together.
+
+One of the big emphases was the use of the
+Titan.
+
+The Titan was coming along to the point where
+we thought that the earliest version would
+
+be suitable for the Mercury Program.
+
+And, at that time, in 1961, we were thinking
+that Mercury only weighed 3,000 pounds.
+
+You could put one man in it.
+
+You couldn't do much with it.
+
+But if we could, in effect, just enlarge it
+and have a more powerful vehicle, an Atlas,
+
+namely the Titan, we could really have a vehicle
+that would have some capability to run through
+
+a lot of the orbital operation and so on that
+we're going to ultimately be required for
+
+going to the moon.
+
+And out of that came the planning for the
+Titan III, the Titan IV and vehicles that
+
+proved right off the bat, and over time, they
+still are very important to our defense capability.
+
+Well, I don't think that is quite true.
+
+I don't think we are using any of those assets
+today within NASA.
+
+And if you then go forward in time, in 1968,
+I have been down there in NASA for 7.5 years.
+
+I planned to go down for two.
+
+I came back.
+
+MIT was nice enough to invite me back, and
+I came back right here as a Hunsaker professor.
+
+To my very great amazement, I got a call one
+day from somebody I had never met, a man named
+
+Mel Laird.
+
+I just barely knew that he had been designated
+by Nixon to be the next Secretary of Defense.
+
+He said are you going to be down here in Washington
+the next day or two?
+
+As a matter of fact, I was because I was going
+to go down the next day to get on a plan and
+
+fly down and see the launch of Apollo 8 which
+was going to fly around the moon.
+
+And he said come on for lunch.
+
+That is when he asked if I would be the willing
+to be the Secretary of the Air Force.
+
+I told him that was absolutely impossible.
+
+We just moved our family back here.
+
+My wife is in the hospital, which she was.
+
+But he was very persistent.
+
+And after about ten days I agreed to go back
+down in the government, but that is a long
+
+story you don't want to hear the details of
+getting my wife well and getting a house and
+
+all that stuff.
+
+One thing that I inherited right off the bat
+was the Manned Orbital Laboratory.
+
+And, even then, it was clearly in some jeopardy.
+
+When programs start getting a ceiling built
+in where they say we're going to keep it going
+
+but it is going to be kept going at a level
+of, and I forget what the level was for MOL,
+
+something like $500 million or something like
+that.
+
+Because any large program over time there
+is always opposition to it and there is more
+
+time for it to be shot down and ultimately
+eliminated.
+
+I realize that it was in deep trouble when
+I was over in the Bureau of the Budget talking
+
+to a junior member of the Bureau of the Budget
+and he said I hope you realize that the Shuttle
+
+is in deep trouble from a standpoint of support
+here in the White House.
+
+And so I went back to Mel Laird and said,
+look, one thing I want to do is to have one
+
+shot with the President to be sure he fully
+understands what the capability of the MOL
+
+will be.
+
+It was far along.
+
+Lots of expense had gone into it, including
+major facility construction out of Vandenberg.
+
+I had my day in court.
+
+It was a sunny afternoon.
+
+I got General Stewart, who was very involved
+in the MOL, to join me and Mel Laird.
+
+And we went over there.
+
+It was just Kissinger and the President.
+
+And I had a few simple-minded charts that
+showed what we were going to do from a resolution
+
+standpoint if we kept going with the MOL and
+what that would mean in terms of understanding
+
+more clearly what was going on in a given
+situation.
+
+I had my half-hour in court.
+
+I could see a band outside getting ready to
+play so I knew that the President was about
+
+to be rushed out for some kind of a ceremony.
+
+That was a Saturday.
+
+Monday morning I got a call from Kissinger.
+
+And he said Bob, and I cannot really imitate
+his German accent, that was a very, very fine
+
+presentation.
+
+And a day later I found out that MOL was cancelled.
+
+That was with President Nixon.
+
+He sat there the whole time.
+
+He had a yellow foolscap and took prodigious
+notes of everything I was saying, which was
+
+sort of nerve-racking, the President of the
+United States bothering with what I am saying.
+
+Anyway, that was sort of where I came from,
+from the MOL.
+
+The next step along the way was after Apollo,
+what was going to happen in space?
+
+There were to be eight launches of the Apollo
+Lunar Program.
+
+Nixon cut that back to two sort of arbitrarily.
+
+And there were no plans for using those assets.
+
+Jim Webb was my boss in NASA.
+
+And I used to see him.
+
+He was very, very ill the latter part of his
+life.
+
+And I would drop by.
+
+And he would ask me strange questions like
+what do you plan to do with your life before
+
+you kick the bucket kind of questions like
+that.
+
+And he said I haven't got long to live.
+
+And I would say you're doing fine, Jim.
+
+And I am just going to work along and see
+what I can do to help out here and there.
+
+Anyway, his big thrust was we felt we were
+building a major capability for the country
+
+and now it is all being washed away.
+
+And what is going to replace it?
+
+The Shuttle came up as an option.
+
+Actually, to say on the surface, it makes
+an awful lot of sense to recover something.
+
+We could easily visualize a transportation
+system for the country where every time a
+
+747 went across the country with a payload
+everybody jumped out and then you threw it
+
+in the ocean.
+
+It didn't seem to make much sense.
+
+You just knew it had to be more efficient
+to reuse something.
+
+Although, with Gemini, we had looked into
+that possibility.
+
+We were recovering the Gemini's, why didn't
+we use them again?
+
+And we found that we are going to have to
+put probably 75% of the original cost into
+
+reactivating the Gemini's.
+
+So, actually, I had a hunch that it wasn't
+going to be quite as simple as landing an
+
+airplane and then taking off again.
+
+The Air Force was going to be one of the prime
+users of the Shuttle.
+
+And the question was how large did the bomb
+bay -- Not the bomb bay.
+
+[LAUGHTER] How large did the experimental
+bay have to be for the missions that were
+
+going to be carried out?
+
+There was no thought, let me just quickly
+say, of putting armament aboard the Shuttle.
+
+I misspoke.
+
+And then one of the questions was how rapidly
+did you have to recover it if something happened
+
+and you wanted to bring something back in
+a hurry?
+
+And to bring it back you had to make up a
+co-planer change, and that was going to take
+
+a certain amount of energy, to put it mildly.
+
+Anyway, those are many of the issues.
+
+And I think, as I remember it, my friends
+in NASA thought the Air Force was being pretty
+
+tough on them.
+
+But if we were going to accept the use of
+a vehicle, in all seriousness, as you've just
+
+heard, it had to have ability to carry out
+the missions.
+
+And so that was sort of the next step along
+the way.
+
+And then, after I got through in the government,
+I ended up some years later out at Aerospace
+
+and ended up as the chairman of the corporation.
+
+And they worked closely with that element
+in the Air Force that was so much involved
+
+in these type programs that you've just been
+hearing about.
+
+And we were beginning to go into shock, at
+least 
+
+those in the nucleus who were sort of running
+the aerospace.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] and myself.
+
+More and more it appeared that we were going
+to not be allowed to put anything in space
+
+except through the Shuttle.
+
+And that seemed to be imminently wrong.
+
+To think that you're going to have to risk
+the life of astronauts every time you wanted
+
+to put any kind of a satellite in orbit.
+
+From the standpoint of a paperclip individual
+who is looking at cost, to just have the one
+
+vehicle and use it and use it and use it and
+thereby supposedly cutting the cost, had a
+
+lot of charm.
+
+And it reached the point where he and I decided
+we had to try to do something about it.
+
+And we made an appointment with the then Secretary
+of the Air Force and said you've just going
+
+to be stashing away Titan somewhere so that
+if we run into trouble with the Shuttle we
+
+are going to be able to move over and put
+these very important payloads into orbit.
+
+And then they had the Challenger accident.
+
+At that point this, I think, major fallacy
+in policy was changed back where it should
+
+have been.
+
+You just shouldn't rely on a single vehicle.
+
+And that is my introduction.
+
+Yes.
+
+You wanted reusability, but some people also
+didn't want to risk the lives of astronauts.
+
+Why not make a reusable unmanned vehicle?
+
+That's a very good question.
+
+Why couldn't we do it?
+
+That might be a good design challenge for
+you guys here in this class to investigate
+
+that possibility.
+
+Unmanned.
+
+We've gone partway in that direction by, say,
+recovering the Shuttle casings, obviously
+
+the Shuttle itself.
+
+But, trying to recover at least elements of
+the unmanned launch vehicles, I'm not prepared
+
+to really give you a definitive answer on
+that.
+
+That's a good question and we will talk about
+it later.
+
+Yes.
+
+Before the Shuttle concept was finalized and
+military requirements were finalized for the
+
+Shuttle, the military had been launching their
+satellites and their missions using Titan's
+
+and Atlas's, correct?
+
+So why this requirement of the Shuttle having
+to be able to bring back a satellite using
+
+really a military satellite when that wasn't
+being done or required beforehand?
+
+Like why was that created?
+
+What was so special about it?
+
+We worked very hard on proposals to bring
+back satellites that were out of fuel or needed
+
+refurbishment, but when I was referring to
+landing with the Shuttle with payloads in
+
+the bay that is for a failed mission.
+
+And for some reason the payload could not
+get ejected.
+
+You still had to be able to land back what
+was now a very heavy spacecraft and glide
+
+on it and land safely.
+
+That turns out to be a really hard thing to
+do, especially if you're carrying solids and
+
+liquids onboard that were close to being ready
+to ignite, so to speak.
+
+But there is talk of retrieving satellites.
+
+And, as you know, NASA did bring back some
+small satellites, the Palapa one from Hughes.
+
+And also did a lot of very innovative repairs
+in space.
+
+But when we looked at it from a customer point
+of view, it turns out there is a lot that
+
+wears out in satellites, not just using a
+propellant.
+
+But the processors degrade due to radiation,
+solar panels degrade just due to micro dust
+
+and things like that.
+
+And so bringing back a satellite for reuse
+was never felt, at the time we looked at it,
+
+to be a worthwhile thing to do.
+
+And that ties in directly with what I was
+saying about recovering a Gemini.
+
+And, of course, on top of that with a Gemini
+is the fact you are landing them in the water
+
+so they got a good dousing of salt.
+
+And so the degradation of the Gemini's were
+such that we just didn't think it made any
+
+sense to try to refurbish them.
+
+Yes.
+
+The military was only really looking to capture
+and service in space, then release, not necessarily
+
+capture and bring back?
+
+They never seriously went after the capture
+and refurbish and release.
+
+They really went after launch and deployment.
+
+But I would say that in that theme the most
+successful story actually of refurbishment
+
+is the Hubble Space Telescope.
+
+And not for the reasons that you think of.
+
+When you think about stories of the Hubble
+Space Telescope you hear about Jeff Hoffman
+
+going up there and changing processors and
+fixing the optics.
+
+Also on those missions they replaced solar
+panels that were causing huge problems due
+
+to thermal warpage and shrinkage and what
+they call oil canning due to thermal stresses.
+
+And so the replacement of those solar panels,
+which turned out to be not very good as initially
+
+designed, is one of the really true success
+stories of man in space.
+
+And there is actually a very nice video which
+maybe you have seen of the lady astronaut
+
+who did the replacement of the solar panels
+on Hubble pushing out and releasing the solar
+
+panels.
+
+Things fly away in the sunshine looking like
+giant butterfly wings reflecting all the colors
+
+and then finally fall into the atmosphere.
+
+It is almost poetic, I tell you.
+
+It's amazing.
+
+On the Hubble, one of the considerations right
+from the beginning was that it should be a
+
+serviceable satellite.
+
+It was designed so that you could get inside
+of it relatively easily and so on.
+
+Frankly, I don't know of any other satellite
+that was really designed quite that way.
+
+Maybe I'm wrong.
+
+I believe you're right.
+
+Yes.
+
+On the solar panel, it wasn't designed to
+replace the panel.
+
+But you can go back to SkyLab, which was the
+next to last launching of the Apollo.
+
+On that one, I guess, we decided to take what
+was the third stage of a Saturn and just gut
+
+it, not have any propulsion in it and fit
+it out to be a spacecraft, namely a space
+
+station.
+
+And, when they got up there, the solar panels
+got fouled up.
+
+And one of the real tricks when the astronauts
+first got to it because it was not launched
+
+manned was to unravel some wires that got
+caught on it so actually the panels could
+
+spread out and it could start to operate again.
+
+Colonial Siemens, I don't know if either of
+you would know, but what are the duties involved
+
+in like the heavy payload aspect of the new
+CEV project?
+
+Delta 4 going out of Vandenberg was carrying
+classified payload.
+
+It's not a dummy either.
+
+It is real.
+
+They have standing requirements for these
+types of things.
+
+The national needs go on.
+
+The international stage, as we know, is filled
+with new actors and new threats.
+
+We have what is called unsymmetrical warfare,
+things that are hard to counter by conventional
+
+means.
+
+Back in the '70s and '80s we had symmetrical
+warfare, submarines versus submarines, missiles
+
+versus missiles.
+
+Now, as we know, it is much harder, much tougher,
+but the needs are still there.
+
+But is the collaboration between NASA and
+the military still pretty active?
+
+It is not in terms of payloads.
+
+It is there in exchange of technologies, things
+like development of more efficient sensors,
+
+processors, that sort of thing.
+
+It is everybody's benefit, for example, to
+have more powerful, faster, rad-hard space
+
+processors.
+
+Everybody wins in that type of situation.
+
+Back to your question on reusability.
+
+You will notice that one of the real strong
+pluses or the calling cards of the Space Shuttle
+
+Program was the fact that it was a reusable
+launch vehicle.
+
+In this current environment of the CEVs and
+new launch vehicles, what do you hear today
+
+about reusable launch vehicles?
+
+Nothing.
+
+Isn't it amazing how things have changed just
+in a matter of 25 years?
+
+One thing I just sort of forgot to mention
+with regard to the Manned Orbital Laboratory.
+
+It was thought, at that time, that by having
+men there and their ability to inspect a fairly
+
+wide swath that they would have time in flying
+over that swath to do some searching.
+
+And could do a better job of detecting possible
+items of tremendous interest from a military
+
+standpoint than trying to do it all automatically.
+
+And, of course, what finally washed out that
+argument was the ability to have satellites
+
+that had almost instantaneous transmission
+of information back home.
+
+What was the design for the MOL for crew transportation?
+
+They were going to take off on a Titan, they
+were going to aboard a Gemini, and they were
+
+going to have a laboratory of sorts which
+would have the necessary reconnaissance and
+
+other equipment aboard.
+
+So it was similar to SkyLab in that you had
+a non-reusable capsule as the crew transfer?
+
+It had a Gemini type return vehicle, but it
+was definitely going to be very small and
+
+cramped compared to Shuttle.
+
+There was no thought of having another Gemini
+come up and make use of it.
+
+Yes.
+
+Why did Gemini, Apollo and Mercury all land
+on water, because that is very expensive,
+
+and the Russians landed on land?
+
+Well, very simple.
+
+If you take a look at where the launch sites
+were for the Soviets, if they aborted they
+
+had to have the capability of coming down
+on land, any kind of abort mission.
+
+Similarly, operating out of the Cape Canaveral
+area, if you abort, you have to come down
+
+on the water.
+
+The question was then was it worthwhile to
+have the capability of doing both?
+
+Well, that just added weight.
+
+And so we stuck with the water and they stuck
+with the land.
+
+Do any of the new defense payloads require
+human intervention in their deployment or
+
+are they all completely [OVERLAPPING VOICES]?
+
+They are all Titan IV EELV compatible.
+
+Anything else?
+
+I think we wore everybody out.
+
+Well, you know, Bob and I will stick around,
+but we're not going to hold you down here
+
+if there are no questions.
+
+I guess we will call the class.
+
+And we will stick around if anybody wants
+to ask any more detailed questions or have
+
+follow-ups.
+
+My phone number and email is up there.
+
+I will be glad to talk to any of you one-on-one
+about any of this.
+
+There is quite a lot more detail we can provide,
+either Bob or myself.
+
+And, if I have to, I will write Bob a note
+asking for further information.
+
+OK?
+
+Well, thanks a lot.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iLCVVag7Z7M.txt b/iLCVVag7Z7M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5186768366b4b146ee639d817d61649e3027f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iLCVVag7Z7M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone
+today we'll be working through goodie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll be working through goodie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll be working through goodie
+bag 3 which is on ionic solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag 3 which is on ionic solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag 3 which is on ionic solids
+in order to work through this goodie bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to work through this goodie bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to work through this goodie bag
+you'll need a conductivity meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need a conductivity meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need a conductivity meter
+some small measuring cups some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small measuring cups some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small measuring cups some
+medium-sized cups a small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized cups a small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized cups a small scale
+a writing utensil some nitrile gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a writing utensil some nitrile gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a writing utensil some nitrile gloves
+some stirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stirs
+and four unique solids today i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four unique solids today i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four unique solids today i'll be
+using sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sodium chloride
+magnesium sulfate magnesium oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate magnesium oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate magnesium oxide and
+sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+our main objective today is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main objective today is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main objective today is to use
+solubility and conductivity measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and conductivity measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility and conductivity measurements
+to determine if a given solid is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine if a given solid is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine if a given solid is an
+ionic or covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic or covalent
+compound and as we do this i'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and as we do this i'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound and as we do this i'd like you
+to think about two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two questions
+first how do solids dissolve in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how do solids dissolve in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how do solids dissolve in water
+and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second
+what factors may influence how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factors may influence how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factors may influence how
+conductive a given solid is in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive a given solid is in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive a given solid is in water
+so first we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to look at the
+solubility of our solids in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of our solids in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of our solids in water
+and to do this we're going to dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this we're going to dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this we're going to dissolve
+one gram of each solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of each solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of each solid
+in 30 milliliters of water i've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 30 milliliters of water i've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 30 milliliters of water i've already
+weighed out my solids here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed out my solids here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed out my solids here
+and i've also already weighed out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've also already weighed out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've also already weighed out my
+water notice how i'm wearing a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water notice how i'm wearing a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water notice how i'm wearing a pair of
+nitrile gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrile gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrile gloves
+the compounds that i'm working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compounds that i'm working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compounds that i'm working with
+today aren't that dangerous but just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today aren't that dangerous but just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today aren't that dangerous but just as
+general safety it's good to wear gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general safety it's good to wear gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general safety it's good to wear gloves
+when handling compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when handling compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when handling compounds
+so i'm going to pour each solute into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to pour each solute into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to pour each solute into
+each respective cup of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each respective cup of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each respective cup of water
+and stir and mix for about a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stir and mix for about a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stir and mix for about a minute to
+two minutes and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes and see
+if the compound dissolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the compound dissolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the compound dissolves
+so after one to two minutes of stirring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after one to two minutes of stirring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after one to two minutes of stirring
+and dissolving you can see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dissolving you can see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dissolving you can see that our
+magnesium oxide right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide right here
+has not dissolved in our water you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not dissolved in our water you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not dissolved in our water you can
+see a very clear boundary between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very clear boundary between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very clear boundary between the
+solute which is settled at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute which is settled at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute which is settled at the bottom of
+the cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup
+and the water which is on top if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the water which is on top if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the water which is on top if you
+compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that to
+our sodium chloride though if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sodium chloride though if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sodium chloride though if you look
+very carefully you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully you can see that
+our solute has dissolved very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solute has dissolved very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solute has dissolved very well in
+our water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our water
+so the next thing we'll be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing we'll be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing we'll be doing is
+measuring the conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the conductivity
+of our compounds when dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds when dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds when dissolved in water
+and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that
+we're going to be using a handy-dandy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using a handy-dandy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using a handy-dandy
+conductivity meter that i have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity meter that i have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity meter that i have right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so i have some cups of water prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some cups of water prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some cups of water prepared
+here to be used as both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to be used as both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to be used as both
+a baseline correction when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline correction when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline correction when we're
+measuring our conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring our conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring our conductivity
+of our compounds and as a water bath to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds and as a water bath to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds and as a water bath to
+clean our probe in between measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean our probe in between measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean our probe in between measurements
+okay so first i'm going to turn on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first i'm going to turn on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first i'm going to turn on my
+conductivity measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to make sure that my units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to make sure that my units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to make sure that my units
+are set to microsiemens per centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set to microsiemens per centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set to microsiemens per centimeter
+or some equivalent unit and first i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some equivalent unit and first i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some equivalent unit and first i'm
+going to measure a baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure a baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure a baseline
+of just regular water here i have tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just regular water here i have tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just regular water here i have tap
+water here and so when i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water here and so when i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water here and so when i do that
+i see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see that
+i'm measuring around 900 microsiemens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm measuring around 900 microsiemens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm measuring around 900 microsiemens
+per centimeter so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter so that is the
+conductivity of my water as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of my water as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of my water as
+is and i'm going to use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and i'm going to use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and i'm going to use that as a
+baseline when i'm measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline when i'm measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline when i'm measuring the
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+of my other compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since this is water it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since this is water it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since this is water it's already
+clean and now i'm going to measure my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and now i'm going to measure my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and now i'm going to measure my
+sodium chloride which is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride which is right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride which is right here
+and so right now i'm reading around 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right now i'm reading around 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right now i'm reading around 4
+700 microsiemens per centimeter for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 microsiemens per centimeter for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 microsiemens per centimeter for my
+sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride
+i'm going to take note of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take note of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take note of that and
+eventually when i'm collecting my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when i'm collecting my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when i'm collecting my data
+i'm going to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to subtract
+my water based line from this value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my water based line from this value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my water based line from this value here
+make sure in between each measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure in between each measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure in between each measurement
+that you dip the probe in a water bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you dip the probe in a water bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you dip the probe in a water bath
+to clean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean it
+and you can continue on with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue on with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue on with the rest of
+your measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements
+so the last experiment we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last experiment we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last experiment we're going to do
+today is to measure the solubility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to measure the solubility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to measure the solubility of
+our compounds in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compounds in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compounds in water
+except with two grams instead of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except with two grams instead of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except with two grams instead of one
+gram so i've measured out an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so i've measured out an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so i've measured out an additional
+one gram of each solid here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of each solid here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of each solid here
+and i'm just gonna pour each one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just gonna pour each one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just gonna pour each one into
+each respective cup mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each respective cup mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each respective cup mix
+and stir and after one to two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stir and after one to two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stir and after one to two minutes
+i'm gonna see if each compound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna see if each compound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna see if each compound is
+dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved
+so again we have our magnesium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have our magnesium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have our magnesium oxide
+after round two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after round two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after round two
+of solubility again we can see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solubility again we can see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solubility again we can see that our
+solute has not dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute has not dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute has not dissolved in water
+there's a very clear boundary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very clear boundary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very clear boundary between
+the water on top and the solute on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water on top and the solute on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water on top and the solute on the
+bottom so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so in this case
+round one the solubility and round two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round one the solubility and round two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round one the solubility and round two
+solubility look identical but it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility look identical but it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility look identical but it may not
+be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case
+for our other three solutes all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our other three solutes all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our other three solutes all right so
+now that we've finished our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've finished our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've finished our last
+solubility test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test
+let's put all our data our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put all our data our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put all our data our first
+solubility test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test
+our conductivity test and our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conductivity test and our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conductivity test and our second
+solubility test on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility test on the board
+so here we have a chart of all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a chart of all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a chart of all the data
+from our experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our experiments
+i have the compounds that we use going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the compounds that we use going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the compounds that we use going
+down right here and i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right here and i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right here and i have
+solubility here at one gram and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility here at one gram and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility here at one gram and two
+grams and conductivity after water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and conductivity after water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and conductivity after water
+subtraction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction here
+so before going into this data first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before going into this data first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before going into this data first
+thing i would like us to notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i would like us to notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i would like us to notice is that
+for sodium chloride and for magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sodium chloride and for magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sodium chloride and for magnesium
+sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate
+these conductivity values are much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conductivity values are much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conductivity values are much lower
+than i expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i expected
+this should be closer to ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be closer to ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be closer to ten thousand
+microsiemens and this should be closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsiemens and this should be closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsiemens and this should be closer
+to eight thousand micro siemens percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight thousand micro siemens percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight thousand micro siemens percent
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+um but the fact that we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the fact that we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the fact that we're able to
+measure conductivity for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure conductivity for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure conductivity for these
+respective compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective compounds
+uh gives us insight into what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives us insight into what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives us insight into what type of
+compounds they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds they are
+so first if we look at sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first if we look at sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first if we look at sodium chloride
+we could see that at both one gram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see that at both one gram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see that at both one gram and
+two grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two grams
+um our sodium chloride was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our sodium chloride was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our sodium chloride was able to
+dissolve in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve in water
+and we're able to measure conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to measure conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to measure conductivity
+readings for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for this
+this means our sodium chloride was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means our sodium chloride was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means our sodium chloride was able
+to dissociate into ions when dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissociate into ions when dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissociate into ions when dissolved
+in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water
+and this is an extra check for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an extra check for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an extra check for us to
+determine that sodium chloride is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that sodium chloride is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that sodium chloride is indeed
+an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we can look at magnesium oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we can look at magnesium oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we can look at magnesium oxide and
+we can see that from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that from my
+magnesium oxide at one gram and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide at one gram and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide at one gram and two
+grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+we were we weren't able to dissolve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were we weren't able to dissolve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were we weren't able to dissolve our
+magnesium oxide water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium oxide water
+and not only that because of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that because of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only that because of that we
+weren't able to measure any conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to measure any conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to measure any conductivity
+but we know that magnesium oxide is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that magnesium oxide is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that magnesium oxide is an
+ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+compound just from our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound just from our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound just from our understanding of
+bonding so we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so we have to think
+more closely about why this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely about why this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely about why this is the case
+so magnesium oxide and sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so magnesium oxide and sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so magnesium oxide and sodium chloride
+are both ionic compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both ionic compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both ionic compounds
+but magnesium oxide has a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium oxide has a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium oxide has a much higher
+lattice energy than sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice energy than sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice energy than sodium chloride
+this means that when magnesium oxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that when magnesium oxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that when magnesium oxide is
+placed in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in water
+uh it's more energetically favorable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more energetically favorable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more energetically favorable for
+it to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stay
+as a solid than it is to disassociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solid than it is to disassociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solid than it is to disassociate
+into ions of magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ions of magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ions of magnesium
+and oxygen so magnesium oxide is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen so magnesium oxide is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen so magnesium oxide is still
+an ionic compound but its lattice energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic compound but its lattice energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic compound but its lattice energy
+is high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough
+for such that it does not dissolve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such that it does not dissolve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such that it does not dissolve and
+does not give us conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give us conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give us conductivity
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+so it's still ionic now we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still ionic now we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still ionic now we can look at
+magnesium sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate
+and we see that for one gram we do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that for one gram we do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that for one gram we do get
+some solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solubility
+and at two grams we get uh no solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at two grams we get uh no solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at two grams we get uh no solubility
+it was not able to dissolve and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not able to dissolve and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not able to dissolve and we're
+able to measure some conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure some conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure some conductivity
+this means that magnesium sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that magnesium sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that magnesium sulfate
+dissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+into respective ions and were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into respective ions and were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into respective ions and were able to
+measure some conductivity well in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some conductivity well in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some conductivity well in water
+but magnesium sulfate has a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium sulfate has a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magnesium sulfate has a limited
+solubility in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility in water
+which is why at two grams it wasn't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why at two grams it wasn't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why at two grams it wasn't able
+to dissolve completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve completely
+so magnesium sulfate is still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so magnesium sulfate is still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so magnesium sulfate is still in the
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound
+finally if we look at sucrose we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if we look at sucrose we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if we look at sucrose we see
+that we're able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're able to get
+one gram of sucrose to dissolve in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of sucrose to dissolve in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gram of sucrose to dissolve in water
+and two grams of sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two grams of sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two grams of sucrose
+was able to dissolve in water but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to dissolve in water but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to dissolve in water but we
+were not able to get any conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not able to get any conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not able to get any conductivity
+this means that sucrose dissolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that sucrose dissolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that sucrose dissolved in
+water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but
+did not dissociate into respective ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not dissociate into respective ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not dissociate into respective ions
+so if you think about the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the structure of
+sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose
+sucrose has a bunch of non excuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose has a bunch of non excuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose has a bunch of non excuses
+has a bunch of polar groups on it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of polar groups on it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of polar groups on it which
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+able to dissolve in water but sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dissolve in water but sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dissolve in water but sucrose
+does not dissociate into ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not dissociate into ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not dissociate into ions
+which is why we were not able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we were not able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we were not able to measure
+any conductivity so sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any conductivity so sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any conductivity so sucrose
+is a covalent compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by using our knowledge of bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by using our knowledge of bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by using our knowledge of bonding and
+our solubility and conductivity data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solubility and conductivity data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solubility and conductivity data
+we're able to affirm the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to affirm the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to affirm the identity
+of our compounds that is whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds that is whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our compounds that is whether or not
+they are ionic or covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ionic or covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are ionic or covalent
+so today we looked at how the type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we looked at how the type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we looked at how the type and
+strength of bonding of a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of bonding of a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of bonding of a solid
+influences its properties specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences its properties specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences its properties specifically
+we looked at how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at how these
+aspects of bonding influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of bonding influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of bonding influence the
+solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility
+and conductivity of these solids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iOZVbILaIZc.txt b/iOZVbILaIZc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d355e5fa520e035aa8ed1a9d66705b0410fecbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iOZVbILaIZc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7440 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here we are at the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we are at the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we are at the last lecture
+we're going to finish talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to finish talking about
+statistical sins and then do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical sins and then do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical sins and then do a little
+bit of a wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a wrap
+up all right let's look at a Hot Topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right let's look at a Hot Topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right let's look at a Hot Topic
+uh Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Global
+fiction or global warming fact or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction or global warming fact or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction or global warming fact or
+fiction um you've done a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction um you've done a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction um you've done a problem set
+related to temperatures in the US here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to temperatures in the US here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to temperatures in the US here's
+a uh plot generally accepted of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh plot generally accepted of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh plot generally accepted of the
+change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in
+temperatures on the planet between 1880
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures on the planet between 1880
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures on the planet between 1880
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2014 uh now if we look at this plot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 uh now if we look at this plot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 uh now if we look at this plot we
+could see this commits one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see this commits one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see this commits one of the
+statistical sins I complained about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical sins I complained about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical sins I complained about on
+Monday that look where it's starting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that look where it's starting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that look where it's starting the
+Y AIS way down here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y AIS way down here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y AIS way down here at
+55 and you remember I told you to beware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 and you remember I told you to beware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 and you remember I told you to beware
+of charts for the y- AIS doesn't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charts for the y- AIS doesn't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charts for the y- AIS doesn't start
+at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero
+so maybe the people who are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the people who are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the people who are trying to
+Claim about global warming are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claim about global warming are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claim about global warming are just
+deceiving us with this trick of the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceiving us with this trick of the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceiving us with this trick of the axis
+so here's what happens if you put it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what happens if you put it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what happens if you put it at
+zero and as you can see uh or barely see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as you can see uh or barely see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as you can see uh or barely see
+this axis runs from zero up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis runs from zero up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis runs from zero up to
+110 as the average temperature and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 as the average temperature and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 as the average temperature and as
+you can see quite clearly it's hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see quite clearly it's hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see quite clearly it's hardly
+changed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at
+all so what's the deal here well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so what's the deal here well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so what's the deal here well which
+is a more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more accurate
+presentation of the facts which conveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of the facts which conveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of the facts which conveys
+the accurate impression let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accurate impression let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accurate impression let's look at
+another example maybe a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example maybe a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example maybe a little less
+controversial than climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial than climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial than climate
+change uh fever and flu it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh fever and flu it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh fever and flu it's generally
+accepted that when you get the flu uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted that when you get the flu uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted that when you get the flu uh
+you might run a fever so here is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might run a fever so here is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might run a fever so here is someone
+who had the flu and this is plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had the flu and this is plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had the flu and this is plotting
+their fever from the beginning uh to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fever from the beginning uh to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fever from the beginning uh to its
+peak and it's does appear if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and it's does appear if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and it's does appear if we were to
+fit a curve to this it would look pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a curve to this it would look pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a curve to this it would look pretty
+much like that on the other hand if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like that on the other hand if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like that on the other hand if we
+assume that somebody's temperature could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that somebody's temperature could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that somebody's temperature could
+range between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between zero and
+200 um we can see that in fact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 um we can see that in fact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 um we can see that in fact your
+temperature doesn't move at all when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature doesn't move at all when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature doesn't move at all when you
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+flu so the moral is pretty clear I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu so the moral is pretty clear I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu so the moral is pretty clear I think
+even though on Monday I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though on Monday I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though on Monday I talked about
+being suspicious when people start the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suspicious when people start the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suspicious when people start the y
+axis too far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis too far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis too far from
+zero it you should truncate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it you should truncate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it you should truncate it to
+eliminate totally Preposterous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate totally Preposterous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate totally Preposterous
+values right no living person has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right no living person has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right no living person has a
+temperature of Zer degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of Zer degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of Zer degrees
+Fahrenheit um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit um so
+again don't truncate it just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't truncate it just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't truncate it just to make
+something look like it isn't but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something look like it isn't but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something look like it isn't but don't
+expand it to deceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it to deceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it to deceive
+either all right let's return to global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all right let's return to global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all right let's return to global
+warming uh this is a chart that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming uh this is a chart that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming uh this is a chart that was
+actually shown in the of the US Senate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown in the of the US Senate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown in the of the US Senate
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+uh a senator from Texas who I shall not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a senator from Texas who I shall not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a senator from Texas who I shall not
+name um and obviously the argument here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um and obviously the argument here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um and obviously the argument here
+was that well it sure global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that well it sure global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that well it sure global warming
+bounces up and down but uh if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces up and down but uh if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces up and down but uh if we go back
+um we can see here the uh date is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can see here the uh date is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can see here the uh date is
+19 can we see it I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 can we see it I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 can we see it I can see
+it maybe 1986 I think um you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe 1986 I think um you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe 1986 I think um you can see
+that the argument here is in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the argument here is in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the argument here is in fact if you
+fit a trend line to this as he's done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a trend line to this as he's done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a trend line to this as he's done it
+hasn't changed at all and so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed at all and so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed at all and so even though
+we've had a lot of carbon emissions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a lot of carbon emissions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a lot of carbon emissions uh
+during this period uh maybe global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period uh maybe global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period uh maybe global
+warming is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming is not actually
+happening this is in contradiction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this is in contradiction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this is in contradiction to
+the trend I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend I showed
+before well what's going on here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well what's going on here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well what's going on here this is
+a very common way that people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very common way that people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very common way that people use
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+poorly um they confuse fluctuations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly um they confuse fluctuations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly um they confuse fluctuations with
+Trends what we see in any theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends what we see in any theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends what we see in any theories of
+data time series other series you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data time series other series you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data time series other series you always
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+um and that's not to be confused with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not to be confused with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's not to be confused with
+the trend and in particular what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend and in particular what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend and in particular what you
+need to think about when you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about when you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about when you're looking
+at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+phenomenon is choose an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon is choose an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon is choose an interval
+consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+with the thing that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing that's being
+considered so we believe that climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so we believe that climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so we believe that climate
+change is something that happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is something that happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is something that happens over
+very long periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long periods of
+time and it's a little bit silly to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's a little bit silly to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it's a little bit silly to look
+at it on a short period of time some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on a short period of time some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it on a short period of time some of
+you may remember two years ago we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember two years ago we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember two years ago we had a
+very cold winter here and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cold winter here and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cold winter here and there were
+people who were saying well that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were saying well that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were saying well that shows
+we don't have global warming well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have global warming well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have global warming well you
+can't really conclude anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really conclude anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really conclude anything about
+climate change looking at a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change looking at a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change looking at a year or
+probably not even looking at 10 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not even looking at 10 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not even looking at 10 years or
+20 years it's a very slow phenomenon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years it's a very slow phenomenon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years it's a very slow phenomenon on
+the other hand if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if you're looking at the
+change in somebody's heart rate seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in somebody's heart rate seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in somebody's heart rate seeing
+if they have a heart condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a heart condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have a heart condition you
+probably don't want to look at it over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to look at it over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to look at it over a
+10year period so you have to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10year period so you have to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10year period so you have to decide what
+you're doing and find an interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing and find an interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing and find an interval that
+lets you look at the trends rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you look at the trends rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you look at the trends rather than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations anyway maybe even if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations anyway maybe even if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations anyway maybe even if we're
+having global warming at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having global warming at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having global warming at least the
+Arctic ice isn't melting though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arctic ice isn't melting though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arctic ice isn't melting though
+apparently I read in the paper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently I read in the paper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently I read in the paper this
+morning they found a huge crack in it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning they found a huge crack in it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning they found a huge crack in it um
+so this was uh reported in the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh reported in the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh reported in the financial
+post on April 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on April 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on April 15
+2013 you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 you can read it
+yourself but the basic import of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but the basic import of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but the basic import of it is
+they took the period from April 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the period from April 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the period from April 14th
+19 89 to April 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 89 to April 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 89 to April 15
+2013 uh and said look it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 uh and said look it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 uh and said look it's not
+changing in fact the amount of Arctic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in fact the amount of Arctic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in fact the amount of Arctic
+Ice is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice is is is
+unchanged well what's the financial not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged well what's the financial not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged well what's the financial not
+the financial what's the statistical sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial what's the statistical sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial what's the statistical sin
+being committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being committed
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look at this
+data this is uh this is an anomaly chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is uh this is an anomaly chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is uh this is an anomaly chart
+I think you saw one of these in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you saw one of these in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you saw one of these in one of
+the problem sets where where you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets where where you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets where where you fix
+something at zero and then you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at zero and then you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at zero and then you show
+fluctuations relative to that so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations relative to that so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations relative to that so here
+it's the Arctic Ice relative to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Arctic Ice relative to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Arctic Ice relative to a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and what we see here is that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here is that if you go
+and choose the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose the right
+date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+say um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in 1989
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you come over here and you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come over here and you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come over here and you choose
+the right date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right date in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you can then draw a line and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can then draw a line and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can then draw a line and say oh
+look it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed this is something people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this is something people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this is something people
+frequently do is they find they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently do is they find they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently do is they find they take a
+whole set of data and they find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of data and they find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of data and they find two
+points that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are consistent with
+something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they
+believe and they draw a line between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and they draw a line between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and they draw a line between
+those two points fit a curve to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two points fit a curve to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two points fit a curve to those
+two points and draw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusion this is what we call cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion this is what we call cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion this is what we call cherry
+picking I guess from the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking I guess from the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking I guess from the notion that
+when you go to pick cherries you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to pick cherries you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to pick cherries you only
+want to pick the ripe ones leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the ripe ones leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the ripe ones leave the
+others to ripen for a bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to ripen for a bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to ripen for a bit on the
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+um it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really
+bad uh and it's something unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and it's something unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh and it's something unfortunately
+the scientific literature is replete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific literature is replete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific literature is replete
+with where people look at a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where people look at a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where people look at a lot of data
+and they pick the points that match what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pick the points that match what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pick the points that match what
+they want to prove and so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to prove and so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to prove and so as you can see
+while the trend is quite clear you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the trend is quite clear you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the trend is quite clear you could
+prove almost anything you wanted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove almost anything you wanted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove almost anything you wanted by
+selecting two points very carefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting two points very carefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting two points very carefully you
+know I could also show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could also show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could also show that it's
+crashing much faster than people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing much faster than people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing much faster than people think
+it is by picking these two points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by picking these two points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by picking these two points you
+know if I wanted to argue that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I wanted to argue that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I wanted to argue that it's
+catastropic ropic I pick those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastropic ropic I pick those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastropic ropic I pick those two
+points and say look at that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and say look at that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and say look at that it's
+disappearing at an incredible rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing at an incredible rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing at an incredible rate so
+you can lie in either Direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lie in either Direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lie in either Direction with
+this data by careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cherry-picking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking all
+right as a service to you I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as a service to you I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as a service to you I know the
+holidays are coming and many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays are coming and many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays are coming and many of you have
+not bought presents for your parents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bought presents for your parents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bought presents for your parents so
+here's a modest gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a modest gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a modest gift
+suggestion that uh you know the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that uh you know the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that uh you know the family
+that shoots together something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shoots together something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shoots together something or other
+well all right so we can ask is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so we can ask is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so we can ask is this a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+gift well probably we can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift well probably we can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift well probably we can look at this
+statistic it's not dangerous at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic it's not dangerous at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic it's not dangerous at least we
+see that 99.8% of the firearms in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 99.8% of the firearms in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that 99.8% of the firearms in the US
+will not be used to commit a violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be used to commit a violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be used to commit a violent
+crime so guns apparently are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so guns apparently are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so guns apparently are not
+actually dangerous or at least not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dangerous or at least not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dangerous or at least not in
+the hands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands of
+criminals um well let's look at this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminals um well let's look at this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminals um well let's look at this how
+many privately owned Firearms are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many privately owned Firearms are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many privately owned Firearms are there
+in the US and anyone want to guess who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and anyone want to guess who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and anyone want to guess who
+hasn't looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't looked
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+yeah 4 million 400 million 340 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 4 million 400 million 340 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 4 million 400 million 340 million
+people and 400 million guns is the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and 400 million guns is the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and 400 million guns is the guess
+more than one per person uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one per person uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one per person uh you
+certainly are the right order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are the right order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly are the right order of
+magnitude I think it's about 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude I think it's about 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude I think it's about 300 million
+but it's hard to count them maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to count them maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to count them maybe this
+doesn't count water pistols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count water pistols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count water pistols
+um so if you assume there are 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you assume there are 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you assume there are 300
+million firearms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million firearms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million firearms
+Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms
+and 2% of them were used to commit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2% of them were used to commit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2% of them were used to commit a
+violent crime in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent crime in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent crime in every
+year here we see that how many crimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year here we see that how many crimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year here we see that how many crimes is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+600,000 so in fact you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600,000 so in fact you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600,000 so in fact you know it's not
+necessarily very meaningful to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily very meaningful to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily very meaningful to say that
+most of them are not used to commit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are not used to commit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are not used to commit a
+crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime
+well let's look at another place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at another place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at another place where
+we look at a statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a statistic
+um probably most of you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably most of you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably most of you don't even
+remember the scary swine flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the scary swine flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the scary swine flu
+epidemic um this was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic um this was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic um this was a big
+headline uh and people got so scared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline uh and people got so scared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline uh and people got so scared of
+the swine flu they were doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swine flu they were doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swine flu they were doing things
+like closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like closing
+schools to try and limit the spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to try and limit the spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to try and limit the spread of
+the flu uh New York City closed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flu uh New York City closed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flu uh New York City closed some
+schools because of it for example so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools because of it for example so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools because of it for example so is
+this a scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a scary
+statistic well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic well maybe
+but here's an interesting statistic how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an interesting statistic how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an interesting statistic how
+many deaths per year from the seasonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many deaths per year from the seasonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many deaths per year from the seasonal
+flu in the US the ones we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu in the US the ones we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu in the US the ones we try and
+prevent with a flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent with a flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent with a flu
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+36,000 so what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,000 so what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,000 so what we see is
+that doesn't make a lot of sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make a lot of sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make a lot of sense to
+panic over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+159 in the light of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number so the point here for both this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the point here for both this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the point here for both this
+and the issue about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue about the
+Firearms is that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters yeah I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters yeah I love this
+cartoon uh a number without context is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon uh a number without context is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon uh a number without context is
+just a number and numbers by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number and numbers by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number and numbers by themselves
+don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean
+anything so to say that there were 159
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so to say that there were 159
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so to say that there were 159
+deaths from the swine flu is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths from the swine flu is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths from the swine flu is not very
+meaningful without some context to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful without some context to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful without some context to say
+that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only
+0.2% of firearms are used to commit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.2% of firearms are used to commit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.2% of firearms are used to commit a
+violent crime is not very meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent crime is not very meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent crime is not very meaningful
+without context whenever you're prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without context whenever you're prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without context whenever you're prevent
+presenting a statistic reading about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a statistic reading about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a statistic reading about a
+statistic and you just see a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and you just see a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic and you just see a number that
+seems comforting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems comforting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems comforting or
+terrifying try and put some context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying try and put some context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying try and put some context
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so a related thing is relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a related thing is relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a related thing is relative to
+what suppose I told you that skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what suppose I told you that skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what suppose I told you that skipping
+lectures in increases your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in increases your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in increases your probability
+of failing this course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failing this course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failing this course by
+50% well you would all feel great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% well you would all feel great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% well you would all feel great
+because you're here and you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're here and you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're here and you would be
+laughing at your friends who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing at your friends who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing at your friends who are not
+here because figuring that will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because figuring that will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because figuring that will leave
+much better grades for you what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better grades for you what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better grades for you what is this
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+though well if I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though well if I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though well if I told you
+that it changed the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it changed the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it changed the probability of
+failing from a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing from a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing from a half to
+75 uh you would be very tempted to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 uh you would be very tempted to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 uh you would be very tempted to come
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+lectures on the other hand if I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the other hand if I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the other hand if I told you
+that it changed the probability from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it changed the probability from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it changed the probability from
+0.005 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 to
+0.0075 you might say the heck with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0075 you might say the heck with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0075 you might say the heck with it
+I'd rather go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather go to the
+gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gym
+right again this is an issue and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again this is an issue and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again this is an issue and this is
+something that we see all the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we see all the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we see all the time when
+people talk about percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about percentage
+change this is particularly prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is particularly prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this is particularly prominent
+in the pharmaceutical field right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pharmaceutical field right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pharmaceutical field right you
+will read a headline saying that drug X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read a headline saying that drug X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read a headline saying that drug X
+for arthritis increases the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arthritis increases the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arthritis increases the probability
+of a heart attack by 1% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heart attack by 1% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heart attack by 1% or
+5% well what does that mean if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% well what does that mean if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% well what does that mean if the
+probability was already very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability was already very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability was already very low
+increasing it by 5% it's still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing it by 5% it's still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing it by 5% it's still very
+low and maybe it's worth it not to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and maybe it's worth it not to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and maybe it's worth it not to be in
+pain from arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain from arthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain from arthritis
+so you talking in percentages is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talking in percentages is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talking in percentages is again
+one of these issues of it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these issues of it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these issues of it doesn't make
+sense without the context in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense without the context in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense without the context in order to
+know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this
+means I need to know what regime I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I need to know what regime I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I need to know what regime I'm in
+here in order to make a intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to make a intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to make a intelligent
+decision about whether to attend lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether to attend lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether to attend lecture
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not it goes without saying you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it goes without saying you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it goes without saying you've all
+made the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the right
+decision so beware of percentage change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so beware of percentage change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so beware of percentage change
+when you don't know the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't know the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't know the denominator
+right you get a percentage by dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get a percentage by dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get a percentage by dividing
+by something and if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something and if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something and if you don't know what
+you're dividing by then the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dividing by then the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dividing by then the percentage
+is itself a meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number all right while we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right while we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right while we're sort of
+talking about medical things and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about medical things and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about medical things and let's
+look at cancer clusters to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at cancer clusters to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at cancer clusters to illustrate
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+question so this is the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is the definition of a
+cancer cluster by the CDC see a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cluster by the CDC see a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cluster by the CDC see a greater
+than expected number of cancer cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than expected number of cancer cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than expected number of cancer cases
+that occurs within a group of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs within a group of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs within a group of people in
+a geographic area over a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geographic area over a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geographic area over a period of
+time and the key part of this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the key part of this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the key part of this definition
+is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expected about 1,000 cancer cases cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected about 1,000 cancer cases cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected about 1,000 cancer cases cancer
+clusters per year are reported in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters per year are reported in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters per year are reported in the US
+mostly to the Centers for Disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to the Centers for Disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to the Centers for Disease
+Control but in general to other Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control but in general to other Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control but in general to other Health
+agencies upon analysis almost none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies upon analysis almost none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies upon analysis almost none of
+them passed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them passed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them passed this
+test so the vast majority some years all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the vast majority some years all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the vast majority some years all
+of them are deemed actually not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are deemed actually not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are deemed actually not to be
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+clusters um so I don't know if have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters um so I don't know if have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters um so I don't know if have
+anyone here seen the movie Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here seen the movie Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here seen the movie Aaron
+Brockovich subsequent analysis showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brockovich subsequent analysis showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brockovich subsequent analysis showed
+that was actually not a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually not a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually not a cancer
+cluster you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you know so
+it was a good movie but turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a good movie but turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a good movie but turns
+out statistically wrong all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out statistically wrong all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out statistically wrong all right this
+by the way is not a cancer cluster this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is not a cancer cluster this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is not a cancer cluster this
+is a constellation all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constellation all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constellation all right so let's
+look at a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a hypothetical
+example uh by the way the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh by the way the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh by the way the the other
+movie about cancer clusters um was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about cancer clusters um was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about cancer clusters um was the
+one set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set in
+Massachusetts what was it a civil action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts what was it a civil action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts what was it a civil action
+anyone see that no that was a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see that no that was a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone see that no that was a cancer
+cluster all right Massachusetts is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster all right Massachusetts is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster all right Massachusetts is about
+10 000 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 square
+miles and there are about 36,000 cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles and there are about 36,000 cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles and there are about 36,000 cancer
+cases per year reported in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases per year reported in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases per year reported in
+Massachusetts those two numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts those two numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts those two numbers are
+accurate and the rest of this is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and the rest of this is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and the rest of this is pure
+fiction so let's assume that we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction so let's assume that we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction so let's assume that we had some
+ambitious attorney who partitioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious attorney who partitioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious attorney who partitioned the
+state into a thousand regions of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state into a thousand regions of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state into a thousand regions of 10
+square miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square miles
+each and looked at the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and looked at the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and looked at the distribution of
+cancer cases in these regions trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cases in these regions trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cases in these regions trying to
+find cancer clusters that he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find cancer clusters that he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find cancer clusters that he or she
+could file a lawsuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could file a lawsuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could file a lawsuit
+about well you can do some arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well you can do some arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well you can do some arithmetic
+and if 36,000 new cancer cases a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if 36,000 new cancer cases a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if 36,000 new cancer cases a year
+and we have a thousand regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a thousand regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a thousand regions that
+should say that we should get about 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that we should get about 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that we should get about 36
+clusters per year or cancer cases per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters per year or cancer cases per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters per year or cancer cases per
+year per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year per
+region well when the attorney looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well when the attorney looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well when the attorney looked at
+the data this mythical attorney he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this mythical attorney he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this mythical attorney he
+discovered that region number 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that region number 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that region number 111
+had 143 new cancer cases over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 143 new cancer cases over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 143 new cancer cases over a
+three-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year
+period he compared that to three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period he compared that to three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period he compared that to three times
+36 and said wow that's 32% more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 and said wow that's 32% more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 and said wow that's 32% more than
+expected I've got a LW suit so he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I've got a LW suit so he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected I've got a LW suit so he went
+to tell all these people they lived in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell all these people they lived in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell all these people they lived in a
+cancer cluster the question is should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cluster the question is should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cluster the question is should
+they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be
+worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried
+um well another way to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well another way to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well another way to look at the
+question is How likely is it that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is How likely is it that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is How likely is it that it was
+just bad luck right that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bad luck right that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bad luck right that's the question
+we've always asked when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always asked when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always asked when we do
+statistical analysis is this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis is this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical analysis is this result
+meaningful or is it just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful or is it just random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful or is it just random
+variation that you would expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that you would expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that you would expect to
+see so I wrote some code to to do the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I wrote some code to to do the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I wrote some code to to do the to
+simulate it to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it to see what
+happens so number of cases 36,000 number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so number of cases 36,000 number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so number of cases 36,000 number
+of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years
+three so all of this is just the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so all of this is just the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so all of this is just the numbers
+I had on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had on the slide
+we'll do a Cate a simulation we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a Cate a simulation we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a Cate a simulation we'll take
+a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100
+trials um and then what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials um and then what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials um and then what I'm going to do
+is for T in the range number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for T in the range number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for T in the range number of
+Trials the locations the regions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials the locations the regions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trials the locations the regions if you
+will I'll initialize each to zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'll initialize each to zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'll initialize each to zero a
+thousand of them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of them in this
+case and then for I in the range number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then for I in the range number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then for I in the range number
+of years times number of cases per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years times number of cases per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years times number of cases per year
+so this will be 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be 3 *
+36,000 uh at random I will assign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,000 uh at random I will assign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,000 uh at random I will assign the
+case to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to one of these
+regions okay this is the random nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay this is the random nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay this is the random nothing
+to do with cancer clusters just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with cancer clusters just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with cancer clusters just at
+random this case gets assigned to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random this case gets assigned to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random this case gets assigned to one of
+the Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand
+regions and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and then I'm going to
+check if region number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+111 had greater than 140 greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 had greater than 140 greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 had greater than 140 greater than or
+equal to 143 a number of cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 143 a number of cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 143 a number of cases we
+assumed it had if so we'll increment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it had if so we'll increment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it had if so we'll increment the
+variable num Grader by one saying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable num Grader by one saying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable num Grader by one saying all
+right in this trial of the 100 indeed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this trial of the 100 indeed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this trial of the 100 indeed it
+had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that
+many and then we'll see how often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and then we'll see how often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+happens that will tell us how improbable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that will tell us how improbable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that will tell us how improbable
+it is that region 111 actually had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that region 111 actually had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that region 111 actually had that
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+cases and then we'll print it does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and then we'll print it does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and then we'll print it does that
+make sense to everyone that here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everyone that here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everyone that here I am
+doing my simulation to see whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my simulation to see whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my simulation to see whether or
+not it's it is how probable is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it is how probable is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it is how probable is it that
+111 would have had this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 would have had this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 would have had this many
+cases any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases any
+questions all right let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so here's the code we just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh takes just a second that's why I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh takes just a second that's why I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh takes just a second that's why I did
+only a hundred trials instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousand I know the suspense is killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I know the suspense is killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I know the suspense is killing
+you it's killing me I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's killing me I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's killing me I don't know why
+it's taking so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finish I wish I had the Jeopardy music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I wish I had the Jeopardy music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I wish I had the Jeopardy music
+or something to play while we waited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to play while we waited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to play while we waited for
+this Anna can you hum some music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Anna can you hum some music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Anna can you hum some music or
+something to keep people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep people
+amused she will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow all right so here it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right so here it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right so here it is the
+estimated probability of region 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated probability of region 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated probability of region 111
+having at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having at least one
+case at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case at least
+one at least 143 cases easier to read if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least 143 cases easier to read if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least 143 cases easier to read if
+I spread this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+01 so it seems in fact that it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so it seems in fact that it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so it seems in fact that it's pretty
+surprising unlikely to have happened at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random do you buy it or is there a flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random do you buy it or is there a flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random do you buy it or is there a flaw
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting back to this whole question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to this whole question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to this whole question
+yes I think it's because first off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what because I mean that's the Bost area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because I mean that's the Bost area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because I mean that's the Bost area
+you all right let's assume that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right let's assume that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right let's assume that in fact
+instead of by square miles I let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of by square miles I let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of by square miles I let's
+assume the populations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the populations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the populations were
+balanced then I also think it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced then I also think it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced then I also think it's because
+I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11 exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 exactly
+right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I'm sorry I forgot my candy bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry I forgot my candy bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry I forgot my candy bag
+today just means there'll be more candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today just means there'll be more candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today just means there'll be more candy
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+final what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final what we have here
+is a variant of cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variant of cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variant of cherry
+picking what I have done in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking what I have done in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking what I have done in this
+simulation is I've looked at a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is I've looked at a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is I've looked at a thousand
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+regions right what I what the attorney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions right what I what the attorney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions right what I what the attorney
+did is not in this simulation is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is not in this simulation is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is not in this simulation is he
+looked at a thousand different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a thousand different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a thousand different regions
+found the one with the most cancer cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the one with the most cancer cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the one with the most cancer cases
+and said aha there are too many here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said aha there are too many here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said aha there are too many here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's not what I did in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what I did in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what I did in my
+simulation what in my simulation didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation what in my simulation didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation what in my simulation didn't
+ask the question How likely is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question How likely is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question How likely is it that
+there is at least one region with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least one region with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least one region with that
+many cases but it asked the question How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases but it asked the question How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases but it asked the question How
+likely is it that this specific region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it that this specific region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it that this specific region
+has that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that many
+cases now if the attorney had had reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now if the attorney had had reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now if the attorney had had reason
+in advance to be suspicious of region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance to be suspicious of region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance to be suspicious of region
+111 then maybe it would have been okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 then maybe it would have been okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 then maybe it would have been okay
+to just just go check that but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just just go check that but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just just go check that but having
+looked at a thousand and then Cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a thousand and then Cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a thousand and then Cherry
+Picked the best is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picked the best is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picked the best is not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is a simulation that does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a simulation that does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a simulation that does the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I've left out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've left out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've left out the
+initialization but what you can see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization but what you can see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization but what you can see I'm
+doing here is I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is I'm looking at the
+probability of there being any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being any
+region that has at least 143 cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this is called in the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is called in the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is called in the technical
+literature what the attorney did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature what the attorney did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature what the attorney did is
+multiple hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis
+checking so rather than having a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so rather than having a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so rather than having a single
+hypothesis that region 111 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that region 111 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that region 111 is
+bad he checked a thousand different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad he checked a thousand different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad he checked a thousand different
+hypotheses and then chose the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then chose the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and then chose the one that
+met what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met what he
+wanted now there are good statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now there are good statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now there are good statistical
+techniques that exist for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that exist for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that exist for dealing with
+multiple hypotheses things like the Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypotheses things like the Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypotheses things like the Bon
+Ferron correction I love to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferron correction I love to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferron correction I love to say that
+name um but you have to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um but you have to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um but you have to worry about it
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+fact if we go back to the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and comment out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and run this
+one we'll see we get a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer nah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the answer we get is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the answer we get is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the answer we get is let's
+see oh I see all right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh I see all right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh I see all right let me
+just comment this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah this should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well maybe you don't want to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well maybe you don't want to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well maybe you don't want to wait
+for it but the answer you'll get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but the answer you'll get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but the answer you'll get is that
+it's actually very probable my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very probable my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very probable my
+recollection is it's a 6 probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection is it's a 6 probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection is it's a 6 probability
+that at least one region has that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least one region has that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least one region has that many
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+and that's really what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what's going on with
+this whole business of people reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole business of people reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole business of people reporting
+cancer clusters right it's just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer clusters right it's just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer clusters right it's just by
+accident by pure Randomness some region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident by pure Randomness some region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident by pure Randomness some region
+has more than its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular form of cherry picking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of cherry picking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form of cherry picking is
+also goes by the name of the Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes by the name of the Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes by the name of the Texas
+Sharpshooter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpshooter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharpshooter
+fallacy uh I don't know why people pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy uh I don't know why people pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy uh I don't know why people pick
+on Texas for this but they seem to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Texas for this but they seem to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Texas for this but they seem to but
+the notion is you're driving down a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is you're driving down a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is you're driving down a road
+in Texas and you see a barn with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas and you see a barn with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas and you see a barn with a bunch
+of bullet holes in the wall right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bullet holes in the wall right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bullet holes in the wall right in the
+middle of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a of a
+Target but what actually happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target but what actually happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target but what actually happened was
+you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a
+barn the farmer just shot some things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn the farmer just shot some things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barn the farmer just shot some things at
+random at the barn then got out his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at the barn then got out his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at the barn then got out his
+paintbrush and painted a Target right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush and painted a Target right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush and painted a Target right
+around where they happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where they happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around where they happen to
+land and that's what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and that's what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and that's what happens when you
+cherry pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry pick
+hypothesis all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis all
+right um what's the bottom line of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what's the bottom line of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what's the bottom line of all
+these statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistical
+fallacies uh when drawing inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacies uh when drawing inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacies uh when drawing inferences
+from data skepticism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data skepticism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data skepticism is
+merited there are unfortunately more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merited there are unfortunately more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merited there are unfortunately more
+ways to go wrong than to go right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go wrong than to go right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go wrong than to go right um and
+you'll read the literature that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the literature that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the literature that tells
+you that in the scientific literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in the scientific literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in the scientific literature
+more than half of the papers are later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half of the papers are later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half of the papers are later
+shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong uh you do need to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh you do need to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh you do need to remember that
+skepticism and denial are different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism and denial are different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism and denial are different it's
+good to be skeptical and I love Ambrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to be skeptical and I love Ambrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to be skeptical and I love Ambrose
+beerus's uh description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beerus's uh description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beerus's uh description of the
+difference here uh if you had never read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here uh if you had never read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here uh if you had never read
+Ambrose bearce uh he's well worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambrose bearce uh he's well worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambrose bearce uh he's well worth
+reading he wrote something called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading he wrote something called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading he wrote something called The
+Devil's dictionary among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devil's dictionary among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devil's dictionary among other things
+which uh in which he has his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh in which he has his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh in which he has his own
+definition of a lot of words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a lot of words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a lot of words and
+uh he go went by the nickname bitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he go went by the nickname bitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he go went by the nickname bitter
+beer and if you read the devil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer and if you read the devil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer and if you read the devil's
+dictionary you'll see why but this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary you'll see why but this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary you'll see why but this I
+think has a lot of wisdom in it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has a lot of wisdom in it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has a lot of wisdom in it all
+right let's in the remaining few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's in the remaining few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's in the remaining few minutes
+wrap up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the
+course so what did we cover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so what did we cover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so what did we cover in
+602 a lot of things uh if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+602 a lot of things uh if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+602 a lot of things uh if you look at
+the technical things were three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical things were three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical things were three major
+units uh optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh optimization problems
+stochastic thinking and modeling aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic thinking and modeling aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic thinking and modeling aspects
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+world um but there was a big subtext
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um but there was a big subtext
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um but there was a big subtext
+amongst all of it which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all of it which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all of it which was
+this there was a reason our problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a reason our problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a reason our problem sets
+were not pencil and paper probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not pencil and paper probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not pencil and paper probability
+problems but all coding and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but all coding and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but all coding and that's
+because we really want it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want it's an important
+part of the course is to make you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course is to make you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course is to make you a
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+programmer uh we introduced a few extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer uh we introduced a few extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer uh we introduced a few extra
+features of python but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of python but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of python but more
+importantly um we emphasized the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly um we emphasized the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly um we emphasized the use of
+libraries because in the real world when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries because in the real world when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries because in the real world when
+you're trying to build things you rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to build things you rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to build things you rarely
+start from scratch and if you do start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch and if you do start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from scratch and if you do start
+from scratch you're probably making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch you're probably making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch you're probably making a
+mistake and so we wanted to get you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and so we wanted to get you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and so we wanted to get you used
+to the idea of finding and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of finding and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of finding and using
+libraries so we looked at plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries so we looked at plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries so we looked at plotting
+libraries and machine learning libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and machine learning libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and machine learning libraries
+and numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numeric
+libraries and hopefully you got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and hopefully you got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and hopefully you got a lot of
+practice and that you're a way better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and that you're a way better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and that you're a way better
+programmer than you were 6 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer than you were 6 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer than you were 6 weeks
+ago a little more detailed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago a little more detailed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago a little more detailed the
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+problems the probably most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the probably most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the probably most important
+takeaway is that many important problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway is that many important problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway is that many important problems
+can be formulated in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be formulated in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be formulated in terms of an
+objective function that you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function that you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function that you either
+maximize or minimize and some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize or minimize and some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize or minimize and some set of
+constraints once you've done that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints once you've done that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints once you've done that there
+are lots of toolboxes lots of libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of toolboxes lots of libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of toolboxes lots of libraries
+that you can use to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use to solve the
+problem you wrote some optimization code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you wrote some optimization code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you wrote some optimization code
+your self but most of the time we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your self but most of the time we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your self but most of the time we don't
+solve them ourselves we just call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them ourselves we just call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them ourselves we just call them
+built-in function that does it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in function that does it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in function that does it so the
+hard part is not writing the code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is not writing the code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is not writing the code but
+doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulation we talked about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we talked about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation we talked about different
+algorithms uh greedy algorithms very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh greedy algorithms very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh greedy algorithms very
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+useful uh but often don't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh but often don't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh but often don't find the
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal
+solution so for example we looked at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so for example we looked at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so for example we looked at K
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+clustering it was was a very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering it was was a very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering it was was a very efficient
+way to find clusters but it did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to find clusters but it did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to find clusters but it did not
+necessarily find the optimal set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters we then observe that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we then observe that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we then observe that many
+optimization problems are inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential but even so dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but even so dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but even so dynamic
+programming often works and gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming often works and gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming often works and gives us an
+really fast solution and the notion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast solution and the notion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast solution and the notion here
+is this is not an approximate solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is not an approximate solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is not an approximate solution
+it's not not like using a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not like using a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not like using a greedy
+algorithm it gives you an exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it gives you an exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it gives you an exact solution
+and in many circumstances it gives it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many circumstances it gives it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many circumstances it gives it to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+quickly and the other thing I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and the other thing I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and the other thing I want you
+to take away is outside the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away is outside the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away is outside the context of
+dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+programming memoization is a generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming memoization is a generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming memoization is a generally
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+technique what we've done there is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique what we've done there is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique what we've done there is we've
+traded time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded time for
+space we compute something we save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we compute something we save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we compute something we save it
+and when we need it we look it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we need it we look it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we need it we look it up and
+that's a very common programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common programming
+technique and we looked at a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and we looked at a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and we looked at a lot of
+different examples of optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of optimization
+napsack problems several graph problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack problems several graph problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack problems several graph problems
+curve fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve fitting
+clustering uh logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering uh logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering uh logistic
+regression um those are all optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression um those are all optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression um those are all optimization
+problems can all be formulated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can all be formulated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can all be formulated as
+optimization problems so it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems so it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems so it's it's very
+powerful and fits lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and fits lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and fits lots of
+needs the next unit and of of course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the next unit and of of course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the next unit and of of course I'm
+speaking as if these things were discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as if these things were discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as if these things were discret
+in time but they're not right we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time but they're not right we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time but they're not right we talked
+about optimization at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization at the beginning and
+I talked about optimization last week so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about optimization last week so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about optimization last week so
+these things were sort of spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were sort of spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were sort of spread out
+over the term uh we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the term uh we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the term uh we talked about
+stochastic thinking and the basic notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic thinking and the basic notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic thinking and the basic notion
+here is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the world
+is non-deterministic or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-deterministic or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-deterministic or at least
+predictably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably
+non-deterministic and therefore we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic and therefore we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic and therefore we need
+to think about things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things in terms of
+probabilities most of the time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities most of the time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities most of the time or
+frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently
+and Randomness is a powerful tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Randomness is a powerful tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Randomness is a powerful tool for
+their building computations that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their building computations that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their building computations that model
+the world if you think the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world if you think the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world if you think the world is
+stochastic then you need to have ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic then you need to have ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic then you need to have ways to
+write programs that are stochastic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write programs that are stochastic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write programs that are stochastic if
+you're trying to model the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to model the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to model the world
+itself the other point we made is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the other point we made is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the other point we made is that
+random computations randomness is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random computations randomness is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random computations randomness is a
+computational technique is useful even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational technique is useful even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational technique is useful even
+for problems don't appear to involve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems don't appear to involve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems don't appear to involve any
+Randomness so we used it to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so we used it to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so we used it to find the
+value of pi we showed you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of pi we showed you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of pi we showed you can use it to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+integration there's nothing random about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration there's nothing random about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration there's nothing random about
+the value of the integral of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the integral of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the integral of a function
+yet the easiest way to solve it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the easiest way to solve it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the easiest way to solve it in a
+program is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is to use
+Randomness so Randomness is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so Randomness is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so Randomness is a very
+powerful tool and there's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool and there's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool and there's this whole
+area of random algorithms research area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of random algorithms research area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of random algorithms research area
+and practical area that's used to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practical area that's used to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practical area that's used to solve
+non probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non probabilistic
+problems all right modeling the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right modeling the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all right modeling the world
+well we just talked about part of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just talked about part of it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just talked about part of it um
+models are always inaccurate they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are always inaccurate they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are always inaccurate they're
+providing some abstraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some abstraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some abstraction of
+reality we looked at deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we looked at deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we looked at deterministic
+models uh the graph Theory models it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh the graph Theory models it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh the graph Theory models it was
+nothing nondeterministic about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nondeterministic about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing nondeterministic about the
+graphs we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we looked
+at and then we spent more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and then we spent more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and then we spent more time on
+statistical models we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models we looked at
+simulation models in particular spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation models in particular spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation models in particular spent
+quite a bit of time in Monte caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time in Monte caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time in Monte caros
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+we looked at models based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at models based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at models based on
+sampling um and there and also when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling um and there and also when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling um and there and also when we
+talked about simulation I really hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about simulation I really hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about simulation I really hope I
+emphasized enough the notion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized enough the notion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized enough the notion that we
+need to be able to characterize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to characterize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to characterize how
+believable the results are it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable the results are it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable the results are it's not good
+enough to just run a mo a program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to just run a mo a program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to just run a mo a program and
+say oh it has an answer you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh it has an answer you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh it has an answer you need to know
+whether to believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to believe the
+answer and the point we made made is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the point we made made is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the point we made made is
+it's not a binary question it's not yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a binary question it's not yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a binary question it's not yes
+it's right no it's wrong typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right no it's wrong typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right no it's wrong typically what
+we do is we have some statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we have some statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we have some statement about
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+intervals and confidence levels right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and confidence levels right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and confidence levels right we
+use two variables to describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two variables to describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two variables to describe how
+believable the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable the answer
+is um and that's an important thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and that's an important thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and that's an important thing and
+then we looked at tools we use for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at tools we use for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at tools we use for doing
+that we looked at the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at the central limit
+theorem we looked at the empirical rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we looked at the empirical rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we looked at the empirical rule
+we talked about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about different
+distributions and especially we spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and especially we spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and especially we spent a
+fair amount of time on the normal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of time on the normal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of time on the normal or
+gaussin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussin
+distribution and then finally we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then finally we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then finally we looked
+at statistical models based upon machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at statistical models based upon machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at statistical models based upon machine
+learning uh we looked at unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh we looked at unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh we looked at unsupervised
+learning uh basically just clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh basically just clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh basically just clustering
+looked at two algorithms hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at two algorithms hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at two algorithms hierarchical
+and K means and we looked at supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K means and we looked at supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K means and we looked at supervised
+learning and there we've essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and there we've essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and there we've essentially
+focused mostly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused mostly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused mostly on
+classification and we looked at two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and we looked at two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and we looked at two ways
+of doing that K nearest neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that K nearest neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that K nearest neighbors and
+logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regression finally we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression finally we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression finally we talked about
+presentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of
+data uh how to build plots utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh how to build plots utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh how to build plots utility of
+plots and recently in the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and recently in the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and recently in the last two
+lectures good and bad practices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures good and bad practices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures good and bad practices in
+presenting results about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting results about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting results about
+data all right so my summary is I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right so my summary is I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right so my summary is I hope
+that you think you've come a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think you've come a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think you've come a long way
+particularly those of how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those of how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those of how many of you
+were here in September when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here in September when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here in September when we started
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+tri1 all right most of you um yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri1 all right most of you um yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri1 all right most of you um yeah this
+by the way was a very popular ad for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way was a very popular ad for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way was a very popular ad for a
+long time saying that finally women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time saying that finally women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time saying that finally women are
+allowed to smoke isn't this great um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to smoke isn't this great um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to smoke isn't this great um and
+Virginia Slims sponsored tennis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Slims sponsored tennis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Slims sponsored tennis the
+women's tennis tour and to to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's tennis tour and to to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's tennis tour and to to show how
+good it was that women were now able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it was that women were now able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it was that women were now able to
+smoke but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke but anyway
+uh I know not everyone in this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know not everyone in this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know not everyone in this class is
+a woman so just for the men in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman so just for the men in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman so just for the men in the room
+um you too could have come a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you too could have come a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you too could have come a long way
+um you know I hope you think that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I hope you think that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I hope you think that if you
+look back at how you struggled in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back at how you struggled in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back at how you struggled in those
+early problem sets uh I hope you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early problem sets uh I hope you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early problem sets uh I hope you really
+feel that you've learned a lot about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you've learned a lot about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you've learned a lot about how
+to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build
+programs and if you spend enough time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and if you spend enough time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and if you spend enough time in
+front of a terminal this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a terminal this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a terminal this is what you get
+to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+like all right um what might might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right um what might might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right um what might might be
+next uh I should start by saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh I should start by saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh I should start by saying this is
+a hard course we know that many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard course we know that many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard course we know that many of you
+have worked hard and the staff and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked hard and the staff and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked hard and the staff and I
+really do appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do appreciate
+it uh you know your return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you know your return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you know your return on
+investment um I'd like you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um I'd like you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment um I'd like you to remember
+that you can now write programs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now write programs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now write programs to do
+useful things so you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things so you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things so you know if you're
+doing a europ you're sitting in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a europ you're sitting in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a europ you're sitting in a lab
+and you get a bunch of data from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a bunch of data from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a bunch of data from some
+experiments don't just stare at it sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments don't just stare at it sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments don't just stare at it sit
+down and write some some code to plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and write some some code to plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and write some some code to plot it
+to do something useful with it don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something useful with it don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something useful with it don't be
+afraid to write programs to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to write programs to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to write programs to help you
+out there are some courses that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are some courses that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are some courses that I think
+you're now well prepared to take um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now well prepared to take um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now well prepared to take um I've
+listed the ones I know best the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the ones I know best the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the ones I know best the courses
+in course six um 6 triple9 is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six um 6 triple9 is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in course six um 6 triple9 is a sort of
+introduction to computer science I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer science I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer science I think
+many of you will find that too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will find that too easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you will find that too easy
+after taking this course but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after taking this course but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after taking this course but maybe
+that's not a downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a downside
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+six5 is a software engineering course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six5 is a software engineering course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six5 is a software engineering course uh
+where they'll switch programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll switch programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll switch programming
+languages on you you get to program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages on you you get to program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages on you you get to program in
+Java um uh 66 is a algorithms course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java um uh 66 is a algorithms course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java um uh 66 is a algorithms course in
+in Python um and I think actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Python um and I think actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Python um and I think actually quite
+interesting and students seem to like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and students seem to like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and students seem to like it
+a lot and and learn about algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and and learn about algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and and learn about algorithms and
+implementing them and 6034 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing them and 6034 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing them and 6034 is an
+introduction to artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to artificial intelligence
+um also in Python and I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also in Python and I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also in Python and I should have
+listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed
+6036 another introduction to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6036 another introduction to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6036 another introduction to machine
+learning in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in in
+Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python
+um you should go look for an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should go look for an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should go look for an interesting
+Europe up a lot of students come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe up a lot of students come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe up a lot of students come out of
+this course and go do europs where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and go do europs where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and go do europs where they
+use what they've learned in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what they've learned in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what they've learned in this course
+and uh many of them really have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many of them really have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh many of them really have a very
+positive experience so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience so if you were
+worried that you're not ready for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that you're not ready for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that you're not ready for a
+europ uh you probably are to a Europe up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ uh you probably are to a Europe up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ uh you probably are to a Europe up
+using what's been done here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's been done here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's been done here you can
+minor in computer science this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor in computer science this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor in computer science this is now
+available for the first time this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the first time this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the first time this year
+but really if you have time you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really if you have time you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really if you have time you should
+major in computer science because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in computer science because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in computer science because it is
+really the best major on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best major on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the best major on
+campus not even close as somebody I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus not even close as somebody I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus not even close as somebody I know
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+say all right finally sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right finally sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right finally sometimes people
+ask me where I think Computing is headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me where I think Computing is headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me where I think Computing is headed
+and I'll quote one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll quote one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll quote one of my favorite
+baseball players it's tough to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball players it's tough to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball players it's tough to make
+predictions especially about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions especially about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions especially about the
+future um and instead of my predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um and instead of my predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um and instead of my predictions
+I'm going to show you the predictions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the predictions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the predictions of
+some famous people so Thomas Watson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some famous people so Thomas Watson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some famous people so Thomas Watson was
+the chairman of IBM company you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of IBM company you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chairman of IBM company you've
+probably heard of uh and he said I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of uh and he said I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard of uh and he said I think
+there's a World Market for maybe five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a World Market for maybe five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a World Market for maybe five
+computers this was in response to should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers this was in response to should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers this was in response to should
+they become a computer company which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become a computer company which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become a computer company which
+they were not at the time um he was off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not at the time um he was off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not at the time um he was off
+by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a little
+bit uh some a few years later there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh some a few years later there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh some a few years later there was
+an article in Popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in Popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in Popular
+Mechanics which was saying computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics which was saying computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics which was saying computers are
+amazing they're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing they're going to change
+enormously someday they may be no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously someday they may be no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously someday they may be no more
+than one and a half tons you might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and a half tons you might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and a half tons you might get a
+computer that's no more than 3,000 PBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's no more than 3,000 PBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's no more than 3,000 PBS
+someday so we're still waiting for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday so we're still waiting for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday so we're still waiting for that
+I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I like this one this is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like this one this is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like this one this is having
+written a book recently uh the editor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a book recently uh the editor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a book recently uh the editor in
+charge of books for Apprentice Hall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of books for Apprentice Hall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of books for Apprentice Hall I
+have traveled the length and breadth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traveled the length and breadth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have traveled the length and breadth of
+this country and talked with the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country and talked with the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country and talked with the best
+people and I can assure you the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I can assure you the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I can assure you the data
+processing is a fad that won't last out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is a fad that won't last out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is a fad that won't last out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+year um MIT had that attitude for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um MIT had that attitude for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um MIT had that attitude for a
+while for about 35 years computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for about 35 years computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for about 35 years computer
+science was in a building off-campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was in a building off-campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was in a building off-campus
+because they weren't sure we were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they weren't sure we were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they weren't sure we were here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+stay maybe that's not why but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay maybe that's not why but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay maybe that's not why but that's why
+I interpret it uh Ken Olen an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interpret it uh Ken Olen an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interpret it uh Ken Olen an MIT
+graduate I should say a course six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate I should say a course six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate I should say a course six
+graduate um was the founder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate um was the founder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate um was the founder and
+president and chair of digital Equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and chair of digital Equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and chair of digital Equipment
+Corporation which in 1977 was the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation which in 1977 was the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation which in 1977 was the second
+largest computer manufacturer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest computer manufacturer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest computer manufacturer in the
+world based in mayard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world based in mayard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world based in mayard
+Massachusetts uh none of you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts uh none of you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts uh none of you have ever
+heard of it they disappeared and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it they disappeared and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it they disappeared and this is
+in part why because Ken said there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part why because Ken said there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part why because Ken said there's no
+reason anyone would want a computer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anyone would want a computer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anyone would want a computer in
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+home and uh totally missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and uh totally missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and uh totally missed
+that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of
+computation all right finally since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all right finally since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all right finally since this
+is the end of some famous last words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end of some famous last words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end of some famous last words uh
+Douglas Fairbank senior a famous actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Fairbank senior a famous actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Fairbank senior a famous actor
+the LA this is true the last thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA this is true the last thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA this is true the last thing he
+said before he died was never felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before he died was never felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before he died was never felt
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+amazing H this is from the movie The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing H this is from the movie The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing H this is from the movie The
+Mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark of
+Zoro uh scientists or better Luther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoro uh scientists or better Luther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoro uh scientists or better Luther
+Burbank says his last words were I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burbank says his last words were I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burbank says his last words were I don't
+feel so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so good
+and uh well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not um and this is the last one uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um and this is the last one uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um and this is the last one uh John
+Sedwick was a union general in the Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sedwick was a union general in the Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sedwick was a union general in the Civil
+War this is a true story he was writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War this is a true story he was writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War this is a true story he was writing
+behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+lines and trying to Rally his men to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and trying to Rally his men to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and trying to Rally his men to to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+to not behind behind the stone walls but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not behind behind the stone walls but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not behind behind the stone walls but
+to stand up and shoot at the enemy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand up and shoot at the enemy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand up and shoot at the enemy um
+and he said they couldn't hit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they couldn't hit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they couldn't hit an
+elephant at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant at this
+distance um moments later he was shot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance um moments later he was shot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance um moments later he was shot in
+the face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face and
+died and uh I thought this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and uh I thought this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and uh I thought this was an
+apocryphal story but in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal story but in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal story but in fact there's a
+plaque at the battlefield where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaque at the battlefield where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaque at the battlefield where this
+happened uh documenting the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh documenting the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh documenting the story and
+apparently it it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it it's quite
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um so with that I'll say my last words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with that I'll say my last words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with that I'll say my last words
+for the course which is I appreciate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the course which is I appreciate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the course which is I appreciate all
+your coming and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coming and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coming and uh
+I guess you're the survivors so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you're the survivors so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you're the survivors so thank
+you for being here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being here
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ipXNYnO7yRk.txt b/ipXNYnO7yRk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e45a69b0aaf55f76fe03a980cd65a1bbd7f687b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ipXNYnO7yRk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so
+suppose you know s of x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know
+s of X at zero so what do you do next if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X at zero so what do you do next if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X at zero so what do you do next if
+you want to calculate P of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t well the first step step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculate five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate five of
+K so you have 5 of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you have 5 of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you have 5 of K
+= 1 / < TK 2 piun integral DX s of x 0 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 / < TK 2 piun integral DX s of x 0 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 / < TK 2 piun integral DX s of x 0 e
+to Theus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX so you must do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two step
+two with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now rewrite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rewrite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rewrite and
+say that P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that P of
+x0 is 1 / < TK 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is 1 / < TK 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is 1 / < TK 2
+piun d k e to the no I'm sorry 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piun d k e to the no I'm sorry 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piun d k e to the no I'm sorry 5 of
+k e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX so that has achieved a rewriting of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so that has achieved a rewriting of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so that has achieved a rewriting of s
+of x and z which was an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and z which was an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and z which was an arbitrary
+function as a superposition of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves uh step three is the most fun step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh step three is the most fun step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh step three is the most fun step
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+three you look at this and then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you look at this and then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you look at this and then you say
+well I know now what s of x and t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know now what s of x and t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know now what s of x and t is
+evolving this is as easy as doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving this is as easy as doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving this is as easy as doing
+nothing what I must do here is 1 / < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing what I must do here is 1 / < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing what I must do here is 1 / < TK
+2 pi just copy this this d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi just copy this this d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi just copy this this d
+k 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 5 of
+k e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k e to the I
+KX and I put here minus Omega of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and I put here minus Omega of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and I put here minus Omega of
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+T and I remind you that H bar Omega of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and I remind you that H bar Omega of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and I remind you that H bar Omega of K
+is the energy and it's it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy and it's it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy and it's it's equal to
+h^2 k^ 2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 k^ 2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 k^ 2 / 2
+m this is our free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this is our free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this is our free
+particle and I claim that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and I claim that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and I claim that just by
+writing this I've solve the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this I've solve the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this I've solve the shinger
+equation and I've time devolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I've time devolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I've time devolved
+everything the answer is there I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the answer is there I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the answer is there I I
+didn't have to solve the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to solve the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to solve the differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+or that's it that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's it that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's it that's the answer
+claim this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer and uh the reason is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important if you come equi with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you come equi with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you come equi with a
+shinger equation uh what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation uh what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation uh what should you
+check that I H Bar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I H Bar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that I H Bar D
+DT is equal to H which is min - h²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to H which is min - h²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to H which is min - h²
+2 m the second D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m the second D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m the second D
+x² well you can act with I DDT and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² well you can act with I DDT and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² well you can act with I DDT and on
+this thing and you remember all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you remember all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and you remember all that
+happens is that it all concentrates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that it all concentrates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that it all concentrates on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing and it solves this because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it solves this because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it solves this because it's a
+plane wave so this thing this P of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so this thing this P of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so this thing this P of x and
+t solves a shular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t solves a shular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t solves a shular equation
+it's a superposition of plain ways Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of plain ways Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of plain ways Each
+of which solves the free sh anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which solves the free sh anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which solves the free sh anger
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+so we also mention that since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also mention that since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also mention that since the
+shinger equation is first order in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is first order in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is first order in time
+if you know the wave function at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the wave function at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the wave function at one
+time and you solve it you get the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you solve it you get the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you solve it you get the wave
+function at any time so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at any time so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at any time so here is a
+solution that is a a solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is a a solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is a a solution of the
+shinger equations but at time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equations but at time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equations but at time equals
+Z this is zero and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is zero and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is zero and it
+reduces to P of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to P of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to P of X and
+Zer so it has the right condition not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so it has the right condition not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so it has the right condition not
+only solves a shular equation but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solves a shular equation but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only solves a shular equation but it
+reduces to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the right
+thing so it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it is the
+answer and uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say we could say that there's a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could say that there's a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could say that there's a step
+four which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh step four would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be do the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and sometimes it's possible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and sometimes it's possible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and sometimes it's possible you
+see um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um in
+here once you have this five of K maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once you have this five of K maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once you have this five of K maybe
+you can just look at it and see oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just look at it and see oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just look at it and see oh yeah
+I can do this K integral and get S of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this K integral and get S of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this K integral and get S of X
+and zero recover what I know uh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero recover what I know uh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero recover what I know uh I know
+how to do this integral is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this integral is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this integral is a little
+harder because K appears a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder because K appears a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder because K appears a little more
+complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but
+uh but it has the whole answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it has the whole answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it has the whole answer to the
+problem I think one should definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think one should definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think one should definitely
+focus on this and appreciate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this and appreciate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this and appreciate that with
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+effort and Furious theorem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and Furious theorem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and Furious theorem you're
+managing to solve the propagation of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to solve the propagation of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to solve the propagation of any
+initial wave function for all times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wave function for all times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wave function for all times so
+uh there will be an exercise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there will be an exercise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there will be an exercise in the
+homework uh which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolving the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gussan gussan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan gussan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan gussan
+so you take a a of X and time equal Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a a of X and time equal Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a a of X and time equal Z to
+be e to the- x^2 over 4 a 2 over 2 piun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e to the- x^2 over 4 a 2 over 2 piun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e to the- x^2 over 4 a 2 over 2 piun
+to the 1 quter that's for normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 quter that's for normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1 quter that's for normalization
+square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+a and so what is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so what is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so what is this this is
+a that is a gaussian and the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is a gaussian and the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is a gaussian and the uncertainty
+is roughly a is that right Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly a is that right Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly a is that right Delta X is
+about a because that controls the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a because that controls the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a because that controls the width
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gaan and now you have a gaussian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan and now you have a gaussian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan and now you have a gaussian that
+you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to
+evolve and what's it what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and what's it what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and what's it what's going to
+happen with it this Gan as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with it this Gan as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with it this Gan as
+written doesn't have doesn't represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written doesn't have doesn't represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written doesn't have doesn't represent a
+move moving gussan um to be a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move moving gussan um to be a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move moving gussan um to be a moving
+gussan you would like to see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan you would like to see maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussan you would like to see maybe
+things of the form e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the form e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of the form e to the I
+PX that represent waves with momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX that represent waves with momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX that represent waves with momentum so
+I don't see anything like that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see anything like that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see anything like that in this
+wave function so this must be a gussan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so this must be a gussan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so this must be a gussan
+that is just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just sitting
+here and what is it going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what is it going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what is it going to do in
+time well it's presumably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well it's presumably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well it's presumably going to
+spread out so the width is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out so the width is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out so the width is going to
+change in time there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time there's going to be a
+time in which the shape changes will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which the shape changes will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which the shape changes will it
+be similar to what you have here yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to what you have here yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to what you have here yes the
+the time will be related so time for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time will be related so time for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time will be related so time for for
+changes so there will be some relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so there will be some relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so there will be some relevant
+time in this problem that for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this problem that for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this problem that for which the
+width starts to change and it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width starts to change and it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width starts to change and it will be
+related to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to m
+a s over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a s over H
+bar in fact you will find that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in fact you will find that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in fact you will find that with a
+two the formulas look very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the formulas look very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the formulas look very very
+neat and uh that's the relevant time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and uh that's the relevant time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat and uh that's the relevant time for
+deformation of the gaussian so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation of the gaussian so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation of the gaussian so you will
+do those four steps they're all doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those four steps they're all doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those four steps they're all doable
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+gaussians and um you'll find the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians and um you'll find the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians and um you'll find the F
+transform which is another gaussian then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which is another gaussian then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which is another gaussian then
+you will put the WR things and then try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will put the WR things and then try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will put the WR things and then try
+to do the integral back uh the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the integral back uh the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the integral back uh the answer is
+a bit messy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit messy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit messy for
+p but not messy for P Squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but not messy for P Squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but not messy for P Squared which is
+what uh we typically ask you to find
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j1ADxLi1wYg.txt b/j1ADxLi1wYg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44bda727e7e0367001fa06e23775a78adcbe7137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j1ADxLi1wYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2815 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome
+back, and today I'm
+
+going to do for you three
+problems all related
+
+to driven harmonic oscillators.
+
+Now one of the
+things you'll notice
+
+as I'm doing these
+problems, that it seems
+
+I'm doing the same thing
+over and over again.
+
+You may have also noticed
+that in the other problems
+
+I did earlier for you
+in harmonic oscillators,
+
+et cetera.
+
+So at this stage, I have to
+remind you about something.
+
+This is no accident
+that it is like that.
+
+It's to do with the
+scientific method,
+
+and I would want to
+briefly remind you
+
+about how we are
+solving problems.
+
+Here is a diagram of
+a generic problem.
+
+What does it consists of?
+
+A typical problem is we are
+told of a physical situation
+
+in words, ordinary language.
+
+And in ordinary language, we
+are asked questions about given
+
+that physical
+situation, what will
+
+happen as a function of time?
+
+What kind of emotion it
+has, questions of that kind.
+
+What problem solving is,
+doing the scientific method,
+
+is the following.
+
+The first thing we have to do
+is, by studying this situation
+
+and using the laws
+of nature, describing
+
+the physical situation in terms
+of mathematical equations.
+
+This is always possible.
+
+So starting with as I
+say this description,
+
+using laws of nature, we
+end up with a description
+
+in terms of
+mathematical equations.
+
+The next thing we
+do is, we now forget
+
+that this has anything
+to do with physics.
+
+We have a set of
+mathematical equations,
+
+which we have to solve.
+
+This is mathematics.
+
+We use mathematics to
+solve this problem.
+
+All right?
+
+Once we have found the solution
+to this mathematical equation,
+
+there's only one thing
+left, we identify the answer
+
+with the questions
+posed in the problem.
+
+So understanding
+of physics comes
+
+in this step, which I call
+step 1, and in the last one.
+
+The middle one, step
+2, is pure mathematics.
+
+Now, it so happens that if
+you take all driven harmonic
+
+oscillators, the mathematics
+that you end up with
+
+is identical.
+
+In other words, if I look at
+the description of the problem
+
+in mathematical terms, I cannot
+tell you which problem that
+
+description belongs.
+
+That's a generic description
+of many, many, many situations.
+
+Today I'll take three of them,
+but all three situations,
+
+all three problems--
+although to you, they
+
+may look completely different--
+after I've translated them
+
+in terms of mathematical
+equations, are identical.
+
+And so it's not surprising
+that from here on when we then
+
+try to solve them, et cetera,
+we are doing the same problem,
+
+or at least it appears so.
+
+Having said that,
+let's immediately
+
+dive in and take
+one of the problems.
+
+So the first problem
+I'm going to consider
+
+is an idealized-driven
+RLC circuit.
+
+Why do I see idealized?
+
+Because as I've
+mentioned before,
+
+in real life situations,
+things extremely complicated,
+
+and if you take
+everything into account,
+
+it will take you
+essentially forever
+
+to get an exact solution.
+
+But we're often not most
+of the time not interested
+
+in the very exact one.
+
+So we simplify a
+physical situation
+
+to the bear essential parts
+and solve that problem.
+
+So this is a problem where
+you have a circuit consisting
+
+all a capacitance,
+inductance, and a resistance,
+
+in series, which is driven by
+an alternating voltage source V0
+
+cosine omega t.
+
+Before time t equals 0, I'm
+assuming the circuit is open.
+
+In other words, there
+is no charges anywhere,
+
+no current flowing.
+
+At t equals 0, we
+close the circuit
+
+so the charge on the
+capacitor t equals 0, is 0.
+
+The current flowing
+in the circuit is 0.
+
+All right?
+
+And the question
+we want to answer
+
+is, what will the current be
+in the circuit at some time t
+
+a specific one, in 17 seconds
+or whatever, some specific time.
+
+Since this is
+completely specified,
+
+I can predict what will happen.
+
+That's what it means in this
+case solving this problem.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+So we are now entering step 1.
+
+We're going to take
+the physical situation
+
+and convert it to a description
+in terms of mathematics.
+
+This is the conceptually
+hardest step of any problem.
+
+It is the one where you need
+to understand the physics.
+
+It may not necessarily be
+the hardest or the longest.
+
+Often the solution
+of the equations
+
+are incredibly tedious and
+long and take all your time.
+
+But they are
+routine mathematics.
+
+Here you've got to
+conceptualize what's going on
+
+and translate it as I say to
+the language of mathematics.
+
+So in the case of I've
+had have to define
+
+coordinates for this problem.
+
+So what I have is, I'll assume
+that at some instant of time
+
+that in this
+circuit, it's closed
+
+because it's past
+equal to 0, there
+
+is a current I flowing that
+on this capacitor on the left
+
+there is plus charge
+Q and minus charge
+
+Q on the right side
+that is this inductance.
+
+And over here, we have an
+alternating potential applied.
+
+Now I have to be very specific
+at any instant of time which
+
+side is positive and negative.
+
+I'll assume that t equals 0.
+
+It's 0 over here,
+and at this point
+
+here, it's plus
+V0 cosine omega t.
+
+So these are the
+coordinates of this problem.
+
+And now what drives the current?
+
+What decides what happens here?
+
+What are the law of
+natures applicable?
+
+In this case, are the Maxwell's
+equations or to be specific,
+
+the Faraday equation.
+
+All right?
+
+One more thing I should add
+that I is a current here flowing
+
+charge by conservation
+of charge.
+
+It's law of physics.
+
+The current at the
+instant of time,
+
+will be equal to the rate
+of change of the charge.
+
+So at the instant time,
+I is, in my language,
+
+Q with a dot on top of it.
+
+This is plus because
+of the way in which I
+
+define my coordinates.
+
+Beware if you by
+mistake say suppose
+
+I define my coordinates this
+being minus and this plus,
+
+then this equation
+would be a minus here,
+
+conservation of charge.
+
+But with the way I've
+defined these coordinates,
+
+this is plus.
+
+So that's one.
+
+Next I said what
+the law of nature
+
+which governs the
+motion of the charges
+
+is the Faraday's
+law, which states
+
+that if I take the line
+integral of the electric field
+
+around a closed
+loop, that's this,
+
+it equals to minus
+the rate of change
+
+of total magnetic flux
+linking this circuit,
+
+going through this circuit.
+
+Now, you know that the
+magnetic flux through a circuit
+
+is equal to the current
+times the self-inductance
+
+of that circuit or the total
+inductance in that circuit.
+
+So taking this law of
+nature, this law of nature,
+
+I can now translate
+this into mathematics,
+
+and that's what I'm going to do.
+
+So first I'm going to take
+the line integral of E dl
+
+around this circuit.
+
+If I go around
+from here to here,
+
+this is positive
+relative to this point,
+
+so the electric field
+from here to here
+
+will be in this direction, and
+so the line integral of E dl
+
+along here will be minus, and
+by definition of a voltage,
+
+it will be just minus
+the voltage drop
+
+across here, which
+is V0 cosine omega t.
+
+So this is minus
+V0 cosine omega t.
+
+I continue going around.
+
+From here to here, the electric
+field is in this direction.
+
+And so that will be
+the integral V dl
+
+is Q over C, that's from the
+definition of a capacitance,
+
+of course.
+
+Then as we go around in
+these idealized diagrams,
+
+all wires have 0 resistance and
+therefore there cannot be field
+
+in them.
+
+That's why there's no
+contribution to this
+
+from the field inside the wires.
+
+I continue.
+
+This inductance is
+just coiled wire,
+
+so there's still no contribution
+to this in the L. I continue.
+
+Here I know there is a current
+flowing like this means
+
+the reason the electric
+field in this direction
+
+and once again knowing the
+definition of our Ohms law,
+
+I get that the integral of
+the electric fields from here
+
+to here is I times R.
+
+So this is this
+quantity, the integral
+
+of the electric field
+around this closed loop.
+
+That must equal by Faraday's
+law to minus the rate of change
+
+of magnetic flux,
+which is minus L dI dt.
+
+We're almost finished.
+
+Now we do algebra.
+
+We're playing around.
+
+I can rewrite this like this
+knowing that the current is
+
+the rate of change of Q, and
+the rate of change of current
+
+is the second derivative.
+
+So this is just
+straightforward algebra.
+
+Now, I'm going to rewrite
+just moving terms around
+
+to make it look in
+the way I prefer.
+
+And so I've rewritten this
+equation now in this form.
+
+And now, I will just
+redefine some constants
+
+so that I recognize
+the equation better.
+
+So I will define R over
+L by a constant gamma.
+
+And I will define 1 over LC by
+the constant omega 0 squared.
+
+And I define V0 L
+by the constant f.
+
+And so this equation
+rewritten looks like that.
+
+Eureka.
+
+This is an equation I've
+seen millions of times,
+
+and I know how to solve it.
+
+So what we've done is, we've
+taken this physical situation,
+
+translated it into a
+mathematical equation.
+
+This is the equation
+of motion, this just
+
+defines the constants, and this
+is the boundary conditions.
+
+It tells us that in
+our particular problem,
+
+we switch that
+circuit at t equals 0.
+
+At that time, what
+was the condition
+
+of the current and charge?
+
+So Q at 0 we said was 0.
+
+Q dot at 0 was 0.
+
+This completely, mathematically
+defines that problem.
+
+This is the mathematical
+description of this problem.
+
+From now on, I don't
+have to even remember
+
+that this has anything
+to do with physics.
+
+This is now a problem
+in mathematics.
+
+What is the solution
+of this equation
+
+satisfying these
+boundary conditions?
+
+We'll do that later.
+
+I'm now going to immediately
+go to the next problem.
+
+See in each case,
+I've done the physics.
+
+This is the end of the
+physics in essence.
+
+From now on, I just
+have to do mathematics.
+
+So let me take the next
+problem, a different one.
+
+It seems completely different.
+
+Here we were dealing with
+charges, currents, circuits, et
+
+cetera, and now I'm going
+to look at the physical one.
+
+I could even bring you
+a model of that problem.
+
+What I'm going to consider
+here is an ideal pendulum,
+
+simple pendulum, ideal, which
+is a heavy mass, considered
+
+to be a point mass, a
+string, which is considered
+
+to be always taught
+but yet massless.
+
+So it's an ideal pendulum.
+
+What I have here is an
+approximation to an ideal one,
+
+and if I understand
+what the ideal one does,
+
+this in reality, will you do
+something pretty close to it.
+
+And so what I'm
+going to consider,
+
+I am going to be oscillating
+my hand backwards and forwards
+
+sinusoidally starting this
+at some definite time,
+
+and I'll try to predict
+the motion of this.
+
+And notice I can make all
+sorts of motion out of this.
+
+If I do it slowly, look,
+my hand and the ball
+
+are going in the same direction.
+
+If I go fast, they're going
+in opposite direction.
+
+And the way this is
+oscillating is different,
+
+depends on how I am moving
+my hand backward and forward.
+
+So let me tell you
+very precisely what is
+
+this idealized situation which
+I am trying to solve and predict
+
+what will happen.
+
+So I have this ideal pendulum.
+
+It has a length, L, mass, m.
+
+It's in the vertical plane.
+
+Gravity is down there.
+
+At one end of the string,
+I will be moving my hand
+
+in perfect sinusoidal fashion.
+
+It will have an amplitude of
+x0 and angular frequency omega,
+
+so it's x0 sine omega t.
+
+I am making the
+following assumptions,
+
+that's why it's idealized.
+
+I'm assuming it's
+a massless string.
+
+I'm assuming it's always taught.
+
+I'm going to assume that it's
+all making small oscillations
+
+so that if in any
+calculation, I can take a sine
+
+to be an angle to be
+equal to the angle.
+
+Furthermore I'm going to assume
+that there is a bit of drag,
+
+there is friction,
+and I will assume
+
+that the frictional
+force on this that mass
+
+is proportional to the
+velocity, and the constant
+
+of that velocity is B. Now
+you ask me, why choose that?
+
+Well, the simple
+answer is, I want
+
+to find this situation
+when I know I can solve it.
+
+And I know how to
+solve this problem
+
+if it's proportional
+to velocity.
+
+If it's something
+more complicated,
+
+then the equation may
+be correct at the end,
+
+but I will not be able to
+just like that on the board,
+
+solve it for you.
+
+I could do it numerically,
+use a computer, et cetera,
+
+but at the same time, I know
+that if I have something which
+
+is very close to being what
+the actual situation is,
+
+the prediction of the real world
+compared to this idealized one
+
+will not be very different.
+
+Qualitatively, I will
+get a good understanding
+
+of what's going on.
+
+So this is the assumption,
+and what is the question?
+
+What do I want to predict?
+
+I want to now take a
+very specific situation.
+
+I want to take a situation
+that at t equals 0 initially,
+
+the mass is stationary, and
+it's exactly below my hand,
+
+but my hand is not
+stationary, it's moving.
+
+So I am moving this backwards
+and forwards sinusoidally,
+
+all right?
+
+And in the instant, when
+my hand is over the ball,
+
+I let go of the ball and
+then I continue moving it.
+
+So I have specified this exactly
+what this ball is doing at t
+
+equals 0, what my
+hand is doing, and I
+
+want to predict what will happen
+at some arbitrary later time.
+
+So my question is
+what will happen,
+
+and this time to make it a
+little more interesting also,
+
+I want to know in qualitative
+terms what kind of motion
+
+will it have if I move
+this slowly and quickly
+
+and check against
+reality at the end.
+
+And [? originally ?]
+I could tell you
+
+that things are different
+when I'm doing it slowly.
+
+As I told you before,
+if I do this slowly
+
+like this, my hand and the ball
+going in the same direction.
+
+If I go fast, I can make them
+go in opposite directions.
+
+All that should
+come out of this.
+
+So the part of the question
+is to qualitatively understand
+
+this phenomenon.
+
+So that's my problem number 2.
+
+The third problem
+that I'm going to do.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I haven't done it.
+
+That's what I want to
+do, and I have to do it.
+
+I wanted to get the exact things
+over quicker, but no such luck.
+
+Now, I'm going to
+solve this problem.
+
+So back again.
+
+Look at that diagram and
+what's the first thing to do.
+
+Step 1 use the laws of nature
+to restate this problem
+
+in terms of math and
+language of mathematics.
+
+That's what we have to do.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's go a little fast.
+
+So I have to define
+some coordinate system
+
+so I redraw my
+picture and now I'm
+
+going to tell you that I'll take
+some vertical stationary axis
+
+here, and I'll say it
+instant t, this mass
+
+is at some position, y.
+
+My hand holding
+here is at position
+
+is at x0 sine omega t, time t.
+
+Fine.
+
+That this string is taught.
+
+I said the assumption
+is it's massless
+
+so therefore it
+has to be taught.
+
+That's one of the reasons why
+we have to make a massless.
+
+If it wasn't massless, it could
+start getting kinks and I'll be
+
+doing this, but the
+massless one cannot,
+
+and that's a good question for
+you to think why that statement
+
+is correct.
+
+It's nontrivial.
+
+All right.
+
+Then at some instant of time,
+this angle I'll called theta.
+
+And now this is a
+problem in dynamics.
+
+Basically, I can draw my free
+body diagram, a force diagram.
+
+I have this force, mass m.
+
+What forces are acting on it?
+
+Well, there is gravity
+pulling it down, the force mg.
+
+There is a frictional
+force which
+
+we assume will be
+proportional to the velocity,
+
+so this is the
+frictional force which
+
+will be minus b
+times the velocity.
+
+There will be a tension
+in this string pulling it
+
+in that direction.
+
+And the sum of forces, by
+Newton's laws of motion,
+
+will give rise to
+the acceleration.
+
+The acceleration
+will be net force
+
+divided by C inertia, the
+system which is the mass.
+
+We have now experience.
+
+I'm not going to go slowly.
+
+I'll immediately take
+the components of forces.
+
+First let me consider
+vertical motion.
+
+I told you the angle is small.
+
+If I make the angle
+sufficiently small
+
+and that ball is oscillating,
+it is not moving up and down.
+
+The distance is tiny
+insignificant in this problem.
+
+So I can ignore the
+vertical motion.
+
+So the vertical
+acceleration is 0.
+
+The net vertical force
+here is the component
+
+of t in the up direction
+which is t cosine
+
+theta minus the gravity
+down, and that's
+
+equal to 0, no acceleration.
+
+Therefore t is mg.
+
+T is the tension in this string.
+
+How about horizontal?
+
+For horizontal motion, I
+have the horizontal component
+
+of this tension here
+which is t sine theta.
+
+This is theta, so t sine theta
+is the horizontal component.
+
+Now, this is moving
+here, therefore,
+
+there will be a frictional
+force proportional to that.
+
+So that's minus, this is
+the velocity, times b,
+
+so this is the frictional force.
+
+It's always minus, it's
+always in opposition
+
+to the actual velocity.
+
+And that by Newton's
+law is equal to mass
+
+times the horizontal
+acceleration.
+
+Beware of my symbols.
+
+This whole problem for me
+is really in one dimension.
+
+So I called x the horizontal
+motion of my hand,
+
+and I'm calling y the
+horizontal motion of the mass.
+
+This has nothing to do
+with x, y, z, one being
+
+up and the other horizontal.
+
+It's all horizontal.
+
+I had a choice.
+
+I could have called
+this x1 and this x2.
+
+I chose to call them x and y.
+
+You're smart enough to
+figure the difference,
+
+to follow that kind
+of terminology.
+
+So now I can rewrite this.
+
+I know what sine theta is
+if I look at this diagram.
+
+Sine theta is simply
+equal to the distance.
+
+It's x minus y.
+
+It's sine theta.
+
+This angle equals, I
+should draw this here.
+
+This angle equals that
+one, so sine theta
+
+is this distance
+divided by that length,
+
+and this distance
+is x minus y over l.
+
+So this is sine theta
+minus by equals this.
+
+Quickly, I can play
+with the algebra,
+
+and I end up with this equation.
+
+And lo and behold,
+Eureka, once again I
+
+get almost the same equation.
+
+I purposely chose it so it
+didn't come out exactly right.
+
+Before I ended up
+with a cosine, now I
+
+have ended up with a sine.
+
+Intention.
+
+All right.
+
+So to show that something which
+seems different often is not.
+
+So rewriting this in terms
+of constant, which I like,
+
+I do the same as before.
+
+I define this b over m as
+gamma, this g over l as omega
+
+squared, this thing
+here as f, and I end up
+
+with this equation where
+the constants are here
+
+and the initial conditions
+are that the position
+
+of this mass at time 0 is 0,
+and that the velocity was 0.
+
+You remember I considered
+the mass being stationary.
+
+This is now a set of
+mathematical equations.
+
+I have described this problem
+in terms of mathematics.
+
+From now on, I can
+forget that this
+
+has anything to do
+with that problem.
+
+I have to solve now a
+mathematical problem.
+
+Finally.
+
+One more.
+
+Let me consider
+one more problem,
+
+and once we've done all
+three, at least part
+
+of step 1 of all three we'll go
+and solve them all in one go.
+
+And I repeat what I've done
+here I've done all the physics.
+
+This is the part which
+causes most difficulty,
+
+needs most understanding of the
+physical situation, et cetera.
+
+It may or may not
+take a very long time.
+
+The next step is
+routine mathematics,
+
+which can be the part which
+takes you a whole night solving
+
+because you make
+algebraic errors,
+
+and you sweat and you
+go back, et cetera.
+
+That's the part you may be
+cursing when you're doing it,
+
+but it is routine from then on.
+
+It doesn't need an
+understanding of the physics
+
+of the situation, and what I'm
+trying to help you understand
+
+is physics, not
+mathematics at this stage.
+
+So let's take another
+problem, which
+
+again, seems
+completely different.
+
+All right.
+
+Here it's a seismograph,
+in other words,
+
+a device for detecting
+tremors of the Earth.
+
+And the following would work.
+
+Take attached to
+the floor a spring.
+
+Put the mass, m, on it,
+and just look at the mass
+
+how it's behaving.
+
+If the Earth starts
+oscillating, an earthquake,
+
+the mass will oscillate.
+
+How much it oscillates
+will give you
+
+a measure of how badly
+the Earth is oscillating.
+
+So I'm going to here do
+an idealized seismograph.
+
+I will model it by a mass, m,
+sitting on top of a massless,
+
+ideal spring, which is
+attached to the floor.
+
+I will idealize the
+earthquake and saying
+
+it's oscillating with
+a single frequency
+
+with a single amplitude.
+
+The floor is oscillating by
+an amplitude y0 sine omega t.
+
+It's oscillating.
+
+So my assumptions are this
+spring is ideal massless.
+
+The base, Hooke's law,
+that's the ideal part.
+
+I will again assume that
+there is a damping, which
+
+will be proportional to the
+velocity, for the same reasons
+
+as I took the other one to
+be proportional to velocity.
+
+And the question
+this time will be
+
+not to predict where that mass
+is at a given interval of time,
+
+but the question is, for
+what values of the mass
+
+and the spring
+constant, k, will I
+
+get the most
+sensitive instrument?
+
+So this seems
+completely different
+
+and the question seems different
+the other ones et cetera,
+
+but as you will see
+it all boils down
+
+to one and the same question.
+
+So how do we do this?
+
+So now let me come
+down to step 1,
+
+understanding the
+situation, the problem
+
+in terms of mathematics.
+
+All right.
+
+So I've re-drawn
+here the situation.
+
+This is my coordinate
+system of the problem.
+
+The surface of the floor,
+I'll assume it's here.
+
+It's moving.
+
+It is not a good
+reference place.
+
+It's moving.
+
+All right.
+
+So it's here.
+
+The mass, m, is there
+attached to the spring
+
+of natural length, l0,
+spring constant, k.
+
+There is the mass sitting on it.
+
+Now, we've got to take a
+coordinate system which
+
+isn't moving.
+
+Got to have an inertial one.
+
+The surface of the Earth
+is no good for this.
+
+It's vibrating.
+
+So the best thing we
+have are the fixed stars.
+
+So let's take the fixed
+stars as a reference.
+
+So this is a height
+in that room, which
+
+is fixed in position
+relative to the fixed stars.
+
+Now, the surface of the Earth
+can be moving relative to that,
+
+and I am making the assumption
+it's moving sinusoidally
+
+with amplitude y0.
+
+So this is the floor, position
+of the floor at time, t.
+
+The mass relative to this,
+which I defined as my y equal 0,
+
+is at position y of m.
+
+So this now is again
+a problem in dynamics,
+
+a mass with forces acting on
+it, what is the acceleration,
+
+and what is the solution
+of the dynamic equation,
+
+the equation of motion.
+
+So the force diagram
+or free body diagram
+
+is a point mass, m, with a
+force fg due to gravity on it,
+
+a force, f, due to the
+spring acting on it,
+
+and I forgot to put this.
+
+Of course, there will be a
+force here due to friction
+
+acting on it.
+
+This is probably not a
+good place to draw it.
+
+Let me draw it so it
+doesn't confuse you.
+
+I'll draw it next
+to this, friction.
+
+So these are in same
+direction et cetera.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let's use
+Newton's laws of motion,
+
+f equals ma, and
+relate the forces
+
+to the resulting acceleration.
+
+So first of all what is
+the net up-going force?
+
+I'm taking a coordinate system
+where this is a one dimensional
+
+problem, so I don't
+have to use vectors.
+
+I'll consider just
+the magnitude.
+
+My positive force is upwards.
+
+So at any instant
+of time, this mass
+
+will have a force due to the
+spring and it will depend.
+
+If this spring is compressed,
+the force will be up.
+
+If it's elongated, stretched,
+the force will be down.
+
+And the magnitude would be
+k times the change of length
+
+from the natural length,
+so the upward force
+
+will be the difference
+between those two subtracted
+
+from the natural length.
+
+So k times the natural length
+minus this quantity, which
+
+is the difference
+between this and this,
+
+which therefore this is how
+much the string is compressed,
+
+how much is compressed
+and is forced upwards.
+
+If this is a positive
+number, it's a negative one,
+
+it's stretched, it's
+putting it down.
+
+So this is the force
+up due to the spring,
+
+this is the force
+down due to gravity,
+
+and this is the force in
+opposition to the velocity.
+
+I don't know whether
+it's up or down.
+
+It depends which way it's
+moving due to the friction.
+
+This is the net
+force, and that's
+
+got to be equal to the
+inertia of the system, which
+
+is the mass times the
+acceleration of it
+
+to the upward direction.
+
+And I told you this spring
+is massless, et cetera,
+
+so I don't have to
+take into account
+
+the motion of the spring.
+
+And that's why I have to
+take an idealized situation.
+
+Back now to algebra.
+
+From here, I manipulate
+this, and I end up
+
+with this equation.
+
+You can do the same,
+and I've replaced
+
+for example, the motion of
+the floor by y0 sine omega t,
+
+et cetera, from here.
+
+And at first I say, oh, hell.
+
+This looks different than the
+one equation I've seen before.
+
+But then I don't have to be an
+Einstein to realize, hold on.
+
+If I redefine this as my
+variable, in other words,
+
+if I take define y as ym plus mg
+over k minus l0, this quantity,
+
+the rate of change of y is
+the rate of change of ym
+
+because these are constants,
+and the second derivative of y
+
+is the second derivative
+of this, is a constant.
+
+And therefore, I can
+rewrite the equation
+
+as well y double dot plus
+gamma y dot plus omega 0
+
+squared y is equal to a
+constant and sine omega t
+
+where these constants are
+written here from this equation
+
+and I redefine my variable.
+
+And now, Eureka, I'm back
+again to the same problem.
+
+So once, again, what we've done.
+
+We've taken a physical situation
+and a physical question
+
+from our understanding
+of the laws of nature
+
+which apply to that situation.
+
+We have translated it to
+a problem in mathematics.
+
+And here it is.
+
+That's the problem,
+and I can now,
+
+at least for the
+next few minutes,
+
+forget that this is
+physics, treat it
+
+as a problem in mathematics.
+
+And that's what I'll do
+it now, but first I've
+
+got to make some
+room for myself.
+
+I have nowhere to write, so
+I have to erase some things,
+
+and we'll continue
+in a few minutes.
+
+All right.
+
+We've erased the boards, and
+we can therefore continue.
+
+Let me remind you
+what we have shown
+
+is we've taken three completely
+different systems, described
+
+them in terms of mathematics.
+
+The three systems with
+an electrical circuit,
+
+an RLC circuit.
+
+We took a pendulum, driven on
+a pendulum, and a seismograph.
+
+Each one of these ended up
+with almost identical equation.
+
+In fact, the only
+difference is one of them
+
+ended up with a cosine here,
+the other two with a sine.
+
+I will comment about
+that in a second.
+
+We are now, forgetting
+about the physics,
+
+we are now in the
+world of mathematics.
+
+These equations of
+motion need to be
+
+solved if we are to
+predict what will
+
+happen in those situations.
+
+Now, there are many ways of
+solving differential equations.
+
+It is not my job
+to teach you how
+
+to solve differential equations.
+
+For an example, you can go
+to the lectures of Professor
+
+Walter Lewin, and
+he does illustrate
+
+how one can solve these
+using complex amplitudes.
+
+I am satisfied if I
+find the solutions.
+
+I don't care how.
+
+I can take them
+from what he did,
+
+I can take them from a book
+of mathematics, et cetera,
+
+and what you will
+find is that if you
+
+have a generic second
+ordered differential
+
+equation of this
+form, it has solution
+
+which looks like this, the
+most general solution that
+
+looks like that.
+
+There is no other solution
+in the universe which
+
+is not represented
+by this equation.
+
+You can manipulate it,
+make it look different,
+
+but it will boil down
+to this equation.
+
+How do I know that?
+
+Because of something
+I mentioned earlier,
+
+the so-called
+uniqueness theorem.
+
+This is a second order
+differential equation.
+
+This equation satisfies it.
+
+Try it, take it,
+differentiate it twice this,
+
+et cetera, u
+[? dissatisfied. ?] Furthermore,
+
+it has two arbitrary constants.
+
+This C can be anything and
+this phi can be anything.
+
+They are arbitrary.
+
+Everything else in this equation
+is completely determined.
+
+For example, a of
+omega depends on omega.
+
+This amplitude, a,
+is equal to f divided
+
+by the square root of omega
+0 squared minus omega squared
+
+0 squared plus gamma
+omega 0 squared.
+
+All these constants--
+omega, gamma, f, omega 0--
+
+are known in each
+of the problems.
+
+Let me just as an example
+take the last problem we
+
+did When we derived
+the equation of motion,
+
+we furthermore knew exactly
+what each one of those constants
+
+meant.
+
+They are known, so I don't
+need to solve for them.
+
+So a of omega is this quantity.
+
+The delta, the phase there
+is, again, a known quantity.
+
+The time of delta is this.
+
+It is only under
+these conditions
+
+that this satisfies
+that equation.
+
+And find the omega prime here
+also is a known quantity.
+
+Nothing here is unknown.
+
+The only unknowns are
+the C, and the phi,
+
+and they are
+arbitrary constants.
+
+This works for any value
+of C and any value of phi.
+
+Now, one more comment.
+
+These look equations.
+
+One looks like a
+cosine theta sine.
+
+If you stop and
+think for a second,
+
+they're actually one
+and the same equation
+
+where you've
+redefined what is t 0.
+
+So by just changing the phase
+of this, you'll get to this.
+
+You've changed it by 90 degrees.
+
+Just redefine what
+t0 is, your clock,
+
+and you'll get
+from this to that.
+
+So if this equation
+I've written here
+
+is a solution to
+the cosine part,
+
+if my driver has this
+phase, in other words,
+
+sine omega t, then the answer
+will be displaced with respect
+
+to this one by that same thing.
+
+Instead of having a cosine
+here, you have a sign.
+
+So from my perspective, these
+two are identical equations,
+
+and the solution for
+them is identical.
+
+It's also worth looking at what
+the mathematics of this looks
+
+like.
+
+What this looks like is the
+solution to these equations
+
+is some function with a certain
+amplitude, which is oscillatory
+
+with the same frequency
+as the driver.
+
+So this is just an
+oscillatory function.
+
+It's got a different
+phase to that.
+
+They lag will lead
+it, different phase,
+
+but it's just constant
+amplitude oscillatory function.
+
+Added to it is another
+oscillatory function
+
+with a slightly
+different frequency,
+
+but which with time decays,
+because of this e to the minus
+
+gamma over 2t.
+
+And by the way, one more
+thing I should just emphasize.
+
+In writing this solution,
+I've made the assumption
+
+that this oscillator does oscil.
+
+You're driving something
+which oscillates and is
+
+an overdamped
+system in which case
+
+this term here would be
+different and not interesting
+
+when normally you wouldn't drive
+things and be interested in how
+
+it responds if it's
+incredibly damped system.
+
+So I am making the
+assumption that this
+
+is an underdamped system, which
+means that this quantity here
+
+is greater than
+this quantity here.
+
+And if you're having
+difficulty with this part,
+
+I urge you to review what
+happens with just not driven
+
+oscillators under conditions
+of being underdamped
+
+or overdamped.
+
+That's the same physics.
+
+So we found the most
+general solution.
+
+This solution must apply to
+every problem we've done.
+
+So I'll now take one of them.
+
+For example, let's
+consider this problem.
+
+We did this.
+
+We have an RLC circuit.
+
+They are an equation of motion.
+
+From here, I can
+immediately write
+
+what is the solution of this.
+
+As a function of
+time, the charge Q
+
+will be equal to-- just look
+at that-- a of omega times
+
+cosine omega t minus delta-- I'm
+just copying from over there--
+
+plus some arbitrary constant
+e to the minus gamma over 2t.
+
+And here we have a cosine, so I
+took the cosine here, and here
+
+is cosine of omega prime t
+plus this arbitrary phase phi.
+
+So this is a general
+equation, which
+
+satisfies that one at all times.
+
+And I'm repeating myself.
+
+This, you know, it will
+be given by A of omega
+
+will be equal to
+f, and what is f?
+
+f is v0 over L-- I just
+read it off there-- divided
+
+by square root of
+omega 0 squared,
+
+which is 1 over LC
+minus omega squared
+
+That's just the frequencies with
+which the voltage is driving
+
+there all squared
+plus gamma omega.
+
+Gamma is R over L
+omega all squared.
+
+And time delta is
+equal to gamma omega.
+
+Gamma is R over L
+divided by omega 0
+
+squared, which is 1 over
+LC minus omega squared.
+
+So far we know everything
+except the C and the phi.
+
+The question actually
+was, I've now erased,
+
+it but the question was
+what is the current flowing?
+
+And the current
+flowing I of t, is
+
+equal to dq dt with
+the way we define
+
+the signs with a part plus here,
+which is equal to Q dot, which
+
+I can get from this by
+differentiating this equation,
+
+and I get differentiate
+this minus omega
+
+A of omega sine of
+omega t minus delta.
+
+Go to differentiate
+this, I get minus gamma
+
+over 2 Ce to the minus gamma
+over 2t times cosine omega
+
+prime t plus phi.
+
+So I've differentiated
+this times that.
+
+Now I've got to take
+this differentiated
+
+by that, which minus Ce e to
+the minus gamma over 2t times
+
+omega prime times sine
+omega prime t plus phi.
+
+Sorry.
+
+That's so.
+
+So and again, we
+know every quantity
+
+here except for C and phi.
+
+Those are unknowns.
+
+So this would be the
+answer to my question
+
+if I knew C and phi,
+then everything is known.
+
+Then I could
+predict exactly what
+
+would happen with
+any instant of time.
+
+How do I find those two?
+
+This is where the boundary
+conditions come in.
+
+That's why you need
+at least two boundary
+
+conditions or
+initial conditions,
+
+two facts about this system
+to be able to determine
+
+those constants,
+and we're always
+
+in the physical
+situation of this kind,
+
+you will have two
+bits of information.
+
+For example, in this
+case, I told you
+
+that we will assume
+that t equals
+
+0 the charge and
+the capacitance is 0
+
+and the current in
+the circuit is 0.
+
+I could have told you
+something else at the beginning
+
+and the answer
+would be different.
+
+All right.
+
+And the thing that
+would be different
+
+would be those constants.
+
+So how do we do it?
+
+Simply by taking this equation
+and writing it at the time t
+
+equals 0.
+
+So at t equals 0, we
+know what Q of 0 is,
+
+and we know what Q dot of 0 is.
+
+So I take this
+equation, set t to 0,
+
+and write down this equal to 0.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I take this equation,
+the Q. This one set
+
+t to 0 and write 0 equals
+that with t equals 0.
+
+I write another
+equation from here.
+
+At t equals 0, Q dot is 0, so
+I take this one, set t to 0,
+
+and write another equation.
+
+I will end up with two
+algebraic equations
+
+with two unknowns
+which you can solve.
+
+Now remember I told you,
+the hard part conceptually
+
+is getting the equations
+of motion right.
+
+But the slog, the
+sweat, and a hard labor
+
+is getting this solution
+right, and I'm not
+
+going to go here now and
+embarrass myself making error
+
+after algebraic error
+solving those equations.
+
+I know you can solve them
+if you keep your cool
+
+and follow all the
+constants, et cetera.
+
+You take these two algebraic
+equations, solve them,
+
+you come out with a value for C
+and a value for the phase phi,
+
+and then I have
+the final answer.
+
+I then have this equation I
+of t and Q of t for any T.
+
+And so I can predict at
+any time with this will do.
+
+End of story.
+
+Now, let me take another case
+and to look at this one here,
+
+and I'll go a little faster.
+
+This is the mathematical
+description of the pendulum.
+
+So again, I'll take
+this, initially I'll
+
+do the same as I did before, so
+I will write that y at time t
+
+is equal to-- and I have
+to once again just follow
+
+the thing-- it's f, which
+is gx over L divided
+
+by the square root
+of omega squared,
+
+which is g over L minus omega
+squared all squared plus gamma,
+
+which is b over m this time
+gamma omega all squared.
+
+So times.
+
+Now, here I have a
+sign so it's going
+
+to be the sine omega
+t minus delta plus--
+
+and to save time, not
+rewrite it, the full thing,
+
+but I'll start at the beginning.
+
+There's the Ce to the
+minus gamma over 2t
+
+here at cosine et cetera.
+
+So what we see
+here as before, we
+
+can get what this mass will
+do as a function of time,
+
+and as before, I don't want
+to just go around and around
+
+repeating the thing is.
+
+In order to solve, everything
+here is known except the C
+
+and this phase here-- maybe I
+should at least write that in.
+
+That is omega prime t plus phi.
+
+And in principle,
+this and that you
+
+can get, again, by using
+the initial conditions.
+
+I don't want to focus on that.
+
+In this case, I want to
+focus what the problem said.
+
+What it said it
+was, discuss what
+
+you would expect the
+motion to be for that.
+
+In other words, when
+we took this special,
+
+we took this and took in
+given initial conditions
+
+and let's go.
+
+This will describe what goes on.
+
+And let's look at this solution.
+
+What we see is that there
+are two terms here as before.
+
+This is an oscillation of the
+same frequency as a driver.
+
+So other words, that
+term is something
+
+which has this moving with
+the same frequency as my hand.
+
+This is a slightly
+different frequency,
+
+which is exponentially decaying.
+
+When you add two
+oscillating functions,
+
+you've learned from Professor
+Walter Lewin's class,
+
+you get beats.
+
+So at first when this is
+large, these two wave motions,
+
+these oscillatory
+motions will beat
+
+minutes one against
+the other and you
+
+will get some kind
+of a crazy motion.
+
+You can't make sense of it.
+
+As a function of time, as t
+becomes bigger and bigger,
+
+this exponential kills this
+term, and after a long time,
+
+you'll end up with
+only this term, which
+
+is simple sinusoidal motion.
+
+Try it for yourself.
+
+If I start any
+old way and I then
+
+move with a given
+frequency, you'll
+
+find this has a constant
+frequency, some amplitude given
+
+by this, and it continues
+doing this forever
+
+consistent with it.
+
+But there is another
+interesting feature,
+
+which I would like
+you to focus on.
+
+If the friction is very
+small, like this, this
+
+will have very little
+damping, after a long time,
+
+this has gone and this
+term I can neglect.
+
+And what I see
+here is that this,
+
+the amplitude of the
+oscillations of this not only
+
+depends on the amplitude-- and
+again, I notice the time here;
+
+this is the node quantity
+here-- not only depends
+
+on the amplitude of how
+far my head is moving,
+
+but it depends critically
+on the difference between g
+
+over l and omega squared.
+
+This, if you remember from
+the simple pendulum-- that's
+
+this omega 0 squared--
+gives the frequency
+
+of oscillation of a free
+pendulum of this length.
+
+So what happens depends
+critically how different
+
+and of which magnitude
+is between the frequency
+
+of oscillation of
+my hand compared
+
+to the natural frequency
+of oscillation.
+
+If-- and here I
+won't do the algebra.
+
+I'll let you do this
+as an exercise-- play
+
+for yourself changing
+the value of this making
+
+it bigger than that
+or smaller than that.
+
+And what you will find is that
+the motion of that and sorry,
+
+there's one more
+thing I should have
+
+said I didn't, and let
+me just say it now.
+
+There is also this question
+of this phase delta,
+
+tan delta is equal
+to gamma omega
+
+over omega 0 squared
+minus omega squared.
+
+So the sine of delta depends on
+whether it's bigger or smaller.
+
+Play for yourself
+changing this value.
+
+See what happens to
+the amplitude here
+
+and what happens to this
+phase, and what you'll see
+
+is that if I go slowly,
+the phase is such
+
+that the two go
+in phase together
+
+if my oscillating
+frequency is lower
+
+than the natural frequency
+of oscillation of this,
+
+while if I go faster, in
+other words, higher frequency,
+
+this becomes a negative
+and the phase gets out
+
+of phase by 180
+degrees, the two.
+
+Furthermore, if you
+look at this amplitude,
+
+you can completely understand
+it in the following way.
+
+Imagine that I had this
+string and I move it slowly.
+
+I'm moving this slowly,
+and what you'll see
+
+is it's going in phase with
+that, and the angle of this
+
+will be such that
+this string appears
+
+to be the continuation
+of a single string, which
+
+has a longer length.
+
+And the string with the longer
+length has a lower frequency.
+
+So if I move here with
+the lower frequency
+
+than the natural
+frequency, this will
+
+appear to be part of a string
+which has just the right length
+
+to give me the
+frequency of my hand.
+
+While if I move with
+the higher frequency,
+
+what the string
+will do is do this.
+
+Here is my hand moving
+backwards and forwards.
+
+There is the mass,
+and the mass is
+
+moving backwards and forwards.
+
+All right.
+
+This string is
+oscillating as if it
+
+was a free string
+of a shorter length.
+
+I urge you as an exercise,
+to play with the numbers
+
+here and consider
+these two cases.
+
+It is a beautiful,
+educational tool
+
+to understand why if you
+have a driven system,
+
+response can be in
+phase or out of phase
+
+depending on the relative
+frequency you're driving
+
+the system compared to
+the natural frequency
+
+of oscillation of
+the oscillator.
+
+And this example
+brings everything out.
+
+Take this example,
+consider very little
+
+damping so that you can do
+the calculations easily.
+
+See what's the
+relative amplitude
+
+of the driver compared
+to the response
+
+and what's the relative
+phase of the driver compared
+
+to the response, and all
+this characteristics you'll
+
+see which you can play for
+yourselves with a little model.
+
+I really urge you to do that.
+
+Finally today, I
+will just comment.
+
+You see we're now in
+a world of repeating.
+
+We're doing the same
+thing over and over again.
+
+I would just like to comment
+about the seismograph.
+
+Once again, this is an
+equation of this form.
+
+It's the sine version.
+
+So this is the solution
+to it with a sine,
+
+and the question is,
+in this case was,
+
+what the value of k over
+m makes it most sensitive?
+
+That's equivalent to
+asking the question,
+
+after a long time--
+this earthquake
+
+has lasted a long time--
+this so-called transient,
+
+this term dies away.
+
+So this we can forget.
+
+This is the response of the
+mass to the earthquake which
+
+we assumed it's a uniform
+frequency, sinusoidal driver.
+
+And so the question is, what is
+the amplitude of the response?
+
+How big is this term?
+
+This term we know how
+big it is, and if you
+
+look at this function, you see
+that this amplitude depends
+
+on omega, on the driver.
+
+Now let's assume the
+damping is not very big.
+
+This will be small
+compared to that.
+
+And so if you want
+a big response,
+
+you want this quantity
+to be very small
+
+so that f divided by
+this is a big number.
+
+When will this be small?
+
+When these two are almost equal.
+
+So what you want, if you want
+to have an instrument which
+
+is very sensitive, you want to
+study so the dominant frequency
+
+of oscillations of
+earthquakes in your area
+
+and adjust the natural frequency
+of oscillation close to that.
+
+And the natural frequency is
+of course given by k over m.
+
+So what matters is, it doesn't
+matter what m is, what k is,
+
+but what's the
+ratio of k over m?
+
+You want that to be close
+to the natural frequency,
+
+that the natural frequency of
+this oscillator, that value
+
+k over m, to be close to the
+frequency of the oscillations
+
+of the earth in the earthquake.
+
+If this driver really
+had a definite frequency,
+
+I could solve this problem
+to find the maximum.
+
+If I plotted this as
+a function of omega,
+
+I would get a curve
+something like this.
+
+This is a function of
+omega, the amplitude,
+
+the response of that oscillator.
+
+if you do that, you'll find
+that if the natural frequency
+
+of oscillation is
+over here, the peak
+
+is slightly at the
+lower frequency
+
+than the natural frequency
+of oscillation omega 0.
+
+And so you could do this
+exactly by plotting it out
+
+to find out what is the
+optimum value of the frequency
+
+that you want to adjust so
+that you get the best response.
+
+So much for driven oscillators.
+
+We will now move to
+couple oscillators,
+
+and that we'll do next
+time, some problems.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j9Zeole0bYg.txt b/j9Zeole0bYg.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/j9Zeole0bYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17903 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to lecture 15 of 1413
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lecture 15 of 1413
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lecture 15 of 1413
+today we're going to talk about utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about utility
+from beliefs overall lectures 15 and 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beliefs overall lectures 15 and 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beliefs overall lectures 15 and 16
+are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about
+utility from beliefs and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from beliefs and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from beliefs and learning
+while in the previous lecture we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in the previous lecture we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in the previous lecture we talked
+about attention and sort of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention and sort of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention and sort of the idea
+that attention might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attention might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attention might be
+limited or wrong so we might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited or wrong so we might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited or wrong so we might not have
+the capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity to
+um attend as much as we can and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um attend as much as we can and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um attend as much as we can and then
+sort of thought a little bit about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought a little bit about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought a little bit about like
+what kinds of things are people paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things are people paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of things are people paying
+attention to and can it be that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and can it be that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and can it be that people
+systematically attend to the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically attend to the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically attend to the wrong
+things and miss important things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and miss important things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and miss important things in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+let me talk about different deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about different deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about different deviations
+from perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perhaps
+optimal belief or optimal information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal belief or optimal information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal belief or optimal information
+acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+which is people might derive utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people might derive utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is people might derive utility
+directly from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from beliefs
+therefore have potential incentives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore have potential incentives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore have potential incentives to
+deceive themselves in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceive themselves in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceive themselves in certain ways
+next time we're going to talk about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to talk about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to talk about more
+about learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning
+instead of deviations or systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of deviations or systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of deviations or systematic
+deviations from of asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from of asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from of asian
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so just summarize today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just summarize today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just summarize today we're going
+to talk about utility from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about utility from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about utility from beliefs
+people directly deriving utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people directly deriving utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people directly deriving utility from
+beliefs from what they think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs from what they think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs from what they think about the
+world about themselves what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about themselves what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about themselves what's going to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+in the future or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future or how
+smart they are and so on on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart they are and so on on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart they are and so on on monday
+we're going to talk about non-vegetable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about non-vegetable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about non-vegetable
+asian learnings this is the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian learnings this is the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian learnings this is the idea that
+people essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially
+have trouble on being invasion learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble on being invasion learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble on being invasion learners
+being invasion is quite hard you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invasion is quite hard you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invasion is quite hard you may
+have taken a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken a probability
+theory and so on and kind of learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so on and kind of learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so on and kind of learned
+quite a bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit um
+but even as a very smart and educated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even as a very smart and educated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even as a very smart and educated um
+mit student there will be beijing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit student there will be beijing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit student there will be beijing
+learning problems that are way too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problems that are way too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problems that are way too hard
+once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have
+several variables lots of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables lots of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables lots of information
+it's just really hard to do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really hard to do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really hard to do these things
+in your head and people might just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head and people might just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head and people might just not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+very good at it and then sort of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at it and then sort of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at it and then sort of use
+heuristics and biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics and biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics and biases
+instead um and then after that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead um and then after that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead um and then after that we're
+going to talk about projection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about projection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about projection and
+attribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution
+um on bias which is essentially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on bias which is essentially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on bias which is essentially and
+people have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have trouble
+predicting how they might feel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting how they might feel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting how they might feel in
+different states of the world if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of the world if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of the world if you're
+hungry it might be hard for you to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry it might be hard for you to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry it might be hard for you to not
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+uh about being hungry uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about being hungry uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about being hungry uh think about
+like how it might feel when you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how it might feel when you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how it might feel when you're not
+hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+if you're sad it might be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sad it might be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sad it might be very difficult
+for you to understand how it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand how it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand how it feels
+um when you're happy and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so i should say on on a thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i should say on on a thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so i should say on on a thursday
+and friday tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friday tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friday tomorrow
+um you're going to talk in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to talk in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to talk in recitation
+about bayesian learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bayesian learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bayesian learning
+which is sort of like how did economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like how did economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like how did economists
+or statisticians think like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or statisticians think like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or statisticians think like you
+should optimally learn what sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should optimally learn what sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should optimally learn what sort of like
+the bayesian benchmark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bayesian benchmark here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bayesian benchmark here
+and we're going to talk then about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk then about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk then about on
+monday deviations from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the first big picture overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first big picture overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first big picture overview
+is like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why
+might people miss information and fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might people miss information and fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might people miss information and fail
+to learn what are potential reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn what are potential reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn what are potential reasons why
+my people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people
+do that now we talked about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now we talked about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now we talked about two
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+issues already last time one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues already last time one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues already last time one is very
+broadly attention is limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly attention is limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly attention is limited
+that's to say there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say there's so much
+information in the world that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the world that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the world that you just
+cannot attend to everything right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot attend to everything right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot attend to everything right and so
+so one specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one specific example
+was like an attention to taxes but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like an attention to taxes but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like an attention to taxes but you
+can think about like there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about like there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about like there's lots of
+different prices in the world there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices in the world there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices in the world there's
+just way too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too much
+information in the world for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the world for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the world for you to
+attend to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to everything
+and so one example that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one example that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one example that we talked about
+was in attention to taxes is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in attention to taxes is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in attention to taxes is saying
+that taxes that are um not included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that taxes that are um not included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that taxes that are um not included in
+the sales price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales price
+might be easily missed by people and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easily missed by people and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be easily missed by people and we
+have this very nice paper by chad yadal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very nice paper by chad yadal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this very nice paper by chad yadal
+that sort of demonstrated that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of demonstrated that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of demonstrated that that
+people essentially systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people essentially systematically
+undress or under uh appreciate taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undress or under uh appreciate taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undress or under uh appreciate taxes
+that they're exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're exposed to
+taxes that are sort of uh people paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes that are sort of uh people paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes that are sort of uh people paying
+way more attention to taxes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more attention to taxes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more attention to taxes that are
+directly included in the sales price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly included in the sales price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly included in the sales price
+compared to taxes that are only added at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to taxes that are only added at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to taxes that are only added at
+the counter and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter and of course
+both of them you have to pay and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you have to pay and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you have to pay and so you
+really should not really under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should not really under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should not really under
+appreciate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate those
+taxes because that's just uh expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because that's just uh expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because that's just uh expensive
+for you we did not get much into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you we did not get much into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you we did not get much into like
+why are people doing that but more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are people doing that but more like
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+
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+why are people doing that but more like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed existence if people seem to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed existence if people seem to be
+missing um those texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing um those texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing um those texts
+then we talked about like uh uh reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about like uh uh reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about like uh uh reasons
+why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might systematically and even in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might systematically and even in the
+presence of lots of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of lots of data
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of lots of data
+in front of them might not update uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of them might not update uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of them might not update uh
+properly even if there are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly even if there are in fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly even if there are in fact
+invasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason might be that they might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason might be that they might
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wrong theories of the world you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that certain variables are
+just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not
+important for your well-being or for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for your well-being or for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for your well-being or for any
+important things in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things in the world and
+therefore you have essentially since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have essentially since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have essentially since
+your attention is limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention is limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention is limited
+you will only collect some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will only collect some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will only collect some information
+you only attend or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only attend or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only attend or
+focus your scarce attention and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus your scarce attention and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus your scarce attention and memory
+to what you think is important things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you think is important things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you think is important things in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+and so now um uh uh if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now um uh uh if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now um uh uh if you do that
+you might systematically miss um or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might systematically miss um or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might systematically miss um or not
+collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect
+data that would help you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that would help you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that would help you sort of
+essentially improve your theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially improve your theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially improve your theories
+and and therefore even in the very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore even in the very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore even in the very long
+run even when you get lots of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run even when you get lots of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run even when you get lots of data
+you will not update notice that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not update notice that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not update notice that that's
+quite different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from
+rational inattention theories rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational inattention theories rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational inattention theories rational
+and attention theories would sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attention theories would sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attention theories would sort of say
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+people's attention is limited but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's attention is limited but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's attention is limited but they
+focus attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus attention to
+whatever they find whatever is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they find whatever is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they find whatever is most
+important for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them
+so it can't really be that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't really be that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't really be that they have
+like huge losses from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge losses from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge losses from
+uh elapses of attention because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elapses of attention because you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elapses of attention because you know
+if they were then they would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were then they would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were then they would sort of
+direct their attention to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct their attention to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct their attention to something
+uh that that could be potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that could be potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that could be potentially
+important in contrast the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in contrast the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in contrast the the
+learning by noticing paper the cd paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by noticing paper the cd paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by noticing paper the cd paper
+by hana adult that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hana adult that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hana adult that we discussed
+uh provides a reason why people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provides a reason why people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh provides a reason why people might
+not pay attention to stuff that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention to stuff that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention to stuff that's really
+important for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for them
+and so again like if your theory says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again like if your theory says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again like if your theory says
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a certain aspect of certain information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain aspect of certain information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain aspect of certain information
+is not helpful you will not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not helpful you will not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not helpful you will not pay
+attention to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to those
+pieces of information and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information and if you don't
+pay attention to those pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to those pieces of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+you will never update your wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never update your wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never update your wrong
+theories and the wrong theory will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and the wrong theory will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and the wrong theory will
+essentially persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially persist
+for a long time potentially forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to talk now about two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk now about two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk now about two other
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+for potentially wrong beliefs one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for potentially wrong beliefs one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for potentially wrong beliefs one is
+anticipatory agility this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory agility this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory agility this is like
+essentially people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people
+like to look forward to good things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look forward to good things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look forward to good things in
+the world suppose you have a vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world suppose you have a vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world suppose you have a vacation
+coming up in six weeks six months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in six weeks six months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in six weeks six months from
+now you might think about this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think about this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think about this positive
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+going forward essentially good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward essentially good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward essentially good or bad
+events in the future that might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the future that might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the future that might happen
+and you might drive utility from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might drive utility from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might drive utility from those
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events
+already now second there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already now second there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already now second there's
+what people call eagle utility which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call eagle utility which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call eagle utility which is
+people derive utility from thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people derive utility from thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people derive utility from thinking that
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+smart good looking and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart good looking and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart good looking and so on so
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+they derive utility from thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive utility from thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive utility from thinking
+positively about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively about themselves
+now for both of those kinds of pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for both of those kinds of pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for both of those kinds of pieces of
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+people now potentially have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now potentially have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now potentially have some
+incentives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to
+um delude themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delude themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um delude themselves
+and uh to think that things are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to think that things are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to think that things are perhaps
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+than they actually are because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are because that will
+make them happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them happier
+and so then often there's at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then often there's at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then often there's at the end of
+the day there's some tradeoff between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day there's some tradeoff between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day there's some tradeoff between
+having overly positive positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having overly positive positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having overly positive positive or
+optimistic beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic beliefs
+will make people happier um they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make people happier um they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make people happier um they feel
+good about themselves they feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about themselves they feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about themselves they feel about
+good things happening in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things happening in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things happening in the future
+but you know that may come at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that may come at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that may come at the cost
+of like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like not
+preparing or taking wrong actions um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing or taking wrong actions um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing or taking wrong actions um uh
+uh because people are sort of overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people are sort of overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people are sort of overly
+optimistic right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic right so one
+example would be like people might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be like people might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be like people might not
+get tested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested for
+certain diseases because they um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases because they um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases because they um they
+want to think that they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think that they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think that they're they're
+healthy people and want to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people and want to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy people and want to be happy
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+their future and look forward to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future and look forward to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future and look forward to a
+positive future but of course if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive future but of course if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive future but of course if they
+were getting tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting tested
+that would help them to take optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help them to take optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help them to take optimal
+actions potentially medication or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions potentially medication or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions potentially medication or any
+other actions reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actions reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actions reacting
+to to the potential disease that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the potential disease that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the potential disease that they
+may have and for ego utility for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have and for ego utility for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have and for ego utility for example
+if you always think that you're smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you always think that you're smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you always think that you're smarter
+than you actually are well that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you actually are well that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you actually are well that might
+make you happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy
+but at the same time that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time that might have
+come in some costs and like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in some costs and like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in some costs and like you might
+not prepare properly for some exams or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prepare properly for some exams or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prepare properly for some exams or
+interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews
+other things you might just miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you might just miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you might just miss
+important things that might hurt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that might hurt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that might hurt you
+along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+um and then finally um the last reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then finally um the last reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then finally um the last reason
+that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might
+that we'll talk about um next week is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about um next week is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about um next week is
+people might simply just be bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might simply just be bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might simply just be bad at
+beijing learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beijing learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beijing learning
+there's no utility from beliefs or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no utility from beliefs or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no utility from beliefs or or
+the like involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like involved
+it's just a lot of the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot of the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot of the computational
+issues that we ask people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we ask people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we ask people to do
+um are just really hard and people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are just really hard and people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are just really hard and people might
+be bad at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad at that
+and uh therefore people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh therefore people um
+use heuristics and biases and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use heuristics and biases and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use heuristics and biases and then
+systematically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically that
+most of the time these sources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time these sources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time these sources and
+viruses are quite helpful and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are quite helpful and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are quite helpful and help
+people making you know reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making you know reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making you know reasonable
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+but then often these first six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then often these first six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then often these first six and
+biases are in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases are in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases are in some ways
+systematically wrong in some cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically wrong in some cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically wrong in some cases and
+we can sort of then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of then
+think about some systematic errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some systematic errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some systematic errors and
+perhaps other some ways in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps other some ways in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps other some ways in which you can
+improve people's decision makings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve people's decision makings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve people's decision makings
+but by avoiding these errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by avoiding these errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by avoiding these errors
+um now let's talk about utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's talk about utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's talk about utility from
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+so it's important to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to understand that
+economists typically define utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists typically define utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists typically define utility
+functions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions over
+outcomes such as money consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes such as money consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes such as money consumption
+health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health
+think of these things as like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these things as like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these things as like things
+that people consume one way or other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people consume one way or other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people consume one way or other or
+things that they can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can usually
+measure in some ways i can look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some ways i can look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some ways i can look at like
+you have money and then if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have money and then if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have money and then if you have
+money you will spend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you will spend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you will spend it
+on your consumption goods it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your consumption goods it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your consumption goods it could be
+like apples and bananas of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apples and bananas of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like apples and bananas of course that
+would be also like haircuts or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also like haircuts or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be also like haircuts or other
+services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services
+or health for example you you know i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or health for example you you know i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or health for example you you know i can
+measure when you have good or bad health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure when you have good or bad health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure when you have good or bad health
+usually you think about some outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you think about some outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you think about some outcomes
+that could be levels of outcomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be levels of outcomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be levels of outcomes so
+essentially like you know three apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like you know three apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like you know three apples
+or five apples so seven apples are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five apples so seven apples are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five apples so seven apples are the
+arguments of utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments of utility function
+it could be also as we've discussed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be also as we've discussed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be also as we've discussed when
+we talked about reference dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about reference dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about reference dependent
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+it could be in part being deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in part being deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in part being deviations
+from some reference points on changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some reference points on changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some reference points on changes
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+but importantly here the arguments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but importantly here the arguments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but importantly here the arguments are
+like goods and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goods and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goods and services
+like essentially are the arguments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially are the arguments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially are the arguments of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+utility function instead another source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function instead another source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function instead another source
+of utility could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility could be
+beliefs about such outcomes so now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about such outcomes so now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about such outcomes so now it's
+about like what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what might happen
+either in the future or what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the future or what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the future or what's happening
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+uh and you might directly um derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you might directly um derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you might directly um derive
+utility from such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from such
+beliefs now such utility from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs now such utility from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs now such utility from beliefs
+can be a very powerful source of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very powerful source of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very powerful source of utility
+uh one example for example would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example for example would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example for example would be a
+high profile public speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high profile public speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high profile public speech
+suppose you have to give like a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have to give like a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have to give like a public
+speech in front of the entire university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in front of the entire university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in front of the entire university
+now of course you might sort of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you might sort of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you might sort of divide
+utility directly from that experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility directly from that experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility directly from that experience
+itself you might like it a lot you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you might like it a lot you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you might like it a lot you might
+find it very stressful so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it very stressful so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it very stressful so like the
+10 20 30 whatever minutes however long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 30 whatever minutes however long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 30 whatever minutes however long
+your speeches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speeches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speeches
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might give you positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you positive or negative
+utility but perhaps the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but perhaps the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but perhaps the utility
+of that experience itself might be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that experience itself might be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that experience itself might be or
+could be dwarfed by the stress and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dwarfed by the stress and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dwarfed by the stress and as a
+anticipation derived beforehand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation derived beforehand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation derived beforehand from
+anticipating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating it
+um that is to say like you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is to say like you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is to say like you might think
+about it you might prepare about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you might prepare about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you might prepare about it you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+like worry about it you might not sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worry about it you might not sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worry about it you might not sleep
+at night so there might be lots of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night so there might be lots of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night so there might be lots of like
+stress or positive excitement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or positive excitement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or positive excitement and
+anticipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+um every day if you you give a speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every day if you you give a speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every day if you you give a speech
+like sometime in september
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometime in september
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometime in september
+every day until september you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day until september you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day until september you know think
+about it positively or negatively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it positively or negatively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it positively or negatively and
+you might derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might derive
+positive or negative anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative anticipatory
+utility um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility um
+from it there's another part of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it there's another part of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it there's another part of utility
+that we're not going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to talk about is
+utility from memories so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from memories so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from memories so you might
+afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards
+look back and say oh that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back and say oh that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back and say oh that was really
+nice and you have a video then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you have a video then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you have a video then you
+really enjoy it and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it and so on
+i'm gonna not talk about that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna not talk about that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna not talk about that but that
+sort of like backward looking utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like backward looking utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like backward looking utility
+could be quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be quite important
+um as well now um when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well now um when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well now um when you think about
+utility from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from beliefs
+one way i think that this is all in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way i think that this is all in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way i think that this is all in your
+head but it turns out that utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but it turns out that utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but it turns out that utility from
+beliefs can actually even affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs can actually even affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs can actually even affect
+physical outcomes in particular there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical outcomes in particular there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical outcomes in particular there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+large body of research on placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large body of research on placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large body of research on placebo
+effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+which is defined as a treatment that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a treatment that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a treatment that can
+help patients merely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help patients merely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help patients merely because
+he or she believes it well that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she believes it well that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she believes it well that is to
+say if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you give
+people like a placebo like a sugar pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a placebo like a sugar pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a placebo like a sugar pill
+something that essentially has no active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that essentially has no active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that essentially has no active
+ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient
+and uh tell them that this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh tell them that this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh tell them that this is um
+in fact an effective drug for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact an effective drug for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact an effective drug for something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+drug itself relative to control might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug itself relative to control might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug itself relative to control might
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+treatment effects now um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects now um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects now um that
+often is the case for um things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is the case for um things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often is the case for um things like
+uh pain medication and the lie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pain medication and the lie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pain medication and the lie and
+usually you think you know pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you think you know pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you think you know pain
+medication if you give people placebo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication if you give people placebo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication if you give people placebo
+pills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills
+um compared to like sort of actual pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to like sort of actual pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to like sort of actual pain
+medication uh these drugs are like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication uh these drugs are like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication uh these drugs are like about
+a third of as effective as like pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of as effective as like pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of as effective as like pain
+medication depends of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication depends of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication depends of course
+on the dosage um so that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dosage um so that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dosage um so that's quite
+powerful but then you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but then you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but then you might say well
+that's only in people's head and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only in people's head and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only in people's head and maybe
+people just say they're happier or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just say they're happier or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just say they're happier or less
+in pain when in fact they're not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain when in fact they're not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain when in fact they're not there's
+also some studies have actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some studies have actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some studies have actually found
+some physical symptoms so you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physical symptoms so you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physical symptoms so you give
+people a placebo pill and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a placebo pill and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a placebo pill and there's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+physically in some measurable ways uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in some measurable ways uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in some measurable ways uh
+hard measures not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard measures not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard measures not just
+self-reports people are doing better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reports people are doing better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reports people are doing better so
+these placebo effects can be in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these placebo effects can be in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these placebo effects can be in fact
+um quite powerful so when you now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite powerful so when you now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite powerful so when you now think
+about sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of like um
+uh overall about sources of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall about sources of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall about sources of utility
+it's hard to imagine in fact any source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine in fact any source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine in fact any source
+of utility that's not influenced to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility that's not influenced to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility that's not influenced to some
+extent by beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent by beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent by beliefs
+right often it's about like how uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right often it's about like how uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right often it's about like how uh you
+look forward to some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to some things
+it's not just about going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about going to a
+restaurant or a date or having like fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant or a date or having like fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant or a date or having like fun
+with friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends
+a lot of it is also just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it is also just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it is also just the
+anticipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+of that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that okay
+so now more specifically what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now more specifically what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now more specifically what do we mean
+by anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anticipatory utility
+um so many uh emotions are in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so many uh emotions are in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so many uh emotions are in particular
+are intimately linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intimately linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are intimately linked
+related to what a person thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what a person thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what a person thinks about
+the future when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future when you think about like
+hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+fear anxiety savoring etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear anxiety savoring etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear anxiety savoring etc
+a lot has to do with like some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot has to do with like some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot has to do with like some stuff
+that might happen in the future some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might happen in the future some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might happen in the future some
+events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that
+uh might happen for sure or some events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might happen for sure or some events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might happen for sure or some events
+that could happen and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen and they're just
+worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about
+such as when people are afraid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as when people are afraid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as when people are afraid and
+anxious about certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious about certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious about certain things
+those are actually things that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually things that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually things that might
+happen even with a pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen even with a pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen even with a pretty low
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+yet people right now might be um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people right now might be um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet people right now might be um for
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+quite anxious or worried or afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um uh what is then sort of how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh what is then sort of how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh what is then sort of how do we
+define to think about anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define to think about anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define to think about anticipatory
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+well it's utility derived now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's utility derived now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's utility derived now from
+anticipating in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating in the future
+so there's like stuff that in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like stuff that in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like stuff that in the future
+enters your utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters your utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters your utility function
+directly and those events that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and those events that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and those events that will
+happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+could be consumption could be also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumption could be also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumption could be also like
+services could be also like bad shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services could be also like bad shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services could be also like bad shocks
+or any things that will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any things that will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any things that will happen
+in the future um right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future um right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future um right now in the
+current period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current period
+you're already feeling good or bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already feeling good or bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already feeling good or bad about
+it or something that will happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something that will happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or something that will happen uh
+uh one or several periods in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or several periods in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or several periods in the future
+and sort of anticipate utility is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anticipate utility is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anticipate utility is a
+prime example of utility from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime example of utility from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime example of utility from beliefs
+now how might anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how might anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how might anticipatory utility
+affect behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect behaviors
+um you can think about broadly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can think about broadly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can think about broadly speaking
+two classes of implications that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of implications that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of implications that we are
+going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about
+there's sort of other potential effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other potential effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other potential effects
+that might be there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be there so
+the first one is people if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is people if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is people if they have
+anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+um that might affect the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might affect the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might affect the choice of
+timing of certain outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of certain outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of certain outcomes
+but that is to say if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is to say if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is to say if you have the
+choice when you can have experience a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice when you can have experience a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice when you can have experience a
+certain good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain good
+you might want to delay that or or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to delay that or or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to delay that or or not
+depending on your participatory control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your participatory control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your participatory control
+for example if i ask you would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i ask you would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i ask you would you like
+to go on a vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on a vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on a vacation
+next week or in six weeks six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week or in six weeks six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week or in six weeks six months
+from now or six weeks from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or six weeks from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now or six weeks from now
+you might say um in fact six months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say um in fact six months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say um in fact six months from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is preferable because then you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preferable because then you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preferable because then you'll have
+six months to look forward to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months to look forward to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months to look forward to that
+experience and be really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and be really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and be really excited about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+instead if i say it's only next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if i say it's only next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if i say it's only next week
+well then it might be fun to go next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it might be fun to go next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it might be fun to go next
+week and maybe you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and maybe you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and maybe you know if you're
+discounting you'd rather have it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting you'd rather have it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting you'd rather have it earlier
+than later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later
+but then there's not very much time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's not very much time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's not very much time to
+look forward to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look forward to it
+and uh to savor and sort of be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to savor and sort of be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to savor and sort of be excited
+about this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this experience
+so anticipatory utility might affect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anticipatory utility might affect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anticipatory utility might affect um
+the choice of timing of outcomes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of timing of outcomes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of timing of outcomes we're
+gonna talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about this
+in a bit second and perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit second and perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit second and perhaps more
+consequentially anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentially anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentially anticipatory utility
+also may affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may affect
+people's beliefs and their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs and their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs and their information
+acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+that is to say if there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say if there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say if there are some things
+that i like to look forward to in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to look forward to in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to look forward to in life
+for example if i think you know i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i think you know i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i think you know i'm a
+healthy person i'm going to age really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy person i'm going to age really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy person i'm going to age really
+happily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily and
+want to live until age 90 i'm happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live until age 90 i'm happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to live until age 90 i'm happily
+for a long time well then for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time well then for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time well then for example
+um that anticipatory utility might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that anticipatory utility might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that anticipatory utility might
+depend a lot on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a lot on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a lot on like
+the beliefs about my health styles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beliefs about my health styles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beliefs about my health styles and
+now if they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if they were like
+tests or some information that i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests or some information that i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests or some information that i could
+um acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acquire
+be it like about like um hiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it like about like um hiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it like about like um hiv
+be it about like cancer be it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it about like cancer be it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it about like cancer be it about
+huntington's disease alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease alike
+it's a very serious potential diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very serious potential diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very serious potential diseases
+people um might under use or under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um might under use or under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um might under use or under
+acquire such type of information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire such type of information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire such type of information because
+they want to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to maintain
+overly positive beliefs about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs about what's
+going to happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future
+and that could be potentially quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be potentially quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be potentially quite
+important because if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if people are
+not getting for example cancer screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting for example cancer screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting for example cancer screening
+well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+some treatments that perhaps could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some treatments that perhaps could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some treatments that perhaps could be
+done very early might be delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very early might be delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done very early might be delayed
+and that could be potentially quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be potentially quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be potentially quite
+costly we're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly we're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly we're going to talk about this
+second okay let me show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay let me show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay let me show you some
+motivating evidence of anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating evidence of anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating evidence of anticipatory
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+this is not so much to examine establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not so much to examine establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not so much to examine establish
+the existence of such utility you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of such utility you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of such utility you're
+sort of like a very rigorous test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a very rigorous test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a very rigorous test and
+showing like exactly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing like exactly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing like exactly this is
+anticipating to it and how much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating to it and how much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating to it and how much of that
+is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+but rather to get you to start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather to get you to start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather to get you to start thinking
+about the patterns of behavior um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patterns of behavior um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patterns of behavior um
+generated by it so george lawrence team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by it so george lawrence team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by it so george lawrence team
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ingeniously asked undergrads about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingeniously asked undergrads about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingeniously asked undergrads about their
+hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+willingness to pay now to obtain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay now to obtain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay now to obtain or
+avoid certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid certain
+experiences so they ask them what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences so they ask them what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences so they ask them what their
+willingness to pay as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay as a function of the
+amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+until the experience occurs so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the experience occurs so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the experience occurs so all
+values are normalized relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are normalized relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are normalized relative to
+student's willingness to pay to obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's willingness to pay to obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's willingness to pay to obtain
+the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience
+right away so you ask people about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so you ask people about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away so you ask people about like
+with you how much are you going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you how much are you going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you how much are you going to pay
+for right away and uh 24 hours from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right away and uh 24 hours from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right away and uh 24 hours from now
+and three days from now and a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three days from now and a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three days from now and a year from
+now five years ten years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now five years ten years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now five years ten years from now
+and then uh the willingness to pay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the willingness to pay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the willingness to pay right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is uh is one by definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is one by definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is one by definition and
+everything is relative to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is relative to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is relative to that
+what are the experiences that he asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the experiences that he asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the experiences that he asked
+people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about
+um there's a sort of both pleasant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a sort of both pleasant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a sort of both pleasant and
+unpleasant experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant experiences
+um uh one of them is receiving monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one of them is receiving monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one of them is receiving monetary
+gain or avoiding monetary losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain or avoiding monetary losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain or avoiding monetary losses
+there's obtaining a kiss for a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obtaining a kiss for a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obtaining a kiss for a movie
+star of the student's choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of the student's choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of the student's choice
+and there's avoiding a non-lethal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's avoiding a non-lethal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's avoiding a non-lethal but
+very painful electric shock and now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very painful electric shock and now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very painful electric shock and now that
+sort of you can think about like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can think about like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can think about like why
+lowenstein asked about like hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein asked about like hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein asked about like hypothetical
+willingness to pay because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay because you know
+implementing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing that
+uh would be pretty tough to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be pretty tough to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be pretty tough to actually do
+now um when you think about these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um when you think about these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um when you think about these types
+of um experiences you can think a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um experiences you can think a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um experiences you can think a bit
+about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like
+what would your hypothetical willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your hypothetical willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your hypothetical willingness
+to baby and how would that look like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to baby and how would that look like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to baby and how would that look like uh
+as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function
+of of the timing would it go up or would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the timing would it go up or would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the timing would it go up or would
+it go down over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go down over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go down over time
+um and there's going to be like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's going to be like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's going to be like two
+forces that play there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that play there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that play there's going to be
+discounting at play and there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting at play and there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting at play and there's going to
+be anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anticipatory utility
+at play we talked about discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at play we talked about discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at play we talked about discounting
+already a lot which is like people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a lot which is like people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a lot which is like people like
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+positive stuff in the present or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive stuff in the present or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive stuff in the present or rather
+in the present then in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present then in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present then in the future
+uh people like to like push negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people like to like push negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people like to like push negative
+stuff away to the future so if bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away to the future so if bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away to the future so if bad stuff
+is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen
+like an electric shock you'd rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electric shock you'd rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an electric shock you'd rather have
+that like 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 10 years from now
+rather than like right away so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like right away so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like right away so then
+the question now is how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is how does
+anticipatory utility uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility uh
+affect those kinds of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect those kinds of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect those kinds of choices
+and um um already gave you some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um um already gave you some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um um already gave you some of this
+intuition um to start with which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition um to start with which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition um to start with which is like
+if you had a vacation that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can experience would you rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience would you rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience would you rather have
+this like right now would you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like right now would you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like right now would you ever
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+have it in like a week from now or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in like a week from now or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in like a week from now or six
+months from now or like 10 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now or like 10 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now or like 10 years from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+well it depends on your anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on your anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on your anticipatory
+utility you might prefer to have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility you might prefer to have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility you might prefer to have it in
+six months from now because that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months from now because that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months from now because that allows
+you to look forward to it for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look forward to it for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look forward to it for quite a
+long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+you might not want to have it like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to have it like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to have it like 10
+years from now that might be good from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that might be good from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that might be good from a
+perspective of anticipatory utility but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of anticipatory utility but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of anticipatory utility but
+it's really really far away and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really far away and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really far away and you'd
+rather have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have things
+in the present than in the future um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present than in the future um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present than in the future um so
+maybe unless you take together like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unless you take together like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unless you take together like
+anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+and discounting um you'd rather uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discounting um you'd rather uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discounting um you'd rather uh
+have it in an immediate amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in an immediate amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in an immediate amount of time
+from now which gives you the sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now which gives you the sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now which gives you the sort of a
+form of like an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like an inverse
+u shape of valuations over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u shape of valuations over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u shape of valuations over time
+or evaluations as a function of when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or evaluations as a function of when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or evaluations as a function of when the
+right now of a function of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of a function of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of a function of what's going
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+in the future let me show you what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future let me show you what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future let me show you what i
+mean um so when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um so when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um so when you look at
+um low and students examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um low and students examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um low and students examples
+in particular the kiss is um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the kiss is um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the kiss is um of the
+movie star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie star
+is uh an example of like an inverse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an example of like an inverse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an example of like an inverse you
+where like it's a pleasant experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like it's a pleasant experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like it's a pleasant experience
+and what seems to be the case is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what seems to be the case is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what seems to be the case is that so
+people prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prefer
+um that experience to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that experience to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that experience to happen in
+in three hours 24 hours three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three hours 24 hours three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three hours 24 hours three days
+and one year from now compared to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one year from now compared to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one year from now compared to uh
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+you see the values here are always um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the values here are always um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the values here are always um
+higher than one which is sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than one which is sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than one which is sort of what
+things are normalized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are normalized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are normalized to
+uh so let me back up for a second what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me back up for a second what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me back up for a second what
+does this graph show it shows the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this graph show it shows the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this graph show it shows the time
+delay on the x-axis which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay on the x-axis which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay on the x-axis which is like
+immediately three hours 24 hours three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately three hours 24 hours three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately three hours 24 hours three
+days one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days one year
+ten years from now on the x-axis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years from now on the x-axis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years from now on the x-axis that's
+when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the
+actual experience is happening and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual experience is happening and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual experience is happening and on
+the y-axis is the proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is the proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is the proportion
+of the current value again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current value again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current value again it's
+normalized to one so the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized to one so the evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized to one so the evaluation
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+is one notice that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one notice that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one notice that these are
+willingness to to pay to receive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to to pay to receive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to to pay to receive the
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+or willingness to pay to avoid it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or willingness to pay to avoid it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or willingness to pay to avoid it so
+everything is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is positive
+now for the kiss now we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the kiss now we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the kiss now we see that the
+delay of three days from now seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of three days from now seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of three days from now seems to
+have the highest valuation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest valuation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest valuation so that
+people like um to latest forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like um to latest forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like um to latest forbid
+um notice that like discounting would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that like discounting would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that like discounting would
+not generate you this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generate you this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generate you this pattern
+discounting would say you kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting would say you kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting would say you kind of want
+to right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right away
+um because you really enjoy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you really enjoy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you really enjoy this
+experience um so anticipatory will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um so anticipatory will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um so anticipatory will
+you tell you would say well three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell you would say well three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell you would say well three days
+from now and even a year from now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and even a year from now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now and even a year from now it's
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um because you know now you can save or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know now you can save or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know now you can save or
+really look forward to be excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look forward to be excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look forward to be excited about
+it um when that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um when that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um when that's happening
+however you know ten years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you know ten years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you know ten years from now
+people seem to like less than right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to like less than right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to like less than right now
+presumably because it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's really really
+far away so a i guess you're discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away so a i guess you're discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away so a i guess you're discounting
+not a lot and sort of the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and sort of the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and sort of the experience
+itself gets discounted a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself gets discounted a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself gets discounted a lot
+b you might even like um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b you might even like um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b you might even like um the
+anticipatory utility might only kick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility might only kick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility might only kick in
+like nine years from now because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nine years from now because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nine years from now because it's
+really so far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so far away
+that like you know it's hard to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know it's hard to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know it's hard to think
+about this even like because it's so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this even like because it's so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this even like because it's so far
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+and you might even discount you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might even discount you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might even discount you might
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+um participatory utility nine years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um participatory utility nine years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um participatory utility nine years from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+but you might discount that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might discount that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might discount that as well
+because it's really far away in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really far away in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really far away in the
+future so it seems like people have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so it seems like people have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so it seems like people have sort
+of some preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some preference
+um for the present there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the present there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the present there is some
+discounting going on uh and there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting going on uh and there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting going on uh and there's sort
+of two forces at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two forces at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two forces at play
+discounting versus anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting versus anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting versus anticipatory
+now in contrast when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast when you look at the
+shock the negative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock the negative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock the negative um
+a shock here it seems to be that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock here it seems to be that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock here it seems to be that people
+are um really seem to dislike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um really seem to dislike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um really seem to dislike
+having that talk in 10 years or one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that talk in 10 years or one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that talk in 10 years or one year
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+from now compared to having it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now compared to having it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now compared to having it right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+what's going on here well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here well if you have
+the shock like in one year 10 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock like in one year 10 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock like in one year 10 years from
+now this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is really an
+unpleasant thing that hangs over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant thing that hangs over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant thing that hangs over your
+head so what instead people want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so what instead people want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so what instead people want is
+they'd rather sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd rather sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd rather sort of
+have it uh uh you know get it over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it uh uh you know get it over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it uh uh you know get it over with
+right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+and not have sort of to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not have sort of to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not have sort of to think about it
+um uh too much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh too much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh too much um
+overall now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall now
+uh that's that's again sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's again sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's that's again sort of the
+the opposite of of of of of discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of of of of of discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of of of of of discounting
+uh if you just had discounting what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you just had discounting what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you just had discounting what you
+would say is well rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is well rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is well rather
+um i'm willing to to to pay to avoid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm willing to to to pay to avoid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm willing to to to pay to avoid it
+if it's right away it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's right away it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's right away it's really
+unpleasant right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant right away
+it's not so bad if it's ten years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad if it's ten years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad if it's ten years from
+now so what discounting would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what discounting would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what discounting would say
+is uh uh you know the function should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh you know the function should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh you know the function should be
+going down as you see it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down as you see it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down as you see it for
+losing four dollars and why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing four dollars and why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing four dollars and why is that well
+losing four dollars seems to be like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing four dollars seems to be like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing four dollars seems to be like you
+know people rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people rather
+do that in the future rather than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in the future rather than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in the future rather than in the
+present and it's not really a thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and it's not really a thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and it's not really a thing that
+you think about it you don't have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it you don't have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it you don't have like a
+lot of anticipatory utility about losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of anticipatory utility about losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of anticipatory utility about losing
+four dollars in ten years so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars in ten years so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars in ten years so now
+you know that that's not such a hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's not such a hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's not such a hugely
+important thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um
+however if you get like an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you get like an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you get like an electric
+shocks and ten years ago that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and ten years ago that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and ten years ago that might be
+really unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unpleasant
+um so you really don't want to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you really don't want to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you really don't want to have that
+in the year 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the year 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the year 10 years from now
+having this hang over your head for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this hang over your head for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this hang over your head for a
+long time so you'd rather have it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so you'd rather have it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so you'd rather have it right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+to not have to suffer from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have to suffer from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have to suffer from any
+anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility
+even though from a discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though from a discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though from a discounting
+perspective that's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that's actually sort of
+worse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay
+and so um i already said all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um i already said all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um i already said all of this
+subjects prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects prefer
+a kiss from a movie star in three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kiss from a movie star in three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kiss from a movie star in three days
+rather than now they also prefer to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than now they also prefer to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than now they also prefer to have
+a shock now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock now
+rather than in one year or uh 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than in one year or uh 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than in one year or uh 10 years
+remember this is willingness to pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is willingness to pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is willingness to pay to
+avoid the situation so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the situation so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the situation so like
+the willingness to pay right now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay right now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the willingness to pay right now for the
+shock right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock right now
+is lower than the willingness to pay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the willingness to pay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the willingness to pay in
+one or ten years so the curve is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or ten years so the curve is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or ten years so the curve is going
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+now this contradicts discounting of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this contradicts discounting of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this contradicts discounting of any
+kind if you think about any discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind if you think about any discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind if you think about any discounting
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+positive or negative discounting isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative discounting isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative discounting isn't
+like you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might have a
+preference for the president or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the president or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the president or
+preference for the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for the future you
+cannot generate these kinds of patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot generate these kinds of patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot generate these kinds of patterns
+in particular a pattern that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular a pattern that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular a pattern that's really
+hard to to generate it's a pattern where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to generate it's a pattern where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to generate it's a pattern where
+you get sort of these hump shape cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get sort of these hump shape cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get sort of these hump shape cases
+where essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially um
+for inverse use because either you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inverse use because either you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inverse use because either you want
+something in the present or really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the present or really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the present or really far
+away in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the future
+and uh but as i said before if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but as i said before if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but as i said before if you had
+discounting what you would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting what you would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting what you would get is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+things are either increasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are either increasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are either increasing or
+decreasing and the time horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and the time horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and the time horizon
+positive things you want right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive things you want right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive things you want right away
+negative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative things
+you'd rather have in the future and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd rather have in the future and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd rather have in the future and this
+is not at all what lowenstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not at all what lowenstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not at all what lowenstein
+finds now what is a natural explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds now what is a natural explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds now what is a natural explanation
+people look forward to the kiss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look forward to the kiss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look forward to the kiss and
+delay to enjoy anticipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay to enjoy anticipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay to enjoy anticipation
+and it's very unpleasant to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unpleasant to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very unpleasant to anticipate
+the shock so they get it over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock so they get it over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock so they get it over with
+quickly now why did lowenstein choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly now why did lowenstein choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly now why did lowenstein choose
+the kiss example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss example
+you think about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this for a second
+well it is an experience with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is an experience with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is an experience with high
+degree of favorability something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of favorability something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of favorability something you can
+think about and look forward to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and look forward to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and look forward to in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+um lawrencium tries to rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawrencium tries to rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawrencium tries to rule out
+alternative explanations based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative explanations based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative explanations based on
+preparation you might sort of say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation you might sort of say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation you might sort of say well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+kissing a movie star right away might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing a movie star right away might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing a movie star right away might
+not be great because you know you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be great because you know you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be great because you know you want
+to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like
+get ready uh uh you know shower um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready uh uh you know shower um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready uh uh you know shower um
+um sleep well and tell all your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sleep well and tell all your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sleep well and tell all your friends
+about it and so on and sort of days sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so on and sort of days sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so on and sort of days sort
+of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um
+uh or like get some advice on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or like get some advice on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or like get some advice on which
+movie star to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie star to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie star to pick up
+on so there might be some reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there might be some reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there might be some reason that
+preparation might push you in three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation might push you in three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation might push you in three days
+from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+um similarly if you had sort of sat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly if you had sort of sat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly if you had sort of sat at
+dinner at a french restaurant instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner at a french restaurant instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner at a french restaurant instead
+you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well
+um in a few days this delay is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a few days this delay is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a few days this delay is perfectly
+reasonable even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable even without
+superior utility you know you might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior utility you know you might sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior utility you know you might sort
+of like want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like want to make
+a time right and why it might not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time right and why it might not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time right and why it might not be a
+good time you want to get a date etc for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time you want to get a date etc for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time you want to get a date etc for
+the dinner so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dinner so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dinner so like
+choosing stuff later um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing stuff later um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing stuff later um because of
+preparation seems really reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation seems really reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation seems really reasonable
+that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what
+lowenstein is talking about here um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein is talking about here um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein is talking about here um he
+really is thinking about sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is thinking about sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is thinking about sort of like
+anticipatory utility and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility and um
+so here's some other examples where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some other examples where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some other examples where like
+really you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can sort of
+argue that really this is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that really this is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that really this is not about
+preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation
+but um you know part of that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know part of that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know part of that could be
+preparation as well but what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation as well but what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation as well but what you really
+think about is going on is really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is going on is really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is going on is really this
+is about anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about anticipatory utility
+when you think about like is preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like is preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like is preparation
+problematic for the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic for the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic for the electric
+shock in particular well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in particular well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in particular well the answer is
+no because that would induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that would induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that would induce
+um subjects who prefer it later which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subjects who prefer it later which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subjects who prefer it later which is
+not what lowenstein finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what lowenstein finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what lowenstein finds
+remember bowenstein finds that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember bowenstein finds that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember bowenstein finds that people
+would like to have the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have the shock
+right away as opposed to like a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as opposed to like a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as opposed to like a year or
+10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years from now
+and so preparation would say well i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so preparation would say well i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so preparation would say well i want
+it in like three days and a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like three days and a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like three days and a year from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+instead but that's not really what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead but that's not really what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead but that's not really what what
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+lewinsky fines so maybe if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewinsky fines so maybe if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewinsky fines so maybe if you're not
+happy with the preparation explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the preparation explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the preparation explanation
+for the uh case of the movie star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh case of the movie star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh case of the movie star
+preparations will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparations will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparations will not be able to
+to explain to you the electric shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you the electric shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you the electric shock
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay uh there's another example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there's another example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there's another example so
+lauren sort of has this funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lauren sort of has this funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lauren sort of has this funny thing
+where he says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he says well
+um uh uh getting elected shock is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh getting elected shock is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh getting elected shock is kind
+of a little bit of a weird example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit of a weird example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit of a weird example
+so let me find something more realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me find something more realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me find something more realistic
+and then being an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then being an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then being an academic
+uh what he comes up with is cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what he comes up with is cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what he comes up with is cleaning
+hamster cages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster cages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster cages
+so he asked subjects how much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked subjects how much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked subjects how much uh
+they'd have to be paid to clean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to be paid to clean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to be paid to clean a
+hundred hamster cages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred hamster cages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred hamster cages
+i've never cleaned any hamster cages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never cleaned any hamster cages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never cleaned any hamster cages in
+my life i imagine it'd be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life i imagine it'd be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life i imagine it'd be quite
+unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+so you think about what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think about what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think about what kinds of
+patterns do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns do you expect
+to see and what do you expect to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and what do you expect to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and what do you expect to see is
+sort of something similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of something similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of something similar to the
+electric shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric shock
+so people might really not look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people might really not look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people might really not look forward
+to cleaning hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleaning hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cleaning hamster
+cages in like a while from now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cages in like a while from now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cages in like a while from now and
+rather should do it right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather should do it right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather should do it right away
+to avoid anticipatory utility that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid anticipatory utility that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid anticipatory utility that would
+be the pattern that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pattern that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pattern that people
+um uh so like the willingness to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so like the willingness to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so like the willingness to pay for
+uh avoiding right away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoiding right away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoiding right away um
+or you'd have to pay them like not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'd have to pay them like not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you'd have to pay them like not so
+much to do it right away compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to do it right away compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to do it right away compared to
+having to do it like in a while from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do it like in a while from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do it like in a while from now
+because the anticipatory utility makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the anticipatory utility makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the anticipatory utility makes
+things worse as it did for the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worse as it did for the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worse as it did for the electric
+shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+and this is what um uh lowenstein finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what um uh lowenstein finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what um uh lowenstein finds
+if the payment is now for cleaning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the payment is now for cleaning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the payment is now for cleaning to be
+performed next week it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed next week it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed next week it's going to be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+30 uh but if the payment is now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 uh but if the payment is now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 uh but if the payment is now from
+cleaning to be performed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning to be performed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning to be performed in
+a year from now the payment has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now the payment has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now the payment has to be
+higher it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it's
+37 and again this sounding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and again this sounding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and again this sounding of
+preparation of the light would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of the light would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of the light would sort of
+create you the opposite um people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you the opposite um people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you the opposite um people would
+rather have it in the future than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have it in the future than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have it in the future than in the
+present which is not um what loyalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which is not um what loyalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which is not um what loyalty
+finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds
+notice again these are willingness uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice again these are willingness uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice again these are willingness uh uh
+to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay
+to avoid um or to try to to to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid um or to try to to to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid um or to try to to to have to
+do the experience so how much would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experience so how much would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experience so how much would you
+would i have to pay you to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now again there's sort of two forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again there's sort of two forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again there's sort of two forces
+here at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at play
+there is uh discounting versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh discounting versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh discounting versus
+anticipation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation um
+now how do we think about discounting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we think about discounting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we think about discounting so
+we talked about discounting before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about discounting before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about discounting before and
+sort of there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there uh
+sort of three steps from thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three steps from thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of three steps from thinking about
+discounting or that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting or that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting or that we talked about
+one was there was a question kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was there was a question kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was there was a question kind of
+like what determines a person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what determines a person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what determines a person's
+instantaneous utility etched each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility etched each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility etched each point
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+we didn't talk about this very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about this very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about this very much
+during time preference we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during time preference we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during time preference we were just
+saying like here's an instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like here's an instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like here's an instantaneous
+utility function that determines like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function that determines like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function that determines like
+how happy you are at each point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are at each point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are at each point in time
+what we talked a lot about was like then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked a lot about was like then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked a lot about was like then
+how do people integrate or aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people integrate or aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people integrate or aggregate
+those utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those utilities
+across time so we have some utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so we have some utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so we have some utility
+today tomorrow two days three days from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow two days three days from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow two days three days from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and we then talked about like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then talked about like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then talked about like how do you
+aggregate how much weight do you put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate how much weight do you put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate how much weight do you put on
+the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+periods and then we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and then we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and then we talked about like
+what does a person predict about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a person predict about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a person predict about the
+future utility and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future utility and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future utility and behavior
+which is sort of the questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the questions about
+sophistication and naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication and naivete
+that we discussed as well so as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed as well so as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed as well so as i said
+you know the discounting issues you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the discounting issues you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the discounting issues you
+covered are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered are
+about point number two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point number two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point number two the
+sophistication versus naivete issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication versus naivete issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication versus naivete issues
+are about points number three and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about points number three and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about points number three and here
+people's prediction about their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's prediction about their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's prediction about their future
+utility and behavior was only relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and behavior was only relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and behavior was only relevant
+to the extent that it was helpful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that it was helpful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that it was helpful or
+harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful
+in making people helping people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making people helping people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making people helping people make
+good decisions right so we didn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decisions right so we didn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decisions right so we didn't care
+people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't
+derive utility from being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive utility from being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive utility from being uh
+sophisticated or naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated or naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated or naive
+um uh directly um uh people only derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh directly um uh people only derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh directly um uh people only derived
+utility from their instantaneous utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from their instantaneous utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from their instantaneous utility
+function and from like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and from like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and from like the
+or depending on the weight they put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending on the weight they put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or depending on the weight they put on
+those uh different instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh different instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh different instantaneous
+utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities
+um but their prediction affected kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but their prediction affected kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but their prediction affected kind of
+like their choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their choices
+and their choices in turn affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their choices in turn affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their choices in turn affected the
+utilities but it was never the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities but it was never the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities but it was never the case that
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+predictions their beliefs directly enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions their beliefs directly enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions their beliefs directly enter
+the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function
+so instead anticipatory utility is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead anticipatory utility is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead anticipatory utility is about
+point number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point number one
+it's about like the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about like the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about like the instantaneous
+utility function what goes into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function what goes into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function what goes into that
+um and perhaps people's beliefs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps people's beliefs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps people's beliefs about
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+might do that that's what what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that that's what what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that that's what what we're
+going to talk about we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about we're talking about
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+now notice that sort of thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that sort of thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that sort of thing like
+social preferences or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences or
+reference dependent preferences those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference dependent preferences those
+were also about item number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also about item number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also about item number one
+again time preferences so far that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again time preferences so far that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again time preferences so far that we
+talked about more about items number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about more about items number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about more about items number two
+and three now what are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three now what are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three now what are sort of the
+interactions between anticipation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between anticipation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between anticipation and
+discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting
+uh we talked about this already so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about this already so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about this already so you
+can sort of distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of distinguish between
+pleasant and unpleasant experiences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and unpleasant experiences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and unpleasant experiences so
+um uh uh so a anticipatory utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so a anticipatory utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so a anticipatory utility is
+stronger for events that are closer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger for events that are closer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger for events that are closer in
+time right something that's like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right something that's like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right something that's like 10
+years from now you're not that worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now you're not that worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now you're not that worried
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um right now uh uh for something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now uh uh for something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now uh uh for something that's
+like tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tomorrow
+or in two hours from now you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in two hours from now you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in two hours from now you might be
+really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worried about
+now for pleasant unsavorable experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for pleasant unsavorable experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for pleasant unsavorable experiences
+some delay is optimal to have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay is optimal to have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delay is optimal to have a few
+periods of anticipation so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of anticipation so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of anticipation so think about
+like each hour each day is a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each hour each day is a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each hour each day is a period of
+anticipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation
+so you'd rather have like three days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd rather have like three days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd rather have like three days and
+two days than one day of participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days than one day of participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days than one day of participation
+because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+each day it counts as a day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day it counts as a day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each day it counts as a day of
+participation and you may value each day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and you may value each day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and you may value each day
+but you don't want it to be too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want it to be too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want it to be too far away
+because then there's also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then there's also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then there's also like
+discounting you'd rather have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting you'd rather have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting you'd rather have things
+in the present or like close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present or like close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present or like close to the
+present than in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present than in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present than in the future
+you don't want stuff to be like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want stuff to be like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want stuff to be like in a
+year or two years from now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two years from now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two years from now because
+that's really far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really far away
+and then you discount that experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you discount that experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you discount that experience
+very much notice that you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much notice that you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much notice that you might also
+discount the anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount the anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount the anticipatory utility
+that is to say you might sort of suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say you might sort of suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say you might sort of suppose
+you have only three days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only three days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only three days of
+anticipatory utility of like a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility of like a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility of like a nice
+restaurant or some nice experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant or some nice experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant or some nice experience
+only the three days before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the three days before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the three days before that
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+you're gonna be um uh excited about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be um uh excited about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be um uh excited about it
+well then if that's in ten years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then if that's in ten years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then if that's in ten years from
+now you're gonna discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna discount
+all of that and sort of then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and sort of then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and sort of then that's
+really far away and if you really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far away and if you really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far away and if you really sort
+of present bias or just discount a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of present bias or just discount a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of present bias or just discount a lot
+then um uh uh you only got also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um uh uh you only got also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um uh uh you only got also going to
+discount the anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount the anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount the anticipatory utility
+so there's some trade-off for savorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some trade-off for savorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some trade-off for savorable
+pleasant experiences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant experiences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant experiences between
+uh discounting anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discounting anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discounting anticipatory utility
+which might give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might give you this
+inverse u um pump shape pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse u um pump shape pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse u um pump shape pattern
+instead or in contrast for unpleasant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead or in contrast for unpleasant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead or in contrast for unpleasant uh
+fearful experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful experiences
+you might either do it immediately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might either do it immediately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might either do it immediately to
+eliminate periods of anticipation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate periods of anticipation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate periods of anticipation so you
+might just say get it out of the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say get it out of the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say get it out of the way i
+don't want any anticipatory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want any anticipatory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want any anticipatory to
+utility and getting it out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and getting it out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and getting it out of the way
+essentially minimizes anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially minimizes anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially minimizes anticipatory
+utility because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility because you
+get it over with um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it over with um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it over with um or
+you might put it off as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might put it off as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might put it off as much as possible
+for discounting reason and to weaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discounting reason and to weaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discounting reason and to weaken
+anticipation that's to say let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation that's to say let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation that's to say let's just do
+it in 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 10 years from now
+i might not worry about it for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might not worry about it for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might not worry about it for quite a
+while i might also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i might also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i might also just
+discount any future anticipation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount any future anticipation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount any future anticipation and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+for discounting if there's stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discounting if there's stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discounting if there's stuff in the
+future i'd rather have like bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i'd rather have like bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i'd rather have like bad stuff
+happen in the future than in a present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future than in a present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future than in a present
+because essentially discount uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially discount uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially discount uh the
+future and it's good for me to discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and it's good for me to discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and it's good for me to discount
+bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad stuff
+that's happening in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far we talked about the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we talked about the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we talked about the implications
+of anticipatory utility for the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anticipatory utility for the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anticipatory utility for the timing
+of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption
+right that is to say when would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is to say when would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is to say when would you like
+a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+experience to to happen uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to to happen uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to to happen uh and the
+immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate
+uh present uh in a few days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh present uh in a few days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh present uh in a few days or
+further away in the future but we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away in the future but we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away in the future but we sort
+of took it as given that something might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of took it as given that something might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of took it as given that something might
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+um and the question was just um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the question was just um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the question was just um when you
+can think of like some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of like some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of like some examples
+where that might be important um perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that might be important um perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that might be important um perhaps
+more important overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important overall
+for people's um welfare decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people's um welfare decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people's um welfare decisions and
+perhaps also for policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps also for policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps also for policy
+is people's information gathering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people's information gathering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people's information gathering and
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+that is to say you know you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say you know you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say you know you might get
+situations where like anticipatory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where like anticipatory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where like anticipatory or
+eager utility isn't going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager utility isn't going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager utility isn't going to show you
+might affect how much uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how much uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect how much uh information
+people gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gather
+um and they might not be as informed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they might not be as informed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they might not be as informed as
+they could be otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be otherwise
+because of those anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those anticipatory utility
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+so one question you might sort of ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question you might sort of ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question you might sort of ask
+yourself is well would an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is well would an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is well would an individual
+in a non-strategic setting with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-strategic setting with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-strategic setting with no
+anticipatory utility ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility ever
+strictly prefer to refuse free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly prefer to refuse free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly prefer to refuse free
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and it's actually hard to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually hard to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually hard to come up with
+some situations where people just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations where people just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations where people just would
+confuse information if they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse information if they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse information if they're sort of
+perfectly near classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly near classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly near classical
+you might sort of say well people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of say well people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of say well people might
+be overwhelmed there's like too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overwhelmed there's like too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overwhelmed there's like too much
+information available and you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available and you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information available and you might not
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+attend to everything but in general i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to everything but in general i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to everything but in general i
+think the assumption in economics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the assumption in economics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the assumption in economics is
+well well the information could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well the information could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well the information could be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+for something like you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like you know you might
+not even know that right now but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even know that right now but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even know that right now but it
+might turn out that actually it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn out that actually it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn out that actually it's quite
+interesting information and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting information and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting information and in
+particular usually the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular usually the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular usually the assumption is
+there's like free disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like free disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like free disposal
+right if the information is not useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the information is not useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the information is not useful
+just forget about it don't care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget about it don't care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget about it don't care about it
+whatever just write it down somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever just write it down somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever just write it down somewhere
+and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like
+whatever it might be important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be important in the
+future but really why bother uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but really why bother uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but really why bother uh
+while not to have it it's no problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not to have it it's no problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not to have it it's no problem so
+you never like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never like
+refuse it or um directly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse it or um directly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse it or um directly um
+you might not like pay for it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not like pay for it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not like pay for it if you
+think it's useless but you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useless but you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's useless but you would never
+refuse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to
+to to actually um get it for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually um get it for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually um get it for free
+in contrast somebody with anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast somebody with anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast somebody with anticipatory
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling
+cannot ignore information because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot ignore information because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot ignore information because that
+information affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information affects
+his or her emotions right if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her emotions right if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her emotions right if something
+that some piece of information makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some piece of information makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some piece of information makes you
+really unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unhappy
+well it's very hard to actually forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's very hard to actually forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's very hard to actually forget
+about it and sort of ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and sort of ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and sort of ignore it
+because once it's out there once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it's out there once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it's out there once you've
+heard it it's really that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it it's really that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it it's really that you can't
+unhear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhear it
+and it's very hard to forget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very hard to forget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very hard to forget in
+particular it's hard to forget stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's hard to forget stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's hard to forget stuff
+that you really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really care about
+uh that you will upset about or anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you will upset about or anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you will upset about or anxious
+about and so on that's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so on that's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so on that's really hard
+to do and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so uh
+one uh quite interesting example is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh quite interesting example is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh quite interesting example is uh
+dr house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr house
+and 13. uh 13 was um is one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 13. uh 13 was um is one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 13. uh 13 was um is one of his
+employees um she was called 13 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees um she was called 13 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees um she was called 13 because
+she i think he had like 25 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she i think he had like 25 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she i think he had like 25 or something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+interns and i think he fired almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns and i think he fired almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns and i think he fired almost all
+of them except for uh 13 he was number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them except for uh 13 he was number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them except for uh 13 he was number
+13 of these interns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 of these interns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 of these interns
+he never at the beginning at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never at the beginning at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never at the beginning at least
+bothered to learn people's names so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered to learn people's names so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered to learn people's names so he
+just gave them numbers so 13 with number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave them numbers so 13 with number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gave them numbers so 13 with number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was an excellent doctor it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was an excellent doctor it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was an excellent doctor it turns out
+that her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that her
+family had history of hunting's hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had history of hunting's hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had history of hunting's hunting
+this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease
+and 13 had the um how to do the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 13 had the um how to do the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 13 had the um how to do the prime
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of in the show of information avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the show of information avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the show of information avoidance
+she did not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did not want to
+learn about uh whether she had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about uh whether she had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about uh whether she had the
+disease or not and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or not and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or not and so
+huntington's disease is such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease is such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease is such that if
+your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents
+have the disease your probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease your probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease your probability of
+having disease yourself is way higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having disease yourself is way higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having disease yourself is way higher
+than in the general population it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the general population it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the general population it's
+about 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 percent
+overall if one of your parents have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall if one of your parents have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall if one of your parents have the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+um and so then you might sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so then you might sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so then you might sort of think
+it's quite valuable to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite valuable to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite valuable to learn about
+whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have
+disease or not for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or not for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or not for a variety of
+decisions that you might make in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you might make in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you might make in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+or that are relevant for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that are relevant for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that are relevant for the future
+ranging from like when to retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from like when to retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from like when to retire
+how much to exercise what education to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to exercise what education to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to exercise what education to
+get how much to save whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how much to save whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how much to save whether you have
+children or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or not
+um and uh house dr house who's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh house dr house who's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh house dr house who's usually
+you know pretty irrational and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty irrational and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty irrational and various
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh choices or decisions that he does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices or decisions that he does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices or decisions that he does uh
+was in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact
+um being uh sort of very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being uh sort of very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being uh sort of very narrow
+classical here instead of saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical here instead of saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical here instead of saying like
+you should get this information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get this information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get this information because
+it would be very helpful for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very helpful for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very helpful for you
+in fact to look like behind her back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact to look like behind her back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact to look like behind her back
+tested her and created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested her and created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested her and created
+and sent her the results and but then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sent her the results and but then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sent her the results and but then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least for quite a while did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least for quite a while did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least for quite a while did not
+go to look at these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to look at these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to look at these results
+presumably because she wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because she wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because she wanted to make
+herself uh think that she'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself uh think that she'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself uh think that she'll be
+healthy and sort of delude herself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and sort of delude herself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and sort of delude herself in
+some ways about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways about like
+being a healthy person and not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a healthy person and not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a healthy person and not having
+this disease even though she was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease even though she was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease even though she was not
+sure and so once uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and so once uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and so once uh so
+avoiding that information helps you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding that information helps you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding that information helps you do
+that because once you're tested you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because once you're tested you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because once you're tested you're
+either positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either positive or negative
+and it's very hard to that and ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very hard to that and ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very hard to that and ignore
+that information uh once you've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information uh once you've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information uh once you've seen it
+but before you have been tested you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you have been tested you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you have been tested you can
+always sort of delude yourself and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of delude yourself and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of delude yourself and make
+yourself think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself think that
+you don't have the disease now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the disease now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the disease now
+what is hunting this disease going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is hunting this disease going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is hunting this disease going to be
+a little bit more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more specific
+it's a degenerative neurological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a degenerative neurological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a degenerative neurological
+disorder it's a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder it's a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder it's a very um
+severe and heartbreaking disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe and heartbreaking disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe and heartbreaking disease
+essentially it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impacts the brain uh it sets on around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the brain uh it sets on around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the brain uh it sets on around
+hh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hh
+40 and sort of like really makes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and sort of like really makes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and sort of like really makes people
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+dysfunctional and life expectancy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional and life expectancy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional and life expectancy is
+around 60 for somebody with huntington's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 60 for somebody with huntington's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 60 for somebody with huntington's
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+compared to like you know 80 or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like you know 80 or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like you know 80 or even
+higher for people who don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for people who don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher for people who don't have
+huntington's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease
+um people with parents or a parent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people with parents or a parent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people with parents or a parent with
+hunting disease have about a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting disease have about a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting disease have about a 50
+chance of developing hunting disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of developing hunting disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of developing hunting disease
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+um since the 1990s there's a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since the 1990s there's a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since the 1990s there's a genetic
+blood test available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood test available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood test available
+and so you can provide at-risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can provide at-risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can provide at-risk
+individuals with certainty about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with certainty about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with certainty about whether
+they develop will develop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop will develop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they develop will develop it
+so you don't know for sure either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know for sure either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know for sure either you
+will develop it or you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop it or you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop it or you will not
+and those lab tests cost about 200 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those lab tests cost about 200 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those lab tests cost about 200 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus you know consulting and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus you know consulting and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus you know consulting and other
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+uh the tests here are often covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tests here are often covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tests here are often covered by
+insurance but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance but most
+uh tests are paid out of pockets emily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tests are paid out of pockets emily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tests are paid out of pockets emily
+oster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oster
+co-authors the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors the paper that
+is on the reading list were arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the reading list were arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the reading list were arguing that
+people were not doing that partially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not doing that partially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not doing that partially to
+keep the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the tests
+test results private um importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results private um importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results private um importantly
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+cure or nothing that you can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure or nothing that you can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure or nothing that you can actually do
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+improve the disease so when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the disease so when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the disease so when you think
+about other diseases such as like hiv or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other diseases such as like hiv or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other diseases such as like hiv or
+other like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like
+usually there there's a key motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there there's a key motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there there's a key motivation
+to learn about whether somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about whether somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about whether somebody is
+positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+um because then they can get an er enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then they can get an er enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then they can get an er enter
+anti-retroviral treatment of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-retroviral treatment of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-retroviral treatment of the like
+here um that's not the case so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that's not the case so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that's not the case so there's
+no actual cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actual cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actual cure
+or behaviors that you could do so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or behaviors that you could do so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or behaviors that you could do so that
+could sort of mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the course of the disease however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the disease however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the disease however
+there's sort of other potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of other potential
+behaviors that you could engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you could engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you could engage in
+to sort of like prepare you better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like prepare you better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like prepare you better and
+deal better with the disease once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal better with the disease once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal better with the disease once it
+sets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets on
+so here's what are these reasons why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what are these reasons why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what are these reasons why why
+could such a test prevail value we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could such a test prevail value we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could such a test prevail value we'll
+think about this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a second
+there's a number of um potential reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of um potential reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of um potential reasons
+that you might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think about
+i've listed like a few there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed like a few there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've listed like a few there's a
+question about whether or not might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about whether or not might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about whether or not might you
+want to have a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a child
+there's issues about like marriage uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's issues about like marriage uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's issues about like marriage uh uh
+would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to
+get married or find a partner do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married or find a partner do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get married or find a partner do you
+want to tell your partner and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell your partner and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell your partner and so on
+there's questions about retirement when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions about retirement when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions about retirement when
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+do you want to retire for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to retire for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to retire for example if you
+wanted to travel a lot after retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to travel a lot after retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to travel a lot after retirement
+well um if the disease sets on at age 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um if the disease sets on at age 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um if the disease sets on at age 40
+you might want to sort of do that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to sort of do that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to sort of do that a lot
+earlier education usually we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier education usually we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier education usually we think that
+the returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns to education
+are high so it's a good news for anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high so it's a good news for anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high so it's a good news for anybody
+who's studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studying
+but usually these returns are accrued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually these returns are accrued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually these returns are accrued
+over a long period of time right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long period of time right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a long period of time right you're
+done with the education at the age like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the education at the age like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the education at the age like
+22 or 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 or 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 or 25
+you can then sort of uh start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then sort of uh start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then sort of uh start working
+from age 25 to age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from age 25 to age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from age 25 to age
+um 65 or the likely even longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 65 or the likely even longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 65 or the likely even longer and
+so that's a long time but if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a long time but if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a long time but if instead
+you're a patterns disease you might only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a patterns disease you might only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a patterns disease you might only
+have until age 40 or 45 but the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have until age 40 or 45 but the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have until age 40 or 45 but the like
+so the returns to education are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the returns to education are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the returns to education are way
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+you might also sort of do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also sort of do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also sort of do things like
+participation in clinical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in clinical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in clinical research
+perhaps there's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there's like some
+chance that at some point there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that at some point there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that at some point there might be
+a cure you might be want to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cure you might be want to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cure you might be want to contribute
+to that it's on so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that it's on so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that it's on so there's lots of
+potential benefits of knowing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefits of knowing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential benefits of knowing and that
+test could really be extremely valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test could really be extremely valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test could really be extremely valuable
+um for you and surely uh the value could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for you and surely uh the value could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for you and surely uh the value could
+be higher than 200 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher than 200 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher than 200 300
+um now what is the paper by oscar daldu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what is the paper by oscar daldu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what is the paper by oscar daldu
+so australia observed a sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so australia observed a sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so australia observed a sample of
+previously untested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously untested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously untested
+at-risk individuals over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at-risk individuals over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at-risk individuals over the course of
+10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years
+um why is it useful to have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is it useful to have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is it useful to have like a
+a sample of at-risk individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of at-risk individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of at-risk individuals
+well because the base rate the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the base rate the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the base rate the rate of
+people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+are not at risk who don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at risk who don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at risk who don't have any
+parents um uh with huntington's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um uh with huntington's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um uh with huntington's disease
+that um rate is quite low so not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um rate is quite low so not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um rate is quite low so not being
+tested is not so much a puzzle if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested is not so much a puzzle if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested is not so much a puzzle if your
+chances like you know 0.00 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances like you know 0.00 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances like you know 0.00 something
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+then it's really not that uh it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's really not that uh it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's really not that uh it's quite
+costly to do it's 200 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly to do it's 200 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly to do it's 200 300
+plus you know hassle costs and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know hassle costs and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know hassle costs and so on and
+you know there's many diseases one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many diseases one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's many diseases one could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+y tests for hunting since it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y tests for hunting since it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y tests for hunting since it's perfectly
+reasonable to not test for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to not test for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to not test for it
+but here there are people these at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here there are people these at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here there are people these at risk
+people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh
+um their chance is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their chance is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their chance is like um
+uh uh 50 to start with so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 50 to start with so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 50 to start with so there's a lot
+to learn from you go from 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn from you go from 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn from you go from 50
+to either zero percent of having it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either zero percent of having it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either zero percent of having it or
+100 of having it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of having it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of having it
+so there's huge um changes in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's huge um changes in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's huge um changes in your
+beliefs potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs potentially
+while if you are a non-uh a person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if you are a non-uh a person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if you are a non-uh a person who's
+not at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at risk
+your ra your chance of getting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ra your chance of getting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ra your chance of getting it to
+start with is like point zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with is like point zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with is like point zero zero
+something percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something percent
+with very high chance you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high chance you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high chance you're going to go
+to zero from that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero from that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero from that so that's
+almost no change at all anyway there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no change at all anyway there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no change at all anyway there's
+only like a tiny tiny chance that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like a tiny tiny chance that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like a tiny tiny chance that you're
+actually positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually positive
+in which of course you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which of course you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which of course you might want to
+change your behavior quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your behavior quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your behavior quite a bit
+but the weight on that should be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the weight on that should be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the weight on that should be quite
+low because the probability of a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low because the probability of a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low because the probability of a low
+test at positive tests is really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at positive tests is really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test at positive tests is really well
+so um oster and i'll find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um oster and i'll find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um oster and i'll find um
+very low rates of this genetic testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low rates of this genetic testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low rates of this genetic testing
+fewer than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than 10
+of individuals pursue predictive testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals pursue predictive testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals pursue predictive testing
+during the studies over this long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the studies over this long period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the studies over this long period
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+many individuals get tested to confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many individuals get tested to confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many individuals get tested to confirm
+the disease rather than sort of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease rather than sort of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease rather than sort of actually
+learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+whether they have it or not you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have it or not you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have it or not you might
+think you know what's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know what's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know what's really important
+is for the reasons that i mentioned here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the reasons that i mentioned here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the reasons that i mentioned here
+is generating knowledge right you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating knowledge right you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating knowledge right you want
+to know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know um
+should you um retire early or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you um retire early or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you um retire early or not
+for that you kind of want knowledge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you kind of want knowledge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you kind of want knowledge you
+want to sort of reveal uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of reveal uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of reveal uncertainty
+so if your chance to have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your chance to have the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your chance to have the disease
+starting with fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with fifty percent
+going from fifty percent to zero percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from fifty percent to zero percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from fifty percent to zero percent
+or fifty two hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fifty two hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fifty two hundred percent
+that's like huge uh uh potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like huge uh uh potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like huge uh uh potential
+knowledge that's being created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that's being created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that's being created
+um once you think you know the chance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you think you know the chance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you think you know the chance is
+like 99 or 99.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 99 or 99.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 99 or 99.9
+going from ninety nine percent a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from ninety nine percent a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from ninety nine percent a hundred
+percent you actually don't learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent you actually don't learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent you actually don't learn that
+much and you shouldn't change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you shouldn't change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you shouldn't change your
+behavior very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior very much
+from like confirming that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like confirming that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like confirming that you have the
+disease um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease um
+similarly actually the similar evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly actually the similar evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly actually the similar evidence
+in studies on hiv breast cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studies on hiv breast cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studies on hiv breast cancer and
+other types of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of testing
+people tend to systematically under test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to systematically under test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to systematically under test
+even if the chance of like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the chance of like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the chance of like having
+certain diseases is quite high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases is quite high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases is quite high
+now what's somewhat different for hiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's somewhat different for hiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's somewhat different for hiv
+and cancer any cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cancer any cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cancer any cancer
+nuclear breast cancer testing there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear breast cancer testing there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear breast cancer testing there's at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+some hope that if a disease gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that if a disease gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that if a disease gets the
+test and detected early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and detected early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and detected early
+one can potentially do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can potentially do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can potentially do something about
+it there's some recent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's some recent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's some recent um
+controversies or or discussions unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies or or discussions unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversies or or discussions unlike
+is the cancer testing actually helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cancer testing actually helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cancer testing actually helpful
+and i'll be over testing in the sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll be over testing in the sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll be over testing in the sense is
+the test actually helpful and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test actually helpful and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test actually helpful and uh
+into detecting of potential diseases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detecting of potential diseases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detecting of potential diseases but
+truly for hiv it would be quite valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly for hiv it would be quite valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly for hiv it would be quite valuable
+if you if you knew early on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you knew early on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you knew early on whether you
+have disease or not because then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have disease or not because then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have disease or not because then you can
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uh take erb antiretroviral treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take erb antiretroviral treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take erb antiretroviral treatment
+to help you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you now
+let me show you first like who's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you first like who's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you first like who's getting
+tested so what you see on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so what you see on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so what you see on this graph
+is on the x-axis investigator evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the x-axis investigator evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the x-axis investigator evaluation
+of symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symptoms
+at the last um visit so on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last um visit so on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last um visit so on the uh
+on the left these are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left these are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left these are people who are
+normal who don't show any symptoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal who don't show any symptoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal who don't show any symptoms on
+the right people have like certain signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people have like certain signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right people have like certain signs
+of heart disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heart disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heart disease and
+everything else in between is sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in between is sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in between is sort of in
+the middle of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that
+so like further to the right uh means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like further to the right uh means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like further to the right uh means
+like people have like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people have like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people have like more
+uh symptoms in particular to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symptoms in particular to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symptoms in particular to the very
+right people these are people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people these are people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people these are people who have
+like certain symptoms of hepatitis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain symptoms of hepatitis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain symptoms of hepatitis
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+and what we see is on the y-axis where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see is on the y-axis where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see is on the y-axis where
+the people since um their last visit get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people since um their last visit get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people since um their last visit get
+um tested so there's several visits over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tested so there's several visits over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tested so there's several visits over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and um the the the raw means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the the raw means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the the the raw means
+are uh which i wanted you to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh which i wanted you to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh which i wanted you to focus on
+this is sort of the upper of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the upper of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the upper of those
+two lines and what we see essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines and what we see essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines and what we see essentially
+that testing rates are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that testing rates are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that testing rates are like
+very very low uh the largest about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low uh the largest about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low uh the largest about like
+five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent
+in this particular sample and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular sample and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular sample and that's
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+increasing um in the uh symptoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing um in the uh symptoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing um in the uh symptoms that
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+so overall that fraction is is high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall that fraction is is high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall that fraction is is high and
+in particular for people where you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for people where you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for people where you think
+you know the value of testing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the value of testing would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the value of testing would be
+quite high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite high
+these are test people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are test people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are test people who don't
+necessarily show any symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily show any symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily show any symptoms
+and people who have like some symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who have like some symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who have like some symptoms
+but not like very strong symptoms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not like very strong symptoms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not like very strong symptoms you
+would think you know for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think you know for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think you know for them
+it'd be particularly helpful to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be particularly helpful to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be particularly helpful to get
+tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested
+because you can learn a lot um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can learn a lot um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can learn a lot um but
+instead you know those are in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you know those are in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you know those are in fact the
+people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+almost test at all that has traits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost test at all that has traits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost test at all that has traits are
+something like one two three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like one two three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like one two three percent
+now uh uh as i said before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh uh as i said before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh uh as i said before for
+people with certain signs of hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with certain signs of hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with certain signs of hunting
+disease the objective knowledge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the objective knowledge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the objective knowledge from the
+test is very long since there's no cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is very long since there's no cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is very long since there's no cure
+you kind of know almost like uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of know almost like uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of know almost like uh you're
+almost true that you have it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true that you have it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true that you have it anyway
+so in a way like you just really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way like you just really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way like you just really don't
+learn very much if you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn very much if you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn very much if you have these
+certain signs of having disease plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain signs of having disease plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain signs of having disease plus
+you're sort of genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of genetically
+predisposed to have the disease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed to have the disease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed to have the disease the
+chance of like actually having diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of like actually having diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of like actually having diseases
+like almost one anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost one anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost one anyway
+so test really does not give you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so test really does not give you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so test really does not give you a lot
+of information however perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information however perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information however perhaps
+it sort of changes your utilities from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of changes your utilities from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of changes your utilities from
+beliefs which i'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs which i'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs which i'm going to talk about
+in a bit notice that the perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit notice that the perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit notice that the perceived
+probabilities of having disease might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of having disease might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of having disease might be
+lowering for people with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering for people with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering for people with certain
+symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+so what i'm showing you here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm showing you here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm showing you here is the
+investigator evaluation this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator evaluation this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator evaluation this is like
+essentially like a doctor a neurologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a doctor a neurologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like a doctor a neurologist
+a leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leg
+is actually looking at the symptoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually looking at the symptoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually looking at the symptoms and
+looking at you know objectively what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know objectively what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know objectively what's
+your chance of having disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chance of having disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chance of having disease
+that's different from what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from what people
+actually uh think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh think they have
+so i guess a and what we learned here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess a and what we learned here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess a and what we learned here is
+like the testing rates are quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the testing rates are quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the testing rates are quite low
+um second people systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second people systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second people systematically
+uh underpredict or are over optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh underpredict or are over optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh underpredict or are over optimistic
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+not having the disease that is what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having the disease that is what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having the disease that is what i'm
+showing you here is like a motor score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here is like a motor score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here is like a motor score
+which essentially is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is like
+an assessment of like how good are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assessment of like how good are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assessment of like how good are your
+motor skills and one unfortunate thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor skills and one unfortunate thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor skills and one unfortunate thing
+about huntington's disease is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about huntington's disease is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about huntington's disease is that your
+motor skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor skills
+are deteriorating a lot and sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deteriorating a lot and sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deteriorating a lot and sort of a
+high score he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high score he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high score he
+means here essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bad means essentially you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad means essentially you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad means essentially you're not
+doing well and you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well and you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well and you're more likely to
+have huntington's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have huntington's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have huntington's disease
+and what you see in the upper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the upper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the upper on the
+y-axis you see essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis you see essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis you see essentially the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+the objective and subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective and subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective and subjective
+probabilities of having the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of having the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of having the disease
+the upper line here that you see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper line here that you see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper line here that you see at the
+top that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that line
+is the actual probability sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual probability sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual probability sort of the
+estimated actual probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated actual probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated actual probability
+and you see that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that's essentially
+increasing uh in in the motor scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh in in the motor scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh in in the motor scores
+so people who have like almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who have like almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who have like almost no
+symptoms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms uh
+overall they have essentially like a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they have essentially like a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they have essentially like a 50
+chance of having the disease um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of having the disease um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of having the disease um that's
+sort of the risk to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the risk to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the risk to start with
+but then once people have more symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once people have more symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once people have more symptoms
+that chance sort of increases and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chance sort of increases and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chance sort of increases and once
+you have a motor score of like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a motor score of like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a motor score of like in the
+20s or 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s or 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s or 30s
+your objective probability of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objective probability of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your objective probability of having
+disease is close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease is close to a
+one now in contrast the second line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now in contrast the second line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now in contrast the second line that
+you see here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here in the middle
+that is the people's perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the people's perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the people's perceived
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+those perceived probabilities are vastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those perceived probabilities are vastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those perceived probabilities are vastly
+lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and
+and far less steep than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far less steep than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far less steep than the actual
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+you see that people's perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that people's perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that people's perceived
+probabilities at when they have like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at when they have like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at when they have like no
+symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms
+are still actually reasonably high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still actually reasonably high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still actually reasonably high and
+they're pretty close to the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close to the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close to the truth
+they're about 40 compared to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about 40 compared to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about 40 compared to like
+something like 50 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 50 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 50 55
+um so that's actually not that far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's actually not that far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's actually not that far off
+perhaps because it's very clear if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it's very clear if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it's very clear if you
+have a parent who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parent who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parent who
+has a disease everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a disease everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a disease everybody knows
+essentially in particular in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in particular in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in particular in this kind
+of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study
+everybody knows that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that the probability of
+having the disease is high and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the disease is high and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the disease is high and sort of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+perhaps people can't really lie to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps people can't really lie to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps people can't really lie to
+themselves they know that the chance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they know that the chance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they know that the chance is
+pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high
+if they have been untested but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have been untested but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have been untested but then
+people seem to be largely in denial when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be largely in denial when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to be largely in denial when
+it comes to these symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to these symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to these symptoms
+people seeing you know people have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seeing you know people have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seeing you know people have these
+symptoms and when you have life scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and when you have life scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and when you have life scores
+of 20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 to 30
+um their perceived probability of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their perceived probability of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their perceived probability of having
+a disease is really only slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease is really only slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease is really only slightly higher
+it's about 50 percent or the like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 50 percent or the like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 50 percent or the like these
+are the people who are about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people who are about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people who are about here
+while their actual probability is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while their actual probability is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while their actual probability is much
+higher so people don't seem to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so people don't seem to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so people don't seem to like
+update information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update information
+that's really unfavorable towards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really unfavorable towards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really unfavorable towards to
+them in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of like
+uh anticipatory utility but because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anticipatory utility but because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anticipatory utility but because they
+seem to be feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be feeling
+bad about it notice that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about it notice that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad about it notice that there's
+actually a significant share of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a significant share of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a significant share of people
+who um persists and really thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um persists and really thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um persists and really thinks about
+um or reports uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or reports uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or reports uh
+saying that there's no chance of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there's no chance of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there's no chance of having
+the disease so there are some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so there are some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so there are some people
+have like a motor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a motor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a motor uh
+uh score of like 20 to 30 and they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh score of like 20 to 30 and they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh score of like 20 to 30 and they uh
+you know 10 and 20 of people here seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 and 20 of people here seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 and 20 of people here seem
+to say i have a zero chance of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say i have a zero chance of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say i have a zero chance of having
+disease which really seems to sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which really seems to sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which really seems to sort of be
+uh unfortunately um delusional in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately um delusional in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately um delusional in some
+ways but really these might be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but really these might be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but really these might be people
+who really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who really just
+do not want to to think about it and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to to think about it and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to to think about it and are
+just really worried and anxious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really worried and anxious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really worried and anxious and
+they'd rather sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd rather sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd rather sort of like
+rule out that probability of being sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out that probability of being sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out that probability of being sick
+for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one important question then is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one important question then is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one important question then is what
+do individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do individuals
+adjust their behaviors right so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust their behaviors right so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust their behaviors right so so far
+we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like
+are people getting tested uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people getting tested uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people getting tested uh and the
+answer is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is large
+no second are people what are people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second are people what are people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second are people what are people's
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+about the disease and people seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disease and people seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disease and people seem to
+essentially be overly optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be overly optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be overly optimistic
+now there's a question well does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a question well does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a question well does that
+translate into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into their
+behaviors and now um this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and now um this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and now um this is another
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+a little bit complicated graph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated graph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated graph but
+essentially what the figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the figures
+uh uh shows uh figure shows is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shows uh figure shows is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shows uh figure shows is
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+relative to those tested negative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to those tested negative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to those tested negative for
+huntington's disease let's focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease let's focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's disease let's focus on the
+black graphs to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black graphs to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black graphs to start with
+these are people who are certain to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who are certain to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who are certain to have
+the disease compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease compared to
+people who are tested negative so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are tested negative so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are tested negative so what
+we're comparing here is people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing here is people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing here is people are
+tested positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested positive
+compared to people who tested negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to people who tested negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to people who tested negative
+and so the coefficients if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the coefficients if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the coefficients if they're
+positive essentially means that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive essentially means that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive essentially means that people
+are more likely to get the worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to get the worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to get the worse
+more likely to retire more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to retire more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to retire more likely to
+change their finances recently or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their finances recently or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their finances recently or their
+efficacy preparation they're also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy preparation they're also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficacy preparation they're also more
+likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+um pregnant so they change essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pregnant so they change essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pregnant so they change essentially
+their behavior relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior relative to
+to um being negative so it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um being negative so it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um being negative so it's essentially
+just comparing positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparing positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparing positive and negative
+people i should have said already this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i should have said already this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i should have said already this
+is sort of a type of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a type of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a type of um
+setting where experiments are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where experiments are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting where experiments are pretty
+difficult and ethically difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and ethically difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and ethically difficult to do
+because you know if people really derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if people really derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if people really derive
+utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from
+information providing people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information providing people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information providing people with
+information could really make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could really make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could really make them
+worse it's quite different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse it's quite different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse it's quite different from
+other sort of experiments involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of experiments involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of experiments involving
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+people like wrong beliefs or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like wrong beliefs or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like wrong beliefs or sort of
+biased information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased information
+about certain outcomes usually there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain outcomes usually there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain outcomes usually there you
+know you would say well let's provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you would say well let's provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you would say well let's provide
+them with good information maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with good information maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with good information maybe they
+improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their
+behavior so there if you provide people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so there if you provide people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so there if you provide people
+with correct information you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with correct information you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with correct information you can only
+make people better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people better off
+here however since people derive utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however since people derive utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however since people derive utility
+from this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this information
+telling them the truth about stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them the truth about stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them the truth about stuff that
+they perhaps didn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perhaps didn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perhaps didn't know about
+could really make them more soft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really make them more soft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really make them more soft and
+deeply unhappy and someone wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply unhappy and someone wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply unhappy and someone wants to be
+very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful
+with that and therefore they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and therefore they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and therefore they're not
+quite not a lot of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite not a lot of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite not a lot of experiments
+in this space at least for now um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space at least for now um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space at least for now um uh
+uh so the study here that i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the study here that i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the study here that i'm showing
+you is essentially observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is essentially observational data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is essentially observational data
+uh and in this case comparing people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case comparing people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case comparing people who
+have adjusted positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adjusted positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adjusted positive
+comparing people to a tested um negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing people to a tested um negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing people to a tested um negative
+if you look at people who are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at people who are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at people who are just
+tested recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested recently
+arguably these two types of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably these two types of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably these two types of people are
+not that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different
+because you know they didn't when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they didn't when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they didn't when when
+they made the choice of being tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the choice of being tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the choice of being tested
+they didn't of course know whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't of course know whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't of course know whether they
+were positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were positive or negative
+so that comparison really shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comparison really shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comparison really shows that
+people do adjust their behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do adjust their behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do adjust their behavior so
+people who have been tested positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been tested positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been tested positive
+are more likely to change their lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to change their lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to change their lives in
+pretty dramatic ways for example people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic ways for example people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic ways for example people
+are more likely to get divorced more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to get divorced more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to get divorced more
+likely retired and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely retired and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely retired and so on
+people are also more likely to be have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are also more likely to be have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are also more likely to be have a
+pregnancy i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy i think this is
+might be for women only or for couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be for women only or for couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be for women only or for couples
+with uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh
+you know their spouse and um that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their spouse and um that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their spouse and um that seems
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+an interesting result in a sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting result in a sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting result in a sense that's
+not what i would have expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what i would have expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what i would have expected
+now um uh you know that that could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh you know that that could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um uh you know that that could be in
+part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so
+the authors in the paper itself say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors in the paper itself say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors in the paper itself say um
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+the sample uh that's used to to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample uh that's used to to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample uh that's used to to look at
+pregnancies is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancies is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancies is relatively
+small so maybe in some sense one needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so maybe in some sense one needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so maybe in some sense one needs
+to be a little cautious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little cautious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little cautious
+interpreting those results it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting those results it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting those results it could be
+that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+try to get pregnant or have a child when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get pregnant or have a child when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get pregnant or have a child when
+they know about the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know about the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know about the disease
+because they want to have a child early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to have a child early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to have a child early
+on there seem to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there seem to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there seem to be some
+technologies where people can in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where people can in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where people can in fact
+avoid that their child have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that their child have the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that their child have the disease
+so you can sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of um
+make sure that doesn't happen and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that doesn't happen and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that doesn't happen and there
+might be some couples who might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some couples who might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some couples who might say well
+um even if it's the case that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it's the case that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it's the case that the uh
+one of the the parents um will die early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the parents um will die early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the parents um will die early
+on if the person is like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if the person is like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if the person is like 20
+years old alike they might sort of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old alike they might sort of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old alike they might sort of want
+to have the child early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the child early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the child early
+so they can uh spend sufficiently much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can uh spend sufficiently much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can uh spend sufficiently much
+time with their child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with their child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with their child
+um before the the onset of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before the the onset of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before the the onset of the disease
+but anyway it seems to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it seems to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it seems to be that the
+people the black lines or sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the black lines or sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the black lines or sort of like
+relatively clearly above zero these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively clearly above zero these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively clearly above zero these are
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+that compare essentially the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compare essentially the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compare essentially the black
+versus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the uh
+the the group that's negative which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the group that's negative which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the group that's negative which is
+to the positive versus negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive versus negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive versus negative
+tested people now when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested people now when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested people now when you look at the
+uncertain people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain people
+these are people who essentially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who essentially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people who essentially with
+some probability a positive and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability a positive and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability a positive and with
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+probability are negative what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability are negative what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability are negative what we would
+sort of expect is that those people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expect is that those people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expect is that those people are
+somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between
+the positive and the negative people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negative people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negative people so
+you would expect that the gray lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that the gray lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that the gray lines are
+also positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positive
+perhaps not as big as the black lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as big as the black lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as big as the black lines
+instead you see essentially except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you see essentially except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you see essentially except for
+the pregnancy result and that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pregnancy result and that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pregnancy result and that doesn't
+seem to be significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be significant
+perhaps because the sample is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because the sample is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because the sample is small
+the gray lines are essentially close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray lines are essentially close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray lines are essentially close to
+pretty close to zero it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to zero it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to zero it's essentially
+people who are uncertain about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are uncertain about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are uncertain about the
+disease behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease behave
+very similarly to people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similarly to people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similarly to people who are
+tested negative so essentially people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested negative so essentially people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested negative so essentially people
+who have not been tested were uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have not been tested were uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have not been tested were uncertain
+about the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the disease
+they behave as if they were um tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave as if they were um tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave as if they were um tested
+negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively
+um and perhaps or likely because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps or likely because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps or likely because they
+essentially delude themselves in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially delude themselves in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially delude themselves in some
+ways and sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and sort of like
+um thinking they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking they are
+a negative when there's no action that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative when there's no action that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative when there's no action that
+they need to take so that really shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to take so that really shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to take so that really shows
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+the argument authors argue that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument authors argue that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument authors argue that that
+shows that essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that essentially the
+lack of testing really uh changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of testing really uh changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of testing really uh changes
+people's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's behavior
+notice that it's very hard for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's very hard for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's very hard for us to
+think about like welfare or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like welfare or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like welfare or people
+better or worse off because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse off because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse off because of that
+because of course that's a choice to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that's a choice to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course that's a choice to do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and you might sort of say well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of say well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of say well i'm
+really valuing thinking about i'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuing thinking about i'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuing thinking about i'm pretty
+healthy and think life is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and think life is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and think life is going to be
+good and that's really valuable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's really valuable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's really valuable to
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and they take into account that like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take into account that like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take into account that like you
+know changes in their finances and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know changes in their finances and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know changes in their finances and so on
+would be valuable but they're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be valuable but they're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be valuable but they're not doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+because if they were doing it they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they were doing it they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they were doing it they would
+have to acknowledge to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acknowledge to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to acknowledge to themselves
+that they are potentially at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are potentially at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are potentially at least
+sick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how should we think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how should we think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how should we think about these
+beliefs and behaviors let me sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and behaviors let me sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and behaviors let me sort of
+summarize what we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we have seen
+so many people don't get tested despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people don't get tested despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many people don't get tested despite
+arguably good reasons to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably good reasons to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably good reasons to do so
+people are often over optimistic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are often over optimistic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are often over optimistic about
+the probability of not having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of not having the
+disease to spike often fairly clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to spike often fairly clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease to spike often fairly clear
+signs that they have it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that they have it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that they have it and that's
+really seems to be very much consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be very much consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be very much consistent
+with anticipatory uh utility people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anticipatory uh utility people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anticipatory uh utility people want
+to feel good about themselves and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel good about themselves and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel good about themselves and about
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+and therefore they're not getting tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're not getting tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore they're not getting tested
+and therefore are they're overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore are they're overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore are they're overly
+optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+such over optimism then translates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such over optimism then translates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such over optimism then translates into
+behavior so people react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so people react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so people react
+less to the signs of likely having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to the signs of likely having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to the signs of likely having the
+disease then they arguably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease then they arguably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease then they arguably should
+in particular people who are not tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people who are not tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular people who are not tested
+they look a lot in their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look a lot in their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look a lot in their behavior
+uh similar to people who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similar to people who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similar to people who have been
+tested negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested negative
+and that's to say like perhaps if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to say like perhaps if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's to say like perhaps if they
+were tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tested
+tested positively they would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested positively they would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested positively they would change
+their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior
+in ways that would be useful for them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that would be useful for them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that would be useful for them at
+least along the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least along the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least along the road
+now what models can explain such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what models can explain such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what models can explain such
+behaviors it's important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors it's important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors it's important to understand
+like neoclassical models would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neoclassical models would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neoclassical models would not
+generate these facts because you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these facts because you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these facts because you would
+say well you should be tested because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you should be tested because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you should be tested because
+that could be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be useful
+and utility is just not uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility is just not uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utility is just not uh there's
+essentially no utility from beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no utility from beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no utility from beliefs
+so why would you not get tested you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you not get tested you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would you not get tested you
+might say well it's kind of expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well it's kind of expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well it's kind of expensive
+but arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but arguably
+the value of doing so should be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of doing so should be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of doing so should be quite
+high and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and part
+uh uh the insurance would also even pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the insurance would also even pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the insurance would also even pay
+for it if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it if you were
+not able to afford it now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to afford it now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to afford it now um
+let me sort of write down or show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of write down or show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of write down or show you a
+simple model there will be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model there will be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model there will be a problem
+with questions uh a question on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with questions uh a question on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with questions uh a question on this
+model um for you to sort of understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um for you to sort of understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um for you to sort of understand a
+little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better
+so the model is extremely simple it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model is extremely simple it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model is extremely simple it has
+two periods and the relevant outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods and the relevant outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two periods and the relevant outcomes
+occur in period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in period
+two in period two the decision maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in period two the decision maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in period two the decision maker
+will either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will either be
+uh negative uh with probability p so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative uh with probability p so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative uh with probability p so
+that positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive
+person essentially would be healthy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person essentially would be healthy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person essentially would be healthy with
+probability p and not have the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p and not have the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p and not have the disease
+and it will be part that person will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be part that person will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be part that person will be
+positive for its probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for its probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for its probability
+one minus p the instantaneous utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p the instantaneous utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p the instantaneous utilities
+of like in period two or how they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like in period two or how they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like in period two or how they will
+feel think about period twos being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel think about period twos being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel think about period twos being like
+everything in the future so period one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the future so period one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the future so period one
+is the period when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period when you think about
+potentially getting tested which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially getting tested which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially getting tested which is like
+right now or this month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or this month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or this month
+or the like and period two now is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like and period two now is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like and period two now is like
+say next year everything's starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next year everything's starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next year everything's starting from
+uh all of the future now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the future now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the future now the
+instantaneous utility of this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility of this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous utility of this long
+future period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future period
+are you minus and your plus your minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you minus and your plus your minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you minus and your plus your minus
+is if you're negative so you minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're negative so you minus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're negative so you minus is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the good case and your plus is um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good case and your plus is um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good case and your plus is um if
+you're positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're positive
+you sort of think that your minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of think that your minus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of think that your minus is
+larger than your plus it's better to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than your plus it's better to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than your plus it's better to be
+negative than positive in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than positive in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than positive in that
+disease or in general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or in general um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or in general um
+in period one uh we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period one uh we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in period one uh we're going to look at
+now people's choices we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people's choices we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people's choices we can assume
+no discounting whatsoever that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no discounting whatsoever that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no discounting whatsoever that's just
+for simplicity we also assume for now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity we also assume for now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity we also assume for now at
+least that nothing can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that nothing can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that nothing can be done
+about the person's condition so a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the person's condition so a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the person's condition so a and
+there's no cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cure
+b there's also no financial or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b there's also no financial or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b there's also no financial or other
+adjustment that the person might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment that the person might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment that the person might be able
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+uh to sort of mitigate the onset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort of mitigate the onset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sort of mitigate the onset of the
+disease so now we're going to just rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so now we're going to just rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so now we're going to just rule
+that out this is just about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out this is just about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out this is just about like
+do you want to find out or not and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to find out or not and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to find out or not and why
+or why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why not
+now what would expected utility theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would expected utility theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would expected utility theory
+say um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um uh
+here what what is expected utility well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what is expected utility well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what is expected utility well
+it's very simple it's essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple it's essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple it's essentially just
+like there's no anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no anticipatory utility
+expected utility is just what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility is just what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility is just what's going to
+happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the future
+with probability p you get u minus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability p you get u minus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability p you get u minus which
+is like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like your
+your the person is negative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the person is negative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the person is negative with
+probability one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus p
+um the person is positive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the person is positive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the person is positive and then
+receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives
+utility you plus notice again there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility you plus notice again there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility you plus notice again there's no
+discounting this is in period two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting this is in period two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting this is in period two but
+then says no discounting delta or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then says no discounting delta or beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then says no discounting delta or beta
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+essentially just one okay now let's add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just one okay now let's add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just one okay now let's add
+anticipatory utility uh to this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility uh to this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory utility uh to this model
+notice that um it can does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um it can does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um it can does
+this uh type of utility can only depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh type of utility can only depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh type of utility can only depend
+on the person's beliefs about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the person's beliefs about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the person's beliefs about whether
+she will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will have
+the disease or not not on what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease or not not on what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease or not not on what actually
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+right so the the anticipated utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the anticipated utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the anticipated utility
+depends on the probability of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the probability of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the probability of having the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+um uh and not on the actual consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and not on the actual consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and not on the actual consequences
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+feeds and since the person in period one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds and since the person in period one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds and since the person in period one
+has this anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this anticipatory utility
+doesn't know for sure whether she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know for sure whether she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know for sure whether she is
+going to have it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have it or not
+the anticipatory utility will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipatory utility will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipatory utility will only
+depend on the beliefs on the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the beliefs on the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the beliefs on the probability
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+of for perceived probability p of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for perceived probability p of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for perceived probability p of having
+the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease
+now they're going to make two extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're going to make two extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're going to make two extreme
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+about the formation of beliefs number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formation of beliefs number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formation of beliefs number
+one is beliefs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is beliefs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is beliefs are
+correct in the sense that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the sense that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the sense that like the
+decision maker will always optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker will always optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker will always optimally
+update their beliefs and once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their beliefs and once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their beliefs and once you've
+given the decision maker like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the decision maker like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the decision maker like
+a test the person cannot sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test the person cannot sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test the person cannot sort of just
+make up their beliefs in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up their beliefs in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up their beliefs in certain ways
+uh uh if the test is positive the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if the test is positive the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if the test is positive the person
+knows they're positive it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows they're positive it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows they're positive it's negative
+um a person knows that they're negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a person knows that they're negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a person knows that they're negative
+so p is either one or zero wants to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p is either one or zero wants to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p is either one or zero wants to have
+the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test
+or p is correct in the sense that like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or p is correct in the sense that like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or p is correct in the sense that like a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+knows that it's p and there's no sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it's p and there's no sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it's p and there's no sort of
+wrong information or beliefs about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong information or beliefs about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong information or beliefs about it
+second the decision maker can choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the decision maker can choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the decision maker can choose to
+manipulate her beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate her beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate her beliefs
+you're gonna start with one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna start with one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna start with one which is
+essentially the assumption that beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the assumption that beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the assumption that beliefs
+are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct
+let the anticipatory utility in period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the anticipatory utility in period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the anticipatory utility in period
+one be f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one be f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one be f
+of p and recall that p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p and recall that p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p and recall that p is the
+probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being
+negative now let's assume that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now let's assume that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now let's assume that which is
+kind of obvious in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious in some ways
+uncontroversial that u minus is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial that u minus is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontroversial that u minus is larger
+than u plus so essentially again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than u plus so essentially again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than u plus so essentially again
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+uh u minus is the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u minus is the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u minus is the probability of being
+negative so utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so utility is
+higher in the second period if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the second period if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the second period if you're
+negative and when you're positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and when you're positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and when you're positive
+and then f of p or f is increasing and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f of p or f is increasing and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f of p or f is increasing and p
+that's actually not so obvious in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not so obvious in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not so obvious in a
+sense it's not obvious that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's not obvious that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's not obvious that like
+um going from like a certain percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going from like a certain percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going from like a certain percentage
+to a higher one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher one uh
+the anticipated daily always increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipated daily always increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipated daily always increases
+it's like a reasonable assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a reasonable assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a reasonable assumption but
+one might be arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be arguing
+about it but for now we're gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but for now we're gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but for now we're gonna just
+assume that f p is increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that f p is increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that f p is increasing in
+p okay now does the person want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p okay now does the person want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p okay now does the person want to know
+her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her uh
+status well let's think about this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status well let's think about this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status well let's think about this so
+um if she doesn't find out her status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if she doesn't find out her status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if she doesn't find out her status
+her utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her utility is
+uh f of p which is the uh you know her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of p which is the uh you know her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of p which is the uh you know her
+her probability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her probability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her probability or
+without finding anything else is is p so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finding anything else is is p so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without finding anything else is is p so
+f of p is just your anticipatory utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of p is just your anticipatory utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of p is just your anticipatory utility
+plus the term that we have before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the term that we have before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the term that we have before which
+is just a sort of expected utility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a sort of expected utility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a sort of expected utility in
+the future and period two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and period two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and period two which is
+p times u or minus plus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times u or minus plus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times u or minus plus one minus
+p times u plus now if you find out her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times u plus now if you find out her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times u plus now if you find out her
+status she might find out that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status she might find out that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status she might find out that she's
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+negative or positive um if she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive um if she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive um if she's
+negative that's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's with
+probability p uh her utility is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p uh her utility is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p uh her utility is the
+anticipatory part if she's negative she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory part if she's negative she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory part if she's negative she
+just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets
+f of one she knows for sure that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of one she knows for sure that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of one she knows for sure that she's
+negative so that she is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that she is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that she is f
+one plus um u minus in the second period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus um u minus in the second period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus um u minus in the second period
+all of that again is with probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that again is with probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that again is with probability p
+if she's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's positive
+per utility uh is f of zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per utility uh is f of zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per utility uh is f of zero so
+probability of b negative is zero plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b negative is zero plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of b negative is zero plus
+uh and then in the second period u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then in the second period u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then in the second period u of
+u plus again that is with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus again that is with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus again that is with probability
+one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p
+so now her expected utility is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now her expected utility is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now her expected utility is putting
+these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together
+is uh part here in the back which is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh part here in the back which is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh part here in the back which is p
+times u minus plus one minus p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u minus plus one minus p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u minus plus one minus p uh
+times u plus that's what we already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u plus that's what we already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u plus that's what we already had
+above that's just the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that's just the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that's just the expected utility
+of period two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of period two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of period two
+um and you know p times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know p times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know p times uh
+a negative test which is uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative test which is uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative test which is uh at
+one plus 1 minus p a positive test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus 1 minus p a positive test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus 1 minus p a positive test which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+at 4 0. okay and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 0. okay and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 0. okay and so now
+um if you want to figure out like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to figure out like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to figure out like does
+you want to get tested we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get tested we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get tested we just have to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+1 versus 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 versus 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 versus 2 or
+2 minus one if you want if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus one if you want if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus one if you want if that's the
+value of getting tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of getting tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of getting tested
+notice that the expected utility part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the expected utility part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the expected utility part
+what's going to happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the future
+will always be the same right we have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be the same right we have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be the same right we have p
+u minus plus one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus plus one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus plus one minus p
+u plus uh we have that here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus uh we have that here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus uh we have that here as well
+the reason for that is because we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is because we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is because we cannot
+be assumed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assumed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assumed uh
+previously that we cannot change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that we cannot change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that we cannot change the
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+right so that's gonna cancel out if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's gonna cancel out if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's gonna cancel out if we
+um subtract two minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subtract two minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subtract two minus one
+um so what we're going to be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to be left with
+is like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially
+an expression that depends on f of p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression that depends on f of p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression that depends on f of p p
+times f of one plus y minus p f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of one plus y minus p f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of one plus y minus p f of
+zero when does she reject or seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when does she reject or seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when does she reject or seek
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+well she's information diverse if p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she's information diverse if p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she's information diverse if p of
+uh p times f of 1 plus 1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p times f of 1 plus 1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p times f of 1 plus 1 minus p
+times f of 0 is smaller than f of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of 0 is smaller than f of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of 0 is smaller than f of p
+that's exactly and if you thought that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly and if you thought that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly and if you thought that's
+the case it's exactly like a concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it's exactly like a concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case it's exactly like a concavity
+condition if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if f
+is concave that's in fact the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave that's in fact the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave that's in fact the definition
+of concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concavity
+so if f is steeper for lower values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if f is steeper for lower values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if f is steeper for lower values
+then the person will be information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person will be information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person will be information
+diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse
+so if the person really dislikes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the person really dislikes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the person really dislikes any
+suspicion of bad news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion of bad news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion of bad news
+for example due to anxiety there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example due to anxiety there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example due to anxiety there's not
+much value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much value added
+of certainty then the person will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty then the person will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty then the person will not
+get tested and not seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested and not seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested and not seek
+information in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in contrast
+that function is is convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is is convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is is convex
+uh that is to say if it's steeper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is to say if it's steeper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is to say if it's steeper for
+higher value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher value
+then the person really likes certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person really likes certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person really likes certainty
+so some suspicion of bad news is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some suspicion of bad news is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some suspicion of bad news is not so
+painful that is to say so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful that is to say so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful that is to say so essentially
+when you think about like so if p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like so if p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about like so if p
+is starting with something like 50 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting with something like 50 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting with something like 50 what
+you want to compare is like going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare is like going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare is like going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 versus from 50 to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 versus from 50 to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 versus from 50 to zero
+and you know if going from 50 to 100 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if going from 50 to 100 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if going from 50 to 100 is
+more valuable it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more valuable it's sort of like
+improves your anticipatory it will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves your anticipatory it will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves your anticipatory it will do
+more than going from 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than going from 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than going from 50
+to zero percent is sort of damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero percent is sort of damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero percent is sort of damaging
+um of p of b negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of p of b negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of p of b negative
+for confusing um in the notation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for confusing um in the notation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for confusing um in the notation then
+essentially the person will seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the person will seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the person will seek
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and it's the opposite if the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the opposite if the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the opposite if the person
+really dislikes any suspicion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dislikes any suspicion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dislikes any suspicion of
+bad news and there's no much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news and there's no much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news and there's no much
+added value of certain now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added value of certain now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added value of certain now
+that is essentially just a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially just a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially just a question of
+like what does this f function look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does this f function look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does this f function look like
+and one could have tried to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could have tried to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could have tried to figure out
+or try to estimate that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to estimate that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to estimate that function
+notice that it's a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's a very simple example
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+where essentially um the person has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially um the person has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially um the person has to
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+that there's no self-delusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no self-delusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no self-delusion or
+self-deception of a like the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception of a like the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception of a like the person
+always had to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had to like
+adhere to the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the truth
+now consider now instead the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider now instead the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider now instead the possibility
+that the person can manipulate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person can manipulate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person can manipulate their
+beliefs to make yourself feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs to make yourself feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs to make yourself feel better
+now one question you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one question you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one question you might ask yourself
+is well in the about framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well in the about framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well in the about framework
+would you want to hold correct beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to hold correct beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to hold correct beliefs
+is there any good reason to hold correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any good reason to hold correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any good reason to hold correct
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+and the answer is clearly no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is clearly no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is clearly no well
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+instrumental reason of beliefs there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental reason of beliefs there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental reason of beliefs there's
+nothing you can there's no cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can there's no cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can there's no cure
+you can't really make anything better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really make anything better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really make anything better
+you can't really adjust your behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really adjust your behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really adjust your behavior
+by assumption um currently so why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption um currently so why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption um currently so why would
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+would you ever think that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever think that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever think that you have to
+disease if you can make yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you can make yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you can make yourself
+feel better by increasing your p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better by increasing your p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better by increasing your p
+so if she could believe that she's hd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she could believe that she's hd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if she could believe that she's hd
+negative for sure she would get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for sure she would get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for sure she would get higher
+utility if whatever happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility if whatever happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility if whatever happens
+later which is f of one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later which is f of one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later which is f of one is uh
+larger than f of zero or f of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than f of zero or f of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than f of zero or f of one is
+larger than any f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than any f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than any f
+right essentially f of p is maximized we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially f of p is maximized we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially f of p is maximized we
+assume that it's increasing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's increasing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's increasing it's
+maximized at p equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at p equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at p equals one
+so um uh really in the model that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh really in the model that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh really in the model that i
+showed you before if you could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before if you could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before if you could choose
+you really if there's really no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really if there's really no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really if there's really no reason
+whatsoever of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever of
+uh not choosing f of one now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not choosing f of one now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not choosing f of one now when
+there's a question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question well
+why might you not want to choose f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might you not want to choose f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might you not want to choose f1
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+and of course the answer is well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the answer is well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the answer is well that's
+because there might be instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might be instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might be instrumental
+reasons there might be actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there might be actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there might be actually some
+action that you might be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that you might be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that you might be able to take
+to adjust your beliefs so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust your beliefs so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust your beliefs so in particular
+incorrect beliefs can lead to mistaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect beliefs can lead to mistaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect beliefs can lead to mistaken
+decisions you can essentially make worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you can essentially make worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you can essentially make worse
+decisions if you have incorrect beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions if you have incorrect beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions if you have incorrect beliefs
+so um uh so then there's a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh so then there's a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um uh so then there's a trade-off
+right there's a trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a trade-off between
+well on the one hand if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand if you have
+incorrect beliefs if you're overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect beliefs if you're overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect beliefs if you're overly
+optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+you feel good about it and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good about it and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel good about it and you're
+happier than you would be otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than you would be otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier than you would be otherwise
+because you get to enjoy anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to enjoy anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to enjoy anticipatory
+utility but of course that might come at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but of course that might come at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but of course that might come at
+the cost of like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of like making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of like making
+uh wrong decisions so in that trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong decisions so in that trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong decisions so in that trade-off
+in general sort of a decision making but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general sort of a decision making but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general sort of a decision making but
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+just a decision making with anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a decision making with anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a decision making with anticipatory
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+it's like over optimism leads to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like over optimism leads to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like over optimism leads to higher
+utility than realism that is to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility than realism that is to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility than realism that is to say if
+you're fully optimizing to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fully optimizing to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fully optimizing to start with
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+some over optimism um will make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some over optimism um will make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some over optimism um will make you
+better off because essentially you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off because essentially you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off because essentially you get
+the value of over optimism and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of over optimism and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of over optimism and then you
+sort of not going to distort your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not going to distort your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not going to distort your
+behavior very much if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior very much if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior very much if you were
+optimizing to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing to start with
+so in general you can sort of like show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general you can sort of like show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general you can sort of like show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh uh you know slight optimism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know slight optimism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know slight optimism and
+in many cases in fact an optimal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in fact an optimal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in fact an optimal thing
+to do even if it comes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do even if it comes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do even if it comes at
+some cost and of course the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost and of course the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost and of course the intuition
+here is that the person wants to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the person wants to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the person wants to believe
+that she's healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's healthy
+and it makes her feel better so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes her feel better so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes her feel better so she
+convinces her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces her uh
+herself that that's in fact the case no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that that's in fact the case no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that that's in fact the case no
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+optimal expectations essentially then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal expectations essentially then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal expectations essentially then as
+i said you know trade off anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said you know trade off anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said you know trade off anticipatory
+utility versus the value of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility versus the value of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility versus the value of knowledge
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um making correct choices um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making correct choices um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making correct choices um
+and then you know as i said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know as i said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know as i said you know
+overly positive beliefs are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs are an
+economically important implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically important implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically important implication
+of utility from beliefs so once you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility from beliefs so once you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility from beliefs so once you sort
+of assume or think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assume or think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assume or think about
+um that there might be utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there might be utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there might be utility from
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+then you know one corollary is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know one corollary is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know one corollary is that
+people tend to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to have like
+overly positive beliefs because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly positive beliefs because you
+explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that
+uh with the chili from beliefs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the chili from beliefs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the chili from beliefs because
+really people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really people have
+incentives to be overly possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be overly possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be overly possible
+optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic
+even if that comes at the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that comes at the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that comes at the cost of
+potentially making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially making
+worse choices um next i'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse choices um next i'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse choices um next i'm going to show
+you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some
+other evidence of overly optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence of overly optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other evidence of overly optimistic
+beliefs and then in particular we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and then in particular we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and then in particular we're
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+heuristics and biases uh which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics and biases uh which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics and biases uh which is again
+the idea that people might be just um be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that people might be just um be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that people might be just um be
+not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good
+agents in the sense that they might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in the sense that they might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in the sense that they might not
+be good at understanding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at understanding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at understanding um
+probabilities and how to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and how to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and how to update
+probabilities accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities accordingly
+remember recitation on thursday and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recitation on thursday and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recitation on thursday and on
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+is going to talk about bayesian learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk about bayesian learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk about bayesian learning
+so if you wanted a refresher on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted a refresher on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted a refresher on that
+that will be quite helpful because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be quite helpful because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be quite helpful because on
+monday we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday we're going to talk about
+deviations from major learning thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from major learning thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from major learning thank you
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jAwWnppdcBE.txt b/jAwWnppdcBE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e146ca95746c66ce40814ee66377137039b6485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jAwWnppdcBE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation this video
+I'd like us to work on the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like us to work on the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like us to work on the following
+application in for spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in for spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in for spherical coordinates
+so what I'd like us to do is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like us to do is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like us to do is find the
+gravitational attraction of an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction of an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction of an upper
+solid half sphere of radius a and Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere of radius a and Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere of radius a and Center
+o That's the gravit gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o That's the gravit gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o That's the gravit gravitational
+attraction on a mass mot at o so the mot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction on a mass mot at o so the mot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction on a mass mot at o so the mot
+is sitting at o we have a solid half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting at o we have a solid half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting at o we have a solid half
+sphere radius a and Center o and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere radius a and Center o and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere radius a and Center o and we want
+to find the gravitational attraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the gravitational attraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the gravitational attraction of
+the half sphere on the mass and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half sphere on the mass and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half sphere on the mass and we're
+going to assume that the density Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the density Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the density Delta
+is equal to the squ otk of x^2 + y^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the squ otk of x^2 + y^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the squ otk of x^2 + y^2 so
+why don't you pause the video take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take a
+little while to work on it and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while to work on it and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while to work on it and when you
+feel good about your solution bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about your solution bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about your solution bring the
+video back up I'll show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did okay welcome back again what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back again what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back again what we're
+going to do is we're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to do an
+application problem and what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application problem and what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application problem and what we have is
+we have this solid half sphere of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this solid half sphere of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this solid half sphere of radius
+a and Center o and we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Center o and we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and Center o and we want to know the
+gravitational attraction of it on a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction of it on a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction of it on a mass
+m knot okay so the first thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m knot okay so the first thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m knot okay so the first thing I'm going
+to do is draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is draw a
+picture just so I can get myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just so I can get myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just so I can get myself
+oriented the easiest thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented the easiest thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented the easiest thing to do
+obviously when I'm going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when I'm going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously when I'm going to try and
+figure this out I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out I'm going to use
+spherical coordinates I have an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates I have an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates I have an upper
+solid half sphere so that should tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere so that should tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere so that should tell me
+spherical coordinates will be good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates will be good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates will be good and
+the easiest way to deal with spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to deal with spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way to deal with spherical
+coordinates is obvious obviously to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is obvious obviously to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is obvious obviously to
+choose o to be the origin so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose o to be the origin so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose o to be the origin so I'm going
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m not sitting right at the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not sitting right at the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not sitting right at the origin and
+then I'm going to have oops I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to have oops I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to have oops I should
+write that somewhere else maybe well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that somewhere else maybe well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that somewhere else maybe well
+I'll just leave it there and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just leave it there and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just leave it there and then I'm
+going to have this solid half sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this solid half sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this solid half sphere
+which I'm going to just draw sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to just draw sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to just draw sort of
+like this maybe that doesn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe that doesn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe that doesn't look like a
+sphere to you but we have the solid half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere to you but we have the solid half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere to you but we have the solid half
+sphere and it's exerting a force on M KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and it's exerting a force on M KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and it's exerting a force on M KN
+okay and if I want to know the force how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I want to know the force how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I want to know the force how
+we denote the force in lecture was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote the force in lecture was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote the force in lecture was the
+components were the X component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were the X component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were the X component of the
+force Force the Y component of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force Force the Y component of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force Force the Y component of the force
+and the Z component of the force and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z component of the force and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z component of the force and so
+I want to point out these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to point out these are not
+partial derivatives this is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives this is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives this is the standard
+notation you use for for force in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you use for for force in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation you use for for force in this
+case and so these are not the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and so these are not the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and so these are not the partial
+derivatives they're just the X component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they're just the X component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they're just the X component
+the Y component and the Z component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y component and the Z component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y component and the Z component and
+if you notice this upper solid half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice this upper solid half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice this upper solid half
+sphere because of where m is the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere because of where m is the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere because of where m is the X
+component and the Y component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and the Y component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and the Y component of the
+force are zero based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are zero based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are zero based on
+symmetry right so all I really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right so all I really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right so all I really need to
+worry about is the Z component that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about is the Z component that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about is the Z component that's
+I'm only really interested in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only really interested in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only really interested in one
+component of the force and it's the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force and it's the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force and it's the Z
+component because the other two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component because the other two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component because the other two are
+going to be zero just by the symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero just by the symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero just by the symmetry of
+this solid half sphere okay so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid half sphere okay so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid half sphere okay so I really
+only need the Z component so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need the Z component so what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need the Z component so what I have
+to do in order to calculate the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in order to calculate the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in order to calculate the force is
+I have to figure out the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out the magnitude and
+the direction right so let's write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction right so let's write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction right so let's write down
+those two components these were given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two components these were given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two components these were given to
+you in class so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude is going to be equal to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is going to be equal to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is going to be equal to g
+m DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m DM
+divided row squ so this was given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided row squ so this was given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided row squ so this was given to you
+in class already so G is some constant m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class already so G is some constant m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class already so G is some constant m
+is the mass you have DM we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass you have DM we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass you have DM we have to
+determine a little bit about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a little bit about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a little bit about it and then
+we're dividing by row squ and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by row squ and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by row squ and the
+direction because I'm only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because I'm only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because I'm only interested in
+the Z component the direction is just Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component the direction is just Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component the direction is just Z
+but then I want to make sure that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I want to make sure that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I want to make sure that that I
+the direction component is z divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction component is z divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction component is z divided by
+Row the full direction is XYZ divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row the full direction is XYZ divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row the full direction is XYZ divided by
+row but I'm only interested in that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but I'm only interested in that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row but I'm only interested in that last
+component so the Z component is just Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so the Z component is just Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so the Z component is just Z
+over row okay if that confused you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over row okay if that confused you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over row okay if that confused you I
+just want to remind you that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind you that you had
+XYZ over row is the full direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ over row is the full direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ over row is the full direction of
+the force we're just pulling off the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force we're just pulling off the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force we're just pulling off the Z
+component okay so what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so what we're going to be
+trying to figure out we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out we need to
+integrate the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the product of these two
+things but I need to figure out what DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I need to figure out what DM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I need to figure out what DM
+actually is so let me remind you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is so let me remind you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is so let me remind you also
+what DM is and then we'll put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DM is and then we'll put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DM is and then we'll put it all
+together DM to remind you is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together DM to remind you is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together DM to remind you is supposed to
+be the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the density
+* DV and the density in this case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DV and the density in this case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DV and the density in this case was
+otk of X2 + y^2 that's just equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of X2 + y^2 that's just equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of X2 + y^2 that's just equal to R
+okay so it's just R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just R
+DV all right so there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV all right so there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV all right so there's a bunch of
+little pieces and now I have to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and now I have to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces and now I have to put them
+together so if I want to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so if I want to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so if I want to determine the
+full attraction in the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full attraction in the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full attraction in the Z Direction
+because the other two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other two are
+zero I just need to do this triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I just need to do this triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I just need to do this triple
+integral I'll figure out my bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'll figure out my bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'll figure out my bounds
+momentarily I'm going to leave a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily I'm going to leave a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily I'm going to leave a lot of
+room to write my bounds because I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to write my bounds because I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to write my bounds because I always
+run out of room and then I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of room and then I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of room and then I just need to
+integrate g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate g
+m / Row 2 time Z ided by row times R DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m / Row 2 time Z ided by row times R DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m / Row 2 time Z ided by row times R DV
+actually I won't even do the bounds yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I won't even do the bounds yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I won't even do the bounds yet
+because I have to change everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to change everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to change everything into
+Polar coordinates so let's figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates so let's figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates so let's figure out
+how to do that all right what is z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that all right what is z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that all right what is z in
+polar coordinates Z in polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates Z in polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates Z in polar coordinates
+we know is row cosine F so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is row cosine F so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is row cosine F so I'm going to
+have a g m I'm going to keep this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a g m I'm going to keep this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a g m I'm going to keep this row
+cubed right here and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed right here and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed right here and then I'm going to
+have a row cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row cosine
+Fe R is row sine Fe so I'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe R is row sine Fe so I'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe R is row sine Fe so I'll just put
+another row and then a sine fee and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row and then a sine fee and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row and then a sine fee and then
+DV is row squared sinine Fe D Row D Fe D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is row squared sinine Fe D Row D Fe D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV is row squared sinine Fe D Row D Fe D
+Theta so what I'm going to do here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so what I'm going to do here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so what I'm going to do here is I
+had I have to add in a row squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I have to add in a row squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had I have to add in a row squared so
+I'm just going to cube this and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to cube this and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to cube this and another
+s Fe so I'm going to square that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Fe so I'm going to square that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Fe so I'm going to square that and
+then I'm going to have a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to have a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to have a d
+D Fe D Theta okay hopefully that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Fe D Theta okay hopefully that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Fe D Theta okay hopefully that wasn't
+too too scary but the Z is my row coine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too scary but the Z is my row coine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too scary but the Z is my row coine
+fee the r is a single row s fee and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee the r is a single row s fee and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee the r is a single row s fee and then
+DV includes a row squared s fee so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV includes a row squared s fee so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV includes a row squared s fee so I I
+put a cubed here and a square squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a cubed here and a square squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a cubed here and a square squared
+here and then D Ro d d Theta all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then D Ro d d Theta all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then D Ro d d Theta all right
+so now I just have to integrate so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just have to integrate so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just have to integrate so I
+have to figure out my balance so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out my balance so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out my balance so we're
+integrating first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating first in
+row right and row it's a sphere a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right and row it's a sphere a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right and row it's a sphere a half
+sphere of radius a it's a solid half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of radius a it's a solid half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of radius a it's a solid half
+sphere so I'm just integrating from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so I'm just integrating from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so I'm just integrating from zero
+up to a right and then Fe because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a right and then Fe because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a right and then Fe because it's a
+solid half sphere Fe is starting at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere Fe is starting at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid half sphere Fe is starting at zero
+and it's going down until it hits the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going down until it hits the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going down until it hits the XY
+plane and so that's pi over two we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so that's pi over two we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so that's pi over two we know
+we start at zero we go to pi over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start at zero we go to pi over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start at zero we go to pi over two
+when we go a quarter turn basically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go a quarter turn basically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go a quarter turn basically when
+we go 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go 90°
+right so we go 0 to Pi / 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we go 0 to Pi / 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we go 0 to Pi / 2 and then
+Theta once I've taken my row and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta once I've taken my row and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta once I've taken my row and I've
+gone up as far as I can and I've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up as far as I can and I've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up as far as I can and I've gone
+down this way I have to rotate it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this way I have to rotate it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this way I have to rotate it all
+the way around and so Theta is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around and so Theta is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around and so Theta is actually
+going from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi all right so this is my full integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi all right so this is my full integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi all right so this is my full integral
+I have here and now let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here and now let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here and now let's do some
+simplifying before we integrate notice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying before we integrate notice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying before we integrate notice I
+have a row cubed in the denominator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row cubed in the denominator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row cubed in the denominator here
+and a row cubed in the numerator there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a row cubed in the numerator there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a row cubed in the numerator there
+so when I integrate in row I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I integrate in row I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I integrate in row I only have
+this single row right when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single row right when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single row right when I integrate
+that row everything else is fixed so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row everything else is fixed so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row everything else is fixed so I
+integrate that row I get a row s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that row I get a row s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that row I get a row s over
+two and I evaluate it at zero and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I evaluate it at zero and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I evaluate it at zero and a and
+so I get an a^ 2 over two as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get an a^ 2 over two as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get an a^ 2 over two as as
+integrating this part I'm going to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this part I'm going to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this part I'm going to pull
+all that to the front and then write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that to the front and then write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that to the front and then write
+what I get next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get next
+so let me write what I get next I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write what I get next I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write what I get next I'm
+going to have a GM KN as a constant I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a GM KN as a constant I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a GM KN as a constant I'm
+going to be multiplying by a^2 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplying by a^2 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplying by a^2 over two
+from the row integral and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row integral and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the row integral and then I have
+two more integrals integral from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more integrals integral from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more integrals integral from 0 to 2
+pi and the integral from 0 to Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and the integral from 0 to Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and the integral from 0 to Pi /
+2 of cine F sin s Fe D Fe D Theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of cine F sin s Fe D Fe D Theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of cine F sin s Fe D Fe D Theta okay
+so how do I inte this and F looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I inte this and F looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I inte this and F looks like
+it's going to be sin cubed over 3 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be sin cubed over 3 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be sin cubed over 3 let me
+just double check derivative of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just double check derivative of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just double check derivative of that is
+3 sin^2 Fe cosine Fe yes so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 sin^2 Fe cosine Fe yes so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 sin^2 Fe cosine Fe yes so this is
+going to be sin cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sin cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sin cubed
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Fe over three evaluated at 0 and Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe over three evaluated at 0 and Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe over three evaluated at 0 and Pi / 2
+this inner part is and so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inner part is and so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inner part is and so let's see what
+we get there s of 0 is 0o s of pi/ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there s of 0 is 0o s of pi/ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there s of 0 is 0o s of pi/ 2 is
+1 right so I just pick up a oneir from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so I just pick up a oneir from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right so I just pick up a oneir from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integral so now I'm going to pull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so now I'm going to pull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so now I'm going to pull that
+out in front so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front so again
+the thing I've written down here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I've written down here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I've written down here is just
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+this so I just get a 1/3 out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I just get a 1/3 out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I just get a 1/3 out of that
+right me double check yep s of pi/ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right me double check yep s of pi/ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right me double check yep s of pi/ 2 is
+still one good so I get a 1/3 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one good so I get a 1/3 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one good so I get a 1/3 out of
+that that's a constant so I'll pull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a constant so I'll pull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a constant so I'll pull that
+to the front and then notice what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and then notice what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and then notice what I'm
+left with I'm just integrating 0 to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with I'm just integrating 0 to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with I'm just integrating 0 to 2 pi
+of D Theta well that's just 2 pi so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D Theta well that's just 2 pi so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D Theta well that's just 2 pi so I've
+got a 1/3 from the inside one times a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a 1/3 from the inside one times a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a 1/3 from the inside one times a 2
+pi from the outside one so I just end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi from the outside one so I just end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi from the outside one so I just end up
+getting 2 pi time or 2 piun over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2 pi time or 2 piun over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2 pi time or 2 piun over 3
+because there's my 1/3 also time g m a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's my 1/3 also time g m a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's my 1/3 also time g m a^
+2/ 2 and if I simplify that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 2 and if I simplify that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 2 and if I simplify that I just
+get GM a^ 2 pi over 3 right and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get GM a^ 2 pi over 3 right and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get GM a^ 2 pi over 3 right and so if I
+want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the
+force of this solid half sphere acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of this solid half sphere acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of this solid half sphere acting
+on the mass m knot where the mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass m knot where the mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mass m knot where the mass is
+positioned at the center of the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned at the center of the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned at the center of the base of
+the solid half sphere it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid half sphere it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid half sphere it's going to be
+exactly the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by symmetry the first two components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the first two components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry the first two components are
+zero and the last component is this GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the last component is this GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the last component is this GM
+a^2 pi over 3 and so that's my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 pi over 3 and so that's my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 pi over 3 and so that's my final
+solution all right let me just take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right let me just take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right let me just take us
+back and remind us where we came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and remind us where we came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and remind us where we came from
+all right so we wanted to find we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we wanted to find we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we wanted to find we wanted
+to find the force the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the force the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the force the gravitational
+attraction of this solid half sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction of this solid half sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction of this solid half sphere
+that had radius a was centered at o and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had radius a was centered at o and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had radius a was centered at o and
+had Mass mot sitting at o and so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Mass mot sitting at o and so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Mass mot sitting at o and so we were
+interested in drawing the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in drawing the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in drawing the easiest
+picture possible we're going to put o at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture possible we're going to put o at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture possible we're going to put o at
+the origin so M knots at the origin then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so M knots at the origin then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so M knots at the origin then
+we have a solid half sphere of radius a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solid half sphere of radius a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solid half sphere of radius a
+so this is you know if I come all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know if I come all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you know if I come all the
+way out my radius length is a and I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out my radius length is a and I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out my radius length is a and I gave
+you the density was equal to R okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the density was equal to R okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the density was equal to R okay so
+we know where the force we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know where the force we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know where the force we're interested
+in f subx f sub y f subz from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f subx f sub y f subz from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f subx f sub y f subz from the
+picture alone we see F subx and F sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture alone we see F subx and F sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture alone we see F subx and F sub y
+are zero so we really only need the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero so we really only need the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero so we really only need the Z
+component so you know how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so you know how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so you know how to find the
+magnitude and you know how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you know how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you know how to find the
+direction of the vector field it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the vector field it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the vector field it should
+be the reason you've divided by row here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the reason you've divided by row here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the reason you've divided by row here
+just to remind you is that the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you is that the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you is that the direction
+you want it to be a a unit Vector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be a a unit Vector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be a a unit Vector right
+and so this is what makes it a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what makes it a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is what makes it a unit
+vector and so the direction part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so the direction part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so the direction part that
+I'm interested in is the Z part so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in is the Z part so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in is the Z part so it's
+Z over row and so all I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z over row and so all I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z over row and so all I need to do is
+take this Z over row multiply it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Z over row multiply it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this Z over row multiply it by the
+magnitude and replace the DM by what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and replace the DM by what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and replace the DM by what it
+is in terms of the volume form and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of the volume form and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of the volume form and in
+terms of the volume form it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the volume form it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the volume form it's the
+density times DV and so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times DV and so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times DV and so in this case
+it's just RDV so I made all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just RDV so I made all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just RDV so I made all those
+substitutions and then all I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and then all I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and then all I had to do
+was do a lot of replacement and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was do a lot of replacement and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was do a lot of replacement and that was
+kind of the messy part and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the messy part and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the messy part and then the
+integral is fairly easy so the messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is fairly easy so the messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is fairly easy so the messy
+part is z i replaced by row cosine Fe r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is z i replaced by row cosine Fe r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is z i replaced by row cosine Fe r
+i replace by row sin Fe and DV I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i replace by row sin Fe and DV I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i replace by row sin Fe and DV I replace
+by row squ sin Fe d r d Fe D Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row squ sin Fe d r d Fe D Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row squ sin Fe d r d Fe D Theta and
+then I just have to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just have to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just have to figure out what the
+bounds are for the half sphere solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds are for the half sphere solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds are for the half sphere solid
+half sphere and then I integrate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sphere and then I integrate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sphere and then I integrate and the
+integration is all ultimately one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is all ultimately one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is all ultimately one step
+at a time single variable right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time single variable right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time single variable right and they
+were all fairly simple integrals so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all fairly simple integrals so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all fairly simple integrals so in
+the end we see that your mass m sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we see that your mass m sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we see that your mass m sitting
+at the origin the force exerted on it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin the force exerted on it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin the force exerted on it by
+this solid half sphere is 0 0 comma G *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid half sphere is 0 0 comma G *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid half sphere is 0 0 comma G *
+m * a^ 2 Pi / 3 all right that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m * a^ 2 Pi / 3 all right that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m * a^ 2 Pi / 3 all right that's where
+I'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kZAFntUFx8I.txt b/kZAFntUFx8I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..063385cbfba07b359da1e8946e1e44ba295d8f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kZAFntUFx8I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7576 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay guys welcome back as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay guys welcome back as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay guys welcome back as you can see
+we're not using the screen today this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using the screen today this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using the screen today this is
+gonna be one of those fill the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be one of those fill the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be one of those fill the board
+lectures but I am going to work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but I am going to work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but I am going to work you
+through every single step we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every single step we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every single step we're going to
+go through the Q equation and derive its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Q equation and derive its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Q equation and derive its
+most general form together which for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general form together which for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general form together which for the
+rest of this class will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this class will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this class will be using
+simplified or reduced forms to explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified or reduced forms to explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified or reduced forms to explain a
+lot of the ion or electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the ion or electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the ion or electron nuclear
+interactions as well as things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions as well as things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions as well as things like
+neutron scattering and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scattering and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scattering and all sorts of
+other stuff we'll do one example for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff we'll do one example for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff we'll do one example for any
+of you that have looked at neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that have looked at neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that have looked at neutrons
+slowing down before how much energy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down before how much energy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down before how much energy can
+a neutron lose when it hits something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutron lose when it hits something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutron lose when it hits something
+we'll be answering that question today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be answering that question today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be answering that question today
+in a generally mathematical form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generally mathematical form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generally mathematical form and
+then a few lectures later we'll be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few lectures later we'll be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few lectures later we'll be going
+over some of the more intuitive aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of the more intuitive aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some of the more intuitive aspects
+to help explain it for everybody so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help explain it for everybody so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help explain it for everybody so I'm
+gonna show you the same situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you the same situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you the same situation that
+we've been describing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been describing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been describing sort of
+intuitively so far but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively so far but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively so far but we're going to
+hit it mathematically today let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it mathematically today let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it mathematically today let's say
+there's a small nucleus one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small nucleus one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small nucleus one that's
+firing at a large nucleus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing at a large nucleus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing at a large nucleus two and
+afterwards a different small nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards a different small nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards a different small nucleus
+three and a different large nucleus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a different large nucleus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a different large nucleus four
+come flying out and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come flying out and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come flying out and so we're going to
+keep this as general as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this as general as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this as general as possible so
+let's say if we draw angles from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if we draw angles from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if we draw angles from their
+original paths particle three went off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paths particle three went off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paths particle three went off
+at angle theta and particle four went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at angle theta and particle four went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at angle theta and particle four went
+off at angle fee so hopefully those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at angle fee so hopefully those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at angle fee so hopefully those are
+differentiable enough and if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable enough and if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable enough and if we were to
+write the overall Q equation showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the overall Q equation showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the overall Q equation showing the
+diff the balance between mass and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff the balance between mass and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff the balance between mass and energy
+here we would simply have the mass 1 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would simply have the mass 1 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we would simply have the mass 1 C
+squared plus kinetic energy of 1 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus kinetic energy of 1 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus kinetic energy of 1 so in
+this case we're just saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're just saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're just saying that the
+mass and the kinetic energy of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the kinetic energy of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and the kinetic energy of all
+particles on the left side and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on the left side and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on the left side and the right
+side has to be conserved so let's add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has to be conserved so let's add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has to be conserved so let's add
+mass to C squared plus t2 has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to C squared plus t2 has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to C squared plus t2 has to equal
+mass 3 C squared plus t3 plus mass 4 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 3 C squared plus t3 plus mass 4 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 3 C squared plus t3 plus mass 4 C
+squared plus t4 we're just four symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus t4 we're just four symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus t4 we're just four symbols
+M refers to a mass t refers to a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M refers to a mass t refers to a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M refers to a mass t refers to a kinetic
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this conservation of total mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this conservation of total mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this conservation of total mass
+or total energies got to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or total energies got to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or total energies got to be conserved
+and we'll use it again because again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use it again because again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use it again because again we
+can describe the queue or the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the queue or the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the queue or the energy
+consumed or released by the reaction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or released by the reaction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed or released by the reaction as
+either the change in masses or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the change in masses or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the change in masses or the
+change in energies so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in energies so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in energies so in this case we
+can write that Q let's just group all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that Q let's just group all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that Q let's just group all of
+the SI Squared's together for easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI Squared's together for easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SI Squared's together for easier
+writing if we take the initial masses -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if we take the initial masses -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing if we take the initial masses -
+the final masses then we get a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final masses then we get a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final masses then we get a picture
+of how much mass was converted to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much mass was converted to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much mass was converted to energy
+therefore how much energy is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much energy is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much energy is available
+for the reaction or Q to turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction or Q to turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction or Q to turn it into
+kinetic energy so in this case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so in this case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so in this case we can
+put the kinetic energy of the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the kinetic energy of the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the kinetic energy of the final
+products minus the kinetic energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products minus the kinetic energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products minus the kinetic energies and
+keep with one of the initial products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with one of the initial products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with one of the initial products
+and so we'll use this a little later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll use this a little later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll use this a little later on
+one simplification that we'll make now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simplification that we'll make now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simplification that we'll make now
+is we'll assume that if we're firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll assume that if we're firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll assume that if we're firing
+particles at anything that anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at anything that anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at anything that anything
+starts off at rest so we can start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off at rest so we can start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off at rest so we can start by
+saying there's no T - that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's no T - that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's no T - that's just a
+simplification that will make right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that will make right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification that will make right now
+and so then the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+quantities of this situation are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of this situation are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of this situation are we
+likely to know which ones are we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know which ones are we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know which ones are we not
+likely to know and which ones are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know and which ones are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know and which ones are left
+to relate together so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate together so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate together so let's just go
+through one by one would we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one by one would we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one by one would we typically
+know the mass of the initial particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass of the initial particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mass of the initial particle
+coming in we probably know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in we probably know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in we probably know what we're
+shooting at stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting at stuff
+right so we've know m1 what about t1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've know m1 what about t1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've know m1 what about t1 the
+initial kinetic energy sure let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial kinetic energy sure let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial kinetic energy sure let's say we
+have a reactor whose energy we know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reactor whose energy we know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reactor whose energy we know or
+an accelerator or something that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accelerator or something that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accelerator or something that we're
+controlling the energy like in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the energy like in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the energy like in problem
+set one we probably know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one we probably know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one we probably know that we
+probably know what things were firing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know what things were firing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know what things were firing at
+and we would probably know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would probably know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would probably know what the
+masses of the final products are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the final products are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of the final products are because
+you guys have been doing nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been doing nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been doing nuclear
+reaction analysis and calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction analysis and calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction analysis and calculating
+binding energies and everything for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies and everything for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies and everything for the
+last couple of weeks but we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of weeks but we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of weeks but we might not
+know the kinetic energies of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the kinetic energies of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the kinetic energies of what's
+coming out let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out let's
+we didn't actually even know the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually even know the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually even know the masses
+yet we have to figure out a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we have to figure out a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we have to figure out a way to get
+both the kinetic energies and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the kinetic energies and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the kinetic energies and what about
+these angles here this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles here this is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles here this is the new
+variable that we're introducing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're introducing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're introducing is the
+kinetic energy of particles three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of particles three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of particles three and
+four is going to depend on what angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is going to depend on what angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is going to depend on what angles
+they fire off at let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fire off at let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fire off at let me give you a
+limiting case let's say theta was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case let's say theta was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case let's say theta was zero
+what would that mean physically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean physically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean physically what
+would be happening to particles one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happening to particles one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happening to particles one two
+three and four if theta and fie were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four if theta and fie were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four if theta and fie were
+zero if they kept on moving in the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if they kept on moving in the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if they kept on moving in the exact
+same path yeah we don't know well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path yeah we don't know well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path yeah we don't know well let's
+see if yeah if it was a fusion event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if yeah if it was a fusion event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if yeah if it was a fusion event
+let's say there was one here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there was one here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there was one here and one
+standing still then the whole center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still then the whole center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still then the whole center of
+mass of the system would have to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the system would have to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the system would have to move
+that way so one example could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so one example could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so one example could be a
+fusion event a second example could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion event a second example could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion event a second example could be
+absolutely nothing it's perfectly valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing it's perfectly valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing it's perfectly valid
+to say if let's say particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if let's say particle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if let's say particle one
+scatters off particle two at an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters off particle two at an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters off particle two at an angle of
+zero degrees that's what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees that's what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees that's what's known as
+forward scattering which is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scattering which is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward scattering which is to say that
+theta equals zero so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals zero so this is another
+quantity that we might not know we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we might not know we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we might not know we might
+not know what theta and phiy are and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what theta and phiy are and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what theta and phiy are and the
+problem here is we've got like three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is we've got like three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is we've got like three or
+four unknowns and only one equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns and only one equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns and only one equation to
+relate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate them
+so what other question when you say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what other question when you say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what other question when you say an
+inelastic collision would be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collision would be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collision would be one and
+since we haven't gone through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we haven't gone through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we haven't gone through what
+inelastic means that would mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic means that would mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic means that would mean some
+sort of collision where let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collision where let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collision where let's see how
+would I explain this I'd say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I explain this I'd say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I explain this I'd say an
+inelastic collision would be like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collision would be like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collision would be like if
+particles 1 & 2 were to fuse like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles 1 & 2 were to fuse like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles 1 & 2 were to fuse like a
+capture event for example or a capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture event for example or a capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture event for example or a capture
+and then a readmission let's say of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a readmission let's say of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a readmission let's say of a
+neutron yeah if it was readmitted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron yeah if it was readmitted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron yeah if it was readmitted in the
+forward direction then that could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction then that could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction then that could be an
+elastic scattering event but still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering event but still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering event but still in
+the same direction or an elastic scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction or an elastic scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction or an elastic scatter
+at an angle of theta equals zero could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an angle of theta equals zero could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an angle of theta equals zero could
+be like there wasn't any scattering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like there wasn't any scattering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like there wasn't any scattering at
+all because really in the end it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because really in the end it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because really in the end it can
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+let's say if you have a neutron firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have a neutron firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have a neutron firing
+at a nucleus depends on what angle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a nucleus depends on what angle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a nucleus depends on what angle it
+bounces off of in like the billiard ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces off of in like the billiard ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces off of in like the billiard ball
+sense if it bounces off at an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if it bounces off at an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if it bounces off at an angle of
+zero that means it missed we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means it missed we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that means it missed we would
+consider that theta equals zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that theta equals zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that theta equals zero but the
+point here is that we now have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that we now have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that we now have more
+quantities unknown than we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities unknown than we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities unknown than we have
+equations to define them so how else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to define them so how else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to define them so how else can
+we start relating some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start relating some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start relating some of these
+quantities what else can we conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities what else can we conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities what else can we conserve
+since we've already got mass and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've already got mass and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've already got mass and energy
+what's that third quantity I always yell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that third quantity I always yell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that third quantity I always yell
+out momentum right so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out momentum right so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out momentum right so let's start
+writing some of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing some of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing some of the momentum
+conservation equations so we can try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations so we can try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations so we can try and
+nail these things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail these things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail these things down
+so let's I'm going to write each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's I'm going to write each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's I'm going to write each step
+one at a time we'll start by conserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time we'll start by conserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time we'll start by conserving
+momentum that's what we'll do right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's what we'll do right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's what we'll do right here
+and we can write the X and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write the X and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write the X and the y
+equation separately so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation separately so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation separately so what's the
+momentum of particle one how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle one how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle one how do we
+express that yep so it would be like m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that yep so it would be like m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that yep so it would be like m1
+v1 so we'll have a little box right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 so we'll have a little box right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 so we'll have a little box right here
+from momentum we could say mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from momentum we could say mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from momentum we could say mass times
+velocity or how do we express that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or how do we express that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or how do we express that in
+terms of variables that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of variables that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of variables that we have here
+like we did last week what about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did last week what about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did last week what about in
+terms of kinetic energies well another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of kinetic energies well another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of kinetic energies well another
+way of writing mass times velocity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing mass times velocity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing mass times velocity would
+be root to MT because in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be root to MT because in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be root to MT because in this case we
+would have root two let's see root two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have root two let's see root two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have root two let's see root two
+times m1 times one-half m1 v1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m1 times one-half m1 v1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m1 times one-half m1 v1 squared
+the twos here cancel the let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos here cancel the let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos here cancel the let's see I
+have m1 squared you have a V squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 squared you have a V squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 squared you have a V squared and
+the square root of M squared V squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of M squared V squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of M squared V squared
+is just MV so this is an equivalent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just MV so this is an equivalent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just MV so this is an equivalent way
+of writing the momentum in the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the momentum in the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing the momentum in the variables
+that we're working in already and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working in already and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working in already and so
+since that doesn't introduce another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that doesn't introduce another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that doesn't introduce another
+variable like velocity which we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like velocity which we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like velocity which we do know
+but it's kind of confusing to add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of confusing to add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of confusing to add more
+symbols let's keep as few as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols let's keep as few as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols let's keep as few as possible
+so what's the X momentum of particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just what I've got up there to em 1 T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I've got up there to em 1 T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I've got up there to em 1 T 1
+what's the X momentum in this frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the X momentum in this frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the X momentum in this frame of
+particle 2 0 it's not we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 0 it's not we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 0 it's not we're assuming
+that it's at rest and now what's the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's at rest and now what's the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's at rest and now what's the X
+momentum of particle 3 I heard a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle 3 I heard a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of particle 3 I heard a couple
+of things can say him louder it's ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things can say him louder it's ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things can say him louder it's ready
+- yep root 2m 3 T 3 but in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- yep root 2m 3 T 3 but in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- yep root 2m 3 T 3 but in this case if
+we're defining let's say our x-axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining let's say our x-axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining let's say our x-axis here
+it also matters what this angle is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also matters what this angle is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also matters what this angle is so
+you've got to multiply by cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to multiply by cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to multiply by cosine theta
+in this case and that's the X momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and that's the X momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and that's the X momentum
+of particle 3 and we've also got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle 3 and we've also got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle 3 and we've also got to
+account for particle 4 so we'll say add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for particle 4 so we'll say add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for particle 4 so we'll say add
+to em 44 cosine fee now let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to em 44 cosine fee now let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to em 44 cosine fee now let's do the
+same thing for the Y momentum what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the Y momentum what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the Y momentum what's the
+Y momentum of particles 1 & 2 0 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y momentum of particles 1 & 2 0 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y momentum of particles 1 & 2 0 there's
+not moving in the Y direction to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving in the Y direction to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving in the Y direction to start
+and how about particle 3 I hear whispers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about particle 3 I hear whispers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how about particle 3 I hear whispers
+but nothing vocalized yep same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing vocalized yep same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing vocalized yep same thing but
+root 2 M 3 T 3 sine theta and M 4 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2 M 3 T 3 sine theta and M 4 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2 M 3 T 3 sine theta and M 4 I
+almost wrote the wrong sign there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost wrote the wrong sign there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost wrote the wrong sign there has
+got to be a minus if the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a minus if the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a minus if the momentum of the
+initial particle system in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial particle system in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial particle system in the Y
+Direction is zero so must the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is zero so must the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is zero so must the final
+momentum in the Y direction so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Y direction so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Y direction so these two
+momentum has to be equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's time sine fee so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's time sine fee so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's time sine fee so now we
+actually have sets of equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have sets of equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have sets of equations that
+relate all of our unknown quantities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate all of our unknown quantities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate all of our unknown quantities we
+have the mass conservation equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mass conservation equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mass conservation equation we
+have the Q equation we have the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Q equation we have the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Q equation we have the X
+momentum and we have the Y momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we have the Y momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we have the Y momentum and
+from this point on it's a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point on it's a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point on it's a matter of
+algebra to express some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to express some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to express some of these
+the DS in terms of some of the others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS in terms of some of the others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS in terms of some of the others so
+let's get started with that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started with that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started with that because we
+angles are kind of messy and theta will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are kind of messy and theta will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are kind of messy and theta will
+use theta should uniquely define fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use theta should uniquely define fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use theta should uniquely define fee
+let's try and get things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try and get things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try and get things in terms of
+just one angle so I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one angle so I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one angle so I'm going to start by
+separating the Thetas and the fees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the Thetas and the fees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the Thetas and the fees on
+either side of the equal sign so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the equal sign so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the equal sign so that
+hopefully later on we can eliminate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully later on we can eliminate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully later on we can eliminate one
+in a system of equations so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system of equations so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system of equations so all I'm
+going to do is I'm going to subtract or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to subtract or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to subtract or
+add the theta terms to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the theta terms to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the theta terms to the other side of
+the equation so let's say it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so let's say it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so let's say it will
+separate angles so we'll have root 2 m 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate angles so we'll have root 2 m 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate angles so we'll have root 2 m 1
+t 1 and minus root 2 M 3 t 3 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 and minus root 2 M 3 t 3 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 and minus root 2 M 3 t 3 cosine
+theta I'll be depending on you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I'll be depending on you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I'll be depending on you guys to
+check for sign errors here because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for sign errors here because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for sign errors here because those
+will be messy I do have notes in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be messy I do have notes in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be messy I do have notes in case
+but I'm hoping I won't have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hoping I won't have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hoping I won't have to look at
+them and all we have left on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and all we have left on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and all we have left on this side
+is root 2 m 4 T 4 cosine fee so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root 2 m 4 T 4 cosine fee so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root 2 m 4 T 4 cosine fee so that's
+the X momentum equation let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X momentum equation let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X momentum equation let's do the
+same thing with the Y momentum equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the Y momentum equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the Y momentum equation
+so all we'll do is take the theta term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all we'll do is take the theta term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all we'll do is take the theta term
+and stick it to the left of the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it to the left of the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it to the left of the equal
+sign so that would give us minus root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that would give us minus root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that would give us minus root 2
+M 3 t 3 sine theta equals minus root 2 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 3 t 3 sine theta equals minus root 2 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 3 t 3 sine theta equals minus root 2 M
+44 sine fee right away we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 sine fee right away we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 sine fee right away we can see that
+the minus signs can cancel out just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus signs can cancel out just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus signs can cancel out just for
+simplicity and what else is common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity and what else is common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity and what else is common to
+these that we can get rid of yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that we can get rid of yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that we can get rid of yep
+everything here has a square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here has a square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here has a square root of 2
+so we'll just get rid of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just get rid of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just get rid of all of the
+square root of twos to simplify as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of twos to simplify as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of twos to simplify as much
+as possible and now we look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible and now we look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible and now we look a little
+stuck but now's the time to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck but now's the time to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck but now's the time to remember
+those trigonometric identities back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trigonometric identities back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trigonometric identities back from
+high school that I don't think does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school that I don't think does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school that I don't think does
+anyone use these since in 1801 or 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone use these since in 1801 or 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone use these since in 1801 or 1802
+anyone used a trig identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone used a trig identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone used a trig identity
+a little bit okay um I would hope so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit okay um I would hope so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit okay um I would hope so but
+I don't know what other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what other people are
+teaching nowadays at least this way I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching nowadays at least this way I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching nowadays at least this way I'll
+make sure you remember the high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you remember the high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you remember the high school
+stuff we're going to rely on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're going to rely on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're going to rely on the fact
+that we already got a cosine and a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already got a cosine and a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already got a cosine and a sine
+we have a set of simultaneous equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set of simultaneous equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set of simultaneous equations
+if we can add them together and destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can add them together and destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can add them together and destroy
+the angles somehow that will make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles somehow that will make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles somehow that will make things
+a lot easier so for the Thetas we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier so for the Thetas we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier so for the Thetas we have a
+cosine a sine and an unangan the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine a sine and an unangan the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine a sine and an unangan the term
+that looks kind of messy here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of messy here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of messy here we have a
+cosine and a sine anyone have any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sine anyone have any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sine anyone have any idea
+where we could go next to destroy one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could go next to destroy one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could go next to destroy one of
+these angles anyone remember any handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles anyone remember any handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles anyone remember any handy
+cosine or sine trig identities exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or sine trig identities exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or sine trig identities exactly
+so we can rely on the fact that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can rely on the fact that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can rely on the fact that if we
+can square both sides of both equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can square both sides of both equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can square both sides of both equations
+and add them up we would have a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them up we would have a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them up we would have a cosine
+squared of fee plus a sine squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of fee plus a sine squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of fee plus a sine squared of
+fee which also equals one so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee which also equals one so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee which also equals one so we can
+destroy this fee angle and make things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy this fee angle and make things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy this fee angle and make things a
+lot simpler so we'll start by squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler so we'll start by squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler so we'll start by squaring
+both sides let's start with the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides let's start with the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides let's start with the X
+momentum equation so if we have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation so if we have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum equation so if we have let's
+see root M 1 T 1 this so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see root M 1 T 1 this so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see root M 1 T 1 this so we're gonna
+take that stuff squared and that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that stuff squared and that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that stuff squared and that square
+it's not too hard neither are those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard neither are those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard neither are those so
+we'll have root M 1 t 1 squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have root M 1 t 1 squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have root M 1 t 1 squared which
+just gives us M 1 t 1 minus root M 1 T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us M 1 t 1 minus root M 1 T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us M 1 t 1 minus root M 1 T 1
+times root M t-33 cosine theta let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times root M t-33 cosine theta let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times root M t-33 cosine theta let's
+just lump those terms together as root M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lump those terms together as root M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lump those terms together as root M
+1 and 3 t 1 t 3 cosine theta also anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 3 t 1 t 3 cosine theta also anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 3 t 1 t 3 cosine theta also anyone
+raise your hand or let me know if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand or let me know if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand or let me know if I'm
+going too fast I'm trying to hit every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast I'm trying to hit every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast I'm trying to hit every
+single step but in case I skip one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step but in case I skip one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step but in case I skip one
+please slow me down that's what classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please slow me down that's what classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please slow me down that's what classes
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+okay and then we've got another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we've got another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we've got another one
+let's just stick a two in front of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stick a two in front of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stick a two in front of there
+and Plus that term squared so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Plus that term squared so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Plus that term squared so we'll have
+em 3t three let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah looks like cosine squared of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah looks like cosine squared of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah looks like cosine squared of theta
+yep equals this one's easier m44 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep equals this one's easier m44 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep equals this one's easier m44 cosine
+squared of fee okay now we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of fee okay now we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of fee okay now we'll do the
+same thing for the Y momentum equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the Y momentum equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for the Y momentum equation
+much easier because there's no addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier because there's no addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier because there's no addition
+anywhere and we have m3t three sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere and we have m3t three sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere and we have m3t three sine
+squared theta here equals M for T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta here equals M for T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta here equals M for T for
+sine squared feet so this is quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared feet so this is quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared feet so this is quite nice
+now if we add these equations together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we add these equations together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we add these equations together
+we get rid of all of the cosine and sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of all of the cosine and sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of all of the cosine and sine
+squared terms so let's add them up let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms so let's add them up let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms so let's add them up let's
+see we'll add the two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and equations and let's try and group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations and let's try and group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations and let's try and group
+all the terms together so we have M 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms together so we have M 1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terms together so we have M 1 T
+1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 it's getting hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 it's getting hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 it's getting hard
+to write over the lip of the chalkboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write over the lip of the chalkboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write over the lip of the chalkboard
+here cosine theta and we have M 3 t 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cosine theta and we have M 3 t 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cosine theta and we have M 3 t 3
+cosine squared theta plus M 3 t 3 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared theta plus M 3 t 3 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared theta plus M 3 t 3 sine
+theta so we're sine squared theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so we're sine squared theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so we're sine squared theta equals
+M 44 cosine squared theta plus sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 44 cosine squared theta plus sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 44 cosine squared theta plus sine
+squared theta or fee I'm sorry cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta or fee I'm sorry cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta or fee I'm sorry cosine
+squared fee plus sine squared fee okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared fee plus sine squared fee okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared fee plus sine squared fee okay
+hopefully that's as low as I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's as low as I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's as low as I'll have to
+write and like we saw before cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and like we saw before cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and like we saw before cosine
+squared plus sine squared equals 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus sine squared equals 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus sine squared equals 1 so
+that goes away that goes away and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes away that goes away and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes away that goes away and let's
+keep going over on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going over on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going over on this side of the
+board I told you this would be a fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I told you this would be a fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I told you this would be a fill
+the board day let's see if we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board day let's see if we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board day let's see if we actually
+get all 6 instead of just the 4 visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all 6 instead of just the 4 visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all 6 instead of just the 4 visible
+but I think we'll finish this derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we'll finish this derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we'll finish this derivation
+in 4 boards so let's write what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 4 boards so let's write what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 4 boards so let's write what we've
+got left see your remaining so we have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got left see your remaining so we have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got left see your remaining so we have M
+1 T 1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 T 1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 T 1 minus 2 root M 1 M 3 so much
+easier to write standing up cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write standing up cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write standing up cosine theta
+equals M 44 quite a bit simpler did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M 44 quite a bit simpler did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M 44 quite a bit simpler did I
+miss a term ah thank you right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a term ah thank you right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a term ah thank you right you're
+right and we had a plus M 3 T 3 yep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we had a plus M 3 T 3 yep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we had a plus M 3 T 3 yep that
+would be important thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be important thank you
+equals M 44 so we now have a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M 44 so we now have a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals M 44 so we now have a relation
+between the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the math
+the energies and one angle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies and one angle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies and one angle which is
+getting a lot better we still have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot better we still have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot better we still have one
+more variable than we can deal with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variable than we can deal with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variable than we can deal with so
+let's say if we're let's see which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if we're let's see which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if we're let's see which of
+these variables do you think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables do you think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables do you think we can
+eliminate using any of the equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate using any of the equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate using any of the equations you
+see let's go with on that top board over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's go with on that top board over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's go with on that top board over
+there well what other quantities are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well what other quantities are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well what other quantities are we
+likely to know about this nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know about this nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to know about this nuclear
+reaction let's bring this back down are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction let's bring this back down are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction let's bring this back down are
+we likely to know the Q value yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we likely to know the Q value yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we likely to know the Q value yeah
+probably because like you guys have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because like you guys have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because like you guys have been
+doing on problem sets 1 & 2 if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on problem sets 1 & 2 if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on problem sets 1 & 2 if you know
+let's say the binding energies or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the binding energies or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the binding energies or the
+masses or the excess masses or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses or the excess masses or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses or the excess masses or the
+kinetic energies of all your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies of all your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies of all your products
+any combination of those can get you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those can get you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those can get you the
+Q value of that reaction and if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q value of that reaction and if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q value of that reaction and if you just
+look up those reactions like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up those reactions like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up those reactions like let's say
+radioactive decay reactions on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay reactions on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay reactions on the table
+of nuclides it just gives you the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides it just gives you the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides it just gives you the Q
+value so chances are we can express some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so chances are we can express some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so chances are we can express some
+of these kinetic energies in terms of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinetic energies in terms of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinetic energies in terms of Q
+and all we've got left is t1 t3 and t4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've got left is t1 t3 and t4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've got left is t1 t3 and t4
+so which of these are we most likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of these are we most likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which of these are we most likely to
+be able to know or measure t1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know or measure t1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know or measure t1 we
+probably fixed it by cranking up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fixed it by cranking up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fixed it by cranking up our
+particle accelerator to a certain energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerator to a certain energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerator to a certain energy
+t3 or t4 what do you guys think let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 or t4 what do you guys think let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 or t4 what do you guys think let's
+say we had a very small nucleus firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had a very small nucleus firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had a very small nucleus firing
+at a very big one which one do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very big one which one do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very big one which one do you think
+would be more likely to escape this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more likely to escape this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more likely to escape this
+system and get detected by us standing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and get detected by us standing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and get detected by us standing a
+couple feet away with a detector yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple feet away with a detector yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple feet away with a detector yep
+probably t3 the smaller particle we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably t3 the smaller particle we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably t3 the smaller particle we've
+just arbitrarily chosen that but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just arbitrarily chosen that but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just arbitrarily chosen that but for
+intuitive sake let's say yeah why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive sake let's say yeah why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive sake let's say yeah why don't
+we try and get t4 in terms of Q t1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try and get t4 in terms of Q t1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try and get t4 in terms of Q t1 and
+t3 that's not too hard since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 that's not too hard since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 that's not too hard since it's
+addition so our next step will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so our next step will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so our next step will be
+substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll say that Q equals I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say that Q equals I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say that Q equals I'm just
+gonna copy it up from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy it up from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna copy it up from there
+t3 plus t4 minus t1 so we can isolate t4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 plus t4 minus t1 so we can isolate t4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3 plus t4 minus t1 so we can isolate t4
+say t4 equals Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say t4 equals Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say t4 equals Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and
+continue substituting usually don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue substituting usually don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue substituting usually don't like
+to have my back to the class this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have my back to the class this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have my back to the class this much
+but when you're writing this much it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're writing this much it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're writing this much it can
+be a little hard so let's stick this t4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little hard so let's stick this t4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little hard so let's stick this t4
+in right here and rewrite the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right here and rewrite the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right here and rewrite the equation
+as we've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've got it
+M 1 t1 minus 2 root m1 m3 t1 t3 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 t1 minus 2 root m1 m3 t1 t3 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 t1 minus 2 root m1 m3 t1 t3 cosine
+theta plus M 3 T 3 equals M 4 times Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus M 3 T 3 equals M 4 times Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus M 3 T 3 equals M 4 times Q
+plus t1 minus t3 I anticipate us needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t1 minus t3 I anticipate us needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t1 minus t3 I anticipate us needing
+to see this side of the board soon also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this side of the board soon also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this side of the board soon also
+apologize for the amount of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the amount of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the amount of time it
+takes to write these things there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to write these things there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to write these things there's
+another strategy one can use at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy one can use at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy one can use at the
+board which is defining intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which is defining intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board which is defining intermediate
+symbols and here's why I'm not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and here's why I'm not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and here's why I'm not doing
+that when I was a freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I was a freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I was a freshman
+back in whoa 2001 who here was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in whoa 2001 who here was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in whoa 2001 who here was born
+after 2001 nobody ok thank God don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 2001 nobody ok thank God don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 2001 nobody ok thank God don't
+feel so old we had I was in 1802 3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so old we had I was in 1802 3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so old we had I was in 1802 3 which
+was math with applications which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was math with applications which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was math with applications which was
+better known as math with extra theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as math with extra theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as math with extra theory
+and in one class not only did we fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one class not only did we fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one class not only did we fill
+nine boards but we ran out of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine boards but we ran out of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine boards but we ran out of English
+letters symbols and we ran out of Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters symbols and we ran out of Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters symbols and we ran out of Greek
+letter symbols and we moved on to Hebrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter symbols and we moved on to Hebrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter symbols and we moved on to Hebrew
+because they were like distinct enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were like distinct enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were like distinct enough
+from English and Greek and being I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from English and Greek and being I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from English and Greek and being I think
+the only Hebrew speaker in the class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Hebrew speaker in the class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Hebrew speaker in the class I
+was the only one that could follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only one that could follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only one that could follow the
+symbols but I couldn't follow the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols but I couldn't follow the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols but I couldn't follow the math
+anymore so I am NOT going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I am NOT going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so I am NOT going to define
+intermediate symbols for this and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate symbols for this and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate symbols for this and just
+keep it understandable even if it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it understandable even if it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it understandable even if it takes
+longer to write ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to write ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to write ok
+so let's start off by dividing by M for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our goal now is to try to isolate Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal now is to try to isolate Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal now is to try to isolate Q
+because this is something that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something that we would
+know or measure and it will relate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or measure and it will relate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or measure and it will relate all
+of the other quantities only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other quantities only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other quantities only one of
+which we won't really know yet so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't really know yet so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't really know yet so let's
+divide everything by m4 so we have t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by m4 so we have t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by m4 so we have t1
+over or sorry t1 times M 1 over m 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or sorry t1 times M 1 over m 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or sorry t1 times M 1 over m 4
+minus 2 over m 4 times root of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 over m 4 times root of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 over m 4 times root of all that
+stuff plus T 3 times M 3 over m 4 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff plus T 3 times M 3 over m 4 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff plus T 3 times M 3 over m 4 equals
+Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and we've almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and we've almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q plus T 1 minus T 3 and we've almost
+isolated Q I'll call this step just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated Q I'll call this step just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated Q I'll call this step just add
+and subtract and I'm going to group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract and I'm going to group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract and I'm going to group the
+terms together so let's for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms together so let's for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms together so let's for example
+group all the t ones together and group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group all the t ones together and group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group all the t ones together and group
+all the t threes together so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the t threes together so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the t threes together so if I
+subtract T 1 I get T 1 times M 1 over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract T 1 I get T 1 times M 1 over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract T 1 I get T 1 times M 1 over m
+4 minus 1 minus 2 over m 4 root M 1 M 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus 1 minus 2 over m 4 root M 1 M 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus 1 minus 2 over m 4 root M 1 M 3
+T 1 T 3 cosine theta plus and if I add T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 T 3 cosine theta plus and if I add T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 T 3 cosine theta plus and if I add T
+3 then I would get M 3 over m 4 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then I would get M 3 over m 4 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then I would get M 3 over m 4 plus 1
+equals Q so this is a good place to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Q so this is a good place to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Q so this is a good place to stop
+turn around and see you guys and now ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and see you guys and now ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and see you guys and now ask
+you which of the remaining quantities do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which of the remaining quantities do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which of the remaining quantities do
+we probably not know so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably not know so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably not know so let's just go
+through them one by one just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them one by one just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them one by one just to remind
+ourselves are we likely to know what T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are we likely to know what T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are we likely to know what T 1
+is probably how about the masses M 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably how about the masses M 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably how about the masses M 1 and
+M 4 if we know what particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 4 if we know what particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 4 if we know what particles are
+reacting we can just look those up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting we can just look those up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting we can just look those up or
+measure them or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them or whatever
+we know M 4 we know our masses we know T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know M 4 we know our masses we know T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know M 4 we know our masses we know T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about T 3 we don't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about T 3 we don't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about T 3 we don't necessarily know
+yet so T 3 is a question mark how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so T 3 is a question mark how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so T 3 is a question mark how about
+cosine theta or theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we haven't said yet and t3 we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't said yet and t3 we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't said yet and t3 we don't know
+and the masses we know and the queue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the masses we know and the queue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the masses we know and the queue we
+know so finally to solve for well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so finally to solve for well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so finally to solve for well we
+only have two variables left t3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two variables left t3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two variables left t3 and
+theta so this here this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so this here this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so this here this is actually
+called the queue equation in its most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the queue equation in its most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the queue equation in its most
+complete form describes the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete form describes the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete form describes the relationship
+between the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kinetic energy of the
+outgoing particle and the angle at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing particle and the angle at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing particle and the angle at which
+it comes off how do we solve this how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off how do we solve this how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes off how do we solve this how do
+we get one in terms of the other anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get one in terms of the other anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get one in terms of the other anyone
+recognize what kind of equation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what kind of equation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what kind of equation we have
+here it's a little obscure oh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little obscure oh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a little obscure oh it's not
+obscure but it's a little bit hiding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure but it's a little bit hiding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure but it's a little bit hiding but
+it should be a very familiar one think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a very familiar one think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a very familiar one think
+back to high school again yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see certainly there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see certainly there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see certainly there's probably
+some trig involved in here in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trig involved in here in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trig involved in here in terms of
+yeah if you know the cosine then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know the cosine then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you know the cosine then you
+know let's say the X or the Y component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say the X or the Y component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say the X or the Y component
+of the momentum but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum but there's something
+simpler something that doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler something that doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler something that doesn't require
+trigonometry yep it is it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry yep it is it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry yep it is it's a quadratic
+hoop so who saw that it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoop so who saw that it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoop so who saw that it's actually a
+quadratic equation where the variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation where the variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation where the variable is
+the square root of t3 that's the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of t3 that's the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of t3 that's the trick
+here is you have something without t3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have something without t3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have something without t3
+you have something with square root T 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something with square root T 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something with square root T 3
+and you have something with t3 better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have something with t3 better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have something with t3 better
+known as root t 3 squared and there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as root t 3 squared and there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as root t 3 squared and there so
+this is actually a quadratic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+despite the fact that it may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it may not have
+looked that way in the first place there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that way in the first place there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that way in the first place there
+we go so now someone who remembers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so now someone who remembers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so now someone who remembers from
+high school tell me what are the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school tell me what are the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school tell me what are the roots
+of a quadratic equation let's say if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a quadratic equation let's say if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a quadratic equation let's say if we
+have the form y equals ax squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the form y equals ax squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the form y equals ax squared plus
+BX plus C what does X equal just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX plus C what does X equal just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX plus C what does X equal just call it
+out yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over to a and in this case a is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a and in this case a is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a and in this case a is that
+stuff B is that stuff without the t3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff B is that stuff without the t3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff B is that stuff without the t3 and
+C is that stuff because we have like 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is that stuff because we have like 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is that stuff because we have like 15
+minutes before I want to open it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before I want to open it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before I want to open it up to
+questions and I don't think we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I don't think we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I don't think we have to
+repeat the quadratic formula stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the quadratic formula stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the quadratic formula stuff I
+will skip ahead skip ahead this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will skip ahead skip ahead this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will skip ahead skip ahead this is when
+I'd normally say it's an exercise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd normally say it's an exercise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd normally say it's an exercise to the
+reader but no it's not the phrase I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader but no it's not the phrase I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader but no it's not the phrase I like
+to use it's boring and I can just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it's boring and I can just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it's boring and I can just tell
+you guys what it ends up as is it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys what it ends up as is it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys what it ends up as is it ends
+up with root T 3 equals and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with root T 3 equals and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with root T 3 equals and this is the
+one time I am going to define new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time I am going to define new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time I am going to define new
+symbols because it's just easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols because it's just easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols because it's just easier to
+parse ends up being we'll call it s plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse ends up being we'll call it s plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse ends up being we'll call it s plus
+or minus root a squared plus T or s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus root a squared plus T or s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus root a squared plus T or s
+let's see if I can remember this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can remember this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can remember this without
+looking it up now I have to look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it up now I have to look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it up now I have to look at my
+notes I don't want to get it wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I don't want to get it wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I don't want to get it wrong and
+have you all write it down incorrectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all write it down incorrectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all write it down incorrectly
+because of me there we go the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of me there we go the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of me there we go the remaining
+stuff in the square root B 1 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the square root B 1 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the square root B 1 cosine
+theta over m 3 plus M 4 and T equals M 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over m 3 plus M 4 and T equals M 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over m 3 plus M 4 and T equals M 4
+Q is it a - it is a + / M 3 plus M 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is it a - it is a + / M 3 plus M 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is it a - it is a + / M 3 plus M 4 so
+these are the roots of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the roots of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the roots of this equation
+this is how you can actually relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you can actually relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you can actually relate the
+kinetic energy of the outgoing particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the outgoing particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the outgoing particle
+directly to the angle so I want to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the angle so I want to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the angle so I want to let
+that sink in just for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sink in just for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sink in just for a minute
+stop here and check to see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and check to see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here and check to see if there's
+any questions on the derivation before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on the derivation before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on the derivation before
+we start to use it to do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to use it to do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to use it to do something a
+little more concrete yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more concrete yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more concrete yep
+II oh I'm sorry that's a T thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II oh I'm sorry that's a T thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II oh I'm sorry that's a T thank you
+kinetic energy again we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy again we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy again we should be
+consistent with symbols and I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with symbols and I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with symbols and I think I
+don't see any other hanging EES good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any other hanging EES good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any other hanging EES good
+thank you so any other questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so any other questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so any other questions on the
+derivation as we've done it we managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation as we've done it we managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation as we've done it we managed
+to do it in less than four boards there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in less than four boards there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in less than four boards there
+we go okay since I don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay since I don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay since I don't see any
+questions let's get into a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's get into a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let's get into a couple of the
+implications of this so let's now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this so let's now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this so let's now look
+at what defines an exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we say if Q is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say if Q is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say if Q is greater than zero
+which is to say that some of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that some of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that some of the mass
+becomes kinetic energy if an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes kinetic energy if an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes kinetic energy if an exothermic
+reaction is energetically possible then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is energetically possible then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is energetically possible then
+what is the minimum t1 ah that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimum t1 ah that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimum t1 ah that's why I
+brought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it
+what's the minimum t1 up here to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum t1 up here to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum t1 up here to make
+that exothermic reaction happen we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exothermic reaction happen we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exothermic reaction happen we'll
+put a condition on t1 so if the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a condition on t1 so if the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a condition on t1 so if the reaction
+is exothermic which means it'll happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exothermic which means it'll happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exothermic which means it'll happen
+spontaneously how much extra kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously how much extra kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously how much extra kinetic
+energy do you have to give to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do you have to give to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do you have to give to the system
+to make the reaction happen let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the reaction happen let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the reaction happen let's think
+of it in the chemical sense if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in the chemical sense if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in the chemical sense if you have
+an exothermic chemical reaction is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic chemical reaction is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic chemical reaction is it
+spontaneous or is it not it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or is it not it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or is it not it is
+spontaneous same thing in the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous same thing in the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous same thing in the nuclear
+world if you have an exothermic nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you have an exothermic nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you have an exothermic nuclear
+reaction do you need any kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction do you need any kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction do you need any kinetic energy
+to start with to make it happen no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with to make it happen no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with to make it happen no okay
+there we go so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so that's kind of the
+analogy so t1 has to be greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy so t1 has to be greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy so t1 has to be greater than or
+equal to zero it's pretty much not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero it's pretty much not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero it's pretty much not a
+condition right it happens all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right it happens all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right it happens all the time
+so if we were to say t1 were to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to say t1 were to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to say t1 were to equal
+zero let me get my crossing out color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me get my crossing out color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me get my crossing out color
+again if t1 were to equal zero then s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if t1 were to equal zero then s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if t1 were to equal zero then s
+could equal 0 and t10 here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equal 0 and t10 here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equal 0 and t10 here and then you
+just get that's an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get that's an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get that's an S
+t equals m 4q over M 3 plus M 4 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals m 4q over M 3 plus M 4 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals m 4q over M 3 plus M 4 and this
+just kind of gives you a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of gives you a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of gives you a relation
+between the relative kinetic energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the relative kinetic energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the relative kinetic energies of
+the two particles another way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two particles another way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two particles another way of writing
+this relation would just be that III
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation would just be that III
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation would just be that III
+plus e 4 has to be greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e 4 has to be greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e 4 has to be greater than or equal
+to e 1 all this mmm thank you cuz ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 1 all this mmm thank you cuz ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 1 all this mmm thank you cuz ease
+will be used in a different point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used in a different point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be used in a different point of
+this class so we'll stick with T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so we'll stick with T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so we'll stick with T for
+kinetic energy thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy thank you
+so although that's how all that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although that's how all that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although that's how all that this
+condition says is that if mass has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says is that if mass has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says is that if mass has been
+converted to energy then that kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to energy then that kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to energy then that kinetic
+energy at the end has to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the end has to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the end has to be greater than
+at the beginning and that's all it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and that's all it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and that's all it is so
+it makes this equation quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this equation quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this equation quite a lot
+easier to solve for an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve for an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve for an exothermic
+reaction you can also start to look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can also start to look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can also start to look to
+say well what happens as we vary this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what happens as we vary this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what happens as we vary this
+angle theta what does the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta what does the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta what does the kinetic energy
+do let's take the case of an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's take the case of an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's take the case of an endothermic
+reaction now we are running out of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an endothermic reaction where Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an endothermic reaction where Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an endothermic reaction where Q is
+less than 0 you would for you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 you would for you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 0 you would for you would have
+to have t1 to be greater than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise the reaction can't occur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the reaction can't occur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the reaction can't occur so
+you have to impart additional energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to impart additional energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to impart additional energy
+into the system to get it going and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system to get it going and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system to get it going and it
+also means that not every angle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means that not every angle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means that not every angle of a
+mission is possible you might wonder why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is possible you might wonder why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission is possible you might wonder why
+do we care about the angle because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care about the angle because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care about the angle because the
+reaction still happens anyway well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction still happens anyway well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction still happens anyway well it
+doesn't happen at every angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen at every angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen at every angle and
+reactions have different probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have different probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions have different probabilities
+of occurring depending on the angle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurring depending on the angle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurring depending on the angle at
+which the things come out so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the things come out so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the things come out so you could
+see here that as you vary t1 and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here that as you vary t1 and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here that as you vary t1 and as you
+vary cosine theta you still have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary cosine theta you still have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary cosine theta you still have to make
+sure that this quantity on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this quantity on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this quantity on the inside
+here so s squared plus T always has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so s squared plus T always has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so s squared plus T always has to
+be greater equal to greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater equal to greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater equal to greater than or
+equal to 0 or else the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 or else the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 or else the roots of the
+our imaginary and you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imaginary and you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imaginary and you don't have a
+solution so it's kind of nice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so it's kind of nice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so it's kind of nice that this
+came out quadratic because it lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out quadratic because it lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out quadratic because it lets you
+take some of the knowledge you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the knowledge you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the knowledge you already
+know and now apply it to say when or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and now apply it to say when or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and now apply it to say when or
+when our nuclear reactions not or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when our nuclear reactions not or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when our nuclear reactions not or are
+they allowed let me rephrase that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allowed let me rephrase that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allowed let me rephrase that when
+our nuclear reactions allowed or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nuclear reactions allowed or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nuclear reactions allowed or not
+allowed you can now tell depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you can now tell depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you can now tell depending on
+the angle of emission and the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of emission and the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of emission and the incoming
+energy and the masses which are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the masses which are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the masses which are all
+things that you would tend to know so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would tend to know so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would tend to know so as
+everyone clear on the implications here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone clear on the implications here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone clear on the implications here
+if not let me know because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not let me know because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not let me know because that's what
+this class is for yes so for exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is for yes so for exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is for yes so for exothermic
+reactions where Q is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where Q is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where Q is greater than zero
+all that says from our initial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that says from our initial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that says from our initial part of
+the Q equation if Q is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation if Q is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation if Q is greater than zero
+then we have this thing right here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this thing right here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this thing right here where
+the final kinetic energies have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final kinetic energies have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final kinetic energies have to be
+larger than the initial one which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the initial one which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the initial one which is to
+say that some mass has turned into extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that some mass has turned into extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that some mass has turned into extra
+kinetic energy and the solution to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the solution to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the solution to these
+is pretty easy because you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy because you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy because you don't need
+any kinetic energy to make an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kinetic energy to make an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kinetic energy to make an exothermic
+reaction happen so you can just set t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen so you can just set t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen so you can just set t1
+equal to zero which makes s equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero which makes s equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero which makes s equal to
+zero because there's a all multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because there's a all multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because there's a all multiplied
+here and then it simplifies lowercase T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it simplifies lowercase T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it simplifies lowercase T
+as just a ratio of those masses times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a ratio of those masses times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a ratio of those masses times
+the Q equation which will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation which will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation which will tell you
+pretty much how much kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much how much kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much how much kinetic energy is
+going to be sent off to particle three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent off to particle three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent off to particle three
+right here yeah up there particle three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here yeah up there particle three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here yeah up there particle three
+because then we have this condition if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we have this condition if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we have this condition if
+root t3 equals s plus square root of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root t3 equals s plus square root of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root t3 equals s plus square root of s
+squared plus T and we've decided that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T and we've decided that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T and we've decided that s
+equals zero that just means that t3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that just means that t3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that just means that t3
+equals lower case T which equals that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lower case T which equals that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lower case T which equals that so
+then you uniquely define the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you uniquely define the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you uniquely define the kinetic
+energy for an exothermic reaction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an exothermic reaction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for an exothermic reaction as
+long as you have no incoming kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have no incoming kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have no incoming kinetic
+energy for the case of an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the case of an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the case of an endothermic
+reaction first of all we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction first of all we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction first of all we know that the
+incoming kinetic energy has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming kinetic energy has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming kinetic energy has to be
+greater than zero it's like the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's like the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's like the it's
+like the excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the excess
+you need to get a chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get a chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get a chemical reaction
+going does anyone here ever played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going does anyone here ever played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going does anyone here ever played with
+let's that's the one a striking one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's that's the one a striking one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's that's the one a striking one here
+well has anyone ever led anything on no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well has anyone ever led anything on no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well has anyone ever led anything on no
+that's yeah of course you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah of course you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah of course you have and
+that's not a good explanation hmm what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good explanation hmm what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good explanation hmm what's
+a good striking endothermic chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good striking endothermic chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good striking endothermic chemical
+reaction anyone think of one yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction anyone think of one yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction anyone think of one yeah it's a
+hydrogen generator I think that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen generator I think that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen generator I think that happened
+yeah that's more like an explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's more like an explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's more like an explosion
+that's like the intuitive definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the intuitive definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the intuitive definition of
+exothermic yeah actually there's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic yeah actually there's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic yeah actually there's a fun
+one you can do - is this great that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can do - is this great that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can do - is this great that it's
+on video you do that plus put minging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video you do that plus put minging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video you do that plus put minging
+these dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and
+you have an oxygen generator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an oxygen generator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an oxygen generator and then
+you have the purest beyond glacially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the purest beyond glacially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the purest beyond glacially
+pure spring water you just mix H and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure spring water you just mix H and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure spring water you just mix H and O
+directly just don't get near it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just don't get near it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly just don't get near it because
+it tends to be pretty loud we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be pretty loud we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to be pretty loud we do this
+for our RTC or reactor technology course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our RTC or reactor technology course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our RTC or reactor technology course
+where I've got to teach a bunch of CEOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've got to teach a bunch of CEOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've got to teach a bunch of CEOs
+enough basic high school chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough basic high school chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough basic high school chemistry so
+they can understand reactor water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can understand reactor water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can understand reactor water
+chemistry and the way I make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and the way I make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and the way I make sure that
+I'm paying that they're paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm paying that they're paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm paying that they're paying attention
+is with a tremendous explosion so folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a tremendous explosion so folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with a tremendous explosion so folks
+come here pay about 25 grand apiece for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here pay about 25 grand apiece for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here pay about 25 grand apiece for
+me to fire water powered bottle rockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to fire water powered bottle rockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to fire water powered bottle rockets
+out of them it's a pretty sweet job so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them it's a pretty sweet job so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them it's a pretty sweet job so
+if you guys are interested in academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys are interested in academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys are interested in academia
+you know these these things happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these things happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these things happen in
+life it's pretty cool yeah all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's pretty cool yeah all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's pretty cool yeah all right so
+I can't think of any endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of any endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of any endothermic
+chemical reactions off the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions off the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions off the top of my
+head I'll have to keep it general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I'll have to keep it general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I'll have to keep it general and
+abstract and say if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and say if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and say if you have an
+endothermic reaction you have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction you have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction you have to add
+energy in the form of heat to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of heat to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of heat to get the
+reaction going in an endothermic nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction going in an endothermic nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction going in an endothermic nuclear
+reaction heating up the material does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction heating up the material does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction heating up the material does
+not impart very much kinetic energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impart very much kinetic energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impart very much kinetic energy you
+might raise it from a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might raise it from a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might raise it from a fraction of
+electron volt to maybe a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt to maybe a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt to maybe a couple of
+electron volts if things are so hot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts if things are so hot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts if things are so hot that
+they're glowing in the ultraviolet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're glowing in the ultraviolet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're glowing in the ultraviolet that
+doesn't cut it for nuclear so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cut it for nuclear so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cut it for nuclear so you have
+to impart kinetic energy to the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart kinetic energy to the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart kinetic energy to the incoming
+particle such that the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle such that the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle such that the kinetic energy
+plus the rest masses is enough to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the rest masses is enough to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the rest masses is enough to create
+the rest masses of the final particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest masses of the final particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest masses of the final particles
+that's the general explanation I'd give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general explanation I'd give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general explanation I'd give
+so I forget who had asked the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I forget who had asked the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I forget who had asked the question
+but does that help explain it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does that help explain it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does that help explain it a bit
+cool okay I'll take five minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay I'll take five minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay I'll take five minutes and
+let's do a severely reduced case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a severely reduced case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a severely reduced case of this
+the case of elastic neutron scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of elastic neutron scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of elastic neutron scattering
+is kind of a flash forward to what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a flash forward to what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a flash forward to what we'll
+be doing in the next month or so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing in the next month or so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing in the next month or so does
+everyone have what's behind this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone have what's behind this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone have what's behind this board
+here I know that was like three boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know that was like three boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know that was like three boards
+ago so I hope so so let's take the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I hope so so let's take the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I hope so so let's take the case
+of elastic neutron scattering remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic neutron scattering remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic neutron scattering remember I
+told you that after we developed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that after we developed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that after we developed this
+highly general solution to the QED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly general solution to the QED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly general solution to the QED
+equation everything else that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation everything else that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation everything else that we're
+gonna study is just a reduction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna study is just a reduction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna study is just a reduction of that
+and this is about as reduced as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about as reduced as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about as reduced as it gets
+so inelastic neutron scattering we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inelastic neutron scattering we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inelastic neutron scattering we can
+say that m1 well what's the mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that m1 well what's the mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that m1 well what's the mass of a
+neutron in AMU and let's forgive our six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron in AMU and let's forgive our six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron in AMU and let's forgive our six
+decimal points precision for now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal points precision for now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal points precision for now what's
+it about one so we can say that m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about one so we can say that m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about one so we can say that m1
+equals one and in the case of elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and in the case of elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and in the case of elastic
+scattering the particles bounce into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the particles bounce into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the particles bounce into
+each other and leave with their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and leave with their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and leave with their original
+identities so that also equals m3 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so that also equals m3 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so that also equals m3 if
+we're shooting neutrons and an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shooting neutrons and an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're shooting neutrons and an arbitrary
+nucleus what's m2 yep just a the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus what's m2 yep just a the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus what's m2 yep just a the mass
+number same as m4 now we don't have m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number same as m4 now we don't have m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number same as m4 now we don't have m2
+in this equation whatever but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation whatever but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation whatever but the point
+is yeah we're gonna use these two we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah we're gonna use these two we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah we're gonna use these two we're
+gonna use these two so let's substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use these two so let's substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use these two so let's substitute
+that in oh and one last other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in oh and one last other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in oh and one last other thing I
+mentioned what is the Q value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what is the Q value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what is the Q value for
+elastic scattering it write 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering it write 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering it write 0 because
+the Q value is the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q value is the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q value is the difference in the
+rest masses of the ingoing and outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest masses of the ingoing and outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest masses of the ingoing and outgoing
+particles if the ingoing and outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if the ingoing and outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if the ingoing and outgoing
+particles are the same m 1 equals M 3 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are the same m 1 equals M 3 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are the same m 1 equals M 3 M
+2 equals M 4 that sum equals 0 therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equals M 4 that sum equals 0 therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equals M 4 that sum equals 0 therefore
+Q equals 0 so let's use these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q equals 0 so let's use these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q equals 0 so let's use these three
+things right here and rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right here and rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right here and rewrite the
+general Q equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Q equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Q equation
+in those terms which board is it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms which board is it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those terms which board is it on
+right there so let's copy that down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so let's copy that down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so let's copy that down so
+let's say we have T one times M 1 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have T one times M 1 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have T one times M 1 is 1
+over M 4 is a minus 1 minus 2 over m 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M 4 is a minus 1 minus 2 over m 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M 4 is a minus 1 minus 2 over m 4
+is a this is where it gets nice and easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is where it gets nice and easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is where it gets nice and easy
+M 1 and M 3 are just 1 so 1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 and M 3 are just 1 so 1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 1 and M 3 are just 1 so 1 times 1
+times T 1 we don't know what that is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T 1 we don't know what that is yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T 1 we don't know what that is yet
+so let's call it the TN T of the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call it the TN T of the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call it the TN T of the neutron
+coming in how about this we'll call it t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in how about this we'll call it t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in how about this we'll call it t
+in and T out for ease of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine theta and what do we have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta and what do we have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta and what do we have left
+Plus T out and let's make T 1 into an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus T out and let's make T 1 into an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus T out and let's make T 1 into an in
+right there x + 3 / M 4 + 3 was one M 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there x + 3 / M 4 + 3 was one M 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there x + 3 / M 4 + 3 was one M 4
+is a plus 1 equals Q equals 0 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus 1 equals Q equals 0 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus 1 equals Q equals 0 this is
+quite a simpler equation to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a simpler equation to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a simpler equation to solve
+so let's group this all together there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's group this all together there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's group this all together there's
+a couple of tricks that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of tricks that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of tricks that I'm going to
+apply right now to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply right now to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply right now to make sure that
+everything has a in the denominator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a in the denominator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a in the denominator to
+make stuff easier we can call one a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make stuff easier we can call one a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make stuff easier we can call one a of
+Oreille here we can call one a over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreille here we can call one a over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oreille here we can call one a over a
+there then lets us combine our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then lets us combine our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then lets us combine our
+denominators and stick the sign right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and stick the sign right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and stick the sign right
+there that becomes an a same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that becomes an a same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that becomes an a same thing here
+I'll just connect the dashes and stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just connect the dashes and stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just connect the dashes and stick
+the minus sign there leaving an a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign there leaving an a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign there leaving an a right
+there now we can just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now we can just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now we can just multiply
+everything by a both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by a both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by a both sides of the
+equation so the A's go away there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the A's go away there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the A's go away there we
+have a much simpler equation 0 equals T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much simpler equation 0 equals T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much simpler equation 0 equals T
+in of let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one minus a over one okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one minus a over one okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one minus a over one okay we'll
+just call it one minus a minus two root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it one minus a minus two root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it one minus a minus two root
+T in T out cosine theta plus T out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in T out cosine theta plus T out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in T out cosine theta plus T out a
+plus one and okay it's ten minutes of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and okay it's ten minutes of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and okay it's ten minutes of or
+it's five minutes of five minutes of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's five minutes of five minutes of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's five minutes of five minutes of so
+I'm gonna stop this right here at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna stop this right here at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna stop this right here at a
+fairly simple equation we'll pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple equation we'll pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple equation we'll pick it up
+on Thursday and I want to open the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday and I want to open the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday and I want to open the last
+five minutes to any questions you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes to any questions you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes to any questions you guys
+may have since that request came in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have since that request came in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have since that request came in on
+the anonymous rant form which hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anonymous rant form which hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anonymous rant form which hopefully
+you all know now exists yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's look at elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at elastic
+scattering as an example so inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering as an example so inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering as an example so inelastic
+scattering two particles bounce off each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering two particles bounce off each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering two particles bounce off each
+other like billiard balls in forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like billiard balls in forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like billiard balls in forward
+elastic scattering the neutron after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering the neutron after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering the neutron after
+interacting somehow with particle two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting somehow with particle two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting somehow with particle two
+keeps moving forward unscathed so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving forward unscathed so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps moving forward unscathed so in the
+last excatly sense forward scattering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last excatly sense forward scattering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last excatly sense forward scattering is
+also known as missing you can have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as missing you can have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as missing you can have other
+reactions let's say we have a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions let's say we have a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions let's say we have a particle
+at rest another particle slams into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest another particle slams into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest another particle slams into it
+and the center of the whole center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center of the whole center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center of the whole center of
+mass moves together I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moves together I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moves together I don't know if
+you'd call that forward scattering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd call that forward scattering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd call that forward scattering as
+much as let's say capture or fusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as let's say capture or fusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as let's say capture or fusion or
+something but in this case scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in this case scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in this case scattering
+means that two particles go in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that two particles go in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that two particles go in two
+particles leave whether it's elastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles leave whether it's elastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles leave whether it's elastically
+which means with no transfer of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means with no transfer of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means with no transfer of energy
+interests mass or inelastically or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests mass or inelastically or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests mass or inelastically or let's
+say a neutron is absorbed and then re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a neutron is absorbed and then re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a neutron is absorbed and then re
+emitted from a different energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from a different energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted from a different energy level
+and that's something we'll get into in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something we'll get into in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something we'll get into in
+like a month so you can have forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month so you can have forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month so you can have forward
+elastic or inelastic scattering in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic or inelastic scattering in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic or inelastic scattering in this
+case I'm talking about elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm talking about elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm talking about elastic
+scattering which is the simple case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering which is the simple case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering which is the simple case of
+like the billiard balls miss each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the billiard balls miss each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the billiard balls miss each other
+it's just technically a case that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just technically a case that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just technically a case that can be
+treated by this because all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated by this because all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated by this because all you have to
+do is plug in theta equals zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is plug in theta equals zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is plug in theta equals zero and you
+have the case for how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the case for how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the case for how much how much
+energy do you think the neutron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do you think the neutron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy do you think the neutron would
+lose if it misses particle two it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose if it misses particle two it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose if it misses particle two it
+wouldn't lose any energy right it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't lose any energy right it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't lose any energy right it would
+have the same energy so that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same energy so that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same energy so that's the case
+for forward scattering a neutron when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forward scattering a neutron when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forward scattering a neutron when it
+interacts somehow with another particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts somehow with another particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts somehow with another particle
+can lose as little as none of its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose as little as none of its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose as little as none of its energy
+if it misses no one said it had to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it misses no one said it had to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it misses no one said it had to lose
+any energy and by solving this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy and by solving this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy and by solving this equation
+here which we'll do on Thursday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we'll do on Thursday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which we'll do on Thursday we'll
+see what the maximum amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the maximum amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the maximum amount of energy
+that Neutron can lose is which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron can lose is which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neutron can lose is which is the
+basis for neutron slowing down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for neutron slowing down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for neutron slowing down or
+moderation in reactors yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T&T out are not always equal but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T&T out are not always equal but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T&T out are not always equal but in the
+case of forward elastic scattering they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of forward elastic scattering they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of forward elastic scattering they
+would be because the neutron comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be because the neutron comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be because the neutron comes in
+with energy T in and it leaves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy T in and it leaves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy T in and it leaves with
+energy T in for any other case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy T in for any other case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy T in for any other case in which
+the neutron comes off of particle two at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron comes off of particle two at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron comes off of particle two at
+a different angle it will have bounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different angle it will have bounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different angle it will have bounced
+off a particle two moving particle two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a particle two moving particle two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a particle two moving particle two
+at some other angle fee and giving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other angle fee and giving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other angle fee and giving it
+some of its energy elastically the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its energy elastically the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its energy elastically the total
+amount of that kinetic energy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of that kinetic energy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of that kinetic energy will be
+conserved so let's say what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so let's say what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so let's say what would we
+call it what is it yeah so T three T one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it what is it yeah so T three T one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it what is it yeah so T three T one
+would have to be the same as T 3 and T 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be the same as T 3 and T 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be the same as T 3 and T 4
+together for this Q equation where Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this Q equation where Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this Q equation where Q
+equals zero to be satisfied so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to be satisfied so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to be satisfied so that what
+you said can happen but it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said can happen but it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said can happen but it's only the
+case for forward scattering any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for forward scattering any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for forward scattering any other
+questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we the question was at an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we the question was at an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we the question was at an exothermic
+reaction why did we say t1 equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction why did we say t1 equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction why did we say t1 equals zero
+it's not always the case but it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always the case but it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always the case but it provides
+the simplest case for us to analyze so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case for us to analyze so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case for us to analyze so
+an exothermic reaction can happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic reaction can happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic reaction can happen when
+t1 equals zero it can also happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 equals zero it can also happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 equals zero it can also happen when
+t1 is greater than zero so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than zero so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than zero so we're not
+putting any restrictions on that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting any restrictions on that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting any restrictions on that but in
+the case that t1 equals 0 s is destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that t1 equals 0 s is destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that t1 equals 0 s is destroyed
+and the comment the harder part of t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comment the harder part of t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comment the harder part of t is
+destroyed making the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed making the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed making the solution to this
+equation very simple and intuitive which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation very simple and intuitive which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation very simple and intuitive which
+is to say that if you just have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that if you just have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that if you just have two
+particles that are kind of at rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are kind of at rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are kind of at rest and
+they just merge and fire off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just merge and fire off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just merge and fire off to
+different pieces in opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces in opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces in opposite directions
+their energies are proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energies are proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energies are proportional to the
+ratio of their single mass to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of their single mass to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of their single mass to the total
+mass so that's like a center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's like a center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so that's like a center of mass
+problem you'll notice also I'm not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you'll notice also I'm not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you'll notice also I'm not using
+center of mass coordinates center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass coordinates center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass coordinates center of
+mass court here has used those in 801 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass court here has used those in 801 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass court here has used those in 801 or
+802 and who here enjoyed the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 and who here enjoyed the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 and who here enjoyed the experience
+oh wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow
+no hands whatsoever so center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands whatsoever so center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hands whatsoever so center of mass
+coordinates and laboratory coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and laboratory coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and laboratory coordinates
+are different ways of expressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways of expressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways of expressing the
+same thing usually you can write simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing usually you can write simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing usually you can write simpler
+equations and center of mass coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and center of mass coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and center of mass coordinates
+but for most people and I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most people and I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most people and I'm gonna go
+with all of you since none of you raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of you since none of you raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of you since none of you raised
+your hand it's not that intuitive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand it's not that intuitive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand it's not that intuitive that's
+the same way for me so that's why I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way for me so that's why I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way for me so that's why I've
+made a decision to show things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a decision to show things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a decision to show things in
+laboratory coordinates so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory coordinates so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory coordinates so you have a
+fixed frame of reference and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed frame of reference and not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed frame of reference and not a
+moving frame of reference of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame of reference of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving frame of reference of the center
+of mass of the two particles but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the two particles but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the two particles but the
+center of mass idea does kind of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass idea does kind of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass idea does kind of make
+sense here if you have two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here if you have two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here if you have two particles
+that are almost touching and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are almost touching and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are almost touching and then they
+touch and they break into pieces and fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and they break into pieces and fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and they break into pieces and fly
+off the total amount of momentum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the total amount of momentum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the total amount of momentum of that
+center of mass was zero and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass was zero and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass was zero and it has to
+remain zero and so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain zero and so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain zero and so each of these
+particles will take a differing ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles will take a differing ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles will take a differing ratio of
+their masses away we already looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their masses away we already looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their masses away we already looked at
+this for the case of alpha decay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the case of alpha decay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the case of alpha decay where
+if you have a one nucleus just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a one nucleus just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a one nucleus just sitting
+here let's say there was no t1 there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say there was no t1 there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say there was no t1 there was
+just some unstable t2 that was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some unstable t2 that was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some unstable t2 that was about to
+explode and then it did remember how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and then it did remember how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and then it did remember how we
+talked about how the Q value of an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how the Q value of an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how the Q value of an alpha
+reaction is not the same energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is not the same energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is not the same energy that you
+see the alpha decay ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the alpha decay ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the alpha decay ax
+same thing right here so this Q equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right here so this Q equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right here so this Q equation
+describes that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes that same
+situation notice there's no hint of m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation notice there's no hint of m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation notice there's no hint of m1
+there was really no m1 in the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really no m1 in the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really no m1 in the end we
+don't care what the initial mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what the initial mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what the initial mass of the
+particle that made alpha decay is all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that made alpha decay is all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that made alpha decay is all we
+care about is what are the mass ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is what are the mass ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is what are the mass ratios
+and energy ratios of the alpha particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy ratios of the alpha particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy ratios of the alpha particle
+and its recoil nucleus so it all does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its recoil nucleus so it all does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its recoil nucleus so it all does
+tie together that's the neat thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie together that's the neat thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie together that's the neat thing is
+this universal Q equation can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal Q equation can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal Q equation can be used to
+describe like almost everything we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe like almost everything we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe like almost everything we're
+going to talk about so this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about so this is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about so this is as
+complex as it gets and from now on we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as it gets and from now on we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as it gets and from now on we'll
+be looking at simpler reductions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at simpler reductions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at simpler reductions and
+specific cases of each one so it's v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cases of each one so it's v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cases of each one so it's v of
+I would actually make sure to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would actually make sure to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would actually make sure to get you to
+your next class on time and I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next class on time and I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next class on time and I'll see you
+guys on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kZJgJCxcHZE.txt b/kZJgJCxcHZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d16d2c48ce20aeea29013b9f14aa531c287e52a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kZJgJCxcHZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2804 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a Creative
+
+Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+OK.
+
+Settle down.
+
+Settle down.
+
+Settle down.
+
+So the weekend doesn't begin
+until after the 3.091 lecture.
+
+OK.
+
+A couple of announcements.
+
+Tuesday, Quiz 3 based
+on Homework 3.
+
+The final exam has
+been scheduled.
+
+In fact, all the finals are
+scheduled now, so please
+
+consult the Registrar's
+listing.
+
+The celebration of celebrations,
+the 3.091 final
+
+exam, will be Tuesday, 15th of
+December in the morning, 9:00
+
+am to 12:00 noon over in the
+Johnson Athletic Center.
+
+So I urge you to go through the
+final exam schedule and
+
+then make your travel plans when
+you know what your last
+
+obligation is.
+
+And book them soon, because
+we've got about a quarter of a
+
+million students in the Boston
+area and the semesters all
+
+come to a close within a very
+narrow time window, and
+
+everybody's trying to get
+through a wormhole called
+
+Logan Airport.
+
+So you want to be ready.
+
+Do not try to leave town before
+you've met all of your
+
+obligations.
+
+You can't leave before you've
+finished all of your finals.
+
+But you know what they are now,
+so call your travel agent
+
+or make your internet booking.
+
+And an announcement for
+Professor Paul's section.
+
+Owing to the holiday on Monday,
+he's going to have
+
+office hours from noon
+to 1:30 today.
+
+So if you're in Professor Paul's
+section, you'd like to
+
+catch up with him, noon
+till 1:30 today.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's get to the lesson.
+
+The last day we started looking
+at octet stability,
+
+and we looked at octet stability
+and what it means in
+
+terms of shell filling and some
+sweet spot in energy with
+
+respect to reactivity.
+
+And a filled shell leaves
+us with this electron
+
+configuration, ns2np6 for
+n greater than 1.
+
+In the case of n equals 1,
+there's just ns2 for helium.
+
+Otherwise, ns2np6.
+
+2 plus 6 is 8.
+
+There's the octet stability.
+
+It's observed trivially
+in noble gases.
+
+And then we saw that
+it can also be
+
+observed in certain ions.
+
+And how do we get to
+octet stability?
+
+Electron transfer.
+
+And here's the prototypical
+reaction.
+
+I like this.
+
+This is very iconic.
+
+It puts it in broad terms. The
+marriage of an electron donor
+
+with an electron acceptor leads
+to the formation of a
+
+cation and an anion, thanks to
+electron transfer from the
+
+donor to the acceptor.
+
+It doesn't end there, though.
+
+You have cations and anions in
+the gas phase and they're
+
+attracted to one another
+by coulombic forces, or
+
+electrostatic forces, and that
+leads to ionic bonding.
+
+And today I want to go deeper
+into it and study the
+
+energetics of ion-pair
+formation.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+And what I'm going to do is
+study this with reference to
+
+an example of sodium chloride.
+
+So we will go through the
+energetics of sodium chloride,
+
+which we know is going
+to exist as
+
+Na plus and Cl minus--
+
+sodium being the electron donor
+and chlorine being the
+
+electron acceptor.
+
+So what I'm going to do is show
+you a plot of energy as a
+
+function of separation.
+
+So you're going to have
+to be pluralistic
+
+here in your ideas.
+
+So, for example, if I wrote this
+word by itself you don't
+
+know if I'm saying lead or I'm
+talking about the metal lead.
+
+The only way you know
+is in context.
+
+And so you have to know
+in context here.
+
+So r is not the radius
+of the atom.
+
+In this case it's the symbol.
+
+And I'm using this symbol
+not to confuse you.
+
+This is what professionals
+use.
+
+So if you go to the text and the
+literature you'll see r.
+
+This is the interionic
+separation, and it's
+
+determined nucleus to nucleus.
+
+So I'm going to put a sodium
+ion at the origin.
+
+This is the origin.
+
+Energy is on the ordinate.
+
+So I'm going to model this
+as a hard sphere.
+
+So this is sodium ion,
+Na plus, and it's
+
+got some finite radius.
+
+And its radius, I'm going
+to call it r-plus.
+
+That's the radius
+of the cation.
+
+And next to sodium I'm going
+to put the chloride anion.
+
+And it's bigger.
+
+It's bigger.
+
+It's not to scale,
+but it's bigger.
+
+So this is chloride, the
+Cl minus, and it has
+
+its radius, rCL minus.
+
+And then the interionic
+separation is measured from
+
+the sodium nucleus to the
+chloride nucleus, and it's
+
+given the symbol r0.
+
+That's the interionic
+separation.
+
+And we could we write that r0,
+in fact, is strictly r-plus
+
+plus r-minus because we're using
+a hard sphere model.
+
+So there's no shrinkage
+when the two touch.
+
+So that makes sense.
+
+Now what I want to do is
+calculate the energy here.
+
+The only energy that we have
+here is electrostatic.
+
+So we're going to start and say,
+imagine if we had these
+
+two ions separated by infinite
+distance and we brought them
+
+to a separation of r0.
+
+How much electrostatic energy
+would be stored there?
+
+So I can write that as E,
+and I'm going to call it
+
+attractive.
+
+There's a force that attracts
+these two ions together, and
+
+that's given by Coulomb's Law.
+
+So that's the product
+q1 q2 over 4 pi
+
+epsilon0r, in general.
+
+I'm making this as a function
+of r and then we're going to
+
+figure out how to get to r0.
+
+Let's put a little
+ledge in here.
+
+So q1, I'm going to make
+that the sodium just
+
+for grins and chuckles.
+
+So q1 is equal to the z, the
+valence on the sodium, times
+
+the charge, the elementary
+charge.
+
+So the charge on the sodium is
+plus 1-- so it's plus 1e--
+
+and q2 is going to equal
+the charge on the
+
+chloride times e.
+
+And in this case the chloride
+ion is negative 1, so q2 is
+
+minus e, q1 is plus e.
+
+Now if instead I were doing
+magnesium oxide, magnesium
+
+would be plus 2, oxide
+would be minus 2.
+
+So that's where the charge on
+the ion comes into play.
+
+So we can put that in here and
+will make this z-plus times e,
+
+z-minus times e.
+
+So there's q1 q2 over
+4 pi epsilon0 r.
+
+And in this case, for sodium
+chloride, this is plus 1 times
+
+minus 1 is minus 1 e squared
+over 4 pi epsilon0 r.
+
+So this is a function of r.
+
+This e is 1/r.
+
+That's the hyperbole, and
+I can draw that here.
+
+So it's going to look
+something like this.
+
+All right?
+
+It's going to be a
+right like this.
+
+Good.
+
+So that's the attractive
+force.
+
+Now how do we avoid the ions
+just blending together?
+
+Why do they stop at r0?
+
+What puts the brakes on
+the coulombic force?
+
+Ah!
+
+For that we have to look at the
+fine structure of sodium.
+
+So let's look at the fine
+structure of sodium.
+
+So sodium is net
+charge plus 1.
+
+But sodium more properly, if
+I go to the next level of
+
+structure, is really 11 protons
+in the nucleus and
+
+it's got electrons around it--
+
+in total, 10 electrons.
+
+So it's net charge is
+plus 1, all right?
+
+Now if I'm way over here and
+I look at sodium I just see
+
+something of charge plus 1.
+
+And, in fact, I could model
+sodium as just a point charge,
+
+a plus 1, and do all the
+electrostatics and I would be
+
+perfectly accurate
+in my estimation.
+
+But as I get closer I see
+there's fine structure.
+
+It's like so many other
+things in life.
+
+You know, from a distance it
+looks really good, and you get
+
+up close you go, eww.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not going to
+mention any names, all right?
+
+But it's Friday.
+
+Be careful.
+
+So as I get up closer I realize
+that it's plus 1, but
+
+the plus 1 is plus 11 mediated
+by minus 10.
+
+So when things start getting
+close together this exterior
+
+of negative charge becomes
+manifest, palpable.
+
+So let's look at the chlorine.
+
+The chlorine's coming,
+sees plus 1, plus 1.
+
+It starts getting closer
+and closer.
+
+And now what happens?
+
+The negative electronic
+configuration on the outside
+
+of sodium is interacting with
+the negative electronic
+
+configuration on chlorine, and
+the result is you have
+
+electron-electron repulsion.
+
+And we've got an equation for
+that, and that's given by E
+
+repulsion is equal to some
+constant b over r to the n.
+
+And this n is called
+the Born exponent.
+
+It's not the quantum number.
+
+So r today means interionic
+separation,
+
+n means Born exponent.
+
+And you have to determine it
+by experiment and the value
+
+lies between 6 and 12.
+
+And we have to determine
+b by experiment.
+
+So let's say this thing's
+got a-- pick a
+
+number in the middle.
+
+Say it's 8.
+
+So let's plot r to the eighth.
+
+So that's going to hug the
+abscissa, and it's going to
+
+come in really, really close.
+
+And then somewhere around this
+distance here, where the
+
+electron-electron repulsion
+starts to be felt,
+
+this thing takes off.
+
+But 1 over r to the 8 goes way,
+way up fast. So instead
+
+of being a gentle curve
+it's more like a
+
+hockey stick shape here.
+
+And so now the net energy is
+the sum of the negative
+
+attractive energy and the
+positive repulsive energy.
+
+And if we sum the two what
+are we going to get?
+
+Well, way out here 1 over r
+to the 8 is negligible.
+
+And the net value--
+
+so E net, in red--
+
+is essentially equal
+to E attractive.
+
+And at very, very low values of
+r, r to the 8 dominates r.
+
+So we have this as
+the net value.
+
+And the two sum--
+
+and I can't quite do it because
+of the way this is
+
+drawn, but I think
+you can see.
+
+These two eventually
+equilibrate and
+
+go through a minimum.
+
+So I'm going to cheat a little
+bit here and I'm going to add
+
+these two in such a way as to go
+through a minimum value of
+
+energy at r equals r0, which is
+the sum of E attractive and
+
+E repulsive.
+
+So we can sum those two and
+let's see what we get.
+
+At r equals r0, E net is equal
+to its minimum value.
+
+So how do you find a minimum
+in a function?
+
+You take the derivative.
+
+I'm going to put some
+math to work here.
+
+So we'll take dE by dr and
+set it equal to 0.
+
+And the value of r at which
+it equals 0 is termed r0.
+
+OK?
+
+So we'll just go through
+and take the
+
+derivative of that thing.
+
+And I'm not going to go through
+all the math but just
+
+show you the set-up here.
+
+What's the other thing
+that we know?
+
+dE by dr represents what?
+
+That's force.
+
+So I could say that at r equals
+r0 the net force is 0,
+
+which is what you'd expect.
+
+Because if the net force isn't
+0 it's going to either push
+
+the ions farther apart or draw
+them closer together.
+
+So this is mathematics
+imitating reality.
+
+What a concept.
+
+Math working for you instead
+of you working for math.
+
+So what do I have?
+
+I have everything in these
+equations except
+
+the value of b.
+
+I'm assuming we know the value
+of n from experiment.
+
+We don't know the value of b.
+
+And so you can solve to get
+the value of b, and once
+
+you've got that you can put
+everything together and give
+
+an expression for the energy of
+the system at r equals r0.
+
+When you plug everything in you
+get this: z-plus, which is
+
+the net charge on the cation,
+times z-minus, which is the
+
+net charge on anion, divided
+by 4 pi epsilon0 r0.
+
+1 minus 1/n, where n is
+the Born exponent.
+
+And this is valid at
+r equals r0 only.
+
+If you're not at r equals r0
+then you can get the value of
+
+b and then put it into this
+expression, where E net will
+
+equal E attractive
+plus E repulsive.
+
+So there it is.
+
+And so this represents--
+
+this is the energy of a single
+ionic bond, because that's all
+
+the energy that's there.
+
+It's the single ionic bond.
+
+And the second thing that we
+realize is plus times minus is
+
+net minus, so this means that
+it's negative quantity,
+
+as it should be.
+
+It has to be a negative
+quantity.
+
+All right.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+What we've seen by going through
+this derivation is the
+
+recognition that the ionic
+bond is electrostatic
+
+attraction mediated by
+electronic repulsion.
+
+It's the balance of the two.
+
+And those words sound so good
+to me that I'm going
+
+to write them down.
+
+Electrostatic attraction
+mediated--
+
+another lovely word--
+
+mediated by electronic
+repulsion.
+
+So that's how you get to the
+final setting here of the
+
+interionic separation.
+
+So what are the characteristics?
+
+What does this lead
+to in terms of
+
+characteristics of this bond?
+
+Characteristics of
+the ionic bond.
+
+First of all, it's
+omnidirectional.
+
+This is a concept based on the
+fact that the electric field
+
+radiates in all directions
+uniformly.
+
+So the negative field coming
+from the chloride ion is
+
+uniform in all directions.
+
+There's no preferred
+direction.
+
+Omnidirectional.
+
+OK?
+
+E field--
+
+oh, I better not say that.
+
+Electric field, not the energy
+field, radiates in all
+
+directions uniformly.
+
+And that's going to
+have consequences.
+
+I'm not just telling
+you this because we
+
+like cataloguing things.
+
+This isn't a bookkeeping
+class.
+
+So we're going to come
+back, use this fact.
+
+And the second thing is that the
+bond is unsaturated, which
+
+is a chemical way of saying that
+a given ion can bond to
+
+more than one other ion.
+
+In other types of bonds
+that's not the case.
+
+A given atom can only bond
+once and then it's done.
+
+Whereas in this case the ion
+can bond to a plurality of
+
+other ions.
+
+So ions bond to more than one.
+
+OK?
+
+Plurality of bonds is formed.
+
+They're polygamous,
+if you like.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+That means that here
+is what happens.
+
+We've got the blues as the
+sodiums, and for any given
+
+sodium it forms bonds without
+limit until the number of
+
+bonds is stopped by physical
+limitations--
+
+not because the E field
+was saturated.
+
+It's unsaturated.
+
+You just can't jam any more
+chlorides physically around
+
+the sodium.
+
+That's why the sodium is only
+bonding to the number of
+
+chlorides that it bonds to.
+
+There's no intrinsic
+limitation.
+
+So what happens when you get
+to this situation where you
+
+have omnidirectional forces,
+unsaturated bonds, and ions
+
+that you can model as hard
+spheres of constant radius?
+
+All the sodiums have the same
+radius, all the chlorides have
+
+the same radius.
+
+You make a 3-dimensional
+ordered array.
+
+So you can make an infinite
+atomic ordered array, which we
+
+use the simple Anglo-Saxon
+word last day
+
+to describe: crystal.
+
+You form a crystal.
+
+And as a result ionics have to
+be solid at room temperature,
+
+because if you've got thousands
+and thousands of
+
+atoms together in one
+aggregate they're
+
+not going to float.
+
+They're going to settle.
+
+Put another way, the strength
+of the bond, the amount of
+
+energy in here, is so great that
+the thermal energy of the
+
+room isn't great enough
+to disrupt this bond.
+
+It's a combination of
+unsaturated, omnidirectional,
+
+and high energy.
+
+So we form solids at
+room temperature.
+
+OK.
+
+Now I want to show the
+energetics of that one because
+
+this is good.
+
+You know, I promised you I
+wouldn't do derivations, so
+
+I'm not going in
+detail on this.
+
+I'm giving you just enough so
+that I can introduce the
+
+characters here.
+
+You know, how else
+am I going to
+
+introduce the Born exponent?
+
+Am I'm just going to say,
+there's this exponent n, the
+
+Born exponent.
+
+We're going to introduce
+it in context.
+
+So now you know what
+the energetics are.
+
+So now I want to prove to you
+energetically along this line
+
+that crystals will form.
+
+So let's imagine--
+
+we're going to do this
+thought experiment.
+
+We're going to take three
+ion-pairs of sodium chloride.
+
+So here's three ion-pairs
+of sodium chloride.
+
+And I want to compare these
+three ion-pairs.
+
+So this is an ion gas.
+
+And the distance between
+ion-pairs is great enough that
+
+one pair doesn't affect
+the other.
+
+The electrostatics are only
+strong within the pair.
+
+So we'll just label this
+infinity with quotation
+
+marks around it.
+
+They're very far apart.
+
+When a physicist says they're
+very far apart, very is code
+
+for infinity.
+
+So this one doesn't interact
+with this one, which doesn't
+
+interact with this one.
+
+And I want to compare the
+energetic state of the ion
+
+dispersion to what would happen
+if I were to put all of
+
+those in a single line.
+
+Plus, minus, plus, minus,
+plus, minus.
+
+So then this has a certain
+energy state, it's the energy
+
+of the ion line.
+
+And I want to show you that
+there's an energy decrease in
+
+collecting all of these and
+ordering them into a line.
+
+So there's more energy
+in a line dance
+
+than in ballroom dancing.
+
+That's what we're going
+to say ultimately.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's compare the energies.
+
+That's all we're going to do.
+
+So what's the energy of this?
+
+Well, we're not going to do 3
+versus 3 Let's think big.
+
+It's Friday.
+
+So let's take Avogadro's number
+of pairs, shall we?
+
+So the energy of the ion
+dispersion would then equal--
+
+that's the energy of one pair,
+and they're infinite distance
+
+apart, so there's nothing to be
+gained by putting them in
+
+the same chamber.
+
+So it's just going to be N
+Avogadro, if that's the
+
+number, times the energy
+evaluated at r equals r0.
+
+So we're done.
+
+And we know what that is.
+
+I don't have to rewrite
+it for you.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what I have to do is get
+an estimate of the energy
+
+of the line and show you
+that the line is at a
+
+lower energy state.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+Jocelyn, take the top one and
+the middle one, please, but
+
+not the bottom one.
+
+Thanks.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's look at the
+energy of a line.
+
+So we're going to do--
+here's my line.
+
+I'm going to get the
+colored chalk.
+
+Green and blue.
+
+You know, some people think
+being a professor is so cool
+
+because you get to travel, you
+get to research, and so on.
+
+It's the colored chalk.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the
+colored chalk.
+
+All right.
+
+So there's a sodium.
+
+And on each side of the sodium
+we'll put a chloride.
+
+All right?
+
+And I'm going to just
+keep going this way.
+
+Here's a sodium and
+here's a chloride.
+
+All right.
+
+And now what I'm going to do,
+I'm going to start here at
+
+this sodium and I'm going
+to count the energy,
+
+electrostatic energy, that's
+in this system.
+
+So we're going to count to the
+left, we're going to count to
+
+the right, and then we're going
+to multiply it by the
+
+total number of ion-pairs.
+
+And I know that the ones on the
+end aren't the same, but
+
+the number of ends over N
+Avogadro, that's peanuts.
+
+The edge effects are negligible
+because there's
+
+such a giant middle.
+
+That's how you model
+this stuff.
+
+You don't obsess over the fact
+that the last ion doesn't see
+
+anything on that side.
+
+You just do it and forget about
+it, because you know you
+
+wouldn't do it for 5.
+
+This would be a big problem.
+
+But if you have Avogadro's
+number, who cares?
+
+It's called risk assessment.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's look at the
+energetics here.
+
+So what we've got is the
+energy of the ion line.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's start with
+this central one.
+
+And separated by distance r0 is
+the chloride, and there's
+
+an attractive energy here.
+
+So that's going to equal
+minus e squared over
+
+4 pi epsilon0 r0.
+
+Now I'm going to keep going,
+because the field is
+
+unsaturated and goes
+in all directions.
+
+So this sodium, that's
+a distance 2r0 away.
+
+It's got a repulsive force
+exerted on this sodium.
+
+So let's add that.
+
+So that's going to be plus.
+
+A repulsive force raises
+the energy of a system.
+
+That's e squared over 4pi
+epsilon0 times 2r0.
+
+And let's keep going.
+
+So now let's go 3r0 away.
+
+So 3 times r0, that gets me out
+to the chloride over here.
+
+Let's put 3r0.
+
+Now that will take me from the
+center of the sodium to the
+
+center of the next chloride.
+
+And that's going to
+be attractive.
+
+So that'll be minus e squared
+over 4pi epsilon0 times 3r0
+
+plus, et cetera.
+
+So you see how this goes.
+
+So you go all the way out, you
+add them all up, and you go
+
+the other way.
+
+And so on and so forth.
+
+So that's how the
+derivation goes.
+
+You might say, hey
+wait a minute.
+
+What happened to the Born
+exponent and the repulsive
+
+energy term?
+
+Well, where's the repulsive
+energy term going to be felt?
+
+It's called electron-electron
+repulsion.
+
+Axiomatically, the electrons
+here are
+
+nowhere near these electrons.
+
+See, you only have to count it
+for the nearest neighbor.
+
+So we can patch that
+in at the end.
+
+And we do.
+
+I haven't forgotten.
+
+But I'm not going to spend a
+whole day trying to derive
+
+this thing.
+
+I'll show you how it
+starts to evolve.
+
+At some point you end
+up with something
+
+that looks like this.
+
+e squared over--
+
+in fact, I'll put the
+minus sign up here.
+
+Minus e squared over
+4 pi epsilon0 r0.
+
+And you're going to double it,
+because you're going to go one
+
+side and the other side, and
+you're going to get a series
+
+that looks like this: 1 minus
+1/2 plus 1/3 minus 1/4 plus
+
+blah, blah, blah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So what does this look like?
+
+I've really broken this
+into two pieces.
+
+So this coefficient out in front
+here, you should now be
+
+able to repeat this in your
+sleep: e squared over 4 pi
+
+epsilon0 r.
+
+This is electrostatics,
+isn't it?
+
+Electrostatics.
+
+This is the consequence
+of Coulomb's law.
+
+What's this second term here?
+
+What's this all about?
+
+Geometry.
+
+This is dictated by atomic
+arrangement.
+
+So I could calculate this if I
+took, instead of a line, what
+
+if I put them in a sheet subject
+to the constraints of
+
+those sizes and plus
+1 and minus 1?
+
+So what would be?
+
+I'd start at the sodium and
+count how many chlorides?
+
+If I'm on a plane there'd be
+one, two, three, four.
+
+And then how many sodiums?
+
+Well, they'd be on the backside
+
+of each of the chlorides.
+
+And I'd add them all up in
+2-space and I'd end up with
+
+another coefficient here.
+
+All right?
+
+And we compress all of this into
+a coefficient which we
+
+call the Madelung constant.
+
+And it's a function of the
+atomic arrangements.
+
+So different crystal structures
+have different
+
+Madelung constants.
+
+It's named after a German
+professor, Madelung.
+
+In 1910, he published
+calculations for the energy of
+
+a system of point charges--
+
+just abstract theoretical
+paper.
+
+And then about 10 years later
+another German professor by
+
+the name of Paul Ewald--
+
+he did his PhD for
+Sommerfeld--
+
+he published a paper in which
+he actually made the
+
+calculation for ion crystals,
+and he came
+
+up with this constant.
+
+And to show you the class of the
+guy, instead of naming the
+
+constant after himself he
+named it after Madelung.
+
+Now that's class.
+
+So Madelung did the first
+calculation so he gets named.
+
+So now what we're going to do is
+we're going to multiply by
+
+the N Avogadro, because I've
+got N Avogadro of these
+
+things, and we're going to
+put in the Born exponent
+
+patch and so on.
+
+And here's what the final
+expression looks
+
+like for the line.
+
+There are a few algebraic tricks
+that I'm not willing to
+
+do in class because I don't
+think that's a profitable use
+
+of our time in a chemistry
+class.
+
+But if you want to try the
+derivation I have it in full
+
+and we can compare notes.
+
+So once we get the patch in it's
+going to look like this.
+
+It'll be minus.
+
+There'll be the Madelung
+constant times
+
+N Avogadro e squared--
+
+and this is already assuming
+it's plus 1, minus 1.
+
+If this were magnesium oxide
+there'd be a 4 in here.
+
+4 pi epsilon0 r0 times
+1 minus 1/n, where
+
+n is the Born exponent.
+
+So compare this to
+this one here.
+
+What's the only difference?
+
+The only difference is the
+Madelung constant, right?
+
+It's the only difference.
+
+So E of the pair dispersion is
+really equal to E of the line
+
+divided by the Madelung
+constant.
+
+So what I'm trying to prove to
+you is that E line is more
+
+negative than E of
+the dispersion.
+
+So it all hinges on the
+magnitude of M.
+
+If M is greater than 1 we win.
+
+If M is less than 1 I've just
+proved to you that water runs
+
+uphill, so that's a bad day.
+
+All right?
+
+So let's calculate
+the value of M.
+
+And you can go to your
+algebra books.
+
+And you've got this series
+natural log-- and engineers
+
+write natural log "ln." I know
+the mathematicians write
+
+"log." Uh-uh.
+
+Engineers--
+
+uh.
+
+That's 1 plus x.
+
+OK?
+
+Natural log, 1 plus x.
+
+You can expand this as x minus
+x squared over 2 plus x cubed
+
+over 3, dah, dah, dah, dah.
+
+You know, look that one up.
+
+Set x equal to 1, which is
+what we've got, right?
+
+Because we've got 1 minus 1/2,
+1/3, dah, dah, dah, dah.
+
+Go through it and you'll get the
+value that M, according to
+
+this, will give you 2 times the
+natural logarithm of 2,
+
+which is 1.386--
+
+which is greater than 1.
+
+And so we're golden.
+
+That means that the energy of
+the line is lower, more
+
+negative, than the energy
+of the dispersion.
+
+So I'm going to do
+this pictorially.
+
+Let's make an energy
+level diagram.
+
+And the energy level diagram
+will look like this.
+
+So up here the energy is 0 and
+everything is negative.
+
+So if I put this as
+minus 1 unit.
+
+All right?
+
+These are all negative values
+increasing in this direction.
+
+So this is the dispersion
+of ion-pairs.
+
+So all we've done is
+take a cation and
+
+put it to the anion.
+
+We've just seen that if we do
+the calculation for the line
+
+it's 1.386 times whatever
+this is.
+
+So that gives us-- this is for
+the ion line, which I'm going
+
+to take the liberty of calling
+a 1-dimensional crystal.
+
+It's a 1-dimensional
+ordered array.
+
+And what I can do is go to the
+3-dimensional array, start at
+
+the lower right-hand corner
+with that chloride.
+
+Calculate the distance to each
+of the nearest neighbor
+
+sodiums. Go through
+the geometry.
+
+The next nearest neighbor
+chlorides, the next nearest
+
+neighbor sodiums. And you'll
+build an infinite series and
+
+you'll evaluate it.
+
+And in three dimensions
+it's even lower.
+
+It's 1.7476.
+
+So this is for the 3-dimensional
+crystal.
+
+This is for the ionic crystal.
+
+All right?
+
+3-D crystal.
+
+So what this is showing is that
+the system keeps making
+
+more and more bonds.
+
+Why does it make bonds?
+
+Because the more nearest
+neighbors it has the lower the
+
+energy goes.
+
+So making a 3-dimensional
+crystal is
+
+energetically favored.
+
+Now there are different
+Madelung constants for
+
+different crystal structures.
+
+You say, well wait a minute.
+
+How do you get different
+crystal structures?
+
+Suppose instead of sodium
+it's potassium.
+
+What's the only difference?
+
+Potassium is plus 1.
+
+What's the difference?
+
+Size.
+
+Potassium is larger.
+
+They're not going to pack
+quite the same.
+
+And so depending on the
+relative ion sizes--
+
+I mean what if I have something
+like silver iodide?
+
+Iodide is huge.
+
+Silver is so small it'll fit
+into the interstices between
+
+touching iodines.
+
+So it's going to have a
+different crystal structure,
+
+and the different crystal
+structure will give us a
+
+different Madelung constant.
+
+And there it is.
+
+So we've come a long way with
+that little assumption of
+
+octet stability.
+
+So now let's take a look at
+what the properties are of
+
+these things.
+
+They're solid at room
+temperature because we've got
+
+strong bonds.
+
+High melting points.
+
+Bonding is related
+to melting point.
+
+Now think point is dictated by
+bonding, because now you're
+
+comparing thermal energy versus
+the cohesive energy of
+
+the crystal.
+
+So tightly bonded substances
+melt at high temperatures,
+
+weakly bonded substances melt
+at low temperatures.
+
+Transparent to visible light.
+
+How do I know that?
+
+Because I'm the professor.
+
+No.
+
+How do I know that?
+
+How do we think about it when
+someone says to you is
+
+something transparent, in this
+case to visible light.
+
+Well, what I do is I say,
+here's the solid.
+
+This is the ionic solid and here
+is visible light, h nu.
+
+And I'm going to write 2 to 3
+electron volts per photon.
+
+And what happens when I want
+to decide whether this is
+
+transparent to visible light?
+
+Now look at the modeling here.
+
+Photon is a squiggle.
+
+I don't know if that's
+Cartesian space.
+
+This is like a crystal, right?
+
+I'm speaking California.
+
+It's like a crystal.
+
+So now if I go inside I want
+to make the energy diagram.
+
+So what's the energy
+diagram look like?
+
+All right?
+
+So now the question
+is how does--
+
+if this is the energy diagram of
+the crystal and I make this
+
+the energy of the photon of
+visible light, I'm going to
+
+compare how much energy the
+photon has versus how much
+
+energy it takes to excite
+electrons all the
+
+way to a new state.
+
+Because if you don't
+excite them all the
+
+way to a new state--
+
+they can't go part way,
+so nothing happens.
+
+And if nothing happens the
+photon goes through and that's
+
+transparent.
+
+Now what do I know about the
+binding energy and the energy
+
+level diagram of Na plus?
+
+Well, it's isoelectronic
+with neon.
+
+And I know that neon has an
+average valence electron
+
+energy of about 20
+electron volts.
+
+So my guess is the
+visible light is
+
+not going to do anything.
+
+And so it just passes
+right on through.
+
+See, we got all that.
+
+Electrical insulator.
+
+How do I know that?
+
+Well, all that glitters
+is not gold, but it
+
+must have free electrons.
+
+And these electrons
+are all bound, and
+
+they're tightly bound.
+
+Hard and brittle.
+
+If it's going to be ductile the
+atoms need to be able to
+
+slide over one another.
+
+Well, there's no way these can
+slide over one another because
+
+to slide over one another
+requires that at some point
+
+the two sodiums are going to be
+nearest neighbors, and the
+
+repulsive forces are so high
+the crystal fractures.
+
+So if you try to deform an ionic
+solid you will get it
+
+moving in accordance
+to the elasticity.
+
+So force will be proportional
+to the extension--
+
+Hooke's Law-- but if you try
+to plastically deform
+
+it, you shear it.
+
+Soluble in water.
+
+We'll come back to that later.
+
+Melt to form ionic liquids.
+
+And good for electrolytic
+extraction of metals.
+
+I showed you magnesium
+last day.
+
+Today I'll talk a little
+bit about aluminum.
+
+But that comes later.
+
+OK.
+
+So where do we find elements
+that are going
+
+to form ionic solids?
+
+Well, you go back to the
+beginning of the lecture.
+
+What do you look for?
+
+You've got to find the box of
+really good electron donors
+
+and the box of really good
+electron acceptors.
+
+That's where you go.
+
+So the good electron donors are
+at the left side and the
+
+good electron acceptors
+are at the right side.
+
+So if you take sodium
+plus chlorine
+
+you get sodium chloride.
+
+If you get calcium plus
+fluorine, calcium fluoride.
+
+Magnesium plus oxygen,
+and so on.
+
+OK?
+
+Yeah, this shows.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Aluminum plus oxygen, yeah.
+
+There's Max Born.
+
+Max Born, he got
+a Nobel Prize.
+
+And so did Fritz Haber,
+but we're going to
+
+come to him in a minute.
+
+All right.
+
+So now I want to do this
+energetic calculation one more
+
+way, because right now we've
+been operating with ion gas
+
+but sodium isn't found
+normally in the
+
+form of an ion gas.
+
+So let's do something
+that starts with
+
+elements found in nature.
+
+So we want to form an ionic
+crystal from elements in their
+
+natural state.
+
+And what's going to happen is
+en route we're going to be
+
+able to define a few more terms.
+So that's going to make
+
+everybody happy because we
+get more definitions.
+
+And this is called the
+Born-Haber Cycle, named after
+
+Born and Haber.
+
+And what we're going to
+do is we're going to--
+
+pardon me, there's a C in
+there-- we're going to invoke
+
+Hess's Law.
+
+And Hess's Law is sort of
+like Kirchhoff's law
+
+for electric circuits.
+
+Hess's law says that the energy
+of a chemical change is
+
+path independent.
+
+So energy change in a chemical
+reaction is path independent.
+
+It's sort of like potential
+energy in Newtonian mechanics.
+
+It doesn't matter if you take
+the elevator to the top of the
+
+Hancock Tower or if you walk up
+the stairs, the change in
+
+potential energy is the same
+when you express it from the
+
+top of the Hancock Tower,
+although you might be somewhat
+
+more exhausted having walked
+the steps instead of taking
+
+the elevator.
+
+But you don't get any
+credit in terms of
+
+the potential energy.
+
+So let's use Hess's Law in
+order to describe the
+
+formation of sodium chloride.
+
+So I'm going to start with
+sodium as it's found in
+
+nature, and I'm going to talk
+about room temperature.
+
+So sodium is a solid at room
+temperature, and I'm going to
+
+react it with chlorine gas.
+
+Chlorine's a gas at room
+temperature and it's a
+
+diatomic molecule.
+
+And we're going to react it to
+form sodium chloride, which is
+
+a solid and a crystal.
+
+Now you might say, well isn't
+that kind of redundant?
+
+No, because later on I'm going
+to teach you about a form of
+
+solid matter that does
+not consist of atoms
+
+in a regular array--
+
+disordered solids.
+
+So we're specifying, I want to
+form crystal and solid sodium
+
+chloride, because that's the
+reaction that would occur if
+
+we were to do it in the lab.
+
+And what have we calculated
+so far?
+
+What we've calculated
+so far is this.
+
+We've calculated chloride ion
+in the gas phase plus sodium
+
+ion in the gas phase reacting
+to form the crystal.
+
+And we've called this the energy
+of crystallization.
+
+That's this Madelung stuff.
+
+This is the Madelung
+energy here.
+
+All right?
+
+I'll even put M here.
+
+Madelung energy.
+
+And why am I using H?
+
+Because that's what
+the books use.
+
+H is enthalpy, and for
+condensed matter the
+
+difference between enthalpy
+and energy
+
+doesn't amount to much.
+
+So H, just for the record,
+is enthalpy.
+
+And we've been operating
+with E as energy.
+
+It's almost equal to
+E, which is energy
+
+for condensed matter.
+
+For the gas phase
+it gets hairy.
+
+OK.
+
+So I want to get us from sodium
+solid, chloride solid
+
+over to here.
+
+So how am I going to do that?
+
+Well, first of all, I know how
+to make sodium ion gas.
+
+I start with sodium gas and then
+by ionization I make the
+
+electron plus sodium ion.
+
+So this is called the ionization
+energy, isn't it?
+
+This is the ionization energy.
+
+Sodium gas goes to that.
+
+And now how do I get sodium
+gas from sodium?
+
+Well that's just called
+sublimation.
+
+So this I'm going to need
+delta H of sublimation.
+
+Sublimation is the conversion
+of solid to vapor.
+
+And you can look that up
+on the Periodic Table.
+
+I'll show you how to get
+that in a second.
+
+And now how do I get
+chloride gas?
+
+Well chloride gas is going to
+start with atomic chlorine
+
+gas, but instead of losing an
+electron I've got to acquire
+
+an electron.
+
+And this action of adding an
+electron is sort of an inverse
+
+ionization, and this is called
+electron affinity.
+
+And there are tables of
+electron affinity.
+
+So each element has the ability
+to lose an electron,
+
+it has the ability to
+gain an electron.
+
+Losing an electron is ionization
+energy, acquiring
+
+an electron is electron
+affinity.
+
+And just as with ionization
+energies, if you have multiple
+
+electrons you have a first
+electron affinity, second
+
+electron affinity, and so on.
+
+And now how do I get
+to atomic chlorine?
+
+I've got to dissociate
+diatomic chlorine.
+
+So this is called
+dissociation.
+
+So that's the whole thing.
+
+And I'm going to now put
+some numbers on here.
+
+Let's see.
+
+I'm going to call sublimation
+step one, dissociation step
+
+two, ionization I've got here
+is step three, electron
+
+affinity is step four, and
+crystallization or
+
+Madelung is step five.
+
+And so working off of Hess's law
+we can say that the total
+
+energy required for the
+formation of the crystal--
+
+delta H for the reaction.
+
+What's the reaction?
+
+The reaction of sodium
+plus chlorine
+
+to make sodium chloride--
+
+is going to be the sum of all of
+the constituent components.
+
+The sum of all the delta's H.
+
+Not delta H's.
+
+delta's H, like attorneys
+general.
+
+All right?
+
+So now let's add these up.
+
+So we go number one.
+
+Number one I can look up
+on the Periodic Table.
+
+Where is it?
+
+There's Fritz Haber.
+
+So that's given here.
+
+If you look on the Periodic
+Table that'll
+
+give you the number.
+
+And for sodium it's 108
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+Number two, get that
+from tables.
+
+It's 122.
+
+Number three is just the first
+ionization energy.
+
+You look it up on the
+Periodic Table.
+
+First ionization energy of
+sodium is about 5.3 electron
+
+volts, which turns out to be
+496 kilojoules per mole.
+
+But look, these are all positive
+energies and we're
+
+trying to make a net
+negative energy.
+
+So these three steps
+are all raising the
+
+energy of the system.
+
+Finally, acquiring an electron
+by chlorine is going to
+
+decrease the energy of the
+system, because chlorine is a
+
+good electron acceptor.
+
+So that's minus 349.
+
+But watch this people.
+
+The energy in forming the
+crystal from the discrete
+
+ion-pairs is 787 kilojoules per
+mole, which gives us a net
+
+value of minus 410 kilojoules
+per mole.
+
+So what this is showing you
+is what the relative
+
+contributions are
+of the different
+
+components of that thing.
+
+So here it is in
+graphical form.
+
+There's the vaporization
+of sodium.
+
+This is the dissociation
+of chlorine.
+
+This is the ionization
+of sodium.
+
+All positive energies.
+
+And now electron affinity.
+
+And look at this contribution
+from the Madelung energy.
+
+So when things crystallize a
+lot of heat's given off.
+
+In fact, we can use that in
+cooling and moderating climate
+
+if we're clever about it.
+
+All right.
+
+Now just to show you what the
+different values are here that
+
+you're going to go in and get
+the lattice energies, you need
+
+to know the various
+r values, you see.
+
+The r0 is simply going to be
+the r-plus and the r-minus.
+
+So lithium fluoride,
+there it is.
+
+There's the lattice energy and
+it's based on the combination
+
+of lithium cation and
+fluoride anion.
+
+So they've gone through and
+calculated these values.
+
+So there's sodium
+chloride is 787.
+
+And, you know, you even get
+things like the boiling
+
+points, melting points.
+
+So sodium chloride, for example,
+melts at about 800
+
+degrees Celsius.
+
+Now if you take magnesium oxide,
+magnesium oxide is,
+
+look, 3,700 versus 700.
+
+And the melting point of
+magnesium oxide is
+
+2,800 degrees C.
+
+Look at aluminum.
+
+Aluminum plus oxygen, look at
+the end binding energy there.
+
+It's phenomenal, which means
+it might be useful for--
+
+I'm standing underneath
+the shuttle here.
+
+This is the tiles underneath the
+shuttle, and they're made
+
+of aluminum oxide because the
+Madelung energy is so high so
+
+it's got the thermal
+shock resistance.
+
+So now you know how to go and
+design things for thermal
+
+ablation resistance.
+
+All you need is this table.
+
+That's all.
+
+No, you need a little more than
+that, but this is a good
+
+place to start.
+
+If you don't understand this
+table I don't want you working
+
+on the project.
+
+OK?
+
+What else?
+
+All this shows you-- yeah,
+we're going skip that.
+
+All right.
+
+So now we've got a
+few minutes here.
+
+What I want to do is last day
+I talked about magnesium,
+
+today I want to talk
+about aluminum.
+
+And it is also made in an
+electrochemical process.
+
+In this case the electrodes
+are horizontal.
+
+We feed aluminum oxide in
+and we pass current--
+
+and huge currents.
+
+This thing typically runs at
+300,000, 400,000 amperes and
+
+about 4 volts.
+
+So with the cathode we are
+running-- remember, we're
+
+running nature in reverse.
+
+Instead of the electron donor
+that aluminum is, we're
+
+shoving electrons onto aluminum
+ion and converting it
+
+back to aluminum.
+
+Unfortunately, on the anode side
+we have to use carbon,
+
+and the carbon itself
+is consumed.
+
+So we consume about a half
+a ton of carbon to
+
+make a ton of aluminum.
+
+So aluminum smelters generate
+a lot of greenhouse gases.
+
+So you can see this is like
+a drafting pencil: it's
+
+constantly being fed.
+
+And to give you a sense of scale
+this is probably about
+
+10 feet across, and this gap is
+about 2 inches, and this is
+
+about, I don't know, a
+foot and a half deep.
+
+It's going to get about 1,000
+degrees Centigrade--
+
+liquid aluminum and
+liquid salt.
+
+So this is what a smelter
+looks like.
+
+What's the sound of
+electric current?
+
+Yeah.
+
+The only sound you hear is the
+fans on the top that keep the
+
+place clean.
+
+There's the busbars that are
+bringing in the current.
+
+And all of these various
+posts are these things.
+
+So all of the magic
+is occurring
+
+below the floor here.
+
+It was invented simultaneously
+in the United States by
+
+Charles Martin Hall and in
+France by Paul Heroult.
+
+In the same year they filed
+patents independently and
+
+eventually crossed license
+when they collided at the
+
+World Court.
+
+So this is what happens.
+
+We dissolve aluminum oxide in
+a molten fluoride called
+
+cryolite, which originally
+came from Greenland, make
+
+liquid aluminum carbon
+dioxide.
+
+Now if we wanted to make this
+truly green, we want to
+
+eliminate greenhouse gas
+emissions, you need to find an
+
+inert anode.
+
+So on an inert anode aluminum
+oxide would be converted into
+
+aluminum and oxygen.
+
+So not only would you not
+produce greenhouse gases but
+
+you'd produce tonnage oxygen,
+which is marketable.
+
+So some of the work that goes
+on in my lab is in advanced
+
+materials with a view to trying
+to find an inert anode
+
+that would then make this
+process very, very clean and
+
+justify substituting aluminum
+for steel in cars.
+
+By the way, when you have the
+field, even though it's a DC
+
+current it's a divergent
+field.
+
+And this is me in a magnesium
+smelter just in Utah.
+
+There is the busbar for
+the magnesium cell.
+
+So I'm about, oh, two
+meters away from
+
+the edge of the busbars.
+
+The magnetic field is so high
+I've got one, two, three,
+
+four, five paper clips standing
+against gravity.
+
+And I asked them for paper
+clips and there
+
+was no office there.
+
+They managed to find a few.
+
+I wanted to see how
+many would go.
+
+I'm willing to bet I could
+probably have about seven or
+
+eight paper clips up before the
+gravity would cause them
+
+to collapse.
+
+That's the intensity
+of magnetic
+
+fields in these smelters.
+
+So when you drive up to the
+smelter for the tour you park
+
+a fair distance away, you leave
+your wallet with the
+
+credit cards in it, because
+this is the biggest bulk
+
+demagnetizer you can imagine.
+
+If you've got a watch that's
+got hands that move they're
+
+going to be going like this.
+
+[GESTURING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is the shuttle.
+
+This is forged aluminum
+wheels.
+
+The shuttle lands on Centerline
+racing wheels.
+
+They're forged at a place
+in California.
+
+They're made of aluminum
+alloy.
+
+And I don't know if you can read
+on the side here, it's a
+
+little bit light, but these
+are special tires.
+
+They're made by Michelin
+
+So, anyways, the whole message
+here is learn the lessons here
+
+in 3.091 and then we can work
+together to make metal in an
+
+environmentally acceptable
+way.
+
+And just before I send you on
+your way for the weekend I
+
+thought I'd tell a little
+joke related to
+
+the uncertainty principle.
+
+So the joke goes like this.
+
+Heisenberg is racing down the
+Autobahn and he gets pulled
+
+over by the state trooper who
+comes to the car and says,
+
+where's the fire buddy?
+
+Do you know how fast
+you were going?
+
+And Heisenberg looks at
+him he says, no, but I
+
+know where I am.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Get out of here.
+
+Have a good weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kbyNYJgwGFA.txt b/kbyNYJgwGFA.txt
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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we know that you know that the Earth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that you know that the Earth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that you know that the Earth is
+warming but you might have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming but you might have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming but you might have questions
+like how did scientists figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how did scientists figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how did scientists figure out that
+this warming is happening and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this warming is happening and that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this warming is happening and that it's
+caused by humans how strong is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by humans how strong is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by humans how strong is the
+evidence really what risks can we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence really what risks can we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence really what risks can we expect
+and what can we do about them climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what can we do about them climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what can we do about them climate
+science is not a new field by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is not a new field by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is not a new field by the time
+of the American Civil War scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American Civil War scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American Civil War scientists
+understood that the Earth is kept warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the Earth is kept warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the Earth is kept warm
+by a a handful of gases that make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a a handful of gases that make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a a handful of gases that make up
+less than 1% of our atmosphere but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of our atmosphere but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of our atmosphere but that
+these gases keep the sun's radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gases keep the sun's radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gases keep the sun's radiation
+from being immediately lost to outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being immediately lost to outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being immediately lost to outer
+space and they understood that if humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and they understood that if humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and they understood that if humans
+were to change the amount of these gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to change the amount of these gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to change the amount of these gases
+in our atmosphere our climate would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere our climate would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere our climate would be
+transformed today these predictions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed today these predictions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed today these predictions are
+coming to life and as global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to life and as global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to life and as global
+temperatures rise and extreme weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures rise and extreme weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures rise and extreme weather
+intensifies you probably have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensifies you probably have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensifies you probably have more
+questions the online primer climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the online primer climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the online primer climate
+science R and solutions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science R and solutions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science R and solutions from the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
+our effort to bring the story of climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effort to bring the story of climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effort to bring the story of climate
+science to everyone who wants to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to everyone who wants to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to everyone who wants to learn
+used in universities and high schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in universities and high schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in universities and high schools
+around the world this primer answers how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world this primer answers how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world this primer answers how
+scientists know what they know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists know what they know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists know what they know about
+climate change it takes Learners through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change it takes Learners through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change it takes Learners through
+the history of climate science the risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of climate science the risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of climate science the risks
+we face now and will face in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we face now and will face in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we face now and will face in the future
+and the options we have to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the options we have to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the options we have to overcome
+climate change and secure a safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and secure a safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and secure a safe and
+prosperous planet for ourselves and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous planet for ourselves and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous planet for ourselves and for
+future generations to do this we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations to do this we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations to do this we worked
+with mit's Professor Carrie Emanuel an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's Professor Carrie Emanuel an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mit's Professor Carrie Emanuel an
+acclaimed climate Communicator who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclaimed climate Communicator who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclaimed climate Communicator who has
+been studying the Earth's weather system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying the Earth's weather system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying the Earth's weather system
+for over 40 years so let's let him share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for over 40 years so let's let him share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for over 40 years so let's let him share
+a peek at what you'll learn in climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peek at what you'll learn in climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peek at what you'll learn in climate
+science risk and solutions from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science risk and solutions from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science risk and solutions from MIT
+human cause climate change began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cause climate change began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cause climate change began with
+the Industrial Revolution when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Revolution when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Revolution when people
+began burning large quantities of coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began burning large quantities of coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began burning large quantities of coal
+and oil releasing carbon dioxide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oil releasing carbon dioxide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oil releasing carbon dioxide into
+the atmosphere and although scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and although scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and although scientists
+have long predicted that this influx of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long predicted that this influx of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long predicted that this influx of
+CO2 would raise the Earth's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 would raise the Earth's temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 would raise the Earth's temperature
+now that we can see it happening a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we can see it happening a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we can see it happening a very
+reasonable question people ask is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question people ask is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question people ask is how
+can we Trace these Trends all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we Trace these Trends all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we Trace these Trends all the way
+back to the dawn of the fossil fuel age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the dawn of the fossil fuel age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the dawn of the fossil fuel age
+surely that's too long ago for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely that's too long ago for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely that's too long ago for us to
+have accurate records of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accurate records of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accurate records of world
+temperatures let alone how much carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures let alone how much carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures let alone how much carbon
+dioxide was in the air in fact by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide was in the air in fact by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide was in the air in fact by the
+19th century people were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century people were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century people were using
+thermometers and keeping careful records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers and keeping careful records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers and keeping careful records
+of temperature in enough places around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature in enough places around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature in enough places around
+the globe for us to reconstruct average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe for us to reconstruct average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe for us to reconstruct average
+World temperatures naturally most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World temperatures naturally most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World temperatures naturally most of
+these measurements were taken at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements were taken at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements were taken at
+landbased stations but some came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landbased stations but some came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landbased stations but some came from
+the ocean surface too this is crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean surface too this is crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean surface too this is crucial
+data when trying to learn the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data when trying to learn the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data when trying to learn the Earth's
+average surface temperature since of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average surface temperature since of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average surface temperature since of
+course the oceans take up most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the oceans take up most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the oceans take up most of the
+world's surface it's not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's surface it's not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's surface it's not enough to
+Simply average all the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply average all the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply average all the temperature
+records we have together one must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we have together one must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we have together one must
+carefully account for the uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully account for the uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully account for the uneven
+distribution of temperature measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of temperature measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of temperature measurements
+around the world the way growing cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world the way growing cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world the way growing cities
+have become warmer than the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become warmer than the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become warmer than the surrounding
+Countryside and many other variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside and many other variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Countryside and many other variables but
+one way to know if our calculations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to know if our calculations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to know if our calculations are
+good is to see if different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is to see if different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is to see if different groups
+working independently of each other have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working independently of each other have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working independently of each other have
+reached the same conclusions and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the same conclusions and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the same conclusions and indeed
+the five major groups tracking global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five major groups tracking global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five major groups tracking global
+temperatures have produced very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures have produced very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures have produced very similar
+records discovering the same ups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records discovering the same ups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records discovering the same ups and
+downs from year to year since the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downs from year to year since the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downs from year to year since the 1960s
+we have been able to add satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been able to add satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been able to add satellite
+measurements of infrared radiation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of infrared radiation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of infrared radiation at
+the Earth's surface to our arsenal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface to our arsenal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth's surface to our arsenal of
+instruments and it is reassuring to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and it is reassuring to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and it is reassuring to see
+that these two track closely with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two track closely with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two track closely with the
+thermometer record from around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer record from around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer record from around the world
+what about carbon dioxide how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about carbon dioxide how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about carbon dioxide how can we
+really know the temperature rise traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the temperature rise traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the temperature rise traced
+by all these different sources is caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all these different sources is caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all these different sources is caused
+by Rising CO2 levels indeed it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Rising CO2 levels indeed it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Rising CO2 levels indeed it was not
+until the 1950s that scientists began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1950s that scientists began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 1950s that scientists began
+measuring the CO2 content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the CO2 content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the CO2 content of the
+atmosphere directly for climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere directly for climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere directly for climate
+scientists it's not enough to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists it's not enough to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists it's not enough to know that
+CO2 levels have been rising since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 levels have been rising since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 levels have been rising since the
+1950s we want to return to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s we want to return to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s we want to return to the beginning
+of the Industrial Revolution and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Industrial Revolution and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Industrial Revolution and our
+greatest asset here is ice taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest asset here is ice taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest asset here is ice taken from
+Greenland and Antarctica as snow falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenland and Antarctica as snow falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenland and Antarctica as snow falls
+in these frigid parts of the world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these frigid parts of the world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these frigid parts of the world it
+traps small samples of air along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps small samples of air along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps small samples of air along with it
+because the snow never melts over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the snow never melts over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the snow never melts over time
+it becomes compressed in layers of ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes compressed in layers of ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes compressed in layers of ice
+with tiny bubbles inside that preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tiny bubbles inside that preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tiny bubbles inside that preserve
+ancient air this record of air samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient air this record of air samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient air this record of air samples
+goes back hundreds of thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back hundreds of thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back hundreds of thousands of years
+by drilling into the ice and collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drilling into the ice and collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drilling into the ice and collecting
+cores scientists can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores scientists can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores scientists can create a
+year-by-year record of our past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-by-year record of our past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-by-year record of our past
+atmosphere and it is these ice core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and it is these ice core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and it is these ice core
+samples that show us the history of CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that show us the history of CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that show us the history of CO2
+in the atmosphere which we now know held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atmosphere which we now know held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the atmosphere which we now know held
+steady at around 280 parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady at around 280 parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady at around 280 parts per million
+for almost all of recorded human history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of recorded human history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of recorded human history
+and tell began to creep up in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell began to creep up in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell began to creep up in the 19th
+century and truly take off in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and truly take off in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and truly take off in the mid
+20th to the point that the CO2 content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th to the point that the CO2 content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th to the point that the CO2 content
+of the atmosphere is fully 50% higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere is fully 50% higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere is fully 50% higher
+than it was 150 years ago from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was 150 years ago from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was 150 years ago from these
+combined records we can now see plainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined records we can now see plainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined records we can now see plainly
+what climate scientists have predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what climate scientists have predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what climate scientists have predicted
+all along Co two levels have been rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along Co two levels have been rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along Co two levels have been rising
+as we burn fossil fuels and temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we burn fossil fuels and temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we burn fossil fuels and temperatures
+have been rising with them the pace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been rising with them the pace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been rising with them the pace of
+climate science has never been faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate science has never been faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate science has never been faster
+which is why mit's climate science risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why mit's climate science risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why mit's climate science risk
+and solutions has been newly updated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solutions has been newly updated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solutions has been newly updated for
+2024 with the latest data and scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 with the latest data and scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 with the latest data and scientific
+consensus and with help from MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and with help from MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and with help from MIT open
+learning all this information has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all this information has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all this information has been
+paired with fun online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with fun online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with fun online learning
+techniques where you can watch listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques where you can watch listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques where you can watch listen to
+and play with the data all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with the data all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with the data all of this is
+connected to other learning resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other learning resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other learning resources
+from from MIT that will help you drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from MIT that will help you drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from MIT that will help you drill
+deeper into the topics that interest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into the topics that interest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into the topics that interest you
+the most whether that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most whether that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most whether that's the basic
+science of the greenhouse effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the greenhouse effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the greenhouse effect the
+climate models that help scientists peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate models that help scientists peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate models that help scientists peer
+into our future climate or the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our future climate or the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our future climate or the solutions
+at hand from renewable energy to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand from renewable energy to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand from renewable energy to carbon
+capture are you ready to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture are you ready to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture are you ready to have your
+questions answered about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions answered about climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions answered about climate change
+and climate science then visit climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate science then visit climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate science then visit climate
+primer. mit.edu to begin
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lWSsUH_MQM4.txt b/lWSsUH_MQM4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e384290af0e0183f9c042dee5958423b9831176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lWSsUH_MQM4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Dr Matlab lecture two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr Matlab lecture two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr Matlab lecture two the
+command prompt if you're like me you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command prompt if you're like me you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command prompt if you're like me you'll
+find yourself on the command line a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself on the command line a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself on the command line a lot
+when you work in mat so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work in mat so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work in mat so it's important
+to know how to get around on the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to get around on the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to get around on the command
+prompt the first thing I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt the first thing I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt the first thing I want to show
+you is how to use the arrows say I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is how to use the arrows say I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is how to use the arrows say I want
+to plot something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to plot sign of 2x between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to plot sign of 2x between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to plot sign of 2x between 0
+and Pi on 200 points this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi on 200 points this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi on 200 points this is what I
+type of course I typed it with a typo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of course I typed it with a typo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of course I typed it with a typo I
+forgot to put the multiplication sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to put the multiplication sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to put the multiplication sign
+between the two and the X up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and the X up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and the X up here so
+we've already seen in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen in the previous
+lecture that instead of typing the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that instead of typing the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that instead of typing the whole
+thing I press the up command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I press the up command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I press the up command
+up Arrow which brings up the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Arrow which brings up the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Arrow which brings up the previous
+command and then with the left Arrow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and then with the left Arrow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and then with the left Arrow I
+can place the cursor where I need it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place the cursor where I need it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place the cursor where I need it to
+be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and
+insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thex I forgot to put the semicolon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thex I forgot to put the semicolon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thex I forgot to put the semicolon so
+again I press up at the semicolon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I press up at the semicolon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I press up at the semicolon and
+now I have what I've wanted now I plot X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have what I've wanted now I plot X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have what I've wanted now I plot X
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Y and I get my plot I'll put it into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I get my plot I'll put it into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I get my plot I'll put it into to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+window here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here it
+is great now I don't like this plot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great now I don't like this plot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great now I don't like this plot I
+want to see the points so going to press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the points so going to press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the points so going to press
+up and modify the plot command and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and modify the plot command and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and modify the plot command and now I
+see the point I still don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point I still don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the point I still don't see the
+points because I've plotted too many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because I've plotted too many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because I've plotted too many so
+I again press the up command I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I again press the up command I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I again press the up command I know I
+can press the up command twice to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press the up command twice to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press the up command twice to reach
+this line but what I want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but what I want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but what I want to show you is
+what happens when you press the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you press the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you press the up
+command after I've started typing x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command after I've started typing x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command after I've started typing x
+equals see this x equals is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals see this x equals is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals see this x equals is the same as
+this x equals here when I press up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x equals here when I press up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x equals here when I press up the
+first line that had that starts with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line that had that starts with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line that had that starts with x
+equals will will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals will will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals will will show
+up here it is if I press up again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it is if I press up again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it is if I press up again it
+will be the one without the semicolon if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the one without the semicolon if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the one without the semicolon if
+I press up again it will be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I press up again it will be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I press up again it will be the one
+without the asteris let me go back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the asteris let me go back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the asteris let me go back down
+to the one I want this is the one I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one I want this is the one I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one I want this is the one I want
+now I want to change this 200 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to change this 200 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to change this 200 to
+something smaller say five so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller say five so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller say five so I could
+press the left Arrow until I reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the left Arrow until I reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the left Arrow until I reach
+there and put sorry 50 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put sorry 50 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put sorry 50 points
+and now plot again P up plot now have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now plot again P up plot now have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now plot again P up plot now have 50
+points but here's a faster way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but here's a faster way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but here's a faster way to get to
+that 50 again X up now I want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 50 again X up now I want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 50 again X up now I want to get to
+the 50 so instead of moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 so instead of moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 so instead of moving with the
+left I will move with control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I will move with control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I will move with control
+left and that moves one word at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and that moves one word at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and that moves one word at a time
+in this case it's not a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not a big difference
+but sometimes it can be see it skips the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it can be see it skips the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it can be see it skips the
+whole word it's skipping Pi skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole word it's skipping Pi skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole word it's skipping Pi skipping
+lens space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens space
+it's skipping the whole 50 let me put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's skipping the whole 50 let me put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's skipping the whole 50 let me put a
+20 here okay and now I want to plot red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 here okay and now I want to plot red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 here okay and now I want to plot red
+points and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and I have
+that another thing you can do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another thing you can do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another thing you can do on the
+command line is to use control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command line is to use control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command line is to use control
+a contrl a for the beginning of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contrl a for the beginning of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contrl a for the beginning of the line
+to move the cursor to the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the cursor to the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the cursor to the beginning of
+the line and contr E to move the cursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and contr E to move the cursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and contr E to move the cursor
+to the end of the line contrl a for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the line contrl a for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the line contrl a for the
+beginning of the line contr e for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the line contr e for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the line contr e for the
+end of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line
+you can also cut and paste with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also cut and paste with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also cut and paste with a
+shift I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+select command C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select command C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select command C to
+copy let's start a new line command V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy let's start a new line command V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy let's start a new line command V to
+paste depending on the operating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste depending on the operating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste depending on the operating system
+those commands might be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different another thing you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different another thing you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different another thing you might want
+want to look at is the tab completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is the tab completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is the tab completion
+property so if I start typing lens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so if I start typing lens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so if I start typing lens if I
+start typing lens space I type Lin s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start typing lens space I type Lin s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start typing lens space I type Lin s and
+now I hit tap matb will show all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I hit tap matb will show all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I hit tap matb will show all the
+commands it knows that start with Lin s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it knows that start with Lin s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands it knows that start with Lin s
+in this case Lin solve and Lin space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Lin solve and Lin space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Lin solve and Lin space of
+course the one I want is LIN space if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the one I want is LIN space if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the one I want is LIN space if I
+want to find help on this I can press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find help on this I can press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find help on this I can press
+contr a move to the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contr a move to the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contr a move to the beginning of the
+line add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line add the
+help add the help and then hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help add the help and then hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help add the help and then hit enter
+of course I can't see anything so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I can't see anything so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I can't see anything so I'll
+close this window and here's the help on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this window and here's the help on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this window and here's the help on
+Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin
+space and these are the two ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and these are the two ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and these are the two ways you can
+use Lin space you give it the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Lin space you give it the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Lin space you give it the lower the
+upper limit that gives you 100 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit that gives you 100 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit that gives you 100 points
+equally space between those two or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally space between those two or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally space between those two or you
+give the lower and upper limit and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the lower and upper limit and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the lower and upper limit and how
+many points you want and it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points you want and it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points you want and it gives you
+that many points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many points for
+example Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Lin
+space 0 to 10 Five Points here are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 0 to 10 Five Points here are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 0 to 10 Five Points here are five
+points equally spaced between 0 and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points equally spaced between 0 and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points equally spaced between 0 and 10
+another thing that the help file shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that the help file shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that the help file shows
+you are related commands that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are related commands that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are related commands that you might
+want to read upon so I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read upon so I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read upon so I encourage you to
+read upon log space and the colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read upon log space and the colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read upon log space and the colon
+function it's actually the colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's actually the colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's actually the colon
+operator which is a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is a very complicated
+help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+file and see why Lin space is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and see why Lin space is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and see why Lin space is related to
+colon and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and log
+space another important feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space another important feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space another important feature of the
+command line is the use of control+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command line is the use of control+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command line is the use of control+
+C so it has two main things for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it has two main things for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it has two main things for example
+if you have typed something let's I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have typed something let's I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have typed something let's I've
+typed this and I've decided I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed this and I've decided I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed this and I've decided I don't want
+any of it I actually want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of it I actually want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of it I actually want to do
+something else so what I should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what I should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what I should do is
+clear the whole line I don't even want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the whole line I don't even want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the whole line I don't even want
+to execute this so to clear the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute this so to clear the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute this so to clear the whole
+line without executing it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line without executing it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line without executing it I'm going to
+press contrl + C that clears that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press contrl + C that clears that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press contrl + C that clears that line
+control Z can also be used to abort a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Z can also be used to abort a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Z can also be used to abort a
+certain operation so for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain operation so for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain operation so for example if I
+say x = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x = 1
+while 1 x = x x = x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while 1 x = x x = x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while 1 x = x x = x +
+1 and so this is going to add X all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so this is going to add X all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so this is going to add X all the
+time and as you'll see X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as you'll see X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and as you'll see X is going to be
+growing and growing and growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing and growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing and growing and
+growing forever now I want to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing forever now I want to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing forever now I want to stop this
+at some point so to stop it really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point so to stop it really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point so to stop it really the
+only thing I can do is to press contrl +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can do is to press contrl +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can do is to press contrl +
+C you see while it's running matlb says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you see while it's running matlb says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you see while it's running matlb says
+that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+busy sometimes it'll be busy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy sometimes it'll be busy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy sometimes it'll be busy and you
+won't even see it let's try that again X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even see it let's try that again X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even see it let's try that again X
+= 1 while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 while
+one now I'll do it with a semicolon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I'll do it with a semicolon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now I'll do it with a semicolon so
+I'll suppress output but it will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll suppress output but it will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll suppress output but it will still
+be doing it and so now matb is busy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it and so now matb is busy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it and so now matb is busy it's
+not typing anything on the screen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not typing anything on the screen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not typing anything on the screen but
+it's doing the same calculation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing the same calculation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing the same calculation that you
+saw before except it's not printing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before except it's not printing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before except it's not printing it
+out again to abort this we press contrl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again to abort this we press contrl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again to abort this we press contrl
+C we can find out what x we got to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we can find out what x we got to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we can find out what x we got to we
+counted quite High We count it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted quite High We count it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted quite High We count it much
+higher than here because we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than here because we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than here because we didn't have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+display if you're typing some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display if you're typing some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display if you're typing some other
+command or with a multi-line i = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or with a multi-line i = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command or with a multi-line i = 1 to
+100 J = i+ 2 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 J = i+ 2 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 J = i+ 2 for example
+sorry and Midway through that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and Midway through that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and Midway through that statement
+you've decided that you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided that you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided that you don't want to do
+it again just as before pressing enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again just as before pressing enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again just as before pressing enter
+is not going to help you you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to help you you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to help you you're not
+going to get a command prompt in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a command prompt in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a command prompt in this
+case you can end it with an end could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can end it with an end could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can end it with an end could we
+started with a for Loop or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a for Loop or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a for Loop or you could
+just press contrl C
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l_oKZG_PqlA.txt b/l_oKZG_PqlA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22f8a79fcbf526c3114ca7cc21c6a769ce7eb2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l_oKZG_PqlA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1982 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we have the
+clicker question up.
+
+We're going to have another
+clicker competition today.
+
+The defending champs, there's
+Darcy's recitation.
+
+So, OK, let's just take 10
+more seconds on this.
+
+OK, not too bad, 74%.
+
+So, in this problem, the trick
+was just to look at the
+
+equation and figure out what's
+going on -- which element is
+
+being reduced, and which
+one is being oxidized.
+
+So this is something that
+you will be seeing on
+
+the upcoming exam.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+that in a few minutes, but
+
+first I want to answer the
+question from last time.
+
+So, first, let's just, I know
+you've all been wondering
+
+about how vitamin B12 is
+reduced in the body.
+
+So, let's take a look
+at this now.
+
+So, if everyone can quiet
+down, let's get started.
+
+So, vitamin B12 is reduced by
+a protein that's called
+
+flavodoxin.
+
+And flavodoxin is a protein that
+has a cofactor which is a
+
+flavin, and that's also a
+vitamin B, as it turns out,
+
+they're both vitamin B's.
+
+So, vitamin B12 has a redox
+potential or a standard
+
+reduction potential
+of minus 0 .
+
+5 2 6 volts, and that is
+a very low number for a
+
+biological system.
+
+And flavodoxin has a potential
+of minus 0.
+
+2 3 volts.
+
+So, which of these things is
+a better reducing agent?
+
+So, which thing, you want to
+think about reducing agent,
+
+which thing would prefer
+to be oxidized and
+
+reduce something else?
+
+So, with the low negative
+number, B12 is a better
+
+reducing agent than flavodoxin,
+and just based on
+
+these numbers, vitamin B12
+should be reducing flavodoxin,
+
+not the other way around.
+
+So, how does this work then?
+
+So, in your body right now,
+you have a version of a
+
+flavodoxin protein, and you of
+vitamin B12 attached to an
+
+enzyme, methionine synthase, and
+for that to be activated,
+
+it needs to be reduced.
+
+So how is this happening?
+
+So, let's consider whether the
+reduction of B12 by flavodoxin
+
+is spontaneous.
+
+It happens in your body so one
+might think that it is.
+
+But let's look at that.
+
+So, we can look at it the same
+way you've looked at all the
+
+other systems, we're talking
+about batteries, electric
+
+chemical cells -- you can use
+the same equations if it's a
+
+biological system as you can
+for any other system.
+
+So we've seen this
+equation before.
+
+We've calculated changes in
+the standard reduction
+
+potential for a cell, and we
+talked about e nought for
+
+reduction minus the e nought for
+oxidation, and we can use
+
+that same equation.
+
+So we can put it in in the
+biological context.
+
+The vitamin B12 is the thing
+that's being reduced, and the
+
+flavodoxin is the thing that's
+being oxidized, that's the
+
+reaction that happens.
+
+So, we can plug those
+values in.
+
+So we have minus 0 .
+
+5 2 6 volts, minus
+a negative 0 .
+
+2 3 volts, and if you
+put those together,
+
+you get minus 0 .
+
+2 9 6 volts.
+
+So is that going to be a
+spontaneous reaction?
+
+No, it's not going to be.
+
+Your value for the e is
+negative, which means what is
+
+true about delta g?
+
+Positive, so it won't
+be spontaneous.
+
+So, let's figure out how not
+spontaneous it's going to be.
+
+How much trouble
+are we all in?
+
+So we can use again, the same
+equation that we used for
+
+batteries that we've used in
+this course -- just because
+
+it's a biological system,
+doesn't mean the equation
+
+doesn't hold.
+
+So our equation for delta g
+nought minus n, the number of
+
+moles of electrons times
+Faraday's constant times the
+
+change in the standard
+potential.
+
+So we can plug it in.
+
+I can tell you it's a one
+electron process -- flavodoxin
+
+puts one electron into vitamin
+B12, so we have minus 1 times
+
+Faraday's constant times the
+cell potential difference you
+
+just measured, which
+is minus 0 .
+
+2 9 6, and if you multiply those
+out, then you get 28 .
+
+6 kilojoules per
+mole positive.
+
+That is a very big value --
+that's not spontaneous and
+
+it's not a small number for
+a biological system.
+
+So, why don't we all have
+heart disease and
+
+megaloblastic anemia?
+
+Those are problems associated
+when this particular enzyme is
+
+not functioning.
+
+So, what happens in this system
+is what happens in a
+
+number of biological systems.
+How do you drive something
+
+forward that is not
+spontaneous?
+
+And what you can do is put
+energy into the system to
+
+drive that non-spontaneous
+reaction.
+
+And in this case, the energy
+that's put into the system is
+
+from a molecule called
+s adenosylmethionine.
+
+And the cleavage of s
+adenosylmethionine has a delta
+
+g nought of negative 37 .
+
+6 kilojoules per mole.
+
+So it's more favorable than
+the reduction of B12 is
+
+unfavorable, and so this
+drives this system.
+
+So, s adenosylmethionine is your
+friend, it helps in the
+
+body for B12 to be reduced
+so that you can
+
+function and be healthy.
+
+So, many biological systems
+work like this.
+
+So what have we been calling
+something, a cell, in which an
+
+unfavorable reaction is driven
+by applying some kind of
+
+energy or current, what
+do we call that?
+
+Two types of cells
+we mentioned.
+
+One that has a favorable, it
+has a spontaneous reaction.
+
+A cell that has a spontaneous
+reaction is called what?
+
+Galvanic.
+
+And the other kind is called?
+
+Yup.
+
+So, electrolitic cell.
+
+So this is sort of the
+biological equivalent of an
+
+electrolitic cell where you
+have s adenosylmethionine
+
+cleavage coupled to an
+unfavorable reaction to drive
+
+that reduction of B12
+by flavodoxin.
+
+And B12 has such a low
+potential, that there really
+
+isn't anything else that
+can reduce it.
+
+It has one of the lowest
+potentials known in a
+
+biological system, so nature
+said, OK, well, we're not
+
+going to make something with a
+lower potential to do this
+
+chemistry, we'll have something
+else with a higher
+
+potential, but will drive the
+reaction because it's going to
+
+be non-spontaneous.
+
+So that's how this works.
+
+So, today there's a long list
+of topics, all of these are
+
+pretty short and basically
+constitute the introductory
+
+material in this unit.
+
+And we've jumped ahead,
+this is in chapter 16.
+
+So, I really like transition
+metals, because I am a fan of
+
+metals that are involved in
+biological systems. So, I just
+
+thought as part of chemistry, I
+just want to sort of review
+
+the kind of basic areas of
+chemistry for a minute.
+
+This is not in your handout, but
+just so you sort of think
+
+about what are all parts
+of chemistry.
+
+There is organic chemistry --
+does anyone know what organic
+
+chemistry concerns itself with?
+
+Carbon.
+
+And then what we have known
+as inorganic chemistry.
+
+Anyone know what that is?
+
+Not carbon.
+
+So, a lot of people who are
+inorganic chemists study
+
+transition metals, but
+it's basically other
+
+things besides carbon.
+
+And then one of the areas that
+I like is bioinorganic
+
+chemistry, and these
+are people who
+
+study metals in biology.
+
+So, people who study metals in
+biology, and we're also kind
+
+of referred to as, we're
+sort of in a club,
+
+which we call the MIB.
+
+So, some of you -- and Will
+Smith did a disservice --
+
+people now associate this with
+hunting aliens, but in fact,
+
+people who are in MIB are
+associated with hunting for
+
+metal ions in biological
+cells.
+
+So this is sort of
+the true MIB.
+
+And in an honor of this
+discussion today, I am wearing
+
+a teeshirt from one
+of our meetings.
+
+This is from the International
+Congress on Bioinorganic
+
+Chemistry, which we
+refer to as ICBIC.
+
+And you notice that the clever
+people who made this teeshirt
+
+used the B from the bioinorganic
+to make B12,
+
+which is a very popular
+vitamin in the
+
+bioinorganic community.
+
+So, metals in biology.
+
+Carbon, carbon's a good
+thing, amino acids are
+
+good, I like proteins.
+
+But often, when you take a
+metal and attach it to a
+
+protein, that protein can do
+really cool chemistry --
+
+really need oxidation
+reduction chemistry.
+
+So, here is part of the periodic
+table that includes
+
+many of these transition metals
+that we're going to be
+
+talking about.
+
+And things that are in orange
+here are metals that are very
+
+important biologically.
+
+Some of the things that are in
+grey here are metals that are
+
+used as probes or as drugs in
+biological systems, and some
+
+could be both.
+
+So, when you add a metal to a
+protein you can do cool stuff.
+
+What can you do?
+
+Well, you can split nitrogen.
+
+You learned that the triple
+bond of nitrogen is pretty
+
+hard to break, but metals
+in proteins can do it.
+
+You've heard of hydrogen fuel
+cells and things like that.
+
+There's a protein called
+hydrogenase that uses metals
+
+to do chemistry with hydrogen.
+
+You could you radical
+based chemistry.
+
+You can do a lot of really great
+things when you have a
+
+protein that has
+a metal in it.
+
+So, let me introduce you to
+some of the concepts and
+
+terminology involved in this, so
+we're going to have a metal
+
+and the metal's going to
+be bound to stuff.
+
+So, one of the great features of
+transition metals is their
+
+ability to form complexes with
+small molecules or ions.
+
+They also, this applies to a
+protein system in the case
+
+that instead of small molecules,
+you have amino
+
+acids of proteins it can also
+form complexes with.
+
+So, the way that they do this is
+metals have often, they can
+
+attract electron density,
+usually a lone pair of
+
+electrons from another atom, and
+so they can form what are
+
+called these coordination
+complexes.
+
+So, now we're going to review
+for a minute, donor atoms,
+
+they're called ligands, and we
+can think about something that
+
+we learned when we talked about
+acids and bases, our
+
+more broad definition.
+
+So, donor atoms are ligands,
+and ligands are what?
+
+Lewis acids or Lewis bases,
+and what do they do?
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+So most of you thought donor
+atoms -- the answers that had
+
+donate electrons did better,
+so that was good reading of
+
+the question, but they
+are Lewis bases.
+
+So Lewis bases donate
+electron pairs.
+
+So, here's some examples that
+you will see of ligands that
+
+we'll be talking about
+in this unit.
+
+You will become very familiar
+with some of these as you work
+
+problems. So they're typically
+donating one
+
+lone pair of electrons.
+
+So, acceptor atoms are the
+transition metals themselves,
+
+and so the transition metals are
+acting as Lewis acids, and
+
+so then they would be
+accepting those
+
+lone pairs of electrons.
+
+So, you can think about
+coordination complexes as
+
+Lewis acids and Lewis bases,
+or acceptor atoms and donor
+
+ligands or donor atoms. So
+here are some examples of
+
+transition metals that we're
+going to see, so it's that
+
+sort of d-block of the periodic
+table that we'll
+
+become very familiar
+with in this unit.
+
+So, then when you take your
+acceptor atom and your donor
+
+atom and you put them together,
+you get what is
+
+known as coordination
+complexes.
+
+So, coordination complex is just
+the metal or the Lewis
+
+acid surrounded by the ligands,
+or the Lewis bases or
+
+the donor atoms.
+
+And here is an example of
+a coordination complex.
+
+We have metal, we have cobalt
+in the middle, and it's
+
+surrounded by a series
+of ligands, and
+
+these are n h 3 ligands.
+
+And so then our cobalt in the
+center, our metal, is the
+
+Lewis acid, and it's going
+to be the acceptor atom.
+
+And the n h 3 groups are our
+Lewis bases, they're donor
+
+atoms, see it's written with
+those two electrons there,
+
+that they're sharing their
+electrons with the cobalt
+
+forming this coordination
+complex.
+
+And in this scheme, we have
+the bonds are just these
+
+straight lines are in the plane,
+the thick bonds coming
+
+out are coming out toward you,
+and the dashed lines going
+
+back are going back into
+the screen here.
+
+So, let's talk about a couple
+of definitions here.
+
+We have something called
+coordination number or CN
+
+number, and this is simply
+the number of ligands
+
+bonded to the metal.
+
+So the number is six, there
+is six ligands.
+
+Typically, the numbers will
+range for these coordination
+
+complexes to two to 12, with
+six being the most common.
+
+So, here is some notation.
+
+If you see this picture, you
+should be able to write a
+
+notation for it.
+
+And within a bracket, you would
+write cobalt, and then
+
+you have your n h 3, six of
+them, so you put that in a
+
+bracket and indicate that
+there's six n h 3 groups.
+
+Then you have this overall
+bracket here
+
+with a charge up above.
+
+And so over here, we have this
+little bracket plus 3, that
+
+means that this whole
+coordination complex has a
+
+charge of plus 3.
+
+Because it has a positive
+charge, sometimes coordination
+
+complexes are associated
+with counter ions.
+
+So, you might see three chloride
+minus 1 ions around
+
+to counter that charge.
+
+And if you did, you would see
+the three chlorides on the
+
+outside of the bracket.
+
+So things inside of the
+bracket are actually
+
+coordinated to the metal, things
+outside the bracket are
+
+counter ions.
+
+And so that would be how you
+would translate that
+
+particular notation.
+
+All right, so, we're back
+to geometry again.
+
+As I said, everything you learn
+in this course, we're
+
+going to use again.
+
+So, if you're forgetting some
+material from units 1 and 2,
+
+this would be a good time
+to review those.
+
+So, if we have this coordination
+number of six
+
+things around, what kind of
+geometry are we going to have?
+
+All right, 10 seconds.
+
+Yup, so we have octahedral
+geometry.
+
+And here is an example of
+our octahedral geometry.
+
+So, let's just quickly run
+through the rest of these.
+
+You can yell out the answers,
+either looking at your handout
+
+or not looking at
+your handout.
+
+The next one over here,
+what is it?
+
+Right, trigonal bipyramidal.
+
+For a c n number of five, we
+have another option shown over
+
+here, what's that one called?
+
+Square pyramidal.
+
+For c n numbers of four, there's
+two things that you'll
+
+commonly see, what's the
+first one called?
+
+Square planar.
+
+The second one?
+
+Tetrahedral.
+
+For c n number of three, what's
+that geometry called?
+
+Trigonal planar.
+
+And c n of two, only
+one option.
+
+Linear.
+
+All right, so let's just review
+the angles as well,
+
+those are not in your handouts,
+but you can yell
+
+those out as well.
+
+So what angle do we have in
+an octahedral system?
+
+90.
+
+There are two angles involved
+if we have trigonal
+
+bipyramidal.
+
+What's the angle from the
+axial to the equatorial?
+
+STUDENT: 90.
+
+PROFESSOR: And what's the angle
+from one equatorial atom
+
+to another equatorial atom?
+
+So, we have 90 and 120.
+
+What about in our square
+pyramidal system, what are the
+
+angles here?
+
+90.
+
+What about square planar?
+
+90.
+
+Tetrahedral?
+
+Let's try that again with
+more enthusiasm.
+
+Awesome, 109 .
+
+5.
+
+Trigonal planar?
+
+120.
+
+And finally, linear.
+
+180.
+
+So, we're going to use this
+information again in this
+
+unit, and of course, it'll be
+on the final when we're
+
+talking about Lewis structures
+and hybridization and other
+
+things as well.
+
+So this comes back in several
+times, vsper theory, you have
+
+this several times.
+
+OK.
+
+So, another term that you hear
+a lot when people are talking
+
+about coordination complexes
+is what's
+
+called the chelate effect.
+
+So, ligands that bind to a metal
+at one point are called
+
+unidentate or monodentate, and
+that's from dent, which is
+
+tooth, so one tooth.
+
+Now, if a ligand attaches with
+two or more points of
+
+attachment, it can be called
+a chelating ligand.
+
+And this comes from the
+Greek, chele is claw.
+
+So, if it's attaching with
+more than one point of
+
+attachment, if the ligand is
+grabbing on, it's like a claw
+
+and that's called a chelate.
+
+So, if you have two points
+of attachment,
+
+that's called bidentate.
+
+And even if you've never had
+a unit on transition metals
+
+before, I bet that you can
+answer this without me even
+
+telling you.
+
+What do you think tridentate
+might be?
+
+Three.
+
+Tetradentate?
+
+Four.
+
+Hexadentate?
+
+Six.
+
+So sometimes this would be a
+little question on the final.
+
+Please don't get this wrong,
+this is my gift to you, right,
+
+you knew it even before
+I taught it.
+
+So, this should be something
+that you can definitely get a
+
+couple extra points
+on on the final.
+
+All right, so, chelates bind
+with more than one point of
+
+attachment, and metal chelates
+are unusually stable.
+
+And this property is due to
+favorable and tropic factor,
+
+so we're back to entropy, we're
+back to thermodynamics.
+
+And this has to do with the fact
+that when a chelate binds
+
+a metal, it releases a lot of
+water, and that makes the
+
+chelate pretty stable.
+
+So, let me give you some
+examples of chelates, and then
+
+we're going to come back
+and think about the
+
+chelate effect again.
+
+Of course, you knew it, vitamin
+B12 has a chelating
+
+ligand associated with it.
+
+So, cobalt is in the middle of
+vitamin B12, and it has a ring
+
+system around it.
+
+And the ring system has these
+nitrogens, the nitrogens are
+
+the donor ligands to the cobalt,
+and so this ring
+
+system is attaching at four
+points, so it's a
+
+tetradentate ligand.
+
+There's also two other ligands
+attached to vitamin B12,
+
+there's an upper ligand shown
+here, which is 5 prime
+
+deoxyadenosine, and a bottom
+ligand, which is a
+
+dimethylbenzamitisol ligand.
+
+So, let's take a look, this is
+the cartoon, but let's look at
+
+another model for this here.
+
+So, we have a ring system, we
+have this upper ligand, and
+
+then a lower ligand down here.
+
+And so, the middle ring system
+is a tetradentate chelate.
+
+Overall, at the cobalt
+metal, what is the
+
+geometry of this system?
+
+It's octahedral, right.
+
+So we have this sort of square,
+the middle part is
+
+square planar, but the two upper
+and lower ligands make
+
+the whole thing an octahedral
+system.
+
+So this is an example
+of a naturally
+
+occurring chelated complex.
+
+So, this structure is
+actually fairly
+
+complicated for a vitamin.
+
+It's one of the most complex
+vitamins that's known, and I
+
+thought I'd just mention just
+a moment of history.
+
+So, this structure was
+determined by Dorothy Hodgkin
+
+who was a crystalographer
+in England.
+
+And she started working on this
+in the late 1940's, and
+
+people told her she was crazy,
+that something this large
+
+could never be solved by these
+x-ray defraction techniques.
+
+And, of course, now people are
+solving today's structures of
+
+things like the ribosomes.
+
+So, we've come a long way
+with crystallography.
+
+But she was one of the first
+true believers that x-ray
+
+crystallography was a
+powerful technique.
+
+And so, she went ahead, despite
+what everyone said,
+
+and determined this structure.
+
+And for this work and for some
+other things, she was awarded
+
+a Nobel Prize.
+
+So, this was a really
+significant contribution in
+
+the early 1950's and
+late 1940's.
+
+She had graduate students
+that she inspired.
+
+Some of them went on to become
+famous crystalographers.
+
+Other ones were not
+so successful --
+
+crystallography's hard and
+it's not for everyone.
+
+She was actually known also,
+Dorothy was, for her work in
+
+the third world and her liberal
+politics, but one of
+
+her graduate students did not
+agree with her politics, but
+
+they were still friends.
+
+So this is just a message that
+as you go through your career,
+
+Margaret Thatcher who is a
+graduate student of Dorothy
+
+Hodgkins, couldn't quite cut it
+as a crystalographer, but
+
+for some people, you haven't
+found your true thing, and she
+
+was able to find another
+job, so I'm told.
+
+So, just remember that if you're
+not good at one thing,
+
+there's something else
+out there that you
+
+might be good at.
+
+So, let me give you a second
+example of a chelate.
+
+This molecule is
+known as EDTA.
+
+So this ligand has six points
+that it can attach to a metal.
+
+So, it is six atoms the can
+serve as these donor ligands.
+
+So, we have one up here, have
+the little electrons and the
+
+oxygen, another oxygen down
+here, nitrogen, nitrogen,
+
+another oxygen, another
+oxygen.
+
+So all of those six points can
+coordinate to a metal.
+
+So here again is the free EDTA,
+and here's a structure
+
+of EDTA bound to a metal, the
+metal is abbreviated m.
+
+So, why don't you tell me what
+the geometry is of that metal?
+
+All right, let's take only
+10 more seconds.
+
+Hoping for 90, we're getting
+close, maybe
+
+by the end of today.
+
+All right, yeah, so it's
+octahedral geometry.
+
+So we have upper ligands and
+a lower ligand, two ligands
+
+coming out, two ligands going
+back, and it's also a
+
+hexadentate complex.
+
+So we see we're coordinated
+with the oxygen in red,
+
+nitrogen in blue, around to the
+other nitrogen in blue,
+
+another nitrogen in purple,
+another nitrogen up here in
+
+green and in blue.
+
+So, EDTA, when EDTA binds to a
+metal, it forms a very stable
+
+metal complex.
+
+And the reason for this
+is that chelate
+
+effect, and it's entropy.
+
+So if we look, metals are often
+coordinated by waters if
+
+they're just is solution.
+
+But if you bind one molecule
+of EDTA to the metal, it'll
+
+take all of those six sites,
+displacing all
+
+of these six waters.
+
+So here, on this side, you
+have one thing free in
+
+solution, and over here you have
+six things that are free.
+
+So that's entrotropically
+favorable, you have more
+
+entropy when you have
+lots of more free
+
+things floating around.
+
+So this has greater entropy.
+
+So, the chelate effect, then,
+has to do with entropic
+
+effect, that when you're binding
+a metal with multiple
+
+points of attachments,
+it's releasing water.
+
+So these are very stable.
+
+And so, because of this
+stability, they have a lot of
+
+important uses.
+
+What is one use you can think
+of that you might have for
+
+such a thing?
+
+When might you want to chelate
+a metal out -- get metal out
+
+of something pretty quickly.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah, you can purify out a metal
+out of water with this.
+
+What about rushing to the
+emergency room with something?
+
+Yeah, lead poisoning, yup.
+
+So, sometimes you might want to
+just purify your water, you
+
+might be happy with that, other
+times you might really
+
+want to have that metal out.
+
+So, every emergency room in
+the United States, and
+
+probably mostly around the
+world, will have EDTA on hand
+
+in case someone comes in
+with lead poisoning.
+
+Do you know who's at the most
+risk for lead poisoning, at
+
+least in this country?
+
+Kids.
+
+And what do they do they gives
+them lead poisoning?
+
+Lead paint, yeah.
+
+So, I don't know, most of you
+are probably living on campus,
+
+but if any of you move off
+campus, and some people who
+
+are living maybe across the
+river in fraternity houses,
+
+those buildings are old and they
+have had lead paint in at
+
+some point or another.
+
+So this is a big problem,
+actually, in the Boston area.
+
+So, if you have any toddlers
+visiting you, you might want
+
+to make sure they're not eating
+paint chips off any
+
+window sill or anything
+like that.
+
+Or if you do, have some
+EDTA on hand.
+
+All right, one other thing, some
+of you, once you start
+
+studying chemistry, it's always
+fun/scary to start
+
+reading the ingredients
+on food packages.
+
+But you will discover that some
+food that you eat will
+
+say as an ingredient EDTA
+added for freshness.
+
+So, bacteria and fungi and
+things like that need metals
+
+for growth, metals are very
+important for life, and so you
+
+add a little EDTA and it
+prevents things from growing
+
+on your food.
+
+So that's added for freshness.
+
+So you'll see it in food.
+
+Another use that occasionally I
+find MIT students are not as
+
+familiar with is in cleaning
+bathtubs, so you want to
+
+chelate out the calcium in
+tub scum, and that's a
+
+good use for EDTA.
+
+So, I always like to mention
+how freshman chemistry
+
+information can make
+you a lot of money.
+
+So, I thought I'd tell you a
+little story about a man named
+
+Robert Black.
+
+So one day, I think it might
+have been a little before
+
+Thanksgiving, Mrs. Robert Black,
+I don't know her first
+
+name, said to her husband,
+"We're having company, how
+
+about you go clean the bathtub?"
+Apparently, Robert
+
+Black's wife had never mentioned
+this to him before,
+
+and he had, in fact, never
+cleaned a bathtub.
+
+Also, I think that Robert
+Black's wife was tired of
+
+cleaning the bathtub, and
+perhaps, had not done it for,
+
+say, a very long time.
+
+So, Robert Black went in there
+and tried to scrub off the
+
+scum, and it was actually really
+challenging and he was
+
+very frustrating, and he said,
+"I never want to do that
+
+again."
+
+So, he went and developed a
+product, a shower cleaner,
+
+that had all the ingredients of
+the shower cleaners he was
+
+using, except that he advertised
+it slightly
+
+differently, and he said "Every
+time you shower, just
+
+spray a little bit on and you'll
+never have to really
+
+scrub again." because this will
+take care of it and avoid
+
+scrubbing in the future, so a
+little bit of spraying after
+
+each shower avoids these
+problems. And the ingredients
+
+he had in were all typical
+ingredients, including
+
+chelating agents.
+
+You need a surfactant to break
+up the water beads, and
+
+alcohol to get rid of the oily
+stuff, and the chelating agent
+
+for the calcium in
+the tub scum.
+
+And the one he actually
+used is EDTA.
+
+So, as a result of a wife saying
+to her husband, it's
+
+your turn to clean the tub,
+they now make $70 million
+
+dollars annually.
+
+So, I think this is a lesson
+that we can learn in many ways
+
+that cleaning the tub is
+something that everyone should
+
+do at some point in their life,
+and that the simple
+
+things you learn in freshman
+chemistry can, if applied
+
+correctly, make you
+a lot of money.
+
+And I just want to encourage
+you, again, that anything that
+
+I teach you that you use to
+make a lot of money, I'll
+
+remind you that I am perfectly
+willing to have a
+
+cut of any of that.
+
+So, just something
+to keep in mind.
+
+So, one more thing that you
+might have heard for EDTA.
+
+Have any of you heard, perhaps,
+maybe watching
+
+television or a movie,
+about a use for EDTA?
+
+Have any of you, perhaps, seen
+a movie called Blade?
+
+How many of you have
+seen this?
+
+Not very many people.
+
+Hmm, I think we're going to
+have a separate course in
+
+vampire movies and TV. Anyway,
+Blade fights vampires, and
+
+they have a special gun, and the
+special gun has cartridges
+
+-- cartridges are shown here.
+
+And the cartridges have in them
+-- anyone want to guess?
+
+EDTA, yes.
+
+And the idea behind it, if you
+shoot at a vampire, the
+
+vampire turns instantaneously
+to dust, and the idea behind
+
+it is that vampires drink blood,
+blood has what in it?
+
+Iron.
+
+What chelates iron?
+
+EDTA.
+
+And, therefore, if you chelate
+the iron out of blood, and a
+
+vampire's mostly blood, it just
+instantaneously turns to
+
+dust. So, actually, as chemistry
+goes, it's kind of
+
+cool, yeah.
+
+So, that's the final use that
+I am aware of for EDTA.
+
+Some of you may encounter
+some more.
+
+All right, so coordination
+complexes.
+
+Some of them can have isomers.
+
+They can have geometric
+isomers.
+
+And geometric isomers can have
+vastly different properties.
+
+And if you're interested in
+biochemistry, this is
+
+something that you'll be
+interested in, because this
+
+can be very important in
+biological systems.
+
+So, let me tell you about a
+coordination complex that has
+
+platinum at the center, it has
+two ammonia ligands and two
+
+chloride ligands, and it has two
+ways that you can do it.
+
+So, you can either put the
+ammonia ligands on different
+
+sides or you can put them
+on the same side.
+
+So, here we have two nitrogen
+ligands over here, and I have
+
+these here.
+
+So, on one side, you have the
+two nitrogen ligands, on the
+
+other side two chlorides, or we
+can have a transarrangement
+
+where they're across
+from each other.
+
+So you see, there's 2 different
+ways to do it, on
+
+the same side or
+sort of across.
+
+So, cis or trans.
+
+Cisplatin is a potent
+anti-cancer drug, transplatin
+
+has no use that anyone's
+been able to detect.
+
+So it's the exact same
+composition, but a different
+
+arrangement of the
+atoms coordinated
+
+to the central metal.
+
+So, why should it make a
+difference, they have the same
+
+ingredients, why should one be
+a potent anti-cancer drug and
+
+the other one be useless?
+
+Well, it's because of how it
+interacts in the body.
+
+And so, one of the people who
+have spent a lot of their
+
+career studying cisplatin is
+Professor Steve Lippard, who's
+
+in the Chemistry Department
+here, and he has determined
+
+x-ray structures looking at
+this, and done a number of
+
+other studies.
+
+And so, here is a little cartoon
+of cisplatin bound to
+
+DNA, so the chlorides are
+displaced when it binds, and
+
+so they need to be on the same
+side, otherwise it's
+
+not going to work.
+
+And when cisplatin binds to
+DNA, then this will act to
+
+kill the cancer cells.
+
+So, the chlorides both need to
+be on the same side so a
+
+combined DNA.
+
+If they're on other sides,
+that's not going to interact
+
+with DNA, and so it doesn't
+have any known function.
+
+So, geometric isomers, same
+composition, but in different
+
+arrangements can have vastly
+different properties.
+
+So you can have what are called
+optical isomers or
+
+enantiomers, and so these can
+our mirror images of each
+
+other, but they're not
+superimposable.
+
+And so, when you have a mirror
+image like this, it's called a
+
+chiral molecule, and this is a
+term that you'll hear a lot
+
+when you take organic
+chemistry.
+
+So, I have two mirror images up
+here, so these are mirror
+
+images, so the mirror plane is
+between these molecules.
+
+But these molecules may look
+the same in the mirror, but
+
+they're non-superimposable.
+
+So, they are, in fact, different
+molecules, and they
+
+can have different properties
+in a chiral environment.
+
+What do I mean by a chiral
+environment?
+
+Well, the human body, for
+example, is a chiral
+
+environment.
+
+So that's why a lot of drugs,
+people are wanting to make
+
+just one enantimer of the drug
+and not the other, one
+
+enantiomer can have good
+properties, the
+
+other one may not.
+
+All right, so let's do some
+d-electron counting.
+
+This is the final thing we
+need to talk about in
+
+coordination complexes.
+
+So we're going to refer to a
+thing called the d-electron
+
+count of the metal, which just
+has to do with a group number
+
+from the periodic table minus
+the oxidation number of the
+
+metal, is going to tell us
+the d-electron count.
+
+So, if you haven't learned how
+to do oxidation numbers yet,
+
+you need to know that for exam
+3, and you need to know that
+
+for this unit.
+
+So, let's look at a few examples
+of this, and we'll
+
+put up our friend, the
+periodic table.
+
+So let's look at the complex
+that we saw on the first page
+
+where we had -- in the beginning
+of today's lecture
+
+where we had cobalts with
+six n h 3 ligands in a
+
+coordination complex that
+had a charge of plus 3.
+
+So here, we need to figure out
+the oxidation number of the
+
+cobalt, and for this particular
+group, the overall
+
+charge of that is 0.
+
+We have three hydrogens at plus
+1, and we also have a
+
+nitrogen at minus 1.
+
+And so, overall that
+charge is 0.
+
+So we have six things of 0, and
+what does that leave for
+
+our cobalt charge?
+
+Plus 3.
+
+Because overall, it now
+has to equal plus 3.
+
+So, then our d count for our
+electrons is going to be the
+
+group number.
+
+And for cobalt, what's
+the group number?
+
+9.
+
+So minus 3 is 6, so this cobalt
+in this complex is
+
+what's called a d 6 system.
+
+All right, let's look at a
+couple other examples here.
+
+Let's look at nickel with
+carbon monoxide
+
+ligands, four of them.
+
+What would nickel
+be in this case?
+
+Someone said zero.
+
+That's right.
+
+So this is zero, and
+nickel is zero, the
+
+overall charge is zero.
+
+So, our oxidation number
+here is 0.
+
+So, our d count here, what's the
+group number for nickel?
+
+10.
+
+10 minus 0 is 10.
+
+So we have a d 10 system.
+
+So, I'm going to write another
+example down and you're going
+
+to tell me the answer to this
+one as a clicker question.
+
+So we have cobalt, two waters
+-- three waters -- that's
+
+actually a mistake.
+
+It should be two.
+
+Two waters, because it's going
+to be six things -- this is
+
+not some kind of bizzaro
+seven complex.
+
+So here's the correct, cobalt,
+two waters, one ammonia, and
+
+three chlorides with an overall
+charge of minus 1.
+
+All right, let's just take 10
+seconds, since we're running
+
+out of time.
+
+So that's right, we should have
+a charge of plus 2 here.
+
+This is zero, 0 minus 3, overall
+minus 1, so we have a
+
+plus 2 state.
+
+We have 9 minus 2, which is
+7, and it's a d 7 system.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mQdvMGUEpHw.txt b/mQdvMGUEpHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26bc603fd6901820086a08b29f35fb7cf4e9da37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mQdvMGUEpHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
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+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see
+you've got to see the reason foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's very beautiful song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want sudden sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want sudden sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want sudden sometimes there's
+Crescendo to Forte yeah I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescendo to Forte yeah I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescendo to Forte yeah I kind of
+imagine it being a little more dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it being a little more dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it being a little more dramatic
+sudden changes just to the text that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden changes just to the text that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden changes just to the text that
+he's kind of suddenly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you so much once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much once again
+um it's so much fun for me too and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's so much fun for me too and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's so much fun for me too and you
+guys want beautiful songs and tell us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want beautiful songs and tell us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want beautiful songs and tell us to
+say it's just so wonderful it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just so wonderful it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just so wonderful it's such a
+demonstration of how important these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how important these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how important these
+things are right what appears to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are right what appears to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are right what appears to be the
+kind of it's so much more than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's so much more than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's so much more than an
+academic exercise you know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic exercise you know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic exercise you know what what
+note it is what prosody you use what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note it is what prosody you use what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note it is what prosody you use what
+where the accents are how much Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the accents are how much Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the accents are how much Dynamic
+information are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are you
+and so I really appreciate you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mR_RUjsJnV8.txt b/mR_RUjsJnV8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6a462c29c6dad4ffd1b356766df5a246f90dafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mR_RUjsJnV8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to not talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to not talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to not talk about
+sorting this is a an exciting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting this is a an exciting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting this is a an exciting new
+development uh we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh we're going to talk about
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+problem a related problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a related problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a related problem
+but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tough spelling problem um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough spelling problem um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough spelling problem um we're going to
+talk about another problem which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another problem which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another problem which we
+would like to solve in linear time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to solve in linear time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to solve in linear time so
+last class we talked about when we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we talked about when we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we talked about when we could
+do sorting in linear time to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sorting in linear time to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sorting in linear time to do that we
+needed some additional assumptions today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some additional assumptions today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some additional assumptions today
+we're going to look at a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a problem that
+really only needs linear time even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only needs linear time even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only needs linear time even
+though at first glance it might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at first glance it might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at first glance it might look
+like it requires sorting so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it requires sorting so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it requires sorting so this is
+going to going to be an easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to be an easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to be an easier
+problem the problem is I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is I give you a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and they're in some array let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they're in some array let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they're in some array let's
+say and they're in no particular order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and they're in no particular order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and they're in no particular order
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+unsorted I want to find the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsorted I want to find the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsorted I want to find the K
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+element so this is called the element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so this is called the element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so this is called the element of
+rank k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in other words I have this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words I have this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words I have this list of
+numbers which is unsorted and if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is unsorted and if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is unsorted and if I were
+to sort it I'd like to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it I'd like to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it I'd like to know what the
+kith element is okay but I'm not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith element is okay but I'm not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith element is okay but I'm not allowed
+to sort it one solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it one solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it one solution to this problem
+so this is the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the naive
+algorithm is you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is you just
+sort and then return the Ki element this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then return the Ki element this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then return the Ki element this
+is another possible definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another possible definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another possible definition of the
+problem and we'd like to do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we'd like to do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we'd like to do better than
+that so you could sort let's call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could sort let's call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could sort let's call the
+array a and then return a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a and then return a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a and then return a of
+K so that's one thing we could do and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's one thing we could do and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so that's one thing we could do and if
+we use Heap sword or emerge sword this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use Heap sword or emerge sword this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use Heap sword or emerge sword this
+will take n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take n log n
+time so we'd like to do better than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'd like to do better than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'd like to do better than n
+log n ideally linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the problem is
+Pretty Natural straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty Natural straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty Natural straightforward
+um it has various applications um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has various applications um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has various applications um
+depending on how you choose k k could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you choose k k could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you choose k k could be
+any number between one and N so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number between one and N so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number between one and N so for
+example if we choose k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we choose k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we choose k equals
+1 that element has a name any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that element has a name any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that element has a name any
+suggestions of what the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions of what the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions of what the name
+is the minimum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy any suggestions on how we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy any suggestions on how we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy any suggestions on how we can find
+the minimum element in an array in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum element in an array in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum element in an array in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+time just scan through right just scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just scan through right just scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just scan through right just scan
+through the array keep track of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the array keep track of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the array keep track of what the
+smallest number is that you've seen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest number is that you've seen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest number is that you've seen okay
+same thing with the maximum k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the maximum k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the maximum k
+n so these are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are rather
+trivial but a more interesting version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but a more interesting version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but a more interesting version
+of the order statistic problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order statistic problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order statistic problem is to
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+median so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median so this is
+either so k + 1 over two floor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so k + 1 over two floor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so k + 1 over two floor or
+ceiling I'll call both of those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling I'll call both of those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling I'll call both of those elements
+medians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finding the median of an of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding the median of an of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding the median of an of an
+unsorted array in linear time is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsorted array in linear time is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsorted array in linear time is quite
+tricky and that sort of is the main goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and that sort of is the main goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and that sort of is the main goal
+of this lecture is to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture is to be able to find
+the medians for free we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medians for free we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medians for free we're going to be
+able to find an arbit the arbitrary Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find an arbit the arbitrary Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find an arbit the arbitrary Ki
+smallest element but typically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element but typically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element but typically we're
+most interested in finding the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interested in finding the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interested in finding the median
+and on Friday in recitation you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on Friday in recitation you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on Friday in recitation you'll see
+why that's so useful there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's so useful there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's so useful there's all sorts
+of situations where you can use median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situations where you can use median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situations where you can use median
+for really effective divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really effective divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really effective divide and conquer
+without having to sort so you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to sort so you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to sort so you can solve
+a lot of problems in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problems in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of problems in linear
+time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a
+result okay and we're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay and we're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay and we're going to cover
+today two algorithms for finding order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today two algorithms for finding order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today two algorithms for finding order
+statistics both of them are linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics both of them are linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics both of them are linear time
+the first one is randomized so it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is randomized so it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is randomized so it's only
+linear expected time and the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear expected time and the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear expected time and the second one
+is worst case linear time and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worst case linear time and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worst case linear time and it will
+build on the the randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on the the randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on the the randomized
+version so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so let's start with
+a randomized divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized divide and conquer
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this algorithm is called Rand random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm is called Rand random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm is called Rand random
+select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the parameters here are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parameters here are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parameters here are a little bit
+uh more than what we're used to so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than what we're used to so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than what we're used to so the
+uh the order statistics problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the order statistics problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the order statistics problem you're
+given an array a and here I've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an array a and here I've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an array a and here I've changed
+notation and I'm looking for the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and I'm looking for the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and I'm looking for the I
+smallest element so I is the the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element so I is the the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element so I is the the index
+I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for and I'm also going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm also going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'm also going to change the
+problem a little bit and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit and instead of
+trying to find it in the whole array I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find it in the whole array I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find it in the whole array I'm
+going to look in a particular interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in a particular interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in a particular interval
+of the array a from P up to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the array a from P up to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the array a from P up to Q
+okay we're going to need that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to need that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to need that for a
+recursion this better be a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion this better be a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion this better be a recursive
+algorithm because we're using divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we're using divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we're using divide and
+conquer so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm have a base case pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple then we're going to use uh part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple then we're going to use uh part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple then we're going to use uh part
+of the quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quicksort
+algorithm randomize quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort okay we didn't actually Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay we didn't actually Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay we didn't actually Define this
+sub routine uh two lectures ago but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub routine uh two lectures ago but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub routine uh two lectures ago but it
+um you should know what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should know what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should know what it does
+especially if you've read the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you've read the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you've read the textbook
+um this says well in the array from a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this says well in the array from a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this says well in the array from a of
+a p up to Q pick a random element so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p up to Q pick a random element so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p up to Q pick a random element so
+pick a random index between p and Q swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a random index between p and Q swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a random index between p and Q swap
+it with the first element then call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the first element then call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the first element then call
+partition and partition uses that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and partition uses that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and partition uses that first
+element to split the rest of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to split the rest of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to split the rest of the array
+into less than or equal to that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into less than or equal to that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into less than or equal to that random
+partition and greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and greater than or equal to
+that partition so this is just picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partition so this is just picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partition so this is just picking a
+random uh partition element between p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh partition element between p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random uh partition element between p
+and Q cutting the array in half although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q cutting the array in half although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q cutting the array in half although
+the two sizes may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal okay and we're going to call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay and we're going to call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay and we're going to call and
+it Returns the index of that partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Returns the index of that partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Returns the index of that partition
+element between some number between p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between some number between p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between some number between p
+and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q
+and we're going to Define k to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to Define k to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to Define k to be this
+particular value R minus p +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value R minus p +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value R minus p +
+1 and the reason for that is that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the reason for that is that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the reason for that is that K is
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+rank of the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of the partition
+element uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh this is
+in a p up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q okay so let me draw the picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have our array a starts at P ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our array a starts at P ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our array a starts at P ends
+at Q I mean there's other stuff but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q I mean there's other stuff but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q I mean there's other stuff but for
+this recursive call all we care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursive call all we care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursive call all we care about is
+p up to Q we pick a random partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p up to Q we pick a random partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p up to Q we pick a random partition
+element say this one and we partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element say this one and we partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element say this one and we partition
+things so that everything over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that everything over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that everything over here so
+let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this
+R uh everything in here is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh everything in here is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh everything in here is less than or
+equal to a of R and everything up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a of R and everything up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a of R and everything up here
+is greater than or equal to a of R and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to a of R and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to a of R and A
+of R is our partition element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we a after this call this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we a after this call this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we a after this call this that's
+what the array looks like and we get R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the array looks like and we get R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the array looks like and we get R
+we get the index of where partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the index of where partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the index of where partition
+element is stored so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is stored so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is stored so the number of
+elements that are less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are less than or equal to
+a of R and including R is uh Rus p + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of R and including R is uh Rus p + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of R and including R is uh Rus p + 1
+so there will be R minus P elements here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be R minus P elements here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be R minus P elements here
+and then we're adding one to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're adding one to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're adding one to get this
+element and if you start counting at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and if you start counting at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and if you start counting at one
+if this is rank one two U this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is rank one two U this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is rank one two U this element
+will have rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have rank
+K okay that's just from the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay that's just from the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay that's just from the construction
+of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition okay and now we get to recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition okay and now we get to recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition okay and now we get to recurse
+and there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+so depending on how I relates to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on how I relates to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on how I relates to K
+remember I is the rank that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I is the rank that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I is the rank that we're
+looking for K is the rank that we happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for K is the rank that we happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for K is the rank that we happen
+to get out of this random partition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this random partition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of this random partition we
+don't have much control over K but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much control over K but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much control over K but if
+we're lucky I equals K that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky I equals K that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky I equals K that's the
+element we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so then we just return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so then we just return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so then we just return the
+partition element more likely is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element more likely is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element more likely is that
+the element we're looking for is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element we're looking for is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element we're looking for is either
+to the left or to the right and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left or to the right and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left or to the right and if it's
+to the left we're going to recurse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left we're going to recurse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left we're going to recurse in
+the left hand portion of the array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand portion of the array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand portion of the array and
+if it's to the right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's to the right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's to the right we're going to
+recurse in the right hand portion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse in the right hand portion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse in the right hand portion so
+pretty straightforward at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just have to get all the indices right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so either we're going to recurse on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either we're going to recurse on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either we're going to recurse on the
+part between P and R minus one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part between P and R minus one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part between P and R minus one that's
+this case the uh rank we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the uh rank we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the uh rank we're looking for
+is to the left of the rank of element a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the left of the rank of element a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to the left of the rank of element a
+r or we're going to recurse on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or we're going to recurse on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or we're going to recurse on the right
+part between r + one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part between r + one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part between r + one and
+Q where we recurse on the left part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q where we recurse on the left part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q where we recurse on the left part the
+rank we're looking for Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we're looking for Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we're looking for Remains the Same
+but when we recurse on the right part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we recurse on the right part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we recurse on the right part
+the rank we're looking for gets offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank we're looking for gets offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank we're looking for gets offset
+because we've sort of gotten rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've sort of gotten rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've sort of gotten rid of the
+K elements over here I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K elements over here I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K elements over here I should have
+written this length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this length is
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+so we've sort of sweeped away K ranks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've sort of sweeped away K ranks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've sort of sweeped away K ranks of
+elements and now within this array we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and now within this array we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and now within this array we're
+looking for the I minus K smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the I minus K smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the I minus K smallest
+element okay so that's the recursion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so that's the recursion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay so that's the recursion we
+only recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recurse
+once I mean random partition is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I mean random partition is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I mean random partition is not a
+recursion that just takes linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion that just takes linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion that just takes linear time
+and the total amount of work we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total amount of work we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the total amount of work we're doing
+here should be linear time plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be linear time plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be linear time plus one
+recursion okay and in order we'd next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion okay and in order we'd next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion okay and in order we'd next
+like to see uh what the total running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see uh what the total running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see uh what the total running
+time is uh in expectation but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh in expectation but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is uh in expectation but let's
+first do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example make this algorithm perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example make this algorithm perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example make this algorithm perfectly
+clear so let's suppose we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so let's suppose we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so let's suppose we're looking for
+the seven smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven smallest
+element in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array and let's suppose just for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and let's suppose just for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and let's suppose just for example
+that the pivot we're using is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pivot we're using is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pivot we're using is just the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+element so nothing fancy it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so nothing fancy it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so nothing fancy it's hard to
+I'd have to flip a few coins in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to flip a few coins in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to flip a few coins in order to
+generate a random one so let's just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random one so let's just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a random one so let's just pick
+this one if I partition at the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one if I partition at the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one if I partition at the element
+six this is actually an example we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six this is actually an example we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six this is actually an example we did
+two weeks ago and I won't go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks ago and I won't go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks ago and I won't go through it
+again but we get the same array as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we get the same array as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we get the same array as we
+did two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ago namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago namely
+253 then 6 then 8 13 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+253 then 6 then 8 13 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+253 then 6 then 8 13 10 and
+11 okay if you run through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay if you run through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay if you run through the
+partitioning algorithm that happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning algorithm that happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning algorithm that happens to
+be the order that it throws the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the order that it throws the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the order that it throws the elements
+into and this is our position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and this is our position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and this is our position
+R this is p here it's uh just one and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is p here it's uh just one and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this is p here it's uh just one and Q
+is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end and I'm looking for the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and I'm looking for the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and I'm looking for the seventh
+smallest element and it happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element and it happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest element and it happens when I
+run this partition that six falls into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this partition that six falls into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this partition that six falls into
+the fourth place and that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth place and that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth place and that we know that
+means because all the elements here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means because all the elements here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means because all the elements here are
+less than six and all the elements here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than six and all the elements here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than six and all the elements here
+are greater than six if this array were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than six if this array were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than six if this array were
+sorted six would be right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted six would be right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted six would be right here in
+position four so R here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position four so R here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position four so R here is
+four so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so even though
+yeah the 12 turned into an 11 this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the 12 turned into an 11 this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the 12 turned into an 11 this was
+an 11 believe it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 11 believe it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 11 believe it or
+not let me be simple sorry sometimes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let me be simple sorry sometimes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let me be simple sorry sometimes my
+ones look like twos not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones look like twos not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones look like twos not a good
+feature okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature okay
+so uh that's an easy way to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's an easy way to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's an easy way to cover
+um so don't try that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't try that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so don't try that on
+exams oh that's that one was just a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams oh that's that one was just a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams oh that's that one was just a two
+no um okay so we even though we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um okay so we even though we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um okay so we even though we're not
+sorting the array we're only spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the array we're only spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the array we're only spending
+linear work here to Partition by six we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear work here to Partition by six we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear work here to Partition by six we
+know that if we had sorted the array six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we had sorted the array six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if we had sorted the array six
+would fall here we don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fall here we don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fall here we don't know about
+these other elements they're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other elements they're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other elements they're not in
+sorted order but from the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order but from the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order but from the properties of
+partition we know six went to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition we know six went to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition we know six went to the right
+spot so we now know rank of six is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so we now know rank of six is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so we now know rank of six is four
+we happen to be looking for seven and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to be looking for seven and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to be looking for seven and we
+happen to get this number four so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to get this number four so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to get this number four so we
+want something over here okay it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something over here okay it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something over here okay it turns
+out we're looking for 10 I guess but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're looking for 10 I guess but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we're looking for 10 I guess but uh
+cuz that's no 11 right seven would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's no 11 right seven would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's no 11 right seven would be
+there should be eight elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be eight elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be eight elements in this
+array so it's the next to Max Max here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so it's the next to Max Max here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so it's the next to Max Max here
+is 13 so I'm cheating here the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 so I'm cheating here the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 so I'm cheating here the answer
+we're looking for is 11 okay so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is 11 okay so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is 11 okay so we know
+that what we're looking for is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're looking for is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we're looking for is in the
+right hand part because the rank we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand part because the rank we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand part because the rank we're
+looking for seven which is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for seven which is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for seven which is bigger than
+four now what rank are we looking for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now what rank are we looking for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now what rank are we looking for in
+here well we've gotten rid of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we've gotten rid of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we've gotten rid of four
+elements over here so it happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here so it happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements over here so it happened here
+that that K is also four because p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that K is also four because p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that K is also four because p is
+one in this example so the rank of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this example so the rank of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this example so the rank of six
+was four we throw away those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four we throw away those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was four we throw away those four
+elements now we're looking for rank 7 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now we're looking for rank 7 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now we're looking for rank 7 -
+4 which is 7 - 4 is three and indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is 7 - 4 is three and indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is 7 - 4 is three and indeed the
+rank three element here is still 11 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank three element here is still 11 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank three element here is still 11 so
+you recursively find that that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recursively find that that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recursively find that that's your
+answer okay so now that algorithm should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so now that algorithm should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so now that algorithm should
+be pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty clear
+the tricky part is to analyze it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky part is to analyze it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky part is to analyze it and
+this is the analysis here is quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the analysis here is quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the analysis here is quite a bit
+like randomized quicksort although not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomized quicksort although not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like randomized quicksort although not
+quite as hairy so it will go faster but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as hairy so it will go faster but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as hairy so it will go faster but
+it will be also sort of a nice review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also sort of a nice review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be also sort of a nice review of
+the randomized quick swort analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomized quick swort analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomized quick swort analysis
+which was a bit uh tricky and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a bit uh tricky and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a bit uh tricky and always
+good to see it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see it a couple
+times so we're going to follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we're going to follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we're going to follow the same
+kind of outline as before to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of outline as before to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of outline as before to look at the
+expected running time of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected running time of this
+uh of this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this algorithm
+and to start out we're going to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to start out we're going to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to start out we're going to as
+before look at some intuition just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before look at some intuition just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before look at some intuition just to
+feel good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel good about
+ourselves also feel bad as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves also feel bad as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves also feel bad as you'll
+see let's think about two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's think about two sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's think about two sort of
+extreme cases the best a good case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases the best a good case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme cases the best a good case and
+the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst
+case and I should mention that in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I should mention that in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I should mention that in all of
+the analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyses
+today we assume the elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we assume the elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we assume the elements are
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets really messy if the elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really messy if the elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really messy if the elements are
+not distinct and you may even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distinct and you may even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distinct and you may even have to
+change the algorithms a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the algorithms a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the algorithms a little bit
+because if all the elements are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if all the elements are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if all the elements are equal
+you pick a random element the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a random element the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a random element the partition
+does not do so well okay but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not do so well okay but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not do so well okay but let's
+assume they're all distinct which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they're all distinct which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they're all distinct which is the
+really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so a pretty lucky case is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so a pretty lucky case is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so a pretty lucky case is that we
+part I mean the best case is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I mean the best case is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I mean the best case is we
+partition right in the middle the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right in the middle the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right in the middle the number
+of elements to the left of our partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements to the left of our partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements to the left of our partition
+is uh equal to the number of elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh equal to the number of elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh equal to the number of elements in
+the right of our partition but almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of our partition but almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of our partition but almost as
+good would be some kind of uh 1/10th to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good would be some kind of uh 1/10th to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good would be some kind of uh 1/10th to
+9/10 split any constant fraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9/10 split any constant fraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9/10 split any constant fraction is
+going to be we should feel that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we should feel that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we should feel that any
+constant fraction is as good as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction is as good as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction is as good as a
+half so then the recurrence we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well let's say at most this bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let's say at most this bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let's say at most this bad
+so it depends if we have a 1/10 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends if we have a 1/10 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends if we have a 1/10 let's
+say 1/10 on the left 9/10 on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1/10 on the left 9/10 on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1/10 on the left 9/10 on the right
+every time we do a partition it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we do a partition it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we do a partition it depends
+where our answer is it could be if I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our answer is it could be if I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our answer is it could be if I is
+really small it's in the 1/10 part if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small it's in the 1/10 part if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small it's in the 1/10 part if I
+is really big it's going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really big it's going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really big it's going to be in the
+910 part or most of the time it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+910 part or most of the time it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+910 part or most of the time it's going
+to be in the 9/10 part let's just I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the 9/10 part let's just I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the 9/10 part let's just I mean
+we can we're doing worst case analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we're doing worst case analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we're doing worst case analysis
+within the lucky case so we're happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the lucky case so we're happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the lucky case so we're happy to
+have upper bounds so I'll say t of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have upper bounds so I'll say t of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have upper bounds so I'll say t of n is
+at most T of 9/10 n plus Theta n clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most T of 9/10 n plus Theta n clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most T of 9/10 n plus Theta n clearly
+it's worse if we're in the bigger part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worse if we're in the bigger part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worse if we're in the bigger part
+okay what is the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence oh solving recurrences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence oh solving recurrences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence oh solving recurrences so
+long ago what what method should we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago what what method should we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago what what method should we use
+for solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving this
+recurrence the master method what case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence the master method what case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence the master method what case
+are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in three good still remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three good still remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three good still remember this is
+case three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case three
+I'll say y we were looking at n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say y we were looking at n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say y we were looking at n to the
+log base B of a b here is 10 9th though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of a b here is 10 9th though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of a b here is 10 9th though
+it doesn't really matter because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter because a is
+one log base anything of one is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one log base anything of one is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one log base anything of one is zero so
+this is n 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n 0 which is
+one and N is polom larger than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and N is polom larger than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and N is polom larger than one so
+this is going to be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n which is good that's what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is good that's what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is good that's what we want
+linear time so if we're in the lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time so if we're in the lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time so if we're in the lucky
+case great unfortunately this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case great unfortunately this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case great unfortunately this is only
+intuition and we're not always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and we're not always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and we're not always going to
+get the lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the lucky
+case we could do the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could do the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could do the same kind of
+analysis as we did with randomized quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as we did with randomized quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as we did with randomized quick
+swort if you alternate between lucky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swort if you alternate between lucky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swort if you alternate between lucky and
+unlucky things will still be good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky things will still be good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky things will still be good but
+let's just talk about the Unlucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just talk about the Unlucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just talk about the Unlucky
+case to show how bad things can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to show how bad things can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to show how bad things can get and
+this really would be a worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis so the Unlucky case we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so the Unlucky case we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so the Unlucky case we get a
+split of 1 to n minus actually split of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of 1 to n minus actually split of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of 1 to n minus actually split of0
+to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one
+because we're we're removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're removing the
+partition element either way and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element either way and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element either way and there
+could be nothing less than the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be nothing less than the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be nothing less than the partition
+element so we have zero on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so we have zero on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so we have zero on the left hand
+side and we have n minus one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we have n minus one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we have n minus one on the
+right hand side so now we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so now we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so now we get a
+recurrence like T of n is T of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like T of n is T of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence like T of n is T of n minus
+one plus linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus linear
+cost and what's the solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and what's the solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and what's the solution to that
+recurrence this one you n s yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence this one you n s yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence this one you n s yeah this
+one you should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should just
+know it's n s because it's an arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series and that's pretty bad this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that's pretty bad this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that's pretty bad this is
+much much worse than sorting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much worse than sorting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much worse than sorting and then
+picking the I element so in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the I element so in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the I element so in the worst
+case this algorithm really sucks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this algorithm really sucks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this algorithm really sucks but
+most of the time it's going to do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's going to do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's going to do really
+well and unless you're really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and unless you're really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and unless you're really really
+unlucky and every coin you flip is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky and every coin you flip is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky and every coin you flip is the
+wrong gives the wrong answer you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong gives the wrong answer you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong gives the wrong answer you won't
+get this case and you'll get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this case and you'll get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this case and you'll get something
+more like the lucky case at least that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the lucky case at least that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the lucky case at least that's
+what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to
+prove and we'll prove that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and we'll prove that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and we'll prove that the expected
+running time here is linear so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time here is linear so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time here is linear so it's very
+rare to get anything quadratic but later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to get anything quadratic but later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare to get anything quadratic but later
+on we'll see how to make the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we'll see how to make the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we'll see how to make the worst case
+linear as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as well to
+really really solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so let's
+get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you now you've seen an analysis much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you've seen an analysis much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now you've seen an analysis much
+like this before so what do you suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before so what do you suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before so what do you suggest
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+do in order to analyze this expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time it's divide and conquer algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's divide and conquer algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's divide and conquer algorithm
+so we kind of like to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of like to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of like to write down a
+recurrence on something resembling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence on something resembling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence on something resembling the
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I don't need the answer I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't need the answer I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't need the answer I just want
+what's the first step that we might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first step that we might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first step that we might do
+to analyze the expected running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the expected running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the expected running time of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+algorithm sorry differentes look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm sorry differentes look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm sorry differentes look at
+different cases yeah exactly so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases yeah exactly so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases yeah exactly so we have
+all these possible ways that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these possible ways that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these possible ways that random
+random partition could split could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random partition could split could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random partition could split could split
+zero to n minus one could split in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n minus one could split in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n minus one could split in half
+could split there's n minus one or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could split there's n minus one or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could split there's n minus one or n
+choices where it could split so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices where it could split so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices where it could split so how can
+we break into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases IND indicator renom variables cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases IND indicator renom variables cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases IND indicator renom variables cool
+exactly that's what we want to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's what we want to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's what we want to do um
+indicator random varibles suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random varibles suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random varibles suggests that
+what we're dealing with is not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with is not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with is not exactly
+just a function T of n but it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function T of n but it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function T of n but it's a random
+variable so this is one subtlety T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this is one subtlety T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this is one subtlety T of n
+depends on the random choices so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the random choices so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the random choices so it's
+really a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to use indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to use indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to use indicator
+random variables to get a recurrence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to get a recurrence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to get a recurrence on
+T ofn or really yeah on t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ofn or really yeah on t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ofn or really yeah on t
+ofn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so tent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so tent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so tent is
+the running time of randomiz select on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of randomiz select on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time of randomiz select on
+an input of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and I'm also going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm also going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm also going to write down
+explicitly an assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly an assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly an assumption about the
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers that they should be chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that they should be chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that they should be chosen
+independently from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently from each other
+so every time I call random partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time I call random partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time I call random partition
+it's it's generating a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's generating a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's generating a completely
+independent random number from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random number from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random number from all the
+other times I call random partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times I call random partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times I call random partition
+that's important of course for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important of course for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important of course for this
+analysis to work we'll see why uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to work we'll see why uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to work we'll see why uh some
+point down the line and now to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point down the line and now to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point down the line and now to sort of
+write down an equation for T of n we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an equation for T of n we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an equation for T of n we're
+going to Define indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define indicator random
+variables as you suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll call it XK and this is for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call it XK and this is for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call it XK and this is for all
+K from 0 up to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so an indicator R of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so an indicator R of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so an indicator R of variables
+either one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or
+zero and it's going to be one if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's going to be one if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's going to be one if the
+partition comes out k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition comes out k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition comes out k
+on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand
+side so say the partition generates a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so say the partition generates a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so say the partition generates a k
+to N - K -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+split and it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise so we have n of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so we have n of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so we have n of these
+variables between indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables between indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables between indicator random
+variables between 0 and N minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables between 0 and N minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables between 0 and N minus one and
+in each case no matter how the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case no matter how the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case no matter how the random
+Choice comes out exactly one of will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice comes out exactly one of will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice comes out exactly one of will be
+one all the others will be zero so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the others will be zero so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the others will be zero so now
+we can divide out the running time of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can divide out the running time of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can divide out the running time of of
+this algorithm based on which case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so that will sort of unify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that will sort of unify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that will sort of unify this
+intuition that we did and get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that we did and get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that we did and get all the
+cases and then we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation okay so T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n mean if we just split out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases we have an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we have an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we have an upper
+bound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so if we have a zero to n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we have a zero to n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if we have a zero to n minus1
+split the worst is we have n minus1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the worst is we have n minus1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the worst is we have n minus1 that
+we have to recurse in a problem the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to recurse in a problem the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to recurse in a problem the size
+of n minus one in fact be pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one in fact be pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus one in fact be pretty hard to
+recurse in a problem of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay if we have a 1 to n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay if we have a 1 to n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay if we have a 1 to n minus 2
+split then we take the max of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split then we take the max of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split then we take the max of the two
+sides that's the certainly going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that's the certainly going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that's the certainly going to give
+us an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at the bottom we get an N minus1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the bottom we get an N minus1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the bottom we get an N minus1 to
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+split so this is now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split so this is now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split so this is now sort of
+conditioning on various events but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on various events but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on various events but we
+have random indicator random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random indicator random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random indicator random variables
+to tell us when these events happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us when these events happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us when these events happen so
+we can just multiply each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just multiply each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just multiply each of these
+values by the indicator random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by the indicator random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values by the indicator random variable
+and it will come out zero if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come out zero if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come out zero if that's not
+the case and it'll come out one and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and it'll come out one and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and it'll come out one and give
+give us this value if that happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us this value if that happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us this value if that happens to be
+the split so if we add up all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the split so if we add up all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the split so if we add up all of those
+we'll get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the same
+thing so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the sum over all K of the indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum over all K of the indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum over all K of the indicator
+random variable times the cost in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable times the cost in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable times the cost in that
+case which is T of Max K and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is T of Max K and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is T of Max K and the other
+side which is n minus K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one plus Theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is our recurrence in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our recurrence in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our recurrence in some
+sense for the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for the random variable
+representing running time now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing running time now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing running time now this
+depends on I mean the value will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on I mean the value will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on I mean the value will depend
+on which case we come into we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which case we come into we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which case we come into we know the
+probability of each of these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of these events
+happening is the same because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the same because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the same because we're
+choosing the partition element uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the partition element uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the partition element uniformly
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+random but we can't really simplify much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we can't really simplify much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we can't really simplify much
+Beyond this uh until we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond this uh until we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond this uh until we take
+expectations we know this variable could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we know this variable could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we know this variable could
+be as big as n^ s hopefully it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as big as n^ s hopefully it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as big as n^ s hopefully it's usually
+linear we'll take expectations of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we'll take expectations of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear we'll take expectations of both
+sides and get what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's look at the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the expectation of
+this random variable which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable which is just the
+expectation I'll copy over summation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I'll copy over summation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I'll copy over summation we
+have here so I can work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board okay so I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so I want to compute the
+expectation of this summation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this summation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this summation what
+property of expectation should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of expectation should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of expectation should I
+use linearity good so we can bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linearity good so we can bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linearity good so we can bring the
+summation outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I have a sum of expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a sum of expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a sum of expectations
+so let's look at each expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at each expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at each expectation
+individually it's a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually it's a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually it's a product of two
+random variables if you will this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables if you will this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables if you will this is an
+indicator random variable and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variable and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variable and this is
+some more complicated function some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more complicated function some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more complicated function some more
+complicated random variable representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated random variable representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated random variable representing
+some running time which depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some running time which depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some running time which depends on what
+random choices are made in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choices are made in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random choices are made in that
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive
+call now what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the expectation of the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the expectation of the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the expectation of the product of two
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables Independence exactly if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Independence exactly if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Independence exactly if I if I
+know that these two random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these two random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these two random variables are
+independent then I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then I know that the
+expectation of the product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product is the
+product of the expectations now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations now we have
+to check are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent I hope so because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I hope so because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I hope so because otherwise
+there isn't much else I can do so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't much else I can do so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't much else I can do so why
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+independent sorry they because we stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sorry they because we stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sorry they because we stated
+that they are right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are right because
+of this assumption that we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this assumption that we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this assumption that we assume that
+all the random numbers are chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the random numbers are chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the random numbers are chosen
+independently so we need to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so we need to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so we need to sort of
+interpolate that here these xks all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate that here these xks all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate that here these xks all the
+xks x0 up to xn minus one so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xks x0 up to xn minus one so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xks x0 up to xn minus one so all the
+ones appearing in this summation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones appearing in this summation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones appearing in this summation are
+dependent on a single random choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a single random choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a single random choice of
+this particular call to random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular call to random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular call to random
+partition okay so that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition okay so that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition okay so that all of these
+things are are correlated because if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are correlated because if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are correlated because if one
+of them is one all the others are forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is one all the others are forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is one all the others are forced
+to be zero so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero so there's a lot of
+correlation among the xks but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation among the xks but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation among the xks but with
+respect to everything that's in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to everything that's in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to everything that's in here and
+the only random part is this T of Max K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only random part is this T of Max K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only random part is this T of Max K
+N minus K minus one that's a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus K minus one that's a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus K minus one that's a recursive
+call it's making its own choices its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's making its own choices its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's making its own choices its own
+random numbers uh so any random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers uh so any random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers uh so any random numbers
+that it chooses here are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it chooses here are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it chooses here are independent
+we've assumed from the top level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed from the top level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed from the top level
+recursive call where uh we chose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call where uh we chose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call where uh we chose this
+number between 0 and N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and N minus
+one so that's the that's the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the that's the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's the that's the reason that
+this random variable is independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is independent from
+these same thing as quicksort but I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same thing as quicksort but I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same thing as quicksort but I know
+some people got confused about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people got confused about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people got confused about it a
+couple lectures ago so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures ago so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures ago so I'm
+reiterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterating
+so we get the product of expectations e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get the product of expectations e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get the product of expectations e
+of XK time e of T of Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XK time e of T of Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XK time e of T of Max
+k n minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1 I mean the the order n comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 I mean the the order n comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 I mean the the order n comes
+outside but let's leave it inside for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but let's leave it inside for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but let's leave it inside for
+now there's no expectation to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no expectation to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no expectation to compute
+there for order n order n is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for order n order n is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for order n order n is order
+n okay what is the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay what is the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay what is the expectation of
+XK 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK 1/
+n because they're all chosen uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because they're all chosen uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because they're all chosen uh with
+equal probability there's n of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability there's n of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability there's n of them so
+expectation is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is one
+n the value is either one or zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the value is either one or zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the value is either one or zero so we
+start to be able to split this up so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be able to split this up so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be able to split this up so we
+have 1 / n * this expected value of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 / n * this expected value of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 / n * this expected value of some
+recursive T call and then we have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive T call and then we have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive T call and then we have plus
+1/ n Times order n also known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ n Times order n also known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ n Times order n also known as a
+constant but everything is summed up n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but everything is summed up n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but everything is summed up n
+times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so
+let's expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have the sum K = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the sum K = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the sum K = 0 to
+nus1 I guess the 1/ N can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside and we have expectation of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and we have expectation of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and we have expectation of T
+Max K N - K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1 lots of nifty braces there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 lots of nifty braces there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 lots of nifty braces there and then
+Plus we have on the other hand the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus we have on the other hand the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus we have on the other hand the sum
+from K 0 to n minus one let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K 0 to n minus one let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K 0 to n minus one let me just
+write that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again of we have a 1/ n in front and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of we have a 1/ n in front and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of we have a 1/ n in front and we
+have a Theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Theta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Theta n
+inside so this summation is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so this summation is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so this summation is N
+squared um and then we're dividing by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared um and then we're dividing by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared um and then we're dividing by n
+so this whole thing is again order n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is again order n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole thing is again order n so
+nothing fancy happened there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fancy happened there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fancy happened there this is
+really just saying the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just saying the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just saying the expectation of
+order n is order n average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n is order n average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n is order n average value of
+order n is order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n is order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n is order n
+okay what's interesting is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's interesting is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's interesting is this
+part now what could we do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now what could we do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now what could we do with this
+summation here we start to differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation here we start to differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation here we start to differ from
+randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+quicksort because we have this Max so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort because we have this Max so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort because we have this Max so
+randomized quicksort we had the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort we had the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quicksort we had the sum of
+TK plus t n minus K minus one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK plus t n minus K minus one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK plus t n minus K minus one because we
+were making both recursive calls here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making both recursive calls here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making both recursive calls here
+we're only making the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that Max is really a pain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Max is really a pain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Max is really a pain for
+evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating
+evaluating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence so how could I get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence so how could I get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence so how could I get rid of the
+max it's one way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah you can like only sum up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah you can like only sum up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah you can like only sum up to
+halfway and then double exactly I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and then double exactly I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway and then double exactly I could
+only sum up to halfway and then double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sum up to halfway and then double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sum up to halfway and then double
+in other words terms are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words terms are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words terms are getting
+repeated twice here when K is zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated twice here when K is zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated twice here when K is zero or
+when K is n minus one I get the same T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is n minus one I get the same T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is n minus one I get the same T
+of n minus 1 when K is 1 or n minus 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 when K is 1 or n minus 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 when K is 1 or n minus 2 I
+get the same thing 2 and nus 3 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing 2 and nus 3 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing 2 and nus 3 so what
+I'll what I'll actually do is sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll what I'll actually do is sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll what I'll actually do is sum from
+halfway up that's a little bit cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway up that's a little bit cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway up that's a little bit cleaner
+and let me get the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me get the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me get the indices
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+floor floor of n /2 up to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor floor of n /2 up to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor floor of n /2 up to n minus one
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+safe and then I just have e of T of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and then I just have e of T of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and then I just have e of T of K
+except I forgot to multiply by two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I forgot to multiply by two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I forgot to multiply by two so
+I'm gon to change this one to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gon to change this one to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gon to change this one to a
+two okay and the order n is preserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and the order n is preserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and the order n is preserved so
+this is just because each term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because each term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because each term is
+appearing twice I can Factor it out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing twice I can Factor it out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing twice I can Factor it out uh
+andc if n is odd I'm actually double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andc if n is odd I'm actually double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andc if n is odd I'm actually double
+counting someone but it's certainly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting someone but it's certainly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting someone but it's certainly at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+that okay so that's a safe upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's a safe upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's a safe upper bound
+and upper bounds are all we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper bounds are all we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper bounds are all we care about
+because we're hoping to get linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're hoping to get linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're hoping to get linear and
+this the running time this algorith is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the running time this algorith is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the running time this algorith is
+definitely at least linear so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely at least linear so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely at least linear so we just
+need an upper bound of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an upper bound of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an upper bound of linear
+okay so this is a recurrence e of T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a recurrence e of T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a recurrence e of T of n
+is at most 2 over n times the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most 2 over n times the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most 2 over n times the sum of
+half the numbers between zero and N uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the numbers between zero and N uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the numbers between zero and N uh
+of e of T of K plus Theta n it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e of T of K plus Theta n it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e of T of K plus Theta n it's a bit
+of a hairy recurrence we want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hairy recurrence we want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hairy recurrence we want to solve
+it though and it's actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though and it's actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though and it's actually a little bit
+easier than the quick sort randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than the quick sort randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than the quick sort randomized
+quick sort recurrence we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sort recurrence we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sort recurrence we're going to
+solve it what method should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it what method should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it what method should we
+use sorry Master method Master method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sorry Master method Master method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sorry Master method Master method
+Master method would be nice except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master method would be nice except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master method would be nice except that
+each of the recursive calls is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the recursive calls is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the recursive calls is with a
+different value of K so Master method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of K so Master method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of K so Master method
+only works when all the calls are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works when all the calls are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works when all the calls are with
+the same value same size alas it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value same size alas it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value same size alas it would
+be nice if we could use the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice if we could use the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice if we could use the master
+method what else do we have substition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what else do we have substition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what else do we have substition
+substitution yeah when it's hard when in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution yeah when it's hard when in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution yeah when it's hard when in
+doubt use substitution I mean the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt use substitution I mean the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt use substitution I mean the good
+thing here is we know what we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is we know what we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is we know what we want we
+really want I mean from the intuition at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want I mean from the intuition at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want I mean from the intuition at
+least which is now erased we really feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least which is now erased we really feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least which is now erased we really feel
+that this should be linear time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should be linear time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should be linear time so we
+know what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we want to
+prove and indeed we can prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution so I want to claim there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so I want to claim there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so I want to claim there's
+some constant C greater than zero such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant C greater than zero such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant C greater than zero such
+that e of T of n according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e of T of n according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e of T of n according to this
+recurrence is at most C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence is at most C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence is at most C *
+n so let's prove that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as as we guess the proof is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution so what that means is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so what that means is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so what that means is we're
+going to assume by induction that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume by induction that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume by induction that this
+inequality is true for all smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so let's just say for less than n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's just say for less than n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's just say for less than n and
+we need to prove it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove it for
+n so we get e of T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we get e of T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we get e of T of
+n now we're just going to expand using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now we're just going to expand using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now we're just going to expand using
+the recurrence that we have it's at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recurrence that we have it's at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recurrence that we have it's at most
+this so copy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over okay and then each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay and then each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay and then each of these
+recursive calls is with some value K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls is with some value K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls is with some value K
+that's strictly smaller than n uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strictly smaller than n uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strictly smaller than n uh sorry
+I copied it wrong floor of n /2 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copied it wrong floor of n /2 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copied it wrong floor of n /2 not
+zero and so I can apply the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so I can apply the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so I can apply the induction
+hypothesis to each of these this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to each of these this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to each of these this is at
+most C * K by the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis and so I get this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um this C can come outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this C can come outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this C can come outside the
+summation because it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation because it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation because it's just a
+constant and going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and going to be slightly
+tedious in writing this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious in writing this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious in writing this down
+again because what I care about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because what I care about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because what I care about is this
+the summation here that's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over okay this is a good oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay this is a good oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay this is a good oldfashioned
+summation and if you uh remember back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and if you uh remember back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and if you uh remember back
+your summation tricks or whatever U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summation tricks or whatever U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summation tricks or whatever U you
+should be able to evaluate this um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to evaluate this um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to evaluate this um if we
+started at zero and went up to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at zero and went up to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at zero and went up to n minus
+one that's just an arithmetic series but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's just an arithmetic series but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's just an arithmetic series but
+here we have the tail end of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the tail end of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the tail end of an
+arithmetic series and you should know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic series and you should know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic series and you should know at
+least up to Theta what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+right n s yeah so it's definitely Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n s yeah so it's definitely Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n s yeah so it's definitely Theta
+n s but we need here a slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s but we need here a slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s but we need here a slightly better
+upper bound as we'll see the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound as we'll see the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound as we'll see the constants
+really matter so what we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter so what we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter so what we're going to use
+is that this summation is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this summation is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this summation is at most
+38 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 *
+n^2 okay and that will be critical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 okay and that will be critical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 okay and that will be critical the
+fact that 38 is smaller than a half I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that 38 is smaller than a half I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that 38 is smaller than a half I
+believe so it's going to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so it's going to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so it's going to get rid of this
+too okay I'm not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay I'm not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay I'm not going to prove this
+this is an exercise um when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exercise um when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exercise um when you know
+that it's true it's easy because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true it's easy because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true it's easy because you can
+just prove it by induction figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove it by induction figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove it by induction figuring out
+that number is a little bit more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is a little bit more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is a little bit more work
+but not too much more so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much more so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much more so you should
+prove that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that by
+induction okay now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay now let me
+simplify this is a bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this is a bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this is a bit uh
+messy but what I want is C * n so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but what I want is C * n so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but what I want is C * n so let's
+write it as our desired value minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as our desired value minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as our desired value minus the
+residual and here we have some crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual and here we have some crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual and here we have some crazy
+fractions this is 3 * 2 * 3 which is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions this is 3 * 2 * 3 which is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions this is 3 * 2 * 3 which is 6
+over 8 which is uh 3/4 right so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8 which is uh 3/4 right so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8 which is uh 3/4 right so here we
+have one so we have to subtract off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one so we have to subtract off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one so we have to subtract off one
+qu to get 3/4 and this should be I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu to get 3/4 and this should be I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu to get 3/4 and this should be I guess
+1/4 * C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 * C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 * C *
+n and then we have this Theta n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then we have this Theta n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then we have this Theta n which
+with the double negation becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the double negation becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the double negation becomes a
+plus Theta n okay so that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta n okay so that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Theta n okay so that should be
+clear I'm just rewriting that so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm just rewriting that so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm just rewriting that so we have
+what we want over here and then we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want over here and then we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want over here and then we hope
+that this is non- negative because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is non- negative because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is non- negative because then
+uh this will what we want is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will what we want is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will what we want is that this
+is less than or equal to C * n that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to C * n that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to C * n that will
+be true provided this thing is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true provided this thing is non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true provided this thing is non-
+negative and it looks pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it looks pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and it looks pretty good
+because we're free to choose C however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're free to choose C however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're free to choose C however
+large we want so whatever constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we want so whatever constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we want so whatever constant is
+embedded inside this Theta notation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded inside this Theta notation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded inside this Theta notation it's
+one fixed constant whatever makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fixed constant whatever makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fixed constant whatever makes this
+recurrence true we just set C to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence true we just set C to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence true we just set C to be
+bigger than four times that constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than four times that constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than four times that constant and
+then this will be non- negative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be non- negative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be non- negative so this
+is true uh for C sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large okay to dwarf that Theta constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay to dwarf that Theta constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay to dwarf that Theta constant
+it's also the base case just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the base case just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the base case just have to
+make the cursory mention that the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the cursory mention that the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the cursory mention that the we
+choose C large enough so that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C large enough so that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose C large enough so that this this
+uh claim is true even in the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim is true even in the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh claim is true even in the base case
+where n is at most some constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is at most some constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is at most some constant okay
+here it's like one or so because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's like one or so because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's like one or so because then
+we're not making a recursive call okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not making a recursive call okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not making a recursive call okay
+so what we get is that this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is that this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is that this algorithm
+randomized select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh has expected running time order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has expected running time order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has expected running time order n
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n the annoying thing is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the annoying thing is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the annoying thing is that in the
+worst case if you're really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case if you're really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case if you're really really
+unlucky it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s any questions before we move on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s any questions before we move on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s any questions before we move on from
+this point this this finished off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this this finished off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this this finished off the
+proof of this fact that we have Theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact that we have Theta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact that we have Theta n
+expected time we already saw the N squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time we already saw the N squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time we already saw the N squ
+worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+case okay all perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay all perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay all perfectly
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+good should go over these proofs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good should go over these proofs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good should go over these proofs and
+they're intrinsically related between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intrinsically related between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intrinsically related between
+randomized quick sort and randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quick sort and randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized quick sort and randomized
+select know them in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select know them in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select know them in your
+heart okay uh this is a great algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay uh this is a great algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay uh this is a great algorithm
+works really well in practice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well in practice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well in practice because
+most of the time you're going to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you're going to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you're going to split
+say in the middle somewhere between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the middle somewhere between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the middle somewhere between a
+quarter and 3/4s and everything is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and 3/4s and everything is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and 3/4s and everything is good
+it's extremely unlikely that you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely unlikely that you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely unlikely that you'd get
+the N squ worst case would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N squ worst case would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N squ worst case would have to
+happen with like one over Pro one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with like one over Pro one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with like one over Pro one over n
+to the N probability or something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N probability or something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N probability or something really
+really small but we're I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small but we're I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small but we're I'm a
+theoretician at least and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician at least and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretician at least and it would be
+really nice if you could get Theta n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice if you could get Theta n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice if you could get Theta n in
+the worst case that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case that would be the
+cleanest result that you could hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest result that you could hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest result that you could hope for
+because that's optimal can't do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's optimal can't do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's optimal can't do better
+than Theta n you've got to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Theta n you've got to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Theta n you've got to look at the
+elements so you might ask well can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so you might ask well can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so you might ask well can we
+get rid of this worst case behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this worst case behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this worst case behavior and
+somehow avoid randomization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow avoid randomization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow avoid randomization and
+guarantee Theta n worst case running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee Theta n worst case running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee Theta n worst case running
+time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can but it's a rather non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but it's a rather non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but it's a rather non-trivial
+algorithm and this is going to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and this is going to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and this is going to be one of
+the most sophisticated that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sophisticated that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sophisticated that we've seen
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far won't stay that it won't continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far won't stay that it won't continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far won't stay that it won't continue to
+be the most sophisticated algorithm we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most sophisticated algorithm we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the most sophisticated algorithm we
+will see but here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see but here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see but here it
+is worst case linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics and this is an algorithm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and this is an algorithm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and this is an algorithm by
+several very all very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several very all very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several very all very famous
+people Manuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Manuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Manuel
+Blum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blum
+Floyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Floyd
+Pratt on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt on
+revest B Taron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I've only met the B and the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've only met the B and the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've only met the B and the r
+and the T oh no I've met Von Pratt as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T oh no I've met Von Pratt as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T oh no I've met Von Pratt as
+well so I'm getting close to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I'm getting close to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I'm getting close to all the
+authors um this is a somewhat old result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors um this is a somewhat old result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors um this is a somewhat old result
+but at the time it was Major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time it was Major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the time it was Major
+breakthrough and still it is an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and still it is an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough and still it is an amazing
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um Ron revest is Professor here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ron revest is Professor here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Ron revest is Professor here you
+should know him from the RN RSA um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know him from the RN RSA um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know him from the RN RSA um when
+I took my PhD comprehensives what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took my PhD comprehensives what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took my PhD comprehensives what some
+time ago on the cover sheet was a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago on the cover sheet was a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago on the cover sheet was a joke
+question which asked of the authors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which asked of the authors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which asked of the authors of
+the worst case linear time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case linear time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case linear time order
+statistics algorithm which of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics algorithm which of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics algorithm which of them is
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+rich it was sadly it was not a graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it was sadly it was not a graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it was sadly it was not a graded
+part of the comprehensive exam but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the comprehensive exam but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the comprehensive exam but it
+was an amusing question I I won't answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an amusing question I I won't answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an amusing question I I won't answer
+it here because we're on tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here because we're on tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here because we're on tape
+but think about it and it's maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about it and it's maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about it and it's maybe not
+obvious but several of them are rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but several of them are rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but several of them are rich
+it's just a question of who's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a question of who's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a question of who's the most
+rich okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway before they were Rich they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway before they were Rich they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway before they were Rich they came
+up with this algorithm they've come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this algorithm they've come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this algorithm they've come up
+with many algorithms since even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many algorithms since even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many algorithms since even after
+getting rich believe it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rich believe it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rich believe it or not
+so what we want is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is a good
+pivot guaranteed good pivot so a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot guaranteed good pivot so a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot guaranteed good pivot so a random
+pivot is going to be really good and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot is going to be really good and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot is going to be really good and so
+the simplest AG is just pick a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest AG is just pick a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest AG is just pick a random
+pivot it's going to be good with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot it's going to be good with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot it's going to be good with high
+probability we want to force a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we want to force a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we want to force a good
+pivot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and
+deterministically and the the new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically and the the new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically and the the new idea
+here is we're going to generate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to generate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to generate it
+recursively okay what else could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay what else could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively okay what else could we
+do but recurse now you should know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but recurse now you should know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but recurse now you should know from
+your recurrences that if we did two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recurrences that if we did two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recurrences that if we did two
+recursive calls on problems of half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls on problems of half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls on problems of half the
+size we're going to get and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size we're going to get and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size we're going to get and we have a
+linear extra work that's the merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear extra work that's the merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear extra work that's the merge sort
+recurrence T of n is 2 * T of n / 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence T of n is 2 * T of n / 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence T of n is 2 * T of n / 2 plus
+order n you should recite in your sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n you should recite in your sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n you should recite in your sleep
+um that's n log n so we can't recurse on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's n log n so we can't recurse on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's n log n so we can't recurse on
+two problems of half the size we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems of half the size we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems of half the size we've got
+to do better some somehow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better some somehow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better some somehow these
+recursions have to add up to strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions have to add up to strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursions have to add up to strictly
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+n that's the magic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's the magic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's the magic of this
+algorithm so this will just be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so this will just be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so this will just be called
+select instead of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select instead of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select instead of random
+select and it it really depends on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select and it it really depends on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select and it it really depends on an
+array but I'll focus on the I element we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but I'll focus on the I element we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but I'll focus on the I element we
+want to select and the size of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to select and the size of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to select and the size of the array
+we want to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to select
+in and I'm going to write this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I'm going to write this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I'm going to write this algorithm
+slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less
+formally than random select because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally than random select because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally than random select because uh
+it's a bit higher level of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm okay and let me draw over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and let me draw over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and let me draw over here
+the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the algorithm so the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the algorithm so the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the algorithm so the first step is
+sort of the weirdest and it is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the weirdest and it is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the weirdest and it is the key
+idea one of the key ideas you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one of the key ideas you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one of the key ideas you take your
+elements and they're in no particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they're in no particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and they're in no particular
+order so instead of drawing them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so instead of drawing them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so instead of drawing them on a
+line I'm going to draw them in a 5 by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm going to draw them in a 5 by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm going to draw them in a 5 by n
+over 5 grid why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 grid why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 grid why
+not okay this unfortunately takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay this unfortunately takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay this unfortunately takes a
+little while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while to
+draw but it will take you equally long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but it will take you equally long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but it will take you equally long
+so I'll take my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't really matter what the width is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what the width is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what the width is
+but it should be prese it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be prese it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be prese it should be
+width n over five so make sure you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width n over five so make sure you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width n over five so make sure you draw
+your figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your figure
+accordingly this width n over five but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly this width n over five but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly this width n over five but
+the height should be exactly five I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height should be exactly five I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height should be exactly five I
+think I got it right I can count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got it right I can count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got it right I can count that
+high here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high here's
+five and this should be well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this should be well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this should be well you know
+our number may not be divisible by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number may not be divisible by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number may not be divisible by five
+so maybe it ends off in sort of an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it ends off in sort of an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it ends off in sort of an odd
+way but what I'd like is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but what I'd like is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but what I'd like is that these
+chunks should be floor of N over5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks should be floor of N over5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks should be floor of N over5 and
+then we'll have most four elements left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have most four elements left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have most four elements left
+over so I'm going to ignore those they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I'm going to ignore those they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I'm going to ignore those they
+don't really matter it's just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really matter it's just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really matter it's just a constant
+additive constant so here are my here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive constant so here are my here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive constant so here are my here's
+my array I just happen to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array I just happen to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array I just happen to write it in
+this funny way and I'll call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny way and I'll call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny way and I'll call these
+vertical things groups I would Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical things groups I would Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical things groups I would Circle
+them and I did that in my notes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I did that in my notes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I did that in my notes but the
+things get really messy if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get really messy if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get really messy if you start
+circling this diagram is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling this diagram is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling this diagram is going to get
+really full so just to warn you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really full so just to warn you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really full so just to warn you by the
+end it'll be almost unintelligible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it'll be almost unintelligible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it'll be almost unintelligible but
+hey there it is so if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there it is so if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there it is so if you're really
+feeling bored you can draw this a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bored you can draw this a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bored you can draw this a few
+times and you can draw the uh how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you can draw the uh how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you can draw the uh how it
+grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+but right so there are the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right so there are the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right so there are the groups
+vertical groups of five Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Step second step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step second step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step second step is to
+recurse this is where things are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse this is where things are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse this is where things are a bit
+unusual well even more unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oops sorry uh I really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops sorry uh I really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops sorry uh I really should have
+had a line in between one and two so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a line in between one and two so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a line in between one and two so I'm
+going to have to move this down you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move this down you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move this down you can
+insert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it
+here I also in Step One want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I also in Step One want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I also in Step One want to find the
+median of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group okay so what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group okay so what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group okay so what I'd like to do is
+just imagine this figure each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine this figure each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine this figure each of the
+five elements in each group grp gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five elements in each group grp gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five elements in each group grp gets
+reorganized so that the middle one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganized so that the middle one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganized so that the middle one is
+the median so I'm going to call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median so I'm going to call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median so I'm going to call these
+the medians of each group I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medians of each group I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medians of each group I have five
+elements so the median is right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the median is right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the median is right in the
+middle there's two elements less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's two elements less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's two elements less than
+the median two elements greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median two elements greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median two elements greater than the
+median again we're assuming all elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median again we're assuming all elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median again we're assuming all elements
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+distinct okay so there they are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct okay so there they are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct okay so there they are I
+compute them how long does that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me n over five groups each with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me n over five groups each with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me n over five groups each with five
+elements compute the median of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+sorry uh yes 2 * n over 5 is Theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh yes 2 * n over 5 is Theta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh yes 2 * n over 5 is Theta n
+that's all I need to know okay it depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need to know okay it depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need to know okay it depend
+I mean you're counting comparisons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're counting comparisons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're counting comparisons which
+is good it's definitely Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it's definitely Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good it's definitely Theta
+n the point is within each group I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the point is within each group I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the point is within each group I only
+have to do a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a constant number of
+comparisons because it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because it's a constant
+number of elements doesn't matter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements doesn't matter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements doesn't matter you
+could use randomized selects for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use randomized selects for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use randomized selects for all I
+care no matter what you do it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care no matter what you do it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care no matter what you do it can only
+take a constant number of comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a constant number of comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a constant number of comparisons
+as long as you don't make a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you don't make a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you don't make a comparison
+more than once okay so this is easy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once okay so this is easy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once okay so this is easy use
+any algorithm you could sort you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any algorithm you could sort you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any algorithm you could sort you could
+sort the five numbers and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the five numbers and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the five numbers and then look at
+the third one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one doesn't
+matter cuz there's only five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter cuz there's only five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter cuz there's only five of
+them so that's one Nifty idea already we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's one Nifty idea already we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's one Nifty idea already we
+have some elements that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some elements that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some elements that are sort of
+vaguely in the middle but just of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely in the middle but just of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely in the middle but just of a
+group and we've only done linear work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and we've only done linear work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and we've only done linear work so
+doing well so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we get to the Second Step which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the Second Step which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the Second Step which I
+started to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to write
+before where we recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next idea is well we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next idea is well we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next idea is well we have these
+FL of n over 5 medians I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL of n over 5 medians I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL of n over 5 medians I'm going to
+compute the median of those medians so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the median of those medians so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the median of those medians so
+I'm imagining that I rearrange these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining that I rearrange these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining that I rearrange these and
+unfortunately it's an even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's an even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's an even number
+there's six of them but I'll rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of them but I'll rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of them but I'll rearrange
+so that this guy draw in a second box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this guy draw in a second box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this guy draw in a second box is
+the median of these elements so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median of these elements so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median of these elements so that
+these two elements are strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements are strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements are strictly less
+than this guy these three elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this guy these three elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this guy these three elements are
+strictly greater than this guy now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than this guy now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than this guy now that
+doesn't directly tell me anything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't directly tell me anything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't directly tell me anything it
+would it would seem it doesn't directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would seem it doesn't directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would seem it doesn't directly
+tell me about any of the elements out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about any of the elements out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about any of the elements out
+here we'll come back to that in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll come back to that in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll come back to that in fact it
+does tell us about some of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does tell us about some of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does tell us about some of the elements
+but right now this element is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now this element is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now this element is just the
+median of these guys each of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median of these guys each of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median of these guys each of these guys
+is a median of five elements that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a median of five elements that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a median of five elements that's all
+we know we do that recursively this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we do that recursively this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we do that recursively this is
+going to take T of n over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take T of n over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take T of n over 5
+time okay so far so good we can afford a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so far so good we can afford a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so far so good we can afford a
+recursion on a problem of size n over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion on a problem of size n over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion on a problem of size n over 5
+and linear work we know that works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear work we know that works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear work we know that works out
+to linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to linear time
+okay but there's more we're obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's more we're obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's more we're obviously
+not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet the next step is we part X is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the next step is we part X is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the next step is we part X is our
+partition element we partition there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element we partition there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition element we partition there the
+rest of the algorithm is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the algorithm is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the algorithm is just like
+randomized partition so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized partition so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized partition so we're going to
+Define k to be the rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define k to be the rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define k to be the rank of
+X and this can be done I mean it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this can be done I mean it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this can be done I mean it's n
+minus r + 1 or whatever so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r + 1 or whatever so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r + 1 or whatever so I'm not going
+to write out how to do that cuz we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out how to do that cuz we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out how to do that cuz we're at
+a higher level here but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level here but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level here but it can be
+done and then we have the three-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we have the three-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then we have the three-way
+branching so if I happens to equal K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching so if I happens to equal K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching so if I happens to equal K
+we're happy the pivot element is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy the pivot element is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy the pivot element is the
+element we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we're looking
+for um but more likely I is either less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um but more likely I is either less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um but more likely I is either less
+than K or it's bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K or it's bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K or it's bigger than
+K and then we just make the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we just make the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then we just make the appropriate
+recursive call so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call so here we
+recursively select the I smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element in the lower part of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the lower part of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the lower part of the array
+so left of the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so left of the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so left of the partition
+element and otherwise we recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and otherwise we recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and otherwise we recursively
+select the IUS K smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the IUS K smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the IUS K smallest
+element in the upper part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array okay so this I'm not I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array okay so this I'm not I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array okay so this I'm not I'm writing
+this at a high level because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a high level because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a high level because we've
+already seen it all of this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it all of this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it all of this is the same
+as the last couple steps of randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Select that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Select that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Select that's the
+algorithm the real question is why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the real question is why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the real question is why does
+it work why is this linear time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work why is this linear time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work why is this linear time um so
+the the first question is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first question is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first question is what's the
+recurrence we can't quite write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we can't quite write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we can't quite write it down
+yet because we don't know how big these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because we don't know how big these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because we don't know how big these
+recursive sub problems could be we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems could be we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems could be we're
+going to either recurse in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to either recurse in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to either recurse in the lower
+part or the upper part that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or the upper part that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or the upper part that's just like
+before if we're unlucky and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if we're unlucky and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if we're unlucky and we have a
+split of like 0 to n minus one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of like 0 to n minus one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split of like 0 to n minus one this is
+going to be a quadratic time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a quadratic time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a quadratic time algorithm
+the claim is this this partition element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is this this partition element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is this this partition element
+is guaranteed to be pretty good and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to be pretty good and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to be pretty good and good
+enough this will the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this will the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this will the running time of
+this thing will be T of something time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be T of something time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will be T of something time
+n we don't know what the something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we don't know what the something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we don't know what the something is
+yet how big could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet how big could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet how big could it
+be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well
+um I could ask you but we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could ask you but we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could ask you but we're sort of
+indirect here so I'll tell you we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect here so I'll tell you we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect here so I'll tell you we have
+already a recursive call of T of n over5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a recursive call of T of n over5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a recursive call of T of n over5
+it better be that whatever constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be that whatever constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better be that whatever constant so
+it's going to be something time n it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be something time n it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be something time n it
+better be that that constant is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be that that constant is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be that that constant is strictly
+less than four fths if it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than four fths if it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than four fths if it's equal to
+four fths then you're not splitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four fths then you're not splitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four fths then you're not splitting up
+the problem enough you get an N log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem enough you get an N log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem enough you get an N log n
+running time if it's strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time if it's strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time if it's strictly less than
+4 fths then you're reducing the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 fths then you're reducing the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 fths then you're reducing the problem
+by at least a constant Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least a constant Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least a constant Factor
+in the sense if you add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense if you add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense if you add up all the
+recursive sub problems n and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems n and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sub problems n and something
+time n you get something that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n you get something that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n you get something that is a
+constant strictly less than one time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant strictly less than one time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant strictly less than one time n
+that forces the work to be geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forces the work to be geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forces the work to be geometric
+it's geometric you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's geometric you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's geometric you're going to get
+linear time so this is intuition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time so this is intuition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time so this is intuition but
+it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right
+intuition okay so whenever you're aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition okay so whenever you're aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition okay so whenever you're aiming
+for linear time keep that in mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear time keep that in mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear time keep that in mind you
+want to get the pro you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the pro you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the pro you're doing a
+divide and conquer you've got to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer you've got to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer you've got to get the
+total sub problem size to be uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sub problem size to be uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sub problem size to be uh some
+constant less than one * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than one * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than one * n
+that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will work
+okay so we got to work out this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got to work out this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got to work out this constant
+here and we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure which so far looks surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure which so far looks surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure which so far looks surprisingly
+uncluttered now we will make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluttered what I would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered what I would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered what I would like to do is
+draw an arrow between two vertices two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an arrow between two vertices two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an arrow between two vertices two
+points elements whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points elements whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points elements whatever you want to
+call them uh let's call them A and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them uh let's call them A and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them uh let's call them A and B and
+I want to orient the arrow so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to orient the arrow so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to orient the arrow so that it
+points to a larger value so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to a larger value so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to a larger value so this means
+that a is less than b this is notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is less than b this is notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is less than b this is notation
+just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the
+diagram okay and I'll suppose that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay and I'll suppose that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay and I'll suppose that so
+this element I'm going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element I'm going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element I'm going to write down
+what I know this element is the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know this element is the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know this element is the median
+of these five elements I'll suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these five elements I'll suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these five elements I'll suppose that
+it's drawn so that these elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn so that these elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn so that these elements are
+larger than the median these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the median these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the median these elements
+are smaller than the median therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smaller than the median therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are smaller than the median therefore I
+have arrows like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrows like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrows like this
+okay here's where I wish I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's where I wish I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's where I wish I had some
+colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored
+chock okay this is just stating this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chock okay this is just stating this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chock okay this is just stating this guy
+is in the middle of those five elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle of those five elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle of those five elements
+I know that in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column okay here's where diagram starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay here's where diagram starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay here's where diagram starts
+to get messy see we're not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get messy see we're not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get messy see we're not done
+yet um now we also know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um now we also know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um now we also know that this
+element is the median of the medians so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the median of the medians so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the median of the medians so
+of all the squared elements this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the squared elements this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the squared elements this guy is
+in the middle therefore and I'll draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle therefore and I'll draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle therefore and I'll draw it
+so that these are the ones smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are the ones smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are the ones smaller than
+the median these are the ones larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median these are the ones larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median these are the ones larger
+than the median so I mean the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the median so I mean the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the median so I mean the algorithm
+can't do this it doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this it doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this it doesn't necessarily
+know how all this works I guess it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how all this works I guess it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how all this works I guess it could
+but this is just for analysis purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just for analysis purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just for analysis purposes
+so we know this guy is bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know this guy is bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know this guy is bigger than that
+one and bigger than that one we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and bigger than that one we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and bigger than that one we don't
+directly know about the other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly know about the other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly know about the other elements
+we just know that that one is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just know that that one is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just know that that one is bigger
+than both of those and this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both of those and this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both of those and this guy is
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+these okay now that's as messy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay now that's as messy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay now that's as messy as a
+figure will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure will
+get okay now the nice thing about less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay now the nice thing about less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay now the nice thing about less
+than is it's a transitive relation if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is it's a transitive relation if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is it's a transitive relation if I
+have a path a directed path in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path a directed path in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a path a directed path in this
+graph I know that this element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I know that this element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I know that this element is
+strictly less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than that
+element because this is less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element because this is less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element because this is less than that
+one and this is less than that one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is less than that one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is less than that one so
+even even though directly I only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though directly I only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though directly I only know
+within a column and within this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a column and within this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a column and within this this
+middle row I actually know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle row I actually know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle row I actually know that this
+element this is X by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way um this element is larger than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um this element is larger than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um this element is larger than all
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+elements right because is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements right because is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements right because is larger than
+this one and this one and each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one and each of these
+is larger than all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than all of
+those okay by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay by these
+arrows um I also know that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows um I also know that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows um I also know that all of these
+elements are in this rectangle here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in this rectangle here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in this rectangle here why
+don't I you don't have to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I you don't have to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I you don't have to do this but
+make the diagram even more cluttered all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the diagram even more cluttered all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the diagram even more cluttered all
+of these elements in this rectangle are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements in this rectangle are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements in this rectangle are
+strictly are greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly are greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly are greater than or equal to
+this one and all of the elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and all of the elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and all of the elements in this
+rectangle are less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle are less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle are less than or equal to
+X now how many are there well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now how many are there well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now how many are there well this is
+roughly halfway along the set of groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly halfway along the set of groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly halfway along the set of groups
+and this is 3 fths of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 3 fths of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 3 fths of these
+columns so what we get is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what we get is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what we get is that there are
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+least we have n five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we have n five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we have n five
+groups and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we
+have half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half of the
+groups that we're looking at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that we're looking at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that we're looking at here
+roughly so let's call that floor of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so let's call that floor of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so let's call that floor of N
+/2 and then we have within each group we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and then we have within each group we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 and then we have within each group we
+have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+elements so we have at least three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so we have at least three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so we have at least three times
+floor of floor of over 5 over 2 N floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of floor of over 5 over 2 N floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of floor of over 5 over 2 N floor
+um elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are less than or equal to X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than or equal to X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than or equal to X and we
+have the same that are greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same that are greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same that are greater than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+X okay let me simplify this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more okay I can also give you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay I can also give you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay I can also give you some more
+justification and we drew the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification and we drew the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification and we drew the picture
+but just for why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for why this is
+true we have at least n over 5/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we have at least n over 5/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we have at least n over 5/
+2 group medians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are less than or equal to X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than or equal to X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less than or equal to X okay
+this is the argument we used we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the argument we used we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the argument we used we have
+half of the group medians are less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the group medians are less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the group medians are less than
+equal to X because X is the median of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X because X is the median of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X because X is the median of
+the group medians so that's no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group medians so that's no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group medians so that's no big
+surprise so this is really almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise so this is really almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise so this is really almost
+inequality but we're making floors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but we're making floors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but we're making floors so
+it's greater than or equal to and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than or equal to and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than or equal to and then
+for each group median we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each group median we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each group median we know that there
+are three elements there that are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three elements there that are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three elements there that are less
+than or equal to that group median so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to that group median so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to that group median so by
+transitivity they're also less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity they're also less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity they're also less than
+equal to X so we get this number time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so we get this number time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so we get this number time
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay this is actually just floor of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually just floor of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually just floor of n /
+10 so I was being unnecessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so I was being unnecessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so I was being unnecessarily
+complicated there but that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there but that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there but that's where it
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+from so what we know is that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so what we know is that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so what we know is that uh this
+thing is now at least 3 * n / 10 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is now at least 3 * n / 10 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is now at least 3 * n / 10 which
+is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly
+3/10 of elements are in one side in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/10 of elements are in one side in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/10 of elements are in one side in fact
+at least 310 of the elements are in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 310 of the elements are in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 310 of the elements are in each
+side therefore each side has at most 710
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side therefore each side has at most 710
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side therefore each side has at most 710
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+roughly so the number here will be 7/10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so the number here will be 7/10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so the number here will be 7/10
+and if I'm lucky 7/10 + 1/5 is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm lucky 7/10 + 1/5 is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm lucky 7/10 + 1/5 is strictly
+less than one indeed it is but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one indeed it is but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one indeed it is but I have
+trouble working with tents I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble working with tents I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble working with tents I can only
+handle powers of two so so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle powers of two so so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle powers of two so so what we're
+going to use is a minor simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is a minor simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is a minor simplification
+which just barely still works is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just barely still works is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just barely still works is a
+little bit easier to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to think about
+actually it's mainly to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's mainly to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's mainly to get rid of this
+floor cuz the floor is annoying we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor cuz the floor is annoying we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor cuz the floor is annoying we don't
+really have a sloppiness l to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a sloppiness l to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a sloppiness l to that
+applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+here but it turns out if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it turns out if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it turns out if n is
+sufficiently large 3 * FL of n / 10 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large 3 * FL of n / 10 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large 3 * FL of n / 10 is
+greater than or equal to a quarter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a quarter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a quarter now
+quarters I can handle that's so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters I can handle that's so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters I can handle that's so the
+claim is that each group has size at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that each group has size at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that each group has size at
+least a quarter therefore each group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a quarter therefore each group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a quarter therefore each group has
+size at most 3/4 because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at most 3/4 because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at most 3/4 because there's a
+quarter on the other side so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter on the other side so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter on the other side so this will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+3/4 and I can definitely tell that 1/ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and I can definitely tell that 1/ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 and I can definitely tell that 1/ is
+less than one quarter so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one quarter so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one quarter so this is going
+to add up to something strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up to something strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add up to something strictly less
+than one and then it will work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and then it will work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and then it will work okay
+how's my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's my time
+good this is at this point the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is at this point the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is at this point the rest of
+the analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis is
+easy how the heck you would come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy how the heck you would come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy how the heck you would come up with
+this algorithm and realize that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm and realize that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm and realize that this is
+clearly a really good choice for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a really good choice for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a really good choice for finding
+a partition element you just barely good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition element you just barely good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition element you just barely good
+enough that both recursions add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that both recursions add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that both recursions add up to
+linear time well that that's why it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time well that that's why it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time well that that's why it took
+so many famous people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you
+won't and especially in quizzes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't and especially in quizzes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't and especially in quizzes but I
+think in general in this class you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in general in this class you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in general in this class you won't
+have to come up with an algorithm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with an algorithm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with an algorithm this
+clever because you can just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever because you can just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever because you can just use this
+algorithm to find the median and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to find the median and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to find the median and the
+median is a really good partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median is a really good partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median is a really good partition
+element so you don't need to go now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you don't need to go now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you don't need to go now that
+you know this algorithm now that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this algorithm now that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this algorithm now that we're
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond
+1973 you don't need to know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 you don't need to know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 you don't need to know how to do
+this I mean you should know how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you should know how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean you should know how this
+algorithm works but you don't need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm works but you don't need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm works but you don't need to do
+this in another algorithm because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in another algorithm because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in another algorithm because you
+can just say well run this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say well run this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say well run this algorithm
+you'll get the median in linear time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the median in linear time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the median in linear time and
+then you can partition into the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can partition into the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can partition into the left and
+the right and then the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and then the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and then the left and the
+right will have exactly equal size great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will have exactly equal size great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right will have exactly equal size great
+this is a really powerful sub routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really powerful sub routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really powerful sub routine
+you can use this all over the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this all over the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this all over the place and
+you will on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Friday okay have I analyzed the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday okay have I analyzed the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday okay have I analyzed the running
+time pretty much the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pretty much the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pretty much the first step is
+linear the second step is T of n over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the second step is T of n over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the second step is T of n over 5
+the third step I didn't write it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third step I didn't write it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third step I didn't write it is
+linear and then the last step is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and then the last step is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and then the last step is just a
+recursive call and now we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call and now we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call and now we know that this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3/4 okay so I get this recurrence T of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 okay so I get this recurrence T of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 okay so I get this recurrence T of n
+is I'll say at most T of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll say at most T of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll say at most T of n over
+5 plus T of 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus T of 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus T of 3/4
+n you could have also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you could have also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you could have also used
+7/10 it would give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer but you'd also need a floor so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but you'd also need a floor so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but you'd also need a floor so we
+won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that
+so I claim that this is linear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this is linear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that this is linear how
+should I prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it substitution
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah claim the T of n is at most against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah claim the T of n is at most against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah claim the T of n is at most against
+C * n that will be enough proof is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * n that will be enough proof is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * n that will be enough proof is by
+substitution so again we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so again we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so again we assume that
+this is true for small or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and we want to prove it for n so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we want to prove it for n so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and we want to prove it for n so we
+have t of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have t of n
+is at most this thing T of n over 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most this thing T of n over 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most this thing T of n over 5 and
+by induction because n over 5 is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction because n over 5 is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction because n over 5 is smaller
+than n we know this is at most C let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n we know this is at most C let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n we know this is at most C let me
+write it as C over 5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as C over 5 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as C over 5 *
+n what the hell sure why not then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what the hell sure why not then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what the hell sure why not then we
+have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here
+3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4
+CN and then we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN and then we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN and then we have a linear
+term okay now now unfortunately I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay now now unfortunately I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay now now unfortunately I have
+to deal with things that are not powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with things that are not powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with things that are not powers
+of two so I'll cheat and look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two so I'll cheat and look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two so I'll cheat and look at my
+notes so this is also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so this is also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so this is also known as
+1920th * C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920th * C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920th * C *
+n Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Theta
+n okay the point is just that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay the point is just that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay the point is just that this is
+strictly less than one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one because it's
+strictly less than one I can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one I can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one I can write this
+as 1 * C of n minus some constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 * C of n minus some constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 * C of n minus some constant here
+it happens to be 12th as long as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be 12th as long as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be 12th as long as I have
+something left over here 12th * C * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something left over here 12th * C * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something left over here 12th * C * n
+then I have this annoying Theta n term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have this annoying Theta n term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have this annoying Theta n term
+which I want to get rid of because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want to get rid of because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want to get rid of because I
+want this to be non- negative but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be non- negative but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be non- negative but it's
+non- negative as long as I set C to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative as long as I set C to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative as long as I set C to be
+really really large at least 20 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large at least 20 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really large at least 20 times
+whatever constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever constant is
+here so this is at most C * n for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is at most C * n for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is at most C * n for C
+sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently
+large and oh by the way if n is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and oh by the way if n is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and oh by the way if n is less
+than or equal to 50 which we used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 50 which we used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 50 which we used up
+here then T of N is a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then T of N is a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then T of N is a constant it
+doesn't really matter what you do and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what you do and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what you do and T
+of n is at most C * n for C chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is at most C * n for C chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is at most C * n for C chosen
+sufficiently large that proves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large that proves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large that proves this
+claim of course the constant here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of course the constant here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of course the constant here is
+pretty damn big it depends exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn big it depends exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn big it depends exactly what
+the constants in the running times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants in the running times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants in the running times are
+which depends on your machine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on your machine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on your machine but
+practically this algorithm is not so hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically this algorithm is not so hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically this algorithm is not so hot
+because the constants are pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the constants are pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the constants are pretty big
+even though this element is guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this element is guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this element is guaranteed
+to be somewhere vaguely in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere vaguely in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere vaguely in the middle
+and even though these recursions add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though these recursions add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though these recursions add up
+to strictly less than n and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strictly less than n and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strictly less than n and it's
+geometric it's geometric because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric it's geometric because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric it's geometric because because
+the problem is reducing by at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is reducing by at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is reducing by at least a
+factor of 1920th each time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1920th each time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1920th each time so it
+actually takes a while for the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes a while for the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes a while for the problem
+to get really small so practically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really small so practically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really small so practically you
+probably don't want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to use this
+algorithm unless you can't somehow flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm unless you can't somehow flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm unless you can't somehow flip
+coins uh the randomized algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins uh the randomized algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins uh the randomized algorithm works
+really really fast theoretically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fast theoretically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fast theoretically this is
+your dream the best you could hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dream the best you could hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dream the best you could hope for
+because it's linear time and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear time and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear time and you need
+linear time and it's guaranteed linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and it's guaranteed linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and it's guaranteed linear
+time I will mention before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will mention before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I will mention before we
+end an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is why did we use groups of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why did we use groups of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why did we use groups of five
+why not groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three as you might guess the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as you might guess the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as you might guess the answer is
+because it doesn't work with groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't work with groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't work with groups of
+three but it's quite instructive to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but it's quite instructive to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but it's quite instructive to find
+out why so if you work through this math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why so if you work through this math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why so if you work through this math
+with groups of three instead of groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with groups of three instead of groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with groups of three instead of groups
+of five you'll find that you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five you'll find that you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five you'll find that you don't quite
+get the problem reduction that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the problem reduction that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the problem reduction that you need
+five is the smallest number for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the smallest number for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is the smallest number for which
+this works would work with seven but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works would work with seven but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works would work with seven but uh
+not really theoretically not any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really theoretically not any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really theoretically not any better
+than a constant Factor any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a constant Factor any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a constant Factor any
+questions all right then recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right then recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right then recitation
+Friday homework lab Sunday problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday homework lab Sunday problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday homework lab Sunday problem set
+doe Monday quiz one in two weeks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mas9avjieP0.txt b/mas9avjieP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30da86f331c0b5e740d29e6dda0af79c3d0a8049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mas9avjieP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright spin-orbit we have it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright spin-orbit we have it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright spin-orbit we have it still
+there Delta H spin orbit orbit well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Delta H spin orbit orbit well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Delta H spin orbit orbit well we
+know what ve so that derivative dvd-r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what ve so that derivative dvd-r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what ve so that derivative dvd-r
+can be taken care of the one over R that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be taken care of the one over R that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be taken care of the one over R that
+gives you a squared over 2m squared C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a squared over 2m squared C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a squared over 2m squared C
+squared 1 over R cube s L and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over R cube s L and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over R cube s L and you
+remember that SL from 805 J squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that SL from 805 J squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that SL from 805 J squared
+minus s squared minus l squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s squared minus l squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s squared minus l squared the
+reason that's why you tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's why you tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's why you tend to do
+addition of angular momentum because s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of angular momentum because s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of angular momentum because s
+and L calculating the matrix elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L calculating the matrix elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L calculating the matrix elements of
+this thing is very easy in that basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is very easy in that basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is very easy in that basis
+because every state there has a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every state there has a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every state there has a fixed
+value of s squared a fixed value of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s squared a fixed value of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s squared a fixed value of l
+squared and J squared has a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and J squared has a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and J squared has a couple of
+possibilities so we must work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we must work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we must work with the
+couple basis basis and therefore we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple basis basis and therefore we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple basis basis and therefore we can
+attempt to find a one of n l j MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to find a one of n l j MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to find a one of n l j MJ
+spin-orbit equal a squared over 2 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-orbit equal a squared over 2 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-orbit equal a squared over 2 M
+Squared C squared and l j MJ s L R cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared C squared and l j MJ s L R cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared C squared and l j MJ s L R cube
+the R cube has to stay inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R cube has to stay inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R cube has to stay inside the
+expectation value because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value because the
+expectation value includes integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value includes integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value includes integration
+over space so this is very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space so this is very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space so this is very important and
+L j MJ and again the usual question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the couple basis to have degeneracies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the couple basis to have degeneracies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the couple basis to have degeneracies
+all the states are degenerate there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states are degenerate there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states are degenerate there so
+this time we fixed and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we fixed and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we fixed and because the
+generous is happen on it when you fix n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous is happen on it when you fix n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous is happen on it when you fix n
+so do we have the right to do this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we have the right to do this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we have the right to do this to
+use the formula form perturbation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula form perturbation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula form perturbation the
+non degenerate perturbation theory to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theory to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non degenerate perturbation theory to do
+this calculation and the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation and the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation and the answer is yes
+because the perturbation s dot L over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the perturbation s dot L over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the perturbation s dot L over R
+cube commute with Jase with l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube commute with Jase with l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube commute with Jase with l squared
+with J squared and with jz you need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J squared and with jz you need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J squared and with jz you need all
+that because you can have degeneracies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you can have degeneracies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you can have degeneracies
+by having different L values and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having different L values and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having different L values and that
+would be taken care by this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be taken care by this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be taken care by this operator
+that has different eigen values when L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has different eigen values when L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has different eigen values when L
+is different you can have the generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different you can have the generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different you can have the generous
+ease involving different J values this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease involving different J values this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease involving different J values this
+would be taken care by this operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be taken care by this operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be taken care by this operator and
+you can have the generous is when M has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the generous is when M has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the generous is when M has
+different values so that involves the JZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values so that involves the JZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values so that involves the JZ
+operator so you really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you really need a
+perturbation that commutes with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that commutes with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation that commutes with all of
+them and why does it commute with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and why does it commute with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and why does it commute with all of
+them so you can see it in several ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can see it in several ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can see it in several ways
+let's do L squared l squared is Casimir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do L squared l squared is Casimir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do L squared l squared is Casimir
+it commutes with any L I it doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commutes with any L I it doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commutes with any L I it doesn't even
+think about s because doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about s because doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about s because doesn't know
+anything about s so it commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about s so it commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about s so it commutes with
+that so l squared commutes with any Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so l squared commutes with any Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so l squared commutes with any Li
+and commute with s and L square is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commute with s and L square is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commute with s and L square is an
+invariant commute with R squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant commute with R squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant commute with R squared because
+R squared is rotational environment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared is rotational environment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared is rotational environment so
+everything commutes with that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything commutes with that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything commutes with that in order
+to do the other ones you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the other ones you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the other ones you can also
+in terms of this matrix J squared of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this matrix J squared of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this matrix J squared of J
+squared over here and s squared and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over here and s squared and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over here and s squared and and
+do all of them you should do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of them you should do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of them you should do it and
+convince yourself that they all commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that they all commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that they all commute
+so we can do this if we can do it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do this if we can do it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do this if we can do it it's
+good because then we can evaluate miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because then we can evaluate miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because then we can evaluate miss
+quantities so let's do a little of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so let's do a little of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so let's do a little of the
+evaluation so this e 1 and LJ m J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so this e 1 and LJ m J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation so this e 1 and LJ m J is
+equal to let's evaluate the s dot L part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to let's evaluate the s dot L part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to let's evaluate the s dot L part
+by using 1/2 J squared s squared minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using 1/2 J squared s squared minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using 1/2 J squared s squared minus l
+squared so that gives you a factor of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that gives you a factor of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that gives you a factor of h
+bar squared over 2 with this 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared over 2 with this 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared over 2 with this 2 over
+there so you get e squared H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you get e squared H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you get e squared H squared
+over 4 M Squared C squared J times J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 M Squared C squared J times J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 M Squared C squared J times J
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 minus 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 minus 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus L times L plus 1 minus 3/4
+times n LJ m J 1 over r cubed + LJ MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that should be clear from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that should be clear from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that should be clear from the fact
+we have J squared minus s squared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have J squared minus s squared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have J squared minus s squared that's
+a 3/4 business always 1/2 and l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3/4 business always 1/2 and l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3/4 business always 1/2 and l squared
+this is known it's equal in fact to n L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known it's equal in fact to n L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known it's equal in fact to n L
+M L 1 over R cubed + L M L which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M L 1 over R cubed + L M L which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M L 1 over R cubed + L M L which is
+equal let me let me discuss that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal let me let me discuss that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal let me let me discuss that again
+it's a little 0l L + 1 l plus 1/2 ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little 0l L + 1 l plus 1/2 ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little 0l L + 1 l plus 1/2 ok so
+this is a known result it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a known result it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a known result it's one of those
+expectation values that you can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values that you can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values that you can get from
+Fineman Hellman or for other recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman Hellman or for other recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman Hellman or for other recursion
+relations and this is always computed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is always computed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is always computed in
+the original uncoupled basis but we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uncoupled basis but we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uncoupled basis but we seem
+to mean it in the coupled basis again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean it in the coupled basis again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean it in the coupled basis again
+are we in trouble no this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in trouble no this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we in trouble no this is actually
+the same and it is the same only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it is the same only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it is the same only because
+this answer doesn't depend on M L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer doesn't depend on M L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer doesn't depend on M L
+because this states involve various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this states involve various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this states involve various
+combinations of M L and M s but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of M L and M s but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of M L and M s but it
+doesn't depend on M L so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on M L so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on M L so the answer is
+really the same so these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same so these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same so these things are
+really the same happily that simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same happily that simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same happily that simplifies
+our work and now we have e 1 + LJ M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work and now we have e 1 + LJ M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work and now we have e 1 + LJ M is
+equal to e + 0 this is yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e + 0 this is yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e + 0 this is yet another
+notation this is the ground state energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the ground state energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the ground state energy
+here MC squared + j J plus 1 minus ll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here MC squared + j J plus 1 minus ll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here MC squared + j J plus 1 minus ll
+plus 1 minus 3/4 / L L plus 1/2 L plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus 3/4 / L L plus 1/2 L plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus 3/4 / L L plus 1/2 L plus 1
+okay this is spin orbit orbit
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mtE19r9w6Fc.txt b/mtE19r9w6Fc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f33ff94d22b941550e40fce128635cb067dc11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mtE19r9w6Fc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we left it at saying well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we left it at saying well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we left it at saying well one
+first way in which you could test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way in which you could test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first way in which you could test
+whether or not there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there there is a
+potential for poverty term or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for poverty term or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for poverty term or for
+multiple steady state which is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steady state which is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steady state which is typically
+interpreted as poverty trap is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as poverty trap is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as poverty trap is think
+about the mechanism that would lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanism that would lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanism that would lead to a
+mapping between income today and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between income today and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between income today and income
+tomorrow or between asset today and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or between asset today and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or between asset today and I
+said tomorrow and then look at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said tomorrow and then look at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said tomorrow and then look at whether
+this mapping is sufficiently strong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mapping is sufficiently strong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mapping is sufficiently strong so
+that's kind of the exercise we did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the exercise we did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the exercise we did at
+the end of last time when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last time when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last time when we were
+looking about the effect of income on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking about the effect of income on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking about the effect of income on
+nutrition we spent most of the time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition we spent most of the time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition we spent most of the time on
+that and I sort of asserted that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I sort of asserted that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I sort of asserted that the
+effect of nutrition on productivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of nutrition on productivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of nutrition on productivity and
+therefore future income is there but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore future income is there but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore future income is there but not
+so strong that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that it would
+outweigh the fact that the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the fact that the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the fact that the effect of
+income of the elasticity of nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income of the elasticity of nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income of the elasticity of nutrition
+with respect to income is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to income is not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to income is not one
+so we left it as thinking about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we left it as thinking about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we left it as thinking about maybe
+the nutrition-based poverty trap as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrition-based poverty trap as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrition-based poverty trap as
+described as the fundamental phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as the fundamental phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as the fundamental phenomenon
+of that gupten Ray is not there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gupten Ray is not there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gupten Ray is not there but
+nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless
+in response to I think a question by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to I think a question by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to I think a question by
+reikia I put in doubt that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reikia I put in doubt that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reikia I put in doubt that this is a
+people that everybody reads this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that everybody reads this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that everybody reads this is like
+a modern classic and so people read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern classic and so people read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern classic and so people read it
+not so much because uh you necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much because uh you necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much because uh you necessarily
+believed in that very mechanism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in that very mechanism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in that very mechanism but
+because the whole idea is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole idea is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole idea is of
+based on this funky mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this funky mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this funky mapping
+between income asset today of Tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income asset today of Tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income asset today of Tomorrow
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+something that we keep finding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we keep finding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we keep finding in
+different areas of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas of the field
+now not only so then you could go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only so then you could go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only so then you could go to
+another approach which is what we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach which is what we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach which is what we went
+there is to check well irrespective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to check well irrespective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to check well irrespective of
+the mechanism is it just there can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is it just there can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is it just there can we
+find a setting where we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a setting where we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a setting where we can find
+um a relationship between two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a relationship between two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a relationship between two days
+assets and assets next year for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and assets next year for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and assets next year for example
+where there is not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is not only that
+non-linearity but that costing of the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity but that costing of the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity but that costing of the 45
+degree line from Below which ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line from Below which ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line from Below which ensure that
+there is an um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an um
+unstable steady state and two steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable steady state and two steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable steady state and two steady
+state one low one high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one low one high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one low one high
+um another thing is of course what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing is of course what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing is of course what no
+matter what we think uh as they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what we think uh as they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what we think uh as they're going
+to be sitting in these homes there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting in these homes there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting in these homes there is
+also the policy making world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the policy making world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the policy making world the
+activists what the NGO world and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists what the NGO world and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists what the NGO world and some
+aspect some parts of this world believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect some parts of this world believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect some parts of this world believes
+in poverty trap and as in fact created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poverty trap and as in fact created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poverty trap and as in fact created
+programs that respond to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that respond to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that respond to the idea that
+there might be a povertita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a povertita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a povertita
+and the two idea I've met together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two idea I've met together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two idea I've met together uh
+nicely in the context of the Ultra Pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the context of the Ultra Pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in the context of the Ultra Pool
+programs which are very much a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which are very much a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which are very much a program
+inspired by the idea that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by the idea that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by the idea that there might be
+a poverty trap which were designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poverty trap which were designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poverty trap which were designed and
+rolled out in the last few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled out in the last few years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled out in the last few years and
+which have given an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have given an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have given an opportunity to
+actually directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually directly
+present evidence for against a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present evidence for against a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present evidence for against a sort of
+reduced form view of is there a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form view of is there a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form view of is there a property
+term so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's what we're going to do
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so the idea that there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea that there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea that there might be a
+poverty trap is that the heart of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap is that the heart of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap is that the heart of a
+relatively recent set of anti-poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent set of anti-poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively recent set of anti-poverty
+programs poverty fighting programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs poverty fighting programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs poverty fighting programs are
+promoted very much uh from the the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted very much uh from the the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted very much uh from the the South
+itself called the graduation approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself called the graduation approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself called the graduation approach
+graduation as in graduating out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation as in graduating out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation as in graduating out of
+poverty so the idea is that you are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty so the idea is that you are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty so the idea is that you are sort
+of undergraduating poverty and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduating poverty and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduating poverty and then you
+graduate and you're out of board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and you're out of board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and you're out of board
+uh so the graduation approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the graduation approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the graduation approach was
+designed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by a
+microfinance organization slash NGO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance organization slash NGO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance organization slash NGO
+called Black in Bangladesh so unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Black in Bangladesh so unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Black in Bangladesh so unless
+you're very familiar with developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very familiar with developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very familiar with developing
+economics you've surely heard of Grameen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you've surely heard of Grameen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you've surely heard of Grameen
+and not necessarily of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily of black
+but black is actually the the big girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but black is actually the the big girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but black is actually the the big girl
+and more comprehensive organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more comprehensive organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more comprehensive organization of
+the two is from their uh just passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is from their uh just passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is from their uh just passed
+away a couple of years ago was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a couple of years ago was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a couple of years ago was a
+wonderful wonderful individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful individual
+and they have uh so they they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh so they they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh so they they have a
+micro credit program they also run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit program they also run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit program they also run
+schools their own health center they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools their own health center they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools their own health center they're
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+anti-diareal program Etc I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diareal program Etc I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diareal program Etc I'm sure
+they're doing a lot of covet and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a lot of covet and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a lot of covet and they've
+now in fact expanded in a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact expanded in a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact expanded in a lot of other
+countries in the global South but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the global South but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the global South but they
+started in Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Bangladesh
+so their idea uh what happened with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their idea uh what happened with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their idea uh what happened with them
+is that uh when they were running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh when they were running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh when they were running the
+micro credit program they realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit program they realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit program they realized that
+there is a set of people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of people who are not
+even interested in getting a micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even interested in getting a micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even interested in getting a micro
+credit loan and those people are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit loan and those people are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit loan and those people are some of
+the poorest in The Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest in The Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest in The Villages
+so they decided that they need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they decided that they need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they decided that they need to do
+something to reach out to these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to reach out to these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to reach out to these people
+and they designed the program which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they designed the program which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they designed the program which they
+conceived as potentially a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived as potentially a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived as potentially a sort of a
+first entry into the world of very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry into the world of very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry into the world of very very
+small business for people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business for people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business for people and
+potentially a first stepping stone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a first stepping stone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a first stepping stone into
+micro credit or in general in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit or in general in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit or in general in the world
+so their idea is was that by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their idea is was that by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their idea is was that by giving
+people an infusion of capital as a gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an infusion of capital as a gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an infusion of capital as a gift
+not as a loan and helping them started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a loan and helping them started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a loan and helping them started
+you can help them Escape poverty in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help them Escape poverty in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help them Escape poverty in a
+durable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable way
+so the question for today I'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question for today I'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question for today I'll describe
+the program in bit more detail and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program in bit more detail and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program in bit more detail and the
+question will try to answer today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will try to answer today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will try to answer today's
+whether this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this works
+whether we can there seem to be prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can there seem to be prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can there seem to be prime
+facie evidence for a poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facie evidence for a poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facie evidence for a poverty trap
+and how we build such evidence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we build such evidence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we build such evidence and then
+do we know where the poverty type might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know where the poverty type might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know where the poverty type might
+be coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming from
+uh so let me short uh catch shot to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me short uh catch shot to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me short uh catch shot to that
+in case we don't get at the end and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case we don't get at the end and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case we don't get at the end and the
+answer is not completely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not completely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not completely uh
+uh in I think we'll have pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in I think we'll have pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in I think we'll have pretty good
+evidence that it works it has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it works it has worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it works it has worked
+both in short run but also in long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in short run but also in long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in short run but also in long run
+which is primary evidence of poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is primary evidence of poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is primary evidence of poverty
+trap uh probably because of a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap uh probably because of a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap uh probably because of a phenomenon
+of escaping some kind of two small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of escaping some kind of two small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of escaping some kind of two small
+assets but we don't know exactly why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but we don't know exactly why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets but we don't know exactly why and
+there is a lot of recent research to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of recent research to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of recent research to try
+to get into that and into various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that and into various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that and into various
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does the graduation approach work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the graduation approach work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the graduation approach work
+in a nutshell uh the community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nutshell uh the community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nutshell uh the community is
+brought together and identified what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together and identified what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together and identified what the
+think of as the poorest of the poor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the poorest of the poor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the poorest of the poor in
+the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village
+so that's what some some team sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what some some team sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what some some team sometimes
+called as a participatory resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called as a participatory resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called as a participatory resource
+mapping they all go together they rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping they all go together they rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping they all go together they rank
+people there is a whole exercise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there is a whole exercise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there is a whole exercise with
+cards involving ranking people by wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards involving ranking people by wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards involving ranking people by wealth
+uh first half of the people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first half of the people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first half of the people you know
+people are cut in half by wealth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are cut in half by wealth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are cut in half by wealth the
+richest in the poor and the poor cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest in the poor and the poor cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest in the poor and the poor cat
+again and then cut again and Cat again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then cut again and Cat again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then cut again and Cat again
+until you arrive at four or five people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you arrive at four or five people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you arrive at four or five people
+maybe it depends on the village but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it depends on the village but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it depends on the village but on
+average it's four or five people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's four or five people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's four or five people in the
+village who are considered by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village who are considered by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village who are considered by their
+fellow villagers to be the ultra poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow villagers to be the ultra poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow villagers to be the ultra poor
+and when you look at this this feminist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at this this feminist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at this this feminist
+there is often something pretty up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is often something pretty up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is often something pretty up
+pretty clear in the in their history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear in the in their history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear in the in their history
+there are a lot of female-headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of female-headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of female-headed
+household where her husband died of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household where her husband died of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household where her husband died of uh
+or the husband is alive but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the husband is alive but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the husband is alive but in
+capacitated somehow a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitated somehow a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitated somehow a lot of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+households like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households like that
+um or other households where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or other households where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or other households where there was
+you can almost always identify the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost always identify the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost always identify the sort
+of tragedy that brought them to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tragedy that brought them to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tragedy that brought them to an
+extreme set of poverty typically a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme set of poverty typically a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme set of poverty typically a lot
+of these women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these women
+it's often women a lot of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often women a lot of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often women a lot of this it
+doesn't have to be depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be depending on the
+program that it's a woman who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that it's a woman who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that it's a woman who is
+targeted but it happened often happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted but it happened often happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted but it happened often happen to
+be women who are begging or working as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be women who are begging or working as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be women who are begging or working as
+casual neighborhood uh living maybe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual neighborhood uh living maybe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual neighborhood uh living maybe on
+the outskirts outskirts of the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outskirts outskirts of the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outskirts outskirts of the village
+moderately included in the social fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately included in the social fabric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately included in the social fabric
+once these people are identified they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once these people are identified they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once these people are identified they
+are visited by uh by the worker from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are visited by uh by the worker from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are visited by uh by the worker from
+Baraka now it's being diffused in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baraka now it's being diffused in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baraka now it's being diffused in in a
+lot of other countries as I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other countries as I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other countries as I'll show you
+in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment
+and they receive income they receive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they receive income they receive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they receive income they receive an
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+it's a productive asset which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a productive asset which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a productive asset which they
+choose from a menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from a menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from a menu
+but it haven't often happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it haven't often happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it haven't often happens to be a
+pair of cows or a few goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of cows or a few goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of cows or a few goods
+in Peru guinea pigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bees in Ethiopia like honeybees it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees in Ethiopia like honeybees it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees in Ethiopia like honeybees it could
+also be a a sewing machine it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a a sewing machine it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a a sewing machine it can be a
+beginning like some money to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like some money to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like some money to start a
+small business to buy the first set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business to buy the first set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business to buy the first set of
+things to sell that kind of thing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to sell that kind of thing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to sell that kind of thing so in
+principle there is a menu and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there is a menu and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there is a menu and people
+sure although in practice there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure although in practice there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure although in practice there is a
+huge preponderance of cows okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge preponderance of cows okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge preponderance of cows okay
+then you get they get income support for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get they get income support for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get they get income support for
+a few weeks depending on the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks depending on the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks depending on the assets
+depending on the country depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the country depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the country depending on
+the program because the to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program because the to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program because the to make sure
+that they don't sell they don't dispose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't sell they don't dispose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't sell they don't dispose
+of the assets too quickly I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assets too quickly I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assets too quickly I think is the
+idea is that okay we just got them in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that okay we just got them in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that okay we just got them in so
+they get a stipend for a few weeks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a stipend for a few weeks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a stipend for a few weeks they
+get technical support to take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get technical support to take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get technical support to take care of
+their assets so if it's a cow look out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets so if it's a cow look out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets so if it's a cow look out
+gets vaccinated if it's a small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets vaccinated if it's a small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets vaccinated if it's a small business
+the employee will go to the will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee will go to the will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee will go to the will go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Market with them to to help them buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market with them to to help them buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market with them to to help them buy
+their things to teach them to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things to teach them to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things to teach them to take the
+bus whatever it takes to help them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus whatever it takes to help them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus whatever it takes to help them with
+the with the activity then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the activity then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the activity then there are
+group meetings where there is literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group meetings where there is literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group meetings where there is literacy
+some small Health components uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small Health components uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small Health components uh they're
+also encouraged slash for us to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also encouraged slash for us to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also encouraged slash for us to have
+regular savings so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular savings so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular savings so it's a very
+multi-faceted intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-faceted intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-faceted intervention
+and the additional components uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional components uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional components uh we are
+so intensive in labor that it roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intensive in labor that it roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intensive in labor that it roughly
+doubles the cost of the transfer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the cost of the transfer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the cost of the transfer program
+so the asset program is about the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the asset program is about the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the asset program is about the cost
+of the assets uh turned out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assets uh turned out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assets uh turned out to be a
+thousand dollars so it's 215 PPP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so it's 215 PPP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so it's 215 PPP so
+depending on the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the countries
+and then that's about double by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's about double by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's about double by the by
+the uh the human cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the human cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the human cost
+it looks kind of prediction that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of prediction that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks kind of prediction that you
+want to kind of prove the poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of prove the poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of prove the poverty trap
+model as opposed to like just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as opposed to like just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as opposed to like just giving
+someone Capital increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Capital increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Capital increases the
+Interiors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interiors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interiors like
+some key result yeah so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key result yeah so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key result yeah so the question is
+what's what are the key predictions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what are the key predictions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what are the key predictions so
+what what what's your what form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's your what form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what's your what form of
+poverty type as opposed to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type as opposed to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type as opposed to you know
+money is good money is better than no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is good money is better than no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is good money is better than no
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+so let me turn the question back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn the question back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn the question back to you
+if you don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't mind
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I guess from last week about the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess from last week about the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess from last week about the super
+high returns that elasticity I guess yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high returns that elasticity I guess yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high returns that elasticity I guess yes
+so that's one what another one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one what another one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one what another one that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+uh that that pretty clear so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that pretty clear so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that pretty clear so this is a
+program that lasts uh the entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that lasts uh the entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that lasts uh the entire thing
+until graduation lasts about 18 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until graduation lasts about 18 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until graduation lasts about 18 months
+you get your assets and you're supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your assets and you're supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your assets and you're supported
+by this group meeting and all that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this group meeting and all that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this group meeting and all that for
+about 18 months and then it shuts down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white exactly so the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white exactly so the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white exactly so the idea is that if
+it's a if it's a poverty trap the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a if it's a poverty trap the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a if it's a poverty trap the effect
+should not diminish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not diminish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not diminish in
+otherwise you would see them slowly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would see them slowly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would see them slowly uh
+diminish your brother long over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish your brother long over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish your brother long over the
+longer term as you know shocks happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer term as you know shocks happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer term as you know shocks happen
+and other people get positive shocks our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people get positive shocks our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people get positive shocks our
+guys get Negative shocks we will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get Negative shocks we will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get Negative shocks we will see the
+effect uh kind of slowly receding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh kind of slowly receding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh kind of slowly receding
+whereas if it were a poverty trap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it were a poverty trap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it were a poverty trap and
+they were permanently pushed out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were permanently pushed out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were permanently pushed out we
+would see the effect to persist or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the effect to persist or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see the effect to persist or even
+to increase over time I think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase over time I think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase over time I think that would
+be a first order prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a first order prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a first order prediction
+and then as well is what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as well is what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as well is what you're saying
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+you should see that if it's a poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see that if it's a poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see that if it's a poverty
+trap effect since it's it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap effect since it's it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap effect since it's it's the same
+asset for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset for everyone
+uh but some people are even poorer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but some people are even poorer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but some people are even poorer than
+other even in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other even in this set
+so if we have a poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a poverty trap
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+based on this uh at you know low return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this uh at you know low return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this uh at you know low return
+to Capital at very level followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Capital at very level followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Capital at very level followed by a
+steep increase full by law again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep increase full by law again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep increase full by law again
+uh what do we what would we expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we what would we expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we what would we expect in
+terms of heterogeneity of asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of heterogeneity of asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of heterogeneity of asset
+accumulation post the program or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation post the program or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation post the program or
+potentially heterogeneity of of program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially heterogeneity of of program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially heterogeneity of of program
+impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so potentially you would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so potentially you would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so potentially you would see a
+Divergence with a program effect being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence with a program effect being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence with a program effect being
+much larger for households that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger for households that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger for households that are
+sufficiently not not too not so poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently not not too not so poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently not not too not so poor
+that the base level of asset plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the base level of asset plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the base level of asset plus the
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+uh bring them above the poverty top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring them above the poverty top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bring them above the poverty top
+and we could see that by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see that by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see that by looking at
+long-term program effect we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term program effect we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term program effect we could see
+that even by looking at the dynamic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even by looking at the dynamic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even by looking at the dynamic of
+the asset accumulation for households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset accumulation for households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset accumulation for households
+that end up post-transfer to be above or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end up post-transfer to be above or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end up post-transfer to be above or
+below so we have a chance in a sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so we have a chance in a sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so we have a chance in a sense to
+see that S curve in action rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that S curve in action rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that S curve in action rather than
+just registration rather than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just registration rather than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just registration rather than just the
+traditional this is increasing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional this is increasing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional this is increasing because
+my assets is better unless I said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assets is better unless I said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my assets is better unless I said but
+declining so that those are the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining so that those are the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining so that those are the two that
+we are hunting for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course first like short-term effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course first like short-term effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course first like short-term effect
+which are not obvious to start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not obvious to start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not obvious to start with and
+then that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's this participatory mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this participatory mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this participatory mapping
+uh process is that does that take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process is that does that take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process is that does that take place
+with the knowledge that the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the knowledge that the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the knowledge that the results of
+the processor there was the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor there was the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor there was the people who
+are identified are going to receive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identified are going to receive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identified are going to receive this
+very valuable program because imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable program because imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very valuable program because imagine
+there could be some kind of capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a great question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so the
+answer is yes everybody knows this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes everybody knows this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes everybody knows this is
+what's going on I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on I mean you could
+maintain the surprise maybe the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the surprise maybe the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the surprise maybe the first
+time but in any case that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in any case that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but in any case that that's not
+sustainable or it's nothing it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable or it's nothing it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable or it's nothing it's kind of
+visible when that someone gets something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible when that someone gets something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible when that someone gets something
+like that so the news would go in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so the news would go in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so the news would go in so
+history is done with the view that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is done with the view that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is done with the view that that
+people uh uh know when they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh know when they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh uh know when they are doing
+the exercise that this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise that this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise that this is going to be
+used for our sources so the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for our sources so the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for our sources so the so
+um that's definitely a concern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's definitely a concern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's definitely a concern that
+people have expressed and they are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have expressed and they are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have expressed and they are going
+to oops ask you to suspend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oops ask you to suspend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oops ask you to suspend your
+disbelief until you get to a bench part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disbelief until you get to a bench part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disbelief until you get to a bench part
+of the section where he's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the section where he's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the section where he's going to talk
+about targeting so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about targeting so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about targeting so in this particular
+instance what they do as well is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what they do as well is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what they do as well is a
+verification exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification exposed
+to check that you know to actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that you know to actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that you know to actually go to
+the household and then they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household and then they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household and then they actually
+look in some of the household that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in some of the household that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in some of the household that are
+not sort of poor enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of poor enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of poor enough
+another thing that because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that because this was
+replicated in India was involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in India was involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in India was involved in the
+India study that we found in India is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India study that we found in India is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India study that we found in India is
+that a lot of people also refused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people also refused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people also refused the
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+in our setting about half the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our setting about half the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our setting about half the people
+refuse the transfer but that was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse the transfer but that was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse the transfer but that was a bit
+of an Indian specific thing so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Indian specific thing so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Indian specific thing so when you
+visit them I was like what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit them I was like what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit them I was like what are you
+talking about I don't want this uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I don't want this uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I don't want this uh which
+is surprising since it's a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surprising since it's a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surprising since it's a lot of a lot
+of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+so I think the long and short of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the long and short of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the long and short of it
+you're going to again talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to again talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to again talk about
+targeting in a lot of detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting in a lot of detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting in a lot of detail because
+it's a key issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a key issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a key issue
+um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when everything is said and done these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is said and done these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is said and done these
+problems of capture and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of capture and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of capture and potential
+manipulation are probably not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation are probably not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation are probably not that big
+they are not inexistent but they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not inexistent but they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not inexistent but they are not
+enormous less first order than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous less first order than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous less first order than the
+economist the media reaction happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist the media reaction happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist the media reaction happens to
+be yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yep
+I have a twofold question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a twofold question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a twofold question
+um the first one is that going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first one is that going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first one is that going back to
+last class we can have power traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we can have power traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we can have power traps
+without Financial fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without Financial fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without Financial fractions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+Commission on that is this a test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission on that is this a test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission on that is this a test of
+Finance is this empirical it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is this empirical it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is this empirical it's like a
+test of financial fractions and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of financial fractions and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of financial fractions and our
+financial protection induced formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial protection induced formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial protection induced formal
+traps join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps join
+uh no I don't think it's a test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no I don't think it's a test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no I don't think it's a test of
+financial friction and in fact I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial friction and in fact I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial friction and in fact I I think
+we can almost rule out that Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can almost rule out that Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can almost rule out that Financial
+friction as at the heart of this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction as at the heart of this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction as at the heart of this in this
+setting because this program is run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting because this program is run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting because this program is run by
+uh by a micro Credit Company who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a micro Credit Company who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by a micro Credit Company who is
+already present in these Villages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present in these Villages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already present in these Villages and
+would like nothing more than to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like nothing more than to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like nothing more than to give
+money to these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to these people
+and in fact the inspiration for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the inspiration for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the inspiration for this
+program was that these guys are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was that these guys are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was that these guys are not
+willing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to go
+they don't have a project they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a project they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a project they don't
+want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it
+so they are not willing or slash able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are not willing or slash able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are not willing or slash able to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+uh so I so I think in a sense we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I so I think in a sense we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I so I think in a sense we can
+rule out the financial friction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out the financial friction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out the financial friction because
+you know with a certain amount of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a certain amount of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with a certain amount of hand
+weaving this is a market where credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaving this is a market where credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaving this is a market where credit
+would be available for these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be available for these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be available for these people
+should they Wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they Wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they Wonder
+so that's uh so in this setting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh so in this setting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh so in this setting that's
+not what we're testing and uh and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're testing and uh and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're testing and uh and most
+of today is going to stay terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today is going to stay terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today is going to stay terribly
+reduced from which is I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from which is I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from which is I'm going to show
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+that previewing the result I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previewing the result I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previewing the result I'm going to
+show you that these program is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that these program is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that these program is a large
+effect that are very persistent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that are very persistent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that are very persistent over
+time over 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over 10 years
+suggesting that there might be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that there might be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that there might be a a
+poverty type at play furthermore we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type at play furthermore we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type at play furthermore we are
+going to see that there is in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that there is in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that there is in fact in
+this setting this apparently this shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting this apparently this shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting this apparently this shape
+relationship between Capital today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Capital today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Capital today and
+capital tomorrow which could underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital tomorrow which could underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital tomorrow which could underline
+this persistent effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this persistent effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this persistent effect
+what I'm not going to tell you today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not going to tell you today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm not going to tell you today is
+uh is where it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is where it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is where it's coming from
+I'm willing to rule out nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to rule out nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to rule out nutrition
+because of what we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what we discussed last time
+I'm willing to rule out credit markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to rule out credit markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to rule out credit markets
+because of what I just told you but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what I just told you but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what I just told you but what
+it actually is I think is very much open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is I think is very much open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is I think is very much open
+for her for discussion and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her for discussion and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her for discussion and it's not
+gonna be solved today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be solved today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be solved today
+so this is that this form just like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that this form just like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that this form just like but
+already knowing it's there then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knowing it's there then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knowing it's there then we can
+go back to mechanism and say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to mechanism and say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to mechanism and say what is
+where is it where where is that mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it where where is that mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it where where is that mapping
+coming that is so strong to come to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming that is so strong to come to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming that is so strong to come to lead
+to that lead to that God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this intervention is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this intervention is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this intervention is super
+expensive you know compared to doing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you know compared to doing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you know compared to doing or
+whatever I think including giving just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I think including giving just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I think including giving just
+cash to people which is a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash to people which is a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash to people which is a another
+popular alternative or including doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular alternative or including doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular alternative or including doing
+other stuff that could directly affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that could directly affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff that could directly affect
+the the health or education or of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the health or education or of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the health or education or of these
+guys so of course it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so of course it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so of course it's an interesting
+question whether or not it is effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether or not it is effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether or not it is effective
+not only in the short term it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the short term it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the short term it's only
+valuable if the if if it if if that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable if the if if it if if that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable if the if if it if if that idea
+of poverty trap is there and it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poverty trap is there and it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poverty trap is there and it's in
+fact Justified the theory of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Justified the theory of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Justified the theory of change
+underlying it is that this one big push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is that this one big push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is that this one big push
+it's super worth it but it's going it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super worth it but it's going it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super worth it but it's going it's
+super expensive but it is worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super expensive but it is worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super expensive but it is worth it
+because it's going to be paid off over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be paid off over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be paid off over
+the lifetime of this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime of this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime of this person
+and potentially that children as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially that children as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially that children as well
+so the first question is does it work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is does it work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is does it work so
+here we're going to take a small step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to take a small step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to take a small step
+aside to think about how we even answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside to think about how we even answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside to think about how we even answer
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+for some of you it's gonna be a view for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you it's gonna be a view for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you it's gonna be a view for
+some of you it's going to be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you it's going to be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you it's going to be new
+material uh but even the review I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh but even the review I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh but even the review I find
+that you know every year I teach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know every year I teach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know every year I teach this
+and every year I I learned something by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every year I I learned something by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every year I I learned something by
+just staring at this uh at this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staring at this uh at this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staring at this uh at this number
+so I hope that even for people for whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope that even for people for whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope that even for people for whom
+it's a review you're going to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a review you're going to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a review you're going to find it
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+so it's a review of what it even means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a review of what it even means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a review of what it even means
+to have an effect and what impact I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an effect and what impact I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an effect and what impact I mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I consider our treatment we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider our treatment we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider our treatment we want to know
+whether a particular treatment as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a particular treatment as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a particular treatment as an
+impact and let's call it w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and let's call it w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and let's call it w
+and then outcome y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then outcome y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then outcome y
+for example the outcome here is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the outcome here is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the outcome here is whether
+you got the Ultra Pro program is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the Ultra Pro program is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the Ultra Pro program is the
+treatment and then whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and then whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and then whether or not you
+know how whether or not you are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how whether or not you are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how whether or not you are able to
+feed yourself on some food consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed yourself on some food consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed yourself on some food consumption
+or anything actually there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything actually there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything actually there could be a
+range of outcomes and we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of outcomes and we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of outcomes and we'll go back to
+this question is the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is the outcome
+so the way that the events and Ruben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that the events and Ruben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that the events and Ruben
+wrote this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this up
+is to say well the outcome that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well the outcome that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well the outcome that I'm
+observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing
+is uh the potent something that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the potent something that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the potent something that I'm
+going to call potential outcome if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call potential outcome if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call potential outcome if
+treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+which is observed only if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is observed only if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is observed only if you happen to
+be treated so it's multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated so it's multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated so it's multiplied by this
+dummy which is equal to one if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy which is equal to one if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy which is equal to one if you're
+treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+and then it's your potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's your potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's your potential outcome
+untreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated
+multiplied by a dummy which is one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a dummy which is one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a dummy which is one if
+you're untreated which is one minus wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're untreated which is one minus wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're untreated which is one minus wi
+which is dummy indicated diode treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dummy indicated diode treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dummy indicated diode treated
+so everybody is only observed in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody is only observed in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody is only observed in one of
+the two situations but the dummies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two situations but the dummies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two situations but the dummies of
+treatment things on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment things on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment things on and off
+and uh so I'm not a at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I'm not a at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I'm not a at least
+conceptually I can always Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I can always Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually I can always Define the
+potential outcome for Boost situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for Boost situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome for Boost situation
+before the undivision occurred you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the undivision occurred you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the undivision occurred you could
+have been a treated person or a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a treated person or a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a treated person or a control
+person you have a potential outcome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you have a potential outcome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you have a potential outcome for
+these two for these two settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two for these two settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two for these two settings
+uh before I move further this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I move further this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before I move further this might be
+familiar to a lot of you but there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to a lot of you but there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to a lot of you but there is an
+assumption that's buried in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's buried in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's buried in there
+um already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um already
+in the idea that I can write this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the idea that I can write this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the idea that I can write this this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+can someone tell me what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what's the
+Assumption that's buried in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so this is uh what goes under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is uh what goes under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is uh what goes under
+the uh the the jargon of stable unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the jargon of stable unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the jargon of stable unit
+treatment value assumption or sutva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment value assumption or sutva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment value assumption or sutva
+which basically says if the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically says if the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically says if the fact that
+someone else is treated doesn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is treated doesn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is treated doesn't affect
+my treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my treatment
+and this is the only thing that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the only thing that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the only thing that allows
+me to write the potential outcome as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write the potential outcome as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write the potential outcome as
+just my treatment as opposed to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my treatment as opposed to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my treatment as opposed to my
+treatment and that of every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and that of every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and that of every one of
+everyone apart otherwise suppose you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone apart otherwise suppose you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone apart otherwise suppose you had
+two two people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two people in a
+and one is treated one is non-treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is treated one is non-treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is treated one is non-treated
+but the treated person gets upset when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the treated person gets upset when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the treated person gets upset when
+the other person is untreated then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person is untreated then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person is untreated then the
+happiness of the treated person is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness of the treated person is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness of the treated person is a
+function of their own treated status and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of their own treated status and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of their own treated status and
+the treatment status of the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment status of the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment status of the other person
+so just with two we already have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just with two we already have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just with two we already have four
+potential outcomes not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes not two
+again we are holding them out here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we are holding them out here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we are holding them out here which
+as Reika points out means we are ruling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Reika points out means we are ruling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Reika points out means we are ruling
+out Network effects so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Network effects so for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Network effects so for example uh
+the possibility that someone would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that someone would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that someone would help
+someone else uh we are ruling out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else uh we are ruling out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else uh we are ruling out uh
+individious compare in videos comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individious compare in videos comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individious compare in videos comparison
+effect like I just did it might make me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect like I just did it might make me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect like I just did it might make me
+upset that someone else is helped we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that someone else is helped we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that someone else is helped we are
+ruling out learning we are ruling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling out learning we are ruling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling out learning we are ruling out
+straight externality contagion this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight externality contagion this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight externality contagion this type
+of things which become more relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things which become more relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things which become more relevant for
+her for her medical treatment and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for her medical treatment and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her for her medical treatment and that
+kind of things okay so we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things okay so we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things okay so we are not
+ruining out because we think they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruining out because we think they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruining out because we think they never
+exists we're running out because we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we're running out because we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we're running out because we we
+for now we are calling out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we are calling out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we are calling out and then
+we'll bring them back at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring them back at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring them back at some point
+uh so that's an important uh thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's an important uh thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's an important uh thing to
+say it becomes hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it becomes hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it becomes hard to
+uh to tackle if we don't have suitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to tackle if we don't have suitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to tackle if we don't have suitors
+who want we don't have to drive we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want we don't have to drive we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want we don't have to drive we try
+and model in what way we are into uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model in what way we are into uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and model in what way we are into uh we
+are affected by the other units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by the other units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affected by the other units
+uh so if we can write it this way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we can write it this way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we can write it this way then
+there is a well-defined idea what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a well-defined idea what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a well-defined idea what's the
+treatment effect it's my potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect it's my potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect it's my potential
+outcome if I'm treated versus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if I'm treated versus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if I'm treated versus my
+potential outcome if I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome if I'm not
+uh are we able to estimate that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are we able to estimate that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are we able to estimate that thing
+for any single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any single person
+no because we are never observing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we are never observing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we are never observing both
+okay so that's not happening uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's not happening uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's not happening uh because
+exposed we only observe one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed we only observe one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed we only observe one of the two
+potential outcome the individual ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome the individual ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome the individual ends up
+being treated out and end up not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated out and end up not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated out and end up not being
+treated so I will never know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so I will never know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated so I will never know the uh
+individual treatment effect for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual treatment effect for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual treatment effect for each
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might
+get close to that if we have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close to that if we have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close to that if we have enough
+variation in say observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in say observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in say observable
+characteristics about an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics about an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics about an individual
+and we have sufficiently much data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have sufficiently much data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have sufficiently much data we
+can try to get to somewhere in saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to get to somewhere in saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to get to somewhere in saying
+well the treatment effect for someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the treatment effect for someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the treatment effect for someone
+who looks like Reka in terms of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looks like Reka in terms of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looks like Reka in terms of being a
+young woman who is studying economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young woman who is studying economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young woman who is studying economics
+who grew up in eight countries that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who grew up in eight countries that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who grew up in eight countries that uh
+tends to be that but we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be that but we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be that but we would have to
+have enough of people like that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of people like that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough of people like that to be
+able to say this is the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this is the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this is the treatment effect
+for someone like that so this we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone like that so this we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone like that so this we might
+be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do
+in general so we could be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so we could be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so we could be interested in
+never a treatment effect for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a treatment effect for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a treatment effect for the
+population which would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which would be the
+expectation across the group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation across the group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation across the group of the
+difference of the of the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the of the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the of the treatment
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+uh we could be interested in the one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could be interested in the one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could be interested in the one for
+whom received the treatment so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom received the treatment so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom received the treatment so that's
+the average treatment effect that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect that's the
+treatment on the treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated
+and then as the discussion I just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the discussion I just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the discussion I just had
+said we could be interested in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we could be interested in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we could be interested in the uh
+impact uh for of the treatment for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact uh for of the treatment for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact uh for of the treatment for those
+who have some characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have some characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have some characteristics
+observed or unobserved so this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or unobserved so this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or unobserved so this becomes
+still an average treatment effect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an average treatment effect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an average treatment effect but
+for a person who who has some Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a person who who has some Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a person who who has some Vector
+also whose characteristics are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also whose characteristics are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also whose characteristics are some
+Vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X
+so when we talk about personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about personalized
+medicine machine learning Etc that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine machine learning Etc that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine machine learning Etc that's
+really what we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to
+bypass this thing that we cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass this thing that we cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass this thing that we cannot do
+personalized medicine because we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine because we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine because we only
+observe the same person ever ever once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the same person ever ever once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the same person ever ever once
+by exploiting the any all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exploiting the any all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exploiting the any all the
+information we have about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we have about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we have about them
+but things we might want to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things we might want to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things we might want to do this is
+kind of all a flavor of our treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all a flavor of our treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of all a flavor of our treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+we might want to know how the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to know how the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to know how the treatment
+affects not only the mean microscopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects not only the mean microscopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects not only the mean microscopes
+but the distribution of the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the distribution of the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the distribution of the treatment
+effect so that we are going to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that we are going to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that we are going to get from
+quantile treatment effect by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effect by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effect by comparing
+people by comparing the quantile it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by comparing the quantile it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by comparing the quantile it
+could be the median could be the 90th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the median could be the 90th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the median could be the 90th
+percentile the fifth percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile the fifth percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile the fifth percentile
+we might be interested in uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be interested in uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be interested in uh in in the
+quantite of the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantite of the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantite of the treatment effect
+which is not the true which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the true which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the true which is not the
+same thing as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as this
+because unlike the expectation which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unlike the expectation which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unlike the expectation which are
+nicely uh working out in both sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh working out in both sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh working out in both sense the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+quantile of a difference is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile of a difference is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile of a difference is not the
+difference in the quantile unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the quantile unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the quantile unless you
+are willing to make enough assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to make enough assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to make enough assumption
+so I'm pointing that out you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm pointing that out you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm pointing that out you already
+heard it but we forget it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it but we forget it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it but we forget it all the time
+because if you add a convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you add a convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you add a convenient
+assumption that the treatment doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the treatment doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the treatment doesn't
+affect people's ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people's ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people's ranks
+and then this start to look very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this start to look very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this start to look very much
+like that so under this assumption which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so under this assumption which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so under this assumption which
+is very strong then you can get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very strong then you can get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very strong then you can get at
+something that looks smaller for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks smaller for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks smaller for the
+quantile of the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile of the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile of the treatment effect
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+we we have to remember that unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have to remember that unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have to remember that unless
+you're willing to make that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to make that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to make that assumption
+that's not necessarily a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily a very good
+that's that that doesn't work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that doesn't work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that doesn't work that way
+for example if you go back to the Ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you go back to the Ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you go back to the Ultra
+Pro program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro program
+could well be that the the program not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well be that the the program not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well be that the the program not
+only affects people's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wealth level consumption Etc but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth level consumption Etc but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth level consumption Etc but also
+their rank in where they stand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rank in where they stand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rank in where they stand in the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+there's nothing that assures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that assures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that assures that we
+have this ranking variance assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ranking variance assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ranking variance assumption
+okay so now suppose we have that we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now suppose we have that we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now suppose we have that we go
+back to the you know simpler problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the you know simpler problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the you know simpler problem of
+trying to know what the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to know what the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to know what the average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+uh and we have a group of treaty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have a group of treaty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have a group of treaty people
+and a group of control people so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group of control people so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a group of control people so well
+the best we can do is to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do is to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do is to start by
+looking at the difference between uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the difference between uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the difference between uh the
+um the mean we would like the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean we would like the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean we would like the difference
+between the mean which we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mean which we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mean which we aren't
+replaced by the sample average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the sample average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the sample average
+so that's the expectation of y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the expectation of y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the expectation of y1
+why I treated for the treated minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I treated for the treated minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I treated for the treated minus the
+expectation of why I control for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of why I control for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of why I control for the
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna
+add and subtract something an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract something an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract something an object
+that is not observed but conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not observed but conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not observed but conceptually
+exists which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists which is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+average of the untreated outcome for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the untreated outcome for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the untreated outcome for the
+treated population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated population
+so I'm gonna I'm subtracting it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna I'm subtracting it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna I'm subtracting it here
+and then I'm adding it the other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm adding it the other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm adding it the other other
+in the plant that it is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plant that it is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plant that it is missing
+so what does it give me well now that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it give me well now that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it give me well now that I
+have that I can just rearrange a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that I can just rearrange a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that I can just rearrange a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+and I'm getting the expectation of y i 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting the expectation of y i 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting the expectation of y i 1
+minus y i zero for the treated so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y i zero for the treated so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y i zero for the treated so what
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+what's that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it some is it an object that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it some is it an object that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it some is it an object that we are
+potentially interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially interested
+yep it's the average treatment effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's the average treatment effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's the average treatment effect on
+people who works so treatment effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who works so treatment effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who works so treatment effect on
+the treated so that's great uh but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated so that's great uh but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treated so that's great uh but then
+there we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have that
+and what's that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so it's the potential rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's the potential rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's the potential rather
+than already existence that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than already existence that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than already existence that would have
+existed anyways or something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed anyways or something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed anyways or something in the
+absence of the treatment uh it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the treatment uh it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the treatment uh it's there
+because it's not it could be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not it could be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not it could be captured by
+a baseline or it couldn't be it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline or it couldn't be it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline or it couldn't be it's not
+necessarily A temporal thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily A temporal thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily A temporal thing but it's
+saying that in term of potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that in term of potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that in term of potential outcome
+these two groups are potentially already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two groups are potentially already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two groups are potentially already
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+so take within the village if I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take within the village if I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take within the village if I run the
+Ultra Pro program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ultra Pro program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ultra Pro program
+and I run my participatory resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I run my participatory resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I run my participatory resource
+exercise and I say and they identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and I say and they identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and I say and they identify
+like 10 people and then I go and I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 people and then I go and I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 people and then I go and I uh
+survey at least 10 people and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey at least 10 people and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey at least 10 people and finally
+the service staff decides that the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service staff decides that the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service staff decides that the staff
+decides they're only going to take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides they're only going to take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides they're only going to take five
+out of the 10 people because the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 10 people because the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 10 people because the other
+one don't quite make the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one don't quite make the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one don't quite make the cut
+someone could say and someone has said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could say and someone has said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could say and someone has said
+and done a first analysis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and done a first analysis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and done a first analysis of this
+program by saying let me compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program by saying let me compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program by saying let me compare the
+five people who got in the program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people who got in the program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people who got in the program to
+the five people who didn't get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five people who didn't get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five people who didn't get in
+the five people who didn't get in were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five people who didn't get in were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five people who didn't get in were
+presumably quite poor because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably quite poor because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably quite poor because they were
+selected by their fellow villagers so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by their fellow villagers so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by their fellow villagers so if
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if I still find a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I still find a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I still find a difference between
+the two it must be the the fault of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two it must be the the fault of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two it must be the the fault of the
+problem of course what we don't know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course what we don't know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course what we don't know is
+whether there is something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is something different
+about them that means that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them that means that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them that means that the the the
+service the the staff of the NGO decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the the staff of the NGO decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the the staff of the NGO decided
+not to tick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to tick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to tick them
+they could be it could be observable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be it could be observable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be it could be observable or
+it could be unobservable and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be unobservable and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be unobservable and that's the
+problem we have so that's the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have so that's the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have so that's the selection
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so basically we have three cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have three cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have three cases
+either we are in the best case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we are in the best case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we are in the best case scenario
+from the point of view of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of this problem
+which is that the program was randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the program was randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the program was randomly
+assigned so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned so for example
+once this a frequency in the altapur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this a frequency in the altapur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once this a frequency in the altapur
+study there are two kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study there are two kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study there are two kind of uh
+random assignment is there The Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment is there The Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment is there The Villages
+were randomly selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly selected
+or are all the villages were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are all the villages were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are all the villages were not
+randomly selected the identification was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected the identification was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected the identification was
+done and then within the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then within the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then within the people who were
+identified people were were not selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified people were were not selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified people were were not selected
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+within qualified people in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within qualified people in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within qualified people in that case
+there is nothing systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing systematically
+different about the people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about the people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about the people who got
+selected once by the by lot once I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected once by the by lot once I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected once by the by lot once I get
+do all of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of this thing
+so in that case the the selection should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the the selection should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the the selection should
+be zero and uh I should get an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and uh I should get an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and uh I should get an advanced
+effect estimate of the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect estimate of the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect estimate of the effect of the
+treatment on the treated that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated that's what we
+are going to study today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh another setting is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another setting is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another setting is one where
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not uh it's it's not a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's it's not a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's it's not a known
+function of covariates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of covariates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of covariates
+uh but I'm willing to say that once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I'm willing to say that once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I'm willing to say that once I
+know everything about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about them
+enough things about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough things about them
+something happened which means that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened which means that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened which means that some
+people got treated and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got treated and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got treated and some people
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+and I'm willing to say that conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm willing to say that conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm willing to say that conditioning
+on the coverage that I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the coverage that I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the coverage that I observe
+despite my not knowing exactly how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite my not knowing exactly how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite my not knowing exactly how the
+sausage was made I am willing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage was made I am willing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sausage was made I am willing to make
+the assumption that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that the potential
+outcomes are independent the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are independent the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are independent the two
+potential outcomes conditional on the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes conditional on the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes conditional on the X
+are independent of the treatment status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the treatment status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of the treatment status
+uh and that leads you to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that leads you to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that leads you to you know
+that that would make you confident to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would make you confident to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would make you confident to
+try and control adequately for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and control adequately for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and control adequately for these
+different observables as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observables as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observables as long as you
+control fully for this set of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control fully for this set of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control fully for this set of x
+even though you don't really know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you don't really know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you don't really know why
+someone with this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with this particular
+characteristic was treated another was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was treated another was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was treated another was
+not you are uh reasonably sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you are uh reasonably sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you are uh reasonably sufficiently
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+so if you do that for example that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that for example that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that for example that's the
+example I gave you with this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave you with this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave you with this idea is
+that a conditional have been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a conditional have been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a conditional have been been
+selected by the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected by the people
+you're willing to say that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to say that you don't
+know exactly how the staff chose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how the staff chose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly how the staff chose but
+whatever they did that's uh as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they did that's uh as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they did that's uh as good as
+on them then if I'm able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them then if I'm able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them then if I'm able to control
+fully in this case that would be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in this case that would be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in this case that would be easy
+because I have the selected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have the selected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have the selected and the
+non-selected people I can control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-selected people I can control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-selected people I can control for
+that status and within that proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that status and within that proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that status and within that proceed
+almost as uh things had been randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as uh things had been randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as uh things had been randomly
+assigned even though they weren't and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned even though they weren't and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned even though they weren't and I
+know they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they weren't
+so that's of course this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's of course this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's of course this sort of
+standard justification for a lot of OLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard justification for a lot of OLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard justification for a lot of OLS
+regression which adds on top of that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which adds on top of that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression which adds on top of that a
+bunch of functional form assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of functional form assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of functional form assumption
+matching regression which adds less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching regression which adds less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching regression which adds less
+strong function and form assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong function and form assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong function and form assumption
+or sometimes no functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes no functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes no functional form
+assumption for example uh if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for example uh if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for example uh if you if you
+the number of cells that you have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells that you have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells that you have of
+excess is not that large and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess is not that large and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess is not that large and the number
+of observation is very large then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation is very large then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observation is very large then you
+can calculate the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the difference between
+treatment and control in each cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control in each cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control in each cell and
+then take the weighted average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the weighted average of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the weighted average of this
+cell and there you go with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and there you go with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and there you go with your
+treatment effect all your assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect all your assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect all your assumptions
+are correct so Josh for example has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct so Josh for example has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct so Josh for example has a
+very uh well-known people on the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh well-known people on the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh well-known people on the effect
+of the military service where I say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the military service where I say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the military service where I say I'm
+controlling for everything that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for everything that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for everything that could
+put potentially entered in the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put potentially entered in the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put potentially entered in the decision
+in why someone does the military service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in why someone does the military service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in why someone does the military service
+within these cells I'm looking at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these cells I'm looking at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these cells I'm looking at each
+cell I'm looking at difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I'm looking at difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell I'm looking at difference between
+has done it versus has not done it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done it versus has not done it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done it versus has not done it and
+then I'm re-aggregating so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm re-aggregating so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm re-aggregating so that's a
+matching estimate then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching estimate then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching estimate then you have
+different type of matching estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of matching estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of matching estimates
+that are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less
+parametric and therefore more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric and therefore more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric and therefore more or less
+believable but the underlying assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable but the underlying assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable but the underlying assumption
+is always this of unconfrontedness once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always this of unconfrontedness once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always this of unconfrontedness once
+you know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enough
+and then third method with the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then third method with the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then third method with the same idea
+is a double machine learning estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double machine learning estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double machine learning estimators
+double post plus so that uh Victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double post plus so that uh Victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double post plus so that uh Victor
+Channel zukov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel zukov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel zukov
+and bologna developed and has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bologna developed and has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bologna developed and has become
+quite popular in the applied literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular in the applied literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular in the applied literature
+and the double human generic double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the double human generic double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the double human generic double
+machine learning method that Whitney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning method that Whitney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning method that Whitney
+Victor me and a bunch of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victor me and a bunch of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victor me and a bunch of other people
+worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on
+and that is also quite nice but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also quite nice but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also quite nice but it's
+conditional on this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on this assumption
+so it adds bells and whistles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it adds bells and whistles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it adds bells and whistles and
+sophistication in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication in terms of the
+econometrics analysis but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics analysis but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics analysis but at the end of
+the day that's always the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that's always the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that's always the same thing
+which is a not really a testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a not really a testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a not really a testable
+assumption in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in most
+so this is your kind of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your kind of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your kind of observation
+Observer no I would call it without uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer no I would call it without uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer no I would call it without uh
+Prejudice no research design strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice no research design strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice no research design strategy
+because my strategy is no strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my strategy is no strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my strategy is no strategy
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then there is a strategy where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a strategy where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a strategy where where
+you're saying well you know the are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well you know the are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well you know the are you
+worried that the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that the potential outcome
+depends on on the assignment you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on the assignment you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on the assignment you're not
+willing to make the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make the assumption that
+there is a set of X that solves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of X that solves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of X that solves it
+then I have to do something to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to do something to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to do something to try and
+find a corner of the world who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a corner of the world who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a corner of the world who are not
+subject to this and that's where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this and that's where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this and that's where you get
+to the research design strategy uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the research design strategy uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the research design strategy uh so
+we'll spend a lot of the classes looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend a lot of the classes looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend a lot of the classes looking
+at examples of that for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at examples of that for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at examples of that for different
+differences one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences one uh
+um regression discontinuity design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regression discontinuity design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um regression discontinuity design an
+instrumental variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental variable
+a special kill of instrumented variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kill of instrumented variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special kill of instrumented variable
+is one where you have a latent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where you have a latent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where you have a latent variable
+that might be randomly assigned itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be randomly assigned itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be randomly assigned itself
+and you use that to form an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that to form an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that to form an instrument
+for your for the for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your for the for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your for the for the for the
+treatment that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that you're actually
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+so there is no wi that is randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no wi that is randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no wi that is randomly
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+but there is a z i that is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a z i that is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a z i that is potentially
+randomly assigned affects wi and I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned affects wi and I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned affects wi and I wish
+you're willing to make some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to make some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to make some additional
+assumption to uh uh kind of recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to uh uh kind of recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption to uh uh kind of recover the
+effect of WI so that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of WI so that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of WI so that's kind of what
+we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+short preview of how how the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short preview of how how the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short preview of how how the different
+strategy that we are going to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that we are going to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that we are going to see in the
+course of this semester lineup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this semester lineup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this semester lineup
+so today we are starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are starting with the
+easiest one at least the conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one at least the conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one at least the conceptually
+easiest one which is random assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one which is random assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest one which is random assignment
+which so by definition a random assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so by definition a random assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so by definition a random assign
+undermines assignments solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermines assignments solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermines assignments solve the
+selection biased in your in your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection biased in your in your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection biased in your in your sample
+because you it's a known assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you it's a known assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you it's a known assignment
+known assignment rule which is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known assignment rule which is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known assignment rule which is either
+fully randomized or randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully randomized or randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully randomized or randomized
+conditional converts but randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional converts but randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional converts but randomized
+anyway so you can compare things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can compare things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can compare things
+directly without worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly without worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly without worry about the
+selection base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection base
+that said uh that's not still not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said uh that's not still not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said uh that's not still not like a
+panaceae there are there are issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panaceae there are there are issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panaceae there are there are issues with
+under my Evolution that many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under my Evolution that many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under my Evolution that many people have
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do you know and we're gonna keep seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know and we're gonna keep seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know and we're gonna keep seeing
+those and we're gonna see some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we're gonna see some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and we're gonna see some of this
+today uh what are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh what are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh what are some of the things
+that people worry about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people worry about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people worry about in terms of
+validity of results in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of results in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of results in the case of
+randomized evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized evaluations
+okay you can conduct an RCT in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can conduct an RCT in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can conduct an RCT in a
+specific setting but you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific setting but you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific setting but you might think
+that if you wanted to apply that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted to apply that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted to apply that within
+a different country for instance that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different country for instance that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different country for instance that it
+wouldn't like supposedly have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like supposedly have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like supposedly have that
+effect elsewhere exactly so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect elsewhere exactly so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect elsewhere exactly so that's the
+first issue and in fact one that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first issue and in fact one that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first issue and in fact one that we're
+going to talk today is the the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk today is the the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk today is the the uh uh
+um extent to which the result are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um extent to which the result are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um extent to which the result are
+context dependent and would be at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent and would be at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent and would be at all
+heterogeneous from Context to context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous from Context to context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous from Context to context
+and therefore the result of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the result of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the result of one is
+predictive or not of what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive or not of what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive or not of what would happen
+in another setting so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another setting so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another setting so that's the first
+concern that's definitely present what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that's definitely present what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that's definitely present what
+what are other concerns people have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are other concerns people have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are other concerns people have yeah
+um when people don't behave following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people don't behave following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people don't behave following
+the assignment they were giving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment they were giving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment they were giving and
+treat it act as they were controls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it act as they were controls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it act as they were controls and
+controls act as if it were treated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls act as if it were treated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls act as if it were treated for
+example if you give them a pill I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you give them a pill I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you give them a pill I cannot
+I can take the pill or I can decide not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take the pill or I can decide not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take the pill or I can decide not
+to take it so right so there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it so right so there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it so right so there are there
+are not various non-compliance issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not various non-compliance issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not various non-compliance issues
+for example the one I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the one I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the one I was talking about
+in The Case of the of the El Chapo which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Case of the of the El Chapo which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Case of the of the El Chapo which
+is some people just say no to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some people just say no to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some people just say no to the
+program alternatively some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program alternatively some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program alternatively some people might
+manage to sneak in which means that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to sneak in which means that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to sneak in which means that your
+actual treatment is not randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual treatment is not randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual treatment is not randomly
+assigned anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned anymore
+uh so then you know you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then you know you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then you know you have to deal
+with that that you you lose the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that you you lose the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that you you lose the world of
+uh of perfect condomination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's also a more advanced issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's also a more advanced issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's also a more advanced issue
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+in the realm of heterogeneous treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realm of heterogeneous treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realm of heterogeneous treatment
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+the ebultural RCT may depend on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ebultural RCT may depend on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ebultural RCT may depend on people
+knowing that oh they are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that oh they are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that oh they are in the right
+tail to treatment effects like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail to treatment effects like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail to treatment effects like people
+say I'm a bit I I'm incapable of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm a bit I I'm incapable of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm a bit I I'm incapable of running
+an experiment in a village maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment in a village maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment in a village maybe that
+big task because the governance in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big task because the governance in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big task because the governance in that
+Village are aware of the fact that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village are aware of the fact that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village are aware of the fact that oh
+this being actually on the right tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being actually on the right tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being actually on the right tail of
+the distribution will be very good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution will be very good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution will be very good for
+us so it's not only that the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so it's not only that the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so it's not only that the treatment
+in that Village is not predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Village is not predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Village is not predictable
+others is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others is that the
+theology is the highest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology is the highest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology is the highest possible
+treatment effect compared to that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect compared to that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect compared to that right
+excellent so that's what Heckman called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so that's what Heckman called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so that's what Heckman called
+the randomization bias which is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomization bias which is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomization bias which is that not
+only the right heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the right heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the right heterogeneity in the
+world so the results of one experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so the results of one experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so the results of one experiment
+may or may not generalize but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not generalize but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not generalize but there is
+something specific about randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specific about randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specific about randomized
+control trial that may lead you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial that may lead you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial that may lead you to have
+for example higher treatment effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example higher treatment effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example higher treatment effect and
+one of them is site selection which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is site selection which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is site selection which is
+someone either researcher because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone either researcher because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone either researcher because they
+are willing to they would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to they would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to they would like to
+publish a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish a paper
+all the partners because they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the partners because they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the partners because they would like
+to you know look good we'll pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know look good we'll pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know look good we'll pick the
+sites where the treatment effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites where the treatment effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites where the treatment effects are
+the highest so you will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest so you will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest so you will tend to
+uh to to be best in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to be best in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to be best in that direction
+so there is a very nice paper by Hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a very nice paper by Hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a very nice paper by Hans
+Alcott in environment which shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alcott in environment which shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alcott in environment which shows that
+the the first experiment by The Firm o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first experiment by The Firm o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first experiment by The Firm o
+power which is one where the you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is one where the you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is one where the you get
+this little leaflets about your um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little leaflets about your um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little leaflets about your um uh
+energy consumption and if you cons it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption and if you cons it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption and if you cons it
+tells you how you compare with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how you compare with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how you compare with your
+neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+so you got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got them
+we always look terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always look terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always look terrible
+when you guys lived in a house we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys lived in a house we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys lived in a house we were
+actually a terrible plus even worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a terrible plus even worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a terrible plus even worse than
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+um so I wanted to tell them but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I wanted to tell them but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I wanted to tell them but there
+are six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six of them
+um so in any case you receive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in any case you receive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in any case you receive these
+things and it tells you you read please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it tells you you read please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it tells you you read please
+reduce your consumption uh or not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your consumption uh or not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your consumption uh or not even
+it doesn't say that just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that just say
+so it finds pretty large effect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it finds pretty large effect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it finds pretty large effect in the
+first sights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sights
+and then uh the experiment got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the experiment got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the experiment got
+replicated I'll cost hundreds of sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated I'll cost hundreds of sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated I'll cost hundreds of sites
+and then what you see is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you see is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you see is that the the
+the the the results in the next 95 sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the results in the next 95 sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the results in the next 95 sites
+actually much lower than the result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much lower than the result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much lower than the result in
+the first few sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few sites
+and that could be exactly because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be exactly because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be exactly because of
+that because the first sites were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the first sites were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the first sites were
+selected to be places where maybe people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to be places where maybe people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to be places where maybe people
+would be believed that where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be believed that where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be believed that where people
+believe that it would have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it would have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it would have the the
+biggest impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest impact
+so those are some of the issues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the issues uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the issues uh
+another issue is that when you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue is that when you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue is that when you have many
+many outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outcomes
+uh not everything can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not everything can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not everything can be really
+presented in a paper or people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in a paper or people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in a paper or people have
+limited attention so there is a risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited attention so there is a risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited attention so there is a risk of
+cherry picking for very many outcomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking for very many outcomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking for very many outcomes in
+the case of a program like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a program like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a program like like the
+ultrapore you have that issue in droves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore you have that issue in droves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore you have that issue in droves
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's not that you have like one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you have like one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you have like one thing
+that you really want to follow you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to follow you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to follow you want
+to see whether it improves their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it improves their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it improves their lives
+which is measured in many many ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is measured in many many ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is measured in many many ways and
+so how do you deal with many outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you deal with many outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you deal with many outcomes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I think these are some of the oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think these are some of the oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think these are some of the oh yeah
+and of course uncertainty we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uncertainty we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uncertainty we mentioned
+compliance but there is also just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance but there is also just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance but there is also just uh the
+sample size is not enormous so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is not enormous so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is not enormous so they are
+not infinite and therefore you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinite and therefore you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinite and therefore you have
+power potentially power issues which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power potentially power issues which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power potentially power issues which you
+think you'll spend some time on on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll spend some time on on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll spend some time on on that
+and a criticism against experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a criticism against experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a criticism against experiment is
+that they are generally too small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are generally too small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are generally too small so
+their power is too low and they they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power is too low and they they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their power is too low and they they can
+only get effects if they get result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get effects if they get result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get effects if they get result that
+are significant if the effects are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are significant if the effects are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are significant if the effects are very
+large which might lead people to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large which might lead people to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large which might lead people to miss
+some effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effect
+so we discussed that spillovers didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed that spillovers didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed that spillovers didn't
+come up but it came up when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up but it came up when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up but it came up when we were
+discussing uh we were when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh we were when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh we were when we were
+discussing the the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the the assumption
+cherry picking an external validity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking an external validity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking an external validity so
+we'll this will be with us uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll this will be with us uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll this will be with us uh these are
+issues that are serious that are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that are serious that are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that are serious that are real
+and therefore that need to be addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that need to be addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that need to be addressed
+for each people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each people
+now go back to graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to graduation
+and there are two recent papers uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two recent papers uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two recent papers uh I
+wrote two studies but in reality the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote two studies but in reality the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote two studies but in reality the the
+second papers like six stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second papers like six stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second papers like six stages
+and showing remarkable effects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing remarkable effects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing remarkable effects of this
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+the first one by Oriana Bandera Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one by Oriana Bandera Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one by Oriana Bandera Robin
+Burgess or another looked directly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgess or another looked directly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgess or another looked directly at
+the uh at the black program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the black program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the black program in
+Bangladesh the mother of the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh the mother of the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh the mother of the full
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+and then there was a follow-up it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a follow-up it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a follow-up it was
+published before because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published before because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published before because it was
+published in science but in reality this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science but in reality this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in science but in reality this
+came after in terms of running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came after in terms of running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came after in terms of running the
+experiment uh by a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh by a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh by a bunch of people
+including including Abhijit and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including including Abhijit and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including including Abhijit and me
+looking at a very similar intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a very similar intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a very similar intervention
+in six countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six countries
+uh which were followed first for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which were followed first for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which were followed first for three
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and then uh this this in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh this this in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh this this in some of the
+sample and I'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and I'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and I'm going to show you the
+data from for for India uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from for for India uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from for for India uh they were
+followed for another until 10 years they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed for another until 10 years they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed for another until 10 years they
+have been followed for 10 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been followed for 10 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been followed for 10 years and
+these guys also they lost the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys also they lost the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys also they lost the control
+after four years but they continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four years but they continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four years but they continue to
+treat to follow the X control and the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat to follow the X control and the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat to follow the X control and the X
+treatment until the news in India we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment until the news in India we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment until the news in India we
+never lost the control we continue to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lost the control we continue to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lost the control we continue to uh
+to follow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow them
+so that gives you some uh so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives you some uh so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives you some uh so let's look
+a bit at the result first uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit at the result first uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit at the result first uh and and
+then discuss about some of the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss about some of the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss about some of the feature
+of this experiment which address some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment which address some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment which address some
+extent some of the concerns that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent some of the concerns that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent some of the concerns that you
+that you guys might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys might have
+uh so the so these are the results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the so these are the results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the so these are the results for
+the for the uh Bangladesh study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the uh Bangladesh study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the uh Bangladesh study
+the Bangladesh study was randomized at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bangladesh study was randomized at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bangladesh study was randomized at
+the uh at the geographic area level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the geographic area level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh at the geographic area level
+so first decided where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first decided where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first decided where to go
+and then they they did the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they did the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they did the whole
+intervention they treated everyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention they treated everyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention they treated everyone who
+emerged from the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from the process
+so it's a good situation in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good situation in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good situation in terms of the
+speed of our situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of our situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of our situation
+most of the studies in the science paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the studies in the science paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the studies in the science paper
+were randomized at the individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomized at the individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomized at the individual level
+within Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Village
+although a couple were randomized at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a couple were randomized at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a couple were randomized at
+Boost levels there was random musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost levels there was random musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost levels there was random musicians
+first at the site level and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first at the site level and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first at the site level and then within
+sight at the individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight at the individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight at the individual level
+so what's the nice thing of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the nice thing of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the nice thing of having
+to randomize first at the site level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize first at the site level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize first at the site level and
+then individually with inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then individually with inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then individually with inside
+what's the what does it allow to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what does it allow to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what does it allow to to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so you can directly check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you can directly check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so you can directly check for
+the spillovers because you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spillovers because you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spillovers because you can look at
+the untreated people in the treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the untreated people in the treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the untreated people in the treated
+Villages and you can see whether their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and you can see whether their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and you can see whether their
+outcomes are any different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are any different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are any different
+so long and short of that and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long and short of that and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long and short of that and that's why
+I'm going to treat all of these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to treat all of these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to treat all of these studies
+the same now is that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now is that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same now is that there is no
+evidence of spillover in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of spillover in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of spillover in this case
+doesn't mean that they don't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they don't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that they don't exist in
+general they're just not present in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're just not present in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're just not present in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so here is this the result from for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is this the result from for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is this the result from for the
+Bangladesh studies so these are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh studies so these are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh studies so these are some of
+the few outcomes that the that they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few outcomes that the that they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few outcomes that the that they used
+uh below poverty line consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below poverty line consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below poverty line consumption
+expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure
+per capita or per adult equivalent value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita or per adult equivalent value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita or per adult equivalent value
+of household asset savings whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of household asset savings whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of household asset savings whether they
+get loans were on the give loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um each row is a is is a treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each row is a is is a treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each row is a is is a treatment
+effect who is the standard error of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect who is the standard error of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect who is the standard error of the
+treatment effect and starts to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect and starts to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect and starts to indicate
+significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance
+so that's for the first two lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for the first two lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for the first two lines so
+each row in the first two line inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row in the first two line inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row in the first two line inverse
+column is from a different analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is from a different analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is from a different analysis
+right that makes sense we are every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense we are every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense we are every time
+comparing treatment versus control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing treatment versus control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing treatment versus control so
+for example if I read this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I read this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I read this uh
+can someone Vision can you read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone Vision can you read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone Vision can you read that
+like a constructive sentence with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a constructive sentence with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a constructive sentence with that
+number is that so four years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is that so four years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is that so four years after
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+treated how the sun's had on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this about 8.4 percent lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this about 8.4 percent lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this about 8.4 percent lower
+people below the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people below the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people below the population
+percentage point so they were eight per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point so they were eight per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point so they were eight per
+8.4 percentage point less likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.4 percentage point less likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.4 percentage point less likely to be
+below the poverty line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the poverty line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the poverty line and then
+generally this type of table we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this type of table we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this type of table we are
+going to provide the control group in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide the control group in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide the control group in
+order to know what we are looking at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know what we are looking at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know what we are looking at so
+here sometimes hit that Baseline here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes hit that Baseline here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes hit that Baseline here
+that show us the control group at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show us the control group at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show us the control group at the
+Fourier follow-up that was 62 percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier follow-up that was 62 percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier follow-up that was 62 percent so
+it's 8.4 percentage point on a basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 8.4 percentage point on a basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 8.4 percentage point on a basis of
+62 percentage point so that's for 13.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 percentage point so that's for 13.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 percentage point so that's for 13.5
+percentage reduction then we are testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage reduction then we are testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage reduction then we are testing
+whether the impact are uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the impact are uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the impact are uh you know
+remember we are interested in Long Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are interested in Long Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are interested in Long Run
+so we are testing whether an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are testing whether an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are testing whether an impact
+really they could have done a one-tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they could have done a one-tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they could have done a one-tested
+tail at one sided test to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail at one sided test to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail at one sided test to see whether
+the impact were decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact were decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact were decreasing
+uh but they are testing whether they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they are testing whether they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they are testing whether they are
+different over time in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different over time in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different over time in this particular
+instance they seem to if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance they seem to if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance they seem to if anything
+increase over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then they ask where I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they ask where I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then they ask where I don't know what
+we do with the R square ever but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the R square ever but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the R square ever but that's
+there and then the number of women the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the number of women the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the number of women the
+number of observation in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observation in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observation in their
+households and the number of clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there ever a decision when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there ever a decision when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there ever a decision when
+randomizing or choosing a sample to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing or choosing a sample to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing or choosing a sample to make
+sure that we don't trade more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we don't trade more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we don't trade more than a
+certain percentage of the village to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of the village to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of the village to
+make sure that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the total
+change or something like that but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or something like that but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or something like that but I'm
+thinking about how you would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you would argue that
+GB effects are contacted uh so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GB effects are contacted uh so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GB effects are contacted uh so they
+could be or you can if I could go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be or you can if I could go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be or you can if I could go the
+opposite direction there has been a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction there has been a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction there has been a uh a
+lot of several studies in the past few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of several studies in the past few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of several studies in the past few
+years trying to vary the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years trying to vary the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years trying to vary the fraction of
+people who are treated in order to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are treated in order to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are treated in order to see
+whether you start seeing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium type of effects on prices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium type of effects on prices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium type of effects on prices on
+things like that by around amazing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that by around amazing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that by around amazing at
+that level so sometimes you want to rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level so sometimes you want to rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level so sometimes you want to rule
+them out because you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out because you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out because you're interested in
+the individual effect sometimes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual effect sometimes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual effect sometimes you're
+very much interested in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much interested in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much interested in the market
+effect so you want to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you want to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you want to make sure that you
+saturate enough on the on the contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate enough on the on the contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate enough on the on the contrary
+so for example Loren who is visiting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example Loren who is visiting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example Loren who is visiting uh
+here she's doing a lot of work on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she's doing a lot of work on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here she's doing a lot of work on on
+making markets in a way and creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making markets in a way and creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making markets in a way and creating a
+relationship between Traders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Traders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Traders and
+and potential Sellers and there she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential Sellers and there she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential Sellers and there she is
+looking almost for the opposite and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking almost for the opposite and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking almost for the opposite and she
+wants to make sure she has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make sure she has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to make sure she has enough
+situation so yes absolutely this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so yes absolutely this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so yes absolutely this is
+something people have in mind to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people have in mind to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something people have in mind to see
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+so in fact in the case of the alcapur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact in the case of the alcapur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact in the case of the alcapur
+studies the reason why I think we see no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the reason why I think we see no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the reason why I think we see no
+externalities is that in every village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities is that in every village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities is that in every village
+very few people are treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people are treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people are treated
+so it and not tremendously integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it and not tremendously integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it and not tremendously integrate
+socially integrated people either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially integrated people either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially integrated people either
+so that's the results that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the results that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the results that I find
+encouraging impact on pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging impact on pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging impact on pretty much
+everything especially after four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything especially after four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything especially after four years
+uh then uh the the science study came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh the the science study came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh the the science study came
+about and in a sense was a response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in a sense was a response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and in a sense was a response to
+the external validity point or a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external validity point or a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external validity point or a way of
+addressing the external validity Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the external validity Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the external validity Point
+given this super promising program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this super promising program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this super promising program
+there was a lot of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of of
+um of of uh hope that this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of uh hope that this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of uh hope that this could be a
+strategy to address poverty and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to address poverty and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to address poverty and but
+given how you know expensive and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how you know expensive and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how you know expensive and in a
+sense specific the program is with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense specific the program is with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense specific the program is with all
+of these various component to it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these various component to it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these various component to it that
+you can't really easily uh untangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really easily uh untangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really easily uh untangle
+mechanism or understand why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or understand why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or understand why it works
+uh there was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was really a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+desire to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to make sure that the
+the program is replicated in as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program is replicated in as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program is replicated in as the
+different context as possible in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context as possible in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context as possible in order
+to to assess the external validity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to assess the external validity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to assess the external validity or
+the context dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context dependence
+so uh this is some a project that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is some a project that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is some a project that was
+led by Dean Carolyn uh who uh who is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Dean Carolyn uh who uh who is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Dean Carolyn uh who uh who is at
+Northwestern now was at here now and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern now was at here now and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern now was at here now and and
+started IPA uh which is an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started IPA uh which is an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started IPA uh which is an organization
+that conducts a lot of randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conducts a lot of randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conducts a lot of randomized
+control trial around the world and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial around the world and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial around the world and he
+and the Ford foundation and cgap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ford foundation and cgap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Ford foundation and cgap the
+World Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank
+microfinance ultrapur Arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance ultrapur Arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfinance ultrapur Arm
+kind of got that project together and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got that project together and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got that project together and I
+don't want to underestimate what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to underestimate what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to underestimate what this
+means to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to get uh
+six or six different organizations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or six different organizations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or six different organizations in
+six different countries with six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different countries with six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different countries with six
+different research teams to each conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different research teams to each conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different research teams to each conduct
+their project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project
+and together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together
+and what is interesting here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is interesting here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is interesting here is that
+there was really the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was really the the the the
+goal was really to estimate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was really to estimate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was really to estimate the same
+project but what does it mean to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but what does it mean to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but what does it mean to be the
+same project or you can't force people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same project or you can't force people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same project or you can't force people
+to do cows everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cows everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cows everywhere
+because the whole point is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point is that people
+can choose their assets uh so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose their assets uh so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose their assets uh so you need
+that to have a definition of same like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to have a definition of same like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to have a definition of same like
+what is same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is same
+and here the way they enforced that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the way they enforced that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the way they enforced that so
+the same nest in a way is by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same nest in a way is by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same nest in a way is by having
+people from all of the program meet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all of the program meet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all of the program meet in
+Paris every year I attended a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris every year I attended a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris every year I attended a few of
+these meetings where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meetings where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meetings where they were
+discussing exactly what they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing exactly what they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing exactly what they were doing
+the process they were following Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process they were following Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process they were following Etc so
+same is like a samness of spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is like a samness of spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is like a samness of spirit
+and then uh in you know embodied in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh in you know embodied in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh in you know embodied in a
+sense in different ways uh in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in different ways uh in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in different ways uh in different
+places uh with you know keeping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh with you know keeping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places uh with you know keeping of
+course the same element in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same element in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the same element in place
+identification uh the assets the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification uh the assets the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification uh the assets the other
+multifaceted support to go with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted support to go with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted support to go with it but
+then you know people for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know people for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know people for example the
+staff is paid very different amounts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is paid very different amounts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is paid very different amounts in
+different places the value of the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places the value of the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places the value of the assets
+is different in different places and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different in different places and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different in different places and so
+on and so forth but to arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth but to arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth but to arrive at the
+same program given the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same program given the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same program given the context
+so that's a first thing that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a first thing that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a first thing that that is
+worth mentioning uh and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning uh and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning uh and then uh the
+other thing that happened is that uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that happened is that uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that happened is that uh all
+of these different teams were conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different teams were conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different teams were conducting
+the projects separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects separately
+and uh instead of each writing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh instead of each writing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh instead of each writing their own
+paper a decision was me to write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a decision was me to write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a decision was me to write one
+paper which would have all of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which would have all of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which would have all of the data
+together precisely because that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together precisely because that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together precisely because that was
+supposed to be looking at you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be looking at you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be looking at you know what
+are the effects of a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the effects of a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the effects of a really
+heterogeneity and so on and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and so on and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and so on and therefore
+you needed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed one
+one kind of template and the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of template and the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of template and the nice thing
+about that as well is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well is that that
+addresses another aspect which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses another aspect which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses another aspect which is the
+cherry picking of Hazards of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking of Hazards of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picking of Hazards of course
+there you also have a lot of results but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you also have a lot of results but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you also have a lot of results but
+everybody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to
+everybody was running their own analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was running their own analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was running their own analysis
+separately and they had to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and they had to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and they had to follow the
+same template so the template is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same template so the template is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same template so the template is sort of
+given in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in advance
+so even though there are many outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though there are many outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though there are many outcomes
+and here you have outcomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have outcomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have outcomes that are
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+sort of there for everyone they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there for everyone they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there for everyone they are
+pre-established this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-established this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-established this is what the
+outcomes are going to be and it leaves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are going to be and it leaves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are going to be and it leaves a
+little very little place for her cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little very little place for her cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little very little place for her cherry
+picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking
+despite that you have a lot of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that you have a lot of outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that you have a lot of outcomes
+so to have something that is readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to have something that is readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to have something that is readable
+you end up doing something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up doing something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up doing something that is
+frequently done in particular in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently done in particular in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently done in particular in this
+type of project where you have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of project where you have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of project where you have various
+variable on food security for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on food security for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on food security for example
+did you eat did everybody ate yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you eat did everybody ate yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you eat did everybody ate yesterday
+did kids miss any meal did adult Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did kids miss any meal did adult Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did kids miss any meal did adult Miss
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+Etc which are so you form an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which are so you form an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which are so you form an index
+that indexed this component by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indexed this component by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indexed this component by
+standardizing each of the variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing each of the variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing each of the variable and
+then taking the average of them and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the average of them and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking the average of them and I'm
+not saying this is necessarily the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying this is necessarily the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying this is necessarily the best
+way to form an index but this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form an index but this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to form an index but this is how
+the literature I've evolved and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature I've evolved and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature I've evolved and this is
+kind of the standard way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the standard way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the standard way of doing it
+so so here are are the index that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here are are the index that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here are are the index that were
+used this is the first and line 15 month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this is the first and line 15 month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this is the first and line 15 month
+second online is at three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second online is at three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second online is at three years
+and you're showing so now it's expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're showing so now it's expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're showing so now it's expressed
+in uh in standard deviation of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in standard deviation of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in standard deviation of the of
+the mean directly even for things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean directly even for things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean directly even for things that
+are in in you know in money to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in you know in money to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in in you know in money to start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+and here again we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here again we find
+effects across the board on pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects across the board on pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects across the board on pretty much
+all of the outcome with effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the outcome with effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the outcome with effect for
+consumption is about 0.12 standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is about 0.12 standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is about 0.12 standard
+deviation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so
+um doesn't make them Bill Gates easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't make them Bill Gates easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't make them Bill Gates easier
+but it's an increase in uh an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an increase in uh an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an increase in uh an increase
+in consumption that stable over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in consumption that stable over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in consumption that stable over time
+this is a q value so that's uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a q value so that's uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a q value so that's uh what's
+the Q value to comparison to the p-value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's one way to account there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's one way to account there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's one way to account there
+are many there are many ways but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many there are many ways but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many there are many ways but it's
+one of the methods to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods to account for the
+fact that you have more than one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have more than one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have more than one thing
+that in being tested and in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in being tested and in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in being tested and in each of the
+tests are connected to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are connected to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are connected to each other so
+that's a false discovery of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a false discovery of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a false discovery of it uh
+adjusted p-value uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted p-value uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted p-value uh and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here it doesn't you know mess mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't you know mess mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't you know mess mess up
+too much with you because all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much with you because all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much with you because all of the
+outcomes tend to be uh tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes tend to be uh tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes tend to be uh tend to have
+similar impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar impact
+so that's Comfort the results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Comfort the results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Comfort the results of the
+black study showing impact at 1.5 and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black study showing impact at 1.5 and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black study showing impact at 1.5 and at
+three years that are not the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years that are not the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years that are not the impact
+don't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to be
+decreasing from one place to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's we already discussed that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we already discussed that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we already discussed that uh
+IT addresses some of the to that study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT addresses some of the to that study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT addresses some of the to that study
+addresses some of the shortcoming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses some of the shortcoming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses some of the shortcoming from
+the point of view of pure impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of pure impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of pure impact
+evaluation of being confident that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of being confident that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of being confident that that
+program might work not only in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program might work not only in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program might work not only in those
+sites but maybe in other sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but maybe in other sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites but maybe in other sites
+uh if we look at them then since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at them then since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at them then since we have
+many countries I showed you the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries I showed you the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries I showed you the effect
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+as if it was one giant regression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it was one giant regression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it was one giant regression here
+but in reality we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality we have a lot of
+countries uh so one thing we can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh so one thing we can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh so one thing we can do to
+start to look at the external validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at the external validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at the external validity
+is ask ourselves how do the results vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ask ourselves how do the results vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ask ourselves how do the results vary
+from country to Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from country to Country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from country to Country
+and you can see that they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they are actually
+pretty variable they appear to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty variable they appear to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty variable they appear to be pretty
+viable from country to Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable from country to Country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable from country to Country
+in particular in Honduras was a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in Honduras was a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in Honduras was a bit of a
+disaster you can give an exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster you can give an exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster you can give an exposed
+explanation for that in fact I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that in fact I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for that in fact I can give
+you the expression for that the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the expression for that the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the expression for that the main
+asset was chicken and all the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset was chicken and all the chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset was chicken and all the chicken
+died because of bird flu but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died because of bird flu but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died because of bird flu but you know
+that's exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exports
+um but that's true so that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's true so that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's true so that's those are
+but you see a variability in the funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see a variability in the funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see a variability in the funny
+story about the assets uh we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the assets uh we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the assets uh we were doing
+it in in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in India
+I was running the study in India and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was running the study in India and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was running the study in India and my
+my Indian quarter and I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Indian quarter and I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Indian quarter and I uh
+his name is we went to I mean I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is we went to I mean I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is we went to I mean I guess I
+visited his Indian too but but the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited his Indian too but but the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited his Indian too but but the guy
+who actually works in Kolkata we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually works in Kolkata we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually works in Kolkata we went to
+the field together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field together
+and they were about to hand chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were about to hand chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were about to hand chicken
+and it was like he went screaming so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like he went screaming so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like he went screaming so you
+cannot and this was before brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot and this was before brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot and this was before brought
+through but you cannot hand chicken they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you cannot hand chicken they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you cannot hand chicken they
+die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+uh and uh and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and the kind of
+Israeli convinced them almost went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli convinced them almost went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli convinced them almost went to
+the CEO of the organization to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO of the organization to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO of the organization to say that
+chicken should be ruled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken should be ruled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken should be ruled out
+and so they didn't do chicken they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they didn't do chicken they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they didn't do chicken they
+didn't really put it in the menu because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really put it in the menu because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really put it in the menu because
+they had been so popular but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had been so popular but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had been so popular but they
+thought they were dangerous and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were dangerous and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were dangerous and then
+this on the last result came out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the last result came out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the last result came out with
+all of the chicken having died yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's a great great Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a great great Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a great great Point uh
+which I will generalize a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will generalize a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will generalize a little bit so
+the question is whether a cash transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is whether a cash transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is whether a cash transfer
+why why do assets and not cash how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do assets and not cash how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do assets and not cash how do
+they compare do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare do we know that
+um this is of course this is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is of course this is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is of course this is a huge
+bundle thing so I'm now I'm going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle thing so I'm now I'm going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle thing so I'm now I'm going to I'm
+showing this reduced form effect and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this reduced form effect and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this reduced form effect and of
+doing everything together and showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything together and showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything together and showing
+that there is an impact and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an impact and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an impact and then we'll
+talk a bit about country heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about country heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about country heterogeneity
+but then there is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is the the
+once we kind of satisfy ourselves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we kind of satisfy ourselves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we kind of satisfy ourselves that
+there is an impact and maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an impact and maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an impact and maybe it's
+durable is where is it coming from could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable is where is it coming from could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable is where is it coming from could
+we take out some of the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take out some of the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take out some of the component of the
+program that are less effective could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that are less effective could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that are less effective could we
+go to cash and avoid this chicken issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to cash and avoid this chicken issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to cash and avoid this chicken issue
+or maybe increase this chicken issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe increase this chicken issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe increase this chicken issue
+um so we know some about that which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we know some about that which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we know some about that which I'll
+come to in a bit and then some is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to in a bit and then some is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to in a bit and then some is still
+full not fully unpacked but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full not fully unpacked but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full not fully unpacked but you're
+completely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right
+and that's another it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's another it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's another it's not the
+criticism of the validity of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of the validity of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of the validity of experiment
+but it's you know potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know potentially a
+criticism of this kind of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of this kind of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of this kind of experiment
+which are telling you this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are telling you this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are telling you this is my
+treatment that's its effect no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that's its effect no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that's its effect no this is
+all I can really tell you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I can really tell you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I can really tell you right now
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+it's kind of wet your appetite to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of wet your appetite to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of wet your appetite to say
+well where when your what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where when your what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where when your what's the
+mechanism why does it work the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism why does it work the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism why does it work the way it
+works and and do we really need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and and do we really need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and and do we really need to do
+all so from a policy point of view do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so from a policy point of view do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so from a policy point of view do I
+really need to do all of this from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do all of this from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do all of this from uh
+economics human behavior perspective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics human behavior perspective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics human behavior perspective is
+what have I learned once you told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I learned once you told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I learned once you told me
+that all of these things matter together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these things matter together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these things matter together
+so that's kind of the ultimate bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the ultimate bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the ultimate bundle
+experiment in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in that way
+so that's the assets that the income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the assets that the income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the assets that the income and
+revenue little bit more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue little bit more less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue little bit more less
+a diverse per capita consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diverse per capita consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diverse per capita consumption
+so so that's a question of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's a question of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's a question of interest in
+the people we just showed some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we just showed some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we just showed some of these
+different some of these Effects by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different some of these Effects by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different some of these Effects by
+country we present them in presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we present them in presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we present them in presentation
+but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+leave it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that
+now the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question we wanted to answer if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we wanted to answer if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we wanted to answer if we
+want to answer records question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to answer records question which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to answer records question which is
+do I learn from one experiment what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I learn from one experiment what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I learn from one experiment what's
+going to happen in the next site or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the next site or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the next site or in
+fact your point as well well your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact your point as well well your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact your point as well well your point
+adds this onto donating the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds this onto donating the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds this onto donating the experiment
+but what's the predictive power of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the predictive power of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the predictive power of one
+side to another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to another one
+is not complete it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not complete it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not complete it's not really
+sufficient to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to look at
+those type of graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those type of graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those type of graphs
+because when you run an experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you run an experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you run an experiment in
+different places so here we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places so here we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places so here we have six
+sides each site is different for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides each site is different for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides each site is different for two
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is
+um the treatment effect might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the treatment effect might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the treatment effect might be
+different fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fundamentally
+it might be higher in India than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be higher in India than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be higher in India than in
+Honduras number two there is noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras number two there is noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honduras number two there is noise in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+and the sample that you happen to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sample that you happen to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sample that you happen to have
+found in India might be different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in India might be different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in India might be different than
+the sample in Honduras both in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample in Honduras both in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample in Honduras both in treatment
+and control and that's just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and that's just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control and that's just you know
+every estimate comes with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every estimate comes with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every estimate comes with its own
+standard error so once I show different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error so once I show different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error so once I show different
+treatment effect this country by country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect this country by country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect this country by country
+treatment effect is a conflating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is a conflating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is a conflating these
+two sources of uncertainty so if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sources of uncertainty so if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sources of uncertainty so if someone
+shows you and said those treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you and said those treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you and said those treatment
+effects are quite different so maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are quite different so maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are quite different so maybe the
+next country would also have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next country would also have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next country would also have a very
+different effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not it's it's really it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's it's really it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's it's really it's really
+attributing the entire difference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing the entire difference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing the entire difference to
+heterogeneity and treatment effect when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and treatment effect when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and treatment effect when
+in fact there is also the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is also the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there is also the underlying
+noise in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the world
+so this is a bit uh that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit uh that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit uh that's not the
+answer you that's not the answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you that's not the answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you that's not the answer you
+need or want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need or want
+so the way to so you can't really solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to so you can't really solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to so you can't really solve
+this this problem without being willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem without being willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem without being willing
+to put a little bit more structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little bit more structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little bit more structure to
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+and one way to do this is by a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do this is by a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do this is by a method
+called by Asian hockey care analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by Asian hockey care analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by Asian hockey care analysis
+which Rachel Miguel who was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Rachel Miguel who was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Rachel Miguel who was a student
+here and is now at the at the LSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is now at the at the LSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and is now at the at the LSC
+started to to do first for micro credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to do first for micro credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to do first for micro credit
+studies and then I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then I'm going to show you
+how result that she just sent me off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how result that she just sent me off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how result that she just sent me off of
+the press to look at this this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press to look at this this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press to look at this this very
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+and the idea is to hear the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to hear the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to hear the structure of
+the basic structure on the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure on the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure on the problem and
+I'm not going to go to the detail of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go to the detail of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go to the detail of how
+you conduct the analysis it's a bit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conduct the analysis it's a bit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conduct the analysis it's a bit it's
+just computationally a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just computationally a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just computationally a little bit
+involved but what's important for now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but what's important for now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but what's important for now is
+that we understand the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand the concept
+the concept is going to say let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is going to say let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is going to say let's assume
+that the treatment that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment that there is a
+distribution of the placebo treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the placebo treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the placebo treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+and that distribution is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that distribution is normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that distribution is normal
+so the treatment effects are themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the treatment effects are themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the treatment effects are themselves
+drawn from a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a normal distribution
+and I'm trying to find out uh for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to find out uh for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to find out uh for each
+site uh the the treatment effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site uh the the treatment effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site uh the the treatment effect for
+that site as well as the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that site as well as the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that site as well as the variance of the
+treatment effect across site in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect across site in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect across site in the
+world in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in general
+right so that's the that's the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the that's the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the that's the the idea
+so if the variance in treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the variance in treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the variance in treatment effect
+is very very small of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very small of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very small of the of the
+distribution of the treatment effect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the treatment effect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the treatment effect to
+suggests that the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that the treatment effect
+itself is quite constant and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is quite constant and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is quite constant and therefore
+it's for example a very uh you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example a very uh you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example a very uh you know it's
+legitimate to pull all the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate to pull all the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate to pull all the data and
+estimate one pool treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate one pool treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate one pool treatment effect
+once you know that it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know that it's convenient
+because you can use information from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use information from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use information from all
+of the other country to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other country to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other country to increase the
+Precision of your estimate in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision of your estimate in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision of your estimate in any given
+site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+so the Precision of the estimate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Precision of the estimate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Precision of the estimate in
+India will increase a lot if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India will increase a lot if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India will increase a lot if you know
+that you can use Peru and Honduras Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use Peru and Honduras Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use Peru and Honduras Etc
+and also you can uh kind of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you can uh kind of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you can uh kind of form
+credibility interval which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility interval which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility interval which will be
+different from confidence interval but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from confidence interval but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from confidence interval but
+are the same context in prediction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same context in prediction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same context in prediction for
+the same for next for our next effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for next for our next effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for next for our next effect
+if on the other hand you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand you find that the
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+there is a huge variance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge variance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a huge variance in the
+treatment effect itself and not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect itself and not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect itself and not just the
+outcome then you know that it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome then you know that it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome then you know that it's there is
+heterogeneity it's not it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity it's not it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity it's not it's not very
+predictable and maybe you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and maybe you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and maybe you can try to
+predict that the originate itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the originate itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the originate itself but
+otherwise you know there is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know there is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know there is there
+inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration
+so that's the that's the idea what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the idea what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the idea what she
+found is that both in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that both in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that both in terms of the
+um so so these are the effects uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so these are the effects uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so these are the effects uh using
+uh just the effect from the pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just the effect from the pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just the effect from the pool
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+using the linear model so that's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear model so that's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear model so that's two to
+start with the result I already gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the result I already gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the result I already gave you
+assuming there is one treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there is one treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there is one treatment effect
+for the whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole world
+and this has a treatment effect in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a treatment effect in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a treatment effect in that
+in the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample
+with the with the hockey calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the hockey calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the hockey calculation
+model and you can see in this instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can see in this instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you can see in this instance
+the the confidence interval going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence interval going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the confidence interval going up
+reflecting uh heterogeneity in the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting uh heterogeneity in the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting uh heterogeneity in the site
+that I I was this is making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I was this is making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I was this is making the
+assumption that everyone has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that everyone has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that everyone has the same
+treatment effect this is not making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect this is not making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect this is not making that
+assumption anymore and and the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption anymore and and the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption anymore and and the that
+increase that decreases my confidence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that decreases my confidence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that decreases my confidence in
+the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+and now if I want to predict the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I want to predict the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I want to predict the next
+side so this is the uh the predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is the uh the predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is the uh the predictive
+effect so if I want to say what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if I want to say what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if I want to say what's my
+best estimate of the effect not in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate of the effect not in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimate of the effect not in my
+sample which is the effect here but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which is the effect here but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample which is the effect here but in
+any future sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any future sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any future sample
+uh the um the predictive effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the predictive effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the predictive effects are
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+um quite wide The credibility intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite wide The credibility intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite wide The credibility intervals
+are quite large which reflects a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large which reflects a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large which reflects a large
+variability in the treatment effect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the treatment effect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the treatment effect from
+side to side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to side
+so here the the fact that we saw already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the fact that we saw already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the fact that we saw already
+in the graph that the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph that the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph that the treatment effect
+seems to be going all over the place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be going all over the place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be going all over the place uh
+reflects uh some real heterogeneity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh some real heterogeneity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh some real heterogeneity as
+opposed to noise in the data you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to noise in the data you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to noise in the data you know so
+what's the each treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the each treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the each treatment effect is
+estimating relatively precisely for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating relatively precisely for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating relatively precisely for that
+country but it happened to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but it happened to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but it happened to be different
+from side to side so my predictability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side to side so my predictability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side to side so my predictability
+of the next site is not that good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next site is not that good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next site is not that good that
+said despite that uh most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said despite that uh most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said despite that uh most of them are
+positive uh even with that it originates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh even with that it originates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh even with that it originates
+so this result by the way are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this result by the way are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this result by the way are different
+from what she found for micro credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what she found for micro credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what she found for micro credit
+where she found a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she found a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she found a lot of a lot of
+pooling where she found that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling where she found that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling where she found that basically
+it's a nice big fat zero or regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice big fat zero or regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice big fat zero or regardless
+Where You Are here we have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where You Are here we have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where You Are here we have positive
+effect but but viable yep what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but but viable yep what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but but viable yep what is the
+point estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimation
+oh because uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because uh the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+here you're making the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're making the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're making the assumption that
+the the effect is the same um everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effect is the same um everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effect is the same um everywhere
+therefore one observation is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore one observation is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore one observation is one
+observation is one observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is one observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is one observation
+whereas here you're not making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here you're not making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here you're not making that
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+uh you you you so when you estimate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you so when you estimate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you so when you estimate your
+effect you're not making the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you're not making the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you're not making the assumption
+that you can just run the regression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just run the regression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just run the regression uh
+all pulled you are using you are get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pulled you are using you are get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pulled you are using you are get
+basically getting an average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting an average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting an average of the
+different treatment effects where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment effects where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment effects where the
+weights doesn't don't don't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights doesn't don't don't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights doesn't don't don't become
+anymore we like one per observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so in the rest of the so far an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the rest of the so far an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the rest of the so far an
+existing paper but I can send you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing paper but I can send you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing paper but I can send you the
+slide deck to start with what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck to start with what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck to start with what they are
+doing is to try and see whether they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to try and see whether they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to try and see whether they can
+explain some a fraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some a fraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain some a fraction of that
+heterogeneity by the heterogeneity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity by the heterogeneity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity by the heterogeneity by
+covariates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates
+can you predict is the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you predict is the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you predict is the fact that in
+other words can you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words can you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words can you use the
+heterogeneity and treatment effect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and treatment effect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and treatment effect by
+covariates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariates
+to predict etymology and treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict etymology and treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict etymology and treatment
+effect at across sites based on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at across sites based on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at across sites based on the fact
+that the covariate of the sample was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the covariate of the sample was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the covariate of the sample was
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so they are
+basically saying well the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying well the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying well the treatment
+affects the do they differ by people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the do they differ by people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the do they differ by people to
+to what extent do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent do they
+and then to what extent does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to what extent does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to what extent does that
+explain by difference in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain by difference in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain by difference in treatment
+effect and the answer is not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the answer is not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the answer is not that much
+simply because we are not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we are not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we are not very good at
+using the covariate to predicting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the covariate to predicting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the covariate to predicting to
+predict different treatment effects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict different treatment effects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict different treatment effects in
+this case even within countries and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case even within countries and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case even within countries and that
+I know for having tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know for having tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know for having tried
+so that's the you if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the you if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the you if you're interested
+I'll I'll without permission uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll without permission uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll without permission uh I'll
+defuse the slide I think she'll give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defuse the slide I think she'll give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defuse the slide I think she'll give me
+permission since she sends me this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission since she sends me this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission since she sends me this right
+for this and you can you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and you can you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and you can you can see a
+little bit what what she does it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what what she does it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what what she does it's not
+uh it's not complete but it will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not complete but it will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not complete but it will be at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay so anyway even despite so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway even despite so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway even despite so that's an
+interesting point I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I think for
+heterogeneity because uh this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity because uh this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity because uh this is really
+the first paper where I see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper where I see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper where I see a lot of
+Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+being demonstrated even in a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being demonstrated even in a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being demonstrated even in a program
+that in general works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general works
+uh in terms of cost benefits uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of cost benefits uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of cost benefits uh this
+program is super expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is super expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is super expensive
+so it's only worth it if the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only worth it if the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's only worth it if the benefits
+persist in the into the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist in the into the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist in the into the future
+uh if you look at the first paper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the first paper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at the first paper the
+consumption increase is about 11 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption increase is about 11 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption increase is about 11 percent
+in bandias paper so in order to do cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bandias paper so in order to do cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bandias paper so in order to do cost
+benefit analysis they assume that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis they assume that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis they assume that then
+this effect lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the of course the depression rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the of course the depression rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the of course the depression rate of
+benefits is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits is key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits is key
+so this is whether or not this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is whether or not this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is whether or not this is a
+poverty trap becomes key also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap becomes key also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap becomes key also for
+whether it's the program was doing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the program was doing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the program was doing not
+just because we're interested in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we're interested in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we're interested in it
+um this is for the uh this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is for the uh this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is for the uh this is from the
+science paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science paper
+where we are looking at the sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are looking at the sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are looking at the sensitivity
+to a different discount rate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different discount rate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different discount rate time
+Horizon and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon and and
+benefits and calculating for how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and calculating for how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and calculating for how long
+the uh the benefits need to last in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the benefits need to last in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the benefits need to last in
+order for the program to be uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the program to be uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the program to be uh to be
+cost effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost effective
+and the point of that table which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of that table which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of that table which you
+can look in more details at your leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look in more details at your leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look in more details at your leisure
+is that if the benefits were to persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the benefits were to persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the benefits were to persist
+despite the program being extremely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the program being extremely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the program being extremely uh
+expensive it's it's very cost effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it's it's very cost effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it's it's very cost effective
+but if they were to decline after four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they were to decline after four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they were to decline after four
+years then it would not be obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then it would not be obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then it would not be obviously
+then it becomes a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes a very interesting
+empirical question and let's tie to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical question and let's tie to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical question and let's tie to our
+poverty trophies do they persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trophies do they persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trophies do they persist
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh we looked at this uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we looked at this uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we looked at this uh with the
+visit and with garima uh who is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and with garima uh who is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and with garima uh who is in the
+program here in West Bengal after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here in West Bengal after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here in West Bengal after the
+three-year survey we received at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year survey we received at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year survey we received at seven
+years and then at 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then at 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and then at 10 years
+and here is one of the uh the graph for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is one of the uh the graph for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is one of the uh the graph for
+consumption where you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption where you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption where you see that the
+treatment effect actually grows between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect actually grows between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect actually grows between
+year three and year seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year three and year seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year three and year seven
+and then becomes and then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then becomes and then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then becomes and then he's
+persistent mostly persistent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent mostly persistent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent mostly persistent between
+your uh year seven and year 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh year seven and year 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh year seven and year 10.
+so this is in a context where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in a context where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in a context where there was
+economic growth so the control Guru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth so the control Guru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth so the control Guru
+where the treatment grew faster most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the treatment grew faster most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the treatment grew faster most of
+the good treatment become faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good treatment become faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good treatment become faster
+so the control level Grew From 1.8 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the control level Grew From 1.8 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the control level Grew From 1.8 to
+2.9 and the treatment effect in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9 and the treatment effect in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.9 and the treatment effect in terms of
+standard deviation it actually jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation it actually jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation it actually jumped
+between year three and seven to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between year three and seven to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between year three and seven to point
+seven standard deviation and still 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven standard deviation and still 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven standard deviation and still 0.6
+after 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 10 years
+so that's uh shows some persistent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh shows some persistent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh shows some persistent of
+effect which means that when we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which means that when we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which means that when we actually
+redo the cost benefit analysis for India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the cost benefit analysis for India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the cost benefit analysis for India
+with this new data it's actually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new data it's actually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this new data it's actually much
+more favorable than it was done at year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favorable than it was done at year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favorable than it was done at year
+three because the the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because the the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because the the treatment effect
+and it didn't vanish and didn't decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't vanish and didn't decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't vanish and didn't decline
+so in fact by year 10 even if the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact by year 10 even if the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact by year 10 even if the effect
+were going to disappear fully uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to disappear fully uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to disappear fully uh the
+treatment the program is is worth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the program is is worth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the program is is worth as
+paid off for itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid off for itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid off for itself
+so this is from income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from income
+uh in the we're also looking at costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the we're also looking at costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the we're also looking at costs
+across outcomes and we uh using again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across outcomes and we uh using again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across outcomes and we uh using again
+nicely we have a nice sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely we have a nice sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely we have a nice sort of
+pre-analysis plan given to us by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan given to us by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-analysis plan given to us by the
+fact that we are following an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are following an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are following an existing
+paper so we don't invent anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so we don't invent anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so we don't invent anything we
+redo the same table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the same table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the same table
+uh so the people are also nicely writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the people are also nicely writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the people are also nicely writes
+itself and you're finding uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you're finding uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you're finding uh the the
+treatment effect to persist over time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect to persist over time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect to persist over time of
+um with the exclusion of with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the exclusion of with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the exclusion of with the
+exception of financial inclusion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of financial inclusion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of financial inclusion which
+is mainly whether people borrow or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mainly whether people borrow or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mainly whether people borrow or not
+where we kind of never really had much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we kind of never really had much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we kind of never really had much
+of an impact in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an impact in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an impact in the first place
+uh in that paper we discussed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that paper we discussed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that paper we discussed so
+interestingly the effect on on physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the effect on on physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the effect on on physical
+assets that people have the clients have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that people have the clients have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that people have the clients have
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+we are first increasing and then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are first increasing and then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are first increasing and then went
+back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+so we discussed and another thing we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed and another thing we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed and another thing we see
+is that uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh what you
+these people are getting quite old who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are getting quite old who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are getting quite old who
+got the first transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first transfer
+so a lot of them are sort of also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of them are sort of also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of them are sort of also uh
+slowly retiring and winding down their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly retiring and winding down their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly retiring and winding down their
+business what we saw in India between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business what we saw in India between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business what we saw in India between
+the first the the first and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the first and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the first and the second
+landline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landline
+uh and then sitting online and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sitting online and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then sitting online and the third
+is people diversifying out of cow into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people diversifying out of cow into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people diversifying out of cow into
+non into non-agricultural businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non into non-agricultural businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non into non-agricultural businesses
+like uh small business and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh small business and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh small business and stuff like
+that right we saw them doing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we saw them doing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we saw them doing between
+this wave and that wave is winding down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave and that wave is winding down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave and that wave is winding down
+the business and sending migrants out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business and sending migrants out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business and sending migrants out
+out there and in particular sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and in particular sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and in particular sending
+migrants faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrants faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrants faster
+so to answer the question about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to answer the question about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to answer the question about what's
+the mechanism we make an assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism we make an assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism we make an assumption we
+make a a guest here a context here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a a guest here a context here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a a guest here a context here which
+we are it seems to be burned out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are it seems to be burned out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are it seems to be burned out by the
+data we have is that the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have is that the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have is that the way in which
+you actually have Persistence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have Persistence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have Persistence of this
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+is first by diversification from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first by diversification from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first by diversification from
+agriculture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture to
+non-agricultural businesses and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-agricultural businesses and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-agricultural businesses and then
+from small business to actually uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small business to actually uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small business to actually uh more
+stable wage work via the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable wage work via the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable wage work via the following
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+which moves uh for a longer period for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which moves uh for a longer period for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which moves uh for a longer period for
+further further away and earns more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further further away and earns more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further further away and earns more
+money as they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these programs have highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these programs have highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these programs have highly
+heterogeneous effect we saw it by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous effect we saw it by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous effect we saw it by by
+country I only showed you that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I only showed you that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I only showed you that by
+countries they have super heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they have super heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they have super heterogeneous
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+and we also see it by people uh so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also see it by people uh so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also see it by people uh so these
+are now within this is Bangladesh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now within this is Bangladesh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now within this is Bangladesh so
+this is within a particular country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is within a particular country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is within a particular country
+the quantile treatment effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantile treatment effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantile treatment effect so
+remember it's not the effect on the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's not the effect on the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's not the effect on the it's
+not the the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the the distribution of the
+treatment effect but it's how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but it's how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but it's how the the
+distribution affect the affect the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution affect the affect the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution affect the affect the uh
+distribution of assets or consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of assets or consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of assets or consumption
+expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure
+and what you're seeing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're seeing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're seeing is that the
+effect at the low quantile are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at the low quantile are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at the low quantile are not very
+large and they keep the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and they keep the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and they keep the effect on the
+highest Quantum uh highest are higher we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest Quantum uh highest are higher we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest Quantum uh highest are higher we
+find the same thing in or in India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the same thing in or in India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the same thing in or in India and
+people find the same thing everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find the same thing everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find the same thing everywhere
+that the treatment effect tends to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment effect tends to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment effect tends to be to
+Once uh the highest Quantum with uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once uh the highest Quantum with uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once uh the highest Quantum with uh less
+effect at the lowest quantile of the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at the lowest quantile of the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect at the lowest quantile of the at
+moving the lowest quantity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the lowest quantity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the lowest quantity of the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+on the other hand as I said before an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand as I said before an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand as I said before an
+effort to link that to observable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to link that to observable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to link that to observable is not
+very successful so the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful so the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful so the effect of
+hydrogenation is not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenation is not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenation is not very clear
+initially how why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a key question uh for the future from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a key question uh for the future from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a key question uh for the future from
+a program perspective is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program perspective is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program perspective is how do you
+identify people with a very high return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify people with a very high return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify people with a very high return
+and that's the same thing as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same thing as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same thing as in the
+micro credit business where even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit business where even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro credit business where even though
+they're on average as we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on average as we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on average as we are going to
+see when we study credit treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when we study credit treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when we study credit treatment
+effects of programs are zero they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of programs are zero they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of programs are zero they are
+quantile treatment effects that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effects that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile treatment effects that are very
+different at different quantile some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at different quantile some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at different quantile some
+people seem to benefit how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to benefit how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to benefit how do you know
+who they are to Target them and in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they are to Target them and in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they are to Target them and in a way
+they El Chapo have that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they El Chapo have that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they El Chapo have that as well
+in our case this is a project that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case this is a project that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case this is a project that is a
+question that is even made even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that is even made even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that is even made even more
+interesting by the fact that this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting by the fact that this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting by the fact that this is our
+you know this is motivated by poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is motivated by poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is motivated by poverty
+trap and we kind of have an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and we kind of have an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and we kind of have an idea of
+maybe something that could say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something that could say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something that could say that you
+get huge effect or you don't which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get huge effect or you don't which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get huge effect or you don't which is uh
+um do you get out of the poverty trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you get out of the poverty trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you get out of the poverty trap
+for this persistent effect or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this persistent effect or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this persistent effect or not
+so uh that coup who did the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that coup who did the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that coup who did the uh the
+Bangladesh program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bangladesh program
+along with Claire baloney who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with Claire baloney who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with Claire baloney who is
+teaching on the part in our department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching on the part in our department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching on the part in our department
+as you as you know and Mike who joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you know and Mike who joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you know and Mike who joined
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+try to look at exactly that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at exactly that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at exactly that question
+so it's really one of the first serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really one of the first serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really one of the first serious
+attempts that I know of to draw a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts that I know of to draw a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts that I know of to draw a kind
+of s-cover to see whether they ask of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s-cover to see whether they ask of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s-cover to see whether they ask of at
+the individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual level
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and some people have been quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people have been quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people have been quite
+skeptical that those existence there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical that those existence there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical that those existence there is
+a people by Mackenzie on small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a people by Mackenzie on small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a people by Mackenzie on small
+businesses showing I don't see any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses showing I don't see any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses showing I don't see any of
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+but with an observational data of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with an observational data of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with an observational data of course
+uh what's the main problem is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the main problem is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the main problem is trying to
+draw and ask her with observational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and ask her with observational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and ask her with observational
+leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is it that you might not find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it that you might not find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it that you might not find it
+in observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if you do have disaster then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you do have disaster then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you do have disaster then
+intersecting the 45 degree line uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting the 45 degree line uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting the 45 degree line uh that
+steady state is unstable so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state is unstable so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state is unstable so in
+a cross-section actually over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross-section actually over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross-section actually over there
+exactly nobody is there it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly nobody is there it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly nobody is there it would be like
+an accident that you find even a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that you find even a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that you find even a few
+people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there
+and therefore you shouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you shouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you shouldn't be able to
+capture it in observational data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in observational data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in observational data in the
+real world if you really believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if you really believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if you really believe the
+believe the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the model
+unless you know the escrow was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know the escrow was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know the escrow was actually
+individual specific and you kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual specific and you kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual specific and you kind of uh
+people were moved it seems that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were moved it seems that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were moved it seems that in fact
+you should never see people with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never see people with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never see people with a very
+very high return range because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high return range because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high return range because they
+would have moved out of it by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have moved out of it by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have moved out of it by now
+so in a real world you might be you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a real world you might be you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a real world you might be you will
+be able to draw a curve linking Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw a curve linking Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw a curve linking Capital
+today to Capital tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to Capital tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to Capital tomorrow
+but that curve is going to reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that curve is going to reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that curve is going to reflect the
+heterogeneity of where the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of where the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity of where the those
+threshold might be located as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold might be located as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold might be located as opposed to
+whether that threshold exist or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that threshold exist or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that threshold exist or not
+that's pretty big problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty big problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty big problems
+so why uh the Ultra Pro Program help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why uh the Ultra Pro Program help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why uh the Ultra Pro Program help us
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is that and in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what would have been the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what would have been the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what would have been the ideal
+experiment if if testing this S curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if if testing this S curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment if if testing this S curve
+had been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been uh
+the ultimate goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate goal
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you have different amount of money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different amount of money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different amount of money or
+Goods to different people exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to different people exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to different people exactly so
+different amount of money to people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of money to people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of money to people who
+start from the same assets would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the same assets would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the same assets would have
+been the ideal thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the ideal thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the ideal thing to do
+oh this is not what was done here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is not what was done here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is not what was done here that's
+a true True Life program and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true True Life program and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true True Life program and they were
+probably not about to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not about to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not about to do that
+but you have something that is getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have something that is getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have something that is getting a
+little bit close to that is people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit close to that is people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit close to that is people were
+distributed whichever way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed whichever way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed whichever way
+and then they got these assets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they got these assets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they got these assets and then
+the asset would have been small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset would have been small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset would have been small enough
+or large enough or not depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or large enough or not depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or large enough or not depending on how
+poor they were to put them over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor they were to put them over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor they were to put them over the
+threshold or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold or not
+so enough to do this exercise you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enough to do this exercise you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enough to do this exercise you have
+to be you have to really believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you have to really believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you have to really believe the
+model because you have to believe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because you have to believe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because you have to believe there
+is one threshold out of which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one threshold out of which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one threshold out of which you know
+that people can jump over or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can jump over or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can jump over or not
+otherwise you would it be hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would it be hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you would it be hard to find
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+there's also one steady state and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also one steady state and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also one steady state and one
+profession and like now we are allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and like now we are allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession and like now we are allowing
+people to have different set of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have different set of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have different set of States
+like assuming that they still have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assuming that they still have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assuming that they still have one
+pressure to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to pass
+I think in the model there is uh or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the model there is uh or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the model there is uh or two
+steady States one low one one Higher One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States one low one one Higher One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States one low one one Higher One
+One unstable steady state or two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One unstable steady state or two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One unstable steady state or two three
+including an unstable one and I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an unstable one and I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an unstable one and I think in
+the view of the real world also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of the real world also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of the real world also there
+are only uh everyone faces the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only uh everyone faces the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only uh everyone faces the same
+thing but then they are shocked which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but then they are shocked which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but then they are shocked which
+means that at the given point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at the given point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at the given point in time
+they end up they have end up one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up they have end up one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up they have end up one way or
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+you know remember in fact I think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember in fact I think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remember in fact I think I have
+a I have a I I have they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I have a I I have they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I have a I I have they have a
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+this is the distribution of assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of assets
+and I would say no no there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say no no there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say no no there are two
+there are in the modern stable steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the modern stable steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the modern stable steady
+state and two stable city state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and two stable city state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and two stable city state
+in a real world so what I should see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real world so what I should see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real world so what I should see is
+that there are a lot of people at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a lot of people at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a lot of people at each
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+and then not too many people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then not too many people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then not too many people in the
+meantime but if there are shops that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime but if there are shops that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime but if there are shops that I'm
+alarming I don't need the experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming I don't need the experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming I don't need the experiment to
+begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+oh yeah but the point is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah but the point is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah but the point is that they are
+shocked combined with the fact that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked combined with the fact that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked combined with the fact that so
+it's not saying that you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that you'll never
+observe anyone in the unstable statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe anyone in the unstable statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe anyone in the unstable statistic
+but you won't see very many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't see very many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't see very many people
+so it's going to be very difficult to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be very difficult to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be very difficult to to
+catch them it's not so here is the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch them it's not so here is the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch them it's not so here is the curve
+and I think that that's that's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that's that's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that's that's really a
+beautiful graph in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graph in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graph in a sense of
+I don't know if it would have occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it would have occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it would have occur to
+me that you can even try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that you can even try to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that you can even try to do that
+which is to say well let me take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say well let me take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say well let me take the
+theory super seriously there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory super seriously there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory super seriously there are two
+steady States therefore I should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States therefore I should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States therefore I should see
+people with two levels of assets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with two levels of assets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with two levels of assets the
+high level and the low level and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level and the low level and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level and the low level and let me
+draw the distribution and and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the distribution and and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the distribution and and sure
+enough they have this bimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they have this bimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they have this bimodal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+so then even a world where or this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then even a world where or this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then even a world where or this this
+seems to be a world where that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a world where that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a world where that thing
+actually exists and is relatively clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists and is relatively clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists and is relatively clear
+what is the what is the steady state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the steady state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the steady state and
+then they are shocks which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are shocks which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are shocks which means that
+you don't see nobody but you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see nobody but you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see nobody but you don't see
+very many people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many people there
+and then once we have that then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we have that then I think
+we went through this already or this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through this already or this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through this already or this is
+small we can now add the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can now add the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can now add the value of the
+the asset it's quite small uh so we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset it's quite small uh so we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset it's quite small uh so we add
+the medium value of a cow and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium value of a cow and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium value of a cow and now
+suddenly we find a bunch of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly we find a bunch of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly we find a bunch of people in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+and in a sense that we are lucky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense that we are lucky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense that we are lucky because
+the transfer was such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer was such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer was such that
+given you know from the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you know from the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you know from the people who were
+very very poor to start with the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poor to start with the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very poor to start with the uh a
+lot of them were just to the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them were just to the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them were just to the left or
+just to the right of the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the right of the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the right of the threshold
+and now we can run that curve so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can run that curve so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can run that curve so this is
+a treatment group and this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment group and this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment group and this is saying
+that secure we already saw in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that secure we already saw in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that secure we already saw in the first
+class exactly Bravo this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exactly Bravo this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class exactly Bravo this is pretty
+impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+which is let me show this is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let me show this is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let me show this is just you
+know this is a non-parametric regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a non-parametric regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a non-parametric regression
+this is not there's no magic there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not there's no magic there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not there's no magic there no
+rabbit has come out of the Hat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit has come out of the Hat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit has come out of the Hat that's
+the data showing that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data showing that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data showing that this is the
+Baseline productive asset so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline productive asset so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline productive asset so in the
+treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group
+and in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the uh
+Baseline productive asset in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline productive asset in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline productive asset in the control
+group so the treatment is the asset they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so the treatment is the asset they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so the treatment is the asset they
+had at Baseline plus the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at Baseline plus the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at Baseline plus the value of the
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+and now you're able to do this curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're able to do this curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're able to do this curve and
+you can draw it because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw it because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw it because you have
+sufficient Mass on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient Mass on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient Mass on both sides
+and by contract if you try to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by contract if you try to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by contract if you try to do that in
+the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group
+you only find one unique steady state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only find one unique steady state uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only find one unique steady state uh
+maybe there is that other studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is that other studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is that other studies that
+we can't catch it because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't catch it because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't catch it because there is no
+nobody there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody there
+and then there is so you can turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is so you can turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is so you can turn that
+into a regression exercise and to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a regression exercise and to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a regression exercise and to say
+um they find Delta I as the different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they find Delta I as the different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they find Delta I as the different in
+assets and then K star the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and then K star the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and then K star the threshold
+level of capital which they estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of capital which they estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of capital which they estimate
+from that regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that regression
+and is it the case that people go faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it the case that people go faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it the case that people go faster
+when they when they are Level plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they are Level plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they are Level plus
+treatment is above the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is above the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is above the the
+threshold in the treatment Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in the treatment Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in the treatment Villages
+compared to the control Villages because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the control Villages because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the control Villages because
+the the asset level plus treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the asset level plus treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the asset level plus treatment is
+just their asset level so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just their asset level so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just their asset level so they don't
+benefit from the they don't benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the they don't benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the they don't benefit from
+that so that gives you a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that gives you a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that gives you a regression
+which exploits your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exploits your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exploits your experiment
+uh so you're saying that in treatment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're saying that in treatment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're saying that in treatment if
+you end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up being
+if you if your own asset level plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if your own asset level plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if your own asset level plus the
+transfer puts you above the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer puts you above the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer puts you above the threshold
+you have fast growth in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fast growth in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fast growth in capital
+but not in control because the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in control because the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in control because the treatment
+you didn't get so it you know you above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get so it you know you above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get so it you know you above
+but you didn't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't get it
+uh and then we can put the two sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we can put the two sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we can put the two sample
+together and run this as an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that's where I'm going to leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's where I'm going to leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's where I'm going to leave it
+for today the next question of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today the next question of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today the next question of course is
+where does that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from
+and we know it's not food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it's not food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know it's not food
+we know it's not credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's not credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's not credit
+so the question is what it is and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of a lot of of we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of a lot of of we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of a lot of of we're going to
+continue talking about that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue talking about that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue talking about that in fact
+we're going to continue talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue talking about
+next week because you are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week because you are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week because you are going to talk
+to yogena Frank is going to come for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yogena Frank is going to come for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yogena Frank is going to come for two
+lectures to to talk about behavioral art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to to talk about behavioral art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to to talk about behavioral art
+and one of the potential explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the potential explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the potential explanation is
+that it has more to do with psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has more to do with psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has more to do with psychology
+with various aspects of the psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various aspects of the psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various aspects of the psychology
+of poverty which might have impacts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poverty which might have impacts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poverty which might have impacts that
+are functionally equivalent to the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functionally equivalent to the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functionally equivalent to the ideas
+that we're in the nutrition-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in the nutrition-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in the nutrition-based
+poverty trap that comes from people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap that comes from people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap that comes from people's
+reasoning as opposed to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning as opposed to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning as opposed to something else
+and then we are going to see it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see it again
+when you talk about Labor markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about Labor markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about Labor markets
+because some of this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of this could be
+productivity of labor but we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of labor but we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of labor but we now know
+that at least for the ultrapore there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least for the ultrapore there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least for the ultrapore there
+might be something like that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something like that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be something like that which is
+really at Play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at Play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at Play
+and so that should be give us even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that should be give us even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that should be give us even more
+energy and motivation to find what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and motivation to find what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and motivation to find what it
+it's that can be at play hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that can be at play hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that can be at play hence the
+unpacking that is also going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking that is also going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking that is also going to come up
+uh in other uh at several points we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other uh at several points we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other uh at several points we're
+gonna be have chance to unpack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be have chance to unpack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be have chance to unpack the
+ultrapore program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore program
+thank you that's it for today and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's it for today and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's it for today and I will
+so Monday next week will be frank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Monday next week will be frank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Monday next week will be frank and
+I'll see you again in the following week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o10QADeeK04.txt b/o10QADeeK04.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e938bd4e4045e2dbb1d7251d69abccfaecf150b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o10QADeeK04.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we think of the born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think of the born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think of the born
+approximation well we can imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well we can imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well we can imagine a
+diagrammatic expression when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic expression when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrammatic expression when we use
+propagators propagators are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators propagators are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators propagators are things that
+take away take a signal and propagate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away take a signal and propagate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away take a signal and propagate it
+in some directions so think of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some directions so think of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some directions so think of your
+scattering Center here and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Center here and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Center here and of course we
+were supposed to look far away but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to look far away but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to look far away but I
+don't have enough room in the blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough room in the blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough room in the blackboard
+I'll take this point to be far away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take this point to be far away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take this point to be far away and
+now what does it say this this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it say this this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it say this this equation
+it says that the first born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the first born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the first born
+approximation you must you get at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you must you get at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you must you get at are
+the incident wave the incident wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave the incident wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave the incident wave has
+reached R this is the incident wave at R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached R this is the incident wave at R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached R this is the incident wave at R
+so I will represent this as a wave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will represent this as a wave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will represent this as a wave that
+reaches the point R that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the point R that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the point R that's the first
+term on the right hand side a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side a line
+reaching our because a wave has come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching our because a wave has come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching our because a wave has come in
+that direction reached our on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction reached our on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction reached our on the other
+hand this is a little different what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is a little different what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is a little different what is
+the physical interpretation of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical interpretation of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical interpretation of this term
+this is a wave that reached our prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wave that reached our prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wave that reached our prime
+and this wave was shaken by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wave was shaken by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wave was shaken by the
+potential and created the source as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and created the source as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and created the source as if
+the potential at our prime was a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential at our prime was a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential at our prime was a medium
+the wave reached our prime shook the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave reached our prime shook the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave reached our prime shook the
+potential and then a wave appeared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then a wave appeared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then a wave appeared that
+was propagated by the propagator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was propagated by the propagator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was propagated by the propagator the
+greens function it took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens function it took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens function it took it
+our prime it took it to our so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prime it took it to our so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prime it took it to our so our
+interpretation of this diagrammatical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this diagrammatical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this diagrammatical is
+that another part of the incoming wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another part of the incoming wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another part of the incoming wave
+came here and got to the point our prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here and got to the point our prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here and got to the point our prime
+at the point our prime it interacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point our prime it interacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point our prime it interacted
+with the potential which is a medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potential which is a medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potential which is a medium and
+out came a wave in the direction of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and reach there and our prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach there and our prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach there and our prime is
+supposed to be integrated but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be integrated but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be integrated but that's
+kind of in the figure so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the figure so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the figure so this is the
+zeroth order term this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order term this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order term this is the first
+order term wave that reaches our prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term wave that reaches our prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term wave that reaches our prime
+wave that reaches that thick now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that reaches that thick now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that reaches that thick now I can
+include the second term I could include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the second term I could include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the second term I could include
+it in this diagram but I would confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this diagram but I would confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this diagram but I would confuse
+things so let's draw another one my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let's draw another one my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let's draw another one my
+thing doesn't look the same I won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't look the same I won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't look the same I won't get
+it to look the same doesn't matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to look the same doesn't matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to look the same doesn't matter here
+is our still and what is our second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our still and what is our second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our still and what is our second way
+of doing our second wave we could put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing our second wave we could put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing our second wave we could put it
+here and imagine that you have here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and imagine that you have here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and imagine that you have here they
+eat to the I K R so here you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat to the I K R so here you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat to the I K R so here you would have
+e to the I K dot R double prime so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I K dot R double prime so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I K dot R double prime so the
+wave reaches the point R double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave reaches the point R double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave reaches the point R double prime
+which is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from the point R double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the point R double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the point R double Prime
+it interacts with the medium that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with the medium that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with the medium that's that
+heavy dot and gets propagated into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy dot and gets propagated into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy dot and gets propagated into our
+prime which is also inside the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is also inside the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is also inside the material
+so another wave and here is our Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another wave and here is our Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another wave and here is our Prime
+and once it's propagated into our Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it's propagated into our Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it's propagated into our Prime
+it interacts with a material you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with a material you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with a material you that's
+the heavy dot and gets propagated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy dot and gets propagated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy dot and gets propagated into
+our so that's a second-order Fineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so that's a second-order Fineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so that's a second-order Fineman
+diagram the zeroth order first Fineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the zeroth order first Fineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the zeroth order first Fineman
+diagram the wave just reaches first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the wave just reaches first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the wave just reaches first
+order the wave comes interacts once with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the wave comes interacts once with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the wave comes interacts once with
+the potential and re-emits a wave over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and re-emits a wave over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential and re-emits a wave over
+here second order comes here interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second order comes here interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second order comes here interact
+with the potential emits a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potential emits a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the potential emits a wave
+interacts at another point emits another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts at another point emits another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts at another point emits another
+wave and gets to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and gets to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and gets to you
+that's a pictorial description of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pictorial description of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pictorial description of a
+boring approximation which makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring approximation which makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring approximation which makes it
+intuitive makes it clear it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive makes it clear it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive makes it clear it is like
+Fineman diagrams of field theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman diagrams of field theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fineman diagrams of field theory in
+which you have some set of initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have some set of initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have some set of initial state
+subset of final States and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of final States and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of final States and you start
+defining the ways the particles arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the ways the particles arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the ways the particles arrange
+themselves up if you have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up if you have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up if you have an electron
+and a photon scattering you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a photon scattering you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a photon scattering you have an
+electron here and a photon scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and a photon scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and a photon scattering
+and then photon an electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then photon an electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then photon an electron out
+scattering what do they do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering what do they do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering what do they do and then
+finally method you think okay they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally method you think okay they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally method you think okay they do
+all what they can possibly do they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what they can possibly do they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what they can possibly do they can
+get the photon interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the photon interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the photon interacts with the
+electron the electron propagates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron propagates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron propagates and
+re-emits a photon or it may be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-emits a photon or it may be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-emits a photon or it may be that the
+photon gets emitted first and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon gets emitted first and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon gets emitted first and then the
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+coming photon hits the other place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming photon hits the other place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming photon hits the other place and
+it goes that way all these things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes that way all these things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes that way all these things can
+happen and here you have all the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and here you have all the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and here you have all the ways in
+which the waves can scatter and re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the waves can scatter and re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the waves can scatter and re
+scatter back to reach the observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter back to reach the observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter back to reach the observer
+basically you're finding all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're finding all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're finding all possible
+waves the wave interact with the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the wave interact with the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the wave interact with the medium
+and reach you and that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach you and that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach you and that's a very
+intuitive way you think of it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way you think of it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way you think of it there's a
+material that you're there how does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you're there how does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you're there how does what
+do I get well you get the waves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get well you get the waves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get well you get the waves that
+just hit you directly and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit you directly and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit you directly and then you get
+the waves that hit the material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves that hit the material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves that hit the material and
+scatter to you and then you get the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter to you and then you get the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter to you and then you get the way
+that hit the material scattered hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit the material scattered hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit the material scattered hit the
+material again and then got to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material again and then got to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material again and then got to you and
+you get the ways that did that several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the ways that did that several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the ways that did that several
+times a very nice simple picture so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a very nice simple picture so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a very nice simple picture so that
+is the born approximation we can do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the born approximation we can do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the born approximation we can do one
+example let's do one example and assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do one example and assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do one example and assume
+simplify this formula so we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this formula so we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this formula so we did this
+formula and if the potential is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if the potential is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if the potential is not
+spherically symmetric you can't do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric you can't do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric you can't do more
+with it but if the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but if the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but if the potential is
+spherically symmetric that first-born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric that first-born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric that first-born
+formula which is a very famous result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is a very famous result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is a very famous result
+admit simplification and you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit simplification and you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit simplification and you can do some
+of the integral you can do the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral you can do the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral you can do the angular
+part of the integral because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral because the
+potential is very curly symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is very curly symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is very curly symmetric and
+you know how things depend on angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how things depend on angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how things depend on angle so
+it's a nice thing to have a boxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice thing to have a boxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice thing to have a boxed
+formula that already does for you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that already does for you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that already does for you this
+calculation when the potential is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when the potential is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when the potential is very
+curly symmetric so if V of R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly symmetric so if V of R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly symmetric so if V of R is equal to
+V of R which is spherically symmetric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of R which is spherically symmetric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of R which is spherically symmetric we
+go back to that formula and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that formula and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that formula and we would
+have F of K of a that we claim we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F of K of a that we claim we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have F of K of a that we claim we'll see
+if that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is true
+- 1 over 4 pi now this you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 over 4 pi now this you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 over 4 pi now this you there
+remember this you was just a scaling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you was just a scaling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you was just a scaling of
+V in order to make the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in order to make the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in order to make the Schrodinger
+equation look simple so that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look simple so that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look simple so that involves a
+factor of 2m over H bar squared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2m over H bar squared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2m over H bar squared you
+still have the cube R prime e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the cube R prime e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the cube R prime e to the
+minus I K dot R prime V of R prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K dot R prime V of R prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K dot R prime V of R prime so
+what is the intuition of such formulas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the intuition of such formulas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the intuition of such formulas I
+think it's important to for you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to for you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important to for you you
+maybe you haven't seen these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you haven't seen these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you haven't seen these formulas
+before if you look at the formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you look at the formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you look at the formula like
+this what do you expect the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you expect the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you expect the answer to
+depend on what is that integral going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what is that integral going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what is that integral going to
+depend on any opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it certainly will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it certainly will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it certainly will depend on the
+potential but now if it's very Carissa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but now if it's very Carissa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but now if it's very Carissa
+bentrik I might as well believe that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentrik I might as well believe that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentrik I might as well believe that is
+a right and we said it's very curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right and we said it's very curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right and we said it's very curly
+symmetric so it will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so it will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so it will depend on the
+potential that's of course true but will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's of course true but will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's of course true but will
+it depend on the vector K yes it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depend on the vector K yes it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depend on the vector K yes it better
+depend on the vector K but all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the vector K but all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the vector K but all of the
+vector K or some of the vector K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector K or some of the vector K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector K or some of the vector K it's
+good to think about that before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to think about that before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to think about that before doing
+the integral well the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral well the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral well the interesting thing
+is when you have an interval of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have an interval of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have an interval of this
+form in which this doesn't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in which this doesn't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in which this doesn't depend on the
+direction of our this is our prime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of our this is our prime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of our this is our prime but
+in fact you see are there's nowhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you see are there's nowhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you see are there's nowhere in
+this formula anything to do with our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula anything to do with our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula anything to do with our and
+our prime this is an integral all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prime this is an integral all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our prime this is an integral all over
+space so in fact I can also delete now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so in fact I can also delete now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so in fact I can also delete now
+the Prime's I'm integrating over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime's I'm integrating over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime's I'm integrating over all of
+space there's no R on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's no R on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's no R on the left hand side
+there's no our left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no our left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no our left
+so what for carrying Prime's no need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what for carrying Prime's no need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what for carrying Prime's no need for
+them now what I want to explain here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now what I want to explain here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now what I want to explain here is
+that this integral can only depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral can only depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral can only depend on
+the magnitude of the vector K cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the vector K cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the vector K cannot
+depend on the direction of the vector K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction of the vector K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction of the vector K
+and because it depends on the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it depends on the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it depends on the magnitude
+of the vector K it only depends on theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector K it only depends on theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector K it only depends on theta
+which is what we wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we wanted to say
+so if before you write f of theta you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if before you write f of theta you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if before you write f of theta you
+could have asked how do you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have asked how do you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have asked how do you know this
+integral can depend on Phi K dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can depend on Phi K dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can depend on Phi K dependent
+on five but know this Indra doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on five but know this Indra doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on five but know this Indra doesn't
+depend on the direction of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the direction of K
+and it doesn't because you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't because you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't because you can choose
+your access to do this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your access to do this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your access to do this interval
+whichever way you want this is a dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want this is a dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want this is a dummy
+variable of integration so if vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of integration so if vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of integration so if vector
+capital K points in this direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K points in this direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K points in this direction you
+could choose the z axis to go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose the z axis to go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose the z axis to go there and
+that said it's only going to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it's only going to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said it's only going to depend on
+the magnitude of that vector so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of that vector so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of that vector so that's
+an important concept in here or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept in here or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept in here or you can
+think in another way this answer if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in another way this answer if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in another way this answer if I
+would have put another vector K Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put another vector K Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put another vector K Prime
+here that is obtained by rotation think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is obtained by rotation think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is obtained by rotation think
+of K Prime I put here K prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Prime I put here K prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Prime I put here K prime which is
+obtained by a rotation actor by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by a rotation actor by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by a rotation actor by a
+rotation matrix on the vector say from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix on the vector say from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix on the vector say from
+the left well you would say okay if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left well you would say okay if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left well you would say okay if it's
+acted by a rotation I can instead make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted by a rotation I can instead make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted by a rotation I can instead make
+the rotation act on the vector R this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation act on the vector R this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation act on the vector R this
+potential doesn't change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't change in the
+rotations and this measure is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and this measure is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations and this measure is invariant
+than the rotation so at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rotation so at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rotation so at the end of the
+day this integral does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day this integral does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day this integral does not depend on the
+rotation you did so bottom line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you did so bottom line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you did so bottom line this
+integral just doesn't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just doesn't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral just doesn't depend on the
+direction of K and we can do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of K and we can do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of K and we can do it by
+putting K or saying K is here and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting K or saying K is here and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting K or saying K is here and now
+making it explicit by putting our prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it explicit by putting our prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it explicit by putting our prime
+here and calling this angle theta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and calling this angle theta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and calling this angle theta and we
+just do it so if we call it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it so if we call it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it so if we call it that way
+this integral is you have minus M over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is you have minus M over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is you have minus M over 2
+PI H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have the volume integral which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the volume integral which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the volume integral which
+is 2 pi for the Phi integral so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi for the Phi integral so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi for the Phi integral so we have
+a fader and a Phi that you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fader and a Phi that you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fader and a Phi that you integrate
+with respect to K and the Phi into will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K and the Phi into will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K and the Phi into will
+always give seed to PI and we'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give seed to PI and we'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give seed to PI and we'll leave
+the theta integral here so 2 pi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta integral here so 2 pi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta integral here so 2 pi and the
+our integral is R squared the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integral is R squared the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integral is R squared the are the
+theta integral in spherical coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta integral in spherical coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta integral in spherical coordinates
+is V cos theta and you have here e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V cos theta and you have here e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V cos theta and you have here e to
+the minus I length of this length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I length of this length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I length of this length of
+that cosine theta times V of R so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cosine theta times V of R so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cosine theta times V of R so things
+simplify even more so the 2pi scans also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify even more so the 2pi scans also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify even more so the 2pi scans also
+you give minus M over H squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give minus M over H squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give minus M over H squared the
+radial integral it's 0 to infinity R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial integral it's 0 to infinity R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial integral it's 0 to infinity R
+squared D are V of R and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared D are V of R and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared D are V of R and you have the
+angular integral and that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular integral and that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular integral and that angular
+integral is easily doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is easily doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is easily doable
+it's that and this you can call fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that and this you can call fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that and this you can call fake
+cosine theta u and just do the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta u and just do the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta u and just do the integral
+that integral gives you 2 sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral gives you 2 sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral gives you 2 sine of
+capital K R over K R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore is we shouldn't confuse the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is we shouldn't confuse the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is we shouldn't confuse the K
+with the capital K with the lowercase K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capital K with the lowercase K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capital K with the lowercase K
+which is the magnitude of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the magnitude of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the magnitude of the momentum
+or the magnitude of the energy so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the magnitude of the energy so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the magnitude of the energy so so
+we're done basically and what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done basically and what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done basically and what do we have
+for FK of veda we have minus two M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for FK of veda we have minus two M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for FK of veda we have minus two M over
+K that K H square integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that K H square integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that K H square integral from 0 to
+infinity of our V R 1 R got cancelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of our V R 1 R got cancelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of our V R 1 R got cancelled
+the K went out our the our V of our sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K went out our the our V of our sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K went out our the our V of our sine
+of K R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Fourier transform got partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Fourier transform got partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Fourier transform got partially
+done and here k as you remember it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and here k as you remember it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and here k as you remember it's two
+little K sine theta over two so there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K sine theta over two so there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little K sine theta over two so there we
+get the born approximation simplified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the born approximation simplified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the born approximation simplified as
+much as we could we couldn't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we could we couldn't do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we could we couldn't do much
+better anymore without knowing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better anymore without knowing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better anymore without knowing what the
+potential is but once you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is but once you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is but once you know the
+potential it has become just the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it has become just the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it has become just the simple
+integral so well the concepts that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so well the concepts that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so well the concepts that let
+us lead to this result are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us lead to this result are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us lead to this result are interesting
+and they're involved nice approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're involved nice approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're involved nice approximations
+by the time you have this result this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you have this result this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you have this result this is
+very useful you can put an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful you can put an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful you can put an arbitrary
+potential V of R calculate the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential V of R calculate the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential V of R calculate the integral
+and out you get the scattering amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out you get the scattering amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out you get the scattering amplitude
+so this is done for example for you cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is done for example for you cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is done for example for you cow
+a potential V of R it's minus one over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential V of R it's minus one over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential V of R it's minus one over R
+well people put a beta just e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people put a beta just e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people put a beta just e to the
+minus mu R let's call the you cow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu R let's call the you cow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu R let's call the you cow a
+potential potential it's a the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential it's a the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential it's a the kind of
+modification of the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the electromagnetic
+potential in the limit in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the limit in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the limit in which the
+photon would acquire a mass that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon would acquire a mass that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon would acquire a mass that was
+sort of the intuition of you cow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the intuition of you cow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the intuition of you cow if you
+see this is has units of pure physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is has units of pure physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is has units of pure physically
+mass and H bars and things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and H bars and things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and H bars and things like that but
+if you let this thing go to zero this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let this thing go to zero this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let this thing go to zero this if
+mu goes to zero you recover Coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+their relevance of the uke our potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relevance of the uke our potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relevance of the uke our potential
+you kow invented it while thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kow invented it while thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kow invented it while thinking of
+parents and thinking of the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and thinking of the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and thinking of the force is
+transmitted by parents which are light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted by parents which are light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted by parents which are light
+hadrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons
+in strongly interacting particles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in strongly interacting particles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in strongly interacting particles but
+with low mass relatively low mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low mass relatively low mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low mass relatively low mass
+compared to a proton 1/5 of it or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a proton 1/5 of it or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a proton 1/5 of it or even
+less maybe 1/7 1/8 and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less maybe 1/7 1/8 and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less maybe 1/7 1/8 and then you would
+have a potential of this form and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential of this form and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential of this form and you
+can say scattering when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say scattering when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say scattering when you have this
+kind of formula so of this is solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of formula so of this is solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of formula so of this is solving
+many books it's also in that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many books it's also in that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many books it's also in that your
+textbook and in this case f of K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and in this case f of K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and in this case f of K the
+integral can be done exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be done exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be done exactly
+you can plug VFR there and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plug VFR there and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can plug VFR there and the answer is
+that FK of theta is equal to minus 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FK of theta is equal to minus 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FK of theta is equal to minus 2m
+beta over H squared nu squared plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta over H squared nu squared plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta over H squared nu squared plus K
+squared and K squared would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and K squared would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and K squared would be this
+quantity so there's a theta dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so there's a theta dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so there's a theta dependence
+anders you can look at this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anders you can look at this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anders you can look at this formula
+compare with the Coulomb case take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the Coulomb case take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the Coulomb case take
+limits to plot it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to plot it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to plot it it's kind of
+interesting so it's easily done and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so it's easily done and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so it's easily done and you
+can play with many potentials all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with many potentials all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with many potentials all right
+so we're done with scattering then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with scattering then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done with scattering then like
+three lectures and a half on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures and a half on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures and a half on this
+subject and I'm gonna now turn into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and I'm gonna now turn into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and I'm gonna now turn into a
+new subject our last subject which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new subject our last subject which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new subject our last subject which is
+we're gonna try to explain some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try to explain some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try to explain some of the
+basics of identical particles
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o4xIlEt71Pw.txt b/o4xIlEt71Pw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..299516d34101f2e11d71525285cf819ffbd00b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o4xIlEt71Pw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the very beginning of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning of this course
+is designed for this semester we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed for this semester we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed for this semester we wanted
+to to connect the humanities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to connect the humanities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to connect the humanities the
+classroom with social justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom with social justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom with social justice and
+luckily we had guest speakers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we had guest speakers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we had guest speakers who
+themselves have been engaged in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have been engaged in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have been engaged in social
+change so for example I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for example I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so for example I mentioned before
+gentlemen there's also put the Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen there's also put the Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen there's also put the Fox
+Harrell in fact most of our death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrell in fact most of our death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrell in fact most of our death
+speakers have been engaged in in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers have been engaged in in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers have been engaged in in real
+life trying to make change for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to make change for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to make change for social
+justice and because some of our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and because some of our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and because some of our students
+were themselves children of immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were themselves children of immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were themselves children of immigrants
+many of them got very interested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them got very interested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them got very interested for
+example in the issue of migration or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the issue of migration or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the issue of migration or to
+protect the rights of migrants who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the rights of migrants who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the rights of migrants who have
+been under attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been under attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been under attack
+in the in the recent couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the recent couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the recent couple of years
+thanks to John Thurman some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to John Thurman some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to John Thurman some of the
+students connected to the Mara group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students connected to the Mara group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students connected to the Mara group
+which is dusit immigrant and refugee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dusit immigrant and refugee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dusit immigrant and refugee and
+poughkeepsie coalition and and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poughkeepsie coalition and and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poughkeepsie coalition and and and they
+were actually very happy to do so to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually very happy to do so to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually very happy to do so to be
+able to connect not only the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to connect not only the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to connect not only the personal
+biography is but also the the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography is but also the the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography is but also the the classroom
+work with actual action for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with actual action for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with actual action for social
+change and and we also got to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and and we also got to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and and we also got to understand
+the ways in which what we're studying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which what we're studying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which what we're studying in
+this course for example the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course for example the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course for example the issue of
+language and elimination have impact say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and elimination have impact say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and elimination have impact say
+in the courtroom so the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the courtroom so the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the courtroom so the issue of
+language information was particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language information was particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language information was particularly
+evident in the court case of George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident in the court case of George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident in the court case of George
+Zimmerman the trial of the man who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimmerman the trial of the man who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimmerman the trial of the man who was
+accused of killing Trayvon Martin this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused of killing Trayvon Martin this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused of killing Trayvon Martin this
+young black boy who was in in his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young black boy who was in in his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young black boy who was in in his book
+in his neighborhood after seeing his dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his neighborhood after seeing his dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his neighborhood after seeing his dad
+and it was after he bought some skittles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was after he bought some skittles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was after he bought some skittles
+and some drinks and he was killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some drinks and he was killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some drinks and he was killed by
+this vigilante and and the reason why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vigilante and and the reason why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vigilante and and the reason why he
+was acquitted is because the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was acquitted is because the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was acquitted is because the star
+witness for the prosecution Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness for the prosecution Rachel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness for the prosecution Rachel
+jeantel who happen to be this young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeantel who happen to be this young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeantel who happen to be this young
+woman of Haitian and and Dominican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman of Haitian and and Dominican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman of Haitian and and Dominican
+descent and because of the way she spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent and because of the way she spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent and because of the way she spoke
+she spoke with a black accent and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spoke with a black accent and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spoke with a black accent and that
+accent and the malleability in fact some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent and the malleability in fact some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent and the malleability in fact some
+of the jurors were clear that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jurors were clear that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jurors were clear that they would
+not believe her because she founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe her because she founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe her because she founded
+because of the way she spoke and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way she spoke and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way she spoke and there's
+a beautiful analysis of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful analysis of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful analysis of this of this
+episode very sad episode by John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode very sad episode by John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode very sad episode by John
+Rickford and Charisse King in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rickford and Charisse King in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rickford and Charisse King in
+Journal in the tonal language where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal in the tonal language where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal in the tonal language where they
+should very clearly that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should very clearly that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should very clearly that that was the
+main factor for Rachel jeantel to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main factor for Rachel jeantel to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main factor for Rachel jeantel to not be
+believed by the jury so here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed by the jury so here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed by the jury so here this is a
+clear case where I did suppose language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear case where I did suppose language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear case where I did suppose language
+have a have an impact on on social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have an impact on on social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have an impact on on social
+justice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oYR6xdcFNwc.txt b/oYR6xdcFNwc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9c94ea10603225a097469bbbfb37d5aea9c5bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oYR6xdcFNwc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13141 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to fintech shaping the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to fintech shaping the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to fintech shaping the world of
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+we're going to talk about challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about challenger
+banks today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks today
+and we've chatted in our last session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've chatted in our last session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've chatted in our last session
+about credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about credit
+payment before that but challenger banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment before that but challenger banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment before that but challenger banks
+is an interesting topic that i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting topic that i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting topic that i thought
+we should take a moment and just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take a moment and just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take a moment and just talk
+about challenger banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about challenger banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about challenger banks
+this is this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this concept
+built upon building a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built upon building a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built upon building a bank
+that's internet only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's internet only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's internet only
+building a bank that has no bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a bank that has no bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a bank that has no bricks and
+mortar office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar office
+now it's not actually a new concept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not actually a new concept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not actually a new concept and
+in this lecture we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we're going to talk a
+little bit about what was happening even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what was happening even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what was happening even
+in the 1990s and the 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s and the 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s and the 2000s
+when online banking started but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when online banking started but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when online banking started but this
+term challenger bank another related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term challenger bank another related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term challenger bank another related
+term neo banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term neo banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term neo banks
+relates to something a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to something a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to something a little bit later
+ally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ally
+bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+which used to be the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which used to be the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which used to be the old
+auto lending part of general motors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto lending part of general motors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto lending part of general motors the
+largest at one point at one point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest at one point at one point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest at one point at one point the
+largest auto manufacturer in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest auto manufacturer in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest auto manufacturer in the us
+alleged bank in 2009 decided it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged bank in 2009 decided it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged bank in 2009 decided it was not
+just going to be an auto lender they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be an auto lender they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be an auto lender they're
+going to become a bank and in 2009 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a bank and in 2009 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a bank and in 2009 they
+said they were going to be an internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were going to be an internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were going to be an internet
+only bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bank
+over in europe and particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in europe and particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in europe and particularly the
+united kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united kingdom
+many people say challenger banks started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people say challenger banks started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people say challenger banks started
+in york in the united kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in york in the united kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in york in the united kingdom
+particularly when the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when the official sector
+got involved and through something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved and through something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved and through something
+called the payment systems directive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the payment systems directive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the payment systems directive and
+the payment system directive 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system directive 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system directive 2 and then
+later in the united kingdom around open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the united kingdom around open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the united kingdom around open
+banking we've talked about this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking we've talked about this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking we've talked about this about
+open apis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open apis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open apis
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it opened up the system a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opened up the system a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opened up the system a little bit and
+by 2013 to 2015 you saw a slew of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2013 to 2015 you saw a slew of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2013 to 2015 you saw a slew of these
+challenger banks and neo banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks and neo banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks and neo banks
+getting into the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the space
+first particularly in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particularly in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particularly in europe
+then a lot in the u.s now around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot in the u.s now around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot in the u.s now around the
+globe you can find challenger banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe you can find challenger banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe you can find challenger banks and
+neobanks in brazil in india in southeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neobanks in brazil in india in southeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neobanks in brazil in india in southeast
+asia in china some of them have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia in china some of them have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia in china some of them have been
+started by big tech companies and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by big tech companies and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by big tech companies and in the
+last few years you have big finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years you have big finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years you have big finance
+reacting as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting as well
+like goldman sachs starting marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goldman sachs starting marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goldman sachs starting marcus
+and so now the term gets a little loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the term gets a little loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the term gets a little loose
+is a challenger bank in the neo bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a challenger bank in the neo bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a challenger bank in the neo bank
+with goldman sachs the starting market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with goldman sachs the starting market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with goldman sachs the starting market
+that doesn't feel like a challenger bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel like a challenger bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel like a challenger bank
+goldman sachs is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs is a
+established 140 150 year old investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established 140 150 year old investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established 140 150 year old investment
+bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+so it gets a little blurry uh and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets a little blurry uh and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets a little blurry uh and i
+admit that in this space there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that in this space there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that in this space there's
+sometimes terms don't fit well together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes terms don't fit well together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes terms don't fit well together
+um i'm gonna upload the slides here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna upload the slides here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna upload the slides here for
+a second and share slides but romaine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and share slides but romaine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and share slides but romaine is
+there any questions as we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions as we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions as we're starting
+nothing so far gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna we're gonna go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna go back to a
+topic that we didn't have quite enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that we didn't have quite enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that we didn't have quite enough
+time to finish in class seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to finish in class seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to finish in class seven
+credit scoring and alternative data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring and alternative data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring and alternative data and
+it's an important topic that underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important topic that underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important topic that underlies
+some of what's going on with challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's going on with challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's going on with challenger
+banks not everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks not everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks not everything
+and then we're going to talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about some
+traditional banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking
+online banking as it sort of began in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking as it sort of began in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking as it sort of began in
+the late 90s and in the north and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 90s and in the north and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 90s and in the north and what
+is this new wave neo or challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this new wave neo or challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this new wave neo or challenging
+banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks
+um some of how they're funded in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of how they're funded in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of how they're funded in in
+their own valuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own valuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own valuations
+and then uh the big big finance reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the big big finance reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the big big finance reacting
+um so back to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so back to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so back to data
+there's a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company
+many of us know it is fico it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us know it is fico it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us know it is fico it's actually
+called the fair isaac company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fair isaac company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fair isaac company
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+60 some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 some years ago
+started by two stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by two stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by two stanford
+graduates not mit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates not mit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates not mit but
+you know very good institution and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very good institution and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very good institution and they
+were more into data analytics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more into data analytics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more into data analytics and
+remember credit cards had started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember credit cards had started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember credit cards had started in the
+1950s and here it was the late 50s early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and here it was the late 50s early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and here it was the late 50s early
+60s a fintech company of its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s a fintech company of its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s a fintech company of its time
+trying to do analysis on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do analysis on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do analysis on data
+a gentleman named fair and a gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gentleman named fair and a gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gentleman named fair and a gentleman
+named isaac i don't recall their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named isaac i don't recall their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named isaac i don't recall their first
+names i think one was bill isaac start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names i think one was bill isaac start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names i think one was bill isaac start
+this company it's a data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company it's a data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company it's a data analytics
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+and by the 19 late 1970s it had taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the 19 late 1970s it had taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the 19 late 1970s it had taken
+hold and by the 1980s it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and by the 1980s it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and by the 1980s it was the
+dominant player for consumer credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant player for consumer credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant player for consumer credit
+ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings
+and their system is now used in like 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their system is now used in like 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their system is now used in like 32
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many
+other companies are using the fico score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies are using the fico score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies are using the fico score
+system but it's only one system and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's only one system and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's only one system and this
+gives you a little bit of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little bit of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little bit of background
+it's about what your amounts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about what your amounts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about what your amounts that you
+owe the payment history on those credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe the payment history on those credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe the payment history on those credit
+cards and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and other
+of bank relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bank relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bank relations
+are you taking out new credit we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking out new credit we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking out new credit we could
+do a whole class just on fico scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole class just on fico scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole class just on fico scores
+they have updated it at least eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have updated it at least eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have updated it at least eight
+times and in the summer of 2020 i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and in the summer of 2020 i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and in the summer of 2020 i think
+they're rolling out fico 9.0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rolling out fico 9.0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rolling out fico 9.0 it's
+possibly fico 10.0 so it's not static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fico 10.0 so it's not static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly fico 10.0 so it's not static
+but it's built in another era it's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's built in another era it's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's built in another era it's built
+in an era about your payment history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an era about your payment history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an era about your payment history
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+your bank credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bank credit
+it doesn't include many of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't include many of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't include many of the things
+that we would normally think to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would normally think to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would normally think to include
+and so what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is it that
+we're going through now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through now we're going
+through a period of time where folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a period of time where folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a period of time where folks are
+saying well wait a minute maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well wait a minute maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well wait a minute maybe there
+are other ways alternative ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways alternative ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways alternative ways to
+figure out and assess your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and assess your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and assess your credit
+and it's called alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called alternative data
+alternative data in a sense is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data in a sense is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data in a sense is just
+alternative to whatever fico might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to whatever fico might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to whatever fico might be
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+this could be your bank checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be your bank checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be your bank checking
+employment income insurance tenant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment income insurance tenant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment income insurance tenant
+utilities all of this currently is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities all of this currently is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities all of this currently is not
+in fico scoring now in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fico scoring now in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fico scoring now in some countries
+employment data and income data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment data and income data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment data and income data is
+already and has been for decades used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and has been for decades used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and has been for decades used
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+consumer credit underwriting but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer credit underwriting but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer credit underwriting but in the
+us and up to 30 other countries using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and up to 30 other countries using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and up to 30 other countries using
+the fico scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fico scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fico scores
+a lot of this even this classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this even this classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this even this classic
+information like did you pay your rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like did you pay your rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like did you pay your rent
+on time did you pay your utilities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time did you pay your utilities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time did you pay your utilities on
+time is not necessarily included in fico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not necessarily included in fico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not necessarily included in fico
+it's partly because they didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly because they didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly because they didn't have the
+data in the 1970s when fair and isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the 1970s when fair and isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the 1970s when fair and isaac
+were doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this
+and eight versions later they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight versions later they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight versions later they still
+haven't included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't included
+a lot of utility in tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of utility in tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of utility in tenants
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+secondly there's something called cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly there's something called cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly there's something called cash
+flow underwriting and if we go to china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow underwriting and if we go to china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow underwriting and if we go to china
+and we go to payment wallets around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to payment wallets around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to payment wallets around the
+globe but let's stay with china alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe but let's stay with china alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe but let's stay with china alipay
+and wechat pay now can really see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay now can really see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay now can really see a lot
+of your cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your cash flow
+not just your expenditures but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just your expenditures but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just your expenditures but your
+revenues if you're moving your income in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues if you're moving your income in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues if you're moving your income in
+on some regular basis into a wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some regular basis into a wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some regular basis into a wallet
+and cash flow underwriting is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cash flow underwriting is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cash flow underwriting is even more
+relevant again let's stay with alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant again let's stay with alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant again let's stay with alipay
+for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment
+about small and medium-sized enterprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about small and medium-sized enterprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about small and medium-sized enterprises
+so whether it's alipay in china or toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether it's alipay in china or toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether it's alipay in china or toast
+the payments payment startup in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payments payment startup in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payments payment startup in the
+restaurant business here in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant business here in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant business here in the u.s
+toast can start to see all the revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast can start to see all the revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast can start to see all the revenues
+and expenditures of a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expenditures of a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expenditures of a restaurant
+and sort of make a credit decision based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of make a credit decision based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of make a credit decision based
+upon that so cash flow underwriting is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon that so cash flow underwriting is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon that so cash flow underwriting is a
+very important thing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing you don't
+necessarily need machine learning or ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need machine learning or ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need machine learning or ai
+to incorporate this alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate this alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate this alternative data
+but the alternative data is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the alternative data is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the alternative data is something
+that fico doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fico doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fico doesn't do
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+classic banking doing small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic banking doing small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic banking doing small and
+medium-sized lending doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized lending doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized lending doesn't necessarily
+do good cash flow underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do good cash flow underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do good cash flow underwriting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+romain any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain any questions
+none so far on this topic we got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far on this topic we got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far on this topic we got one
+question from luke that perhaps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from luke that perhaps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from luke that perhaps you can
+touch upon later on why online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon later on why online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch upon later on why online banking
+started in europe versus other regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in europe versus other regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in europe versus other regions
+okay okay let me hold the loop question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me hold the loop question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me hold the loop question
+when we get into that uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get into that uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get into that uh as well
+your consumption your purchase data visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption your purchase data visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption your purchase data visa
+and mastercard already are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mastercard already are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mastercard already are looking at
+this to cross-sell to us and others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to cross-sell to us and others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to cross-sell to us and others are
+looking at it to cross-sell if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it to cross-sell if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it to cross-sell if you're
+buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying
+sports equipment or hiking equipment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports equipment or hiking equipment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports equipment or hiking equipment we
+all of a sudden get advertising for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden get advertising for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden get advertising for it
+but can alternative data like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can alternative data like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can alternative data like what you
+buy relate to your credit well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy relate to your credit well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy relate to your credit well let's
+talk about something that's been known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something that's been known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something that's been known
+for some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some time
+i don't know how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how many of you
+would have ever when you went to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ever when you went to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ever when you went to replace
+an automobile tire decide to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automobile tire decide to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automobile tire decide to get it
+retreaded literally a retread is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreaded literally a retread is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreaded literally a retread is putting
+rubber new rubber on the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber new rubber on the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber new rubber on the old
+tire now retreads are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire now retreads are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire now retreads are something
+that we don't usually talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't usually talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't usually talk about in a
+finance course but it has been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance course but it has been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance course but it has been shown
+that those who buy retreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those who buy retreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those who buy retreads
+are a little bit more susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit more susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit more susceptible
+to credit risk meaning default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit risk meaning default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to credit risk meaning default
+meaning they're a higher risk credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're a higher risk credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they're a higher risk credit
+what if you could track people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you could track people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you could track people's
+purchases whether it's automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases whether it's automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases whether it's automobile
+retreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreads
+versus new tires you see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus new tires you see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus new tires you see the difference
+or anything else that in the purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else that in the purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else that in the purchase
+history gives you a sense is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history gives you a sense is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history gives you a sense is this a
+higher risk credit or a lower risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk credit or a lower risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk credit or a lower risk
+credit you can take purchase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit you can take purchase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit you can take purchase and
+consumption data and tie it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data and tie it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption data and tie it to
+are they a higher insurance risk are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they a higher insurance risk are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they a higher insurance risk are
+they a higher risk in their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a higher risk in their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they a higher risk in their credit
+now you have to be careful you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be careful you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be careful you have to
+be careful to comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to comply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful to comply with
+local law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law
+and and societal norms about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and societal norms about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and societal norms about
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+using alternative data that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using alternative data that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using alternative data that might be
+suggestive of something else it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive of something else it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive of something else it might be
+suggested of cultural differences of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested of cultural differences of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested of cultural differences of of
+race or gender or ethnic background or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or gender or ethnic background or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or gender or ethnic background or
+sexual orientation and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual orientation and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual orientation and if your
+consumption or purchase data has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption or purchase data has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption or purchase data has to do
+with that and you end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and you end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and you end up with something
+in the u.s you could easily be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s you could easily be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s you could easily be on the
+wrong side of what's called the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side of what's called the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side of what's called the equal
+credit opportunity act that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunity act that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunity act that you have to
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+be fair and unbiased in your extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair and unbiased in your extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair and unbiased in your extension
+of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credit
+and this is sort of at the cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of at the cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of at the cutting
+ground of alternative data is how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground of alternative data is how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground of alternative data is how does
+alternative data get used but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data get used but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data get used but not
+inadvertently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently
+or worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse
+purposely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely
+trip up fairness and bias issues and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip up fairness and bias issues and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip up fairness and bias issues and we
+saw that recently with apple credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that recently with apple credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that recently with apple credit card
+apple credit card rolled out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card rolled out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card rolled out in the
+spring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of
+2019 a partnership between apple goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 a partnership between apple goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 a partnership between apple goldman
+sachs's marcus and mastercard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs's marcus and mastercard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachs's marcus and mastercard
+a new innovative thing that big tech was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new innovative thing that big tech was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new innovative thing that big tech was
+rolling out with big fanfare in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out with big fanfare in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out with big fanfare in the
+spring of 2019 and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 2019 and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 2019 and all of a sudden
+a venture capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venture capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venture capitalist
+runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+into the apple credit card and finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the apple credit card and finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the apple credit card and finds
+that he and his spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he and his spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he and his spouse
+were going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to get
+10 times different credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times different credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times different credit
+they filed tax returns together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they filed tax returns together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they filed tax returns together they
+were together apparently worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together apparently worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were together apparently worth
+many millions of dollars maybe sent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many millions of dollars maybe sent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many millions of dollars maybe sent a
+millionaire and he starts to advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaire and he starts to advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaire and he starts to advertise
+on twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on twitter
+and promote that the apple credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote that the apple credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote that the apple credit card
+had a problem and then steve wozniak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a problem and then steve wozniak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a problem and then steve wozniak the
+co-founder of apple publicly announces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founder of apple publicly announces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founder of apple publicly announces
+that he ran into the same problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ran into the same problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ran into the same problem with
+his wife and himself again they file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife and himself again they file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife and himself again they file
+their taxes together they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their taxes together they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their taxes together they're both
+extraordinarily wealthy why would one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily wealthy why would one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily wealthy why would one
+have 10 times or 20 times more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 times or 20 times more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 times or 20 times more than
+credit than the other there seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit than the other there seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit than the other there seem to be
+for whatever reason some gender bias in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason some gender bias in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason some gender bias in
+the apple credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple credit
+allocation alternative data system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation alternative data system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation alternative data system
+now we don't know yet to this day what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't know yet to this day what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't know yet to this day what
+it was but what we do know is that apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was but what we do know is that apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was but what we do know is that apple
+credit cards stubbed their toe on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards stubbed their toe on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards stubbed their toe on their
+roll out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out
+sometimes it's about the law sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's about the law sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's about the law sometimes
+though it's about business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's about business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's about business
+sometimes it's about breaking societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's about breaking societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's about breaking societal
+norms but in that case apple had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms but in that case apple had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms but in that case apple had a
+tough rollout they roll out apple credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough rollout they roll out apple credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough rollout they roll out apple credit
+card and yet they have the co-founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and yet they have the co-founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and yet they have the co-founder
+former founder of apple saying not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former founder of apple saying not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former founder of apple saying not so
+fast you've got a problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you've got a problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you've got a problem here
+the other sets of data is our social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sets of data is our social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sets of data is our social
+footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint
+our social and media footprint app usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our social and media footprint app usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our social and media footprint app usage
+browsing history the light geolocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing history the light geolocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing history the light geolocation
+et cetera and in this world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera and in this world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera and in this world of
+coronavirus and the crisis we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus and the crisis we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus and the crisis we know that
+geolocation is going to be used and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geolocation is going to be used and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geolocation is going to be used and is
+already likely being used for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already likely being used for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already likely being used for a lot of
+contact tracing in many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact tracing in many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact tracing in many countries
+certainly in korea from the news reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in korea from the news reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in korea from the news reports
+and i'm guessing luke could tell us more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm guessing luke could tell us more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm guessing luke could tell us more
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+but we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that
+contact tracing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact tracing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact tracing and
+all of the attributes of figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attributes of figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attributes of figuring out
+who we are as an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are as an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are as an individual
+are being traced more and more in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being traced more and more in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being traced more and more in china
+there's a social credit scoring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a social credit scoring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a social credit scoring system
+that is an official part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an official part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an official part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+government's approach to extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's approach to extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's approach to extending
+credit it might be whether you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit it might be whether you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit it might be whether you can buy
+an airline ticket it may be whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airline ticket it may be whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airline ticket it may be whether you
+can even get on the commuter rail system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get on the commuter rail system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get on the commuter rail system
+depending upon your app usage and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon your app usage and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon your app usage and that
+app usage in china even includes as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app usage in china even includes as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app usage in china even includes as i
+understand it not just your what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it not just your what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it not just your what you're
+doing on alipay or wechat pay but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on alipay or wechat pay but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on alipay or wechat pay but also
+what you're doing on dating websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing on dating websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing on dating websites
+literally i repeat on dating websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally i repeat on dating websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally i repeat on dating websites
+and whether and how you're on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether and how you're on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether and how you're on any
+website or any app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or any app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or any app
+could be a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little bit like
+the tire retreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire retreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire retreading
+that you might be you might find through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be you might find through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be you might find through
+the alternative data that it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative data that it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative data that it's a little
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+here in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the us
+many fintech companies are approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fintech companies are approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fintech companies are approaching
+the regulators and saying we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulators and saying we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulators and saying we don't want
+to trip up and be on the wrong side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trip up and be on the wrong side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trip up and be on the wrong side of
+the equal credit opportunity act we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal credit opportunity act we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal credit opportunity act we
+don't want to be on the wrong side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be on the wrong side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be on the wrong side of
+other laws like fair credit reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other laws like fair credit reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other laws like fair credit reporting
+truth and lending act and a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and lending act and a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and lending act and a series of
+other laws please help us regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other laws please help us regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other laws please help us regulators
+interpret how we can use alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret how we can use alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret how we can use alternative
+data how we can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more inclusive provide more and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inclusive provide more and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inclusive provide more and better
+finance to more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance to more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance to more people
+at a lower cost but not be on the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower cost but not be on the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower cost but not be on the wrong
+side of these important societal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of these important societal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of these important societal and
+legal norms so it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal norms so it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal norms so it's a very interesting
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+i'll use one example from a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use one example from a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use one example from a conversation
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+lending club i had the honor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending club i had the honor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending club i had the honor to
+be on a stage before the crisis one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a stage before the crisis one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a stage before the crisis one of
+the last conferences was at mit fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last conferences was at mit fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last conferences was at mit fintech
+conference and i was on the stage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and i was on the stage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and i was on the stage with
+the ceo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceo
+of lending club and having a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lending club and having a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lending club and having a good
+interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview
+fireside chat and i asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireside chat and i asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireside chat and i asked about
+alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data
+and how they use it they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they use it they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they use it they use it
+but what they find is in using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they find is in using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they find is in using
+alternative data and that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data and that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data and that in that
+marketplace lending company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace lending company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace lending company
+they then use machine learning on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then use machine learning on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then use machine learning on the
+alternative data they find some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data they find some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data they find some some
+what they believe to be correlations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they believe to be correlations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they believe to be correlations and
+then they just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just use
+straight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up
+regression analysis once they identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis once they identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression analysis once they identify
+an attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute
+they put the machine learning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put the machine learning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put the machine learning to the
+side they've used it but then they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they've used it but then they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they've used it but then they they
+sort of then go to the downscaled old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of then go to the downscaled old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of then go to the downscaled old
+way just straight up that's an attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just straight up that's an attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just straight up that's an attribute
+we've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified
+tire retreads matter let's just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire retreads matter let's just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire retreads matter let's just you know
+use it that way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it that way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it that way um
+so they do it by kind of try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do it by kind of try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do it by kind of try to find
+some attributes and then move on as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attributes and then move on as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attributes and then move on as i
+understood the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the conversation
+um so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a
+tremendous ecosystem in alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous ecosystem in alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous ecosystem in alternative data
+too this is just a slide that pulled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is just a slide that pulled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is just a slide that pulled you
+can readily get these types of slides on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can readily get these types of slides on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can readily get these types of slides on
+the internet but this is from cb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet but this is from cb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet but this is from cb
+insights as to alternative data sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights as to alternative data sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights as to alternative data sources
+this is a bunch of companies i wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bunch of companies i wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bunch of companies i wouldn't
+necessarily call them fintech startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily call them fintech startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily call them fintech startups
+but their companies trying to service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their companies trying to service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their companies trying to service
+here's how we can help you either with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can help you either with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can help you either with
+machine learning ai or actually sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning ai or actually sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning ai or actually sources
+of data in this whole space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data in this whole space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data in this whole space
+so i'm going to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move on to
+the challenger bank discussion but pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger bank discussion but pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger bank discussion but pause
+for a moment to see if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment to see if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment to see if there are
+questions i know luke had a question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i know luke had a question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i know luke had a question but
+that was really about challenger bank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really about challenger bank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really about challenger bank so
+romain hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi yeah i just have a i mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi yeah i just have a i mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi yeah i just have a i mean if you
+could just elaborate on cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just elaborate on cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just elaborate on cash flow
+and writing i do not quite get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing i do not quite get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing i do not quite get it
+so let's do it in a small business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do it in a small business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do it in a small business and
+let's let's use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's use uh
+either the example of of toast in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the example of of toast in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the example of of toast in the
+u.s with restaurants or almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s with restaurants or almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s with restaurants or almost any
+business at alipay has the wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at alipay has the wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at alipay has the wallet
+what ally pay or toast can see on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ally pay or toast can see on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ally pay or toast can see on that
+small business or restaurant is they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business or restaurant is they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business or restaurant is they can
+see their revenues and they can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their revenues and they can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their revenues and they can see
+their expenditures to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their expenditures to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their expenditures to the extent that
+it's kept inside that payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kept inside that payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kept inside that payment
+architecture so in alleypay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so in alleypay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so in alleypay
+they've incentivized the millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've incentivized the millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've incentivized the millions of
+merchants using alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants using alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants using alipay
+not only to receive revenues into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to receive revenues into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to receive revenues into their
+alleypay wallet but also to pay their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleypay wallet but also to pay their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleypay wallet but also to pay their
+suppliers with the alipay wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers with the alipay wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers with the alipay wallet
+so what alipay can do and does do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what alipay can do and does do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what alipay can do and does do is
+they can start to see the entire picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can start to see the entire picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can start to see the entire picture
+or 80 or 90 of the picture they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 80 or 90 of the picture they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 80 or 90 of the picture they might
+not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see
+the entire picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire picture
+but they can literally build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can literally build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can literally build
+a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+360 degrees around them or take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degrees around them or take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degrees around them or take
+something like into it here in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like into it here in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like into it here in the us
+which is the company that was founded 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the company that was founded 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the company that was founded 20
+plus years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years ago
+that has the most dominant sort of tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the most dominant sort of tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the most dominant sort of tax
+software turbo tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software turbo tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software turbo tax
+intuit is also in the fintech space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuit is also in the fintech space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuit is also in the fintech space they
+recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently
+announced buying credit karma for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced buying credit karma for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced buying credit karma for
+billions of dollars and they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and they also have
+other other fintech offerings where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other fintech offerings where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other fintech offerings where they
+can maybe build a greater picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe build a greater picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe build a greater picture
+i call it cash flow underwriting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it cash flow underwriting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it cash flow underwriting it
+means underwriting assessing the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means underwriting assessing the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means underwriting assessing the risk
+because you can see the revenues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see the revenues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see the revenues and
+expenditures and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures and build
+in essence an income statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence an income statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence an income statement
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the merchant amazon can do some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchant amazon can do some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merchant amazon can do some of that
+not completely as well as alipay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely as well as alipay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely as well as alipay but
+amazon can do some of that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon can do some of that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon can do some of that through
+amazon prime and what they can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon prime and what they can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon prime and what they can see
+on the merchant that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the merchant that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the merchant that help
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it gives them a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives them a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives them a competitive
+advantage and it's part of why getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and it's part of why getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and it's part of why getting
+into the payment space before getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the payment space before getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the payment space before getting
+into the credit space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit space
+is a business model particularly a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a business model particularly a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a business model particularly a big
+tech now i'm not saying that's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech now i'm not saying that's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech now i'm not saying that's what was
+the initial reason that alipay got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial reason that alipay got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial reason that alipay got into
+the payment space alipay was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment space alipay was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment space alipay was trying to
+promote their online platform amazon got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote their online platform amazon got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote their online platform amazon got
+into the payment space to promote their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the payment space to promote their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the payment space to promote their
+online platform and even toast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online platform and even toast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online platform and even toast the
+restaurant software business got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant software business got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant software business got into
+the restaurant business to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant business to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant business to sell
+tablets they were thinking we'll sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets they were thinking we'll sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets they were thinking we'll sell
+the better hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better hardware
+to the restaurant tours because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the restaurant tours because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the restaurant tours because this
+tablet was important for the servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet was important for the servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet was important for the servers
+what we might call waiters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call waiters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call waiters and
+waitresses walking around a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waitresses walking around a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waitresses walking around a restaurant
+but what they quickly found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they quickly found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they quickly found
+is that the toast this is example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the toast this is example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the toast this is example they
+pivoted from being a hardware tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoted from being a hardware tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoted from being a hardware tablet
+business to being a payment business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to being a payment business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to being a payment business and
+then they start to be a credit business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they start to be a credit business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they start to be a credit business
+as well because the data they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because the data they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because the data they're
+receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving
+in a partial cash flow underwriting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a partial cash flow underwriting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a partial cash flow underwriting they
+don't have a full 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a full 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a full 360
+uh allows them to start to underrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows them to start to underrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh allows them to start to underrate in
+that business and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business and frankly
+they're likely to be able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely to be able to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely to be able to do it
+better than a traditional bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a traditional bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a traditional bank
+a traditional bank that might get annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional bank that might get annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional bank that might get annual
+or quarterly financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quarterly financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quarterly financials
+will not have quite the up-to-date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have quite the up-to-date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have quite the up-to-date
+sensitivity as to how that restaurant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity as to how that restaurant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity as to how that restaurant is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+we have a question from danielle about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from danielle about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from danielle about
+data aggregators on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data aggregators on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data aggregators on the slides
+are the different data aggregator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different data aggregator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different data aggregator
+players for the purposes of selling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for the purposes of selling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for the purposes of selling to
+fintech customers or for selling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech customers or for selling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech customers or for selling to
+companies who want to use the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who want to use the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who want to use the data for
+personalized advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized advertising
+and if yes why do you anticipate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if yes why do you anticipate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if yes why do you anticipate any
+consolidation no i i i think danielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation no i i i think danielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation no i i i think danielle
+raised a good question their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a good question their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a good question their data
+aggregators in and their terms again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators in and their terms again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators in and their terms again are
+not terribly well defined they're data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly well defined they're data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly well defined they're data
+aggregators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators
+that could be there as danielle points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be there as danielle points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be there as danielle points
+out to cross market to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to cross market to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to cross market to sell
+and even let's use credit karma for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even let's use credit karma for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even let's use credit karma for a
+minute credit karma initially was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute credit karma initially was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute credit karma initially was about
+providing free access to your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing free access to your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing free access to your credit
+report that was their initial insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was their initial insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was their initial insight
+what they found over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found over time
+is they could cross sell and become a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they could cross sell and become a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they could cross sell and become a a
+friendly website for free to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly website for free to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly website for free to give you
+access to credit they were cross-selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to credit they were cross-selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to credit they were cross-selling
+but then they were also collecting a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they were also collecting a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they were also collecting a fee
+and they were collecting more data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were collecting more data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were collecting more data and
+inevitably they had a 100 plus million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably they had a 100 plus million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably they had a 100 plus million
+files even though they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files even though they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files even though they had
+much fewer customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fewer customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fewer customers
+but data aggregation could also come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but data aggregation could also come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but data aggregation could also come
+from another space plaid and galileo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another space plaid and galileo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another space plaid and galileo and
+others we call them also data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others we call them also data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others we call them also data
+aggregators and they started as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators and they started as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregators and they started as
+software providers to provide an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software providers to provide an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software providers to provide an open
+api as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api as we discussed
+but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they
+create the data warehouse and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the data warehouse and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the data warehouse and they
+become data aggregators so the term data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become data aggregators so the term data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become data aggregators so the term data
+aggregator can be used in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator can be used in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator can be used in many ways
+one small way it can be used is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small way it can be used is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small way it can be used is the
+second way danielle mentioned and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way danielle mentioned and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second way danielle mentioned and it's
+kind of mentioned on this slide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentioned on this slide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentioned on this slide of
+alternative data there's some companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data there's some companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data there's some companies
+that just said we will collect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just said we will collect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just said we will collect data
+fico score doesn't have utility data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico score doesn't have utility data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico score doesn't have utility data
+we'll collect the utility data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll collect the utility data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll collect the utility data and
+rental payment data we believe it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental payment data we believe it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental payment data we believe it will
+become an alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an alternative data
+aggregator so they're yes they're a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator so they're yes they're a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator so they're yes they're a data
+aggregator but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator but they're they're
+collecting data with the clear mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data with the clear mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data with the clear mind that
+they're going to enhance credit scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to enhance credit scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to enhance credit scoring
+and as we turn now to challenger banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we turn now to challenger banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we turn now to challenger banks
+challenger banks might say look we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks might say look we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks might say look we don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the ability in our first year or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability in our first year or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability in our first year or even
+maybe 10 years of business to be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 years of business to be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 years of business to be the one
+collecting all that utility and rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all that utility and rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting all that utility and rent
+payment or social media data we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or social media data we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment or social media data we want to
+turn to somebody else you might create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to somebody else you might create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to somebody else you might create a
+business simply to say we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business simply to say we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business simply to say we are going to
+be a data aggregator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a data aggregator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a data aggregator
+to enhance the underwriting of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the underwriting of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the underwriting of these
+banks there's hundreds of challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks there's hundreds of challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks there's hundreds of challenger
+banks i want to be a service provider to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks i want to be a service provider to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks i want to be a service provider to
+those challenger banks so danielle good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those challenger banks so danielle good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those challenger banks so danielle good
+question it could be on marketing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it could be on marketing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it could be on marketing it
+could be that you got there because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you got there because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that you got there because you
+you were in the business of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in the business of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in the business of something
+else payments or credit scoring like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else payments or credit scoring like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else payments or credit scoring like
+credit karma or you could specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma or you could specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma or you could specifically
+say i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i just want to
+have a business model simply about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a business model simply about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a business model simply about an
+alternative data field that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data field that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data field that i think
+and my machine learning might tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my machine learning might tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my machine learning might tell me
+that alternative data field is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternative data field is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternative data field is going to
+give us better underwriting and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us better underwriting and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us better underwriting and then i
+will sell to all the other fintechs i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sell to all the other fintechs i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sell to all the other fintechs i
+will service fintechs by collecting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romain anything else or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain anything else or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain anything else or
+we have nikhil and brian with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nikhil and brian with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nikhil and brian with their
+hands up okay go ahead and brian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up okay go ahead and brian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands up okay go ahead and brian and
+then we'll move on um i had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move on um i had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move on um i had a question
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+underwriting based on cash flows so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting based on cash flows so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting based on cash flows so i
+wrote my paper on alternative data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my paper on alternative data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my paper on alternative data and
+something that came out was most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out was most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out was most of the
+alternative data like lending firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data like lending firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data like lending firms are
+focused on small businesses so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on small businesses so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on small businesses so the
+amazon example that you gave is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon example that you gave is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon example that you gave is for
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers
+is there regulation in the u.s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there regulation in the u.s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there regulation in the u.s that's
+preventing like cash flow-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing like cash flow-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing like cash flow-based
+underwriting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting for
+customers um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers um because
+countries like kenya have it with mkwari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like kenya have it with mkwari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like kenya have it with mkwari
+baidu piloted you know something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baidu piloted you know something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baidu piloted you know something with
+test ai so just curious what's limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test ai so just curious what's limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test ai so just curious what's limiting
+cash flow-based underwriting in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow-based underwriting in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow-based underwriting in the u.s
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+i think it's a great question i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a great question i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's a great question i think
+it's it's not just regulatory it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not just regulatory it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not just regulatory it's also
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now
+as of now the the folks that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now the the folks that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of now the the folks that could
+probably do the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the best
+cash flow underwriting on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow underwriting on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow underwriting on us
+are the banks themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the banks themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the banks themselves
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+you know bank of america and city sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bank of america and city sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bank of america and city sees
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+rent payment going out sees your visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent payment going out sees your visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent payment going out sees your visa
+payments going out and sees your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments going out and sees your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments going out and sees your
+your wages coming in i mean literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wages coming in i mean literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wages coming in i mean literally
+the banks themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks themselves
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+yet they have not as i understand it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they have not as i understand it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they have not as i understand it yet
+done it a full 360 cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a full 360 cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it a full 360 cash flow
+underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+a number of them are enhancing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of them are enhancing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of them are enhancing their
+credit card products and enhancing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card products and enhancing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card products and enhancing those
+products by taking the fico scores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by taking the fico scores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by taking the fico scores and
+it's sort of like fico plus a little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like fico plus a little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like fico plus a little but
+interestingly the big banks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the big banks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the big banks have
+collected together and formed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected together and formed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected together and formed something
+called vantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vantage
+which is as a competitor to fico and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as a competitor to fico and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as a competitor to fico and
+it's a sort of consortium among some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of consortium among some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of consortium among some big
+banks but it doesn't fully include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks but it doesn't fully include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks but it doesn't fully include the
+income side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income side
+and i think it does relate to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it does relate to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it does relate to some of
+the regulatory issues that here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory issues that here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory issues that here in the
+u.s in the earlier wave in the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s in the earlier wave in the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s in the earlier wave in the earlier
+wave of data analytics in the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of data analytics in the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of data analytics in the 1960s
+remember credit cards came along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember credit cards came along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember credit cards came along in the
+50s and 60s we passed two really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and 60s we passed two really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s and 60s we passed two really
+important laws one about bias called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important laws one about bias called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important laws one about bias called
+equal credit opportunity act and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit opportunity act and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit opportunity act and one
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+credit reporting agencies these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit reporting agencies these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit reporting agencies these
+companies like transunion and equifax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like transunion and equifax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like transunion and equifax
+they're regulated under the fair credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're regulated under the fair credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're regulated under the fair credit
+reporting act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act
+and a lot of banks they're just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of banks they're just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of banks they're just sort of
+they're trying to work through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to work through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to work through those
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+and again this sets up the challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this sets up the challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this sets up the challenger
+bank discussion it's part of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank discussion it's part of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank discussion it's part of why
+challenger banks around the globe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks around the globe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks around the globe they
+started more in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started more in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started more in europe
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the challenger banks around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger banks around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger banks around the globe
+had an alternative this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an alternative this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an alternative this is one of the
+reasons i think that they have a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons i think that they have a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons i think that they have a bit of
+an alternative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative um
+i think this is where we're headed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is where we're headed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is where we're headed we
+will in as individuals be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in as individuals be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in as individuals be more
+looked at this way one little uh story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this way one little uh story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this way one little uh story
+there was one other question romaine i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other question romaine i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other question romaine i'm
+sorry who was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry who was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry who was it
+ryan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ryan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ryan
+brian and then one little story to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brian and then one little story to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brian and then one little story to close
+out alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out alternative data
+um could you please talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could you please talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could you please talk about how
+legislation such as gdpr and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation such as gdpr and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation such as gdpr and other
+civilized legislation has affected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized legislation has affected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized legislation has affected this
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so great question there's also privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great question there's also privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great question there's also privacy
+uh concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concerns about
+sharing my data now we all share our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing my data now we all share our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing my data now we all share our
+data that that sort of forces out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that that sort of forces out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that that sort of forces out of
+that barn um but then society sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barn um but then society sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barn um but then society sort of
+says wait what's your protection here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait what's your protection here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait what's your protection here
+europe at the forefront of this passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe at the forefront of this passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe at the forefront of this passes
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+gdpr the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr the general
+directive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive
+and the p is not privacy i'm sorry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p is not privacy i'm sorry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p is not privacy i'm sorry i
+can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember
+something protection regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something protection regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something protection regulation
+data data protection that's right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data data protection that's right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data data protection that's right a
+general data protection regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general data protection regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general data protection regulation
+and they passed gdpr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they passed gdpr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they passed gdpr
+basically the right to be forgotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the right to be forgotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the right to be forgotten the
+rights about your information the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights about your information the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights about your information the right
+to basically uh review it and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically uh review it and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically uh review it and so forth
+it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some
+similarities to those laws that were way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities to those laws that were way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities to those laws that were way
+back in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1970s
+called fair credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fair credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fair credit
+reporting act even but a lot further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act even but a lot further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act even but a lot further
+and what these privacy laws and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these privacy laws and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what these privacy laws and more
+recently in the u.s the california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in the u.s the california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in the u.s the california
+consumer protection act or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection act or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection act or
+ccpa we all got notices in 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccpa we all got notices in 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccpa we all got notices in 2019
+regarding from google and others about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding from google and others about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding from google and others about
+the ccpa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ccpa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ccpa
+what they've done is they've they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is they've they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is they've they've
+leaned into an ability for you to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaned into an ability for you to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaned into an ability for you to review
+your data and potentially edit your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and potentially edit your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and potentially edit your data
+and delete some of what's being tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delete some of what's being tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delete some of what's being tracked
+it does raise some of the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does raise some of the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does raise some of the bar
+for data protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for data protection
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+you know data protection regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know data protection regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know data protection regulation
+but it doesn't go to the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't go to the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't go to the heart of
+whether using the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether using the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether using the data
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+lead to biased outcomes which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to biased outcomes which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to biased outcomes which is about
+fairness and equal credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equal credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and equal credit
+uh or whether you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether you're going to be
+regulated like a credit agency so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated like a credit agency so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated like a credit agency so i
+think the gdpr and ccpa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the gdpr and ccpa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the gdpr and ccpa
+better protect the public they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better protect the public they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better protect the public they also
+raise some of the costs and barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise some of the costs and barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise some of the costs and barriers to
+entry in this field so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this field so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this field so there's some
+economics to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to it
+i think they might also tend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they might also tend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they might also tend a little
+bit towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit towards
+than homogeneic outcomes meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than homogeneic outcomes meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than homogeneic outcomes meaning that
+all the banks will be doing similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the banks will be doing similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the banks will be doing similar
+things to protect themselves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to protect themselves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to protect themselves in the
+regulatory environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory environment
+so i think it's a consideration it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's a consideration it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's a consideration it
+doesn't necessarily slow this down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily slow this down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily slow this down it's
+also an opportunity for fintech startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an opportunity for fintech startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an opportunity for fintech startup
+if you think you can be gdpr ccpa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you can be gdpr ccpa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you can be gdpr ccpa
+compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant
+and still be a really talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be a really talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be a really talented
+alternative data aggregator that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data aggregator that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data aggregator that's an
+opportunity for you if you're ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you if you're ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you if you're ahead of
+the regulatory curve and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory curve and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory curve and lower
+regulatory risk for the other startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory risk for the other startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory risk for the other startups
+so that's an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an opportunity
+one little comment on alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little comment on alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little comment on alternative data
+that i like to mention and and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to mention and and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to mention and and i don't
+remember where i read this so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where i read this so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where i read this so i
+apologize i can't quote this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize i can't quote this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize i can't quote this the
+the study accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study accurately
+but there has been a study about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there has been a study about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there has been a study about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+credit as it relates to charging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit as it relates to charging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit as it relates to charging your
+phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones
+and so i just passed this along to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i just passed this along to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i just passed this along to you
+that if some alternative data provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if some alternative data provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if some alternative data provider
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+alternative data underwriter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data underwriter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data underwriter
+wants to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to assess
+whether you or i are good credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you or i are good credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you or i are good credit
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+if one charges your phone every night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one charges your phone every night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one charges your phone every night
+we're more likely to repay our credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more likely to repay our credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more likely to repay our credit
+card and personal loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and personal loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and personal loans
+and if you don't charge your phone every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't charge your phone every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't charge your phone every
+night that's fine with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that's fine with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that's fine with me
+that's that's totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's totally fine
+but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apparently
+you're a little bit higher risk credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bit higher risk credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little bit higher risk credit
+that's what one survey has has shown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what one survey has has shown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what one survey has has shown and
+i apologize i just don't even remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apologize i just don't even remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apologize i just don't even remember
+all the things i've read where i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things i've read where i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things i've read where i read
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so what if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if some
+you know challenger bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know challenger bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know challenger bank
+just tracks whether you charge your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tracks whether you charge your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tracks whether you charge your
+phone by the way that's not hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone by the way that's not hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone by the way that's not hard to do
+it's it's easy you know these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy you know these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy you know these these
+phones are really quite sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones are really quite sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones are really quite sophisticated
+uh geolocation tracking contact tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geolocation tracking contact tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geolocation tracking contact tracing
+and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything
+so let's talk about uh the readings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about uh the readings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about uh the readings and
+everything i'm not going to dive into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i'm not going to dive into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i'm not going to dive into it
+but there were three readings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were three readings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were three readings about
+challenger banks neobanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks neobanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks neobanks
+and some of the challenges going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges going forward
+in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what is a challenger bank or neo-back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a challenger bank or neo-back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a challenger bank or neo-back
+and since we're i don't want to run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we're i don't want to run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we're i don't want to run out
+of time let me just sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time let me just sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time let me just sort of say
+the challenger and neobank are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger and neobank are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenger and neobank are often
+used interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used interchangeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used interchangeably
+but they're actually the to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually the to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually the to the more
+sort of specific they're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specific they're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of specific they're a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+a neo bank is something that is acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neo bank is something that is acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neo bank is something that is acting
+like a bank but is not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bank but is not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bank but is not yet
+registered or licensed as a bank in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered or licensed as a bank in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered or licensed as a bank in its
+jurisdiction and a challenger bank more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction and a challenger bank more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction and a challenger bank more
+technically would be something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically would be something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically would be something that has
+a license now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a license now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a license now
+most people use these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people use these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people use these terms
+interchangeably but the slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably but the slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably but the slight
+difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+do they have yet registered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have yet registered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have yet registered and
+challenge your banks and neobanks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge your banks and neobanks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge your banks and neobanks are
+used to talk about this this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talk about this this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talk about this this thing that
+happened in this last seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this last seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this last seven
+to ten years i'm gonna in a in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten years i'm gonna in a in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten years i'm gonna in a in a little
+bit talk about how this relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit talk about how this relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit talk about how this relates to the
+online banking that came before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking that came before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking that came before it
+um the pain points in traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pain points in traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the pain points in traditional
+banking we're going to dive into this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking we're going to dive into this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking we're going to dive into this in
+a minute a few slides so i'll hold off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute a few slides so i'll hold off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute a few slides so i'll hold off
+but those pain points about the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those pain points about the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those pain points about the cost
+that the big banks have the bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the big banks have the bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the big banks have the bricks and
+mortar legacy business that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar legacy business that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar legacy business that they have
+the legacy technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacy technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legacy technology
+are real and they've provided some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real and they've provided some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real and they've provided some
+opportunity to challenge your banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to challenge your banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to challenge your banks
+and the question is how will challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how will challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is how will challenger
+banks neo-banks affect the landscape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks neo-banks affect the landscape so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks neo-banks affect the landscape so
+one is what is this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what is this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what is this phenomenon
+two why have they been able to tap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why have they been able to tap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why have they been able to tap into
+this what what's the traditional bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what what's the traditional bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what what's the traditional bank's
+problems and three what's it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and three what's it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and three what's it mean for
+the future that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's what we're going to
+try to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover
+uh going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going forward
+so the challenges i mentioned a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenges i mentioned a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenges i mentioned a couple
+of them but look we all know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but look we all know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but look we all know it
+in the u.s there's about 78 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s there's about 78 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s there's about 78 000
+branches still in the u.s that's down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches still in the u.s that's down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches still in the u.s that's down
+from about 82 or 3 000. what will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 82 or 3 000. what will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 82 or 3 000. what will that
+number be in 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number be in 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number be in 10 years
+it's not declining leaps and bounds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not declining leaps and bounds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not declining leaps and bounds but
+particularly after the coronavirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly after the coronavirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly after the coronavirus
+crisis whenever we get to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis whenever we get to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis whenever we get to the other side
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+whether optimistically is in monster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether optimistically is in monster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether optimistically is in monster or
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+realistically in a couple of years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically in a couple of years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically in a couple of years and
+we all this social distancing and starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all this social distancing and starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all this social distancing and starts
+to move around and we start to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around and we start to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around and we start to get out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this 78 000 branches do we need them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 78 000 branches do we need them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 78 000 branches do we need them all
+and yet surveys of of the public still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet surveys of of the public still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet surveys of of the public still
+people like to have a physical branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to have a physical branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to have a physical branch
+for that occasional time you go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that occasional time you go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that occasional time you go into a
+physical brand their legacy technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical brand their legacy technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical brand their legacy technology
+the products themselves are somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products themselves are somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products themselves are somewhat
+commoditized a mortgage is a mortgage by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditized a mortgage is a mortgage by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditized a mortgage is a mortgage by
+and large an auto loan and even a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large an auto loan and even a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large an auto loan and even a small
+business loan there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business loan there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business loan there's a certain
+commoditization of payments and credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditization of payments and credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditization of payments and credit
+and how when you still have four to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how when you still have four to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how when you still have four to five
+thousand banks in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand banks in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand banks in the us
+and in many countries still hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many countries still hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many countries still hundreds of
+banks how do they literally compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks how do they literally compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks how do they literally compete with
+each other on a product that is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other on a product that is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other on a product that is somewhat
+commoditized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commoditized
+now you might say that's hard for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say that's hard for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say that's hard for the
+new competitor but the new competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new competitor but the new competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new competitor but the new competitor
+then comes in and says well maybe i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes in and says well maybe i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes in and says well maybe i can
+only provide something to the restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only provide something to the restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only provide something to the restaurant
+business so i can provide something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so i can provide something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so i can provide something that
+is really a great user interface and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a great user interface and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a great user interface and and
+the cost and fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost and fees
+are real too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real too
+the traditional banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional banking
+not just because of their branch network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because of their branch network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because of their branch network
+of nearly 80 000 branches in the us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly 80 000 branches in the us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly 80 000 branches in the us but
+also because of their employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of their employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of their employment
+also because of their fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of their fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because of their fees
+a lot of the challenger banks broke in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the challenger banks broke in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the challenger banks broke in
+by saying listen we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying listen we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying listen we're not going to
+charge you the same overdraft fees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you the same overdraft fees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you the same overdraft fees or
+late fees and if you do a deep dive in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees and if you do a deep dive in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees and if you do a deep dive in a
+deep study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep study on
+on consumer banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumer banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on consumer banking
+a lot of the revenue is on fees whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the revenue is on fees whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the revenue is on fees whether
+it's overdraft late fees and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overdraft late fees and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overdraft late fees and the like
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+challenger banks also said we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks also said we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks also said we can we can
+go in there and try to challenge online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and try to challenge online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and try to challenge online
+in a different way and of course provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way and of course provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way and of course provide
+greater user interface i think to luke's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater user interface i think to luke's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater user interface i think to luke's
+earlier question partly why challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier question partly why challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier question partly why challenger
+bank started in europe was partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank started in europe was partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank started in europe was partly
+because of the payment system directive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the payment system directive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the payment system directive
+there was first pds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was first pds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was first pds
+payment system directive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system directive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system directive
+what's now called one and psd two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now called one and psd two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now called one and psd two
+i think it's partly because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's partly because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's partly because of the
+payment system directives but partly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system directives but partly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system directives but partly the
+2008 crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 crisis
+now ali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ali
+bank here in the us technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank here in the us technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank here in the us technically
+was the first one in 2009 here but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one in 2009 here but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one in 2009 here but a lot
+of people don't say that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't say that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't say that was the first
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+but that came after the crisis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that came after the crisis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that came after the crisis and then
+you saw this spur of them in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this spur of them in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this spur of them in the early
+teens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teens
+uh that came along and i think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that came along and i think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that came along and i think a lot of
+it had to do with trust and the european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had to do with trust and the european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had to do with trust and the european
+situation was going through the european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation was going through the european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation was going through the european
+debt crisis all the way through 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt crisis all the way through 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt crisis all the way through 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw an enormous number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw an enormous number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you saw an enormous number of these
+starting between 2011 and 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting between 2011 and 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting between 2011 and 2015
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so this is a little bit the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a little bit the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a little bit the history
+of online banking and and and i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of online banking and and and i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of online banking and and and i take
+this from uh ft partners which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from uh ft partners which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from uh ft partners which is
+financial technology partners which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology partners which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology partners which is a
+small investment bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investment bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small investment bank
+started by a former uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by a former uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by a former uh
+wall street banker i think a cup handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street banker i think a cup handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street banker i think a cup handful
+from goldman and maybe morgan stanley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from goldman and maybe morgan stanley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from goldman and maybe morgan stanley
+and the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others
+but we're not going to go through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to go through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not going to go through each
+of these but the bank of scotland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but the bank of scotland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but the bank of scotland
+actually started to do online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started to do online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started to do online banking
+back in 1983. in essence anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1983. in essence anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1983. in essence anything you
+think is new has some something way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is new has some something way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is new has some something way back
+bank of america was already online by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america was already online by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank of america was already online by
+2001 yodly which is a is we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 yodly which is a is we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 yodly which is a is we talked about
+yodlee when we talked about apis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yodlee when we talked about apis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yodlee when we talked about apis
+had already been in this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been in this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been in this business
+and ing which was part of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ing which was part of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ing which was part of a big
+insurance company started retail banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company started retail banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company started retail banking
+in the late 90s the internet came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 90s the internet came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 90s the internet came along
+an earlier wave of fintech developed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier wave of fintech developed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier wave of fintech developed and
+online banking came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking came along
+most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it
+most of it related to traditional backs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it related to traditional backs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it related to traditional backs
+and the distinction that i draw between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distinction that i draw between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distinction that i draw between
+online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking
+and challenger banking it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenger banking it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenger banking it's a it's a
+light distinction but an important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light distinction but an important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light distinction but an important one
+online banking generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking generally
+was related to companies that had bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to companies that had bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to companies that had bricks
+and mortars traditional business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mortars traditional business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mortars traditional business models
+generally not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not always
+not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always
+and and mint was launched in 2006 later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and mint was launched in 2006 later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and mint was launched in 2006 later
+acquired by intuit that tax software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired by intuit that tax software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired by intuit that tax software
+company acquired meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company acquired meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company acquired meant
+ing an insurance company has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing an insurance company has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing an insurance company has something
+that capital one buys for nine billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital one buys for nine billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital one buys for nine billion
+dollars in 2011. so the earlier wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in 2011. so the earlier wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in 2011. so the earlier wave of
+non-banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-banking
+online banking not non-traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking not non-traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking not non-traditional
+banking like ing direct and mint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking like ing direct and mint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking like ing direct and mint
+were acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were acquired
+they were eaten up taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were eaten up taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were eaten up taken up
+an alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alley
+ally was an auto lending company formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ally was an auto lending company formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ally was an auto lending company formed
+a hundred years ago by general motors it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years ago by general motors it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years ago by general motors it
+was the first captive auto lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first captive auto lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first captive auto lending
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+but this set this stage to what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this set this stage to what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this set this stage to what if i
+just started something that never had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started something that never had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started something that never had a
+banking license never had a bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license never had a bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license never had a bricks and
+mortar it's just to start up i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar it's just to start up i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar it's just to start up i'm just
+going to go into some of these cracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into some of these cracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into some of these cracks
+some of these opportunities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these opportunities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these opportunities that
+traditional banks are giving me cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banks are giving me cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banks are giving me cost
+fees trust user interface and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees trust user interface and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees trust user interface and i'm going
+to start something and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start something and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start something and so
+what are the reasons and from a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reasons and from a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the reasons and from a survey
+from a different group the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different group the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different group the financial
+brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand
+these are just some of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of the reasons
+people are saying it's easy to set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying it's easy to set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying it's easy to set up an
+account account i like the fees and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account account i like the fees and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account account i like the fees and the
+rates better experience quality service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates better experience quality service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates better experience quality service
+in one survey a couple months ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one survey a couple months ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one survey a couple months ago
+that's that's an opportunity as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an opportunity as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an opportunity as well
+here's a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a list
+you could make the list so much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make the list so much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make the list so much longer
+there's hundreds of other companies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of other companies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hundreds of other companies but
+what i tried to do in this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i tried to do in this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i tried to do in this is sort of
+stick to around the world different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to around the world different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to around the world different
+banks ally back from 11 years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks ally back from 11 years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks ally back from 11 years ago but
+look at this spate of startups in 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this spate of startups in 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this spate of startups in 2013
+to 2015 or 16.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2015 or 16.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2015 or 16.
+now some of these are new like big pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of these are new like big pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of these are new like big pay
+in india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india
+some of them are multi-billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are multi-billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are multi-billion dollar
+valuation companies already like new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation companies already like new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation companies already like new
+bank in brazil started about seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank in brazil started about seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank in brazil started about seven years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+there's a bulk of them from the uk like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bulk of them from the uk like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bulk of them from the uk like
+oak north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oak north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oak north
+now revolut is in 30 countries now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now revolut is in 30 countries now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now revolut is in 30 countries now one
+of the earliest and largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest and largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest and largest
+out of europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of europe
+some are coming from other fintech space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are coming from other fintech space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are coming from other fintech space
+like sofi didn't start is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sofi didn't start is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sofi didn't start is what people
+would traditionally call a challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would traditionally call a challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would traditionally call a challenger
+bank sofi kind of started as an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank sofi kind of started as an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank sofi kind of started as an online
+lending platform not quite peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending platform not quite peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending platform not quite peer-to-peer
+but then so far is moving over you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so far is moving over you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so far is moving over you can
+put on this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on this list
+betterment that we will talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment that we will talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment that we will talk about in
+the next lecture that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture that does
+wealth management betterment is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth management betterment is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth management betterment is starting
+to move into this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move into this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move into this space
+plaid has started to say they will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid has started to say they will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid has started to say they will move
+into this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this space
+and then we bank is an interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we bank is an interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we bank is an interesting one
+that's really formed by a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really formed by a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really formed by a bunch of
+commercial banks in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks in china
+that's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying
+we're gonna just have an online platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just have an online platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just have an online platform
+is it really part of those commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really part of those commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really part of those commercial
+banks or is it separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks or is it separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks or is it separately
+a challenger bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenger bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenger bank
+so i've got a lot going on in caico bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got a lot going on in caico bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got a lot going on in caico bank
+which is started by one of the big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is started by one of the big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is started by one of the big tech
+firms i chose not to put ant financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms i chose not to put ant financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms i chose not to put ant financial
+on here but you could arguably say ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here but you could arguably say ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here but you could arguably say ant
+financial part of alipay i was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial part of alipay i was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial part of alipay i was trying to
+stick to things that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to things that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to things that are really
+classically called challenger neobanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically called challenger neobanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically called challenger neobanks
+so the vocabulary is a little loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vocabulary is a little loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vocabulary is a little loose
+most people when they think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people when they think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people when they think of
+challenger neobanks they think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger neobanks they think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger neobanks they think of
+revolut in europe if you want to study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut in europe if you want to study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut in europe if you want to study a
+case closely look at revolut now in 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case closely look at revolut now in 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case closely look at revolut now in 30
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+a lot of other players are trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other players are trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other players are trying to get
+in transfer wise from the payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transfer wise from the payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transfer wise from the payment space
+so some from the payment space some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some from the payment space some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some from the payment space some from
+the big tech like keiko back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tech like keiko back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tech like keiko back
+some from commercial banks some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from commercial banks some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from commercial banks some from
+investment banks like goldman sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks like goldman sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks like goldman sachs
+starts marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts marcus
+um a lot going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot going on
+nearly every country australia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every country australia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every country australia is
+represented here china southeast asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here china southeast asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here china southeast asia
+and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+um but this is sort of gives you a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is sort of gives you a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is sort of gives you a map
+of it back to that ft partners thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it back to that ft partners thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it back to that ft partners thing
+this you know blows it up even more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know blows it up even more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know blows it up even more just
+with their logos but you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their logos but you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their logos but you can see it's
+really around the globe right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really around the globe right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really around the globe right now
+kind of was emanated out of europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was emanated out of europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was emanated out of europe
+populated out of the u.s then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated out of the u.s then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated out of the u.s then and then
+all of a sudden you just saw kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you just saw kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you just saw kind of
+all around the globe brazil enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the globe brazil enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the globe brazil enormous
+contributions out of brazil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions out of brazil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions out of brazil in the
+business models as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and like pay tm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like pay tm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like pay tm
+out of india as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of india as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of india as well
+uh in a sense i i should have mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a sense i i should have mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a sense i i should have mentioned
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+quite a sort of interesting and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a sort of interesting and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a sort of interesting and this
+will be up in canvas of course so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be up in canvas of course so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be up in canvas of course so what
+are their product offerings what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their product offerings what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are their product offerings what are
+their product offerings well any bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product offerings well any bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product offerings well any bank
+has the same sort of list of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same sort of list of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same sort of list of product
+offerings of course and this just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings of course and this just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings of course and this just one
+example again from this ft partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again from this ft partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again from this ft partners
+checking in savings to be a challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking in savings to be a challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking in savings to be a challenger
+bank it's usually right there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it's usually right there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it's usually right there somewhere
+in debit cards credit cards checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in debit cards credit cards checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in debit cards credit cards checking
+savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+and basically they they would say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they they would say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they they would say it was
+easy to open an account and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to open an account and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to open an account and we will
+actually pay you something revolut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay you something revolut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay you something revolut
+interestingly started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly started in the
+cross-border payment area and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payment area and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payment area and basically
+said you could have an account you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you could have an account you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you could have an account you could
+be in one country and you could have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in one country and you could have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in one country and you could have an
+account in multiple currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in multiple currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in multiple currencies
+traditional banking is a single currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking is a single currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking is a single currency
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+partly regulation partly history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly regulation partly history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly regulation partly history
+but revolut says we're online you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but revolut says we're online you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but revolut says we're online you can
+have multiple currencies and we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple currencies and we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple currencies and we won't
+charge you all of that cross-border cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you all of that cross-border cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge you all of that cross-border cost
+one might say it started as a payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might say it started as a payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might say it started as a payment
+company but it was really offering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but it was really offering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but it was really offering you
+accounts as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts as well
+and this idea of offering cap remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this idea of offering cap remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this idea of offering cap remember
+the term neobank and challenger bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term neobank and challenger bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term neobank and challenger bank
+often use interchangeably but neobank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use interchangeably but neobank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use interchangeably but neobank is
+something that's not yet licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not yet licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not yet licensed
+you've seen a spate of companies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a spate of companies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a spate of companies in the
+united kingdom getting licensed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united kingdom getting licensed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united kingdom getting licensed from
+2016 to 2019 many that were not licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 to 2019 many that were not licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 to 2019 many that were not licensed
+as traditional banks then filed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as traditional banks then filed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as traditional banks then filed for
+their banking licenses and you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their banking licenses and you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their banking licenses and you've seen
+that happening along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening along the way
+uh when will sofi for instance get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when will sofi for instance get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when will sofi for instance get their
+banking license in the u.s so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license in the u.s so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license in the u.s so to speak
+you'll see that sort of going along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that sort of going along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that sort of going along the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+romaine i'm just going to pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i'm just going to pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine i'm just going to pause for
+questions just to see get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just to see get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just to see get a little
+engaged here and then i'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged here and then i'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged here and then i'm going to go to
+their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their
+account base and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account base and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account base and we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+their account base and then we'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their account base and then we'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their account base and then we'll turn
+to funding valuations and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to funding valuations and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to funding valuations and a little bit
+how traditional banks are reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how traditional banks are reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how traditional banks are reacting
+excellent alessandro you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent alessandro you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent alessandro you want to go
+yeah thank you hi gary um so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you hi gary um so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you hi gary um so my question
+is um many of these companies that offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um many of these companies that offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um many of these companies that offer
+credit cards they often partner up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards they often partner up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards they often partner up with
+banks is this because of regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks is this because of regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks is this because of regulatory
+issues or balance sheet issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues or balance sheet issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues or balance sheet issues
+it's a great question it's really both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question it's really both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question it's really both
+and it's not just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not just um
+it's not just in the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just in the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just in the credit card
+business you found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you found that
+marketplace lenders also uh partnered up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace lenders also uh partnered up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace lenders also uh partnered up
+with banks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with banks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with banks uh
+the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea of
+entering part of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering part of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering part of finance
+you always have a decision in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have a decision in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have a decision in any
+business of buy versus build or rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of buy versus build or rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of buy versus build or rent
+versus build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus build
+uh you can do this with your cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do this with your cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do this with your cloud
+storage do i want to build my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage do i want to build my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage do i want to build my data
+warehouse or rented well by and large if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse or rented well by and large if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse or rented well by and large if
+you're a fintech startup you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a fintech startup you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a fintech startup you're going to
+rent your cloud storage now right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent your cloud storage now right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent your cloud storage now right you're
+not going to build your data warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to build your data warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to build your data warehouse
+you might similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might similarly
+rent somebody else's balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent somebody else's balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent somebody else's balance sheet
+and so part of what you've seen is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so part of what you've seen is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so part of what you've seen is about
+balance sheet you start a business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet you start a business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet you start a business and
+you try to find some funding but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find some funding but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find some funding but you
+don't have the funding yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the funding yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the funding yourself you
+don't have balance sheet and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have balance sheet and you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have balance sheet and you can get
+a warehouse line of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warehouse line of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warehouse line of credit
+and you can use the asset securitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use the asset securitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use the asset securitization
+market as well to offload those credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as well to offload those credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market as well to offload those credit
+card receivables those auto receivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card receivables those auto receivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card receivables those auto receivable
+student loan and of course mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student loan and of course mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student loan and of course mortgage
+receivables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables
+and excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see
+in some lines of business particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lines of business particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lines of business particularly
+mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages
+that what one might call alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one might call alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one might call alternative
+finance quicken loan penny mac and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance quicken loan penny mac and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance quicken loan penny mac and
+others have built very significant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have built very significant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have built very significant well
+over 50 percent of mortgages in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 percent of mortgages in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 percent of mortgages in the us
+now fifty to sixty percent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fifty to sixty percent are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fifty to sixty percent are
+originated by the non-banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated by the non-banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated by the non-banks
+because they can readily offload the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can readily offload the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can readily offload the
+balance sheet issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet issues
+but to your question a lot of it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to your question a lot of it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to your question a lot of it's also
+regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+and in the credit card space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the credit card space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the credit card space
+and in the peer-to-peer lending space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the peer-to-peer lending space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the peer-to-peer lending space
+without a bank license it's hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a bank license it's hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a bank license it's hard to do
+all the pieces you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces you need to do
+and without kind of diving into each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without kind of diving into each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without kind of diving into each of
+the regulatory reasons why you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory reasons why you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory reasons why you tend to
+so amazon partnered with synchrony for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so amazon partnered with synchrony for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so amazon partnered with synchrony for
+instance and subsequent it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and subsequent it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and subsequent it looks like
+they may have also partnered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have also partnered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have also partnered with
+um a jp morgan chase when credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a jp morgan chase when credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a jp morgan chase when credit card
+offerings and their banks like synchrony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and their banks like synchrony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and their banks like synchrony
+and others that will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others that will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others that will say
+will basically white label you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically white label you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically white label you know some
+of them like synchrony that's a co-brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them like synchrony that's a co-brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them like synchrony that's a co-brand
+amazon synchrony some will say we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon synchrony some will say we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon synchrony some will say we'll
+just be in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be in the background
+and there are actually some licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are actually some licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are actually some licensed
+banks that make a business out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that make a business out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that make a business out of
+servicing fintech companies and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servicing fintech companies and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servicing fintech companies and there's
+a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+there's a whole group of of licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole group of of licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole group of of licensed
+banks that in in both europe and the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that in in both europe and the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that in in both europe and the us
+feel that's that's a line of business in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that's that's a line of business in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that's that's a line of business in
+and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of itself
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin
+yes um with so many banks and with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um with so many banks and with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um with so many banks and with so
+many similar product offerings how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many similar product offerings how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many similar product offerings how do
+you see the differentiation will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the differentiation will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the differentiation will happen
+great question look this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question look this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question look this is a very
+exciting space but it's going to shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting space but it's going to shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting space but it's going to shake
+out i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i mean
+it's uh it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's hard to
+imagine that they'll all be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they'll all be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they'll all be there
+there's there's one website i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one website i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one website i didn't
+choose to put it up here that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to put it up here that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to put it up here that actually
+follows the top 10 challenger banks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the top 10 challenger banks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the top 10 challenger banks by
+every six months they post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months they post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six months they post
+who's getting the most web traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's getting the most web traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's getting the most web traffic
+and part of it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of it you know
+if if you're sofi and in one year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're sofi and in one year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're sofi and in one year you
+get the most web traffic but three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most web traffic but three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most web traffic but three years
+later people aren't going to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later people aren't going to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later people aren't going to your
+website that's a that's a problem i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that's a that's a problem i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that's a that's a problem i'm
+not saying so far yet has that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying so far yet has that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying so far yet has that problem
+but you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+the way that these companies they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that these companies they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that these companies they've
+each started a little different some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each started a little different some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each started a little different some
+start in a slice of a domain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in a slice of a domain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in a slice of a domain like
+revolut was the cross border some come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut was the cross border some come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut was the cross border some come
+at it from the open api side some come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it from the open api side some come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it from the open api side some come
+from from the the low-cost side they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the the low-cost side they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the the low-cost side they
+find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one
+pain point and they try to do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain point and they try to do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain point and they try to do that well
+all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them
+that are successful now pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are successful now pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are successful now pretty much
+started between 2013 and 2018 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started between 2013 and 2018 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started between 2013 and 2018 so it's a
+little harder to think somebody's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to think somebody's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to think somebody's going
+to get it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it now
+but it might be a geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be a geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be a geography
+it might be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be like
+big pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pay
+which i think is in southeast asia you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is in southeast asia you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is in southeast asia you
+know it might be like a geography as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it might be like a geography as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it might be like a geography as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+but i do think there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do think there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do think there's going to be
+there's going to be shakeout and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be shakeout and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be shakeout and even
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+amongst the unicorns those that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the unicorns those that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the unicorns those that are
+valued over a billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued over a billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued over a billion dollars
+customers matter and maybe this sets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers matter and maybe this sets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers matter and maybe this sets up
+this is i'm going to show you two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i'm going to show you two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i'm going to show you two uh
+competing charts on on challenger banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing charts on on challenger banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing charts on on challenger banks
+this is just europe this is just europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just europe this is just europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just europe this is just europe
+but you see the growth in in customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the growth in in customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the growth in in customers
+revolut n26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut n26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut n26
+monets and so forth just this remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monets and so forth just this remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monets and so forth just this remarkable
+growth of customers that's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of customers that's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of customers that's getting
+noted by traditional banks you get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted by traditional banks you get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted by traditional banks you get five
+10 million customer accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million customer accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million customer accounts
+that's that's that's a remarkable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's a remarkable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's a remarkable thing
+to happen we'll talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen we'll talk more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen we'll talk more about this
+when we do asset management in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do asset management in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do asset management in the next
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+but most of the biggest online brokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the biggest online brokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the biggest online brokers
+to give you scaling were somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you scaling were somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you scaling were somewhere
+between six and 12 million customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and 12 million customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between six and 12 million customer
+accounts e-trade and and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts e-trade and and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts e-trade and and the like
+uh td ameritrade so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh td ameritrade so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh td ameritrade so forth
+so to give you son a scale of customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you son a scale of customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you son a scale of customer
+accounts these started to really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts these started to really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts these started to really get
+noticed and another customer account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed and another customer account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed and another customer account
+chart different service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart different service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart different service
+it's hard to know whether these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know whether these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know whether these numbers
+are accurate but these are self-reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accurate but these are self-reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accurate but these are self-reported
+by the companies this is by year of crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the companies this is by year of crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the companies this is by year of crop
+the 2013 startups new bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2013 startups new bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2013 startups new bank
+aspiration tandem chime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiration tandem chime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspiration tandem chime
+well new bank getting to 15 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well new bank getting to 15 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well new bank getting to 15 million
+customer accounts or caico bank in korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer accounts or caico bank in korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer accounts or caico bank in korea
+getting to 10 million customers chimes 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 10 million customers chimes 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to 10 million customers chimes 6
+million 5 million for money line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 5 million for money line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 5 million for money line
+revolut 6 and some other figures show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut 6 and some other figures show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut 6 and some other figures show
+revolut might be closer to nine million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut might be closer to nine million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut might be closer to nine million
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these are significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are significant
+in and of themselves that they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of themselves that they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of themselves that they can get
+to that so part of the business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so part of the business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so part of the business model
+you you're you can see hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you can see hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you can see hundreds of
+challenger banks but many of them still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks but many of them still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger banks but many of them still
+only have a hundred thousand to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a hundred thousand to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a hundred thousand to four
+hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand
+accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts
+and that's a great start but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a great start but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a great start but you've
+gotta kind of kind of get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta kind of kind of get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta kind of kind of get further
+and and and the venture capitalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the venture capitalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the venture capitalists
+behind it have to decide what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it have to decide what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it have to decide what's their
+exit strategy can you sell this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit strategy can you sell this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit strategy can you sell this to
+somebody else who's trying to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who's trying to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who's trying to get a
+foothold in this space or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in this space or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in this space or not
+uh stash by the way that's listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stash by the way that's listed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stash by the way that's listed here
+is more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more in the
+uh online brokerage business than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh online brokerage business than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh online brokerage business than it is
+on online banking so i chose not to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on online banking so i chose not to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on online banking so i chose not to list
+it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it earlier
+tandem only half a million customers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem only half a million customers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem only half a million customers is
+a really big one in the uk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big one in the uk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big one in the uk
+but starling bank and revolut and monzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but starling bank and revolut and monzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but starling bank and revolut and monzo
+are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger
+so how does how does tandem break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does how does tandem break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does how does tandem break
+through when you've got four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through when you've got four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through when you've got four or five
+that are bigger just as an example in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bigger just as an example in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bigger just as an example in in
+in the uk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and so then valuations and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then valuations and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then valuations and it's really
+hard to get behind valuations all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get behind valuations all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get behind valuations all of
+this is before before the corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is before before the corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is before before the corona crisis
+some of these are going to be winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are going to be winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these are going to be winners
+some of them going to be losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them going to be losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them going to be losers
+this one taken from a forbes article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one taken from a forbes article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one taken from a forbes article in
+late 2019 based on pitch book data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 2019 based on pitch book data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 2019 based on pitch book data
+from their last funding round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their last funding round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their last funding round
+now new bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now new bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now new bank
+look let's go back new bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let's go back new bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let's go back new bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so million customers new banks been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so million customers new banks been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so million customers new banks been
+the big success story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big success story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big success story here
+revolut if that's a true number from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut if that's a true number from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut if that's a true number from
+their last funding round seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last funding round seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last funding round seems that
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+a little out of what the the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little out of what the the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little out of what the the customer
+numbers are it might be an out-of-date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are it might be an out-of-date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are it might be an out-of-date
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+valuations aren't clear this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations aren't clear this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations aren't clear this is not
+stock market valuation so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market valuation so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market valuation so i'm going to
+give you another take on this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another take on this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another take on this as well
+is this is the actual funding back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the actual funding back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the actual funding back to
+the ft partners survey this is actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ft partners survey this is actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ft partners survey this is actual
+funding that these companies have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding that these companies have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding that these companies have done
+and then what their what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what their what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what their what they call
+pre-money valuations of new bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-money valuations of new bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-money valuations of new bank and
+chime and some of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chime and some of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chime and some of the others
+so these are not insignificant players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are not insignificant players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are not insignificant players
+in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market
+if you're thinking about going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking about going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking about going to work
+for one of these it would be an exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of these it would be an exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of these it would be an exciting
+career path but even the new banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career path but even the new banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career path but even the new banks and
+chimes and n26s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimes and n26s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimes and n26s
+have to figure out how they stay viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how they stay viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how they stay viable
+how they stay vibrant against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they stay vibrant against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they stay vibrant against
+the traditional players and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional players and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional players and the the
+big tech companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech companies
+and if you're all the way at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're all the way at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're all the way at the other
+end if you're a company like dave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you're a company like dave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you're a company like dave and
+dave is thought of as just maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave is thought of as just maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave is thought of as just maybe a
+unicorn and it's only raised 76 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorn and it's only raised 76 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorn and it's only raised 76 million
+now that that number may mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that number may mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that number may mean they're
+but if if you're dave and you're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if you're dave and you're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if you're dave and you're there
+with a couple hundred employees will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple hundred employees will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple hundred employees will it
+be there in three years or not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in three years or not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in three years or not what's
+their exit strategy so i think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their exit strategy so i think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their exit strategy so i think you've
+raised the right question about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the right question about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the right question about all of
+these um and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um and and the
+history of banking is we don't we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of banking is we don't we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of banking is we don't we do
+have five or s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five or s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five or s
+thousand or so in the u.s but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or so in the u.s but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or so in the u.s but they're
+community banks they locally serve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community banks they locally serve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community banks they locally serve and
+really work hard in their communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work hard in their communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work hard in their communities
+they know their business community they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know their business community they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know their business community they
+know that and they have some bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and they have some bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and they have some bricks and
+mortars in an online space we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortars in an online space we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortars in an online space we know that
+network effects matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects matter
+and with network effects online how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with network effects online how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with network effects online how many
+of these will exist is a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these will exist is a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these will exist is a great question
+romain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain
+one more slide on funding but questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more slide on funding but questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more slide on funding but questions
+is i thought this was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i thought this was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i thought this was kind of
+interesting i don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i don't necessarily
+subscribe to it but they this one site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to it but they this one site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to it but they this one site
+sort of said let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of said let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of said let's take a look at the
+funding numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding numbers
+what are what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are the
+their funding numbers and and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their funding numbers and and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their funding numbers and and and how
+many customers there have so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many customers there have so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many customers there have so if you take
+what their last valuation number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their last valuation number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their last valuation number is
+divided by their customers and they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their customers and they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their customers and they come
+up with this concept that customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this concept that customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this concept that customers are
+worth about 730 dollars apiece you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth about 730 dollars apiece you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth about 730 dollars apiece you know
+if you just average everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just average everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just average everything you
+divide their valuation by their customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide their valuation by their customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide their valuation by their customer
+account well that that they're it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account well that that they're it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account well that that they're it
+doesn't work perfectly it absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work perfectly it absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work perfectly it absolutely
+doesn't but you can get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't but you can get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't but you can get a sense of
+this is about a an account aggregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about a an account aggregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about a an account aggregation
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+can you build accounts get to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you build accounts get to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you build accounts get to a million
+can you get to five or 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get to five or 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get to five or 10 million
+and actually service and provide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually service and provide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually service and provide so
+what's happening is a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is a lot of these
+companies are negative funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are negative funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are negative funding
+by negative funding what they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by negative funding what they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by negative funding what they're really
+doing is they're offering products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're offering products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're offering products
+to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public
+but they're not covering all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not covering all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not covering all of their
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+they might be offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be offering
+interest rates on the deposits they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates on the deposits they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates on the deposits they
+might be having lower costs and fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be having lower costs and fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be having lower costs and fees
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+late fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late fees
+and account maintenance fees they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and account maintenance fees they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and account maintenance fees they might
+not have account maintenance a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have account maintenance a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have account maintenance a lot of
+these will allow you to have in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will allow you to have in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will allow you to have in essence
+micro payments and micro accounts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro payments and micro accounts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro payments and micro accounts but
+how they're funding that is the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're funding that is the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're funding that is the venture
+capitalists are funding it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists are funding it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists are funding it basically
+because what they're trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what they're trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what they're trying to do is
+build valuation their whole model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build valuation their whole model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build valuation their whole model
+is about building value and then exiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about building value and then exiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about building value and then exiting
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+and and judging when to do that exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and judging when to do that exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and judging when to do that exit
+now some of them will get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of them will get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of them will get to be
+income positive but those that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income positive but those that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income positive but those that right now
+aren't in the corona uh environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in the corona uh environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't in the corona uh environment
+coronavirus uh crisis we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus uh crisis we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus uh crisis we're in
+there's a new term that you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new term that you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new term that you'll hear
+amongst venture capitalists is runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst venture capitalists is runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst venture capitalists is runway
+how much runway does a company have does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much runway does a company have does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much runway does a company have does
+it did its last funding round did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did its last funding round did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did its last funding round did they
+raise enough money to sustain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise enough money to sustain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise enough money to sustain them
+for six months more or two years more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six months more or two years more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six months more or two years more
+and it a lot relates to when was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it a lot relates to when was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it a lot relates to when was their
+last funding round if their last funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last funding round if their last funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last funding round if their last funding
+round was in the last six months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round was in the last six months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round was in the last six months and
+they have enough runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enough runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enough runway
+enough cash so that their cash burn they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough cash so that their cash burn they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough cash so that their cash burn they
+can last two or three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can last two or three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can last two or three years
+that's more optimistic than if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more optimistic than if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more optimistic than if their
+their runway is six months and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their runway is six months and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their runway is six months and they
+haven't done their last funding has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done their last funding has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done their last funding has been
+a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year ago
+they did their a round but they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did their a round but they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did their a round but they haven't
+done their b round or they've done their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done their b round or they've done their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done their b round or they've done their
+c round haven't done their d round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c round haven't done their d round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c round haven't done their d round
+and in essence they have to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence they have to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in essence they have to a lot of
+these companies in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies in the middle of the
+corona virus crisis have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona virus crisis have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona virus crisis have to figure out
+how to extend their runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe do a sub-optimal new funding round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do a sub-optimal new funding round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do a sub-optimal new funding round
+that doesn't boost their valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't boost their valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't boost their valuation
+merge or consolidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge or consolidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge or consolidate
+so it's also a challenging time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also a challenging time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also a challenging time
+depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon
+what they hadn't anticipated quote how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they hadn't anticipated quote how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they hadn't anticipated quote how
+much runway they have when was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much runway they have when was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much runway they have when was their
+last funding round and the like how and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last funding round and the like how and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last funding round and the like how and
+and have they gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have they gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have they gone
+uh cash flow positive most of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cash flow positive most of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cash flow positive most of these have
+not necessarily gone cash flow positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily gone cash flow positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily gone cash flow positive
+uh romaine i'll pause for questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh romaine i'll pause for questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh romaine i'll pause for questions and
+then i'm going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to talk about uh
+traditional banks so you almost just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banks so you almost just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banks so you almost just
+answered we had a question from alita in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered we had a question from alita in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered we had a question from alita in
+the chat asking whether this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat asking whether this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chat asking whether this model is
+profitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable
+elita it is profitable in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elita it is profitable in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elita it is profitable in terms of
+selling equity to venture capitalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling equity to venture capitalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling equity to venture capitalists
+it is profitable for some of the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is profitable for some of the banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is profitable for some of the banks
+that have been sold even at earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sold even at earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sold even at earlier
+times to traditional banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to traditional banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to traditional banks
+and and for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for some
+on bottom line has crossed over and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bottom line has crossed over and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bottom line has crossed over and is
+profitable we don't have financials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable we don't have financials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable we don't have financials for
+the hundreds of challenger and neo-banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundreds of challenger and neo-banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundreds of challenger and neo-banks
+but by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by and large
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+before the coronavirus crisis would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the coronavirus crisis would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the coronavirus crisis would have
+been in a negative earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a negative earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in a negative earnings
+space and what they were trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and what they were trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and what they were trying to do is
+basically build digital footprint build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically build digital footprint build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically build digital footprint build
+customer base to get to that first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer base to get to that first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer base to get to that first half
+million to get to that first million to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to get to that first million to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to get to that first million to
+get to the five and ten million round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the five and ten million round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the five and ten million round
+you get five or ten million customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get five or ten million customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get five or ten million customers
+what you've built is you've built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've built is you've built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've built is you've built a
+valuable thing that somebody else might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing that somebody else might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing that somebody else might
+want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy
+and you've chanted you've tended to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've chanted you've tended to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've chanted you've tended to then
+to get to cash flow positive by then but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to cash flow positive by then but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to cash flow positive by then but
+i we don't have the financials i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i we don't have the financials i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i we don't have the financials i
+wouldn't be able to tell you which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to tell you which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to tell you which ones
+of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these small
+players are yet cash flow positive i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are yet cash flow positive i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are yet cash flow positive i
+will say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this
+three to six months from now more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to six months from now more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to six months from now more of
+them will consolidate go out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will consolidate go out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will consolidate go out of business
+or get cash flow positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get cash flow positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get cash flow positive
+they'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have a
+need to as i say extend that runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to as i say extend that runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to as i say extend that runway
+and then we have a carlos with his hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a carlos with his hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a carlos with his hand
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi yeah i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi yeah i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi yeah i have
+i have a question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a question um
+as it pertains to to these banks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it pertains to to these banks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it pertains to to these banks in
+develop versus developing markets and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop versus developing markets and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop versus developing markets and i
+guess it's it's for two reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's it's for two reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's it's for two reasons one is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+on one end the extent of the unbanked or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one end the extent of the unbanked or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one end the extent of the unbanked or
+underbanked population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbanked population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbanked population in
+and especially because when you show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially because when you show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially because when you show the
+valuations right like new bank is by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations right like new bank is by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations right like new bank is by far
+an outlier in a country like brazil so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outlier in a country like brazil so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outlier in a country like brazil so
+one is that probably a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that probably a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that probably a lot of people
+that our clients of new bank did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our clients of new bank did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our clients of new bank did not
+previously have bank accounts or were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously have bank accounts or were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously have bank accounts or were
+significantly underbanked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly underbanked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly underbanked
+um and in a moment like right now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in a moment like right now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in a moment like right now with
+the corner crisis i mean they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner crisis i mean they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner crisis i mean they're gonna
+need this accounts more than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this accounts more than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this accounts more than ever
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+people using neo banks in developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using neo banks in developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using neo banks in developed
+markets like the united states arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets like the united states arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets like the united states arguably
+in a lower interest rate environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower interest rate environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower interest rate environment
+might be less prompted or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less prompted or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less prompted or less
+interested in actually holding on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in actually holding on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in actually holding on to
+these accounts versus what they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accounts versus what they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accounts versus what they can use
+in traditional banks i i think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in traditional banks i i think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in traditional banks i i think you're
+right but there's one other aspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's one other aspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's one other aspect that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you imply but you didn't explicitly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imply but you didn't explicitly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imply but you didn't explicitly say
+it's the cost structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cost structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cost structure and the
+competitive structure in the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive structure in the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive structure in the countries
+so taking brazil brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking brazil brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking brazil brazil
+is a very high cost banking sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very high cost banking sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very high cost banking sector
+it has a lot of historic reasons about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of historic reasons about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of historic reasons about
+the concentration it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration it has to do with the
+government involvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government involvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government involvement
+but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of
+not just latin america but around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just latin america but around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just latin america but around the
+globe it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe it has
+if not the highest one of the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not the highest one of the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not the highest one of the highest
+net interest margin this is the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net interest margin this is the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net interest margin this is the margin
+that the traditional banks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the traditional banks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the traditional banks like
+itu and others are able to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itu and others are able to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itu and others are able to charge
+between what they lend money at and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they lend money at and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what they lend money at and what
+they borrow money that's called the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they borrow money that's called the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they borrow money that's called the net
+interest margin and if in the u.s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest margin and if in the u.s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest margin and if in the u.s and
+even in mexico in canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in mexico in canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in mexico in canada
+we're running give or take around 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running give or take around 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running give or take around 300
+basis points meaning what you pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points meaning what you pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points meaning what you pay a
+depositor versus what you lend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositor versus what you lend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositor versus what you lend on the
+other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+in brazil it's multiples of that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brazil it's multiples of that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brazil it's multiples of that even
+for high-grade corporate borrowers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high-grade corporate borrowers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high-grade corporate borrowers it's
+more than that but for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that but for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that but for small
+medium-sized businesses and the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized businesses and the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized businesses and the public
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+close to 10 times that meaning it's 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 10 times that meaning it's 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 10 times that meaning it's 20
+to 30 percent net interest margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 percent net interest margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 percent net interest margins
+for for for a certain sector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for a certain sector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for a certain sector of the
+market so i think new bank and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so i think new bank and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so i think new bank and and the
+four or five others in brazil had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five others in brazil had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five others in brazil had an
+opportunity because it's a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because it's a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because it's a highly
+uh inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inefficient
+consumer banking and small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer banking and small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer banking and small the
+medium-sized banking market and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized banking market and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized banking market and and
+recall from our last uh class i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from our last uh class i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from our last uh class i said
+that fintech companies have largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fintech companies have largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fintech companies have largely
+focused on the household sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the household sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the household sector
+whether it's mortgages personal loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's mortgages personal loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's mortgages personal loans
+credit cards and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and the like
+they've focused on the consumer sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've focused on the consumer sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've focused on the consumer sector
+of savings accounts and credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of savings accounts and credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of savings accounts and credit card
+provisions and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions and the like
+and they've focused on small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've focused on small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've focused on small and
+medium-sized business they're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized business they're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized business they're not trying
+to compete new bank is not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete new bank is not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete new bank is not trying to
+compete with it about the big corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with it about the big corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with it about the big corporate
+lending and they're not going to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and they're not going to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and they're not going to compete
+in brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brazil
+as about half of the half of the lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as about half of the half of the lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as about half of the half of the lending
+at the big corporate level is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big corporate level is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big corporate level is from
+basically government banked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically government banked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically government banked uh
+government-backed banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed banks
+um so i think when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think when you look at the
+developed world the europe the u.s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world the europe the u.s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world the europe the u.s and
+so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+we we have challenges in our banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have challenges in our banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have challenges in our banking
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+it's around those pain points i talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around those pain points i talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around those pain points i talked
+about earlier about legacy systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier about legacy systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier about legacy systems and
+legacy user interfaces and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy user interfaces and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy user interfaces and sometimes
+high fees and so forth but in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fees and so forth but in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fees and so forth but in every
+country you have to look at what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you have to look at what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you have to look at what's the
+inefficiency of the of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of the of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of the of the current
+traditional banking system and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking system and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional banking system and does
+online banking is that an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking is that an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online banking is that an opportunity
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+shed a costly branch network shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed a costly branch network shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed a costly branch network shed
+costly legacy systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly legacy systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly legacy systems
+or or frankly just do it better cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or frankly just do it better cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or frankly just do it better cheaper
+you know ultimately that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ultimately that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ultimately that's what it is
+about being an entrepreneur can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being an entrepreneur can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being an entrepreneur can you do
+it better cheaper faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so how have the traditional banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how have the traditional banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how have the traditional banks
+reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted
+they're not staying still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not staying still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not staying still
+all the way back from the online banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back from the online banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back from the online banking
+movement they they were right right four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they they were right right four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement they they were right right four
+square in the online banking movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in the online banking movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in the online banking movement of
+the 1990s to the late naughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s to the late naughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s to the late naughts
+what have they done in the last decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have they done in the last decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have they done in the last decade
+they've started to say maybe we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started to say maybe we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started to say maybe we have to
+rebrand and do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebrand and do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebrand and do something different
+goldman sachs is not the only one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs is not the only one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs is not the only one with
+marcus now gomez actually investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcus now gomez actually investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcus now gomez actually investment
+bank they were not protecting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank they were not protecting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank they were not protecting their
+brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand
+but as i said cap one in 2011 bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i said cap one in 2011 bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i said cap one in 2011 bought
+this big ing direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big ing direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big ing direct
+the cap one said oh for 9 billion we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap one said oh for 9 billion we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap one said oh for 9 billion we can
+move to this other area but then others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this other area but then others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this other area but then others
+are starting to have named branded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to have named branded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to have named branded
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+jp morgan and others are saying we maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jp morgan and others are saying we maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jp morgan and others are saying we maybe
+should do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+looks like an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an online
+it's like we'll even use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like we'll even use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like we'll even use a different
+name and call it something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and call it something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and call it something else
+uh and react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and react
+so i wouldn't count down any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wouldn't count down any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wouldn't count down any of these
+big traditional banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big traditional banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big traditional banks
+and where we are in three or five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we are in three or five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we are in three or five years
+is going to be interesting i also would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be interesting i also would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be interesting i also would
+encourage you to think big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think big tech
+you know apple credit card is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apple credit card is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know apple credit card is not quite
+a challenger bank amazon prime is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenger bank amazon prime is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenger bank amazon prime is not
+quite a challenger bank but when do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a challenger bank but when do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a challenger bank but when do they
+like alibaba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alibaba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like alibaba
+file for banking license like alibaba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for banking license like alibaba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for banking license like alibaba
+did and got yet financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and got yet financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and got yet financial
+like in korea keiko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in korea keiko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in korea keiko
+has done and already is just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done and already is just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done and already is just getting
+huge market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge market share
+so i don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too much in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much in our
+distant future i think that's near term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future i think that's near term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future i think that's near term
+that we'll see that now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see that now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see that now we have
+different traditions in the u.s we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different traditions in the u.s we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different traditions in the u.s we have
+a tradition both in culture and embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradition both in culture and embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradition both in culture and embedded
+in law about separation of banking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in law about separation of banking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in law about separation of banking and
+commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce
+and we went through this in the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we went through this in the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we went through this in the 1980s
+and 1990s when the department store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1990s when the department store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1990s when the department store
+changed like walmart wanted to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed like walmart wanted to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed like walmart wanted to get into
+banking and they there's all this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking and they there's all this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking and they there's all this sort
+of back and forth about whether they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back and forth about whether they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back and forth about whether they can
+have banking licenses and what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banking licenses and what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banking licenses and what type of
+banking license and industrial loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license and industrial loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking license and industrial loan
+companies and other things really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and other things really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and other things really in the
+intricacy of banking law and licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy of banking law and licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy of banking law and licensing
+we will have some of those debates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have some of those debates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have some of those debates and
+challenges as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well
+as i believe amazon and apple and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i believe amazon and apple and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i believe amazon and apple and others
+and google get further into this space
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ojvz7pVVZ-o.txt b/ojvz7pVVZ-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..699f2577bf9c466eb4b35a7125df040f4b12a328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojvz7pVVZ-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+good morning everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody
+today we're going to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue our
+journey and looking at the tens sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey and looking at the tens sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey and looking at the tens sort of
+basic types of reactions on that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of reactions on that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic types of reactions on that you
+will encounter when studying basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter when studying basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter when studying basic
+metabolism and they're all found on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and they're all found on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and they're all found on your
+vitamin bottle so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin bottle so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin bottle so here are the
+Flintstones Flintstones vitamins I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstones Flintstones vitamins I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstones Flintstones vitamins I like
+Flintstones vitamins because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstones vitamins because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstones vitamins because you don't
+have to swallow them you can chew them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to swallow them you can chew them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to swallow them you can chew them
+and today what I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today what I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today what I'm going to start
+talking about is redox chemistry what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is redox chemistry what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is redox chemistry what
+are the two redox active cofactors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two redox active cofactors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two redox active cofactors and
+what we will focus on today is vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will focus on today is vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will focus on today is vitamin
+b2 which is riboflavin and vitamin b3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 which is riboflavin and vitamin b3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 which is riboflavin and vitamin b3
+which is niacin okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is niacin okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is niacin okay so we're going to
+talk about oxidation and reduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about oxidation and reduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about oxidation and reduction and
+what the cofactors are that involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cofactors are that involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cofactors are that involved in
+these transformations in all primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transformations in all primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transformations in all primary
+metabolic pathways so the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways so the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways so the first thing I
+want to do is introduce you to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is introduce you to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is introduce you to these two
+cofactors the structure of the cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors the structure of the cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors the structure of the cofactors
+then what I'll do is focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is focus on a
+comparison of their properties and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of their properties and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of their properties and then
+I want to focus on the mechanism of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on the mechanism of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on the mechanism of how
+these cofactors work and once you master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cofactors work and once you master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cofactors work and once you master
+these concepts you really will encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts you really will encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts you really will encounter
+them over and over again through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over and over again through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over and over again through
+throughout your journey and metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your journey and metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your journey and metabolism
+and you will be familiar with the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will be familiar with the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will be familiar with the kinds
+of chemical transformations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical transformations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical transformations that are
+occurring ok so the first cofactor comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring ok so the first cofactor comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring ok so the first cofactor comes
+from niacin and it is nicotinamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from niacin and it is nicotinamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from niacin and it is nicotinamide
+adenine dinucleotide in the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine dinucleotide in the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine dinucleotide in the reduced
+state or nicotinamide adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or nicotinamide adenine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or nicotinamide adenine
+dinucleotide in the oxidized state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinucleotide in the oxidized state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinucleotide in the oxidized state and
+as with all cofactors the vitamins are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with all cofactors the vitamins are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with all cofactors the vitamins are a
+precursor to the cofactor and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the cofactor and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to the cofactor and they have
+to be converted inside the cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be converted inside the cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be converted inside the cell to the
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+form of the cofactor so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the cofactor so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the cofactor so if you look at
+nadh let me draw that structure for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh let me draw that structure for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh let me draw that structure for you
+and then i'm going to show you that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to show you that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to show you that well
+most well the structure is quite complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well the structure is quite complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well the structure is quite complex
+most of it is not fault in the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is not fault in the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is not fault in the chemical
+transformations and so we'll put a big R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and so we'll put a big R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and so we'll put a big R
+group on most of the cofactor and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on most of the cofactor and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on most of the cofactor and you
+don't have to memorize the structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to memorize the structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to memorize the structures of
+any of these cofactors and that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these cofactors and that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these cofactors and that you will
+be given the structures whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given the structures whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given the structures whenever you
+have any kind of exercise to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of exercise to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of exercise to carry out
+so the form of the vitamin is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the vitamin is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the vitamin is actually
+an a nicotinamide ring and then it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a nicotinamide ring and then it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a nicotinamide ring and then it needs
+to be metabolized to the structure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be metabolized to the structure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be metabolized to the structure on
+drawing now which has the nicotinamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing now which has the nicotinamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing now which has the nicotinamide
+ring attached to a ribose ring which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring attached to a ribose ring which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring attached to a ribose ring which is
+then attached to adp which are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attached to adp which are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attached to adp which are all
+familiar with and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and I'm just going to
+abbreviate the adenosine part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate the adenosine part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate the adenosine part of the
+molecule with an ad so this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with an ad so this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with an ad so this part of the
+molecule we're gonna call for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we're gonna call for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we're gonna call for the rest
+of this exercise today the R group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise today the R group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise today the R group
+because it's not involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not involved in the
+chemistry and really all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and really all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and really all of the
+chemistry happens in this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens in this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens in this part of the
+molecule this is the business end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is the business end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is the business end and
+this is the reduced form of the cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reduced form of the cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reduced form of the cofactor
+NADH okay so in addition to the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH okay so in addition to the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH okay so in addition to the reduced
+form since we're doing oxidation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since we're doing oxidation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since we're doing oxidation and
+reduction you need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you need to know what the
+oxidized form is and the oxidized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form is and the oxidized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form is and the oxidized form
+is the following where you need to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following where you need to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following where you need to lose
+a couple of electrons and a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of electrons and a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of electrons and a couple of
+protons out of this ring to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons out of this ring to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons out of this ring to generate
+this nicotinamide ring and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nicotinamide ring and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nicotinamide ring and again this
+part of the molecule is indicated as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule is indicated as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule is indicated as R
+and then you retain a positive charge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you retain a positive charge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you retain a positive charge so
+again this is the part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the part of the molecule
+we're going to be focusing on and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on and this
+is the oxidized form of the cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oxidized form of the cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the oxidized form of the cofactor
+okay so what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now
+show you how this compares to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how this compares to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how this compares to the second
+form of the organic cofactor that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the organic cofactor that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the organic cofactor that you
+will encounter over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter over and over again and
+metabolism and this is fadh2 or FM and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and this is fadh2 or FM and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and this is fadh2 or FM and H
+- that's the reduced form versus FM nf8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that's the reduced form versus FM nf8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that's the reduced form versus FM nf8
+sorry F ad or F M and okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry F ad or F M and okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry F ad or F M and okay so this is
+one of the most complicated of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most complicated of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most complicated of all the
+cofactors and you'll see that it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and you'll see that it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and you'll see that it has a
+very complex ring structure called an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex ring structure called an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex ring structure called an I
+so elds oxygen ring which I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elds oxygen ring which I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elds oxygen ring which I'm drawing
+now that most of you have likely never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that most of you have likely never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that most of you have likely never
+encountered before and when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered before and when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered before and when you look at
+the structure of this molecule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this molecule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this molecule you
+probably will have no idea about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will have no idea about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will have no idea about where
+the chemical reactivity is and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactivity is and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactivity is and I'll show
+you where the chemical reactivity is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the chemical reactivity is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the chemical reactivity is and
+how we know that in a few few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we know that in a few few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we know that in a few few minutes
+okay so attached to this nitrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so attached to this nitrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so attached to this nitrogen is
+more complex structure with a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where X can be phosphate this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X can be phosphate this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X can be phosphate this is called
+the flavin mononucleotide reduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavin mononucleotide reduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavin mononucleotide reduced this
+is the reduced form and if X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reduced form and if X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reduced form and if X is equal to
+adp this is flavin adenine dinucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp this is flavin adenine dinucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp this is flavin adenine dinucleotide
+reduce and i want to point out that ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce and i want to point out that ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce and i want to point out that ATP
+is present in both nadh and fadh2 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in both nadh and fadh2 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in both nadh and fadh2 as it
+is present actually in coenzyme a and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present actually in coenzyme a and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present actually in coenzyme a and in
+ATP so adp plays a central role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so adp plays a central role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so adp plays a central role in
+almost all the chemical transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the chemical transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the chemical transformations
+the ten reactions we actually talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten reactions we actually talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten reactions we actually talked
+about that is central to all of primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is central to all of primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is central to all of primary
+metabolism however in this case again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism however in this case again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism however in this case again
+this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the
+molecule we're gonna call our is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we're gonna call our is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we're gonna call our is not
+involved in the chemistry so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the chemistry so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the chemistry so the
+business end of the molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business end of the molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business end of the molecule is
+indicated here and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here and so this is the
+business end and this is the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business end and this is the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business end and this is the reduced
+state okay so this cofactor has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this cofactor has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this cofactor has to be
+good able to toggle between the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good able to toggle between the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good able to toggle between the reduced
+state and the oxidized state and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the oxidized state and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the oxidized state and if you
+look at the oxidized state so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oxidized state so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the oxidized state so I'm going
+to indicate this whole part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate this whole part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate this whole part of the
+molecule is are you could see a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is are you could see a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is are you could see a change
+in this part of the I so L oxygen ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the I so L oxygen ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the I so L oxygen ring
+that is you've lost approach you've us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you've lost approach you've us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you've lost approach you've us
+two protons and two electrons to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons and two electrons to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons and two electrons to form
+the oxidized form of this cofactor now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form of this cofactor now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form of this cofactor now I
+also want to give you the nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to give you the nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to give you the nomenclature
+for the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring because
+I'm going to tell you where the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you where the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you where the chemical
+reactive positions are and so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive positions are and so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive positions are and so you need
+to know the numbering of the ring and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the numbering of the ring and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the numbering of the ring and so
+this is the N one position this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the N one position this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the N one position this is two
+three four this carbon between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four this carbon between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four this carbon between these two
+positions is called the C for a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions is called the C for a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions is called the C for a this is
+carbon C four and this is the n five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon C four and this is the n five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon C four and this is the n five
+position and we'll see that C four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we'll see that C four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we'll see that C four and
+five become important in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five become important in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five become important in the overall
+chemistry of the transformation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of the transformation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of the transformation okay so
+these are the two cofactors again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two cofactors again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two cofactors again this
+one is considerably more complex than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is considerably more complex than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is considerably more complex than
+this one but what I want to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but what I want to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but what I want to do and
+you'll see both of these cofactors used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see both of these cofactors used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see both of these cofactors used
+over and over again and break down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and break down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and break down or
+biosynthesis of sugars break down or but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of sugars break down or but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of sugars break down or but
+biosynthesis of fatty acids the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of fatty acids the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of fatty acids the question
+is what when are they used and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what when are they used and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what when are they used and what is
+the distinction between these cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between these cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between these cofactors
+so what I want to do is compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is compare the
+properties of these two cofactors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these two cofactors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these two cofactors and
+then specifically give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then specifically give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then specifically give you an example of
+how these cut each of these cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these cut each of these cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these cut each of these cofactors
+works so on one side I'll have nad NADH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so on one side I'll have nad NADH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so on one side I'll have nad NADH
+and the other side will have F ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other side will have F ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other side will have F ad
+the oxidized form and fadh2 the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form and fadh2 the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form and fadh2 the reduced
+form so we have nad NADH fa D fadh2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we have nad NADH fa D fadh2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so we have nad NADH fa D fadh2 and
+I want to compare these two cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare these two cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare these two cofactors
+and the first thing I want to compare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing I want to compare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing I want to compare is
+the chemistry and what we will see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and what we will see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and what we will see is
+nad NADH always does two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH always does two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH always does two electron
+chemistry all of the time on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry all of the time on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry all of the time on the other
+hand F ad fadh2 can do either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand F ad fadh2 can do either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand F ad fadh2 can do either one
+electron chemistry or two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron chemistry or two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron chemistry or two electron
+chemistry and in fact a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and in fact a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and in fact a function of
+Flavin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavin's
+in inside the cell is the major mediator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the cell is the major mediator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the cell is the major mediator
+between something that can donate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that can donate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that can donate two
+electrons and can something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and can something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and can something that can
+accept only a single electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept only a single electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept only a single electron so
+something that could donate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could donate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could donate two
+electrons would be an ad NADH which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be an ad NADH which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be an ad NADH which I'll
+show you in a minute and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute and something that
+can accept only a single electron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept only a single electron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept only a single electron or
+like metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like metals
+like if you think back to hemoglobin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think back to hemoglobin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think back to hemoglobin and
+you think about the iron 3 state going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the iron 3 state going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the iron 3 state going
+to the iron two states so so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iron two states so so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the iron two states so so there's a
+big distinction between the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big distinction between the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big distinction between the two the
+second thing is we need ever since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is we need ever since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is we need ever since we're
+doing oxidation and reduction we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing oxidation and reduction we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing oxidation and reduction we need to
+think about the reduction potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the reduction potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the reduction potentials
+okay and if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you think about the
+reduction potential of nad NADH it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction potential of nad NADH it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction potential of nad NADH it turns
+out to be minus 320 volt millivolts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be minus 320 volt millivolts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be minus 320 volt millivolts and
+what you need to recall from freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to recall from freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to recall from freshman
+chemistry is that the more positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is that the more positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is that the more positive the
+number the easier it is to reduce so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the easier it is to reduce so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the easier it is to reduce so the
+fact that this is minus 320 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is minus 320 millivolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is minus 320 millivolts
+tells you that nad likes to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that nad likes to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that nad likes to be in the
+oxidized State the NAD State on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized State the NAD State on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized State the NAD State on the
+other hand f ad fadh2 can vary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand f ad fadh2 can vary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand f ad fadh2 can vary between
+400 - 450 millivolts to plus 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 - 450 millivolts to plus 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 - 450 millivolts to plus 150
+millivolts so this is a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts so this is a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millivolts so this is a huge difference
+in reduction potential 600 millivolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reduction potential 600 millivolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reduction potential 600 millivolts
+okay so why is that true it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is that true it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is that true it turns out
+that if you look at the hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the hundreds of
+enzyme structures that we now have we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme structures that we now have we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme structures that we now have we've
+gone through a structural revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through a structural revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through a structural revolution
+last 15 years all of the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 years all of the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 years all of the structures
+where any DNA th bind our homologous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where any DNA th bind our homologous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where any DNA th bind our homologous to
+each other and in fact these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and in fact these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and in fact these structures
+don't have anything designed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything designed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything designed into the
+structure where they perturb the redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where they perturb the redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where they perturb the redox
+potential the redox potential remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the redox potential remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the redox potential remains
+the same regardless of what protein it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same regardless of what protein it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same regardless of what protein it's
+by enzyme it's bound to on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enzyme it's bound to on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by enzyme it's bound to on the other
+hand Flavin's don't maintain a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Flavin's don't maintain a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Flavin's don't maintain a single
+type of binding site they have five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of binding site they have five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of binding site they have five or
+six different kinds of binding sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different kinds of binding sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different kinds of binding sites and
+that's because the flavin chemistry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the flavin chemistry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the flavin chemistry as
+you can see from this isoh l occitane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this isoh l occitane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this isoh l occitane
+ring i introduced to you just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring i introduced to you just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring i introduced to you just a minute
+ago is much more diverse it does much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is much more diverse it does much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is much more diverse it does much
+more diverse chemistry and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diverse chemistry and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diverse chemistry and in fact the
+active site can tune the redox potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site can tune the redox potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site can tune the redox potential
+to to do so it facilitates either two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do so it facilitates either two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do so it facilitates either two
+electron chemistry or one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron chemistry or one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron chemistry or one electron
+chemistry or a combination of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or a combination of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or a combination of the two
+okay so the next thing that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next thing that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next thing that's really
+important in thinking about any the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in thinking about any the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in thinking about any the two
+cofactors and their differences is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and their differences is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and their differences is that
+nad NADH can act as a substrate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH can act as a substrate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH can act as a substrate that is
+nad NADH is nad for example would act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH is nad for example would act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad NADH is nad for example would act as
+an oxidant of some second substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidant of some second substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidant of some second substrate
+every time you have an oxidant you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have an oxidant you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have an oxidant you have
+to have something that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something that's going to be
+oxidized okay and during turnover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized okay and during turnover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized okay and during turnover of
+oxidized to reduced States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to reduced States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to reduced States the
+substrates and products must come on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates and products must come on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates and products must come on and
+off the enzyme so they dissociate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the enzyme so they dissociate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the enzyme so they dissociate in
+every single turnover fa D fadh2 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single turnover fa D fadh2 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single turnover fa D fadh2 on the
+other hand is always tightly bound or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand is always tightly bound or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand is always tightly bound or
+covalently bound to the substrate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently bound to the substrate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently bound to the substrate and so
+that means that if fa d gets reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if fa d gets reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if fa d gets reduced to
+fadh2 it doesn't associate so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 it doesn't associate so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 it doesn't associate so you need
+to have a way in the active site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a way in the active site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a way in the active site of the
+enzyme where the fadh2 can be reoxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme where the fadh2 can be reoxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme where the fadh2 can be reoxidized
+again that's quite distinct from nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's quite distinct from nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's quite distinct from nad
+NADH and the third thing I want to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH and the third thing I want to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH and the third thing I want to the
+fourth thing I want to talk about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth thing I want to talk about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth thing I want to talk about just
+briefly and this is what I'm gonna focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and this is what I'm gonna focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and this is what I'm gonna focus
+the rest of this little section on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this little section on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this little section on is
+the mechanisms by which these cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms by which these cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms by which these cofactors
+work and so out of all of the cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so out of all of the cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so out of all of the cofactors
+you're going to be introduced to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be introduced to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be introduced to in this
+little this section in general on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this section in general on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this section in general on the
+ten basic reactions this is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten basic reactions this is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten basic reactions this is probably the
+simplest and nad NADH involves hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest and nad NADH involves hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest and nad NADH involves hydride
+transfer and proton transfer so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and proton transfer so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and proton transfer so a
+hydride is a hydrogen with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride is a hydrogen with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride is a hydrogen with a pair of
+electrons and a proton and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and a proton and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and a proton and we'll see
+that in a minute with FA D fadh2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute with FA D fadh2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute with FA D fadh2 the
+chemistry is considerably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is considerably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is considerably more
+complicated but what I will show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but what I will show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but what I will show you is
+that it can also do hydride transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can also do hydride transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can also do hydride transfer and
+when it does hydride transfer it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it does hydride transfer it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it does hydride transfer it does it
+to the n5 position so if you go if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n5 position so if you go if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n5 position so if you go if we go
+back for a second and look at the flavin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for a second and look at the flavin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for a second and look at the flavin
+in the nomenclature this is the n5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nomenclature this is the n5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nomenclature this is the n5
+position I also pointed out you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I also pointed out you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I also pointed out you can do
+si for a chemistry which is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si for a chemistry which is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si for a chemistry which is in your
+lexicon but we're not going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon but we're not going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon but we're not going to discuss
+further today so you can do n 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further today so you can do n 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further today so you can do n 5
+chemistry by hydride transfer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by hydride transfer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry by hydride transfer and you
+can also do si for a chemistry which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do si for a chemistry which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do si for a chemistry which you
+will see later on when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see later on when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see later on when you when you
+start talking about primary metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about primary metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about primary metabolic
+pathways okay so what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so what I want to do now
+is focus on a specific example and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focus on a specific example and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focus on a specific example and show
+you what the basic chemistry is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the basic chemistry is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the basic chemistry is with
+these two systems focusing on hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems focusing on hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems focusing on hydride
+transfer chemistry so an example I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer chemistry so an example I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer chemistry so an example I've
+chosen to briefly look at is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to briefly look at is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to briefly look at is what I
+would call an ending to the glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call an ending to the glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call an ending to the glycolysis
+pathway glycolysis is you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway glycolysis is you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway glycolysis is you already know
+is breakdown of sugar under anaerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breakdown of sugar under anaerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breakdown of sugar under anaerobic
+conditions so under Arabic conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so under Arabic conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so under Arabic conditions
+what happens is when all this energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when all this energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when all this energy is
+given off when you break down your sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given off when you break down your sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given off when you break down your sugar
+it's stored in chemical bonds NADH the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in chemical bonds NADH the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in chemical bonds NADH the
+NADH then goes into the respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH then goes into the respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH then goes into the respiratory
+chain and the respiratory chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and the respiratory chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and the respiratory chain
+ultimately transfers this energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately transfers this energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately transfers this energy to
+convert oxygen into water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert oxygen into water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert oxygen into water which is
+really it releases a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it releases a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it releases a huge amount of
+energy which is a then trapped to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is a then trapped to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is a then trapped to make
+the energy currency of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy currency of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy currency of the cell
+ATP okay so we're under anaerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP okay so we're under anaerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP okay so we're under anaerobic
+conditions and we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and we need to be able to
+recycle and keep because nad NADH comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle and keep because nad NADH comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle and keep because nad NADH comes
+off and on the enzyme at every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on the enzyme at every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and on the enzyme at every single
+turnover you really need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover you really need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover you really need to be able to
+recycle the reduce form back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle the reduce form back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle the reduce form back to the
+oxidized form so glycolysis can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form so glycolysis can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form so glycolysis can actually
+continue okay so what happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay so what happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay so what happens at the
+ending one anaerobic ending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending one anaerobic ending of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending one anaerobic ending of
+glycolysis is you need a proton plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is you need a proton plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is you need a proton plus
+NADH so that's the reduced form that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH so that's the reduced form that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH so that's the reduced form that's
+generated during glycolysis plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated during glycolysis plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated during glycolysis plus the
+molecule called pyruvate this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called pyruvate this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called pyruvate this is a
+molecule you're gonna see over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you're gonna see over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you're gonna see over and over
+again over the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of the semester
+whose structure you need to remember so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose structure you need to remember so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose structure you need to remember so
+this is the reduced state and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reduced state and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reduced state and this is
+the oxidized state and NADH is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized state and NADH is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized state and NADH is going to
+reduce this ketone to an alcohol and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this ketone to an alcohol and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this ketone to an alcohol and it
+itself becomes oxidized so nad loses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes oxidized so nad loses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes oxidized so nad loses a
+hydride and a proton to form NADH lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride and a proton to form NADH lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride and a proton to form NADH lose a
+hydrogen proton to form nad and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen proton to form nad and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen proton to form nad and you
+generate lactic acid okay where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lactic acid okay where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lactic acid okay where this
+hydrogen from the nad as a hydride is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen from the nad as a hydride is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen from the nad as a hydride is
+going to get transferred to the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get transferred to the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get transferred to the carbon
+of the carbonyl and this proton in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbonyl and this proton in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carbonyl and this proton in some
+way comes from solution and it's picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way comes from solution and it's picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way comes from solution and it's picked
+up a proton and the IMP from the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a proton and the IMP from the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a proton and the IMP from the active
+site of the enzyme now another point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme now another point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme now another point I
+wanted to make which you will encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make which you will encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make which you will encounter
+again over the course of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of thinking about
+coupling reactions and metabolism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling reactions and metabolism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling reactions and metabolism to
+make them favorable is that with nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them favorable is that with nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them favorable is that with nad
+NADH cofactor you always have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH cofactor you always have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH cofactor you always have to think
+about the proton so you need a proton to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proton so you need a proton to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proton so you need a proton to
+have a balanced equation that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balanced equation that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balanced equation that means that
+if you're a pH 6 versus pH 8 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a pH 6 versus pH 8 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a pH 6 versus pH 8 the
+concentration of the species changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the species changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the species changes
+dramatically and that can affect whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and that can affect whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and that can affect whether
+the Librium of the overall reaction lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Librium of the overall reaction lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Librium of the overall reaction lies
+so you need to keep in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to keep in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to keep in the back of the
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+your mind that there's a proton with nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that there's a proton with nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that there's a proton with nad
+NADH systems okay and so this is nad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH systems okay and so this is nad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH systems okay and so this is nad but
+it turns out that Flavin's can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Flavin's can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that Flavin's can also
+catalyze the same type of reaction so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the same type of reaction so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the same type of reaction so in
+the case of this particular enzyme it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this particular enzyme it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this particular enzyme it's
+found in eukaryotic systems it's found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in eukaryotic systems it's found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in eukaryotic systems it's found
+also in prokaryotic systems but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in prokaryotic systems but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in prokaryotic systems but in the
+case of the flavin dependent enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the flavin dependent enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the flavin dependent enzymes
+it's only found in bacterial systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only found in bacterial systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only found in bacterial systems and
+so the reaction goes more favorably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction goes more favorably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction goes more favorably in
+the direction I'm writing it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I'm writing it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction I'm writing it now but
+again it's an equilibrium reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's an equilibrium reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's an equilibrium reaction will
+you take lactate so this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take lactate so this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take lactate so this is now the
+reduced state and so you now have F m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and so you now have F m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and so you now have F m
+and okay so this is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so this is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so this is the form of the
+cofactor that's used for the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor that's used for the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor that's used for the specific
+enzyme but the chemistry is same with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme but the chemistry is same with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme but the chemistry is same with f
+MN and F ad and so this needs to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN and F ad and so this needs to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN and F ad and so this needs to get
+oxidized and it gets oxidized to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized and it gets oxidized to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized and it gets oxidized to form
+pyruvate and so f MN gets reduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate and so f MN gets reduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate and so f MN gets reduced to
+form FM and h2 so both of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form FM and h2 so both of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form FM and h2 so both of these are
+capable of catalyzing the same redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of catalyzing the same redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of catalyzing the same redox
+chemistry and this is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and this is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and this is consistent with
+what I've told you before about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you before about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you before about the
+redox potentials so nad NADH is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox potentials so nad NADH is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox potentials so nad NADH is always
+in this region but you can see that F ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region but you can see that F ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region but you can see that F ad
+fadh2 also covers that region as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 also covers that region as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fadh2 also covers that region as well so
+many of the chemistry's between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the chemistry's between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the chemistry's between these
+two cofactors can be overlapping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cofactors can be overlapping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cofactors can be overlapping and
+you'll see this and in for example fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this and in for example fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this and in for example fatty
+acid oxidation and fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid oxidation and fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid oxidation and fatty acid
+biosynthesis and it really is not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and it really is not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and it really is not clear
+at all which one of these of the redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all which one of these of the redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all which one of these of the redox
+chemistry you could use nature in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you could use nature in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you could use nature in fact
+could use different cofactors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use different cofactors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use different cofactors and
+different organisms okay but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms okay but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms okay but we know
+what the cofactors are in human systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cofactors are in human systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cofactors are in human systems
+because we've purified all the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've purified all the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've purified all the enzymes
+and study the cofactor requirements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study the cofactor requirements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study the cofactor requirements okay
+so this is the reaction I want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reaction I want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reaction I want to focus
+on and what I forgot to tell you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I forgot to tell you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I forgot to tell you to
+maybe make this more relevant to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make this more relevant to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make this more relevant to some of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+I guess since this is what you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess since this is what you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess since this is what you do when
+you go to college nowadays is most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to college nowadays is most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to college nowadays is most of
+you have heard about yeast that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard about yeast that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard about yeast that under
+anaerobic conditions make your friend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaerobic conditions make your friend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaerobic conditions make your friend to
+make you happy and cheery when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy and cheery when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you happy and cheery when you're
+when you're having tough times at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're having tough times at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're having tough times at MIT
+you want to drink some ethanol yeast are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to drink some ethanol yeast are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to drink some ethanol yeast are
+able to convert glucose all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convert glucose all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convert glucose all the way down
+under anaerobic conditions into ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under anaerobic conditions into ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under anaerobic conditions into ethanol
+and in fact uses the cofactor NADH to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uses the cofactor NADH to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uses the cofactor NADH to in
+two steps convert pyruvate into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps convert pyruvate into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps convert pyruvate into a
+molecule called acetaldehyde and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called acetaldehyde and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called acetaldehyde and then
+the NADH converts the outset now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH converts the outset now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NADH converts the outset now the
+Hide into ethanol which is the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hide into ethanol which is the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hide into ethanol which is the major
+ingredient of beer and wine okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of beer and wine okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of beer and wine okay so what
+I want to do now is very briefly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do now is very briefly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do now is very briefly then
+focus on the chemistry of how NADH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the chemistry of how NADH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the chemistry of how NADH
+actually works okay so if we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works okay so if we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works okay so if we're now
+going to look at the chemistry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the chemistry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the chemistry of this
+and the mechanism let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanism let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanism let's start with
+purveyed and you need to go back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purveyed and you need to go back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purveyed and you need to go back and you
+need to think about the carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the carbonyl
+chemistry you've been introduced to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you've been introduced to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you've been introduced to when
+talking about the Clay's and reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Clay's and reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Clay's and reaction
+and the aldol reaction and we spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aldol reaction and we spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aldol reaction and we spent a
+lot of time on carbonyl chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on carbonyl chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time on carbonyl chemistry
+because it's central to everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's central to everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's central to everything in
+biochemistry and so you remember that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and so you remember that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and so you remember that a
+carbonyl is polarized where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl is polarized where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl is polarized where the
+electrons like to reside on the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like to reside on the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like to reside on the oxygen
+leaving a deficiency of electrons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a deficiency of electrons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a deficiency of electrons on the
+carbon of the carbonyl and so one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl and so one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl and so one can
+draw a resonance structure this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a resonance structure this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a resonance structure this is the
+predominant structure but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant structure but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant structure but these
+resonance structures are often tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures are often tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures are often tell you
+something about where the molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the molecule is
+most reactive and so what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most reactive and so what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most reactive and so what we've done is
+oxygen is electronegative and likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is electronegative and likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is electronegative and likes to
+can accommodate electrons in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accommodate electrons in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accommodate electrons in its
+orbitals so it forms a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so it forms a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so it forms a resonance
+structure like this leaving behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like this leaving behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like this leaving behind
+electron deficiency at the carbon and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficiency at the carbon and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficiency at the carbon and so
+we want to reduce this carbonyl to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce this carbonyl to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce this carbonyl to an
+alcohol and this is done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and this is done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and this is done with the
+reduced form of the cofactor so again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form of the cofactor so again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form of the cofactor so again in
+every redox can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every redox can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every redox can
+mystery this is the oxidized form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery this is the oxidized form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery this is the oxidized form this
+is the reduced form and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reduced form and so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reduced form and so now the
+question is how does this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does this chemistry
+happen so let me point out here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let me point out here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let me point out here and this
+is something you'll hear about it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you'll hear about it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you'll hear about it over
+and over again in basic metabolism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in basic metabolism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in basic metabolism but
+these two hydrogen's and this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two hydrogen's and this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two hydrogen's and this is the one
+two three four position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four position of the
+nicotinamide ring are not equivalent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicotinamide ring are not equivalent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicotinamide ring are not equivalent and
+why aren't they equivalent they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't they equivalent they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't they equivalent they're not
+equivalent because all of the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because all of the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because all of the chemistry
+happens in the active site of an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the active site of an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the active site of an enzyme
+that it's chiral so these hydrogen's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's chiral so these hydrogen's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's chiral so these hydrogen's are
+Pro chiral and because they sit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro chiral and because they sit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro chiral and because they sit in a
+chiral environment it makes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiral environment it makes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiral environment it makes these
+hydrogen's act like they're chiral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's act like they're chiral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's act like they're chiral so
+all chemistry with NADH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all chemistry with NADH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all chemistry with NADH is
+stereospecific depending on the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereospecific depending on the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereospecific depending on the active
+site only one of these two protons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site only one of these two protons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site only one of these two protons is
+involved and hydride transfer so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and hydride transfer so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and hydride transfer so if you
+look at the chemistry now we're set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry now we're set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry now we're set up
+to deliver a proton with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a proton with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a proton with a pair of
+electrons that's a hydride to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's a hydride to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's a hydride to this
+carbon of the carbonyl so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the carbonyl so we have a
+hydride transfer and now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer and now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer and now we have the
+electron density sitting on the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density sitting on the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density sitting on the oxygen
+and so likely then in the active site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likely then in the active site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likely then in the active site of
+the enzyme you have a general acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme you have a general acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme you have a general acid
+catalyst which is able to then donate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst which is able to then donate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst which is able to then donate a
+proton and remember I told you that nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and remember I told you that nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and remember I told you that nad
+NADH involves hydride transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH involves hydride transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH involves hydride transfer and
+proton transfer so what you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer so what you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer so what you generate
+then is o H where this hydrogen comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is o H where this hydrogen comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is o H where this hydrogen comes
+from a general acid catalyst and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a general acid catalyst and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a general acid catalyst and the
+active site and you have the hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and you have the hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and you have the hydride
+transfer coming from the NADH to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer coming from the NADH to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer coming from the NADH to
+generate lactic acid and now what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lactic acid and now what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate lactic acid and now what you've
+generated is the oxidized form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is the oxidized form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is the oxidized form of the
+nad so reduced form oxidized reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad so reduced form oxidized reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad so reduced form oxidized reduced
+form oxidized okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form oxidized okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form oxidized okay so this is the
+general reaction and all any DNA D H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general reaction and all any DNA D H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general reaction and all any DNA D H
+enzymes involved this simple type of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes involved this simple type of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes involved this simple type of a
+metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro
+Tron's hydrides and protons okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tron's hydrides and protons okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tron's hydrides and protons okay now
+what I want to do is show you one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is show you one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is show you one of the
+many types of reactions that Flavin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of reactions that Flavin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of reactions that Flavin's
+can undergo and again focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can undergo and again focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can undergo and again focusing on
+hydride transfer reactions and it recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer reactions and it recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer reactions and it recall
+to you that again the redox potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that again the redox potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that again the redox potentials
+of the Flavin's in the nad NADH overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Flavin's in the nad NADH overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Flavin's in the nad NADH overlap
+so this is always minus 320 but this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is always minus 320 but this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is always minus 320 but this has
+a span of redox potentials and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a span of redox potentials and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a span of redox potentials and in fact
+what you will see when you look at basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see when you look at basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see when you look at basic
+metabolism is often FA D is reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is often FA D is reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is often FA D is reduced by
+NADH okay and so these two partner up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH okay and so these two partner up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH okay and so these two partner up to
+do chemistry and so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chemistry and so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chemistry and so what I want to do
+now is show you the chemistry with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is show you the chemistry with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is show you the chemistry with a
+flavin in NADH if we go back and we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin in NADH if we go back and we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin in NADH if we go back and we look
+at our oxidized form of the flavin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our oxidized form of the flavin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our oxidized form of the flavin okay
+and when again I'm not going to draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when again I'm not going to draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when again I'm not going to draw out
+all this structure remember there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this structure remember there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this structure remember there's a
+lot of spinach here and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of spinach here and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of spinach here and there's also
+some spinach here this is the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spinach here this is the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spinach here this is the business
+end of the molecule and remember I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the molecule and remember I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the molecule and remember I told
+you the business end of the molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the business end of the molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the business end of the molecule is
+the n5 and the c4 a position and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n5 and the c4 a position and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n5 and the c4 a position and so now
+we have our nad NADH sorry so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our nad NADH sorry so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our nad NADH sorry so this is
+the oxidized form this is the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form this is the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidized form this is the reduced
+form and so nad NADH goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and so nad NADH goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and so nad NADH goes through
+hydride proton transfers does it stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride proton transfers does it stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride proton transfers does it stereo
+specifically and the question is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and the question is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and the question is where
+does the chemistry happen with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the chemistry happen with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the chemistry happen with the
+flavin and the chemistry happens stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin and the chemistry happens stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavin and the chemistry happens stereo
+specifically so each enzyme will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so each enzyme will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so each enzyme will be
+different you can figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you can figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you can figure out what the
+stereochemistry is at the n5 position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry is at the n5 position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry is at the n5 position so
+here's again the n5 position so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again the n5 position so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again the n5 position so you have
+hydride transfer to the n5 position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer to the n5 position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer to the n5 position and
+now you can pick up a proton or not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can pick up a proton or not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can pick up a proton or not at
+this position I'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position I'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position I'm going to show you the
+pKa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa
+back and you look at the handout in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at the handout in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look at the handout in the
+lexicon you'll see the pKa of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon you'll see the pKa of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon you'll see the pKa of this
+nitrogen isn't under physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen isn't under physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen isn't under physiological
+conditions about 7 so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions about 7 so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions about 7 so it can be
+protonated or not protonated and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated or not protonated and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated or not protonated and so what
+then happens is you end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens is you end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens is you end up with the
+reduced form where this hydrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form where this hydrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form where this hydrogen is
+transferred to the n5 position and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the n5 position and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the n5 position and you
+could pick up a hydrogen here from a H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick up a hydrogen here from a H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pick up a hydrogen here from a H
+leaving you with a so this proton mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you with a so this proton mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you with a so this proton mayor
+this may or may not be protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may or may not be protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may or may not be protonated
+depending on the active site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the active site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the active site of the
+enzyme that it was and so then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that it was and so then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that it was and so then what you
+also have here is the oxidized form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have here is the oxidized form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have here is the oxidized form of
+NADH now those of you who are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH now those of you who are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH now those of you who are paying
+attention to what I was just saying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what I was just saying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what I was just saying with
+the reduction of pyruvate to lactate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction of pyruvate to lactate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction of pyruvate to lactate I
+just went through this whole big spiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went through this whole big spiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went through this whole big spiel
+about how you wanted to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you wanted to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you wanted to take advantage
+of the fact that carbonyls are polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that carbonyls are polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that carbonyls are polarized
+Delta plus Delta minus and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta plus Delta minus and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta plus Delta minus and that the
+nucleophile this case the hydride is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile this case the hydride is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile this case the hydride is
+always being transferred to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being transferred to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always being transferred to the electron
+deficient carbon not to the oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient carbon not to the oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient carbon not to the oxygen that
+already has a lot of electron density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a lot of electron density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a lot of electron density so
+you might be asking yourself well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be asking yourself well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be asking yourself well why
+doesn't this hydride get transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this hydride get transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this hydride get transferred to
+this position ok this is a position if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position ok this is a position if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position ok this is a position if
+you look at this and you take it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this and you take it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this and you take it out of
+context of the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the ISO Al Aqsa zine ring
+this looks remarkably similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks remarkably similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks remarkably similar to this
+carbonyl and in fact this is where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl and in fact this is where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl and in fact this is where your
+chemical intuition falls apart and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition falls apart and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition falls apart and you
+need to know that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that you don't have
+chemical intuition about those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition about those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical intuition about those people
+who spent 40 years studying ISO al aqsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who spent 40 years studying ISO al aqsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who spent 40 years studying ISO al aqsa
+singh's rings and this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singh's rings and this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singh's rings and this is a complex
+heterocyclic molecule where I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterocyclic molecule where I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterocyclic molecule where I think most
+chemists when looking at this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists when looking at this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists when looking at this for the
+first time had no clue as to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time had no clue as to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time had no clue as to what the
+reactive positions were and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive positions were and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive positions were and what the
+chemistry was and they spent you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was and they spent you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry was and they spent you know in
+the 1970s and 1980s spent decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s and 1980s spent decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s and 1980s spent decade
+figuring out the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the chemistry
+Flavin's so I'm telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavin's so I'm telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavin's so I'm telling you what the
+answer is it does there's experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it does there's experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it does there's experimental
+evidence that supports this that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that supports this that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that supports this that in the
+case of NADH hydride is transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of NADH hydride is transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of NADH hydride is transferred to
+the n5 position to give you the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n5 position to give you the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n5 position to give you the reduced
+form and the oxidized form of nad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the oxidized form of nad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the oxidized form of nad okay
+so I hope I've gotten you excited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope I've gotten you excited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope I've gotten you excited and
+interested about the two redox active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested about the two redox active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested about the two redox active
+cofactors that you're going to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that you're going to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that you're going to encounter
+over and over again during your journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again during your journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again during your journey
+through primary metabolic pathways FA D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through primary metabolic pathways FA D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through primary metabolic pathways FA D
+and nad and I hope I've taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nad and I hope I've taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nad and I hope I've taught you
+something about the chemistry of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the chemistry of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the chemistry of how
+these two cofactors work and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cofactors work and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cofactors work and you'll get
+plenty of practice with these cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of practice with these cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of practice with these cofactors
+over the rest of the semester
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/otriwYhNtm0.txt b/otriwYhNtm0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcd48353b2cbd65bfc1f1a2786f790112519bad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/otriwYhNtm0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so i'm going to finish up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i'm going to finish up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i'm going to finish up some
+of the things that i talked about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that i talked about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that i talked about with
+experimental design last time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design last time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design last time and then
+we're going to get on and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get on and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get on and talk about
+category selective regions in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category selective regions in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category selective regions in the cortex
+which of course we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course we've been talking about
+in various ways all along but i'll raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways all along but i'll raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various ways all along but i'll raise
+some general controversies about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general controversies about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general controversies about that
+some alternative views from the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alternative views from the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alternative views from the kind of
+one that i've been foisting on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i've been foisting on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i've been foisting on you
+and what i consider to be some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i consider to be some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i consider to be some of the
+strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest
+most important evidence against the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important evidence against the view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important evidence against the view
+that i've been putting forth here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've been putting forth here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've been putting forth here
+and then we'll talk about decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about decoding
+signals from brains okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from brains okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from brains okay that's the
+agenda here we go okay so last time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda here we go okay so last time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda here we go okay so last time i
+had you guys work in groups to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you guys work in groups to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you guys work in groups to think
+about experimental design because really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about experimental design because really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about experimental design because really
+most decisions about experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most decisions about experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most decisions about experimental design
+once you know the bare basics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the bare basics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the bare basics of the
+measure measurement methods they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure measurement methods they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure measurement methods they're just
+applying common sense thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying common sense thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying common sense thinking about
+what it's like for the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like for the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like for the subject
+how are you going to get the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to get the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you going to get the data you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+so in terms of what exact conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of what exact conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of what exact conditions to
+run in any experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in any experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in any experiment
+i talked about the idea of a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about the idea of a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about the idea of a minimal
+pair this kind of platonic ideal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair this kind of platonic ideal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair this kind of platonic ideal of the
+perfect contrast which never exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect contrast which never exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect contrast which never exists in
+reality but that you aspire toward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but that you aspire toward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but that you aspire toward so
+ideally you want two conditions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you want two conditions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you want two conditions that are
+identical except for the one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical except for the one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical except for the one little
+thing that you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're interested in
+okay and you don't want to have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you don't want to have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you don't want to have other
+things that co-vary with that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that co-vary with that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that co-vary with that thing
+you're manipulating other than the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating other than the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating other than the thing
+you're interested in and that's the crux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in and that's the crux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in and that's the crux
+of the matter in experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter in experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter in experimental design
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you guys talked about what kind of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys talked about what kind of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys talked about what kind of tasks
+have subjects do in the scanner there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subjects do in the scanner there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subjects do in the scanner there's
+a trade-off between kind of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off between kind of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off between kind of doing the
+most natural thing which is they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most natural thing which is they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most natural thing which is they're just
+lying there and stimuli come visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there and stimuli come visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there and stimuli come visual
+auditory whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory whatever
+versus the fact that subjects might fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the fact that subjects might fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the fact that subjects might fall
+asleep if they have nothing to do and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep if they have nothing to do and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep if they have nothing to do and if
+they fall asleep you won't know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall asleep you won't know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall asleep you won't know and
+that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good
+so it's sometimes better to have a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sometimes better to have a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sometimes better to have a task
+to keep them awake and to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them awake and to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep them awake and to tell you that
+they're awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're awake
+a key important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key important point
+don't have one task for one stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one task for one stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one task for one stimulus
+condition and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and a different
+task for a different stimulus condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task for a different stimulus condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task for a different stimulus condition
+if you did that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did that would be a
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+confound exactly that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound exactly that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound exactly that would be a
+confound okay don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound okay don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound okay don't do that
+um we talked about baseline conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about baseline conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about baseline conditions
+um so for example in a vision experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example in a vision experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example in a vision experiment
+staring at a dot or a cross is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at a dot or a cross is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at a dot or a cross is a kind of
+as as far as you can go in turning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as far as you can go in turning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as far as you can go in turning off
+your visual system why would you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system why would you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system why would you want to
+bother with that um well it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that um well it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that um well it's sometimes
+useful um to have that kind of baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um to have that kind of baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um to have that kind of baseline
+because we want we sometimes want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want we sometimes want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want we sometimes want to
+look not just at a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not just at a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not just at a difference between
+two conditions remember one condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions remember one condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions remember one condition
+alone in mri tells you not a damn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in mri tells you not a damn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in mri tells you not a damn thing
+all we can see is differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can see is differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can see is differences
+but even just two conditions showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even just two conditions showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even just two conditions showing you
+a difference that's something but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that's something but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that's something but it can
+be ambiguous so for example if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous so for example if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ambiguous so for example if you had a
+situation like this where there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this where there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this where there was a
+response in some brain region to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in some brain region to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in some brain region to the red
+condition here in the green condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here in the green condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here in the green condition
+there they're just two numbers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're just two numbers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're just two numbers that's
+all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have
+uh that is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is different
+that's kind of meh you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of meh you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of meh you know there's a
+difference but meh right but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but meh right but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but meh right but if you have
+a good baseline and you really know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good baseline and you really know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good baseline and you really know that
+zero is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is zero
+um or as close to zero as you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or as close to zero as you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or as close to zero as you can get
+and now imagine if zero was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine if zero was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine if zero was here
+that'd be like wow that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be like wow that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be like wow that's a really
+strong effect and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong effect and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong effect and especially in
+neuroscience where we care a lot as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience where we care a lot as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience where we care a lot as you
+may have noticed about selectivity about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have noticed about selectivity about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have noticed about selectivity about
+how much more we get a response in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more we get a response in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more we get a response in one
+condition than another and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than another and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than another and cell
+activities are usually more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities are usually more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities are usually more interesting
+as a ratio than as a difference as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a ratio than as a difference as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a ratio than as a difference as i'm
+illustrating here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating here
+and so you can't get a ratio unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't get a ratio unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't get a ratio unless you
+have a third condition usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third condition usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a third condition usually a
+baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+a few other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other things
+we talked about how you allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how you allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how you allocate
+subjects to conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to conditions
+you could have all your subjects do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have all your subjects do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have all your subjects do you
+know one half of the subjects do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one half of the subjects do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one half of the subjects do the
+face condition for an hour in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face condition for an hour in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face condition for an hour in the
+scanner another half of your subjects do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner another half of your subjects do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner another half of your subjects do
+the object condition for an hour in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object condition for an hour in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object condition for an hour in the
+scanner that's no good we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that's no good we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that's no good we don't want to
+do that we want to within subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we want to within subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we want to within subjects
+design we want all the conditions within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we want all the conditions within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we want all the conditions within
+a subject whenever we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject whenever we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject whenever we can do that
+why well my best analogy to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well my best analogy to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well my best analogy to this is
+suppose we decided to grade your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we decided to grade your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we decided to grade your
+assignments as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments as follows
+a third of the class is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of the class is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of the class is going to be
+graded only by heather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded only by heather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded only by heather
+this third of the class is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third of the class is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third of the class is going to be
+graded only by dana across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded only by dana across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded only by dana across the whole
+semester you guys are heather people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester you guys are heather people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester you guys are heather people you
+guys are dana people you guys are anya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are dana people you guys are anya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are dana people you guys are anya
+people is that fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is that fair
+no that's dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's dumb
+what if heather's a hard ass and she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if heather's a hard ass and she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if heather's a hard ass and she is
+kind of a hard ass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard ass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard ass right
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+not that you guys aren't they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you guys aren't they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you guys aren't they're they're
+all the pretty tough crew there i stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pretty tough crew there i stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pretty tough crew there i stand
+here just waiting for the gong to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just waiting for the gong to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just waiting for the gong to go
+wrong and you guys should do that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you guys should do that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you guys should do that i'm
+sure i've already said wrong things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i've already said wrong things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i've already said wrong things and
+you know it so next time sound the gong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it so next time sound the gong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it so next time sound the gong
+and correct me anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct me anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct me anyway
+that wouldn't be fair in grading exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be fair in grading exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be fair in grading exams
+and neither is a good and experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither is a good and experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither is a good and experimental
+design so for all the same reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so for all the same reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so for all the same reasons that
+you guys can hopefully get an intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can hopefully get an intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can hopefully get an intuition
+here you want to have all the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want to have all the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want to have all the conditions
+within a person because maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a person because maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a person because maybe one
+person's brain just activates more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's brain just activates more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's brain just activates more than
+another person's brain maybe this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's brain maybe this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's brain maybe this person
+had more coffee coffee increases your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more coffee coffee increases your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more coffee coffee increases your
+bold response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold response
+we give away free espresso beans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give away free espresso beans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give away free espresso beans
+chocolate espresso beans before scans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate espresso beans before scans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate espresso beans before scans in
+my lab to increase the mri response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab to increase the mri response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab to increase the mri response
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all of that do designs within subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that do designs within subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that do designs within subjects
+whenever possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible
+okay how do you allocate conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you allocate conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you allocate conditions to
+runs these kind of subsets of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs these kind of subsets of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs these kind of subsets of a whole
+hour-long experiment where you scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour-long experiment where you scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour-long experiment where you scan
+people for maybe five minutes at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for maybe five minutes at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for maybe five minutes at a time
+and give them a break and another five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give them a break and another five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give them a break and another five
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+well the same logic applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same logic applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same logic applies
+imagine you're in a scanner for an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're in a scanner for an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're in a scanner for an hour
+you're getting sleepy you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sleepy you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sleepy you're getting
+bored you're thinking about other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored you're thinking about other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored you're thinking about other things
+you're kind of not on the ball those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of not on the ball those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of not on the ball those
+things change over slow periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change over slow periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change over slow periods of time
+and so you want to get all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to get all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to get all those
+conditions together within a run just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions together within a run just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions together within a run just as
+you want to get conditions together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get conditions together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get conditions together
+within a subject whenever possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a subject whenever possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a subject whenever possible
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay and so then we didn't really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then we didn't really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then we didn't really get
+into this and i think you did in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and i think you did in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and i think you did in your
+groups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups but
+how do we stick all these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we stick all these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we stick all these conditions
+together within a run do we clump them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together within a run do we clump them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together within a run do we clump them
+together in a batch or we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a batch or we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a batch or we do we
+interleave them and i think most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave them and i think most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave them and i think most of you
+guys realize that there's a there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys realize that there's a there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys realize that there's a there's this
+deep set of trade-offs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep set of trade-offs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep set of trade-offs there
+um and so you know here's a block what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know here's a block what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know here's a block what's
+sometimes called the block design where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the block design where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the block design where
+you clump a condition a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you clump a condition a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you clump a condition a whole bunch of
+trials with one condition then a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials with one condition then a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials with one condition then a whole
+bunch of trials of another with in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of trials of another with in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of trials of another with in this
+case some kind of baseline in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some kind of baseline in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some kind of baseline in between
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+versus a mixed interleaved condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a mixed interleaved condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a mixed interleaved condition
+which is called event related for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called event related for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called event related for
+uninteresting historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting historical reasons
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and if it's event related you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's event related you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's event related you can have
+it slow or fast okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slow or fast okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slow or fast okay
+so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why
+what what are the why wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the why wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the why wouldn't you
+um what are the reasons okay what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the reasons okay what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the reasons okay what are
+the reasons to do this rather than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of you guys came up with this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you guys came up with this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you guys came up with this last
+time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so
+nothing earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing earth
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+minion lights on biases yeah yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minion lights on biases yeah yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minion lights on biases yeah yeah what
+kind of biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a blocked
+experiment they might be biased by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they might be biased by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they might be biased by what
+they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've
+been looking for yeah all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for yeah all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for yeah all kinds of
+biases like consider this trial here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases like consider this trial here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases like consider this trial here in
+a yellow condition well you just did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yellow condition well you just did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yellow condition well you just did a
+bunch of yellow trials so maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of yellow trials so maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of yellow trials so maybe your
+yellow system is adapted out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow system is adapted out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow system is adapted out or
+something or biased somehow but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or biased somehow but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or biased somehow but you also
+know that the next one's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the next one's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the next one's going to be
+yellow and there's all that previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and there's all that previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and there's all that previous
+stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+anticipatory stuff all on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory stuff all on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipatory stuff all on top of the
+actual effect of a single yellow trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual effect of a single yellow trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual effect of a single yellow trial
+yeah was that what you were going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was that what you were going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was that what you were going to say
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all of those things the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of those things the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of those things the effects of
+recent history doing the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history doing the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history doing the same thing and
+anticipation of the future all on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation of the future all on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation of the future all on top of
+what actually happens in this trial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens in this trial okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens in this trial okay
+so those are not deal killers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not deal killers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not deal killers but
+they're you know things to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know things to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know things to be aware of
+so those are reasons why you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are reasons why you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are reasons why you might want
+to go with this condition or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this condition or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this condition or this
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+why wouldn't you always do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't you always do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't you always do this
+alternate the order and not alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate the order and not alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate the order and not alternate
+randomize the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize the order
+of conditions over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditions over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditions over time
+um and bunch them in together why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and bunch them in together why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and bunch them in together why is
+that not always a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not always a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not always a great idea
+people do that sometimes it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that sometimes it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that sometimes it's not a
+terrible idea but there are things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea but there are things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible idea but there are things to
+keep in mind here what's the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind here what's the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind here what's the challenge
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one possible
+challenge is that the bold response has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is that the bold response has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is that the bold response has
+like a 10 second window so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10 second window so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10 second window so it doesn't
+describe delete exactly so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe delete exactly so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe delete exactly so these
+the bold responses here are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bold responses here are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bold responses here are going to be
+massively on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively on top of each other
+that's why people sometimes do this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people sometimes do this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people sometimes do this it's
+like okay we'll have a random order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay we'll have a random order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay we'll have a random order and
+we'll put a big chunk of time in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a big chunk of time in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a big chunk of time in between
+but if you have to stick 10 seconds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have to stick 10 seconds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have to stick 10 seconds in
+between trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trials
+your subject is going to fall asleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subject is going to fall asleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subject is going to fall asleep and
+you're wasting you're spending all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting you're spending all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting you're spending all that
+expensive scan time you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive scan time you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive scan time you know not
+collecting enough trials right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting enough trials right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting enough trials right so
+there's you know none of these is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know none of these is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know none of these is right
+or wrong they're right or wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong they're right or wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong they're right or wrong in
+different conditions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions okay
+so as okay am i saying it right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as okay am i saying it right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as okay am i saying it right okay
+um as i mentioned the challenge here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i mentioned the challenge here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i mentioned the challenge here let
+me just give you my crude depiction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just give you my crude depiction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just give you my crude depiction of
+this so let's suppose you have a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's suppose you have a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's suppose you have a this is
+time a series of trials with a house a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a series of trials with a house a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a series of trials with a house a
+dot a face a dot a dot i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a face a dot a dot i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a face a dot a dot i don't know
+where that i want to face the house etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that i want to face the house etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that i want to face the house etc
+and each of those trials is one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those trials is one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those trials is one second
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well let's imagine the response in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's imagine the response in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's imagine the response in the
+fusiform face area to that first house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusiform face area to that first house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusiform face area to that first house
+you get some kind of middling low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some kind of middling low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some kind of middling low
+response that's going to take many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that's going to take many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that's going to take many
+seconds to peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to peak
+okay let's look at the response to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the response to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the response to this
+face well it's going to be higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face well it's going to be higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face well it's going to be higher and
+it's going to peak out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to peak out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to peak out there
+okay and so then you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then you can look at the
+response of each of these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of each of these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of each of these things right
+and so you get this whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this whole series
+of bold responses from each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bold responses from each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bold responses from each of those
+different trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+here's the problem what we observe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem what we observe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem what we observe when
+we measure the response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the response of a
+little voxel a little three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little voxel a little three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little voxel a little three-dimensional
+pixel in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel in the brain
+is the sum of all of that something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of all of that something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of all of that something like
+this it'll be higher than that but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it'll be higher than that but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it'll be higher than that but some
+big blurry sum of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blurry sum of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blurry sum of all that
+so now we want to go backwards from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to go backwards from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to go backwards from
+observing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this
+to seeing the difference between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing the difference between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing the difference between that
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's not great but here's the crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great but here's the crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great but here's the crazy
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+it's not impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not impossible
+it's not impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not impossible
+because by weird mysterious to me still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by weird mysterious to me still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by weird mysterious to me still
+kind of unfathomable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfathomable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfathomable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+physiological mechanisms these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological mechanisms these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological mechanisms these things
+add up approximately linearly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up approximately linearly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up approximately linearly it's
+really counterintuitive who would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really counterintuitive who would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really counterintuitive who would think
+a big sloppy biological system with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big sloppy biological system with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big sloppy biological system with many
+different causal steps could produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different causal steps could produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different causal steps could produce
+something that is approximately linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is approximately linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is approximately linear
+but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does
+and because they add up linearly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they add up linearly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they add up linearly if you
+have enough trials you can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough trials you can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough trials you can take this
+thing and recover that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and recover that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and recover that and that
+okay we're not going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're not going to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're not going to go through the
+math of it it's just basically addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math of it it's just basically addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math of it it's just basically addition
+it's like solving for like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like solving for like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like solving for like you know
+it's it's solving for um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's solving for um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's solving for um you know
+multiple equations because you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple equations because you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple equations because you have all
+these different time points did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different time points did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different time points did
+everybody get the gist of the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the gist of the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the gist of the idea that
+even if you're observing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're observing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're observing something
+really slowly varying and weakly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slowly varying and weakly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slowly varying and weakly varying
+because it's massively blurred you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's massively blurred you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's massively blurred you could
+in principle with enough trials go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle with enough trials go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle with enough trials go
+backwards and solve for that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and solve for that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and solve for that and that
+everybody get that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that idea
+okay so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that means is
+it's a bit of an uphill battle to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of an uphill battle to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of an uphill battle to do a
+fast event related thing like you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast event related thing like you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast event related thing like you can't
+just look at the response you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the response you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the response you have to
+actually do a lot of math and you may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a lot of math and you may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a lot of math and you may or
+may not have enough trials to pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have enough trials to pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have enough trials to pull it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+right but under some circumstances where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but under some circumstances where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but under some circumstances where
+you really need things to be interleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need things to be interleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need things to be interleaved
+you can pull that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull that off
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that's what i just said blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what i just said blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what i just said blah blah
+blah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah okay
+a few other design things that i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other design things that i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other design things that i didn't
+really talk about in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about in detail
+one i've mentioned glancingly but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i've mentioned glancingly but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i've mentioned glancingly but i
+wanted to be more explicit about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be more explicit about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be more explicit about it this
+whole idea that we've talked about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea that we've talked about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea that we've talked about a few
+times of defining a region of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of defining a region of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of defining a region of the brain
+that we're going to look at with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to look at with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to look at with a uh
+with a localizer scan okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a localizer scan okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a localizer scan okay with
+functional mri we talked about that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri we talked about that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri we talked about that with
+the case of characterizing face areas go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of characterizing face areas go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of characterizing face areas go
+run a face versus object scan find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a face versus object scan find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a face versus object scan find the
+face area in that subject and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area in that subject and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area in that subject and then do
+new experiments and test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new experiments and test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new experiments and test it
+right or when you guys proposed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or when you guys proposed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or when you guys proposed your
+snake experiments you said first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake experiments you said first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake experiments you said first
+localize a candidate snake specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize a candidate snake specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize a candidate snake specific
+region with snakes versus non-snakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region with snakes versus non-snakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region with snakes versus non-snakes and
+then do repeated tests in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do repeated tests in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do repeated tests in that region
+that you found in each subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you found in each subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you found in each subject
+why do we have to do all that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have to do all that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have to do all that within
+each subject you don't technically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each subject you don't technically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each subject you don't technically have
+to lots of people don't but the reason i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people don't but the reason i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people don't but the reason i
+think it's important and the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important and the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important and the reason we
+do it in my lab and all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in my lab and all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in my lab and all of my
+intellectual descendants do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual descendants do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual descendants do that and
+lots of other people do too the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other people do too the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other people do too the reason
+we do that is that that region is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is that that region is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is that that region is not in
+exactly the same place in each subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same place in each subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same place in each subject
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i have a dopey analogy brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a dopey analogy brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a dopey analogy brains are
+physically different from one person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically different from one person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically different from one person to
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+if we scan you guys just anatomically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we scan you guys just anatomically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we scan you guys just anatomically
+and look at the structure of your brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the structure of your brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the structure of your brains
+your brains are as different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brains are as different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brains are as different from each
+other as your faces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as your faces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as your faces are
+that is you all have the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you all have the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you all have the same basic
+structure the same major lobes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the same major lobes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the same major lobes and
+sulcide just as you all have eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcide just as you all have eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcide just as you all have eyes and
+nose and mouth but they're in slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and mouth but they're in slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and mouth but they're in slightly
+different positions and that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions and that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions and that's just the
+anatomy the function on top of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy the function on top of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy the function on top of that is
+even more variable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more variable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more variable okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh it's like trying to align faces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like trying to align faces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's like trying to align faces right
+so no matter if you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter if you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter if you have a bunch of
+photographs of faces and you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of faces and you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of faces and you try to
+align them on top of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align them on top of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align them on top of each other and
+superimpose them even if you have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose them even if you have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose them even if you have a few
+degrees of stretch you can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of stretch you can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of stretch you can't do it
+perfectly you'll get some kind of mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly you'll get some kind of mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly you'll get some kind of mess
+like this right they just they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right they just they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right they just they're
+different so they don't perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they don't perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they don't perfectly
+superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose
+right well it's the same deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's the same deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well it's the same deal with
+brains you try to align them perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains you try to align them perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains you try to align them perfectly
+from one person to the next but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to the next but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to the next but they're
+physically different they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically different they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically different they do not
+perfectly superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly superimpose
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but you know so now imagine that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so now imagine that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so now imagine that this is
+totally crazy analogy but it's best i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally crazy analogy but it's best i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally crazy analogy but it's best i
+could come up with suppose you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with suppose you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with suppose you're a
+dermatologist and you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatologist and you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dermatologist and you're interested in
+skin cancers that arise in the upper lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin cancers that arise in the upper lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin cancers that arise in the upper lip
+what could happen there's more sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen there's more sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen there's more sunlight
+hitting the upper lip whatever okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the upper lip whatever okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the upper lip whatever okay so
+now you can take a whole and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can take a whole and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can take a whole and you're
+studying photographs to try to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying photographs to try to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying photographs to try to see how
+many people have it or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have it or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have it or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so you could take a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take a whole bunch of
+photographs and you could just say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and you could just say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and you could just say okay
+i'm going to look right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look right there
+it's usually going to be the upper lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually going to be the upper lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually going to be the upper lip
+but it's not always going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not always going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not always going to be the
+upper lip and so you're really throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lip and so you're really throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lip and so you're really throwing
+away a lot of information by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a lot of information by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a lot of information by
+choosing the wrong location for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the wrong location for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the wrong location for this
+person down here you missed it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person down here you missed it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person down here you missed it right
+you're looking at the wrong thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the wrong thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the wrong thing okay
+so in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want to study that region you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study that region you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study that region you've
+got to find it on each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to find it on each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to find it on each individual
+photograph and similarly if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and similarly if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and similarly if you want to
+study the fusiform face area or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the fusiform face area or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the fusiform face area or the
+snake area which doesn't exist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake area which doesn't exist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake area which doesn't exist but
+whatever um you gotta go find that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um you gotta go find that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um you gotta go find that thing
+in that person individually otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that person individually otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that person individually otherwise
+you're really blurring your data just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really blurring your data just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really blurring your data just as
+those data are blurred there make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data are blurred there make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data are blurred there make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+different topic about design these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topic about design these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topic about design these are
+just kind of different topics i couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of different topics i couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of different topics i couldn't
+find a good segues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good segues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good segues
+so far we have been talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have been talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have been talking about the
+most rudimentary simple possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most rudimentary simple possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most rudimentary simple possible
+experimental design that means two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design that means two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design that means two
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+faces on and objects snakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces on and objects snakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces on and objects snakes and
+non-snakes moving or stationary whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-snakes moving or stationary whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-snakes moving or stationary whatever
+two conditions where you contrast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions where you contrast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions where you contrast and
+you look in the brain is there a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the brain is there a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the brain is there a higher
+response to a than b okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a than b okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a than b okay
+nothing wrong with that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that you can get
+pretty far with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far with this
+but first of all of course we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all of course we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all of course we can have
+more than two conditions so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two conditions so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two conditions so you can have
+one factor in this case stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor in this case stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor in this case stimulus
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+with many different conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many different conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many different conditions
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+aces bodies objects scenes whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces bodies objects scenes whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces bodies objects scenes whatever
+right okay so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's not
+rocket science we've just added a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket science we've just added a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket science we've just added a few
+more conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conditions
+of the same factor your factor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same factor your factor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same factor your factor is the
+you know the dimension you're varying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dimension you're varying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dimension you're varying in
+this case it's stimulus type okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's stimulus type okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's stimulus type okay
+but we could get fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could get fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could get fancy
+and we could have four conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have four conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have four conditions
+that are two factors varied orthogonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two factors varied orthogonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two factors varied orthogonally
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+okay this is sometimes called a two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is sometimes called a two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is sometimes called a two by
+two design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design
+uh we're going to vary one thing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to vary one thing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to vary one thing on this
+axis and another thing on this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and another thing on this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and another thing on this axis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why would we want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would we want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would we want to do that
+well let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at an example
+now let's suppose that you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's suppose that you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's suppose that you were going to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+faces to objects in this case chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces to objects in this case chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces to objects in this case chairs
+but beyond just those two conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond just those two conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond just those two conditions of
+comparing the response in the brain when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the response in the brain when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the response in the brain when
+people are looking at faces versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking at faces versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are looking at faces versus
+objects we could now ask does a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we could now ask does a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we could now ask does a response
+in the brain to faces and objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain to faces and objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain to faces and objects
+depend on whether you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on whether you're paying
+attention to the faces and objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the faces and objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the faces and objects
+what if you're paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're paying attention to
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+we have little colored letters right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have little colored letters right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have little colored letters right in
+the middle of the display and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the display and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the display and they're
+changing rapidly over time and your task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly over time and your task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing rapidly over time and your task
+is to monitor for a repetition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to monitor for a repetition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to monitor for a repetition of a
+letter a one-back task and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter a one-back task and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter a one-back task and it's going
+really fast so it's very demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so it's very demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so it's very demanding
+you're just looking at those letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at those letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at those letters
+they're flashing up a little two b's bum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're flashing up a little two b's bum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're flashing up a little two b's bum
+you hit a button boom it's like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a button boom it's like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a button boom it's like very
+demanding okay the information hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding okay the information hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding okay the information hitting
+your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina
+is still coming in from the face because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still coming in from the face because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still coming in from the face because
+the little letter is tiny it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little letter is tiny it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little letter is tiny it's not
+hiding much of the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding much of the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding much of the face
+what do you think if you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think if you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think if you're doing the
+letter task do you think you'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter task do you think you'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter task do you think you'll still
+get a response in the fusiform face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response in the fusiform face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response in the fusiform face area
+when the face comes up and will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the face comes up and will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the face comes up and will it be
+higher than when the chairs come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than when the chairs come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than when the chairs come up
+any intuitions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any intuitions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any intuitions yes
+talk to me about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about that
+it should be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be because
+i think what we've learned is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what we've learned is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what we've learned is the
+signals once it hits the medium and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still coming in
+yeah will it be just as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah will it be just as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah will it be just as high
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+no i don't think it'd be as out but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't think it'd be as out but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't think it'd be as out but it
+doesn't since your response that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't since your response that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't since your response that's like
+higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than
+effort everybody see how this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort everybody see how this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort everybody see how this is kind of
+an interesting question right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting question right the
+machinery is the same all the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery is the same all the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery is the same all the feed
+forward stuff is the same you can't when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stuff is the same you can't when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward stuff is the same you can't when
+i tell you just now you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you just now you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you just now you're doing the
+letter task now you're doing the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter task now you're doing the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter task now you're doing the face
+task when you switch to the letter task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task when you switch to the letter task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task when you switch to the letter task
+the wiring in your brain doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wiring in your brain doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wiring in your brain doesn't change
+all the same wiring is there that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same wiring is there that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same wiring is there that's it's
+a stimulus is still hitting your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stimulus is still hitting your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stimulus is still hitting your retina
+it's still going up the system so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still going up the system so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still going up the system so it
+becomes interesting to ask how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes interesting to ask how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes interesting to ask how could it
+be different right would it be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different right would it be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different right would it be different
+all right i just want you all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i just want you all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i just want you all in the
+grip of this is a question that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of this is a question that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip of this is a question that we might
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+so how could we ask this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could we ask this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could we ask this question
+um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we can do as i just said we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as i just said we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do as i just said we can have
+subjects in one case do their standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in one case do their standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in one case do their standard
+object task look for repetitions of fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object task look for repetitions of fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object task look for repetitions of fa
+of con consecutive repetitions of a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of con consecutive repetitions of a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of con consecutive repetitions of a face
+or of a chair we have all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of a chair we have all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of a chair we have all different
+kinds of chairs but every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chairs but every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chairs but every once in a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+two in a row are the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a row are the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a row are the same okay
+um or we could have this other task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or we could have this other task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or we could have this other task
+where they're monitoring for letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're monitoring for letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're monitoring for letter
+repetitions so does everybody get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions so does everybody get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions so does everybody get this
+two by two design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two design
+on one factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one factor
+we're varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're varying
+the stimulus is it faces or objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is it faces or objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus is it faces or objects
+and on the um faces or objects those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the um faces or objects those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the um faces or objects those are
+the two conditions it's just terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two conditions it's just terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two conditions it's just terminology
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and on the other factor we're varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and on the other factor we're varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and on the other factor we're varying
+um tasks are you doing the the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tasks are you doing the the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tasks are you doing the the face
+object task or the letter task yeah ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object task or the letter task yeah ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object task or the letter task yeah ben
+is it okay so what is it that this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it okay so what is it that this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it okay so what is it that this task
+was like what conclusions to allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what conclusions to allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what conclusions to allow you
+to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the
+simpler customer good question good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler customer good question good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler customer good question good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+anybody have an intuition here you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an intuition here you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have an intuition here you mean
+other than just doing that never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just doing that never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just doing that never mind
+the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters
+yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly
+exactly the right question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right question
+what do you guys what do you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys what do you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys what do you think is
+there any reason to do this does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any reason to do this does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any reason to do this does anybody
+care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this
+what would it tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i forget your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i forget your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i forget your name
+lauren yeah the effect of attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lauren yeah the effect of attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lauren yeah the effect of attention on
+perception yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception yeah
+yeah so if we want to know not just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we want to know not just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we want to know not just is
+there some bit that responds more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some bit that responds more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some bit that responds more to
+faces and objects we've been doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and objects we've been doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and objects we've been doing that
+for weeks enough already right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weeks enough already right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weeks enough already right we know
+there is okay now we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is okay now we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is okay now we want to know
+does it matter what you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter what you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter what you're paying
+attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to
+is that thing like a just like a is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thing like a just like a is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thing like a just like a is it
+like a little machine that's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little machine that's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little machine that's going to do
+its thing no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing no matter what
+or do you the perceiver have any control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you the perceiver have any control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you the perceiver have any control
+over it here's another version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it here's another version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it here's another version of that
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+you guys can all sit there and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can all sit there and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can all sit there and look
+bright-eyed and bushy-tailed and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright-eyed and bushy-tailed and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright-eyed and bushy-tailed and look at
+me and smile and nod and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and smile and nod and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and smile and nod and think about
+whatever you want to think about and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to think about and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to think about and i
+won't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know
+you could be bored out of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be bored out of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be bored out of your mind
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+you know what you did last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you did last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you did last night
+whatever and i won't know and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and i won't know and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and i won't know and that's
+great i mean isn't that nice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great i mean isn't that nice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great i mean isn't that nice that we
+human beings are not trapped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are not trapped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are not trapped by the
+stimulus that's in front of us at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that's in front of us at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that's in front of us at any
+moment instead we can control our mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment instead we can control our mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment instead we can control our mental
+processes to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to some degree
+right and if you choose to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you choose to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you choose to think about
+something else you go for it you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you go for it you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you go for it you have
+good judgment that is fine it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good judgment that is fine it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good judgment that is fine it happens to
+me all the time you have that ability i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the time you have that ability i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the time you have that ability i
+have that ability not really when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ability not really when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that ability not really when i'm
+lecturing i kind of have to stay on task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing i kind of have to stay on task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing i kind of have to stay on task
+that's why it's exhausting but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's exhausting but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's exhausting but anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but you know we are not trapped we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know we are not trapped we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know we are not trapped we are
+not completely controlled by the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely controlled by the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely controlled by the sensory
+world impinging on us and that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world impinging on us and that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world impinging on us and that's a good
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+and so if you wanted to find out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you wanted to find out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you wanted to find out about
+how that works and study how well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works and study how well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works and study how well we can
+control our own mental processes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control our own mental processes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control our own mental processes you
+would do something like this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something like this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do something like this make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this design
+enables us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us
+to ask a whole bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask a whole bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask a whole bunch of things
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+does a response in some region or voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a response in some region or voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a response in some region or voxel
+or wherever we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever we're looking
+depend on stimulus category okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on stimulus category okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on stimulus category okay this is
+what we've been talking about for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about for a
+couple weeks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks now
+that by to do that you could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by to do that you could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by to do that you could just say
+okay is there an overall higher response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there an overall higher response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is there an overall higher response
+to these two conditions than those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two conditions than those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two conditions than those two
+conditions you wouldn't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you wouldn't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you wouldn't worry about
+tasks you say overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you say overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you say overall
+is there a bit that likes faces more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a bit that likes faces more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a bit that likes faces more
+than objects okay everybody got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than objects okay everybody got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than objects okay everybody got that
+that's one thing that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that's sort of what
+we've been doing so far is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing so far is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing so far is just
+comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+two levels of one factor that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of one factor that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of one factor that's called a
+main effect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case a manifest effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a manifest effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a manifest effect of the
+factor stimulus type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor stimulus type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor stimulus type
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+or we could ask a different question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could ask a different question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could ask a different question
+does the response of a region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the response of a region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the response of a region of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+depend on attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention
+so overall never mind whether it's faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall never mind whether it's faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall never mind whether it's faces
+or objects there's like photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects there's like photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or objects there's like photographs
+flashing up there does it matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing up there does it matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing up there does it matter if
+you're paying attention to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention to those
+photographs or paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs or paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs or paying attention to
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for that we compare the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we compare the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we compare the average of
+these two versus the average of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two versus the average of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two versus the average of those
+two that would be a main effect of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that would be a main effect of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that would be a main effect of task
+make sense it's just terminology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense it's just terminology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense it's just terminology but
+it's important to see that we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to see that we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to see that we can ask
+these different questions of a two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different questions of a two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different questions of a two by
+two design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ready with me anybody want to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready with me anybody want to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready with me anybody want to ask me
+something this one this main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this one this main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this one this main effect
+isn't a very interesting one it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a very interesting one it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a very interesting one it's kind
+of a weird one but you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird one but you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird one but you could you could
+do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's yeah main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's yeah main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's yeah main effect of
+attention or task okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or task okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or task okay
+now we could ask as someone else said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could ask as someone else said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could ask as someone else said a
+moment ago was that you lauren yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago was that you lauren yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago was that you lauren yes
+if we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know
+does the effect of stimulus category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the effect of stimulus category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the effect of stimulus category
+depend on attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention
+that's what a two by two design is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a two by two design is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a two by two design is that
+is that kind of question that a two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that kind of question that a two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that kind of question that a two by
+two design enables you to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design enables you to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design enables you to ask
+so to ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to ask that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to ask that question
+really what we would do is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we would do is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we would do is essentially
+look at this row and then that row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this row and then that row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this row and then that row and
+then we compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compare them
+so we might say how much higher of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might say how much higher of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might say how much higher of a
+response you get than for faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you get than for faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you get than for faces and
+objects and we get some number in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and we get some number in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and we get some number in that
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+sorry when you're paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when you're paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when you're paying attention to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and how much would you get when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much would you get when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much would you get when you're
+not paying attention to them you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not paying attention to them you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not paying attention to them you're
+paying attention to the letters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the letters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the letters and then
+we could say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say oh
+what is it you know how selective is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it you know how selective is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it you know how selective is the
+face response when it's attended versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face response when it's attended versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face response when it's attended versus
+unattended in other words how do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended in other words how do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended in other words how do the
+response to stimuli depend on task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to stimuli depend on task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to stimuli depend on task
+okay it's not rocket science but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not rocket science but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not rocket science but it's
+important to see how this humble little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how this humble little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how this humble little
+two by two enables you to ask these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two enables you to ask these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two enables you to ask these very
+different questions so this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so this question of
+how the effect of one factor depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the effect of one factor depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the effect of one factor depends on
+the level you're at with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level you're at with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level you're at with the other
+factor is called an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is called an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is called an interaction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's often like the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often like the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often like the most interesting
+kind of question to ask of any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question to ask of any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question to ask of any kind of
+data whether it's mri or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data whether it's mri or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data whether it's mri or anything else
+you could think of it as a difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it as a difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of it as a difference of
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+more directly how the effect of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly how the effect of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly how the effect of one
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+depends on the level of the other factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the level of the other factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the level of the other factor
+okay in this case the terminology would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case the terminology would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case the terminology would
+be we'd be looking at an interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'd be looking at an interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'd be looking at an interaction of
+stimulus category by task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus category by task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus category by task
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+everybody with the program about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with the program about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with the program about how
+this question is different than the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is different than the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is different than the two
+different main effect questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different main effect questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different main effect questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+to get some practice with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some practice with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some practice with this
+i'm going to have you guys come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have you guys come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have you guys come up here
+and draw some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw some data
+okay so we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to consider
+um okay we're going to just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we're going to just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we're going to just to get
+experience with main effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with main effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with main effects and
+interactions we're going to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we're going to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we're going to consider a
+main effect of factor x which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of factor x which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of factor x which is an
+overall effect of x i the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect of x i the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect of x i the difference
+between condition one versus condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between condition one versus condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between condition one versus condition
+two within x and we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two within x and we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two within x and we're going to consider
+interactions of factor x and factor y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of factor x and factor y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of factor x and factor y
+that is how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how um
+how the effect of x depends on y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the effect of x depends on y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the effect of x depends on y and
+vice versa okay so i'm going to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa okay so i'm going to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa okay so i'm going to have you
+guys draw data i need my first volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys draw data i need my first volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys draw data i need my first volunteer
+this is not hard uh how do i put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not hard uh how do i put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not hard uh how do i put this
+thing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing up
+i forgot to check if i have red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forgot to check if i have red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forgot to check if i have red and
+black pens hopefully i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't volunteer i'm gonna pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't volunteer i'm gonna pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't volunteer i'm gonna pick
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+and that could be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not too awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too awful
+is it carrie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it carrie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it carrie
+unfortunately i remember your name so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately i remember your name so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately i remember your name so
+what up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what up here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you got an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an easy one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this doesn't write very well but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't write very well but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't write very well but it will
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay this is your red pen that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is your red pen that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is your red pen that's your
+black pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black pen
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+we have here the response in red or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the response in red or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the response in red or
+orange will be the attended case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange will be the attended case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange will be the attended case we're
+looking at a response in the fusiform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a response in the fusiform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a response in the fusiform
+face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area
+a possible response in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible response in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible response in this case a
+pretty unlikely one but never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely one but never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unlikely one but never mind
+so the attended one and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attended one and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attended one and there's the
+unattended one and there's response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended one and there's response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended one and there's response to
+objects and faces and what i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and faces and what i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and faces and what i want you to
+draw is a pattern of data in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw is a pattern of data in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw is a pattern of data in which
+there's no main effect of stimulus type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no main effect of stimulus type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no main effect of stimulus type
+no main effect of attention and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no main effect of attention and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no main effect of attention and no
+interaction of stimulus type by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of stimulus type by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of stimulus type by
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+so just put you're going to draw four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put you're going to draw four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put you're going to draw four
+dots you can do x's and o's or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+no effect of the stimulus so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no effect of the stimulus so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no effect of the stimulus so that means
+it doesn't matter if what's the base or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if what's the base or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if what's the base or
+option uh-huh exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh-huh exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh-huh exactly so
+i guess you could do that for one to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you could do that for one to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you could do that for one to go
+do that for the attended task first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for the attended task first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for the attended task first so
+do that in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really
+lean on it oh it worked for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean on it oh it worked for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean on it oh it worked for me
+sorry we'll have the extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we'll have the extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we'll have the extremely
+counterintuitive thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive thing of
+this is the tension there we go here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tension there we go here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tension there we go here you
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay perfect no main effect of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perfect no main effect of stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perfect no main effect of stimulus
+type good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type good
+okay now we've got no main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we've got no main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we've got no main effect of
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+so take the blue pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like
+and no interaction no effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no interaction no effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no interaction no effect of
+attention relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention relative to
+attention no attention that's right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention no attention that's right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention no attention that's right no
+no main effective attention means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no main effective attention means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no main effective attention means no
+difference for attended and unattended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for attended and unattended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for attended and unattended
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but stimulus type is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but stimulus type is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but stimulus type is important
+no no we're still it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we're still it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no we're still it's all the same
+we're drawing all the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing all the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing all the same situation
+yeah exactly it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly it's a little bit of a
+there you go beautiful nicely done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go beautiful nicely done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go beautiful nicely done
+carrie okay so that's kind of a dopey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrie okay so that's kind of a dopey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrie okay so that's kind of a dopey
+case well done you can sit down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're just starting basic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just starting basic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just starting basic here
+okay that's what it looks like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what it looks like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what it looks like if you
+have no main effects and no interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no main effects and no interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no main effects and no interactions
+everything's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+that's not going to happen if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to happen if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to happen if you're in
+the fusiform face area if you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusiform face area if you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusiform face area if you get that
+there's something wrong with your scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong with your scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong with your scan
+or something went way wrong okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something went way wrong okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something went way wrong okay but
+we're just flushing out the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just flushing out the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just flushing out the logical
+possibilities okay i need the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay i need the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay i need the next
+volunteer who's going to do a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer who's going to do a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer who's going to do a main
+effect of stimulus type no main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of stimulus type no main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of stimulus type no main effect
+of attention and no interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention and no interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention and no interaction of
+stimulus type by attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus type by attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus type by attention
+yes come on up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes come on up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes come on up here
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your
+name sorry aquali yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sorry aquali yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sorry aquali yes right
+um great so go ahead and draw that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great so go ahead and draw that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great so go ahead and draw that for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+i'm just gonna clarify that this what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna clarify that this what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna clarify that this what do
+we do this is unintent wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is unintent wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is unintent wait a minute
+yeah unattended here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unattended here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah unattended here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a main effect assuming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a main effect assuming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a main effect assuming it's
+probably easiest if you start yeah start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easiest if you start yeah start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easiest if you start yeah start
+with the tendon there's a main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tendon there's a main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tendon there's a main effect of
+stimulus type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great you're in the ffa the faces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you're in the ffa the faces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you're in the ffa the faces are
+going to be higher than the objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher than the objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher than the objects and
+main effect of stimulus type says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of stimulus type says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of stimulus type says you're
+going to get a difference good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful well done make sense everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful well done make sense everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful well done make sense everyone
+thank you kwiley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you kwiley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you kwiley
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that make sense everyone okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everyone okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense everyone okay so
+what would this mean if you got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this mean if you got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this mean if you got this
+okay quality you're not quite done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay quality you're not quite done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay quality you're not quite done so
+you get that what's that telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that what's that telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that what's that telling you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it tells you that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that uh
+it responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to
+the stimulus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus but
+the the attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the attention
+doesn't make any difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the the the selectivity you get doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the selectivity you get doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the selectivity you get doesn't
+depend on attention in this case again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention in this case again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention in this case again
+these are all we're just making up data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all we're just making up data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all we're just making up data
+right we're just considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're just considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're just considering the
+different ways the data could come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the data could come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the data could come out
+and what they would tell us everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they would tell us everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they would tell us everybody
+got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the plot is going to thicken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the plot is going to thicken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the plot is going to thicken a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+now we're going to have a main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have a main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have a main effect of
+stimulus and main effective attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and main effective attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and main effective attention
+and no interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no interaction of
+stimulus by attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus by attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus by attention
+it's going to come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come up here
+satalia one up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+everybody see how this is a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this is a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this is a main
+effective stimulus type faces are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stimulus type faces are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective stimulus type faces are higher
+than objects a main effect of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than objects a main effect of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than objects a main effect of attention
+attended is higher than unattended but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended is higher than unattended but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended is higher than unattended but
+no interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interaction
+the effective stimulus type is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective stimulus type is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective stimulus type is the same
+at each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each level
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+just something that made it was unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that made it was unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that made it was unclear
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+does the tension usually affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the tension usually affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the tension usually affect the
+selectivity or the average response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity or the average response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity or the average response
+these are great questions right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions right now
+we're just considering the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just considering the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just considering the logical
+possibilities okay we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities okay we will talk about
+that later yeah it's a good question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later yeah it's a good question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later yeah it's a good question you
+should be wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be wondering
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay so um talia tell us if you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um talia tell us if you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um talia tell us if you found
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+what would that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because like
+the difference in effect between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in effect between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in effect between like
+intended and unintended like objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended and unintended like objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended and unintended like objects and
+faces is the same like that does show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is the same like that does show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is the same like that does show
+that like a tension like plays an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a tension like plays an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like a tension like plays an effect
+and the stimulus vision effect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stimulus vision effect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stimulus vision effect but
+there's like no interaction between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like no interaction between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like no interaction between them
+because like the difference is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like the difference is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like the difference is the same
+it's like there's these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like there's these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like there's these two different
+things there's face selectivity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's face selectivity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's face selectivity and then
+there's just a big like overall if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a big like overall if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a big like overall if
+you're looking at stuff you get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at stuff you get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at stuff you get higher
+responses and if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and if you're looking at the
+letters yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters yeah exactly
+all right one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right one more
+i need a volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david
+that's not a volunteer i realize it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a volunteer i realize it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a volunteer i realize it's
+different than a volunteer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so draw me a case where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so draw me a case where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so draw me a case where you have a
+main effect of stimulus a main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of stimulus a main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of stimulus a main effect of
+attention and an interaction of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and an interaction of stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and an interaction of stimulus
+by attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+so here we have um oh wait actually hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have um oh wait actually hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have um oh wait actually hang
+on hang on hang on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hang on hang on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hang on hang on
+uh wait a second you've got a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait a second you've got a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wait a second you've got a main
+effect of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of stimulus
+actually you don't have the main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have the main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have the main effect
+of stimulus here did i get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus here did i get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus here did i get rid of that
+yeah you got rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you have the main effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have the main effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have the main effect of
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+wait maybe i said oh maybe i told it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait maybe i said oh maybe i told it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait maybe i said oh maybe i told it
+maybe i said it wrong oh yes you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i said it wrong oh yes you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i said it wrong oh yes you didn't
+have a okay wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a okay wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a okay wait a second
+oh yeah you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think i screwed you up here okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i screwed you up here okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i screwed you up here okay we
+want a main effect of stimulus yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a main effect of stimulus yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a main effect of stimulus yeah yeah
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+well let's let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's just
+if we move it a little bit like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move it a little bit like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move it a little bit like that
+exactly okay so don't go away um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so don't go away um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so don't go away um does
+everybody see how this is a main effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this is a main effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see how this is a main effect
+of stimulus those guys are higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus those guys are higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus those guys are higher than
+those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+a main effect of attention the grease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a main effect of attention the grease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a main effect of attention the grease
+got green guys are higher than the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got green guys are higher than the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got green guys are higher than the blue
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+but an interaction like that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interaction like that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interaction like that difference
+is bigger than that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than that difference
+okay now don't go away david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now don't go away david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now don't go away david
+if you got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got that
+what would you conclude about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you conclude about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you conclude about the
+fusiform case here if you got those data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the ffa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ffa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ffa
+if it was like this it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was like this it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was like this it depends
+if not only does it depend on attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not only does it depend on attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not only does it depend on attention
+but it depends on attention more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depends on attention more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depends on attention more than
+uh maybe the object uh detection doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe the object uh detection doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe the object uh detection doesn't
+depend on attention so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on attention so much
+that's right that's what your data show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's what your data show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's what your data show
+is that the the response to faces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the response to faces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the response to faces is
+more strongly affected by attention than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly affected by attention than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly affected by attention than
+the response to objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to objects
+but another way of saying the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way of saying the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way of saying the same thing
+is to say that the selectivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the selectivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that the selectivity is
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+when you're attending than when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're attending than when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're attending than when you're
+not attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attending
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+or the differential response is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the differential response is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the differential response is greater
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+great thank you everybody got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you everybody got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thank you everybody got these
+basic ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas
+okay they're pretty rudimentary i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're pretty rudimentary i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're pretty rudimentary i don't
+want to insult your intelligence but i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insult your intelligence but i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insult your intelligence but i i
+really i've found that people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i've found that people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i've found that people often
+don't get main effects in interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get main effects in interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get main effects in interactions
+and they're often really the crux of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're often really the crux of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're often really the crux of an
+interesting design is an interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting design is an interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting design is an interaction and
+keeping it straight from the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it straight from the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it straight from the main
+effects sometimes takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects sometimes takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects sometimes takes a little
+doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay
+so let's consider what is the key sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider what is the key sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider what is the key sign
+of an interaction oh well we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interaction oh well we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interaction oh well we already
+have a case where often people draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case where often people draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case where often people draw an
+interaction where the lines cross but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction where the lines cross but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction where the lines cross but
+they don't need to cross david just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need to cross david just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need to cross david just
+showed you a nice interaction where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a nice interaction where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a nice interaction where the
+lines don't cross okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines don't cross okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines don't cross okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+moving on that was all leftovers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on that was all leftovers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on that was all leftovers that's
+bad planning oh sorry what oh yes put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad planning oh sorry what oh yes put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad planning oh sorry what oh yes put
+the thing up good point or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up good point or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing up good point or down
+thank you chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you chris
+um okay let's talk about category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's talk about category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's talk about category
+selective regions of the visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective regions of the visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective regions of the visual cortex
+we've been talking about these all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about these all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about these all along
+but it's time to get a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's time to get a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's time to get a little more
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first i've been talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i've been talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i've been talking about how
+there's a patch in there that responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a patch in there that responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a patch in there that responds
+pretty selectively to faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty selectively to faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty selectively to faces
+there's a patch out there on the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a patch out there on the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a patch out there on the lateral
+surface it responds pretty selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it responds pretty selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it responds pretty selectively
+to bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bodies
+and we haven't mentioned it much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't mentioned it much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't mentioned it much but
+next week you'll hear more than you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week you'll hear more than you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week you'll hear more than you want
+to hear about a patch smack in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear about a patch smack in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear about a patch smack in the
+middle there that responds selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there that responds selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there that responds selectively
+to images of scenes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to images of scenes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to images of scenes okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you just look at that and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at that and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at that and it's really
+damn near impossible not to wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn near impossible not to wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn near impossible not to wonder what
+else is lurking in there right what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is lurking in there right what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is lurking in there right what else
+is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there
+uh and of course we we wondered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course we we wondered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course we we wondered that
+many years ago me and paul downing who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago me and paul downing who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago me and paul downing who
+did the um the body area paper he was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the um the body area paper he was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the um the body area paper he was my
+postdoc at the time and we said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at the time and we said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at the time and we said well
+let's just scan people looking at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just scan people looking at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just scan people looking at 20
+different categories of objects and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of objects and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of objects and we
+put in all kind of silly stuff in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all kind of silly stuff in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all kind of silly stuff in there
+i'm phobic about snakes so i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm phobic about snakes so i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm phobic about snakes so i wanted
+snakes he's phobic about spiders we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes he's phobic about spiders we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snakes he's phobic about spiders we
+compromised in our creepiest condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised in our creepiest condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised in our creepiest condition
+threw them both in there it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw them both in there it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw them both in there it was kind of
+sloppy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy but
+we had food and plants because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had food and plants because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had food and plants because we
+figured those are biologically important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured those are biologically important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured those are biologically important
+we had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had you know
+weapons because those aren't tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons because those aren't tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons because those aren't tools
+because those are you know those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are you know those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are you know those are
+important in other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in other ways
+we had flowers because steve pinker has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had flowers because steve pinker has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had flowers because steve pinker has
+this line in one of his books saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line in one of his books saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line in one of his books saying
+that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+flower is a veritable microfiche of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower is a veritable microfiche of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower is a veritable microfiche of
+biologically relevant information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically relevant information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically relevant information
+he hypothesized based on that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hypothesized based on that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hypothesized based on that that
+people might have special purpose neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have special purpose neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have special purpose neural
+machinery for flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for flowers
+sounded like a crock to me but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like a crock to me but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded like a crock to me but it's an
+empirical question so we threw flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical question so we threw flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical question so we threw flowers
+in there for steve pinker okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for steve pinker okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there for steve pinker okay
+um and uh and so then we scan people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and so then we scan people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and so then we scan people
+looking at all of these things and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all of these things and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all of these things and we
+replicated in every subject the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in every subject the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in every subject the uh the
+existence of selective regions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of selective regions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of selective regions for
+places faces and bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places faces and bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places faces and bodies
+and we didn't find anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't find anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't find anything else
+none of these other categories produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these other categories produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these other categories produced
+clear whopping selectivities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whopping selectivities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear whopping selectivities
+in systematic regions of the kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systematic regions of the kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systematic regions of the kind that
+you see in every subject for faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in every subject for faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in every subject for faces
+places and bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and bodies
+now i hasten to say that there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i hasten to say that there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i hasten to say that there are lots
+of ways with any method to not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways with any method to not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways with any method to not see
+something that's actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's actually there
+you might not have enough statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have enough statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have enough statistical
+power to see it it might be that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to see it it might be that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to see it it might be that there's
+a whole bunch of neurons that do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of neurons that do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of neurons that do that
+but they're scattered all over the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're scattered all over the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're scattered all over the brain
+and so they're spatially interleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're spatially interleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're spatially interleaved
+with neurons that do other things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neurons that do other things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with neurons that do other things in
+which case mri will never see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case mri will never see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case mri will never see it
+there are big black holes in mri images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are big black holes in mri images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are big black holes in mri images
+where there are artifacts and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are artifacts and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are artifacts and you can't
+see anything and if the soul was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything and if the soul was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything and if the soul was right
+there we wouldn't have discovered it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we wouldn't have discovered it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we wouldn't have discovered it yet
+because we can't see it in our mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't see it in our mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can't see it in our mri
+images not that i know what the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images not that i know what the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images not that i know what the contrast
+is for the soul you could work on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the soul you could work on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the soul you could work on that
+do you have a question ty yeah i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a question ty yeah i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a question ty yeah i'm just
+curious did you try it on like cracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious did you try it on like cracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious did you try it on like cracks
+yes and we will get to that later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and we will get to that later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and we will get to that later and
+there is absolutely a specialized region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is absolutely a specialized region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is absolutely a specialized region
+for text and we'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for text and we'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for text and we'll talk about that in a
+few weeks yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks yeah
+we didn't in this experiment but we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't in this experiment but we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't in this experiment but we and
+lots of others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of others have
+in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases
+um okay so um so don't take this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so um so don't take this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so um so don't take this too
+seriously my main point is just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously my main point is just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously my main point is just that you
+don't find a little patch of brain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find a little patch of brain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find a little patch of brain for
+any damn thing you test mostly you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any damn thing you test mostly you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any damn thing you test mostly you don't
+find it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it right
+there is some disagreement in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some disagreement in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some disagreement in the field
+about the case of tools and hands there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case of tools and hands there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case of tools and hands there
+are many reports that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many reports that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many reports that if you look at
+pictures of tools or look at pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of tools or look at pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of tools or look at pictures of
+hands you can get a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you can get a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands you can get a nice little
+selective blob i have looked at both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective blob i have looked at both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective blob i have looked at both of
+those many times i don't see it i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those many times i don't see it i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those many times i don't see it i don't
+know what everyone else is on about i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everyone else is on about i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everyone else is on about i'm
+confused about that i just leave that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about that i just leave that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about that i just leave that as
+in play i don't know but with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play i don't know but with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play i don't know but with that
+exception there's good agreement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception there's good agreement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception there's good agreement that
+faces places and bodies everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces places and bodies everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces places and bodies everyone
+replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+and most of these others no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of these others no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of these others no one
+replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular
+nobody reports selective patches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody reports selective patches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody reports selective patches of
+brain that respond selectively to cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that respond selectively to cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that respond selectively to cars
+chairs food or lots of other things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs food or lots of other things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs food or lots of other things we
+have tested snakes by the way and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tested snakes by the way and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tested snakes by the way and not
+found anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found anything
+at least in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the cortex
+so what does that mean that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean that implies
+connoisseur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connoisseur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connoisseur
+that some categories are special in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some categories are special in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some categories are special in the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+okay at least at this crude grain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least at this crude grain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least at this crude grain that
+we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see
+with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional mri
+and that seems pretty interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems pretty interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems pretty interesting and
+important yes i have a nice question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yes i have a nice question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important yes i have a nice question
+about places did you um distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about places did you um distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about places did you um distinguish
+between newly made places and naturals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between newly made places and naturals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between newly made places and naturals
+we'll get into all of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into all of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into all of that in
+excruciating detail next week yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excruciating detail next week yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excruciating detail next week yeah it
+doesn't really make much of a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make much of a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make much of a difference
+it likes all of those things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it likes all of those things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it likes all of those things yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so i've been going around for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've been going around for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've been going around for 20
+years saying see these these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years saying see these these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years saying see these these these
+categories are really special in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories are really special in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories are really special in the
+brain and the mind and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the mind and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the mind and that's what we're
+getting from this and that's deep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from this and that's deep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from this and that's deep and
+fundamental it's telling something us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's telling something us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental it's telling something us
+something about you know who we are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you know who we are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about you know who we are as
+human beings or whatever sometimes i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings or whatever sometimes i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings or whatever sometimes i go
+off the deep end with huge claims okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the deep end with huge claims okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the deep end with huge claims okay
+but not everybody buys this and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody buys this and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody buys this and so what
+i want to do is allude briefly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do is allude briefly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do is allude briefly to the
+general kinds of ways you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kinds of ways you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kinds of ways you could argue
+against this and then talk in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this and then talk in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this and then talk in some
+detail about one main one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about one main one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about one main one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so ongoing controversies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this view here is highly caricaturized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view here is highly caricaturized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view here is highly caricaturized
+and this is actually not right right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually not right right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually not right right the
+brain doesn't have completely discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain doesn't have completely discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain doesn't have completely discreet
+little regions it's a mucky biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little regions it's a mucky biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little regions it's a mucky biological
+system and if you actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if you actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if you actually look at the
+part the face selective regions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the face selective regions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the face selective regions they
+have ratty edges and little kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ratty edges and little kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ratty edges and little kind of
+archipelagos of you know sub-blobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archipelagos of you know sub-blobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archipelagos of you know sub-blobs and
+stuff it's kind of a bit of a mess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's kind of a bit of a mess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's kind of a bit of a mess right
+there's a general cluster in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a general cluster in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a general cluster in that
+vicinity in most subjects but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity in most subjects but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity in most subjects but it isn't
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+a discrete blob unless you blur your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete blob unless you blur your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete blob unless you blur your
+data you take any any data and blur it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you take any any data and blur it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you take any any data and blur it
+enough it looks nice and clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it looks nice and clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it looks nice and clean
+but if you want to know the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to know the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to know the actual
+native form in the brain on blurred it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native form in the brain on blurred it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native form in the brain on blurred it's
+kind of mucky okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mucky okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mucky okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one could react to that in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could react to that in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could react to that in different
+ways my reaction to that is like what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways my reaction to that is like what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways my reaction to that is like what do
+you expect it's a biological system does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it's a biological system does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect it's a biological system does
+it really need to be perfectly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really need to be perfectly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really need to be perfectly you know
+perfectly oval shaped with a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly oval shaped with a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly oval shaped with a perfectly
+sharp edge i don't really care if it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edge i don't really care if it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edge i don't really care if it if
+it's interleaved with other stuff around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interleaved with other stuff around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interleaved with other stuff around
+the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+but people react different ways and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people react different ways and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people react different ways and one
+kind of important alternative view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important alternative view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important alternative view is
+look how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how do we know
+these that these are really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these are really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these are really you know
+things in the brain i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the brain i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the brain i'm talking about
+them as things you know pieces parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as things you know pieces parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as things you know pieces parts of
+brain and mind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and mind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and mind right
+and you know maybe they're just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe they're just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe they're just kind of
+peaks in a broader landscape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks in a broader landscape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks in a broader landscape of
+responses across the cortex that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses across the cortex that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses across the cortex that are
+fluctuating and empirically that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating and empirically that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating and empirically that's true
+there isn't just like one butte and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't just like one butte and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't just like one butte and then
+nothing else in the cortex around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in the cortex around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else in the cortex around it
+there's some kind of profile right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of profile right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of profile right so
+it's a bit of a judgment call how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a judgment call how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of a judgment call how
+excited you want to be about a big peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited you want to be about a big peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited you want to be about a big peak
+in a fluctuating background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fluctuating background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fluctuating background
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and so there's much discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's much discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's much discussion about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is it really just a peak in a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really just a peak in a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really just a peak in a broader
+spatial organization and if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial organization and if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial organization and if so
+what is that broader spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that broader spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that broader spatial
+organization all about right it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization all about right it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization all about right it just
+pushes that question back it says we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes that question back it says we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes that question back it says we're
+wrong to think about discrete things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to think about discrete things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to think about discrete things
+but that still leaves many mysteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that still leaves many mysteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that still leaves many mysteries
+about what that continuous gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that continuous gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that continuous gradient is
+okay so that's kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of one
+line of response which i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of response which i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of response which i think is
+completely legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely legitimate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+any sort of version of that it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of version of that it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of version of that it kind of
+blurs into this next view which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurs into this next view which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurs into this next view which we've
+talked about a little bit and that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a little bit and that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a little bit and that is to
+what extent can these things if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent can these things if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent can these things if i'm
+calling them things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them things
+be accounted for just by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accounted for just by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accounted for just by their
+perceptual features so we've grappled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual features so we've grappled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual features so we've grappled
+with that in a number of ways so far one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in a number of ways so far one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in a number of ways so far one
+of the first things we asked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first things we asked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first things we asked about the
+face area is is it just responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area is is it just responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area is is it just responding to
+curvy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvy stuff
+right or round things or whatever right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or round things or whatever right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or round things or whatever right
+and so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are many
+lines of work where me and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of work where me and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of work where me and many other
+people have asked that question and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have asked that question and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have asked that question and for
+the most part the answer seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part the answer seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part the answer seems to be
+there's somewhat you know there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somewhat you know there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somewhat you know there's some
+featural selectivities in these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featural selectivities in these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featural selectivities in these regions
+but probably not enough to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably not enough to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably not enough to account for
+their category selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their category selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their category selectivity
+but that that one too was still in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that one too was still in play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that one too was still in play
+and there's this dude in english in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this dude in english in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this dude in english in
+england who publishes like several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england who publishes like several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england who publishes like several
+papers a year saying like you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers a year saying like you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers a year saying like you know no
+this thing isn't category selective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing isn't category selective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing isn't category selective it's
+just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that
+um i was going to assign i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i was going to assign i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i was going to assign i'm going to
+try to assign one of his papers to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to assign one of his papers to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to assign one of his papers to you
+because i want you to expose you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want you to expose you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want you to expose you to
+alternate views but i haven't yet um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate views but i haven't yet um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate views but i haven't yet um i
+haven't yet taught you the key methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet taught you the key methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet taught you the key methods
+you need for that paper anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for that paper anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for that paper anyway so
+there's room for debate in that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's room for debate in that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's room for debate in that question
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+then there's just a continuum of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's just a continuum of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's just a continuum of okay
+exactly how selective are these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how selective are these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how selective are these regions
+like okay i'm excited if a face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay i'm excited if a face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay i'm excited if a face area
+responds like this to faces and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds like this to faces and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds like this to faces and like
+that to objects but hey it responds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to objects but hey it responds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to objects but hey it responds like
+that to objects is that selective enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to objects is that selective enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to objects is that selective enough
+you know so there's a lot of debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's a lot of debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so there's a lot of debate
+about what that means okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means okay so there's a
+lot of room to push back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room to push back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of room to push back on the
+simple-minded story i've been serving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-minded story i've been serving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple-minded story i've been serving up
+to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you guys
+but what i want to do next is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to do next is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to do next is talk about
+what i take to be the most smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i take to be the most smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i take to be the most smart and
+serious challenge which is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious challenge which is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious challenge which is somewhat
+different from all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all of these
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this comes from a guy up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from a guy up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes from a guy up at
+dartmouth named jim hacksby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth named jim hacksby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dartmouth named jim hacksby
+who published the paper that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who published the paper that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who published the paper that was
+assigned for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today
+and i intended for you to like struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i intended for you to like struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i intended for you to like struggle
+with it a little bit and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a little bit and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a little bit and try to
+understand it but if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it but if you didn't
+understand it fully i'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it fully i'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it fully i'm going to talk
+about it here and hopefully that'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here and hopefully that'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it here and hopefully that'll make
+it more intelligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more intelligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more intelligible
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's the big idea that hacks be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the big idea that hacks be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the big idea that hacks be
+there's many ideas in that paper but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many ideas in that paper but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many ideas in that paper but the
+part of it that's most relevant to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it that's most relevant to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it that's most relevant to us
+for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+even if the fusiform face area responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the fusiform face area responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the fusiform face area responds
+weakly to chairs and cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly to chairs and cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly to chairs and cars
+for in contrast with strong response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in contrast with strong response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in contrast with strong response to
+faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces
+that doesn't mean that it doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that it doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that it doesn't hold
+information about chairs and cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about chairs and cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about chairs and cars
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all along i've been just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all along i've been just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all along i've been just talking
+about one dimension does it respond like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one dimension does it respond like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one dimension does it respond like
+this or like that and that's gotten us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like that and that's gotten us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like that and that's gotten us
+pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far
+but the essence of hacksby's idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essence of hacksby's idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the essence of hacksby's idea is
+that we should care not just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should care not just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should care not just about the
+overall mean response we should ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall mean response we should ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall mean response we should ask if
+there's information present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's information present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's information present in the
+pattern of response across voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of response across voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of response across voxels
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and his point is that even if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his point is that even if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his point is that even if there's a
+low mean response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mean response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mean response
+you could still have information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still have information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still have information in the
+pattern across voxels even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern across voxels even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern across voxels even if it
+averages to some low number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages to some low number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages to some low number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that pattern of information could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pattern of information could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pattern of information could
+enable you to distinguish different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to distinguish different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to distinguish different
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+all right so let's get very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get very particular
+so how exactly would you tell so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how exactly would you tell so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how exactly would you tell so here's
+what hacksby did essentially or here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hacksby did essentially or here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hacksby did essentially or here's
+my here's the subset of the assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's the subset of the assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's the subset of the assigned
+paper that's relevant to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's relevant to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's relevant to the current
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+if we want to know does the fusiform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know does the fusiform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know does the fusiform
+face area hold information about cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area hold information about cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area hold information about cars
+and chairs thereby arguing against its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chairs thereby arguing against its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chairs thereby arguing against its
+selectivity for for faces right i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity for for faces right i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity for for faces right i mean
+we should care about information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should care about information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should care about information in the
+brain not just magnitude of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain not just magnitude of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain not just magnitude of response
+right if the brain is an information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the brain is an information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the brain is an information
+processing system we care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system we care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system we care what
+information the parts contain not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the parts contain not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the parts contain not just
+house how much the neurons are firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house how much the neurons are firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house how much the neurons are firing
+okay all right so if we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if we want to know
+this here's what you can do here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's what you can do here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's what you can do here's a
+version of what hacksbee did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what hacksbee did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what hacksbee did
+you scan subjects while they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan subjects while they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan subjects while they're looking
+at chairs and cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at chairs and cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at chairs and cars
+you've localized the fusiform face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've localized the fusiform face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've localized the fusiform face area
+so you know where it is okay so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where it is okay so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where it is okay so now you
+get the response this is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the response this is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the response this is highly
+schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic
+this is an idealized version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idealized version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idealized version of the
+cortical surface remember the cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical surface remember the cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical surface remember the cortex is
+a surface so we can mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface so we can mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface so we can mathematically
+unfold it and look at the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold it and look at the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold it and look at the magnitude of
+response of each voxel in the ffa ffa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of each voxel in the ffa ffa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of each voxel in the ffa ffa
+isn't square but we're idealizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't square but we're idealizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't square but we're idealizing it
+here okay everybody get how that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay everybody get how that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay everybody get how that could
+be a pattern of response across voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pattern of response across voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pattern of response across voxels
+in the ffa when the subject looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ffa when the subject looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ffa when the subject looks at
+chairs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs okay
+and maybe you have some other pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you have some other pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you have some other pattern
+when the subject is looking at cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the subject is looking at cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the subject is looking at cars
+now certainly if if the pattern when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certainly if if the pattern when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certainly if if the pattern when
+they're looking at faces all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at faces all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at faces all of these
+bars would be much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars would be much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars would be much higher
+but our point is that even if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our point is that even if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our point is that even if these are
+low they're different across voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they're different across voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they're different across voxels
+okay so that's step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's step one
+so then what hacksb says is you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what hacksb says is you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what hacksb says is you do the
+same thing in the same subject you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in the same subject you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in the same subject you do it
+again hopefully in the same scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully in the same scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully in the same scanning
+session and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and you get
+another pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pattern
+like this and this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and this okay
+now here's the key question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the key question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the key question
+if there is systematic uh if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is systematic uh if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is systematic uh if those
+patterns are systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are systematic
+for chairs and systematically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chairs and systematically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chairs and systematically different
+for cars then there is information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cars then there is information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cars then there is information in
+that region about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region about the difference between
+chairs and cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and cars
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+chairs and cars aren't faces so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and cars aren't faces so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and cars aren't faces so that's
+an important challenge to my story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important challenge to my story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important challenge to my story about
+how that region only does faces okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that region only does faces okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that region only does faces okay so
+how do you measure that well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you measure that well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you measure that well there's
+lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways
+um haxby's is the lowest tech and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um haxby's is the lowest tech and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um haxby's is the lowest tech and most
+intuitive he just says let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive he just says let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive he just says let's look at the
+similarity of this pattern to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity of this pattern to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity of this pattern to that
+pattern repeated measures on cars sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern repeated measures on cars sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern repeated measures on cars sorry
+chairs same subject chairs on the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs same subject chairs on the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs same subject chairs on the even
+runs and chairs on the odd runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and chairs on the odd runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and chairs on the odd runs
+by the way why do you split your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way why do you split your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way why do you split your data
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+rather than like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay he does eight runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he does eight runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he does eight runs
+we could take the first half of the runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take the first half of the runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take the first half of the runs
+put those data here in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those data here in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those data here in the second half
+and put them over there or we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them over there or we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them over there or we could take
+the data like this and take even runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data like this and take even runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data like this and take even runs
+and odd runs why is even an odd better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd runs why is even an odd better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd runs why is even an odd better
+than first half second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh i guess it doesn't allow like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess it doesn't allow like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess it doesn't allow like the
+subjects to get used to like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to get used to like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to get used to like one
+particular one particular thing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one particular thing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one particular thing one
+after another well they're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another well they're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after another well they're doing the
+same thing it's all the same data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's all the same data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's all the same data it's
+just how you analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not sure i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i think it's
+probably easier to compare between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to compare between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to compare between
+one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time
+and one face and the other it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one face and the other it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one face and the other it is
+you can actually do it either way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do it either way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do it either way it's
+like you scan these eight runs here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you scan these eight runs here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you scan these eight runs here they
+are you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can do that
+i don't know if you can see what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you can see what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you can see what i'm
+doing here with my whole crew or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with my whole crew or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here with my whole crew or you can
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this better
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+yeah as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah maybe they fell asleep halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe they fell asleep halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe they fell asleep halfway
+through the scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the scan
+okay then if you do like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then if you do like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then if you do like this
+the odd and even are going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd and even are going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odd and even are going to be better
+compared to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to each other
+than first half second half right makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than first half second half right makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than first half second half right makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay it's another version of why you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's another version of why you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's another version of why you do
+things within subjects it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things within subjects it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things within subjects it's the same
+kind of argument yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argument yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argument yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so he splits into even and odd and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he splits into even and odd and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he splits into even and odd and so
+you ask how similar are they within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask how similar are they within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask how similar are they within a
+category within chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category within chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category within chairs
+and within cars you get two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within cars you get two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within cars you get two different
+correlation values just how similar are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation values just how similar are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation values just how similar are
+those patterns you get an r value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those patterns you get an r value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those patterns you get an r value
+and we compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compare that
+with how similar the patterns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how similar the patterns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how similar the patterns are
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+chairs even to cars odd and chairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs even to cars odd and chairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs even to cars odd and chairs and
+cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+even to chairs odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to chairs odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to chairs odd
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so the key question you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key question you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key question you ask
+if there's information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's information
+about chairs and cars in this pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chairs and cars in this pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chairs and cars in this pattern of
+responses then the correlations will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses then the correlations will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses then the correlations will be
+higher within category than between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher within category than between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher within category than between
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+in other words two different times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words two different times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words two different times you
+scan looking at chairs those patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan looking at chairs those patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan looking at chairs those patterns
+are more similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more similar
+than chairs are to cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than chairs are to cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than chairs are to cars
+make sense i mean it's pretty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense i mean it's pretty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense i mean it's pretty it's
+pretty basic but it's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic but it's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic but it's one of these
+things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's
+simple and yet subtle at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and yet subtle at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and yet subtle at the same time
+does everybody get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody get this
+okay so you just do these repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just do these repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you just do these repeated
+measures and you look at these pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and you look at these pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and you look at these pattern
+of correlations and if the the patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations and if the the patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations and if the the patterns
+are more similar or more correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more similar or more correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more similar or more correlated
+within a category than between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a category than between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a category than between
+categories then you have information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories then you have information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories then you have information
+in that pattern that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pattern that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pattern that enables you to
+distinguish those categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish those categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish those categories
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's what hacksbee did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what hacksbee did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what hacksbee did
+um yes so what was this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so what was this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes so what was this information
+doubles so it would be difficult to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles so it would be difficult to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles so it would be difficult to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+nothing really um well wait a second oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really um well wait a second oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really um well wait a second oh
+that's the same okay that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same okay that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same okay that's essentially
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+it's just that since we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that since we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that since we're going from
+even to odd with the win within case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to odd with the win within case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to odd with the win within case
+we're going to go even to odd in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go even to odd in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go even to odd in the
+between case you could have done it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between case you could have done it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between case you could have done it this
+way but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's the method what does hacks be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the method what does hacks be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the method what does hacks be
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+well you guys should all look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guys should all look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guys should all look at the
+paper some more so you get a sense of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper some more so you get a sense of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper some more so you get a sense of it
+it's actually really nicely written even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really nicely written even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really nicely written even
+though it's dense those science papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's dense those science papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's dense those science papers
+are very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dense
+but basically here's what happened so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically here's what happened so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically here's what happened so in
+that paper he says yes he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper he says yes he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper he says yes he can
+distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between
+cars and chairs in the ffa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and chairs in the ffa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and chairs in the ffa
+and therefore to quote from his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to quote from his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to quote from his paper
+regions such as the ffa notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions such as the ffa notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions such as the ffa notice the
+square scare quotes he's put in there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square scare quotes he's put in there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square scare quotes he's put in there to
+diss me i i hear you i hear you jim okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss me i i hear you i hear you jim okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss me i i hear you i hear you jim okay
+regions such as the ffa are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions such as the ffa are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions such as the ffa are not
+dedicated to representing only human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to representing only human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to representing only human
+faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces
+rather they're part of a more extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they're part of a more extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they're part of a more extended
+representation for all objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for all objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for all objects
+them's fighting words right everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them's fighting words right everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them's fighting words right everybody
+see how this is a serious challenge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this is a serious challenge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this is a serious challenge with
+a very elegant method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very elegant method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very elegant method
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when i first read that paper it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i first read that paper it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i first read that paper it's
+like huh okay i'm paying attention but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huh okay i'm paying attention but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huh okay i'm paying attention but
+he didn't do everything right i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't do everything right i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't do everything right i didn't
+like the way he defined the ffa i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way he defined the ffa i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the way he defined the ffa i found
+a million reasons to dis it and i ran my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million reasons to dis it and i ran my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million reasons to dis it and i ran my
+own version and in my paper that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own version and in my paper that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own version and in my paper that we
+published we did we could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published we did we could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published we did we could not
+discriminate those we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate those we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate those we said
+you can we can okay you did it wrong we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can we can okay you did it wrong we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can we can okay you did it wrong we
+did it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right
+then a few years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few years later
+jim publishes a paper with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jim publishes a paper with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jim publishes a paper with a
+collaborator in which they reanalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator in which they reanalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator in which they reanalyze
+their old data and said actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old data and said actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old data and said actually you
+really can't discriminate it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't discriminate it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't discriminate it very well
+it was significantly above chance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was significantly above chance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was significantly above chance but
+really lousy and so they concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lousy and so they concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lousy and so they concluded
+preferred regions for faces and houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred regions for faces and houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred regions for faces and houses
+that is regions that respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is regions that respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is regions that respond
+preferentially to faces or houses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially to faces or houses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially to faces or houses are
+not well suited to object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well suited to object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well suited to object
+classifications that do not involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications that do not involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications that do not involve
+phases in houses respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in houses respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases in houses respectively
+but i didn't get to gloat because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't get to gloat because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't get to gloat because right
+about the same time we were redoing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time we were redoing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time we were redoing our
+experiments at higher resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at higher resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments at higher resolution and
+actually we could distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could distinguish
+two different non-faces in the fusiform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different non-faces in the fusiform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different non-faces in the fusiform
+face area so that was like the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area so that was like the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area so that was like the little
+drama that unfolded and so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama that unfolded and so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama that unfolded and so the current
+status is um yes like you really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status is um yes like you really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status is um yes like you really can
+discriminate two different non-faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate two different non-faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate two different non-faced
+categories within the fusiform face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories within the fusiform face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories within the fusiform face area
+um even if you do it right even if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you do it right even if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you do it right even if i do
+it right and i don't want that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and i don't want that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and i don't want that result
+and i do it right i can get that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do it right i can get that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do it right i can get that result
+okay so that's true empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's true empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's true empirically
+the ability to discriminate is is feeble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to discriminate is is feeble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to discriminate is is feeble
+it's not very strong but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very strong but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very strong but it's
+significantly greater than chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly greater than chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly greater than chance
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+does that mean i'm toast and i wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean i'm toast and i wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean i'm toast and i wasted
+the last few weeks telling you guys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few weeks telling you guys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few weeks telling you guys a
+bunch of bs that has been disproven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bs that has been disproven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bs that has been disproven
+and i should not have been telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah david isn't it it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah david isn't it it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah david isn't it it's kind of like
+saying that you could use a vending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could use a vending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could use a vending
+machine like a clock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine like a clock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine like a clock and
+then asking the question then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then asking the question then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then asking the question then what is
+this thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing for
+he said well it's obviously the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well it's obviously the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well it's obviously the office
+clock that's a great a great analogy i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock that's a great a great analogy i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock that's a great a great analogy i
+love that absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that absolutely
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+the central question and here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central question and here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central question and here's another
+another example that i think is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that i think is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that i think is exactly
+like that but but even more on point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but but even more on point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but but even more on point
+and that is that there are deep nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that there are deep nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that there are deep nets
+that people have trained on faces vgg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have trained on faces vgg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have trained on faces vgg
+face it's really good at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's really good at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's really good at face
+recognition it has only ever seen faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it has only ever seen faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it has only ever seen faces
+it has only been trained on faces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has only been trained on faces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has only been trained on faces that
+is all it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all it's about
+and if you feed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you feed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you feed it
+chairs or whatever i have chairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs or whatever i have chairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs or whatever i have chairs and
+cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+it can discriminate between chairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can discriminate between chairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can discriminate between chairs and
+cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+so even if you have this perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you have this perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you have this perfect
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+that's only been trained on faces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only been trained on faces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only been trained on faces that
+has only evolved if it evolved we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only evolved if it evolved we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only evolved if it evolved we'll get
+to that later to deal with faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later to deal with faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later to deal with faces
+it can still give you a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can still give you a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can still give you a somewhat
+different response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different response
+to chairs and cars and that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chairs and cars and that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chairs and cars and that doesn't mean
+that that's what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what it's doing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so i think this is a really important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a really important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think this is a really important um
+challenge but i think centrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but i think centrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but i think centrally
+crucially what we really need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially what we really need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially what we really need to be
+thinking about maybe quilly has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about maybe quilly has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about maybe quilly has a
+contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+yeah so like if it's only been trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like if it's only been trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like if it's only been trained
+on faces and you feed it and share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on faces and you feed it and share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on faces and you feed it and share
+um like what's it out for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what's it out for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what's it out for them
+um okay so you know it's just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know it's just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you know it's just it's just
+a bunch of feed-forward layers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of feed-forward layers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of feed-forward layers that are
+connected with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with you know
+boatloads of units at each thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boatloads of units at each thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boatloads of units at each thing and
+connected in the systematic pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in the systematic pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in the systematic pattern and
+once you train it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you train it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you train it up
+you can feed it any stimulus and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feed it any stimulus and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feed it any stimulus and you can
+collect the response at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the response at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the response at the top
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so even though it is designed for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it is designed for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it is designed for and
+only been trained on faces you can feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been trained on faces you can feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been trained on faces you can feed
+it non-faces and get the response out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it non-faces and get the response out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it non-faces and get the response out
+this at the top and see but that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the top and see but that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the top and see but that is not
+the not the category not not the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the category not not the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the category not not the top
+layer where it says that's joe or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer where it says that's joe or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer where it says that's joe or that's
+bob but just before that layer there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob but just before that layer there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob but just before that layer there's a
+whole bunch of units that have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of units that have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of units that have some
+representation distributed across units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation distributed across units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation distributed across units
+you can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that
+and try to read it out and ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to read it out and ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to read it out and ask if
+there's information there okay i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's information there okay i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's information there okay i'm not
+giving you all the details of how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you all the details of how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you all the details of how you do
+that but hopefully you can get at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but hopefully you can get at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but hopefully you can get at least
+suggest and later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest and later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest and later in the semester
+katherine dobbs is going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katherine dobbs is going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katherine dobbs is going to tell you
+more about how you do all this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how you do all this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how you do all this kind of
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i spent a lot of time in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent a lot of time in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i spent a lot of time in the last
+last few weeks talking about a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks talking about a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks talking about a key
+difference between two different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two different kinds
+of methods one set of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods one set of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods one set of methods
+that allows this kind of inference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows this kind of inference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows this kind of inference and
+another set of methods that allows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of methods that allows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of methods that allows that
+kind of inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inference
+i'm trying to give you guys a clue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to give you guys a clue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to give you guys a clue here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+actually what i'm going to do is let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what i'm going to do is let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what i'm going to do is let you
+percolate on this i don't think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolate on this i don't think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolate on this i don't think this is
+obvious i worried about this for years i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious i worried about this for years i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious i worried about this for years i
+think there are many answers to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are many answers to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are many answers to it
+it's not cut and dried i will say i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not cut and dried i will say i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not cut and dried i will say i have
+already presented to you at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already presented to you at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already presented to you at least two
+different lines of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lines of work
+that argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argue
+that provide an important counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide an important counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide an important counter
+argument to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to this
+one of the people who gave me crappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who gave me crappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people who gave me crappy
+teaching evaluations last year said she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching evaluations last year said she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching evaluations last year said she
+told us about counter arguments and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about counter arguments and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about counter arguments and then
+made us tell her how they could in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us tell her how they could in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us tell her how they could in fact
+after all be consistent with her data i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all be consistent with her data i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all be consistent with her data i
+thought that was weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was weird
+i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just
+i was just trying to teach people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just trying to teach people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just trying to teach people to
+think about data but anyway i won't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about data but anyway i won't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about data but anyway i won't make
+you do that because somebody didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that because somebody didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that because somebody didn't like
+that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before
+but you can think about it and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think about it and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think about it and we'll
+talk later and actually i'm gonna i it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later and actually i'm gonna i it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later and actually i'm gonna i it's
+actually good to think about and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good to think about and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good to think about and we will
+come back to it um but i want to get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it um but i want to get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it um but i want to get on
+with the rest okay i mean i mention all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest okay i mean i mention all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest okay i mean i mention all
+this because it is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it is an important
+challenge yeah and i'm wondering if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge yeah and i'm wondering if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge yeah and i'm wondering if like
+objects are not processed in ffa they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are not processed in ffa they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are not processed in ffa they
+must be processed somewhere else totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be processed somewhere else totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be processed somewhere else totally
+so something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something else
+totally i had a whole piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally i had a whole piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally i had a whole piece of this
+lecture on that and then i thought for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on that and then i thought for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on that and then i thought for
+once i'm not going to go over my time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i'm not going to go over my time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i'm not going to go over my time so
+i'm not going to talk about that but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to talk about that but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to talk about that but um
+yeah there are there there's remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are there there's remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are there there's remember
+there's all those other bits of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all those other bits of cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all those other bits of cortex
+i've just identified a few particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just identified a few particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just identified a few particular
+ones there's lots of cortex in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's lots of cortex in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there's lots of cortex in between
+and the simple statement is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple statement is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple statement is there's a
+lot of nearby cortex near the ffa in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nearby cortex near the ffa in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nearby cortex near the ffa in the
+ppa that seems to respond generically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppa that seems to respond generically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppa that seems to respond generically to
+object shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object shape
+and the first pass guess is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first pass guess is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first pass guess is that there's
+like a general purpose visual machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a general purpose visual machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a general purpose visual machine in
+there in addition to some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in addition to some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in addition to some more
+specialized ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized ones
+but i'm going to not say more at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to not say more at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to not say more at the
+moment and i'll just say actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and i'll just say actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and i'll just say actually if you
+read it you may read it in papers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you may read it in papers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you may read it in papers it's
+sometimes called lo or loc that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called lo or loc that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called lo or loc that's kind
+of shape selective region which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shape selective region which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shape selective region which is
+arguably the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably the kind of
+generic let's process everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic let's process everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic let's process everything else
+system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+only if it's clarification questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ask it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ask it
+no i was just wondering which came first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was just wondering which came first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i was just wondering which came first
+this world called transcripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world called transcripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world called transcripts
+sorry this work or oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this work or oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this work or oh
+ah good question uh the transcranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question uh the transcranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good question uh the transcranial
+stuff has actually been going on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has actually been going on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff has actually been going on for a
+long time but the relevant kind that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but the relevant kind that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but the relevant kind that i
+talked to you about is more recent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about is more recent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about is more recent and
+you're right it is one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it is one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it is one of the very
+strong answers to this kind of critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong answers to this kind of critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong answers to this kind of critique
+there's several actually i've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several actually i've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several actually i've told you
+about three so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three so far
+answers to this but think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this but think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this but think about it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+okay so what we're going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do now is
+talk about not just this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about not just this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about not just this particular
+use of this method to ask a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this method to ask a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this method to ask a serious
+question about the selectivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the selectivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the selectivity of
+regions in the ventral visual pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the ventral visual pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the ventral visual pathway
+now what i'm going to do is argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do is argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do is argue that
+actually i think i just said all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i think i just said all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i think i just said all of this
+what what hacksbee has given us is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what hacksbee has given us is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what hacksbee has given us is also
+a method to ask what information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method to ask what information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method to ask what information is
+present in this little patch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in this little patch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in this little patch of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and that's an awesome thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an awesome thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an awesome thing
+so let's go on and talk about that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go on and talk about that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go on and talk about that let's
+talk about neural decoding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neural decoding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about neural decoding with
+functional mri so that was an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri so that was an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri so that was an instance
+of it but i'm going to cash it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but i'm going to cash it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but i'm going to cash it out in
+another way more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way more generally
+so let's take the case where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take the case where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take the case where there's a
+person with a patch of their brain and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with a patch of their brain and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with a patch of their brain and a
+pattern of response across fossils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of response across fossils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of response across fossils
+in that patch of their brain when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that patch of their brain when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that patch of their brain when they
+look at some stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some stimulus
+let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+you're given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given this
+and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know
+what was that person looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that person looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that person looking at
+to produce that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce that pattern
+right what was the stimulus out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what was the stimulus out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what was the stimulus out in the
+world that produced that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that produced that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that produced that pattern
+can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+more generally can you read the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally can you read the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally can you read the mind
+with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional mri
+or maybe a little more honestly can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a little more honestly can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a little more honestly can you
+at least tell what the person saw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least tell what the person saw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least tell what the person saw from
+their pattern of brain response okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of brain response okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of brain response okay
+everybody get the question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the question here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how can we try this well they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we try this well they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we try this well they're all
+variations of that hacksbee method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of that hacksbee method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of that hacksbee method that
+i just told you about okay but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just told you about okay but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just told you about okay but let's
+walk through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through this
+so the first thing you need is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you need is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you need is you have
+this pattern and you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern and you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern and you're trying to figure
+out what stimulus produced that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what stimulus produced that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what stimulus produced that pattern
+in this and this person's in that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and this person's in that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and this person's in that part
+of this person's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person's brain
+well you need a decoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need a decoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you need a decoder
+you need to know what those voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what those voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what those voxels
+respond like when they look at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond like when they look at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond like when they look at different
+things where you know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you know the answer
+okay so what you do is you scan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you do is you scan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you do is you scan the
+subject on a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject on a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject on a bunch of different
+conditions to get your decoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to get your decoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to get your decoder
+and then you can take your unknown data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can take your unknown data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can take your unknown data
+and compare it to those decoder data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare it to those decoder data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare it to those decoder data
+okay so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular
+you have to train your decoder so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to train your decoder so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to train your decoder so you
+scan the person looking at say shoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the person looking at say shoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the person looking at say shoes and
+you get pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get pattern
+you scan them looking at cats and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan them looking at cats and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan them looking at cats and you
+get a pattern maybe you scan them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pattern maybe you scan them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pattern maybe you scan them
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+five ten a hundred other things probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten a hundred other things probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten a hundred other things probably
+not a hundred you don't have enough scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred you don't have enough scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred you don't have enough scan
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but some number of things and so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some number of things and so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some number of things and so now you
+know you know this is how those voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is how those voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is how those voxels
+respond when the person looks at shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond when the person looks at shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond when the person looks at shoes
+and this is how those voxels respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how those voxels respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how those voxels respond
+when they look at cats okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they look at cats okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they look at cats okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you test your decoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test your decoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test your decoder
+with your mystery pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mystery pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mystery pattern
+now you have your mystery unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have your mystery unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have your mystery unknown
+pattern you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you want to know
+was that shoes or cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that shoes or cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that shoes or cats
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well you can just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can just look
+what is it more similar to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it more similar to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it more similar to all the
+methods are versions of that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are versions of that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are versions of that they're
+just fancy mathematical versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fancy mathematical versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fancy mathematical versions of that
+so what do you think that pattern what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think that pattern what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think that pattern what
+produced that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that pattern
+shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes
+it's more similar to the shoe pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more similar to the shoe pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more similar to the shoe pattern
+exactly you guys just did neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you guys just did neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you guys just did neural
+decoding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding okay
+so that's exactly how you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly how you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly how you do this
+there are all kinds of ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of ways of doing
+this from just saying is this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from just saying is this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from just saying is this more
+correlated with that than that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with that than that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with that than that that's
+hacksby's version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacksby's version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacksby's version
+or you can put a whole big fancy machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can put a whole big fancy machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can put a whole big fancy machine
+learning rigmarole in there to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rigmarole in there to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rigmarole in there to do
+pattern classification because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern classification because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern classification because that is
+after all what machine learning is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all what machine learning is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all what machine learning is so
+awesome at is pattern classification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome at is pattern classification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome at is pattern classification and
+this is just a straightforward pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a straightforward pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a straightforward pattern
+classification task train on these test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification task train on these test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification task train on these test
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+is that is that sort of intuitive what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that sort of intuitive what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that sort of intuitive what
+we're doing here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing here okay
+so that's the agenda that's the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the agenda that's the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the agenda that's the logic of
+how we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we do this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does that work
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+but you don't have to worry uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to worry uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to worry uh because
+at least at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the moment
+um because there are a million ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there are a million ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there are a million ways
+about 10 years ago i was getting called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago i was getting called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago i was getting called
+up by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by um
+legal types all the time because are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal types all the time because are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal types all the time because are
+there are people going to use people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people going to use people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people going to use people
+going to detect lies with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to detect lies with functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to detect lies with functional mri
+and i thought this was a total crack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought this was a total crack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought this was a total crack and
+i was going around giving talks on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going around giving talks on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going around giving talks on all
+the reasons why nobody has to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why nobody has to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why nobody has to worry
+that um they're going to be compelled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um they're going to be compelled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um they're going to be compelled to
+testify by having being shoved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testify by having being shoved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testify by having being shoved in a
+scanner and have their brains read i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and have their brains read i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and have their brains read i
+mean it's not a totally stupid thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not a totally stupid thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not a totally stupid thing to
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+but lest anybody uh i don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lest anybody uh i don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lest anybody uh i don't think this
+will happen but lest anybody try to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen but lest anybody try to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen but lest anybody try to read
+your mind against your will while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind against your will while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind against your will while you're
+in an mri scanner you can totally foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an mri scanner you can totally foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an mri scanner you can totally foil
+it in any number of ways one move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in any number of ways one move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in any number of ways one move your
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+two if they've got your head bolted down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if they've got your head bolted down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if they've got your head bolted down
+move your tongue you totally mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move your tongue you totally mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move your tongue you totally mess up
+your whole signal if you move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole signal if you move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole signal if you move your
+tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+three do mental arithmetic you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three do mental arithmetic you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three do mental arithmetic you can
+totally shut down whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally shut down whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally shut down whatever they're
+trying to do if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do if you think about
+something else anyway so we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else anyway so we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else anyway so we don't need
+to worry about it it's not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it it's not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it it's not good for
+insidious kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious kind of
+legal efforts but it is pretty good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal efforts but it is pretty good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal efforts but it is pretty good for
+science sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sometimes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's lots of versions of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of versions of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of versions of neural
+decoding with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding with functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding with functional mri
+so we've been talking so far about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been talking so far about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been talking so far about
+decoding functional mri patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding functional mri patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding functional mri patterns of
+response across voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response across voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response across voxels
+um that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's called
+mvpa multiple voxel pattern analysis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvpa multiple voxel pattern analysis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvpa multiple voxel pattern analysis you
+don't need to memorize that but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to memorize that but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to memorize that but when you
+see mvpa in a paper this is what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mvpa in a paper this is what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mvpa in a paper this is what it's
+talking about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay
+but you can also do it with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also do it with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also do it with lots of
+other kinds of neural data oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of neural data oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of neural data oh sorry
+within mvpa you can ask it of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mvpa you can ask it of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mvpa you can ask it of a
+particular roi in the brain region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular roi in the brain region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular roi in the brain region of
+interest like v1 or the face area or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest like v1 or the face area or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest like v1 or the face area or the
+body area or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body area or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body area or something else
+but you can also apply it to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also apply it to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also apply it to the whole
+damn pile of data from the whole brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn pile of data from the whole brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn pile of data from the whole brain
+and say can i tell what this person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say can i tell what this person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say can i tell what this person is
+thinking by looking at their whole brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking by looking at their whole brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking by looking at their whole brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beyond functional mri you can apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond functional mri you can apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond functional mri you can apply it
+to lots of other kinds of data so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of other kinds of data so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of other kinds of data so you
+can do monkey neurophysiology as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do monkey neurophysiology as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do monkey neurophysiology as we
+discussed briefly last time where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed briefly last time where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed briefly last time where you
+have actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual
+firing rates from individual neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates from individual neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates from individual neurons
+and you can look at the response acro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at the response acro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at the response acro
+you know the response of each stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the response of each stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the response of each stimulus
+class to each neuron in a region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to each neuron in a region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to each neuron in a region of the
+brain and you can do the same deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you can do the same deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you can do the same deal
+running a pattern classifier or a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a pattern classifier or a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a pattern classifier or a simple
+correlation method on the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation method on the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation method on the pattern of
+response across neurons rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response across neurons rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response across neurons rather than
+voxels everybody see how that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels everybody see how that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels everybody see how that's sort of
+the same deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same deal
+just better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just better
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+or you can do magnetoencephalography as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do magnetoencephalography as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do magnetoencephalography as
+we talked about stick your head in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about stick your head in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about stick your head in the
+big expensive hair dryer collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big expensive hair dryer collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big expensive hair dryer collect
+magnetic signals from all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic signals from all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic signals from all around the
+head 300 channels and now those magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head 300 channels and now those magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head 300 channels and now those magnetic
+signals are changing over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are changing over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are changing over time
+so the cool thing about neural decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cool thing about neural decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cool thing about neural decoding
+with with meg is you can say okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with meg is you can say okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with meg is you can say okay let's
+take the data from just exactly 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data from just exactly 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data from just exactly 80
+milliseconds after the stimulus flashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after the stimulus flashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after the stimulus flashed
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and let's ask what can you decode then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask what can you decode then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask what can you decode then
+what can you decode at 100 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you decode at 100 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you decode at 100 milliseconds
+120 milliseconds you can see the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 milliseconds you can see the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 milliseconds you can see the growth
+of information over time as neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information over time as neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information over time as neural
+information processing proceeds by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing proceeds by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing proceeds by by
+running the decoder separately at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the decoder separately at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the decoder separately at each
+time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point
+okay i'm going to try to squeeze into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to try to squeeze into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to try to squeeze into a
+future lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future lecture
+more talk about that because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more talk about that because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more talk about that because i think
+it's cool and we're doing a lot of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool and we're doing a lot of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool and we're doing a lot of it in
+my lab right now does everybody get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab right now does everybody get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab right now does everybody get the
+gist of this at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gist of this at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gist of this at least
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so that gives you the time course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives you the time course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives you the time course
+of information extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information extraction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+similarly there's lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's lots of different
+decoding methods you can use as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding methods you can use as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding methods you can use as i
+mentioned the kind of simple low-tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the kind of simple low-tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the kind of simple low-tech
+hax-b style correlations or you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hax-b style correlations or you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hax-b style correlations or you can use
+something called linear support vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called linear support vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called linear support vector
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+or various other kinds of fancy machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or various other kinds of fancy machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or various other kinds of fancy machine
+learning math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning math
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+to to to do those classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to do those classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to do those classifiers
+okay let's take do i have time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take do i have time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take do i have time to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+i'm going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip this
+yeah we're going to skip that it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to skip that it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to skip that it's cool
+but we're going to cut to the oh i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to cut to the oh i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to cut to the oh i don't
+know we'll do it all we've got time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll do it all we've got time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll do it all we've got time
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+pointed now that i waste all that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed now that i waste all that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed now that i waste all that time
+deciding whether we had time okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether we had time okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether we had time okay we're
+going to compare how well this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare how well this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare how well this works
+when you do it on mri versus how well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it on mri versus how well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it on mri versus how well it
+works when you do it on neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you do it on neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when you do it on neurons and
+monkey brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey brains
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so there was a beautiful paper a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a beautiful paper a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a beautiful paper a few
+years ago that looked at this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago that looked at this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago that looked at this so the
+question is here are these face patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is here are these face patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is here are these face patches
+and monkeys that i told you about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monkeys that i told you about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monkeys that i told you about and
+that david leopold will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that david leopold will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that david leopold will be talking about
+at four o'clock today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four o'clock today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four o'clock today
+and so question is this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so question is this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so question is this particular one
+am one of the nice face patches up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am one of the nice face patches up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am one of the nice face patches up there
+these guys wanted to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys wanted to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys wanted to know what
+information is represented up there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is represented up there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is represented up there in
+face patch am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face patch am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face patch am
+is there information about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there information about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there information about different
+individual face identities can you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual face identities can you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual face identities can you use
+it to decode which face the monkey saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to decode which face the monkey saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to decode which face the monkey saw
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so they did this experiment two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they did this experiment two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they did this experiment two ways
+one they did monkey neurophysiology they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they did monkey neurophysiology they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they did monkey neurophysiology they
+recorded from 167 different individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from 167 different individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from 167 different individual
+neurons in that region and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in that region and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in that region and for each
+neuron they measured its response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron they measured its response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron they measured its response to
+five different faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different faces
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in another condition they popped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another condition they popped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another condition they popped the
+very same monkeys in the scanner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same monkeys in the scanner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same monkeys in the scanner and
+they scanned them with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scanned them with functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they scanned them with functional mri
+and they did the same experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the same experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the same experiment and
+they measured the magnitude of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measured the magnitude of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measured the magnitude of response
+of each of 100 voxels in that same patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of 100 voxels in that same patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of 100 voxels in that same patch
+of brain in that same monkey and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain in that same monkey and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain in that same monkey and they
+got the mri response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the mri response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the mri response
+to each of those hundred voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of those hundred voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of those hundred voxels
+and for each voxel to each of those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each voxel to each of those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each voxel to each of those five
+phases everybody get that this is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases everybody get that this is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases everybody get that this is asking
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+question how well can you decode face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how well can you decode face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how well can you decode face
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+from individual neurons or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from individual neurons or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from individual neurons or from
+functional mri in the same animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri in the same animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri in the same animal
+and the answer is damn depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is damn depressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is damn depressing
+the answer is you can decode identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you can decode identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you can decode identity
+really well from neurophysiology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well from neurophysiology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well from neurophysiology and you
+can't do it worth a damn with functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it worth a damn with functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it worth a damn with functional
+mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mri
+big bummer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bummer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bummer
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so that's a drag it's just what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a drag it's just what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a drag it's just what it is
+presumably remember each mri voxel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably remember each mri voxel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably remember each mri voxel has
+hundreds of thousands of neurons in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of neurons in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of neurons in it
+so the real miracle is that we ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real miracle is that we ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real miracle is that we ever see
+anything at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all
+and when we can't see the neural code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we can't see the neural code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we can't see the neural code
+with the resolution that we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the resolution that we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the resolution that we need to to
+tell whether it's got information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether it's got information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether it's got information about
+face identity that's just because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face identity that's just because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face identity that's just because we're
+averaging over so many neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over so many neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over so many neurons
+okay that was my lament at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was my lament at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was my lament at the end of
+the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture
+um on monday that there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on monday that there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on monday that there are so many
+limitations in um human methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations in um human methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations in um human methods and
+here's one of the key ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the key ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the key ones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um what are the implications it sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the implications it sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are the implications it sucks
+anyway okay i want to get one more idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay i want to get one more idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay i want to get one more idea
+out uh and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh and that is
+yeah to fmri or does it also translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to fmri or does it also translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to fmri or does it also translate
+to vdgs oeg is much worse much worse oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vdgs oeg is much worse much worse oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vdgs oeg is much worse much worse oh
+my god yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah the only thing that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the only thing that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the only thing that might be
+better someday is intra cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better someday is intra cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better someday is intra cranial
+recording but even there you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but even there you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but even there you usually
+don't get enough electrodes so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get enough electrodes so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get enough electrodes so you need
+these very rare cases where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very rare cases where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very rare cases where you have
+very high density grids of intracranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high density grids of intracranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high density grids of intracranial
+electrodes that some surgeon has decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes that some surgeon has decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes that some surgeon has decided
+by chance to put on a part of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance to put on a part of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance to put on a part of the region
+a part of the brain where you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the brain where you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the brain where you happen to
+have hypotheses and you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hypotheses and you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hypotheses and you happen to be
+incredibly lucky to test your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly lucky to test your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly lucky to test your
+your hypothesis and that's very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hypothesis and that's very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hypothesis and that's very rare
+did you have a question clearly no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a question clearly no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a question clearly no okay
+um okay so i've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so i've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so i've been talking about
+neural decoding and that's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural decoding and that's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural decoding and that's a way of
+asking what information is present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what information is present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what information is present in
+this batch of neurons or this bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this batch of neurons or this bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this batch of neurons or this bunch of
+voxels and that's a really deep question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels and that's a really deep question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels and that's a really deep question
+to ask for cognitive science because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for cognitive science because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask for cognitive science because
+we're interested in information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in information
+processing and we want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and we want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and we want to know what's
+represented in each region it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in each region it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in each region it's really
+the crux of the matter in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crux of the matter in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crux of the matter in cognitive
+neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience
+but we can also use it to ask in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also use it to ask in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also use it to ask in a
+richer way about the nature of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer way about the nature of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer way about the nature of that
+information in each region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in each region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in each region
+okay so suppose we want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we want to know what
+exactly is represented there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is represented there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is represented there
+we want to know not just that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know not just that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know not just that it can
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+shoes from cats okay that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes from cats okay that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes from cats okay that's okay
+but suppose we want to know how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose we want to know how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose we want to know how is it
+doing shoes versus cats does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing shoes versus cats does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing shoes versus cats does it just
+know for example the shoes are elongated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example the shoes are elongated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example the shoes are elongated
+this way and cats are roundish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and cats are roundish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and cats are roundish and
+that's all it's using to do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it's using to do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it's using to do its
+classification in other words it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in other words it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification in other words it's not
+really shoes and cats it's this versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shoes and cats it's this versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shoes and cats it's this versus
+that or something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we want to know how abstract those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know how abstract those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to know how abstract those
+representations are or how invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are or how invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are or how invariant
+they are to variations in viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are to variations in viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are to variations in viewing
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+then we can do the following cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do the following cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do the following cool thing
+we can train the decoder on one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can train the decoder on one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can train the decoder on one set of
+stimuli and test on a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and test on a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and test on a different kind of
+stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for example we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can ask
+are those representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those representations
+of shoes or are there representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shoes or are there representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shoes or are there representations of
+shoes that are invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes that are invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes that are invariant to
+for example color and viewpoint chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example color and viewpoint chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example color and viewpoint chosen
+just because that was the nice shoe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because that was the nice shoe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because that was the nice shoe i
+could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find
+my was searching hour ago okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my was searching hour ago okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my was searching hour ago okay so if we
+train on these and test on that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on these and test on that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on these and test on that is that
+going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+is it going to know that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to know that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to know that this is the
+same kind of thing as that if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing as that if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing as that if it does
+what have we learned about that shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we learned about that shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we learned about that shoe
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's kind of generalizable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's kind of generalizable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's kind of generalizable it's
+very generalizable yeah different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generalizable yeah different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very generalizable yeah different
+perspective totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective totally
+totally it's not just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally it's not just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally it's not just this
+it's something closer to shoeness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something closer to shoeness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something closer to shoeness we
+don't know exactly how far it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how far it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how far it is that
+until we test more conditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we test more conditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we test more conditions but
+exactly we've shown that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we've shown that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we've shown that it's really
+abstract and generalizable that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and generalizable that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and generalizable that makes it
+more useful that makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful that makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful that makes it more
+cognitively interesting we could even go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitively interesting we could even go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitively interesting we could even go
+off the deep end and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the deep end and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the deep end and say okay
+is it the concept of a shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the concept of a shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the concept of a shoe
+we could scan people reading the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could scan people reading the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could scan people reading the word
+shoe and ask is that going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe and ask is that going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe and ask is that going to work
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+anja's doing experiments like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anja's doing experiments like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anja's doing experiments like that
+there's various people looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various people looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various people looking at this
+kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+um and so you can ask at any level how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can ask at any level how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you can ask at any level how
+general or invariant is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or invariant is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or invariant is that
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so neural decoders are not just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neural decoders are not just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neural decoders are not just like
+gimmicks to try to say oh i can see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimmicks to try to say oh i can see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gimmicks to try to say oh i can see and
+for mec and read out you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mec and read out you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mec and read out you know what this
+person saw there are powerful methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person saw there are powerful methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person saw there are powerful methods in
+science to characterize mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to characterize mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to characterize mental
+representations and to characterize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and to characterize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and to characterize how
+abstract they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p6isgsReWmI.txt b/p6isgsReWmI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6768a054c58c1e9eb3cdfe037ccf155347ed8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p6isgsReWmI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+SAL: Hi.
+
+I'm Sal.
+
+Today, we're going to solve
+problem nine of fall 2009, the
+
+final for 3091.
+
+The problem reads, the phase
+diagram of the binary system
+
+neodymium, praseodymium and
+EPR is given below.
+
+There are two allotropes--
+
+alpha, which is hexagonal
+close pack--
+
+HCP--
+
+and beta, which is body
+center cubic--
+
+BCC.
+
+Now this problem obviously is
+about phase diagrams. So
+
+before you attempt to solve the
+problem, you need to make
+
+sure that you understand how
+to read phase diagrams and
+
+also how to apply the lever
+rule and know where in the
+
+phase diagram to apply
+the lever rule.
+
+So if we look at our phase
+diagram, which I have drawn
+
+over here for part A--
+
+the part A asks, explain why a
+lenticular phase diagram is to
+
+be expected for the
+binary system.
+
+So this is a lenticular phase
+diagram and a lot of students
+
+when answering this problem
+get confused and say, oh,
+
+because the components are
+soluble together, that's why
+
+you get a lenticular.
+
+That's correct, but that
+information you can get from
+
+the phase diagram.
+
+It's obvious by looking that you
+have an alpha phase that
+
+you have from zero to a 100%
+that can be missable together,
+
+but it doesn't really
+explain the answer.
+
+Now the best thing to do is to
+look at the periodic table of
+
+elements and look at the
+physical and chemical
+
+properties of the elements.
+
+So here we're comparing to--
+we're comparing neodymium and
+
+praseodymium, which are
+two components that
+
+are making the alloy.
+
+So here this is atomic percent
+praseodymium on your x axis
+
+and on your y axis, you have
+
+temperature in degrees Celsius.
+
+So at zero percent praseodymium,
+we have a 100%
+
+neodymium and at 100%
+praseodymium, we have zero
+
+percent neodymium.
+
+That pretty much comes from
+the phase diagram.
+
+So why would these
+two have formed a
+
+lenticular phase diagram?
+
+Well, if you look at the
+periodic table, you'll notice
+
+that these two elements lie
+right next to each other.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+That means that chemically,
+they're pretty
+
+much almost the same.
+
+To answer this question for part
+A, I would look at it and
+
+I would notice that actually
+both these elements have the
+
+same crystal structure.
+
+So I would write down,
+they have the
+
+same crystal structure.
+
+They also have pretty much the
+same electronegativity or very
+
+similar electronegativity.
+
+So very similar
+electronegativity.
+
+Also, they have pretty
+much the same atomic
+
+radii--atomic radius.
+
+And also very similar, very
+close to each other--
+
+the same density.
+
+So the density is
+almost the same.
+
+So because these two components
+have the same
+
+properties together-- the same
+size, same crystal structure,
+
+then you should expect that they
+should form a missable
+
+lenticular phase diagram, which
+is what we have here.
+
+So if you were to answer that
+for part A, that would give
+
+you pretty much all the points
+and that hints that you
+
+understand how to look at the
+chemical properties of the
+
+elements and the physical
+properties of the elements and
+
+compare them together and
+rationalize why the phase
+
+diagram looks the way it does.
+
+Part B asks--
+
+I'll come over here
+to do part B.
+
+At each point, I identify all
+the phases present in
+
+equilibrium.
+
+II--
+
+state the composition of
+each phase and III--
+
+calculate the relative amount
+of all phase presence.
+
+And it asks us to analyze the
+three points that we have on
+
+our phase diagram.
+
+So we have one for
+I, II, III--
+
+So number one-- if we look at
+our phase diagram, we lie
+
+exactly where your
+alpha phase is.
+
+So to answer the first part of
+the problem is identify all
+
+the phases present--
+
+we only have the alpha
+phase here.
+
+So if you were to write down
+alpha phase, that's correct.
+
+The part two says, state the
+composition of each phase.
+
+So what's the composition of
+the alpha phase in here?
+
+Well, if I trace down my line
+down to my x axis, I notice
+
+that for the atomic percent
+of praseodymium, pretty
+
+close to about 18%.
+
+So it's 18 atomic
+percent here.
+
+So to answer the question for
+part I, I would notice that--
+
+I would write down that
+it's alpha phase.
+
+For the second part,
+we have 18%--
+
+18 atomic percent praseodymium,
+which leaves
+
+behind about 82% atomic
+percent of neodymium.
+
+And for part three--
+
+part three asks about
+the relative amounts
+
+of the phases present--
+
+we only have the alpha phase
+in that part so I would say
+
+that we have 100% pure
+alpha, which is--
+
+if you write this,
+that's correct.
+
+Now for the second point that
+we're going to analyze in our
+
+phase diagram number two--
+
+if we come over here and look at
+it, you'll notice that now
+
+we lie in between or between
+two phases so where the
+
+lenticular region is at.
+
+So here, I don't have pure
+beta or pure liquid.
+
+I have a combination of both
+beta and liquid and this is
+
+exactly where you need to
+apply the lever rule.
+
+You can't apply the lever rule
+here because it's just 100%
+
+pure phase.
+
+You can only apply when you're
+in a region where you have two
+
+phases that coexist
+in equilibrium.
+
+So if I go ahead and
+analyze part two--
+
+part I--
+
+the phases that are present are
+beta and the liquid phase.
+
+For part II, it asks, what
+are the compositions?
+
+Well, if I blow up my lenticular
+phase diagram--
+
+so I'm sitting right here and
+this is sitting at around 62
+
+two atomic percent of Pr--
+
+praseodymium and it asks about
+the phases or the relative
+
+composition of each phase.
+
+Well, over here, I have beta,
+over here I have the liquid
+
+phase and in between I have the
+beta plus the liquid that
+
+are coexisting in equilibrium.
+
+So if I want to know
+how much--
+
+what's the composition of my
+beta phase that I have here--
+
+well, I'm going to have to
+go to the line where both
+
+intersect with the beta and
+the beta plus liquid
+
+intersects.
+
+And if I analyze this point--
+
+if I look down what the
+composition of that is for
+
+that line, I see that I have
+about 56 atomic percent of
+
+praseodymium.
+
+So to start answering part two,
+I would say that if I
+
+look at beta--
+
+in the beta phase, I have 56% or
+atomic percent of Pr and if
+
+I have 56% of Pr, then this
+leaves just 44 atomic percent
+
+of neodymium and if I
+look at my liquid--
+
+so I'm going to just move
+this over here.
+
+I look at the liquid, which
+is going to be where it
+
+intersects in the liquid region
+and if I trace it down,
+
+I see that this is
+about 70% or so.
+
+So here I have around
+roughly 70%.
+
+If you trace it down to your x
+axis, this is 70% or 70 atomic
+
+percent Pr, which leaves 30
+atomic percent of neodymium.
+
+So if you were to write this
+down for the liquid, just
+
+write an arrow here so I won't
+have to rewrite that--
+
+that would be the answer for
+part two because again, we're
+
+analyzing this point, which is
+point number two and we're in
+
+between two phases.
+
+So that covers the second
+part of part B.
+
+And for the third part--
+
+I'll go ahead and I'll
+put up here.
+
+That one now is where we have
+to apply the lever rule
+
+because now we have to figure
+out exactly how much of each
+
+phase is present
+at equilibrium.
+
+So if I look at my diagram, it's
+going to be very simple.
+
+If I want to know how much beta
+I have in this mixture,
+
+you're simply going to apply the
+lever rule and for beta,
+
+it's going to be whatever this
+magnitude is or whatever the
+
+difference between these two
+points are over the length of
+
+the whole existence at that
+temperature of the length of
+
+the whole composition that you
+have. So if I do the simple
+
+calculation for beta--
+
+beta is going to be simply 70
+minus 62 over 70 minus 56 and
+
+this essentially just equals
+eight over 14, which is about
+
+57 atomic percent
+praseodymium.
+
+So--
+
+sorry-- not percent Pr--
+
+percent beta phase.
+
+So in beta, I have 57%.
+
+So that means that
+for my liquid--
+
+I can do two things for this
+problem, for the liquid.
+
+I know that everything is
+normalized to 100%.
+
+So the difference between 157
+will be the liquid composition
+
+where I can go ahead and
+apply the lever rule
+
+again and do the math.
+
+So if I apply the lever rule
+again for my liquid phase,
+
+it's going to simply
+be 62 minus 56.
+
+We're coming back on our--
+
+looking at the liquid phase
+that is coexisting in this
+
+equilibrium at this temperature
+and I want to know
+
+how much liquid--
+
+it's going to be the magnitude
+of this over the total length
+
+of my composition there--
+
+that's what I'm doing here.
+
+Again, this is 70 minus 56.
+
+So this would end up being just
+six over 14, which is
+
+essentially just--
+
+if you have 57% here, if you do
+the math, you're going to
+
+get 43% of liquid.
+
+So part three--
+
+when you apply the lever rule,
+you see that at this point you
+
+have more beta than
+you have liquid--
+
+and it kind of makes sense
+because if you look at your
+
+diagram, your point is sitting
+closer to the beta phase.
+
+So I would expect intuitively
+that I would have more beta
+
+present then the liquid present
+and that's exactly
+
+what the lever rule tells us.
+
+So that's point number
+two for part B.
+
+And if I look at point number
+three now, which I'll write
+
+right here--
+
+this is essentially the same
+thing as point number one.
+
+But now point number three--
+
+we're no longer lying
+in alpha.
+
+We're lying in the beta phase.
+
+So if I trace down what my
+composition is here, I'm about
+
+78% of Pr--
+
+so to answer the
+first part I--
+
+beta--
+
+the second part II, which is
+dealing with the compositions
+
+of that beta phase is going to
+be 78% or 78 atomic percent Pr
+
+and that leaves just 22 atomic
+percent neodymium--
+
+and for the third part III--
+
+what is the relative amounts
+of the phases present?
+
+Not the composition,
+the phases.
+
+I'm exactly where only pure beta
+exists so I can say that
+
+I have 100% beta.
+
+So that pretty much does
+it for this problem.
+
+Again, knowing how to read phase
+diagrams, knowing how to
+
+apply the lever rule and where
+to apply the lever rule will
+
+allow you to very easily
+solve the problem.
+
+A lot of students make the
+mistake of trying to apply the
+
+lever rule when you
+have a pure phase.
+
+I mean, that makes no sense
+because said lever rule pretty
+
+much calculates what fraction
+of the phases are present in
+
+that equilibrium mixture.
+
+So keep in mind that you can
+only do that when you have a
+
+region in your phase diagram,
+when you have two phases that
+
+are coexistant in equilibrium.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pDfQHohL4Xs.txt b/pDfQHohL4Xs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1c7f82a037cb581fe1aec4622f4d79c7905c528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pDfQHohL4Xs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Fier coefficients applet lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier coefficients applet lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier coefficients applet lets us
+explore the approximation of periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the approximation of periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the approximation of periodic
+functions by Fier Series this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions by Fier Series this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions by Fier Series this is the
+opening screen of the applet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening screen of the applet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening screen of the applet on the
+right you see a series of of Sliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see a series of of Sliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see a series of of Sliders
+controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+coefficients and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they are the
+coefficients of the sign terms in a Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the sign terms in a Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the sign terms in a Fier
+series as you can see by clicking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series as you can see by clicking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series as you can see by clicking this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+box so at this point what we're studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so at this point what we're studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so at this point what we're studying
+is an odd function a a sign ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function a a sign ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an odd function a a sign ser
+and the sliders let us control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sliders let us control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sliders let us control the
+coefficients of s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KT if I click the cosine box I'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT if I click the cosine box I'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT if I click the cosine box I'd see
+coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the
+cosine functions let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine functions let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine functions let's go back to
+sign and start to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and start to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and start to play with
+the tool a little bit what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool a little bit what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tool a little bit what will happen
+if I move the B2 slider I should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move the B2 slider I should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move the B2 slider I should get
+multiples of the sign of 2T showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the sign of 2T showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the sign of 2T showing up
+on my graphing window if I push B2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my graphing window if I push B2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my graphing window if I push B2 to
+the right I get positive multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I get positive multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I get positive multiples of
+the sign of b a s of 2T the S of 2T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of b a s of 2T the S of 2T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of b a s of 2T the S of 2T goes
+through two full periods when T ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two full periods when T ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two full periods when T ranges
+from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi and if B2 is negative I get Negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and if B2 is negative I get Negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and if B2 is negative I get Negative
+multiples of the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T what happens if I add if I change B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T what happens if I add if I change B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T what happens if I add if I change B1
+in this tool this will add a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tool this will add a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tool this will add a multiple of
+the S of t to the function that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of t to the function that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of t to the function that I
+already have if I push this to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have if I push this to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have if I push this to the right
+I'm going to get positive multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get positive multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get positive multiples of
+the S of 2T and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of 2T and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of 2T and you can see the
+alteration in the yellow graph when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration in the yellow graph when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration in the yellow graph when I do
+that when I push B1 to the left I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I push B1 to the left I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I push B1 to the left I get
+Negative I'm adding negative multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negative I'm adding negative multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negative I'm adding negative multiples
+of the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S of
+T you can get quite a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you can get quite a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you can get quite a variety of
+interesting functions by playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting functions by playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting functions by playing with
+these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various
+sliders but it's even more fun to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliders but it's even more fun to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliders but it's even more fun to have
+to try to match a Target periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to match a Target periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to match a Target periodic
+function by means of s or cosine series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by means of s or cosine series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by means of s or cosine series
+and the tool has built into it a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool has built into it a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool has built into it a whole
+family of Target functions to try for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Target functions to try for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Target functions to try for
+right now the target function is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the target function is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the target function is zero
+but we can select Target a instead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can select Target a instead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can select Target a instead and
+what we have now is the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have now is the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have now is the square wave
+actually this isn't the standard Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this isn't the standard Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this isn't the standard Square
+wave that we deal with in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that we deal with in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that we deal with in the course
+quite it is periodic of Period 2 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it is periodic of Period 2 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it is periodic of Period 2 pi and
+alternates between positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates between positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates between positive and negative
+values but those values are pi over4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but those values are pi over4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but those values are pi over4 and
+minus Pi over4 instead of plus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi over4 instead of plus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi over4 instead of plus one and
+minus one as they are for the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one as they are for the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one as they are for the standard
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+wave that's chosen so that the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's chosen so that the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's chosen so that the fora
+coefficients come out more neatly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients come out more neatly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients come out more neatly as
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+see so let's try to approximate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let's try to approximate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so let's try to approximate this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+by a finite trigonometric sum I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a finite trigonometric sum I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a finite trigonometric sum I'm going
+to push the reset key here to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the reset key here to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the reset key here to get to
+reset all the coefficients to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset all the coefficients to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset all the coefficients to zero and
+start trying to match the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to match the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to match the function that
+I have at hand with multiples of sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at hand with multiples of sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at hand with multiples of sine of
+KT let's begin with the sign function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT let's begin with the sign function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT let's begin with the sign function
+itself s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T well I don't know what to do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well I don't know what to do let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well I don't know what to do let's
+just set it so that the Maxima coincide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set it so that the Maxima coincide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set it so that the Maxima coincide
+why not maybe that will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not maybe that will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not maybe that will be an
+appropriate uh amount of the sine of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh amount of the sine of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh amount of the sine of T
+function to put into the pot when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to put into the pot when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to put into the pot when I'm
+trying to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mix
+up the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the square
+wave let's go on to go on to B2 now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave let's go on to go on to B2 now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave let's go on to go on to B2 now I'm
+going to push the B2 slider to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push the B2 slider to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push the B2 slider to the
+right and when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when I do
+that you see a hump forming to the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see a hump forming to the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see a hump forming to the on
+the left hand side of the plot positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the plot positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the plot positive
+part of the square wave if I put push B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the square wave if I put push B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the square wave if I put push B2
+to the left the same kind of Hump forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the same kind of Hump forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the same kind of Hump forms
+on the right hand side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of that
+positive positive part of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive part of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive part of the square
+wave neither one of them seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave neither one of them seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave neither one of them seems to be
+doing us very much good and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing us very much good and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing us very much good and in fact it's
+creating an asymmetry in the Fier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an asymmetry in the Fier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an asymmetry in the Fier series
+that's not present in our Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not present in our Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not present in our Target
+function it's not respecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not respecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not respecting the
+Symmetry that you see around Pi / 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry that you see around Pi / 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry that you see around Pi / 2 in
+the Square wave itself so I suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Square wave itself so I suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Square wave itself so I suspect that
+B2 is not going going to be useful to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is not going going to be useful to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 is not going going to be useful to us
+that the sign of 2T is not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sign of 2T is not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sign of 2T is not going to be a
+constituent of in the frea series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent of in the frea series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent of in the frea series for
+square wave in fact I think that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave in fact I think that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave in fact I think that none of
+the even signs will be of any use to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even signs will be of any use to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even signs will be of any use to us
+and I can get rid of them and look only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can get rid of them and look only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can get rid of them and look only
+at the odd terms by clicking this odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the odd terms by clicking this odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the odd terms by clicking this odd
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+box this leaves the sign function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this leaves the sign function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box this leaves the sign function that
+we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in
+place it eliminates all the odd terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it eliminates all the odd terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it eliminates all the odd terms in
+the series it eliminates all the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series it eliminates all the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series it eliminates all the odd
+coefficient and leaves us only with even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and leaves us only with even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and leaves us only with even
+eliminates all the even coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates all the even coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates all the even coefficients and
+leaves us only with the odd ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us only with the odd ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us only with the odd ones but
+there are more of them so we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more of them so we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more of them so we should be
+able to do a better job approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do a better job approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do a better job approximating
+the square wave so let's continue let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave so let's continue let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave so let's continue let's
+try changing B3 to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try changing B3 to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try changing B3 to get a good
+approximation well I could push B3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well I could push B3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well I could push B3 to
+the left and I get a sharper spike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and I get a sharper spike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and I get a sharper spike in
+the middle that doesn't look too good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that doesn't look too good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that doesn't look too good it
+looks better to push B3 to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks better to push B3 to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks better to push B3 to the right and
+flatten out the top but when I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out the top but when I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out the top but when I do that
+the top becomes too low and so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top becomes too low and so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top becomes too low and so maybe I
+made a mistake in choosing B1 so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake in choosing B1 so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake in choosing B1 so that it
+the Maxima agreed maybe I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maxima agreed maybe I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maxima agreed maybe I should have
+made B1 a little bit bigger now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made B1 a little bit bigger now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made B1 a little bit bigger now you can
+see the white curve there that's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the white curve there that's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the white curve there that's giving
+me the multiple of the sine wave itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the multiple of the sine wave itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the multiple of the sine wave itself
+the one that I'm controlling by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I'm controlling by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I'm controlling by this
+slider and I guess I should push it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider and I guess I should push it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider and I guess I should push it up
+so that my flat part comes closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that my flat part comes closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that my flat part comes closer to the
+top of the square wave maybe that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the square wave maybe that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the square wave maybe that's a
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+approximation well I can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well I can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well I can continue
+playing this game trying out various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game trying out various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game trying out various
+multiples of higher s functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of higher s functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of higher s functions and
+going back to try to fix up what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to try to fix up what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to try to fix up what I had
+before in fact what we should be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in fact what we should be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in fact what we should be trying
+to do is create a least squares fit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is create a least squares fit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is create a least squares fit we
+should try to look at the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to look at the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to look at the root mean
+Square distance between the 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distance between the 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distance between the 4A series
+and the target function and minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the target function and minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the target function and minimize
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+distance that distance can be read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that distance can be read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that distance can be read out
+in this tool by clicking the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tool by clicking the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tool by clicking the distance
+button down here here and so the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button down here here and so the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button down here here and so the root
+mean Square distance between the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Square distance between the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Square distance between the Green
+curve and the yellow one is .24 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the yellow one is .24 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the yellow one is .24 and so
+on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this
+case let's come let me come down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's come let me come down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's come let me come down here
+and kill the formula we know the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill the formula we know the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kill the formula we know the formula
+well now and it makes the screen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now and it makes the screen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now and it makes the screen a
+little less cluttered if we get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less cluttered if we get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less cluttered if we get rid of
+it and let me reset the um values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and let me reset the um values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and let me reset the um values of the
+coefficients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to
+zero and start to try to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and start to try to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and start to try to approximate
+this Square wave Again by watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square wave Again by watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square wave Again by watching the
+Le root mean Square distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le root mean Square distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le root mean Square distance between the
+4A series that I'm creating and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series that I'm creating and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series that I'm creating and the
+target function so I'll start with B1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target function so I'll start with B1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target function so I'll start with B1 in
+this case if I move it down the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I move it down the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if I move it down the distance
+increases if I move it up the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases if I move it up the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases if I move it up the distance
+decreases more and more slowly ah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases more and more slowly ah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases more and more slowly ah but
+now when I've become when B1 becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I've become when B1 becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I've become when B1 becomes
+greater than one it starts to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one it starts to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one it starts to increase
+so let me push it down again I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push it down again I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push it down again I can use
+these little arrow keys to step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little arrow keys to step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little arrow keys to step the
+value of B1 that's very conven venient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B1 that's very conven venient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B1 that's very conven venient
+I'm just watching the root mean Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just watching the root mean Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just watching the root mean Square
+distance this number up here I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this number up here I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this number up here I'm trying
+to make that as small as possible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that as small as possible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that as small as possible that's
+a measure of the closeness of fit ah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the closeness of fit ah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the closeness of fit ah it
+just started to increase again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started to increase again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started to increase again let me
+step up and I found the value of one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up and I found the value of one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up and I found the value of one I
+didn't set it to one I set it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't set it to one I set it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't set it to one I set it to the
+value that minimized this number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that minimized this number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that minimized this number and
+that's the right quantity of the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right quantity of the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right quantity of the sine
+wave to put in if you want to mix up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to put in if you want to mix up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to put in if you want to mix up the
+square wave or rather pi over4 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave or rather pi over4 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave or rather pi over4 times the
+square wave let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave let's look at
+B3 again if I decrease B3 things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 again if I decrease B3 things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 again if I decrease B3 things get
+worse the root means Square distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the root means Square distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the root means Square distance
+increases but if I increase B B3 above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but if I increase B B3 above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but if I increase B B3 above
+the value of zero that number is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of zero that number is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of zero that number is getting
+smaller now it's growing again I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now it's growing again I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now it's growing again I think
+I'll stop there and use these arrow keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there and use these arrow keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there and use these arrow keys
+that's better that's better that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better that's better that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better that's better that's
+better that's worse let me go back and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that's worse let me go back and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that's worse let me go back and I
+find the value 33 for B3 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the value 33 for B3 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the value 33 for B3 that's the
+optimal amount of the S of 3T to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal amount of the S of 3T to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal amount of the S of 3T to put in
+if you want to mix up the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to mix up the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to mix up the formula for
+this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square
+wave I'll do one more um and he guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I'll do one more um and he guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I'll do one more um and he guesses
+for what the value the optimal value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the value the optimal value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the value the optimal value of
+B5 should be it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 should be it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 should be it's not going to be
+negative that'll increase the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that'll increase the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that'll increase the root mean
+Square distance let's push it up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distance let's push it up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distance let's push it up in the
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+direction that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's about
+right that's worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's worse
+that's better that's better better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better that's better better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better that's better better
+better worse come down here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worse come down here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worse come down here that's
+optimal B5 the optimal value value of B5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal B5 the optimal value value of B5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal B5 the optimal value value of B5
+we've discovered by experimentation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered by experimentation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discovered by experimentation with
+this applet that the optimal value of B5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applet that the optimal value of B5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applet that the optimal value of B5
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+.20 each one of these coefficients seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.20 each one of these coefficients seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.20 each one of these coefficients seems
+to have optimal value equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have optimal value equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have optimal value equal to the
+reciprocal of the index 1/3 in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the index 1/3 in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the index 1/3 in this case
+one in this case 1/5 in this case and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this case 1/5 in this case and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this case 1/5 in this case and I
+predict that the Val the optimal value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the Val the optimal value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the Val the optimal value
+of B7 is going to be 17th which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.14 there you go it's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.14 there you go it's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.14 there you go it's right in
+there so this applet lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this applet lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this applet lets you
+understand the true meaning of the Foria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the true meaning of the Foria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the true meaning of the Foria
+coefficients they're the multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're the multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients they're the multiples of
+the sine waves or the cosine waves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine waves or the cosine waves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine waves or the cosine waves which
+give you the optimal fit uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the optimal fit uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the optimal fit uh in terms of
+a fora in terms of a finite fora series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fora in terms of a finite fora series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fora in terms of a finite fora series
+to the Target function
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pXHeut3qV2Y.txt b/pXHeut3qV2Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48514e0c933079c6fb2e41631e9d8b90f02f7113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pXHeut3qV2Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to talk
+about Hun's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hun's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hun's
+cases uh this is a topic which uh cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh this is a topic which uh cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh this is a topic which uh cause
+causes most people to either have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes most people to either have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes most people to either have a
+migraine or go immediately to sleep uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migraine or go immediately to sleep uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migraine or go immediately to sleep uh
+but I have a unique way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a unique way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a unique way of talking about
+them and so uh rather than spend all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so uh rather than spend all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so uh rather than spend all of
+our time drawing diagrams of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time drawing diagrams of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time drawing diagrams of vectors
+pressing which we will do a little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing which we will do a little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing which we will do a little of
+I'll talk about the four different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the four different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the four different ways
+in which we're going to understand or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we're going to understand or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we're going to understand or or
+think about Hun's cases first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the energy levels are expressed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the energy levels are expressed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the energy levels are expressed are
+described by pattern forming quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by pattern forming quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by pattern forming quantum
+numbers and we'd like to know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we'd like to know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we'd like to know what those
+are uh because we know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh because we know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh because we know that we
+understand the energy levels for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the energy levels for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the energy levels for a
+single Sigma State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sigma State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sigma State
+uh they're very simple and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're very simple and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're very simple and it's a
+pattern that we can recognize eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we can recognize eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we can recognize eyes and
+so if there's a magic decoder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a magic decoder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a magic decoder that
+enables us to take the real energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to take the real energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to take the real energy
+levels and split them up into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and split them up into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and split them up into things
+that look like singlet Sigma States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like singlet Sigma States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like singlet Sigma States
+we'll be ahead of the game because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be ahead of the game because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be ahead of the game because we'll
+be able to see uh The crucial patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see uh The crucial patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see uh The crucial patterns
+that enable us to make assignments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enable us to make assignments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enable us to make assignments and
+recognize important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize important
+things and so the pattern forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so the pattern forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so the pattern forming
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+numbers are rotational quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are rotational quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are rotational quantum numbers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they're either H they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're either H they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're either H they're
+either J or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either J or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either J or
+n and uh J is a rigorously good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh J is a rigorously good quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh J is a rigorously good quantum
+number and J can be half integer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and J can be half integer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and J can be half integer when
+you have a half integer spin n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a half integer spin n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a half integer spin n is the
+angular total angular momentum exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular total angular momentum exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular total angular momentum exclusive
+of spin it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin it's always
+integer and so anyway these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and so anyway these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and so anyway these are the two
+uh pattern forming quantum numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pattern forming quantum numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pattern forming quantum numbers that
+appear and we always have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and we always have the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear and we always have the energy
+levels as a rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as a rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as a rotational constant
+times uh a pattern forming quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh a pattern forming quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh a pattern forming quantum
+number what do I use in my notes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what do I use in my notes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what do I use in my notes well
+I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just
+write this way and so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this way and so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this way and so that's what we're
+looking for and we get J in case a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and we get J in case a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and we get J in case a and
+in case C we get uh uh n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case C we get uh uh n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case C we get uh uh n in
+case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b
+and uh uh maybe case D although that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh maybe case D although that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh maybe case D although that's a
+little bit confusing okay so we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing okay so we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing okay so we'd like
+to somehow be able to pick out repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow be able to pick out repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow be able to pick out repeated
+singlet Sigma like patterns and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma like patterns and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma like patterns and for
+example if we had a triplet Delta State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we had a triplet Delta State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we had a triplet Delta State
+we have we would have six times singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we would have six times singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we would have six times singlet
+Sigma there'd be six patterns that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma there'd be six patterns that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma there'd be six patterns that would
+look like a single Sigma State actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a single Sigma State actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a single Sigma State actually
+three would look like a single Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three would look like a single Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three would look like a single Sigma
+Plus plus and three would look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus plus and three would look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus plus and three would look like a
+single Sigma minus and so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sigma minus and so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Sigma minus and so this this
+multiplying of patterns is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying of patterns is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying of patterns is a sort of a
+generalization on this and uh Hun's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization on this and uh Hun's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization on this and uh Hun's case
+a uh helps us to uh see that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh helps us to uh see that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh helps us to uh see that okay so
+this is one of the the main topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the the main topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the the main topics that
+I'll talk about the other is we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the other is we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about the other is we'll have
+an effect of hamiltonian and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect of hamiltonian and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect of hamiltonian and we'll use
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+Theory and we're always looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we're always looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we're always looking at some
+sort of an off dagal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an off dagal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an off dagal Matrix
+element versus some sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element versus some sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element versus some sort of a a
+difference in energy between two zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy between two zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy between two zero
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+levels and so it's the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so it's the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so it's the off diagonal
+matrix element that destroys the Hun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element that destroys the Hun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element that destroys the Hun
+case and the difference in zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the difference in zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the difference in zero order
+levels that tries to preserve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that tries to preserve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that tries to preserve it and
+often when we convert using angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we convert using angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we convert using angular
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+Transformations from one basis set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations from one basis set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations from one basis set to
+another the roles of preserving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the roles of preserving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the roles of preserving and
+destroying get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying get
+reversed that's there's a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed that's there's a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed that's there's a lot of uh
+examples of that in my book I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in my book I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in my book I'm not
+going to talk about that but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that but you should
+keep in mind that one physical effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that one physical effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that one physical effect
+can help you to stay in a limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help you to stay in a limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help you to stay in a limiting
+case and another physical effect opposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and another physical effect opposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and another physical effect opposes
+that and of course if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course if you go to the
+other limiting case the roles of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other limiting case the roles of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other limiting case the roles of those
+two phenomena will those two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena will those two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phenomena will those two parameters
+will be reversed and maybe we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reversed and maybe we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reversed and maybe we'll see
+some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+there's the vector precession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+and usually when you see Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when you see Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually when you see Vector
+precession uh presented all the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precession uh presented all the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precession uh presented all the work
+goes into drawing these pretty pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into drawing these pretty pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into drawing these pretty pictures
+and nobody ever tells you what you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody ever tells you what you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody ever tells you what you use
+them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for
+and what you use them for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you use them for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you use them for is
+understanding how some property in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how some property in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how some property in the
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+frame makes itself felt in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame makes itself felt in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame makes itself felt in the
+laboratory frame so you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame so you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame so you have you have
+the molecule rotating and if you rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule rotating and if you rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule rotating and if you rotate
+a vector uh randomly you lose its Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector uh randomly you lose its Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector uh randomly you lose its Vector
+character but if you rotate it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but if you rotate it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but if you rotate it in some
+special way certain of its components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way certain of its components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way certain of its components
+might get Average away and others might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get Average away and others might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get Average away and others might
+not and one of the best things to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and one of the best things to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and one of the best things to use to
+understand the power of vector pression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the power of vector pression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the power of vector pression
+is the zamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect the zamon effect uh um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the zamon effect uh um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the zamon effect uh um so
+basically what you have is a field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you have is a field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you have is a field in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+laboratory and you have angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and you have angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and you have angular momentum
+in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body
+frame and there's one uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and there's one uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and there's one uh there's one
+total angular momentum and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum and you want to
+ask well how does say l or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well how does say l or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well how does say l or
+S uh make itself felt in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh make itself felt in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh make itself felt in the
+laboratory well we know that L gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory well we know that L gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory well we know that L gets
+destroyed uh but Lambda is preserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed uh but Lambda is preserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed uh but Lambda is preserved so
+Lambda is uh along the the the body fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is uh along the the the body fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is uh along the the the body fix
+z-axis and that might project onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and that might project onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and that might project onto
+J and so J uh uh well we'll see that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so J uh uh well we'll see that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so J uh uh well we'll see that so
+we will we will make arguments about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we will make arguments about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will we will make arguments about how
+do L and S contribute to the zamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do L and S contribute to the zamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do L and S contribute to the zamon
+effect using Vector pression models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect using Vector pression models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect using Vector pression models and
+this will illustrate what they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will illustrate what they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will illustrate what they're good
+for and often you know you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and often you know you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and often you know you'll be able to
+bring out one of these models to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out one of these models to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out one of these models to explain
+why a certain effect is observable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a certain effect is observable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a certain effect is observable in
+the laboratory and that's what is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory and that's what is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory and that's what is for
+and it's always a question of how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a question of how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a question of how does a
+thing a vector like thing get partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a vector like thing get partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a vector like thing get partially
+averaged and what part isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and what part isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and what part isn't
+averaged and the last which we won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and the last which we won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and the last which we won't do
+at all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all is
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+Transformations using 3j 6j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations using 3j 6j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations using 3j 6j
+Etc uh it would be a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh it would be a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh it would be a good thing to do
+these sorts of Transformations but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of Transformations but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of Transformations but I'm
+not going to do it because I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it because I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do it because I don't I
+don't like them I mean they're useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like them I mean they're useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like them I mean they're useful
+but you see I never do any work you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see I never do any work you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see I never do any work you guys
+do the work for me so I don't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work for me so I don't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work for me so I don't use the
+angular M on transp but you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular M on transp but you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular M on transp but you can't do
+anything at all without the okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all without the okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all without the okay so
+let's let's uh start out by taking an as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's uh start out by taking an as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's uh start out by taking an as
+an example instead of something evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example instead of something evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example instead of something evil
+like sex set Delta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sex set Delta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sex set Delta the
+minimal problem the with which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal problem the with which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal problem the with which I can
+illustrate everything so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate everything so suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate everything so suppose we have
+a double Pi State and a double Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double Pi State and a double Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double Pi State and a double Sigma
+Plus State that's the minimum you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus State that's the minimum you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus State that's the minimum you need
+to do almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do almost
+everything uh and I you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh and I you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh and I you need to have
+spin not equal to zero and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin not equal to zero and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin not equal to zero and you need to
+have uh the angular momentum or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the angular momentum or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the angular momentum or the
+orbital Ang momentum not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital Ang momentum not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital Ang momentum not equal to zero
+so L equals 1 s equals a half that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L equals 1 s equals a half that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L equals 1 s equals a half that's
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+get uh and so we'll talk about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh and so we'll talk about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh and so we'll talk about these two
+states in various uh uh pictures so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in various uh uh pictures so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in various uh uh pictures so the
+first thing to do is I assume since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is I assume since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is I assume since you
+all are doing sex T Delta that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are doing sex T Delta that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are doing sex T Delta that you can
+work out the the effective hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the the effective hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the the effective hamiltonian
+for these two states in case a and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two states in case a and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two states in case a and so
+here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and normally we think of douet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and normally we think of douet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and normally we think of douet
+Sigma as a separate electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma as a separate electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma as a separate electronic state
+from douet PI but when spin orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from douet PI but when spin orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from douet PI but when spin orbit is
+really big or when uh the nonsphericity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big or when uh the nonsphericity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big or when uh the nonsphericity
+that gives rise to the splitting between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the splitting between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives rise to the splitting between
+pi and sigma is small compared to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sigma is small compared to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and sigma is small compared to spin
+orbit or rotation well then these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit or rotation well then these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit or rotation well then these really
+become what's called a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what's called a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what's called a p
+complex and uh uh so then instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and uh uh so then instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and uh uh so then instead of
+being three separate substates two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three separate substates two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three separate substates two
+states two substates and another state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states two substates and another state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states two substates and another state
+they become components of one state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become components of one state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become components of one state and
+by just adjusting the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just adjusting the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just adjusting the relative
+magnitudes of the splitting between pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the splitting between pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the splitting between pi
+and sigma and the spin orbit constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma and the spin orbit constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma and the spin orbit constant
+and B uh we can this one example can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B uh we can this one example can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B uh we can this one example can
+take us to all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us to all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us to all of those
+limits okay so we have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so we have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so we have e
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+Pi e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e
+Sigma I also should mention that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I also should mention that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I also should mention that this is
+one Matrix for both uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Matrix for both uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Matrix for both uh we're going to
+have uh whenever we have two signs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh whenever we have two signs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh whenever we have two signs one
+above the other the upper sign will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the other the upper sign will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the other the upper sign will be
+for the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the E
+symmetry okay and so we start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay and so we start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay and so we start out with
+the the most important thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important thing the
+electronic energy and then we have a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy and then we have a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy and then we have a I
+call it a pi yeah a pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a pi yeah a pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a pi yeah a pi over
+two minus a pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus a pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus a pi over
+two since this is a separate State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two since this is a separate State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two since this is a separate State and
+it's a sigma State Lambda is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sigma State Lambda is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sigma State Lambda is zero and
+the spin orbit splitting or the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit splitting or the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin orbit splitting or the spin
+orbit energy is zero and so there's no a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit energy is zero and so there's no a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit energy is zero and so there's no a
+in here okay then we have the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here okay then we have the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here okay then we have the you know
+what we get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get from the
+rotational uh hamiltonian we have B Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh hamiltonian we have B Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh hamiltonian we have B Pi
+y^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 -
+2 B pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 okay and the fact that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay and the fact that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay and the fact that they're not
+why the same thing here and here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the same thing here and here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the same thing here and here just
+came from the fact that the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that the rotational
+hamiltonian was j^2 minus jz^ 2 plus s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian was j^2 minus jz^ 2 plus s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian was j^2 minus jz^ 2 plus s^2
+- sz^ 2 and there is L perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sz^ 2 and there is L perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sz^ 2 and there is L perpendicular
+which we often forget but we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we often forget but we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we often forget but we won't
+always forget it here okay and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forget it here okay and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forget it here okay and uh uh
+then we have plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have plus b
+Sigma uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny thing
+happens when you make the remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make the remember for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you make the remember for
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+States um when um for pi States when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um when um for pi States when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um when um for pi States when you
+apply the parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the parody
+operator you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you get
+another uh component that you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh component that you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh component that you take all
+of the ction quantum numbers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ction quantum numbers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ction quantum numbers and you
+change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their
+signs uh and so in order to find igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs uh and so in order to find igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs uh and so in order to find igen
+states of the parod operator you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the parod operator you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the parod operator you take
+someon difference linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someon difference linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someon difference linear
+combinations when you do this to Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations when you do this to Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations when you do this to Sigma
+States when you change the uh uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States when you change the uh uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States when you change the uh uh all of
+the projection qu the signs of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection qu the signs of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection qu the signs of all the
+projection quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection quantum
+numbers uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh you
+get uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh something
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+is not the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the original
+state um and uh so you you have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um and uh so you you have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um and uh so you you have the two
+Sigma the two components of a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the two components of a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the two components of a double
+Sigma State transforming into each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State transforming into each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State transforming into each other
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+disturbing and so but if we make parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and so but if we make parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and so but if we make parody
+functions we discover that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we discover that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we discover that uh
+uh uh the energy levels have this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the energy levels have this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the energy levels have this form
+and you have this uh minus or plus and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this uh minus or plus and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this uh minus or plus and Y
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so anyway so instead of having a 6x6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so anyway so instead of having a 6x6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so anyway so instead of having a 6x6
+hamiltonian we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have two
+3x3 uh and uh uh this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 uh and uh uh this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 uh and uh uh this is the only
+surprise and it came from making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and it came from making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and it came from making the
+parody functions okay so now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody functions okay so now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody functions okay so now I have to
+include so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include so
+I haven't put in the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't put in the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't put in the off diagonal
+elements here and there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here and there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here and there are going to be
+off diagonal elements and those off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements and those off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal elements and those off
+Diagon elements will destroy hun case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagon elements will destroy hun case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagon elements will destroy hun case a
+when they get big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get big
+enough uh um and so here we have - B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh um and so here we have - B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh um and so here we have - B
+Pi y^ 2 - 1are < TK and here we have Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi y^ 2 - 1are < TK and here we have Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi y^ 2 - 1are < TK and here we have Min
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+beta y^2 - 1 < TK so this beta is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y^2 - 1 < TK so this beta is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y^2 - 1 < TK so this beta is meant
+to resemble the B and it's it it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resemble the B and it's it it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resemble the B and it's it it comes
+from the L uncoupling part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the L uncoupling part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the L uncoupling part of the
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+hamiltonian and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then uh we have well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have well this is
+symmetric and uh this is generally how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh this is generally how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and uh this is generally how
+one uh denotes a symmetric hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh denotes a symmetric hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh denotes a symmetric hamiltonian
+okay and so there's one more element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there's one more element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so there's one more element
+here and that will be the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that will be the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that will be the coupling
+between douet Sigma and uh and double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between douet Sigma and uh and double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between douet Sigma and uh and double
+pi2 uh this was a uh this Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi2 uh this was a uh this Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi2 uh this was a uh this Matrix element
+here is uh between double Pi 3 Hales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh between double Pi 3 Hales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh between double Pi 3 Hales and
+dou sigma Omega changed that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dou sigma Omega changed that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dou sigma Omega changed that's why
+there's a j dependence here the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a j dependence here the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a j dependence here the one
+between double Sigma and dou I 12 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between double Sigma and dou I 12 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between double Sigma and dou I 12 Omega
+doesn't change and so there is no J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and so there is no J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and so there is no J
+dependence and that's a spin orbit term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and that's a spin orbit term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and that's a spin orbit term
+but it can change you can go from Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can change you can go from Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can change you can go from Sigma
+one omega2 to Omega minus 1/2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one omega2 to Omega minus 1/2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one omega2 to Omega minus 1/2 and that's
+what happens with the parody functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the parody functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the parody functions
+and so you do get a j dependent term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do get a j dependent term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you do get a j dependent term and
+that's beta uh one minus or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beta uh one minus or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beta uh one minus or plus
+Y and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this is the guy that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the guy that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the guy that enables
+us to understand all of the Huns cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand all of the Huns cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand all of the Huns cases
+simply by making adjustments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by making adjustments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by making adjustments of the
+relative sizes of the control parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of the control parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of the control parameters
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e
+Pi 0 minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 0 minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 0 minus E
+sigma0 we have a pi and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma0 we have a pi and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma0 we have a pi and we have
+B uh b y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh b y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh b y
+so these are the three things that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three things that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three things that make
+a difference so do beta and Alpha depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference so do beta and Alpha depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference so do beta and Alpha depend
+on those things yeah so so Alpha is spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those things yeah so so Alpha is spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those things yeah so so Alpha is spin
+orbit Alpha is spin orbit and beta is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit Alpha is spin orbit and beta is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit Alpha is spin orbit and beta is is
+L on coupling and uh spin orbit and L on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on coupling and uh spin orbit and L on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L on coupling and uh spin orbit and L on
+coupling both have an l+ Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling both have an l+ Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling both have an l+ Matrix element
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there and um so uh if we pretend we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um so uh if we pretend we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um so uh if we pretend we know
+what the l+ Matrix element is then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the l+ Matrix element is then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the l+ Matrix element is then these
+things are related to the A's and B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are related to the A's and B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are related to the A's and B's
+okay we'll we'll talk about that okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll we'll talk about that okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll we'll talk about that okay I
+mean if you say we have a p complex if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you say we have a p complex if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you say we have a p complex if
+we have uh an L equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh an L equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh an L equals 1
+State and somehow it has escaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and somehow it has escaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and somehow it has escaped
+being L has Escape being totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being L has Escape being totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being L has Escape being totally
+destroyed then we are entitled to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed then we are entitled to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed then we are entitled to write
+some things about Alpha and Beta And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about Alpha and Beta And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about Alpha and Beta And
+when is L destroyed it's when the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is L destroyed it's when the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is L destroyed it's when the uh the
+nonsphericity is very strong when is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity is very strong when is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity is very strong when is the
+nonsphericity not strong ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity not strong ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity not strong ridberg
+States when the orbital radius is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States when the orbital radius is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States when the orbital radius is large
+compared to the not spherical thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the not spherical thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the not spherical thing it
+can start to think that it is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to think that it is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to think that it is on a
+spherical thing and so that's when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical thing and so that's when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical thing and so that's when we
+are able to write uh the alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to write uh the alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to write uh the alpha and beta
+in terms of A and B okay but but so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of A and B okay but but so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of A and B okay but but so so
+sorry normally though you can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry normally though you can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry normally though you can't do that
+normally you can't do that uh and but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't do that uh and but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't do that uh and but I
+can do whatever I choose to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do whatever I choose to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do whatever I choose to do in this
+particular example okay so no I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example okay so no I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example okay so no I I can
+see how how how time to learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how how time to learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how how time to learn this
+through rudberg States is pedagogically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rudberg States is pedagogically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through rudberg States is pedagogically
+valuable I guess I'm I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable I guess I'm I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable I guess I'm I'm just
+confused in the case when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused in the case when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused in the case when you're
+non how do you figure out exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non how do you figure out exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non how do you figure out exactly what
+those mags all you don't you can't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mags all you don't you can't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mags all you don't you can't yeah
+uh the only ones that I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the only ones that I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the only ones that I think you can
+almost always figure out to pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always figure out to pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always figure out to pretty high
+accuracy is everything having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is everything having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is everything having to do with
+spin orbit because that's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit because that's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit because that's basically an
+atomic property and if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic property and if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic property and if you have some
+idea of what is the atomic orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what is the atomic orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what is the atomic orbital
+nature of a particular uh State then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of a particular uh State then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of a particular uh State then you
+can you can estimate the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can estimate the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can estimate the spin orbit
+extremely well because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well because it's really
+immune to uh interference effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune to uh interference effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune to uh interference effects and
+it's a very simple thing and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple thing and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple thing and it's very
+useful coupling is really hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful coupling is really hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful coupling is really hard to to
+figure out that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that yes
+um okay we will now uh uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we will now uh uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay we will now uh uh talk about
+what are the physical effects that lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the physical effects that lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the physical effects that lead
+to the different hoods coupling cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different hoods coupling cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different hoods coupling cases
+and so uh I guess there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh I guess there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh I guess there's one more
+there's e Pi 3 House - e PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's e Pi 3 House - e PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's e Pi 3 House - e PI
+12 let's put zeros here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh we have several physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we have several physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we have several physical
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+um we can think of one of them as a Lian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and so suppose you have a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so suppose you have a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so suppose you have a p
+orbital over here and you have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital over here and you have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital over here and you have a point
+charge over here and that p orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge over here and that p orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge over here and that p orbital
+could be oriented like that or like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be oriented like that or like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be oriented like that or like this
+and since this thing over here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this thing over here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this thing over here is a
+nucleus it's positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's positively charged
+generally and so which of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and so which of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and so which of these two
+Arrangements is likely to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements is likely to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements is likely to be more
+stable you know they don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you know they don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you know they don't have the same
+energy this is a uh an orbital which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a uh an orbital which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a uh an orbital which is
+extended in this direction so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in this direction so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in this direction so we have
+negative charge getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge getting close to
+positive charge and that's good and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and that's good and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and that's good and here
+we have negative charge trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have negative charge trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have negative charge trying to avoid
+the positive charge or at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge or at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge or at least not
+acting like it knows where it is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it knows where it is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it knows where it is so this
+is generally the more stable arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally the more stable arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally the more stable arrangement
+now if this happens to be a halide then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this happens to be a halide then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this happens to be a halide then
+it's the other way around because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other way around because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other way around because then
+it's negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negatively
+charged so anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so anyway the
+nonsphericity is what gives rise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity is what gives rise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity is what gives rise to the
+difference between this is pi this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this is pi this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this is pi this is
+Sigma and so we have a pi State and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so we have a pi State and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and so we have a pi State and a
+sigma State and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma State and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma State and so uh
+we we attribute the difference in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we attribute the difference in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we attribute the difference in energy
+between them as due to uh uh the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them as due to uh uh the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them as due to uh uh the open
+shell orbital being on one atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell orbital being on one atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell orbital being on one atom and
+being split by the other the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being split by the other the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being split by the other the the the
+charge associated with the other atom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge associated with the other atom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge associated with the other atom so
+they're in a spherical field a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a spherical field a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a spherical field a
+cylindrical field and so this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical field and so this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical field and so this is one of
+the important things this is why we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things this is why we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things this is why we talk
+about Pi States and sigma States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pi States and sigma States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pi States and sigma States as
+being separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being separate
+states but if there's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but if there's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but if there's something that
+makes the nonsphericity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the nonsphericity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the nonsphericity
+small then they become two parts of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then they become two parts of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then they become two parts of one
+state okay so there is the ligant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field uh there's spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbit and spin orbit does two things one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and spin orbit does two things one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and spin orbit does two things one
+it makes this energy separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this energy separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes this energy separation
+large and two it makes this energy sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and two it makes this energy sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and two it makes this energy sorry
+uh it makes this energy separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it makes this energy separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it makes this energy separation
+large okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay okay so
+uh because this energy separation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this energy separation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this energy separation is a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2B so spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B so spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B so spin
+orbit uh enters into this uh by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit uh enters into this uh by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit uh enters into this uh by making
+uh this Pi State look like two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Pi State look like two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Pi State look like two separate
+states and uh but there is a uh a spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh but there is a uh a spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh but there is a uh a spin
+orbit interaction between this and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit interaction between this and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit interaction between this and uh I
+between the double Pi 1/2 and the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the double Pi 1/2 and the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the double Pi 1/2 and the double
+Sigma State and so spin orbit could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State and so spin orbit could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma State and so spin orbit could
+split the pi state but it can also mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the pi state but it can also mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the pi state but it can also mix
+the double Pi 1/2 with the double Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double Pi 1/2 with the double Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double Pi 1/2 with the double Sigma
+and cause trouble in that way so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause trouble in that way so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause trouble in that way so we have
+spin orbit that can do some stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit that can do some stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit that can do some stuff and
+uh so we have these five hun cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have these five hun cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have these five hun cases that
+are commonly dealt with let me draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are commonly dealt with let me draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are commonly dealt with let me draw that
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's
+strong spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong spin
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stronger non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger non
+sphericity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphericity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphericity and
+weak rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I didn't what I didn't do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I didn't what I didn't do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I didn't what I didn't do is I
+didn't write the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the coupling terms I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the coupling terms I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the coupling terms I mean the
+coupling terms we have the uh B J +- s-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms we have the uh B J +- s-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms we have the uh B J +- s-
+plus b l +- s- plus and we have a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b l +- s- plus and we have a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b l +- s- plus and we have a over
+two l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two l
+do s well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do s well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do s well
+L.S okay so that would be a Lambda lzs e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S okay so that would be a Lambda lzs e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.S okay so that would be a Lambda lzs e
+and uh uh a l+ s minus plus s minus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh a l+ s minus plus s minus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh a l+ s minus plus s minus L
+yeah so these are the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these are the coupling
+terms okay so case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so case
+a uh we have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we have Delta
+e Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Pi
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+largest the stronger nonsphericity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest the stronger nonsphericity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest the stronger nonsphericity that
+leads to an energy difference between pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an energy difference between pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an energy difference between pi
+and sigma then we get uh the uh spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma then we get uh the uh spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma then we get uh the uh spin
+orbit and there are two spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and there are two spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and there are two spin orbit
+things in this the spin orbit constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this the spin orbit constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this the spin orbit constant
+for the pi State and the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pi State and the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pi State and the spin orbit
+interaction between douet Sigma and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between douet Sigma and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between douet Sigma and d
+pi2 and then there's the weakest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi2 and then there's the weakest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi2 and then there's the weakest thing
+and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the
+rotation and uh that's b y or beta y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and uh that's b y or beta y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and uh that's b y or beta y so
+this is just the rotation within the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the rotation within the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the rotation within the pi
+State and this is the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this is the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this is the rotational
+coupling between the pi State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the pi State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the pi State and the
+sigma State and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma State and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma State and uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this being strongest we separate Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this being strongest we separate Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this being strongest we separate Pi
+state from Sigma State and uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from Sigma State and uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state from Sigma State and uh for the
+usual case this the sigma state is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual case this the sigma state is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual case this the sigma state is going
+to be uh more stable but it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh more stable but it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh more stable but it could be the
+other way around too because this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around too because this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around too because this could
+be a halight or it could be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a halight or it could be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a halight or it could be just
+something with big orbitals and exposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with big orbitals and exposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with big orbitals and exposes
+the the the the nucleus to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the nucleus to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the nucleus to the other
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so so we we talk about Pi States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we we talk about Pi States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we we talk about Pi States and
+sigma States and that's the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma States and that's the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma States and that's the usual
+situation and it's also a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it's also a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it's also a happy
+situation because the Hun case a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because the Hun case a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because the Hun case a basis
+set is the most convenient to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the most convenient to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the most convenient to evaluate
+Matrix elements in and even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements in and even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements in and even when you
+have small deviations from Hun's case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small deviations from Hun's case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small deviations from Hun's case a
+you're you're happy to work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're happy to work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're happy to work in that
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+set so in this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so in this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so in this basis
+set we have good quantum numbers not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have good quantum numbers not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have good quantum numbers not
+rigorously good quantum numbers but de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously good quantum numbers but de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously good quantum numbers but de
+facto good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and we get basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we get basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we get basis functions
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+Sigma Omega J M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns have the form B JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and we get
+one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+each Omega Lambda state so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega Lambda state so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Omega Lambda state so there's
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+two uh uh there's double there's a b JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh uh there's double there's a b JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh uh there's double there's a b JJ
+plus one for Pi 3s B JJ +1 for double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one for Pi 3s B JJ +1 for double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one for Pi 3s B JJ +1 for double Pi
+1/2 B JJ +1 for double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 B JJ +1 for double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 B JJ +1 for double
+Sigma and they're all double parity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and they're all double parity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and they're all double parity or
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+doublets uh uh but this is the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets uh uh but this is the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublets uh uh but this is the magic
+decoder if the states are separate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder if the states are separate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder if the states are separate we
+get BJJ + one repeated a bunch of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get BJJ + one repeated a bunch of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get BJJ + one repeated a bunch of times
+and we we know what we're looking for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we know what we're looking for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we know what we're looking for in
+the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm surely not going to finish these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm surely not going to finish these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm surely not going to finish these
+notes because there's just an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because there's just an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes because there's just an awful lot
+of stuff but this is the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but this is the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but this is the important part
+right here so and then in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b we have weak spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbit I should also mention before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit I should also mention before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit I should also mention before we're
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+this is J Depend and so we say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is J Depend and so we say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is J Depend and so we say this is
+weak but the weak shall inherit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but the weak shall inherit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but the weak shall inherit the
+earth as high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth as high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth as high enough
+J uh uh this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh uh this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh uh this will
+win and it will always go from case a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and it will always go from case a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and it will always go from case a to
+case b because this will eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b because this will eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b because this will eventually
+win but usually it happens at such high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win but usually it happens at such high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win but usually it happens at such high
+J that we never have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that we never have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that we never have to worry about that
+uh so here we have the weak as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here we have the weak as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here we have the weak as opposed
+to the meek but okay so the weak spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the meek but okay so the weak spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the meek but okay so the weak spin
+orbit now spin orbit dies right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we still have
+strong field or strong nonsphericity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong field or strong nonsphericity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong field or strong nonsphericity so
+we still have a separation between pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have a separation between pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have a separation between pi
+States and sigma States so it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and sigma States so it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and sigma States so it still
+makes sense to think about a a pi State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to think about a a pi State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to think about a a pi State
+and a sigma State uh but the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sigma State uh but the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sigma State uh but the spin orbit
+is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak
+and uh uh and and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and uh uh
+so and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate rotation b y or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so when this
+happens uh the energy separation Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh the energy separation Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh the energy separation Pi
+Sigma is much larger than everything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is much larger than everything as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is much larger than everything as
+it was over here but now uh we have by y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was over here but now uh we have by y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was over here but now uh we have by y
+beta y next and that's larger than uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y next and that's larger than uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y next and that's larger than uh a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha when this
+happens Lambda and S are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good Omega and sigma are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Omega and sigma are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Omega and sigma are bad
+they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get
+destroyed uh Sigma gets destroyed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed uh Sigma gets destroyed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed uh Sigma gets destroyed by
+spin uncoupling within the the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin uncoupling within the the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin uncoupling within the the pi
+State and since Omega is Lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and since Omega is Lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and since Omega is Lambda plus
+Sigma Omega is destroyed so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Omega is destroyed so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Omega is destroyed so you can't
+really say two quantum numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say two quantum numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say two quantum numbers are
+destroyed really only one is destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed really only one is destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed really only one is destroyed
+and you get in exchange for the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get in exchange for the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get in exchange for the one
+that's destroyed a new one n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's destroyed a new one n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's destroyed a new one n is
+created and that almost always happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and that almost always happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and that almost always happens
+you lose one quantum number you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose one quantum number you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose one quantum number you get a
+new one and you see this best when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one and you see this best when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one and you see this best when
+you're dealing with angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with angular momentum
+recoupling but that's something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoupling but that's something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoupling but that's something I don't
+want to talk about because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about because I think it's
+too abstract and you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too abstract and you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too abstract and you really want to
+understand the physical stuff which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the physical stuff which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the physical stuff which is
+what I I'm good at and everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I'm good at and everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I'm good at and everybody else
+can do angular momentum recoupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do angular momentum recoupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do angular momentum recoupling
+so uh when this happens we can't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when this happens we can't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when this happens we can't use the
+Hun case a basic well we can it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hun case a basic well we can it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hun case a basic well we can it's just a
+kind of stupid thing but one of the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stupid thing but one of the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stupid thing but one of the neat
+things that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh you can't write the W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can't write the W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can't write the W the
+electronic wave function or you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function or you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function or you can't
+separate the rotational wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the rotational wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the rotational wave function
+from the electronic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electronic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electronic wave
+function so there's just one big set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so there's just one big set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so there's just one big set of
+quantum numbers these are the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers these are the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers these are the uh the
+good or nearly good quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or nearly good quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or nearly good quantum numbers and
+N becomes pattern forming and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N becomes pattern forming and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N becomes pattern forming and the energy
+levels go as b n n + one and N is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels go as b n n + one and N is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels go as b n n + one and N is going
+to be equal to J plus a half or minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to J plus a half or minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to J plus a half or minus a
+half in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so you'll get energy levels arrang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you'll get energy levels arrang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so you'll get energy levels arrang
+as BN n + one but there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as BN n + one but there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as BN n + one but there are going to be
+for each value of n there going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of n there going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of n there going to be
+three states you two um uh there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states you two um uh there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states you two um uh there's going
+to be six states actually uh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be six states actually uh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be six states actually uh because you
+have uh en andf symmetry so but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh en andf symmetry so but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh en andf symmetry so but this is
+the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decoder okay case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C is one that's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is one that's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is one that's mostly
+misunderstood but KC a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood but KC a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood but KC a
+strong spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbit spin orbit is stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit spin orbit is stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit spin orbit is stronger than
+everything and this is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and this is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and this is possible
+especially near the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially near the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially near the bottom of the
+periodic table and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moderate uh field moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate uh field moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate uh field moderate
+nonsphericity so we have uh a alpha much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity so we have uh a alpha much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity so we have uh a alpha much
+larger than e Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than e Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than e Pi
+Sigma or Delta e Pi Sigma and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or Delta e Pi Sigma and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or Delta e Pi Sigma and that's uh
+uh still large compared to b y or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still large compared to b y or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh still large compared to b y or uh
+beta y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta y
+so does it also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does it also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does it also have to be
+at relatively low J well since this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively low J well since this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively low J well since this now
+has gotten really bumped up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten really bumped up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten really bumped up a
+lot as J goes up you start to overtake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot as J goes up you start to overtake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot as J goes up you start to overtake
+this and uh uh usually you in case C you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh usually you in case C you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh uh usually you in case C you
+almost never worry about transition back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never worry about transition back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never worry about transition back
+towards case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay
+so here we've lost a lot of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we've lost a lot of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we've lost a lot of quantum
+numbers because uh um the spin orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because uh um the spin orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because uh um the spin orbit is
+so strong that Lambda is bad Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that Lambda is bad Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strong that Lambda is bad Sigma is
+bad but Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and is
+bad so basically the only quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so basically the only quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so basically the only quantum
+numbers you have left are J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have left are J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have left are J and
+Omega and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and that that
+generally bothers people because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally bothers people because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally bothers people because usually
+when you lose one you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you lose one you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you lose one you get something
+back uh and what is often missed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh and what is often missed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh and what is often missed by
+people in uh uh who who invoke when's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in uh uh who who invoke when's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in uh uh who who invoke when's
+Cas C is that spin orbit is Big because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas C is that spin orbit is Big because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas C is that spin orbit is Big because
+there's an atom in there that has a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an atom in there that has a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an atom in there that has a big
+spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit
+constant and there's going to be atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and there's going to be atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and there's going to be atom in
+molecule uh structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh structure
+and so you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you will have
+uh um things that I denote with a sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um things that I denote with a sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um things that I denote with a sub a
+meaning atom there'll be angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning atom there'll be angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning atom there'll be angular
+momentum J in strong spin orbit limit J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum J in strong spin orbit limit J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum J in strong spin orbit limit J
+is a good quantum number for atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good quantum number for atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good quantum number for atoms and
+the projection of J into the onto the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of J into the onto the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of J into the onto the uh
+molecular frame is going to be good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular frame is going to be good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular frame is going to be good so
+these are different from Omega and J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different from Omega and J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different from Omega and J and
+these are hidden Quant numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hidden Quant numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hidden Quant numbers that are
+usually not known about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not known about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not known about because
+everybody read Herzberg and Herzberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody read Herzberg and Herzberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody read Herzberg and Herzberg
+says the only good quantum numbers in KC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the only good quantum numbers in KC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the only good quantum numbers in KC
+are Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Omega and
+J but these atom and molecule quotum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but these atom and molecule quotum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but these atom and molecule quotum
+numbers are often very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are often very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are often very important and
+they're extremely important for the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're extremely important for the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're extremely important for the rare
+Earths where you have F orbitals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earths where you have F orbitals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earths where you have F orbitals that
+are uh electrons in F orbitals the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh electrons in F orbitals the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh electrons in F orbitals the F
+orbitals are really small so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are really small so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are really small so the
+electrons in the f orbitals coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the f orbitals coupled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the f orbitals coupled to
+each other to make lsj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other to make lsj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other to make lsj
+States and the the uh uh the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the the uh uh the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the the uh uh the size of the
+orbitals are say radius of 3/10 of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are say radius of 3/10 of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are say radius of 3/10 of an
+angstrom or so internuclear distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom or so internuclear distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom or so internuclear distance is
+two angstrom so doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angstrom so doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angstrom so doesn't really matter
+what the liand is the world is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the liand is the world is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the liand is the world is the
+structure of the atom split now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom split now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom split now in the
+weak Lian field and so you get all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Lian field and so you get all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Lian field and so you get all sorts
+of atom like quantum numbers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom like quantum numbers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom like quantum numbers in this
+special hun Case C so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special hun Case C so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special hun Case C so it's it's
+interesting how people decide to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how people decide to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how people decide to turn
+off their brains when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their brains when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off their brains when they're
+encountering a Hun's case and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering a Hun's case and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering a Hun's case and usually
+it's because you know they think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you know they think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you know they think the
+important thing is the vector procession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the vector procession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the vector procession
+diagrams you haven't seen them yet case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D this is usually redberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and case D corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and case D corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and case D corresponds to
+weak spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak spin
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+field and why is that well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and why is that well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and why is that well if you have
+an electron in a ridberg orbital it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a ridberg orbital it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in a ridberg orbital it
+doesn't get near the nucleus and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get near the nucleus and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get near the nucleus and that's
+where it gets it's spin orbit from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets it's spin orbit from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it gets it's spin orbit from and
+if it's far away from the two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far away from the two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's far away from the two nuclei
+well then it doesn't really feel much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it doesn't really feel much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it doesn't really feel much of
+a field either because it's it's so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field either because it's it's so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field either because it's it's so big
+uh and and so uh case D is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so uh case D is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so uh case D is generally
+associated with ridberg States and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with ridberg States and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with ridberg States and so uh
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+byy beta y much much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byy beta y much much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byy beta y much much larger than
+a alpha and they are usually on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha and they are usually on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha and they are usually on the same
+order of magnitude of Delta e Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of Delta e Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of Delta e Pi
+Sigma you usually don't get J high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma you usually don't get J high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma you usually don't get J high
+enough in a non R state in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in a non R state in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in a non R state in order to be
+in casd it's very rare but it can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in casd it's very rare but it can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in casd it's very rare but it can happen
+and so you would normally imagine going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would normally imagine going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would normally imagine going
+from like to K D when that happen I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like to K D when that happen I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like to K D when that happen I'm
+sorry you normally imagine going from K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you normally imagine going from K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you normally imagine going from K
+D to case D yes yes yeah I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to case D yes yes yeah I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to case D yes yes yeah I mean the
+first thing you lose is uh you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you lose is uh you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you lose is uh you go to
+case b in a multiplet state but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b in a multiplet state but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b in a multiplet state but then you
+have to overcome the nonsphericity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to overcome the nonsphericity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to overcome the nonsphericity and
+that's harder to do but when you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder to do but when you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder to do but when you've done
+it then you're in case D but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you're in case D but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you're in case D but with
+ridberg States both of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg States both of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg States both of these things are
+automat ically really small when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automat ically really small when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automat ically really small when you
+have an ion core in closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ion core in closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ion core in closed
+shell cuz we're going to see in case e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell cuz we're going to see in case e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell cuz we're going to see in case e
+that you you can have strong spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you can have strong spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you can have strong spin orbit
+again okay so so when you are in case D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so so when you are in case D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so so when you are in case D
+and especially for ridberg states you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially for ridberg states you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially for ridberg states you
+have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+electron which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which has
+L and S and R these uh are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda
+s n Omega are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad the basis functions are often n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the basis functions are often n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the basis functions are often n
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SRM we can do we can say some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRM we can do we can say some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRM we can do we can say some more
+things about this and I will do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this and I will do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this and I will do that uh
+well I do in the notes okay finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I do in the notes okay finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I do in the notes okay finally we
+get to case e and those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to case e and those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to case e and those of you who are
+good with combinatorics know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with combinatorics know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with combinatorics know that there
+should be a case f2o but that is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a case f2o but that is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a case f2o but that is never
+encountered and it's really rare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and it's really rare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and it's really rare that
+you get case e as well and case e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get case e as well and case e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get case e as well and case e
+corresponds to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to spin
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+large b y beta y next and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsphericity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest so how do you not make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest so how do you not make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest so how do you not make the
+nonsphericity small have to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity small have to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsphericity small have to get away
+from it so you have to be in a ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so you have to be in a ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so you have to be in a ridberg
+state but if you're in a ridberg state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but if you're in a ridberg state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but if you're in a ridberg state
+you can't have spin orbit unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have spin orbit unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have spin orbit unless the
+iron core has spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core has spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron core has spin
+orbit and then you have you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then you have you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then you have you can have
+strong spin orbit and you can so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong spin orbit and you can so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong spin orbit and you can so you can
+get this with the iron core being open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this with the iron core being open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this with the iron core being open
+shell and so it's again ridberg land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and so it's again ridberg land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and so it's again ridberg land
+these two are ridberg and the others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are ridberg and the others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are ridberg and the others are
+everything else okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh case e would be uh molecule where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case e would be uh molecule where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case e would be uh molecule where you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um an open shell ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an open shell ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an open shell ion
+core um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core um which
+has significant spin orbit and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so O2 would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so O2 would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so O2 would do the
+trick um acetylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick um acetylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick um acetylene
+uh there whenever you have uh a ion core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there whenever you have uh a ion core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there whenever you have uh a ion core
+which is uh a pi or Delta State and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh a pi or Delta State and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh a pi or Delta State and uh
+um a a multiplet pi or Delta State so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a multiplet pi or Delta State so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a multiplet pi or Delta State so um
+O2 uh would look like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 uh would look like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 uh would look like uh
+um uh well it have let me do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh well it have let me do this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh well it have let me do this um
+so uh O2 neutral is a a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh O2 neutral is a a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh O2 neutral is a a pi
+for uh Pi so that's u g pi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Pi so that's u g pi^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Pi so that's u g pi^
+2qu and so this is a a triplet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu and so this is a a triplet Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu and so this is a a triplet Sigma
+minus uh ground state but you take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh ground state but you take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh ground state but you take away
+one of these electrons now what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these electrons now what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these electrons now what you have
+is a uh douet pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+State and that so redberg states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that so redberg states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that so redberg states of
+oxygen would be the simplest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen would be the simplest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen would be the simplest example
+that I can think of redberg states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can think of redberg states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can think of redberg states of
+yes okay all right so let me now can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay all right so let me now can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay all right so let me now can I
+ask one question right right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask one question right right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask one question right right now in the
+notes you say for case D that you know B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you say for case D that you know B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you say for case D that you know B
+is is much greater than either a or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much greater than either a or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much greater than either a or the
+you know Delta e M and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Delta e M and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Delta e M and the reason why
+there's not six cases is because you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not six cases is because you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not six cases is because you say
+you know a is approximately equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a is approximately equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a is approximately equal to l
+but is there some rigorous order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there some rigorous order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there some rigorous order
+no uh uh I mean well you see once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh uh I mean well you see once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh uh I mean well you see once you
+get into ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into ridberg
+States uh everything is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh everything is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh everything is really
+determined by what the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what the electron is
+seeing and there's core non-penetrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and there's core non-penetrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and there's core non-penetrating
+electrons which stay far away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which stay far away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which stay far away and
+there's core penetrating electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's core penetrating electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's core penetrating electrons and
+the core penetrating electrons then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core penetrating electrons then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core penetrating electrons then you
+can have a difference in Quantum defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a difference in Quantum defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a difference in Quantum defect
+between pi and sigma and so uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pi and sigma and so uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pi and sigma and so uh that can
+get that that separation can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that that separation can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that that separation can this
+separation can get pretty big but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation can get pretty big but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation can get pretty big but for
+non-penetrating uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-penetrating uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-penetrating uh both
+um um this is is really small and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is is really small and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is is really small and so
+they move around but the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move around but the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move around but the energy level
+structure is pretty much described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is pretty much described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is pretty much described by
+the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas okay sorry sorry I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay sorry sorry I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas okay sorry sorry I I don't want
+to I don't want to be btic but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to be btic but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to be btic but I
+actually never understood why there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never understood why there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never understood why there
+isn't the case f where in one case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the case f where in one case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the case f where in one case you
+know the a is larger than l d and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the a is larger than l d and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the a is larger than l d and the
+other case is the way around well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case is the way around well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case is the way around well it's
+just because a is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because a is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because a is so
+big that's that that's case e right case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big that's that that's case e right case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big that's that that's case e right case
+f would look like case D where where B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f would look like case D where where B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f would look like case D where where B
+is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+spin orbit would be really really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit would be really really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin orbit would be really really small
+okay we'll talk about it some other time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about it some other time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about it some other time
+I I can't I can't even load it I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't I can't even load it I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't I can't even load it I can't
+can't even think about it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even think about it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even think about it all right so
+now uh let's let's look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's let's look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's let's look at the energy
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+structure uh for a case a double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for a case a double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for a case a double Pi
+State a case a double Pi state so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a case a double Pi state so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a case a double Pi state so now
+what we're doing is we're going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're going to apply
+perturbation Theory and you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you can always
+use perturbation Theory when an off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perturbation Theory when an off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perturbation Theory when an off
+diagonal matrix element is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix element is small
+compared to an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to an energy
+difference so uh there are lots of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so uh there are lots of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so uh there are lots of cases
+like this and the the nicest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the the nicest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the the nicest one is
+let's look at the Double Pi State and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the Double Pi State and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the Double Pi State and so
+if we look at the Double Pi State uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the Double Pi State uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the Double Pi State uh and
+we do this uh versus JJ + one the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this uh versus JJ + one the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this uh versus JJ + one the energy
+levels so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so this is
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+um e minus B JJ + one would look so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e minus B JJ + one would look so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e minus B JJ + one would look so if
+we do what's called A reduced term value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do what's called A reduced term value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do what's called A reduced term value
+plot this is the energy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this is the energy as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this is the energy as a function of
+J we subtract out BJJ plus one just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we subtract out BJJ plus one just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J we subtract out BJJ plus one just so
+that we can this has the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can this has the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can this has the effect of
+enabling us to do a huge scale expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling us to do a huge scale expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling us to do a huge scale expansion
+because otherwise the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the energy levels
+would be going up like this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going up like this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going up like this and we
+couldn't look at anything now and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look at anything now and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look at anything now and we
+always want to plot things with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to plot things with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to plot things with the same
+value of J because it's the J that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J because it's the J that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J because it's the J that's
+conserved so off diagonal elements would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so off diagonal elements would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so off diagonal elements would
+only be between states of the same J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be between states of the same J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be between states of the same J so
+the vertical axis is e minus JJ plus BJJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis is e minus JJ plus BJJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis is e minus JJ plus BJJ
++ 1 and we plot everything versus JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 and we plot everything versus JJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 and we plot everything versus JJ +
+one and so this is what the double Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this is what the double Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this is what the double Pi
+state would look like if it didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state would look like if it didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state would look like if it didn't have
+uh any off diagonal coupling between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any off diagonal coupling between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any off diagonal coupling between
+double Pi 1/2 and double Pi 3es it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi 1/2 and double Pi 3es it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi 1/2 and double Pi 3es it
+didn't have spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have spin
+uncoupling okay when you do perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling okay when you do perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling okay when you do perturbation
+Theory then you get two energy level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then you get two energy level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then you get two energy level two
+term curves that this is at a over2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term curves that this is at a over2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term curves that this is at a over2 and
+this is at minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at minus a
+over2 and they repel each other and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and they repel each other and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and they repel each other and so
+you get straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get straight
+lines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the
+effective rotational constant for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective rotational constant for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective rotational constant for three
+Hales is B pi plus uh b^ 2 over a - 2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is going to be B Pi minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be B Pi minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be B Pi minus so
+this is a small correction these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a small correction these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a small correction these three
+these two uh rotational term curves look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh rotational term curves look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh rotational term curves look
+almost identical to an isolated doublet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to an isolated doublet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to an isolated doublet
+uh an isolated single Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an isolated single Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an isolated single Pi
+State uh but their B values are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh but their B values are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh but their B values are just
+slightly different and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different and you take the
+average you get the B value of the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you get the B value of the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you get the B value of the pi
+State and this comes from Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this comes from Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this comes from Matrix element
+squared over energy denominator and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over energy denominator and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over energy denominator and uh
+this interacts with this so that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interacts with this so that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interacts with this so that gets
+pushed up this interact this interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up this interact this interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed up this interact this interacts
+with that that gets pushed down and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that gets pushed down and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that gets pushed down and so
+we just get this term with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get this term with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get this term with either
+sign so what this does is says okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so what this does is says okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so what this does is says okay if
+we we look at the energy levels in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we look at the energy levels in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we look at the energy levels in this
+picture we're going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're going to capture
+essentially the simple pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the simple pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the simple pattern and
+there'll be a sigma state that will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a sigma state that will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a sigma state that will will
+look sort of like like that somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of like like that somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of like like that somewhere
+above or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below okay and uh uh so in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below okay and uh uh so in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below okay and uh uh so in all of the
+limiting cases you can make an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting cases you can make an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting cases you can make an energy
+level diagram where things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram where things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram where things have been
+simplified like this but now what time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified like this but now what time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified like this but now what time
+is it damn okay so I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it damn okay so I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it damn okay so I want to talk about
+Vector coupling uh before we get off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector coupling uh before we get off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector coupling uh before we get off of
+this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Vector coupling we have L even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Vector coupling we have L even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Vector coupling we have L even
+though L is sort of fictitious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though L is sort of fictitious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though L is sort of fictitious because
+it's been destroyed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precesses
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+and uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that
+makes uh Lambda defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh Lambda defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh Lambda defined
+and so what's left of this L after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's left of this L after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's left of this L after the
+non-spherical field has destroyed it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spherical field has destroyed it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spherical field has destroyed it is
+we have a thing which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a thing which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a thing which would be
+LZ unit vector k so this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ unit vector k so this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ unit vector k so this is a vector
+it's pointing along the internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis and so here's the internuclear axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so here's the internuclear axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so here's the internuclear axis
+and so you can you can draw the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can draw the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can draw the usual
+Vector pression picture and even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pression picture and even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pression picture and even though
+L doesn't exist Lambda does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L doesn't exist Lambda does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L doesn't exist Lambda does
+exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+s doesn't it doesn't it doesn't live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s doesn't it doesn't it doesn't live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s doesn't it doesn't it doesn't live in
+spatial coordinates s is in spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates s is in spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates s is in spin
+coordinates but the S Vector knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but the S Vector knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but the S Vector knows about
+the axis because it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis because it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis because it's been
+marked by L it's a little bit like a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked by L it's a little bit like a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked by L it's a little bit like a dog
+marking off its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+territory uh if L weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory uh if L weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory uh if L weren't
+there then s wouldn't know how to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then s wouldn't know how to couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then s wouldn't know how to couple
+to the inner nuclear axis and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inner nuclear axis and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inner nuclear axis and that's why
+all Sigma states are in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b so s knows about l through spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so s knows about l through spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so s knows about l through spin
+orbit and it then also couples to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and it then also couples to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and it then also couples to the
+internuclear ACT AIS so this is s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear ACT AIS so this is s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear ACT AIS so this is s and
+this so this is Lambda and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is Lambda and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is Lambda and this is
+Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we can think of uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can think of uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can think of uh what's
+happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+as J Vector is equal to R Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as J Vector is equal to R Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as J Vector is equal to R Vector
+plus uh l z k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh l z k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh l z k
+and you can either just put a s here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either just put a s here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either just put a s here or
+you can put uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put uh
+SZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SZ
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh this is this is always true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is always true this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is this is always true this
+reduction of s to a projection on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of s to a projection on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of s to a projection on on the
+axis is only true in case uh a and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is only true in case uh a and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is only true in case uh a and so I
+would prefer not to write it this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer not to write it this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer not to write it this way I
+just write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now you have L and S that are defined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have L and S that are defined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have L and S that are defined or
+parts of them are defined in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of them are defined in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of them are defined in the body
+frame and we do something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we do something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and we do something in the
+laboratory frame suppose we apply a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame suppose we apply a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame suppose we apply a big
+magnetic field it marks a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field it marks a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field it marks a particular
+space Direction and you'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Direction and you'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Direction and you'd like to know
+how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does
+l feel the magnetic field L couples onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l feel the magnetic field L couples onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l feel the magnetic field L couples onto
+the body frame because it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame because it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame because it has no
+choice the body frame couples presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the body frame couples presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the body frame couples presses
+about J because J is uh equal to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about J because J is uh equal to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about J because J is uh equal to this uh
+plus all of that so you can draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all of that so you can draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all of that so you can draw a
+vector and uh you can okay this is J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh you can okay this is J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh you can okay this is J
+this is R this is the other stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is R this is the other stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is R this is the other stuff and
+this these things press about J they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things press about J they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things press about J they
+project on J and J projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on J and J projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on J and J projects in the
+laboratory and so you have two cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and so you have two cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and so you have two cosiness
+you have I mean if you want to know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I mean if you want to know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have I mean if you want to know uh
+the the projection of L uh or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the projection of L uh or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the projection of L uh or let's
+let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say
+B that's the magnetic field now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's the magnetic field now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's the magnetic field now not
+rotational constant L do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant L do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant L do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um
+B.L okay so we wanted to know that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.L okay so we wanted to know that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.L okay so we wanted to know that well
+well we first want the cosine of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we first want the cosine of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we first want the cosine of uh
+um uh of the the angle that L makes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of the the angle that L makes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of the the angle that L makes with
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+j and so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j and so that's going to be
+Lambda over JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda over JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda over JJ
++1 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 square
+root and then we want to know the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then we want to know the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and then we want to know the cosine
+of the angle that J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle that J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle that J
+makes with uh the the Z Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with uh the the Z Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with uh the the Z Direction and
+that's um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+of J L is that and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J L is that and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J L is that and then we want
+cosine of J laboratory Z that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of J laboratory Z that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of J laboratory Z that's going to
+be MJ over JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be MJ over JJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be MJ over JJ +
+one square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one square
+root so these geometric factors these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so these geometric factors these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so these geometric factors these
+cosiness which are just ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness which are just ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness which are just ratios of
+lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of
+vectors then enable you to calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors then enable you to calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors then enable you to calculate how
+does Lambda project into the body frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Lambda project into the body frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Lambda project into the body frame
+you first project it onto J then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first project it onto J then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first project it onto J then you
+project J onto the the the body Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project J onto the the the body Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project J onto the the the body Z the
+laboratory z- axis and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory z- axis and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory z- axis and that's
+it for S it's a simp similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for S it's a simp similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for S it's a simp similar sort of
+thing except for s s precesses about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for s s precesses about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for s s precesses about
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+um or it processes about the body axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it processes about the body axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it processes about the body axis
+but if you make the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IT
+projects depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects depending on the
+rotation the rotational Quantum either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the rotational Quantum either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the rotational Quantum either
+Pro presses about J or presses about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro presses about J or presses about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro presses about J or presses about the
+the the body z-axis and so you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the body z-axis and so you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the body z-axis and so you do the
+same sort of argument to say what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of argument to say what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of argument to say what is
+going to be the G Factor associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the G Factor associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the G Factor associated with
+the spin and uh and this is what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin and uh and this is what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin and uh and this is what you do
+I mean this is this is how you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is this is how you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is this is how you actually
+make sense of what gets averaged out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of what gets averaged out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of what gets averaged out
+what can you see if you are uh asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you see if you are uh asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you see if you are uh asking
+for uh some interaction in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh some interaction in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh some interaction in the Z
+Direction in the the body frame to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the the body frame to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction in the the body frame to split
+the energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um we don't have much more time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't have much more time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't have much more time so
+suppose we're in case b in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're in case b in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're in case b in case
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+s uh we still have Lambda defined and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh we still have Lambda defined and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh we still have Lambda defined and S
+possesses about the body axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses about the body axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possesses about the body axis
+weakly uh because uh uh well it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly uh because uh uh well it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly uh because uh uh well it's been
+marked um unless Lambda is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked um unless Lambda is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked um unless Lambda is zero then
+then it doesn't know about the body ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't know about the body ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't know about the body ax
+so it doesn't take much to get S to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't take much to get S to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't take much to get S to
+decouple from the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple from the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple from the body
+axis to press about J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to press about J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to press about J
+directly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly now
+J pre couples directly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J pre couples directly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J pre couples directly into the
+laboratory because of M and so in case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory because of M and so in case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory because of M and so in case b
+uh it's it's you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's you get this
+weak coupling of s to the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak coupling of s to the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak coupling of s to the body
+axis it takes very little rotation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it takes very little rotation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it takes very little rotation to
+bring it off of the body axis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it off of the body axis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it off of the body axis and then
+the zamon effect sees s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zamon effect sees s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zamon effect sees s in the
+laboratory even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory even
+though uh you had you specified Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh you had you specified Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh you had you specified Lambda
+and so you can you can and you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can and you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can and you can even
+by making the strength of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the strength of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making the strength of the magnetic
+field large you can cause s to DEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field large you can cause s to DEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field large you can cause s to DEC
+couple uh from the body axis and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh from the body axis and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh from the body axis and you can
+see a change of the zamon splitting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a change of the zamon splitting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a change of the zamon splitting from
+something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is
+weakly uh dependent on the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly uh dependent on the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly uh dependent on the rotational
+quantum number to something that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number to something that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number to something that is just
+uh given by the three Poss the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by the three Poss the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by the three Poss the possible
+values of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of M
+Subs so you have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so you have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so you have M
+Subs uh uh so the cosine of s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs uh uh so the cosine of s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs uh uh so the cosine of s in the
+laboratory would just be given by M Subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory would just be given by M Subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory would just be given by M Subs
+uh uh s s + 1 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh s s + 1 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh s s + 1 square
+root and so that would tell you uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so that would tell you uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so that would tell you uh what
+the the zon effect associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zon effect associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zon effect associated with the
+spin would be and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin would be and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin would be and one of the things that
+happens when you apply a spin to a caseb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you apply a spin to a caseb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you apply a spin to a caseb
+molecule is you very quickly fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is you very quickly fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is you very quickly fully
+decouple the spin from the body frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the spin from the body frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the spin from the body frame
+it's just waiting to be pulled away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just waiting to be pulled away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just waiting to be pulled away from
+the body frame uh and so you get a zamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame uh and so you get a zamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body frame uh and so you get a zamon
+effect which changes from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which changes from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which changes from uh
+a a a weak coupling of the spin to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a weak coupling of the spin to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a weak coupling of the spin to the
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+axis to something that uh uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to something that uh uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to something that uh uh is
+completely decoupled and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely decoupled and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely decoupled and this is
+extremely important understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important understanding
+magnetic rotation Spectra because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic rotation Spectra because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic rotation Spectra because in
+magnetic rotation Spectra uh uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic rotation Spectra uh uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic rotation Spectra uh uh the the
+splitting of the states of different m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the states of different m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the states of different m
+subj is very important and uh it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj is very important and uh it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj is very important and uh it's too
+much for me to try to EXP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for me to try to EXP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for me to try to EXP okay
+so the message is you write one Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message is you write one Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message is you write one Matrix
+you make the various coupling terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the various coupling terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the various coupling terms
+large or small compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or small compared to the
+differences in uh diagonal elements use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in uh diagonal elements use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in uh diagonal elements use
+perturbation Theory and you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory and you can generate
+these simple patterns but you also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple patterns but you also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple patterns but you also can
+draw these pictures of vectors pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these pictures of vectors pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these pictures of vectors pressing
+and you can get a sense for how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a sense for how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a sense for how much of
+some external interaction would it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external interaction would it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external interaction would it take
+to make one of these vectors stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make one of these vectors stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make one of these vectors stop
+pressing about this you know that Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing about this you know that Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing about this you know that Lambda
+marks the internuclear axis and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks the internuclear axis and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks the internuclear axis and gives
+the spin something to feel and but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin something to feel and but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin something to feel and but uh if
+Lambda is zero you still have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is zero you still have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is zero you still have the the
+body axis but there's nothing for S to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body axis but there's nothing for S to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body axis but there's nothing for S to
+feel and so Sigma states are always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and so Sigma states are always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and so Sigma states are always in
+case b or d and um so that's all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b or d and um so that's all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b or d and um so that's all I have
+to say today next time I will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say today next time I will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say today next time I will talk about
+perturbations where you have states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations where you have states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations where you have states of
+different Lambda s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lambda s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lambda s
+character Crossing each other instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Crossing each other instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character Crossing each other instead of
+being systematically near each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being systematically near each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being systematically near each other and
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+get uh level shifts and extra lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh level shifts and extra lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh level shifts and extra lines in
+the Spectrum and then after that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum and then after that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum and then after that I'll
+talk about the Vel transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Vel transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Vel transformation that
+enables you to correct uh a an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to correct uh a an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to correct uh a an isolated
+State for the effects of many remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for the effects of many remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for the effects of many remote
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+and that's pretty much all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much all I'm going to
+do on diatomic molecules and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on diatomic molecules and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on diatomic molecules and then we'll
+start on polyatomics
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pazn1IIeDEU.txt b/pazn1IIeDEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99de91b971f54ed62843e028bb9334b147e2cb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pazn1IIeDEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+The development of the incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The development of the incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The development of the incandescent
+light bulb took many years and relied on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb took many years and relied on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb took many years and relied on
+the talents of many inventors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talents of many inventors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talents of many inventors from
+around the world. One of the key changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. One of the key changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. One of the key changes
+was the use of an inert gas rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the use of an inert gas rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the use of an inert gas rather than
+a vacuum in the bulb itself. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum in the bulb itself. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum in the bulb itself. In this
+video, we'll use the kinetic theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, we'll use the kinetic theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, we'll use the kinetic theory of
+gases to explain why the addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases to explain why the addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases to explain why the addition of
+that inert gas had such a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inert gas had such a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inert gas had such a significant
+impact on the longevity of our humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the longevity of our humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the longevity of our humble
+incandescent bulb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb.
+This video is part of the governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This video is part of the governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This video is part of the governing
+rules video series. A small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules video series. A small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules video series. A small number of
+rules describe the physical and chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules describe the physical and chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules describe the physical and chemical
+interactions that are possible in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that are possible in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that are possible in our
+universe. Hi, my name is Jeff Gman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. Hi, my name is Jeff Gman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. Hi, my name is Jeff Gman and
+I'm a professor in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a professor in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a professor in the department of
+material science and engineering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science and engineering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science and engineering at
+MIT. Today I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Today I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Today I'm going to talk to you
+about the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development of the
+incandescent light bulb. In order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulb. In order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulb. In order to
+understand the topic of this video, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the topic of this video, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the topic of this video, you
+should be familiar with the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be familiar with the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be familiar with the kinetic
+theory of gases. After watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gases. After watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gases. After watching this
+video, you should be able to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you should be able to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you should be able to discuss the
+physical significance of a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical significance of a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical significance of a gas
+molecule's mean-free path. You should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule's mean-free path. You should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule's mean-free path. You should
+also be able to discuss the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be able to discuss the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be able to discuss the physical
+parameters that affect the mean-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that affect the mean-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that affect the mean-free
+path. Imagine that you are a consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Imagine that you are a consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Imagine that you are a consultant
+for a light bulb manufacturer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a light bulb manufacturer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a light bulb manufacturer.
+They have a problem with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a problem with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a problem with their
+incandescent light bulbs. After the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulbs. After the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulbs. After the
+light bulbs have been operating for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs have been operating for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs have been operating for a
+period of time, the inner walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time, the inner walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time, the inner walls of the
+bulb begin to blacken. This reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb begin to blacken. This reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb begin to blacken. This reduces the
+light output, not a desirable outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output, not a desirable outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output, not a desirable outcome
+for a light bulb. You've been hired to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a light bulb. You've been hired to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a light bulb. You've been hired to
+figure out why this is happening and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why this is happening and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why this is happening and to
+determine a way to fix the problem. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a way to fix the problem. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a way to fix the problem. So,
+what questions do you have? What do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what questions do you have? What do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what questions do you have? What do you
+think is going on? What chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going on? What chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going on? What chemical
+principles might be important here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles might be important here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles might be important here?
+Take a moment to pause the video and jot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take a moment to pause the video and jot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take a moment to pause the video and jot
+down some things that you think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some things that you think might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some things that you think might be
+relevant to the problem. It's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the problem. It's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the problem. It's okay to
+brainstorm with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partner. It may be helpful to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner. It may be helpful to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner. It may be helpful to understand
+a few things about the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things about the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things about the construction of
+the light bulb. Looking inside, we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulb. Looking inside, we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulb. Looking inside, we see
+that there is a coil of metal called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a coil of metal called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a coil of metal called the
+filament.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament.
+This filament is typically made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This filament is typically made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This filament is typically made of
+tungsten. What you can't see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten. What you can't see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten. What you can't see is that the
+inside of this light bulb is a vacuum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this light bulb is a vacuum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this light bulb is a vacuum.
+What would happen if there was air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen if there was air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen if there was air in
+the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+bulb? Because the filament reaches such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb? Because the filament reaches such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb? Because the filament reaches such
+high temperatures, the filament will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures, the filament will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures, the filament will
+oxidize if oxygen is present. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize if oxygen is present. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize if oxygen is present. Some of
+you may have been wondering about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have been wondering about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have been wondering about the
+temperature of the tungsten filament.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the tungsten filament.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the tungsten filament.
+When the light bulb is on, the tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the light bulb is on, the tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the light bulb is on, the tungsten
+filament gets very hot, around 3,000° C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament gets very hot, around 3,000° C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament gets very hot, around 3,000° C.
+While this temperature is below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While this temperature is below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While this temperature is below the
+melting and boiling points for tungsten,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting and boiling points for tungsten,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting and boiling points for tungsten,
+the occasional tungsten atom sublimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occasional tungsten atom sublimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occasional tungsten atom sublimes
+and condenses on the wall of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condenses on the wall of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condenses on the wall of the light
+bulb. Not only does this reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb. Not only does this reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb. Not only does this reduce the
+light output of the bulb, but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output of the bulb, but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output of the bulb, but it also
+causes deterioration of the filament.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes deterioration of the filament.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes deterioration of the filament.
+Knowing what you know about gases, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knowing what you know about gases, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knowing what you know about gases, how
+can you explain what is happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain what is happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain what is happening and
+what solution might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what solution might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what solution might you
+propose? It might help to review some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose? It might help to review some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose? It might help to review some of
+the assumptions of the kinetic theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions of the kinetic theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions of the kinetic theory of
+gases. One assumption is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases. One assumption is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases. One assumption is that the
+molecules in a gas are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a gas are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a gas are separated by
+distances that are much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that are much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances that are much larger than the
+size of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the molecules
+themselves. Another is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Another is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Another is that the
+molecules are constantly moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are constantly moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are constantly moving in
+random directions. The molecules obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random directions. The molecules obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random directions. The molecules obey
+Newton's laws of motion and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws of motion and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws of motion and thus
+continue in straight line motion until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in straight line motion until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in straight line motion until
+they collide with other molecules or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collide with other molecules or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collide with other molecules or the
+walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of the
+container. Gas molecules that are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container. Gas molecules that are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container. Gas molecules that are not in
+physical contact do not exert forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical contact do not exert forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical contact do not exert forces on
+one another. So between collisions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another. So between collisions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another. So between collisions they
+move with constant velocity. Collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with constant velocity. Collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move with constant velocity. Collisions
+between molecules or between a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules or between a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules or between a molecule
+and the wall of the container are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wall of the container are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wall of the container are
+assumed to be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be perfectly
+elastic. In other words, energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic. In other words, energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic. In other words, energy is
+conserved. What factors do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved. What factors do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved. What factors do you think
+affect a molecule's collision frequency?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect a molecule's collision frequency?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect a molecule's collision frequency?
+Pause the video and take a moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause the video and take a moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause the video and take a moment to
+think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You may have realized that the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have realized that the diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may have realized that the diameter
+of a molecule as well as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule as well as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a molecule as well as the number of
+molecules in the region will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the region will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the region will affect
+collision frequency. So when a tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision frequency. So when a tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision frequency. So when a tungsten
+atom evaporated off the hot filament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom evaporated off the hot filament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom evaporated off the hot filament
+under vacuum, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under vacuum, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under vacuum, what
+happened? Pause the video and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened? Pause the video and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened? Pause the video and take a
+moment to think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The atom proceeded in a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The atom proceeded in a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The atom proceeded in a straight line
+and in the absence of other molecules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the absence of other molecules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the absence of other molecules to
+collide with condensed on the cool wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with condensed on the cool wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with condensed on the cool wall
+of the light bulb. Under vacuum, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light bulb. Under vacuum, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light bulb. Under vacuum, the
+mean-free path of tungsten atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path of tungsten atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path of tungsten atoms in the
+vapor state is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor state is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor state is quite
+large. What is the mean-free path? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. What is the mean-free path? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. What is the mean-free path? The
+mean-free path is the average distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path is the average distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path is the average distance
+traveled by a molecule between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by a molecule between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by a molecule between
+collisions. The mean free path for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. The mean free path for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. The mean free path for a
+molecule can be approximated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can be approximated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can be approximated by the
+distance traveled by the molecule in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled by the molecule in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled by the molecule in a
+given time t divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time t divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time t divided by the number of
+collisions the molecule experienced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the molecule experienced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions the molecule experienced.
+Although the molecule may exhibit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although the molecule may exhibit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although the molecule may exhibit a
+random walk and change direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk and change direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk and change direction with
+each collision it experiences, we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each collision it experiences, we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each collision it experiences, we are
+simply interested in the scalar quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply interested in the scalar quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply interested in the scalar quantity
+of total distance traveled. The total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total distance traveled. The total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total distance traveled. The total
+distance traveled can be found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled can be found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled can be found by
+multiplying the velocity of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the velocity of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the velocity of the molecule
+by the time. How do we find the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time. How do we find the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time. How do we find the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+collisions? Let's break this down. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions? Let's break this down. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions? Let's break this down. If we
+assume that the molecule is spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the molecule is spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the molecule is spherical
+with diameter D, as it moves, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diameter D, as it moves, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with diameter D, as it moves, it will
+sweep out a cylindrical volume equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep out a cylindrical volume equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep out a cylindrical volume equal to
+p<unk> r^ 2 * vt. As a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p<unk> r^ 2 * vt. As a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p<unk> r^ 2 * vt. As a first
+approximation, let's assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation, let's assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation, let's assume that our
+molecules moving through other gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules moving through other gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules moving through other gas
+molecules of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of the same
+diameter. Any molecule whose center lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter. Any molecule whose center lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter. Any molecule whose center lies
+within a distance r of this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a distance r of this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a distance r of this cylinder
+will collide with our molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collide with our molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collide with our molecule of
+interest. So to find the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So to find the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So to find the number of
+collisions, we need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions, we need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions, we need to look at the
+volume pi d^ 2 * vt and multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume pi d^ 2 * vt and multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume pi d^ 2 * vt and multiply this by
+the density of gas molecules n subv.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of gas molecules n subv.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of gas molecules n subv.
+We're not quite done. When looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not quite done. When looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not quite done. When looking at
+the number of collisions, we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of collisions, we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of collisions, we need to
+keep in mind that all of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that all of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that all of the gas
+molecules are moving. So we should use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are moving. So we should use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are moving. So we should use a
+relative velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity.
+The relative velocity is equal to<unk> 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relative velocity is equal to<unk> 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relative velocity is equal to<unk> 2
+multiplied by the average velocity. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the average velocity. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the average velocity. It
+would be good for you to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good for you to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good for you to think about how
+we got this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we have this expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have this expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have this expression for the
+mean-free path. What would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path. What would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path. What would happen to the
+mean-f free path of a tungsten atom if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-f free path of a tungsten atom if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-f free path of a tungsten atom if
+we introduced other gas molecules into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced other gas molecules into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced other gas molecules into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+bulb? Would the mean-free path increase,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb? Would the mean-free path increase,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb? Would the mean-free path increase,
+decrease, or stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease, or stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease, or stay the
+same? Pause the video and take a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same? Pause the video and take a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same? Pause the video and take a moment
+to think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You might have realized that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might have realized that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might have realized that by
+introducing other gas molecules into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing other gas molecules into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing other gas molecules into the
+light bulb, we can increase the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb, we can increase the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb, we can increase the number
+of collisions a tungsten atom will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collisions a tungsten atom will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collisions a tungsten atom will
+experience and decrease its mean-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and decrease its mean-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and decrease its mean-free
+path. Would this be desirable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Would this be desirable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Would this be desirable or
+undesirable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable?
+Why? Decreasing a tungsten atom's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Decreasing a tungsten atom's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Decreasing a tungsten atom's
+mean-free path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path is
+desirable. While some vaporized tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable. While some vaporized tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable. While some vaporized tungsten
+atoms will still condense on the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms will still condense on the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms will still condense on the walls
+of the light bulb, some collisions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light bulb, some collisions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light bulb, some collisions will
+result in tungsten atoms recondensing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in tungsten atoms recondensing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in tungsten atoms recondensing on
+the filament. You may have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filament. You may have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filament. You may have noticed
+blackening near the top of incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackening near the top of incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackening near the top of incandescent
+light bulbs after they've been used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs after they've been used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs after they've been used for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+while. Heat transfer from the filament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Heat transfer from the filament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Heat transfer from the filament
+to the fill gas creates convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fill gas creates convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fill gas creates convection
+currents that carry many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that carry many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that carry many of the
+vaporized tungsten atoms to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized tungsten atoms to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized tungsten atoms to the top of
+the bulb where they condense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulb where they condense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulb where they condense.
+This localized darkening allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This localized darkening allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This localized darkening allows the
+light output from other regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output from other regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light output from other regions of the
+bulb to remain relatively constant. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb to remain relatively constant. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb to remain relatively constant. You
+can see how kinetic theory has helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how kinetic theory has helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how kinetic theory has helped us
+think about this problem. Of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem. Of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem. Of course,
+there are some other things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other things we need to
+think about. For example, what gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. For example, what gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. For example, what gas
+should we use? What properties do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use? What properties do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use? What properties do you
+think the gas should have? Pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the gas should have? Pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the gas should have? Pause the
+video here and take a moment to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here and take a moment to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here and take a moment to think
+about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, if we are going to fill our light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if we are going to fill our light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if we are going to fill our light
+bulb with gas, we probably want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb with gas, we probably want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb with gas, we probably want to use
+something that is inert to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is inert to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is inert to avoid
+undesirable reactions. For common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable reactions. For common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable reactions. For common
+household use, we would also want our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household use, we would also want our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household use, we would also want our
+fill gas to be non-toxic in case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill gas to be non-toxic in case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill gas to be non-toxic in case the
+glass breaks. And of course, low cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass breaks. And of course, low cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass breaks. And of course, low cost is
+always desirable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always desirable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always desirable.
+Irving Langmir actually solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Langmir actually solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Langmir actually solved this
+problem when he was working at General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when he was working at General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when he was working at General
+Electric in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric in the early
+1900s. Langmare chose argon as the fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s. Langmare chose argon as the fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s. Langmare chose argon as the fill
+gas because it is inert and non-toxic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas because it is inert and non-toxic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas because it is inert and non-toxic.
+But if you look at the periodic table,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you look at the periodic table,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you look at the periodic table,
+you might ask why he didn't choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask why he didn't choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask why he didn't choose a
+more massive inert gas. Argon is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more massive inert gas. Argon is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more massive inert gas. Argon is much
+lower in cost compared to other inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in cost compared to other inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in cost compared to other inert
+gases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases.
+Krypton and xenon are used in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krypton and xenon are used in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krypton and xenon are used in more
+expensive light bulbs, but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive light bulbs, but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive light bulbs, but not in
+household light bulbs. Argon continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household light bulbs. Argon continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household light bulbs. Argon continues
+to be used in standard incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in standard incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in standard incandescent
+light bulbs, although the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs, although the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs, although the use of
+incandescent light bulbs in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulbs in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulbs in general is
+being phased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being phased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being phased
+out. To review, we saw how kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. To review, we saw how kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. To review, we saw how kinetic
+theory can be used to help us analyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory can be used to help us analyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory can be used to help us analyze a
+real world problem, that of light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world problem, that of light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world problem, that of light bulb
+blackening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackening.
+We derived an equation to allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We derived an equation to allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We derived an equation to allow us to
+estimate a gas molecule's mean-f free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a gas molecule's mean-f free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a gas molecule's mean-f free
+path. The mean-free path provides an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. The mean-free path provides an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. The mean-free path provides an
+estimate of the average distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the average distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the average distance
+traveled by a molecule between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by a molecule between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled by a molecule between
+collisions. We saw that the mean-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. We saw that the mean-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. We saw that the mean-free
+path is inversely proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is inversely proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is inversely proportional to the
+density of gas molecules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of gas molecules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of gas molecules.
+Realizing that the mean-f free path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realizing that the mean-f free path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realizing that the mean-f free path of
+tungsten atoms in a light bulb was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten atoms in a light bulb was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten atoms in a light bulb was too
+long helped us think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long helped us think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long helped us think about what
+parameters we might manipulate in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we might manipulate in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we might manipulate in order
+to solve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve our
+problem. I hope this explanation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I hope this explanation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I hope this explanation has
+been helpful. Thanks for watching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pn1cxuBmhtI.txt b/pn1cxuBmhtI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a268f17bc035bce4ddbc50682a06f095275a554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pn1cxuBmhtI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, if we switch uh to today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if we switch uh to today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if we switch uh to today's lecture
+notes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes,
+um we're going to talk today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk today about
+applying some of the chemistry knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some of the chemistry knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some of the chemistry knowledge
+with clicker questions and a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clicker questions and a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clicker questions and a clicker
+championship um to the issue of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship um to the issue of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship um to the issue of using
+CO2 to make bofuels. So, first I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 to make bofuels. So, first I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 to make bofuels. So, first I just
+want to briefly review the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to briefly review the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to briefly review the course
+objectives, what I was hoping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives, what I was hoping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives, what I was hoping people
+would get out of this course. Um, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get out of this course. Um, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get out of this course. Um, so I
+was hoping that you would know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping that you would know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping that you would know enough
+that you could do a know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do a know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do a know enough
+chemistry, have enough basic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry, have enough basic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry, have enough basic chemistry
+knowledge to do a Europe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to do a Europe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to do a Europe in the
+chemistry department without taking any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department without taking any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department without taking any
+other chemistry classes. That in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chemistry classes. That in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chemistry classes. That in Europe
+positions in other departments, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in other departments, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in other departments, you
+would be using chemistry in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using chemistry in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using chemistry in your
+research. That you could also appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. That you could also appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. That you could also appreciate
+how chemistry is used to solve real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how chemistry is used to solve real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how chemistry is used to solve real
+world problems like we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems like we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems like we're talking about
+today. Make informed decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Make informed decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Make informed decisions about
+your own health, the health of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own health, the health of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own health, the health of your
+family, environmental issues, energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, environmental issues, energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, environmental issues, energy
+issues. um a lot of political decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. um a lot of political decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. um a lot of political decisions
+that are going on. There's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on. There's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on. There's a lot of
+science actually in the news these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science actually in the news these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science actually in the news these days
+and hopefully make the world a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully make the world a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully make the world a better
+place by applying chemical principles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place by applying chemical principles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place by applying chemical principles to
+problems in science and engineering. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in science and engineering. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in science and engineering. So
+those are my goals and then if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my goals and then if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my goals and then if we just
+uh kind of look at the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of look at the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of look at the material that
+we've covered the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered the first half of the
+course um which will be you know exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um which will be you know exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um which will be you know exam
+one exam two material um talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exam two material um talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exam two material um talked about
+sort of the basic properties of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basic properties of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basic properties of matter
+atomic theory periodic table bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory periodic table bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory periodic table bonding
+structures of molecules and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of molecules and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of molecules and then
+thermodynamics kind of con transitioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics kind of con transitioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics kind of con transitioned
+us from thinking about basic properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from thinking about basic properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from thinking about basic properties
+to thinking more about reactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking more about reactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking more about reactivity and
+how that material that we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that material that we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that material that we learned about
+in the first half how those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half how those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half how those elements
+could come together and react to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come together and react to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come together and react to form
+molecules. And to think about how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And to think about how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. And to think about how things
+react, we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react, we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react, we have to think about
+thermodynamics. We need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. We need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. We need to think about
+chemical equilibrium, acid base,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium, acid base,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium, acid base,
+oxidation, and sometimes transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation, and sometimes transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation, and sometimes transition
+metals because they are uh that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals because they are uh that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals because they are uh that middle
+part of the periodic table can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the periodic table can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the periodic table can do
+amazing chemistry. Um, and also kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing chemistry. Um, and also kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing chemistry. Um, and also kinetics
+and solubility. So all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solubility. So all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solubility. So all of these things
+are about how material reacts. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about how material reacts. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about how material reacts. So, we
+can't review everything, but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't review everything, but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't review everything, but I thought
+we would stick with this uh this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would stick with this uh this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would stick with this uh this sort of
+uh carbon dioxide uh bio uh fuels theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbon dioxide uh bio uh fuels theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbon dioxide uh bio uh fuels theme
+and see how some of the things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how some of the things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how some of the things we've
+learned in this course would help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this course would help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this course would help us
+understand how we could approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we could approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how we could approach this
+problem, how people are trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, how people are trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, how people are trying to solve
+this problem. So, what is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. So, what is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. So, what is the problem
+again and uh brought this up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh brought this up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh brought this up you know
+CO2 is a waste product of combustion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 is a waste product of combustion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 is a waste product of combustion of
+fossil fuels. We want to remove it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels. We want to remove it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels. We want to remove it from
+our environment. It's a greenhouse gas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our environment. It's a greenhouse gas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our environment. It's a greenhouse gas.
+It's also leading to the acidification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also leading to the acidification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also leading to the acidification
+of the oceans. This is not a molecule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oceans. This is not a molecule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oceans. This is not a molecule we
+want around in the kind of quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want around in the kind of quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want around in the kind of quantities
+that it is around. And I am personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is around. And I am personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is around. And I am personally
+very concerned about climate change. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about climate change. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about climate change. Um,
+and after those of you who are freshmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after those of you who are freshmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after those of you who are freshmen
+experience this winter, I think you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this winter, I think you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience this winter, I think you will
+also be very concerned about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be very concerned about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be very concerned about climate
+change. So this is a problem. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So this is a problem. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So this is a problem. What is
+the approach? Well, the idea I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach? Well, the idea I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach? Well, the idea I think is
+really great that you can take CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great that you can take CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great that you can take CO2 and
+not just get rid of it, but convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just get rid of it, but convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just get rid of it, but convert it
+into something we want, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something we want, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something we want, which is
+alternative fuels like bofuels. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuels like bofuels. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative fuels like bofuels. So, I
+think this is a really great thing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a really great thing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a really great thing. So,
+there are a few ways that one could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few ways that one could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few ways that one could do
+it. You could think about designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You could think about designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You could think about designing
+small molecule catalysts to do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule catalysts to do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule catalysts to do this.
+This is one thing people are doing, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one thing people are doing, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one thing people are doing, but
+there's really been a lot of energy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really been a lot of energy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really been a lot of energy on
+looking um at how nature does things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking um at how nature does things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking um at how nature does things. So
+a lot of people are interested in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are interested in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are interested in nature
+thinking about biological pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about biological pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about biological pathways that
+already do this. They already remove CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already do this. They already remove CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already do this. They already remove CO2
+from our environment and fix it form CO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our environment and fix it form CO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our environment and fix it form CO
+form carbonarbon bonds and make it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form carbonarbon bonds and make it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form carbonarbon bonds and make it into
+multic-carbon chains that can be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multic-carbon chains that can be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multic-carbon chains that can be used as
+bofuels. So how do uh but before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So how do uh but before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So how do uh but before we do
+any of this before we uh can go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this before we uh can go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of this before we uh can go and
+think about all any of these solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all any of these solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all any of these solutions
+we need to understand the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand the basic
+properties of CO2 its reactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of CO2 its reactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of CO2 its reactivity and
+more about these pathways. So let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these pathways. So let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these pathways. So let's talk
+about carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon
+dioxide and let's think about how carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and let's think about how carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and let's think about how carbon
+and oxygen are bonded together and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen are bonded together and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen are bonded together and we
+can use Lewis structures um to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Lewis structures um to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use Lewis structures um to predict
+what uh the Lewis structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh the Lewis structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh the Lewis structure of this
+should be what the bonding will be. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be what the bonding will be. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be what the bonding will be. So
+let's go ahead with our first uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead with our first uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead with our first uh our
+clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker
+question and predict uh which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and predict uh which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and predict uh which of these
+and we have a little bit of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a little bit of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a little bit of the periodic
+table is the correct Lewis structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the correct Lewis structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the correct Lewis structure for
+CO2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds. All right. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. All right. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. All right. So, we're going to
+go through and just look at what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and just look at what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and just look at what's wrong
+with some of these structures as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these structures as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these structures as a
+review. But first, um, can someone tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. But first, um, can someone tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. But first, um, can someone tell
+me for a t-shirt, what is the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a t-shirt, what is the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for a t-shirt, what is the equation
+for formal charge? And Elena will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formal charge? And Elena will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formal charge? And Elena will bring
+you the mic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One half the number of bonds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One half the number of bonds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One half the number of bonds that are
+going on plus the number of lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on plus the number of lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on plus the number of lone pair
+electrons. All right. So, we have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. All right. So, we have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. All right. So, we have I
+think we were missing one thing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we were missing one thing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we were missing one thing. So,
+formal charge um or maybe I didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge um or maybe I didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge um or maybe I didn't hear
+it. We have the number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We have the number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We have the number of veence
+electrons that we have which for carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we have which for carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we have which for carbon
+was what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Four. Yeah. So for carbon was four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. Yeah. So for carbon was four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. Yeah. So for carbon was four and
+for oxygen is six. Right. So minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen is six. Right. So minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen is six. Right. So minus the
+number of lone pair and then half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lone pair and then half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lone pair and then half of the
+bonding uh electrons. So this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding uh electrons. So this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding uh electrons. So this is how
+we're going to do this. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this. The first
+structure has zero formal charges. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has zero formal charges. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure has zero formal charges. It's
+good. And that is in fact the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And that is in fact the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And that is in fact the correct
+structure. The second structure here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. The second structure here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. The second structure here if
+we do it out we have oxygen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it out we have oxygen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it out we have oxygen in the
+middle and uh and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and uh and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and uh and we have
+carbon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon on the
+end and here we should have a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and here we should have a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and here we should have a formal
+charge of minus2 on that carbon and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of minus2 on that carbon and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of minus2 on that carbon and plus
+two on the middle oxygen. So um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the middle oxygen. So um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the middle oxygen. So um what's
+uh it's not good because it has charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not good because it has charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not good because it has charges
+which is not good but it's also not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not good but it's also not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not good but it's also not good
+because the negative charge should be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the negative charge should be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the negative charge should be on
+what type of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of atom
+the more electrogative. So that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more electrogative. So that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more electrogative. So that's not
+true here. So that structure is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here. So that structure is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here. So that structure is not good
+for a variety of reasons. Okay. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons. Okay. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons. Okay. So if we
+look at the next structure we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next structure we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next structure we have six
+veence electrons around one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons around one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons around one of the
+oxygens. We have um two bonds to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens. We have um two bonds to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens. We have um two bonds to carbon
+and two lone pairs and we have oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two lone pairs and we have oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two lone pairs and we have oh
+actually we have the six around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have the six around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have the six around the
+other one as well. Um so first off if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one as well. Um so first off if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one as well. Um so first off if
+you counted there's more veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you counted there's more veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you counted there's more veence
+electrons used here than you had. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons used here than you had. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons used here than you had. So
+that's not good. And if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good. And if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good. And if you look at the
+charges it's minus1 minus2 and minus1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges it's minus1 minus2 and minus1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges it's minus1 minus2 and minus1.
+So that's a lot of charge. But also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a lot of charge. But also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a lot of charge. But also what
+else is wrong with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It should right it should add up to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should right it should add up to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should right it should add up to zero
+which it does not and it doesn't add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it does not and it doesn't add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it does not and it doesn't add up
+to zero because I put extra veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because I put extra veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because I put extra veence
+electrons in there that do not exist. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in there that do not exist. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in there that do not exist. So
+this structure is bad for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is bad for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is bad for a lot of
+reasons. Also the higher negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Also the higher negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Also the higher negative charge
+is not on the most electronegative atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on the most electronegative atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not on the most electronegative atom.
+So this has many things wrong with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has many things wrong with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has many things wrong with it.
+Okay. So then if we looked at number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then if we looked at number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then if we looked at number
+four, so we have an oxygen with six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, so we have an oxygen with six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, so we have an oxygen with six
+around it, a carbon that has two um lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it, a carbon that has two um lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it, a carbon that has two um lone
+pairs double bonded to an oxygen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs double bonded to an oxygen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs double bonded to an oxygen with
+two lone pairs, and this has minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs, and this has minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs, and this has minus1 and
+also minus1. So again, charges don't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also minus1. So again, charges don't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also minus1. So again, charges don't add
+up. It has the wrong number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. It has the wrong number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. It has the wrong number of veence
+electrons. So that's bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So that's bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So that's bad.
+And then the last one, we have an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last one, we have an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last one, we have an oxygen
+with six lone pair electrons, a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six lone pair electrons, a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six lone pair electrons, a carbon
+with three bonds, no lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three bonds, no lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three bonds, no lone pair
+electrons, and an oxygen with two double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, and an oxygen with two double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, and an oxygen with two double
+bonds, two lone pair electrons, minus1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, two lone pair electrons, minus1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, two lone pair electrons, minus1 +
+one. So this is not zero like that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is not zero like that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is not zero like that one
+is up there. But also something else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there. But also something else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there. But also something else is
+wrong. What else is wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. What else is wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. What else is wrong with that
+structure? What's wrong with the carbon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So it has an incomplete octet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it has an incomplete octet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it has an incomplete octet.
+And so sometimes you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so sometimes you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so sometimes you can have an
+incomplete octet. Does anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete octet. Does anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete octet. Does anybody remember
+what two elements we mentioned can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what two elements we mentioned can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what two elements we mentioned can have
+are happy with an incomplete octet?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy with an incomplete octet?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy with an incomplete octet?
+Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+and aluminum, right? And then some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aluminum, right? And then some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aluminum, right? And then some of
+them are happy with an expanded octet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are happy with an expanded octet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are happy with an expanded octet.
+But to be expanded, you have to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to be expanded, you have to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to be expanded, you have to have an
+N number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N number of
+what? Three or above. So carbon does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Three or above. So carbon does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Three or above. So carbon does not
+want to have a deficient octet or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a deficient octet or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a deficient octet or an
+expanded octet. So many of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded octet. So many of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded octet. So many of these other
+ones had a lot of things wrong. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones had a lot of things wrong. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones had a lot of things wrong. And so
+this is something that could be uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that could be uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that could be uh you
+it's useful to review. And again, Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to review. And again, Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to review. And again, Lewis
+structure is one thing that people go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is one thing that people go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is one thing that people go,
+"Oh yeah, I know how to do it." But it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh yeah, I know how to do it." But it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh yeah, I know how to do it." But it's
+good to review the rules right before an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to review the rules right before an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to review the rules right before an
+exam. Okay. So here was our correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. Okay. So here was our correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. Okay. So here was our correct
+Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis
+structure and that Lewis structures did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that Lewis structures did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that Lewis structures did
+well. That's a good structure. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. That's a good structure. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. That's a good structure. Okay. So
+now we now that if we know the lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we now that if we know the lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we now that if we know the lewis
+structure we can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can think about the
+geometry of the molecule what its angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the molecule what its angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the molecule what its angles
+are what it looks like in 3D and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what it looks like in 3D and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what it looks like in 3D and we can
+use our friend the veilance shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our friend the veilance shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our friend the veilance shell
+electron repulsion uh pair repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion uh pair repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion uh pair repulsion
+theory and veence bond theory to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and veence bond theory to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and veence bond theory to uh
+predict things about this structure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict things about this structure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict things about this structure. So
+why don't you tell me which ones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you tell me which ones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you tell me which ones of
+these are correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. All
+right. Okay. Okay, so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Okay, so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Okay, so let's take a look
+at that. Um, so veilent shell electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. Um, so veilent shell electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. Um, so veilent shell electron
+pair repulsion theory. Um, the ax uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair repulsion theory. Um, the ax uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair repulsion theory. Um, the ax uh n
+axe e nomenclature. Um, so x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axe e nomenclature. Um, so x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axe e nomenclature. Um, so x is the
+number of atoms bonded and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms bonded and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms bonded and there are two
+here. So it's ax2. If there had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's ax2. If there had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's ax2. If there had been
+lone pairs, which they're not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs, which they're not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs, which they're not on the
+carbon, we would have added an e um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon, we would have added an e um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon, we would have added an e um to
+indicate the lone pair. And ax2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the lone pair. And ax2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the lone pair. And ax2
+molecules are linear. So here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are linear. So here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are linear. So here we have
+our carbon monoxide just has a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our carbon monoxide just has a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our carbon monoxide just has a single
+bond. This model kit doesn't have double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. This model kit doesn't have double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. This model kit doesn't have double
+bonds but we have a linear a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but we have a linear a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but we have a linear a linear
+molecule there. Um and again veance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there. Um and again veance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule there. Um and again veance
+shell um theory is really just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um theory is really just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell um theory is really just about
+minimizing the repulsion between things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the repulsion between things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the repulsion between things.
+So the atoms and especially those lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the atoms and especially those lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the atoms and especially those lone
+pairs that really take up a lot of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that really take up a lot of room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that really take up a lot of room
+try to position themselves around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to position themselves around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to position themselves around the
+central atom so it's the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom so it's the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom so it's the least
+repulsive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive.
+So inve theory leads to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So inve theory leads to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So inve theory leads to the idea of
+hybrid orbitals. This idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid orbitals. This idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid orbitals. This idea that the
+veence electrons are available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons are available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons are available for
+bonding and that you're not really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and that you're not really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and that you're not really just
+having s orbitals and p orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having s orbitals and p orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having s orbitals and p orbitals
+separate. You're really forming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. You're really forming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. You're really forming these
+hybrid orbitals um which tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid orbitals um which tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid orbitals um which tell you about
+the geometry around individual atoms. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry around individual atoms. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry around individual atoms. So
+the number of hybrid orbitals is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hybrid orbitals is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hybrid orbitals is the
+number of bonded atoms and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonded atoms and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonded atoms and the number of
+lone pairs. So carbon has two um bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs. So carbon has two um bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs. So carbon has two um bonded
+atoms. So it's sp and n equals 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. So it's sp and n equals 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. So it's sp and n equals 2. So
+it's 2 sp. And oxygen has one atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 sp. And oxygen has one atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 sp. And oxygen has one atom and
+two lone pairs. Again, the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs. Again, the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs. Again, the number of
+bonds doesn't matter here. So it has 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds doesn't matter here. So it has 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds doesn't matter here. So it has 1 +
+2 or three. So it's um sp2. And again, n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or three. So it's um sp2. And again, n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or three. So it's um sp2. And again, n
+equals 2. So 2 sp2. And then we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So 2 sp2. And then we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So 2 sp2. And then we can also
+have questions about the geometries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions about the geometries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions about the geometries.
+What are the angles for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the angles for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the angles for the different
+types of hybridization. So this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of hybridization. So this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of hybridization. So this really
+gets at um what what the geometry at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at um what what the geometry at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at um what what the geometry at
+every atom is like whereas the vesper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every atom is like whereas the vesper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every atom is like whereas the vesper is
+really thinking about the overall shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about the overall shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about the overall shape
+of the molecule um and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule um and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule um and around the
+central atom um and not so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom um and not so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom um and not so much about
+the individual atoms. All right? And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms. All right? And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms. All right? And and
+we remember that if we have a singly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember that if we have a singly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember that if we have a singly
+bonded terminal atom, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded terminal atom, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded terminal atom, it's not
+hybridized, but this is not singly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized, but this is not singly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized, but this is not singly
+bonded. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded. Okay?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+now we can also ask what is the polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also ask what is the polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can also ask what is the polarity
+of this molecule and that's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this molecule and that's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this molecule and that's one more
+clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question. All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. So, if the polar bear t-shirt had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, if the polar bear t-shirt had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, if the polar bear t-shirt had
+won, it would have given it away, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won, it would have given it away, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won, it would have given it away, but it
+didn't matter. Uh, you still remembered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter. Uh, you still remembered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter. Uh, you still remembered.
+So, yeah, that it does have polar bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah, that it does have polar bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah, that it does have polar bonds.
+Electro negativity difference greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negativity difference greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negativity difference greater
+than 04 does make it a polar bond, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 04 does make it a polar bond, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 04 does make it a polar bond, but
+because it is linear, there's no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is linear, there's no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is linear, there's no net
+dipole. So um the uh the polar bond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. So um the uh the polar bond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole. So um the uh the polar bond it
+cancels each other out with this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels each other out with this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels each other out with this linear
+geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry.
+Great. So non-polar molecule even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. So non-polar molecule even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. So non-polar molecule even though
+it has polar bonds. So it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has polar bonds. So it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has polar bonds. So it's not just
+about the property of the bonds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the property of the bonds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the property of the bonds that's
+important. It's also about the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's also about the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's also about the overall
+shape of the molecule. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the molecule. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the molecule. Okay.
+So we have looked at some of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have looked at some of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have looked at some of the basic
+properties of CO2 now which is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of CO2 now which is the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of CO2 now which is the top
+part. And now let's move in to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And now let's move in to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And now let's move in to think
+about the reactivity of the of the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reactivity of the of the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reactivity of the of the CO2
+molecule. So when we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So when we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. So when we're thinking about
+reactivity, we want to say is CO2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity, we want to say is CO2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity, we want to say is CO2 a
+stable or an unstable molecule compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or an unstable molecule compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or an unstable molecule compared
+to its elements. And this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its elements. And this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its elements. And this is not a
+clicker question. So you can just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question. So you can just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question. So you can just tell
+me to answer this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to answer this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to answer this question about
+stability of a molecule compared to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of a molecule compared to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of a molecule compared to its
+elements. What is the thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. What is the thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. What is the thing I want to
+know about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about?
+G. Yeah, I want to know about delta G in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Yeah, I want to know about delta G in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Yeah, I want to know about delta G in
+particular. Um, I want to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular. Um, I want to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular. Um, I want to know about the
+delta G of formation of this molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G of formation of this molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta G of formation of this molecule.
+But if you said delta G, that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you said delta G, that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you said delta G, that would be
+very good. So here the delta G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. So here the delta G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. So here the delta G of
+formation of CO2 is a negative number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of CO2 is a negative number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of CO2 is a negative number.
+It's a fairly big negative number. Minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a fairly big negative number. Minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a fairly big negative number. Minus
+394 kJ per mole. So is CO2 stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+394 kJ per mole. So is CO2 stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+394 kJ per mole. So is CO2 stable or
+unstable? And you can just yell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable? And you can just yell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable? And you can just yell this
+out. It's not a precaution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. It's not a precaution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. It's not a precaution.
+It's stable. Right? So, the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's stable. Right? So, the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's stable. Right? So, the way we're
+thinking about this is with a delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is with a delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is with a delta G
+that's negative, it's spontaneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negative, it's spontaneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negative, it's spontaneous in the
+forward direction, which means it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction, which means it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction, which means it's not
+spontaneous in the reverse direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the reverse direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the reverse direction.
+So, CO2 decomposing into its elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, CO2 decomposing into its elements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, CO2 decomposing into its elements is
+not spontaneous. So, that makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spontaneous. So, that makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spontaneous. So, that makes it a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+molecule. All right. So, let's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. All right. So, let's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. All right. So, let's kind of
+put all these things together about CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all these things together about CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all these things together about CO2
+now. So according to the Lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So according to the Lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So according to the Lewis structure
+um it has double bonds and usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has double bonds and usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has double bonds and usually a
+double bond means that it's harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond means that it's harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond means that it's harder to
+dissociate a big bond dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate a big bond dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate a big bond dissociation
+energy and you don't need to know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you don't need to know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you don't need to know these
+but in case you're interested um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're interested um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case you're interested um when
+you have carbon double bonded to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon double bonded to oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon double bonded to oxygen
+you have a bond dissociation energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond dissociation energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond dissociation energy of
+about 805 kJ per mole and it depends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 805 kJ per mole and it depends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 805 kJ per mole and it depends a
+little on the molecule in question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the molecule in question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the molecule in question but
+single bond is more like uh 35 58 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond is more like uh 35 58 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond is more like uh 35 58 and so
+double bond that's a pretty it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond that's a pretty it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond that's a pretty it's hard to
+dissociate that and it's also linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate that and it's also linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate that and it's also linear
+non-polar and stable. All right. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar and stable. All right. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar and stable. All right. So we
+want to take CO2 and turn it into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take CO2 and turn it into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take CO2 and turn it into other
+stuff. We want to make bofuels and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. We want to make bofuels and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. We want to make bofuels and solve
+the energy problem but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problem but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problem but this is a
+non-polar molecule and it's very stable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar molecule and it's very stable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar molecule and it's very stable.
+It has strong bonds. This is a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has strong bonds. This is a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has strong bonds. This is a hard
+challenge and if it were an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and if it were an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and if it were an easy
+challenge um we would have figured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um we would have figured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um we would have figured this
+out. But this is not an easy challenge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. But this is not an easy challenge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. But this is not an easy challenge.
+is a hard challenge which is why it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard challenge which is why it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard challenge which is why it is a
+big area of research right now. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big area of research right now. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big area of research right now. Um so
+fixing CO2 i.e. putting these one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing CO2 i.e. putting these one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing CO2 i.e. putting these one carbon
+units together to make these longchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units together to make these longchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units together to make these longchain
+carbons like you saw um in Jingna's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons like you saw um in Jingna's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons like you saw um in Jingna's
+video as she talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as she talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video as she talked about these
+multi-chain carbons being used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-chain carbons being used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-chain carbons being used as
+bofuels. Um this is hard. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. Um this is hard. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. Um this is hard. All right. So
+when things are hard, first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are hard, first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are hard, first thing that
+scientists often like to do is say, has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists often like to do is say, has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists often like to do is say, has
+someone solved this problem and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone solved this problem and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone solved this problem and can we
+steal an idea from them? Um, honestly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal an idea from them? Um, honestly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal an idea from them? Um, honestly,
+that's what we do. But it's okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do. But it's okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do. But it's okay when
+the people we want to steal from are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we want to steal from are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we want to steal from are not
+really people, but mother nature. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really people, but mother nature. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really people, but mother nature. And so
+we look to mother nature and we look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look to mother nature and we look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look to mother nature and we look to
+some of the most intelligent life forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most intelligent life forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most intelligent life forms
+I know, which are microbes and bacteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know, which are microbes and bacteria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know, which are microbes and bacteria.
+Oh man, can they do amazing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh man, can they do amazing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh man, can they do amazing chemistry
+that we cannot do. They are fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cannot do. They are fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we cannot do. They are fantastic
+chemists. these little microbes. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists. these little microbes. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists. these little microbes. Um, so
+one approach is to look at a microbe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach is to look at a microbe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach is to look at a microbe
+that does a process called acettogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does a process called acettogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does a process called acettogenesis
+and that is one of the six known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one of the six known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one of the six known
+pathways of CO2 fixation. So um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways of CO2 fixation. So um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways of CO2 fixation. So um,
+acettogenesis makes acetate or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acettogenesis makes acetate or what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acettogenesis makes acetate or what's
+known as acetal coa that's co-enzyme A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as acetal coa that's co-enzyme A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as acetal coa that's co-enzyme A.
+And this is considered the most ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is considered the most ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is considered the most ancient
+pathway of carbon fixation um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of carbon fixation um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of carbon fixation um before
+kind of origins of life kind of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of origins of life kind of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of origins of life kind of times
+high CO2 um environment that maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high CO2 um environment that maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high CO2 um environment that maybe this
+was one of the first reactions that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first reactions that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first reactions that sort
+of generated u metabolic fuel. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generated u metabolic fuel. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generated u metabolic fuel. Um and so
+here you have two molecules of CO2, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have two molecules of CO2, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have two molecules of CO2, one
+in blue, one in uh red that are both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue, one in uh red that are both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue, one in uh red that are both uh
+converted to other carbon units that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to other carbon units that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to other carbon units that are
+then combined with co-enzyme A to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combined with co-enzyme A to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combined with co-enzyme A to make
+acetal COA which then can go on to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetal COA which then can go on to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetal COA which then can go on to make
+bofuels. So this is what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So this is what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So this is what we want to
+understand and we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we want to use
+this and uh turn our CO2 into biouels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh turn our CO2 into biouels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and uh turn our CO2 into biouels.
+So but before we do this again we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but before we do this again we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but before we do this again we must
+understand how it works and we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it works and we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it works and we can ask
+the following questions. Are there redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following questions. Are there redux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following questions. Are there redux
+reactions involved? Yes there are. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involved? Yes there are. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involved? Yes there are. Is
+there acid base catalysis? Why yes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there acid base catalysis? Why yes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there acid base catalysis? Why yes of
+course there is. Are there transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is. Are there transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is. Are there transition
+metals involved? Is this hard chemistry?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals involved? Is this hard chemistry?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals involved? Is this hard chemistry?
+Yes. Therefore pretty much guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Therefore pretty much guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Therefore pretty much guaranteed
+there'll be transition metals involved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be transition metals involved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be transition metals involved.
+Um are there challenging rate limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um are there challenging rate limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um are there challenging rate limiting
+steps? Oh there's always something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps? Oh there's always something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps? Oh there's always something's
+always rate limiting. Absolutely. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always rate limiting. Absolutely. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always rate limiting. Absolutely. And
+what about the chemical equilibrium?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the chemical equilibrium?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the chemical equilibrium?
+What about our Q's and K's? All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about our Q's and K's? All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about our Q's and K's? All right.
+So, let's review the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's review the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's review the second half
+material thinking about the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material thinking about the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material thinking about the process of
+acettogenesis. First, oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acettogenesis. First, oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acettogenesis. First, oxidation
+reduction. So, you can tell me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. So, you can tell me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. So, you can tell me with a
+clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker
+question, what is happening to CO2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what is happening to CO2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what is happening to CO2 is
+and what's happening to blue CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happening to blue CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happening to blue CO2 and
+what's happening to red CO2? Um, are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to red CO2? Um, are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to red CO2? Um, are
+they being reduced or oxidized?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+Okay. So, uh let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh let's take a look at
+that. So, that is right. The top the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, that is right. The top the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, that is right. The top the top
+reaction. So, both of these are plus4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So, both of these are plus4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So, both of these are plus4.
+It's the same molecule. Um and so, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the same molecule. Um and so, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the same molecule. Um and so, in
+one case, you're going to minus2. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case, you're going to minus2. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case, you're going to minus2. So,
+it's a six electron process. and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a six electron process. and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a six electron process. and in the
+other you're going to plus two but both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you're going to plus two but both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you're going to plus two but both
+of them are being reduced and so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are being reduced and so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are being reduced and so that is
+uh that's what's happening in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what's happening in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what's happening in a lot of
+these carbon fixation pathways you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbon fixation pathways you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbon fixation pathways you're
+reducing um carbon dioxide and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing um carbon dioxide and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing um carbon dioxide and making it
+into hydrocarbons which can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hydrocarbons which can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hydrocarbons which can be used for
+bofuel and the precursor here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuel and the precursor here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuel and the precursor here is the
+reduced form um of of this twocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form um of of this twocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form um of of this twocarbon
+molecule this acetal coa all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this acetal coa all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this acetal coa all right so
+it's being reduced now this is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being reduced now this is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being reduced now this is a fairly
+large reduction six electrons is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large reduction six electrons is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large reduction six electrons is a lot
+Most of the reagents in nature that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the reagents in nature that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the reagents in nature that do
+um reduction chemistry do one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduction chemistry do one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduction chemistry do one or two
+electron processes. So six is a lot. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron processes. So six is a lot. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron processes. So six is a lot. And
+in fact it requires um five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it requires um five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it requires um five different
+enzymes to do this six electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to do this six electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to do this six electron
+reduction. So it's not just one enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. So it's not just one enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. So it's not just one enzyme
+it's multiple enzymes that need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiple enzymes that need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiple enzymes that need to do
+this. So this raises a question then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this raises a question then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So this raises a question then um
+how are these carbon units if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are these carbon units if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are these carbon units if you take
+one you reduce it then you reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you reduce it then you reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you reduce it then you reduce it
+again and move it to another enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and move it to another enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and move it to another enzyme
+reduce it again and move it to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it again and move it to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it again and move it to another
+enzyme reduce it again move it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme reduce it again move it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme reduce it again move it to
+another enzyme how does that happen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another enzyme how does that happen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another enzyme how does that happen how
+do the enzymes kind of pass things along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the enzymes kind of pass things along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the enzymes kind of pass things along
+and I think about this as a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think about this as a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think about this as a problem like
+kindergarten soccer so we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten soccer so we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten soccer so we have a bunch
+of enzymes and we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzymes and we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzymes and we have a bunch of
+onearbon units um but the onearbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onearbon units um but the onearbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onearbon units um but the onearbon units
+do not get passed from enzyme to enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get passed from enzyme to enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get passed from enzyme to enzyme
+in an organized fashion. And in fact, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organized fashion. And in fact, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an organized fashion. And in fact, uh
+sometimes uh the uh the enzymes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh the uh the enzymes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh the uh the enzymes don't
+really have control of those one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have control of those one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have control of those one carbon
+units. They uh they can't grab it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. They uh they can't grab it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. They uh they can't grab it with
+their hands. That's not allowed. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands. That's not allowed. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands. That's not allowed. And we
+know enzymes do not have hands as such.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enzymes do not have hands as such.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enzymes do not have hands as such.
+So how do the enzymes grab on to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do the enzymes grab on to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do the enzymes grab on to these
+one carbon units? And how does an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon units? And how does an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon units? And how does an enzyme
+bring it from one enzyme to the next?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it from one enzyme to the next?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it from one enzyme to the next?
+And why, you know, it takes energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why, you know, it takes energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why, you know, it takes energy to
+reduce CO2. So you don't want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce CO2. So you don't want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce CO2. So you don't want to just
+reduce it and kind of pass that along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it and kind of pass that along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it and kind of pass that along
+and then who knows what happens to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then who knows what happens to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then who knows what happens to that
+reduced molecule. Well, you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced molecule. Well, you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced molecule. Well, you want it to
+go to the next enzyme and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next enzyme and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the next enzyme and the next
+enzyme and the next enzyme. You want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and the next enzyme. You want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and the next enzyme. You want to
+make your acetal COA. So, how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your acetal COA. So, how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your acetal COA. So, how does
+nature do it? It has a solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature do it? It has a solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature do it? It has a solution to the
+kindergarten soccer problem and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten soccer problem and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten soccer problem and its
+solution is a B vitamin uh folic acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is a B vitamin uh folic acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is a B vitamin uh folic acid or
+also known as folate. And we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as folate. And we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as folate. And we talked
+about this before. This is why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before. This is why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before. This is why some
+people might want to drink Norwegian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might want to drink Norwegian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might want to drink Norwegian
+beer, lots of folic acid in it, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer, lots of folic acid in it, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer, lots of folic acid in it, or
+orange juice or eat leafy green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice or eat leafy green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange juice or eat leafy green
+vegetables. So, here's folic acid in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables. So, here's folic acid in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables. So, here's folic acid in its
+large form. In your notes, it just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large form. In your notes, it just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large form. In your notes, it just has
+an R. This entire thing is abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R. This entire thing is abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R. This entire thing is abbreviated
+as R. And what these enzymes do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R. And what these enzymes do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R. And what these enzymes do is they
+grab onto R to that arm and they hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab onto R to that arm and they hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab onto R to that arm and they hold on
+to it and they bind their one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and they bind their one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and they bind their one carbon
+unit over here and then one enzyme does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit over here and then one enzyme does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit over here and then one enzyme does
+a reduction and then it releases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction and then it releases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction and then it releases it
+attached to folic acid. The next enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to folic acid. The next enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to folic acid. The next enzyme
+grabs onto the folic acid by the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs onto the folic acid by the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs onto the folic acid by the R
+group, reduces it again, lets go of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group, reduces it again, lets go of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group, reduces it again, lets go of it.
+The next enzyme grabs onto the folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next enzyme grabs onto the folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next enzyme grabs onto the folic
+acid by the R, reduces it again, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid by the R, reduces it again, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid by the R, reduces it again, and
+this works. This is a great thing. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works. This is a great thing. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works. This is a great thing. You
+have something small you don't want just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something small you don't want just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something small you don't want just
+free floating in the cell, especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating in the cell, especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free floating in the cell, especially if
+it's not really all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really all that
+soluble. So, you use something else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble. So, you use something else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble. So, you use something else to
+hold on to it. You use a vitamin to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to it. You use a vitamin to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to it. You use a vitamin to hold
+on to it. This is great, but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to it. This is great, but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to it. This is great, but there's a
+problem. Um, well, first I say it holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um, well, first I say it holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um, well, first I say it holds
+on to it really well. You can pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to it really well. You can pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to it really well. You can pass it
+really well. This is great. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. This is great. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. This is great. But then
+when you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the
+end, you're holding on to it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, you're holding on to it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end, you're holding on to it really
+tight. You get to the end. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight. You get to the end. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight. You get to the end. How do you
+get the methyl group off the folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the methyl group off the folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the methyl group off the folic
+acid? Great vehicle, but you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid? Great vehicle, but you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid? Great vehicle, but you need a
+final step. You need to remove it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step. You need to remove it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step. You need to remove it when
+you're done. So when the enzymes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done. So when the enzymes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done. So when the enzymes are
+done, how is this methyl group, CH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done, how is this methyl group, CH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done, how is this methyl group, CH3
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+removed? And now we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed? And now we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed? And now we need to think about
+acidbased chemistry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased chemistry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbased chemistry.
+So it turns out that the deproinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it turns out that the deproinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it turns out that the deproinated
+form of folic acid very hard to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of folic acid very hard to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of folic acid very hard to remove
+the methyl group whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group whereas the
+protetonated form of folic acid here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protetonated form of folic acid here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protetonated form of folic acid here
+with a proton H in red it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton H in red it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton H in red it's much easier
+to remove the methyl group. So if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the methyl group. So if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the methyl group. So if the
+pKa of folic acid is 4.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of folic acid is 4.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of folic acid is 4.8
+How much of folic acid will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of folic acid will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of folic acid will be
+deproinated compared to proteinated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated compared to proteinated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated compared to proteinated at
+physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pH? All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So sometimes these things move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes these things move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes these things move around
+the fonts change. So uh more will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fonts change. So uh more will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fonts change. So uh more will be
+deproinated. See that people are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated. See that people are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated. See that people are paying
+attention. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention. And
+uh and we can look at exactly how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can look at exactly how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can look at exactly how much
+more. So if we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So if we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So if we're going to look at
+exactly how much more, what equation do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much more, what equation do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much more, what equation do
+I want to haul out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to haul out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to haul out?
+Hen Henderson Hasselbach. I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hen Henderson Hasselbach. I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hen Henderson Hasselbach. I should have
+a little approximate there but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little approximate there but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little approximate there but still
+there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+So we have pH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have pH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have pH of
+7.4 pKa of 4.8 and if we solve this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 pKa of 4.8 and if we solve this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 pKa of 4.8 and if we solve this we
+have much more that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more that is
+deproinated and again the deproinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated and again the deproinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated and again the deproinated
+form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+non-reactive. So this is true off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reactive. So this is true off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reactive. So this is true off the
+enzyme, just a folic acid. It is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, just a folic acid. It is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, just a folic acid. It is not in
+a state that's going to react very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that's going to react very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state that's going to react very well.
+You're not going to get that methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not going to get that methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not going to get that methyl
+group off very easily. Um most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group off very easily. Um most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group off very easily. Um most of it
+will be deproinated and non-reactive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be deproinated and non-reactive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be deproinated and non-reactive.
+That's fine if you're just transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine if you're just transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine if you're just transporting
+it and that's great. Your body does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's great. Your body does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's great. Your body does
+this. You have methyl tetrahydropholate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You have methyl tetrahydropholate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You have methyl tetrahydropholate
+um in your blood right now and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your blood right now and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in your blood right now and you have
+an enzyme that takes off the methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme that takes off the methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme that takes off the methyl
+group and you need an enzyme to catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you need an enzyme to catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you need an enzyme to catalyze
+it because it needs to be a catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it needs to be a catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it needs to be a catalyzed
+reaction. and it's not going to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. and it's not going to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. and it's not going to go on
+its own. So again, just uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own. So again, just uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own. So again, just uh to uh
+remember our little pretty pictures, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our little pretty pictures, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our little pretty pictures, um
+when uh the pH equals the pKa, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the pH equals the pKa, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the pH equals the pKa, you have
+equal number of moles of proteinated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of moles of proteinated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of moles of proteinated and
+deproinated. At pH is below the pKa,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated. At pH is below the pKa,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deproinated. At pH is below the pKa,
+it's more protetonated. And at pH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more protetonated. And at pH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more protetonated. And at pH is
+above the pKa, it's more deproinated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the pKa, it's more deproinated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the pKa, it's more deproinated.
+Okay. So again we have the problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again we have the problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again we have the problem here
+that the removal of this methyl group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the removal of this methyl group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the removal of this methyl group is
+challenging. This is in fact a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging. This is in fact a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging. This is in fact a very
+challenging reaction um both for humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging reaction um both for humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging reaction um both for humans
+and microbes. Um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and microbes. Um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and microbes. Um and so the
+solution course transition metal and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution course transition metal and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution course transition metal and an
+enzyme. So you need both the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. So you need both the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. So you need both the transition
+metal vitamin B12 bound to an enzyme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal vitamin B12 bound to an enzyme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal vitamin B12 bound to an enzyme to
+be able to do this really challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this really challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this really challenging
+chemistry. So this is one of the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. So this is one of the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. So this is one of the hard
+steps in this pathway. So, vitamin B12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in this pathway. So, vitamin B12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in this pathway. So, vitamin B12
+we have talked about before. Um, it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about before. Um, it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talked about before. Um, it's an
+example of a naturally occurring metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a naturally occurring metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a naturally occurring metal
+chilate. You have cobalt in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilate. You have cobalt in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilate. You have cobalt in the middle
+of this coron ring system. And you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coron ring system. And you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coron ring system. And you have
+cobalt in the plus one oxidation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt in the plus one oxidation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt in the plus one oxidation state
+is very reactive and is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very reactive and is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very reactive and is capable of
+removing that methyl group from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing that methyl group from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing that methyl group from the
+folic acid and transferring it um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid and transferring it um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid and transferring it um to
+itself forming a methyl cobalt 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself forming a methyl cobalt 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself forming a methyl cobalt 3
+species. And here's the little methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. And here's the little methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. And here's the little methyl
+group on top. So we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on top. So we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group on top. So we know about
+transition metals as well. And we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals as well. And we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals as well. And we can
+figure out the decount. So we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the decount. So we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the decount. So we can look
+at the periodic table and remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the periodic table and remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the periodic table and remember what
+about cobalt? What do we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cobalt? What do we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cobalt? What do we need to know
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+group number? And so our decount would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group number? And so our decount would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group number? And so our decount would
+be what then? You can just yell it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what then? You can just yell it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what then? You can just yell it out.
+It's not a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not a quick
+precaution. So it was group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precaution. So it was group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precaution. So it was group
+nine. So we have 9 minus one or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. So we have 9 minus one or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine. So we have 9 minus one or eight
+d8. And over here we have 9 minus three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d8. And over here we have 9 minus three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d8. And over here we have 9 minus three.
+Oh, is equal eight. No, D6. Yes, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is equal eight. No, D6. Yes, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is equal eight. No, D6. Yes, there's
+a typo. Um, D uh D the D6 is right. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo. Um, D uh D the D6 is right. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo. Um, D uh D the D6 is right. The
+other math is incorrect. D6 system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other math is incorrect. D6 system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other math is incorrect. D6 system.
+Okay. I was doing this at 3:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I was doing this at 3:00 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I was doing this at 3:00 in the
+morning. Okay. Geometry around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. Okay. Geometry around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. Okay. Geometry around the
+central metal. And uh it's a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central metal. And uh it's a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central metal. And uh it's a little hard
+to see from this, so I'm going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see from this, so I'm going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see from this, so I'm going to help
+you out. So here there are no upper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out. So here there are no upper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out. So here there are no upper or
+lower lians in the cobb one state. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lians in the cobb one state. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lians in the cobb one state. So
+you just have the ring system. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the ring system. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the ring system. So what
+is this geometry?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this geometry?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this geometry?
+Yeah. So we have square planer geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we have square planer geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we have square planer geometry
+and then in the cob 3 state you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the cob 3 state you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the cob 3 state you have a
+methyl group above and now you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group above and now you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group above and now you're also
+interacting with this lower liant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this lower liant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this lower liant. So
+now our geometry is what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our geometry is what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our geometry is what?
+Ocahedral. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocahedral. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocahedral. Right?
+And what do we call this corin ring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do we call this corin ring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do we call this corin ring that
+has four points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four points of
+attachment? Tetra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment? Tetra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment? Tetra
+dente. Right. Dent from teeth like claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dente. Right. Dent from teeth like claws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dente. Right. Dent from teeth like claws
+grabbing on to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing on to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing on to your
+metal. Okay. So before we do our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal. Okay. So before we do our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal. Okay. So before we do our last
+chemical equilibrium, do we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium, do we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium, do we have a
+winner or need a cl? We have a winner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner or need a cl? We have a winner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner or need a cl? We have a winner.
+What? We have a winner. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? We have a winner. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? We have a winner. We have a
+winner. We do not need a tiebreaker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner. We do not need a tiebreaker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner. We do not need a tiebreaker.
+Okay. We'll announce that at the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We'll announce that at the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We'll announce that at the end.
+And if you're the winning recitation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're the winning recitation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're the winning recitation,
+please come down to collect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come down to collect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come down to collect your
+t-shirts. Okay. So very briefly then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts. Okay. So very briefly then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts. Okay. So very briefly then,
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium. So this B12 enzyme which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. So this B12 enzyme which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium. So this B12 enzyme which
+catalyzes the reaction, it not only uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the reaction, it not only uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the reaction, it not only uses
+this transition metal, but it also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transition metal, but it also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transition metal, but it also um
+hydrogen bonds to the folic acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds to the folic acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds to the folic acid and
+lowers that transition uh state energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers that transition uh state energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers that transition uh state energy.
+And so here is the enzyme and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here is the enzyme and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here is the enzyme and this
+enzyme exists in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme exists in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme exists in multiple
+confirmations. So we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations. So we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations. So we can think about
+chemical equilibrium in terms of enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium in terms of enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium in terms of enzyme
+structure. Chemical equilibrium applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Chemical equilibrium applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Chemical equilibrium applies
+to so many processes, not just A plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many processes, not just A plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many processes, not just A plus B
+equals C plus D. So here we have our B12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals C plus D. So here we have our B12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals C plus D. So here we have our B12
+enzyme. The B12 is bound here. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. The B12 is bound here. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. The B12 is bound here. And this
+is the state. It's closed. B12 highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state. It's closed. B12 highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state. It's closed. B12 highly
+reactive. So it needs to be protected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive. So it needs to be protected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive. So it needs to be protected.
+When you bind the uh enzyme that binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you bind the uh enzyme that binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you bind the uh enzyme that binds
+the folic acid, it opens a little. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folic acid, it opens a little. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folic acid, it opens a little. When
+you bind the folic acid, it opens a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bind the folic acid, it opens a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bind the folic acid, it opens a lot
+and is able to do the methyl transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to do the methyl transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to do the methyl transfer
+reaction. Then it needs to close up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Then it needs to close up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Then it needs to close up
+again to protect the methyl group. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to protect the methyl group. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to protect the methyl group. And
+then it needs to go on to transfer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it needs to go on to transfer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it needs to go on to transfer that
+methyl group to the enzyme that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group to the enzyme that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group to the enzyme that makes
+acetal COA. So you have all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetal COA. So you have all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetal COA. So you have all of these
+equilibrium which are shifted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which are shifted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which are shifted by the
+binding of various things, the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of various things, the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of various things, the binding
+of the other enzymes or the binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other enzymes or the binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other enzymes or the binding of
+substrates. So the important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates. So the important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates. So the important point is
+that enzymes are dynamic. Chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzymes are dynamic. Chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzymes are dynamic. Chemistry is
+dynamic. This is not about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic. This is not about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic. This is not about just
+chemistry in the solid state. Chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the solid state. Chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the solid state. Chemistry
+and solution is cool. And chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solution is cool. And chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solution is cool. And chemistry and
+solution can save the planet. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution can save the planet. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution can save the planet. So
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, if you appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you appreciate
+this, this is how we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, this is how we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, this is how we're going to make
+bofuels and save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planet. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet. All
+right, we have what I would consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we have what I would consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we have what I would consider a
+bit of an upset.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an upset.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an upset.
+The winner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The winner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The winner of the
+2014 t-shirt clicker competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 t-shirt clicker competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 t-shirt clicker competition is
+Jay's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jay's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jay's
+recitation. In second place, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. In second place, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. In second place, we have
+Lisa's recitation. In second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's recitation. In second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's recitation. In second
+place and in third place, which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in third place, which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in third place, which will
+also have a prize, we have Odin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a prize, we have Odin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a prize, we have Odin's
+recitation. So, good luck on the final.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. So, good luck on the final.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. So, good luck on the final.
+It's been a pleasure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q5iBqycJuqU.txt b/q5iBqycJuqU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1327290b0b044f262874424557c459ed4578fe8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q5iBqycJuqU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3469 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+Welcome to April fool's day.
+
+But we'll be serious
+about atomic physics.
+
+I hope you enjoyed
+your spring break.
+
+At least I did.
+
+It's just a little
+bit change of pace.
+
+So let me remind you what
+we have been discussing.
+
+We have been talking
+about interactions
+
+between neutral atoms.
+
+And that can be trivial
+and very profound.
+
+Trivial because you've heard
+about van der Waal's forces.
+
+Polarization forces
+between neutral atoms.
+
+And if you describe
+them phenomenologically,
+
+you just have 1 over r to
+the 6 or whatever power
+
+of an interaction.
+
+On the other hand, if
+you take the position
+
+that everything which happens
+between neutral objects
+
+has to be mediated, has to be
+created by the photon field,
+
+then it becomes a question of
+the vacuum, the vacuum which
+
+surrounds the two neutral atoms.
+
+And I've tried in this
+chapter to show you
+
+both sides, to similar or
+the same physics from two
+
+different perspectives.
+
+We talked mainly about the
+van der Waal's interaction
+
+between two neutral atoms.
+
+I don't want one to-- we
+pretty much finished it,
+
+so I just give
+you a bird's view.
+
+I don't really repeat
+a lot of things.
+
+Because today we want to
+talk about the forces which
+
+happen between neutral atoms in
+metal plates and then two metal
+
+plates, which is
+the Casimir force.
+
+But just to remind
+you that we showed
+
+that the forces
+between neutral objects
+
+are actually created by
+quantum fluctuations.
+
+Classical objects would not
+create fluctuating dipole
+
+moments, would
+therefore not create--
+
+would not give rise to any
+force between neutral atoms.
+
+And I showed you that
+there are two aspects where
+
+quantum physics comes in,
+namely through the fluctuations
+
+or the zero point motion of
+the atoms as oscillators.
+
+And we even had a
+circuit model for that.
+
+But then I also said
+that, well, assume
+
+that you have two
+neutral atoms and you
+
+have the vacuum
+fluctuations of the field.
+
+This vacuum
+fluctuation is driving
+
+coordinated synchronized dipole
+moments between the two atoms,
+
+and then the two atoms
+can attract each other.
+
+So we have seen the dual role
+which quantum physics plays
+
+here in terms of
+quantum fluctuations
+
+of the atomic
+oscillators and quantum
+
+fluctuation of the
+electromagnetic field, which
+
+is another harmonic oscillator.
+
+And at least when I use
+very simple pictures,
+
+it seemed that the 1 over
+r to the six potential,
+
+the standard van der Waal's
+potential at short range,
+
+comes from the vacuum-- from the
+fluctuations of the oscillator.
+
+I didn't do the derivation,
+but the simplest derivation
+
+for the long range Casimir
+Polder retarded potential,
+
+1 over r to the 7, focused
+on the fluctuations
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+So these were some
+preliminaries.
+
+Then I thought I want to show
+you the power of diagrams
+
+by showing to you that there are
+two different kinds of diagrams
+
+dominant at short range
+and at long range.
+
+And with that we realize
+diagrammatically that, because
+
+of the nature of virtual photons
+which are exchanged by the two
+
+neutral atoms, there is
+a change in power law.
+
+The power-- the inverse power
+of the distance between the two
+
+neutral atoms is one
+higher at long range.
+
+And long range meant-- that also
+became clear diagrammatically.
+
+Long range means the distance
+is longer than the wavelengths
+
+of the resonant
+radiation for the atom.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+So the goal for the first hour
+today is to go from two atoms
+
+to many, many atoms, which
+then form a metal plate,
+
+and make the transition from
+forces between neutral atoms
+
+to forces between two
+metal plates, which
+
+is the famous Casimir force.
+
+And I want you to sort of
+hold the thought about what
+
+is really the
+quantum aspect here?
+
+Is it the vacuum?
+
+Is it the zero
+point fluctuations
+
+of the electromagnetic field?
+
+Or are the atoms the
+zero point fluctuations
+
+of the atomic oscillators
+responsible for those forces?
+
+So we'll come back to it after
+we have discussed the Casimir
+
+interaction between
+two neutral plates.
+
+So maybe one highlight for you
+today is that maybe in an hour
+
+you have should at least
+have an expert opinion
+
+whether zero point fluctuations
+of the electromagnetic field
+
+are real or just a convenient
+way to describe some physics.
+
+But let's get there.
+
+So the way how I want to
+make the transition from two
+
+neutral atoms to
+two metal plates
+
+is by reminding you that the
+potential was proportional
+
+at long range to 1 over R to the
+6, at short range at 1 over R
+
+to the 6.
+
+And if you had the model that
+the long range interaction
+
+comes, because the
+vacuum fluctuations drive
+
+dipole moments in the
+two atoms, then we
+
+know that the potential
+is proportional
+
+to the polarizability
+of atom one times
+
+the polarizability of atom two.
+
+So let's now extend
+that to the interaction
+
+between an atom and a wall.
+
+Well since I don't
+know-- at least not
+
+yet-- how to describe the wall.
+
+I take the position
+that, well, we
+
+have an atom come
+close to a wall,
+
+but now I extend the wall
+to a sphere of radius z.
+
+And it's not obvious that if an
+atom interacts with the wall,
+
+if the wall were flat,
+it is of course this part
+
+of the wall which
+is most important.
+
+So we should actually get
+a quantitative or semi
+
+quantitative result out of that.
+
+But now I can use a nice
+result from electrostatics,
+
+which I also discuss in 8421,
+in the [? MO1 ?] course, namely
+
+when we have a conducting
+sphere of radius c.
+
+Do you know what the
+polarizability of a sphere is?
+
+You must have also
+had this problem
+
+in classical electrodynamics.
+
+You apply an electric field.
+
+You calculate with the boundary
+condition of the sphere
+
+some spherical
+harmonic function.
+
+You calculate what
+the dipole moment is,
+
+and you find the
+proportionality constant.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like z
+squared or [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The one thing I want is that
+it's proportional to z cube.
+
+It's the volume of the sphere.
+
+And the reason why I discuss
+that in atomic physics
+
+is when we talk about
+the dipole moment
+
+at the polarizability
+of the hydrogen atom,
+
+we find that the polarizability
+of the hydrogen atom
+
+is the pole radius cube.
+
+So it seems that when it
+comes to electric fields
+
+and polarizability, an atom, a
+hydrogen atom behaves exactly
+
+like a conducting sphere,
+and the size of the sphere
+
+is now the size of the atom.
+
+But that means now that the
+long range potential will now
+
+be proportional the
+polarizability of the atom.
+
+And we lose three
+powers in the power law,
+
+because we have
+three powers of z
+
+in the polarizability
+of the sphere.
+
+OK, if that worked
+so well once, we
+
+can now use that at
+least as a bridge
+
+to discuss what happens when
+we have two metal walls.
+
+Well, we can now say
+we have two spheres,
+
+and the polarizability
+of each sphere
+
+is proportional to z cubed.
+
+Well when we have
+two walls, we want
+
+to use the potential per area.
+
+So what we had is we
+had 1 over R to the 7.
+
+We lose three powers of R
+or z, because of one sphere.
+
+Another three powers of the
+other sphere, so it's 1 over z.
+
+But when we normalize by area,
+it becomes 1 over z squared.
+
+And now we find that the
+potential is 1 over c cubed.
+
+And at least with it
+I have-- I wouldn't
+
+say derived, but motivated
+for you the famous Casimir
+
+potential, which
+is 1 over c cubed.
+
+And I want to give you an
+exact derivation of the Casimir
+
+potential in the
+next few minutes.
+
+But before I do that-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why did you
+choose the spheres to be
+
+the same size as the
+distance between them.
+
+That seems kind of--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's
+all just a trick.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+You know what would happen
+is-- let me just go back here.
+
+If I would choose
+this sphere smaller,
+
+I would not have given the
+atom the whole exposure.
+
+I have to make it
+at least larger
+
+than c to make sure that
+the curvature of the sphere
+
+doesn't dominate and
+what the atom sees
+
+is it sees there is a wall.
+
+But then you can see when I
+make this sphere larger than c,
+
+then I delocalize
+the dipole moment.
+
+And the bigger sphere
+has a big polarizability,
+
+but the atom which is
+so close to the sphere
+
+doesn't care about it.
+
+So you would say
+the right choice
+
+is just when you think either
+picture gets corrupted.
+
+But that's often what it is.
+
+So if you think about
+it, it's the only choice.
+
+Both other choices would
+lead to an unphysical result,
+
+and you would
+immediately realize why.
+
+In one case it's the curvature,
+and the other case you're not
+
+really sampling the
+dipole of the sphere
+
+because you want to
+do a dipole field,
+
+and if you have a dipole of size
+z, the field with the dipole
+
+starts to be an approximation
+if you go distance z away.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain where
+the first term [INAUDIBLE]
+
+z to the [INAUDIBLE] come from?
+
+PROFESSOR: We had it.
+
+Last class we had the
+result that the Casimir--
+
+that the van der Waal's--
+the retarded van der
+
+Waal's potential is
+1 over R to the 7.
+
+But with the physical
+picture in mind
+
+that the van der Waal's
+potential at long range, which
+
+is 1 over R to the 7 comes
+because a vacuum fluctuation
+
+drive to dipoles, and the two
+dipoles attract each other.
+
+When each dipole is alpha
+1 times a vacuum field,
+
+the other one is alpha
+2 times a vacuum field.
+
+But now for this sphere,
+alpha is z cubed.
+
+So therefore three
+powers in the denominator
+
+cancel, and I get z to the 4.
+
+So you can say the
+alpha 2, I absorbed--
+
+I used the kind of result
+that alpha 2 is z cubed,
+
+and then the alpha 2
+cancelled with three powers
+
+of the distance in
+the denominator.
+
+Other questions?
+
+I have a question for you now.
+
+If you have two metal plates,
+what about short range and long
+
+range?
+
+We expect something
+under the rock.
+
+If we assume a metal
+plate, what is the vessel--
+
+we had the distinction between
+long range and short range,
+
+which came from the
+resonant radiation
+
+from the resonant
+excitation of the atom.
+
+And when we are closer
+than the wave lengths,
+
+we're in short range,
+if you're further
+
+than the wavelengths of
+the resonant transition,
+
+we're in long range.
+
+Between an atom and a
+plate, well, we still
+
+have the resonance of the atom.
+
+But what happens when
+we have two plates?
+
+There's clearly no
+resonance, so therefore there
+
+is only one power
+law, 1 over z cubed.
+
+But I want you to sort of
+think about it for a moment
+
+whether this is now--
+whether everything
+
+is long range or
+everything is short range.
+
+In other words, you say
+effective resonant radiation,
+
+you say effective wavelengths
+of the plate lambda
+
+equals 0 or lambda
+equals infinity.
+
+Any opinion?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+ability, so it
+
+must be infinite [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Take the two metal
+plates, the vacuum energy
+
+between those
+plates, and compare
+
+it to vacuum energy at
+the same volume free space
+
+and subtract the [INAUDIBLE]
+energy difference.
+
+And high frequency components
+cancel out, so you have the--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we'll actually
+do exactly what you suggest,
+
+to compare vacuum energies,
+in the next few minutes.
+
+It's not quite
+obvious, but I want
+
+to tell you now we
+have made-- by assuming
+
+the metallic boundary
+condition, by assuming
+
+that we have idealized
+metal plates which fulfill
+
+the boundary condition
+that the electric field is
+
+0 at the surface.
+
+The parallel component of the
+[INAUDIBLE] at the surface.
+
+We've made an assumption here,
+and the assumption is actually
+
+that the resonant
+wavelengths goes to 0,
+
+and resonance frequency
+goes to infinity.
+
+And the power law we obtain
+is actually the long distance
+
+power law so to speak,
+and for two metal plates,
+
+there is no short distance.
+
+I'm not sure if I can give
+you a simple explanation
+
+because the boundary condition
+is so idealized that you don't
+
+recognize, you don't smell
+any atomic resonance anymore.
+
+But maybe the one
+thing I would say
+
+is that you say the boundary
+condition, metallic boundary
+
+condition for infinitely
+high frequency.
+
+And sometimes that
+would also mean
+
+that the plasma frequency of
+the metal is pushed to infinity.
+
+We come back to that
+in the next chapter.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+AUDIENCE: Excellent question.
+
+I will go for you now through--
+its mainly classical e and m.
+
+This is why I use
+pre-written slides.
+
+We sum up over all modes
+with a boundary condition,
+
+with a metallic
+boundary condition.
+
+If you have in general a
+dielectric or semiconductor
+
+which is not an ideal metal, has
+different boundary conditions,
+
+the Casimir force will change.
+
+And this is actually a pretty
+outstanding difficult problem
+
+where people have
+really chewed on hard.
+
+I think Lifschitz has some
+famous solution on it.
+
+What is the Casimir force for
+an arbitrary dielectric constant
+
+of the surface material?
+
+But absolutely yes.
+
+If you don't have a
+metallic boundary condition,
+
+your Casimir force changes.
+
+I think this is sort of
+an interesting point,
+
+and it may trigger
+immediately discussions
+
+what does it really mean.
+
+But let me go now through
+school the derivation where
+
+we have metallic
+boundary condition,
+
+and this actually leads to
+a quantitative derivation
+
+of the Casimir force.
+
+Quantitative in the
+way that we get--
+
+we're not just
+getting the power law.
+
+We get the prefector.
+
+We everything 100%
+of this derivation.
+
+Collin?
+
+AUDIENCE: So what is the
+mechanism for the Casimir force
+
+changing?
+
+Because if think of it in the
+picture of two metal plates,
+
+the lower density and modes
+inside and then do outside.
+
+Even with the arbitrary boundary
+condition, I [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But what is the
+physical mechanism
+
+for changing the form?
+
+PROFESSOR: To the
+best of my knowledge,
+
+it is the density of modes.
+
+But it's very subtle.
+
+I suggest, since not
+everybody is probably
+
+familiar with the
+way how I will count
+
+all the modes in the metal
+plate, let me just do that,
+
+and then we should-- and
+I hope then it's obvious,
+
+or we should then discuss
+the boundary conditions being
+
+modified.
+
+And you have a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, but maybe we
+can discuss it after this.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+idea is the following,
+
+if the Casimir force
+is only due to zero
+
+point fluctuations of
+electromagnetic field--
+
+let me say up front this
+is a valid assumption.
+
+I get a valid result.
+
+But I tell you in
+half an hour that you
+
+can take another
+perspective and say
+
+this is just a
+holistic description.
+
+There are other derivations
+of the Casimir force
+
+which do not use the concept
+of zero point energy at all.
+
+So in other words,
+I'm presenting
+
+you one presentation of
+the problem, one solution
+
+of the problem, but there's a
+whole different formulation.
+
+But here I assume-- mean
+I can easily modulate.
+
+OK, well here we have
+two metal plates.
+
+We want to understand if
+there is potential energy
+
+and interaction between
+the two metal plates.
+
+And let's just calculate what is
+the total energy of the system.
+
+And if I have two
+metal plates, which
+
+are two mathematical
+boundary conditions,
+
+all I have to calculate
+is the ground state
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field in between.
+
+And that means I have to
+find all of the modes,
+
+and each mode contribute
+h bar omega over 2.
+
+So this is our agenda now.
+
+We say the metal plates
+are not real objects.
+
+They're mathematical
+boundary conditions.
+
+Looks like a good assumption.
+
+And now based on those
+boundary conditions
+
+we calculate the zero
+point energy of the world,
+
+at least of the
+electromagnetic world.
+
+And then we ask if the plates
+are a little bit closer,
+
+tool has the total zero
+point energy changed?
+
+And when it has
+changed that means
+
+there is a force between
+the atoms because
+
+of potential changes as
+a function of distance.
+
+So this is the agenda
+I went to execute now.
+
+Any questions about
+what we want to do?
+
+As you know when you
+write out modes in e and m
+
+and you want to do it exactly
+the many, many indices.
+
+But this is a result
+of which could actually
+
+come straight out of Jackson.
+
+For your convenience,
+this is also
+
+discussed-- a wonderful
+discussion by Serge Haroche.
+
+In some these summer school
+notes from the '70s or '80s.
+
+I've posted those on the web.
+
+So if there is a mathematical
+detail you want to look up,
+
+this is posted on the web.
+
+So anyway, we have two metal
+plates with a distance l.
+
+And we have metallic
+boundary conditions.
+
+That means that when we
+calculate the modes, we get TE
+
+modes and TM modes.
+
+TE modes means there is no
+longitudinal electric field.
+
+TM modes mean there is no
+longitudinal magnetic field.
+
+And the frequency of each mode
+is discrete in the z direction.
+
+In the z direction we
+have standing waves,
+
+which are labelled with
+an intentional value of m,
+
+whereas parallel to the plate
+the modes can have an arbitrary
+
+transverse wave vector k.
+
+And when we look at the
+dispersion relation,
+
+the frequency of those
+modes is in quadrature.
+
+You can see the
+component k squared c
+
+squared of the
+transverse propagation
+
+plus the component
+of the standing wave.
+
+So for each m, for
+each integer value,
+
+we have a TE and TM mode, with
+the exception of m equals 0.
+
+For m equals 0 we
+don't have a TE mode.
+
+We only have a TM mode.
+
+So that's just fresh
+out of Jackson.
+
+But it's very
+important now-- and I
+
+want to spend a little
+bit more time with it
+
+so it's just a purely
+classic result.
+
+What is the density of states?
+
+Well, let's assume
+we have a given m.
+
+So we have a standing
+wave perpendicular
+
+to the capacitor
+plates, and therefore
+
+now the density of modes only
+comes-- the density of modes
+
+only comes from the transverse.
+
+Let me just get my toolbar back.
+
+So it is from this k squared.
+
+And you know that
+the number of modes
+
+is proportional to
+the volume in k space.
+
+And the important part is that
+I can write this as dk squared.
+
+But k squared is
+d omega squared.
+
+And this gives me omega d omega.
+
+So for each n value, for each
+discrete mode perpendicular
+
+to the plates, we
+have now a density
+
+of modes which goes
+as omega d omega.
+
+Before I show you the
+mathematical expression,
+
+let me just sort of plot
+that, what that means.
+
+The density of modes was--
+the number of modes was omega
+
+d omega.
+
+That means the density of modes
+was proportional with omega.
+
+That means for m equals 0
+we started omega equals 0,
+
+and we get a straight line.
+
+For m equals 1-- m
+equals 1 shown in green,
+
+and m equals 2 shown in purple.
+
+The frequency omega--
+we have omega squared
+
+is sick the quadrature sum
+k squared and m squared.
+
+So therefore if you
+want to ask what
+
+is the density for modes for
+m equals 1 or me equals 2,
+
+you have to start at the lowest
+frequency for m equals 1,
+
+at the lowest frequency
+for m equals 2.
+
+But then as we just derived,
+the density of modes
+
+is proportional to omega.
+
+So what you we to
+do in the end, we
+
+want to sum those modes all up.
+
+And what we will
+observe is that here we
+
+have a line with slope 1.
+
+Here we have to sum
+two lines with slope 1.
+
+Here we have to sum
+three lines with slope 1.
+
+So progressively, the slope
+gets higher and higher.
+
+But the slope, which increases
+linearly with the coordinate
+
+axis.
+
+If it were continuously,
+would just be a parabola.
+
+So in other words, if
+I would [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the density of states which
+comes from the exact mode
+
+spectrum, if I
+would [INAUDIBLE],
+
+it would be parabola.
+
+And parabolic density of
+state, the number of modes
+
+is omega squared d omega.
+
+This is three dimensional space.
+
+So in other words, what
+we observe is what exactly
+
+the effect of the
+boundary condition is.
+
+Instead of getting this
+smooth parabola omega squared,
+
+we have sort of
+broken up the parabola
+
+into piecewise linear pieces.
+
+And the fact that we have
+a boundary condition,
+
+that we plates in free space,
+and not just the space,
+
+is actually the difference
+between the two.
+
+So it is the difference
+between the two, which
+
+leads to the fact that a
+boundary condition modifies
+
+the vacuum energy.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK with that the
+rest is mathematics,
+
+but I want to show you
+the steps because it
+
+is ingenious mathematics.
+
+It makes a few approximations.
+
+It creates a few infinities
+and gets rid of it.
+
+It's actually rather wild,
+but amazing that, in the end,
+
+we have a simple exact result.
+
+OK so the most important thing
+is we have a density of states.
+
+And the density of states for
+one m is proportional to omega,
+
+but now we have
+to multiply-- when
+
+we want to know what is the
+density of state in a given
+
+omega, we have to
+multiply with the integer
+
+number of discrete modes which
+are available at this omega.
+
+So this is because there is
+only one m equals 0 node.
+
+We have a one here.
+
+And then for m equals 1 and
+higher, we have two [INAUDIBLE]
+
+between TE and TM.
+
+So this is just
+counting the modes.
+
+And this is now a
+mathematical trick
+
+that, instead of
+counting the modes--
+
+it's an integer-- we can sum
+up heavy side step functions
+
+and sum over all m.
+
+This is just an
+[? exact v, ?] right?
+
+But this is something which
+helps us in the next step
+
+to do an integral.
+
+So now so far we haven't
+made any approximation.
+
+We've just reminded
+ourselves what
+
+is the exact result
+of classical e and m.
+
+OK, but now we want to
+calculate the zero point.
+
+So now it's getting
+interesting, because we
+
+take the classical result, and
+take it into quantum physics.
+
+The first step is very innocent.
+
+We say each mode contributes
+h bar omega over 2.
+
+And then we integrate with
+the density of states.
+
+And the next line is
+also an exact result,
+
+just using the density of
+modes from the previous page.
+
+But of course, now we
+are asking for trouble.
+
+We are integrating with
+omega squared d omega,
+
+and there is uv catastrophe.
+
+Now I can say I can put
+on my mathematical head
+
+and say let's add a
+convergent term, something
+
+which exponentially decreases
+with omega, which is just
+
+cutting off the
+high frequency part.
+
+And I hope that in the end--
+and this will come out too--
+
+that I get a result which is
+independent of the cutoff.
+
+So by choosing this cut of
+parameter lambda to zero,
+
+I have-- if this is
+zero, I have no cut off.
+
+So maybe I can introduce a
+cut off, and then at the end
+
+let lambda go to got to zero.
+
+And if this gives me
+a physical result,
+
+I've sort of mathematically
+tricked around.
+
+But I also like the physical
+justification for that.
+
+I mean you know that a
+metal plate tennis has
+
+not metallic boundary conditions
+at infinitely high frequency.
+
+If you go deep to the
+x rays and gamma rays,
+
+it becomes transparent.
+
+So therefore, we would argue
+that, once we go to very, very
+
+high frequencies,
+the modes do not
+
+feel that there is a
+boundary condition,
+
+and therefore we may be allowed
+to do some physical cut off.
+
+OK so we do this
+cut off by-- so now
+
+we have to find the
+zero point energy.
+
+The zero point energy
+has a sum over m.
+
+And I call each
+integral I sub n.
+
+And this integral
+is the omega square
+
+from the density of
+states, but now multiplied
+
+with a convergence term.
+
+Whether it's
+mathematical or physical.
+
+And by introducing
+this cut off, I
+
+can now exactly
+solve the integral.
+
+The omega squared can be
+taken out of the integral
+
+by taking the second derivative.
+
+And this is just an
+exponential function
+
+which can be integrated.
+
+And therefore we have a
+mathematically exact result.
+
+So we are now able
+to do the integral
+
+because we have
+avoided the divergence.
+
+OK.
+
+Now we come back and say we are
+really interested if the cutoff
+
+is pushed to higher
+and higher frequency.
+
+And this means lambda equals 0.
+
+So therefore, we want
+to take this expression
+
+and expand it around
+lambda equals 0.
+
+Well, you could say that's
+physically very well motivated.
+
+But if I take this
+function, which
+
+is lambda e to the lambda
+over x times e to the x,
+
+and expand it, I get
+divergence is 1 over x squared.
+
+So you would say how
+can you expand it.
+
+Let's see what happens.
+
+Let's just do it.
+
+Let's say we are interested
+around lambda or x equals 0.
+
+We have some
+divergencies now, but we
+
+have to find a way
+to deal with it.
+
+So we get rid of some
+of the divergencies
+
+in the following way.
+
+By saying, well, if you simply
+calculate the zero point
+
+energy between those
+two capacitor plates,
+
+and then when,
+let's say, if there
+
+is-- if the plates come closer
+and there is less zero point
+
+energy, we would see the
+plates attract each other.
+
+But what happens is the
+plates are not moving,
+
+and there is no
+world behind them.
+
+The world is sort of as it is.
+
+And that means we
+have to sort of now
+
+look more carefully at the zero
+point energy of our capacitor
+
+plates where l is small.
+
+And the rest of the world.
+
+So we are now
+representing the world
+
+as a big capacitor of size l 0.
+
+And then our plate
+is just moving
+
+within that, because we are
+not assuming that then the two
+
+capacitor plates
+attract each other
+
+and move towards each other
+that the size of the universe
+
+is changing.
+
+So we want to move a boundary
+condition within the universe.
+
+So therefore, the correct
+expression for the zero point
+
+energy is not the zero
+point energy of capacitor l.
+
+It's the zero point
+energy of a capacitor size
+
+l plus of a capacitor
+l0 naught minus l.
+
+And so we take the
+result and simply add
+
+the expressions for
+l and l0 minus l.
+
+And what is now a nice is that
+the first highly divergent term
+
+with 1 over lambda
+to the 4-- reminder
+
+that we want to let
+lambda go to zero.
+
+It becomes independent of l.
+
+So we would say, well,
+if there is an infinity,
+
+it doesn't change with l.
+
+It doesn't provide a potential.
+
+It's just one of those
+infinities which is constant,
+
+which is not
+affecting the physics.
+
+Also here, this is
+independent of l.
+
+And then the next term gives us
+the famous Casimir potential,
+
+1 over l cubed, and it
+is independent of lambda.
+
+So we have the result which
+was independent of the cut
+
+off we introduced earlier.
+
+So therefore, we have
+derived, with a little bit
+
+of hand waving to
+navigate about infinities,
+
+that the potential between two
+metal plates is 1 over l cubed.
+
+a squared was the area, the
+size of the capacitor plates.
+
+And this is the exact prefector.
+
+Or if you want to
+figure out what
+
+is the pressure off the vacuum.
+
+Pressure is, of course,
+force per unit area.
+
+So you take the derivative
+of the potential that's
+
+the force, that's the
+force per unit area,
+
+and this is now the
+vacuum pressure.
+
+Sort of funny now you
+can put in the unit.
+
+It's 10 to the minus 5
+millibar at a distance
+
+of one micrometer.
+
+So anyway this is, I think,
+the classic deviation
+
+of the Casimir potential
+by, I would say,
+
+exactly summing
+up the zero point
+
+energy within a certain
+boundary condition.
+
+Good.
+
+Maybe to address
+Collin's question.
+
+What would happen if the
+metal plates were maybe
+
+semiconductors or had a
+different dielectrical
+
+constant.
+
+The mode spectrum would change.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like if you had
+mixed boundary conditions.
+
+You don't have these
+nicely spaced--
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know how to calculate.
+
+That's a hard problem,
+and a lot of people
+
+have really worked
+very, very hard on it.
+
+It seems for idealized boundary
+condition you can do it easily,
+
+but it has been
+clearly a challenge
+
+to mathematical physics.
+
+And I'm not even sure if it has
+been solved in all generality
+
+or only in special
+examples to extend that
+
+to every type of surfaces.
+
+But we can, for instance, assume
+if you have a conductor, which
+
+is not-- conductor which has
+not infinite conductance,
+
+0 resistivity, then
+the electric field
+
+can penetrate a little
+bit into the conductor.
+
+And if the electric
+field penetrates into it,
+
+it changes the
+frequency of the mode.
+
+So it's clear that the boundary
+conditions have an effect here.
+
+But let's now have
+some discussion.
+
+We had focused before on
+the force between two atoms.
+
+And if we use a microscopic
+model for the metal plates,
+
+it should be, it must be
+possible to obtain the Casimir
+
+potential by just summing up
+all the forces between atoms.
+
+Because ultimately if
+you have no metal plates,
+
+you don't have any force.
+
+Where s-- in the
+last few minutes,
+
+we focused on the derivation
+which was simply summing up
+
+the zero point energies.
+
+And there are two
+papers which I've
+
+posted on the wiki which
+argue that both results are
+
+equivalent.
+
+So I would really
+recommend to you--
+
+he expresses it much
+better than I can.
+
+Read the introduction
+and the conclusion
+
+from Bob Jaffe's paper.
+
+He clearly says in
+the introduction
+
+that there are a lot of books
+and references by famous people
+
+who have said the
+Casimir force is
+
+the manifestation of
+the zero point energy.
+
+The fact that people have
+observed the Casimir force
+
+means that h bar
+omega over 2 is real.
+
+Those authors take
+the opposite approach.
+
+They say this is just heuristic.
+
+It's convenient.
+
+You can get the correct result.
+
+But there is an
+equivalent derivation
+
+which gives exactly the same
+result, which focuses only
+
+on pair wise interactions
+between atoms,
+
+and it does not include any--
+it doesn't make any reference
+
+to the zero point energy of
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+So therefore, one, I would
+agree with those authors
+
+that the conclusion
+is there is absolutely
+
+no observational evidence
+for the zero point energy,
+
+that the zero point
+energy is sort of not just
+
+convenient counting, but
+that it is real energy.
+
+And the Casimir
+force, of course, also
+
+it has often been quoted
+as a counter example
+
+that this is a
+direct observation,
+
+is not-- should not
+be regarded as such.
+
+Now people at MIT
+probably know Bob Jaffe.
+
+He's a high energy physicist.
+
+And why is he interested
+in atomic physics?
+
+Why is he interested
+in the Casimir force?
+
+Well, the question of
+zero point energies
+
+is very, very important in
+these days for dark energy.
+
+I mean, you know that 80% of
+the energy of the universe
+
+is dark energy.
+
+Then there's dark matter, and
+then there is baryonic matter.
+
+But this dark energy
+is really mysterious.
+
+And one candidate
+for dark energy
+
+is the dark energy simply comes
+from the zero point energy.
+
+So therefore, people
+are now really
+
+interested is the
+dark energy real.
+
+And if it is real, does it
+have a gravitational effect?
+
+Does it change the
+metric of space?
+
+And can it accelerate the
+expansion of the universe?
+
+Of course, you have a problem
+if you calculate the zero point
+
+energy, you don't
+introduce a cut off.
+
+You have a spectacular
+uv divergence.
+
+You can maybe now
+concatenate the divergence
+
+by saying, OK, eventually if
+the wavelengths become shorter
+
+and shorter and shorter,
+there is a cut off.
+
+And if you have no
+idea at all, you
+
+would introduce a cut off
+at the Planck lengths,
+
+because beyond
+the Planck lengths
+
+all physical
+descriptions break down.
+
+But if you cut it off
+at the Planck lengths,
+
+you find that the zero
+point energy of all modes
+
+is larger than the observed
+dark energy in the universe
+
+for acceleration of
+the cosmic expansion
+
+by 124 orders of magnitude.
+
+And if you think you want
+to introduce a cut off which
+
+is maybe the classical
+electron radius.
+
+The classical electron
+radius is the radius
+
+of a charged sphere for which
+the electrostatic energy would
+
+just be the rest
+energy of the electron.
+
+Well, then you're off by
+43 orders of magnitude.
+
+So some people have called
+those discrepancies,
+
+which are completely
+unresolved as of now,
+
+the biggest failure ever
+of theoretical physics.
+
+So anyway, that's why there is
+renewed interest in the Casimir
+
+force.
+
+And at least in
+electromagnetics,
+
+we have a very,
+very simple model.
+
+And we have experiments which
+measure the Casimir force,
+
+but, as I've said, it cannot
+be regarded as a direct
+
+observation of the
+zero point energy.
+
+OK, let me now
+come to a question
+
+we started discussing earlier,
+namely if we-- here we
+
+have atoms.
+
+Here we have a metalized
+boundary condition.
+
+So maybe let's just talk
+for one minute about it.
+
+What kind of assumptions
+do we make about atoms
+
+when we replace them by a
+metallic boundary condition?
+
+From the whole derivation
+of the Casimir force
+
+it's not obvious that there
+are no atomic properties which
+
+have entered the calculation
+of the Casimir potential.
+
+What Bob Jaffe argues in
+this paper-- and again,
+
+it's wonderful reading.
+
+I really recommend Just if you
+want to enjoy some physics,
+
+open up the document and read
+the first and the last page.
+
+The Casimir force from an
+idealized boundary condition
+
+is completely independent
+of atomic properties.
+
+So therefore, it must be
+a limit where-- well, we
+
+talked about the
+resonant wavelengths,
+
+but we can also talk about
+the fine structure constant,
+
+because the fine structure
+constant in a hydrogenic model
+
+provides what that resident
+transitions in hydrogen are.
+
+So you can argue if
+something is completely
+
+independent of
+atomic properties,
+
+somehow by sweeping things
+under the rug we must have set
+
+alpha to either
+zero or infinite.
+
+Because if it is
+set to any value,
+
+it would correspond to some
+version of the hydrogen
+
+atom which has a
+resonant radiation.
+
+So the question is,
+is alpha set to zero
+
+or is alpha set to infinity when
+you derive the Casimir force?
+
+And I think this is
+now easy to discuss,
+
+because the fine
+structure constant alpha
+
+is e squared over h bar c.
+
+If you set alpha
+to zero, you do it
+
+by setting the charge
+of the atoms to zero,
+
+and then you have no
+interaction at all.
+
+So therefore, if you
+want to have the Casimir
+
+force in a limit which
+is independent of atomic
+
+properties, the alpha equals
+zero limit gives no force.
+
+So therefore, the
+equivalence this picture,
+
+summing up over the electrons
+and obtaining the Casimir force
+
+for the metallic
+boundary condition,
+
+this equivalence happens
+when you do this derivation
+
+and set the fine structure
+constant to infinity.
+
+How big is the fine
+structure constant?
+
+1 over 137.
+
+In some expansions of
+alpha and alpha squared,
+
+it's actually a
+smaller parameter.
+
+And now I'm telling you when
+you have two metal plates
+
+and measure the
+Casimir force, this
+
+corresponds to the
+infinite alpha limit.
+
+So this is now
+getting complicated
+
+and I can refer here only
+to Bob Jaffe's paper.
+
+But he shows that when you
+go to distances of 0.5 micron
+
+that people have measured
+the Casimir force.
+
+You are already the alpha
+equals infinity limit.
+
+If you are-- I wish I
+could read my handwriting.
+
+I think that's minus 5.
+
+If alpha is larger
+than 10 to the minus 5.
+
+So therefor, alpha equals 1
+over 137 is for that purpose
+
+already very, very well
+in the large alpha limit.
+
+But I just hate
+this result here.
+
+This is rather complicated.
+
+Bob Jaffe says that to get the
+Casimir potential by summing up
+
+over atoms is actually
+a quite challenging
+
+mathematical exercise.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If these calculations
+of summing over atoms
+
+has been [INAUDIBLE], then
+what is it-- we can just
+
+talk about the plates being
+dielectric from that atom
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: There are solutions
+for dielectric plates.
+
+And sometimes when
+people do experiments,
+
+the best surfaces you can
+get is a silicon surface.
+
+Because they want you to do
+qualitative measurements,
+
+they're discussing corrections
+due to the dielectric constant.
+
+I know the problem
+has been worked out
+
+for dielectric surfaces.
+
+I assume not by doing the
+transition from summing up atom
+
+by atom, but by rather
+looking at the boundary
+
+condition for
+electromagnetic fields
+
+in the presence of a dielectric.
+
+But I don't know more
+details about that.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: This question
+may not make sense
+
+because I haven't
+thought [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But again, when we
+consider two plates,
+
+if you have room for two
+atoms, we get the two 1 over R
+
+to the 6, 1 over
+R to the 7 cases.
+
+Once of which is the
+retarded Casimir potential,
+
+but for two plates-- again, we
+conclude that it was more like
+
+the short range--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, long range.
+
+We are always retarded.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, but then
+I'm a bit confused.
+
+Because then if you say
+alpha goes to infinity,
+
+don't you have an
+h bar or c to zero?
+
+Oh wait.
+
+That makes sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: Alpha
+infinity is-- we
+
+know that this is the
+vastness of the electron.
+
+The [? Whitbeck ?] constant is
+alpha squared times smaller.
+
+And the [? Whitbeck ?]
+constant-- well,
+
+a quarter of the
+[? Whitbeck ?] constant
+
+is alignment alpha radiation.
+
+So anyway, the
+[? Whitbeck ?] constant
+
+is a scale factor in the
+transition frequencies
+
+of the hydrogen atom.
+
+And so therefore,
+it is consistent
+
+that, if you make alpha
+large, we actually
+
+get-- we push the frequency
+of the atomic transition
+
+to very, very high frequencies.
+
+And that would mean the resonant
+wavelengths goes to zero.
+
+And therefore any finite
+distance between the capacitor
+
+plate is, in the long
+range, is longer than
+
+the wavelengths
+of the transition.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+equivalently you
+
+could say if the speed
+of light is really slow,
+
+you always will
+have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, sure.
+
+You can do the
+transition in many ways
+
+by tuning the speed of
+light, or tuning the charge,
+
+but it all has the
+same implication.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Lindsay?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any
+other observable reason
+
+why we should
+constantly be thinking
+
+about Casimir forces
+and dark energy?
+
+Like experimenting [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: As far as I know,
+this question about dark energy
+
+and whether it is
+related or not to zero
+
+point energy of the
+field is completely open.
+
+I think if you had an idea
+how to do a decisive-- if any
+
+of you had an idea how to make
+a decisive experiment measuring
+
+whether zero point
+energies are real or not,
+
+that would have a big impact.
+
+As far as I know,
+it's completely open.
+
+Nobody has really good idea.
+
+So some people feel,
+mathematically, the zero point
+
+energy has the right, correct
+physically characteristics.
+
+Zero point energy could
+explain the extra term
+
+in Einstein's field
+equation, which is often
+
+called the cosmological
+constant term.
+
+But the quantity, it's so
+many orders of magnitude
+
+off that people don't even
+know if that is correct or not.
+
+One could also say, well,
+maybe zero point energies
+
+do not give rise at all to
+any gravitation potential.
+
+And therefore maybe if
+energy doesn't give rise
+
+to gravitational potential,
+maybe the energy is not real.
+
+And what we find, what is
+responsible for the expansion
+
+of the universe is gravity--
+so Einstein's-- what's the
+
+constant called again?
+
+I just mentioned it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cosmological.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cosmological.
+
+So that is just the
+cosmological constant,
+
+but the cosmological constant
+reflects something else
+
+in the universe and
+is not related at all
+
+to zero point energy.
+
+To the best of my knowledge,
+these are the possibilities.
+
+OK, so let's go back to atoms.
+
+Our next big chapter 12
+is on resonant scattering.
+
+Just that you see the
+structure of the course.
+
+I wanted to introduce sort of
+some mysteries and subtleties
+
+of electromagnetic interactions
+to you by using diagrams,
+
+by using an exact
+formulation of QED.
+
+And then I gave you
+one example where
+
+we could use those
+diagrams, and these
+
+were van der Waal's forces.
+
+So we got a little bit side
+tracked with the vacuum,
+
+with van der Waal's
+and Casimir forces,
+
+but now we want to go
+back to the diagrams.
+
+And there is one aspect
+of the diagrams which
+
+is sort of fascinating,
+and this is where we really
+
+need a treatment which goes
+beyond perturbation theory.
+
+And this is when we
+have resonant radiation.
+
+When resonant light
+interacts with atoms.
+
+Because, as I'm
+going to show you,
+
+we have then in any
+perturbative expression
+
+zero in the energy denominator,
+and we would have divergence.
+
+So I want to show
+you now, partially
+
+also for the beauty of
+the physical theory,
+
+how can we deal-- how can
+we fix those divergencies?
+
+How can we fix
+those infinities we
+
+encounter in
+perturbation theory?
+
+The answer will be we get
+rid of these infinities
+
+by summing up an infinite
+number of diagrams.
+
+So I'm going to show
+you now-- it actually
+
+sounds so much more
+harder than it is.
+
+How, with rather modest
+mathematical effort,
+
+we can perform an infinite
+sum over diagrams.
+
+And I want to show you
+what those diagram are.
+
+And the result of that is that
+the divergencies disappear,
+
+and we have a valid
+description of what
+
+happens when atoms encounter
+resonant radiation.
+
+So I'm following here,
+almost religiously,
+
+the atom photon
+interaction book.
+
+So this in production is
+a summary of those pages.
+
+So when we discussed
+diagrams, we
+
+wanted to figure out what is
+the amplitude for a system
+
+to go from an initial
+to a final state.
+
+And those were the
+matrix elements
+
+of the t matrix, the
+transition matrix.
+
+And if we do it in
+second order-- well,
+
+remember the structure
+is in second order.
+
+We sort of emit a
+photon, virtual or real.
+
+We have another photon.
+
+This gives us second order.
+
+And in between the
+system propagates
+
+with its eigen energy.
+
+So this was the structure
+of the diagrams we had.
+
+And this term here,
+let's expand it
+
+in one wave functions of
+the unperturbed Hamiltonian.
+
+And then we obtain this
+following structure.
+
+So this is just rewriting
+in a very suggestive way
+
+what we had discussed before.
+
+And the case I focus on
+now is the interaction
+
+of atoms with resonant
+light, because this
+
+is when we have divergencies.
+
+If we have state a, state b.
+
+We have a laser and
+we scatter light.
+
+If the frequency is
+approximately resonant,
+
+then those perturbative
+results have a divergency.
+
+So for resonant light
+scattering, the typical matrix
+
+element we are interested in,
+we start and end of course
+
+in the ground state.
+
+We scatter photon.
+
+We go up to an excited state
+and go back to the ground state.
+
+But we started initially with
+a photon of wave vector k
+
+and polarization epsilon.
+
+And this may be different
+for the scattered light.
+
+The interaction happens by
+the interaction operator,
+
+which, for the purpose
+of this discussion,
+
+can either be the A dot p
+term or the d dot E term.
+
+We've discussed about
+the special role
+
+of the a squared term.
+
+We discussed it earlier.
+
+I don't want to include it
+in the discussion right now.
+
+And then you would
+say-- just want
+
+to make sure they
+do not confuse.
+
+In second order
+perturbation theory,
+
+you always have an
+energy denominator.
+
+But as I also explained to
+you, the energy denominator
+
+comes from the free propagator.
+
+You had a dot
+propagate and a dot--
+
+and what is the time evolution
+of this free propagation when
+
+you integrate it with time?
+
+This gave rise to the
+energy denominator.
+
+Just a side remark.
+
+So you should be
+very familiar that we
+
+have an energy denominator.
+
+But now this energy
+denominator--
+
+the initial energy is
+the initial atomic state
+
+plus the photon.
+
+And then if you want
+to sum over all states,
+
+I can just put in
+here the operator H0.
+
+But you may immediately think
+about it, the only state which
+
+really matters is the state b.
+
+And what matters is only when
+we go through intermediate state
+
+b, then H0 is Eb, and
+then we have a divergence
+
+because the denominator is 0.
+
+So let's see how we can fix it.
+
+But let me first give you
+the perturbative result,
+
+which you have seen
+many, many times.
+
+It is the product of
+two matrix elements.
+
+We have an intermediate state.
+
+The excited state
+without photon.
+
+We started with a photon,
+and we end up with a photon.
+
+And here we have our
+dipole or A dot p term.
+
+And our energy
+denominator diverges
+
+when the frequency of the
+photon approaches the resonance
+
+frequency.
+
+Well, how can we fix it?
+
+You know that in
+many cases you're
+
+just adding an
+imaginary part to it,
+
+which reflects that, due to
+the coupling with the vacuum
+
+of the electromagnetic field,
+the excited state is broadened.
+
+And it gives its energy
+an imaginary part.
+
+This of course is
+very phenomenological,
+
+but at least technically
+it avoids the divergence.
+
+Now what I want to show
+you, in the next 15 minutes
+
+and we continue on
+Wednesday, is how
+
+I can get this result of
+a very rigorous approach.
+
+I want to use the
+diagrammatic approach.
+
+I want to sum an infinite
+number of diagrams.
+
+And will tell you what are the
+approximations to get this.
+
+For instance, as you know, when
+you have an imaginary part,
+
+when you have just an
+imaginary part of the energy,
+
+the physics of it is
+exponential decay.
+
+Well I hope, not today
+but on Wednesday,
+
+you realize what assumptions
+lead to exponential decay,
+
+and that, in principle, non
+exponential decay is rather
+
+the standard than the exception.
+
+But the effects are small.
+
+But I want to show you.
+
+So in some sense
+I want to give--
+
+we have to go through
+a half an hour of work
+
+to derive this result.
+
+So you'd say, what's about it?
+
+You just get the
+phenomenological result.
+
+Well, we have put it
+on a rigorous basis.
+
+And number two is we do
+understand what assumptions
+
+really go into this
+phenomenological result.
+
+So the way how we will
+actually obtain this result
+
+is that in-- the second order
+diagram is that you start
+
+in state a, you go in state
+b, and you're back in state a,
+
+and you exchange photons.
+
+So the way how we-- the physical
+picture we want to use now
+
+is after the photon is
+absorbed right here,
+
+the system is not propagating
+with the Hamiltonian H0.
+
+It will propagate with
+the Hamiltonian H.
+
+If we do that, then we
+avoid the divergence.
+
+We get a result which can be
+applied toward-- the formalism
+
+can be applied to
+many situations.
+
+And in one limiting
+case, we obtain that.
+
+So the physics behind
+it is the following.
+
+The divergence which we
+encounter in resonant physics
+
+is only a divergence because
+we assume the atom in state b
+
+is naked.
+
+It's an excited state
+of an isolated atom.
+
+But in reality, the
+state b interacts
+
+by virtual photon
+emission, interacts
+
+with all the modes
+of the vacuum.
+
+And once we throw that in
+by saying that between two--
+
+between absorbing and
+emitting a photon,
+
+the state b propagates not
+with a free Hamiltonian,
+
+but with the total Hamiltonian,
+we avoid the divergence.
+
+But this is no longer
+a perturbative result.
+
+And let me illustrate
+that to you.
+
+If you take the energy
+denominator, omega minus
+
+and omega 0, and we add
+the imaginary part to it,
+
+I can Taylor expand it, assuming
+the imaginary part is small.
+
+Well, that's sort of
+a trivial expansion,
+
+but now you should
+know that gamma,
+
+the rate of
+spontaneous emission,
+
+the simplest
+expression is obtained
+
+in [INAUDIBLE] is called
+null in the second order
+
+in the interaction Hamiltonian.
+
+Spontaneous emission
+is proportional
+
+to the atomic dipole
+matrix element squared.
+
+So it's second order
+in the Hamiltonian.
+
+But that means that
+this harmless addition
+
+of an imaginary part means
+that if you look at the Taylor
+
+expansion, that we are
+using now infinite orders.
+
+Infinite orders
+in this expansion.
+
+So the phenomenological
+addition of [INAUDIBLE] gamma
+
+to the excited level b is
+actually highly nontrivial,
+
+because it's
+corresponds technically
+
+or physically to a non
+perturbative result which
+
+involves infinite order in the
+interaction matrix element.
+
+Question about it?
+
+So this is more
+setting up the agenda.
+
+I wanted to remind you of
+the perturbative result.
+
+I want to sort of show
+you how we can fix it.
+
+I want to show
+you what it means.
+
+But with that motivation
+I want to now back
+
+to our diagrammatic approach,
+our formal solution,
+
+our exact formal solution of the
+time evolution of a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+system, and show you
+one how I can implement
+
+this agenda in particular by not
+allowing the atom to propagate
+
+with a naked
+Hamiltonian H0, but sort
+
+of staying dressed with
+photons and propagating
+
+with the Hamiltonian H.
+Questions about that?
+
+OK, so the derivation
+is now focusing
+
+on two chapters in API.
+
+I need one result which I hope
+you remember from about a week
+
+and a half or two weeks ago.
+
+We formulated the time evolution
+of the system using the time
+
+propagation operator u.
+
+And we found an
+exact expression.
+
+I'm dropping all of the
+arguments here, t and t prime.
+
+You can look them up
+either in the book
+
+or in the previous
+lecture notes.
+
+We found that the propagator in
+the interaction representation
+
+is the unperturbed operator u0.
+
+Now I need, actually, the terms.
+
+It was a time integral
+over some time
+
+t1, which involved u0, v, and u.
+
+And I introduced it to
+you as you could plug that
+
+into whatever is the
+equivalent of Schrodinger's
+
+equation for the time
+evolution operator,
+
+and you really find this
+is a solution for u.
+
+But well, it's not
+really a solution,
+
+because it's a solution of
+u expressed in terms of u.
+
+But then I showed you that it
+allows an iterative approach,
+
+and this is why we did it.
+
+If you have a
+first order result,
+
+the zero order result is u0.
+
+When you plug the zero
+order result in here,
+
+you get the first
+order correction.
+
+When you put the first
+order result here,
+
+you get the second
+order correction.
+
+So you get a recursive formula
+which solves the problem.
+
+And this is now
+our starting point.
+
+This is an exact
+formulation of QED.
+
+And this is now
+our starting point
+
+to address the problem
+of divergencies.
+
+We want to describe what
+many of you do in the lab,
+
+namely have resonant laser
+light interact with atoms.
+
+And I want to show you how
+can you describe it with QED
+
+with the formalism
+we've introduced.
+
+OK, now for this chapter we want
+to have one big simplification.
+
+Things aren't only
+getting complicated.
+
+They're getting simpler.
+
+If you have a time integral
+which is a convolution,
+
+and you can often simplify it
+by Fourier transforming it,
+
+because the Fourier
+transform of a convolution
+
+is simply the product of
+the two Fourier transforms.
+
+There is one glitch.
+
+So one subtlety I want
+to feed in a moment.
+
+But let's just
+assume for a moment,
+
+we go from time
+before the Fourier
+
+transform to
+frequency or energy.
+
+So G of E is the
+Fourier transform
+
+of-- after filling a
+few corrections of u.
+
+That would mean,
+if that were true,
+
+the equation above
+would now be an equation
+
+where the integral,
+V sort of constant,
+
+instead of a
+convolution of U0 and U,
+
+we get simply the product of
+the two Fourier transforms.
+
+That's much, much simpler.
+
+It's an algebraic
+equation instead
+
+of an integral equation.
+
+And remember, when we
+get into nth order,
+
+we get n integrals with
+some time ordering.
+
+We were able to do it,
+but it's mathematically
+
+more complicated.
+
+The problem is that this
+is not a convolution.
+
+It would be a convolution if
+the time limits were infinite.
+
+So what we can do instead
+is we can define G of E.
+
+Not the Fourier
+transform of U. If we
+
+say it is the Fourier transform
+of k, which uses a step
+
+function, then if you insert
+now k in the formula above,
+
+you see that because
+of this step function
+
+we can now take the integral
+limits from minus infinity
+
+to plus infinity.
+
+So therefore, when I say G,
+G is called the resolvent.
+
+It's really the
+mathematical quantity
+
+we have to work on now.
+
+And I wanted to tell
+you very simply hey,
+
+it's just a Fourier transform
+of the time evolution operator.
+
+Not quite.
+
+It's the Fourier transform
+of a time evolution operator
+
+with a theta function, just
+to make sure that formally we
+
+can extend the upper and lower
+integration limits to infinity.
+
+Or this is also a
+name-- what I'm really
+
+kind of discussing are
+Laplace transformations.
+
+But I want to convey
+to you the physics.
+
+It would take many weeks to do
+the mathematical accurately,
+
+but you can get the idea
+and really profound feeling
+
+for how QED works
+and what we are
+
+doing with not so much
+mathematical rigor.
+
+So with that grain
+of salt we have
+
+Fourier transformed equation.
+
+We have the Fourier transform
+of the time evolution operator.
+
+But if you look at it
+mathematically more exact,
+
+it's a Laplace transform, and
+we are little bit navigating
+
+in the complex place.
+
+The Fourier transform does
+not exist for real values.
+
+We always have to add
+a small imaginary part
+
+to make things converge.
+
+But you've seen that in
+many other places, I assume.
+
+OK, so the quantity
+which allows us
+
+to describe resonant interaction
+in a very straightforward way
+
+is called the resolvent.
+
+I can simply define
+the resolvent.
+
+All I gave you was
+some motivation.
+
+But if I had
+wanted, I could just
+
+say the resolvent is defined
+by this operator equation.
+
+z is the complex number.
+
+H is the Hamiltonian
+including interaction
+
+between atoms in
+electromagnetic field.
+
+And actually if you would
+take that-- if you take this
+
+and plug it into the equation
+above-- so if you plug this
+
+into the equation, you find this
+expression solves the equation.
+
+So I just want to
+say you can forget
+
+about all the subtleties with
+Laplace transform and such.
+
+You can just say let me define
+some interesting object.
+
+But it is connected to
+what I said earlier,
+
+because this solves
+this equation.
+
+And also I like to sort of show
+you the mathematical structure.
+
+If you write the time
+evolution operator as e
+
+to the minus the Hamiltonian,
+and now you Fourier
+
+transform it.
+
+If you Fourier transform
+it, you multiply it
+
+with e to the I omega
+t, and you integrate--
+
+let me integrate
+from 0 to infinity.
+
+There are some issues
+with 0 or infinities.
+
+But if you simply solve
+this integral with time,
+
+you have sort of an exponent
+e to the i omega minus h.
+
+So if you Fourier
+transform it, what
+
+you obtain is nothing else
+than the energy minus h.
+
+And this looks very different.
+
+This looks very, very
+similar to the definition
+
+of the resolvent.
+
+The only mathematical thing
+I'm not fully discussing here
+
+is z real, or has it a
+small imaginary part?
+
+The small imaginary
+part-- actually,
+
+you have to add a small
+imaginary part here
+
+to make sure the Fourier
+transform exists.
+
+But you should clearly see
+how things are connected.
+
+So OK, I'm focusing
+now on the resolvent.
+
+It is equivalent to the
+time evolution operator.
+
+It is a sort of Fourier
+transform of it.
+
+And we want to
+formally write down
+
+a diagrammatic solution
+for the resolvent.
+
+And with that I think
+I should stop now.
+
+We start on Wednesday?
+
+Any questions to that point?
+
+OK, then see you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qUO_DcUVwg8.txt b/qUO_DcUVwg8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6eacae1373e096e623bec8a3130cb7f1079d8d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qUO_DcUVwg8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14304 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome to our second lecture today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to our second lecture today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to our second lecture today we
+are going to be talking about magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probes these are surprisingly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes these are surprisingly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes these are surprisingly simple
+devices but you can also measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but you can also measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices but you can also measure a
+surprising amount about your plasma from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+so we'll start by considering just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start by considering just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start by considering just a
+simple Loop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Loop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Loop of
+wire so let's imagine we have a loop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so let's imagine we have a loop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire so let's imagine we have a loop of
+wire like this it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire like this it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire like this it's got some
+area a and it's got some magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area a and it's got some magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area a and it's got some magnetic field
+pointing out of the page B like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of the page B like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of the page B like this and
+we can imagine that this is a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that this is a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that this is a Time
+varying magnetic field B of time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying magnetic field B of time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying magnetic field B of time here
+okay and then we go and grab one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we go and grab one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we go and grab one of
+Maxwell's equations we'll take the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations we'll take the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations we'll take the curl
+of e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e is equal to
+minus the time derivative of B here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the time derivative of B here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the time derivative of B here so
+I'm writing that as B dot we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing that as B dot we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing that as B dot we can take
+this equation and integrate over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and integrate over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and integrate over this
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+here integrate up the curl of e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here integrate up the curl of e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here integrate up the curl of e over
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+surface so dotting with Ds and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so dotting with Ds and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so dotting with Ds and doing the
+same thing on the other side integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on the other side integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing on the other side integrating
+up the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the magnetic
+field dotted with Ds like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dotted with Ds like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dotted with Ds like that and then
+we can use one of our nice Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use one of our nice Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use one of our nice Vector
+calculus identities and convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus identities and convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus identities and convert this
+from being a surface integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a surface integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a surface integral over the
+area into a line integral around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area into a line integral around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area into a line integral around the
+curve which bounds this surface here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which bounds this surface here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which bounds this surface here and
+that will allow us to write this instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow us to write this instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow us to write this instead
+as the integral of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integral of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the integral of e
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+DL and we recognize that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL and we recognize that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL and we recognize that if we're
+integrating an electric field around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating an electric field around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating an electric field around the
+path this is just going to end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is just going to end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is just going to end up being
+a voltage so it'll be a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage so it'll be a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage so it'll be a voltage
+difference between these two points this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two points this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two points this
+point here and this point here we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and this point here we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and this point here we're not
+going to measure it right here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure it right here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure it right here we'll
+attach these with cables to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach these with cables to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach these with cables to some
+digitizer or oscilloscope out here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer or oscilloscope out here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer or oscilloscope out here so
+there'll be a potential difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a potential difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a potential difference
+around this Loop we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this Loop we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this Loop we'll call that
+potential difference V and that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference V and that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference V and that's simply
+going to be equal to the integral of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral of B
+dot uh dotted with Ds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot uh dotted with Ds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot uh dotted with Ds
+here we've already said that the of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've already said that the of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've already said that the of this
+surface is simply a so we'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is simply a so we'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is simply a so we'll just write
+that as a and then we'll write this as B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a and then we'll write this as B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a and then we'll write this as B
+dot here and if you want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here and if you want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here and if you want to increase the
+voltage you get for a given uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage you get for a given uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage you get for a given uh
+time-changing magnetic field you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-changing magnetic field you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-changing magnetic field you can put
+more loops on this so your probe could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more loops on this so your probe could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more loops on this so your probe could
+have one Loop or it could have two Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Loop or it could have two Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one Loop or it could have two Loops
+or it could have n Loops like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could have n Loops like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could have n Loops like this and
+we would simply multiply this by n at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would simply multiply this by n at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would simply multiply this by n at
+the end there where n is just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end there where n is just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end there where n is just the number
+of Loops we have so that's how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Loops we have so that's how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Loops we have so that's how you make
+this more sensitive and so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more sensitive and so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more sensitive and so because
+because of this dependency on B dot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this dependency on B dot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this dependency on B dot here
+these are called B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called B
+dots very inventive okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots very inventive okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots very inventive okay so this is a
+very simple diagnostic it senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple diagnostic it senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple diagnostic it senses
+magnetic fields now I've made a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields now I've made a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields now I've made a few
+approximations or assumptions while I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations or assumptions while I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations or assumptions while I've
+been deriving this can someone give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been deriving this can someone give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been deriving this can someone give me a
+a reasonable condition on the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable condition on the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable condition on the magnetic
+field um particularly thinking about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um particularly thinking about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um particularly thinking about its
+spatial variation that enables me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation that enables me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation that enables me to
+derive this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this simple
+equation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay and so we might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and so we might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and so we might have some
+length scale over which this magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale over which this magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale over which this magnetic
+field varies so we call this lb and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field varies so we call this lb and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field varies so we call this lb and we
+could write this as B over grad B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as B over grad B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as B over grad B and
+you'll excl excuse my sloppy notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll excl excuse my sloppy notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll excl excuse my sloppy notation
+here I S dropped the fact these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I S dropped the fact these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I S dropped the fact these are
+vectors here and we have some length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here and we have some length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here and we have some length
+scale associated with the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale associated with the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale associated with the size of the
+probe so we could call this LP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe so we could call this LP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe so we could call this LP and
+that's going to go like square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go like square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go like square root of a
+and so we want to make sure the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to make sure the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to make sure the magnetic
+field doesn't change much over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field doesn't change much over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field doesn't change much over this
+length scale here so we might demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale here so we might demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale here so we might demand
+that LP over LP is much much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LP over LP is much much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that LP over LP is much much less than
+one here so effectively your magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so effectively your magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so effectively your magnetic
+field is only changing in time it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is only changing in time it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is only changing in time it's not
+changing spatially of course if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing spatially of course if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing spatially of course if it is
+changing spatially you will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing spatially you will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing spatially you will still
+measure something you'll still get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something you'll still get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something you'll still get a
+voltage out it's just that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage out it's just that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage out it's just that your
+interpretation won't be quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation won't be quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation won't be quite as
+straightforward as this if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward as this if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward as this if you know
+something about how the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how the magnetic field
+varies spatially over your Loop then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies spatially over your Loop then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies spatially over your Loop then
+that's okay but if you don't uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but if you don't uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but if you don't uh it's
+going to make your interpretation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make your interpretation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make your interpretation very
+very tricky okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so these are two
+characteristic length scales that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic length scales that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic length scales that we're
+comparing here LP is a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing here LP is a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing here LP is a characteristic
+length scale of our probe it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale of our probe it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale of our probe it's just
+going to go as the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go as the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go as the square root of the
+area and lb is the characteristic length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and lb is the characteristic length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and lb is the characteristic length
+scale over which the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale over which the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale over which the magnetic field
+varies if you look at this dimensionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies if you look at this dimensionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies if you look at this dimensionally
+you see that it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's going to have
+dimensions of length and so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of length and so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of length and so we're just
+saying that our magnetic field length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that our magnetic field length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that our magnetic field length
+scale has to be much larger than probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale has to be much larger than probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale has to be much larger than probe
+length scale such that uh the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale such that uh the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale such that uh the magnetic
+field is basically constant across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is basically constant across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is basically constant across the
+probe anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe anyone
+else anyone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia okay good stuff so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia okay good stuff so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia okay good stuff so of course
+now you've got your voltage out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got your voltage out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got your voltage out and
+you've digitized it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've digitized it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've digitized it with your
+oscilloscope or at least if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope or at least if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope or at least if you haven't
+digitized it it's coming out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized it it's coming out of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized it it's coming out of these
+little cables here uh and of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cables here uh and of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cables here uh and of course you
+need to do something with it to get B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do something with it to get B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do something with it to get B
+dot you need to integrate it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you need to integrate it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot you need to integrate it right so
+you have got an equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have got an equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have got an equ
+V A B do n and you want an equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V A B do n and you want an equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V A B do n and you want an equation that
+looks like b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like b
+doal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doal
+v a n and so therefore B is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v a n and so therefore B is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v a n and so therefore B is going to be
+the integral with respect to time of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral with respect to time of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral with respect to time of B
+over a like this from Time Zero up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a like this from Time Zero up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a like this from Time Zero up to
+whatever time T you're at at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever time T you're at at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever time T you're at at that point
+okay and there are a few ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are a few ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are a few ways to do this
+back in the day um you might want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the day um you might want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the day um you might want to try
+and do this automatically um um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this automatically um um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this automatically um um because
+doing this numerically may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this numerically may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this numerically may be
+computationally expensive you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive you could do
+this passively you could have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this passively you could have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this passively you could have some sort
+of RC type filter those of you who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RC type filter those of you who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RC type filter those of you who know
+your analog Electronics would recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analog Electronics would recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analog Electronics would recognize
+something like this where we got our B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where we got our B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this where we got our B
+do loop at the end there and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do loop at the end there and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do loop at the end there and we've got
+some resistance and some capacitance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resistance and some capacitance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resistance and some capacitance and
+this forms a low pass filter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forms a low pass filter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forms a low pass filter which
+depending on the frequency of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency of your
+signal will passively integrate it up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will passively integrate it up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will passively integrate it up so
+that's very simple to build if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple to build if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple to build if you're
+trying to put a thousand B dot probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put a thousand B dot probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put a thousand B dot probes
+around your toac you might think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your toac you might think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your toac you might think that
+this is a nice solution um if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice solution um if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice solution um if you want
+something a little bit more fancy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more fancy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more fancy you
+can do this with an opamp so we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with an opamp so we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with an opamp so we can put
+an opamp in here and we can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opamp in here and we can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opamp in here and we can put in
+something where we have a resistor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we have a resistor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we have a resistor and a
+capacitor for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inputs and this is nicer because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and this is nicer because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and this is nicer because of
+course it's going to buffer your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's going to buffer your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's going to buffer your signal
+as well it makes it easier to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it makes it easier to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it makes it easier to do the
+impedance matching so uh you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance matching so uh you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance matching so uh you might want
+to consider an active system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider an active system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider an active system like this
+so just to be clear this is passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to be clear this is passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to be clear this is passive
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+no electrical components that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electrical components that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electrical components that require
+power and this is an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and this is an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and this is an active
+system and of course the third way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and of course the third way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and of course the third way you
+can do this uh especially these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this uh especially these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this uh especially these days is
+simply take this signal and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply take this signal and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply take this signal and do it
+digitally right so we can just sum up V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally right so we can just sum up V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally right so we can just sum up V
+over a n times delta T where delta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a n times delta T where delta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a n times delta T where delta T is
+whatever your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+now you have to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be a little bit careful
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+because there are other things which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are other things which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are other things which can
+induce a voltage oh look it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a voltage oh look it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a voltage oh look it's still
+there there are other things which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are other things which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are other things which can
+induce a voltage on your probe other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a voltage on your probe other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce a voltage on your probe other
+than just the magnetic field uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just the magnetic field uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just the magnetic field uh but you
+only measure the voltage at the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure the voltage at the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure the voltage at the end so
+you don't really know if something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know if something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know if something else
+has come and interfered uh but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come and interfered uh but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come and interfered uh but there are
+some tricks to try and get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tricks to try and get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tricks to try and get around that
+so let's have a chat about some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a chat about some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a chat about some other
+voltages that might crop up on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that might crop up on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages that might crop up on your
+probe that you're not aware of um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe that you're not aware of um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe that you're not aware of um you
+could for example have some stray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example have some stray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example have some stray
+captively coupled voltage on here so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captively coupled voltage on here so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captively coupled voltage on here so um
+you may end up having a system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may end up having a system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may end up having a system where you
+have a loop which has a voltage on it AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loop which has a voltage on it AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loop which has a voltage on it AB
+dot as you expect but there is also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot as you expect but there is also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot as you expect but there is also some
+other capacity coupled signal like noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other capacity coupled signal like noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other capacity coupled signal like noise
+so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your
+signal would just look like this but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal would just look like this but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal would just look like this but on
+top of it you've got some other noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it you've got some other noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it you've got some other noisy
+signal that corrupts it and as you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that corrupts it and as you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that corrupts it and as you start
+integrating this up um it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this up um it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this up um it's going to
+make a bit of a mess of your integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bit of a mess of your integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bit of a mess of your integration
+if this is truly just noise if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is truly just noise if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is truly just noise if it's
+randomly distributed the integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed the integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed the integration is
+obviously going to get rid of that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to get rid of that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to get rid of that it's
+very nice for smoothing things out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for smoothing things out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for smoothing things out but
+if this has some structure for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this has some structure for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this has some structure for example
+it's related to potential inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to potential inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to potential inside your
+plasma then this is going to screw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma then this is going to screw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma then this is going to screw up
+your measurement so the way we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement so the way we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurement so the way we get
+around this is we perform a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is we perform a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is we perform a differential
+measurement we have two B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we have two B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we have two B
+dots one of the B dots is wound in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots one of the B dots is wound in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots one of the B dots is wound in One
+Direction like this and the other B dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction like this and the other B dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction like this and the other B dot
+which we place as close as possible is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we place as close as possible is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we place as close as possible is
+wound in the other direction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound in the other direction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound in the other direction like
+this so the sense in which we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the sense in which we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the sense in which we evaluate
+this DL integral is in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directions so for probe one and probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so for probe one and probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so for probe one and probe
+two we get different voltages out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we get different voltages out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we get different voltages out for
+probe one we're going to get a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe one we're going to get a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe one we're going to get a voltage
+that looks like V1 equals a b do plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like V1 equals a b do plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like V1 equals a b do plus
+this capacitively coupled voltage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitively coupled voltage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitively coupled voltage but
+for two the in which the L goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two the in which the L goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two the in which the L goes as
+opposite so we get V2 equals minus a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so we get V2 equals minus a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so we get V2 equals minus a b
+do plus some capacity coupled voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do plus some capacity coupled voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do plus some capacity coupled voltage
+and so we do a trick that we like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do a trick that we like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we do a trick that we like doing
+in experimental physics which is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experimental physics which is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experimental physics which is to make
+a differential measurement and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential measurement and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential measurement and we can
+take the difference of these we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference of these we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference of these we can take
+the difference of V1 minus V2 and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of V1 minus V2 and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of V1 minus V2 and you'll
+see that these capacity coupled voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these capacity coupled voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these capacity coupled voltages
+which are the same on both Loops will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same on both Loops will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same on both Loops will
+cancel out but we will amplify up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out but we will amplify up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out but we will amplify up the
+signal that we actually want and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we actually want and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we actually want and so
+we'll up with to a b dot like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll up with to a b dot like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll up with to a b dot like this so
+this is as I said a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as I said a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as I said a differential
+measurement and whenever possible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and whenever possible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and whenever possible if
+you're trying to get rid of noise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get rid of noise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get rid of noise you
+want to try and do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and do things like
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements so if you're asking where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so if you're asking where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so if you're asking where
+does this capacity coupled signal come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this capacity coupled signal come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this capacity coupled signal come
+from if you just imagine having your B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you just imagine having your B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you just imagine having your B
+do probe like this and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do probe like this and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do probe like this and there's some
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+floating over here this plasma may be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating over here this plasma may be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating over here this plasma may be at
+some potential the plasma like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential the plasma like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential the plasma like this and
+your probe may be maybe attached near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probe may be maybe attached near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probe may be maybe attached near
+ground so it's it's floating at close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so it's it's floating at close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so it's it's floating at close to
+V equal zero but you can see effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal zero but you can see effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal zero but you can see effectively
+there's going to be some capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some capacitive
+coupling if I drew a circuit diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling if I drew a circuit diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling if I drew a circuit diagram
+it'll be as if there was some capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be as if there was some capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be as if there was some capacitor
+between these two and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two and that would be
+enough to induce some small fraction VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to induce some small fraction VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to induce some small fraction VC
+on here which is going to be much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here which is going to be much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here which is going to be much much
+less than the plasma potential but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the plasma potential but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the plasma potential but the
+plasma potential could be a kilovolt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma potential could be a kilovolt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma potential could be a kilovolt or
+so if you're dealing with kiler electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're dealing with kiler electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're dealing with kiler electron
+volt temperature plasmas and so this VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt temperature plasmas and so this VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt temperature plasmas and so this VC
+can still be large enough that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be large enough that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be large enough that it will
+throw off your measurements this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw off your measurements this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw off your measurements this is why
+it's worth doing differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth doing differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth doing differential
+measurements if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if you
+can any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah it's a good point yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we'll talk about that actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that actually more
+in a minute because if you've got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because if you've got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because if you've got very
+slowly changing magnetic fields where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly changing magnetic fields where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly changing magnetic fields where
+this is an issue like on a super conu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue like on a super conu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue like on a super conu
+poac B dots aren't really going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poac B dots aren't really going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poac B dots aren't really going to do
+any good because your signal is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good because your signal is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good because your signal is going to
+be absolutely tiny because B dot will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely tiny because B dot will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely tiny because B dot will be
+very very small so your voltage will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so your voltage will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so your voltage will be
+very very small so you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small so you probably want to
+rely on other sensors to do that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on other sensors to do that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on other sensors to do that instead
+um yeah if you're be yes you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah if you're be yes you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah if you're be yes you're right
+this really should read like Delta B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really should read like Delta B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really should read like Delta B
+right this is a change in magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a change in magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a change in magnetic field
+so you you can't measure a DC magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can't measure a DC magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can't measure a DC magnetic
+field with these um yeah and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with these um yeah and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with these um yeah and there are
+lots of problems when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of problems when you do this
+practically with drift so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically with drift so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically with drift so if your
+oscilloscope isn't perfectly calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope isn't perfectly calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope isn't perfectly calibrated
+it's got some slight offset to it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some slight offset to it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some slight offset to it that's
+going to be integrated up as a gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be integrated up as a gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be integrated up as a gently
+ramping up magnetic field which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up magnetic field which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up magnetic field which is
+another good reason to do differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good reason to do differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another good reason to do differential
+measurements because you can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements because you can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements because you can get rid of
+those offsets as well any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those offsets as well any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those offsets as well any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh well done yes that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh well done yes that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh well done yes that's a good
+point and I should have mentioned it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I should have mentioned it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I should have mentioned it I
+have assumed here that the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assumed here that the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assumed here that the magnetic
+field is perpendicular when I drew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is perpendicular when I drew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is perpendicular when I drew this
+diagram so perpendicular it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so perpendicular it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so perpendicular it's it's
+parallel to the normal of this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the normal of this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the normal of this surface
+here so that's where we have b. DS of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's where we have b. DS of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's where we have b. DS of
+course the magnetic field could be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the magnetic field could be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the magnetic field could be at
+some arbitrary angle to it we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary angle to it we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary angle to it we're only
+going to pick up the component which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up the component which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up the component which is
+normal to the surface so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the surface so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the surface so this is
+insensitive to magnetic fields for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to magnetic fields for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to magnetic fields for
+example pointing in this direction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pointing in this direction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pointing in this direction uh
+this is actually quite important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually quite important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually quite important in the
+toac where or in other devices where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac where or in other devices where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac where or in other devices where you
+may not actually know what the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually know what the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually know what the magnetic
+field is like we know what the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is like we know what the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is like we know what the vacuum
+magnetic field is but once there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is but once there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is but once there's
+current flowing in the plasma we may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing in the plasma we may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing in the plasma we may not
+know which component we're picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which component we're picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which component we're picking up
+you may also want to have not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also want to have not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also want to have not for
+example just two Loops for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just two Loops for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just two Loops for this
+measurement but three AIS B do probes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but three AIS B do probes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but three AIS B do probes as
+well and so on laboratory astrophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so on laboratory astrophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so on laboratory astrophysics
+devices like LAPD and MRX they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices like LAPD and MRX they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices like LAPD and MRX they have
+these arrays of probes with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of probes with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays of probes with three
+different axes so they can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes so they can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes so they can measure the
+full Vector magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the idea here is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea here is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea here is this this
+could be due to anything this is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be due to anything this is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be due to anything this is due to
+some high voltage being present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high voltage being present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high voltage being present
+somewhere in your system so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your system so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your system so it could be
+a capacitor Bank discharging or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor Bank discharging or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor Bank discharging or it could
+be killer electron volt plasma but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be killer electron volt plasma but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be killer electron volt plasma but the
+fact is that any conductor and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that any conductor and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that any conductor and any other
+conductor have a capacitance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor have a capacitance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor have a capacitance between
+them just always there is an ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just always there is an ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just always there is an ability to
+induce some potential on one conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce some potential on one conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce some potential on one conductor
+from the other and so all I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other and so all I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other and so all I'm saying is
+if you have some stray potential it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some stray potential it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some stray potential it will
+couple with the same sign for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple with the same sign for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple with the same sign for these two
+probes but because they're oppositely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes but because they're oppositely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes but because they're oppositely
+wound we'll be able to cancel out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound we'll be able to cancel out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound we'll be able to cancel out that
+same sign potential there that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign potential there that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign potential there that's the
+other reason why you want the probes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why you want the probes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why you want the probes as
+close together as possible because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together as possible because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together as possible because if
+you put them further apart this VC may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them further apart this VC may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them further apart this VC may
+be different on the two probes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different on the two probes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different on the two probes and then
+they won't cancel perfectly so ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't cancel perfectly so ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't cancel perfectly so ideally
+you'd have two loots perfectly councel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have two loots perfectly councel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have two loots perfectly councel
+wound lying directly on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound lying directly on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound lying directly on top
+of any questions from Columbia I see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any questions from Columbia I see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any questions from Columbia I see two
+hands maybe Nigel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands maybe Nigel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands maybe Nigel
+first uh hi uh Could you um remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh hi uh Could you um remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh hi uh Could you um remember to
+repeat questions when they're asked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat questions when they're asked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat questions when they're asked in
+person we yeah all yeah was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we yeah all yeah was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we yeah all yeah was that
+Matthew's question as well or is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew's question as well or is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew's question as well or is a
+different question no I have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question no I have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question no I have a separate
+question um Nigel did you have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um Nigel did you have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um Nigel did you have anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay um so do you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay um so do you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay um so do you have to worry about
+inductive coupling between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive coupling between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive coupling between two
+oppositely wound beat up probes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely wound beat up probes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely wound beat up probes that are
+very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely
+spaced um brief answer is you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced um brief answer is you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced um brief answer is you'd have to
+worry about that if the current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that if the current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that if the current flowing
+through the probes was sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the probes was sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the probes was sufficient to
+create a magnetic field that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a magnetic field that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a magnetic field that was
+comparable to the magnetic field you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the magnetic field you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the magnetic field you're
+trying to measure right so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure right so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure right so in general
+it's not yeah it's it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yeah it's it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yeah it's it's a good question
+but say you've got a vault or so of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you've got a vault or so of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you've got a vault or so of um
+that you're measuring and you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're measuring and you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're measuring and you're uh
+measuring it over a 50 ohm Terminator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it over a 50 ohm Terminator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it over a 50 ohm Terminator
+which is what we normally do for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we normally do for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we normally do for you
+know matching with 50 ohm cables that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matching with 50 ohm cables that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matching with 50 ohm cables that's
+going to be a pretty small current so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pretty small current so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pretty small current so
+the magnetic field you're inducing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field you're inducing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field you're inducing is
+pretty small it's a good question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small it's a good question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small it's a good question okay
+all right thanks yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question right if you integrate a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right if you integrate a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right if you integrate a zero
+mean Gan noise then you're right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Gan noise then you're right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Gan noise then you're right you
+will get rid of uh VC but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get rid of uh VC but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get rid of uh VC but it doesn't
+have to be a mean Galan noise this VC in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a mean Galan noise this VC in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a mean Galan noise this VC in
+fact will probably represent something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact will probably represent something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact will probably represent something
+like say you're doing a discharge in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say you're doing a discharge in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say you're doing a discharge in a
+plasma the voltage will rise and fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the voltage will rise and fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the voltage will rise and fall in
+a similar way to the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to the current in the
+magnetic field so you might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so you might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field so you might actually
+have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say this is your signal B dot like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is your signal B dot like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is your signal B dot like this
+and then your signal VC is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your signal VC is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your signal VC is doing
+something like let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let me draw
+it like this so this is a capacitor Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this so this is a capacitor Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this so this is a capacitor Bank
+ramping up and discharging again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up and discharging again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up and discharging again and so
+you can see if you average that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you average that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you average that out
+you're not gonna get so this is for non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get so this is for non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get so this is for non
+non-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh I I guess I you're right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I I guess I you're right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I I guess I you're right yeah
+it's gonna be it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be it's going to be
+relatively small depending on how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small depending on how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small depending on how big
+your signal to noise ratio is but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal to noise ratio is but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal to noise ratio is but you're
+right it's like a random walk so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like a random walk so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like a random walk so you're
+going to diffuse away from where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to diffuse away from where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to diffuse away from where you
+start yeah um yeah I guess as with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start yeah um yeah I guess as with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start yeah um yeah I guess as with all
+measurements you won't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you won't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you won't have a good
+signal for noise to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for noise to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal for noise to avoid
+that it depends you know you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it depends you know you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it depends you know you have you
+should design as a diagnostic designer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should design as a diagnostic designer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should design as a diagnostic designer a
+system which gives you sufficient signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which gives you sufficient signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which gives you sufficient signal
+to noise which might mean increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise which might mean increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise which might mean increasing the
+area of your Loop but might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of your Loop but might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of your Loop but might mean
+increasing the number of terms in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of terms in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of terms in order
+to fulfill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill that
+yeah okay I'm going to move on um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'm going to move on um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'm going to move on um so
+just to say you can take these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you can take these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say you can take these two
+signals here and you could feed them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals here and you could feed them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals here and you could feed them in
+automatically to an opamp little this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to an opamp little this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to an opamp little this
+and you can make an opamp circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make an opamp circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make an opamp circuit that
+does uh subtraction and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh subtraction and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh subtraction and then you could
+feed that into an opamp circuit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed that into an opamp circuit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed that into an opamp circuit which
+does integration the trouble is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does integration the trouble is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does integration the trouble is uh
+unless you inspect these two signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you inspect these two signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you inspect these two signals
+visually uh you may find that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually uh you may find that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually uh you may find that one of
+them is more affected by the capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is more affected by the capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is more affected by the capacitive
+coupling than the other this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling than the other this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling than the other this is a
+problem we have in my research where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have in my research where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have in my research where one
+of your signals might look really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your signals might look really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your signals might look really nice
+like this and the other signal just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the other signal just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the other signal just goes
+like that and if you feed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and if you feed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and if you feed these
+automatically into an opamp without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically into an opamp without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically into an opamp without
+digitizing them and just accept whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing them and just accept whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizing them and just accept whatever
+comes out the upper end then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the upper end then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the upper end then you're not
+going to get a decent uh answer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a decent uh answer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a decent uh answer from
+this this this data is junk right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this data is junk right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this data is junk right you
+want your signals to look as close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your signals to look as close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your signals to look as close to
+opposite as possible so probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite as possible so probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite as possible so probably you
+want to digitize them separately anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to digitize them separately anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to digitize them separately anyway
+and we we're going to be focusing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we're going to be focusing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we're going to be focusing at the
+moment on B dots which are placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on B dots which are placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on B dots which are placed
+outside of the plasma I will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the plasma I will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the plasma I will talk about
+BTS placed inside of the plasma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS placed inside of the plasma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS placed inside of the plasma because
+that's something that I like to do in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that I like to do in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that I like to do in my
+research uh but for most of the time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh but for most of the time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh but for most of the time if
+we're dealing with things like toomax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with things like toomax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with things like toomax
+magnetic confinement Fusion devices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic confinement Fusion devices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic confinement Fusion devices you
+don't want to stick things inside there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to stick things inside there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to stick things inside there
+they're just going to melt so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just going to melt so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just going to melt so we'll be
+sticking with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with external
+probes okay uh there was a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes okay uh there was a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes okay uh there was a question
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about measuring when B dot is small when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring when B dot is small when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring when B dot is small when
+we've got almost steady state magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got almost steady state magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got almost steady state magnetic
+field so let's have a quick chat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so let's have a quick chat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so let's have a quick chat about
+that so when we have B dot goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when we have B dot goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when we have B dot goes to zero
+we'll call these steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call these steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call these steady
+states of course they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of course they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of course they don't have to be
+absolutely not time changing they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not time changing they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not time changing they just
+have to be time changing slowly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be time changing slowly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be time changing slowly enough
+that we can't measure the voltage easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't measure the voltage easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't measure the voltage easily
+um so this would give V on our B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this would give V on our B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this would give V on our B
+dot also going to zero so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot also going to zero so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot also going to zero so at this point
+you probably want to resort to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to resort to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to resort to a
+different device uh and these are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different device uh and these are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different device uh and these are often
+called hall effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensors and another name for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and another name for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and another name for a whole
+effect sensor is a gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter so the way these work is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so the way these work is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so the way these work is we have a
+a block of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor so this is a terrible drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor so this is a terrible drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor so this is a terrible drawing
+of boid there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um
+we there's a magnetic field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's a magnetic field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's a magnetic field that's
+threading through this that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading through this that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading through this that we want to
+sense we allow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we allow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we allow a
+current to flow through it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to flow through it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to flow through it in this
+direction from this face to this face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from this face to this face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from this face to this face
+back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and because we have uh charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and because we have uh charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and because we have uh charged
+particles moving in a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving in a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving in a magnetic field
+there's a jross b Force which separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a jross b Force which separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a jross b Force which separates
+the charges and so on one side we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charges and so on one side we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charges and so on one side we build
+up a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a positive
+charge and on the other side we build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and on the other side we build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and on the other side we build up
+a negative charge and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attach our oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach our oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach our oscilloscope
+here we can measure that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can measure that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can measure that potential
+difference so there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so there's going to be an
+electric field in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in this
+direction and uh by knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and uh by knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and uh by knowing the
+properties of our semiconductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of our semiconductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of our semiconductor and
+measuring this electric field we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this electric field we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this electric field we can
+infer what the magnetic field is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what the magnetic field is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what the magnetic field is here
+right so this is again there's a j cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is again there's a j cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is again there's a j cross
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+force that separates the charges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that separates the charges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that separates the charges in
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+directions so this works pretty well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so this works pretty well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so this works pretty well it
+doesn't work very fast so you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very fast so you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very fast so you can't use
+these to replace B dots if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to replace B dots if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to replace B dots if you want to
+have a very high frequency signal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high frequency signal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high frequency signal this
+doesn't work and the other problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and the other problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and the other problem is
+that the plasma is a very harsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plasma is a very harsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plasma is a very harsh
+environment especially if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment especially if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment especially if you're going
+to a nuclear environment like the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nuclear environment like the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nuclear environment like the next
+generation of toomax uh and that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of toomax uh and that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of toomax uh and that causes
+degradation of this semiconductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation of this semiconductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation of this semiconductor and
+then you have to work out how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to work out how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to work out how you're
+going to calibrate these things in situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calibrate these things in situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calibrate these things in situ
+you can't just pop them out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just pop them out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just pop them out because
+they're hot radioactively hot so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hot radioactively hot so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hot radioactively hot so uh
+these sorts of devices are very good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of devices are very good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of devices are very good but
+we really need to have rad hardened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to have rad hardened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to have rad hardened
+versions of them and as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of them and as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of them and as far as I know
+from at least the last time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looked I don't think that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked I don't think that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked I don't think that we have a
+solution to this problem at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem at the moment
+but I may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I may be
+wrong uh another technique you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh another technique you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh another technique you might
+want to use is Faraday rotation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use is Faraday rotation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use is Faraday rotation or the
+Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect we'll actually talk about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we'll actually talk about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we'll actually talk about this a
+bit more later on in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more later on in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more later on in the context of
+Faraday rotation inside plasmas but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday rotation inside plasmas but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday rotation inside plasmas but in
+fact the Faraday effect was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Faraday effect was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Faraday effect was first
+discovered by Faraday who didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by Faraday who didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by Faraday who didn't know
+anything about plasmas uh and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about plasmas uh and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about plasmas uh and he was
+using well actually all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using well actually all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using well actually all sorts of things
+if you go back to Faraday's notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to Faraday's notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to Faraday's notebook
+it's kind of remarkable he built one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of remarkable he built one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of remarkable he built one of
+the first large magnets he also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first large magnets he also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first large magnets he also have an
+ability to detect the polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to detect the polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to detect the polarization of
+light and he did what any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and he did what any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and he did what any reasonable
+experimental physicist would do he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicist would do he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicist would do he
+started putting things inside the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started putting things inside the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started putting things inside the magnet
+and seeing if they rotated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing if they rotated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing if they rotated a
+polarization of light and so he's got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of light and so he's got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of light and so he's got in
+his notebook milk milk does beef beef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebook milk milk does beef beef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his notebook milk milk does beef beef
+doesn't because the light didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't because the light didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't because the light didn't go
+through but you know it could beir on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you know it could beir on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but you know it could beir on
+him for trying it's great so uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him for trying it's great so uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him for trying it's great so uh yeah
+there's all sorts of cool things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of cool things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of cool things now
+these days we don't use beef inside most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days we don't use beef inside most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days we don't use beef inside most
+experiments what we use is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments what we use is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments what we use is a special
+type of glass which has it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of glass which has it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of glass which has it's usually
+called Verde glass because it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Verde glass because it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Verde glass because it's got
+something called a ver day constant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a ver day constant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a ver day constant this
+is just probably some French guy's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just probably some French guy's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just probably some French guy's name
+so if you've got some magnetic field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got some magnetic field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got some magnetic field in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+direction and you pass some lineally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you pass some lineally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you pass some lineally
+polarized light so we'll start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light so we'll start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light so we'll start off with
+a polarization for example in this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarization for example in this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarization for example in this up
+down Direction when the light comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Direction when the light comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Direction when the light comes out
+that polarization is going to be rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polarization is going to be rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polarization is going to be rotated
+and the angle that it's rotated by Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle that it's rotated by Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle that it's rotated by Beta
+is equal to V which is the Verde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V which is the Verde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to V which is the Verde
+constant don't get this confused with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant don't get this confused with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant don't get this confused with uh
+voltages this is just a constant that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages this is just a constant that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages this is just a constant that is
+a property of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property of this
+glass uh and then Times by the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass uh and then Times by the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass uh and then Times by the magnetic
+field Times by the length of this lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Times by the length of this lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Times by the length of this lump
+of glass here okay and so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass here okay and so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass here okay and so this means
+that if you put a little chunk of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you put a little chunk of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you put a little chunk of this
+glass inside a fiber optic this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass inside a fiber optic this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass inside a fiber optic this is
+extremely convenient because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely convenient because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely convenient because you can
+just put that fiber optic somewhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that fiber optic somewhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that fiber optic somewhere you
+don't have to worry about mirrors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about mirrors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about mirrors for
+this light because it's all trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light because it's all trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light because it's all trapped
+inside the fiber and we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the fiber and we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the fiber and we have lots of
+really great technology and fibers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great technology and fibers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great technology and fibers for
+looking at polarization because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at polarization because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at polarization because the
+Telecommunications industry uses it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecommunications industry uses it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecommunications industry uses it for
+multiplexing um and so you can sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing um and so you can sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing um and so you can sense
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+polarization and that means that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that means that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and that means that you can
+then infer what the magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then infer what the magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then infer what the magnetic field is
+because you know V you know L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know V you know L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know V you know L you
+measure Theta therefore you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theta therefore you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Theta therefore you get
+B once again this is B in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B once again this is B in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B once again this is B in the direction
+of propagation so same as the B dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation so same as the B dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation so same as the B dots
+it's got that limitation you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got that limitation you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got that limitation you don't get a
+vector out and the other problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out and the other problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out and the other problem is that
+again is RADS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is RADS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is RADS
+hardening um and actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening um and actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening um and actually not
+just rad as in like neutrons and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rad as in like neutrons and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rad as in like neutrons and things
+like that that that will definitely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that that will definitely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that that will definitely be
+uh alter the structure here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alter the structure here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alter the structure here and
+therefore change the ver constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore change the ver constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore change the ver constant but
+even things like x-rays can cause blanky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even things like x-rays can cause blanky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even things like x-rays can cause blanky
+inside this class so people have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this class so people have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this class so people have tried
+to use this on the Z machine at Sandia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this on the Z machine at Sandia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this on the Z machine at Sandia
+which is the world's most uh energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the world's most uh energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the world's most uh energetic
+x-ray source and they they don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray source and they they don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray source and they they don't work
+very well because the x-rays get inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because the x-rays get inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because the x-rays get inside
+the fibers and they blank things out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fibers and they blank things out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fibers and they blank things out so
+this is another possibility um but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another possibility um but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another possibility um but once
+again it's something we need a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's something we need a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's something we need a lot more
+technology development on before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development on before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development on before we can
+use it in the harsh environments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in the harsh environments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in the harsh environments we
+expect in Fusion devices so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in Fusion devices so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in Fusion devices so any
+questions on the whole effect G meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the whole effect G meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the whole effect G meters
+or far effect yes and I'll try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or far effect yes and I'll try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or far effect yes and I'll try and
+remember to repeat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the question was why can't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question was why can't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question was why can't the
+whole effect be used uh for fast changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole effect be used uh for fast changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole effect be used uh for fast changes
+simply because there is some drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because there is some drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because there is some drift
+velocity associated with these carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity associated with these carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity associated with these carriers
+uh and we can't make them drift fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can't make them drift fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can't make them drift fast
+enough so if you have a very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you have a very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you have a very rapidly
+changing B there will be slushing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing B there will be slushing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing B there will be slushing to the
+right and then by the time they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then by the time they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then by the time they've got
+there they'll be slushing back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they'll be slushing back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they'll be slushing back to the
+left and they'll never make it back time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and they'll never make it back time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and they'll never make it back time
+so I don't know off the top of my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know off the top of my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know off the top of my head
+what the time scale is but um it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time scale is but um it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the time scale is but um it may be
+in Hutchinson's book or you may be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hutchinson's book or you may be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hutchinson's book or you may be able
+to look it up but my impression is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up but my impression is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up but my impression is that
+this is like more for millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like more for millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like more for millisecond
+seconds kind of time scales where B dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds kind of time scales where B dos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds kind of time scales where B dos
+are can do much faster uh this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are can do much faster uh this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are can do much faster uh this can be
+very fast farad effect um sensing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast farad effect um sensing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast farad effect um sensing can be
+as fast as your digitizer so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as your digitizer so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as your digitizer so you know
+one can get a 50 gigz digitizer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can get a 50 gigz digitizer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can get a 50 gigz digitizer these
+days if you have a lot of money so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days if you have a lot of money so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days if you have a lot of money so you
+can send very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send very very
+fast any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no I don't know what spark is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no I don't know what spark is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no I don't know what spark is using
+so uh it's a good question they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's a good question they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's a good question they
+presumably have a plan I haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably have a plan I haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably have a plan I haven't seen
+like a Diagnostics paper for spark yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Diagnostics paper for spark yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Diagnostics paper for spark yet I
+keep nagging spark people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep nagging spark people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep nagging spark people to do
+something but I haven't seen it yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but I haven't seen it yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but I haven't seen it yet so
+it' be cool to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be cool to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be cool to see
+it uh other questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia I for the faray effect how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia I for the faray effect how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia I for the faray effect how do
+you account for uh like the you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you account for uh like the you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you account for uh like the you have to
+modu two PI right with the angles do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modu two PI right with the angles do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modu two PI right with the angles do you
+take it across multiple do you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it across multiple do you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it across multiple do you measure
+the angle at multiple stages or oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle at multiple stages or oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle at multiple stages or oh man
+we're gonna be talking a lot about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking a lot about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking a lot about ways
+to uh disambiguate two pi modulo two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh disambiguate two pi modulo two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh disambiguate two pi modulo two Pi
+stuff when we got into perometry so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when we got into perometry so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff when we got into perometry so I'll
+just say like any technique you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say like any technique you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say like any technique you can use
+there you can do here so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can do here so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can do here so there's some
+really cool stuff you can do yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool stuff you can do yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool stuff you can do yeah we can
+do like temporally hrod polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like temporally hrod polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like temporally hrod polarization
+measurements things like that so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements things like that so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements things like that so yeah
+it's it's doable this simple method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's doable this simple method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's doable this simple method here
+is flawed like you pointed out uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flawed like you pointed out uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flawed like you pointed out uh but
+there are other things we can do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things we can do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things we can do which
+can get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get around that
+ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the question is do perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is do perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question is do perpendicular
+components of the magnetic field affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the magnetic field affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the magnetic field affect
+the Faraday effect sensor um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Faraday effect sensor um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Faraday effect sensor um I don't
+think so there is an effect in plasmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so there is an effect in plasmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so there is an effect in plasmas
+called The Cotton M effect uh which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Cotton M effect uh which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Cotton M effect uh which can
+have an effect but I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect but I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect but I don't know what
+happens in Verde glass there kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Verde glass there kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Verde glass there kind of
+like a solid state kind of thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a solid state kind of thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a solid state kind of thing which
+I'm less familiar with so I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less familiar with so I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less familiar with so I've never
+heard people talking about that as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people talking about that as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard people talking about that as being
+a problem uh good question though yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh good question though yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem uh good question though yeah
+another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question
+here yes the ver constant depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes the ver constant depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes the ver constant depends on the
+wavel maybe not very strongly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavel maybe not very strongly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavel maybe not very strongly and you
+would know what wavelength you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know what wavelength you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know what wavelength you were
+using so it wouldn't be a big problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so it wouldn't be a big problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so it wouldn't be a big problem so
+for telecoms we use 1550 animers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for telecoms we use 1550 animers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for telecoms we use 1550 animers because
+that's what's can develop so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's can develop so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's can develop so if you're
+going to do a fiber diagnostic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fiber diagnostic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fiber diagnostic it's
+probably going to be at550 unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be at550 unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be at550 unless you
+want to spend a lot of money on custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F all right let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F all right let's keep
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ah okay and now a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay and now a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay and now a related
+diagnostic uh where should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so a related diagnostic another F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so a related diagnostic another F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so a related diagnostic another F
+favorite of mine is something called aov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite of mine is something called aov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite of mine is something called aov
+coil or a gski coil depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil or a gski coil depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil or a gski coil depending on what
+you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W's so a rowski coil measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's so a rowski coil measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's so a rowski coil measures the
+enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current enclosed by what you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current enclosed by what you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current enclosed by what you ask
+enclosed by the coil so I will draw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by the coil so I will draw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by the coil so I will draw one
+in a second and you'll see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second and you'll see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second and you'll see what I'm
+talking about so a rovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so a rovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so a rovski
+coil looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil looks
+like see see what the best way to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see see what the best way to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see see what the best way to draw
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is we have a little bit like a b dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a little bit like a b dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a little bit like a b dot a
+cable coming up instead of just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable coming up instead of just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable coming up instead of just going
+around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in a
+loop like this we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop like this we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop like this we have something that
+spirals around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helix and then for reasons I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and then for reasons I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and then for reasons I won't go
+into right now but you may feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right now but you may feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right now but you may feel free to
+ponder we tend to not take the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder we tend to not take the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder we tend to not take the cable
+down here but instead we wind it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but instead we wind it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here but instead we wind it back
+all the way around inside like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around inside like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around inside like this um
+the answer to this is in Hutchinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this is in Hutchinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this is in Hutchinson's
+book but I'm not going to go in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I'm not going to go in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I'm not going to go in right
+now so and the current that's enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so and the current that's enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so and the current that's enclosed
+for example we could consider that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could consider that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could consider that we
+have some sort of current carrying Rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of current carrying Rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of current carrying Rod
+like this that goes through this rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that goes through this rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that goes through this rowski
+coil so we've set our rowski coil around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil so we've set our rowski coil around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil so we've set our rowski coil around
+some sort of conductor obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of conductor obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of conductor obviously that
+current has to close and it will close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to close and it will close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to close and it will close
+outside the conductor like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the conductor like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the conductor like that okay
+so let's have a look at the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at the geometry
+here just a simpler diagram we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a simpler diagram we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a simpler diagram we've got
+current we've got some sort of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we've got some sort of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we've got some sort of surface
+like this and we've got all these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we've got all these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we've got all these little
+loops and these little Loops hey hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and these little Loops hey hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and these little Loops hey hey
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+area there's a magnetic there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a magnetic there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a magnetic there's a
+current here so there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here so there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here so there's going to be a
+magnetic field through it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field through it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field through it like
+that there's going to be two DLS there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be two DLS there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be two DLS there's
+going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+DL around this little Loop but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL around this little Loop but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL around this little Loop but there's
+also going to going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to going to be the
+DL Prime around this Loop like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL Prime around this Loop like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL Prime around this Loop like that so
+we're actually going to end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to end up with a
+double integral we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral we're going to end up
+with having a flux that is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having a flux that is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having a flux that is going through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Loop that this magnetic flux is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that this magnetic flux is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that this magnetic flux is going to
+be equal to the number of turns per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the number of turns per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the number of turns per unit
+length because we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length because we're going to have
+multiple of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these little
+surfaces all the way around like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all the way around like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all the way around like this
+we're going to be integrating along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be integrating along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be integrating along
+L Prime which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Prime which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Prime which
+is the circumference of this rowski and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the circumference of this rowski and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the circumference of this rowski and
+we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+integrating over a which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over a which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over a which is the
+area of one of these little Loops here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of one of these little Loops here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of one of these little Loops here
+we be integrating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be integrating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be integrating um
+B do d l actually that's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right B do DS again d l like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right B do DS again d l like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right B do DS again d l like
+that now the key Insight here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the key Insight here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the key Insight here is that
+this flux is going to be due entirely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux is going to be due entirely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux is going to be due entirely to
+the currents that's going inside here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents that's going inside here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents that's going inside here we
+know from amp's law that the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from amp's law that the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from amp's law that the integral of
+the magnetic field around some path d l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field around some path d l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field around some path d l
+which is this one here using up the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one here using up the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this one here using up the L
+Prime is going to Simply Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is going to Simply Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is going to Simply Be
+mui enclosed so this magnetic field B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui enclosed so this magnetic field B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui enclosed so this magnetic field B
+here at least on average around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at least on average around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at least on average around this
+whole surface circle is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole surface circle is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole surface circle is going to be
+proportional just to Mu which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional just to Mu which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional just to Mu which is going
+to be the permeability of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the permeability of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the permeability of whatever
+material we're using times the enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're using times the enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material we're using times the enclosed
+current and the voltage that we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the voltage that we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and the voltage that we get out
+down here which is the thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which is the thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here which is the thing we're going
+for is simply going to be the time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is simply going to be the time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is simply going to be the time rate
+of change of the total flux through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the total flux through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the total flux through this
+circle circuit and so we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle circuit and so we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle circuit and so we're going to end
+up with something that looks like n a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something that looks like n a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something that looks like n a mu
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed
+doted so once again we've got a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doted so once again we've got a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doted so once again we've got a voltage
+which is proportional to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to the time
+derivative of something it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of something it's also
+proportional to an area uh instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to an area uh instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to an area uh instead of
+having a total number of turns n we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a total number of turns n we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a total number of turns n we now
+have a number of turns per unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of turns per unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of turns per unit length
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+turns per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length this is not the area of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is not the area of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is not the area of the whole
+thing it's the area of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the area of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the area of one of these
+little terms here so this could be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little terms here so this could be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little terms here so this could be for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um Pi a s if the radius of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pi a s if the radius of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pi a s if the radius of one of these
+little Loops is a like that and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops is a like that and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops is a like that and the only
+reason I wrote this as Mu as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wrote this as Mu as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I wrote this as Mu as opposed to
+Mu is because it's really mu mu R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu is because it's really mu mu R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu is because it's really mu mu R and
+you want to be a little bit careful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a little bit careful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be a little bit careful here
+because for some materials if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for some materials if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for some materials if you get
+very strong magnetic fields they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong magnetic fields they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong magnetic fields they have uh
+saturation of mu uh things like Steels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation of mu uh things like Steels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation of mu uh things like Steels
+and stuff like that you want to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that you want to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that you want to avoid
+those because this mu is GNA start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because this mu is GNA start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because this mu is GNA start
+changing depending on the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing depending on the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing depending on the strength of
+your signal and so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal and so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal and so you're going to have
+not a nice linear relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a nice linear relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a nice linear relationship between
+voltage and current but a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current but a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current but a nonlinear
+relationship so the only reason I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the only reason I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so the only reason I put
+this in here is just to say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here is just to say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here is just to say that you
+shouldn't use steel for these things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use steel for these things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use steel for these things if
+you're going up to high magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going up to high magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going up to high magnetic
+fields the nice thing about this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the nice thing about this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields the nice thing about this is it
+doesn't matter where the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where the current is
+inside here remember Amper law just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here remember Amper law just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here remember Amper law just
+talks about inclosed current I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about inclosed current I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about inclosed current I could
+split this up and have two conductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up and have two conductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up and have two conductors
+like this I could just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I could just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I could just have one
+conductor over all the way on one side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor over all the way on one side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor over all the way on one side I
+would still get the same signal out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still get the same signal out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still get the same signal out of
+this that's nice because it means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's nice because it means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's nice because it means I
+don't really need to know the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to know the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to know the exact
+location of all the conductors inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of all the conductors inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of all the conductors inside
+here that means that I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that I don't have to
+position this thing quite so precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this thing quite so precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this thing quite so precisely
+which is extremely useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is extremely useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is extremely useful
+so this I enclosed here means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I enclosed here means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I enclosed here means that the
+conductor position or should we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor position or should we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor position or should we say
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+position it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and you can go and wind one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and you can go and wind one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and you can go and wind one of
+your own of these you can strip back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own of these you can strip back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own of these you can strip back a
+BNC cable and get some Magnet Wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BNC cable and get some Magnet Wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BNC cable and get some Magnet Wire and
+wrap it all the way back around which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it all the way back around which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it all the way back around which is
+what Thomas barish has been doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Thomas barish has been doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Thomas barish has been doing for
+puffing experiments or you can go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffing experiments or you can go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffing experiments or you can go online
+and you get something from pear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something from pear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something from pear so
+everyone buys pear these are these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys pear these are these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys pear these are these nice
+green loops and they have a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green loops and they have a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green loops and they have a passive
+integrator built into them like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator built into them like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator built into them like we
+discussed before and they're labeled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before and they're labeled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before and they're labeled in
+Vault per amp so if you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vault per amp so if you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vault per amp so if you just want
+something off the shelf and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off the shelf and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off the shelf and you've got
+lots of money you can buy something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money you can buy something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of money you can buy something like
+that so these are absolute workhorses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are absolute workhorses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are absolute workhorses
+not just for plasma physics these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for plasma physics these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for plasma physics these are
+just if you want to measure current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you want to measure current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you want to measure current
+going through something so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through something so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through something so any questions
+on these before we keep moving and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these before we keep moving and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these before we keep moving and show
+how to use them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah once again it only yes you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once again it only yes you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once again it only yes you're right
+it only measures the current normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only measures the current normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only measures the current normal to
+uh this big surface here so I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this big surface here so I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this big surface here so I guess I
+lost over that yeah you're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's GNA happen somewhere in aer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's GNA happen somewhere in aer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's GNA happen somewhere in aer's
+law and I think when we talk about en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and I think when we talk about en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and I think when we talk about en
+closed here we are huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting maybe it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter because that doesn't look like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because that doesn't look like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because that doesn't look like we
+care particularly about the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care particularly about the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care particularly about the angle of the
+conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+here I don't know the answer off top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know the answer off top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know the answer off top of
+my head someone else does know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head someone else does know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head someone else does know the
+answer shout out otherwise I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer shout out otherwise I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer shout out otherwise I'll have a
+think about it and get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay so I've skipped it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so I've skipped it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so I've skipped it in that
+line yeah I think you're right so okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah I think you're right so okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line yeah I think you're right so okay I
+think it does matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does matter what the
+orientation of your conduct yeah cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of your conduct yeah cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of your conduct yeah cool
+thank you other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no you can't use this for constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no you can't use this for constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no you can't use this for constant
+current still because the signal V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current still because the signal V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current still because the signal V is
+proportional to I dot so you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I dot so you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I dot so you'd have to
+use another current sensor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use another current sensor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use another current sensor if you
+that and these suffer from similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these suffer from similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these suffer from similar
+problems to uh your B dots where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to uh your B dots where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to uh your B dots where you can
+pick up stray voltages on them so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up stray voltages on them so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up stray voltages on them so you
+might want to use an oppositely wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use an oppositely wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use an oppositely wound
+pair of these side by side into do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of these side by side into do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of these side by side into do
+differential measurement there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential measurement there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential measurement there's also a
+continuous version of this where youl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous version of this where youl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous version of this where youl
+this Helix with just a Groove in a plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Helix with just a Groove in a plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Helix with just a Groove in a plate
+of metal and I'll leave it to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal and I'll leave it to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal and I'll leave it to you to
+think about how that works because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how that works because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how that works because it's
+actually a little bit mind-bending but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit mind-bending but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit mind-bending but
+it does still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does still work
+what I want to do now is talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is talk about how
+to use these in the context of class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these in the context of class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these in the context of class and
+physics so any other questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so any other questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so any other questions before we
+move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columia all right looks like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okie do let's have a think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okie do let's have a think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okie do let's have a think about
+something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a
+toac I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac I'm going to
+draw the cross-section of a toac like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the cross-section of a toac like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the cross-section of a toac like
+this it's going to have a plasma inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and in that plasma there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in that plasma there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in that plasma there's going to
+be some current this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some current this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some current this is going to be the
+thidal current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi which loops around the Taurus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi which loops around the Taurus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi which loops around the Taurus this
+thidal current is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal current is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal current is being
+driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductively by a Transformer so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively by a Transformer so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively by a Transformer so this is
+an iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron
+core and we have a primary winding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and we have a primary winding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and we have a primary winding and
+the toac plasma forms a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toac plasma forms a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toac plasma forms a secondary
+winding so we're driving some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding so we're driving some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding so we're driving some current
+using this omic Transformer we can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this omic Transformer we can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this omic Transformer we can drive
+a constant current with this that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant current with this that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant current with this that will
+require us to keep ramping up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require us to keep ramping up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require us to keep ramping up the
+voltage on this Transformer but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this Transformer but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this Transformer but that's
+allowed and what we'll do is we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and what we'll do is we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and what we'll do is we'll put
+around one part of our plasma we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one part of our plasma we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one part of our plasma we'll put
+our regi coil so here comes rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our regi coil so here comes rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our regi coil so here comes rowski
+coil loop loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil loop loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil loop loop
+loop back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop back
+wound and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound and we
+measure V goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure V goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure V goes as
+II dot okay so we can measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II dot okay so we can measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II dot okay so we can measure that
+current I also want to draw this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I also want to draw this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I also want to draw this same
+system now looking from above because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now looking from above because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now looking from above because it
+makes it easier what the next point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier what the next point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier what the next point is
+say so this is now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is now our
+Taurus we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma like this hopefully it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this hopefully it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this hopefully it's not that
+unstable and we've got some thidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and we've got some thidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and we've got some thidal
+current I SP going around it we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I SP going around it we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I SP going around it we've got
+some Transformer as already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Transformer as already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Transformer as already discussed
+like that we put in our rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we put in our rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we put in our rowski
+coil like that and we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil like that and we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil like that and we're also going to
+put in another loop and that Loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in another loop and that Loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in another loop and that Loop is
+going to be our voltage Loop so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop simply looks like this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop simply looks like this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop simply looks like this and it
+measures V in the toal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures V in the toal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures V in the toal
+direction the reason it does this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reason it does this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reason it does this is
+because this Transformer is inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Transformer is inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Transformer is inducing
+some thidal potential it has to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thidal potential it has to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thidal potential it has to that's
+what's driving this thidal magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving this thidal magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's driving this thidal magnetic
+field right this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right this is equal
+to V theid uh V thidal over the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V theid uh V thidal over the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V theid uh V thidal over the plasma
+resistance whatever that means really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance whatever that means really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance whatever that means really in
+this context now ideally we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context now ideally we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context now ideally we would
+measure this by sticking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this by sticking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this by sticking something
+inside the plasma but actually we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the plasma but actually we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the plasma but actually we don't
+need to because it's not the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to because it's not the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to because it's not the plasma
+that's inducing veral it's this whacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inducing veral it's this whacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inducing veral it's this whacking
+great trans forer so we can put our Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great trans forer so we can put our Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great trans forer so we can put our Loop
+say above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma and just measure it here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and just measure it here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and just measure it here it
+doesn't matter where the break is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where the break is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where the break is it
+just matters that when we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matters that when we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matters that when we measure
+difference between these two as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two as you
+Traverse a circuit round here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse a circuit round here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse a circuit round here you're
+going to pick up some voral which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up some voral which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up some voral which is the
+same veidal as I said that's driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same veidal as I said that's driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same veidal as I said that's driving the
+plasma here it'll all become clear why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here it'll all become clear why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here it'll all become clear why
+we're trying to measure this in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure this in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure this in a moment
+it's actually very much related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very much related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very much related to this
+plasma resistivity here um so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma resistivity here um so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma resistivity here um so this is an
+important quantity that you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantity that you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important quantity that you might want
+to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's set this up and have a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's set this up and have a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's set this up and have a go
+at measuring the plasma resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at measuring the plasma resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at measuring the plasma resistivity
+using just two Loops of wire or rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just two Loops of wire or rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just two Loops of wire or rowski
+and V5 okay so we consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume v and it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface uh what do I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh what do I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh what do I call
+it partial V like that okay and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it partial V like that okay and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it partial V like that okay and our
+Loops are outside of here so both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops are outside of here so both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops are outside of here so both the
+Rog and the V5 are outside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface okay good now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay good now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay good now let's think about
+energy balance in this system so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance in this system so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance in this system so the
+amount of energy in the system how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy in the system how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy in the system how it's
+changing in time and how we're injecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time and how we're injecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in time and how we're injecting
+energy into the system so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the system so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the system so we're going to
+have a few different terms here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few different terms here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few different terms here we're
+going to have an onic heating term e do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an onic heating term e do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an onic heating term e do
+J so that's going to be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so that's going to be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so that's going to be related to
+current inside this system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current inside this system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current inside this system and the
+electric field which is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field which is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field which is related to the
+voltage so we can say that this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so we can say that this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so we can say that this is going
+to be straight away we can see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be straight away we can see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be straight away we can see this is
+gonna be something II this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be something II this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be something II this is gonna be
+something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with
+v there's also going to be a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v there's also going to be a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v there's also going to be a term
+related to the change in total magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change in total magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the change in total magnetic
+energy inside this system so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside this system so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside this system so the
+magnetic energy is B ^2 over 2 mu and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy is B ^2 over 2 mu and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy is B ^2 over 2 mu and we
+want to have the time rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the time rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the time rate of change of
+that to make it a power uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make it a power uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make it a power uh I'm going to
+write that slightly differently to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that slightly differently to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that slightly differently to make
+it clear what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we want the time rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want the time rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want the time rate of change of
+the magnetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic energy
+density like this and all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density like this and all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density like this and all of this is
+integrated over this volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over this volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over this volume
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+okay and this is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is going to be equal to
+this change in internal energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change in internal energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change in internal energy of the
+system is going to be equal the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to be equal the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to be equal the energy
+that we're injecting into the system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're injecting into the system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're injecting into the system we
+rejecting the energy in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the energy in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the energy in the system
+through this Transformer and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Transformer and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Transformer and this is
+going to be equal to one upon M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to one upon M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to one upon M the
+integral through this surface partial V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral through this surface partial V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral through this surface partial V
+of e cross B integrated over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e cross B integrated over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e cross B integrated over the
+surface so this is the pointing flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so this is the pointing flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so this is the pointing flux
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electromagnetism this is omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heating and this is effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and this is effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and this is effectively the
+inductive power the energy we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive power the energy we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive power the energy we have to
+spend to change the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and these are balanced because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and these are balanced because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and these are balanced because
+we're going to be discussing a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be discussing a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be discussing a system in
+steady state so we're not going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so we're not going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so we're not going to allow
+the energy to change without us putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to change without us putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to change without us putting
+some power into uh I'm not sure I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power into uh I'm not sure I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power into uh I'm not sure I need
+that but there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there we
+go okay questions on this set up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay questions on this set up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay questions on this set up before
+we try and work out some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try and work out some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try and work out some of these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so imagine we're microwaving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so imagine we're microwaving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so imagine we're microwaving a
+lump of chicken this left hand side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump of chicken this left hand side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump of chicken this left hand side here
+is the temperature the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature the thermal energy
+density of the chicken so integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the chicken so integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the chicken so integrating
+over the chicken okay the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the chicken okay the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the chicken okay the right hand
+side is the pointing flux which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the pointing flux which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the pointing flux which is the
+microwaves penetrating the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves penetrating the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves penetrating the surface of
+the chck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chck
+okay and so we're setting those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're setting those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're setting those two
+equal to each other so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other so this is the
+internal energy of the plasma and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy of the plasma and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy of the plasma and this
+is the power that we're putting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power that we're putting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the power that we're putting into
+plasma soorry this is not the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma soorry this is not the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma soorry this is not the internal
+energy this is the change in internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the change in internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the change in internal
+energy as a function of time that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of time that's an
+omic heating rate that's a power this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic heating rate that's a power this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic heating rate that's a power this is
+the time derivative in energy so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative in energy so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative in energy so it's
+also a power and this is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a power and this is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a power and this is a power
+integrated over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we if we counter around the V5 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we counter around the V5 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we counter around the V5 we
+would measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing uh yes you you could have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh yes you you could have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh yes you you could have two
+oppositely wound Loops of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely wound Loops of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely wound Loops of yeah
+sure any yeah any questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're just not including we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just not including we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just not including we are not
+including radiation because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including radiation because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including radiation because we don't
+want to be here all day yes okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be here all day yes okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be here all day yes okay cool
+but good question yes there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good question yes there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good question yes there should be
+radiation where would radiation be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation where would radiation be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation where would radiation be left
+or right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side yeah so if we included radiation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so if we included radiation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so if we included radiation it
+would also be a pointing flux be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be a pointing flux be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be a pointing flux be a
+pointing flux going outwards instead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing flux going outwards instead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing flux going outwards instead and
+we'd see that because we carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd see that because we carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd see that because we carefully
+examine e cross B and we see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine e cross B and we see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine e cross B and we see what's
+going out rather it's in there it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out rather it's in there it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out rather it's in there it's in
+there I just I'm really not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I just I'm really not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I just I'm really not going to
+consider it as you'll see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it as you'll see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it as you'll see in the next
+slide other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes absolutely so you can get currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so you can get currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so you can get currents
+here from other effects we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from other effects we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from other effects we're
+considering a very simple model of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a very simple model of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a very simple model of it I
+mean the bootstrap current you only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the bootstrap current you only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the bootstrap current you only get
+if there's some other current driven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some other current driven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some other current driven in
+the system right you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right you have to have some
+other current gradient of that current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other current gradient of that current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other current gradient of that current
+Drive boost Drive current so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive boost Drive current so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drive boost Drive current so you need to
+have something else we could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something else we could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something else we could also have
+like non-inductive current drive and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like non-inductive current drive and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like non-inductive current drive and all
+sorts of clever things but none of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of clever things but none of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of clever things but none of those
+have really been demonstrated so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really been demonstrated so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really been demonstrated so we're
+sticking with this this also is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with this this also is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with this this also is a very
+simple model which allows us to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model which allows us to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model which allows us to make
+some progress yeah there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress yeah there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress yeah there was another
+hand up over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up over there
+no any other questions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no any other questions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no any other questions we're going to
+try and make this slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make this slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make this slightly more
+comprehensible in a moment I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible in a moment I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible in a moment I've already
+given you a hint about some of the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you a hint about some of the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you a hint about some of the where
+some of these terms going to come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these terms going to come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these terms going to come from a
+quick question how did we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question how did we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question how did we measure the
+loop voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop voltage
+like the thidal voltage we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the thidal voltage we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the thidal voltage we measure the
+thidal voltage in a really dumb way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal voltage in a really dumb way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal voltage in a really dumb way
+which we simply just put a loop of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we simply just put a loop of wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we simply just put a loop of wire
+uh around the toac above the plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the toac above the plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the toac above the plasma and
+uh the same Loop voltage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same Loop voltage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same Loop voltage which is
+induced inside the plasma will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inside the plasma will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inside the plasma will also be
+induced inside this Loop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inside this Loop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced inside this Loop of
+wire okay and so we are just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay and so we are just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire okay and so we are just using the
+wire as a proxy bit of plasma because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire as a proxy bit of plasma because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire as a proxy bit of plasma because we
+can conveniently stick electrodes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conveniently stick electrodes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can conveniently stick electrodes into
+it which we can't do with our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which we can't do with our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which we can't do with our our our
+plasma itself and so we just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma itself and so we just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma itself and so we just have this
+Loop here that's what measures Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop here that's what measures Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop here that's what measures Loop
+voltage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+so we now have look at taking apart some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have look at taking apart some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have look at taking apart some
+of these terms here um the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term in reality this looks like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in reality this looks like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in reality this looks like you know
+electromagnetic radiation going in so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation going in so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation going in so we
+could try and work it all out with E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try and work it all out with E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try and work it all out with E and
+B properly but we can also just use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B properly but we can also just use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B properly but we can also just use some
+circuit Theory and see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit Theory and see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit Theory and see what's going on
+there so a circuit Theory would tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so a circuit Theory would tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so a circuit Theory would tell us
+that the power is equal to I times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power is equal to I times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the power is equal to I times V
+right and so we're going to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we're going to decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we're going to decompose
+that in going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vfi I so these are both in the toal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vfi I so these are both in the toal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vfi I so these are both in the toal
+direction and there could be a poloidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there could be a poloidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and there could be a poloidal
+component of this V Theta I Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this V Theta I Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this V Theta I Theta
+there's unlikely to be a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's unlikely to be a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's unlikely to be a radial
+component of this and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this and that's because
+it's pretty hard to arrange for currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to arrange for currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to arrange for currents
+to go radially outwards because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go radially outwards because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go radially outwards because you
+violate the Divergence Theorem so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the Divergence Theorem so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the Divergence Theorem so let's
+get rid of that um now it also turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that um now it also turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that um now it also turns out
+that in something that's in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in something that's in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in something that's in steady
+state and so this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so this could be a
+toac or accelerator or some other device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac or accelerator or some other device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac or accelerator or some other device
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this V
+Theta would only come about if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta would only come about if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta would only come about if we had a
+change in the thidal magnetic field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the thidal magnetic field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the thidal magnetic field in
+time because we're in steady state our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we're in steady state our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we're in steady state our
+thidal magnetic field is constant we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal magnetic field is constant we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal magnetic field is constant we've
+set it with say our big superconducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it with say our big superconducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it with say our big superconducting
+magnets or something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets or something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets or something like that that
+doesn't happen so that's zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen so that's zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen so that's zero and this
+whole term is zero so as you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole term is zero so as you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole term is zero so as you might have
+predicted from the start the energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted from the start the energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted from the start the energy that
+we're pushing in just from a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pushing in just from a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pushing in just from a circuit
+model is related to the voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is related to the voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is related to the voltage that
+we're dropping around Loop and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dropping around Loop and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dropping around Loop and the
+current that we're driving here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that we're driving here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that we're driving here so this
+is just treating this as some omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just treating this as some omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just treating this as some omic
+resistor which is dissipating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor which is dissipating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor which is dissipating some
+energy there's nothing particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's nothing particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's nothing particularly
+plasma physics inside here this all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma physics inside here this all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma physics inside here this all make
+sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so
+far okay so then we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so then we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so then we can write
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+is going to be equal to still e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to still e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to still e
+doj uh which is the omic power still uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doj uh which is the omic power still uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doj uh which is the omic power still uh
+and then we're going to set that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to set that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to set that equal
+to VY II so this is the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux just label that omic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux just label that omic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux just label that omic as
+well uh and then I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and then I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and then I'm going to take this
+inductive term to the other side so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive term to the other side so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive term to the other side so I'm
+going to put there's a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put there's a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put there's a minus sign here
+and I'm going to write it as a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write it as a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write it as a partial
+derivative not of the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative not of the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative not of the integral of the
+magnetic energy density over the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy density over the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy density over the volume
+but in terms again of circuit quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms again of circuit quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms again of circuit quantity
+so this is a half l i by squared like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a half l i by squared like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a half l i by squared like
+that um so I'm running out of space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I'm running out of space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I'm running out of space so
+where shall I write this so This L here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where shall I write this so This L here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where shall I write this so This L here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a circuit property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a circuit property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a circuit property that
+probably many of you are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably many of you are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably many of you are familiar with
+we're going to Define our inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Define our inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Define our inductance
+here as one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as one over
+OT ii^ 2 integral of B Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OT ii^ 2 integral of B Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OT ii^ 2 integral of B Theta
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+d v so integration of the volume and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v so integration of the volume and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v so integration of the volume and if
+you look at that closely you realize all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that closely you realize all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that closely you realize all
+I've done is something incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is something incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done is something incredibly
+torical uh so I've just defined L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torical uh so I've just defined L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torical uh so I've just defined L to
+include all of this stuff but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of this stuff but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of this stuff but we still
+know but this now looks a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this now looks a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but this now looks a lot more
+familiar because we've got L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because we've got L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar because we've got L that
+contains everything we don't know but II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains everything we don't know but II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains everything we don't know but II
+is stuff that we do know because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stuff that we do know because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stuff that we do know because we're
+measuring as a Regal so don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring as a Regal so don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring as a Regal so don't worry
+about it I haven't done anything this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I haven't done anything this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I haven't done anything this is
+just slight of hand at the moment but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slight of hand at the moment but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slight of hand at the moment but we
+will resolve it and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will resolve it and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will resolve it and what we're going to
+resolve is try and work out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve is try and work out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve is try and work out what's going
+on with L here perhaps we can just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with L here perhaps we can just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with L here perhaps we can just get
+rid of it okay I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it okay I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it okay I just want to point out
+the exact value of L doesn't just depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact value of L doesn't just depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact value of L doesn't just depend
+on the current that's flowing inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current that's flowing inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current that's flowing inside
+here it depends on the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it depends on the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it depends on the distribution of
+current and so if I have for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and so if I have for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and so if I have for example a
+toac where the current density as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac where the current density as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac where the current density as a
+function of radius looks like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of radius looks like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of radius looks like this that
+has a very different inductance from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different inductance from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different inductance from one
+where the current density looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the current density looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the current density looks like
+that and so that L is a measure in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that L is a measure in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that L is a measure in some
+sense of the geometry of your system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the geometry of your system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the geometry of your system it
+actually doesn't care about the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't care about the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't care about the strength
+of the current it just cares about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current it just cares about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current it just cares about the
+distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current okay and the other thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and the other thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and the other thing I want
+to say here is that the definition of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here is that the definition of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here is that the definition of l
+we're using here is sometimes referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using here is sometimes referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using here is sometimes referred
+to as the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the energy
+inductance there's a another version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance there's a another version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance there's a another version
+which is called the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the flux
+inductance and that one is defined as L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that one is defined as L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and that one is defined as L
+is equal to the magnetic flux times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the magnetic flux times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the magnetic flux times the
+current these definitions are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current these definitions are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current these definitions are often
+similar they often give similar results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they often give similar results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they often give similar results
+um but actually there are some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but actually there are some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but actually there are some really
+subtle differences and if you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle differences and if you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle differences and if you want to go
+pent of Jackson or some other equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pent of Jackson or some other equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pent of Jackson or some other equivalent
+electromagnetism textbook you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism textbook you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism textbook you can have a
+look at it but the purposes of this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it but the purposes of this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it but the purposes of this if
+you've ever seen this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever seen this definition
+inductance it's not the one we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it's not the one we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it's not the one we're using
+here today we're using this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today we're using this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today we're using this definition
+inductance which is the magnetic total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance which is the magnetic total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance which is the magnetic total
+magnetic energy squared oh no total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy squared oh no total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy squared oh no total
+magnetic energy over the current squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy over the current squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy over the current squared
+instead okay questions on this before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay questions on this before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay questions on this before we
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on oh we're getting run out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh we're getting run out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh we're getting run out of time
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okyu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working with this equation here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this equation here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this equation here okay so
+we want to ask ourselves what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask ourselves what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask ourselves what is the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+derivative of a half l i by S like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a half l i by S like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a half l i by S like that
+well we can change all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can change all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can change all this
+we'll get l i i dot we get plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get l i i dot we get plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get l i i dot we get plus a
+half I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+squar l dot okay so there's actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar l dot okay so there's actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar l dot okay so there's actually two
+terms here we can have a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here we can have a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here we can have a change in the
+magnetic energy because this again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy because this again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic energy because this again just
+still represents the stor magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still represents the stor magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still represents the stor magnetic
+energy it can change because the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it can change because the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it can change because the amount
+of current flowing through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current flowing through the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current flowing through the system
+changes that kind of makes sense we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that kind of makes sense we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that kind of makes sense we know
+if we change the current we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we change the current we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we change the current we're going to
+change magnetic field so we'll change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change magnetic field so we'll change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change magnetic field so we'll change
+your magnetic energy density but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic energy density but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic energy density but we'll
+also get a change if we change l so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a change if we change l so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a change if we change l so I
+gave you this example earlier that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this example earlier that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this example earlier that L is
+related to current distribution so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to current distribution so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to current distribution so say
+for example you have some like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have some like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have some like a
+Sawtooth crash or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sawtooth crash or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sawtooth crash or something like that
+inside your toac that redistributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your toac that redistributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your toac that redistributes
+current that current redistribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that current redistribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that current redistribution is
+going to drive a change in L and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive a change in L and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive a change in L and so that
+will change uh the magnetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change uh the magnetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change uh the magnetic energy and
+so that magnetic energy will have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that magnetic energy will have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that magnetic energy will have to be
+paid for by for example the pointing PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for by for example the pointing PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for by for example the pointing PL
+so there'll have to be some that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll have to be some that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll have to be some that here
+but for our purposes we're going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we're going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we're going to set
+this all equal to zero we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all equal to zero we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all equal to zero we're going to
+set it equal to zero because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to zero because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it equal to zero because we're
+saying that this is zero because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is zero because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is zero because we're
+in steady state and slightly more weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state and slightly more weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady state and slightly more weaker
+we're going to just sort of say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just sort of say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just sort of say yeah
+this is roughly zero compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly zero compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly zero compared to the
+other things and the reason we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and the reason we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and the reason we're doing
+that is we can't set it to exactly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we can't set it to exactly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we can't set it to exactly zero
+otherwise we won't be able to sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we won't be able to sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we won't be able to sense it
+was arski and we would have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was arski and we would have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was arski and we would have you know
+completely failed in this task but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely failed in this task but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely failed in this task but we're
+gonna say that it's small enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say that it's small enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say that it's small enough that
+our rowski which is super sensitive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rowski which is super sensitive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rowski which is super sensitive uh
+can get it but it's not big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it but it's not big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it but it's not big enough to
+actually cause a change to our overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause a change to our overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause a change to our overall
+picture here so we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so we're going to be able
+to get rid of this term entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this means that the Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this means that the Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this means that the Power
+Balance for our plasma is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance for our plasma is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance for our plasma is just going to
+be external heating is equal to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be external heating is equal to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be external heating is equal to the the
+external uh the externally injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh the externally injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh the externally injected
+power is going to go purely into omig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is going to go purely into omig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is going to go purely into omig
+heating our plasma okay and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating our plasma okay and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating our plasma okay and so that
+means that the power coming in is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the power coming in is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the power coming in is going
+to be equal to the integral the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral the volume
+of the current density over the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current density over the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current density over the local
+conductivity of our plasma Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of our plasma Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of our plasma Sigma
+integrated over the volume here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the volume here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over the volume here this is
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+rearrangement where we say that J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement where we say that J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement where we say that J is
+equal to Sigma e like that so we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Sigma e like that so we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Sigma e like that so we replace
+J do e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J do e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J do e
+with j^2 over C and you will remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with j^2 over C and you will remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with j^2 over C and you will remember
+that of course in enal Sigma is a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course in enal Sigma is a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course in enal Sigma is a tensor
+um especially in plasmas it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um especially in plasmas it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um especially in plasmas it can be a
+tensor which is very much not a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor which is very much not a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor which is very much not a multiple
+of the identity Matrix but here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity Matrix but here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity Matrix but here we're
+just going to treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to treat it as a
+scaler and there can be some subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and there can be some subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and there can be some subtleties
+involved in this technique if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this technique if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this technique if you think
+about the tensor nature of this instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tensor nature of this instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tensor nature of this instead
+okay so now we've got this J squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got this J squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we've got this J squared
+here and again J is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and again J is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and again J is just going to be
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to I over Pi a squ I probably forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I over Pi a squ I probably forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I over Pi a squ I probably forgot to
+mention somewhere that our toac has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention somewhere that our toac has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention somewhere that our toac has a
+minor radius of a but we kind of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor radius of a but we kind of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor radius of a but we kind of use
+this a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot so
+um this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually
+sorry I'm I'm being slightly vague here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm I'm being slightly vague here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm I'm being slightly vague here
+so this is like the average J here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the average J here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the average J here that
+we're going to work with and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work with and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work with and there's
+going to be some subtlety between going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some subtlety between going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some subtlety between going
+through J squ average over the volume to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through J squ average over the volume to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through J squ average over the volume to
+Just J average over the volume squar I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just J average over the volume squar I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just J average over the volume squar I'm
+going to sweep that into the rug we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sweep that into the rug we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sweep that into the rug we're
+just going to do the second one yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do the second one yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do the second one yeah um
+and so that means we end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means we end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means we end up with an
+uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+here we also have a volume of our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we also have a volume of our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we also have a volume of our system
+which is uh Pi a 2 dotted with 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh Pi a 2 dotted with 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh Pi a 2 dotted with 2 pi
+capital r that's the volume of a Taurus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r that's the volume of a Taurus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r that's the volume of a Taurus
+with minor radius a and major radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so that means we end up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that means we end up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that means we end up by
+being able to write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to write our
+conductivity volume averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity volume averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity volume averaged
+conductivity as equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity as equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity as equal
+to i^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i^ 2
+over the power Times by uh this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the power Times by uh this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the power Times by uh this is going
+to be 2 pi i r over Pi a 2 here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2 pi i r over Pi a 2 here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2 pi i r over Pi a 2 here and this
+i^ 2 over the power is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^ 2 over the power is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^ 2 over the power is just going to be
+equal to I over D like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I over D like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I over D like
+this still Times by 2 R over a 2 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still Times by 2 R over a 2 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still Times by 2 R over a 2 so we
+can now measure the conductivity of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now measure the conductivity of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now measure the conductivity of our
+plasma because we have measured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because we have measured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because we have measured this
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+arski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arski
+we've measured this using our flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've measured this using our flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've measured this using our flux
+Loop and I sincerely hope we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I sincerely hope we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I sincerely hope we know the
+size of our toac otherwise kind of lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our toac otherwise kind of lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our toac otherwise kind of lost
+the St so this is a pretty neat result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St so this is a pretty neat result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St so this is a pretty neat result
+and the reason it's neat is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's neat is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's neat is because of
+what theory tells us about this scar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory tells us about this scar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory tells us about this scar
+conductivity so Theory tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so Theory tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so Theory tells us that the
+conductivity Sigma is something like 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity Sigma is something like 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity Sigma is something like 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 te the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 te the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 te the three halves
+over Zed which is we'll talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Zed which is we'll talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Zed which is we'll talk about it in
+a moment but a bit like the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but a bit like the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but a bit like the atomic
+charge but not quite here because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but not quite here because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge but not quite here because I'm
+going to give it a little Zed Sigma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a little Zed Sigma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a little Zed Sigma to
+show it's not quite the Z you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's not quite the Z you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's not quite the Z you've been
+expecting and then Times by The Kon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and then Times by The Kon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and then Times by The Kon
+logarithm that way up um and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that way up um and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm that way up um and this is in
+units of one over ohm meters and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of one over ohm meters and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of one over ohm meters and I think
+to get this coefficient out front this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this coefficient out front this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this coefficient out front this
+is in units of electron volts so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of electron volts so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in units of electron volts so you
+look inside the NRL plasma form you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the NRL plasma form you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the NRL plasma form you'll
+get this nice equation so this is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this nice equation so this is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this nice equation so this is to do
+is a spits of resistivity which you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spits of resistivity which you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spits of resistivity which you saw
+in part one um and so there's some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part one um and so there's some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part one um and so there's some kind
+of nice things in here we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice things in here we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice things in here we've now
+measured Sigma um the kulon logarithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured Sigma um the kulon logarithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured Sigma um the kulon logarithm is
+a very slowly changing function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very slowly changing function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very slowly changing function of the
+plasma parameters because it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma parameters because it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma parameters because it's in a
+logarithm and for something like a toac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm and for something like a toac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm and for something like a toac
+it's about 10 so you can use 10 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 10 so you can use 10 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 10 so you can use 10 you
+don't really care that much this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care that much this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care that much this is
+interesting so Z or Z Sigma is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so Z or Z Sigma is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so Z or Z Sigma is always
+going to be greater than the true Zed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than the true Zed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than the true Zed of
+your plasma um it's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma um it's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma um it's a little bit like
+Zed effective uh which you may have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zed effective uh which you may have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zed effective uh which you may have come
+across in yeah we did in the fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in yeah we did in the fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in yeah we did in the fusion
+class it's great it's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's great it's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's great it's a little bit like
+Z effective in that it also takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective in that it also takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective in that it also takes into
+account the fact you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fact you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fact you have some
+impurities inside your plasma and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities inside your plasma and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities inside your plasma and they
+increase the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of electrons
+available but it's also not Zed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effective and if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and if you want to understand
+what it is you have to go do some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you have to go do some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you have to go do some like
+detailed calculations um where you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed calculations um where you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed calculations um where you take
+into account what those extra electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account what those extra electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account what those extra electrons
+and impurities are doing um however if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and impurities are doing um however if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and impurities are doing um however if
+you have a perfectly pure plasma like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfectly pure plasma like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfectly pure plasma like a
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+hydrogen or duum or tritium then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or duum or tritium then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or duum or tritium then you do
+end up with Z Sigma equals z equals what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with Z Sigma equals z equals what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with Z Sigma equals z equals what
+so let's say you've done a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you've done a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you've done a really good
+job and you have got the very nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and you have got the very nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and you have got the very nice and
+pure plasma you could probably set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure plasma you could probably set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure plasma you could probably set that
+equal to one or at least um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or at least um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or at least um you know
+oneish let's not worry about it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneish let's not worry about it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneish let's not worry about it too much
+so that means by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by measuring Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring Sigma
+from your regi and your flux Loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your regi and your flux Loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your regi and your flux Loop and
+the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of
+your poac you can get out the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your poac you can get out the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your poac you can get out the plasma
+temperature which is not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is not a bad
+measurement for two Loops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the volume average plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the volume average plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the volume average plasma
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+admitt which temperature is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitt which temperature is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitt which temperature is it going to
+be dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by going be dominated by the cold plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going be dominated by the cold plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going be dominated by the cold plasma
+at the edge or the hot plasma at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe any advances on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the hot plasma is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the hot plasma is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the hot plasma is much more
+conductive uh we aren't including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive uh we aren't including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive uh we aren't including
+inductance here so inductance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance here so inductance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance here so inductance would
+force the plasma to the outside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the plasma to the outside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the plasma to the outside uh
+because it's going to want to reside on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to want to reside on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to want to reside on
+the skin of the conductor if we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin of the conductor if we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin of the conductor if we've got a
+non-steady state system but in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-steady state system but in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-steady state system but in steady
+state the inductance doesn't matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the inductance doesn't matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the inductance doesn't matter the
+current has time to soak through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has time to soak through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has time to soak through the
+entire uh conductor so this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh conductor so this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh conductor so this would be a
+pretty good measure of where most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good measure of where most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good measure of where most of the
+current is Flowing which is in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is Flowing which is in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is Flowing which is in the core
+of the plasma so that's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma so that's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma so that's actually pretty
+cool because this is a really hard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because this is a really hard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because this is a really hard thing
+to measure right I mean the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure right I mean the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure right I mean the temperature
+is something that people invest a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that people invest a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that people invest a huge
+amount of money in doing now this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money in doing now this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money in doing now this isn't
+a great measurement uh these Loops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great measurement uh these Loops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great measurement uh these Loops are
+not exactly the most accurate things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the most accurate things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the most accurate things uh
+and of course you've got a t to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you've got a t to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you've got a t to the
+three halves right uh and T to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves right uh and T to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves right uh and T to the three
+halves means that any small error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves means that any small error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves means that any small error in
+Sigma is going to be Amplified a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is going to be Amplified a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is going to be Amplified a bit
+when we measure the temperature but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure the temperature but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure the temperature but it
+is still remarkably easy to do and mcf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still remarkably easy to do and mcf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still remarkably easy to do and mcf
+plasma so this again applies for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so this again applies for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so this again applies for any
+plasma uh let's see it's needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma uh let's see it's needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma uh let's see it's needs to be
+steady state we've derived it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state we've derived it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state we've derived it with
+thidal symmetry but I don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal symmetry but I don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thidal symmetry but I don't see any
+reason why you couldn't try and redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you couldn't try and redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you couldn't try and redo
+this uh for like a z pinch plasma um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for like a z pinch plasma um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for like a z pinch plasma um I
+think we probably have made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we probably have made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we probably have made some
+assumptions I don't think we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I don't think we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I don't think we've made
+that many assumptions in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many assumptions in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many assumptions in terms of the
+axis symmetry of the plasma because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis symmetry of the plasma because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis symmetry of the plasma because the
+current has to be constant around it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to be constant around it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current has to be constant around it so
+even if it's accelerator you still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's accelerator you still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's accelerator you still only
+need one measurement with a rowski to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one measurement with a rowski to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one measurement with a rowski to
+get the current through the plasma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the current through the plasma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the current through the plasma so
+yeah questions on this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you know always when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you know always when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you know always when we say
+things like steady state and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like steady state and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like steady state and things like
+that what we should say it's like saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should say it's like saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we should say it's like saying
+large or something uh we should come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or something uh we should come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or something uh we should come up
+with a dimensionless parameter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dimensionless parameter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dimensionless parameter which
+characterizes that so what dimension as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes that so what dimension as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes that so what dimension as
+parameter should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter should
+we have to enable us to use the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to enable us to use the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to enable us to use the steady
+state assumption which was dropping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state assumption which was dropping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state assumption which was dropping this
+term and actually also this term as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we're talking about steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're talking about steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're talking about steady state
+we're talking about times so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about times so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about times so there
+should be some sort of time scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some sort of time scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some sort of time scale uh
+that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're
+measuring so there should be uh like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring so there should be uh like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring so there should be uh like an
+inductive time scale here where we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive time scale here where we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive time scale here where we could
+form a time scale out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this rate yeah rate of change of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate yeah rate of change of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate yeah rate of change of current
+or the current over the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the current over the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the current over the rate of change
+of the current will give you some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current will give you some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current will give you some time
+scale so that would be a good time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so that would be a good time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so that would be a good time scale
+that that needs to be small that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that needs to be small that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that needs to be small that needs
+to be much much lesser not much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much much lesser not much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much much lesser not much less
+than one because that's has uh units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one because that's has uh units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one because that's has uh units of
+time it needs to be smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it needs to be smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it needs to be smaller than the
+pulse length so current must change on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse length so current must change on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse length so current must change on a
+times I got it the wrong around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I got it the wrong around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I got it the wrong around the
+current must change on a time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must change on a time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current must change on a time scale
+which is long compared to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is long compared to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is long compared to the current
+pulse so it changes slowly right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse so it changes slowly right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse so it changes slowly right so if
+the current changes sufficiently slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current changes sufficiently slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current changes sufficiently slowly
+you'll be able to use these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to use these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to use these equations
+and if the changing current is say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the changing current is say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the changing current is say on
+the order of T minus two then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of T minus two then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of T minus two then you'll
+have errors on the order of you know T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have errors on the order of you know T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have errors on the order of you know T
+minus two or something in here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two or something in here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two or something in here because I
+think this is mostly linear and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is mostly linear and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is mostly linear and that
+will go slightly wrong when you try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go slightly wrong when you try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go slightly wrong when you try and
+work out the uh temperature from Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the uh temperature from Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the uh temperature from Sigma
+because it's been linear up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been linear up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been linear up to this
+point and then we'll have some slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we'll have some slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we'll have some slight
+more linearity but you get the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linearity but you get the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linearity but you get the idea so
+you can with all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can with all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can with all of these things
+whenever we like we make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we like we make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we like we make these
+assumptions these assumptions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions these assumptions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions these assumptions can be
+justified there'll be some Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified there'll be some Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified there'll be some Dimensions
+parameter allows us to justify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter allows us to justify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter allows us to justify that
+assumption yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we're averaging really what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're averaging really what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're averaging really what we're
+averaging is this quantity here J on E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging is this quantity here J on E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging is this quantity here J on E
+so is going to be practically uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be practically uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be practically uniform
+throughout the entire thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire thing because
+we're driving this flux of a transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're driving this flux of a transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're driving this flux of a transformer
+or we're driving this potential as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're driving this potential as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're driving this potential as a
+Transformer that's not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that's not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that's not going to change
+very much I'm not worried about that Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much I'm not worried about that Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much I'm not worried about that Jay
+I agree is peak in general uh for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree is peak in general uh for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree is peak in general uh for like
+your typical doac plasma it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical doac plasma it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your typical doac plasma it's going to
+be PE so I think it's possible that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be PE so I think it's possible that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be PE so I think it's possible that we
+are biased towards the hotter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biased towards the hotter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biased towards the hotter
+temperatures because of that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures because of that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures because of that and that's
+probably where it comes in as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably where it comes in as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably where it comes in as I was
+saying that they are the ones carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they are the ones carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that they are the ones carrying
+with the current and so we're biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the current and so we're biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the current and so we're biased
+towards measuring their temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards measuring their temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards measuring their temperature
+so yeah it's also interesting like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's also interesting like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's also interesting like what
+does it mean to measure an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to measure an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to measure an average
+temperature because if you have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because if you have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because if you have a small
+bit of plasma that's very hot but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of plasma that's very hot but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of plasma that's very hot but very
+low density it has very little thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density it has very little thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density it has very little thermal
+energy density and if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density and if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density and if you have a large
+amount of plasma that's cold if you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of plasma that's cold if you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of plasma that's cold if you mix
+those together like mixing hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together like mixing hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together like mixing hot water
+with cold water you don't just average a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cold water you don't just average a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cold water you don't just average a
+temperature you don't say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you don't say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you don't say this is
+boiling this is freezing the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling this is freezing the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling this is freezing the average is
+50 right you would weight it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right you would weight it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right you would weight it by the
+number of particles you have and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles you have and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles you have and so I
+think yeah I think all of this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I think all of this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I think all of this is is
+kind of uh slightly hand hand waving um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh slightly hand hand waving um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh slightly hand hand waving um
+and again I think Hutchinson goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I think Hutchinson goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I think Hutchinson goes into a
+bit more detail and says that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail and says that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail and says that you know
+given the accuracy that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the accuracy that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the accuracy that you can make
+these measurements with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements with some of the
+subtleties of the theory are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties of the theory are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties of the theory are not that
+important because your noise is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because your noise is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because your noise is larger
+than your your your the inadequacy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your your your the inadequacy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your your your the inadequacy of
+your models but it's a good question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your models but it's a good question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your models but it's a good question if
+you really wanted to do this to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really wanted to do this to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really wanted to do this to measure
+temperature on like heer you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on like heer you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on like heer you might want
+to spend a little bit more time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a little bit more time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a little bit more time thinking
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool yes absolutely yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yes absolutely yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yes absolutely yeah so this is
+really just the sort of a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the sort of a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the sort of a steady state
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay we still got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay we still got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay we still got a little
+time so we're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we're going to keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another use of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mcf we here we have a system in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcf we here we have a system in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcf we here we have a system in which we
+create a well inside our magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a well inside our magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a well inside our magnetic
+pressure which our plasma sits inside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which our plasma sits inside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which our plasma sits inside so
+if I have a diagram like this where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a diagram like this where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a diagram like this where this
+is the minor radius of our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minor radius of our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minor radius of our machine
+actually just some spatial coordinate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just some spatial coordinate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just some spatial coordinate I
+don't think I've drawn this correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've drawn this correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I've drawn this correctly
+here um but we have some magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but we have some magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but we have some magnetic field
+pressure profile like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and we've got a little dip inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we've got a little dip inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we've got a little dip inside
+it and that little dip is designed such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that little dip is designed such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that little dip is designed such
+that the thermal pressure of our plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thermal pressure of our plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thermal pressure of our plasma
+P equals NT sits inside it and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals NT sits inside it and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equals NT sits inside it and so the
+total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure
+is constant here so this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant here so this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant here so this means that the
+system is in pressure balance it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in pressure balance it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is in pressure balance it's in
+equilibrium okay the neat thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay the neat thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay the neat thing about
+that is because the magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because the magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because the magnetic field is
+the thing that's AC uh allowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's AC uh allowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's AC uh allowing the
+magnetic field is the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is the thing that's
+confining the pressure by measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining the pressure by measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining the pressure by measuring the
+magnetic field in an mcf device we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in an mcf device we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field in an mcf device we can
+indirectly measure the pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly measure the pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly measure the pressure and
+you'll remember that a pressure is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that a pressure is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that a pressure is a
+pretty key quantity for our Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty key quantity for our Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty key quantity for our Fusion
+because we want to have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to have something that
+goes like what's that nice propaganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like what's that nice propaganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like what's that nice propaganda
+formula we've got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh p s anyway whatever I can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p s anyway whatever I can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p s anyway whatever I can remember
+how they write it on the the board in NW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they write it on the the board in NW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they write it on the the board in NW
+17 but the fusion power is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 but the fusion power is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 but the fusion power is going to go
+as the pressure squared so we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pressure squared so we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pressure squared so we'd like to
+know what the pressure is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the pressure is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the pressure is because we
+want to know what our fusion power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what our fusion power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what our fusion power is
+and we can do that by making very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by making very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by making very
+careful measurements of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful measurements of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful measurements of the magnetic
+field and we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we're going to talk about that
+in detail now but we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail now but we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail now but we're going to get a
+little bit Lost In The Weeds I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Lost In The Weeds I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Lost In The Weeds I'm not
+gonna have a chance to finish it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a chance to finish it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a chance to finish it this
+lecture so I just want you to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I just want you to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I just want you to focus on
+the fact that what we're trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what we're trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what we're trying to do is
+measure P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure P the
+pressure from the magnetic field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure from the magnetic field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure from the magnetic field so
+again we're trying to get out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're trying to get out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're trying to get out some
+interesting quantities inside the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quantities inside the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting quantities inside the plasma
+just using a few B do probes which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using a few B do probes which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using a few B do probes which again
+is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of
+cool okay so we'll start by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so we'll start by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so we'll start by looking at
+this in terms of a force balance so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of a force balance so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of a force balance so our
+steady state mhd equation is J cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state mhd equation is J cross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state mhd equation is J cross B
+minus the gradient of pressure equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gradient of pressure equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the gradient of pressure equals
+zero like that if we insert Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like that if we insert Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero like that if we insert Maxwell's
+equation one of Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one of Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one of Maxwell's equations
+ignoring the displacement current so Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the displacement current so Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the displacement current so Cur
+of b equals m j into this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b equals m j into this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b equals m j into this equation we
+end up with something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with something that we can
+eventually rewrite in the form minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually rewrite in the form minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually rewrite in the form minus the
+gradient of pressure plus b ^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of pressure plus b ^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of pressure plus b ^2 over 2
+mu plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus 1 over
+m b dot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b dot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b dot the
+gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of
+b equals zero so this balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals zero so this balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals zero so this balance equation
+here again it's equivalent to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again it's equivalent to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again it's equivalent to this one
+we've just eliminated J has two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just eliminated J has two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just eliminated J has two sets of
+terms in it these terms look like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in it these terms look like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in it these terms look like uh
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+gradients the thermal pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients the thermal pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients the thermal pressure is
+definitely a pressure gradient um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a pressure gradient um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a pressure gradient um but
+the magnetic energy density uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic energy density uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic energy density uh also
+looks like a sort of magnetic pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a sort of magnetic pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a sort of magnetic pressure
+gradient so these two terms look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so these two terms look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so these two terms look
+similar and this term here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and this term here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and this term here is the
+tension force or you might want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension force or you might want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension force or you might want to call
+it the curvature Force because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the curvature Force because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the curvature Force because you can
+see from B do grad B there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from B do grad B there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from B do grad B there's going to be
+some term associated with the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some term associated with the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some term associated with the curvature
+of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field now this is a very hard equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now this is a very hard equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now this is a very hard equation
+to solve in general so this is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve in general so this is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve in general so this is fully
+three-dimensional if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional if you're trying to
+solve this in a fully three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in a fully three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in a fully three-dimensional
+object like a stellarator or even inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like a stellarator or even inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like a stellarator or even inside
+a toac where you haven't made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toac where you haven't made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toac where you haven't made any
+assumptions this is very very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions this is very very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions this is very very very very
+hard so what we're going to do is solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so what we're going to do is solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so what we're going to do is solve
+this instead in a cylinder so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead in a cylinder so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead in a cylinder so we're
+going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take our
+toat we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toat we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toat we're going to
+cut and we're going to unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and we're going to unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and we're going to unfold
+it and we're going to turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to turn it into a
+long thin cylinder like this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thin cylinder like this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thin cylinder like this you can
+equivalently uh attempt to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently uh attempt to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently uh attempt to do this by
+making the aspect ratio of this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the aspect ratio of this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the aspect ratio of this very
+very large but rather than that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large but rather than that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large but rather than that we're
+just going to do it this way around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do it this way around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do it this way around here
+so in our standard toac thidal geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our standard toac thidal geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our standard toac thidal geometry
+we have the FI coordinate and the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the FI coordinate and the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the FI coordinate and the Theta
+coordinate like that the pidal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate like that the pidal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate like that the pidal and
+poloidal coordinates and now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poloidal coordinates and now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poloidal coordinates and now we're going
+to have the FI coordinates in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the FI coordinates in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the FI coordinates in this
+direction though I may occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction though I may occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction though I may occasionally
+refer it to it as Zed instead because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer it to it as Zed instead because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer it to it as Zed instead because
+it's now cylindrical coordinates and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now cylindrical coordinates and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now cylindrical coordinates and our
+Theta coordinate is still going to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta coordinate is still going to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta coordinate is still going to wrap
+around our plasma like that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around our plasma like that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around our plasma like that so we're
+going to look at solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at solutions to this
+equation in this geometry because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in this geometry because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in this geometry because it's
+much simpler we'll be trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler we'll be trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler we'll be trying to find
+ways where we can use our B do probes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways where we can use our B do probes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways where we can use our B do probes to
+measure pressure in this geometry it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pressure in this geometry it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure pressure in this geometry it is
+possible to use all of these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use all of these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use all of these techniques
+in a full tral geometry you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a full tral geometry you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a full tral geometry you just have to
+go back and solve this equation instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and solve this equation instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and solve this equation instead
+much more complicated any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated any questions on
+this before we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you would have to solve this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you would have to solve this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you would have to solve this to
+get the grad shaffran off or I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the grad shaffran off or I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the grad shaffran off or I think
+grad shaffran off you still assume axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad shaffran off you still assume axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad shaffran off you still assume axis
+symmetry so you can still have a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you can still have a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you can still have a reduced
+form of this but it's still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this but it's still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this but it's still a very
+complicated yeah exactly so again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated yeah exactly so again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated yeah exactly so again just
+for demonstrating how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for demonstrating how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for demonstrating how this works
+intuitively we're going to use this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively we're going to use this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively we're going to use this very
+simple geometry uh but these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple geometry uh but these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple geometry uh but these techniques
+still apply for you know real toat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply for you know real toat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply for you know real toat
+geometries as well so don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries as well so don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries as well so don't think that
+this is only relevant to Z pinches this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only relevant to Z pinches this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only relevant to Z pinches this
+is very much relevant to other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much relevant to other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much relevant to other stuff
+just going to make i z pinch a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to make i z pinch a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to make i z pinch a little
+bit shorter so that I can fit in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorter so that I can fit in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorter so that I can fit in an
+equation underneath here because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation underneath here because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation underneath here because one of
+the things we're going to be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're going to be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're going to be interested
+in measuring is the magnetic field B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in measuring is the magnetic field B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in measuring is the magnetic field B
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+here and this magnetic field will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this magnetic field will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this magnetic field will take
+some arbitrary values but as with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary values but as with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary values but as with any
+other function we can decompose this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function we can decompose this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function we can decompose this we
+can do a forer decomposition and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a forer decomposition and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a forer decomposition and so
+we're going to do a Foria decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a Foria decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a Foria decomposition
+on this magnetic field and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this magnetic field and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this magnetic field and then we're
+going to talk about different terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about different terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about different terms in
+that Foria decomposition as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Foria decomposition as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Foria decomposition as if they were
+separate things they're not separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things they're not separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things they're not separate
+they're just our way of representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just our way of representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just our way of representing
+this magnetic field but it does allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetic field but it does allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetic field but it does allow us
+intuitively to get at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively to get at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively to get at some of the
+physics term by term so if we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics term by term so if we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics term by term so if we write this
+down as a for decomposition we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a for decomposition we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a for decomposition we'll have a
+DC term c0 over two the two here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC term c0 over two the two here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC term c0 over two the two here is just
+our convention when we're doing forer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention when we're doing forer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention when we're doing forer
+transforms probably seen this before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms probably seen this before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms probably seen this before and
+then we're going to have a sum over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have a sum over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have a sum over an
+index M from uh one to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index M from uh one to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index M from uh one to Infinity
+and we're going to have a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a term
+CM cosine of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM cosine of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM cosine of M
+theta plus s m sin of M Theta like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus s m sin of M Theta like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus s m sin of M Theta like this
+so these are different coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are different coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are different coefficients
+which we don't know but of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't know but of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't know but of course we can
+find them by doing the forer Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them by doing the forer Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them by doing the forer Transformer
+this or the pr decomposition of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or the pr decomposition of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or the pr decomposition of this um
+uh and we do that by doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we do that by doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we do that by doing things like
+I'm sure you seen this before but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you seen this before but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you seen this before but just
+to remind you this is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you this is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you this is going to be one
+over Pi the integral of zero to 2 pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi the integral of zero to 2 pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi the integral of zero to 2 pi of
+D Theta cosine of M Theta D Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta cosine of M Theta D Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta cosine of M Theta D Theta and
+similarly for the sign component okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the sign component okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the sign component okay so
+we have our signal we can decompose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our signal we can decompose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our signal we can decompose it
+into these modes and then we can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these modes and then we can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these modes and then we can give
+these modes names right uh and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes names right uh and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes names right uh and so we're
+going to particularly consider the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to particularly consider the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to particularly consider the modes
+m equals z which is this term and the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals z which is this term and the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals z which is this term and the m
+equals one mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one mode
+here these are the lowest Auto modes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the lowest Auto modes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are the lowest Auto modes in
+our system there are modes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system there are modes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system there are modes all the way
+up to Infinity um but these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to Infinity um but these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to Infinity um but these are the ones
+which are usually the most serious uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are usually the most serious uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are usually the most serious uh in
+terms of plasma inst stabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of plasma inst stabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of plasma inst stabilities and
+they're also the ones that provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the ones that provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the ones that provide the
+most information so once we've measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information so once we've measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most information so once we've measured
+our poloidal magnetic field we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poloidal magnetic field we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poloidal magnetic field we've done
+this decomposition we can learn an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition we can learn an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition we can learn an awful
+lot by studying first the m equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by studying first the m equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by studying first the m equals zero
+component of the magnetic field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the magnetic field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the magnetic field and the
+end m equals one component and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end m equals one component and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end m equals one component and if you
+want to you can keep extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you can keep extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you can keep extend this
+analysis all the way up to Infinity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis all the way up to Infinity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis all the way up to Infinity but
+generally people tend to get bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally people tend to get bored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally people tend to get bored
+before they get there so cool in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get there so cool in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get there so cool in the
+homework which I has now uploaded um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework which I has now uploaded um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework which I has now uploaded um you
+are asked to sketch these modes uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked to sketch these modes uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked to sketch these modes uh does
+anyone want to tell me what shapes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to tell me what shapes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to tell me what shapes these
+two first modes give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first modes give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two first modes give
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+yeah okay m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay m equal
+zero there's a nice circle like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a nice circle like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a nice circle like that so
+this is a symmetric magnetic field it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a symmetric magnetic field it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a symmetric magnetic field it
+doesn't depend on the as or the floid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the as or the floid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on the as or the floid
+angle here yeah and what about the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here yeah and what about the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here yeah and what about the m
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one oval okay is an oval like this or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oval okay is an oval like this or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oval okay is an oval like this or an
+oval like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sorry right okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right okay it's
+here so which oval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the trick question come on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neither yeah exactly so that's the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither yeah exactly so that's the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither yeah exactly so that's the m
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+2 cool okay so you're telling me the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cool okay so you're telling me the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cool okay so you're telling me the m
+equals one mode is shifted so if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one mode is shifted so if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one mode is shifted so if I had
+my initial position here it's now up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial position here it's now up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my initial position here it's now up
+like this or is it like this or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or is it like this or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or is it like this or is it
+like this which of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yes okay so it depends on cm and SM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes okay so it depends on cm and SM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes okay so it depends on cm and SM
+these are effectively telling you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are effectively telling you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are effectively telling you which
+direction it's going to be shifted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going to be shifted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going to be shifted in
+for example cm is probably in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example cm is probably in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example cm is probably in this
+direction and SM is in this direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and SM is in this direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and SM is in this direction so
+your relative contributions of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your relative contributions of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your relative contributions of these two
+is going to tell you how much your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell you how much your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell you how much your
+plasma is Shifting so straight away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is Shifting so straight away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is Shifting so straight away that
+is a useful measurement this measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a useful measurement this measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a useful measurement this measurement
+straight away is going to tell you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away is going to tell you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away is going to tell you if
+your plasma is moving perhaps if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma is moving perhaps if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma is moving perhaps if your
+plasma is moving it's going to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is moving it's going to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is moving it's going to hit the
+wall and you can do some active feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and you can do some active feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and you can do some active feedback
+and stop it from doing um but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop it from doing um but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stop it from doing um but it turns
+out we'll learn even more by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we'll learn even more by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we'll learn even more by looking at
+the m equals one mode even for plasmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m equals one mode even for plasmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m equals one mode even for plasmas
+which are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are relatively
+stable okay we are coming up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay we are coming up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay we are coming up on the
+endless session so I don't want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless session so I don't want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless session so I don't want to start
+on the next section which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next section which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next section which is going to be
+using m equals z to measure di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnetism but I am happy to take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism but I am happy to take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism but I am happy to take any
+questions for the next few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the next few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the next few minutes
+before we P today any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+we're totally neglecting how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're totally neglecting how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're totally neglecting how are we
+keeping the tension term in there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the tension term in there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the tension term in there if
+we're totally neing thidal tension we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're totally neing thidal tension we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're totally neing thidal tension we
+neglect the thidal tension the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the thidal tension the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the thidal tension the only
+thing that remains is the poloidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that remains is the poloidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that remains is the poloidal
+tension these magnetic field lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension these magnetic field lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension these magnetic field lines
+themselves have curvature right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have curvature right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have curvature right so we
+keep the poloidal tension we get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the poloidal tension we get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the poloidal tension we get rid of
+the thidal tension so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thidal tension so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thidal tension so this is the same
+this is why I said if you make this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I said if you make this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I said if you make this very
+very large aspect ratio so the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large aspect ratio so the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large aspect ratio so the curvature
+is very small you also get a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you also get a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you also get a similar
+kind of picture so that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture so that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture so that is something
+that is missing from this model that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is missing from this model that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is missing from this model that may
+or may not be important in a real system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be important in a real system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be important in a real system
+okay yeah but it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qYqI9IWyv-c.txt b/qYqI9IWyv-c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2c766b1750848d7a8e6b86da2b7a5a9948eff42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qYqI9IWyv-c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2232 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last time we were
+starting more complicated
+
+mechanisms and we looked
+at series reactions.
+
+A goes B, which is
+an intermediate.
+
+Goes to C with rates
+k1 and k2.
+
+And we solved the
+problem exactly.
+
+Which turned out to be a
+little bit complicated.
+
+And then we were looking
+at special cases.
+
+And I left the special case
+of k1 equals k2 to do as a
+
+homework problem.
+
+And then on the board we did
+k1 much greater than k2.
+
+Which looks like, if k1 is much
+greater than k2, the rate
+
+into k1 is much greater than
+k2, so using the analogy of
+
+buckets and pipes, it's a big
+pipe between k1 and between A
+
+and B. And a little pipe
+between B and C and you
+
+started with a bunch
+of liquid on top.
+
+And you basically dump
+it into here.
+
+And then you slowly
+drip into C here.
+
+So the first thing that happens
+is that A gets dumped,
+
+it becomes B very quickly.
+
+With a rate constant k1.
+
+In a first order fashion.
+
+So A is A0 e to the minus
+k1 times time.
+
+Then B comes up sharply.
+
+And then drops down with rate
+constant k2 slowly.
+
+So B is approximately A0 e to
+the minus k2 times time.
+
+And then C has a very small
+quadratic rise, followed by
+
+the exponential rise to
+saturation that you'd expect.
+
+So C is approximately a0 times
+one minus e to the minus k2
+
+times time.
+
+The rate constant k2 dominates
+the long times.
+
+And everything it's looking like
+it's pseudo first order
+
+at long times.
+
+So you can do this either by
+thinking about it, solve the
+
+problem by thinking about it,
+which is perfectly fine.
+
+Or you can do it by solving
+it exactly, as we
+
+have done last time.
+
+And then putting in the
+right approximations.
+
+Which in this case was Taylor's
+approximation, if I
+
+remember right.
+
+And know just by looking at the
+equation and putting the
+
+right approximation,
+you get it out.
+
+And a third approximation, which
+is the opposite one, k2
+
+much less than k1, so k1 much
+less than k2, the way that
+
+that's going to look, we can
+do it by inspection.
+
+So basically if we think of
+buckets and pipes, that's a
+
+very thin pipe connecting the
+bucket for A and B, so we drip
+
+from A to B, then we have this
+very fat pipe connecting B and
+
+C. So as soon as a little B gets
+in there, it immediately
+
+becomes C. So, the rate
+determining step is the first
+
+one, A goes to B. And so k1, we
+expect that to be the rate
+
+that dominates the long time.
+
+And we never expect to get any
+significant amount of B to
+
+pile up in the middle bucket,
+because this pipe is much
+
+bigger than that one here.
+
+Therefore, what we expect to see
+is a slow decay in A, with
+
+rate constant k1 dominating
+the long times, A is
+
+approximately A0 e to the
+minus k1 times the time.
+
+We don't expect B to amount
+to very much at all.
+
+It'll rise up a little bit at
+the very early times, and
+
+it'll pretty much stay
+very, very small.
+
+Not quite constant.
+
+And in fact if you look at the
+full result, and you put in
+
+your approximations, and I'll
+let you do that, you would
+
+find that B is essentially
+related to A through a
+
+constant term where k1 is very
+small compared to k2.
+
+So this is a very small
+number here.
+
+B is equal to a very small
+number times A. So it
+
+basically follows A, but at
+a very very, low level.
+
+And then you would find that C
+rises up in approximately e to
+
+the minus k1 times t, so
+with rate constant k1.
+
+One minus e to the minus
+k1 times the time.
+
+So the dominant rate is k1, and
+in this case here this is
+
+an approximation that we're
+going to see again.
+
+We're going to revisit this
+approximation here when we get
+
+to more complicated mechanisms,
+it's going to
+
+become this steady state
+approximation.
+
+Where the amount of the
+intermediate, or the
+
+concentration of intermediate,
+is low at all times.
+
+And doesn't change very fast.
+
+The slope here is very slow.
+
+Because k1 is so slow coming
+down, and B is related to A,
+
+which means it's related to this
+slow decrease in A, the
+
+amount of B is small and the
+rate of change in B is also
+
+very small.
+
+And hopefully we'll
+get to that very
+
+soon in this lecture.
+
+OK, so that's a summary of
+what we did last time.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So the next thing now is to
+go to the next mechanism.
+
+Which is, so far we've looked
+at reactions that
+
+proceed all the way.
+
+We haven't looked at
+equilibrium yet.
+
+But we know thermodynamics
+is all about equilibrium.
+
+So now we're going to connect
+kinetics and thermodynamics.
+
+We're going to look at a
+mechanism which is an
+
+equilibrium mechanism.
+
+Equilibrium or reversible
+reactions.
+
+Where you have A goes to B, with
+summary constant k1, but
+
+you can have the reverse process
+B goes back to A with
+
+the rate constant k minus one.
+
+Or you can write is as A k1, k
+minus one to B, where k1 could
+
+be k forward and k minus one
+could be k backwards.
+
+Also written as k sub
+f, and this is also
+
+written as k sub b.
+
+So now we have more
+
+information than we had before.
+
+Because now we know this is
+an equilibrium problem.
+
+And we already know about
+equilibrium from
+
+thermodynamics.
+
+And we know that at equilibrium,
+in addition to
+
+all the rate laws that we're
+going to write down to solve
+
+the problem, we also know
+that at equilibrium, the
+
+equilibrium constant is related
+to the equilibrium
+
+concentrations.
+
+To the ratio of the equilibrium
+concentrations.
+
+This is something additional
+that we have.
+
+So let's write down everything
+we know.
+
+And our goal is to find
+out the time, the
+
+dynamics of this problem.
+
+Suppose you start at some time
+t equals zero, at a certain
+
+amount of A0 in your pot, a
+certain amount of B0, how do
+
+you get to equilibrium.
+
+What's the rate, what
+does it look like?
+
+So the first thing is to
+write down the rates.
+
+So the forward rate minus dA/dt,
+which is the forward
+
+rate, R sub forward is equal
+to k1 times A. And the
+
+backwards rate, minus dB/dt,
+which we can write as R sub
+
+backwards, that's k minus one
+times B. At equilibrium, we
+
+have no dynamics.
+
+Or no ensemble dynamics.
+
+The pot looks constant.
+
+It doesn't look like anything's
+going on in there.
+
+The concentration of
+A doesn't change.
+
+The concentration of
+B doesn't change.
+
+They're constant at the
+equilibrium concentration.
+
+So that implies that the rate
+of formation of B must be
+
+equal to the rate of destruction
+of B. Or, in other
+
+words, that the rate forward at
+equilibrium has to be equal
+
+the rate backwards.
+
+Otherwise, there'd be changes
+in concentrations.
+
+So if that's true, then that
+means that at equilibrium, k1
+
+A equilibrium has to be equal to
+k minus one B equilibrium.
+
+Which means that we can get this
+ratio of B to A. And see
+
+that this is equal to
+k1 over k minus one.
+
+So we've just, this is
+pretty major here.
+
+Looks pretty simple,
+but we've taken an
+
+equilibrium property here.
+
+And related to kinetics.
+
+To a rate property.
+
+So here we have kinetics.
+
+Here we have thermo.
+
+And this is going to turn out
+to be, this kind of ratio
+
+between forward rates and
+backwards rates, related to
+
+equilibrium constants is going
+to be valid, not just for this
+
+very simple mechanism we have
+here with just two species.
+
+But it's going to be valid
+for more complicated.
+
+And we have two species reacting
+to form another
+
+species, or bimolecular
+stuff, et cetera.
+
+OK, so now we've laid
+the groundwork,
+
+let's look at the dynamics.
+
+Let's look at the
+time evolution.
+
+So that means that we need
+to take, well this
+
+is not quite right.
+
+I shouldn't write minus dA/dt.
+
+This is minus dA/dt rate forward
+in the absence of
+
+reverse process.
+
+It says just the destruction of
+A and not the creation of
+
+A. So if you look at the full
+kinetics, the full mechanism,
+
+this also, the rate backwards is
+minus dB/dt, in the absence
+
+of forming B back through
+the reverse process.
+
+So both of these are
+in the absence of
+
+their reverse process.
+
+The full kinetics, for the
+destruction of A. A is the
+
+rate backwards, or the rate
+forwards, which is k1 times A,
+
+and then the rate backwards,
+which is the creation of A.
+
+That's the two rates together.
+
+Minus k minus one times B.
+There's the formation of A
+
+here, this is the destruction
+of A. This is the full
+
+differential equation for
+the full mechanism.
+
+Not just one part of it.
+
+This one here is just for the
+first step, and that one here
+
+is for the second step.
+
+This is what we need to solve.
+
+But now we have a lot of help
+by what we've already done.
+
+So, what we can do is well, the
+problem here is that's it
+
+looks hard because there's
+B included in here.
+
+This is not just A,
+there's B in here.
+
+But there's only two species.
+
+And stoichiometry is going
+to help us out.
+
+Remember last time, or a few
+times ago, we said the last
+
+species is the easy one.
+
+Because it's always related to
+the concentration of all the
+
+other species by
+stoichiometry.
+
+And the last one here is B. So
+we know that B is related to
+
+A. B is whatever you
+started out with.
+
+Plus whatever you used
+up for A. That's one
+
+way of writing it.
+
+So you start with this amount,
+and you create this amount.
+
+By having A react.
+
+This is what you started with,
+A, and this is what's left.
+
+The difference has to go into
+B. So stroke stoichiometry
+
+give you a relationship, which
+you can use to plug into your
+
+differential equation here.
+
+And now, after rearranging your
+differential equation,
+
+putting B in there, you can
+rewrite this as k1 plus k
+
+minus one times A minus k minus
+one times B0 plus A0.
+
+Something which depends
+on A, something
+
+which is constant here.
+
+OK, and what else do we know?
+
+We know something about
+equilibrium.
+
+We know something about when
+we reach a state where the
+
+rate forward is equal to
+the rate backward.
+
+When the rate forward is equal
+to the rate backwards, the
+
+rate of change of A is zero.
+
+A is not changing.
+
+The concentration of
+A is not changing.
+
+So at equilibrium, dA/dt
+is equal to zero.
+
+And just like in this example
+here, this is going to turn
+
+out to be related to an
+approximation called the
+
+steady state approximation,
+which we're going to see later
+
+this morning.
+
+Writing at equilibrium that
+the change in the
+
+concentration of one of the
+species is equal to zero,
+
+we're going to use that as an
+approximation also later, when
+
+we get to more complicated
+mechanisms.
+
+This is going to be the
+equilibrium approximation.
+
+And this is going to be the
+steady state approximation.
+
+Let's keep going with our, we're
+solving this guy here.
+
+So at equilibrium, dA/dt
+is equal to zero.
+
+And then we can replace our
+concentrations here with, and
+
+so if you write equal to zero
+here, then we can write it as
+
+equilibrium right here.
+
+And we'll be able to solve for
+A equilibrium in terms of k1,
+
+k minus one, B0, and A0.
+
+And then if you do that, you get
+A equilibrium is equal to
+
+k minus one over k1 plus k minus
+one times B0 plus A0.
+
+And we're going to need that.
+
+Because now we're going to be
+able to plug this, so there's
+
+A0 plus B0 sitting here.
+
+And we're going to replace
+A0 plus B0 in terms of A
+
+equilibrium.
+
+There's a minus sign here.
+
+And between this A and this
+A equilibrium here, so by
+
+rewriting, by plugging in A B0
+A equilibrium instead of B0
+
+plus A0, we can rewrite that
+equation as dA/dt is equal to
+
+k1 plus k minus one times
+A minus A equilibrium.
+
+This is nice because, this
+quantity, A minus A
+
+equilibrium, describes the
+difference between where are
+
+you are and where
+you want to be.
+
+It's a nice variable to have.
+
+It's going to change in time and
+at infinite time, this is
+
+going to go to zero.
+
+A is going to go
+to equilibrium.
+
+A equilibrium is a constant.
+
+Now we have a differential
+equation that relates A to
+
+this difference.
+
+But A equilibrium
+is a constant.
+
+So there's nothing that forbids
+us from just writing
+
+minus A equilibrium here. d
+of a constant dt is zero.
+
+So I'm just basically
+subtracting zero here.
+
+So and I have something of the
+form dx/dt is equal to
+
+constant times x.
+
+And I know how to write that.
+
+That looks just like a
+first order process.
+
+I know the solution is A minus
+A equilibrium is equal to my
+
+initial A, my initial state.
+
+A0 times e to the minus k1 plus
+k minus one times time.
+
+And I've solved the problem.
+
+I've described how, as a
+function of time, how A, the
+
+concentration of A,
+gets equilibrium.
+
+And if you want to know B,
+it's just the same thing.
+
+You replace B here
+and B0 here.
+
+You put k minus one here, k1
+here, but it's the same thing.
+
+So if you were to sketch it
+out as a function of time,
+
+there's, eventually you'll get
+to the concentration A
+
+equilibrium.
+
+If you're above it, you're
+going to decay in a first
+
+order fashion, with a
+rate constant k1.
+
+A minus A equilibrium is A0
+minus A equilibrium e to the
+
+minus k prime times t, where k
+prime is k1 plus k minus one.
+
+And this is when A is greater
+than A0, A equilibrium.
+
+A0 is greater than
+equilibrium.
+
+And if you start below, you're
+going to come up like this.
+
+A0 is less than A equilibrium.
+
+And both rates come into here,
+in a very simple way.
+
+Just the sum of the two.
+
+So experimental, if you want to
+find out these rates, you
+
+can measure their equilibrium
+concentrations.
+
+Measure k equilibrium by
+obtaining the equilibrium
+
+concentrations of B and A. And
+that gives you the ratio of k1
+
+plus k minus one.
+
+And then you can just start
+the process with some
+
+concentration of A. Which is
+different in equilibrium.
+
+Then watching it in time,
+extract out, observe and
+
+measure k1 plus k minus one.
+
+In this kinetic equation.
+
+At kinetic relation.
+
+And then you have two results,
+two pieces of data.
+
+You've measured k prime, which
+gives you the sum of the two.
+
+And you've measured K
+equilibrium, which gives you
+
+the ratio of the two.
+
+And you've got your two
+rate constants out.
+
+OK, any questions for the
+equilibrium problem?
+
+We're slowly -- yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: There is not yet
+a relationship between
+
+k1 and k minus one.
+
+It depends on the problem.
+
+And we're going to study the,
+when we get to potential
+
+barriers, we look at, we'll
+look at this issue.
+
+OK, it's a good question.
+
+We're going to do that
+probably next time.
+
+So let's get going, then, with
+reversible reactions.
+
+So now we have, let's make it a
+little bit more complicated.
+
+Let's, instead of two species,
+let's make it three species.
+
+So we have A plus B goes to C,
+where the rate constant k1,
+
+and then C goes to A plus to B
+with a rate constant k minus
+
+one that you can rewrite as A
+plus B goes to C, k1, k minus
+
+one, and then you write down
+your, you want to solve this.
+
+So the first thing you do
+is your write down your
+
+differential equations. dA/dt is
+equal to, put all the rates
+
+in there. k1 A B minus k minus
+one times C. And at
+
+equilibrium, we set that
+equal to zero.
+
+So you can write equilibrium
+here, equilibrium here,
+
+equilibrium here.
+
+And when you bring this term
+over to the other side, you
+
+find, then that at equilibrium
+the ratio of the forward rate
+
+to the backward rates is equal
+to C equilibrium divided by A
+
+equilibrium.
+
+The equilibrium, which,
+you know is
+
+the equilibrium constant.
+
+So again, for this slightly more
+complicated problem, the
+
+ratio of the forward and
+backward rates are related to
+
+the equilibrium constant.
+
+So now you want to solve this.
+
+Well, we're not even
+going to try.
+
+Because it's going to
+be too complicated.
+
+So as soon as you get away from
+first order kinetics and
+
+go to second order kinetics
+with multiple
+
+steps, it's a mess.
+
+So instead you try to
+find approximations.
+
+In this case here there's
+one we can use.
+
+Or a limiting case, at least.
+
+One we can use, which
+is an obvious
+
+one, which is flooding.
+
+As a limiting case.
+
+If we want to isolate a small
+part of the problem, we can
+
+use flooding.
+
+Because we can overwhelm the
+system with either A or B.
+
+Take B0 much greater
+than A0 and C0.
+
+So over the course of the
+reaction of the process, the
+
+concentration of B
+hardly changes.
+
+And so when we write our kinetic
+equation, our rate
+
+law, k1 A B minus k minus one
+C, we could put a little
+
+naught here, because
+we know the
+
+concentration of B is not changing.
+
+And so now we're left with the
+problem we had before.
+
+Which was a reversible first
+order process which we have
+
+just solved.
+
+And you go through the
+experiment and you extract out
+
+k1 times B0 and k minus one.
+
+You do the experiment again with
+a different concentration
+
+of B0 to start out with.
+
+And you can extract out k1.
+
+So this is a process of getting
+the rates by using a
+
+simple approximation here.
+
+Simple limiting case.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So we've just finished putting
+all the building blocks
+
+together now.
+
+Let me remind you what these
+building blocks are.
+
+We have a bunch of
+approximations under our belt.
+
+Flooding, we've looked
+at rates being
+
+much faster than others.
+
+And we have three simple
+mechanisms, we've looked at
+
+parallel reactions.
+
+We looked at series reactions.
+
+And we've looked at reversible
+reactions.
+
+So a complicated mechanism will
+basically put these three
+
+building blocks together
+in a series.
+
+And they'll all be happening
+at the same time somehow.
+
+And obviously, since it was,
+since we threw up our hands,
+
+just with a simple reversible
+process like here, it's clear
+
+that we're going to throw
+up our hands a lot.
+
+When we write down
+these mechanisms.
+
+So we're going to need
+approximations.
+
+We're going to need something
+that we'll automatically go
+
+to, and say this is going
+to be too hard.
+
+I'm not even going to try.
+
+Let's do an approximation.
+
+And two approximations that
+we're going to talk about are
+
+ones I already mentioned
+at the beginning.
+
+Which is the steady state
+approximation, where one rate,
+
+the rate to go into the
+intermediate is very slow, or
+
+the rate to get out of the
+intermediate is very fast.
+
+And the equilibrium
+approximation where the system
+
+sets up a very fast equilibrium
+and you're allowed
+
+to use thermodynamics
+to help you out
+
+in solving the problem.
+
+These are the two approximations
+that we'll use
+
+when we put these
+things together.
+
+OK, so let's look at the
+first, simple, more
+
+complicated mechanism.
+
+To see where these
+approximations come in.
+
+So the first one is going
+to be a series.
+
+We're going to start putting
+these things together.
+
+First one is a series
+reversible.
+
+Those two together.
+
+Series reversible.
+
+So we have first, a reversible
+process.
+
+Everything is first order here.
+k minus one goes to B.
+
+And then B goes to C with
+some rate constant
+
+k2, all first order.
+
+If we were to turn the crank,
+we'd say, oh, I've got to
+
+write down all my
+rate laws here.
+
+Minus dA/dt is all the ways that
+I destroy and create B,
+
+so there's a k1 times A minus
+k minus one times B. dB/dt,
+
+all the ways that create and
+destroy B is that you create
+
+it through destruction of A.
+I destroy it through the
+
+backwards rate to make A. And
+I destroy it by making the
+
+product, C. There's
+the intermediate.
+
+And then for C, that's
+pretty simple.
+
+There's only one channel into C,
+and that's the destruction
+
+of B to form C, k2 B.
+All the rate laws.
+
+I write everything
+I know here.
+
+Couple of differential
+equations.
+
+We know it's going to
+be hard to solve.
+
+So, let's remind ourselves
+of what I just erased.
+
+Which was the case where the
+intermediate concentration was
+
+always very small and didn't
+change very fast.
+
+And the process was dominated
+by k1 here.
+
+That was the rate
+limiting step.
+
+Remember that our first
+example this morning.
+
+So this is where the
+concentration of B is roughly
+
+constant over time.
+
+It's small.
+
+And over any small time period,
+it's roughly constant.
+
+Which means that dB/dt is
+roughly equal to zero.
+
+If you look at a long term,
+obviously it's going to change
+
+as you go from this point
+to that point.
+
+In fact, there's a relationship
+between A which
+
+is changing in time and B. But
+A is also changing in time
+
+very slowly.
+
+Because the rate k1
+is very small.
+
+So dB/dt, which is related to
+this rate k1, is going to be
+
+very slowly changing in time.
+
+We can approximate it at zero.
+
+What are the ways in terms of
+matching these rate constants
+
+that we can get to the
+approximation.
+
+To a diagram that
+looks like that?
+
+But we don't want
+B to pile up.
+
+That means we have to have the
+rates out of the intermediate
+
+to be much faster, at least one
+of the rates out of the
+
+intermediate to be much faster
+than the rate that creates the
+
+intermediate.
+
+So the different ways of
+creating that approximation
+
+are if, and the length of the
+arrows now is going to be
+
+proportional to the rate.
+
+We want it to be very hard to
+make B. And as soon as we make
+
+B, we want it to go away.
+
+So one of the ways to do that
+is to have the reverse rate
+
+much faster than the
+initial rate.
+
+And we could have a slow rate
+into C, that's fine.
+
+We could have, again, a very
+slow rate into B. We could
+
+have a slow reverse rate
+and a fast rate into
+
+C. Perfectly fine.
+
+We could have both.
+
+Fast rate out of B through A, or
+out of B through C. As long
+
+as this first rate into the B
+is small compared to one of
+
+those two rates, we're never
+going to pile up B. It's going
+
+to go away as soon
+as we make it.
+
+So in all these cases, k2
+plus k minus one is
+
+much bigger than k1.
+
+When we have that situation,
+then we can make the
+
+approximation up here.
+
+That the rate of change
+in B is very small.
+
+Almost zero, which means it's
+basically a constant.
+
+And instead of writing B in this
+case here, we're going to
+
+write it as B steady state.
+
+Which is basically a constant
+in terms of solving the
+
+differential equations.
+
+And that's going to make
+our life much easier.
+
+Because instead of having
+to solve these coupled
+
+differential equations, we're
+just going to have to solve
+
+coupled algebraic equations.
+
+Which is really messy,
+but less hard.
+
+If you're a bean-counter
+than this is heaven.
+
+So now we're going to put steady
+state, this is going to
+
+be a constant.
+
+And this is going to
+be equal to zero.
+
+And then here this is going
+to be steady state here.
+
+This is going to be
+steady state here.
+
+And the first thing to do now is
+that we've eliminated this
+
+differential equation.
+
+We now have an algebraic
+equation where we can solve
+
+for B steady state.
+
+So if you recognize that you're
+in this situation here,
+
+forget about trying to solve.
+
+Immediately go to the process
+of putting in a constant for
+
+B. Setting dB/dt for the
+intermediate equal to zero.
+
+And then starting to turn the
+crank on the algebra.
+
+So let me go ahead and
+turn the crank here.
+
+Go through the steps,
+which is basically
+
+typical of these problems.
+
+So you turn the crank.
+
+You solve for the steady
+state concentration.
+
+You get, in terms of A, over
+k minus one, plus k2.
+
+Then you plug this
+back in here.
+
+And you get a new differential
+equation, minus dA/dt is equal
+
+to k1 times A minus k minus one
+times B steady state, so
+
+we plug this in here.
+
+And you get, so there's
+A sitting here.
+
+A sitting here.
+
+It's going to be of the form,
+effective rate times A. It's
+
+going to be basically
+a first order form.
+
+Which is what we'd expect
+from sketching the
+
+diagram just like that.
+
+So you get minus dA/dt is an
+effective rate. k1 times k2
+
+over k1 plus k2.
+
+Times A. This is k prime.
+
+So if you were to do an
+experiment under these
+
+conditions, you'd find that A
+behaves, it's basically a
+
+pseudo first order problem.
+
+With a funny rate that contains
+all the elementary
+
+rate constants as part of it.
+
+And when you do the same thing
+for C, dC/dt, you find that
+
+depends on A. It's k1, you plug
+these steady states in
+
+here. k1 k2 divided by
+k1 plus k2 times A.
+
+This is k prime again.
+
+So the problem, and
+it's first order.
+
+So the problem looks like
+effectively you're going from
+
+A to C. Forget about
+the intermediate.
+
+With an effective
+rate k prime.
+
+Where k prime contains
+these rates.
+
+So this is steady state
+approximation.
+
+It's the prototypical problem.
+
+Questions on steady state,
+before we go to the next
+
+approximation.
+
+Alright.
+
+So now, as promised, the next
+approximation is that where
+
+are set up the fast
+equilibrium.
+
+And you can use thermo
+to help you out.
+
+Equilibrium approximation
+A goes to B.
+
+This is a fast process.
+
+And then k2 out of B
+is a slow process.
+
+Little arrow here, and
+two big arrows here.
+
+You put your A in your flask.
+
+Immediately you set up
+the equilibrium.
+
+And you slowly dribble
+out of that.
+
+If you want to do it as a
+function of buckets and, so
+
+you have a big pipe connecting
+two buckets that are just
+
+offset from each other.
+
+So there's, in this case here
+B is favored over A. Because
+
+it's a little bit lower
+than this guy here.
+
+And then there's a little
+bucket, there's a little tube,
+
+comes out of here.
+
+So there's a little dribble
+into C over time.
+
+First thing that happens is you
+set up your equilibrium.
+
+And then you slowly extract
+stuff through a little tube
+
+into C.
+
+So what do you expect
+this to look like?
+
+Well, you expect A to really
+slowly come out.
+
+Because the rate limiting step
+is the rate from B to C. So k2
+
+is going to be the way that
+A is going to come out.
+
+You expect it to
+slowly go away.
+
+You expect B to get created
+very fast, to
+
+some equilibrium amount.
+
+And then also to follow
+the same rate
+
+k2, slow k2, to disappear.
+
+And you expect C to come up.
+
+You're basically in a first
+order process to
+
+saturation of A0.
+
+So when you expect the dominant
+rate to be k2, and
+
+the fast dynamics to happen at
+very, very early times, and
+
+then everything to follow
+first order kinetics.
+
+So now let's do the math and
+make sure that it agrees with
+
+what we've just assumed that
+it's going to look like.
+
+So equilibrium is happening.
+
+You can assume that at any time
+after the initial very
+
+fast process of getting
+equilibrium.
+
+So after some initial time,
+the ratio of B over A is
+
+always going to be a constant.
+
+The dribble out of B here is not
+going to be fast enough to
+
+change that ratio.
+
+As soon as you get a little bit
+of B out here, immediately
+
+the ratios, the amounts
+rearrange to
+
+keep the ratio constant.
+
+So now when I look at the rate
+of the reaction, the rate of
+
+formation of C, k2 times B,
+well, in terms of A, it's k2
+
+times K equilibrium.
+
+Times A. Which is k2 times k1
+over k minus one times A. And
+
+you can immediately see that C
+is behaving, or the reaction
+
+is behaving, like a first
+order process.
+
+With an effective rate which
+contains all three rates in
+
+this ratio here.
+
+So it looks like A goes to C,
+with some k prime where this
+
+is k prime.
+
+It looks like A goes to
+C with an effective
+
+rate constant k prime.
+
+OK.
+
+Questions?
+
+We're going to do
+some examples.
+
+And then we're going to do chain
+reactions next time.
+
+We're one lecture behind.
+
+Alright.
+
+Let's do some reactions.
+
+Some examples.
+
+I'm going to skip the first
+example, which is the example
+
+with the chaperone,
+in the notes.
+
+And I'm going to go directly
+to the gas decomposition.
+
+The two examples are basically
+very similar in their use of
+
+the steady state
+approximation.
+
+So I'll let you read over
+the first example.
+
+So this example here is going
+to give us the Lindemann
+
+mechanism, for which Mr.
+Lindemann got a Nobel Prize
+
+many many, years ago.
+
+Basically, it's looking
+at decomposition
+
+of a gas phase molecule.
+
+Where you have a molecule,
+A, that
+
+breaks down into products.
+
+And the observation before Mr.
+Lindemann got around, was that
+
+it looked like a first
+order process.
+
+It looked like A is just falling
+apart on its own into
+
+these products.
+
+Mr. Lindemann got around and
+said, well, why would A just
+
+want to fall apart.
+
+There's something a little
+bit odd about that.
+
+Stable molecule, why would
+it want to fall apart.
+
+And so he hypothesized
+a mechanism.
+
+And it went like this.
+
+That A actually collides with
+another molecule, which could
+
+be a bystander.
+
+Could be a chaperone molecule
+that just happens to be there.
+
+Or it could be another
+molecule of
+
+A. There's a collision.
+
+There's a collision that
+creates a vibrationally
+
+excited version of A.
+Of A sitting there.
+
+It collides.
+
+It suddenly starts to be really
+vibrationally excited.
+
+Bonds vibrate all
+over the place.
+
+Atoms wiggle.
+
+There's the collision partner
+that goes away.
+
+So kinetic energy is transferred
+from M and A to
+
+the vibrational loads of A. In a
+process which is reversible.
+
+k1, k minus one, because this
+excited A, this vibrationally
+
+excited A, could also collide
+with a molecule and cool down.
+
+The energy in the vibrations
+could be transferred back to
+
+kinetic energy for a
+reverse process.
+
+But if you wait long enough,
+or if this vibrationally
+
+excited A, with these atoms
+widely moving around, that has
+
+more of a chance of falling
+apart than this guy here.
+
+So A star could fall apart
+into products.
+
+With a rate k2.
+
+So he said, this is actually
+an important step.
+
+It's not that A just suddenly
+falls apart.
+
+But this has to happen.
+
+So all the observations that
+supported a first order
+
+process, which basically only
+supported one elementary
+
+reactions, might not be right.
+
+So let's assume his mechanism,
+and let's look at what we need
+
+to do as an approximation.
+
+And where that leads us
+in terms of trying to
+
+experimentally confirm that this
+mechanism is plausible.
+
+Not prove it, but just to make
+sure that it's consistent
+
+with, the data's consistent
+with the hypothesis.
+
+So let's compare
+our rates here.
+
+So we have a collision.
+
+A and M collide, and there's a
+certain probability on the
+
+collision that kinetic energy
+will be transferred to
+
+vibrational energy.
+
+That turns out to be a
+moderate probability.
+
+So k1 is reasonably fast.
+
+The reverse process, you have
+something that's vibrationally
+
+excited colliding
+with a molecule.
+
+There's a probability that that
+excitation is going to
+
+get turned back into
+kinetic energy.
+
+And then these two molecules
+will fly
+
+apart with high velocity.
+
+And that tends to be much
+more highly probable
+
+then the first process.
+
+So this is faster.
+
+Then the excited molecule's
+waiting around.
+
+And there's a probability that
+there's it's going to just
+
+fall apart.
+
+And that turns out to
+be really slow.
+
+So we're going to assume that
+the last step is a slow step.
+
+So what does it look like?
+
+Well, we have the creation
+is fast.
+
+So the intermediate is fast.
+
+But the destruction through
+the reverse
+
+process is much faster.
+
+We have at least one step, out
+of the intermediate, which is
+
+faster than the step into
+the intermediate.
+
+That's all we care about.
+
+It doesn't really matter that
+this is slow in terms of using
+
+the steady state
+approximation.
+
+We just want the step getting
+out of the intermediate, a
+
+backwards step in this case
+here, to be faster than the
+
+state into the intermediate.
+
+So this allows this, this fact
+that this is faster, that
+
+allows us to use a steady
+state approximation.
+
+So now we can go ahead and
+solve the problem.
+
+So we write down all the
+rates minus dA/dt.
+
+It's k1 A. Let's start with
+the rate of the action.
+
+Let's take a product.
+
+Let's take C. Let's say this
+goes to product C here.
+
+So dC/dt is equal to
+k2 times A, that's
+
+the rate of the reaction.
+
+And we're going to look at
+this rate of reaction.
+
+And see how it changes.
+
+What it looks like under
+limiting conditions.
+
+The rate of reaction.
+
+Let's look at the
+intermediate.
+
+Because this is what we're going
+to solve first, because
+
+this is going to turn out to
+be an algebraic equation.
+
+Because we're going to apply
+the steady state
+
+approximations.
+
+Intermediate d A star / dt is,
+we can create it through the
+
+forward process.
+
+We destroy it through the
+backwards process.
+
+A star times M. And we destroy
+it through the final process.
+
+A star.
+
+We apply the steady state
+approximation, steady state,
+
+steady state.
+
+We solve for A steady state
+algebraically. k1 A M over M
+
+times k minus 1 plus k2.
+
+And then we plug that back into
+the rate of the reaction.
+
+The rate of appearance of C.
+Which is what we're measuring
+
+experimentally.
+
+We're looking at the products.
+
+Measuring the appearance
+of products.
+
+So they're destruction.
+
+This is also equal to the
+destruction of A.
+
+And so we plug this into the, we
+write our rate of reaction.
+
+Which we measure,
+experimentally.
+
+We find this is k1 times k2.
+
+Times, we plug in for, and
+here, what we do here, we
+
+solve A in terms of
+A steady state.
+
+A is equal to something
+A steady state.
+
+Well, let's see, A is equal to
+M k minus one plus k2 times,
+
+well this is actually,
+I have this wrong up
+
+here, this is d A star.
+
+So we don't need to
+do this here.
+
+The appearance of C
+is, A star here.
+
+So we plug in A steady
+state here.
+
+A star steady state, and this
+is A star steady state.
+
+The intermediate is what we're
+solving a steady state for.
+
+So this is k1 k2 A M over
+M k minus one plus k2.
+
+We just have the extra k2 that
+appears when we multiply A
+
+steady state star with
+the k2 there.
+
+And then we can look at
+the limiting cases.
+
+There are two limiting cases,
+which we can tell by looking
+
+at the denominator.
+
+If we have one term bigger
+than the other.
+
+Only two choices here.
+
+So the first case is where
+M k minus one is
+
+much bigger than k2.
+
+Experimentally, what
+does that mean?
+
+It means that this in
+the gas phase now.
+
+It means that regardless of
+what these rates are here,
+
+we've managed to make the
+concentration of M high enough
+
+so that this becomes true.
+
+There's always an M that's going
+to be high enough so
+
+that the multiplication of
+these two is going to be
+
+bigger than that.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It means that the pressure
+is high.
+
+Concentration of M is high.
+
+This is a high pressure case.
+
+And then the other one
+is M k minus one is
+
+much less than k2.
+
+M is very small.
+
+Low concentration,
+low pressure.
+
+The partial pressure
+of M is very low.
+
+This could be A. M could be A,
+or it could be some other
+
+molecule that's in the mix.
+
+And by high pressure we mean
+something on the order of one
+
+bar, let's say.
+
+That by low pressure we mean
+something around 10 to the
+
+minus 4 bar.
+
+So now we can go and put these
+limiting cases in our equation
+
+here. k minus one is much bigger
+than k2, so we can
+
+ignore k2 here.
+
+And then we have something
+that looks
+
+like the M's disappear.
+
+We have something that looks
+like k1 k2 over k minus one
+
+times A is the rate
+of reaction.
+
+First order.
+
+Looks like it's first
+order in A. This is
+
+what people had observed.
+
+Great.
+
+The problem is that
+they didn't know
+
+to go to low pressure.
+
+They were doing all
+their experiments
+
+at atmospheric pressure.
+
+They were getting a
+first order rate.
+
+They thought they had
+solved the problem.
+
+It's just A falling
+apart by itself.
+
+Until you go to low pressure,
+where now this term dominates
+
+the denominator.
+
+Or rather, this one dominates
+the denominator.
+
+And now you have something of
+the form k1 A times M. This
+
+dominates, this term
+goes away.
+
+The k2 goes away and you have
+k1 times A times M left over
+
+as the rate of the reaction.
+
+Second order.
+
+There are two species here.
+
+A times M. M could be A or it
+could be some chaperone.
+
+A squared.
+
+Second order process.
+
+So if you're at low
+pressure, you see
+
+something at second order.
+
+You've discovered something
+about the mechanisms you
+
+didn't expect.
+
+And then you get
+a Nobel Prize.
+
+Alright, next time we'll
+do chain reactions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qxBhW2DRnPg.txt b/qxBhW2DRnPg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cb54b98d24f9630c97bdecd4009fdaedb24174c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qxBhW2DRnPg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our adiabatic change so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our adiabatic change so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our adiabatic change so now
+if we can say several things okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can say several things okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can say several things okay if
+Omega is changing slowly the Energy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is changing slowly the Energy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is changing slowly the Energy's
+changing slowly but do we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly but do we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly but do we have something
+that changes even more slowly something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes even more slowly something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes even more slowly something
+that really almost doesn't change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really almost doesn't change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really almost doesn't change what
+you need here is basically this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need here is basically this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need here is basically this was a
+very important discovery in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important discovery in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important discovery in classical
+mechanics you need like two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you need like two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you need like two things that
+change everything is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change everything is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change everything is going to change
+slowly but then there's gonna be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but then there's gonna be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but then there's gonna be one
+thing that changes slowly and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that changes slowly and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that changes slowly and another
+thing that changes slowly and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that changes slowly and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that changes slowly and they
+change kind of in the same way in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of in the same way in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of in the same way in such a
+way that the ratio or some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the ratio or some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the ratio or some combination
+of them doesn't change almost at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them doesn't change almost at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them doesn't change almost at all
+that's what we're trying to get anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to get anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to get anybody
+know some classical mechanics what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some classical mechanics what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some classical mechanics what
+quantity here doesn't change much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no clue it's not obvious what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no clue it's not obvious what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no clue it's not obvious what does it
+change much but here is a claim claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much but here is a claim claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change much but here is a claim claim is
+that the quantity that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity that doesn't change
+much is in fact the energy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is in fact the energy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is in fact the energy divided by
+Omega that you know the energy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that you know the energy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that you know the energy will
+change slowly Omega will change slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change slowly Omega will change slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change slowly Omega will change slowly
+but the ratio is almost not gonna change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ratio is almost not gonna change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ratio is almost not gonna change
+at all so here is the claim there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so here is the claim there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so here is the claim there is an
+I of pickle adiabatic invariant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of pickle adiabatic invariant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of pickle adiabatic invariant which is
+basically H of T divided by Omega of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically H of T divided by Omega of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically H of T divided by Omega of T
+and it's almost constant and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's almost constant and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's almost constant and this
+quantity has the units of energy times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has the units of energy times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has the units of energy times
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I don't want to give away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't want to give away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't want to give away the
+whole story but I think it's good if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story but I think it's good if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story but I think it's good if you
+at this woman think a second well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this woman think a second well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this woman think a second well what
+could it mean or do I even have a clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it mean or do I even have a clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it mean or do I even have a clue
+why this could happen and you think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this could happen and you think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this could happen and you think oh
+quantum mechanics the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics the harmonic
+oscillator what happened the energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator what happened the energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator what happened the energy was
+equal to H Omega times the level so kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H Omega times the level so kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H Omega times the level so kind
+of energy divided by Omega is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy divided by Omega is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy divided by Omega is kind of a
+nice quantity it's a quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice quantity it's a quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice quantity it's a quantum number
+quantum numbers are quantized and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers are quantized and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers are quantized and they
+don't like to change because how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to change because how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to change because how could
+an integer change slowly as soon as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer change slowly as soon as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer change slowly as soon as it
+changes it changes big so a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it changes big so a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it changes big so a little bit
+of what we're getting at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're getting at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're getting at is the
+resistance of a system to change quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a system to change quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a system to change quantum
+level when something is quantized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level when something is quantized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level when something is quantized it
+cannot change slowly and there diabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change slowly and there diabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change slowly and there diabatic
+invariant is exploiting in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant is exploiting in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant is exploiting in classical
+physics that quantum property if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that quantum property if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that quantum property if you
+wish so let's let's look at that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish so let's let's look at that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish so let's let's look at that so the
+claim is that the name I is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that the name I is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that the name I is for
+adiabatic invariant and we can verify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic invariant and we can verify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic invariant and we can verify it
+or get some intuition as to why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get some intuition as to why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get some intuition as to why those
+very slowly now I cannot prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly now I cannot prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly now I cannot prove that
+thing doesn't change that will be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't change that will be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't change that will be too
+much but it's really change very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it's really change very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but it's really change very slowly
+you will appreciate that let's see let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will appreciate that let's see let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will appreciate that let's see let's
+compute the derivative di DT so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative di DT so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative di DT so it's a
+ratio so I have Omega squared Omega I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so I have Omega squared Omega I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so I have Omega squared Omega I'm
+gonna use dots and I'm gonna stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use dots and I'm gonna stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use dots and I'm gonna stop
+writing the factor the T dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the factor the T dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the factor the T dependence
+Omega H dot minus H Omega dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here
+Omega H dot was calculated up there M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega H dot was calculated up there M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega H dot was calculated up there M
+Omega Omega dot x squared minus H is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega dot x squared minus H is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega dot x squared minus H is B
+squared over 2m - no - plus 1/2 M Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m - no - plus 1/2 M Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m - no - plus 1/2 M Omega
+squared expert times Omega dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared expert times Omega dot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared expert times Omega dot over
+Omega squared and well I still remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared and well I still remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared and well I still remember
+when I first saw that I probably wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first saw that I probably wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first saw that I probably wanted
+the numerator to cancel and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator to cancel and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator to cancel and to do
+something very nice and simplify a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very nice and simplify a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very nice and simplify a lot
+but it doesn't happen so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't happen so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't happen so let's see what
+what really happens well you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens well you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens well you have this
+term Omega squared Omega dot X squared M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Omega squared Omega dot X squared M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Omega squared Omega dot X squared M
+Omega squared Omega dot x squared m but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared Omega dot x squared m but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared Omega dot x squared m but
+the factors of 2 long make it cancel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of 2 long make it cancel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of 2 long make it cancel so
+it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there
+so let me write what we get when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write what we get when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write what we get when we
+simplify this B I DT is equal to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this B I DT is equal to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this B I DT is equal to Omega
+dot over Omega squared times one-half M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot over Omega squared times one-half M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot over Omega squared times one-half M
+Omega squared x squared minus P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared x squared minus P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared x squared minus P squared
+over 2m that term is clear the P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m that term is clear the P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m that term is clear the P squared
+is that and here we cancel the one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and here we cancel the one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and here we cancel the one with
+partially with a 1/2 so with this ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially with a 1/2 so with this ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially with a 1/2 so with this ok so
+doesn't look like it wants to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it wants to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it wants to be zero
+but it's still very good let's see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still very good let's see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still very good let's see why
+that result is nice well one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result is nice well one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result is nice well one thing you
+realize here is that it actually gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize here is that it actually gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize here is that it actually gave
+you kind of back the hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of back the hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of back the hammer
+onion with a different sign there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion with a different sign there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion with a different sign there this
+is negative and this remain positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and this remain positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and this remain positive so
+let's write this as Omega dot Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as Omega dot Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as Omega dot Omega
+squared and this is the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is the kinetic energy
+minus the potential energy well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the potential energy well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the potential energy well the
+potential energy V of T minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy V of T minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy V of T minus the
+kinetic energy K of T in the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy K of T in the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy K of T in the harmonic
+oscillator moreover this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator moreover this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator moreover this quantity is
+already very small so this thing is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already very small so this thing is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already very small so this thing is very
+small but the fact that they adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the fact that they adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the fact that they adiabatic
+invariant this adiabatic that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant this adiabatic that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant this adiabatic that is really
+good should go beyond this there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good should go beyond this there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good should go beyond this there should
+be something suppressing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something suppressing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something suppressing about this
+factor because you know this came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because you know this came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor because you know this came from
+just the fact that things vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that things vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that things vary with
+Omega dot so what is happening this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dot so what is happening this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega dot so what is happening this is
+small and slowly varying varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is neither small nor slowly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is neither small nor slowly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is neither small nor slowly varying
+in fact why potential - kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact why potential - kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact why potential - kinetic energy
+the potential energy in an oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy in an oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy in an oscillator
+goes up when the kinetic energy is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up when the kinetic energy is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up when the kinetic energy is zero
+I said the oscillator goes to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the oscillator goes to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the oscillator goes to the end
+stretches the most the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the most the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches the most the potential
+energies large the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies large the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies large the kinetic energy is
+zero as it goes through the center at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as it goes through the center at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as it goes through the center at
+the equilibrium point the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium point the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium point the kinetic energy
+is larger but so this is oscillating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger but so this is oscillating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger but so this is oscillating and
+it's very large but but now you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very large but but now you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very large but but now you probably
+remember this fact about the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this fact about the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this fact about the harmonic
+oscillators while the potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators while the potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators while the potential and
+kinetic energies oscillate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies oscillate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies oscillate their
+averages are the same so that's how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages are the same so that's how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages are the same so that's how this
+term is going to help you the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to help you the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to help you the average of
+this quantity is roughly zero over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is roughly zero over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is roughly zero over any
+period and a period over a period this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and a period over a period this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and a period over a period this
+quantity changes little so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes little so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes little so this is going
+to help us let me remind you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us let me remind you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us let me remind you here
+suppose you have an oscillation and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an oscillation and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an oscillation and X
+equals sine Omega T then the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine Omega T then the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine Omega T then the momentum
+would be M X dot so M Omega cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be M X dot so M Omega cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be M X dot so M Omega cosine Omega
+T and the kinetic energy minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the kinetic energy minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the kinetic energy minus the
+potential energy if you do this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy if you do this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy if you do this little
+calculation will go like Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will go like Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will go like Omega squared
+cosine of 2 Omega T the V minus K I live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega T the V minus K I live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega T the V minus K I live
+for you that little calculation but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that little calculation but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you that little calculation but you
+will know like cosine of 2 Omega T twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know like cosine of 2 Omega T twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know like cosine of 2 Omega T twice
+the period and that thing tends to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period and that thing tends to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period and that thing tends to have
+a zero average so let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero average so let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero average so let's see what happens
+now the IDT to see what happens to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the IDT to see what happens to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the IDT to see what happens to it
+let's calculate I T plus the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate I T plus the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate I T plus the period
+- I add some T so let's see how much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I add some T so let's see how much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I add some T so let's see how much I
+changes in a period so from here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a period so from here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a period so from here we have
+the derivative so we must do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative so we must do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative so we must do the
+integral from 0 T to 3 plus T of di DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 T to 3 plus T of di DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 T to 3 plus T of di DT
+prime DT Prime so this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT Prime so this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT Prime so this will be the
+integral from T to T plus capital T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from T to T plus capital T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from T to T plus capital T of
+this whole thing Omega dot over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing Omega dot over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing Omega dot over Omega
+squared of T times V of T so T prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of T times V of T so T prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of T times V of T so T prime
+actually V T prime minus K T prime DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually V T prime minus K T prime DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually V T prime minus K T prime DT
+Prime let's let's see that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime let's let's see that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime let's let's see that you have the
+derivative of I so you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of I so you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of I so you can calculate the
+change in AI by integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in AI by integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in AI by integrating the
+derivative of AI over any period that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of AI over any period that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of AI over any period that
+we've done that and we've asked how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done that and we've asked how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done that and we've asked how much
+that does this thing change over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this thing change over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this thing change over a
+period then we have that I of T plus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period then we have that I of T plus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period then we have that I of T plus T
+minus I of T we have an integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I of T we have an integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I of T we have an integral over a
+period we said this quantity very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we said this quantity very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we said this quantity very slowly
+and very little over a period so roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very little over a period so roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very little over a period so roughly
+speaking this is equal to Omega dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking this is equal to Omega dot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking this is equal to Omega dot over
+Omega squared at t it didn't change much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared at t it didn't change much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared at t it didn't change much
+over the integral and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the integral and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the integral and then we have the
+integral over a period of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a period of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a period of the potential
+energy minus the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for a normal oscillator that is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a normal oscillator that is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a normal oscillator that is time
+independent this one to be is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this one to be is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this one to be is strictly
+zero if Omega was not changing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if Omega was not changing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if Omega was not changing this
+would be identically zero so if Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be identically zero so if Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be identically zero so if Omega is
+changing slowly this quantity must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly this quantity must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly this quantity must be
+very close to 0 because identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to 0 because identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to 0 because identically zero
+when it doesn't change therefore you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't change therefore you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't change therefore you see
+you got an extra suppression factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an extra suppression factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an extra suppression factor the
+change in the adiabatic so-called at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the adiabatic so-called at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the adiabatic so-called at the
+abetik invariant over time was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abetik invariant over time was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abetik invariant over time was already
+small because everything goes slow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because everything goes slow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because everything goes slow but
+there is an extra suppression due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an extra suppression due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an extra suppression due to the
+fact that these two energies have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these two energies have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these two energies have the
+same average over a period so you gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same average over a period so you gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same average over a period so you gain
+something if the energy changes slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if the energy changes slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if the energy changes slowly
+this energy of our Omega changes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of our Omega changes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of our Omega changes even
+much more slowly than that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more slowly than that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more slowly than that so this is
+really exactly zero for time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximately zero for slow Omega slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero for slow Omega slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero for slow Omega slowly
+changing operator so that's the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing operator so that's the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing operator so that's the extra
+suppression factor and that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression factor and that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression factor and that's what makes
+this an adiabatic invariant something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an adiabatic invariant something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an adiabatic invariant something
+that really changes dramatically slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really changes dramatically slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really changes dramatically slower
+in a system in which everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system in which everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system in which everything is
+already changing slowly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rYefUsYuEp0.txt b/rYefUsYuEp0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94b6f72a9e640cccc76b07b15792344468543cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rYefUsYuEp0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2536 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, if you have not
+yet done it, please take a
+
+moment to go through the course
+evaluation website and
+
+enter your comments
+for the class.
+
+So what we're going to do today
+to wrap things up is
+
+we're going to go through
+a tour of the world of
+
+hypothesis testing.
+
+See a few examples of hypothesis
+tests, starting
+
+from simple ones such as the
+one the setting that we
+
+discussed last time in which you
+just have two hypotheses,
+
+you're trying to choose
+between them.
+
+But also look at more
+complicated situations in
+
+which you have one
+basic hypothesis.
+
+Let's say that you have a fair
+coin and you want to test it
+
+against the hypotheses that
+your coin is not fair, but
+
+that alternative hypothesis is
+really lots of different
+
+hypothesis.
+
+So is my coin fair?
+
+Is my die fair?
+
+Do I have the correct
+distribution for random
+
+variable, and so on.
+
+And I'm going to end up with a
+few general comments about
+
+this whole business.
+
+So the sad thing in simple
+hypothesis testing problems is
+
+the following--
+
+we have two possible models,
+and this is the classical
+
+world so we do not have any
+prior probabilities on the two
+
+hypotheses.
+
+Usually we want to think of
+these hypotheses as not being
+
+completely symmetrical, but
+rather one is the default
+
+hypothesis, and usually it's
+referred to as the null
+
+hypothesis.
+
+And you want to check whether
+the null hypothesis is true,
+
+whether things are normal as you
+would have expected them
+
+to be, or whether it turns out
+to be false, in which case an
+
+alternative hypothesis
+would be correct.
+
+So how does one go about it?
+
+No matter what approach you use,
+in the end you're going
+
+to end up doing the following.
+
+You have the space of all simple
+observations that you
+
+may obtain.
+
+So when you do the experiment
+you're going to get an X
+
+vector, a vector of data
+that's somewhere.
+
+And for some vectors you're
+going to decide that you
+
+accept H. Note for some vectors
+that you reject H0 and
+
+you accept H1.
+
+So what you will end up doing
+is that you're going to have
+
+some division of the space of
+all X's into two parts, and
+
+one part is the rejection
+region, and one part is the
+
+acceptance region.
+
+So if you fall in here you
+accept H0, if you fall here
+
+you'd reject H0.
+
+So to design a hypothesis test
+basically you need to come up
+
+with a division of your X
+space into two pieces.
+
+So the figuring out how to do
+this involves two elements.
+
+One element is to decide what
+kind of shape so I want for my
+
+dividing curve?
+
+And having chosen the shape of
+the dividing curve, where
+
+exactly do I put it?
+
+So if you were to cut this
+space using, let's say, a
+
+straight cut you might put it
+here, or you might put it
+
+there, or you might
+put it there.
+
+Where exactly are you
+going to put it?
+
+So let's look at those
+two steps.
+
+The first issue is to decide
+the general shape of your
+
+rejection region, which is the
+structure of your test.
+
+And the way this is done for the
+case of two hypothesis is
+
+by writing down the likelihood
+ratio between the two
+
+hypothesis.
+
+So let's call that quantity l of
+X. It's something that you
+
+can compute given the
+data that you have.
+
+A high value of l of X basically
+means that this
+
+probability here tends to be
+bigger than this probability.
+
+It means that the data that you
+have seen are quite likely
+
+to have occurred under H1,
+but less likely to have
+
+occurred under H0.
+
+So if you see data that they
+are more plausible, can be
+
+better explained, under H1, then
+this ratio is big, and
+
+you're going to choose in favor
+of H1 or reject H0.
+
+That's what you do if you
+have discrete data.
+
+You use the PMFs.
+
+If you have densities, in the
+case of continues data, again
+
+you consider the ratio
+of the two densities.
+
+So a big l of X is evidence
+that your data are more
+
+compatible with H1
+rather than H0.
+
+Once you accept this kind of
+structure then your decision
+
+is really made in terms
+of that single number.
+
+That is, you had your data that
+was some kind of vector,
+
+and you condense your data
+into a single number-- a
+
+statistic as it's called--
+
+in this case the likelihood
+ratio, and you put the
+
+dividing point somewhere
+here call it Xi.
+
+And in this region you
+accept H1, in this
+
+region you accept H0.
+
+So by committing ourselves to
+using the likelihood ratio in
+
+order to carry out the test
+we have gone from this
+
+complicated picture of finding a
+dividing line in x-space, to
+
+a simpler problem of just
+finding a dividing point on
+
+the real line.
+
+OK, how are we going?
+
+So what's left to do is to
+choose this threshold, Xi.
+
+Or as it's called, the
+critical value,
+
+for making our decision.
+
+And you can place it anywhere,
+but one way of deciding where
+
+to place it is the following--
+
+look at the distribution of this
+random variable, l of X.
+
+It's has a certain distribution
+under H0, and it
+
+has some other distribution
+under H1.
+
+If I put my threshold here,
+here's what's going to happen.
+
+When H0 is true, there is this
+much probability that I'm
+
+going to end up making an
+incorrect decision.
+
+If H0 is true there's still a
+probability that my likelihood
+
+ratio will be bigger than Xi,
+and that's the probability of
+
+making an incorrect decision
+of this particular type.
+
+That is of making a false
+rejection of H0.
+
+Usually one sets this
+probability to a certain
+
+number, alpha.
+
+For example alpha being 5 %.
+
+And once you decide that you
+want this to be 5 %, that
+
+determines where this number
+Psi(Xi) is going to be.
+
+So the idea here is that I'm
+going to reject H0 if the data
+
+that I have seen are quite
+incompatible with H0.
+
+if they're quite unlikely to
+have occurred under H0.
+
+And I take this level, 5%.
+
+So I see my data and then I say
+well if H0 was true, the
+
+probability that I would have
+seen data of this kind would
+
+be less than 5 %.
+
+Given that I saw those data,
+that suggests that H0 is not
+
+true, and I end up
+rejecting H0.
+
+Now of course there's the
+other type of error
+
+probability.
+
+If I put my threshold here, if
+H1 is true but my likelihood
+
+ratio falls here I'm going
+to make a mistake of
+
+the opposite kind.
+
+H1 is true, but my likelihood
+ratio turned out to be small,
+
+and I decided in favor of H0.
+
+This is an error of the other
+kind, this probability of
+
+error we call beta.
+
+And you can see that
+there's a trade-off
+
+between alpha and beta.
+
+If you move your threshold this
+way alpha become smaller,
+
+but beta becomes larger.
+
+And the general picture is, in
+your trade-off, depending on
+
+where you put your threshold
+is as follows--
+
+you can make this beta to be 0
+if you put your threshold out
+
+here, but in that case you are
+certain that you're going to
+
+make a mistake of the
+opposite kind.
+
+So beta equals 0, alpha equals
+1 is one possibility.
+
+Beta equals 1 alpha equals 0
+is the other possibility if
+
+you send your thresholds
+complete to the other side.
+
+And in general you're going
+to get a trade-off
+
+curve of some sort.
+
+And if you want to use a
+specific value of alpha, for
+
+example alpha being 0.05, then
+that's going to determine for
+
+you the probability for beta.
+
+Now there's a general, and quite
+important theorem in
+
+statistics, which were
+are not proving.
+
+And which tells us that when we
+use likelihood ratio tests
+
+we get the best possible
+trade-off curve.
+
+You could think of other ways
+of making your decisions.
+
+Other ways of cutting off your
+x-space into a rejection and
+
+acceptance region.
+
+But any other way that you do
+it is going to end up with
+
+some probabilities of error
+that are going to be above
+
+this particular curve.
+
+So the likelihood ratio test
+turns out to give you the best
+
+possible way of dealing
+with this trade-off
+
+between alpha and beta.
+
+We cannot minimize alpha and
+beta simultaneously, there's a
+
+trade-off between them.
+
+But at least we would like to
+have a test that deals with
+
+this trade-off in the
+best possible way.
+
+For a given value of alpha we
+want to have the smallest
+
+possible value of beta.
+
+And as the theorem is that the
+likelihood ratio tests do have
+
+this optimality property.
+
+For a given value of alpha they
+minimize the probability
+
+of error of a different kind.
+
+So let's make all these concrete
+and look at the
+
+simple example.
+
+We have two normal
+distributions
+
+with different means.
+
+So under H0 you have
+a mean of 0.
+
+Under H1 you have a mean of 1.
+
+You get your data, you actually
+get several data
+
+drawn from one of the
+two distributions.
+
+And you want to make a
+decision, which one
+
+of the two is true?
+
+So what you do is you write
+down the likelihood ratio.
+
+The density for a vector of
+data, if that vector was
+
+generated according to H0 --
+
+which is this one, and the
+density if it was generated
+
+according to H1.
+
+Since we have multiple data the
+density of a vector is the
+
+product of the densities of
+the individual elements.
+
+Since we're dealing with
+normals we have those
+
+exponential factors.
+
+A product of exponentials
+gives us an
+
+exponential of the sum.
+
+I'll spare you the details, but
+this is the form of the
+
+likelihood ratio.
+
+The likelihood ratio test
+tells us that we should
+
+calculate this quantity after we
+get your data, and compare
+
+with a threshold.
+
+Now you can do some algebra
+here, and simplify.
+
+And by tracing down the
+inequalities you're taking
+
+logarithms of both
+sides, and so on.
+
+One comes to the conclusion that
+using a test that has a
+
+threshold on this ratio is
+equivalent to calculating this
+
+quantity, and comparing
+it with a threshold.
+
+Basically this quantity here is
+monotonic in that quantity.
+
+This being larger than the
+threshold is equivalent to
+
+this being larger than
+the threshold.
+
+So this tells us the general
+structure of the likelihood
+
+ratio test in this
+particular case.
+
+And it's nice because it tells
+us that we can make our
+
+decisions by looking at this
+simple summary of the data.
+
+This quantity, this summary of
+the data on the basis of which
+
+we make our decision is
+called a statistic.
+
+So you take your data, which is
+a multi-dimensional vector,
+
+and you condense it to a single
+number, and then you
+
+make a decision on the
+basis of that number.
+
+So this is the structure
+of the test.
+
+If I get a large sum of Xi's
+this is evidence in favor of
+
+H1 because here the
+mean is larger.
+
+And so I'm going to decide in
+favor of H1 or reject H0 if
+
+the sum is bigger than
+the threshold.
+
+How do I choose my threshold?
+
+Well I would like to choose
+my threshold so that the
+
+probability of an incorrect
+decision when H0 is true the
+
+probability of a false
+rejection equals
+
+to a certain number.
+
+Alpha, such as for
+example 5 %.
+
+So you're given here
+that this is 5 %.
+
+You know the distribution
+of this random
+
+variable, it's normal.
+
+And you want to find the
+threshold value that makes
+
+this to be true.
+
+So this is a type of problem
+that you have
+
+seen several times.
+
+You go to the normal tables,
+and you figure it out.
+
+So the sum of the Xi's has some
+
+distribution, it's normal.
+
+So that's the distribution
+of the sum of the Xi's.
+
+And you want this probability
+here to be alpha.
+
+For this to happen what is the
+threshold value that makes
+
+this to be true?
+
+So you know how to solve
+problems of this kind using
+
+the normal tables.
+
+A slightly different example is
+one in which you have two
+
+normal distributions that
+have the same mean --
+
+let's take it to be 0 --
+
+but they have a different
+variance.
+
+So it's sort of natural that
+here, if your X's that you see
+
+are kind of big on either side
+you would choose H1.
+
+If your X's are near 0 then
+that's evidence for the
+
+smaller variance you
+would choose H0.
+
+So to proceed formally you again
+write down to the form
+
+of the likelihood ratio.
+
+So again the density of an X
+vector under H0 is this one.
+
+It's the product of
+the densities of
+
+each one of the Xi's.
+
+Product of normal densities
+gives you a product of
+
+exponentials, which is
+exponential of the sum, and
+
+that's the expression
+that you get.
+
+Under the other hypothesis
+the only thing that
+
+changes is the variance.
+
+And the variance, in the normal
+distribution, shows up
+
+here in the denominator
+of the exponent.
+
+So you put it there.
+
+So this is the general structure
+of the likelihood
+
+ratio test.
+
+And now you do some algebra.
+
+These terms are constants
+comparing this ratio to a
+
+constant is the same as just
+comparing the ratio of the
+
+exponentials to a constant.
+
+Then you take logarithms, you
+want to compare the logarithm
+
+of this thing to a constant.
+
+You do a little bit of algebra,
+and in the end you
+
+find that the structure of the
+test is to reject H0 if the
+
+sum of the squares of the Xi's
+is bigger than the threshold.
+
+So by committing to a likelihood
+ratio test you are
+
+told that you should be making
+it your decision according to
+
+a rule of this type.
+
+So this fixes the shape or the
+structure of the decision
+
+region, of the rejection
+region.
+
+And the only thing that's left,
+once more, is to pick
+
+this threshold in order to have
+the property that the
+
+probability of a false rejection
+is equal to say 5 %.
+
+So that's the probability that
+H0 is true, but the sum of the
+
+squares accidentally
+happens to be
+
+bigger than my threshold.
+
+In which case I end
+up deciding H1.
+
+How do I find the value
+of Xi prime?
+
+Well what I need to do is to
+look at the picture, more or
+
+less of this kind, but now
+I need to look at the
+
+distribution of the sum
+of the Xi's squared.
+
+Actually the sum of the Xi's
+squared is a non-negative
+
+random variable.
+
+So it's going to have a
+distribution that's
+
+something like this.
+
+I look at that distribution, and
+once more I want this tail
+
+probability to be alpha, and
+that determines where my
+
+threshold is going to be.
+
+So that's again a simple
+exercise provided that you
+
+know the distribution
+of this quantity.
+
+Do you know it?
+
+Well we don't really know it,
+we have not dealt with this
+
+particular distribution
+in this class.
+
+But in principle you should be
+able to find what it is.
+
+It's a derived distribution
+problem.
+
+You know the distribution
+of Xi, it's normal.
+
+Therefore, by solving a derived
+distribution problem
+
+you can find the distribution
+of Xi squared.
+
+And the Xi squared's are
+independent of each other,
+
+because the Xi's are
+independent.
+
+So you want to find the
+distribution of the sum of
+
+random variables with
+known distributions.
+
+And since they're independent,
+in principle, you can do this
+
+using the convolution formula.
+
+So in principle, and if you're
+patient enough, you will be
+
+able to find the distribution
+of this random variable.
+
+And then you plot it or tabulate
+it, and find where
+
+exactly is the 95th percentile
+of that distribution, and that
+
+determines your threshold.
+
+So this distribution actually
+turns out to have a nice and
+
+simple closed-form formula.
+
+Because this is a pretty common
+test, people have
+
+tabulated that distribution.
+
+It's called the chi-square
+distribution.
+
+There's tables available
+for it.
+
+And you look up in the tables,
+you find the 95th percentile
+
+of the distribution,
+and this way you
+
+determine your threshold.
+
+So what's the moral
+of the story?
+
+The structure of the likelihood
+ratio test tells
+
+you what kind of decision region
+you're going to have.
+
+It tells you that for this
+particular test you should be
+
+using the sum of the Xi
+squared's as your statistic,
+
+as the basis for making
+your decision.
+
+And then you need to solve a
+derived distribution problem
+
+to find the probability
+
+distribution of your statistic.
+
+Find the distribution of this
+quantity under H0, and
+
+finally, based on that
+distribution, after you have
+
+derived it, then determine
+your threshold.
+
+So now let's move
+on to a somewhat
+
+more complicated situation.
+
+You have a coin, and you
+are told that I tried
+
+to make a fair coin.
+
+Is it fair?
+
+So you have the hypothesis,
+which is the default--
+
+the null hypothesis--
+
+that the coin is fair.
+
+But maybe it isn't.
+
+So you have the alternative
+hypothesis that
+
+your coin is not fair.
+
+Now what's different in this
+context is that your
+
+alternative hypothesis is not
+just one specific hypothesis.
+
+Your alternative hypothesis
+consists of many alternatives.
+
+It includes the hypothesis
+that p is 0.6.
+
+It includes the hypothesis
+that p is 0.51.
+
+It includes the hypothesis that
+p is 0.48, and so on.
+
+So you're testing this
+hypothesis versus all this
+
+family of alternative
+hypothesis.
+
+What you will end up doing is
+essentially the following--
+
+you get some data.
+
+That is, you flip the coin
+a number of times.
+
+Let's say you flip
+it 1,000 times.
+
+You observe some outcome.
+
+Let's say you saw 472 heads.
+
+And you ask the question if
+this hypothesis is true is
+
+this value really possible
+under that hypothesis?
+
+Or would it be very much
+of an outlier?
+
+If it looks like an extreme
+outlier under this hypothesis
+
+then I reject it, and I accept
+the alternative.
+
+If this number turns out to be
+something within the range
+
+that you would have expected
+then you keep, or accept your
+
+null hypothesis.
+
+OK so what does it mean to
+be an outlier or not?
+
+First you take your data,
+and you condense
+
+them to a single number.
+
+So your detailed data actually
+would have been a sequence of
+
+heads/tails, heads/tails
+and all that.
+
+Any reasonable person would tell
+you that you shouldn't
+
+really care about the exact
+sequence of heads and tails.
+
+Let's just base our decision on
+the number of heads that we
+
+have observed.
+
+So using some kind of reasoning
+which could be
+
+mathematical, or intuitive,
+or involving artistry--
+
+you pick a one-dimensional, or
+scalar summary of the data
+
+that you have seen.
+
+In this case, the summary of the
+data is just the number of
+
+heads that's a quite
+reasonable one.
+
+And so you commit yourself to
+make a decision on the basis
+
+of this quantity.
+
+And you ask the quantity that
+I'm seeing does it look like
+
+an outlier?
+
+Or does it look more
+or less OK?
+
+OK, what does it mean
+to be an outlier?
+
+You want to choose the shape of
+this rejection region, but
+
+on the basis of that
+single number s.
+
+And again, the reasonable thing
+to do in this context
+
+would be to argue as follows--
+if my coin is fair I expect to
+
+see n over 2 heads.
+
+That's the expected value.
+
+If the number of heads I see
+is far from the expected
+
+number of heads then I consider
+
+this to be an outlier.
+
+So if this number is bigger
+than some threshold Xi.
+
+I consider it to be an outlier,
+and then I'm going to
+
+reject my hypothesis.
+
+So we picked our statistic.
+
+We picked the general form of
+how we're going to make our
+
+decision, and then we pick a
+certain significance, or
+
+confidence level that we want.
+
+Again, this famous 5% number.
+
+And we're going to declare
+something to be an outlier if
+
+it lies in the region
+that has 5% or less
+
+probability of occurring.
+
+That is I'm picking my rejection
+region so that if H0
+
+is true under the default, or
+null hypothesis, there's only
+
+5% chance that by accident I
+fall there, and the thing
+
+makes me think that H1
+is going to be true.
+
+So now what's left to
+do is to pick the
+
+value of this threshold.
+
+This is a calculation
+of the usual kind.
+
+I want to pick my threshold,
+my Xi number so that the
+
+probability that s is further
+from the mean by an amount of
+
+Xi is less than 5%.
+
+Or that the probability
+of being inside
+
+the acceptance region--
+
+so that the distance
+from the default is
+
+less than my threshold.
+
+I want that to be 95%.
+
+So this is an equality that you
+can get using the central
+
+limit theorem and the
+normal tables.
+
+There's 95% probability that the
+number of heads is going
+
+to be within 31 from
+the correct mean.
+
+So the way the exercise is done
+of course, is that we
+
+start with this number, 5%.
+
+Which translates to
+this number 95%.
+
+And once we have fixed that
+number then you ask the
+
+question what number should
+we have here to make this
+
+equality to be true?
+
+It's again a problem
+of this kind.
+
+You have a quantity whose
+distribution you know.
+
+Why do you know it?
+
+The number of heads by the
+central limit theorem is
+
+approximately normal.
+
+So this here talks about the
+normal distribution.
+
+You set your alpha to be 5%, and
+you ask where should I put
+
+my threshold so that this
+probability of being out there
+
+is only 5%?
+
+Now in our particular example
+the threshold
+
+turned out to be 31.
+
+This number turned out
+was just 28 away
+
+from the correct mean.
+
+So these distance was less
+than the threshold.
+
+So we end up not rejecting H0.
+
+So we have our rejection
+region.
+
+The way we designed it is that
+when H0 is true there's only a
+
+small chance, 5%, that we get
+to data out of there.
+
+Data that we would
+call an outlier.
+
+If we see such an outlier
+we reject H0.
+
+If what we see is not an outlier
+as in this case, where
+
+that distance turned out to
+be kind of small, then we
+
+do not reject H0.
+
+An interesting little piece
+of language here, people
+
+generally prefer to use
+this terminology--
+
+to say that H0 is not rejected
+by the data.
+
+Instead of saying that
+H0 is accepted.
+
+In some sense they're both
+saying the same thing, but the
+
+difference is sort of subtle.
+
+When I say not rejected what I
+mean is that I got some data
+
+that are compatible with
+my hypothesis.
+
+That is the data that I got do
+not falsify the hypothesis
+
+that I had, my null
+hypothesis.
+
+So my null hypothesis is still
+alive, and may be true.
+
+But from data you can never
+really prove that the
+
+hypothesis is correct.
+
+Perhaps my coin is not fair in
+some other complicated way.
+
+Perhaps I was just lucky, and
+even though my coin is not
+
+fair I ended up with
+an outcome that
+
+suggests that it's fair.
+
+Perhaps my coin flips are
+not independent as I
+
+assumed in my model.
+
+So there's many ways that my
+null hypothesis could be
+
+wrong, and still I got data
+that tells me that my
+
+hypothesis is OK.
+
+So this is the general way that
+things work in science.
+
+One comes up with a
+model or a theory.
+
+This is the default theory, and
+we work with that theory
+
+trying to find whether
+there are examples
+
+that violate the theory.
+
+If you find data and examples
+that violate the theory your
+
+theory is falsified, and you
+need to look for a new one.
+
+But when you have your theory,
+really no amount of data can
+
+prove that your theory
+is correct.
+
+So we have the default theory
+that the speed of light is
+
+constant as long as we do not
+find any data that runs
+
+counter to it.
+
+We stay with that theory, but
+there's no way of really
+
+proving this, no matter how
+many experiments we do.
+
+But there could be experiments
+that falsify that theory, in
+
+which case we need to do
+look for a new one.
+
+So there's a bit of an asymmetry
+here in how we treat
+
+the alternative hypothesis.
+
+H0 is the default which we'll
+accept until we see some
+
+evidence to the contrary.
+
+And if we see some evidence to
+the contrary we reject it.
+
+As long as we do not see
+evidence to the contrary then
+
+we keep working with it,
+but always take it
+
+with a grain of salt.
+
+You can never really prove that
+a coin has a bias exactly
+
+equal to 1/2.
+
+Maybe the bias is equal
+to 0.50001, so
+
+the bias is not 1/2.
+
+But with an experiment with
+1,000 coin tosses you wouldn't
+
+be able to see this effect.
+
+OK, so that's how you go about
+testing about whether your
+
+coin is fair.
+
+You can also think about testing
+whether a die is fair.
+
+So for a die the null hypothesis
+would be that every
+
+possible result when you roll
+the die has equal probability
+
+and equal to 1/6.
+
+And you also make the hypothesis
+that your die rolls
+
+are statistically independent
+from each other.
+
+So I take my die, I roll it a
+number of times, little n, and
+
+I count how many 1's I got, how
+many 2's I got, how many
+
+3's I got, and these
+are my data.
+
+I count how many times I
+observed a specific result in
+
+my die roll that was
+equal to sum i.
+
+And now I ask the question--
+
+the Ni's that I observed, are
+they compatible with my
+
+hypothesis or not?
+
+What does compatible to
+my hypothesis mean?
+
+Under the null hypothesis Ni
+should be approximately equal,
+
+or is equal in expectation
+to N times little Pi.
+
+And in our example this little
+Pi is of course 1/6.
+
+So if my die is fair the number
+of ones I expect to see
+
+is equal to the number
+of rolls times 1/6.
+
+The number of 2's I expect to
+see is again that same number.
+
+Of course there's randomness,
+so I do not expect to get
+
+exactly that number.
+
+But I can ask how far
+away from the
+
+expected values was i?
+
+If my capital Ni's turn to be
+very different from N/6 this
+
+is evidence that my
+die is not fair.
+
+If those numbers turn out to be
+close to N times 1/6 then
+
+I'm going to say there's no
+evidence that would lead me to
+
+reject this hypothesis.
+
+So this hypothesis
+remains alive.
+
+So someone has come up with this
+thought that maybe the
+
+right statistic to use, or the
+right way of quantifying how
+
+far away are the Ni's from
+their mean is to
+
+look at this quantity.
+
+So I'm looking at the expected
+value of Ni under the null
+
+hypothesis.
+
+See what I got, take the square
+of this, and add it
+
+over all i's.
+
+But also throw in these terms
+in the denominator.
+
+And why that term is there,
+that's a longer story.
+
+One can write down certain
+likelihood ratios, do certain
+
+Taylor Series approximations,
+and there's a Heuristic
+
+argument that justifies why this
+would be a good form for
+
+the test to use.
+
+So there's a certain art that's
+involved in this step
+
+that some people somehow decided
+that it's a reasonable
+
+thing to do is to calcelate.
+
+Once you get your results to
+calculate this one-dimensional
+
+summary of your result, this is
+going to be your statistic,
+
+and compare that statistic
+to a threshold.
+
+And that's how you make
+your decision.
+
+So by this point we have fixed
+the type of the rejection
+
+region that we're
+going to have.
+
+So we've chosen the qualitative
+structure of our
+
+test, and the only thing that's
+now left is to choose
+
+the particular threshold
+we're going to use.
+
+And the recipe, once
+more, is the same.
+
+We want to set our threshold so
+that the probability of a
+
+false rejection is 5%.
+
+We want the probability that our
+data fall in here is only
+
+5% when the null hypothesis
+is true.
+
+So that's the same as setting
+our threshold Xi so that the
+
+probability that our
+test statistic is
+
+bigger than that threshold.
+
+We want that probability
+to be only 0.05.
+
+So to solve a problem of
+this kind what is it
+
+that you need to do?
+
+You need to find the probability
+distribution of
+
+capital T. So once more
+it's the same picture.
+
+You need to do some calculations
+of some sort, and
+
+come up with the distribution
+of the random variable T,
+
+where T is defined this way.
+
+You want to find this
+distribution
+
+under hypothesis H0.
+
+Once you find what that
+distribution is then you can
+
+solve this usual problem.
+
+I want this probability
+here to be 5%.
+
+What should my threshold be?
+
+So what does this
+boil down to?
+
+Finding the distribution of
+capital T is in some sense a
+
+messy, difficult, derived
+distribution problem.
+
+From this model we know
+the distribution
+
+of the capital Ni's.
+
+And actually we can even write
+down the joint distribution of
+
+the capital Ni's.
+
+In fact we can make an
+approximation here.
+
+Capital Ni is a binomial
+random variable.
+
+Let's say the number of 1's that
+I got in little N rolls
+
+off my die.
+
+So that's a binomial
+random variable.
+
+When little n is big
+this is going to be
+
+approximately normal.
+
+So we have normal random
+variables, or approximately
+
+normal minus a constant.
+
+They're still approximately
+normal.
+
+We take the squares of these,
+scale them so you can solve a
+
+derived distribution problem
+to find the distribution of
+
+this quantity.
+
+You can do more work, more
+derived distribution work, and
+
+find the distribution of
+capital T. So this is a
+
+tedious matter, but because this
+test is used quite often,
+
+again people have done
+those calculations.
+
+They have found the distribution
+of capital T, and
+
+it's available in tables.
+
+And you go to those tables, and
+you find the appropriate
+
+threshold for making a decision
+of this type.
+
+Now to give you a sense of how
+complicated hypothesis one
+
+might have to deal with let's
+make things one level more
+
+complicated.
+
+So here you can think this X is
+a discrete random variable.
+
+This is the outcome
+of my roll.
+
+And I had a model in which the
+possible values of my discrete
+
+random variables they
+have probabilities
+
+all equal to 1/6.
+
+So my null hypothesis here was
+a particular PMF for the
+
+random variable capital X. So
+another way of phrasing what
+
+happened in this
+problem was the
+
+question is my PMF correct?
+
+So this is the PMF of the
+result of one die roll.
+
+You're asking the question
+is my PMF correct?
+
+Make it more complicated.
+
+How about the question of the
+type is my PDF correct when I
+
+have continuous data?
+
+So I have hypothesized that's
+the probability distribution
+
+that I have is let's say
+a particular normal.
+
+I get lots of results from
+that random variable.
+
+Can I tell whether my results
+look like normal or not?
+
+What are some ways of
+going about it?
+
+Well, we saw in the previous
+slide that there is a
+
+methodology for deciding
+if your PMF is correct.
+
+So you could take your normal
+results, the data that you got
+
+from your experiment, and
+discretize them, and so now
+
+you're dealing with
+discrete data.
+
+And sort of used in previous
+methodology to solve a
+
+discrete problem of the type
+is my PDF correct?
+
+So in practice the way this is
+done is that you get all your
+
+data, let's say data points
+of this kind.
+
+You split your space into bins,
+and you count how many
+
+you have in each bin.
+
+So you get this, and that,
+and that, and nothing.
+
+So that's a histogram that
+you get from the
+
+data that you have.
+
+Like the very familiar
+histograms that you see after
+
+each one of our quizzes.
+
+So if you look at these
+histogram, and you ask does it
+
+look like normal?
+
+OK, we need a systematic
+way of going about it.
+
+If it were normal you can
+calculate the probability of
+
+falling in this interval.
+
+The probability of falling in
+that interval, probability of
+
+falling into that interval.
+
+So you would have expected
+values of how many results, or
+
+data points, you would have
+in this interval.
+
+And compare these expected
+values for each interval with
+
+the actual ones that
+you observed.
+
+And then take the sum of
+squares, and so on, exactly as
+
+in the previous slide.
+
+And this gives you a way
+of going about it.
+
+This is a little messy.
+
+It gets hard to do because you
+have the difficult decision of
+
+how do you choose
+the bin size?
+
+If you take your bins to be very
+narrow you would get lots
+
+of bins with 0's, and a few
+bins that only have one
+
+outcome in them.
+
+It probably wouldn't
+feel right.
+
+If you choose your bins to be
+very wide then you're losing a
+
+lot of information.
+
+Is there some way of making a
+test without creating bins?
+
+This is just to illustrate
+the clever ideas of what
+
+statisticians have
+thought about.
+
+And here's a really cute way of
+going about a test, whether
+
+my distribution is
+correct or not.
+
+Here we're essentially
+plotting a PMF, or an
+
+approximation of a PDF.
+
+And we ask does it look like
+the PDF we assumed?
+
+Instead of working with PDFs
+let's work with cumulative
+
+distribution functions.
+
+So how does this go?
+
+The true normal distribution
+that I have hypothesized, the
+
+density that I'm hypothesizing--
+my null
+
+hypothesis--
+
+has a certain CDF
+that I can plot.
+
+So supposed that my hypothesis
+H0 is that the X's are normal
+
+with our standard normals, and I
+plot the CDF of the standard
+
+normal, which is the sort of
+continuous looking curve here.
+
+Now I get my data, and I
+plot the empirical CDF.
+
+What's the empirical CDF?
+
+In the empirical CDF you ask the
+question what fraction of
+
+the data fell below 0?
+
+You get a number.
+
+What fraction of my
+data fell below 1?
+
+I get a number.
+
+What fraction of my data fell
+below 2, and so on.
+
+So you're talking about
+fractions of the data that
+
+fell below each particular
+number.
+
+And by plotting those fractions
+as a function of
+
+this number you get something
+that looks like a CDF.
+
+And it's the CDF suggested
+by the data.
+
+Now the fraction of the data
+that fall below 0 in my
+
+experiment is--
+
+if my hypothesis were true--
+
+expected to be 1/2.
+
+1/2 is the value of
+the true CDF.
+
+I look at the fraction
+that I got, it's
+
+expected to be that number.
+
+But there's randomness, so
+it's might be a little
+
+different than that.
+
+For any particular value, the
+fraction that I got below a
+
+certain number--
+
+the fraction of data that
+we're below, 2, its
+
+expectation is the probability
+of falling below 2, which is
+
+the correct CDF.
+
+So if my hypothesis is true the
+empirical CDF that I get
+
+based on data should, when
+n is large, be very
+
+close to the true CDF.
+
+So a way of judging whether my
+model is correct or not is to
+
+look at the assumed CDF, the
+CDF under hypothesis H0.
+
+Look at the CDF that I
+constructed based on the data,
+
+and see whether they're
+close enough or not.
+
+And by close enough, I mean I'm
+going to look at all the
+
+possible X's, and look at the
+maximum distance between those
+
+two curves.
+
+And I'm going to have a test
+that decides in favor of H0 if
+
+this distance is small,
+and in favor of H1 if
+
+this distance is large.
+
+That still leaves me
+the problem of
+
+coming up with a threshold.
+
+Where exactly do I
+put my threshold?
+
+Because this test is important
+enough, and is used frequently
+
+people have made the effort
+to try to understand the
+
+probability distribution
+of this quite
+
+difficult random variable.
+
+One needs to do lots of
+approximations and clever
+
+calculations, but these have
+led to values and tabulated
+
+values for the probability
+distribution
+
+of this random variable.
+
+And, for example, those
+tabulated values tell us that
+
+if we want 5% false rejection
+probability, then our
+
+threshold should be 1.36
+divided by the
+
+square root of n.
+
+So we know where to put
+our threshold for
+
+this particular value.
+
+If we want this particular
+error or error
+
+probability to occur.
+
+So that's about as hard and
+sophisticated classical
+
+statistics get.
+
+You want to have tests for
+hypotheses that are not so
+
+easy to handle.
+
+People somehow think of
+clever ways of doing
+
+tests of this kind.
+
+How to compare the theoretical
+predictions with the observed
+
+predictions with the
+observed data.
+
+Come up with some measure of the
+difference between theory
+
+and data, and if that difference
+is big, than you
+
+reject your hypothesis.
+
+OK, of course that's not
+the end of the field of
+
+statistics, there's
+a lot more.
+
+In some ways, as we kept
+moving through today's
+
+lecture, the way that we
+constructed those rejection
+
+regions was more and
+more ad hoc.
+
+I pulled out of a hat a
+particular measure of fit
+
+between data and the model.
+
+And I said let's just use
+a test based on this.
+
+There are attempts at more or
+less systematic ways of coming
+
+up with the general shape of
+rejection regions that have at
+
+least some desirable or
+favorable theoretical
+
+properties.
+
+Some more specific problems
+that people study--
+
+instead of having a test,
+is this the correct PDF?
+
+Yes or no.
+
+I just give you data, and I
+ask you tell me, give me a
+
+model or a PDF for those data.
+
+OK, my thoughts of this kind
+are of many types.
+
+One general method is you form a
+histogram, and then you take
+
+your histogram and plot a smooth
+line, that kind of fits
+
+the histogram.
+
+This still leaves the question
+of how do you choose the bins?
+
+The bin size in your
+histograms.
+
+How narrow do you take them?
+
+And that depends on how many
+data you have, and there's a
+
+lot of theory that tells you
+about the best way of choosing
+
+the bin sizes, and the best
+ways of smoothing the data
+
+that you have.
+
+A completely different topic
+is in signal processing --
+
+you want to do your inference.
+
+Not only you want it to be good,
+but you also want it to
+
+be fast in a computational
+way.
+
+You get data in real
+time, lots of data.
+
+You want to keep processing and
+revising your estimates
+
+and your decisions as
+they come and go.
+
+Another topic that was briefly
+touched upon the last couple
+
+of lectures is that when you set
+up a model, like a linear
+
+regression model, you choose
+some explanatory variables,
+
+and you try to predict y from
+your X, these variables.
+
+You have a choice of
+what to take as
+
+your explanatory variables.
+
+Are there systematic ways of
+picking the right X variables
+
+to try to estimate a Y.
+
+For example should I try to
+estimate Y on the basis of X?
+
+Or on the basis of X-squared?
+
+How do I decide between
+the two?
+
+Finally, the rage these days has
+to do with anything big,
+
+high-demensional.
+
+Complicated models of
+complicated things, and tons
+
+and tons of data.
+
+So these days data are
+generated everywhere.
+
+The amounts of data
+are humongous.
+
+Also, the problems that people
+are interested in tend to be
+
+very complicated with
+lots of parameters.
+
+So I need specially tailored
+methods that can give you good
+
+results, or decent results even
+in the face of these huge
+
+amounts of data, and possibly
+with computational
+
+constraints.
+
+So with huge amounts of data
+you want methods that are
+
+simple, but still can deliver
+for you meaningful answers.
+
+Now as I mentioned some time
+ago, this whole field of
+
+statistics is very different
+from the field of probability.
+
+In some sense all that we're
+doing in statistics is
+
+probabilistic calculations.
+
+That's what the theory
+kind of does.
+
+But there's a big
+element of art.
+
+You saw that we chose the shape
+of some decision regions
+
+or rejection regions in
+a somewhat ad hoc way.
+
+There's even more
+basic things.
+
+How do you organize your data?
+
+How do you think about which
+hypotheses you would like to
+
+test, and so on.
+
+There's a lot of art that's
+involved here, and there's a
+
+lot that can go wrong.
+
+So I'm going to close with a
+note that you can take either
+
+as pessimistic or optimistic.
+
+There is a famous paper that
+came out a few years ago and
+
+has been cited about a
+1,000 times or so.
+
+And the title of the paper is
+Why Most Published Research
+
+Findings Are False.
+
+And it's actually a very good
+argument why, in fields like
+
+psychology or the medical
+science and all that a lot of
+
+what you see published--
+
+that yes, this drug
+has an effect on
+
+that particular disease--
+
+is actually false, because
+people do not do their
+
+statistics correctly.
+
+There's lots of biases
+in what people do.
+
+I mean an obvious bias is that
+you only published a result
+
+when you see something.
+
+So the null hypothesis is that
+the drug doesn't work.
+
+You do your tests, the drug
+didn't work, OK, you just go
+
+home and cry.
+
+But if by accident that 5%
+happens, and even though the
+
+drug doesn't work, you got
+some outlier data, and it
+
+seemed to be working.
+
+Then you're excited,
+you publish it.
+
+So that's clearly a bias.
+
+That gets results to be
+published, even though they do
+
+not have a solid foundation
+behind them.
+
+Then there's another
+thing, OK?
+
+I'm picking my 5%.
+
+So H0 is true there's a small
+probability that the data will
+
+look like an outlier,
+and in that case I
+
+published my result.
+
+OK it's only 5% --
+
+it's not going to happen
+too often.
+
+But suppose that I go and do
+a 1,000 different tests?
+
+Test H0 against this hypothesis,
+test H0 against
+
+that hypothesis , test H0
+against that hypothesis.
+
+Some of these tests, just by
+accident might turn out to be
+
+in favor of H1, and
+again these are
+
+selected to be published.
+
+So if you do lots and lots of
+tests and in each one you have
+
+a 5% probability of error,
+when you consider the
+
+collection of all those tests,
+actually the probability of
+
+making incorrect inferences
+is a lot more than 5%.
+
+One basic principle in being
+systematic about such studies
+
+is that you should first pick
+your hypothesis that you're
+
+going to test, then get
+your data, and do
+
+your hypothesis testing.
+
+What would be wrong is to get
+your data, look at them, and
+
+say OK I'm going now to test
+for these 100 different
+
+hypotheses, and I'm going to
+choose my hypothesis to be for
+
+features that look abnormal
+in my data.
+
+Well, given enough data, you
+can always find some
+
+abnormalities just by chance.
+
+And if you choose to make
+a statistical test--
+
+is this abnormality present?
+
+Yes, it will be present.
+
+Because you first found the
+abnormality, and then you
+
+tested for it.
+
+So that's another way that
+things can go wrong.
+
+So the moral of this story is
+that while the world of
+
+probability is really beautiful
+and solid, you have
+
+your axioms.
+
+Every question has a unique
+answer that by now you can,
+
+all of you, find in a
+very reliable way.
+
+Statistics is a dirty and
+difficult business.
+
+And that's why the subject
+is not over.
+
+And if you're interested in
+it, it's worth taking
+
+follow-on courses in
+that direction.
+
+OK so have good luck in the
+final, do well, and have a
+
+nice vacation afterwards.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rmg1XyOSAk0.txt b/rmg1XyOSAk0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35c115f9d6441b7ea6700657268e6d86046de7d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rmg1XyOSAk0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu. Now, we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Now, we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Now, we're ready to look at
+frownha defraction associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frownha defraction associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frownha defraction associated with
+circular apertures. The setup again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular apertures. The setup again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular apertures. The setup again is
+is the same as before, but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as before, but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as before, but I just want
+to remind you of it is that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you of it is that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you of it is that we have a
+helium neon laser beam from the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser beam from the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser beam from the laser is
+reflected by this mirror and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror and then
+reflected again by this mirror into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected again by this mirror into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected again by this mirror into this
+lens. And now we have the lens focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. And now we have the lens focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. And now we have the lens focusing
+the light onto a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light onto a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light onto a set of
+apertures and then the defracted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures and then the defracted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures and then the defracted light
+from the from the aperture then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the aperture then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the aperture then goes
+onto onto the screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the screen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto onto the screen.
+Now these apertures have uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now these apertures have uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now these apertures have uh have
+different uh have different diameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh have different diameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh have different diameters
+actually they're tiny pin holes. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're tiny pin holes. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're tiny pin holes. So we
+have the first one we have has a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first one we have has a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first one we have has a 100
+micron uh diameter. So now if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron uh diameter. So now if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron uh diameter. So now if we look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+screen we see the defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the defraction pattern
+associated with a 100 micron diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a 100 micron diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a 100 micron diameter
+aperture. Again, let me give you some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture. Again, let me give you some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture. Again, let me give you some uh
+some dimensions. The separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dimensions. The separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dimensions. The separation between
+the aperture and and the screen is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture and and the screen is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture and and the screen is about
+100 cmters. The light is from the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cmters. The light is from the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cmters. The light is from the helium
+neon laser at 6328 anstroms. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser at 6328 anstroms. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser at 6328 anstroms. And the
+scale on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the
+screen from here to here, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen from here to here, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen from here to here, which is the
+diameter of the first dark ring, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the first dark ring, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the first dark ring, is
+about 1.6 cm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.6 cm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.6 cm.
+So now you can check you can check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now you can check you can check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now you can check you can check the
+the defraction pattern given given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern given given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern given given the
+information that I've just presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I've just presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I've just presented to
+you. Uh at the moment you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Uh at the moment you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Uh at the moment you see
+uh let me let me first of all let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me first of all let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me first of all let me do
+some adjustment make sure that I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adjustment make sure that I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adjustment make sure that I'm I'm
+peaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked
+up and what you see you see a a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what you see you see a a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and what you see you see a a bright
+ring in the middle and then uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring in the middle and then uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring in the middle and then uh some
+faint uh rings around the central bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint uh rings around the central bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint uh rings around the central bright
+ring there actually many rings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring there actually many rings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring there actually many rings but
+because uh they're so faint you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they're so faint you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they're so faint you can't
+see them. So, what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them. So, what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them. So, what I'm going to do is
+pull away this screen and expose to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull away this screen and expose to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull away this screen and expose to you
+a a more sensitive screen. As we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a more sensitive screen. As we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a more sensitive screen. As we can
+see, uh, now you see that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, uh, now you see that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, uh, now you see that we're
+saturating in the middle, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating in the middle, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturating in the middle, but we're
+beginning to see other rings. Now, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see other rings. Now, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to see other rings. Now, if we
+open up the camera aperture some more,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the camera aperture some more,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the camera aperture some more,
+you can even see even more more rings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even see even more more rings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even see even more more rings.
+And again, all these rings and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, all these rings and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, all these rings and their
+intensities and sizes and what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and sizes and what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities and sizes and what have you
+can be calculated from the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated from the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated from the information
+uh that I've given you. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I've given you. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I've given you. All right. So
+now this is the then the franha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the then the franha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the then the franha
+defraction pattern associated with 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern associated with 100
+micron aperture. Now I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron aperture. Now I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron aperture. Now I would like to
+move to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next
+aperture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 50 50
+microns and then I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and then I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and then I'm going to do a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tweaking till I have it nicely picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking till I have it nicely picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking till I have it nicely picked
+up. Good. So now if we can look at it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Good. So now if we can look at it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Good. So now if we can look at it on
+the whole screen the this is then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole screen the this is then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole screen the this is then the
+defraction pattern of a uh of a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of a uh of a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of a uh of a 50
+micron aperture and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron aperture and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron aperture and you can see that the
+size of the central fringe is bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the central fringe is bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the central fringe is bigger and
+again from the information that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the information that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from the information that I've
+given you you should be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you you should be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you you should be able to to
+calculate what it should be. Again if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it should be. Again if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it should be. Again if we
+open up the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the aperture
+uh in the camera maybe we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the camera maybe we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the camera maybe we can start to
+see few more few more rings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see few more few more rings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see few more few more rings.
+And again the light level is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the light level is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again the light level is smaller
+than with the previous aperture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the previous aperture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the previous aperture because
+again the aperture is uh is uh is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the aperture is uh is uh is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the aperture is uh is uh is only
+50 microns this time. Now we've seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 microns this time. Now we've seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 microns this time. Now we've seen the
+defraction pattern the Franhoffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern the Franhoffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern the Franhoffer
+diffraction pattern associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern associated with a
+rectangular aperture and then just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture and then just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture and then just now
+we saw the uh defraction associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the uh defraction associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the uh defraction associated with
+a circular aperture. Uh in the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular aperture. Uh in the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular aperture. Uh in the next uh
+demonstration we're going to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going to show the
+front huffer diffraction band associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front huffer diffraction band associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front huffer diffraction band associated
+with multiple slits with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple slits with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple slits with a
+two-dimensional array of multiple slits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional array of multiple slits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional array of multiple slits.
+So when we come back we'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we come back we'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we come back we'll have the
+again the setup arranged so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the setup arranged so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the setup arranged so we can
+demonstrate that effect for you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rpGJsC5INd4.txt b/rpGJsC5INd4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43747c139db6e59f7d70da2e8fa8eae744b1657c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rpGJsC5INd4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a creative common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the engines, right? The the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines, right? The the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engines, right? The the aircraft
+engines have a lot of sensors on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines have a lot of sensors on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines have a lot of sensors on them
+because, you know, the engines really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because, you know, the engines really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because, you know, the engines really
+need to work reliably. So, it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work reliably. So, it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work reliably. So, it tends to
+be more sort of structural, thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more sort of structural, thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more sort of structural, thermal
+structural components. And my sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural components. And my sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural components. And my sense is
+in in cars you monitor more, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cars you monitor more, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in cars you monitor more, you know,
+like electronics, you know, how many,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electronics, you know, how many,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electronics, you know, how many,
+you know, how many certainly emissions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, how many certainly emissions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, how many certainly emissions,
+you know, it's slightly different what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's slightly different what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's slightly different what's
+being monitored and the sensors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being monitored and the sensors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being monitored and the sensors are
+different. Maybe even the companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Maybe even the companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Maybe even the companies that
+provide these sensors and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these sensors and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these sensors and health
+monitoring equipment are tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring equipment are tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring equipment are tend to be
+different as well. So I I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as well. So I I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as well. So I I think I think
+they're similar trends, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar trends, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar trends, but they're
+somewhat parallel. I don't think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat parallel. I don't think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat parallel. I don't think one
+came before the other. Okay. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came before the other. Okay. Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came before the other. Okay. Yeah. Um
+Hey, Vul Vulkar, do you want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, Vul Vulkar, do you want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, Vul Vulkar, do you want to mention
+something about um health monitoring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um health monitoring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about um health monitoring in
+general for operations? I just sent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for operations? I just sent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for operations? I just sent you
+uh I just sent you a link on your email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just sent you a link on your email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just sent you a link on your email
+because uh we've been for six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we've been for six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we've been for six years
+monitoring the health of Swiss cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the health of Swiss cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the health of Swiss cube
+that's up there and it's a live it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there and it's a live it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there and it's a live it's a
+live link so I don't know if you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live link so I don't know if you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live link so I don't know if you're able
+from your computer to to open it. I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your computer to to open it. I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your computer to to open it. I just
+sent you the the link on your on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you the the link on your on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you the the link on your on your
+email by any chance. So actually uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email by any chance. So actually uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email by any chance. So actually uh as
+it was the first satellite that we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first satellite that we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first satellite that we built
+here at EPFL a few years ago uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at EPFL a few years ago uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at EPFL a few years ago uh we
+figured we want to know everything. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured we want to know everything. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured we want to know everything. So
+uh the primary and the redundant system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the primary and the redundant system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the primary and the redundant system
+were all uh with sense and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all uh with sense and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all uh with sense and every
+sedimentary data is sent down at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentary data is sent down at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentary data is sent down at every
+pass and and uh kept actual. So uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and and uh kept actual. So uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and and uh kept actual. So uh maybe
+at the break or whenever there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the break or whenever there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the break or whenever there's a
+chance to go onto that link and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go onto that link and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to go onto that link and you can
+see the the actual housekeeping data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the actual housekeeping data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the actual housekeeping data and
+you'll see that the battery uh voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the battery uh voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the battery uh voltage
+is the only one that's red. is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that's red. is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that's red. is slightly
+uh below margin after 6 years which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below margin after 6 years which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh below margin after 6 years which is
+uh not bad for a DC system. Yep. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not bad for a DC system. Yep. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not bad for a DC system. Yep. Okay,
+I'll pull it up during the break. Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pull it up during the break. Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pull it up during the break. Thanks
+uh thanks for that. That'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thanks for that. That'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thanks for that. That'll be
+interesting. Okay. Uh let's let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Okay. Uh let's let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Okay. Uh let's let's move
+on. Um so unfort so I would say the F-18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um so unfort so I would say the F-18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Um so unfort so I would say the F-18
+and there's a lot of systems that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of systems that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of systems that were
+designed with you know operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed with you know operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed with you know operational
+excellence in mind right maintainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence in mind right maintainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellence in mind right maintainability
+high reliability that was a big thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reliability that was a big thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reliability that was a big thing.
+Um, I did mention this before, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I did mention this before, I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I did mention this before, I think,
+but I just want to say that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to say that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to say that it's not
+always the case. So, uh, this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case. So, uh, this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case. So, uh, this is sort of
+the one of the counter examples, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the counter examples, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the counter examples, the
+space shuttle, and I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle, and I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttle, and I have a lot of
+respect. Don't don't misunderstand me. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. Don't don't misunderstand me. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. Don't don't misunderstand me. I
+think people that worked on the shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people that worked on the shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people that worked on the shuttle
+did an amazing job. It was an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an amazing job. It was an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an amazing job. It was an amazing
+vehicle, but things turned out quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, but things turned out quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, but things turned out quite
+differently than what was promised. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than what was promised. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than what was promised. I
+think that everybody will agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that everybody will agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that everybody will agree with
+that. So this is a a paper that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this is a a paper that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this is a a paper that was
+actually a very short paper published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very short paper published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very short paper published
+believe it or not in nature in 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not in nature in 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not in nature in 2011
+right after the retirement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the retirement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the retirement of the
+shuttle and uh by Pilky at all. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle and uh by Pilky at all. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle and uh by Pilky at all. And what
+they did is they looked at the costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they looked at the costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they looked at the costs of
+the shuttle program and the cost is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shuttle program and the cost is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shuttle program and the cost is well
+known because this is all public money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known because this is all public money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known because this is all public money.
+This is all you know money that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is all you know money that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is all you know money that was
+appropriated by Congress and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated by Congress and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated by Congress and then the
+light blue bars are the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue bars are the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue bars are the number of uh
+launches that happened in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launches that happened in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launches that happened in a particular
+year. So you can see the maximum was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So you can see the maximum was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So you can see the maximum was
+nine nine launches in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine nine launches in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine nine launches in like
+1984. Um not a launch a week like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984. Um not a launch a week like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984. Um not a launch a week like
+Congress had been told, right? Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had been told, right? Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had been told, right? Um and so
+we have about 10 years of of design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have about 10 years of of design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have about 10 years of of design and
+operate 10 years of design, build test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate 10 years of design, build test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate 10 years of design, build test
+uh until uh initial operating capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until uh initial operating capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until uh initial operating capability
+and then we have about 30 years of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have about 30 years of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have about 30 years of uh
+actually usage and operations and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually usage and operations and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually usage and operations and this
+is true for many systems. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for many systems. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for many systems. The
+operational phase is much longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational phase is much longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational phase is much longer than
+the design phase. So in in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design phase. So in in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design phase. So in in this case the
+operational phase was three years 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational phase was three years 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational phase was three years 30
+years right three times longer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right three times longer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right three times longer than the
+actual design phase which was about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual design phase which was about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual design phase which was about a
+decade. The vision was a partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade. The vision was a partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade. The vision was a partially
+reusable space vehicle quick turnaround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable space vehicle quick turnaround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable space vehicle quick turnaround
+high flight rate. What we actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high flight rate. What we actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high flight rate. What we actually got
+is a complex and fragile vehicle with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex and fragile vehicle with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex and fragile vehicle with an
+average cost of about $1.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost of about $1.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost of about $1.5 billion
+dollars for flight and a workforce of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for flight and a workforce of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for flight and a workforce of
+about 20,000 people to keep the shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20,000 people to keep the shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20,000 people to keep the shuttle
+flying. Um, and you I think I've se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying. Um, and you I think I've se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying. Um, and you I think I've se
+shown you this before, right? Did I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you this before, right? Did I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you this before, right? Did I show
+you this before? So, this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this before? So, this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this before? So, this is sort of a
+this is an original illustration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an original illustration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an original illustration from
+the proposal uh to Congress, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal uh to Congress, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal uh to Congress, right? It's
+kind of looks like the F-18, right, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like the F-18, right, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like the F-18, right, that
+I just showed you. It's a hanger. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you. It's a hanger. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you. It's a hanger. Um,
+pristine, a few people, a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine, a few people, a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine, a few people, a couple of
+ground support equipment carts. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground support equipment carts. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground support equipment carts. This is
+kind of like an airplane, right? Like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like an airplane, right? Like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like an airplane, right? Like an
+airliner. And then this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner. And then this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner. And then this is what we
+actually got. This is a picture taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got. This is a picture taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got. This is a picture taken in
+the orbiter processing facility at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter processing facility at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter processing facility at the
+Kennedy Space Center. And you can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy Space Center. And you can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy Space Center. And you can't even
+see the shuttle, right? It's hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the shuttle, right? It's hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the shuttle, right? It's hidden
+behind the scaffolding. And um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scaffolding. And um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scaffolding. And um and the
+main systems that required a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main systems that required a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main systems that required a lot of work
+between flights were the shuttle main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between flights were the shuttle main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between flights were the shuttle main
+engine and of course the TPS the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and of course the TPS the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and of course the TPS the thermal
+pro protection system. Now you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro protection system. Now you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro protection system. Now you can say
+well why did why such a big discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why did why such a big discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why did why such a big discrepancy
+between what was promised the vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what was promised the vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what was promised the vision and
+what's actually delivered and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually delivered and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually delivered and people
+will have different opinions. My opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have different opinions. My opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have different opinions. My opinion
+is it certainly over optimism was a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it certainly over optimism was a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it certainly over optimism was a part
+of it but also Congress capped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but also Congress capped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but also Congress capped the
+research development um cost for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research development um cost for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research development um cost for the the
+orbiter in particular to about 5.15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter in particular to about 5.15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter in particular to about 5.15
+billion. There was actually an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion. There was actually an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion. There was actually an act of
+Congress that said those shall not spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress that said those shall not spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress that said those shall not spend
+more than 5.15 billion on development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5.15 billion on development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5.15 billion on development of
+the orbiter. So then you know what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter. So then you know what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter. So then you know what was
+clear is you 24 metric tons to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is you 24 metric tons to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is you 24 metric tons to lower
+earth orbit. If you can't achieve that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth orbit. If you can't achieve that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth orbit. If you can't achieve that,
+the system will not satisfy performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will not satisfy performance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will not satisfy performance.
+So performance is king and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So performance is king and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So performance is king and of course
+this was also politically uh challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was also politically uh challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was also politically uh challenging
+because there were military requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were military requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were military requirements
+and civilian requirements that had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civilian requirements that had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civilian requirements that had to be
+met. And then maintainability like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met. And then maintainability like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met. And then maintainability like I
+said is just doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is just doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is just doesn't happen
+automatically. You have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically. You have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically. You have to actually
+write requirements for maintainability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write requirements for maintainability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write requirements for maintainability.
+How long should it take? How many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How long should it take? How many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How long should it take? How many hours
+of work? you know how much uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work? you know how much uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work? you know how much uh how many
+actions or procedures to to do certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or procedures to to do certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or procedures to to do certain
+maintenance actions it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance actions it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance actions it has to be
+designed into the system therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed into the system therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed into the system therefore the
+need for requirements and then um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for requirements and then um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for requirements and then um no
+realistic life cycle cost or value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic life cycle cost or value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic life cycle cost or value
+optimization so that's that's sort of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so that's that's sort of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so that's that's sort of I
+think the counter example but again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the counter example but again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the counter example but again I I
+I'm not blaming individuals for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not blaming individuals for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not blaming individuals for this
+it's I'm blaming the system uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm blaming the system uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm blaming the system uh for this
+yes um to what extent do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um to what extent do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um to what extent do you think that
+kind of problems within shuttle can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problems within shuttle can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problems within shuttle can be
+traced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced to
+effectively a failure to stop defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a failure to stop defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a failure to stop defining
+the requirements. I feel like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements. I feel like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements. I feel like when you
+look at uh commercial launch systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh commercial launch systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh commercial launch systems
+kind of as a comparison point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as a comparison point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as a comparison point and I
+understand they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand they're not
+reusable and they're not being designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable and they're not being designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable and they're not being designed
+to to necessarily the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to necessarily the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to necessarily the the same
+specifications as shuttle but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications as shuttle but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications as shuttle but I feel
+like because the commercial launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because the commercial launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because the commercial launch
+industry has had standards set by NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has had standards set by NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has had standards set by NASA
+and the air force that they needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air force that they needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air force that they needed to
+meet that they had a very clear set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet that they had a very clear set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet that they had a very clear set of
+requirements from the beginning whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements from the beginning whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements from the beginning whereas
+the development of shuttle right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of shuttle right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of shuttle right like
+the failure to design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to design for
+maintainability it was kind of when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainability it was kind of when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainability it was kind of when I
+look at the the development cycle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the development cycle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the the development cycle it
+kind of looks like they continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like they continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like they continued to
+find requirements as they went um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find requirements as they went um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find requirements as they went um and
+kind of discovered new things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discovered new things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discovered new things and then
+said okay so we need to do it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay so we need to do it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay so we need to do it this way
+instead of saying from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying from the beginning
+these are the requirements we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the requirements we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the requirements we know we
+have to meet let's design to that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to meet let's design to that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to meet let's design to that right
+it looks like they kind of crept through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like they kind of crept through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like they kind of crept through
+the development phase to me that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development phase to me that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development phase to me that there
+wasn't a hard stop um so I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a hard stop um so I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a hard stop um so I was just
+wondering if you could comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could comment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could comment on that
+kind of it it's definitely true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it it's definitely true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it it's definitely true that
+there was sort of reacting to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of reacting to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of reacting to you know
+and after the first few flight so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the first few flight so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the first few flight so an
+interesting uh uh history there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh history there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh history there is the
+shuttle main engines you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle main engines you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle main engines you know they were
+kind of completely disassembled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of completely disassembled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of completely disassembled and
+inspected after the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected after the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected after the first couple of
+flights, but that wasn't supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, but that wasn't supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, but that wasn't supposed to be
+done every flight. It was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done every flight. It was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done every flight. It was supposed to be
+you're going to launch them, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to launch them, I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to launch them, I think,
+like five times before you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five times before you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five times before you actually do
+big big inspections. But they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big inspections. But they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big inspections. But they had
+already done inspections after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done inspections after every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done inspections after every
+flight, test flight, and then they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, test flight, and then they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, test flight, and then they just
+kept doing it. So something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept doing it. So something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept doing it. So something that was
+supposed to be only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be only a
+um maintenance action or inspection uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maintenance action or inspection uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maintenance action or inspection uh
+during test flights became or crept into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during test flights became or crept into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during test flights became or crept into
+becoming an operational requirement. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an operational requirement. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an operational requirement. And
+of course, you know, you have the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, you have the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, you have the big
+workforce and, you know, there's jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and, you know, there's jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and, you know, there's jobs
+and so forth. So, there's that, too. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. So, there's that, too. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. So, there's that, too. But
+it was never intended that the shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never intended that the shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was never intended that the shuttle
+main engines would be disassembled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main engines would be disassembled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main engines would be disassembled and
+rebuilt after every flight. Why were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt after every flight. Why were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt after every flight. Why were
+they why was that permitted?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they why was that permitted?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they why was that permitted?
+Well, I guess the feeling was the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I guess the feeling was the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I guess the feeling was the sense
+was that uh it would be safer to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that uh it would be safer to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that uh it would be safer to do that
+and that you really want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you really want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you really want to know what's
+the state of these engines. And um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of these engines. And um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of these engines. And um you
+know, I will say this, I mean, at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I will say this, I mean, at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I will say this, I mean, at the
+contractual, you know, there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual, you know, there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual, you know, there's there's
+jobs there. there's money there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs there. there's money there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs there. there's money there and so
+the more maintenance actions you can do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more maintenance actions you can do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more maintenance actions you can do,
+you know, the more of a business this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the more of a business this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the more of a business this
+is. Uh but of course that's not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Uh but of course that's not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Uh but of course that's not what the
+vision was, right? The vision was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision was, right? The vision was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision was, right? The vision was very
+lean operations, few people. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean operations, few people. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean operations, few people. So there's
+a there's a socioeconomic things tied up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a socioeconomic things tied up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a socioeconomic things tied up
+with it as well. Do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as well. Do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as well. Do you think that
+because that's a inherently a government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a inherently a government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a inherently a government
+project, that's part of the reason,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, that's part of the reason,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, that's part of the reason,
+right? Like whereas a commercial company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like whereas a commercial company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like whereas a commercial company
+is looking to cut as many employees as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking to cut as many employees as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking to cut as many employees as
+possible to increase profit margin. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to increase profit margin. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to increase profit margin. I I
+think that that's a part of it. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's a part of it. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that's a part of it. Yeah, I
+do think that's a part of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that's a part of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that's a part of it.
+Um um yeah, absolutely. It's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um um yeah, absolutely. It's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um um yeah, absolutely. It's it's it's a
+really interesting it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it's a really
+interesting history. There's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history. There's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history. There's there's a
+lot to be learned from this. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to be learned from this. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to be learned from this. Okay, so
+let me um let me move on. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um let me move on. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um let me move on. So this is
+just kind of a um a list, not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a um a list, not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a um a list, not a
+checklist really, but a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist really, but a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist really, but a list of
+operational considerations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational considerations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational considerations that you
+should think about when you design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about when you design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about when you design a
+system. So how will it be operated? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So how will it be operated? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So how will it be operated? And
+of course, you know, we've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, we've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, you know, we've done the
+conops a while ago, but this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops a while ago, but this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conops a while ago, but this is sort of
+more detailed than the conops. you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed than the conops. you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed than the conops. you know
+how will you inspect the system how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you inspect the system how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you inspect the system how you
+will you maintain it how you will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you maintain it how you will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you maintain it how you will you
+know what insights do the operators need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what insights do the operators need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what insights do the operators need
+into the system status right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system status right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system status right so when
+you're operating the system how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're operating the system how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're operating the system how much
+about the internal workings do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internal workings do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internal workings do you
+really need to know this is the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know this is the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know this is the internal
+telemetry temperatures pressures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telemetry temperatures pressures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telemetry temperatures pressures you
+know um in the avionics you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um in the avionics you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um in the avionics you know the
+electrical um I think the example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical um I think the example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical um I think the example of the
+electrical bus was good the cryogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical bus was good the cryogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical bus was good the cryogenic
+system example you know how how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system example you know how how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system example you know how how how much
+insight do you need um before turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight do you need um before turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight do you need um before turning
+over to the operators. What checks do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the operators. What checks do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the operators. What checks do
+you need to perform? How might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to perform? How might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to perform? How might the
+system fail? Think about failure. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fail? Think about failure. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fail? Think about failure. Uh and
+you you of course need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you of course need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you of course need to think about
+that as early as possible. What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as early as possible. What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as early as possible. What are the
+options available to you in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options available to you in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options available to you in case you
+have failures and you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failures and you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failures and you will have
+failures? Uh what spares are needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures? Uh what spares are needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures? Uh what spares are needed to
+repair the system? Uh will the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the system? Uh will the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the system? Uh will the system
+still perform even under partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still perform even under partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still perform even under partial
+failure? So maybe something failed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure? So maybe something failed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure? So maybe something failed but
+not catastrophically. It's a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not catastrophically. It's a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not catastrophically. It's a partial
+failure. Can you keep going with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. Can you keep going with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. Can you keep going with the
+system? How how far can you push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? How how far can you push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? How how far can you push the
+system? Right? These are all I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Right? These are all I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Right? These are all I think if
+if you think about this is like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about this is like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about this is like five
+questions here, but I think they're five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here, but I think they're five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here, but I think they're five
+of the most important questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important questions for
+operations. Now, uh in terms of the NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Now, uh in terms of the NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Now, uh in terms of the NASA
+life cycle, uh we're talking phase E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle, uh we're talking phase E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle, uh we're talking phase E
+here, just to be clear. So phase E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, just to be clear. So phase E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, just to be clear. So phase E is
+called operations and sustainment. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operations and sustainment. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operations and sustainment. And
+you know, depending on what mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, depending on what mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, depending on what mission
+you're talking about, this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about, this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about, this could be
+short, right? Like uh the Apollo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short, right? Like uh the Apollo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short, right? Like uh the Apollo
+missions like two weeks, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions like two weeks, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions like two weeks, right? And
+they're back back home. Uh ISS, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back back home. Uh ISS, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back back home. Uh ISS, you
+know, six months rotations. Or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, six months rotations. Or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, six months rotations. Or it could
+be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like
+Voyager, right? Voyager has been was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager, right? Voyager has been was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager, right? Voyager has been was
+launched when in 76.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched when in 76.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched when in 76.
+Voyager's been flying for 40 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager's been flying for 40 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager's been flying for 40 years and
+we're still getting data and telemetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still getting data and telemetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still getting data and telemetry
+at very low data rates like you know 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low data rates like you know 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low data rates like you know 100
+bits per second or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second or something like this
+but still that's remarkable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still that's remarkable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still that's remarkable right so
+phase E in that case is very long uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase E in that case is very long uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase E in that case is very long uh so
+it's worth really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth really thinking about
+this all right let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let me talk about
+commissioning so commissioning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning so commissioning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning so commissioning is
+essentially the transition from phase D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the transition from phase D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the transition from phase D
+to phase E so phase D is system assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phase E so phase D is system assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phase E so phase D is system assembly
+integration test and launch launch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration test and launch launch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration test and launch launch and
+transition to use. And phase E is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to use. And phase E is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to use. And phase E is then
+operations and sustainment. So to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and sustainment. So to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and sustainment. So to
+conduct the mission, meet the initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the mission, meet the initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the mission, meet the initially
+identified need, maintain support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified need, maintain support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified need, maintain support and
+then implement your mission operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then implement your mission operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then implement your mission operations
+plan. So commissioning essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. So commissioning essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. So commissioning essentially is
+transitioning from phase D to phase E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from phase D to phase E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from phase D to phase E.
+And usually the people that will operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And usually the people that will operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And usually the people that will operate
+the system day in day out tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system day in day out tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system day in day out tend to be
+different people than the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people than the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people than the people who
+designed the system, who built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the system, who built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the system, who built the
+system, who launched the system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, who launched the system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, who launched the system. So
+usually you have some kind of a handoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have some kind of a handoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have some kind of a handoff
+or handover of the system from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or handover of the system from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or handover of the system from you know
+the designers, builders to the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers, builders to the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers, builders to the operators
+and and that handover is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that handover is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that handover is is very
+important that it be done well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it be done well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it be done well and
+that's what we call commissioning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call commissioning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call commissioning.
+uh or in this case this is the do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in this case this is the do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or in this case this is the do you
+remember this we haven't shown this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this we haven't shown this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this we haven't shown this for
+a while remember what what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while remember what what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while remember what what do we call
+this this thing here the engine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing here the engine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing here the engine right
+the systems engineering engine at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems engineering engine at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems engineering engine at every
+level right so this is step nine product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right so this is step nine product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right so this is step nine product
+product transitioning process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product transitioning process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product transitioning process and then
+there's a you know there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know there has to be a
+flowchart right can't do without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart right can't do without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart right can't do without a
+flowchart it's not particularly fancy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart it's not particularly fancy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart it's not particularly fancy or
+anything but the idea is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but the idea is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but the idea is that you know
+you have an inputs which are the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an inputs which are the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an inputs which are the end
+product ready to be used documentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product ready to be used documentation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product ready to be used documentation.
+So when I ask you um I ask you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I ask you um I ask you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I ask you um I ask you about the
+cryogenic system you know you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryogenic system you know you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryogenic system you know you mentioned
+the cryogenic system I ask you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryogenic system I ask you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryogenic system I ask you do you
+have a user manual for it. So that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a user manual for it. So that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a user manual for it. So that would
+be here in this box here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here in this box here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here in this box here on the left
+side right the documentation that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right the documentation that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right the documentation that goes
+with the end product and then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the end product and then any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the end product and then any
+product transition enabling products. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product transition enabling products. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product transition enabling products. So
+those would be things that you only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be things that you only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those would be things that you only use
+during the transition you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the transition you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the transition you know like
+equipment or facilities that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or facilities that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or facilities that you just
+use for uh for this transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for uh for this transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for uh for this transitioning
+process and then you don't use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then you don't use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then you don't use them
+during operations. You can have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during operations. You can have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during operations. You can have you can
+think of examples of that and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of examples of that and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of examples of that and and then
+you go through this multiple steps. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this multiple steps. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through this multiple steps. Um
+there may be multiple sites that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be multiple sites that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be multiple sites that you
+have to prepare multiple locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare multiple locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare multiple locations and
+at the end of it you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it you know you've
+delivered the end product. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered the end product. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered the end product. It's
+operational transition work products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational transition work products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational transition work products and
+uh and you're essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you're essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you're essentially uh
+operational. So um what what it means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational. So um what what it means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational. So um what what it means in
+practice is deploying the system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is deploying the system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is deploying the system in the
+field transitioning to the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field transitioning to the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field transitioning to the operators
+physically and legally also I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and legally also I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and legally also I should
+point this out this is really important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this out this is really important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this out this is really important.
+So usually in this uh commissioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So usually in this uh commissioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So usually in this uh commissioning
+phase the legal ownership the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the legal ownership the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the legal ownership the legal
+ownership of the product or the asset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the product or the asset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the product or the asset is
+transferred from one organization to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from one organization to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from one organization to the
+other. So if it breaks now it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So if it breaks now it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So if it breaks now it's your
+problem. It's not my problem. You've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's not my problem. You've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's not my problem. You've
+already taken ownership. you've signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken ownership. you've signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken ownership. you've signed
+off on it and you know for insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on it and you know for insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on it and you know for insurance
+purposes this is a very big deal. So at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is a very big deal. So at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is a very big deal. So at
+what point does legal ownership of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point does legal ownership of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point does legal ownership of the
+asset transition? You really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset transition? You really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset transition? You really have to
+know that uh and then of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh and then of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh and then of course the
+training checkout. Checkout means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training checkout. Checkout means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training checkout. Checkout means
+turning on all your systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on all your systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on all your systems and
+subsystems, right? Making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems, right? Making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems, right? Making sure
+everything works. Making sure there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works. Making sure there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works. Making sure there's no
+emergent behaviors, weird behaviors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent behaviors, weird behaviors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent behaviors, weird behaviors,
+unexpected behaviors. comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected behaviors. comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected behaviors. comparing the
+predicted parameters against the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted parameters against the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted parameters against the actual
+behaviors. Does the system behave as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors. Does the system behave as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors. Does the system behave as we
+had predicted you know based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had predicted you know based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had predicted you know based on
+calculations or you know these days we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or you know these days we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations or you know these days we
+usually build simulations right we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually build simulations right we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually build simulations right we build
+a pretty realistic simulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty realistic simulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty realistic simulation of the
+system and we we have there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we we have there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we we have there's the
+concept of digital twin who's heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of digital twin who's heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of digital twin who's heard
+who's heard this before digital twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's heard this before digital twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's heard this before digital twin
+who's heard this before oh nobody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's heard this before oh nobody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's heard this before oh nobody okay
+so the idea of a digital twin is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of a digital twin is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of a digital twin is that
+here's your physical system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your physical system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your physical system you know
+airplane satellite cubat whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane satellite cubat whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane satellite cubat whatever it is
+medical device and there's a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device and there's a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical device and there's a digital
+twin of it. There's a there's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin of it. There's a there's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin of it. There's a there's a uh
+incilico version, a simulated twin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incilico version, a simulated twin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incilico version, a simulated twin of
+that system that exists somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system that exists somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system that exists somewhere and
+you know before you turn the system on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before you turn the system on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before you turn the system on
+and and do operations on it, you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do operations on it, you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do operations on it, you do it
+on the digital twin to see what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the digital twin to see what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the digital twin to see what will
+happen and predict you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and predict you know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and predict you know everything
+all the parameters the position velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters the position velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters the position velocity
+accelerations temperatures pressures. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations temperatures pressures. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations temperatures pressures. So
+if things look good in the digital twin,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things look good in the digital twin,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things look good in the digital twin,
+then you actually do it in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually do it in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually do it in the real
+system. So for example, JPL with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So for example, JPL with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So for example, JPL with their
+Mars rovers, they will do that. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars rovers, they will do that. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars rovers, they will do that. They
+have a digital twin, right? They have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a digital twin, right? They have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a digital twin, right? They have a
+digital version. They actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version. They actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version. They actually have a
+physical twin, too, but they typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical twin, too, but they typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical twin, too, but they typically
+only use that if there's problems like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use that if there's problems like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use that if there's problems like,
+you know, stuck in a sand dune or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, stuck in a sand dune or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, stuck in a sand dune or
+something like this. So you actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. So you actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this. So you actually you
+you simulate commands that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate commands that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate commands that you're going
+to send to the spacecraft on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send to the spacecraft on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send to the spacecraft on your
+digital twin. make sure that the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital twin. make sure that the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital twin. make sure that the command
+sequence is correct uh that things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is correct uh that things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is correct uh that things will
+h you know and then you do it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h you know and then you do it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h you know and then you do it on the
+real system. That's that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system. That's that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real system. That's that's that's what
+we mean here. And during checkout you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean here. And during checkout you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean here. And during checkout you do
+it initially but actually if it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it initially but actually if it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it initially but actually if it's a very
+complex system you might do this uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system you might do this uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system you might do this uh as a
+matter of routine and then sustainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of routine and then sustainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of routine and then sustainment
+uh is the third thing here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the third thing here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the third thing here. So
+sustainment means maintenance both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainment means maintenance both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainment means maintenance both
+preventative and corrective. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative and corrective. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative and corrective. So
+preventative maintenance means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative maintenance means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventative maintenance means you're
+taking actions before the system breaks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking actions before the system breaks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking actions before the system breaks.
+Corrective action means you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrective action means you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrective action means you're taking
+maintenance actions after you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance actions after you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance actions after you have
+failures of of different kind. Spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures of of different kind. Spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures of of different kind. Spare
+parts management. Uh reconfiguring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts management. Uh reconfiguring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts management. Uh reconfiguring
+system during use for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during use for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during use for different
+purposes. Upgrading system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. Upgrading system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. Upgrading system and then
+retrofits. So what what a retrof is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofits. So what what a retrof is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofits. So what what a retrof is a
+retrofit? Anybody know like at EPFL? Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit? Anybody know like at EPFL? Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit? Anybody know like at EPFL? Are
+you familiar with the term retrofit?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you familiar with the term retrofit?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you familiar with the term retrofit?
+Have you heard this word before?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you heard this word before?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you heard this word before?
+Vulkar, do you want to explain what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vulkar, do you want to explain what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vulkar, do you want to explain what it
+means?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means?
+Absolutely. So, for example, let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So, for example, let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So, for example, let's take
+a military example in Switzerland. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a military example in Switzerland. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a military example in Switzerland. We
+sit bought M109 howitzers from USA back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit bought M109 howitzers from USA back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit bought M109 howitzers from USA back
+in the ' 60s '7s. And these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ' 60s '7s. And these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ' 60s '7s. And these things are
+aluminum large self-propelled howitzers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum large self-propelled howitzers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum large self-propelled howitzers.
+And in the 80s, '90s, they decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the 80s, '90s, they decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the 80s, '90s, they decided to
+not throw them away. they don't rust,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not throw them away. they don't rust,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not throw them away. they don't rust,
+but to retrofit them, to put guidance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to retrofit them, to put guidance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to retrofit them, to put guidance,
+navigation system, a new cannon. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation system, a new cannon. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation system, a new cannon. And so
+we went into a retrofit program, meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went into a retrofit program, meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went into a retrofit program, meaning
+you sort of break down everything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of break down everything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of break down everything down
+to the lowest elements, you decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lowest elements, you decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lowest elements, you decide what
+you can keep, you throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep, you throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep, you throw away the
+obsolete stuff, you buy new things, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsolete stuff, you buy new things, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsolete stuff, you buy new things, you
+try to make it fit. Yeah. And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it fit. Yeah. And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it fit. Yeah. And then you
+rec. So retrofit typically means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rec. So retrofit typically means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rec. So retrofit typically means you
+physically go out in the field and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically go out in the field and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically go out in the field and you
+you physically change the system. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you physically change the system. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you physically change the system. You
+like Vulkar said you remove things. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Vulkar said you remove things. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Vulkar said you remove things. You
+you typically add new things. So you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically add new things. So you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically add new things. So you now
+you have like old generation and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like old generation and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like old generation and new
+generation stuff mixed up in the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation stuff mixed up in the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation stuff mixed up in the system.
+Retrofitting is a huge deal particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Retrofitting is a huge deal particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Retrofitting is a huge deal particularly
+in in in the military but in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the military but in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the military but in in other
+domains as well like you know hospitals,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains as well like you know hospitals,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains as well like you know hospitals,
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+uh you know train systems. uh you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know train systems. uh you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know train systems. uh you go
+there and you'll see you see a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you'll see you see a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you'll see you see a mix of
+you know old stuff you know from when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old stuff you know from when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old stuff you know from when
+the system was originally built and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was originally built and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was originally built and
+deployed and then new stuff layered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and then new stuff layered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and then new stuff layered on
+top of it through retrofits. And the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it through retrofits. And the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it through retrofits. And the key
+question of course when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of course when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of course when you do a
+retrofit is uh you want the retrofit not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit is uh you want the retrofit not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit is uh you want the retrofit not
+to interfere with you know you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with you know you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with you know you want it
+to actually be value added as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be value added as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be value added as opposed to
+causing more problems. Yeah. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing more problems. Yeah. Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing more problems. Yeah. Go ahead.
+Is retrofit the same as medium life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is retrofit the same as medium life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is retrofit the same as medium life
+upgrade? Um I would I would say it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade? Um I would I would say it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade? Um I would I would say it this
+way. A um medium life or middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. A um medium life or middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. A um medium life or middle
+middle-of the life upgrade is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-of the life upgrade is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-of the life upgrade is a
+particular type of retrofit that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of retrofit that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of retrofit that you do
+roughly halfway through the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly halfway through the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly halfway through the nominal
+mission life. Yes. And you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission life. Yes. And you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission life. Yes. And you know that
+could do you have experience with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you have experience with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you have experience with with
+such upgrade? Uh yes actually we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such upgrade? Uh yes actually we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such upgrade? Uh yes actually we have
+both F5 and AMX in Brazil. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both F5 and AMX in Brazil. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both F5 and AMX in Brazil. We have the
+medium life upgrade and both performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium life upgrade and both performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium life upgrade and both performed
+by Amber. Okay. So it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Amber. Okay. So it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Amber. Okay. So it's interesting
+because the F5 for example is Northrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the F5 for example is Northrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the F5 for example is Northrop
+and the medium life upgrade was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the medium life upgrade was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the medium life upgrade was
+performed by Amber and we had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by Amber and we had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by Amber and we had lots of
+issues about it. So what was done to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about it. So what was done to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about it. So what was done to the
+airplane? Uh completed change of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane? Uh completed change of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane? Uh completed change of the the
+the dashboard panels and new electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dashboard panels and new electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dashboard panels and new electronic
+warfare equipment but they kept the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warfare equipment but they kept the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warfare equipment but they kept the old
+hydraulics engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulics engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulics engine
+and actually hydraulics and engine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually hydraulics and engine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually hydraulics and engine the
+the electrical uh system was changed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical uh system was changed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical uh system was changed as
+well. Changed as well. So you keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Changed as well. So you keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Changed as well. So you keep the
+frame, the engine and you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame, the engine and you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame, the engine and you change the
+radar, the antennas and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar, the antennas and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar, the antennas and lots of
+different stuff. That makes sense. New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff. That makes sense. New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stuff. That makes sense. New
+head-up display, new helmet, stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-up display, new helmet, stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-up display, new helmet, stuff like
+that, you know. And the the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know. And the the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know. And the the interesting
+discussion which um I think in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which um I think in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which um I think in the US
+for much equipment and Switzerland same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for much equipment and Switzerland same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for much equipment and Switzerland same
+discussions is you know by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions is you know by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions is you know by the time you
+start adding up the cost of a midlife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding up the cost of a midlife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding up the cost of a midlife
+upgrade or retrofit you start adding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade or retrofit you start adding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade or retrofit you start adding all
+these things up pretty quickly you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up pretty quickly you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up pretty quickly you come
+to the question well wow that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question well wow that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question well wow that's pretty
+expensive you know is it really worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you know is it really worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive you know is it really worth it
+investing x millions or billions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing x millions or billions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing x millions or billions you
+know to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to squeeze
+another you know 10 15 years out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know 10 15 years out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know 10 15 years out of this
+platform or should we just buy a new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform or should we just buy a new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform or should we just buy a new one
+and retire this one and you'll have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retire this one and you'll have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retire this one and you'll have very
+vigorous debates about that. Yeah. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous debates about that. Yeah. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous debates about that. Yeah. Does
+how the funding structured ever come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the funding structured ever come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the funding structured ever come
+into play when determining how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play when determining how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play when determining how
+sustainable or how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable or how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable or how you're going to
+retrofit something? I know sometimes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit something? I know sometimes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit something? I know sometimes uh
+where we work like funding ends this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we work like funding ends this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we work like funding ends this
+time and something else starts up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and something else starts up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and something else starts up this
+time. So sometimes you kind of design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So sometimes you kind of design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So sometimes you kind of design a
+little bit around those things. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around those things. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around those things. Is that
+ever taken into consideration? Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken into consideration? Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken into consideration? Well, I
+think enlightened companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think enlightened companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think enlightened companies and
+enlightened organizations will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened organizations will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened organizations will actually
+build in retrofit and upgrade costs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in retrofit and upgrade costs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in retrofit and upgrade costs into
+their original budgets. But does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original budgets. But does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their original budgets. But does it
+happen often? Does it h you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen often? Does it h you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen often? Does it h you know it's
+it's it's I think it's a minority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I think it's a minority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I think it's a minority of
+organizations who really are honest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations who really are honest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations who really are honest to
+think about the full life cycle cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the full life cycle cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the full life cycle cost
+including upgrades and retrofits. And to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including upgrades and retrofits. And to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including upgrades and retrofits. And to
+be honest, I mean, sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest, I mean, sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest, I mean, sometimes these
+retrofits you it's hard to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofits you it's hard to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofits you it's hard to know about
+them ahead of time. And in some cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ahead of time. And in some cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ahead of time. And in some cases,
+you can predict them, but but in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict them, but but in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict them, but but in many
+cases, you know, it's more reactive. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you know, it's more reactive. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, you know, it's more reactive. In
+fact, um I'll tell you a story about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, um I'll tell you a story about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, um I'll tell you a story about the
+um uh the F-18. Uh these retrofits often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the F-18. Uh these retrofits often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the F-18. Uh these retrofits often
+come in bundles or packages called ECRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in bundles or packages called ECRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in bundles or packages called ECRS
+or engineering um ECPs, I'm sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engineering um ECPs, I'm sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engineering um ECPs, I'm sorry,
+engineering change proposals. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering change proposals. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering change proposals. They're
+sort of packages of changes and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of packages of changes and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of packages of changes and uh it's
+almost I don't say blackmail but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I don't say blackmail but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I don't say blackmail but it's
+like here's a bundle of changes that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's a bundle of changes that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's a bundle of changes that is
+you know x million dollars and it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x million dollars and it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x million dollars and it's up
+to you whether you want to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you whether you want to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you whether you want to implement
+that or not but if you choose not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or not but if you choose not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or not but if you choose not to
+implement then the the warranty is void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement then the the warranty is void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement then the the warranty is void
+or we will we will basically there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we will we will basically there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we will we will basically there's
+you're losing compatibility with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing compatibility with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing compatibility with any
+future upgrades. Do you see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future upgrades. Do you see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future upgrades. Do you see what I'm
+saying? So, so the configurations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying? So, so the configurations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying? So, so the configurations then
+start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+diverge and then you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge and then you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge and then you have to make a
+tough decision. You know, do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough decision. You know, do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough decision. You know, do you do you
+spend money on an upgrade that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money on an upgrade that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money on an upgrade that maybe you
+don't absolutely need but some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't absolutely need but some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't absolutely need but some other
+customers want wanted? Um, and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers want wanted? Um, and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers want wanted? Um, and if you
+say no, we we don't want this. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no, we we don't want this. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no, we we don't want this. We're
+going to freeze the configuration where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to freeze the configuration where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to freeze the configuration where
+we are today, then you might lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are today, then you might lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are today, then you might lose the
+option for future upgrades. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for future upgrades. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for future upgrades. And if you
+then choose to upgrade later, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose to upgrade later, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choose to upgrade later, it could
+be much more expensive. And so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more expensive. And so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more expensive. And so these are
+you know I I know this you know say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I know this you know say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I know this you know say what
+that's that's systems engineering too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's systems engineering too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's systems engineering too
+and it gets into technical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets into technical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets into technical issue
+financial issue strategic issues. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial issue strategic issues. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial issue strategic issues. So you
+know I hope you're getting a sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope you're getting a sense here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope you're getting a sense here
+that oper this is all happening during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oper this is all happening during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oper this is all happening during
+operations. This is fascinating stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. This is fascinating stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. This is fascinating stuff.
+This is not boring. This is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not boring. This is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not boring. This is not just
+routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine
+operations. Okay. So um I think it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay. So um I think it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay. So um I think it's uh
+so you know in operations we have launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know in operations we have launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know in operations we have launch
+for spacecraft science operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spacecraft science operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spacecraft science operations
+safeold anomaly resolution and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeold anomaly resolution and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeold anomaly resolution and so forth.
+And I just want to show you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just want to show you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just want to show you a quick
+video here about um the James web space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here about um the James web space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here about um the James web space.
+This is one minute video about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one minute video about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one minute video about the
+anticipated deployment of the James Webb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated deployment of the James Webb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated deployment of the James Webb
+Space Telescope. I think I mentioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Telescope. I think I mentioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Telescope. I think I mentioned to
+you I worked on this as a master student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I worked on this as a master student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I worked on this as a master student
+supposed to launch and this is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch and this is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch and this is supposed
+to happen in 2018. Uh launched from Kuru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in 2018. Uh launched from Kuru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in 2018. Uh launched from Kuru
+on an Aron rocket. This is a NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an Aron rocket. This is a NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an Aron rocket. This is a NASA
+um issa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um issa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um issa
+collaboration. You can see right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. You can see right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. You can see right now the
+spacecraft has been launched. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft has been launched. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft has been launched. It's
+deploying its sunshield.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying its sunshield.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying its sunshield.
+Uh these are very thin membranes. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are very thin membranes. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are very thin membranes. The
+purpose of the sunshield is to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the sunshield is to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the sunshield is to keep the
+optics cold. The optics are on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics cold. The optics are on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics cold. The optics are on the top
+here and uh this there's spreaders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh this there's spreaders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh this there's spreaders and
+uh there shouldn't be any wrinkles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there shouldn't be any wrinkles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there shouldn't be any wrinkles and
+there's multiple layers. You can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple layers. You can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiple layers. You can see the
+layers. Now first you spread it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Now first you spread it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Now first you spread it out
+horizontally. Now the layers are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally. Now the layers are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally. Now the layers are being
+spread has to be right at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread has to be right at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread has to be right at the right
+angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles
+and I don't know what's happening right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what's happening right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know what's happening right
+now but the last step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the last step that should happen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the last step that should happen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the last step that should happen I
+guess it didn't quite play until the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it didn't quite play until the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it didn't quite play until the end
+but the last thing that happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing that happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing that happens is the
+optics are then deployed and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics are then deployed and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics are then deployed and then the
+optical deployment is also very um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical deployment is also very um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical deployment is also very um very
+involved and has to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and has to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and has to be very
+precise. So, let me just minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. So, let me just minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. So, let me just minimize
+this. Um, so and then and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so and then and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so and then and then after
+that you have a commissioning. I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a commissioning. I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a commissioning. I should
+also mention that the James Web state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention that the James Web state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention that the James Web state
+when I worked on it, it was a $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked on it, it was a $500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked on it, it was a $500
+million mission. It's now become an 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million mission. It's now become an 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million mission. It's now become an 8
+billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar
+mission. But the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. But the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. But the purpose of this
+instrument is to look back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is to look back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is to look back in time to
+what's known as the Dark Ages. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the Dark Ages. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the Dark Ages. It's
+basically like 300,000 years to about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like 300,000 years to about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like 300,000 years to about a
+100 million years after the big bang,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million years after the big bang,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million years after the big bang,
+the formation of the very first proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the very first proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the very first proto
+galaxies. We can't observe that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. We can't observe that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies. We can't observe that right
+now with Hubble or from the ground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with Hubble or from the ground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with Hubble or from the ground.
+Mainly because these are so far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mainly because these are so far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mainly because these are so far away
+because of the expansion of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the expansion of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the expansion of the universe
+that the radiation is is redshifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radiation is is redshifted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radiation is is redshifted and
+this is all in the infrared. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in the infrared. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in the infrared. So you have
+to have a very quiet, very cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very quiet, very cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very quiet, very cold
+instrument to see these first proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to see these first proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to see these first proto
+galaxies being formed. So, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies being formed. So, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies being formed. So, you know, we
+can argue is it worth spending eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue is it worth spending eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue is it worth spending eight
+billion to see the very first galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion to see the very first galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion to see the very first galaxy
+being formed or not? People will debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed or not? People will debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being formed or not? People will debate
+it, but the fact is it's happening. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but the fact is it's happening. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but the fact is it's happening. Uh
+James Webb will launch and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Webb will launch and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Webb will launch and then it's
+going to go through a commissioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a commissioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a commissioning
+phase like I just talked about. So, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase like I just talked about. So, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase like I just talked about. So, I I
+want you to answer this question here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to answer this question here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to answer this question here.
+Uh how long do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh how long do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh how long do you think the
+commissioning phase of the James Web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning phase of the James Web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning phase of the James Web
+Space Telescope will take? Three days a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Telescope will take? Three days a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Telescope will take? Three days a
+week in orbit. that is 3 days, a week, 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in orbit. that is 3 days, a week, 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in orbit. that is 3 days, a week, 3
+weeks, a month, 3 months, 6 months or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks, a month, 3 months, 6 months or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks, a month, 3 months, 6 months or
+you're not sure. So answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure. So answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure. So answer that question
+and then we'll take a short break like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a short break like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a short break like
+five minutes and uh look at the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes and uh look at the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes and uh look at the answer.
+Yeah. Are they uh still on schedule with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Are they uh still on schedule with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Are they uh still on schedule with
+the the telescope or do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the telescope or do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the telescope or do you have any
+idea on whether that'll slip some more?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on whether that'll slip some more?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on whether that'll slip some more?
+you know, when I worked on it, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, when I worked on it, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, when I worked on it, it was
+supposed to launch in uh 2008,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch in uh 2008,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch in uh 2008,
+right? So, it's But I do think, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's But I do think, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's But I do think, you
+know, I mean, the the spacecraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I mean, the the spacecraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I mean, the the spacecraft is
+being integrated right now at North of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being integrated right now at North of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being integrated right now at North of
+Grumman. We saw it in January, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman. We saw it in January, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumman. We saw it in January, so
+they're not lying to us. I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not lying to us. I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not lying to us. I think they're
+actually putting things together. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting things together. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting things together. And um
+yeah, I think um I think it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I think um I think it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I think um I think it's going to
+launch in in 20 maybe slip by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch in in 20 maybe slip by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch in in 20 maybe slip by another
+six months or maybe a year, but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months or maybe a year, but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months or maybe a year, but not
+more. I don't think so. BA basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I don't think so. BA basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I don't think so. BA basically um
+how long does it take from from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take from from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take from from what you
+just saw in the video until uh PIs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the video until uh PIs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the video until uh PIs,
+principal investigators, scientists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigators, scientists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigators, scientists,
+astronomers can start using it for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers can start using it for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers can start using it for real
+science? How long will that take? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science? How long will that take? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science? How long will that take? So,
+who uh who wants to uh respond? Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who wants to uh respond? Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh who wants to uh respond? Who
+thinks uh it's like uh a month, 3 weeks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks uh it's like uh a month, 3 weeks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks uh it's like uh a month, 3 weeks,
+a week le a month or less? Who responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week le a month or less? Who responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week le a month or less? Who responded
+to that? A month or less? Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that? A month or less? Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that? A month or less? Go ahead.
+just what what what were you thinking? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what what what were you thinking? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what what what were you thinking? I
+don't really have no specific idea. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have no specific idea. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have no specific idea. What
+what were you imagining would happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you imagining would happen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you imagining would happen?
+Well, I thought that it couldn't be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I thought that it couldn't be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I thought that it couldn't be very
+very long because you know if they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long because you know if they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long because you know if they need
+if need to be well it's if the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if need to be well it's if the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if need to be well it's if the objective
+is to collect data well you can't wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to collect data well you can't wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to collect data well you can't wait
+that much before starting using it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much before starting using it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much before starting using it. But
+I had no specific ideas. I no I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no specific ideas. I no I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no specific ideas. I no I I think
+that's a good answer. I mean, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good answer. I mean, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good answer. I mean, you know,
+you deploy the the the solar panels,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deploy the the the solar panels,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deploy the the the solar panels,
+right? The sun shield, the optics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The sun shield, the optics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The sun shield, the optics,
+you know, the spacecraft's at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the spacecraft's at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the spacecraft's at the right
+place. By the way, this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. By the way, this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. By the way, this is going to
+launch to an Earth trailing orbit, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch to an Earth trailing orbit, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch to an Earth trailing orbit, like
+Earth Earth sun L2 kind of trailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Earth sun L2 kind of trailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Earth sun L2 kind of trailing
+orbit. So, it's it's kind of away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit. So, it's it's kind of away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit. So, it's it's kind of away from
+the Earth, from albido, all that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth, from albido, all that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth, from albido, all that, you
+know. So, you deployed it. Let's get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, you deployed it. Let's get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, you deployed it. Let's get on
+with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it.
+Yeah, I agree. Um, and then I think 37%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I agree. Um, and then I think 37%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I agree. Um, and then I think 37%
+of you, a third of you thought maybe 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you, a third of you thought maybe 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you, a third of you thought maybe 3
+months and then 40% about 6 months. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then 40% about 6 months. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then 40% about 6 months. All
+right. So, let's look at the uh current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's look at the uh current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's look at the uh current
+plans. And I I uh I took some slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans. And I I uh I took some slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans. And I I uh I took some slides
+here from uh I referenced it from a lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from uh I referenced it from a lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from uh I referenced it from a lady
+that works at the Space Telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works at the Space Telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works at the Space Telescope
+Science Institute that's located in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Institute that's located in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Institute that's located in at
+Baltimore, NASA Gddard Space Center,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore, NASA Gddard Space Center,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore, NASA Gddard Space Center,
+Baltimore. This is from last year. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore. This is from last year. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore. This is from last year. So
+here's the plan to launch in October of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plan to launch in October of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the plan to launch in October of
+2018 and then do the deployment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 and then do the deployment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 and then do the deployment and the
+answer is right now six months six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is right now six months six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is right now six months six
+months commissioning phase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months commissioning phase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months commissioning phase and then
+there's different cycles of so go stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different cycles of so go stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different cycles of so go stands
+for guest observer so you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for guest observer so you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for guest observer so you have sort of
+primary PIs they usually get first dibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary PIs they usually get first dibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary PIs they usually get first dibs
+and then you have uh observing time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uh observing time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uh observing time for
+um guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guest
+observers here's another a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers here's another a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers here's another a little bit
+more detailed so full full schedule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed so full full schedule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed so full full schedule of
+deployment and checkout out activities a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment and checkout out activities a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment and checkout out activities a
+limited set of science calibration offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited set of science calibration offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited set of science calibration offs
+possible science observations highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible science observations highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible science observations highly
+unlikely during this six months phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely during this six months phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely during this six months phase
+and then you have this guest observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this guest observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this guest observer
+program and there's a budget actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and there's a budget actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and there's a budget actually
+guaranteed time obser observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed time obser observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed time obser observation
+program from April of 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from April of 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from April of 2019
+uh a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a total of
+3,960 hours allocated in the first 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,960 hours allocated in the first 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,960 hours allocated in the first 30
+months after commissioning okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after commissioning okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after commissioning okay and and
+so those 3,900 60 hours are are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those 3,900 60 hours are are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those 3,900 60 hours are are people
+will fight over this and there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fight over this and there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fight over this and there's a very
+detailed process for how to allocate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed process for how to allocate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed process for how to allocate and
+compete for that obser observation time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for that obser observation time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for that obser observation time.
+Okay, but the answer here is 6 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the answer here is 6 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but the answer here is 6 months
+and it really it surprised me too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really it surprised me too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really it surprised me too that
+it's going to take this long but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take this long but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take this long but the the
+uh the reason it takes so long is mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reason it takes so long is mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reason it takes so long is mainly
+calibration, right? Calibration is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration, right? Calibration is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration, right? Calibration is a big
+thing. You want to make sure that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You want to make sure that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You want to make sure that all
+the observations you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations you're going to take
+are correct. And in order to do proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct. And in order to do proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct. And in order to do proper
+calibration, you have to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration, you have to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration, you have to essentially
+image things that have already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image things that have already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image things that have already been
+imaged before, right, by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged before, right, by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged before, right, by other
+instruments that were also properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that were also properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that were also properly
+calibrated. So that for a known set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated. So that for a known set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated. So that for a known set of
+targets, you know, you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets, you know, you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets, you know, you're getting the
+same answer. And that just takes time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. And that just takes time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. And that just takes time.
+That I mean, I think in a nutshell,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That I mean, I think in a nutshell,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That I mean, I think in a nutshell,
+that's the the main reason it takes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the main reason it takes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the main reason it takes so
+long. And yeah, go ahead. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. And yeah, go ahead. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. And yeah, go ahead. There's
+there's also the one aspect with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the one aspect with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the one aspect with this uh
+observatory is that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observatory is that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observatory is that it has to be
+stabilized and as we get to bring it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized and as we get to bring it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized and as we get to bring it up
+from earth even though it's pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earth even though it's pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earth even though it's pulled
+together in a clean room at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a clean room at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a clean room at a very high
+cleanliness it's going to have to deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness it's going to have to deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness it's going to have to deploy
+and then just to get the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to get the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just to get the chemical
+stabilization is going to take weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization is going to take weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization is going to take weeks
+before they even can start to calibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they even can start to calibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they even can start to calibrate
+the instruments because you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruments because you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruments because you have to get
+the outgassing of all the volatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgassing of all the volatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgassing of all the volatile
+substances and get that they move far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and get that they move far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and get that they move far
+away enough from the spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away enough from the spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away enough from the spacecraft
+uh actually dilute in space gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually dilute in space gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually dilute in space gets
+stabilization of temperature and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of temperature and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of temperature and then
+you can only start checking instruments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only start checking instruments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only start checking instruments.
+Great point. So thermal stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great point. So thermal stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great point. So thermal stability
+outgassing you know so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgassing you know so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgassing you know so you really
+everything is very stable. Yeah, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is very stable. Yeah, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is very stable. Yeah, very
+good point. Okay. Um so let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. Okay. Um so let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. Okay. Um so let me talk
+briefly. I'm going to go through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly. I'm going to go through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly. I'm going to go through two
+examples of research in operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of research in operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of research in operations and
+then we'll talk about the post-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about the post-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about the post-flight
+review. All right. So the first thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. All right. So the first thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. All right. So the first thing uh
+that this is uh each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is uh each of these two
+examples are based on papers. So spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are based on papers. So spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are based on papers. So spare
+parts requirements for space missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts requirements for space missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts requirements for space missions
+with reconfigurability and commonality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reconfigurability and commonality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reconfigurability and commonality.
+This is uh based on uh a paper in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh based on uh a paper in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh based on uh a paper in the
+journal of spacecraft and rockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of spacecraft and rockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of spacecraft and rockets
+2007. So um the and this work was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007. So um the and this work was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007. So um the and this work was done
+during the constellation program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the constellation program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the constellation program which
+was you know we're going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know we're going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know we're going to go back to
+the moon. Uh we will reestablish a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon. Uh we will reestablish a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon. Uh we will reestablish a human
+presence on the moon and uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence on the moon and uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence on the moon and uh we're going
+to bring a whole bunch of stuff with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a whole bunch of stuff with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a whole bunch of stuff with us
+more than we did during Apollo to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we did during Apollo to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we did during Apollo to do
+this. So, the picture on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, the picture on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, the picture on the upper
+right, you see a habitat uh on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you see a habitat uh on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you see a habitat uh on top of a
+lander stage. You see an ascent vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lander stage. You see an ascent vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lander stage. You see an ascent vehicle
+with a lander stage. You see a rover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lander stage. You see a rover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lander stage. You see a rover
+that looks kind of similar to the lunar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of similar to the lunar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of similar to the lunar
+rover, but there's also a pressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rover, but there's also a pressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rover, but there's also a pressurized
+version of it. So, we're going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it. So, we're going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it. So, we're going to bring
+a whole bunch of stuff. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of stuff. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of stuff. And the
+challenge is uh during operations things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is uh during operations things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is uh during operations things
+will break. So, you need to bring spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break. So, you need to bring spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break. So, you need to bring spare
+parts to support all this. And you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to support all this. And you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to support all this. And you know,
+some recent research we've done in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recent research we've done in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recent research we've done in my
+group shows that for Mars it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group shows that for Mars it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group shows that for Mars it's the same
+problem, right? you're going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? you're going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? you're going to stay
+there a long time. You don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a long time. You don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a long time. You don't know
+exactly what will break. But if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what will break. But if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what will break. But if you want
+a high uh probability of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high uh probability of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high uh probability of being able to
+successfully operate, you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully operate, you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully operate, you do need to
+bring spares. So uh the idea that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring spares. So uh the idea that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring spares. So uh the idea that was
+explored here is what if those spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored here is what if those spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored here is what if those spares
+could be common or reconfigurable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be common or reconfigurable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be common or reconfigurable and
+you can do scavenging. So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do scavenging. So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do scavenging. So the idea is
+that instead of bringing dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of bringing dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of bringing dedicated
+spare, you know, if you give these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare, you know, if you give these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare, you know, if you give these three
+systems that are shown here, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are shown here, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are shown here, the
+habitat, the asin vehicle and the rover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat, the asin vehicle and the rover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat, the asin vehicle and the rover
+to three different companies to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three different companies to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three different companies to build
+and they don't talk to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't talk to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't talk to each other and
+you don't impose any commonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't impose any commonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't impose any commonality
+requirements, you're going to get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements, you're going to get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements, you're going to get very
+different solutions. You know the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions. You know the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions. You know the what's
+the classic example of this in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example of this in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example of this in space
+flight, human space flight?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, human space flight?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, human space flight?
+Apollo 13. What happened in Apollo 13?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo 13. What happened in Apollo 13?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo 13. What happened in Apollo 13?
+the cartridges right for the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartridges right for the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartridges right for the CO2
+scrubbing square cartridges versus round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbing square cartridges versus round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbing square cartridges versus round
+cart the two different contractors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the two different contractors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the two different contractors they
+didn't talk to each other the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk to each other the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk to each other the government
+didn't say you have to make these common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say you have to make these common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say you have to make these common
+so they weren't common so the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they weren't common so the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they weren't common so the idea here
+is what is the effect of reconfigurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the effect of reconfigurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the effect of reconfigurable
+and common spares on system availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common spares on system availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common spares on system availability
+uh if you allow temporary scavenging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you allow temporary scavenging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you allow temporary scavenging and
+and cannibalization of systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cannibalization of systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cannibalization of systems that
+aren't used and so one thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't used and so one thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't used and so one thing you need
+for that is an operational profile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is an operational profile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is an operational profile for
+each element and that's shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element and that's shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element and that's shown in the
+lower left. So this is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left. So this is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left. So this is essentially a
+binary a zero zero means that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary a zero zero means that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary a zero zero means that particular
+element is is dormant or not being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is is dormant or not being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is is dormant or not being used
+right it's kind of in slumber mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of in slumber mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of in slumber mode and
+one means it's actively being used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means it's actively being used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means it's actively being used and
+so then we have at each these time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have at each these time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have at each these time
+periods t1 t2 t3 are time periods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods t1 t2 t3 are time periods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods t1 t2 t3 are time periods where
+there's a change in the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change in the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change in the operational
+status of a particular element either it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of a particular element either it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of a particular element either it
+goes from you know sleeping mode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from you know sleeping mode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from you know sleeping mode to
+active mode or from active mode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active mode or from active mode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active mode or from active mode to
+inactive mode and so knowing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive mode and so knowing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive mode and so knowing these
+cycles operational profiles is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles operational profiles is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles operational profiles is very
+important to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do the
+analysis. All right, sorry this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. All right, sorry this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. All right, sorry this is a
+little bit of math here. I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of math here. I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of math here. I'm not going
+to go through this in detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this in detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this in detail but
+basically when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when you do
+classical sparing and maintainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical sparing and maintainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical sparing and maintainability
+and failure analysis you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and failure analysis you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and failure analysis you assume that
+failures arrive according to a pro plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures arrive according to a pro plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures arrive according to a pro plus
+poson process. So this is a this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poson process. So this is a this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poson process. So this is a this is the
+equation for a poson distribution. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a poson distribution. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a poson distribution. So
+this is uh and then you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh and then you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh and then you can see the the
+the various variables that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various variables that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various variables that are used
+here. So lambda your lambda is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So lambda your lambda is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So lambda your lambda is your
+failure rate. Um p of n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate. Um p of n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate. Um p of n is the
+probability to have exactly n failures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to have exactly n failures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to have exactly n failures.
+Um and then we have the um down here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have the um down here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have the um down here we
+have the spares that are available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the spares that are available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the spares that are available to
+you. And there's there's really spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And there's there's really spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And there's there's really spares
+can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+um from two different sources. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from two different sources. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from two different sources. One is
+you bring spares with you from earth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring spares with you from earth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring spares with you from earth,
+right? So this is a spares from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a spares from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a spares from
+repository S subi. These are spares you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository S subi. These are spares you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository S subi. These are spares you
+brought with you as a as a pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought with you as a as a pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought with you as a as a pool of
+spares. And then S sub are spares that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. And then S sub are spares that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. And then S sub are spares that
+you take out of elements that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take out of elements that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take out of elements that are not
+being used. So these are spares that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used. So these are spares that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used. So these are spares that are
+scavenged temporarily from inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenged temporarily from inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenged temporarily from inactive
+elements. That's S sub minus N subf,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. That's S sub minus N subf,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. That's S sub minus N subf,
+which is the number of failures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of failures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of failures that
+you've that have occurred up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've that have occurred up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've that have occurred up to that
+point. Right? So the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So the total number of
+spares available at any given point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares available at any given point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares available at any given point in
+time is your initial spares pool plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is your initial spares pool plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is your initial spares pool plus
+spares you can scavenge from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares you can scavenge from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares you can scavenge from other
+inactive elements in the in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive elements in the in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive elements in the in the system
+minus uh elements that have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh elements that have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh elements that have already
+failed. And this is assuming you uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed. And this is assuming you uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed. And this is assuming you uh this
+is assuming no repair. So you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assuming no repair. So you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assuming no repair. So you can't
+repair and it assumes that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and it assumes that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and it assumes that you know
+ahead of time what the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what the operational
+profile is. So the spares available from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is. So the spares available from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is. So the spares available from
+elements from scavenging is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from scavenging is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from scavenging is is this
+equation here. It's essentially the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here. It's essentially the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here. It's essentially the sum
+over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the
+elements capital E. E is the capital E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements capital E. E is the capital E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements capital E. E is the capital E
+is the number of elements in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of elements in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of elements in your
+architecture. Q sub E is something known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. Q sub E is something known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture. Q sub E is something known
+as quantity per application. QPA also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quantity per application. QPA also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quantity per application. QPA also.
+So basically, you know, if you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically, you know, if you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically, you know, if you have like
+a a mission computer or in like UAVs, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a mission computer or in like UAVs, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a mission computer or in like UAVs, we
+have servos, right? Like, you know, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have servos, right? Like, you know, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have servos, right? Like, you know, this
+particular element has six servos,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element has six servos,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element has six servos,
+identical servos that are used on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical servos that are used on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical servos that are used on the
+vehicle. So QPA, this QE would be six,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle. So QPA, this QE would be six,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle. So QPA, this QE would be six,
+right? So, and if that element isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, and if that element isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, and if that element isn't
+used, we could go in, take out a servo,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used, we could go in, take out a servo,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used, we could go in, take out a servo,
+put it in somewhere else, and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in somewhere else, and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in somewhere else, and so we can
+treat that as a spare at least during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that as a spare at least during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that as a spare at least during
+the period where that UAV isn't used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period where that UAV isn't used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period where that UAV isn't used.
+Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make
+sense? Okay. So the difference then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So the difference then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Okay. So the difference then is
+that in the kind of classic way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the kind of classic way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the kind of classic way of doing
+it, we have dedicated spares. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we have dedicated spares. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we have dedicated spares. Each
+element one element one element I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one element one element I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one element one element I
+element E has dedicated spares that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element E has dedicated spares that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element E has dedicated spares that only
+work on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that
+vehicle, right? You can't there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, right? You can't there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, right? You can't there's no
+swapping. There's no scavenging. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping. There's no scavenging. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping. There's no scavenging. There's
+no commonality. And therefore your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commonality. And therefore your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commonality. And therefore your
+spares repository S subi is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares repository S subi is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares repository S subi is going to be
+pretty big because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big because there's no
+commonality and no sparing in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality and no sparing in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality and no sparing in the in
+this new situation. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new situation. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new situation. You have
+reconfigurable or common parts. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable or common parts. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable or common parts. So we
+still have a spares repository but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a spares repository but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a spares repository but now
+those spares can be deployed across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spares can be deployed across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spares can be deployed across all
+or a subset of the elements. Plus we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a subset of the elements. Plus we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a subset of the elements. Plus we can
+treat and this is this dashed line here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and this is this dashed line here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat and this is this dashed line here.
+We can treat uh elements that are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can treat uh elements that are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can treat uh elements that are part
+of idle elements. We can treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idle elements. We can treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idle elements. We can treat them
+temporarily as being part of the spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily as being part of the spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily as being part of the spares
+repository. Does that make sense? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository. Does that make sense? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository. Does that make sense? So
+that's that's a much more kind of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a much more kind of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a much more kind of in a
+sense uh smarter way to do and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh smarter way to do and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh smarter way to do and uh the
+question is what's the benefit of this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's the benefit of this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's the benefit of this?
+So you know in order to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know in order to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know in order to calculate
+um in order to calculate the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to calculate the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to calculate the benefits
+for this uh we essentially we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh we essentially we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh we essentially we have some
+constraints. So for example, the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. So for example, the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. So for example, the number
+of failures uh that you can have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures uh that you can have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failures uh that you can have is
+between zero. If you have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero. If you have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero. If you have a zero
+failures, that's great. That's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures, that's great. That's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures, that's great. That's your
+lower floor. And then capital N is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower floor. And then capital N is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower floor. And then capital N is the
+total number of units you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of units you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of units you have in your
+architecture, including the ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, including the ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, including the ones in the
+in the uh inventory in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh inventory in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh inventory in the initial
+inventory and plus the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and plus the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and plus the ones that are
+built into all the vehicles. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into all the vehicles. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into all the vehicles. And then
+the key here is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here is what's known as
+backorder level. So back order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backorder level. So back order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backorder level. So back order
+essentially is um the number of spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is um the number of spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is um the number of spares
+that um that you would that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that you would that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that you would that that you
+would need but may not. So when the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need but may not. So when the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need but may not. So when the back
+order level becomes larger than zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order level becomes larger than zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order level becomes larger than zero it
+essentially means that your number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that your number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that your number of
+failures have exceeded the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures have exceeded the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures have exceeded the number of
+spares that you have. You don't have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares that you have. You don't have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares that you have. You don't have you
+don't have enough spares to satisfy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough spares to satisfy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough spares to satisfy all
+your operational needs. So this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operational needs. So this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operational needs. So this is this
+um uh conditional backorder at spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh conditional backorder at spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh conditional backorder at spares
+level s and you you sum that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level s and you you sum that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level s and you you sum that essentially
+then over all the possible failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over all the possible failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over all the possible failure
+states that you could see. And why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you could see. And why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you could see. And why is
+that useful? Because you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that useful? Because you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that useful? Because you can then
+calculate essentially your element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate essentially your element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate essentially your element
+availability. So a a is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability. So a a is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability. So a a is your
+availability of at time ti and then a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of at time ti and then a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of at time ti and then a of
+your availability of the whole system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your availability of the whole system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your availability of the whole system is
+the minimum of your system availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of your system availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of your system availability
+at any time and point during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time and point during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time and point during your
+mission horizon your mission time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission horizon your mission time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission horizon your mission time
+capital t. Do you see how that works? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t. Do you see how that works? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t. Do you see how that works? So
+you you you have your element your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have your element your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have your element your
+spares you have failures of these spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares you have failures of these spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares you have failures of these spares
+which are random um and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are random um and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are random um and then you can
+calculate are you going to have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate are you going to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate are you going to have enough
+spares to operate every element that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares to operate every element that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares to operate every element that you
+need to operate when it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to operate when it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to operate when it's supposed to be
+operational right and the back order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational right and the back order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational right and the back order
+level this number B here is what you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this number B here is what you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this number B here is what you use
+uh you look at your back order level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at your back order level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at your back order level
+across the whole mission timeline to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole mission timeline to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole mission timeline to see
+what your system availability will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your system availability will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your system availability will
+be and there's a there's a closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's a there's a closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's a there's a closed form
+uh you know if you if you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you if you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you if you there's a
+closed form sort of approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form sort of approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form sort of approximation of
+this and then for you know for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then for you know for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then for you know for larger
+number of elements and different QPAs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements and different QPAs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements and different QPAs
+and so forth you typically then have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth you typically then have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth you typically then have to
+switch to simulation like Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to simulation like Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to simulation like Monte Carlo
+simulations so um what are the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so um what are the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so um what are the you know
+what are the results here so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the results here so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the results here so this was
+applied to the example here is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the example here is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the example here is a um
+colllocated mission elements uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colllocated mission elements uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colllocated mission elements uh this is
+for I think it was a lunar mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I think it was a lunar mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I think it was a lunar mission and
+uh you define essentially the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you define essentially the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you define essentially the operation
+time profile qual quantity per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time profile qual quantity per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time profile qual quantity per
+application and so forth. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and so forth. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and so forth. And the
+example that was used was an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that was used was an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that was used was an electronic
+control unit, an ECU with an with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control unit, an ECU with an with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control unit, an ECU with an with a
+meanantime to failure of 100,000 hours.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanantime to failure of 100,000 hours.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanantime to failure of 100,000 hours.
+So failure rate is one over meanantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So failure rate is one over meanantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So failure rate is one over meanantime
+to failure. Lambda is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to failure. Lambda is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to failure. Lambda is the expected
+failure rate is one over meanantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate is one over meanantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate is one over meanantime to
+failure. So pretty reliable, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. So pretty reliable, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. So pretty reliable, right?
+100,000 hours of operation. Meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 hours of operation. Meantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 hours of operation. Meantime to
+failure is is that's pretty reliable. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is is that's pretty reliable. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is is that's pretty reliable. Uh
+but of course, you know, you're far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course, you know, you're far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course, you know, you're far from
+Earth. You know, this this is a 600 day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. You know, this this is a 600 day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. You know, this this is a 600 day
+timeline and you can see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline and you can see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline and you can see here the
+operational profiles for your various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational profiles for your various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational profiles for your various
+mission elements. So, this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission elements. So, this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission elements. So, this is actually
+kind of reminds you of The Martian,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reminds you of The Martian,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reminds you of The Martian,
+right? The Anybody seen the movie The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The Anybody seen the movie The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The Anybody seen the movie The
+Martian recently? Who's seen The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian recently? Who's seen The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian recently? Who's seen The
+Martian? Who's not seen The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian? Who's not seen The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian? Who's not seen The
+Martian? You got to go. You're the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian? You got to go. You're the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian? You got to go. You're the only
+one in the room. It's a great movie. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the room. It's a great movie. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the room. It's a great movie. So,
+uh, you know, he basically he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, he basically he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you know, he basically he does
+scavenging and, you know, even things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenging and, you know, even things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenging and, you know, even things
+that weren't supposed to be scavenged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't supposed to be scavenged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weren't supposed to be scavenged.
+And and so, um, we have four elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so, um, we have four elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so, um, we have four elements
+here. We have the PR, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have the PR, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have the PR, which is the
+pressurized rover, the habitat, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized rover, the habitat, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized rover, the habitat, the uh
+uh all-terrain vehicle, and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all-terrain vehicle, and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all-terrain vehicle, and then the
+ADV, which is the ascent descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADV, which is the ascent descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADV, which is the ascent descent
+vehicle. In this case, it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle. In this case, it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle. In this case, it's the same
+vehicle for ascent and descent. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for ascent and descent. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for ascent and descent. And so,
+you know, the ascent descent vehicle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the ascent descent vehicle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the ascent descent vehicle,
+you only need it when you land and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need it when you land and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need it when you land and when
+you depart, right? The rest of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depart, right? The rest of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depart, right? The rest of the time
+it's dormant. The habitat is used while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dormant. The habitat is used while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dormant. The habitat is used while
+you're on the surface. The ATV is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the surface. The ATV is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the surface. The ATV is used
+while you're on the surface. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're on the surface. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're on the surface. And then
+the pressurized rover is used. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressurized rover is used. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressurized rover is used. The
+assumption here is, you know, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is, you know, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here is, you know, you're
+going to operate for like a 100 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate for like a 100 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate for like a 100 days
+very close to the base. And only after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the base. And only after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the base. And only after a
+100 days are you going to start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 days are you going to start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 days are you going to start going
+further away with the pressurized rover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away with the pressurized rover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away with the pressurized rover.
+So, those are the operational profiles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, those are the operational profiles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, those are the operational profiles.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Uh, is there an argument that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, is there an argument that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, is there an argument that you
+wouldn't want to be scavenging parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to be scavenging parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to be scavenging parts
+from your ascent descent vehicle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your ascent descent vehicle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your ascent descent vehicle,
+though? Uh, that's a good point. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though? Uh, that's a good point. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though? Uh, that's a good point. So, if
+if um if you basically your back order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if you basically your back order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if you basically your back order
+level is too high and you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is too high and you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is too high and you run out of
+your last spare the day before you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last spare the day before you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last spare the day before you're
+supposed to launch on the ADV, you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch on the ADV, you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to launch on the ADV, you're in
+trouble, right? So but but if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble, right? So but but if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble, right? So but but if that's the
+case then um then what you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then um then what you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then um then what you have to do is
+you have to exclude you have to exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to exclude you have to exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to exclude you have to exclude
+uh you know the minimum and there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the minimum and there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the minimum and there may be
+redundancy right in that asscent vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy right in that asscent vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy right in that asscent vehicle
+and you may may or may not be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may may or may not be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may may or may not be willing to
+sacrifice the redundancy I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the redundancy I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the redundancy I mean this is
+all about risk right uh and and exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about risk right uh and and exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about risk right uh and and exclude
+uh those are keep out spares that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are keep out spares that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are keep out spares that you
+cannot touch because if you can't then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot touch because if you can't then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot touch because if you can't then
+you can't can't can't get back home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't can't can't get back home so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't can't can't get back home so
+you just don't count those in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't count those in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't count those in in your
+spares pool if that's the case. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares pool if that's the case. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares pool if that's the case. But you
+can still do the the the whole analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do the the the whole analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do the the the whole analysis.
+Okay. So what's the uh what's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's the uh what's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's the uh what's the bottom
+line here? What's the punch line here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here? What's the punch line here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here? What's the punch line here?
+So the punch line is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the punch line is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the punch line is that if you
+um if you have a dedic the the dase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a dedic the the dase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a dedic the the dase here
+is the dedicated case. Okay. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dedicated case. Okay. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dedicated case. Okay. So this is
+where there's no scavenging there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no scavenging there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no scavenging there's no
+commonality of spares among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality of spares among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality of spares among these
+elements. You have to have dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. You have to have dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. You have to have dedicated
+spares. And let's assume you want a 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. And let's assume you want a 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. And let's assume you want a 90%
+availability, you know, which is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, you know, which is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, you know, which is not not
+that high. I mean, that's a fairly, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high. I mean, that's a fairly, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high. I mean, that's a fairly, you
+know, that's a relatively modest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's a relatively modest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's a relatively modest uh
+requirement. You want 90% availability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement. You want 90% availability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement. You want 90% availability.
+What it means is you need to have uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it means is you need to have uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it means is you need to have uh in
+this in this case, you can see the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case, you can see the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case, you can see the line
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+crosses below here, this this crossover,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses below here, this this crossover,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses below here, this this crossover,
+you need four spares, right? in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need four spares, right? in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need four spares, right? in your
+initial spares pool for the for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial spares pool for the for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial spares pool for the for this
+electronic control unit. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic control unit. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic control unit. You have to
+have at least four spares, dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least four spares, dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least four spares, dedicated
+spares for that electronic control unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares for that electronic control unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares for that electronic control unit
+for a 600 day mission for a unit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 600 day mission for a unit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 600 day mission for a unit that
+has a 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 100,000
+uh MTF or MTBF um to guarantee at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh MTF or MTBF um to guarantee at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh MTF or MTBF um to guarantee at least
+90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90%
+availability. And you say, "Oh, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability. And you say, "Oh, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability. And you say, "Oh, that's
+not a big deal. That's just four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal. That's just four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal. That's just four
+spares." Well, that's just one one unit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares." Well, that's just one one unit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares." Well, that's just one one unit.
+That's just one box, right? you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just one box, right? you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just one box, right? you probably
+have dozens of boxes or even hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dozens of boxes or even hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dozens of boxes or even hundreds
+across all these elements. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all these elements. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all these elements. And so
+that's, you know, that could be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's, you know, that could be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's, you know, that could be a lot of
+spares. You know, you translate that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. You know, you translate that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares. You know, you translate that to
+mass and volume, that's a big deal. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and volume, that's a big deal. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and volume, that's a big deal. So,
+um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, in
+the in the closed, you know, using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the closed, you know, using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the closed, you know, using
+closed form analytics to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form analytics to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form analytics to calculate the
+the minimum number of spares you need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of spares you need.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of spares you need.
+This is the R case, the reconfigurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the R case, the reconfigurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the R case, the reconfigurable
+case. You can see that you can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. You can see that you can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. You can see that you can achieve
+that same requirement with two spares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same requirement with two spares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same requirement with two spares.
+You see that? That's this line here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? That's this line here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see that? That's this line here.
+It's this line here. And this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's this line here. And this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's this line here. And this is a
+conservative model. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model. This is a
+conservative model. So by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model. So by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model. So by doing
+reconfigurable and common spares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable and common spares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable and common spares and
+scavenging, you can cut your number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenging, you can cut your number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scavenging, you can cut your number of
+spares in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares in
+half. You can cut your number of spares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. You can cut your number of spares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. You can cut your number of spares
+in half and still achieve a 90% system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half and still achieve a 90% system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half and still achieve a 90% system
+availability, right? And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, right? And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, right? And then you
+multiply that across all the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that across all the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that across all the elements in
+your architecture. And that's a hu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your architecture. And that's a hu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your architecture. And that's a hu
+that's a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal.
+And then this result here. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this result here. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this result here. So this is a
+rigorous bound because it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous bound because it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous bound because it's you know
+it's makes some conservative assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's makes some conservative assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's makes some conservative assumptions
+and it uses closed form equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses closed form equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses closed form equations to
+calculate this and the details are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and the details are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this and the details are in
+the paper. And then this this curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper. And then this this curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper. And then this this curve here
+is the simulated. So if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simulated. So if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simulated. So if you if you
+simulate this using essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this using essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this using essentially a
+discrete event simulation several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete event simulation several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete event simulation several times
+and then you take averages it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take averages it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take averages it's actually
+even a little better. It's this suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little better. It's this suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little better. It's this suggests
+you could even get away with one spare,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even get away with one spare,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even get away with one spare,
+but it's not as it's not as conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as it's not as conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as it's not as conservative
+as as the closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the closed form
+solution. Okay, so the the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Okay, so the the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Okay, so the the bottom line
+is reconfigurable parts allow for 33 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reconfigurable parts allow for 33 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reconfigurable parts allow for 33 to
+50% reduction in the number of required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% reduction in the number of required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% reduction in the number of required
+spares for 90% availability level. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares for 90% availability level. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares for 90% availability level. But
+if you think about what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what that means
+operationally, it means that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally, it means that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally, it means that you really
+have to know ahead of time what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know ahead of time what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know ahead of time what's going
+to be operational when. You have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operational when. You have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be operational when. You have to have
+the crew trained to be able to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew trained to be able to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew trained to be able to actually
+go in and scavenge. And the equipment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and scavenge. And the equipment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and scavenge. And the equipment,
+the vehicles have to be designed such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicles have to be designed such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicles have to be designed such
+that you can actually remove this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually remove this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually remove this stuff
+and put it back in relatively easily. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back in relatively easily. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back in relatively easily. So
+that would impose some, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would impose some, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would impose some, you know,
+accessibility and replaceability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility and replaceability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility and replaceability and
+maintainability requirements, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainability requirements, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintainability requirements, right? The
+other the other option is you say, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other option is you say, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other option is you say, "Oh,
+we don't want spares." Well, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want spares." Well, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want spares." Well, then you
+need to do a lot of redundancy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do a lot of redundancy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do a lot of redundancy and then
+your vehicles are going to get heavy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vehicles are going to get heavy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vehicles are going to get heavy and
+more complex. I mean, those are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex. I mean, those are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex. I mean, those are the real
+world tradeoffs. Yeah, Sam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world tradeoffs. Yeah, Sam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world tradeoffs. Yeah, Sam.
+Does this potentially increase the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this potentially increase the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this potentially increase the risk
+for the the crew or the mission if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the crew or the mission if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the crew or the mission if
+there's some sort of inherent failure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of inherent failure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of inherent failure in
+the particular part since it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular part since it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular part since it's being
+used everywhere? So either I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used everywhere? So either I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used everywhere? So either I don't know
+if you looked ahead or you just uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked ahead or you just uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked ahead or you just uh I
+know you're a smart guy Sam. So um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're a smart guy Sam. So um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're a smart guy Sam. So um this
+is this this is this is the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is this is the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this is this is the answer to
+your question right here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question right here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question right here. So
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um so the question so so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question so so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question so so you know this
+is great. Okay. We we like we like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. Okay. We we like we like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. Okay. We we like we like the
+fact that we can cut down on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can cut down on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can cut down on the number
+of spares and still meet the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spares and still meet the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spares and still meet the same
+availability, but um you can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, but um you can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, but um you can ask the
+question in different ways, right? So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in different ways, right? So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in different ways, right? So on
+the left side is a kind of sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is a kind of sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is a kind of sensitivity
+analysis that says well maybe we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that says well maybe we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that says well maybe we're not
+so mass constrained. We have plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mass constrained. We have plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mass constrained. We have plenty of
+transportation uh capacity. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation uh capacity. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation uh capacity. So, we're
+not really mass constrained, but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really mass constrained, but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really mass constrained, but we know
+that designing ultra reliable electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that designing ultra reliable electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that designing ultra reliable electronic
+boxes or whatever components is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes or whatever components is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes or whatever components is very
+expensive, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive, right? So,
+um what can we basically um can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what can we basically um can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what can we basically um can we
+decrease the requirement on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the requirement on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the requirement on the
+manufacturer of these boxes and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer of these boxes and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer of these boxes and can we
+go from say 100,000 to 75,000 MTF? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from say 100,000 to 75,000 MTF? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from say 100,000 to 75,000 MTF? So,
+we're decreasing the nominal reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're decreasing the nominal reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're decreasing the nominal reliability
+of of the equipment by a fourth. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the equipment by a fourth. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the equipment by a fourth. We're
+making the job easier for the supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the job easier for the supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the job easier for the supplier
+of that box. Presumably, that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that box. Presumably, that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that box. Presumably, that should be
+cheaper, right? We should that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper, right? We should that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper, right? We should that should be
+a cheaper box to design and build. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheaper box to design and build. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheaper box to design and build. So,
+what will happen if we drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if we drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if we drop the
+reliability requirement by 25%. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability requirement by 25%. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability requirement by 25%. And then
+you can see the impact here. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the impact here. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the impact here. So the the
+blue curve is essentially what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve is essentially what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve is essentially what you get
+for the less reliable equipment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the less reliable equipment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the less reliable equipment and then
+the black was the original.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black was the original.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black was the original.
+Okay. So now Sam's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now Sam's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now Sam's
+question. So this is basically the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So this is basically the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So this is basically the so
+here's your failure rate. Okay. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your failure rate. Okay. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your failure rate. Okay. This is
+your failure rate 10 the minus3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your failure rate 10 the minus3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your failure rate 10 the minus3 and
+we're varying the failure rate over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're varying the failure rate over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're varying the failure rate over a
+large range. And then we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range. And then we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range. And then we're looking at
+system availability. This is for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system availability. This is for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system availability. This is for a fixed
+number of spares. Okay. And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spares. Okay. And what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of spares. Okay. And what's
+really interesting, so when when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting, so when when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting, so when when your
+equipment is um when your failure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is um when your failure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is um when your failure rate
+is low, so we're on the um on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low, so we're on the um on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low, so we're on the um on the left
+side, then the blue curve is lower, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, then the blue curve is lower, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, then the blue curve is lower, the
+dedicated case. So for a fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated case. So for a fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated case. So for a fixed number of
+spares, for relatively reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares, for relatively reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares, for relatively reliable
+equipment, you're better off going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, you're better off going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, you're better off going with
+the reconfigurable or common spares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconfigurable or common spares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconfigurable or common spares.
+That's because so system availability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because so system availability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because so system availability is
+this is logarithmic, so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is logarithmic, so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is logarithmic, so it's a little
+tricky. So system availability is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. So system availability is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. So system availability is higher
+when you have common and reconfigurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have common and reconfigurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have common and reconfigurable
+spares, relatively reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares, relatively reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spares, relatively reliable
+equipment, but there's a crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, but there's a crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, but there's a crossover
+point. If your if your boxes, your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If your if your boxes, your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If your if your boxes, your uh
+your elements, your components are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elements, your components are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elements, your components are very
+unreliable, which is on the right side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable, which is on the right side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable, which is on the right side,
+there's actually a crossover point. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a crossover point. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a crossover point. And
+the idea is that well now because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that well now because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that well now because it's
+common and reconfigurable across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and reconfigurable across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and reconfigurable across all the
+vehicles, you have this really bad box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles, you have this really bad box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles, you have this really bad box
+that breaks all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks all the time.
+Now the problem is everywhere. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the problem is everywhere. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the problem is everywhere. Every
+vehicle, everything is affected by it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, everything is affected by it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle, everything is affected by it.
+Whereas before it was kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before it was kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before it was kind of more
+contained, right? And so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained, right? And so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained, right? And so that's what
+that crossover is. So if if if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crossover is. So if if if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crossover is. So if if if you're in
+a situation with very unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation with very unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation with very unreliable
+equipment, unreliable components, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, unreliable components, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, unreliable components, you're
+actually worse off making them common or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse off making them common or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worse off making them common or
+reconfigurable. And you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable. And you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable. And you can now
+calculate where that crossover point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where that crossover point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where that crossover point
+is. That's pretty cool, don't you think?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. That's pretty cool, don't you think?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. That's pretty cool, don't you think?
+I get excited about this stuff. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get excited about this stuff. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get excited about this stuff. I don't
+know about you guys, but this is, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about you guys, but this is, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about you guys, but this is, you
+know, this is real. This is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is real. This is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is real. This is what you
+care in in operations. This is, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in in operations. This is, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in in operations. This is, you
+know, how many spares of each kind, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how many spares of each kind, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how many spares of each kind, you
+know, can we guarantee that, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, can we guarantee that, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, can we guarantee that, you know,
+we can successfully do this campaign?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can successfully do this campaign?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can successfully do this campaign?
+you know, whether it's a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, whether it's a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, whether it's a military
+campaign or, you know, you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign or, you know, you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign or, you know, you go to
+Antarctica and, you know, we heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and, you know, we heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and, you know, we heard about
+the Octaneus rover and, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Octaneus rover and, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Octaneus rover and, you know, it's
+just one rover, but all what's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one rover, but all what's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one rover, but all what's all the
+stuff that you need to bring with you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you need to bring with you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you need to bring with you in
+terms of spares to make sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of spares to make sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of spares to make sure you can
+actually have a successful campaign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a successful campaign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a successful campaign and
+and have a guarantee of that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a guarantee of that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a guarantee of that. Yeah.
+Um I'm wondering if uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering if uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering if uh the
+reconfigurability argument also has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurability argument also has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurability argument also has some
+sort of impact on the uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of impact on the uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of impact on the uh kind of
+finances and manufacturability in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances and manufacturability in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances and manufacturability in terms
+of if you're making reconfigurable parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you're making reconfigurable parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you're making reconfigurable parts
+for different things. They may be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different things. They may be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different things. They may be more
+similarly manufactured and therefore may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly manufactured and therefore may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly manufactured and therefore may
+represent a decrease in in cost on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a decrease in in cost on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a decrease in in cost on the
+manufacturing side if that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing side if that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing side if that's another
+motivation. That's a great point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation. That's a great point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation. That's a great point and
+what I will say about that is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will say about that is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will say about that is that in
+order to capture that benefit, you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to capture that benefit, you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to capture that benefit, you need
+to lock that in contractually. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock that in contractually. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lock that in contractually. So if
+there you know either you give all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know either you give all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know either you give all this
+work to the same manufacturer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to the same manufacturer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to the same manufacturer and and
+say okay you're now making 50 boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you're now making 50 boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay you're now making 50 boxes
+instead of just five there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just five there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just five there has to be a
+discount on a per unit basis for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount on a per unit basis for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount on a per unit basis for that.
+uh or if it's different manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if it's different manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if it's different manufacturers
+then it gets hard right so yes but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets hard right so yes but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets hard right so yes but you
+have to have the kind of uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the kind of uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have the kind of uh business
+arrangements that will allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements that will allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements that will allow you to
+capture that value uh EPFL do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that value uh EPFL do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that value uh EPFL do you guys
+were you able to follow this uh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you able to follow this uh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you able to follow this uh I know
+this is pretty detailed discussion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty detailed discussion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty detailed discussion here
+on these curves is it Maxim you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these curves is it Maxim you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these curves is it Maxim you're
+you're sort of shaking your head uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of shaking your head uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of shaking your head uh is
+it is it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it clear
+not to I guess yeah maybe I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to I guess yeah maybe I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to I guess yeah maybe I can give you
+a concrete practical out everyday life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete practical out everyday life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete practical out everyday life
+example that you probably except purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you probably except purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you probably except purely
+you probably know about it unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know about it unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know about it unless
+there's other people of you have kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other people of you have kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other people of you have kids
+that imagine you go with your uh car on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imagine you go with your uh car on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imagine you go with your uh car on
+vacation for 2 weeks and your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation for 2 weeks and your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation for 2 weeks and your children
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+needers I mean nappies and you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needers I mean nappies and you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needers I mean nappies and you can take
+them with from your store where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with from your store where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with from your store where you know
+how they are they are more expensive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are they are more expensive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are they are more expensive but
+reliable but you don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable but you don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable but you don't know how many
+you're going to consume but you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to consume but you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to consume but you there's
+a certain minimum amount per day and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain minimum amount per day and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain minimum amount per day and you
+hope you don't go over this limit now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you don't go over this limit now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you don't go over this limit now it
+takes lots of volume and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lots of volume and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lots of volume and so you have to
+trade off your space because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off your space because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off your space because you have
+fixed space in your car. You cannot take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed space in your car. You cannot take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed space in your car. You cannot take
+more than the volume available and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the volume available and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the volume available and so
+there this is exactly the kind of reli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is exactly the kind of reli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is exactly the kind of reli
+reliability curve you have. If you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability curve you have. If you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability curve you have. If you take
+too little with you have to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little with you have to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little with you have to buy the
+wrong stuff when you get there wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong stuff when you get there wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong stuff when you get there wherever
+you are and then it might have leaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and then it might have leaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and then it might have leaks and
+failures and not work as well. So you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and not work as well. So you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and not work as well. So you'll
+need more than what you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than what you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more than what you thought
+initially and cost more as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and cost more as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and cost more as well. So
+actually this is extremely important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is extremely important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is extremely important in
+everyday life. Okay. So, I I I I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life. Okay. So, I I I I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life. Okay. So, I I I I like
+your I'm past that stage with my kids,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I'm past that stage with my kids,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I'm past that stage with my kids,
+you know, several years, but but I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, several years, but but I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, several years, but but I I'm
+going to amend your example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to amend your example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to amend your example in the
+following way. Basically, if you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way. Basically, if you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way. Basically, if you had two
+kids, you know, and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids, you know, and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids, you know, and they're very
+different, like, you know, one is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, like, you know, one is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, like, you know, one is really
+tall and, you know, they their same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and, you know, they their same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and, you know, they their same
+diapers will not fit, then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diapers will not fit, then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diapers will not fit, then you have a
+problem, right? Uh but if they're twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? Uh but if they're twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, right? Uh but if they're twins
+or if you buy stretchable diapers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you buy stretchable diapers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you buy stretchable diapers that
+have a huge range, then you can cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge range, then you can cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge range, then you can cut
+down, right? So you you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, right? So you you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, right? So you you have to have
+like different kids in the car then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different kids in the car then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different kids in the car then it
+works. I think then the example works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. I think then the example works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. I think then the example works.
+Okay. Uh let's see. We're we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let's see. We're we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let's see. We're we're kind of
+running short on time. So one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running short on time. So one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running short on time. So one more
+example. This is based on the doctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. This is based on the doctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. This is based on the doctoral
+thesis of Jeremy Oct. He's a flight test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of Jeremy Oct. He's a flight test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of Jeremy Oct. He's a flight test
+engineer. Um and the question that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. Um and the question that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. Um and the question that he
+looked at was robustness of degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at was robustness of degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at was robustness of degraded
+airplanes. So the the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. So the the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. So the the idea here is that
+uh some systems are going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some systems are going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some systems are going to be used
+longer and long ultra endurance kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and long ultra endurance kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and long ultra endurance kind of
+systems where you do not have the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you do not have the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you do not have the option
+of repair. You don't have the option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repair. You don't have the option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repair. You don't have the option to
+land repair and fix the system and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land repair and fix the system and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land repair and fix the system and bring
+it back to its pristine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to its pristine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to its pristine you know
+everything is working state. And on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working state. And on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working state. And on the
+right side here you see some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side here you see some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side here you see some examples of
+you know these are real systems or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are real systems or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are real systems or that
+people have worked on or working on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked on or working on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worked on or working on or
+thinking about that have this situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that have this situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that have this situation.
+The DARPA vulture is a program where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The DARPA vulture is a program where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The DARPA vulture is a program where a
+UAV would stay aloft for 5 years with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UAV would stay aloft for 5 years with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UAV would stay aloft for 5 years with no
+landing and repair allowed. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing and repair allowed. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing and repair allowed. So you can
+obviously see it's got solar panels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously see it's got solar panels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously see it's got solar panels and
+I think it has fuel cells as well if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it has fuel cells as well if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it has fuel cells as well if I'm
+not mistaken. So you know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mistaken. So you know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mistaken. So you know how do you
+achieve that? Uh this is an example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that? Uh this is an example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that? Uh this is an example from
+Antarctica flying um several UAVs to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica flying um several UAVs to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica flying um several UAVs to map
+the ice sheets. This was a a a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice sheets. This was a a a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice sheets. This was a a a gap
+solution while the ISAT satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while the ISAT satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while the ISAT satellite
+between ISAT one and ISAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ISAT one and ISAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ISAT one and ISAT
+2. And then here's uh you know here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. And then here's uh you know here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. And then here's uh you know here's a
+human colony maybe on the moon or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human colony maybe on the moon or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human colony maybe on the moon or um
+looks like the moon. So we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the moon. So we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the moon. So we have this
+dome here. This crater has been covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome here. This crater has been covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome here. This crater has been covered
+with a dome and we have a greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dome and we have a greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dome and we have a greenhouse
+inside. So life support systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. So life support systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. So life support systems that
+have to be super reliable for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be super reliable for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be super reliable for a very
+long amount of time. And so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long amount of time. And so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long amount of time. And so um the
+question that Jeremy looked at is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that Jeremy looked at is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that Jeremy looked at is how do
+we design and optimize systems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design and optimize systems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design and optimize systems that have
+ultra-long endurance where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra-long endurance where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra-long endurance where you know
+ahead of time that failures will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time that failures will occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time that failures will occur
+failures will occur and you can't repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures will occur and you can't repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures will occur and you can't repair
+the failures easily. So you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failures easily. So you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failures easily. So you have to
+design the system op priori such that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the system op priori such that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the system op priori such that in
+those partially failed states it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those partially failed states it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those partially failed states it will
+give you the maximum residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the maximum residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the maximum residual
+performance that it possibly could. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that it possibly could. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that it possibly could. And
+it turns out when you when that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out when you when that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out when you when that's your
+objective function, you design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function, you design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function, you design the
+systems differently than if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems differently than if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems differently than if you just
+optimize nominal performance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize nominal performance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize nominal performance and then
+worry about, you know, what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about, you know, what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about, you know, what happens if
+if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's
+failures. So here's a and this is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. So here's a and this is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. So here's a and this is a the
+second paper that I uploaded for you. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper that I uploaded for you. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper that I uploaded for you. So
+both of these papers, the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these papers, the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these papers, the the the
+reconfigurable spares and then this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable spares and then this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigurable spares and then this one
+are uploaded uh both on Moodle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uploaded uh both on Moodle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uploaded uh both on Moodle and
+Stellar if you want to take a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar if you want to take a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar if you want to take a deeper
+look. So the case study here is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. So the case study here is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. So the case study here is a the
+C12. This is the King Airplane. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12. This is the King Airplane. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12. This is the King Airplane. This is
+the military version of it. It typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military version of it. It typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military version of it. It typically
+flies out of Edwards Air Force Base. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies out of Edwards Air Force Base. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies out of Edwards Air Force Base. And
+um and the idea is that uh there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the idea is that uh there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the idea is that uh there can be
+different failures on this airplane. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different failures on this airplane. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different failures on this airplane. So
+this this diagram, this is a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this diagram, this is a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this diagram, this is a so-called
+uh markoff chain where N means nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh markoff chain where N means nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh markoff chain where N means nominal
+and you can see the table that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the table that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the table that goes with
+this. Nominal means nothing has failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Nominal means nothing has failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Nominal means nothing has failed
+and you just do turn control. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just do turn control. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just do turn control. This is
+you know climbing a left turn climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know climbing a left turn climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know climbing a left turn climbing
+you just do turn control with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do turn control with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do turn control with your
+ailerons which is just standard flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons which is just standard flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons which is just standard flying
+and then different failures could occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then different failures could occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then different failures could occur
+of different elements. So the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different elements. So the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different elements. So the left
+engine the rudder and the aileron could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine the rudder and the aileron could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine the rudder and the aileron could
+fail. I mean of course a lot more can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. I mean of course a lot more can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. I mean of course a lot more can
+fail but in this case study those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but in this case study those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but in this case study those are
+the elements that are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements that are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements that are allowed to
+fail. And so one one means the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And so one one means the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And so one one means the left
+engine has failed two means the rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine has failed two means the rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine has failed two means the rudder
+has failed and three means the ailerons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has failed and three means the ailerons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has failed and three means the ailerons
+have failed. And then as you move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed. And then as you move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed. And then as you move to the
+right, it gets worse and worse, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, it gets worse and worse, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, it gets worse and worse, right?
+So state four means you lost your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So state four means you lost your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So state four means you lost your left
+engine and the aileron, but you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and the aileron, but you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and the aileron, but you still
+have your rudder. Okay? And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your rudder. Okay? And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your rudder. Okay? And then the
+worst is state seven where everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst is state seven where everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst is state seven where everything's
+failed. The left engine's failed, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed. The left engine's failed, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed. The left engine's failed, the
+rudder and the aileron has failed. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder and the aileron has failed. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder and the aileron has failed. And
+what you worry about is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you worry about is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you worry about is what we call
+availability, right? Expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, right? Expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability, right? Expected
+availability is you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is you know what's the
+probability or fraction of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or fraction of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability or fraction of probability
+that the system will perform above some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system will perform above some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system will perform above some
+minimum threshold which in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum threshold which in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum threshold which in this case we
+call WM and then expected performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call WM and then expected performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call WM and then expected performance is
+the probability of each of these failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of each of these failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of each of these failure
+states multiplied by the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states multiplied by the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states multiplied by the performance
+that you're still getting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're still getting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're still getting in that
+failure state. Okay. And um what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure state. Okay. And um what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure state. Okay. And um what was
+done here is to say, okay, we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is to say, okay, we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is to say, okay, we know what
+the C12 airplane looks like the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C12 airplane looks like the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C12 airplane looks like the way it
+exists today, but what if that airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists today, but what if that airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists today, but what if that airplane
+had been designed slightly differently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been designed slightly differently,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been designed slightly differently,
+you know, low value and high value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, low value and high value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, low value and high value
+around the baseline, a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the baseline, a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the baseline, a little bit bigger
+wing, bigger tail, uh how would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing, bigger tail, uh how would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing, bigger tail, uh how would it
+impact uh how would it impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact uh how would it impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact uh how would it impact the
+performance, not just the nominal, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, not just the nominal, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, not just the nominal, but
+but the offnominal performance in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the offnominal performance in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the offnominal performance in these
+failed states? So just to show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed states? So just to show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed states? So just to show you why
+this is interesting or relevant uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting or relevant uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting or relevant uh I
+picked out the most interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out the most interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out the most interesting uh
+failure states are the intermediate ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure states are the intermediate ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure states are the intermediate ones
+here these partially failed states. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these partially failed states. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these partially failed states. And
+so on this picture you can see uh in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this picture you can see uh in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this picture you can see uh in red
+what's failed on the aircraft and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's failed on the aircraft and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's failed on the aircraft and then
+plotting bank angle versus uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting bank angle versus uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting bank angle versus uh specific
+excess power which is essentially your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess power which is essentially your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess power which is essentially your
+ability to climb in feet per minute. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to climb in feet per minute. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to climb in feet per minute. And
+the idea, and this is all calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea, and this is all calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea, and this is all calculated
+through a simulator, a pretty accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a simulator, a pretty accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a simulator, a pretty accurate
+sixderee of freedom simulator where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixderee of freedom simulator where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixderee of freedom simulator where you
+can actually modify the airplane. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually modify the airplane. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually modify the airplane. It's a
+very cool uh open- source simulator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool uh open- source simulator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool uh open- source simulator that
+Jeremy modified where you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy modified where you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy modified where you can actually
+fly the airplane simulated and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the airplane simulated and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the airplane simulated and you can
+change the airplane during flight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the airplane during flight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the airplane during flight you
+could grow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow the
+wings as the airplane is flying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings as the airplane is flying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings as the airplane is flying like
+morphing wings and things like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing wings and things like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing wings and things like this. And
+of course here uh you you fail parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here uh you you fail parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here uh you you fail parts of
+the airplane during flight and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane during flight and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane during flight and then the
+flight dynamics are automatically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight dynamics are automatically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight dynamics are automatically the
+physics automatically have to adjust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics automatically have to adjust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics automatically have to adjust to
+that failure. So this is you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that failure. So this is you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that failure. So this is you know this
+is not like spreadsheet type analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not like spreadsheet type analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not like spreadsheet type analysis
+just so you know. Um so if you're inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know. Um so if you're inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know. Um so if you're inside
+the safe region here then uh so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe region here then uh so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe region here then uh so you have
+a minimum you can keep the bank angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum you can keep the bank angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum you can keep the bank angle
+between we defined it between 25 and 35°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we defined it between 25 and 35°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we defined it between 25 and 35°
+and you have positive rate of climb then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have positive rate of climb then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have positive rate of climb then
+uh you're still in the safe region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're still in the safe region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're still in the safe region and
+each of these points here is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points here is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points here is a slightly
+tweaked version of the baseline air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaked version of the baseline air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaked version of the baseline air
+airplane. Okay. So what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. Okay. So what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. Okay. So what's interesting
+here is in the in some of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in the in some of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in the in some of these um
+states you're outside of the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you're outside of the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you're outside of the safe
+region. So a small difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. So a small difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. So a small difference in the
+design of the nominal airplane will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the nominal airplane will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the nominal airplane will mean
+the difference between losing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between losing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between losing the
+airplane or still being able to fly. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or still being able to fly. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or still being able to fly. So
+these points that that are out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points that that are out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points that that are out here
+these are the interesting points because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the interesting points because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the interesting points because
+they fall outside the safe region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall outside the safe region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall outside the safe region and
+the points inside are inside the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points inside are inside the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points inside are inside the safe
+region. Everything is the same except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Everything is the same except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Everything is the same except
+the airplane geometry has been tweaked,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane geometry has been tweaked,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane geometry has been tweaked,
+right? So um and then of course you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So um and then of course you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So um and then of course you know
+state seven everything has failed. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state seven everything has failed. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state seven everything has failed. You
+lose the airplane. There's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the airplane. There's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the airplane. There's no way to
+recover the airplane. So in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the airplane. So in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the airplane. So in some cases
+it's very clean. It's very clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clean. It's very clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clean. It's very clear what
+will happen. And in some ca these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen. And in some ca these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen. And in some ca these
+intermediate failure states are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate failure states are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate failure states are the
+interesting ones because a small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ones because a small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ones because a small changes
+in the upfront design make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upfront design make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upfront design make a big
+difference in how the airplane will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in how the airplane will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in how the airplane will
+perform in a part partially degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform in a part partially degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform in a part partially degraded
+state or partially failed state. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or partially failed state. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or partially failed state. So the
+other thing you can do then is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do then is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do then is you can
+do a sensitivity analysis and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sensitivity analysis and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sensitivity analysis and say well
+how sensitive is for example expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive is for example expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive is for example expected
+performance to the various design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to the various design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to the various design
+variables in the airplane like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the airplane like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the airplane like you know
+rudder cord and I'll talk about vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder cord and I'll talk about vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudder cord and I'll talk about vertical
+tail here in a minute the engine failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail here in a minute the engine failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail here in a minute the engine failure
+rate and so forth. And the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so forth. And the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and so forth. And the difference
+between the yellow and the green is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the yellow and the green is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the yellow and the green is it
+the yellow is an eight-hour mission. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow is an eight-hour mission. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow is an eight-hour mission. So
+this is a typical 8-h hour mission. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical 8-h hour mission. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical 8-h hour mission. you
+fly, you come back, and if something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly, you come back, and if something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly, you come back, and if something's
+failed, you just repair it. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed, you just repair it. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed, you just repair it. In the
+20,000 mission, 20,000 hour mission, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 mission, 20,000 hour mission, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 mission, 20,000 hour mission, you
+can't come back and repair. So, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come back and repair. So, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come back and repair. So, what you
+see here is is interesting. It means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is interesting. It means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is interesting. It means the
+sensitivity of these design decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of these design decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of these design decisions to
+the performance, the sensitivity, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance, the sensitivity, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance, the sensitivity, the
+performance to these design decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to these design decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to these design decisions
+depends on how long you will operate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how long you will operate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how long you will operate the
+system. And because the longer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And because the longer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And because the longer you
+operate it, the more likely is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it, the more likely is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it, the more likely is that it
+will see these these partial failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see these these partial failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see these these partial failure
+modes which will then influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which will then influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which will then influence the
+degraded or the residual performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded or the residual performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded or the residual performance of
+the airplane. Okay. And and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane. Okay. And and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane. Okay. And and the most
+interesting parameter here if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting parameter here if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting parameter here if you just
+look at this diagram um beside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this diagram um beside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this diagram um beside the
+engine failure rate. So you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure rate. So you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure rate. So you know it's
+the engine failure rate matters a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine failure rate matters a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine failure rate matters a lot
+right when you when you fly a 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you when you fly a 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you when you fly a 20,000
+hour mission. But if if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour mission. But if if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour mission. But if if you look at
+across these parameters, which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these parameters, which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these parameters, which one of
+these is the most interesting?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is the most interesting?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is the most interesting?
+Which one of these is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one of these is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one of these is the most
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+parameter? Let's see. At EPFL, can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter? Let's see. At EPFL, can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter? Let's see. At EPFL, can you
+see this diagram? Which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this diagram? Which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this diagram? Which one of these
+parameters is the most interesting?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead. The vertical tail. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. The vertical tail. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. The vertical tail. Why?
+Because it has different behavior for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it has different behavior for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it has different behavior for
+the life cycle and just for the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle and just for the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle and just for the single
+mission. Yes. So, if you're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. Yes. So, if you're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. Yes. So, if you're only going
+to fly short missions with it, uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly short missions with it, uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly short missions with it, uh, and
+then land and repair, you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then land and repair, you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then land and repair, you see the
+sensitivity is off to the left, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is off to the left, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is off to the left, right?
+Slightly negative sensitivity. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slightly negative sensitivity. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slightly negative sensitivity. So, you
+could actually make it just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually make it just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually make it just a little bit
+smaller. But if you're going to fly very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. But if you're going to fly very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. But if you're going to fly very
+long, you should actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long, you should actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long, you should actually make it
+bigger. And this this this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And this this this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And this this this is this is
+this particular airplane has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular airplane has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular airplane has an
+undersized vertical tail. It has a Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undersized vertical tail. It has a Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undersized vertical tail. It has a Dutch
+roll mode where it has a yaw damper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll mode where it has a yaw damper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll mode where it has a yaw damper that
+was added later. And so if uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added later. And so if uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was added later. And so if uh if you're
+going to fly for a long a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly for a long a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly for a long a long time
+period, you um you're going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, you um you're going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, you um you're going to see a
+failure mode that will then exasperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure mode that will then exasperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure mode that will then exasperate
+that particular failure mode. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular failure mode. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular failure mode. Right? So
+that's why that's why the C so it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why the C so it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why the C so it mean
+what it what it means is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it means is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it means is that if you
+actually going to design this airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to design this airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to design this airplane
+for a 20,000 hour mission that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 20,000 hour mission that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 20,000 hour mission that um that
+you would you would design a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would design a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you would design a much larger
+vertical tail which penalizes you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical tail which penalizes you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical tail which penalizes you in the
+nominal you know if everything is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal you know if everything is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal you know if everything is it
+penalizes you in nominal operations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalizes you in nominal operations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalizes you in nominal operations but
+it um uh it will benefit you in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um uh it will benefit you in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um uh it will benefit you in these
+partially failed states. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially failed states. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially failed states. Does that make
+sense to you guys? you guys were were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you guys? you guys were were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to you guys? you guys were were uh
+laughing or smiling or thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing or smiling or thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing or smiling or thinking about
+this. So, what have you flown this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, what have you flown this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, what have you flown this
+airplane or do you have experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or do you have experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or do you have experience in
+it? We did a flight test course and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? We did a flight test course and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? We did a flight test course and we
+um tested Dutch roll. Okay. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tested Dutch roll. Okay. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tested Dutch roll. Okay. So, this
+brought up some uh fuzzy memories or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up some uh fuzzy memories or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up some uh fuzzy memories or I
+mean it's, you know, it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's, you know, it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's, you know, it's basically the
+wing tip does like a figure eight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing tip does like a figure eight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing tip does like a figure eight,
+right? That's sort of the classic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's sort of the classic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's sort of the classic that's
+the classic manifestation of Dutch roll.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic manifestation of Dutch roll.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic manifestation of Dutch roll.
+Yeah. And but but if the Dutch roll is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And but but if the Dutch roll is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And but but if the Dutch roll is
+too big, you can actually lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big, you can actually lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big, you can actually lose the
+airplane, right? you can induce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane, right? you can induce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane, right? you can induce an
+instability. So, this is a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability. So, this is a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability. So, this is a big deal.
+Yeah. Um, would that kind of mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, would that kind of mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, would that kind of mean that
+the vertical tail is sized properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical tail is sized properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical tail is sized properly
+then? Because, you know, you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then? Because, you know, you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then? Because, you know, you can make it
+smaller and get a little better in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and get a little better in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and get a little better in this
+area or make it bigger and get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or make it bigger and get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or make it bigger and get a little
+better in this area cuz it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this area cuz it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this area cuz it seems like
+the vert like it's fine with the yaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vert like it's fine with the yaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vert like it's fine with the yaw
+damper. you know, it's fine with the yaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper. you know, it's fine with the yaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper. you know, it's fine with the yaw
+damper, but actually there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper, but actually there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damper, but actually there have been
+there have has been an airplane lost. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have has been an airplane lost. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have has been an airplane lost. Uh
+there has been an airplane lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been an airplane lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been an airplane lost in
+flight and uh the accident investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and uh the accident investigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and uh the accident investigation
+showed that uh it was basically a Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that uh it was basically a Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that uh it was basically a Dutch
+roll mode that that became unstable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll mode that that became unstable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll mode that that became unstable. And
+um and so the point here is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the point here is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the point here is if you have
+a failure, then you're in trouble with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure, then you're in trouble with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure, then you're in trouble with a
+small vertical tail, but if if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vertical tail, but if if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vertical tail, but if if you don't
+have a failure, then you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a failure, then you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a failure, then you're probably
+okay. And and that's the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And and that's the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And and that's the whole point of
+me showing you this is to make the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me showing you this is to make the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me showing you this is to make the point
+that if you are going to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are going to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are going to deal with a
+system or operate a system that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or operate a system that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or operate a system that is going
+to have a very long operational life,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very long operational life,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very long operational life,
+long endurance without the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long endurance without the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long endurance without the possibility
+to land, repair and send it back out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land, repair and send it back out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land, repair and send it back out. So
+it's going to be perfect and pristine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be perfect and pristine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be perfect and pristine on
+day one and then gradually stuff will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one and then gradually stuff will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one and then gradually stuff will
+fail. And that's the case for, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And that's the case for, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And that's the case for, you know,
+infrastructure, bridges, spacecraft, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure, bridges, spacecraft, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure, bridges, spacecraft, you
+know, past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, past
+Neptune, airplanes that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neptune, airplanes that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neptune, airplanes that are going to be
+allowed for five years. You just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for five years. You just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for five years. You just have to
+design them differently. You just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design them differently. You just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design them differently. You just have
+to design, and this is hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design, and this is hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design, and this is hard for
+engineers to think about that, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers to think about that, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers to think about that, you know,
+I'm actually designing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually designing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually designing for
+failure. I am I am designing a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. I am I am designing a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. I am I am designing a system
+expecting that it will partially fail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that it will partially fail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that it will partially fail.
+Not completely, but partially fail. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not completely, but partially fail. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not completely, but partially fail. And
+by taking that into account, the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking that into account, the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking that into account, the design
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+different. Okay, this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Okay, this is kind of
+non-conventional. Okay, final thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conventional. Okay, final thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conventional. Okay, final thing,
+post-flight review. What happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-flight review. What happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-flight review. What happens at the
+postflight or post-launch review, PLR,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postflight or post-launch review, PLR,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postflight or post-launch review, PLR,
+PFR? So, you know, essentially what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PFR? So, you know, essentially what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PFR? So, you know, essentially what you
+do is you you review the telemetry from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you you review the telemetry from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you you review the telemetry from
+flight. You compare against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. You compare against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. You compare against your
+predictions. You find, repair any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions. You find, repair any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions. You find, repair any
+failures. You secure the data for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. You secure the data for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. You secure the data for later
+use. And then you initiate the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. And then you initiate the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. And then you initiate the detailed
+commissioning and handover to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning and handover to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning and handover to
+operations. And here's a detailed list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. And here's a detailed list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. And here's a detailed list
+of, you know, entrance and success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, entrance and success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, entrance and success
+criteria for post-flight review. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for post-flight review. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for post-flight review. And I
+put this up here because those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up here because those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up here because those of you
+that will actually go to the CANSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will actually go to the CANSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will actually go to the CANSAT
+competition, this is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition, this is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition, this is part of the
+package, right? You are expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package, right? You are expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package, right? You are expected to
+launch your payload, do the flight, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch your payload, do the flight, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch your payload, do the flight, and
+you know, if something goes wrong, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if something goes wrong, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if something goes wrong, you
+can maybe have a backup flight, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe have a backup flight, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe have a backup flight, and then
+after the flight, you do a post-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the flight, you do a post-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the flight, you do a post-flight
+review. And, you know, good post-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. And, you know, good post-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. And, you know, good post-flight
+reviews are planned ahead. You already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews are planned ahead. You already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews are planned ahead. You already
+know, you know, what data you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you know, what data you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you know, what data you're going
+to analyze. Maybe you already have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze. Maybe you already have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze. Maybe you already have your
+software ready to to suck in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ready to to suck in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ready to to suck in the data
+after the flight and really get insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the flight and really get insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the flight and really get insights
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+it. Summary here. Uh this is just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Summary here. Uh this is just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Summary here. Uh this is just kind
+of a checklist for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a checklist for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a checklist for thinking about
+operations. Um you know check system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Um you know check system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Um you know check system
+checkout in the lab hanger field. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout in the lab hanger field. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkout in the lab hanger field. Is
+everything working okay? Bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything working okay? Bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything working okay? Bring
+sufficient consumables, spare parts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient consumables, spare parts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient consumables, spare parts,
+tools, support equipment, uh remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools, support equipment, uh remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools, support equipment, uh remote
+control, telemetry, cameras. Train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, telemetry, cameras. Train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, telemetry, cameras. Train the
+operators and support personnel. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and support personnel. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and support personnel. Uh
+checklists for nominal operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists for nominal operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists for nominal operations and
+routine uh emergency and contingencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh emergency and contingencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine uh emergency and contingencies.
+think about your transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your transportation
+logistics and plan in enough time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics and plan in enough time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics and plan in enough time for
+ramp up for commissioning before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up for commissioning before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up for commissioning before
+operations. Okay, so that was uh all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay, so that was uh all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay, so that was uh all I
+wanted to cover today. Any any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cover today. Any any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cover today. Any any questions
+about commissioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commissioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commissioning and
+operations? You know, my main point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? You know, my main point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations? You know, my main point in
+this lecture today was to I kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture today was to I kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture today was to I kind of get
+you excited about operations, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excited about operations, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excited about operations, you know,
+and and to to highlight that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to to highlight that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to to highlight that there's a
+lot here. System engineers are not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot here. System engineers are not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot here. System engineers are not done
+you know after CDR or PDR you say ah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after CDR or PDR you say ah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after CDR or PDR you say ah I
+did my job as a system engineer it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my job as a system engineer it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my job as a system engineer it's up
+to you guys the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you guys the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you guys the operators
+no this is this is uh territory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is this is uh territory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is this is uh territory for
+system engineering as well and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering as well and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineering as well and um you
+know in the end you just have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the end you just have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the end you just have to get
+operational experience there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational experience there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational experience there's no
+substitute for actually being out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for actually being out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for actually being out in the
+field operating systems and um getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field operating systems and um getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field operating systems and um getting
+that experience okay any any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience okay any any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience okay any any questions
+or comments ments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments ments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments ments about
+this. Okay. So, quick reminder, quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So, quick reminder, quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So, quick reminder, quick
+reminder. We're going to have um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder. We're going to have um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder. We're going to have um we're
+going to have our PDR uh you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our PDR uh you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our PDR uh you saw the
+schedule Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
+Please log in five minutes before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please log in five minutes before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please log in five minutes before we're
+going to be using my WebEx uh personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using my WebEx uh personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using my WebEx uh personal
+room. The link is here. Upload your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. The link is here. Upload your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. The link is here. Upload your
+slide deck. 30 minutes presentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck. 30 minutes presentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck. 30 minutes presentation and
+then we have up to 30 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have up to 30 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have up to 30 minutes of
+Q&A. All right, questions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sG3_Bveu_cA.txt b/sG3_Bveu_cA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6935fe7e937bf4cd81765de56ac59e6f77109118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sG3_Bveu_cA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we discussed the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed the so
+called random incidence paradox for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called random incidence paradox for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called random incidence paradox for the
+Poisson process it's a paradox because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process it's a paradox because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process it's a paradox because
+it involves a somewhat counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves a somewhat counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves a somewhat counterintuitive
+phenomenon however we will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon however we will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon however we will understand
+exactly what's going on and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on and in the end
+it will cease to be a paradox and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will cease to be a paradox and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will cease to be a paradox and we
+will have an intuitive understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an intuitive understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an intuitive understanding of
+what exactly is happening so consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is happening so consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is happening so consider a
+Poisson process that has been running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process that has been running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process that has been running
+forever or a think of it as a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever or a think of it as a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever or a think of it as a Poisson
+process that started a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that started a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that started a very long time
+back in the past to make things concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the past to make things concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the past to make things concrete
+suppose that the arrival rate is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the arrival rate is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the arrival rate is four
+arrivals per hour so that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals per hour so that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals per hour so that the expected
+inter arrival time is 1/4 in hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time is 1/4 in hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time is 1/4 in hours or
+that would be the same as 15 minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the same as 15 minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the same as 15 minutes for
+example suppose that the bus company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that the bus company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that the bus company in
+your town claims that buses arrive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your town claims that buses arrive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your town claims that buses arrive to
+your stop according to a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stop according to a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stop according to a Poisson process
+with this particular rate but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this particular rate but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this particular rate but you don't
+really believe that your bus company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that your bus company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that your bus company is
+telling the truth and you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth and you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth and you decide to
+investigate so what you do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate so what you do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate so what you do is the
+following you show up at some time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you show up at some time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you show up at some time at
+your bus stop and wait until the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bus stop and wait until the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bus stop and wait until the next
+arrival comes and also ask someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival comes and also ask someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival comes and also ask someone who
+lives near the bus stop what time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives near the bus stop what time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives near the bus stop what time was
+the last arrival and they tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last arrival and they tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last arrival and they tell you the
+last arrival happened at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last arrival happened at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last arrival happened at that time
+instant and you measure this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and you measure this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and you measure this amount of
+time which is the inter arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is the inter arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is the inter arrival time
+record what it is repeat this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record what it is repeat this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record what it is repeat this experiment
+on many days and calculate an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many days and calculate an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on many days and calculate an average
+what you're likely to see turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're likely to see turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're likely to see turns out to
+be something around 30 minutes at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something around 30 minutes at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something around 30 minutes at this
+point you could go to the bus company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you could go to the bus company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you could go to the bus company
+and challenge them you claim on arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenge them you claim on arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenge them you claim on arrival
+rate of four arrivals per hour which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of four arrivals per hour which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of four arrivals per hour which
+would translate into inter arrivals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would translate into inter arrivals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would translate into inter arrivals of
+15 minutes but every day I go and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes but every day I go and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes but every day I go and check
+the inter arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival
+time and I find that there are close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I find that there are close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I find that there are close to
+30 minutes what's the explanation what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes what's the explanation what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 minutes what's the explanation what's
+going on is it that the belief or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is it that the belief or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is it that the belief or the
+claim of the bus company is incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of the bus company is incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of the bus company is incorrect
+or is there something more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something more complicated
+so let us try to understand what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us try to understand what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us try to understand what's going
+on by being very precise and careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by being very precise and careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by being very precise and careful you
+show up at the bus station at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at the bus station at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at the bus station at some time
+let's call that time T star you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that time T star you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that time T star you ask
+someone who has been at the station when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has been at the station when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has been at the station when
+was the last time and they tell you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last time and they tell you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last time and they tell you and
+it is some number you you wait until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is some number you you wait until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is some number you you wait until the
+next bus and the next bus arrives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus and the next bus arrives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bus and the next bus arrives at
+some future time capital v you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future time capital v you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future time capital v you are
+interested in the inter-arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the inter-arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the inter-arrival time
+that you are observing which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are observing which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are observing which is the
+difference between those two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those two random
+variables v minus u now this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables v minus u now this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables v minus u now this difference
+let us split it into two pieces there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us split it into two pieces there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us split it into two pieces there is
+one piece from T star until V which is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece from T star until V which is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece from T star until V which is V
+minus T star and there is another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T star and there is another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T star and there is another piece
+which is the first interval and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the first interval and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the first interval and this is
+T star minus u now T star the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T star minus u now T star the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T star minus u now T star the time at
+which you arrive is just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you arrive is just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you arrive is just a constant
+suppose that you arrive at the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you arrive at the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you arrive at the bus
+station at exactly 12:00 noon there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station at exactly 12:00 noon there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station at exactly 12:00 noon there's
+nothing random about it however V and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random about it however V and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing random about it however V and u
+are random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random variables
+what kind of random variable is this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of random variable is this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of random variable is this you
+show up at 12 noon and you wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at 12 noon and you wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at 12 noon and you wait until
+the first arrival because the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival because the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first arrival because the Poisson
+process starts fresh at any given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starts fresh at any given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starts fresh at any given time
+so after 12 noon it starts fresh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 12 noon it starts fresh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after 12 noon it starts fresh this is
+the time until the first arrival in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time until the first arrival in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time until the first arrival in a
+Poisson process with rate lambda so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process with rate lambda so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process with rate lambda so this
+is a random variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable which is
+exponential with parameter lambda now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter lambda now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with parameter lambda now
+let us understand what this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us understand what this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us understand what this random
+variable is one way of thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is one way of thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is one way of thinking about it
+is to think of the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think of the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think of the Poisson process
+running backwards in time so you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running backwards in time so you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running backwards in time so you live
+time back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time back
+you show up at 12 noon and then time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up at 12 noon and then time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up at 12 noon and then time
+runs backwards and you wait until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs backwards and you wait until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs backwards and you wait until you
+see a first arrival coming in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a first arrival coming in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a first arrival coming in this
+backwards universe so we're dealing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards universe so we're dealing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards universe so we're dealing here
+with the time until an arrival in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time until an arrival in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time until an arrival in a
+Poisson process that trans backwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process that trans backwards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process that trans backwards in
+time what kind of process is a backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what kind of process is a backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what kind of process is a backwards
+Poisson process if you take a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process if you take a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process if you take a Poisson
+process in Reverse time the independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in Reverse time the independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in Reverse time the independence
+assumption is not affected disjoint time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is not affected disjoint time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is not affected disjoint time
+intervals are independent even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are independent even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals are independent even if you
+reverse time disjoint time intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse time disjoint time intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse time disjoint time intervals
+still remain independent any given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain independent any given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain independent any given time
+interval of small length Delta will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of small length Delta will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of small length Delta will have
+certain probabilities of an arrival or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probabilities of an arrival or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probabilities of an arrival or
+of two arrivals and this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two arrivals and this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two arrivals and this will be the
+same whether time goes forward or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same whether time goes forward or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same whether time goes forward or time
+goes backward so the conclusion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes backward so the conclusion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes backward so the conclusion from
+this discussion is that the backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion is that the backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion is that the backwards
+running Poisson process is also Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Poisson process is also Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Poisson process is also Poisson
+process and so this time until the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so this time until the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so this time until the first
+arrival in the backwards process is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the backwards process is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the backwards process is just
+like the time until the first arrival in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the time until the first arrival in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the time until the first arrival in
+a Poisson process so this also is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process so this also is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson process so this also is an
+exponential random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable with
+parameter lambda even more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda even more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda even more than that
+these two random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables are
+independent of each other why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other why are they
+independent the length of this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the length of this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the length of this time
+interval has to do with the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval has to do with the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval has to do with the history of
+the Poisson process after time T star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process after time T star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process after time T star
+the length of this time interval has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this time interval has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this time interval has to
+do with this history of the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this history of the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this history of the Poisson
+process before time T star but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process before time T star but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process before time T star but in the
+Poisson process because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process because of the
+independence property the past and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence property the past and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence property the past and the
+future are independent and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future are independent and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future are independent and therefore
+this random variable is independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is independent from
+that random variable in any case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable in any case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable in any case the
+expected value of the inter-arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the inter-arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the inter-arrival
+interval that you see the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that you see the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that you see the expected value
+of this random variable is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable is going to be
+the expected value of one exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of one exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of one exponential
+which is one over lambda plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one over lambda plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one over lambda plus the
+expected value of another x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of another x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of another x
+nancial which is one over lambda and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nancial which is one over lambda and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nancial which is one over lambda and we
+get a result of two over lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a result of two over lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a result of two over lambda and
+that's why when you actually carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why when you actually carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why when you actually carried out
+the experiment you saw inter-arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment you saw inter-arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment you saw inter-arrival
+intervals that had a length of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that had a length of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that had a length of 30
+minutes as opposed to the 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes as opposed to the 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes as opposed to the 15 minutes
+that you were expecting in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were expecting in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were expecting in the first
+place now how can this be since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place now how can this be since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place now how can this be since the
+inter arrival times in a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival times in a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival times in a Poisson process
+have expected value 1 over lambda how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected value 1 over lambda how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expected value 1 over lambda how
+can it be that the expected length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it be that the expected length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it be that the expected length of
+the inter arrival times that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival times that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival times that you see
+have an expected value of 2 over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expected value of 2 over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expected value of 2 over lambda
+well the resolution of this paradox has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the resolution of this paradox has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the resolution of this paradox has
+to do by what exactly we mean when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by what exactly we mean when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by what exactly we mean when we
+use the words an inter arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the words an inter arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the words an inter arrival time
+there's one interpretation which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one interpretation which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one interpretation which is the
+first inter arrival time the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inter arrival time the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inter arrival time the second one
+the hundredth inter arrival time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth inter arrival time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth inter arrival time each
+one of these actually has an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actually has an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actually has an expected
+value of 1 over lambda but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 over lambda but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 1 over lambda but this is a
+different kind of inter arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of inter arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of inter arrival time
+it's not the first or the second or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the first or the second or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the first or the second or some
+specific safe inter arrival time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific safe inter arrival time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific safe inter arrival time it's
+the inter arrival time that you selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival time that you selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter arrival time that you selected
+to watch when you show up at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch when you show up at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch when you show up at a certain
+time like 12:00 noon you're more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like 12:00 noon you're more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like 12:00 noon you're more likely
+to fall inside a large inter-arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall inside a large inter-arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall inside a large inter-arrival
+interval rather than a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval rather than a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval rather than a smaller
+inter-arrival interval so just the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval so just the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval so just the fact
+that you're showing up at a certain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're showing up at a certain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're showing up at a certain time
+that uncoordinated with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uncoordinated with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uncoordinated with the rest of the
+process makes you more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process makes you more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process makes you more likely to be
+biased towards longer rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased towards longer rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased towards longer rather than
+shorter intervals and this bias is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter intervals and this bias is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter intervals and this bias is what
+causes this factor of 2 so it's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this factor of 2 so it's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this factor of 2 so it's an issue
+really about how you sample or how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about how you sample or how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about how you sample or how you
+choose the inter arrival time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the inter arrival time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the inter arrival time that
+you're going to watch and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch and this
+particular sampling method has a bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sampling method has a bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sampling method has a bias
+towards longer intervals as we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards longer intervals as we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards longer intervals as we will see
+this is not something that's specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that's specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that's specific to
+the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process
+in general in many occasions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general in many occasions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general in many occasions there are
+different ways of sampling which give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of sampling which give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of sampling which give
+you different answers and we will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different answers and we will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different answers and we will go
+through a number of examples that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of examples that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a number of examples that will
+give you some intuition about the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some intuition about the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some intuition about the source
+of the discrepancy between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrepancy between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrepancy between these two
+answers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sNdTPKvsYXg.txt b/sNdTPKvsYXg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c93c21ba1a9f241b20c1975caf14a4e60dd84df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sNdTPKvsYXg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1794 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+--fundamental frequency,
+here, nu.
+
+Now, I should tell you that the
+model that we used to get these
+
+vibrational energies for a
+molecule is actually called a
+
+harmonic oscillator model.
+
+It is a model.
+And it predicts that the
+
+spacings between these energies
+are all equal.
+
+The reality is,
+that the spacings are not all
+
+equal.
+The reality is that this
+
+molecule is an anharmonic
+oscillator.
+
+And that although way down here
+in the well, the spacings are
+
+just about equal,
+v equal zero,
+
+v equal one,
+v equal two,
+
+as you get further up in the
+well they do start to come
+
+together.
+And they actually converge to
+
+the dissociation limit.
+You don't have to know that,
+
+right now.
+You will see that in later
+
+courses, but I just wanted to
+make you aware of that,
+
+that the harmonic oscillator
+model works pretty well down
+
+here.
+But the harmonic oscillator
+
+potential function actually
+looks like that.
+
+A real potential function looks
+like that.
+
+This becomes anharmonic.
+So those spacings do get closer
+
+together.
+That is for the future.
+
+Now, you can also put enough
+vibrational energy into the
+
+molecule to break a bond.
+When you get up to here,
+
+you can put enough vibrational
+energy.
+
+And this hydrogen and the
+chlorine, as they oscillate out,
+
+they will just keep going,
+If you put enough energy.
+
+You get up here,
+and when they stretch,
+
+they will just keep on their
+merry way.
+
+They won't come back.
+There won't be a restoring
+
+force.
+So, by putting a lot of
+
+vibrational energy into the
+molecule, you can break your
+
+bond.
+And in fact,
+
+that is what happens when you
+break the bond.
+
+You have a lot of vibrational
+energy in that bond,
+
+and the two atoms just keep
+flying apart.
+
+That was our diatomic molecule.
+What I now want to just talk
+
+briefly about are polyatomic
+molecules because we said in a
+
+polyatomic molecule,
+such as water,
+
+we have several different
+vibrational modes.
+
+And each of those vibrational
+modes actually has a different
+
+fundamental frequency.
+And each of those vibrational
+
+modes can be represented with
+this sort of interaction
+
+potential.
+Sometimes it is not as simple a
+
+coordinate system because you
+have some bends so you have to
+
+plot this as a function of
+angles, which is not easy to
+
+draw.
+But each one of the vibrational
+
+modes in a polyatomic molecule
+can, in effect,
+
+be represented by some kind of
+energy of interaction,
+
+like we drew here for this
+diatomic molecule.
+
+It is just a little bit more
+complicated because your
+
+coordinate system is a little
+more complicated.
+
+Particularly when you start
+talking about bends.
+
+But let's take a look here on
+the side walls.
+
+What I am showing you is a
+vibrational spectrum of water.
+
+And, again, this is some
+infrared radiation that is being
+
+directed at a sample of water
+molecules.
+
+And we are measuring the
+intensity of that radiation at a
+
+photo detector as a function of
+the frequency of the radiation
+
+going through our sample.
+And when the molecule absorbs
+
+radiation at that frequency,
+that intensity at the detector
+
+goes down.
+What you see,
+
+here, is just a hypothetical
+spectrum for water.
+
+You see that the molecule is
+absorbing some radiation,
+
+here, at 1,595 wave numbers.
+Well, that 1,595 corresponds to
+
+the fundamental frequency of
+vibration of this hydrogen
+
+bending mode.
+That is 1,595.
+
+That is the frequency in
+wavenumbers with which that
+
+hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond is
+bending or vibrating.
+
+This is also the energy between
+the v equal zero and v equal one
+
+mode.
+This represents excitation from
+
+v equal zero to v equal one.
+And then, way up here,
+
+you see another transition at
+3,652.
+
+Well that, we know to be the
+symmetric stretch.
+
+That is, both hydrogens moving
+in or out at the same time.
+
+3,652 wave numbers is the
+fundamental frequency for that
+
+particular vibration.
+It also represents a transition
+
+from v equal zero to v equal
+one.
+
+And then, finally,
+at 3,756, that is the
+
+anti-symmetric stretch,
+where one of the hydrogens is
+
+moving out and one of the
+hydrogens is moving in.
+
+Anti-symmetric stretch.
+It also is the v equal zero to
+
+v equal one transition.
+And so, that is what you would
+
+measure on an infrared spectrum
+of water.
+
+Actually, infrared plus Raman,
+but we will leave that out.
+
+And what is interesting is that
+any molecule that has an OH
+
+stretch in it,
+or any molecule that has an OH
+
+group in it --
+If you take an infrared
+
+spectrum of it,
+what you are going to see is
+
+that it has a transition
+somewhere in between 3,400 wave
+
+numbers and about 3,800 wave
+numbers.
+
+If you had an unknown compound
+and you put it into your
+
+infrared spectrometer and saw a
+transition somewhere in between
+
+3,400 and 3,800,
+immediately that is going to
+
+clue you in that you have an OH
+stretch.
+
+Because now other molecules
+that are at all common are going
+
+to have a fundamental frequency
+in that range.
+
+You can see how this infrared
+spectroscopy can be used as an
+
+analytical tool to figure out
+what molecule you have.
+
+And, of course,
+the actual frequencies,
+
+then, are a fingerprint of the
+molecule.
+
+But, just in general,
+if you did not know anything
+
+about the molecule and you saw a
+stretch in this range,
+
+you know you got an OH bond,
+there, that is undergoing a
+
+symmetric or an anti-symmetric
+stretch if you have two OH
+
+bonds.
+Likewise, say you had a
+
+carbon-hydrogen bond,
+what you would find is that all
+
+carbon-hydrogen bonds have
+fundamental frequencies from
+
+about 2,800 wave numbers to
+3,100 wave numbers.
+
+If you see a transition in that
+range, you know that you have a
+
+hydrogen bonded to a carbon.
+Because, again,
+
+there really isn't anything
+else that is common that has a
+
+vibrational frequency in that
+range.
+
+When you get to a little lower
+frequencies, well,
+
+then it is a little more
+difficult because there are lots
+
+of different other modes that
+have vibrations,
+
+which are a little bit lower
+frequency.
+
+But, again, the specific number
+will identify the molecule for
+
+you.
+One other thing is that just in
+
+general, bending modes have
+lower frequencies than stretch
+
+modes.
+That is a general statement
+
+that is true.
+Also, generally symmetric
+
+stretches have lower frequencies
+than anti-symmetric stretches.
+
+That is true.
+And you will see more of this
+
+infrared spectroscopy used as an
+analytical tool,
+
+essentially,
+when you take some organic
+
+chemistry.
+Well, what I want to talk about
+
+now is the other internal degree
+of freedom in molecules.
+
+That is molecular rotations.
+Well, molecular rotations are
+
+quantized, just like molecular
+vibrations are.
+
+Let me take my HCl again and
+draw this intermolecular
+
+interaction potential.
+And let me put my v equal zero
+
+level down here.
+Then, just for ease of my
+
+diagram, I am going to put my v
+equal one level up here.
+
+Rotational levels,
+they are quantized.
+
+And the rotational quantum
+number is given the symbol J.
+
+For example,
+if you have a molecule in the
+
+first rotational state,
+that first rotational state,
+
+then, will be right here.
+We will call that J equal one.
+
+And then, if you have it in the
+second excited rotational state,
+
+that is going to be right
+there.
+
+We will call it J equal two.
+And the third rotational state
+
+is going to be right there.
+We will call it J equal three.
+
+And the fourth,
+J equals four.
+
+Now, if you have a molecule in
+the ground rotational state,
+
+that ground rotational state,
+here, is J equal zero.
+
+And it is sitting here right on
+top of the v equal zero level
+
+for the ground rotational state.
+The bottom line is,
+
+you can have a molecule in the
+ground vibrational state and the
+
+ground rotational state.
+If that is the case,
+
+this is how much energy it has.
+When you are in the ground
+
+rotational state,
+that is zero energy,
+
+as we are going to see in a
+moment.
+
+You can have a molecule in the
+ground vibrational state in the
+
+first excited rotational state.
+If that is the case,
+
+that is the energy.
+You can have a molecule in the
+
+ground vibrational state and the
+second excited rotational state.
+
+Then it has that energy.
+You can have a molecule in the
+
+ground vibrational state in the
+third excited rotational state.
+
+It has that energy.
+But you can also have a
+
+molecule in the first excited
+vibrational state,
+
+right here, and in the J equal
+zero state.
+
+Well, if that is the case,
+it has that energy.
+
+You could also have a molecule
+in the first excited vibrational
+
+state and the first excited
+rotational state.
+
+Well, then it has that energy.
+Or, a molecule in the first
+
+excited vibrational state and
+the second rotational state.
+
+Well, then it has that energy.
+Each one of these vibrational
+
+states has, on top of it,
+a manifold of rotational
+
+states.
+The rotations and vibrations,
+
+for our purpose,
+are not coupled.
+
+You can have so much in
+vibration, so much in rotation.
+
+I want you to also notice,
+that the difference in energies
+
+between rotational states is
+much smaller than the difference
+
+in energies between vibrational
+states.
+
+That is a general statement
+that is correct.
+
+Now, we have a nice analytical
+expression, again,
+
+for the allowed rotational
+energies of molecules,
+
+and that analytical expression
+is the following.
+
+E sub J is equal to h squared
+times J, J plus one over 8 pi
+
+squared times I.
+
+I is the moment of inertia.
+
+I will explain that in just a
+moment.
+
+What does this say?
+It says that when J is equal to
+
+zero, the rotational energy,
+here, is equal to zero because
+
+it makes this all go away.
+So, the molecule has no
+
+rotational energy in J equal
+zero.
+
+When J is equal to one,
+we put in J equal one,
+
+we calculate that,
+and it comes out to be h
+
+squared over 4pi squared times
+the moment of inertia.
+
+This is J equal one.
+
+For J equal two,
+the molecule has 3h squared
+
+over 4pi squared amount of
+rotational energy.
+
+For J equal three,
+
+it has 3h squared over 2 pi
+squared times the moment of
+
+inertia.
+
+The energies go up.
+Suppose I have a molecule in v
+
+equal zero, J equal zero,
+and it makes the transition,
+
+here, to J equal one,
+what is the energy difference
+
+between those states?
+Well, J equal one minus energy
+
+J equal zero.
+That is h squared over 4pi
+
+squared times I minus zero.
+
+That is just h squared over 4pi
+squared I.
+
+How do we make that transition?
+Well, to make this transition
+
+right here, we are going to need
+a photon, and that photon is
+
+going to have to have an energy
+exactly equal to this.
+
+Our photon E equal h nu,
+that has got to be equal to h
+
+squared 4pi squared times I.
+
+I can solve for the frequency
+of the photon that I need to
+
+make that transition.
+The frequency of that photon
+
+then is h over 4pi squared times
+I.
+
+That is
+the frequency of the photon that
+
+I need.
+Now, in the case of HCl,
+
+we said that HCl has two
+rotational modes.
+
+It has a mode rotation around
+this axis, and it also has a
+
+mode rotation around this axis,
+in the plane of the board.
+
+These two rotations are
+degenerate.
+
+If you put in a photon with
+this frequency,
+
+here, it will excite either
+this rotation or that rotation.
+
+Now, let's look on the side
+wall here.
+
+How do we do the experiment?
+Again, just like we do it in
+
+the infrared,
+except that the energy of the
+
+photon we now need is in the
+microwave range.
+
+Microwave spectra measure
+rotational spectra of molecules.
+
+And so, again we have a
+microwave radiation,
+
+monochromator,
+coming out, going through the
+
+sample, photo detector,
+look at the intensity of the
+
+photo detector as a function of
+the frequency.
+
+At some frequency here,
+you see a dip in that
+
+intensity.
+Well, that is where the
+
+molecule absorbs.
+And, in the case of HCl here,
+
+the frequency of that
+absorption for J equal zero to J
+
+equal one, well,
+that frequency occurs at
+
+6.3x10^11 hertz.
+That would be the frequency of
+
+the photon that you would need
+for absorption.
+
+Yes?
+I'm sorry?
+
+We got into the microwave
+range, here, because the
+
+spacings between the rotational
+states are much lower than the
+
+spacings between the vibrational
+states.
+
+And I just actually wanted to
+make that point,
+
+here.
+We can calculate in terms of
+
+the energy, here,
+what this spacing is.
+
+Let's do that.
+
+If we want to know the change
+in energy from J equal zero to J
+
+equal one, that change in energy
+is just h times the frequency of
+
+the photon, that photon,
+there, that makes that
+
+transition happen.
+You can plug that in,
+
+there, so we have 6.6261x10^-34
+joule seconds,
+
+times the frequency
+6.3479x10^11 hertz.
+
+When you do that,
+you should get 4.2062x10^-22
+
+joules.
+Or, if I convert that to
+
+kilojoules per mole,
+it is 6.25330 kilojoules per
+
+mole.
+In general, the difference in
+
+the spacings here,
+the energy difference for
+
+vibration, we said is something
+between three to 40 kilojoules
+
+per mole.
+That is the difference between
+
+v equal zero and v equal one,
+generally, for a large range of
+
+molecules.
+The difference in the
+
+frequencies here for rotation,
+delta E, that is more like
+
+something on the order of 0.01
+to about 1.0 kilojoules per
+
+mole.
+That is what is typical.
+
+So, rotations are much more
+closely spaced in energy.
+
+Yes?
+Well, in the case of the
+
+rotational spectra,
+there is a little bit more
+
+diversity in what units are
+used.
+
+And the reason is this.
+They are more closely spaced.
+
+And the whole wavenumber came
+into use in vibrational
+
+spectroscopy when the way people
+would analyze the spectra would
+
+be to take a photographic plate
+with the light coming in.
+
+And you would see the lines
+separated in space.
+
+And people would take a ruler
+in centimeters to measure the
+
+spacings between the lines.
+That is historically how the
+
+wavenumber unit came to be.
+The problem is that does not
+
+work so well in rotational
+spectroscopy,
+
+often, because the spacings are
+much closer together.
+
+And so, depending exactly on
+what kind of diffraction grading
+
+used, the wavenumbers are not
+always used.
+
+Sometimes they are the
+frequency.
+
+We go back and forth.
+And, in your homework problems,
+
+I go back and forth,
+too.
+
+You really have to deal with
+both kinds of units.
+
+But now, one of the
+usefulnesses of this rotational
+
+spectroscopy in getting,
+say, this frequency for the
+
+transition, one of the
+usefulnesses,
+
+there, is to calculate the bond
+length of the molecule.
+
+To determine the bond length of
+the molecule really very
+
+accurately.
+Because what we said over here
+
+is that the frequency for that
+transition is this.
+
+The frequency of that
+transition is h over 4pi squared
+
+times I.
+And I is a moment of inertia.
+
+The moment of inertia is the
+following.
+
+Maybe you have had this 8.01.
+No, not yet?
+
+Oh, you will.
+The moment of inertia is the
+
+reduced mass times the distance
+between the two masses.
+
+In our case,
+for the HCl molecule,
+
+it is equilibrium bond length,
+r sub e squared.
+
+The reduced mass is what I gave
+you before, m1 m2 over the sum
+
+of the two masses.
+
+Again, it is a way to reduce a
+two-body problem to a one-body
+
+problem, where the one-body is
+this fictitious body of reduced
+
+mass. But it is exact.
+
+There are no approximations.
+This is correct.
+
+That is the moment of inertia
+of the molecule.
+
+It is a property of the
+molecule, depending on the mass
+
+and the bond length.
+You can see that if I
+
+substitute that in there,
+h over 4pi squared times nu r
+
+sub e squared, 
+and then I go and
+
+solve for r sub e,
+well, r sub e is (h over 4pi
+
+squared mu times nu) to the
+one-half.
+
+In the case of HCl
+
+--
+Actually, I think this is all
+
+in my slide, here.
+If I go and stick in the value
+
+for nu, the equilibrium bond
+length, here,
+
+is really 1.2748x10^-10 meters.
+We can really measure these
+
+frequencies with high precision
+and high accuracy.
+
+All bond lengths,
+really, come from measurements,
+
+now, of rotational spectra.
+All bond lengths in the gas
+
+phase, wherever we can measure
+the rotational spectra of the
+
+molecule.
+That is one of the main uses
+
+for rotational spectroscopy.
+Questions?
+
+If not, what I am going to do
+is leave the subject of internal
+
+motion.
+I want to talk for the rest of
+
+the hour, and a little bit on
+Friday about another topic,
+
+which is intermolecular
+attraction.
+
+Interactions.
+Or, I am going to write it here
+
+as attractions.
+The bottom line is,
+
+I want to try to understand,
+on a microscopic scale,
+
+deviations from the inner gas
+law, PV equal nRT.
+
+You know PV equal nRT,
+that if I made a plot of the
+
+volume versus the temperature
+and kept the pressure constant,
+
+say the pressure is at one
+atmosphere, and the number of
+
+moles in my gas is constant,
+well, you know that what I
+
+should see from that equation is
+a straight line.
+
+But suppose I took a balloon
+filled with air and started to
+
+cool down that balloon--in that
+case, the atmospheric pressure
+
+is essentially constant--in that
+case, what would happen is that
+
+the volume would decrease.
+It would decrease in a linear
+
+manner with temperature;
+everything would be fine until
+
+at some low temperature,
+this volume would start to
+
+deviate from the straight line
+dependence, start to go down.
+
+And then, all of a sudden,
+the volume would go very low
+
+because, of course,
+at roughly 77 degrees Kelvin,
+
+which is the boiling point of
+nitrogen, the liquid would
+
+condense.
+So, the volume gets very small.
+
+I could also do that with
+helium.
+
+If I took a helium balloon and
+cooled it down,
+
+the volume would decrease.
+But then, as I got pretty cold,
+
+the volume would start to
+decrease faster than predicted
+
+by the inert gas law.
+And right at 4 degrees Kelvin,
+
+the boiling point of liquid
+helium, the volume would then
+
+just kind of plummet.
+And so you can understand what
+
+happens right here,
+but we also want to understand,
+
+why does the PV equal nRT start
+to deviate before we get to a
+
+boiling point of the liquid?
+The reason is because of these
+
+intermolecular attractions.
+For example,
+
+if I had in my gas this
+nitrogen molecule headed toward
+
+the wall of my container,
+and it has some initial
+
+straight trajectory,
+it is going to hit the wall,
+
+where it is going to exert this
+force, which will lead to my
+
+macroscopic pressure.
+But, if there is an oxygen
+
+molecule around,
+that nitrogen molecule could
+
+indeed be deflected by these
+attractive interactions,
+
+circle around it,
+and then finally hit the wall.
+
+So the nitrogen would be
+delayed in hitting the wall.
+
+If it is delayed,
+then my force is going to be
+
+not as great,
+because it is momentum change
+
+over the change in time between
+collisions, my pressure is going
+
+to be lower if,
+in fact, this nitrogen
+
+experiences some attractive
+interaction that delays it from
+
+hitting the wall.
+And, therefore,
+
+the pressure is lower,
+or vice versa.
+
+In this case,
+if I kept the outside pressure
+
+constant, then the volume would
+go down.
+
+Now, why is that the case?
+Why should nitrogen and oxygen
+
+actually attract each other?
+In order to talk about that,
+
+we have to think a little bit
+more carefully about what the
+
+electron distributions are
+around nitrogen molecules,
+
+oxygen molecules.
+We treated, in the sodium
+
+chloride, lithium chloride,
+those things as point charges.
+
+We have to be a little more
+sophisticated now in thinking
+
+about what the electron
+distributions are in these kinds
+
+of molecules,
+nitrogen or oxygen.
+
+And let me, for the ease of
+just drawing this,
+
+talk about the inert gas,
+here, argon.
+
+As you may or may not know,
+on the average,
+
+the electron distribution
+around argon is spherical.
+
+But, although quantum mechanics
+does not allow us to see this,
+
+this electron distribution does
+fluctuate.
+
+And, at some momentary time,
+it could be that the electron
+
+distribution here is a little
+bit larger on one side of this
+
+argon.
+And then the argon nucleus here
+
+is a little bit deshielded,
+so we kind of have a charge
+
+shift here, positive here,
+minus.
+
+When we do that,
+this is a dipole.
+
+We have separated charge in
+space.
+
+That is what a definition of a
+dipole is.
+
+And then, of course,
+if there is another argon atom
+
+around, well,
+this dipole then is going to
+
+induce the charge distribution
+around another argon,
+
+so that now,
+the positive end is going to
+
+attract or distort the electron
+distribution around argon in
+
+this way.
+And this will be the positive
+
+end.
+And so, we have an
+
+instantaneous dipole which has
+induced a dipole,
+
+an instantaneous dipole,
+in a neighboring argon atom.
+
+Now we have these two dipoles
+together, and they are oriented
+
+in opposite directions.
+And that is an attractive
+
+interaction.
+The next result is an
+
+attraction.
+And, of course,
+
+we call that an induced
+dipole-induced dipole
+
+interaction.
+We also call that,
+
+sometimes, the London
+dispersion force.
+
+This is not a permanent dipole.
+This is a momentary dipole.
+
+This is an instantaneous
+dipole, which induces,
+
+then, an instantaneous dipole
+in the neighboring molecule or
+
+the atom.
+The result is,
+
+because you have these two
+dipoles now, align in opposite
+
+directions, a lowering of the
+energy.
+
+There is a net attraction.
+That is a reason why,
+
+in this nitrogen and oxygen,
+there might be some attraction.
+
+The nitrogen may,
+in fact, be deflected from its
+
+trajectory and hang around the
+oxygen a little longer before it
+
+hits the wall.
+Therefore, the pressure is
+
+lower than you would expect,
+or the volume is lower than you
+
+would expect,
+if you were keeping the
+
+pressure constant.
+And we can draw that
+
+interaction energy for two
+argons.
+
+Here are two argons separated.
+Argon limit,
+
+we draw the energy of
+interaction, there is some net
+
+attraction.
+This is zero.
+
+And that net attraction,
+here, as they come closer and
+
+closer together,
+is a whopping 0.996 kilojoules
+
+per mole.
+Not very large.
+
+But there is a net attraction.
+You can also see that there is
+
+a value of r at which that
+attraction is the maximum.
+
+And that is the equilibrium
+bond length of the molecule
+
+argon two.
+Can you form a molecule between
+
+inert gases?
+You sure can.
+
+And sometimes we call this a
+van der Waal's dimer.
+
+You can make these molecules.
+There is the bond length.
+
+In the case of argon,
+that bond length is 3.8
+
+angstroms.
+But the origin of that
+
+attraction is this induced
+dipole-induced dipole
+
+interaction.
+You can make two argon atoms
+
+stick to each other.
+But now, I do want to compare
+
+this energy of interaction right
+here between two argons with the
+
+energy of interaction between
+two hydrogen atoms that are
+
+covalently bonded.
+The energy of interaction
+
+between two hydrogen atoms that
+are covalently bonded,
+
+what does that look like?
+Here are the two hydrogens
+
+separated, and the bond length,
+here, is 432 kilojoules per
+
+mole.
+Look at how much stronger the H
+
+two bond is in the case
+of a covalently bound molecule,
+
+432 as compared to the 0.996 in
+the case of the argon.
+
+Look at what the equilibrium
+distance is, here,
+
+in the case of H two.
+It is 0.74 angstroms,
+
+compared to 3.8 angstroms in
+the case of argon.
+
+This is not a covalent bond,
+the induced dipole-induced
+
+dipole, but it is a bond.
+But now, you might say that was
+
+not really a fair comparison
+because hydrogen is much smaller
+
+than argon and,
+of course, the bond length in
+
+hydrogen is going to be much
+smaller than that in two argon
+
+atoms.
+Therefore, if the two hydrogens
+
+are much closer together,
+then the energy of interaction
+
+has got to be much stronger.
+Well, to show you that isn't
+
+really the appropriate way to
+think about it,
+
+look at this diagram,
+here, on the side board,
+
+where what I am plotting for
+you is the argon-argon
+
+interaction potential.
+Here it is.
+
+It is this light kind of
+reddish line,
+
+argon-argon.
+Versus the chlorine-chlorine.
+
+Here is chlorine-chlorine.
+Argon and chlorine are about
+
+the same mass.
+They are about the same size.
+
+What do you see?
+Well, you still see that the
+
+argon-argon interaction is much
+weaker.
+
+You can hardly see,
+in this drawing,
+
+the attractive part of the
+interaction potential on this
+
+scale.
+Chlorine-chlorine,
+
+on the other hand,
+look at that,
+
+minus 200 kilojoules per mole.
+And chlorine-chlorine is much
+
+closer in.
+The equilibrium bond length,
+
+what is it?
+1.9, or something like that.
+
+Whereas, we have 3.8 over here
+for argon-argon.
+
+In that covalent bond between
+two chlorine atoms,
+
+that is a different interaction
+than this induced dipole-induced
+
+dipole where we have overlaps of
+electrons, the wave functions
+
+constructively,
+destructively interfering.
+
+That is different than the
+induced dipole-induced dipole
+
+interaction.
+Now, it turns out that we
+
+actually do have a nice
+analytical form for the
+
+interaction potential due to
+these induced dipole-induced
+
+dipole interactions.
+
+Let's take a look at that.
+They are sometimes called
+
+dispersion interactions.
+We leave off the name London.
+
+We have a nice analytical form
+for these dispersion
+
+interactions.
+And the name of that analytical
+
+form is the Lennard-Jones
+potential.
+
+Lennard-Jones was way ahead of
+his time, a gentleman in England
+
+in the late 1800s who decided
+when he got married that it was
+
+not really fair for his wife,
+whose last name was Lennard,
+
+to take his name.
+So, they both had hyphenated
+
+last names, Lennard-Jones.
+That is Mr.
+
+Lennard-Jones.
+And that potential function
+
+looks like this.
+We are going to call it capital
+
+U, LJ, Lennard-Jones.
+
+It is going to be as a function
+of r.
+
+R is the distance between,
+I am going to use argon as the
+
+example, the two argon atoms.
+That is going to be equal to 4
+
+times epsilon,
+I will explain what epsilon is,
+
+times (sigma over r) to the 12
+power, I will explain was sigma
+
+is in a moment,
+--
+
+-- minus (sigma over r) to the
+6 power.
+
+That is my potential form.
+Now, when I plot it,
+
+it is going to look like every
+other interaction potential that
+
+we have drawn here because I
+cannot, on the board,
+
+draw things very accurately.
+This is argon plus argon,
+
+way out here.
+This is a function of r.
+
+We are going to start out at
+zero, this is going to go down
+
+and then come back up.
+That is the general form,
+
+and this is the actual
+expression for that interaction.
+
+What are these parameters,
+here?
+
+Well, the epsilon is this well
+depth.
+
+It is measured from the bottom
+of the well, although the argon
+
+atoms are never at the bottom of
+the well.
+
+They have the zero point
+energy.
+
+This epsilon,
+here, is this energy,
+
+from the bottom to the
+dissociated atom limit.
+
+What is this sigma?
+Well, this sigma is related to
+
+the equilibrium bond length.
+In the Lennard-Jones potential,
+
+here, the equilibrium bond
+length is equal to 1.12 sigma.
+
+That is a parameter.
+To get it, you would take the
+
+derivative of the potential
+function, set it equal to zero,
+
+calculate the value of r,
+and that would give you a zero
+
+in that derivative.
+That is a maximum or a minimum.
+
+And it will turn out to be a
+minimum in this case.
+
+That is what sigma is.
+What are these two components,
+
+right here?
+This component,
+
+this (sigma over r) 
+to the 12.
+
+What this describes are the
+repulsions in this interaction.
+
+It is a good description of the
+core electron-core electron
+
+repulsion.
+Not the repulsion due to the
+
+outermost electrons in argon,
+but the repulsion due to the
+
+core electrons,
+the n equal one,
+
+the n equal two electrons.
+And it describes the
+
+nuclear-nuclear repulsion.
+It is a (one over r) to the 12
+
+dependence. If I plot that,
+
+it would look something like
+this.
+
+It is repulsive everywhere.
+It is what we call a
+
+short-range interaction.
+And this is important.
+
+What do we mean by short-range?
+Well, short-range means that it
+
+only has a value when r is small
+because it is a one over r
+
+raised to the 12 power.
+
+If r is large,
+and you put a large number in
+
+the denominator and raise it to
+the 12 power,
+
+the result is nothing.
+The result is something close
+
+to zero.
+This first term is zero when r
+
+is very large.
+That is why we call it a
+
+short-range interaction.
+And you can see that this
+
+really starts taking on value
+when r is pretty small.
+
+But then there is this part,
+the (sigma over r) to the 6
+
+term. That is the attractive
+
+interactions.
+If I were to plot that,
+
+it would look like that.
+That is the induced
+
+dipole-induced dipole
+interaction.
+
+We could actually write down
+the energy of interaction
+
+between these two induced
+dipoles and find out that this
+
+is a one over the r to the 6
+power.
+
+We are not going to do that,
+but we could do that.
+
+These are always attractive.
+The sum of the two,
+
+of course, gives us the actual
+shape of that interaction
+
+potential.
+But this interaction,
+
+here, is longer range,
+or we call it longer range.
+
+It is longer range because it
+is only one over r to the 6.
+
+And so r does not have to be
+
+that small in order for this
+term to make the contribution.
+
+As r has a larger power here in
+the denominator,
+
+that is shorter range
+interaction.
+
+As it gets a smaller power in
+the denominator,
+
+that is a shorter range
+interaction.
+
+The other thing that is
+interesting and important here
+
+is this value of sigma.
+And I said that r sub e was
+
+1.12 times this sigma.
+
+The value of sigma is actually
+the definition of what we call a
+
+van der Waal's radius.
+That is, in the case of argon
+
+here, the equilibrium bond
+length is 1.12 sigma.
+
+And so, r sub e,
+1.12 sigma.
+
+For argon that parameter is 3.4
+angstroms.
+
+And so the bond length is 3.8
+angstroms.
+
+But the van der Waal's radius
+is given by this 1.12 sigma over
+
+2.
+The van der Waal's radius,
+
+in this case 1.9 here,
+is the radius that you use in
+
+these space filling models.
+On the side wall,
+
+that top model is a space
+filling model.
+
+And somehow you have to decide,
+how large should those
+
+hydrogens be that are sticking
+out in space that are not bonded
+
+to anything?
+And the radii that are used are
+
+these van der Waal's radii,
+because that is the radius at
+
+which you have this attractive
+interaction due to the induced
+
+dipole-induced dipole.
+And that is how those sizes are
+
+determined.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tp_MdKz3fC8.txt b/tp_MdKz3fC8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad35df1abd9ad595216d5d98912ddccde678574b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tp_MdKz3fC8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8231 @@
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello, welcome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, welcome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, welcome.
+The good news, we're basically done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The good news, we're basically done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The good news, we're basically done.
+We've covered all of the theory. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered all of the theory. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered all of the theory. The
+only thing we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're going to do the
+remaining part of the course is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining part of the course is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining part of the course is to think
+through several applications of Forier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several applications of Forier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several applications of Forier.
+Today I'll do some just really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today I'll do some just really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today I'll do some just really easy
+motivational things. I'll do anam a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational things. I'll do anam a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational things. I'll do anam a
+second another example from filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second another example from filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second another example from filtering
+just because that's such an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because that's such an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because that's such an important
+idea. I'll talk about how Forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. I'll talk about how Forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. I'll talk about how Forier
+transforms show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms show up in
+physics and then uh next uh starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and then uh next uh starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and then uh next uh starting
+next week we'll talk about sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll talk about sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll talk about sampling
+which is just a simple application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a simple application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a simple application of
+forier. You've already sort of seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier. You've already sort of seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier. You've already sort of seen it
+in the last lecture and then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture and then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture and then we'll talk
+about modulation which is yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modulation which is yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modulation which is yet another
+application of forier. So basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forier. So basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forier. So basically you
+have the theory and all we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the theory and all we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the theory and all we're going to
+do um in the for the remainder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um in the for the remainder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um in the for the remainder of the
+course is think about applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is think about applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is think about applications of
+forier. So we already talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier. So we already talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier. So we already talked about a
+filter. I motivated a filter by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. I motivated a filter by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. I motivated a filter by thinking
+about 4A series because it's easy. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4A series because it's easy. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4A series because it's easy. If
+you think about the uh system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the uh system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the uh system that's
+comprised of a resistor and a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of a resistor and a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of a resistor and a capacitor
+and you have an input VI and an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an input VI and an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an input VI and an output
+VO then you can think about that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VO then you can think about that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VO then you can think about that system
+being a filter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a filter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a filter.
+The filter can be characterized by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The filter can be characterized by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The filter can be characterized by a
+frequency response. You're all experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response. You're all experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response. You're all experts
+at that. The And then if you can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. The And then if you can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. The And then if you can break
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+signal into 4A components, which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into 4A components, which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into 4A components, which was
+easy when we had a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy when we had a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy when we had a 4A
+series, if you can break the signal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, if you can break the signal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, if you can break the signal into
+4A components, then it's easy to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A components, then it's easy to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A components, then it's easy to uh
+calculate the output as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the output as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the output as the sum of
+weighted and t possibly timeshifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted and t possibly timeshifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted and t possibly timeshifted
+versions of the components of the input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the components of the input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the components of the input.
+So uh we can decompose the signal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we can decompose the signal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we can decompose the signal the
+square wave into a bunch of um forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave into a bunch of um forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave into a bunch of um forier
+components and then think about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then think about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then think about how they
+pass through the filter where if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the filter where if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the filter where if they
+all pass through the low frequency part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pass through the low frequency part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pass through the low frequency part
+of the filter so that the gain is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter so that the gain is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter so that the gain is one
+and the phase is zero the output looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase is zero the output looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase is zero the output looks
+just like the input and if they all pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the input and if they all pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the input and if they all pass
+through the part of the filter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the part of the filter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the part of the filter that's
+sloping down with a slope of minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping down with a slope of minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping down with a slope of minus one
+with a phase lagging by pi / two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase lagging by pi / two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase lagging by pi / two you
+turn a square wave into a triangle wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a square wave into a triangle wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a square wave into a triangle wave.
+That was the simplest example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was the simplest example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was the simplest example of a
+filter. We saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. We saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter. We saw it
+again when we thought about speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we thought about speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we thought about speech
+production because there the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because there the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because there the idea was
+that the different kinds of sounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different kinds of sounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different kinds of sounds that
+we make are partially generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make are partially generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make are partially generated by the
+larynx and partially generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larynx and partially generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larynx and partially generated by the
+throat and it's all the musculature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat and it's all the musculature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat and it's all the musculature in
+your face that that enables you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face that that enables you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face that that enables you to make
+the precise different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precise different
+sounds. And that was what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds. And that was what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds. And that was what we call the
+source filter model of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source filter model of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source filter model of speech
+production. The source is down here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. The source is down here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. The source is down here. The
+filter is here. And we again we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is here. And we again we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is here. And we again we can
+think about it by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it by thinking about
+filtering. Filtering comes up all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering. Filtering comes up all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering. Filtering comes up all over
+the place. And it's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place. And it's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place. And it's one of the most
+important applications of 4A techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications of 4A techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications of 4A techniques
+generally. And it's for all the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally. And it's for all the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally. And it's for all the reasons
+you already know. If you can think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know. If you can think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know. If you can think of a
+way of breaking down a signal into 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of breaking down a signal into 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of breaking down a signal into 4A
+components, then you can think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, then you can think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components, then you can think about an
+LTI system as a filter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTI system as a filter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTI system as a filter.
+And in filtering applications, um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in filtering applications, um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in filtering applications, um, in
+signal processing filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing filtering
+applications, we usually try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, we usually try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, we usually try to think
+about high frequencies, low frequencies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high frequencies, low frequencies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high frequencies, low frequencies,
+designing systems that pass the lows,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing systems that pass the lows,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing systems that pass the lows,
+pass the highs, that sort of thing. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the highs, that sort of thing. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the highs, that sort of thing. But
+the key is breaking down an input, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is breaking down an input, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is breaking down an input, which
+might be complicated into pieces. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be complicated into pieces. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be complicated into pieces. That's
+where the forier transform is so good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the forier transform is so good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the forier transform is so good.
+And so I want to illustrate that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to illustrate that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I want to illustrate that by
+thinking about a hard problem in signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a hard problem in signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a hard problem in signal
+processing. And that is an electroc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. And that is an electroc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. And that is an electroc
+cardiogram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram.
+So first off, it's completely amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first off, it's completely amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first off, it's completely amazing
+that you can measure an electroc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can measure an electroc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can measure an electroc
+cardiogram at all. The voltages produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram at all. The voltages produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiogram at all. The voltages produced
+by cells are on the order of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cells are on the order of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cells are on the order of 100
+millolts. That's true for all cells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millolts. That's true for all cells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millolts. That's true for all cells for
+extremely fundamental reasons which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fundamental reasons which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fundamental reasons which if
+you're interested in 6021 has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in 6021 has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in 6021 has a lot of
+information about why there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about why there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about why there are
+fundamental fundamental physical limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fundamental physical limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fundamental physical limits
+on what kinds of voltage a cell can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kinds of voltage a cell can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what kinds of voltage a cell can
+make. So the the voltages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make. So the the voltages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make. So the the voltages are
+small, but they're much worse than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, but they're much worse than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, but they're much worse than that.
+They're constrained to the inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're constrained to the inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're constrained to the inside of a
+cell. You can't generally get access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. You can't generally get access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. You can't generally get access to
+the inside of a cell. In fact, it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside of a cell. In fact, it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside of a cell. In fact, it was a
+big technological breakthrough when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big technological breakthrough when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big technological breakthrough when
+people figured out how to draw. Cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people figured out how to draw. Cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people figured out how to draw. Cells
+are little. It's kind of hard to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little. It's kind of hard to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little. It's kind of hard to imagine
+how little they are. About
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how little they are. About
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how little they are. About
+um two to three million cells would fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two to three million cells would fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two to three million cells would fit
+in the length in a one inch length of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length in a one inch length of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length in a one inch length of a
+human hair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair.
+And that's a skinny hair like mine. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a skinny hair like mine. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a skinny hair like mine. So
+blonde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde
+skinny hair. The rest is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny hair. The rest is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny hair. The rest is not necessarily
+skinny, but the hair is skinny. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny, but the hair is skinny. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny, but the hair is skinny. So uh
+you can get about a million cells, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get about a million cells, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get about a million cells, maybe
+two million cells in one length, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million cells in one length, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million cells in one length, one
+inch of um length of the human hair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch of um length of the human hair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch of um length of the human hair to
+give you some idea of how small they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some idea of how small they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some idea of how small they
+are. They're tiny tiny tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. They're tiny tiny tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. They're tiny tiny tiny little
+things. So it was a big deal when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So it was a big deal when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So it was a big deal when people
+were able to measure inside a cell. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to measure inside a cell. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to measure inside a cell. And
+when you put electrodes on your chest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put electrodes on your chest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put electrodes on your chest to
+measure an ocardiogram, you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an ocardiogram, you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an ocardiogram, you're not
+inside a cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell.
+cells are surrounded by an insulator. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are surrounded by an insulator. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are surrounded by an insulator. So
+not much of that electrical current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of that electrical current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of that electrical current is
+available to you. Furthermore, the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you. Furthermore, the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you. Furthermore, the cells
+in the heart are surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heart are surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heart are surrounded by
+saline. What's important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline. What's important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline. What's important about
+saline? What is saline?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline? What is saline?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline? What is saline?
+Salt. Salt water. What's important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saline? What would be different if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline? What would be different if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saline? What would be different if we
+were filled with distilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were filled with distilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were filled with distilled
+water besides the fact that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water besides the fact that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water besides the fact that we would
+die?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die?
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conducts electricity. So the uh fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts electricity. So the uh fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducts electricity. So the uh fluid
+that's the that bathes the cells has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that bathes the cells has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that bathes the cells has a
+very high ionic concentration and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high ionic concentration and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high ionic concentration and that
+means that it conducts electricity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it conducts electricity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it conducts electricity which
+means most of the potentials are shorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means most of the potentials are shorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means most of the potentials are shorted
+out before they ever get to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before they ever get to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before they ever get to the surface
+of the skin. Then there's another 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the skin. Then there's another 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the skin. Then there's another 20
+layers of insulation called your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of insulation called your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of insulation called your
+skin. So it's it's astonishing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin. So it's it's astonishing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin. So it's it's astonishing that you
+can even measure these things. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even measure these things. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even measure these things. And when
+you do, it's not surprising that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, it's not surprising that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, it's not surprising that there's
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+signal uh in the waveform other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh in the waveform other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh in the waveform other than the
+signal that you intend. There's about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that you intend. There's about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that you intend. There's about 10
+to the 13th neurons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 13th neurons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 13th neurons in your
+body and they're all chattering away. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and they're all chattering away. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and they're all chattering away. So
+you see those. So that the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those. So that the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those. So that the idea of
+filtering out the part of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering out the part of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering out the part of the signal
+that results from the EKG is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results from the EKG is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results from the EKG is completely
+non-trivial and it's very useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and it's very useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial and it's very useful to
+think about it in the 4A domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in the 4A domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in the 4A domain and
+absolutely everybody does it that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely everybody does it that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely everybody does it that way.
+If you were to take the 48 transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were to take the 48 transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you were to take the 48 transform of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+waveform, you would get a waveform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform, you would get a waveform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform, you would get a waveform that
+looks like this, which looks perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, which looks perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, which looks perhaps
+more complicated, except that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated, except that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated, except that you can
+make some sense out of it. Hearts beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense out of it. Hearts beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense out of it. Hearts beat
+about 60 or 70 times a minute, depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 or 70 times a minute, depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 or 70 times a minute, depending
+on how athletic and how old you are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how athletic and how old you are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how athletic and how old you are,
+which means that it's the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it's the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it's the components
+around one hertz or bigger that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one hertz or bigger that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one hertz or bigger that are
+coming from the heart. Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the heart. Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the heart. Things
+significantly lower than a hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower than a hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower than a hertz
+probably aren't coming from the heart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't coming from the heart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't coming from the heart.
+things that are up in the 10 kHz region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are up in the 10 kHz region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are up in the 10 kHz region
+probably are not from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are not from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are not from the
+heart. This enormous spike, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. This enormous spike, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. This enormous spike, what's
+that? That's the lights. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? That's the lights. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? That's the lights. That's the
+power. That's the we distribute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. That's the we distribute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. That's the we distribute uh
+electrical power by modulating it at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power by modulating it at 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power by modulating it at 60
+Hz because that distributes better. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz because that distributes better. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz because that distributes better. But
+then it radiates and so some of that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it radiates and so some of that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it radiates and so some of that can
+be coupled into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coupled into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coupled into
+everything including me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything including me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything including me.
+So the big line is the 60 Hz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the big line is the 60 Hz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the big line is the 60 Hz that's
+being coupled from the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being coupled from the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being coupled from the power
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+network into the person whose EKG this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into the person whose EKG this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into the person whose EKG this
+is. So what we'd like to do then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. So what we'd like to do then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. So what we'd like to do then is
+generate a filter that takes out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a filter that takes out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a filter that takes out the
+stuff that isn't uh EKG. So we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that isn't uh EKG. So we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that isn't uh EKG. So we'd like to
+eliminate this low frequency stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this low frequency stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this low frequency stuff and
+we'd like to eliminate this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to eliminate this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to eliminate this high
+frequency stuff. Right? So what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency stuff. Right? So what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency stuff. Right? So what we do is
+we design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we design a
+filter filter design bod of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter filter design bod of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter filter design bod of course.
+Right? Smile everybody smile. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Smile everybody smile. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Smile everybody smile. You don't
+there's no nothing on a quiz for weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no nothing on a quiz for weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no nothing on a quiz for weeks
+to come. Right? So, uh so Bodie, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come. Right? So, uh so Bodie, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come. Right? So, uh so Bodie, so we
+would think about uh passing the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about uh passing the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about uh passing the high
+frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies.
+Uh I didn't say that right. So, we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I didn't say that right. So, we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I didn't say that right. So, we would
+like to cut off the very lows. We'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to cut off the very lows. We'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to cut off the very lows. We'd like
+to cut off the very highs. And we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut off the very highs. And we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut off the very highs. And we'd like
+to get rid of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of that one
+glitch at 60 hertz. So the 60 Hz thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch at 60 hertz. So the 60 Hz thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitch at 60 hertz. So the 60 Hz thing,
+that's what this is intended to do. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is intended to do. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is intended to do. It's
+intended to be a very narrow filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a very narrow filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a very narrow filter that
+just wipes out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wipes out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wipes out the
+60. So this is the kind of filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60. So this is the kind of filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60. So this is the kind of filter that
+I'd like to design. And here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to design. And here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to design. And here's the
+design. Handful of poles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Handful of poles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Handful of poles and
+zeros. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Your
+task, talk to your neighbor and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task, talk to your neighbor and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task, talk to your neighbor and figure
+out which poles and which zeros go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which poles and which zeros go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which poles and which zeros go with
+the high pass, the low pass, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high pass, the low pass, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high pass, the low pass, and the
+notch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, look at your neighbor. Say hi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, look at your neighbor. Say hi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, look at your neighbor. Say hi.
+Smile.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, where which of the poles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, where which of the poles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, where which of the poles and
+zeros contribute to the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pass? Right. You can point like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass? Right. You can point like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass? Right. You can point like there's
+up and there's left and there's center.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there's left and there's center.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there's left and there's center.
+So which ones are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pass? The ones near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass? The ones near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass? The ones near
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+So the zero or the poles or one of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zero or the poles or one of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zero or the poles or one of each
+or both or what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what's it what would hap what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's it what would hap what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's it what would hap what would
+the vot look like if you only had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vot look like if you only had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vot look like if you only had the
+zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero?
+Yeah. So it would it would the the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it would it would the the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it would it would the the zero
+alone would cancel out frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone would cancel out frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone would cancel out frequency
+components at zero which on a bodhi pl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at zero which on a bodhi pl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at zero which on a bodhi pl
+is way over there. Right. Uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way over there. Right. Uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is way over there. Right. Uh what about
+the what about these poles? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what about these poles? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what about these poles? What's the
+poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for? They flatten it out. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? They flatten it out. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? They flatten it out. So if you
+think about reading off the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reading off the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reading off the effect of
+the poles and zeros starting at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles and zeros starting at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles and zeros starting at zero and
+going to bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bigger and bigger
+radiuses then the first thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiuses then the first thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiuses then the first thing you have
+to worry about going left to right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about going left to right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about going left to right on
+the bodie plot is the zeros doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bodie plot is the zeros doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bodie plot is the zeros doing this
+and then these poles flatten out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zeros. So what what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. So what what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. So what what's this
+doing? That's the uh the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? That's the uh the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? That's the uh the thing that's
+attenuating the high frequencies. which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuating the high frequencies. which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuating the high frequencies. which
+leaves us with this. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us with this. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us with this. What's
+that? And how do you know it's a notch?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's a zero. So the zero on the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a zero. So the zero on the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a zero. So the zero on the J
+omega axis means there's a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega axis means there's a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega axis means there's a frequency
+that it completely wipes out. Why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it completely wipes out. Why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it completely wipes out. Why do I
+need to have this stupid pole here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have this stupid pole here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have this stupid pole here?
+Can't I just put the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't I just put the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't I just put the zero
+there? Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yep.
+Bring it back up. So the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bring it back up. So the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bring it back up. So the idea is that if
+you put the pole close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the pole close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the pole close to the
+zero, if you get to a frequency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, if you get to a frequency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, if you get to a frequency that's
+pretty far away from those, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from those, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from those, their
+effects cancel and there's no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects cancel and there's no there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects cancel and there's no there's no
+effect of either of them. So their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of either of them. So their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of either of them. So their
+effect is constrained to frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is constrained to frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is constrained to frequencies
+that are very close measured as in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very close measured as in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very close measured as in terms
+of of this distance. So you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this distance. So you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this distance. So you have to be
+at a frequency that's very close in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency that's very close in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency that's very close in
+order to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have an
+effect. Okay? And when you do that, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Okay? And when you do that, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Okay? And when you do that, when
+you design such a filter, you clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design such a filter, you clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design such a filter, you clean up
+the waveform a lot. And no one in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform a lot. And no one in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform a lot. And no one in their
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+mind would generate an EKG machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind would generate an EKG machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind would generate an EKG machine that
+didn't do this, right? I mean, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do this, right? I mean, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do this, right? I mean, that's
+just built into the pre-amplifier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just built into the pre-amplifier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just built into the pre-amplifier that's
+attached to the electrodes. So the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the electrodes. So the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the electrodes. So the point
+is that uh filtering is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh filtering is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh filtering is very important
+application of forier transforms. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forier transforms. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forier transforms. We can
+take an arbitrary signal and often get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary signal and often get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary signal and often get a
+lot of insight into what we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insight into what we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insight into what we would like
+to preserve and remove by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve and remove by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve and remove by thinking about
+the forier transform. Insights that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform. Insights that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform. Insights that you
+wouldn't get by looking at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get by looking at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get by looking at time
+waveform. Okay, next thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform. Okay, next thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform. Okay, next thing I want to
+think about is a little bit different. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is a little bit different. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is a little bit different. I
+want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about
+physics. This isn't of course in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. This isn't of course in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. This isn't of course in physics
+nor am I a physicist but I do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor am I a physicist but I do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor am I a physicist but I do do
+optics. And the thing I want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics. And the thing I want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics. And the thing I want to think
+about is defraction. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is defraction. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is defraction. You can't
+understand optics unless you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optics unless you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optics unless you think about
+defraction. And honestly, the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction. And honestly, the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction. And honestly, the easiest
+way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about
+defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is free a transform. Right? So the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free a transform. Right? So the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free a transform. Right? So the a
+very simple example of defraction. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example of defraction. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example of defraction. So
+here's a defraction grading. So uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a defraction grading. So uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a defraction grading. So uh if I
+pass a coherent beam through there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a coherent beam through there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a coherent beam through there,
+which I just happen to have, uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just happen to have, uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just happen to have, uh if I
+pass a coherent beam through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a coherent beam through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a coherent beam through a
+diffraction grading, what do you see?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the defraction grading split one beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction grading split one beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction grading split one beam
+right all term I've been pointing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all term I've been pointing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all term I've been pointing with
+one right well if I put this in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right well if I put this in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right well if I put this in front of
+it now I get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I get three
+right so somehow there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so somehow there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so somehow there's something about
+this that's breaking one beam into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's breaking one beam into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's breaking one beam into
+three uh can you think of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh can you think of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh can you think of why
+uh can you remember uh 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you remember uh 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you remember uh 802
+where they probably mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this? What's in here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Slits. Close. Yeah. What? So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slits. Close. Yeah. What? So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slits. Close. Yeah. What? So, the
+simplest experiment where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest experiment where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest experiment where you could
+illustrate this kind of a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this kind of a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this kind of a defraction
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is goes by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Show the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double slit experimental. So if you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experimental. So if you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experimental. So if you so
+if you pass light through two slits,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass light through two slits,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass light through two slits,
+something phenomenal happens, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phenomenal happens, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phenomenal happens, right?
+It's very sim it's very closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very sim it's very closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very sim it's very closely related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+this. What's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this? Something like a slit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Something like a slit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Something like a slit.
+It's actually something like a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually something like a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually something like a whole
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+sleds. So, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleds. So, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleds. So, yeah,
+polarizer. Close. It's one of those neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer. Close. It's one of those neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer. Close. It's one of those neat
+words from physics, but not quite. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from physics, but not quite. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from physics, but not quite. Um,
+polarized has to do with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized has to do with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized has to do with the fact that
+the light has an E field and an M field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light has an E field and an M field,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light has an E field and an M field,
+and they are perpendicular to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are perpendicular to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are perpendicular to each
+other. And sources like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And sources like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And sources like this one
+actually keep them separate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep them separate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep them separate.
+So, this actually does generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this actually does generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this actually does generate
+polarized light, but you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light, but you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light, but you can't really
+tell because if I spin it, if I spin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell because if I spin it, if I spin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell because if I spin it, if I spin the
+laser pointer, you can't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer, you can't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer, you can't really see
+anything. But if I spin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grading uh oh, I just said something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading uh oh, I just said something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading uh oh, I just said something.
+So, what did I just call this? Grading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what did I just call this? Grading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what did I just call this? Grading.
+So, what is it? It's a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is it? It's a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is it? It's a defraction
+grading. It's got a bunch of little um u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. It's got a bunch of little um u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. It's got a bunch of little um u
+horizontal uh structure. So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh structure. So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh structure. So the idea is
+um is here the grading you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is here the grading you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is here the grading you can think
+about it as an array big array big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as an array big array big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as an array big array big
+compared to the size of the point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the size of the point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the size of the point that I
+was illuminating big array of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was illuminating big array of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was illuminating big array of um
+scatterers. So you think about having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers. So you think about having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers. So you think about having uh
+a material that transmits light and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material that transmits light and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material that transmits light and a
+material that scatters light and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that scatters light and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that scatters light and the
+material that scatters light is arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that scatters light is arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that scatters light is arranged
+in lines and the lines are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lines and the lines are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lines and the lines are separated
+from each other by some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other by some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other by some kind of a
+distance here represented by capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here represented by capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here represented by capital
+D. And the reason that you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. And the reason that you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. And the reason that you see the the
+uh farfield pattern, we call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farfield pattern, we call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh farfield pattern, we call that the
+farfield pattern as opposed to the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farfield pattern as opposed to the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farfield pattern as opposed to the near
+field pattern. If I were to um if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field pattern. If I were to um if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field pattern. If I were to um if I were
+to do this and but put it very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and but put it very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and but put it very close
+then I would think about the field then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would think about the field then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would think about the field then
+I would think about the pattern being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think about the pattern being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think about the pattern being
+the near field pattern. If I get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near field pattern. If I get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near field pattern. If I get close
+compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to
+D. So if the slits are D apart the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if the slits are D apart the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if the slits are D apart the near
+field is kind of D close and the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is kind of D close and the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is kind of D close and the far
+field is when I'm far away compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is when I'm far away compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is when I'm far away compared to
+D. So if I'm far away compared to D,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if I'm far away compared to D,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if I'm far away compared to D,
+then you can imagine that the light's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that the light's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that the light's
+coming in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this
+way and each one of these generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and each one of these generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and each one of these generates
+scatter. So there's a spherical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter. So there's a spherical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter. So there's a spherical wave
+coming away out from each of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming away out from each of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming away out from each of these.
+Right? That's Huygens's principle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's Huygens's principle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's Huygens's principle,
+right? So the idea then is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the idea then is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the idea then is that there
+are contributions from each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributions from each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributions from each one of these
+scatterers out here in the far field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers out here in the far field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers out here in the far field.
+Each point in the far field picks up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each point in the far field picks up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each point in the far field picks up a
+little bit of light from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of light from each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of light from each of the
+scatterers, but they're in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers, but they're in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers, but they're in different
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+relationships. They were in phase when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. They were in phase when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. They were in phase when
+the coherent light struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent light struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent light struck
+these. But now if I were to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. But now if I were to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. But now if I were to think about
+a point here, the phase that you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point here, the phase that you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point here, the phase that you get is
+different from the point here. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the point here. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the point here. So here
+the two points would generate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two points would generate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two points would generate uh the
+phase from two points would be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase from two points would be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase from two points would be about the
+same. Here they would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Here they would be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Here they would be different
+because uh the distance traveled from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the distance traveled from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the distance traveled from
+this scatterer is that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scatterer is that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scatterer is that much
+longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+Okay. So if I look at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I look at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I look at a particular
+angle then each of these scatterers is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle then each of these scatterers is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle then each of these scatterers is a
+different optical path length from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different optical path length from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different optical path length from the
+source. That means that if I arrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. That means that if I arrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. That means that if I arrange the
+angle so that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so that this is
+lambda, the light that scatters off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda, the light that scatters off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda, the light that scatters off of
+here will constructively interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will constructively interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will constructively interfere with
+the light that scatters off of here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that scatters off of here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that scatters off of here and
+here. Everybody see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Everybody see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Everybody see
+that? So that means that there's a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? So that means that there's a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? So that means that there's a funny
+angle the sign of which is lambda over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the sign of which is lambda over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the sign of which is lambda over d
+at which you get constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you get constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you get constructive
+interference. And that's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference. And that's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference. And that's what's going on
+with the defraction gradient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the defraction gradient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the defraction gradient.
+Okay. And you can see that uh uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you can see that uh uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you can see that uh uh there
+are simple illustrations of that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple illustrations of that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple illustrations of that all
+over the place. Here I have a CD and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place. Here I have a CD and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place. Here I have a CD and a
+DVD. Which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD. Which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD. Which one's
+which? I'm showing you the back side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which? I'm showing you the back side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which? I'm showing you the back side of
+a CD and a DVD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CD and a DVD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CD and a DVD.
+DVDs on the uh is this one. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs on the uh is this one. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVDs on the uh is this one. How do you
+know that? Because it looks blue. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that? Because it looks blue. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that? Because it looks blue. Why
+does it look blue?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look blue?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look blue?
+Not a clue. It's just they always do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a clue. It's just they always do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a clue. It's just they always do,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller. So somehow this one reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. So somehow this one reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. So somehow this one reflects
+better the bluer lights. So you see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the bluer lights. So you see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the bluer lights. So you see more
+of that. And this one reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. And this one reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. And this one reflects
+better longer lights. This one's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better longer lights. This one's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better longer lights. This one's got
+kind of a greenish twinge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe kind of like all colors. I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe kind of like all colors. I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe kind of like all colors. I like to
+call it green. Maybe it's because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it green. Maybe it's because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it green. Maybe it's because I know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer. So So if I take these guys, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So So if I take these guys, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So So if I take these guys, I
+can get the same sort of thing. So, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the same sort of thing. So, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the same sort of thing. So, I'll
+take the CD first. Now, of course, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the CD first. Now, of course, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the CD first. Now, of course, this
+has a coating on it. So, if I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a coating on it. So, if I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a coating on it. So, if I try to
+shine a laser straight through it, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a laser straight through it, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a laser straight through it, not
+much will happen, right? If I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will happen, right? If I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will happen, right? If I don't
+really want to blind somebody, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to blind somebody, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to blind somebody, this is
+not um Okay. So, I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um Okay. So, I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um Okay. So, I'm going to take this
+and I'm going to attempt to hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to attempt to hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to attempt to hit this
+while watching back here, which, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while watching back here, which, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while watching back here, which, you
+know, for somebody my age is pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for somebody my age is pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for somebody my age is pretty hard
+to do. But the idea is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. But the idea is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. But the idea is going to be that
+instead of using this as a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using this as a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using this as a transmission
+grading, I'm going to use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading, I'm going to use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading, I'm going to use it as a
+reflection grading. So if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay. So that's kind of cute. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So that's kind of cute. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So that's kind of cute. So
+uh my laser's green. What's lambda?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+530. So let's round off. Let's say 500.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+530. So let's round off. Let's say 500.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+530. So let's round off. Let's say 500.
+But yes. Uh, so let's so the green so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yes. Uh, so let's so the green so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yes. Uh, so let's so the green so
+I've got like a green laser and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got like a green laser and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got like a green laser and I've
+got What will happen if I move the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got What will happen if I move the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got What will happen if I move the laser
+back and forth? How will the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change? Won't change. So if I do this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change? Won't change. So if I do this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change? Won't change. So if I do this,
+which I can't do while I'm watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't do while I'm watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can't do while I'm watching
+it. Okay, no change, right? What will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, no change, right? What will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, no change, right? What will
+happen if I move this this way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, the angle is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the angle is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the angle is what
+matters. So, as I move it farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters. So, as I move it farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters. So, as I move it farther
+away, the pattern gets bigger. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, the pattern gets bigger. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, the pattern gets bigger. Right?
+So, if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this, if I were at all coordinated,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if I were at all coordinated,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if I were at all coordinated,
+which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not. I'm trusting that it's doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. I'm trusting that it's doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. I'm trusting that it's doing what
+I'm telling it to because I can't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling it to because I can't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling it to because I can't look
+at the same time. So, let me put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time. So, let me put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time. So, let me put this
+at a precise three meter uh one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a precise three meter uh one meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a precise three meter uh one meter
+away, three feet. And let me shine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, three feet. And let me shine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, three feet. And let me shine this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+here. And let me do a very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And let me do a very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And let me do a very precise
+measurement. And those are now one foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. And those are now one foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. And those are now one foot
+apart by my precise measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart by my precise measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart by my precise measurement
+skills.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills.
+Um, so, uh, what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, uh, what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, uh, what I'd like you to do is
+figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+pitch. The information on a CD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch. The information on a CD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch. The information on a CD is
+written spirally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written spirally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written spirally.
+That's the reason there's uh an apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the reason there's uh an apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the reason there's uh an apparent
+color. I just measured the pitch. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. I just measured the pitch. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. I just measured the pitch. How
+far apart are the tracks? So take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart are the tracks? So take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart are the tracks? So take the
+data, right? So the if I'm 3 feet away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, right? So the if I'm 3 feet away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, right? So the if I'm 3 feet away
+from the screen, the dots are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the screen, the dots are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the screen, the dots are separated
+by one foot and figure out how closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one foot and figure out how closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one foot and figure out how closely
+spaced the tracks are on a CD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what's the answer? One, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's the answer? One, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's the answer? One, two,
+three, four. None of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above. Okay. a a very small number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. Okay. a a very small number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. Okay. a a very small number of uh
+votes but about 90% correct. So what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes but about 90% correct. So what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes but about 90% correct. So what do
+I do? How do I figure it out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You just Yeah. So so we just made a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just Yeah. So so we just made a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just Yeah. So so we just made a big
+deal out of how um uh so the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal out of how um uh so the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal out of how um uh so the distance
+which was d sin theta had to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was d sin theta had to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was d sin theta had to be an
+integer multiple of lambda. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of lambda. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of lambda. Right? So
+all we need to do is think through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is think through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is think through some
+trig. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I think about the
+angle so if I think about the dots being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so if I think about the dots being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so if I think about the dots being
+a foot apart when I'm 3 feet away then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foot apart when I'm 3 feet away then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foot apart when I'm 3 feet away then
+the tangent is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third. So the angle small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. So the angle small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. So the angle small angle
+approximation is about a third. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is about a third. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is about a third. So the
+sign is about a third.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is about a third.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is about a third.
+So it's about uh so lambda is about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's about uh so lambda is about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's about uh so lambda is about um
+500 nanometers divided by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers divided by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers divided by a
+third and if I carry that out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and if I carry that out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and if I carry that out a little
+more precisely I get 1613 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely I get 1613 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely I get 1613 and the
+manufacturer specification for CDs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer specification for CDs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer specification for CDs is
+1600 nanometers so it's 1.6 micrometers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600 nanometers so it's 1.6 micrometers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600 nanometers so it's 1.6 micrometers.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excuse me. What is the precision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me. What is the precision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me. What is the precision that
+they usually hit? Oh they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually hit? Oh they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually hit? Oh they're pretty
+good. Uh so uh in fact we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh so uh in fact we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh so uh in fact we'll talk about
+this a little later. Uh they do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little later. Uh they do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little later. Uh they do this by
+an embossing process. So you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embossing process. So you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embossing process. So you make a
+master uh out of uh aluminum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master uh out of uh aluminum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master uh out of uh aluminum and then
+you stamp it and the stamping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stamp it and the stamping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stamp it and the stamping is
+actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very
+good. Uh so probably the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh so probably the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh so probably the biggest
+manufacturing problem is the thermals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing problem is the thermals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing problem is the thermals.
+So you stamp it in a in a heated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you stamp it in a in a heated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you stamp it in a in a heated um
+polystyrene. So there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene. So there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene. So there's a little bit of
+a coefficient of shrinkage as it cools,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of shrinkage as it cools,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of shrinkage as it cools,
+but it's not very big. It's uh fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very big. It's uh fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very big. It's uh fractions
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percent. So what will happen then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent. So what will happen then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent. So what will happen then if I
+switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the
+DVD? How many tracks are on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? How many tracks are on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? How many tracks are on a
+DVD? Right? So we can do the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? Right? So we can do the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? Right? So we can do the same kind
+of an experiment. Now if I um try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment. Now if I um try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an experiment. Now if I um try to do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+DVD, in order to get them to be a foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD, in order to get them to be a foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD, in order to get them to be a foot
+apart, I have to get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, I have to get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, I have to get much
+closer, right? So now to get these space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer, right? So now to get these space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer, right? So now to get these space
+at about a foot, I have to be about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about a foot, I have to be about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about a foot, I have to be about a
+foot away. So what's the track? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot away. So what's the track? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot away. So what's the track? What's
+the spacing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DVD? Smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? Smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD? Smaller or
+bigger? So it's smaller because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger? So it's smaller because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger? So it's smaller because the
+angle got bigger, right? So it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle got bigger, right? So it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle got bigger, right? So it's the
+same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of
+deal. You if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. You if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. You if you think about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the one foot, so you get one foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one foot, so you get one foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one foot, so you get one foot
+spacing with about one foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing with about one foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing with about one foot
+So then the tangent is about one. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then the tangent is about one. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then the tangent is about one. It's
+not quite a small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a small angle
+anymore. So theta is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+78. And so the uh experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78. And so the uh experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78. And so the uh experiment the
+experimental value comes out about 704
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value comes out about 704
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value comes out about 704
+nanometers. So it's about the root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers. So it's about the root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers. So it's about the root of
+two. It's about a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. It's about a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. It's about a factor of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+smaller. So we get about 700 nan. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. So we get about 700 nan. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller. So we get about 700 nan. It's a
+it's a fraction of a micron rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fraction of a micron rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fraction of a micron rather than
+1.6 microns. And that's why they look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 microns. And that's why they look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 microns. And that's why they look a
+little different, right? So we get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different, right? So we get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different, right? So we get about
+a factor of two in terms of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two in terms of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of two in terms of information
+density in terms of track count. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in terms of track count. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in terms of track count. Of
+course, the information is also stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the information is also stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the information is also stored
+more closely within a track as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely within a track as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely within a track as well. So
+instead of being about a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being about a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being about a factor of two
+better, it's maybe a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, it's maybe a factor of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, it's maybe a factor of four
+better, but because the tracks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, but because the tracks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, but because the tracks are
+spaced about a factor of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced about a factor of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced about a factor of two.
+Okay. Okay. You can do more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. You can do more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. You can do more interesting
+things, right? That's kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? That's kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? That's kind of the most
+degenerate case because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case because that's
+1D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D.
+Um, so here's a fancier grading from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's a fancier grading from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's a fancier grading from my
+lab which has the property that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab which has the property that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab which has the property that if I
+shine a light through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it, I get more dots. Okay. So, what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, I get more dots. Okay. So, what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, I get more dots. Okay. So, what's in
+what's inside this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a 2D grading. So instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a 2D grading. So instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a 2D grading. So instead of having
+just lines going this way, it has lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lines going this way, it has lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lines going this way, it has lines
+going this way and lines going that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way and lines going that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way and lines going that way.
+Okay? And in fact, back in the uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And in fact, back in the uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And in fact, back in the uh back
+about oh five or 10 years ago when laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh five or 10 years ago when laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh five or 10 years ago when laser
+printers were a novelty, they became all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers were a novelty, they became all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers were a novelty, they became all
+the rage to put them right into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rage to put them right into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rage to put them right into your
+laser printer into your laser pointer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer into your laser pointer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer into your laser pointer.
+Okay. So here's another uh laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's another uh laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's another uh laser
+pointer. Um so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. Um so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. Um so here's
+uh a thing that you screw on the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thing that you screw on the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a thing that you screw on the end
+which has a traction grading built right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a traction grading built right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a traction grading built right
+into it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it, right?
+And so now if I'm into say um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now if I'm into say um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now if I'm into say um I don't
+know some graphics you know reading off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some graphics you know reading off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some graphics you know reading off
+the cursor. So there's a cursor now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cursor. So there's a cursor now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cursor. So there's a cursor now in
+my laser pointer rather than being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laser pointer rather than being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laser pointer rather than being a
+dot. Or if I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chy now I can circle things right. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chy now I can circle things right. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chy now I can circle things right. Not
+sure why I want to do that but in case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why I want to do that but in case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why I want to do that but in case I
+wanted to I can do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, if I wanted to underline things, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I wanted to underline things, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I wanted to underline things, I
+guess. I'm not sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. The point is that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The point is that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The point is that these things
+are all This is just a diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all This is just a diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all This is just a diffraction
+grading. All that's in there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. All that's in there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. All that's in there is a little
+piece of glass that's got um got it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass that's got um got it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass that's got um got it's
+not actually glass, it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually glass, it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually glass, it's actually
+plastic that was made with an etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic that was made with an etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic that was made with an etching
+process the same as uh with an embossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the same as uh with an embossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the same as uh with an embossing
+process, same as they make CDs with. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, same as they make CDs with. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, same as they make CDs with. Uh
+so if you're uh into Yeah. Who knows?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're uh into Yeah. Who knows?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're uh into Yeah. Who knows?
+Uh, and they if you go even if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and they if you go even if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and they if you go even if you go
+backwards in time, they get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time, they get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time, they get even
+chintzier. So, this was an this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chintzier. So, this was an this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chintzier. So, this was an this is an
+even older laser printer. Uh, laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even older laser printer. Uh, laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even older laser printer. Uh, laser
+pointer. Okay. So, now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know they're fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can tell it's older because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can tell it's older because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can tell it's older because it's
+red, right? And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimmer. If you uh think the click art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmer. If you uh think the click art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmer. If you uh think the click art is
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still, this is my favorite. Save the fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still, this is my favorite. Save the fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still, this is my favorite. Save the fa
+favorite for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end. Dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Dark
+side. I don't know. Anyway, anyway, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. I don't know. Anyway, anyway, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. I don't know. Anyway, anyway, so
+that's kind of the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea
+uh the way you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you can think about
+defraction gradings. So now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction gradings. So now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction gradings. So now I want to
+think about a more general theory. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a more general theory. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a more general theory. I
+worked out a specific theory for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out a specific theory for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out a specific theory for a
+one-dimensional um defraction grading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional um defraction grading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional um defraction grading.
+Now I want to think about the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I want to think about the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I want to think about the general
+theory. What if I simply told you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. What if I simply told you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. What if I simply told you some
+pattern in space? What if I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in space? What if I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in space? What if I told you
+your job is to make the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to make the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to make the defraction
+grading to project a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading to project a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading to project a dollar
+sign? How would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign? How would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign? How would you do
+it? Take a wild guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Take the forier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take the forier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take the forier transform of
+course. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. So
+um so the idea so what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea so what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea so what would happen if
+the target is more complicated than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is more complicated than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is more complicated than a
+grading? The way to think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading? The way to think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading? The way to think about this is
+to think about just like in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about just like in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about just like in the case of
+the grading, if you collect the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading, if you collect the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading, if you collect the light
+that hits the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the far
+field, the far field that hits a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, the far field that hits a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, the far field that hits a point
+in the far field came from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field came from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field came from all over the
+target. Okay? Just like in the grading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. Okay? Just like in the grading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. Okay? Just like in the grading,
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+grading, the point in the far field came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading, the point in the far field came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading, the point in the far field came
+from every one of the lines. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every one of the lines. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every one of the lines. And there
+was a simple relationship among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a simple relationship among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a simple relationship among the
+phases that came from each of the lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that came from each of the lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that came from each of the lines.
+And that's what gave rise to the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's what gave rise to the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's what gave rise to the pattern
+in the far field. Well, the same thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field. Well, the same thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field. Well, the same thing's
+always true. All the points in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true. All the points in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true. All the points in the image
+in the far field came from each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field came from each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far field came from each point
+had contributions from every point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had contributions from every point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had contributions from every point in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+target. And if you think about points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. And if you think about points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. And if you think about points in
+the target, now I'm going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target, now I'm going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target, now I'm going to think about
+just one point. So I've this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one point. So I've this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one point. So I've this is the
+target space. Way out there is the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target space. Way out there is the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target space. Way out there is the far
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+So in the target space there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the target space there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the target space there's an
+xcoordinate, there's a y-coordinate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xcoordinate, there's a y-coordinate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xcoordinate, there's a y-coordinate,
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+zcoordinate. Let me just worry about x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zcoordinate. Let me just worry about x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zcoordinate. Let me just worry about x
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+moment. The point that is x displaced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. The point that is x displaced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. The point that is x displaced in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+direction contributes a different phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction contributes a different phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction contributes a different phase
+to the far field than a point that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the far field than a point that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the far field than a point that's at
+zero. Because the points at x, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Because the points at x, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Because the points at x, you get a
+different phase. And that phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase. And that phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase. And that phase
+relationship depends not just on X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship depends not just on X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship depends not just on X but
+also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the
+angle. And this is the relationship the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And this is the relationship the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And this is the relationship the
+phase generated by a scatterer at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase generated by a scatterer at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase generated by a scatterer at the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+X just like the two just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X just like the two just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X just like the two just like the
+one-dimensional grading. If you take x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional grading. If you take x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional grading. If you take x
+and multiply by the sign that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by the sign that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by the sign that tells you
+the delay uh in meters but then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay uh in meters but then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay uh in meters but then you can
+convert that into radians by dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into radians by dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into radians by dividing by
+the wavelength and multiplying by 2 pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and multiplying by 2 pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength and multiplying by 2 pi.
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+phase that is generated by scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that is generated by scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that is generated by scattering
+from this point displaced a distance x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point displaced a distance x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point displaced a distance x
+when measured an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when measured an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when measured an angle
+theta in the far field looks like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in the far field looks like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in the far field looks like that.
+Okay, that's supposed to be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's supposed to be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's supposed to be just a
+simple uh reiteration of what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh reiteration of what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh reiteration of what we just
+did. Now, the tricky part is that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Now, the tricky part is that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Now, the tricky part is that all of
+the light that hits a particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that hits a particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light that hits a particular point
+in the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the far
+field, a point in the far field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, a point in the far field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, a point in the far field is
+characterized as theta. Where's my laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as theta. Where's my laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as theta. Where's my laser
+pointer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer?
+So if you go to the far field at a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you go to the far field at a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you go to the far field at a place
+theta the total amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the total amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the total amount of light that
+hits the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the point
+theta is the sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the sum the
+integral of all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of all the different
+scatterers. So f ofx represents how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers. So f ofx represents how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterers. So f ofx represents how much
+light gets scattered as a function of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets scattered as a function of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets scattered as a function of x.
+x is the target.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the target.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the target.
+So how so this is integrating over how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how so this is integrating over how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how so this is integrating over how
+much light gets scattered at each x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light gets scattered at each x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light gets scattered at each x and
+at a particular x you get this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular x you get this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular x you get this phase
+delay. So there's a coherent sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. So there's a coherent sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. So there's a coherent sum
+then so you add up all of these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you add up all of these complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so you add up all of these complex
+numbers by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by the
+integral. Now imagine that the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now imagine that the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now imagine that the sign of
+theta is about theta. Right? That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is about theta. Right? That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is about theta. Right? That was
+true in all of the examples I've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in all of the examples I've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in all of the examples I've done so
+far. Right? So here I'm what 15 ft away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. Right? So here I'm what 15 ft away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. Right? So here I'm what 15 ft away
+and it's a foot. So that's small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a foot. So that's small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a foot. So that's small angle
+approximation. So now let's uh replace s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. So now let's uh replace s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. So now let's uh replace s
+of theta with theta. And let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta with theta. And let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta with theta. And let's think
+about this number 2 pi theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this number 2 pi theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this number 2 pi theta over
+lambda. That's just frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. That's just frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda. That's just frequency
+omega. So I'm thinking about now the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. So I'm thinking about now the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. So I'm thinking about now the far
+field which we had previously called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which we had previously called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which we had previously called
+dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on
+theta. Theta is just omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Theta is just omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Theta is just omega.
+So I've got a relationship now between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got a relationship now between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got a relationship now between
+how much scattering happens at each X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much scattering happens at each X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much scattering happens at each X in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+target and what does the picture look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and what does the picture look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and what does the picture look
+like in the far field and that's a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the far field and that's a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the far field and that's a 4A
+transform. Okay, so there's an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay, so there's an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay, so there's an exact
+fora transform relationship. Well, exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform relationship. Well, exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform relationship. Well, exact
+is a little bit of a an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a an approximation
+because I'm using a small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm using a small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm using a small angle
+approximation. I'm ignoring a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. I'm ignoring a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation. I'm ignoring a few
+things. Not only am I making a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Not only am I making a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Not only am I making a small
+angle approximation, but I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle approximation, but I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle approximation, but I'm assuming
+that if the light goes straight and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the light goes straight and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the light goes straight and as
+the light goes up, they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light goes up, they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light goes up, they have the same
+intensity when they hit the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity when they hit the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity when they hit the board.
+Right? That's not quite true. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's not quite true. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's not quite true. That's the
+Fronhoffer approximation, blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fronhoffer approximation, blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fronhoffer approximation, blah blah
+blah. Uh fancy names for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. Uh fancy names for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. Uh fancy names for a bunch of
+approximations. The point is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations. The point is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations. The point is that if you
+make reasonable approximations, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make reasonable approximations, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make reasonable approximations, you get
+a 4A transform relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4A transform relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4A transform relationship between the
+um scattering in the target and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scattering in the target and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scattering in the target and the
+farfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farfield
+image. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so now we have a very convenient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so now we have a very convenient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so now we have a very convenient way
+of thinking about what happened whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about what happened whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about what happened whenever
+I shot my laser through this thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shot my laser through this thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shot my laser through this thing,
+right? I get a bunch of spots in the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I get a bunch of spots in the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I get a bunch of spots in the far
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because everybody shout this is the aha,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody shout this is the aha,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody shout this is the aha,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we've got an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got an impulse
+train in the forier transform which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in the forier transform which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in the forier transform which
+means that the thing that was down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the thing that was down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the thing that was down here
+was an impulse train right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an impulse train right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an impulse train right because we
+know that the forier transform of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the forier transform of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the forier transform of an
+impulse train is an impulse train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train is an impulse train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train is an impulse train
+right so this is an impulse train in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an impulse train in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an impulse train in
+space the scatterers represent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the scatterers represent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the scatterers represent an
+impulse train so whenever I illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train so whenever I illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train so whenever I illuminate
+it I get an impulse train in the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I get an impulse train in the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I get an impulse train in the 4A
+transform form because the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform form because the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform form because the for a
+transform of an impulse train is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of an impulse train is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of an impulse train is an
+impulse train. Well, that's pretty cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train. Well, that's pretty cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train. Well, that's pretty cool.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh so you all know why an impulse train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you all know why an impulse train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you all know why an impulse train
+is an impulse train.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an impulse train.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an impulse train.
+Um, so this two-dimensional rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this two-dimensional rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this two-dimensional rating
+then the interesting thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interesting thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interesting thing about that
+then is that it must be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that it must be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that it must be the case that
+the 4A transform of a 2D grid is a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform of a 2D grid is a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform of a 2D grid is a of a
+2D impulse train is a 2D impulse train.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D impulse train is a 2D impulse train.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D impulse train is a 2D impulse train.
+So I want to think a minute just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to think a minute just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to think a minute just a
+minute about that. What would we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about that. What would we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about that. What would we mean by
+a two-dimensional 48 transform? So two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional 48 transform? So two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional 48 transform? So two
+dimensional 4A transforms. So I want X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional 4A transforms. So I want X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional 4A transforms. So I want X
+uh J omega 1 J omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J omega 1 J omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J omega 1 J omega
+2. So it's a lot like a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So it's a lot like a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So it's a lot like a 1D
+transform. Uh I'm going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Uh I'm going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Uh I'm going to think about
+having X except now there's two time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having X except now there's two time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having X except now there's two time
+variables, time 1 and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables, time 1 and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables, time 1 and time
+two. And I'm going to have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And I'm going to have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And I'm going to have to have two
+of these funny exponential things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these funny exponential things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these funny exponential things. So
+I'm going to have e to the minus j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have e to the minus j omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have e to the minus j omega
+1 t1 plus omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t2 dt1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 dt1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 dt1
+dt2. Okay, it's almost like a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt2. Okay, it's almost like a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt2. Okay, it's almost like a 1D
+transform except I have 2Ds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform except I have 2Ds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform except I have 2Ds
+now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now.
+Okay, and the way to think about that, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and the way to think about that, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and the way to think about that, I
+probably shouldn't distract you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't distract you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't distract you with
+this. That's the next slide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the way to think about this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the way to think about this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the way to think about this is if you
+do these uh so this separates right e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these uh so this separates right e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these uh so this separates right e to
+the j sum is e to the j1 plus e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j sum is e to the j1 plus e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j sum is e to the j1 plus e to the
+j2. So I can I can uh write this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j2. So I can I can uh write this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j2. So I can I can uh write this more
+simply as x of t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as x of t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as x of t1
+t2 eus j omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 eus j omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 eus j omega 1
+t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1
+dt1. So then I can integrate that eus j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt1. So then I can integrate that eus j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt1. So then I can integrate that eus j
+omega 2t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dt2. This is the integral over the t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt2. This is the integral over the t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt2. This is the integral over the t1
+variable. So if I think about doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. So if I think about doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. So if I think about doing the
+transform in steps, this is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in steps, this is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in steps, this is the integral
+I might say. So let's say that I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say. So let's say that I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say. So let's say that I had a
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+um let's say my original 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say my original 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say my original 2D
+thing was a square that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was a square that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was a square that I'd like to
+characterize as a T1 dependence and a T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize as a T1 dependence and a T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize as a T1 dependence and a T2
+dependence. The way I think about the 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. The way I think about the 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. The way I think about the 2D
+transform, this thing says for each T2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform, this thing says for each T2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform, this thing says for each T2,
+treat T2 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat T2 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat T2 as a
+constant. For each T2, that's for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. For each T2, that's for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. For each T2, that's for each
+row, treat T2 as a constant and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, treat T2 as a constant and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, treat T2 as a constant and just
+take the Forier transform of the T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Forier transform of the T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Forier transform of the T1
+direction. So what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So what I do is I
+take I take the Forier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and I put it here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I put it here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I put it here.
+But when I've done that, I've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I've done that, I've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I've done that, I've changed
+the t1 axis into an omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t1 axis into an omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t1 axis into an omega 1
+axis because the result of integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis because the result of integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis because the result of integrating
+over t1 throws away the t1, but I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t1 throws away the t1, but I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t1 throws away the t1, but I'm left
+with an omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an omega
+1. And I didn't really change if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And I didn't really change if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And I didn't really change if I
+repeat that for all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines. I didn't really change this axis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. I didn't really change this axis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. I didn't really change this axis,
+which was t2. So it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t2. All I've done now is taken a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2. All I've done now is taken a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2. All I've done now is taken a bunch
+of integrals in the middle. Now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals in the middle. Now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals in the middle. Now if I
+take the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the outer
+integral what I need to do is integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what I need to do is integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what I need to do is integrate
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t2. So if I integrate over t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2. So if I integrate over t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2. So if I integrate over t2
+uh so now I want to integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now I want to integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now I want to integrate this
+way. Now when I integrate out the t2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Now when I integrate out the t2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Now when I integrate out the t2 the
+t2 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 goes
+away. So I take fora transforms this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. So I take fora transforms this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. So I take fora transforms this way
+for each column in this space. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each column in this space. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each column in this space. I
+generate a new fora transform over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new fora transform over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new fora transform over here.
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+repeat that doesn't change this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that doesn't change this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that doesn't change this one.
+This one is still omega 1. But then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is still omega 1. But then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is still omega 1. But then when
+I take the transform this way, I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the transform this way, I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the transform this way, I had a
+t2 that turns it into an omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 that turns it into an omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 that turns it into an omega
+2. So I started with t1 t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So I started with t1 t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So I started with t1 t2
+space. Take all the transforms row-wise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Take all the transforms row-wise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Take all the transforms row-wise,
+make a new array, take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new array, take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new array, take all the
+transforms column-wise, make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms column-wise, make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms column-wise, make a new
+array, and I end up with omega 1, omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, and I end up with omega 1, omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, and I end up with omega 1, omega
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+Okay. So if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I do
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what's the
+transform? What's the two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? What's the two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? What's the two-dimensional
+transform? Uh what if I started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? Uh what if I started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? Uh what if I started with a
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line? What if my spatial dependence had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line? What if my spatial dependence had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line? What if my spatial dependence had
+a vertical line in it? What would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical line in it? What would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical line in it? What would be the
+two-dimensional transform of a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional transform of a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional transform of a vertical
+line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the rule
+says transform all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says transform all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says transform all the
+rows. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows. What's the
+transform? What do I call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function? Shout. I'm deaf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Shout. I'm deaf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Shout. I'm deaf.
+So, let's say the line has a height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's say the line has a height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's say the line has a height of
+one and the background has a height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the background has a height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the background has a height of
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+So as I read across here, it's 00 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I read across here, it's 00 0 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I read across here, it's 00 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential impulse impulse in the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential impulse impulse in the left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential impulse impulse in the left.
+So when I take the transform, I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I take the transform, I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I take the transform, I get one
+I get constant. So I get a constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get constant. So I get a constant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get constant. So I get a constant over
+here. And then I take this one. Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then I take this one. Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then I take this one. Same
+thing. Same constant, same constant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Same constant, same constant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Same constant, same constant,
+same constant. I end up with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant. I end up with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant. I end up with a constant
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here. So this started out being delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this started out being delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this started out being delta of
+t1. This is a constant everywhere. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1. This is a constant everywhere. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1. This is a constant everywhere. So
+now when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I take the
+uh if I take the columnwise transforms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I take the columnwise transforms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I take the columnwise transforms,
+what's the transform of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant? It's an impulse. Where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? It's an impulse. Where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? It's an impulse. Where should
+the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse
+be? Zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Zero.
+So I end up when I do the omega 2 the t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I end up when I do the omega 2 the t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I end up when I do the omega 2 the t2
+uh transforms I get a delta in omega 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transforms I get a delta in omega 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transforms I get a delta in omega 2.
+So I have omega 1 here and I have omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have omega 1 here and I have omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have omega 1 here and I have omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I end up with a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I end up with a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I end up with a delta function
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that. Then I do it again and I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Then I do it again and I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Then I do it again and I get one
+here and then I do it again and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I do it again and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I do it again and I get
+one here. So I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here. So I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here. So I end up with
+line. So vertical line in t1 t2 space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So vertical line in t1 t2 space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So vertical line in t1 t2 space
+turns into horizontal line in omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into horizontal line in omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into horizontal line in omega 1
+omega2 space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega2 space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega2 space.
+Got it? It's all very simple, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got it? It's all very simple, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got it? It's all very simple, right? And
+if I do the same thing, if I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the same thing, if I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the same thing, if I did a
+horizontal line, it'll come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line, it'll come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line, it'll come out
+vertical. And if I do a diagonal line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. And if I do a diagonal line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. And if I do a diagonal line,
+it'll rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate
+90.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.
+Okay, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very
+cute. You all got it? So, the idea then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute. You all got it? So, the idea then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute. You all got it? So, the idea then
+is that there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a very
+natural generalization from a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural generalization from a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural generalization from a 1D
+transform to a 2D transform. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to a 2D transform. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to a 2D transform. And that's
+kind of fun, but it's also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun, but it's also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun, but it's also kind of
+important. So now for the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So now for the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So now for the important
+part. So this is a um a picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So this is a um a picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So this is a um a picture a
+diffraction grading a diffraction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction grading a diffraction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction grading a diffraction um
+um photo microraph done by Rosyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um photo microraph done by Rosyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um photo microraph done by Rosyn
+Franklin back about 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin back about 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin back about 50 years
+ago. She had taken DNA, I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. She had taken DNA, I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. She had taken DNA, I can't
+remember. I think it was from Gertafa,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. I think it was from Gertafa,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. I think it was from Gertafa,
+but I don't really remember. She had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't really remember. She had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't really remember. She had
+purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified
+DNA and uh at that time lasers were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and uh at that time lasers were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and uh at that time lasers were not
+this size lasers. Oh, actually she used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size lasers. Oh, actually she used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size lasers. Oh, actually she used
+X-rays. She used a source of coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays. She used a source of coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays. She used a source of coherent
+light from an X-ray. So it's not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from an X-ray. So it's not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from an X-ray. So it's not even a
+laser. It was X-rays. She fired coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. It was X-rays. She fired coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. It was X-rays. She fired coherent
+X-rays at uh DNA. So she had just a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays at uh DNA. So she had just a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays at uh DNA. So she had just a big
+glob of DNA and took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob of DNA and took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glob of DNA and took this
+picture. And it was pretty and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. And it was pretty and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. And it was pretty and pretty
+confusing. By the way, just just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. By the way, just just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. By the way, just just so you
+know, this is an artifact. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is an artifact. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is an artifact. This is a
+hole in the in the photographic film. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the in the photographic film. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the in the photographic film. So
+the idea was coherent source of X-rays,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was coherent source of X-rays,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was coherent source of X-rays,
+sample of DNA into a photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of DNA into a photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of DNA into a photographic
+emulsion. Develop it, you get this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsion. Develop it, you get this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulsion. Develop it, you get this. So
+it's very similar to the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the defraction
+grading experiment that I did, except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading experiment that I did, except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading experiment that I did, except
+that the target was not a diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the target was not a diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the target was not a diffraction
+grading. It was not a CD. It was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. It was not a CD. It was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. It was not a CD. It was not a
+DVD. It was DNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD. It was DNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD. It was DNA.
+The cute thing is that Watson and Crick,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cute thing is that Watson and Crick,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cute thing is that Watson and Crick,
+she showed this to Watson and Crick who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed this to Watson and Crick who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed this to Watson and Crick who
+were the geniuses at so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the geniuses at so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the geniuses at so many different
+levels is absurd. Uh, and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is absurd. Uh, and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is absurd. Uh, and especially
+Watson knew all about 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson knew all about 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson knew all about 4A
+transforms. And so he saw that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. And so he saw that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. And so he saw that and
+immediately was able to interpret it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was able to interpret it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was able to interpret it as
+telling him something about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him something about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him something about uh the
+threedimensional structure of DNA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional structure of DNA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional structure of DNA.
+In particular, if you think about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, if you think about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, if you think about our
+modern view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern view of
+DNA, you can make an association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA, you can make an association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA, you can make an association between
+the structure of the DNA and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the DNA and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the DNA and this
+picture. So there's a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. So there's a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. So there's a high frequency
+band. So if you imagine that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So if you imagine that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band. So if you imagine that what you're
+seeing is three bright points from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is three bright points from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is three bright points from a
+diffraction pattern like I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern like I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern like I showed
+previously, this and this represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously, this and this represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously, this and this represents a
+high frequency. This represents DC. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency. This represents DC. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency. This represents DC. So
+the distance between DC and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between DC and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between DC and the high
+frequency is telling you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is telling you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is telling you something about
+the inverse distance between base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse distance between base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse distance between base
+pairs. The highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. The highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. The highest
+frequency in the uh X-ray picture the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the uh X-ray picture the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the uh X-ray picture the uh
+uh is inversely related this highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is inversely related this highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is inversely related this highest
+frequency is inversely related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is inversely related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is inversely related to the
+distance between the base pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the base pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the base pairs.
+the fact that there's this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's this high
+frequency this these u closer spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this these u closer spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this these u closer spaced
+frequencies those are actually lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies those are actually lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies those are actually lower
+frequencies right because they're closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies right because they're closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies right because they're closer
+to zero we're in the far field right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we're in the far field right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero we're in the far field right so
+we're in the frequency domain big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the frequency domain big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the frequency domain big
+frequency small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency small
+frequency the fact that we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the fact that we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the fact that we're seeing
+these small smaller frequency things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small smaller frequency things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small smaller frequency things
+here and they're periodic that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're periodic that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're periodic that means
+there's some structure at bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some structure at bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some structure at bigger
+spacing which Watson and Crick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing which Watson and Crick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing which Watson and Crick
+interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted
+as the pitch of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pitch of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pitch of the double
+helix. Okay, so the the helix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix. Okay, so the the helix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix. Okay, so the the helix is
+twisting. This is a modern picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting. This is a modern picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting. This is a modern picture and
+it fits very nicely with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits very nicely with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits very nicely with the with the
+picture that um Rosen uh Rosen Franklin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that um Rosen uh Rosen Franklin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that um Rosen uh Rosen Franklin
+uh made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made
+and the angles the fact that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angles the fact that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angles the fact that there's a
+an axis here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axis here.
+The reason for going through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason for going through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason for going through all this
+junk was to motivate the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk was to motivate the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk was to motivate the idea that
+there's an angle transformation in a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an angle transformation in a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an angle transformation in a two
+dimensional transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional transform
+tool. In fact, angles in space get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. In fact, angles in space get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. In fact, angles in space get
+rotated 90° when they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated 90° when they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated 90° when they're in
+frequency. So the angle between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So the angle between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So the angle between these
+solid lines tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid lines tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid lines tells you something about
+the angle that the helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle that the helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle that the helix
+makes as it's wrapping around. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes as it's wrapping around. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes as it's wrapping around. So you
+can easily make a 03 model of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily make a 03 model of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily make a 03 model of this
+experiment. And that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. And that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. And that's what this is
+here. All I've taken is a trivial model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All I've taken is a trivial model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All I've taken is a trivial model.
+I just made a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just made a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just made a wire
+frame that had u base pairs arranged as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that had u base pairs arranged as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that had u base pairs arranged as
+um a rotating spiral just like a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a rotating spiral just like a spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a rotating spiral just like a spiral
+staircase. Then that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase. Then that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase. Then that was a
+three-dimensional picture. Then I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture. Then I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture. Then I just
+flattened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened
+it. And then I took the two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then I took the two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then I took the two-dimensional
+4A transform and got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So got it. So the idea was I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So got it. So the idea was I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So got it. So the idea was I made a
+trivial model for what DNA should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial model for what DNA should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial model for what DNA should look
+like according to a modern conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like according to a modern conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like according to a modern conception
+took the two-dimensional forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the two-dimensional forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the two-dimensional forier
+transform and what you can see there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and what you can see there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and what you can see there is
+all of the features that you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the features that you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the features that you can see in
+uh Roslin Franklin's uh picture. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Roslin Franklin's uh picture. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Roslin Franklin's uh picture. You can
+see the big band that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the big band that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the big band that corresponds to the
+base pairs. You can see the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs. You can see the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs. You can see the smaller
+bands that correspond to the twist. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands that correspond to the twist. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands that correspond to the twist. And
+you can see the angle that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the angle that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the angle that corresponds
+to the angle of the double helix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle of the double helix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle of the double helix.
+So the point then is just that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the point then is just that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the point then is just that there's a
+lot of physical phenomena besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical phenomena besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical phenomena besides the
+signal processing things which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing things which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing things which we're
+very interested in. There's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in. There's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in. There's actually a
+lot of physical phenomena that also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical phenomena that also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical phenomena that also uh
+have intrinsic meaning within a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intrinsic meaning within a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intrinsic meaning within a 4A
+domain and optics is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and optics is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and optics is a very important
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+that. Okay. Uh see you later. Have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Uh see you later. Have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Uh see you later. Have a
+good day.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tzoYhe3H5dM.txt b/tzoYhe3H5dM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8be759b9c8818f1194122ed3e0137dc043c9624b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tzoYhe3H5dM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1711 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+Your support will help MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer
+high quality educational
+
+resources for free.
+To make a donation or to view
+
+additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses,
+
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare at
+OCW.mit.edu.
+
+Recall that yesterday we saw,
+no, two days ago we learned
+
+about the curl of a vector field
+in space.
+
+And we said the curl of F is
+defined by taking a cross
+
+product between the symbol dell
+and the vector F.
+
+Concretely, the way we would
+compute this would be by putting
+
+the components of F into this
+determinant and expanding and
+
+then getting a vector with
+components Ry minus Qz,
+
+Pz minus Rx and Qx minus Py.
+I think I also tried to explain
+
+very quickly what the
+significance of a curl is.
+
+Just to tell you again very
+quickly,
+
+basically curl measures, 
+if you mention that your vector
+
+field measures the velocity in
+some fluid then the curl
+
+measures how much rotation is
+taking place in that fluid.
+
+Measures the rotation part of a
+velocity field.
+
+More precisely the direction
+corresponds to the axis of
+
+rotation and the magnitude
+corresponds to twice the angular
+
+velocity.
+
+Just to give you a few quick
+examples.
+
+If I take a constant vector
+field,
+
+so everything translates at the
+same speed,
+
+then obviously when you take
+the partial derivatives you will
+
+just get a bunch of zeros so the
+curl will be zero.
+
+If you take a vector field that
+stretches things,
+
+let's say, for example,
+we are going to stretch things
+
+along the x-axis,
+that would be a vector field
+
+that goes parallel to the x
+direction but maybe,
+
+say, x times i.
+So that when you are in front
+
+of a plane of a blackboard you
+are moving forward,
+
+when you are behind you are
+moving backwards,
+
+things are getting expanded in
+the x direction.
+
+If you compute the curl,
+you can check each of these.
+
+Again, they are going to be
+zero.
+
+There is no curl.
+This is not what curl measures.
+
+I mean, actually,
+what measures expansion,
+
+stretching is actually
+divergence.
+
+If you take the divergence of
+this field,
+
+you would get one plus zero
+plus zero,
+
+it looks like it will be one, 
+so in case you don't remember, 
+
+I mean divergence precisely
+measures this stretching effect
+
+in your field.
+And, on the other hand, 
+
+if you take something that
+corresponds to,
+
+say,
+rotation about the z-axis at
+
+unit angular velocity -- That
+means they are going to moving
+
+in circles around the z-axis.
+One way to write down this
+
+field, let's see,
+the z component is zero because
+
+everything is moving
+horizontally.
+
+And in the x and y directions, 
+if you look at it from above, 
+
+well, it is just going to be
+our good old friend the vector
+
+field that rotates everything
+[at unit speed?].
+
+And we have seen the formula
+for this one many times.
+
+The first component is minus y,
+the second one is x.
+
+Now, if you compute the curl of
+this guy, you will get zero,
+
+zero, two, two k.
+And so k is the axis of
+
+rotation, two is twice the
+angular velocity.
+
+And now, of course, 
+you can imagine much more
+
+complicated motions where you
+will have -- For example,
+
+if you look at the Charles
+River very carefully then you
+
+will see that water is flowing,
+generally speaking, 
+
+towards the ocean.
+But, at the same time,
+
+there are actually a few eddies
+in there and with water
+
+swirling.
+Those are the places where
+
+there is actually curl in the
+flow.
+
+Yes.
+I don't know how to turn out
+
+the lights a bit,
+but I'm sure there is a way.
+
+Does this do it?
+Is it working?
+
+OK.
+You're welcome.
+
+Hopefully it is easier to see
+now.
+
+That was about curl.
+Now, why do we care about curl
+
+besides this motivation of
+understanding motions?
+
+One place where it comes up is
+when we try to understand
+
+whether a vector field is
+conservative.
+
+Remember we have seen that a
+vector field is conservative if
+
+and only if its curl is zero.
+That is the situation in which
+
+we are allowed to try to look
+for a potential function and
+
+then use the fundamental
+theorem.
+
+But another place where this
+comes up,
+
+if you remember what we did in
+the plane,
+
+curl also came up when we tried
+to convert nine integrals into
+
+double integrals.
+That was Greene's theorem.
+
+Well, it turns out we can do
+the same thing in space and that
+
+is called Stokes' theorem.
+What does Stokes' theorem say?
+
+It says that the work done by a
+vector field along a closed
+
+curve can be replaced by a
+double integral of curl F.
+
+Let me write it using the dell
+notation.
+
+That is curl F.
+Dot ndS on a suitably chosen
+
+surface.
+That is a very strange kind of
+
+statement.
+But actually it is not much
+
+more strange than things we have
+seen before.
+
+I should clarify what this
+means.
+
+C has to be a closed curve in
+space.
+
+And S can be any surface
+bounded by C.
+
+For example, 
+what Stokes' theorem tells me
+
+is that let us say that I have
+to compute some line integral on
+
+maybe,
+say, the unit circle in the x,
+
+y plane.
+Of course I can set a line
+
+integral directly and compute it
+by setting x equals cosine T,
+
+y equals sine T,
+z equals zero.
+
+But maybe sometimes I don't
+want to do that because my
+
+vector field is really
+complicated.
+
+And instead I will want to
+reduce things to a surface
+
+integral.
+Now, I know that you guys are
+
+not necessarily fond of
+computing flux of vector fields
+
+for surfaces so maybe you don't
+really see the point.
+
+But sometimes it is useful.
+Sometimes it is also useful
+
+backwards because,
+actually, you have a surface
+
+integral that you would like to
+turn into a line integral.
+
+What Stokes' theorem says is
+that I can choose my favorite
+
+surface whose boundary is this
+circle.
+
+I could choose,
+for example,
+
+a half sphere if I want or I
+can choose, let's call that s1,
+
+I don't know,
+a pointy thing,
+
+s2.
+Probably the most logical one,
+
+actually, would be just to
+choose a disk in the x,
+
+y plane.
+That would probably be the
+
+easiest one to set up for
+calculating flux.
+
+Anyway, 
+what Stokes' theorem tells me
+
+is I can choose any of these
+surfaces,
+
+whichever one I want, 
+and I can compute the flux of
+
+curl F through this surface.
+Curl F is a new vector field
+
+when you have this formula that
+gives you a vector field you
+
+compute its flux through your
+favorite surface,
+
+and you should get the same
+thing as if you had done the
+
+line integral for F.
+That is the statement.
+
+Now, there is a catch here.
+What is the catch?
+
+Well, the catch is we have to
+figure out what conventions to
+
+use because remember when we
+have a surface there are two
+
+possible orientations.
+We have to decide which way we
+
+will counter flux positively,
+which way we will counter flux
+
+negatively.
+And, if we change our choice,
+
+then of course the flux will
+become the opposite.
+
+Well, similarly to define the
+work, I need to choose which way
+
+I am going to run my curve.
+If I change which way I go
+
+around the curve then my work
+will become the opposite.
+
+What happens is I have to
+orient the curve C and the
+
+surface S in compatible ways.
+We have to figure out what the
+
+rule is for how the orientation
+of S and that of C relate to
+
+each other.
+What about orientation?
+
+Well, we need the orientations
+of C and S to be compatible and
+
+they have to explain to you what
+the rule is.
+
+Let me show you a picture.
+The rule is if I walk along C
+
+with S to my left then the
+normal vector is pointing up for
+
+me.
+Let me write that.
+
+If I walk along C,
+I should say in the positive
+
+direction, in the direction that
+I have chosen to orient C.
+
+With S to my left then n is
+pointing up for me.
+
+Here is the example.
+If I am walking on this curve,
+
+it looks like the surface is to
+my left.
+
+And so the normal vector is
+going towards what is up for me.
+
+Any questions about that?
+I see some people using their
+
+right hands.
+That is also right-handable
+
+which I am going to say in just
+a few moments.
+
+That is another way to remember
+this.
+
+Before I tell you about the
+right-handable version,
+
+let me just try something.
+Actually, I am not happy with
+
+this orientation of C and I want
+to orient my curve C going
+
+clockwise on the picture.
+So the other orientation.
+
+Then, if I walk on it this way,
+the surface would be to my
+
+right.
+You can remember,
+
+if it helps you,
+that if a surface is to your
+
+right then the normal vector
+will go down.
+
+The other way to think about
+this rule is enough because if
+
+you are walking clockwise,
+well, you can change that to
+
+counterclockwise just by walking
+upside down.
+
+This guy is walking clockwise
+on C.
+
+And while for him,
+if you look carefully at the
+
+picture, the surface is actually
+to his left when you flip upside
+
+down.
+Yeah, it is kind of confusing.
+
+But, anyway,
+maybe it's easier if you
+
+actually rotate in the picture.
+And now it is getting actually
+
+really confusing because his
+walking upside up with,
+
+actually, the surface is to his
+left.
+
+I mean where he is at here is
+actually at the front and this
+
+is the back, but that is kind of
+hard to see.
+
+Anyway, whichever method will
+work best for you.
+
+Perhaps it is easiest to first
+do it with the other
+
+orientation,
+this one, 
+
+and this side, 
+if you want the opposite one, 
+
+then you will just flip
+everything.
+
+Now, what is the other way of
+remembering this with the
+
+right-hand rule?
+First of all,
+
+take your right hand,
+not your left.
+
+Even if your right hand is
+actually using a pen or
+
+something like that in your
+right hand do this.
+
+And let's take your fingers in
+order.
+
+First your thumb.
+Let's make your thumb go along
+
+the object that has only one
+dimension in there.
+
+That is the curve.
+Well, let's look at the top
+
+picture up there.
+I want my thumb to go along the
+
+curve so that is kind of towards
+the right.
+
+Then I want to make my index
+finger point towards the
+
+surface.
+Towards the surface I mean
+
+towards the interior of the
+surface from the curve.
+
+And when I am on the curve I am
+on the boundary of the surface,
+
+so there is a direction along
+the surface that is the curve
+
+and the other one is pointing
+into the surface.
+
+That one would be pointing kind
+of to the back slightly up
+
+maybe, so like that.
+And now your middle finger is
+
+going to point in the direction
+of the normal vector.
+
+That is up, at least if you
+have the same kind of right hand
+
+as I do.
+The other way of doing it is
+
+using the right-hand rule along
+C positively.
+
+The index finger towards the
+interior of S.
+
+Sorry, I shouldn't say interior.
+I should say tangent to S
+
+towards the interior of S.
+What I mean by that is really
+
+the part of S that is not its
+boundary, so the rest of the
+
+surface.
+Then the middle finger points
+
+parallel to n.
+Let's practice.
+
+Let's say that I gave you this
+curve bounding this surface.
+
+Which way do you think the
+normal vector will be going?
+
+Up. Yes. Everyone is voting up.
+Imaging that I am walking
+
+around C.
+That is to my left.
+
+Normal vector points up.
+Imagine that you put your thumb
+
+along C, your index towards S
+and then your middle finger
+
+points up.
+Very good.
+
+N points up.
+Another one.
+
+It is interesting to watch you
+guys.
+
+I think mostly it is going up.
+The correct answer is it goes
+
+up and into the cone.
+How do we see that?
+
+Well, one way to think about it
+is imagine that you are walking
+
+on C, on the rim of this cone.
+You have two options.
+
+Imagine that you are walking
+kind of inside or imagine that
+
+you are walking kind of outside.
+If you are walking outside then
+
+S is to your right,
+but it does not sound good.
+
+Let's say instead that you are
+walking on the inside of a cone
+
+following the boundary.
+Well, then the surface is to
+
+your left.
+And so the normal vector will
+
+be up for you which means it
+will be pointing slightly up and
+
+into the cone.
+Another way to think about it, 
+
+through the right-hand rule, 
+from this way index going kind
+
+of down because the surface goes
+down and a bit to the back.
+
+And then the normal vector
+points up and in.
+
+Yet another way,
+if you deform continuously your
+
+surface then the conventions
+will not change.
+
+See, this is kind of
+topology
+
+in a way.
+You can deform things and
+
+nothing will change.
+So what if we somehow flatten
+
+our cone, push it a bit up so
+that it becomes completely flat?
+
+Then, if you had a flat disk
+with the curve going
+
+counterclockwise,
+the normal vector would go up.
+
+Now take your disk with its
+normal vector sticking up.
+
+If you want to paint the face a
+different color so that you can
+
+remember that was beside with a
+normal vector and then push it
+
+back down to the cone,
+you will see that the painted
+
+face,
+the one with the normal vector
+
+on that side is the one that is
+inside and up.
+
+Does that make sense?
+Anyway, I think you have just
+
+to play with these examples for
+long enough and get it.
+
+OK. The last one.
+Let's say that I have a
+
+cylinder.
+So now this guy has actually
+
+two boundary curves,
+C and C prime.
+
+And let's say I want to orient
+my cylinder so that the normal
+
+vector sticks out.
+How should I choose the
+
+orientation of my curves?
+Let's start with,
+
+say, the bottom one.
+Would the bottom one be going
+
+clockwise or counterclockwise.
+Most people seem to say
+
+counterclockwise,
+and I agree with that.
+
+Let me write that down and
+claim C prime should go
+
+counterclockwise.
+One way to think about it,
+
+actually, it's quite easy,
+you mentioned that you're
+
+walking on the outside of the
+cylinder along C prime.
+
+If you want to walk along C
+prime so that the cylinder is to
+
+your left, that means you have
+to actually go counterclockwise
+
+around it.
+The other way is use your right
+
+hand.
+Say when you're at the front of
+
+C prime,
+your thumb points to the right, 
+
+your index points up because
+that's where the surface is,
+
+and then your middle finger
+will point out.
+
+What about C?
+Well, C I claim we should be
+
+doing clockwise.
+I mean think about just walking
+
+again on the surface of the
+cylinder along C.
+
+If you walk clockwise,
+you will see that the surface
+
+is to your left or use the
+right-hand rule.
+
+Now, if a problem gives you
+neither the orientation of a
+
+curve nor that of the surface
+then it's up to you to make them
+
+up.
+But you have to make them up in
+
+a consistent way.
+You cannot choose them both at
+
+random.
+All right.
+
+Now we're all set to try to use
+Stokes' theorem.
+
+Well, let me do an example
+first.
+
+The first example that I will
+do is actually a comparison.
+
+Stokes' versus Green.
+I want to show you how Green's
+
+theorem for work that we saw in
+the plane,
+
+but also involved work and curl
+and so on,
+
+is actually a special case of
+this.
+
+Let's say that we will look at
+the special case where our curve
+
+C is actually a curve in the x,
+y plane.
+
+And let's make it go
+counterclockwise in the x,
+
+y plane because that's what we
+did for Green's theorem.
+
+Now let's choose a surface
+bounded by this curve.
+
+Well, as I said,
+I could make up any surface
+
+that comes to my mind.
+But, if I want to relate to
+
+this stuff, I should probably
+stay in the x,
+
+y plane.
+So I am just going to take my
+
+surface to be the piece of the
+x, y plane that is inside my
+
+curve.
+So let's say S is going to be a
+
+portion of x,
+y plane bounded by a curve C,
+
+and the curve C goes
+counterclockwise.
+
+Well, then I should look at
+[the table?].
+
+For work along C of my favorite
+vector field F dot dr.
+
+So that will be the line
+integral of Pdx plus Qdy.
+
+Like I said,
+if I call the components of my
+
+field P, Q and R,
+it will be Pdx plus Qdy plus
+
+Rdz, but I don't have any Z
+here.
+
+Dz is zero on C.
+If I evaluate for line
+
+integral, I don't have any term
+involving dz.
+
+Z is zero.
+Now, let's see what Strokes
+
+says.
+Stokes says instead I can
+
+compute for flux through S of
+curve F.
+
+But now what's the normal
+vector to my surface?
+
+Well, it's going to be either k
+or negative k.
+
+I just have to figure out which
+one it is.
+
+Well, if you followed what
+we've done there,
+
+you know that the normal vector
+compatible with this choice for
+
+the curve C is the one that
+points up.
+
+My normal vector is just going
+to be k hat, so I am going to
+
+replace my normal vector by k
+hat.
+
+That means, actually,
+I will be integrating curl dot
+
+k.
+That means I am integrating the
+
+z component of curl.
+Let's look at curl F dot k.
+
+That's the z component of curl
+F.
+
+And what's the z component of
+curl?
+
+Well, I conveniently still have
+the values up there.
+
+It's Q sub x minus P sub y.
+My double integral becomes
+
+double integral of Q sub x minus
+P sub y.
+
+What about dS?
+Well, I am in a piece of the x,
+
+y plane, so dS is just dxdy or
+your favorite combination that
+
+does the same thing.
+Now, see, if you look at this
+
+equality, integral of Pdx plus
+Qdy along a closed curve equals
+
+double integral of Qx minus Py
+dxdy.
+
+That is exactly the statement
+of Green's theorem.
+
+I mean except at that time we
+called things m and n,
+
+but really that shouldn't
+matter.
+
+This tells you that,
+in fact, Green's theorem is
+
+just a special case of Stokes'
+in the x, y plane.
+
+Now, another small remark I
+want to make right away before I
+
+forget,
+you might think that these
+
+rules that we've made up about
+compatibility of orientations
+
+are completely arbitrary.
+Well, they are literally in the
+
+same way as our convention for
+which we guy curl is arbitrary.
+
+We chose to make the curl be
+this thing and not the opposite
+
+which would have been pretty
+much just as sensible.
+
+And, ultimately,
+that comes from our choice of
+
+making the cross-product be what
+it is but of the opposite.
+
+Ultimately, it all comes from
+our preference for right-handed
+
+coordinate systems.
+If we had been on the planet
+
+with left-handed coordinate
+systems then actually our
+
+conventions would be all the
+other way around,
+
+but they are this way.
+Any other questions?
+
+A surface that you use in
+Stokes' theorem is usually not
+
+going to be closed because its
+boundary needs to be the curve
+
+C.
+So if you had a closed surface
+
+you wouldn't know where to put
+your curve.
+
+I mean of course you could make
+a tiny hole in it and get a tiny
+
+curve.
+Actually, what that would say, 
+
+and we are going to see more
+about that so not very important
+
+right now,
+but what we would see is that
+
+for a close surface we would end
+up getting zero for the flux.
+
+And that is actually because
+divergence of curl is zero,
+
+but I am getting ahead of
+myself.
+
+We are going to see that
+probably tomorrow in more
+
+detail.
+Stokes' theorem only works if
+
+you can make sense of this.
+That means you need your vector
+
+field to be continuous and
+differentiable everywhere on the
+
+surface S.
+Now, why is that relevant?
+
+Well, say that your vector
+field was not defined at the
+
+origin and say that you wanted
+to do,
+
+you know, the example that I
+had first with the unit circling
+
+the x, y plane.
+Normally, the most sensible
+
+choice of surface to apply
+Stokes' theorem to would be just
+
+the flat disk in the x,
+y plane.
+
+But that assumes that your
+vector field is well-defined
+
+there.
+If your vector field is not
+
+defined at the origin but
+defined everywhere else you
+
+cannot use this guy,
+but maybe you can still use,
+
+say, the half-sphere,
+for example.
+
+Or, you could use a piece of
+cylinder plus a flat top or
+
+whatever you want but not
+pressing for the origin.
+
+So you could still use Stokes
+but you'd have to be careful
+
+about which surface you choose.
+Now, if instead your vector
+
+field is not defined anywhere on
+the z-axis then you're out of
+
+luck because there is no way to
+find a surface bounded by this
+
+unit circle without crossing the
+z-axis somewhere.
+
+Then you wouldn't be able to
+Stokes' theorem at all or at
+
+least not directly.
+Maybe I should write it F
+
+defines a differentiable
+everywhere on this.
+
+But we don't care about what
+happens outside of this.
+
+It's really only on the surface
+that we need it to be OK.
+
+I mean, again,
+99% of the vector fields that
+
+we see in this class are defined
+everywhere so that's not an
+
+urgent concern,
+but still.
+
+OK.
+Should we move on?
+
+Yes. I have a yes.
+Let me explain to you quickly
+
+why Stokes is true.
+How do we prove a theorem like
+
+that?
+Well, 
+
+the strategy,
+I mean there are other ways,
+
+but the least painful strategy
+at this point is to observe what
+
+we already know is a special
+case of Stokes's theorem.
+
+Namely we know the case where
+the curve is actually in the x,
+
+y plane and the surface is a
+flat piece of the x,
+
+y plane because that's Green's
+theorem which we proved a while
+
+ago.
+We know it for C and S in the
+
+x, y plane.
+Now, what if C and S were,
+
+say, in the y,
+z plane instead of the x,
+
+y plane?
+Well, then it will not quite
+
+give the same picture because
+the normal vector would be i hat
+
+instead of k hat and they would
+be having different notations
+
+and it would be integrating with
+y and z.
+
+But you see that it would
+become, again,
+
+exactly the same formula.
+We'd know it for any of the
+
+coordinate planes.
+In fact, I claim we know it for
+
+absolutely any plane.
+And the reason for that is, 
+
+sure, when we write it in
+coordinates,
+
+when we write that this line
+integral is integral of Pdx plus
+
+Qdy plus Rdz or when we write
+that the curl is given by this
+
+formula we use the x,
+y, z coordinate system.
+
+But there is something I
+haven't quite told you about.
+
+Which is if I switch to any
+other right-handed coordinate
+
+system,
+so I do some sort of rotation
+
+of my space coordinates,
+then somehow the line integral, 
+
+the flux integral, 
+the notion of curl makes sense
+
+in coordinates.
+And the reason is that they all
+
+have geometric interpretations.
+For example,
+
+when I think of this as the
+work done by a force,
+
+well, the force doesn't care
+whether it's being put in x,
+
+y coordinates this way or that
+way.
+
+It still does the same work
+because it's the same force.
+
+And when I say that the curl
+measures the rotation in a
+
+motion, well,
+that depends on which
+
+coordinates you use.
+And the same for interpretation
+
+of flux.
+In fact, if I rotated my
+
+coordinates to fit with any
+other plane, I could still do
+
+the same things.
+What I'm trying to say is,
+
+in fact, if C and S are in any
+plane then we can still claim
+
+that it reduces to Green's
+theorem.
+
+It will be Green's theorem not
+in x, y, z coordinates but in
+
+some funny rotated coordinate
+systems.
+
+What I'm saying is that work,
+flux and curl makes sense
+
+independently of coordinates.
+
+Now, this has to stop somewhere.
+I can start claiming that I can
+
+somehow bend my coordinates to a
+plane, any surface is flat.
+
+That doesn't really work.
+But what I can say is if I have
+
+any surface I can cut it into
+tiny pieces.
+
+And these tiny pieces are
+basically flat.
+
+So that's basically the idea of
+a proof.
+
+I am going to decompose my
+surface into very small flat
+
+pieces.
+Given any S we are just going
+
+to decompose it into tiny almost
+flat pieces.
+
+For example,
+if I have my surface like this,
+
+what I will do is I will just
+cut it into tiles.
+
+I mean a good example of that
+is if you look at
+
+those geodesic things,
+for example,
+
+it's made of all these hexagons
+and pentagons.
+
+Well, actually,
+they're not quite flat in the
+
+usual rule, but you could make
+them flat and it would still
+
+look pretty much like a sphere.
+Anyway, you're going to cut
+
+your surface into lots of tiny
+pieces.
+
+And then you can use Stokes'
+theorem on each small piece.
+
+What it says on each small flat
+piece -- It says that the line
+
+integral along say,
+for example,
+
+this curve is equal to the flux
+of a curl through this tiny
+
+piece of surface.
+And now I will add all of these
+
+terms together.
+If I add all of the small
+
+contributions to flux I get the
+total flux.
+
+What if I add all of the small
+line integrals?
+
+Well, I get lots of extra junk
+because I never asked to compute
+
+the line integral along this.
+But this guy will come in twice
+
+when I do this little plate and
+when I do that little plate with
+
+opposite orientations.
+When I sum all of the little
+
+line integrals together,
+all of the inner things cancel
+
+out,
+and the only ones that I go
+
+through only once are those that
+are at the outer most edges.
+
+So, when I sum all of my works
+together, I will get the work
+
+done just along the outer
+boundary C.
+
+Sum of work around each little
+piece is just actually the work
+
+along C, the outer curve.
+And the sum of the flux for
+
+each piece is going to be the
+flux through S.
+
+From Stokes' theorem for flat
+surfaces, I can get it for any
+
+surface.
+I am cheating a little bit
+
+because you would actually have
+to check carefully that this
+
+approximation where you flatten
+the little pieces that are
+
+almost flat is varied.
+But, trust me,
+
+it actually works.
+
+Let's do an actual example.
+I mean I said example,
+
+but that was more like getting
+us ready for the proof so
+
+probably that doesn't count as
+an actual example.
+
+I should probably keep these
+statements for now so I am not
+
+going to erase this side.
+
+Let's do an example.
+Let's try to find the work of
+
+vector field zi plus xj plus yk
+around the unit circle in the x,
+
+y plane counterclockwise.
+The picture is conveniently
+
+already there.
+Just as a quick review,
+
+let's see how we do that
+directly.
+
+If we do that directly,
+I have to find the integral
+
+along C.
+So F dot dr becomes zdx plus
+
+xdy plus ydz.
+But now we actually know that
+
+on this circle,
+well, z is zero.
+
+And we can parameterize x and
+y, the unit circle in the x,
+
+y plane, so we can take x
+equals cosine t,
+
+y equals sine t.
+That will just become the
+
+integral over C.
+Well, z times dx,
+
+z is zero so we have nothing,
+plus x is cosine t times dy is
+
+-- Well, if y is sine t then dy
+is cosine tdt plus ydz but z is
+
+zero.
+Now, the range of values for t,
+
+well, we are going
+counterclockwise around the
+
+entire circle so that should go
+from zero to 2pi.
+
+We will get integral from zero
+to 2pi of cosine square tdt
+
+which, if you do the
+calculation, turns out to be
+
+just pi.
+Now, let's instead try to use
+
+Stokes' theorem to do the
+calculation.
+
+Now, of course the smart choice
+would be to just take the flat
+
+unit disk.
+I am not going to do that.
+
+That would be too boring.
+Plus we have already kind of
+
+checked it because we already
+trust Green's theorem.
+
+Instead, just to convince you
+that,
+
+yes, I can choose really any
+surface I want,
+
+let's say that I'm going to
+choose a piece of paraboloid z
+
+equals one minus x squared minus
+y squared.
+
+Well, to get our conventions
+straight, we should take the
+
+normal vector pointing up for
+compatibility with our choice.
+
+Well, we will have to compute
+the flux through S.
+
+We don't really have to because
+we could have chosen the disk,
+
+it would be easier, 
+but if we want to do it this
+
+way we will compute the flux of
+curl F through our paraboloid.
+
+How do we do that?
+Well, we need to find the curl
+
+and we need to find ndS.
+Let's start with the curl.
+
+Curl F let's take the
+cross-product between dell and F
+
+which is zxy.
+If we compute this,
+
+the i component will be one
+minus zero.
+
+It looks like it is one i.
+Minus the j component is zero
+
+minus one.
+Plus the k component is one
+
+minus zero.
+In fact, the curl of the field
+
+is one, one, one.
+Now, what about ndS?
+
+Well, this is a surface for
+which we know z is a function of
+
+x and y.
+ndS we can write as, 
+
+let's call this F of xy, 
+then we can use the formula
+
+that says ndS equals negative F
+sub x, negative F sub y,
+
+one dxdy,
+which here gives us 2x,
+
+2y, one dxdy.
+Now, when we want to compute
+
+the flux, we will have to do
+double integral over S of one,
+
+one, one dot product with 2x,
+2y, one dxdy.
+
+It will become the double
+integral of 2x plus 2y plus one
+
+dxdy.
+And, of course,
+
+the region which we are
+integrating, the range of values
+
+of x and y will be the shadow of
+our surface.
+
+That is just going to be,
+if you look at this paraboloid
+
+from above,
+all you will see is the unit
+
+disk so it will be a double
+integral of the unit disk.
+
+And the way we will do that,
+one way is to switch to polar
+
+coordinates and do the
+calculation and then you will
+
+end up with pi.
+The other way is to try to do
+
+it by symmetry.
+Observe, when you integrate x
+
+above this, x is as negative on
+the left as it is positive on
+
+the right.
+So the integral of x will be
+
+zero.
+The integral of y will be zero
+
+also by symmetry.
+Then the integral of one dxdy
+
+will just be the area of this
+unit disk which is pi.
+
+That was our first example.
+And, of course, 
+
+if you're actually free to
+choose your favorite surface,
+
+there is absolutely no reason
+why you would actually choose
+
+this paraboloid in this example.
+I mean it would be much easier
+
+to choose a flat disk.
+OK.
+
+Tomorrow I will tell you a few
+more things about curl fits in
+
+with conservativeness and with
+the divergence theorem,
+
+Stokes all together, 
+and we will look at Practice
+
+Exam 4B so please bring the exam
+with you.
+
+ 
+with you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u46_GiV2iFc.txt b/u46_GiV2iFc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4592b93012455e1e48e814cc4e7397c968ed7d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u46_GiV2iFc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so we are going to start a new chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to start a new chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to start a new chapter
+in this class feinman calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class feinman calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class feinman calculus
+the purpose of this very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this very first
+introduction is to just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction is to just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction is to just set
+the stage and we do this by recapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and we do this by recapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and we do this by recapping
+what we'll discuss so far in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll discuss so far in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll discuss so far in the first
+three weeks of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks of this course
+so first we introduce the player in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we introduce the player in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we introduce the player in the
+field the elementary particles the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the elementary particles the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the elementary particles the meta
+particles and the force carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the force carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the force carriers
+um we have seen that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have seen that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have seen that there is
+regeneration of fermions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration of fermions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration of fermions
+that has leptons and quarks we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has leptons and quarks we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has leptons and quarks we have seen
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+in principle interact in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle interact in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle interact in different ways
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with those force carriers we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those force carriers we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those force carriers we have seen
+that there are three kinds of charges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are three kinds of charges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are three kinds of charges or
+three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of
+interactions um the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um the electromagnetic
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+the weak interaction and the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction and the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction and the strong
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+um then we moved on and had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we moved on and had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we moved on and had a
+qualitative a quantitative discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative a quantitative discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative a quantitative discussion of
+relativistic kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics
+uh so there's quite a set of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's quite a set of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's quite a set of useful
+problems we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can look at
+for example we're wondering how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're wondering how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're wondering how much
+energy does my approacher need in a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does my approacher need in a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does my approacher need in a beam
+on a fixed target where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fixed target where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fixed target where we want to
+produce anti-protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anti-protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anti-protons
+so those problems we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those problems we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those problems we were able to
+discuss and quantitatively figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and quantitatively figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and quantitatively figure out
+what the answer's answers to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer's answers to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer's answers to those
+questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are
+then we looked at fireman diagram we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at fireman diagram we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at fireman diagram we are
+able to you know read them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know read them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know read them and
+understand what they principally mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they principally mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they principally mean
+and then we had a discussion last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had a discussion last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had a discussion last week
+on symmetries we introduced parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on symmetries we introduced parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on symmetries we introduced parity
+we introduced charge conjugation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced charge conjugation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced charge conjugation we
+looked at cp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at cp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at cp
+and cp violation we had a qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cp violation we had a qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cp violation we had a qualitative
+discussion on the case in scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on the case in scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on the case in scattering
+uh we defined what a geometrical cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we defined what a geometrical cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we defined what a geometrical cross
+section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is
+and now we are really starting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are really starting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are really starting the
+quantitative discussion of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative discussion of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative discussion of particle
+dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+we do this now in the next video by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this now in the next video by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this now in the next video by
+introducing femi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing femi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing femi's
+golden rule and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule and then we
+study a toy theory which is simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study a toy theory which is simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study a toy theory which is simplified
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the algebra involved is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra involved is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra involved is not going to be
+too much of a hustle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a hustle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a hustle
+so we can focus on understanding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can focus on understanding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can focus on understanding or
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+findman rules in order to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findman rules in order to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findman rules in order to calculate the
+k rates and scattering cross sections
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u8slUoRbeN0.txt b/u8slUoRbeN0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69145e8f977e651304c9ab3cad615c290833aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u8slUoRbeN0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Audrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other day which means the day before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day which means the day before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day which means the day before
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era
+Luna yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where in every other country celebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in every other country celebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in every other country celebrates
+Labor day except for the US yes workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're cooking another Dolce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're cooking another Dolce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're cooking another Dolce in
+another dessert Anita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it let's see so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like I finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I finished
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can celebrate by baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can celebrate by baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can celebrate by baking
+and we will bake kantuchi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are called in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are called in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are called in different ways
+sometimes they're called kantuchi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're called kantuchi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're called kantuchi
+sometimes they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're called
+Chini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chini
+what does the eating mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the U.S there are known good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will make variations also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make variations also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make variations also with
+raisins and with chocolate drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's that's I guess that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's I guess that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's I guess that we call
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it's Italian and it's it has two teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Italian and it's it has two teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Italian and it's it has two teeth
+in the US usually you say biscotti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Italian is any sort of cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for me for example chocolate chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me for example chocolate chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me for example chocolate chip
+cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so what does coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does coffee
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're cooked twice we will cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're cooked twice we will cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're cooked twice we will cook
+them twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because coffee is cooked twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is from Latin it means coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are fun to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are fun to cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are fun to cheat
+that are very famous and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very famous and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very famous and then there are
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+kantuchi di Siena which are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kantuchi di Siena which are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kantuchi di Siena which are slightly
+different and Sienna is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and Sienna is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and Sienna is another
+beautiful city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful city
+in induscana and there is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in induscana and there is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in induscana and there is a bit of a
+competition between ferente and Siena so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between ferente and Siena so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between ferente and Siena so
+I have a very very dear friend from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very very dear friend from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very very dear friend from
+Siena but I'm sorry tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I hope you want to watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope you want to watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope you want to watch that
+but one of the differences is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the differences is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the differences is that in
+the viscosity the Siena in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity the Siena in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity the Siena in the country
+Sienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+butter butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and while Scotty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while Scotty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while Scotty
+there is nothing aggressive you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing aggressive you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing aggressive you will be
+surprised it's kind of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised it's kind of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised it's kind of a different
+recipe it's a little bit more healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe it's a little bit more healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe it's a little bit more healthy
+and I think it will be fun to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it will be fun to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it will be fun to try
+something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/urE_22UEO_8.txt b/urE_22UEO_8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84fb61a3393a8d9bdf53caf0e48bb8ba3e086280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/urE_22UEO_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2750 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JULIAN BEINART: The first
+sheet on the handout really--
+
+I forgot to give it
+to you last time.
+
+It's simply the argument
+that for every major ideology
+
+associated with the
+change of a city,
+
+there's a housing type
+which it generates as well.
+
+And this is just a little
+sketch of some of the work
+
+that we've done in the classes--
+
+London, Paris, Vienna,
+Barcelona, Sunnyside Gardens,
+
+and so on.
+
+For those of you who are
+interested in architecture,
+
+that should be a help.
+
+There are not many cities which
+originated in the 19th century.
+
+Chicago is one of them and
+probably the major one.
+
+What was the population
+of Chicago in eighteein
+
+[INAUDIBLE] It doesn't matter.
+
+There were a few Indians
+living on a piece of land
+
+which connects the lake
+to the Mississippi River.
+
+And Chicago-- I think
+it'd be silly to ask you
+
+what Chicago means.
+
+It's an Indian name for
+something, wild garlic.
+
+Many cities have an affection
+for nature in their names.
+
+Bang Makok is the Village
+of Wild Plum in Thailand.
+
+Mumba Devi is the
+godess of fishermen.
+
+What is Boston?
+
+Saint [INAUDIBLE] town--
+
+Saint [INAUDIBLE] is the
+god of fishermen, I think.
+
+Certainly, Boston comes
+from Saint [INAUDIBLE] town.
+
+Now, the extraordinary
+thing about Chicago
+
+is, compared to the cases
+we've done up to now--
+
+number one, that
+it has no walls.
+
+Number two, it has no royalty.
+
+It has no invested aristocracy.
+
+What else doesn't it have?
+
+STUDENT: History?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.
+
+No, you're right.
+
+You're right, absolutely right.
+
+The argument for Chicago has
+always been [INAUDIBLE] OK.
+
+Be why we talk about
+these generalities.
+
+The second page on your
+handout is 100 years
+
+of building activity in Chicago
+done by Homer Hoyt, the man who
+
+did the [? vector ?] theory
+of city form, which we dealt
+
+with a couple of weeks ago.
+
+This categorizes building
+activity in the city.
+
+And we will go through
+it stage by stage.
+
+But it's remarkable that we
+can depict Chicago's history
+
+in terms of economic
+activity, whereas we
+
+haven't used that as an index
+for any of the other cases.
+
+Chicago is built by
+the private sector.
+
+It has no city--
+
+or such a weak and corrupt
+city government that everything
+
+about Chicago in its
+19th-century period,
+
+certainly, was based on the
+primacy of the individual
+
+making his own way
+against all odds.
+
+Chicago is referred to
+as the city of wind,
+
+not because the wind blows
+there but because of the hubris
+
+of its politicians
+and its salesmen.
+
+Wind refers to the
+air that's blown out
+
+of the mouth when you brag.
+
+I will go through
+this in more detail.
+
+In 1848, when the railroads
+crossed this country
+
+and made their major
+midwestern stop in Chicago
+
+instead of St.
+Louis, which would
+
+have been a more
+direct route, this
+
+was all because of the
+bullshit of politicians.
+
+In 1893, when the
+Chicago World's Fair
+
+celebrated 400 years
+after Columbus,
+
+it should have
+gone to St. Louis.
+
+But it went to Chicago.
+
+Chicago is the only city
+in the world which built
+
+the first skyscrapers on sand.
+
+It's the first city in the
+world and the only city
+
+in the world which built an
+illegal subway system, 50
+
+miles of illegal subway
+built by private development
+
+without the city knowing.
+
+Or if they knew, they
+were submerged in bribes.
+
+I will go through all
+of these examples.
+
+So we can characterize
+Chicago adequately
+
+in Park and Burgess's model
+of a concentric universe
+
+in which movement is outwards.
+
+To make it in Chicago,
+you need to immigrate.
+
+And the immigration zone is
+the inner zone of transition.
+
+And then you make it,
+and you move outwards.
+
+American cities are primarily
+immigrant cities, as opposed
+
+to European cities.
+
+And this model, plus
+the ethos of Chicago,
+
+represents, in more stunning
+detail, this phenomenon.
+
+I was talking about Frank Lloyd
+Wright and one of his clients.
+
+His clients were new.
+
+They were people like the
+man who invented the zip.
+
+They were people willing
+to see technology
+
+as a possibility
+for advancement.
+
+People made enormous amounts of
+money just by being in Chicago.
+
+I'll go through some
+of the real estate
+
+transactions in a few minutes.
+
+So the themes we
+can look at and I'll
+
+try to give some
+examples of, how
+
+the city is an economic engine.
+
+The cycles produced through
+advancement and setbacks
+
+in economics has
+fascinated cycle theorists
+
+like Kondratiev and Kuznets
+and people of this kind.
+
+But nobody has yet been
+able to perfect it.
+
+If you perfected
+cycle theory, you
+
+would be the wealthiest man
+in the world, I should think,
+
+or the wealthiest
+women in the world.
+
+But the free market
+system implies risk.
+
+And therefore, a
+correct depiction
+
+of the way Chicago is built
+in the free enterprise system
+
+would suggest a diagram
+much like Hoyt's diagram.
+
+Secondly, the city and nature--
+
+there's a wonderful book by
+William Cronon called Nature's
+
+Metropolis about Chicago.
+
+It's worth reading if you
+have nothing else to do,
+
+which is not likely.
+
+But Nature's
+Metropolis is written
+
+by a man who was a
+professor at Yale.
+
+And he's now, I think, in
+Wisconsin, where he's from.
+
+He's an environmentalist.
+
+And he depicts the
+natural state of Chicago,
+
+and its regional hinterland, and
+the transformations that occur.
+
+To me, nature in
+Chicago was something
+
+that could be improved upon.
+
+As everything else
+could be improved
+
+upon through [? manual ?]
+labor and intelligence,
+
+so nature could
+be improved upon.
+
+Nature could deal with the
+consequences of modernism.
+
+I mean, Louis Sullivan,
+in Kindergarten Chats--
+
+his little book,
+kindergarten chats--
+
+Louis Sullivan was one
+of the great architects
+
+of the late 19th
+century in Chicago.
+
+He and his partner, Adler, did
+the transportation building
+
+in the Chicago
+World's Fair in 1893.
+
+But Sullivan-- when I show
+you his auditorium building,
+
+you will read in the
+toilets the notion that--
+
+no, no sorry.
+
+Forget it.
+
+I'm mixing the ideas.
+
+You will see in the
+system of decoration
+
+an attempt to maintain
+an association
+
+with natural form, much
+like Otto Wagner in Vienna.
+
+These are hybrid people.
+
+Louis Sullivan was very angry
+at the neoclassical system
+
+of the Chicago World's Fair.
+
+He said it would set back
+America considerably.
+
+We'll talk about the
+Chicago World's Fair
+
+later in the class.
+
+Let's look at some
+of the other themes.
+
+The distinction
+between the activity
+
+of the private sector
+and the weakness
+
+of the communal environment--
+
+after the Great Fire of 1871,
+there were two responses.
+
+The one was, gee whiz, what an
+opportunity to rebuild Chicago
+
+anew.
+
+The other one was, we are guilty
+because we blasphemed God.
+
+Two positions
+expressed by optimists
+
+It was the day after the fire.
+
+There was a-- you will see--
+
+a real estate booth in
+the ashes selling land.
+
+You get, perhaps, the
+starkest interpretation
+
+of this theme in the book The
+Devil in the White City by Eric
+
+Larson, another
+book that you need
+
+to know about if you want
+to know about Chicago.
+
+Here, up to 200
+women, young women,
+
+are killed by a sociopath
+in his hotel, up to 200.
+
+Who know whether it's 200.
+
+Nobody ever was able to account
+for the number of bodies
+
+that he either put into
+acid vats or burned.
+
+These women just disappeared.
+
+There was no police to
+account for who would--
+
+27 million people visited
+Chicago for the six months
+
+that the fair ran.
+
+Women just disappeared.
+
+The only way in which Holmes
+was a sociopath was discovered
+
+was because of a private
+security insurance
+
+man in Philadelphia.
+
+A man named [? Geyer ?]
+started tracing
+
+what was happening
+in these deaths,
+
+in some of the deaths
+that were reported to him.
+
+The Chicago city and the
+Chicago Police were ineffable.
+
+So you have this
+extraordinary view
+
+of the dark side of an
+environment at the same time
+
+as progress is next to what
+Burnham called the White City
+
+as opposed to the Dark City.
+
+The White City with this
+new Chicago World's Fair.
+
+It had its dark side as well,
+the [NON-ENGLISH] But the fact
+
+that in a city as late as 1893--
+
+in Chicago's case, it was
+late, it was almost a century
+
+after it was formed, 70 years--
+
+we could have the private
+sector maintaining
+
+astounding
+technological process.
+
+I will show you a diagram which
+compares the Ferris wheel built
+
+by a young engineer from
+Pittsburgh for the Chicago
+
+World's Fair.
+
+For the first time,
+the public could
+
+circulate above the level
+of a city and see it.
+
+This was more astonishing than
+the Eiffel Tower four years
+
+before and, perhaps, even
+more astonishing than Tatlin's
+
+monument to the
+Third International.
+
+This is the city which
+again defies logic
+
+by building skyscrapers
+without foundation.
+
+Well, the foundations
+are rafts which
+
+float on the sand
+rather than columns.
+
+There's no rock.
+
+This is the last place in the
+world where you would expect
+
+the genesis of the skyscraper.
+
+And the first tall building--
+
+I mean, Otis invented the
+elevator, the safety elevator.
+
+Before, the elevators had
+been used since Roman times.
+
+But the safety elevator
+means that the elevator,
+
+if it breaks, it has the cable
+system which protects the fall.
+
+The first skyscrapers,
+probably the--
+
+I will get to that.
+
+I wanted-- will detail all of
+these things as we go along.
+
+The Chicago World's Fair
+was stolen from St. Louis.
+
+St. Louis got the
+1904 Olympic games,
+
+the first one held in the
+United States and the second one
+
+in modern times.
+
+The first one was 1900 in Paris.
+
+The Chicago World's Fair has a
+number of extraordinary things
+
+attached to it.
+
+The one is the building of the
+grandest environment ever seen
+
+in this country.
+
+The manufacturer's
+building could
+
+house St. Peter's, St.
+Paul's, the pyramids,
+
+the lot in one building.
+
+It was massive.
+
+It's extraordinary.
+
+At the same time,
+it had a branch
+
+or a road of 600 feet wide
+called the midway, where
+
+the vulgar aspects of
+honkytonk American culture
+
+could be associated with.
+
+I'll briefly talk about
+the idea of the White
+
+City, Reverend Moody's
+city in Pullman, Illinois.
+
+What is a Pullman car as opposed
+to an ordinary railroad car?
+
+In a Pullman car,
+it's business class.
+
+There are black man
+dressed in black uniforms
+
+with white gloves
+who carry your bags
+
+and elevate the
+conventional train system.
+
+120 trains entered near Chicago,
+as early as 1857, each day.
+
+Pullman built a new
+town at the entrance
+
+to the southern part of Chicago.
+
+You pass Pullman, Illinois
+if you came to Chicago
+
+for the World's Fair by train.
+
+Pullman, like many
+utopianists, tried
+
+to produce a culturally superior
+environment for his workers.
+
+And lastly, we'll
+look at Burnham's 1909
+
+plan and subsequent attempts
+to modify the girth.
+
+OK, back to the handout.
+
+The first peak,
+dated about 1830,
+
+is the building of a
+transportation connector,
+
+a canal which connects.
+
+The hypothesis
+about Chicago was it
+
+connected the world's
+waterways or could
+
+connect it was waterways.
+
+From the Atlantic, here are the
+lakes and a small [INAUDIBLE]
+
+You have the widest
+river in the world.
+
+This is not a trivial opening.
+
+It never produced
+the effect that it
+
+was destined in the minds
+of investors to produce.
+
+There's no traffic which
+travels along this route.
+
+But it was a
+brilliant hypothesis
+
+which, in 1830, enabled
+Chicago to take off.
+
+You can see the peak.
+
+The first boom in 1835, land
+values increased by 150%
+
+in two years.
+
+I quote from a journalist.
+
+"I have never seen a
+busier place than Chicago
+
+at the time of my arrival.
+
+The streets were crowded with
+land speculators hurrying
+
+from one sale to another.
+
+A negro dressed in scarlet
+bearing a scarlet flag
+
+and riding a white horse with
+housing housing of scarlet--
+
+oh-- was housing
+[INAUDIBLE] scarlet
+
+announced the time of the sale.
+
+At every street corner, the
+crowd gathered behind you."
+
+The total land sales,
+according to Hoyt in Chicago,
+
+in 1830 were $168,000.
+
+In 1836, it was $10,500,000,
+over 60 times in six years.
+
+1848, the canal was finished.
+
+Chicago was developing as
+an agricultural center--
+
+wheat, and lumber, and the
+beginning of manufacturing.
+
+But it was a town, I quote,
+"without pavement, sidewalks,
+
+sewers, gaslight,
+streetcars, or railroads."
+
+The second boom came
+with the decision
+
+to have a railroad
+pass through in 1848.
+
+Our chief, ultimate importance
+of the canal, the lake,
+
+traffic, and the plank
+woods for a plank roads
+
+was that they gave Chicago
+sufficient advantage
+
+to attract the railroad.
+
+It was important in making
+Chicago a great wholesaling
+
+and manufacturing center.
+
+In 1836, it took 30 days to
+get from Chicago to New York.
+
+In 1849, it took seven days.
+
+In 1852, it took 36 hours.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the
+time construction
+
+between New York and the
+Midwest, when being reduced,
+
+amplified the centrality
+of Chicago in the Midwest.
+
+The slump of 1857,
+overspeculation
+
+in Western land,
+Michigan Southern stock
+
+dropped from $88 to $9.
+
+European demand for wheat
+in the 1871 Civil War
+
+meant Chicago kept
+economically after.
+
+The post-war boom
+of 1865 to 1871
+
+re-established in
+Chicago's industrial base.
+
+By now, it had manufactured the
+largest meat-packing industry
+
+the world had ever seen using
+a conveyor belt system which
+
+Henry Ford, amongst
+others, appreciate
+
+and introduced into
+his automobile plants.
+
+1871, The Great Fire, one of the
+greatest holocausts in history.
+
+The resurrection is
+optimism or blame.
+
+1878, the boom, improvement
+in the American economic
+
+condition, the first
+steel-frame skyscrapers.
+
+Home Insurance building, 1884.
+
+Steel-frame [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[INAUDIBLE] building, 1891.
+
+16 floors.
+
+So on and so on.
+
+So if you're going
+to build the city
+
+through private initiative,
+private investment,
+
+you're going to have
+to deal with the cycle
+
+of economic advancement,
+and boom, and depression.
+
+Chicago managed-- you'll notice
+that in the European examples,
+
+post-Engels, I spoke often
+about the condition of the poor.
+
+The condition of
+the poor was not
+
+an aspect of civic
+consciousness in the time
+
+that I'm talking about.
+
+If you went to
+Chicago, you made it.
+
+If you didn't make
+it, somehow or other,
+
+you survived, either by crime
+or by some other kind of device.
+
+There was no social program.
+
+The city didn't exist as an
+arbiter of human condition.
+
+Human condition followed
+what the market produced.
+
+The fire of 1871
+paralleled the fire of 1666
+
+in London similarly.
+
+I mentioned the illegal building
+of a 50-mile set of tunnels
+
+in 1914.
+
+Earlier, the city, in
+1890, had given permission
+
+to private building owners
+to dig in their basements
+
+to provide insertion
+of a telegraphic wire.
+
+The telegraphic
+cable was soon seen
+
+as a ruse for digging mud out
+of the basement of your building
+
+and connecting it.
+
+At times, there
+was a train which
+
+carried mail and deposited
+goods in the basement of Carson
+
+Pririe Scott and Montgomery
+Ward, the two biggest modern
+
+department stores at the time.
+
+It even, at times, produced
+ice for air conditioning.
+
+It became transportation.
+
+How did the city--
+
+how did the businessmen
+deal with it?
+
+By bribes, of course.
+
+That was how all business was
+done, also by telling lies.
+
+The developers claimed
+that they were only laying
+
+cable for a telephone company.
+
+They dug at night
+so people would not
+
+notice the amount of dirt being
+smuggled away from the scene.
+
+They found that the tunnels
+were almost 13 feet high.
+
+Part of this was
+that two people a day
+
+were being killed in
+the city by trains going
+
+through crowded crossings.
+
+But this is the only
+example in modern history,
+
+or even in any history, of
+the illegitimate building
+
+of a major infrastructure
+system underneath the city.
+
+It's a wonderful story.
+
+There's a part of
+me which rejoices
+
+in the idea of building
+an illegal sub,
+
+one day waking up
+and finding that you
+
+have a subway system under
+your city nobody knew about.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: No, there
+was no permission given.
+
+STUDENT: But why?
+
+JULIAN BEINART: But why what?
+
+STUDENT: Why did [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: I
+think I've explained
+
+that the city was inevitable.
+
+The city didn't exist.
+
+Local government was
+corrupt [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Chicago is known
+as the Shock City.
+
+You could get away with
+murder, as many people did.
+
+The great murders in the history
+of Chicago are not fiction.
+
+They're reality that have become
+fiction in American violence.
+
+The fact that human beings
+can do extraordinary things
+
+shouldn't surprise us.
+
+The building of the pyramids
+was as extraordinary,
+
+if not more extraordinary,
+investment in human labor
+
+and guile than the illegal
+building of a subway system
+
+in Chicago.
+
+Anyway, the other advent
+in Chicago of significance
+
+was the attempt to extend
+buildings vertically.
+
+Chicago was hardly
+the place that one
+
+would expect this to happen.
+
+There was no rock or
+significant rock formation
+
+under the center of the city.
+
+You need at least
+that support system
+
+unless you can devise an
+alternative, which was devised,
+
+of floating buildings
+on platforms.
+
+The Home Insurance
+building in 1884
+
+was the first building
+built out of a steel frame.
+
+Before that, all building was--
+
+by the way, I forgot to mention.
+
+In 1830s, there was a man--
+
+and not an Indian, an
+American white man--
+
+on a canoe on the Chicago River.
+
+He invented something which
+transformed the building
+
+industry of the United States.
+
+Well, he devised a system for
+manufacturing wooden housing
+
+by using a balloon-frame system
+instead of a post and beam.
+
+A balloon-frame system uses
+two-by-fours or two-by-tens
+
+and make them into panels which
+become the sides of houses,
+
+as opposed to the historic
+system of erecting posts
+
+and then spanning
+the space with beams.
+
+This man revolutionized the
+construction of housing.
+
+And he's little known.
+
+He should be known more widely.
+
+Because since then,
+the pervasive building
+
+of single-family
+wood construction
+
+has manifested itself as a major
+economic force in the United
+
+States.
+
+Anyway, back to the skyscraper.
+
+Under 20 floors of height,
+a tall building [INAUDIBLE]
+
+needs to worry about its own
+weight and, to a small extent,
+
+about wind.
+
+Above 20 floors, wind
+becomes the major factor
+
+in the construction resistance
+that you provide to the wind.
+
+These buildings are
+all under 20 floors.
+
+Frank Lloyd Wright proposed
+a building a mile high.
+
+What was he thinking about?
+
+What did he have in mind?
+
+He wasn't a foolish man.
+
+I'm not quite sure I know, nor
+do I know that anybody knows.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE]
+building, at that time,
+
+would have been so outside
+of any technical calculation
+
+system.
+
+The fact that you may be able
+to wrap a city in one building
+
+is interesting.
+
+The John Hancock
+building in Chicago--
+
+who knows Chicago well?
+
+Do you know the John
+Hancock building?
+
+The John Hancock building,
+except for industry,
+
+has all the artifacts of
+a city in one building.
+
+There's parking, shopping,
+offices, and housing.
+
+Accomplishing this
+one in Chicago,
+
+much later than
+Frank Lloyd Wright,
+
+perhaps suggests a remodel
+that he had in mind
+
+for building a Usonian
+utopia vertically.
+
+Frank Lloyd Wright built a small
+office building in Oklahoma.
+
+What was the uniqueness
+of his building,
+
+the small building in Oklahoma?
+
+Do you know?
+
+It's the only office
+building at its time
+
+that had offices and
+housing on the same floor.
+
+Here, the separation
+is vertical.
+
+I've got to watch
+out for the time.
+
+It is long.
+
+Chicago's a long and
+interesting convoluted story.
+
+I'm trying to untangle it.
+
+I'd rather leave this
+out, but question
+
+as to whether land speculation
+in the form of a grid
+
+is a vehicle of
+capitalism is arguable.
+
+I've written, disagreeing
+with Mumford and Richard
+
+[? Sennett, ?] two formidable
+opponents, on this premise.
+
+Mumford, for instance,
+says resurgent capitalism
+
+treats the individual lot,
+and the block, the street,
+
+and the avenue as abstract
+units for buying and selling.
+
+The rectangular street and block
+system projected indefinitely
+
+towards the horizon was the
+first universal expression
+
+of capitalistic fantasies.
+
+Each lot being of uniform shape
+became a unit like a coin,
+
+capable of ready
+appraisal and exchange.
+
+Yeah, that means you can buy
+a piece of land in Florida
+
+without seeing it.
+
+I suppose that is possible.
+
+But with the grid
+system reducing
+
+the complexity of investment
+to a unit is all that goes on.
+
+What about [INAUDIBLE] plan?
+
+Here's a man who made an
+infinite-- the largest housing
+
+environment in the
+world, history.
+
+By using a 113-meter by
+113-square-block system,
+
+with infinite variables in
+it, not built, but according
+
+to him, to his plan.
+
+Is that a capitalism?
+
+Is that a result of capitalism?
+
+The other example, one
+of the largest buildings
+
+of mass housing, is in
+Soweto in South Africa.
+
+It's nothing to do
+with the market at all.
+
+It was built by a white
+government enforcing its power
+
+on--
+
+STUDENT: Well, it actually makes
+me think of James C. Scott's
+
+argument about
+seeing like a state,
+
+and how states want to
+simplify things, and, I mean,
+
+how capitalism uses
+those [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Yeah,
+I think he's right.
+
+Capitalism does.
+
+If I buy an IBM share, I'm
+buying one-hundred-thousandth
+
+of its typewriters
+and a hundred-thousand
+
+of its elevators and so on.
+
+Yes.
+
+And of course, that's
+understandable.
+
+But whether-- in a city, a
+grid system adjacent to a river
+
+is a good deal
+different from a grid
+
+system adjacent to a mountain.
+
+They are natural deformations.
+
+And it's not as easy to--
+
+what Mumford is saying is
+that in the case of Chicago,
+
+there was no care
+given to the modulation
+
+of the size of blocks to who
+developed where, and how,
+
+and so on.
+
+He's, in fact, saying
+that the free enterprise
+
+system has invaded the spatial
+property of a complex city
+
+and reduced it to barrenness.
+
+It's an intriguing
+proposition, which I have--
+
+you know, Boston doesn't
+have a grid system.
+
+And there's been as
+much speculation in land
+
+in Boston as there
+has been in Chicago.
+
+So give me a break.
+
+Those of you who
+are designers should
+
+stop thinking in terms of
+the geometry of things,
+
+in terms of simple outcomes.
+
+STUDENT: I think that's
+true in the long term.
+
+But in the short term,
+I know specific examples
+
+where a community can't get
+a grocery store because it's
+
+an old non-grid layout,
+and grocery stores only
+
+want squares or rectangles.
+
+And so there, you have--
+
+it's not because of capitalism,
+but temporary market norms,
+
+development norms
+realted to the grid.
+
+JULIAN BEINART: What
+about Manhattan?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah, It's
+not always true.
+
+But it's true of
+some [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Yeah,
+I always get out
+
+of this by saying cities are
+more complicated than I know.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]
+
+JULIAN BEINART:
+There's a juxtaposition
+
+between the market,
+and between capitalism,
+
+and goodness of outcomes.
+
+It's like saying the
+American Express introduced
+
+the traveler's check
+for the first time
+
+at the Chicago Exposition.
+
+And there were new foods,
+things like fast food and so on.
+
+Is capitalism to blame for
+producing these innovations?
+
+Was capitalism to blame for--
+
+I don't know.
+
+I think it's-- it strikes
+me as being too elementary.
+
+Richard Sennett, on the other
+hand, has another argument.
+
+I don't have time to go into it.
+
+I want to spend a few minutes
+on the World's Fair and then--
+
+the World's Fair,
+in many respects,
+
+was fundamental in
+the history of Chicago
+
+and, perhaps, fundamental in the
+history of the United States.
+
+The Crystal Palace, which is my
+favorite 19th-century building,
+
+produced a slew of
+exhibitions in Paris.
+
+1851, the Crystal Palace;
+1855, 1868, 1889, 1900--
+
+five exhibitions
+between 1855 and 1900.
+
+They were all there to promote
+technology, newness, modernism,
+
+and the market.
+
+There was no
+internet, obviously.
+
+The availability
+of information--
+
+there was no telephone.
+
+So this was almost back
+to Neanderthal times.
+
+So you needed
+these great events.
+
+The Crystal Palace
+had pieces of India
+
+in the first part
+of the exhibition.
+
+The Crystal Palace genesis
+found its last major output
+
+in the 1900 Fair in
+Chicago, at least in Paris.
+
+But in 1893, seven years before
+Paris, this enormous task
+
+of building an environment
+which would be so impressive, so
+
+capitalizing on the energy
+that Chicago could generate--
+
+if Chicago could build a
+skyscraper-- at the time,
+
+in 1893, there were really
+20 skyscrapers in New York.
+
+They had the big
+department stores.
+
+They had mass methods of
+producing meat and food.
+
+They had enormous grain
+towers on the water or next
+
+to the water.
+
+The idea of having
+to make something
+
+which manifests itself--
+
+the second problem
+with an exhibition
+
+is that it only
+lasts a short time.
+
+It's, of course, an
+enormous advantage
+
+in that you can risk
+building a building which
+
+is more likely to be thrilling
+and dangerous than any before.
+
+The story of the Ferris
+wheel is a fantastic story.
+
+There was a competition
+for a vertical element.
+
+The Eiffel Tower, in
+1889, had dramatized
+
+the idea of an exhibition.
+
+Let me just draw this.
+
+Chicago faced the competition
+of the Eiffel Tower.
+
+In fact, the competition which
+was held, produced, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+fantastic entries.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] wanted to build
+a glass umbrella covering 193
+
+acres, four times
+larger than St. Peter's.
+
+[? Proctor ?] wants to build a
+tower 1,150 feet high, 150 feet
+
+higher than the Eiffel Tower.
+
+The competition was
+considered a failure.
+
+Eiffel was contacted and asked
+whether he would come and do
+
+something as well.
+
+This is a stark admission
+on the part of Chicago
+
+that anybody else in the
+world could do better.
+
+Somebody revived the idea
+of one of the entries
+
+in the competition
+by this young man,
+
+Ferris, who had
+proposed that you
+
+could create a vertical
+system, in this case--
+
+I don't know what its height--
+
+a system which could do
+what the Eiffel Tower--
+
+and I may as well
+do Tatlin's Tower.
+
+It was never built--
+
+that you could create an
+environment which moved.
+
+36 cars-- the
+engineering consequences
+
+of putting people into cars
+and then twisting them,
+
+twirling them around in
+the air, was significant.
+
+No wonder the Ferris wheel
+was considered too dangerous.
+
+And they actually had
+to build a model of it.
+
+Well, it's not a model of it.
+
+They built it,
+finally, and tested it.
+
+And to everybody's surprise,
+but not to Ferris' surprise,
+
+it actually worked.
+
+It ran and provided
+a view of Chicago
+
+which people h ad never had.
+
+The Ferris wheel was located
+not in the main space
+
+of the exposition.
+
+A significant notion
+about the exhibition,
+
+it had the Court of Honor of
+these buildings on either side.
+
+You came in by train,
+connected to the water
+
+here through a gate, secondary
+buildings along here,
+
+the idea--
+
+at right angles to
+this, 600 meters--
+
+600 feet in width.
+
+It was something
+called the Midway.
+
+The Midway was first
+going to be headed
+
+by a man called
+[? Putnam, ?] who
+
+was an anthropologist
+from Harvard University.
+
+He was going to use
+this environment
+
+to depict the human species
+in anthropological terms.
+
+He was proposing building a
+model of a man and a woman
+
+based on extracting images
+from 224 samples of Americans--
+
+something crazy,
+all kinds of stuff.
+
+For some reason or other,
+Burnham and these people
+
+decided that this was going
+to be boring and stupid.
+
+They brought in a man
+called Sol Bloom who
+
+was a 25-year-old showman from
+San Francisco who had already
+
+produced shows which
+brought in Egyptian women
+
+from dances from Egypt and sold
+them to American audiences.
+
+Sol Bloom projected
+an environment in here
+
+which had Algerian,
+Egyptian, foreign
+
+to the American population.
+
+And the Eiffel Tower is located
+here, and not in here at all.
+
+So this was the White City.
+
+And this is the city of the--
+
+Octavio Paz says
+Americans go to Mexico
+
+to fulfill the deep
+recesses of depression,
+
+something of this kind.
+
+There is a wonderful piece,
+written many years ago,
+
+called The Social
+Uses of the Slum,
+
+arguing that the slum provides
+illegal advantages to people
+
+who live outside
+it and don't pay
+
+the costs of the
+existence of the slum.
+
+So you get the idea that there
+are two sides to America.
+
+There's the side of
+the establishment
+
+of the symbols of power.
+
+These buildings are bigger.
+
+The Manufacturer's
+building is bigger
+
+than anything in history.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] is important
+ways of entering.
+
+And this is just at
+the road, next to which
+
+are the strangest
+things in the world--
+
+not strange anthropologically,
+but strange entertainment-wise.
+
+Issues of sexism and racism
+clouded America at the time.
+
+1904, the first Olympic
+games in St. Louis,
+
+anthropologists
+wanted to measure--
+
+he wanted a day
+in which he wanted
+
+to measure why Black men
+ran faster than white men.
+
+The Chinese-- I could quote
+you from the Chicago newspapers
+
+about the Chinese.
+
+Just assume that America
+had not liberated itself.
+
+This is premodern America.
+
+It had not liberated itself
+from the crutches of--
+
+there was a Woman's Building.
+
+This was not the first time that
+a Woman's Building was built.
+
+A Woman's Building was built
+in the Philadelphia exhibition
+
+20 years before.
+
+There's something interesting
+about the Woman's Building,
+
+which was a fairly
+large building designed
+
+by a 21-year-old woman.
+
+There was a kind of competition
+which 13 women entered.
+
+Only eight women had graduated
+from architecture schools
+
+between '78 and '93.
+
+They were Syracuse,
+[? Cooper ?] Union, MIT.
+
+The competition was won by a
+21-year-old MIT graduate called
+
+Sophia Hayden, H-A-Y-D-E-N.
+
+Sophia Hayden had a tough time.
+
+She wanted to depict a
+modern environment for women.
+
+The people who were paying
+the money in Chicago,
+
+the ladies wanted to have a
+decorative interior filled
+
+with all of the
+fashionable items
+
+that women had in their lives.
+
+Sophia Hayden
+suffered a breakdown.
+
+And her story's well told
+in the book by [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+On the story of
+Holmes, the sociopath,
+
+you have to read the book to get
+the nuances of this man's guile
+
+and how he managed to offer
+accommodation in his hotel
+
+to young women
+visiting the fair.
+
+If there was a black part
+opposite to the White City,
+
+it would be this.
+
+I quote from his book.
+
+This is after the police had
+investigated the problem.
+
+The earliest phase
+of the investigation
+
+began when the police, holding
+their flickering lanterns high,
+
+entered the hotel basement,
+a cavern of brick and timber
+
+measuring 50 feet by 165 feet.
+
+The discoveries came quickly--
+
+a vat of acid with eight
+ribs and part of a skull
+
+settled at the bottom
+of mounds of quicklime,
+
+a large [INAUDIBLE] and a
+dissection table stained
+
+with what seemed to be blood.
+
+They found surgical tools and
+[INAUDIBLE] high-heeled shoes,
+
+bones, 18 ribs from the torso
+of a child, and so on and so on.
+
+The book is an
+intriguing examination
+
+of what disasters could
+befell a city which
+
+was advocating, at the same
+time, these kind of displays,
+
+not only for its--
+
+I mean, Americans had
+never seen anything
+
+as ordered as in this
+environment in 1893.
+
+There are stories.
+
+There are books of reports of
+letters written by grandmothers
+
+coming from Idaho or somewhere
+to the World's Fair, entering
+
+the Court of Honor
+at night and fainting
+
+because they'd never seen
+anything made by human beings
+
+quite that way.
+
+The other story which
+I think is interesting
+
+is the story of Pullman,
+Illinois, the attempt
+
+to build a new town for workers
+to build these new railway
+
+cars.
+
+It was an environment which
+much paternalism involved itself
+
+in--
+
+that is, to create an
+environment in which
+
+the workers would have a higher
+level of culture and education
+
+as a result of
+living in this town.
+
+Pullman wouldn't allow
+people to purchase houses.
+
+He believed that they would
+become selfish and indulgent.
+
+He attempted to provide--
+
+he produced the Hotel
+Florence in the center
+
+with Black waiters, a
+multipurpose arcade containing
+
+the town's post office,
+the Pullman loan.
+
+and savings bank, the
+arcade theater, the library,
+
+and others.
+
+In fact, there is an element
+of the need to civilized people
+
+according to the norms
+of somebody, the owner.
+
+In Frank Lloyd
+Wright [INAUDIBLE]
+
+projects [INAUDIBLE] talks
+about Beethoven being played
+
+in the street or wherever.
+
+Shakespeare, in the
+upper part of the arcade,
+
+was meant to appease
+these workers who
+
+couldn't have prostitutes,
+who weren't allowed alcohol,
+
+and were divorced, and had
+to exchange the good life
+
+as destined by
+Pullman, who was making
+
+a lot of money out of them.
+
+The workers revolted,
+and the National Guard
+
+was called in in 1894,
+and Pullman was destroyed.
+
+In 1909, Daniel Burnham, who
+was the architect and manager
+
+of the Columbian Exposition,
+was asked by the City Business
+
+Club, later become the
+City Planning Commission,
+
+to make a plan for Chicago.
+
+I will show you and discuss
+it when we look at the slides.
+
+I think let's leave
+time for a little
+
+looking at these illustrations.
+
+There subsequently was a plan
+done by a German immigrant,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] in 1950 to
+reconstruct the grid
+
+system by cutting of
+some of the grids.
+
+Maybe I didn't explain
+things fully enough.
+
+Is there anything in this
+series of sagas, and hypotheses,
+
+and stories, and events
+that intrigues you
+
+that I haven't explained fully?
+
+No?
+
+OK.
+
+Well, then, I've
+done a good job.
+
+The wild garlic piece of
+land between the Lac des
+
+Ilinois and the
+Mississippi River
+
+is the genesis of
+the city of Chicago.
+
+Its history of development
+is best explained
+
+by Hoyt's analysis.
+
+Next.
+
+Here's the river and the
+first layout of blocks.
+
+That's a view of
+the town in 1845.
+
+Next.
+
+This is after the railroad.
+
+Next.
+
+The fire which, again, as
+in London, starts with ships
+
+and eliminates this
+large black area--
+
+one of the major urban
+fires in history.
+
+Next.
+
+Through the flames and
+beyond, as it was and as
+
+it is, Wells and Company.
+
+Post-fire, a real estate agent.
+
+Next.
+
+Chicago kept on spreading.
+
+This is 1893.
+
+Next.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE] building,
+I think about 20 floors
+
+in height.
+
+The traction system for
+use in the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in the meatpacking industry.
+
+Next.
+
+Some people argue
+that the French,
+
+the Parisian exhibitions
+had to produce
+
+all the technology which wasn't
+available in the city itself.
+
+Some people argued the
+Chicago World's Fair
+
+had all of these infrastructure
+already in existence
+
+in the city itself.
+
+Next.
+
+This is the ladies toilets
+of the Auditorium building.
+
+Here is a city, and this
+is part of Louis Sullivan's
+
+decorative system.
+
+a city which is rough
+and speeding along
+
+has another aspect to it.
+
+You could argue that
+cities should first
+
+make money and then
+reculture themselves.
+
+The first [INAUDIBLE]
+argued in the Third World
+
+economic environment
+that first, make cities.
+
+For instance, an alternative
+to [? Chandigarh ?]
+
+was presented as a
+city of mud growing,
+
+eventually, into a city of gold.
+
+The images is that
+the important thing
+
+is to establish the economic
+system, make it work.
+
+And then invest in the
+superficial aspects
+
+or the superior
+aspects of culture.
+
+Here, in a city in
+which there aren't
+
+proper streets, in which people
+get killed in the street,
+
+get killed anywhere else, here
+is the cultural contribution.
+
+This is what the new
+middle class need to enjoy.
+
+Next.
+
+The part of the Colombian
+exhibition which involved
+
+the Court of Honor, the
+major buildings on the flank
+
+and the electricity building,
+the [INAUDIBLE] building
+
+[INAUDIBLE] administration,
+entry by train,
+
+the base and statue of
+the Republic, the harbour,
+
+and so on.
+
+Next.
+
+The Woman's Building, you
+can see the Midway Plaisance
+
+in the distance with
+the Ferris wheel
+
+in position, as opposed to
+the neoclassical facades
+
+of the old part
+of the exhibition.
+
+Next.
+
+Extraordinary historical
+devices-- the crescent,
+
+the arch, the
+isolated sculpture.
+
+Next.
+
+Louis Sullivan and Adler's
+Transportation building whilst
+
+Sullivan rejected
+the neoclassicism
+
+of this exhibition.
+
+He nevertheless had
+enough attraction to it
+
+to build this building.
+
+The Administration
+building, with a dam
+
+which is larger than the
+Capitol in Washington.
+
+Next.
+
+Sorry, I made a mistake.
+
+This is a Woman's
+Building by Sophia Hayden.
+
+In the interior of
+the Woman's Building,
+
+a mixture of new
+electrical equipment
+
+for the modern kitchen
+and half-nude women
+
+dressed up in drapery as the
+other half of the woman's life.
+
+Next.
+
+Ferris wheel.
+
+And you can see the Austrian
+village, the Algerian,
+
+the Moorish Palace, the street
+of Cairo, the German village,
+
+the Javanese village.
+
+Next.
+
+That's Sol Bloom, a
+little older than 25.
+
+Next.
+
+There's a kind of
+hybridity in looking
+
+at the history of cities.
+
+You could argue that
+almost any city in motion
+
+will produce hybrid
+versions of situations.
+
+We've had a hybrid version
+of the independent woman--
+
+on the one hand, dressed up as
+a nude model; on the other hand,
+
+percolating over a new
+toaster in the kitchen.
+
+The same with the
+American psyche--
+
+what do you go and see, the
+largest manufacturing building
+
+in the world?
+
+Or come and enjoy
+yourself seeing
+
+the exotics of Cairo street?
+
+Next.
+
+It all ends very quickly with
+fires, one in the cold storage
+
+environment, another in the
+Manufacturer's building.
+
+And this whole place is ruined.
+
+And it's back to scratch.
+
+Next.
+
+Pullman, Illinois,
+the Florence Hotel
+
+on the right with
+the clock tower,
+
+the typical plan of an
+industrial manufacturing town.
+
+Next.
+
+The Arcade, perhaps one
+of the earliest shopping
+
+centers in the United States.
+
+Next.
+
+1894, the workers and
+the National militia
+
+are called out to
+protect Pullman.
+
+Next.
+
+Burnham, on the extreme left,
+at the City Business Club
+
+and his plan to create a girdle
+around the city, six miles out,
+
+and to diagonalize
+the grid where
+
+possible with diagonal systems,
+leading to a newly created
+
+center civic promenade and
+a large cultural enterprise
+
+along the waterfront
+and the harbor.
+
+Next.
+
+Originally, all the railroads
+would follow the same pattern,
+
+entering the center of the city.
+
+The park system would
+be greenery located
+
+in [INAUDIBLE] system.
+
+Next.
+
+Burnham had large
+drawings of Paris.
+
+Haussmann was a long
+time in advance.
+
+But neoclassical Paris was what
+Burnham was using as a model.
+
+Next.
+
+This is the German
+urbanist, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+attempt to revise
+the grid system
+
+by cutting it in to
+different systems,
+
+breaking it up in
+places, leaving it
+
+where it is in
+places, instituting
+
+a different [INAUDIBLE]
+in some places,
+
+and really revamping
+the whole system.
+
+He was also attracted
+by [INAUDIBLE]
+
+tall office building
+and residential towers
+
+as a proposition.
+
+Next.
+
+And the last of this is
+Mario Gandelsonas' book
+
+The Urban Text, an attempt to
+take the grid and the river
+
+and to reframe it, is best I
+can put it, as a set of steps
+
+that you take in reconstructing
+the deep structure of this grid
+
+and river into systems
+that look like that.
+
+Peter [? Eisenman ?] used the
+system in studios at Harvard.
+
+If we have a chance at
+one of the next classes,
+
+I will show some of that work.
+
+It's a set of--
+
+it's based on the
+notion that you
+
+can dig deeply into
+of an environment,
+
+reconstruct it, and
+re-elementize it
+
+in a new way, which is that.
+
+I don't know what
+the hell it means.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: It has
+no practical value.
+
+You should look at the
+book The Urban Text
+
+and decide on your own.
+
+I'll give you my opinion.
+
+Chicago is now considered as
+one of the greenest cities
+
+in the United States.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Sorry?
+
+STUDENT: The green spaces
+are mostly private.
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Does it
+matter what they are?
+
+Certainly not as far as
+the environment, the air,
+
+and pollution is concerned.
+
+If you privatized all
+the roofs of buildings
+
+and made them green, you'd
+have an enormous effect
+
+on the energy output in a city.
+
+I'll just leave--
+if you want to,
+
+I'll give you the reference
+to the study which
+
+posits Chicago is the greatest
+city in the United States.
+
+It's largely the greening
+of the roofs of buildings.
+
+Chicago can do anything.
+
+It's an example of a
+city as an artifact which
+
+manufactures-- re-manufactures
+itself almost at will,
+
+just through a kind
+of sense and will.
+
+I mean, that sense of will--
+
+STUDENT: How much
+of that will gets
+
+lost once the city
+becomes institutionalized?
+
+JULIAN BEINART: A lot.
+
+You just can't bribe
+your way through.
+
+No, absolutely.
+
+Chicago as a story is
+a story of free will.
+
+Anybody coming in from anywhere
+making it, and behaving
+
+like an important person.
+
+STUDENT: There's a sense
+of rapaciousness in the DNA
+
+that you showed.
+
+JULIAN BEINART: Absolutely,
+absolutely, absolutely.
+
+The social cost of the
+free-sector environment was
+
+slowly picked up
+as the country--
+
+I mean, this was a pretty--
+
+[INAUDIBLE] I was
+trying to think
+
+of the percentage
+of Black people
+
+in this country who still
+live below the poverty line.
+
+I think [? 16%, ?] or 50%
+of the Black population
+
+lived below the
+poverty line in 2013.
+
+This is from William Julius
+Jones' work at Harvard.
+
+And the statistics
+are borne out.
+
+This country has never
+caught up with the capacity
+
+to socialize poverty.
+
+It's assumed that--
+
+Mitt Romney is an arch
+example of somebody
+
+who believes that the free
+market system will eventually
+
+produce enough social
+benefit to take
+
+care of the exaggerations
+of the market.
+
+I don't know what else to say.
+
+It's such a big generalization.
+
+We'll come into it
+later in this class.
+
+Certainly, the European cities,
+from Engels onwards, face the--
+
+and the Communist
+Party never had
+
+any leverage in this country.
+
+The trade union
+movement in this country
+
+doesn't resemble the
+British trade union
+
+movement in any way at all.
+
+The British trade union movement
+educates people in voting,
+
+for instance.
+
+The American trade
+union movement is--
+
+half of the American South
+doesn't involve the trade union
+
+anyway.
+
+And that's where most of the new
+automobile manufacturing plants
+
+are going.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v8EIBpBEC6A.txt b/v8EIBpBEC6A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6b7754c67f5b268fb029a1ac6a7439bb93771c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v8EIBpBEC6A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this IEP class on Matrix calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this IEP class on Matrix calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this IEP class on Matrix calculus
+okay uh Stephen do you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh Stephen do you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh Stephen do you want to say
+anything before I start on non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before I start on non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before I start on non-linear
+versus linear Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus linear Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus linear Maps
+so Philip's going to help out right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Philip's going to help out right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Philip's going to help out right away
+so here's a picture of Philip the corgis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a picture of Philip the corgis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a picture of Philip the corgis
+right over there in case you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over there in case you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over there in case you haven't
+seen him yet and yep and you folks could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him yet and yep and you folks could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him yet and yep and you folks could
+actually grab your favorite photo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grab your favorite photo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grab your favorite photo you
+don't have to you don't have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to you don't have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to you don't have to use a
+corgi you can have any photo you like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corgi you can have any photo you like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corgi you can have any photo you like so
+um hearing Julia I'm just uploading this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hearing Julia I'm just uploading this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hearing Julia I'm just uploading this
+picture of of Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of of Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of of Philip
+and I've got a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a few different
+transformations of a Corgi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of a Corgi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of a Corgi and the
+reason why I'm showing this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I'm showing this to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I'm showing this to you
+is because it's come to my attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's come to my attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's come to my attention
+that not everybody has a fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not everybody has a fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not everybody has a fairly good
+visual intuition as to the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual intuition as to the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual intuition as to the difference
+between a linear and a non-linear map or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a linear and a non-linear map or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a linear and a non-linear map or
+even even a map so here so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even a map so here so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even a map so here so let's go
+ahead let me just ask a real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead let me just ask a real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead let me just ask a real quick
+simple question for starters so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question for starters so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple question for starters so here I'm
+just rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating
+right so I'm rotating Philip he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm rotating Philip he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm rotating Philip he's going
+to get dizzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get dizzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get dizzy
+okay no he's not going to get this he no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no he's not going to get this he no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no he's not going to get this he no
+animals harmed so uh so so so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals harmed so uh so so so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals harmed so uh so so so all right
+if I'm talking about maps from vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm talking about maps from vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm talking about maps from vectors
+to vectors from RN all it's usually RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors from RN all it's usually RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors from RN all it's usually RN
+as in Nancy to RM as in Mary okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in Nancy to RM as in Mary okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in Nancy to RM as in Mary okay what
+are M and N for this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are M and N for this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are M and N for this sort of
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+that's an easy question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy question
+not a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trick question
+so what are M and N for here I so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are M and N for here I so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are M and N for here I so think
+of this as a transformation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a transformation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as a transformation from the
+original upright picture to the rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original upright picture to the rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original upright picture to the rotated
+picture what are m and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh gosh no I'm not even thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh gosh no I'm not even thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh gosh no I'm not even thinking that
+way that's too fancy not that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's too fancy not that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's too fancy not that you're in
+some deep sense you're probably right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deep sense you're probably right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deep sense you're probably right
+but but for the purposes of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but for the purposes of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but for the purposes of this class
+you're way off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way off
+so let's try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try again
+so Eminem are the are the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eminem are the are the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eminem are the are the dimensions of
+the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anybody I thought this was easy maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I thought this was easy maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I thought this was easy maybe
+that maybe the fact that it's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the fact that it's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the fact that it's not easy
+is telling me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something
+I think the question is that is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the question is that is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the question is that is is it
+the transformation of the image you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of the image you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of the image you're
+talking about or the transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or the transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or the transformation of
+the coordinates of the image that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the image that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the image that you're
+talking about does that make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about does that make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about does that make a
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+so let right so is is it image in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let right so is is it image in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let right so is is it image in an
+image out or coordinate in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image out or coordinate in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image out or coordinate in and
+coordinate out which one are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate out which one are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate out which one are you talking
+about does it matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about does it matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about does it matter
+what are the inverses of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the inverses of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the inverses of each other
+answer either question that Stephen just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer either question that Stephen just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer either question that Stephen just
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+where's the question just not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the question just not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the question just not clear
+yeah it's from R2 to R2 that's whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's from R2 to R2 that's whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's from R2 to R2 that's whatever
+whatever I mean don't overthink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean don't overthink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean don't overthink the
+question right I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I've got
+right I've got there's Julia I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've got there's Julia I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've got there's Julia I'm going
+to hold up my phones Steven maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold up my phones Steven maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold up my phones Steven maybe you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+um I've got this Julia sticker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got this Julia sticker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've got this Julia sticker right
+it's it's in the plane This Plane this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the plane This Plane this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's in the plane This Plane this
+two-dimensional plane of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plane of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plane of the of the
+phone right and this rotation is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone right and this rotation is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone right and this rotation is a is a
+mapping from R2 to R2 I mean if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from R2 to R2 I mean if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from R2 to R2 I mean if you want
+to focus on I suppose if if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on I suppose if if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on I suppose if if I have the
+origin in the middle of the phone right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in the middle of the phone right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in the middle of the phone right
+and I rotate this is a linear map right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could also talk about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also talk about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also talk about the the
+transformation that takes the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that takes the image of
+the Corgi in and gives the rotated image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Corgi in and gives the rotated image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Corgi in and gives the rotated image
+of the Corgi out isn't that what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Corgi out isn't that what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Corgi out isn't that what I was
+that was exactly the that's that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was exactly the that's that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was exactly the that's that but
+then the the the vector space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the the vector space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the the vector space is the
+number of pixels in and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pixels in and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pixels in and the number of
+pixels out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels out
+all right we're this is going down a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're this is going down a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're this is going down a rat
+hole that I don't want to go I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that I don't want to go I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that I don't want to go I don't
+agree and but I think yeah listen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and but I think yeah listen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and but I think yeah listen this
+is all I really wanted to do all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I really wanted to do all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I really wanted to do all right
+I'm going to go to the Blackboard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm gonna go to the Blackboard then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm gonna go to the Blackboard then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm gonna go to the Blackboard then
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's turn on the lights on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn on the lights on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn on the lights on the
+Blackboard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for years in linear algebra classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years in linear algebra classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years in linear algebra classes and
+I'm sure you've seen this people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you've seen this people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you've seen this people will
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+right and then they would put down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they would put down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they would put down if
+it's linear algebra you'd have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear algebra you'd have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear algebra you'd have a matrix
+a right and people would would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right and people would would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right and people would would you know
+you draw a vector here like a vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a vector here like a vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a vector here like a vector X
+okay and then you would have the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you would have the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you would have the image
+plane also R2 in this case right and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane also R2 in this case right and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane also R2 in this case right and X
+goes to ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to ax
+right and if you have another Vector y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have another Vector y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have another Vector y
+that might go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might go to
+a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y
+right and this this you've all seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this this you've all seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this this you've all seen this
+in a linear algebra class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear algebra class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear algebra class right
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um if anybody is familiar with the cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if anybody is familiar with the cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if anybody is familiar with the cover
+of gilstrang's Book which maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gilstrang's Book which maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gilstrang's Book which maybe I should
+just bring up while we're at it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring up while we're at it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bring up while we're at it so if
+you're familiar with the cover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with the cover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with the cover of
+strang's linear algebra book which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strang's linear algebra book which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strang's linear algebra book which is
+the textbook that's used right here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook that's used right here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook that's used right here at
+MIT and all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and all over the world
+one of the versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the versions
+of the book has these houses this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book has these houses this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book has these houses this one
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+okay so maybe you've seen this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe you've seen this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe you've seen this version
+the right here with that and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right here with that and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right here with that and this is
+meant to indicate the transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to indicate the transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to indicate the transformation of
+a house right and so you have a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house right and so you have a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house right and so you have a house
+right and you know some windows and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know some windows and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know some windows and a
+chimney or something I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney or something I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney or something I don't know what
+you have and the image let's say I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and the image let's say I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and the image let's say I mean
+just to be clear if this house if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear if this house if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear if this house if if
+this house was a square and this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house was a square and this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this house was a square and this is your
+everyday General Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday General Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday General Matrix
+what would the image look like over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the image look like over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the image look like over here
+just generally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you transform a square with a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you transform a square with a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you transform a square with a matrix
+what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like
+just what shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what shape
+it's a word you learned in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word you learned in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word you learned in high school
+or Elementary School it's not it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Elementary School it's not it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Elementary School it's not it's not a
+hard question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question
+it's a parallelogram of some kind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parallelogram of some kind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parallelogram of some kind right
+I mean I don't know where it'll be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know where it'll be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know where it'll be but
+it'll be some sort of right the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be some sort of right the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be some sort of right the square
+will become a parallelogram of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a parallelogram of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a parallelogram of some sort
+I don't know where it'll be the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where it'll be the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where it'll be the square
+window will also be a parallelogram with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window will also be a parallelogram with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window will also be a parallelogram with
+parallel parts and you know that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel parts and you know that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel parts and you know that little
+chimney or or I don't know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney or or I don't know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney or or I don't know what that is
+you know we'll we'll sort of get skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll we'll sort of get skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll we'll sort of get skewed
+in some way as well right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way as well right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way as well right and this is
+what happens when you take every point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you take every point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you take every point I
+mean I didn't want to get into pixels I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I didn't want to get into pixels I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I didn't want to get into pixels I
+mean I mean just every point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean just every point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean just every point in the
+plane is being transformed to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is being transformed to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is being transformed to another
+point in the plane right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the plane right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the plane right and this is
+this is what we would call a linear map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would call a linear map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would call a linear map
+from R2 to R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+linear map from R2 to R2 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map from R2 to R2 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map from R2 to R2 so it
+it emphasizes about a matrix not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emphasizes about a matrix not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emphasizes about a matrix not the
+fact that a matrix is just a two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a matrix is just a two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a matrix is just a two by two
+you know four elements it emphasizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four elements it emphasizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four elements it emphasizes the
+fact that a matrix is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a matrix is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a matrix is something that
+transforms space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms space
+okay and uh that's all I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh that's all I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh that's all I wanted to say
+and I I thought that this was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I thought that this was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I thought that this was sort of a
+basic element of linear algebra and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic element of linear algebra and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic element of linear algebra and I'm
+a little worried that just the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little worried that just the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little worried that just the way I
+asked the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question
+wasn't clear to people so if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear to people so if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear to people so if I had a
+picture of Philip over here which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Philip over here which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Philip over here which I
+could never draw a good picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never draw a good picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never draw a good picture of
+Philip here's a Minecraft Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+it's a terrible Minecraft picture Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible Minecraft picture Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible Minecraft picture Philip
+right it would get transformed to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would get transformed to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would get transformed to some
+skewed version of Philip on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed version of Philip on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed version of Philip on the other
+side right and that's what a linear map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right and that's what a linear map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right and that's what a linear map
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay so am I saying things you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so am I saying things you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so am I saying things you don't
+know you all know this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you all know this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you all know this right
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so with that understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
+go back turn the lights down low again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with that understanding I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that understanding I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that understanding I just wanted
+to show you a few linear and non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a few linear and non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a few linear and non-linear
+maps and you know not over not not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps and you know not over not not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps and you know not over not not to
+uh not to spend too much time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to spend too much time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to spend too much time on this
+but but maybe it's worth it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe it's worth it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe it's worth it so
+yeah so a rotation is a linear map from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a rotation is a linear map from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so a rotation is a linear map from
+R2 to R2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 to R2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 to R2 that's
+is there still any confusion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there still any confusion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there still any confusion about
+pixels or any other nonsense I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels or any other nonsense I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels or any other nonsense I just want
+to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+to be very very clear I'm just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very clear I'm just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very clear I'm just thinking
+of every Point um this is the center his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every Point um this is the center his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every Point um this is the center his
+little black nose here is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black nose here is the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black nose here is the center of
+the plane and you can always draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and you can always draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and you can always draw a
+vector I guess oh I could use zoom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I guess oh I could use zoom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector I guess oh I could use zoom to
+draw a vector this is great let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a vector this is great let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a vector this is great let's take a
+let's draw a vector right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a vector right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a vector right here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so if I'm at the origin every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm at the origin every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I'm at the origin every
+Point like the tip well I can't draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like the tip well I can't draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like the tip well I can't draw a
+straight line but that's my fault right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but that's my fault right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line but that's my fault right
+but this is meant to be a vector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is meant to be a vector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is meant to be a vector right
+to the tip of his ear right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tip of his ear right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tip of his ear right and then
+that Vector will stay where it is but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector will stay where it is but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector will stay where it is but if
+I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate
+the plane say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane say
+if you know uh let's not rotate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know uh let's not rotate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know uh let's not rotate that
+much let's rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much let's rotate
+maybe 30 degrees right you see that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 degrees right you see that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 degrees right you see that his
+ear has moved 30 degrees oops whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear has moved 30 degrees oops whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear has moved 30 degrees oops whoops
+right everybody with me any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody with me any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody with me any questions
+okay let's let's not belabor this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's not belabor this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's not belabor this point
+so the next thing I want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was uh the next thing I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the next thing I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the next thing I wanted to do
+let's just clear this is show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just clear this is show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just clear this is show you some
+other uh linear Transformations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh linear Transformations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh linear Transformations so
+instead of rotating is a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of rotating is a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of rotating is a little bit too
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+so another linear transformation is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another linear transformation is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another linear transformation is this
+hyperbolic rotate so let me just switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic rotate so let me just switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic rotate so let me just switch
+to hyperbolic rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hyperbolic rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hyperbolic rotate
+yet again forgive me I just forgot my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again forgive me I just forgot my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again forgive me I just forgot my
+glasses today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses today
+I'm kind of winging this a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of winging this a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of winging this a little bit so
+hyperbolic rotate is a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic rotate is a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic rotate is a little less
+familiar to a lot of people so so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to a lot of people so so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to a lot of people so so when
+you rotate just to say something also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate just to say something also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate just to say something also I
+think very obvious yeah when I rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very obvious yeah when I rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very obvious yeah when I rotated
+you see the red circle what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red circle what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the red circle what happens to
+Philip's ears as I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the if I rotate the ears follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if I rotate the ears follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if I rotate the ears follow the
+red circle right they just they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle right they just they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle right they just they just
+sort of move along the red circle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move along the red circle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move along the red circle okay
+if now I want you to now Focus I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if now I want you to now Focus I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if now I want you to now Focus I'm now
+doing hyperbolic rotate I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hyperbolic rotate I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hyperbolic rotate I want you to
+focus on his eyes you see the eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on his eyes you see the eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on his eyes you see the eyes are
+on a hyperbola okay so as I you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a hyperbola okay so as I you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a hyperbola okay so as I you'll
+notice that as you move his eyes always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that as you move his eyes always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that as you move his eyes always
+actually this is a hype this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a hype this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a hype this is what's
+called a hyperbolic rotation and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hyperbolic rotation and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hyperbolic rotation and his
+eyes even as the picture gets more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes even as the picture gets more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes even as the picture gets more and
+more skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skewed
+um so these squares become flatter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these squares become flatter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these squares become flatter and
+flatter parallelograms you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter parallelograms you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter parallelograms you could still
+see or go backwards you could still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see or go backwards you could still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see or go backwards you could still see
+that his eyes are always following a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his eyes are always following a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his eyes are always following a
+hyperbola as opposed to a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola as opposed to a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola as opposed to a rotation
+ordinary rotation where the red ears you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary rotation where the red ears you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary rotation where the red ears you
+know would follow a circle right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would follow a circle right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would follow a circle right so uh
+this is also a linear transformation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a linear transformation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a linear transformation in
+the in that literally if you draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in that literally if you draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in that literally if you draw a
+vector from his nose to any pixel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from his nose to any pixel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from his nose to any pixel and
+another Vector from his nose to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector from his nose to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector from his nose to any
+pixel and you want to know if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel and you want to know if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel and you want to know if you add
+those two vectors to create a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors to create a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors to create a third
+Vector then it will add in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector then it will add in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector then it will add in the image
+okay and now let me just show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let me just show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let me just show you a
+non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some non-linear transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-linear transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-linear transformations
+so here's a non-linear shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a non-linear shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a non-linear shear
+so what this does is shears things in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this does is shears things in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this does is shears things in it
+you know you could it's oh it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could it's oh it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could it's oh it's already
+right and so squares are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so squares are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so squares are no longer
+guaranteed to be parallelograms in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be parallelograms in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be parallelograms in fact
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+they're they're not parallelograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not parallelograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not parallelograms
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+uh right it's it's much more of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right it's it's much more of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right it's it's much more of a you
+know here he is poor Philip is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here he is poor Philip is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here he is poor Philip is being
+folded up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded up
+and um and then there's this warp I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then there's this warp I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and then there's this warp I mean
+we could put in any this is Julia you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put in any this is Julia you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put in any this is Julia you
+could put any function you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put any function you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put any function you want
+um so here here's a warping which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here here's a warping which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here here's a warping which is
+also non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also non-linear
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+here here's the original picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the original picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the original picture
+um and you can see different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see different parts of
+the picture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture will
+you know move differently and so uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know move differently and so uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know move differently and so uh just
+to make clear what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make clear what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make clear what's going on with
+Matrix calculus everybody understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus everybody understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus everybody understands
+that this is a mapping from two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a mapping from two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a mapping from two vectors
+to two vectors right from R2 to R2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vectors right from R2 to R2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two vectors right from R2 to R2 right
+so if you form the Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you form the Jacobian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you form the Jacobian matrix
+what's the size of that Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two by two Jacobian matrix and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two by two Jacobian matrix and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two by two Jacobian matrix and uh
+the Jacobian matrix is different at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian matrix is different at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jacobian matrix is different at
+every point in the plane right if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in the plane right if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in the plane right if it's
+when you're linear the two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're linear the two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're linear the two by two
+Jacobian is constant throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is constant throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is constant throughout the
+plane it's actually in like the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it's actually in like the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it's actually in like the picture
+on the board it's just the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board it's just the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board it's just the Matrix
+everywhere right but uh when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right but uh when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right but uh when you have a
+non-linear map like this one the two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear map like this one the two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear map like this one the two by
+two Jacobian is depends on where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Jacobian is depends on where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Jacobian is depends on where you're
+starting right and so if one could zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting right and so if one could zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting right and so if one could zoom
+I don't know if one can zoom yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if one can zoom yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if one can zoom yeah if you
+were to zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to zoom in
+what it's saying is that a zoomed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is that a zoomed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is that a zoomed in
+picture I don't know if you'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I don't know if you'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I don't know if you'd be able to
+see it I'm trying to like Chrome zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it I'm trying to like Chrome zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it I'm trying to like Chrome zoom in
+but what what what a Jacobian is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what a Jacobian is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what a Jacobian is saying
+is that if you look in a small little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look in a small little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look in a small little
+patch squares will become parallelograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch squares will become parallelograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch squares will become parallelograms
+circles will become you know ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles will become you know ellipses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles will become you know ellipses
+right um and and they'll do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and they'll do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and they'll do it in a
+constant way but as you move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant way but as you move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant way but as you move away from
+that small patch it'll do it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small patch it'll do it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small patch it'll do it differently
+in different places okay so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places okay so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places okay so any
+questions about uh about sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about uh about sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about uh about sort of what
+what a what a what a map from R2 to R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a what a what a map from R2 to R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a what a what a map from R2 to R2
+looks like and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and of course
+um it it you know I could move my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it you know I could move my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it you know I could move my hands
+around and talk about maps from R3 to R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and talk about maps from R3 to R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and talk about maps from R3 to R3
+I mean you could easily imagine uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could easily imagine uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could easily imagine uh you
+know if we turn our heads in effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we turn our heads in effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we turn our heads in effect or
+what we see in our eyes as a rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in our eyes as a rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in our eyes as a rotation of
+R3 right that's a linear map as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 right that's a linear map as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 right that's a linear map as long as
+you fix on one point right or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix on one point right or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix on one point right or you
+um but you know one couldn't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know one couldn't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know one couldn't imagine
+non-linear maps of R3 it's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear maps of R3 it's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear maps of R3 it's not something
+I could easily do with my hands but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could easily do with my hands but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could easily do with my hands but you
+know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could
+right and so that's R3 to R3 and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's R3 to R3 and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's R3 to R3 and of
+course in general we don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general we don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general we don't even have to
+have the same Dimension going in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same Dimension going in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same Dimension going in and
+going out it's our you know rnnn RM out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out it's our you know rnnn RM out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out it's our you know rnnn RM out
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+all right that's all I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all I wanted to say
+just to start things off to get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to start things off to get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to start things off to get people
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+these maps all right Stephen should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maps all right Stephen should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maps all right Stephen should I
+turn it over to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over to you
+yeah it sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it sounds good
+so I want to talk to him again today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk to him again today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to talk to him again today
+about this generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this generalization
+of the notion of a derivative uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notion of a derivative uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notion of a derivative uh to uh
+or reinterpretation or or revisiting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reinterpretation or or revisiting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reinterpretation or or revisiting of
+a derivative as a linear operator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative as a linear operator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative as a linear operator right
+so if you have any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any function
+remember what we said last time so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said last time so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said last time so if
+you have any function f of x and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any function f of x and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any function f of x and you
+change the input by a little amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the input by a little amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the input by a little amount of
+course there's a little change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a little change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a little change in the
+output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and
+if the change in the input is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in the input is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in the input is very small
+then we can approximate the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can approximate the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can approximate the change in
+the output by something that's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output by something that's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output by something that's linear in
+the input where so F and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input where so F and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input where so F and so this is
+going to be and basically it's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and basically it's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and basically it's linear in
+the input plus higher order terms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input plus higher order terms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input plus higher order terms but
+it'll be convenient just to drop these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be convenient just to drop these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be convenient just to drop these
+high order terms and the notation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order terms and the notation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order terms and the notation will
+be this differential notation so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this differential notation so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this differential notation so that we
+think of this as a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a really small
+infinitesimal change being an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal change being an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal change being an arbitrary
+direction if the x is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the x is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the x is a vector
+and so we're just when we when we take f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just when we when we take f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just when we when we take f
+of x plus DX minus f of x we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus DX minus f of x we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus DX minus f of x we're just
+going to drop implicitly any term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop implicitly any term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop implicitly any term that's
+higher than order than linear has a DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than order than linear has a DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than order than linear has a DX
+squared or DX to the 1.5 or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or DX to the 1.5 or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or DX to the 1.5 or anything
+like that and so the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so the definition of the
+derivative F Prime is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative F Prime is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative F Prime is going to be the
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+acting on DX the change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on DX the change in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on DX the change in the input
+that gives you the change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the change in the output
+and so that gives us it's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives us it's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives us it's equivalent to
+the 1801 definition of a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1801 definition of a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1801 definition of a derivative
+that's that for if f is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that for if f is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that for if f is a scalar
+function this a linear operator is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this a linear operator is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this a linear operator is just
+a number the slope that multiplies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number the slope that multiplies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number the slope that multiplies by
+the change in X to give you the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in X to give you the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in X to give you the change
+in y right but it also works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y right but it also works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y right but it also works for
+multivariable functions so if the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable functions so if the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable functions so if the input
+X is a vector and the output is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a vector and the output is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a vector and the output is a scalar
+right then this is a linear operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this is a linear operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this is a linear operator the
+derivative is a linear operator acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a linear operator acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a linear operator acting
+on a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a vector
+yeah a DX is an arbitrary change in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a DX is an arbitrary change in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a DX is an arbitrary change in an
+arbitrary Direction in this input Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Direction in this input Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Direction in this input Vector
+that gives us the change in F which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the change in F which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the change in F which is a
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+and a linear operator on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a linear operator on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a linear operator on a
+a on a vector that gives a scalar is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a vector that gives a scalar is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a vector that gives a scalar is a
+row vector or one row Matrix or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector or one row Matrix or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector or one row Matrix or a
+covector or linear form there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covector or linear form there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covector or linear form there's also
+it's a fancy names for it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fancy names for it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fancy names for it but it's
+basically it's a DOT product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a DOT product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a DOT product with
+something right that's the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right that's the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right that's the only way to
+get a vector do a linear operation get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a vector do a linear operation get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a vector do a linear operation get a
+scalar and the thing we're taking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and the thing we're taking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and the thing we're taking with
+the dot product with we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product with we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product with we call the
+gradient so the gradient this DF is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gradient this DF is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gradient this DF is the
+gradient dot DX or equivalently F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient dot DX or equivalently F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient dot DX or equivalently F Prime
+is the transpose of the gradients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of the gradients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose of the gradients the
+row Vector the linear operator that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector the linear operator that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector the linear operator that you
+act that row Vector on a column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act that row Vector on a column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act that row Vector on a column Vector
+on a DX it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a DX it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a DX it gives you
+it gives you uh the uh um the DF right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you uh the uh um the DF right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you uh the uh um the DF right
+so this is that this works for ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that this works for ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that this works for ordinary
+column vectors and we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors and we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors and we're going to think
+of other Vector spaces very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other Vector spaces very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other Vector spaces very soon
+okay and then the uh the thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the uh the thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the uh the thing I just
+started at the very end of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the very end of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the very end of the lecture
+was supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed
+so this is not 1806 Revisited this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not 1806 Revisited this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not 1806 Revisited this is
+1802 uh reviews it is still 1802. black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the other kind of function you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the other kind of function you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the other kind of function you deal
+with in 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in 1802
+are functions that take vectors in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functions that take vectors in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are functions that take vectors in and
+vectors out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors out
+and uh so for example in an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for example in an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for example in an integral and
+multi-dimensional integral if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional integral if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional integral if you change
+coordinates you have X and Y and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you have X and Y and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you have X and Y and you get
+some new X and Y that's a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new X and Y that's a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new X and Y that's a function that
+takes a vector in and a vector out may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector in and a vector out may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector in and a vector out may
+or may not be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be linear
+so that's so that's where the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's where the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's where the function
+the inputs I'm going to say the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs I'm going to say the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs I'm going to say the inputs
+live in RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in RN
+and the outputs live in r m so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs live in r m so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs live in r m so maybe
+there's a different number of inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different number of inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different number of inputs and
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+and then when we we ask same thing if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we we ask same thing if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we we ask same thing if we
+change the input vector by a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the input vector by a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the input vector by a little bit
+then there's some change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some change in the output
+Vector which we call DF and the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which we call DF and the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which we call DF and the change
+in the output Vector has M components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output Vector has M components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output Vector has M components
+the change in the input Vector has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the input Vector has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the input Vector has n
+components in some arbitrary Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in some arbitrary Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in some arbitrary Direction
+and F Prime is the linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F Prime is the linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F Prime is the linear operator
+that goes from the change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from the change in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from the change in the input
+and components to a change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and components to a change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and components to a change in the output
+M components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M components
+and the only kind and you know the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only kind and you know the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only kind and you know the way
+we typically describe such a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically describe such a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically describe such a linear
+operator is an M by n Matrix right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is an M by n Matrix right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is an M by n Matrix right so
+that that's that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's what you would
+multiply by a vector with n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a vector with n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a vector with n components
+to get a vector with M components and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a vector with M components and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a vector with M components and we
+call that Matrix that M by a matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Matrix that M by a matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Matrix that M by a matrix the
+Jacobian J and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian J and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian J and in fact
+the uh the you can also think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the you can also think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the you can also think of it in
+terms of the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of J you know the the so if we say if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J you know the the so if we say if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J you know the the so if we say if we
+ask where the entry j i j is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where the entry j i j is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where the entry j i j is this
+notation means uh rho I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's this is going to be equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is going to be equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is going to be equivalent to
+what you learn hopefully in in 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learn hopefully in in 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learn hopefully in in 1802
+although not every version of 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not every version of 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not every version of 1802
+apparently it's the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's the same thing as
+partial F uh I the the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F uh I the the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F uh I the the derivative of the
+I output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I output
+with respect to the Js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the Js
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+and it I always used to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I always used to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I always used to get these
+confused is it which one's the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused is it which one's the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused is it which one's the rose
+which one's the columns is DFI dxj dfj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's the columns is DFI dxj dfj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's the columns is DFI dxj dfj
+dxi and and in 1802 if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxi and and in 1802 if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxi and and in 1802 if you're just
+taking people just take the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking people just take the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking people just take the determinant
+of this Matrix for integration and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix for integration and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix for integration and then
+it doesn't matter because you transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter because you transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter because you transpose
+The Matrix it doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix it doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix it doesn't change the
+determine it but there's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it but there's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it but there's a linear
+operator it really matters right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it really matters right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it really matters right the
+that the the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rows
+here we can even write this let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can even write this let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can even write this let me just
+do it in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in blue
+if you think of a matrix as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of a matrix as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of a matrix as a linear
+operator right the rows are the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator right the rows are the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator right the rows are the outputs
+which are the DFS and the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the DFS and the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the DFS and the columns are
+the inputs which are you know the DX's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs which are you know the DX's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs which are you know the DX's
+so it really matters that the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really matters that the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really matters that the rows
+are the different F's and The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different F's and The Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different F's and The Columns of
+different X's so let me just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X's so let me just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X's so let me just do an
+example since we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since we're doing
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+um this is to m equals n equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is to m equals n equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is to m equals n equals two
+m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals
+n equals two since we were just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals two since we were just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals two since we were just doing
+transformations of the plane so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of the plane so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of the plane so we're
+going from R2 to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from R2 to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from R2 to uh
+inputs in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then f is taking us to outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then f is taking us to outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then f is taking us to outputs
+also in R2 so we're just mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in R2 so we're just mapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in R2 so we're just mapping the
+plane to the plane but it maybe is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the plane but it maybe is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the plane but it maybe is not a
+linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation
+right so if we thought of this in 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we thought of this in 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we thought of this in 1802
+Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of component by component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then
+we have you know f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know f
+of X is we can think of it as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is we can think of it as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is we can think of it as two
+functions F1 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F1 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F1 of x
+and F2 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F2 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F2 of x
+right and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and X
+is we can think of as two components X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can think of as two components X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can think of as two components X1
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and if if you want the change in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you want the change in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you want the change in F
+let's put a vector here to keep to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a vector here to keep to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a vector here to keep to keep
+track of which what things are vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of which what things are vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of which what things are vectors
+which Things Are scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the change in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in F
+I claim is going to be the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is going to be the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is going to be the Jacobian
+and the Jacobian is now going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Jacobian is now going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Jacobian is now going to be our
+two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian
+and and I guess maybe I should but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I guess maybe I should but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I guess maybe I should but but
+I'll put some blue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put some blue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put some blue here
+all right so and the outputs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and the outputs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and the outputs are the
+different rows right so there's df1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows right so there's df1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows right so there's df1
+uh df1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh df1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh df1
+df1 no df2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df1 no df2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df1 no df2
+df2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df2
+and the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the different columns the X1 dx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different columns the X1 dx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different columns the X1 dx2
+dx1 dx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1 dx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx1 dx2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and then if we multiply this by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we multiply this by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we multiply this by any
+change so the you change the input by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the you change the input by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the you change the input by
+any Vector in DX in any direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector in DX in any direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector in DX in any direction so
+this is our DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our DX
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you can see that it kind of it works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it kind of it works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it kind of it works out
+right so I don't know if I really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't know if I really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't know if I really want
+to write this out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this out but
+uh if if we multiply rows times columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if we multiply rows times columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if we multiply rows times columns
+right you get df1 dx1 let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get df1 dx1 let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get df1 dx1 let me do it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what's the first rows first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the first rows first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the first rows first row
+times column you get let me keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times column you get let me keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times column you get let me keep my
+color scheme df1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scheme df1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scheme df1
+uh df1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh df1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh df1
+df2 df2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df2 df2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+df2 df2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this is it right if I do row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is it right if I do row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is it right if I do row
+times column I get partial F1 part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times column I get partial F1 part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times column I get partial F1 part
+partial F1 partial X1 times dx1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F1 partial X1 times dx1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F1 partial X1 times dx1 which is
+this partial F2 partial X2 times dx2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial F2 partial X2 times dx2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial F2 partial X2 times dx2
+which is this and the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this and the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this and the same thing for the
+other row is just with F2 right so oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other row is just with F2 right so oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other row is just with F2 right so oops
+and I forgot a plus I forgot a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot a plus I forgot a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forgot a plus I forgot a plus sign
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I have to add them right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to add them right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have to add them right and you
+can see so so a component by component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see so so a component by component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see so so a component by component
+makes sense right this is like a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right this is like a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right this is like a you
+know if you want the change in F1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want the change in F1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you want the change in F1 well
+you take its change the rate of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take its change the rate of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take its change the rate of its
+slope with respect to X1 you multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope with respect to X1 you multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope with respect to X1 you multiply by
+change in X1 and the chain and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X1 and the chain and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X1 and the chain and you also
+have to add the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add the slope
+uh of F1 with X2 and multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of F1 with X2 and multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of F1 with X2 and multiply by the
+change in X2 and so forth so com so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X2 and so forth so com so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X2 and so forth so com so
+really you know all the components match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know all the components match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know all the components match
+up but this is a really you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but this is a really you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but this is a really you know this
+gets awkward very very quickly to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets awkward very very quickly to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets awkward very very quickly to write
+things out component wise like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out component wise like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out component wise like this
+um it's much easier to say because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's much easier to say because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's much easier to say because this
+is a linear think of it as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear think of it as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear think of it as a whole
+it's a linear operator acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear operator acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear operator acting on the
+change of X and that if we want we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of X and that if we want we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of X and that if we want we can
+write it down as a Jacobian matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down as a Jacobian matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down as a Jacobian matrix or
+this m by n Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m by n Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m by n Matrix
+so I want to do a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do a couple of examples
+let's do another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another example
+I think Alan did this the other day but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Alan did this the other day but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Alan did this the other day but
+let me just it doesn't hurt to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just it doesn't hurt to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just it doesn't hurt to do it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so I suppose f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a matrix
+times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+right suppose this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose this is a linear
+right and so so here I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so here I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so here I'm just going to
+say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a
+a constant Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Matrix
+the ordinary rotation and the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary rotation and the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary rotation and the hyperbolic
+rotation would be two examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation would be two examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation would be two examples of what
+Steven's doing now exactly so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven's doing now exactly so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven's doing now exactly so if it
+could be this could be a rotation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be this could be a rotation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be this could be a rotation Matrix
+or something like that if this is two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that if this is two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that if this is two by
+two it doesn't have to be two by two it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it doesn't have to be two by two it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it doesn't have to be two by two it
+doesn't even have to be square right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be square right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be square right so
+this could be again this could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be again this could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be again this could be in
+outputs and RM and the inputs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and RM and the inputs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and RM and the inputs in
+uh so the outputs are in RM and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the outputs are in RM and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the outputs are in RM and the
+inputs are in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are in our
+n and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and therefore
+um the a matrix is an M by n Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the a matrix is an M by n Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the a matrix is an M by n Matrix in
+general which could be for example two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general which could be for example two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general which could be for example two
+by two right and again let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two right and again let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two right and again let's just do
+this the slow way what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the slow way what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the slow way what is
+but much still much faster than 1802 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much still much faster than 1802 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much still much faster than 1802 so
+the 1802 way would be to write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 way would be to write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 way would be to write this out
+as uh you know in components you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh you know in components you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh you know in components you take a
+i g this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i g this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i g this is
+f i is it is a i j sum over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i is it is a i j sum over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i is it is a i j sum over uh
+let me keep my color scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep my color scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep my color scheme
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a i j x j and sum over sum over J right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i j x j and sum over sum over J right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i j x j and sum over sum over J right
+equals 1 to n and then uh you know Ugg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to n and then uh you know Ugg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to n and then uh you know Ugg
+all right I mean you could write out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I mean you could write out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I mean you could write out in
+terms of all the components and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of all the components and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of all the components and take
+derivatives that way it's not so bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that way it's not so bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that way it's not so bad but
+it's it starts to become really awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it starts to become really awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it starts to become really awkward
+really quickly right if we just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly right if we just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly right if we just think
+about everybody to think of indices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everybody to think of indices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about everybody to think of indices as
+Ugg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ugg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ugg
+yeah often not always sometimes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah often not always sometimes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah often not always sometimes they're
+useful but usually that could be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but usually that could be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but usually that could be they
+could be not used yeah so and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be not used yeah so and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be not used yeah so and and you
+know another way of thinking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another way of thinking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another way of thinking about is
+like the the end is as soon as you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the end is as soon as you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the end is as soon as you start
+writing things in terms of indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things in terms of indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things in terms of indices
+everything's very coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's very coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's very coordinate system
+dependent uh so whereas if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh so whereas if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh so whereas if you think of
+it just generically a rotation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just generically a rotation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just generically a rotation is an
+operator that rotates things by 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that rotates things by 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that rotates things by 90
+degrees right you don't you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right you don't you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right you don't you don't have
+to have a coordinate system for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a coordinate system for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a coordinate system for that
+operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so
+anyway so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so so
+what's what's the derivative well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the derivative well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the derivative well let's
+just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take
+I haven't I pretty soon I have a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't I pretty soon I have a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't I pretty soon I have a product
+rule but here let's just you just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but here let's just you just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule but here let's just you just do it
+the slow way again not it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slow way again not it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slow way again not it's not even
+that slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow
+um you take F you take your X and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you take F you take your X and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you take F you take your X and you
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+a little change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+uh minus F of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus F of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus F of f of x
+and what's that that's we can just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that that's we can just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that that's we can just plug
+it in and drop non-linear terms except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and drop non-linear terms except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and drop non-linear terms except
+in this case there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there won't be any
+nonlinear terms this will be this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear terms this will be this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear terms this will be this would
+be F what's f of x plus Delta X it's a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be F what's f of x plus Delta X it's a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be F what's f of x plus Delta X it's a x
+uh plus a DX right because the this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus a DX right because the this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus a DX right because the this is a
+linear operation so so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation so so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation so so I can
+I guess I skipped a step a a times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I skipped a step a a times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I skipped a step a a times X
+Plus DX is ax Plus adx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX is ax Plus adx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX is ax Plus adx
+minus f of x is ax and then these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x is ax and then these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x is ax and then these two
+terms cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel
+and so what we get is just a DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we get is just a DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we get is just a DX
+and this has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F Prime of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of X DX
+so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that
+if we just look compare these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just look compare these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just look compare these
+F Prime is just a it's just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime is just a it's just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime is just a it's just a linear
+operator a so that F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+is just a in this case which is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a in this case which is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a in this case which is that's
+our Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just to say the obvious it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to say the obvious it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to say the obvious it doesn't
+depend on X at all it's everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on X at all it's everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on X at all it's everywhere in
+n-dimensional space it's the same a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space it's the same a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space it's the same a yeah
+no matter where you are in our n yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you are in our n yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you are in our n yeah
+because in this case it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case it's like you know
+if again if you're in 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if again if you're in 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if again if you're in 1801
+right and I have a linear function 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I have a linear function 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I have a linear function 3x
+plus you know f of x equals 3x the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know f of x equals 3x the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know f of x equals 3x the slope
+is just three independent of X in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just three independent of X in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just three independent of X in that
+case that's not true of all functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's not true of all functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's not true of all functions
+right if the function is non-linear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the function is non-linear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the function is non-linear like
+3x squared the slope is three is six x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x squared the slope is three is six x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x squared the slope is three is six x
+it depends on X but if it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on X but if it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on X but if it's a linear
+function the slope doesn't depend on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the slope doesn't depend on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the slope doesn't depend on X
+same thing happens here and in homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here and in homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here and in homework
+I'll ask you to do a slightly even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask you to do a slightly even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask you to do a slightly even
+slightly more General version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more General version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more General version of that
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+okay so now but this is again writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now but this is again writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now but this is again writing
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+I think it's still a lot easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's still a lot easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's still a lot easier than
+component by component right doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component right doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component right doing this
+versus doing that and taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus doing that and taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus doing that and taking the
+derivative partial f i partial x j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial f i partial x j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial f i partial x j and
+seeing that's a i j and then realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that's a i j and then realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that's a i j and then realizing
+that oh that means that the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that means that the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that means that the whole thing
+is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a
+um but it's still a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still a little bit
+cumbersome it's especially when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome it's especially when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome it's especially when it gets
+to more complicated functions like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated functions like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated functions like this
+so it's nice to have a some some rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's nice to have a some some rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's nice to have a some some rules
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know it's just like when you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just like when you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just like when you learned
+uh you know the the derivatives in 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the derivatives in 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the derivatives in 1801
+right you don't you don't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't you don't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't you don't use the
+definition of a derivative it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a derivative it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a derivative it's some
+limiting procedure for every every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting procedure for every every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting procedure for every every time
+you you learn some product rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you learn some product rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you learn some product rules and
+power rules and some rules and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power rules and some rules and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power rules and some rules and those
+kinds of things so let's we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things so let's we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things so let's we can do the
+same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing
+Let's do let's do these an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do let's do these an easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do let's do these an easy one
+let's do a sum rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a sum rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a sum rule
+let's suppose that suppose you have an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that suppose you have an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that suppose you have an F
+a function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of x
+is G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is G of x
+plus h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h of x
+and I may drop my vectors but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may drop my vectors but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may drop my vectors but you you
+can understand that everything here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that everything here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that everything here can
+be a vector right the X's can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector right the X's can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector right the X's can be a
+vector and the F's and G's and H's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the F's and G's and H's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the F's and G's and H's can
+be vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vectors
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in fact an arbitrary Vector spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact an arbitrary Vector spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact an arbitrary Vector spaces and
+we'll we'll see very soon right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I want DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want DF
+that's just going to be just write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be just write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be just write it as
+DG plus DH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG plus DH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG plus DH
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or equivalently this this is uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently this this is uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently this this is uh uh uh
+um this is F Prime of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is F Prime of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is F Prime of X DX
+equals g primed of X DX plus h primed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g primed of X DX plus h primed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g primed of X DX plus h primed of
+X DX so F Prime equals g prime plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so F Prime equals g prime plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so F Prime equals g prime plus h
+Prime right just the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right just the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right just the obvious
+some rule I don't know I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule I don't know I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule I don't know I don't know if
+you want me to derive this I mean again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to derive this I mean again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to derive this I mean again
+it just comes from the the definition if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just comes from the the definition if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just comes from the the definition if
+I take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take f of x plus DX minus f of x
+addition is linear I can it's G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is linear I can it's G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition is linear I can it's G of X
+Plus DX minus GX plus h of X DX minus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX minus GX plus h of X DX minus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX minus GX plus h of X DX minus DX
+I don't think anybody in the room doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anybody in the room doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anybody in the room doubts
+it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+yeah so let me do the the the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me do the the the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me do the the the product
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is this one starts to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this one starts to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this one starts to be a a
+a a a little bit should maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a little bit should maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a little bit should maybe I should
+do this on well I'll write it out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this on well I'll write it out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this on well I'll write it out first
+suppose you have and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have and I'm just going to
+write do I need to write the F that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write do I need to write the F that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write do I need to write the F that's
+sure I'll write f of x equals g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'll write f of x equals g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'll write f of x equals g of x
+times h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h of x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so these have to be things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these have to be things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these have to be things we can
+multiply obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply obviously
+right so so if these are these could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if these are these could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if these are these could be
+two numbers or they could be do matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers or they could be do matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers or they could be do matrices
+but with of the right size they can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with of the right size they can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with of the right size they can't be
+two column vectors at least but not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column vectors at least but not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two column vectors at least but not with
+the ordinary you know I'm just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary you know I'm just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary you know I'm just doing
+multiplication here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here
+uh maybe I should do element-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should do element-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should do element-wise
+multiplication in a minute but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a minute but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a minute but let me
+just do multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do multiplication
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+is going to be just a a DG times h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just a a DG times h plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just a a DG times h plus
+uh plus G times d h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus G times d h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus G times d h
+and I guess the point is whenever GH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess the point is whenever GH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess the point is whenever GH
+makes sense whether it's element wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense whether it's element wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense whether it's element wise
+products or Matrix multiply if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or Matrix multiply if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or Matrix multiply if if it
+makes sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so so if you think about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so if you think about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so if you think about what this
+means in terms of f Prime right this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of f Prime right this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of f Prime right this F
+Prime of X DX is going to equal G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X DX is going to equal G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X DX is going to equal G Prime
+of x uh DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh DX
+times h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h plus
+uh plus uh um G of x h of X Plus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus uh um G of x h of X Plus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus uh um G of x h of X Plus G of x
+times H Prime of X DX and I can't not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H Prime of X DX and I can't not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H Prime of X DX and I can't not I
+cannot necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot necessarily
+right F Prime equals g Prime h plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right F Prime equals g Prime h plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right F Prime equals g Prime h plus h
+Prime G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime G
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+I can't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't commute
+uh uh you know let me I'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know let me I'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know let me I'm running out of
+space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here
+you know why can't I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why can't I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why can't I do that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't necessarily move the X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily move the X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't necessarily move the X to the
+side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here
+right it says so g g g Prime d x h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it says so g g g Prime d x h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it says so g g g Prime d x h is
+not equal to g a g Prime H times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to g a g Prime H times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to g a g Prime H times DX
+right in general if these are numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general if these are numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general if these are numbers
+obviously this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this works
+but now that these could be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that these could be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that these could be some other
+kind of object matrices or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of object matrices or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of object matrices or something
+like that this is not going to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is not going to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is not going to work in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+maybe that's let's derive this just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's let's derive this just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's let's derive this just just
+to we we already kind of derived it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we we already kind of derived it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we we already kind of derived it but
+you know let's let's do it in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's let's do it in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's let's do it in general
+this is derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+f is in GH so what is DF just choose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is in GH so what is DF just choose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is in GH so what is DF just choose our
+definition DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition DF
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+and F with G times H this is G of X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F with G times H this is G of X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F with G times H this is G of X Plus
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+times h of X Plus DX minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h of X Plus DX minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h of X Plus DX minus G of x
+h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this is G of X Plus DX we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is G of X Plus DX we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is G of X Plus DX we said
+by the definition of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of the derivative
+that's G of X Plus G Prime of X whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G of X Plus G Prime of X whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G of X Plus G Prime of X whatever
+that linear operator is times DX times h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear operator is times DX times h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear operator is times DX times h
+of X plus d oh sorry in h of X Plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus d oh sorry in h of X Plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus d oh sorry in h of X Plus DX
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+is by the definition of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the definition of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the definition of the derivative
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's h of X Plus H Prime of x minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's h of X Plus H Prime of x minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's h of X Plus H Prime of x minus G
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x
+and if we just write out all those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we just write out all those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we just write out all those terms
+and again these might be matrices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these might be matrices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these might be matrices or
+something I can't change the order but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can't change the order but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I can't change the order but
+I'm assuming that if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that if this is a
+multiplication operator it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication operator it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication operator it could be
+element wise or could be just matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise or could be just matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise or could be just matrix
+multiplication anything that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication anything that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication anything that just
+satisfies a distributive law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can write this as g x h of X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write this as g x h of X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write this as g x h of X that's
+that's this term times this term there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term times this term there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term times this term there's
+also this term times this term this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this term times this term this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this term times this term this term
+times this term and this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this term and this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this term and this term times this
+term this term times this term sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term times this term sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term times this term sorry
+so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get
+Plus G Prime X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times which I could also just write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which I could also just write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which I could also just write as
+DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+right this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the same
+TG this is the same thing as DH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TG this is the same thing as DH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TG this is the same thing as DH
+maybe I should maybe I should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should maybe I should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should maybe I should have done
+that just a little it's a little shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a little it's a little shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just a little it's a little shorter
+to write this is DG times h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this is DG times h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this is DG times h
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+I have a g times d h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a g times d h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a g times d h
+plus I have DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I have DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I have DG
+times DH but that term we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DH but that term we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DH but that term we're going to
+ignore this is this is higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this is this is higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this is this is higher order
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that that's that's gone if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that that's that's gone if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that that's that's gone if
+D is arbitrarily small that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is arbitrarily small that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is arbitrarily small that's
+infinitesimal and then we still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal and then we still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal and then we still have the
+minus G of x h of X term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x h of X term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x h of X term here
+and that's it right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're done this is this is and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done this is this is and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're done this is this is and this
+is really nothing but a copy of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really nothing but a copy of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really nothing but a copy of what you
+did in you know the first month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in you know the first month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in you know the first month of
+calculus when you first learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus when you first learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus when you first learned it
+except that we are just extending it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we are just extending it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we are just extending it to
+you know vectors and matrices and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vectors and matrices and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vectors and matrices and making
+sure that we don't uh mess the order up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we don't uh mess the order up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we don't uh mess the order up
+yeah otherwise it's exactly what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah otherwise it's exactly what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah otherwise it's exactly what you did
+in the early days of calculus I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of calculus I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of calculus I'm sure
+you all remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember
+yeah and let me just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and let me just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and let me just do
+it because when we just had f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when we just had f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when we just had f of x
+equals ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ax
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+then DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then DF
+is equal to D A times X plus a times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to D A times X plus a times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to D A times X plus a times DX
+but this is zero since a is constant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is zero since a is constant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is zero since a is constant a
+is independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent uh
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+independent of X so remember you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of X so remember you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of X so remember you always
+have to keep track of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of what are the
+inputs right so here DF f is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs right so here DF f is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs right so here DF f is a function
+whose input in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose input in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose input in this case
+is X right so DF really means f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X right so DF really means f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X right so DF really means f of x
+plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus DX minus f of x
+so since a doesn't change with X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since a doesn't change with X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since a doesn't change with X that's
+0 so then then I'm done right this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so then then I'm done right this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so then then I'm done right this is I
+get the same term I got before but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same term I got before but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same term I got before but let
+me ask the class and not use the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask the class and not use the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask the class and not use the event
+what zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I think that that might be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that that might be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that that might be useful
+to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+what could someone tell me exactly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could someone tell me exactly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could someone tell me exactly which
+shape of zero yeah J plus zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of zero yeah J plus zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of zero yeah J plus zero
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+there's an n-dimensional column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an n-dimensional column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an n-dimensional column Vector
+no I don't think so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's an M by n Matrix of zeros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's an M by n Matrix of zeros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's an M by n Matrix of zeros so
+that if it read zero that Stephen Drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it read zero that Stephen Drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it read zero that Stephen Drew
+is really the M by n zero Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the M by n zero Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the M by n zero Matrix
+right in fact you could have written d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact you could have written d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact you could have written d a
+equals zero DX might have might have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero DX might have might have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero DX might have might have uh
+you know I might have pointed that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I might have pointed that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I might have pointed that out
+but it's so easy to quickly look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so easy to quickly look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so easy to quickly look at that
+zero on this side of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on this side of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on this side of the fact that
+that's a come by n zero Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a come by n zero Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a come by n zero Matrix
+which if you multiply by any DX that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you multiply by any DX that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you multiply by any DX that's
+you know that that's n little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's n little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that's n little
+perturbations you get M zeros coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations you get M zeros coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations you get M zeros coming
+back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so let me do another one of the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do another one of the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do another one of the one that
+I did before so I did uh X transpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did before so I did uh X transpose ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did before so I did uh X transpose ax
+I believe right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe right so now
+if I do DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do DF
+I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+DX transpose this confuses people by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose this confuses people by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose this confuses people by the
+way a little bit so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a little bit so if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a little bit so if I do
+why does uh you know well it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does uh you know well it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does uh you know well it actually
+why does uh d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose equal DX transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equal DX transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equal DX transpose
+but because it's just DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's just DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it's just DX
+DX transpose is is really X Plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose is is really X Plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose is is really X Plus DX
+transpose minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose minus
+X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose
+but that that that's equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that that's equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that that's equal to X
+transpose plus DX transpose minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose plus DX transpose minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose plus DX transpose minus X
+transpose so that's DX transpose right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that's DX transpose right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that's DX transpose right I
+would have included it that way but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have included it that way but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have included it that way but of
+course it's right yeah to me it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's right yeah to me it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's right yeah to me it's just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+you just take something as a column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take something as a column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take something as a column and
+you make it a row and you preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it a row and you preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it a row and you preserve
+either way it's sort of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way it's sort of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way it's sort of the same thing
+yeah but formerly you're quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but formerly you're quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but formerly you're quite right
+Stephen to do you know yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen to do you know yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen to do you know yeah so
+and so in homework I want to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in homework I want to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in homework I want to you to
+think of this in terms of linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in terms of linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in terms of linearity
+right the transpose it's a well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the transpose it's a well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the transpose it's a well I mean
+I'm kind of giving away though but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of giving away though but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of giving away though but
+transpose is example of of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is example of of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is example of of a linear
+operation on a vector that that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on a vector that that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on a vector that that and it's
+one that's kind of annoying to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's kind of annoying to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's kind of annoying to write
+down as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as a matrix
+the the but because it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the but because it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the but because it's not really
+multiple applying X by a matrix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple applying X by a matrix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple applying X by a matrix uh
+unless you reinterpret the output as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you reinterpret the output as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you reinterpret the output as a
+vector and the input is a vector in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the input is a vector in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the input is a vector in some
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so anyway so so so yeah so this is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so so so yeah so this is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so so so yeah so this is let
+me just go back to product rule I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just go back to product rule I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just go back to product rule I guess
+I only showed you the product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only showed you the product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only showed you the product rule for
+two terms but it's the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms but it's the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms but it's the same thing for
+three terms so there's DF you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms so there's DF you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms so there's DF you know you
+you could you could talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could talk about the
+product rule for three terms or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for three terms or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for three terms or you
+could think of this as two terms and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as two terms and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as two terms and use
+you know the result that's on the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the result that's on the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the result that's on the top of
+your screen yeah I could exactly I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen yeah I could exactly I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen yeah I could exactly I could
+just use it no right yeah but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it no right yeah but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it no right yeah but let me
+just do do it for three terms so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do do it for three terms so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do do it for three terms so but
+yeah I could use two terms and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could use two terms and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I could use two terms and then you
+you write it as let's do it with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it as let's do it with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it as let's do it with two
+terms so this the X transpose times d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so this the X transpose times d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so this the X transpose times d a
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and that's equal to DX transpose a x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to DX transpose a x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's equal to DX transpose a x so
+an effective parenthesis like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective parenthesis like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective parenthesis like you're
+around the it's X transpose times left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the it's X transpose times left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the it's X transpose times left
+paren as right parenth is your F now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paren as right parenth is your F now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paren as right parenth is your F now
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+you see what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what I'm saying
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+itself is sort of as extra well even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is sort of as extra well even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is sort of as extra well even
+even hot yeah yeah that's what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hot yeah yeah that's what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hot yeah yeah that's what I think
+you're thinking of that yes so and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of that yes so and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of that yes so and of
+course I can put parentheses anywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can put parentheses anywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can put parentheses anywhere I
+want in these kinds but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in these kinds but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in these kinds but that's what
+you're focusing on this way right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on this way right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on this way right yeah
+so and Dax is saying is a product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and Dax is saying is a product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and Dax is saying is a product rule
+again but I just did that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but I just did that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but I just did that so
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+we use this the same trick before to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this the same trick before to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this the same trick before to to
+This this term here is a scalar so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this term here is a scalar so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this term here is a scalar so I can
+I can just transpose it and get the DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just transpose it and get the DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just transpose it and get the DX
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+and so that's that's equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's equal to X
+transpose a plus a transpose DX and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a plus a transpose DX and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a plus a transpose DX and then
+this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was
+this was RF primed of X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was RF primed of X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was RF primed of X which is the
+same thing as the gradient of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as the gradient of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as the gradient of f
+transposed right so which therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed right so which therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed right so which therefore
+means that the gradient of f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the gradient of f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the gradient of f is equal to
+the transpose of that which is a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that which is a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that which is a plus a
+transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that's the product rule pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the product rule pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the product rule pretty
+straightforward right we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward right we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward right we could we could
+do more complicated things so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more complicated things so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more complicated things so we could
+do for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for example uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me hold off on that for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold off on that for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me hold off on that for a second
+Let's do let's do the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have
+a a a an f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals uh G of H of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh G of H of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh G of H of x
+right so G A to the x is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so G A to the x is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so G A to the x is a function
+takes a vector in gives you maybe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector in gives you maybe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a vector in gives you maybe or
+some x n gives you some Vector out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x n gives you some Vector out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x n gives you some Vector out in
+some Vector space Maybe numbers maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector space Maybe numbers maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector space Maybe numbers maybe
+column vectors maybe matrices pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors maybe matrices pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors maybe matrices pretty
+soon and G takes whatever the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and G takes whatever the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and G takes whatever the output
+space of H is and and uh and gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of H is and and uh and gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of H is and and uh and gives you
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know the uh uh some other Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh uh some other Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh uh some other Vector is
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+right so for example X could be a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example X could be a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example X could be a column
+vector and then h of X takes a convector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then h of X takes a convector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then h of X takes a convector
+produces a matrix and then G of X takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a matrix and then G of X takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a matrix and then G of X takes
+a matrix and gives you a scalar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and gives you a scalar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and gives you a scalar for
+example I can determine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can determine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can determine it
+could be all different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be all different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be all different shapes
+and one of the things we talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we talk about in
+linear algebra is it's always good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is it's always good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is it's always good to
+keep track of the shapes of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the shapes of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the shapes of things
+when everything's everything's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything's everything's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything's everything's not a
+number anymore so you and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number anymore so you and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number anymore so you and you need to
+keep your shapes sort of lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your shapes sort of lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your shapes sort of lined up
+okay so then what's the chain rule going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what's the chain rule going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what's the chain rule going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+I'm going to I'll just write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'll just write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'll just write it down
+first and we'll just see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and we'll just see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and we'll just see why
+F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+right that acts is a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that acts is a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that acts is a linear operator
+acting on a DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and that's our and that's our DF let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our and that's our DF let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our and that's our DF let's
+see if maybe write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+okay and what what do you do you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what what do you do you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what what do you do you you
+it's going to be direct just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be direct just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be direct just like the
+the chain rule uh for numbers it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule uh for numbers it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule uh for numbers it's going
+to be uh G primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh G primed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh G primed
+of H of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of x
+that's a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a linear operator
+and that's going to act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to act on
+H Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Prime
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and that's a linear operator it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a linear operator it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a linear operator it's going
+to act on DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act on DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act on DX
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Vector signs in there and you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector signs in there and you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector signs in there and you know as
+very often I'll I'll drop the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often I'll I'll drop the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often I'll I'll drop the uh um
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+F Prime of x equals g Prime of H of x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x equals g Prime of H of x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x equals g Prime of H of x uh
+H primed of X but when I write a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H primed of X but when I write a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H primed of X but when I write a product
+like this this really means uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this really means uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this really means uh the
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it means it's a product of two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it's a product of two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it's a product of two linear
+operators of G Prime and H prime it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators of G Prime and H prime it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators of G Prime and H prime it
+means you do H Prime first and then G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you do H Prime first and then G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you do H Prime first and then G
+Prime and then so this is very much not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then so this is very much not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then so this is very much not
+equal to H Prime Times G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H Prime Times G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H Prime Times G Prime
+all right you can't think of these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can't think of these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can't think of these for
+example as matrices right you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as matrices right you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as matrices right you can't
+change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ing is something that might come later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing is something that might come later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing is something that might come later
+but yeah just to set a stage I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah just to set a stage I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah just to set a stage I want to
+ask the class from ordinary calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the class from ordinary calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the class from ordinary calculus
+just you know an application of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know an application of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know an application of the same
+chain rule like let's say you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule like let's say you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule like let's say you were
+taking just you know the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking just you know the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking just you know the derivative of
+you all can do this derivative of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all can do this derivative of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all can do this derivative of sine
+of x squared I want to ask how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared I want to ask how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared I want to ask how many of
+you will first do the cosine so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will first do the cosine so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will first do the cosine so it'll be
+cosine of x squared and then in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x squared and then in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x squared and then in your
+mind we'll do the 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we'll do the 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we'll do the 2x
+um and as opposed to how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as opposed to how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and as opposed to how many of you
+will do the 2x on the inside first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the 2x on the inside first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the 2x on the inside first and
+then do the the cosine so how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the the cosine so how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the the cosine so how many of
+you are close on first people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are close on first people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are close on first people
+I think that was everybody does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was everybody does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that was everybody does anybody
+do the um x squared first going into out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the um x squared first going into out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the um x squared first going into out
+there are two people in the back who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two people in the back who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two people in the back who do
+it but you see that I mean of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you see that I mean of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you see that I mean of course you
+could do it either way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it either way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it either way and
+um just to say some words now that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to say some words now that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to say some words now that will
+come up later uh but uh the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later uh but uh the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later uh but uh the the first
+way is what eventually becomes forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is what eventually becomes forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is what eventually becomes forward
+mode automatic differentiation if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode automatic differentiation if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode automatic differentiation if you've
+ever heard that term and the second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard that term and the second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard that term and the second way
+is reverse mode automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reverse mode automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reverse mode automatic
+differentiation of course you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of course you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation of course you know for
+scalars it's all pretty simple but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars it's all pretty simple but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars it's all pretty simple but when
+we get into this Matrix calculus stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into this Matrix calculus stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into this Matrix calculus stuff
+it gets to be sort of the whole big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be sort of the whole big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be sort of the whole big
+thing of you know machine learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of you know machine learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of you know machine learning uh
+and lots of other things you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of other things you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of other things you know the
+technologies that underlie so much these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that underlie so much these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that underlie so much these
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+right so um but it really you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um but it really you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um but it really you know and
+it's simple as simplest form it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple as simplest form it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple as simplest form it all
+boils down to as Stephen writes uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to as Stephen writes uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to as Stephen writes uh you
+have the choice in effect of doing the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice in effect of doing the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice in effect of doing the H
+Prime first or the G Prime H first right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime first or the G Prime H first right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime first or the G Prime H first right
+you know if if you're a computer you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you're a computer you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you're a computer you'll
+have to do it sequentially right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it sequentially right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it sequentially right so one
+of the things will come first I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things will come first I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things will come first I guess it
+doesn't have to be sequence yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be sequence yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be sequence yeah and
+I'll show an example of that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show an example of that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show an example of that in a second
+so I think it becomes more clear once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it becomes more clear once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it becomes more clear once
+you have three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three things
+I want this I just want to set that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this I just want to set that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this I just want to set that up
+yeah absolutely it's really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely it's really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely it's really going to
+matter left to right when these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter left to right when these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter left to right when these are not
+scalars anymore the left to right versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars anymore the left to right versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars anymore the left to right versus
+left right to left is going to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right to left is going to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right to left is going to start to
+matter a lot and also the order right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot and also the order right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot and also the order right
+so yeah I I know people want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I I know people want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I I know people want me to
+derive this again we can just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this again we can just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this again we can just plug in
+the definitions and do it you know f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions and do it you know f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions and do it you know f of
+x take this plus DX you know minus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x take this plus DX you know minus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x take this plus DX you know minus you
+know G of H of X Plus DX minus G of x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know G of H of X Plus DX minus G of x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know G of H of X Plus DX minus G of x uh
+it's G of H of X sorry and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's G of H of X sorry and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's G of H of X sorry and then you can
+doubt everything and just drop the DX's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt everything and just drop the DX's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt everything and just drop the DX's
+derivation let's go straight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation let's go straight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation let's go straight to the
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation
+how many how many wants to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many wants to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many wants to the
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+uh like five or six people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like five or six people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like five or six people so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let me do it you know an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me do it you know an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me do it you know an example
+of this just to suppose that uh um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this just to suppose that uh um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this just to suppose that uh um to
+start with that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the X our inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+live in r n okay so we have n component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in r n okay so we have n component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in r n okay so we have n component
+vectors as inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as inputs
+and then suppose that h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay h of X are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay h of X are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay h of X are are
+um our first function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our first function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our first function
+our inner function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner function
+lives in our uh p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in our uh p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in our uh p
+their Peak episode 10 sends vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Peak episode 10 sends vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Peak episode 10 sends vectors to
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+Let's uh what happened okay there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh what happened okay there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh what happened okay there it is
+and suppose our outer thing our G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose our outer thing our G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose our outer thing our G
+of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh lives in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lives in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lives in our
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do
+uh F of uh you know or f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh which is not going to be is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is not going to be is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is not going to be is is
+remember it's uh it's G of H of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what it does is it tends it sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what it does is it tends it sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what it does is it tends it sends
+things in r n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in r n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in r n
+through to r p by Vi h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to r p by Vi h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to r p by Vi h
+and then sends them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sends them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sends them
+via G to RM okay so this sends vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via G to RM okay so this sends vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via G to RM okay so this sends vectors
+to vectors to vectors maybe maybe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors to vectors maybe maybe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors to vectors maybe maybe all
+the same size maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size maybe not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then what is our chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right is that F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F Prime okay of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now this is we know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this is we know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this is we know this is a
+Jacobian matrix this is an this takes n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix this is an this takes n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix this is an this takes n
+inputs M outputs this is an N an M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs M outputs this is an N an M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs M outputs this is an N an M by n
+Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to G Prime Times H Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to G Prime Times H Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to G Prime Times H Prime
+so this is going to be G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be G Prime
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of uh of uh h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and G takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G takes
+P inputs and as M outputs so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inputs and as M outputs so this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inputs and as M outputs so this one is
+a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an M by P Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an M by P Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an M by P Jacobian
+of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think I might need a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I might need a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I might need a little bit
+more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space
+I love that I can do that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that I can do that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that I can do that on the
+Blackboard I always right right and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I always right right and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I always right right and get
+to the edge of the Blackboard and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the edge of the Blackboard and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the edge of the Blackboard and then
+my writing gets tinier and tinier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then also not equals times H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then also not equals times H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then also not equals times H
+primed I've seen people move over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primed I've seen people move over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primed I've seen people move over to the
+walls in the Blackboard space right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls in the Blackboard space right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls in the Blackboard space right now
+have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X
+and H Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H Prime of x
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+n input h t as n inputs and P outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so it's a p by n Matrix when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a p by n Matrix when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a p by n Matrix when you
+linearize it it's a p by n right see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it it's a p by n right see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it it's a p by n right see
+these H and G are not linear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these H and G are not linear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these H and G are not linear functions
+in general but when they're derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but when they're derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but when they're derivatives
+are the linearization there are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the linearization there are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the linearization there are linear
+operators they're just matrices in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they're just matrices in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they're just matrices in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and you can you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see that
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+these match up right this this not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these match up right this this not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these match up right this this not only
+is this uh a not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh a not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh a not equal to
+um H Prime Times G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but that wouldn't even make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that wouldn't even make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that wouldn't even make sense
+right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if you if you multiply a a p p by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you multiply a a p p by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you if you multiply a a p p by
+by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n
+times an m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an m
+by P that doesn't even work right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P that doesn't even work right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P that doesn't even work right so you
+really can't change the order of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't change the order of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't change the order of these
+sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+um so this is nonsense I guess if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is nonsense I guess if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is nonsense I guess if uh if
+n is not equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right even if n equals m it it that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if n equals m it it that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if n equals m it it that that
+product means something but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product means something but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product means something but it doesn't
+actually it's not equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not equal to the
+derivative of f anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f anymore
+because it would that would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would that would be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would that would be the the
+derivative of G of H of x if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G of H of x if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G of H of x if you if you
+swap the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the order
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if for just the functions the vectors n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for just the functions the vectors n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for just the functions the vectors n
+vectors Out The Chain rule is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors Out The Chain rule is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors Out The Chain rule is just the
+ordinary product the matrix product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary product the matrix product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary product the matrix product of
+Jacobian matrices of each of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrices of each of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrices of each of the terms
+in the order so you always have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order so you always have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order so you always have to go
+keep them in the same order otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them in the same order otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them in the same order otherwise
+it's not going to make sense uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to make sense uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to make sense uh where
+the the outputs are here then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outputs are here then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outputs are here then the the
+outputs of H are there and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of H are there and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of H are there and then the
+inputs are finally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are finally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are finally there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so so not only does the order matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so not only does the order matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so not only does the order matter
+but the associativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh matters
+practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and sociality is going to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sociality is going to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sociality is going to matter
+where you put parentheses so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put parentheses so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put parentheses so here I'm
+just multiplying two things there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying two things there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying two things there's only
+one product there's only one choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one product there's only one choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one product there's only one choice but
+suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+suppose we have three functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now suppose we have
+um f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+um let's see if I still try it in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I still try it in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I still try it in blue
+let's see f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right equals let's see I'm running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right equals let's see I'm running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right equals let's see I'm running out
+of letters GH what's what what letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters GH what's what what letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters GH what's what what letter
+should I use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a well no let's let's use a b c let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well no let's let's use a b c let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well no let's let's use a b c let's
+use ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ABC
+a of B of C of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that
+these they suppose these all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they suppose these all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they suppose these all have
+different number of components these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of components these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of components these
+have suppose this has F has m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suppose this has F has m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suppose this has F has m
+M components suppose that X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M components suppose that X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M components suppose that X has
+n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n components
+and these have let's see uh C has P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have let's see uh C has P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have let's see uh C has P
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a p and B has Q components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a p and B has Q components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a p and B has Q components
+and then a let me color code it so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a let me color code it so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a let me color code it so a is
+is the output so that it has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output so that it has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output so that it has to be the
+same as M as f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as M as f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as M as f
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+what is f primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that's a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's a function of x
+right it's just it's just a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just it's just a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just it's just a product of
+the three jacobians so it's a primed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three jacobians so it's a primed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three jacobians so it's a primed of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+am I putting my x's in red let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I putting my x's in red let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I putting my x's in red let me just
+not put X's you know that the X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not put X's you know that the X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not put X's you know that the X's are
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it's a Prime Times B primed times C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Prime Times B primed times C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Prime Times B primed times C
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+right and a is is M by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a is is M by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a is is M by Q
+my Amazon blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+B primed is Q by P because it takes P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B primed is Q by P because it takes P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B primed is Q by P because it takes P
+inputs and has Q outputs and C is p by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and has Q outputs and C is p by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and has Q outputs and C is p by n
+because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has
+P inputs and and Q outputs and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inputs and and Q outputs and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inputs and and Q outputs and so this
+I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+now as I can't change the order this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I can't change the order this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I can't change the order this is
+measure multiplication that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure multiplication that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure multiplication that's not
+commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative
+but it is it is associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is it is associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is it is associative
+I can always put parentheses I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always put parentheses I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always put parentheses I can
+always multiply from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or right to left so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right to left so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or right to left so this is this is
+doing it uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh uh uh
+um left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right to left
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+these are going to have again it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to have again it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to have again it it
+seems like it's who cares right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it's who cares right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it's who cares right you just
+doing whatever's order is convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever's order is convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever's order is convenient
+it turns out it's incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's incredibly important
+this one from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one from left to right
+is called uh reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is called forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called forward mode
+differentiation for an auto back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation for an auto back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation for an auto back
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the reason for the names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the reason for the names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the reason for the names that
+the if you know at first glance it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you know at first glance it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you know at first glance it looks
+like the names are backwards it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the names are backwards it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the names are backwards it looks
+like it looks like reverse Mode's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it looks like reverse Mode's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it looks like reverse Mode's going
+left to right which is you know forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right which is you know forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right which is you know forward
+in English and many languages and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and many languages and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and many languages and and
+forward is going uh the other way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward is going uh the other way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward is going uh the other way but
+but obviously forward mode refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously forward mode refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously forward mode refers to the
+the first function is C then B then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first function is C then B then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first function is C then B then a
+and it's respecting that same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's respecting that same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's respecting that same order
+goes forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes forward
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um the reverse mode is going ABC which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reverse mode is going ABC which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reverse mode is going ABC which
+is sort of the reverse order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the reverse order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the reverse order in which
+the functions are applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you can so forward mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can so forward mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can so forward mode is
+going from inside out is like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from inside out is like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from inside out is like from
+inputs to outputs from starting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to outputs from starting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to outputs from starting the
+input C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input C
+and then going oh it's and reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going oh it's and reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going oh it's and reverse mode
+is going from outputs to input so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from outputs to input so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from outputs to input so why
+does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim that this matters and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that this matters and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that this matters and the reason
+it matters is that the multiply matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters is that the multiply matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters is that the multiply matrices
+uh how costly it is depends on the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how costly it is depends on the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how costly it is depends on the shape
+a lot and so uh so so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and so uh so so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and so uh so so that's that's
+think about the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cost
+of matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I do uh a a a if I do what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do uh a a a if I do what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do uh a a a if I do what am I
+doing here like M by Q by P times P or M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here like M by Q by P times P or M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here like M by Q by P times P or M
+by Q times P times P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Q times P times P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Q times P times P right
+so if I multiply an M by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I multiply an M by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I multiply an M by Q
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+Q by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q by P
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the result of this is of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the result of this is of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the result of this is of course a
+a an M by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an M by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an M by P
+tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do you do it so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do it so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do it so for each
+each entry of the output you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each entry of the output you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each entry of the output you've probably
+learned row times column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned row times column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned row times column
+right so you do it for each component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you do it for each component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you do it for each component of
+the output you do a DOT product so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output you do a DOT product so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output you do a DOT product so you
+do so this is m p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is m p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is m p
+dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+all right so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for each
+each entry if I imagine this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each entry if I imagine this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each entry if I imagine this is a you
+know this is a matrix for each entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a matrix for each entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a matrix for each entry
+here I do a row times a column and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I do a row times a column and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I do a row times a column and the
+rows have q entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows have q entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows have q entries
+and the columns here have q entries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns here have q entries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns here have q entries so
+it's a DOT so it's a DOT by length q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a DOT so it's a DOT by length q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a DOT so it's a DOT by length q and
+they're M times P outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're M times P outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're M times P outputs
+right and so the cost how much does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the cost how much does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the cost how much does a
+DOT product cost well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product cost well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product cost well
+to take two dot products of length q a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two dot products of length q a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take two dot products of length q a
+DOT product of length Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a DOT product of length Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a DOT product of length Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a DOT product of length Q
+OS Q multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because you have to multiply Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you have to multiply Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you have to multiply Q
+things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Q minus one additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know of scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know of scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know of scalars
+so basically it it's a proportional to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it it's a proportional to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it it's a proportional to Q
+scalar operations which is what the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar operations which is what the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar operations which is what the CPU
+is doing so the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing so the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing so the whole thing
+is proportional to m p q scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to m p q scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to m p q scalar
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+that's a review so if I do if I do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a review so if I do if I do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a review so if I do if I do for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um uh example if I do M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh example if I do M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh example if I do M by m
+times M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by m
+to matrices this is proportional to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matrices this is proportional to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matrices this is proportional to M
+cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+so we would say in computer science you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would say in computer science you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would say in computer science you
+would say you would say this is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you would say this is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you would say this is Theta
+mpq right that that notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpq right that that notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpq right that that notation for
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+the go notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the go notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the go notation
+right but I'll just say proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'll just say proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'll just say proportional to
+M cubed right if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cubed right if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cubed right if I do
+M times m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M times m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M times m
+times M by one so if I do a matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by one so if I do a matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by one so if I do a matrix times
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+times a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's only proportional to M squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only proportional to M squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only proportional to M squared
+I only do m dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only do m dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only do m dot products
+or if I do 1 by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I do 1 by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I do 1 by m
+times M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times M by m
+so if I do a row Vector times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do a row Vector times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do a row Vector times that
+that's also proportional to M squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also proportional to M squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also proportional to M squared
+so why does this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the order
+of the chain rule matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+suppose you have lots of inputs and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have lots of inputs and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have lots of inputs and only
+one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do machine learning example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do machine learning example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do machine learning example
+yeah like in machine learning so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like in machine learning so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like in machine learning so we have
+many inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many inputs
+lots of inputs actually my inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs actually my inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs actually my inputs are
+great red right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great red right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great red right so
+lots of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of inputs
+uh you know n is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know n is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know n is large
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only
+only one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one output
+you know so m equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so m equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so m equals one
+so this would be the case for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the case for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the case for example in
+uh in most of optimization right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in most of optimization right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in most of optimization right so in
+large scale optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or for example such as such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or for example such as such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or for example such as such as
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that case the output is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the output is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the output is called the
+the the uh the the the loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the the loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the the loss function
+or the objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and and these are the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the optimization parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the optimization parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the optimization parameters
+so so machine learning for the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so machine learning for the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so machine learning for the neural
+network you have a big neural network it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have a big neural network it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have a big neural network it
+has a billion parameters in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a billion parameters in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a billion parameters in it
+and you're trying to optimize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to optimize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to optimize those
+parameters to make one number better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to make one number better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to make one number better
+right this let's have something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this let's have something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this let's have something called a
+law some something measure of accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law some something measure of accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law some something measure of accuracy
+of whatever the neural network is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever the neural network is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever the neural network is trying
+to predict for example you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict for example you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict for example you're trying to
+make that that measure of accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that that measure of accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that that measure of accuracy
+better so you have one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you have one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you have one output
+and a billion inputs okay and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a billion inputs okay and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a billion inputs okay and uh and
+let's also suppose uh let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also suppose uh let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also suppose uh let's suppose we
+have lots of intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+uh which what was I calling those q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which what was I calling those q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which what was I calling those q and
+Q and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right suppose those may be are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose those may be are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose those may be are
+comparable to n right so this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to n right so this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to n right so this also
+happens in a neural network you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a neural network you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a neural network you have a
+zillion inputs right and they go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion inputs right and they go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion inputs right and they go through
+a bunch of stages of the neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stages of the neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stages of the neural network
+that have lots and lots of values at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lots and lots of values at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have lots and lots of values at
+each stage and then finally at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage and then finally at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage and then finally at the very
+end that all those outputs you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that all those outputs you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that all those outputs you have a
+zillion outputs like maybe it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion outputs like maybe it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion outputs like maybe it's trying
+to predict an image and then that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict an image and then that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict an image and then that goes
+through one function that's like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one function that's like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one function that's like how
+accurate is that image you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate is that image you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate is that image you know how how
+well does it match if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does it match if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does it match if you're trying to
+generate images of dogs or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate images of dogs or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate images of dogs or something
+like that or how how good is it right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or how how good is it right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or how how good is it right or
+this happens in engineering optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in engineering optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in engineering optimization
+right which isn't so not really data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which isn't so not really data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which isn't so not really data
+driven but suppose you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven but suppose you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven but suppose you're trying to
+design an airplane wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an airplane wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an airplane wing
+uh that that is as strong as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that is as strong as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that is as strong as possible
+then you have a zillion inputs which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a zillion inputs which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a zillion inputs which are
+they describing the the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describing the the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describing the the distribution of
+all the material you know over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the material you know over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the material you know over the whole
+shape of the airplane wing but you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the airplane wing but you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the airplane wing but you only
+have one output at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one output at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one output at the end of the day
+which is which is your one number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is your one number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is your one number which
+is like some measure of this how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like some measure of this how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like some measure of this how strong
+it is how much weight can it hold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how much weight can it hold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how much weight can it hold or
+something like that right and you'll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right and you'll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right and you'll and
+you take those zillion inputs get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take those zillion inputs get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take those zillion inputs get a
+zillion numbers which are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion numbers which are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion numbers which are all the
+stresses everywhere on the airplane wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses everywhere on the airplane wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses everywhere on the airplane wing
+and then pass it through another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pass it through another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pass it through another
+function that can takes all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that can takes all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that can takes all those
+stresses and works out the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and works out the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and works out the strength of
+the wing and that's what you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing and that's what you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing and that's what you're trying
+to maximize right so then think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize right so then think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize right so then think about
+what the shape of the chain rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shape of the chain rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the shape of the chain rule is
+right so our F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our F Prime
+right so this is one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is one output
+by n inputs so really this is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this and this is what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this and this is what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this and this is what you can
+typically you know want in optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know want in optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you know want in optimization
+machine learning we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning we'll talk about this
+more later that that you want the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later that that you want the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later that that you want the the
+sense the gradient is gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the gradient is gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the gradient is gives you
+basically the direction the uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the direction the uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the direction the uphill
+direction or the downhill direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the downhill direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the downhill direction is
+minus gradient it tells you in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gradient it tells you in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus gradient it tells you in what
+direction do you perturb the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction do you perturb the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction do you perturb the parameters
+to make your system better like what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your system better like what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your system better like what in
+what direction do you change all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction do you change all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction do you change all the
+parameters in the neural network to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the neural network to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the neural network to make
+it more accurate to make a loss less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more accurate to make a loss less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more accurate to make a loss less or
+in what direction do you perturb all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what direction do you perturb all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what direction do you perturb all the
+parameters of describing the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of describing the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of describing the shape of
+your airplane wing to make it stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane wing to make it stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane wing to make it stronger
+so that you really care about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you really care about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you really care about getting
+this gradient these n numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gradient these n numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gradient these n numbers
+okay but what is that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is that in terms of the
+chain rule we said it's it's G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we said it's it's G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we said it's it's G Prime
+times times or sorry it's eight a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times or sorry it's eight a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times or sorry it's eight a prime
+times B Prime Times C Prime right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B Prime Times C Prime right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B Prime Times C Prime right so
+it's a primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times B primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B primed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B primed
+times C Prime and we said a is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M by q m is 1. so 1 by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by q m is 1. so 1 by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by q m is 1. so 1 by Q
+that's this is supposed for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is supposed for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is supposed for Simplicity
+that these are just equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is one by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B is n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n by n c Prime is n by is n by n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by n c Prime is n by is n by n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by n c Prime is n by is n by n right
+because you see C takes n inputs your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see C takes n inputs your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see C takes n inputs your
+X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's
+gives you n Intermediate outputs p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you n Intermediate outputs p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you n Intermediate outputs p and
+then B takes those N Things and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B takes those N Things and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B takes those N Things and gives
+you another n so it's not it's Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another n so it's not it's Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another n so it's not it's Jacobian
+is another n by n then you multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another n by n then you multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another n by n then you multiply by a
+and notice it really matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice it really matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice it really matters
+where you put the parentheses because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put the parentheses because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put the parentheses because if
+you put the parentheses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're doing
+versus if you put the parentheses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus if you put the parentheses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus if you put the parentheses in the
+other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place
+a primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a primed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a primed
+B primed C Prime if you do forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B primed C Prime if you do forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B primed C Prime if you do forward
+versus reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you put the parentheses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you put the parentheses here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you put the parentheses here
+this is our reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+you're doing this this product here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this this product here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this this product here is a
+row Vector times a matrix Vector times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector times a matrix Vector times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector times a matrix Vector times
+Matrix is cheap that's that's M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is cheap that's that's M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is cheap that's that's M
+proportional to n operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n operations
+and then what's the output of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the output of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what's the output of this it's
+the whole thing the product of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing the product of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing the product of vector
+times Matrix what Vector times Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Matrix what Vector times Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Matrix what Vector times Matrix is
+another row vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row vector
+and so then you multiply this row Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you multiply this row Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you multiply this row Vector
+times a matrix so you have the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a matrix so you have the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a matrix so you have the whole
+thing costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing costs
+order n cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n cost
+Vector times Matrix even sorry order N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector times Matrix even sorry order N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector times Matrix even sorry order N
+squared sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sorry
+yes it's proportional to N squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's proportional to N squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's proportional to N squared right
+because it's Vector times Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Vector times Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's Vector times Matrix
+right where is if you do forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you if you multiply right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the cost well you're doing B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost well you're doing B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost well you're doing B
+times C first this is Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C first this is Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C first this is Matrix times
+Matrix that's much harder Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's much harder Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's much harder Matrix times
+Matrix is is n cubed operations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is n cubed operations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is n cubed operations and then
+you multiply by a vector which is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by a vector which is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by a vector which is N
+squared so the whole thing ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the whole thing ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the whole thing ends up being
+n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed
+so you really really want to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really really want to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really really want to do it in
+this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was probably a good time to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was probably a good time to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was probably a good time to take a
+few minute break yep and let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minute break yep and let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minute break yep and let me just say
+so that we're going to take a break in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're going to take a break in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we're going to take a break in a
+second but so this order is it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but so this order is it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but so this order is it's also
+called This is reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has a lot of names it's also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of names it's also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a lot of names it's also called
+back propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+and it's also called an adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also called an adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also called an adjoint
+uh you know differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is and it's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is and it's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is and it's the key
+to optimizing functions over zillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimizing functions over zillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimizing functions over zillions of
+parameters it means that I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it means that I can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it means that I can compute
+all the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the derivatives
+with respect to all the parameters in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all the parameters in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all the parameters in a
+in in a quite a reasonable cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a quite a reasonable cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a quite a reasonable cost and
+basically it ends up being in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it ends up being in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it ends up being in cost
+proportional to the cost of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the cost of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the cost of just
+evaluating f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating f
+um whereas if I did in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas if I did in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas if I did in the opposite
+direction if I have a billion parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if I have a billion parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if I have a billion parameters
+it becomes a billion times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a billion times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a billion times more
+expensive and I do like to stress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and I do like to stress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and I do like to stress that
+most students and you know when I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most students and you know when I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most students and you know when I did
+the poll earlier in this classroom it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll earlier in this classroom it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll earlier in this classroom it it
+showed itself most students even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed itself most students even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed itself most students even for
+scalar calculus do the out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar calculus do the out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar calculus do the out you know
+outputs towards the inputs right working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs towards the inputs right working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs towards the inputs right working
+their way from output you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way from output you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way from output you know when I
+ask you about sinuses yeah or sine of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about sinuses yeah or sine of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about sinuses yeah or sine of x
+squared or whatever I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or whatever I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or whatever I asked
+um you you're all doing without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you're all doing without even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you're all doing without even
+thinking about it you kind of it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you kind of it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it you kind of it's all
+second nature you're going from outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature you're going from outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature you're going from outputs
+to inputs and so this this reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inputs and so this this reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inputs and so this this reverse mode
+which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is
+um often more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often more efficient
+um for for many wheel applications today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for many wheel applications today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for many wheel applications today
+is also exactly what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also exactly what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also exactly what you're doing
+instinctively without even thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctively without even thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctively without even thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+yes well depends when it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well depends when it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well depends when it's more
+complicated functions so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated functions so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated functions so sometimes
+reverse mode is like it's it it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode is like it's it it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode is like it's it it usually
+when you're doing more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing more complicated
+things I would say the the forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I would say the the forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I would say the the forward mode
+is often the more obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the more obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often the more obvious
+I was going to say that today yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say that today yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to say that today yeah but
+and we'll talk about that but and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that but and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that but and we'll
+talk about more about how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about more about how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about more about how these things
+are evaluated how many of you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated how many of you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaluated how many of you have you
+have heard of back propagation by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of back propagation by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of back propagation by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people knew that it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people knew that it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people knew that it was just
+multiplying jacobians left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying jacobians left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying jacobians left to right
+instead of right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh only oh three including one who never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only oh three including one who never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only oh three including one who never
+heard of the term background patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the term background patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the term background patient
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so yeah so but so it and we'll show more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so but so it and we'll show more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so but so it and we'll show more
+examples of this it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this it's one of those
+things that like once you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that like once you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that like once you see it
+explained it's like obvious and trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained it's like obvious and trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained it's like obvious and trivial
+it's just left to right versus right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just left to right versus right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just left to right versus right to
+left after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after all
+but but I I think that until you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I I think that until you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I I think that until you see it
+explained like in so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained like in so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained like in so for example if
+you're Computing the the the drag on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Computing the the the drag on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Computing the the the drag on you
+know the strength of an airplane wing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the strength of an airplane wing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the strength of an airplane wing is
+a function of 10 billion parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of 10 billion parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of 10 billion parameters
+describe the shape of the wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the shape of the wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the shape of the wing
+it's a really huge mechanical simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really huge mechanical simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really huge mechanical simulation
+like a solid mechanic simulation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a solid mechanic simulation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a solid mechanic simulation to
+calculate the strength of that Wing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the strength of that Wing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the strength of that Wing from
+the forgiven its shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgiven its shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forgiven its shape
+and it's really non-obvious that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really non-obvious that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really non-obvious that you can
+get the derivative of that strength with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the derivative of that strength with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the derivative of that strength with
+respect to all billion parameters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all billion parameters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all billion parameters with
+basically one additional uh mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one additional uh mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one additional uh mechanic
+solved and it turns out that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and it turns out that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and it turns out that that that's
+another instance of this same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this same thing but
+once you see it explainable and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see it explainable and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see it explainable and we'll
+see that kind of example more explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that kind of example more explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that kind of example more explicitly
+later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+it I think it becomes much more straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think it becomes much more straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think it becomes much more straight
+straightforward but it I I it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it I I it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but it I I it's it's
+really surprisingly uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprisingly uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprisingly uh you know
+non-obvious when it gets to complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious when it gets to complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious when it gets to complicated
+functions so you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you can do this
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+but I think it's this maybe this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's this maybe this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's this maybe this is just
+a great time to just take a five minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great time to just take a five minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great time to just take a five minute
+break yeah so I've got 12 23 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break yeah so I've got 12 23 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break yeah so I've got 12 23 on the
+clock behind uh in the back of this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock behind uh in the back of this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock behind uh in the back of this room
+so how about we uh uh reconvene at 12 28
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v8N6l9RXbOM.txt b/v8N6l9RXbOM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bf4b7078282e30ab8be71b2e35b5ecee1165c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v8N6l9RXbOM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we're going
+to get a bunch of practice
+
+working with multiple random
+variables together.
+
+And so we'll look at joint
+PDFs, marginal PDFs,
+
+conditional PDFs, and also get
+some practice calculating
+
+expectations as well.
+
+So the problem gives us a pair
+of random variables-- x and y.
+
+And we're told that the joint
+distribution is uniformly
+
+distributed on this triangle
+here, with the vertices being
+
+0, 0 1, 0, and 0, 1.
+
+So it's uniform in
+this triangle.
+
+And the first part of the
+problem is just to figure out
+
+what exactly is disjoint PDF of
+the two random variables.
+
+So in this case, it's pretty
+easy to calculate, because we
+
+have a uniform distribution.
+
+And remember, when you have a
+uniform distribution, you can
+
+just imagine it being
+a sort of plateau
+
+coming out of the board.
+
+And it's flat.
+
+And so the height of the
+plateau, in order to calculate
+
+it, you just need to figure
+out what the area of this
+
+thing is, of this triangle is.
+
+So remember, when you had single
+random variables, what
+
+we had to do was calculate, for
+uniform distribution, we
+
+had to integrate to 1.
+
+So you took the length, and you
+took 1 over the length was
+
+the correct scaling factor.
+
+Here, you take the area.
+
+And the height has to make it so
+that the entire volume here
+
+integrates to 1.
+
+So the joint PDF is just
+going to be 1 over
+
+whatever this area is.
+
+And the area is pretty
+simple to calculate.
+
+It's 1/2 base times height.
+
+So it's 1/2.
+
+And so what we have is
+that the area is 1/2.
+
+And so the joint PDF of x and
+y is going to equal 2.
+
+But remember, you always have
+to be careful when writing
+
+these things to remember
+the ranges when
+
+these things are valid.
+
+So it's only 2 within
+this triangle.
+
+And outside of the
+triangle, it's 0.
+
+So what exactly does inside
+the triangle mean?
+
+Well, we can write it
+more mathematically.
+
+So this diagonal line, it's
+given by x plus y equals 1.
+
+So everything in the triangle
+is really x plus y is less
+
+than or equal to 1.
+
+It means everything under
+this triangle.
+
+And so we need x plus y to be
+less then or equal to 1 and
+
+also x to be non-negative and
+y to be non-negative.
+
+ 
+
+So with these inequalities,
+that captures everything
+
+within this triangle.
+
+And otherwise, the joint
+PDF is going to be 0.
+
+ 
+
+The next part asks us to find,
+using this joint PDF, the
+
+marginal of y.
+
+And remember, when you have
+a joint PDF of two random
+
+variables, you essentially have
+everything that you need,
+
+because from this joint PDF, you
+can calculate marginals,
+
+you can calculate from the
+margins, you can calculate
+
+conditionals.
+
+The joint PDF captures
+everything that there is to
+
+know about this pair of
+random variables.
+
+Now, to calculate a marginal PDF
+of y, remember a marginal
+
+really just means collapsing
+the other
+
+random variable down.
+
+And so you can just imagine
+taking this thing and
+
+collapsing it down
+onto the y-axis.
+
+And mathematically, that is just
+saying that we integrate
+
+out the other random variable.
+
+ 
+
+So the other random variable
+in this case will be x.
+
+We take x and we get rid of
+it by integrating out from
+
+negative infinity to infinity.
+
+Of course, this joint PDF
+is 0 in a lot of places.
+
+And so a lot of these
+will be 0.
+
+And only for a certain range
+of x's will this integral
+
+actually be non-zero.
+
+And so again, the other time
+when we have to be careful is
+
+when we have these limits of
+integration, we need to make
+
+sure that we have the
+right limits.
+
+And so we know that the
+joint PDF is 2.
+
+It's nonzero only within
+this triangle.
+
+And so it's only 2 within
+this triangle, which
+
+means what for x?
+
+Well, depending on what
+x and y are, this will
+
+be either 2 or 0.
+
+So let's just fix
+some value of y.
+
+Pretend that we've picked some
+value y, let's say here.
+
+We want this value of y.
+
+Well, what are the values of x
+such that the joint PDF for
+
+that value y is actually
+nonzero, it's actually 2?
+
+Well, it's everything from
+x equals 0 to whatever
+
+x value this is.
+
+But this x value, actually, if
+you think about it, is just 1
+
+minus y, because this line
+is x plus y equals 1.
+
+So whatever y is, x is going
+to be 1 minus that.
+
+And so the correct limits
+would actually be from
+
+0 to 1 minus y.
+
+ 
+
+And then the rest of that
+is pretty simple.
+
+You integrate this.
+
+This is a pretty simple
+integral.
+
+And you get that it's actually
+two times 1 minus y.
+
+That's a y.
+
+ 
+
+But of course, again, we need to
+make sure that we have the
+
+right regions.
+
+So this is not always true
+for y, of course.
+
+This is only true for
+y between 0 and 1.
+
+And otherwise, it's actually 0,
+because when you take a y
+
+down here, well, there's no
+values of x that will give you
+
+a nonzero joint PDF.
+
+And if you take a value of y
+higher than this, the same
+
+thing happens.
+
+ 
+
+So we can actually draw
+this out and see
+
+what it looks like.
+
+So let's actually draw
+a small picture here.
+
+Here's y.
+
+Here's the marginal PDF of y.
+
+And here's 2.
+
+And it actually looks
+like this.
+
+It's a triangle and a 0
+outside this range.
+
+So does that make sense?
+
+Well, first of all, you see
+that actually does in fact
+
+integrates to 1,
+which is good.
+
+And the other thing we notice
+is that there is a higher
+
+density for smaller
+values of y.
+
+So why is that?
+
+Why are smaller values
+of y more likely than
+
+larger values of y?
+
+Well, because when you have
+smaller values of
+
+y, you're down here.
+
+And it's more likely because
+there are more values of x
+
+that go along with it that
+make that value of y more
+
+likely to appear.
+
+Say you have a large
+value of y.
+
+Then you're up here
+at the tip.
+
+Well, there aren't very many
+combinations of x and y that
+
+give you that large
+a value of y.
+
+And so that large value of
+y becomes less likely.
+
+Another way to think about it
+is, when you collapse this
+
+down, there's a lot more stuff
+to collapse down its base.
+
+There's a lot of x's
+to collapse down.
+
+But up here, there's only a
+very little bit of x to
+
+collapse down.
+
+And the PDF of y becomes
+more skewed towards
+
+smaller values of y.
+
+ 
+
+So now, the next thing that we
+want to do is calculate the
+
+conditional PDF of x, given y.
+
+Well, let's just recall
+what that means.
+
+This is what we're looking for--
+the conditional PDF of
+
+x, given y.
+
+And remember, this is calculated
+by taking the joint
+
+and dividing by the
+marginal of y.
+
+ 
+
+So we actually have the
+top and the bottom.
+
+We have to joint PDF from part
+A. And from part B, we
+
+calculated the marginal
+PDF of y.
+
+So we have both pieces.
+
+So let's actually
+plug them in.
+
+Again, the thing that you have
+to be careful here is about
+
+the ranges of x and y where
+these things are valid,
+
+because this is only non-zero
+when x and y
+
+fall within this triangle.
+
+And this is only non-zero when
+y is between 0 and 1.
+
+So we need to be careful.
+
+So the top, when it's
+non-zero, it's 2.
+
+And the bottom, when it's
+non-zero, it's 2
+
+times 1 minus y.
+
+So we can simplify that to
+be 1 over 1 minus y.
+
+And when is this true?
+
+Well, it's true when x and y are
+in the triangle and y is
+
+between 0 and 1.
+
+So put another way, that means
+that this is valid when y is
+
+between 0 and 1 and x is between
+0 and 1 minus y,
+
+because whatever x has to be,
+it has to be such that they
+
+actually still fall within
+this triangle.
+
+And outside of this, it's 0.
+
+ 
+
+So let's see what this
+actually looks like.
+
+ 
+
+So this is x, and this is the
+conditional PDF of x, given y.
+
+ 
+
+Let's say this is
+1 right here.
+
+ 
+
+Then what it's saying is, let's
+say we're given that y
+
+is some little y.
+
+Let's say it's somewhere here.
+
+Then it's saying that the
+conditional PDF of x given y
+
+is this thing.
+
+But notice that this value,
+1 over 1 minus y, does not
+
+depend on x.
+
+So in fact, it actually
+is uniform.
+
+So it's uniform between
+0 and 1 minus y.
+
+And the height is something
+like 1 over 1 minus y.
+
+And this is so that the scaling
+makes it so that
+
+actually is a valid PDF, because
+the integral is to 1.
+
+So why is the case?
+
+Why is that when you condition
+on y being some value, you get
+
+that the PDF of x is
+actually uniform?
+
+Well, when you look over here,
+let's again just pretend that
+
+you're taking this value of y.
+
+Well, when you're conditioning
+on y being this value, you're
+
+basically taking a slice of this
+joint PDF at this point.
+
+But remember, the original
+joint PDF was uniform.
+
+So when you take a slice of a
+uniform distribution, joint
+
+uniform distribution,
+you still get
+
+something that is uniform.
+
+Just imagine that you have
+a cake that is flat.
+
+Now, you take a slice
+at this level.
+
+Then whatever slice you have
+is also going to be imagine
+
+being a flat rectangle.
+
+So it's still going
+to be uniform.
+
+And that's why the conditional
+PDF of x
+
+given y is also uniform.
+
+ 
+
+Part D now asks us to find a
+conditional expectation of x.
+
+So we want to find the
+expectation of x, given that y
+
+is some little y.
+
+And for this, we can
+use the definition.
+
+Remember, expectations are
+really just weighted sums.
+
+Or in the [? continuous ?]
+case, it's an integral.
+
+So you take the value.
+
+And then you weight
+it by the density.
+
+And in this case, because we're
+taking conditional a
+
+expectation, what we weight it
+by is the conditional density.
+
+So it's the conditional
+density of x given
+
+that y is little y.
+
+We integrate with
+respect to x.
+
+ 
+
+And fortunately, we know what
+this conditional PDF is,
+
+because we calculated it earlier
+in part C. And we know
+
+that it's this--
+
+1 over 1 minus y.
+
+But again, we have to be
+careful, because this formula,
+
+1 over 1 minus y, is only
+valid certain cases.
+
+So let's think about
+this first.
+
+Let's think about some
+extreme cases.
+
+What if y, little
+y, is negative?
+
+If little y is negative,
+we're conditioning on
+
+something over here.
+
+And so there is no density for
+y being negative or for y,
+
+say, in other cases when
+y is greater than 1.
+
+And so in those cases, this
+expectation is just undefined,
+
+because conditioning on that
+doesn't really make sense,
+
+because there's no density
+for those values of y.
+
+Now, let's consider the case
+that actually makes, sense
+
+where y is between 0 and 1.
+
+Now, we're in business, because
+that is the range
+
+where this formula is valid.
+
+So this formula is valid,
+and we can plug it in.
+
+So it's 1 over 1 minus y dx.
+
+And then the final thing that we
+again need to check is what
+
+the limits of this
+integration is.
+
+So we're integrating
+with respect to x.
+
+So we need to write down what
+values of x, what ranges of x
+
+is this conditional PDF valid.
+
+Well, luckily, we specified
+that here.
+
+x has to be between
+0 and 1 minus y.
+
+ 
+
+So let's actually calculate
+this integral.
+
+This 1 over 1 minus y is a
+constant with respect to x.
+
+You can just pull that out.
+
+And then now, you're really
+just integrating x from
+
+0 to 1 minus y.
+
+So the integral of x is
+[? 1 ?], 1/2x squared.
+
+So you get a 1/2x squared, and
+you integrate that from
+
+0 to 1 minus y.
+
+And so when you plug in
+the limits, you'll
+
+get a 1 minus y squared.
+
+That will cancel out the
+1 over 1 minus y.
+
+And what you're left with is
+just 1 minus y over 2.
+
+ 
+
+And again, we have to specify
+that this is only true for y
+
+between 0 and 1.
+
+Now, we can again actually
+verify that this makes sense.
+
+What we're really looking for is
+the conditional expectation
+
+of x given some value of y.
+
+And we already said that
+condition on y being some
+
+value of x is uniformly
+distributed between
+
+0 and 1 minus y.
+
+And so remember for our uniform
+distribution, the
+
+expectation is simple.
+
+It's just the midpoint.
+
+So the midpoint of 0
+and 1 minus y is
+
+exactly 1 minus y/2.
+
+So that's a nice way of
+verifying that this answer is
+
+actually correct.
+
+ 
+
+Now, the second part of
+part D asks us to do
+
+a little bit more.
+
+ 
+
+We have to use the total
+expectation theorem in order
+
+to somehow write the expectation
+of x in terms of
+
+the expectation of y.
+
+ 
+
+So the first thing we'll
+do is use the
+
+total expectation theorem.
+
+So the total expectation theorem
+is just saying, well,
+
+we can take these conditional
+expectations.
+
+And now, we can integrate this
+by the marginal density of y,
+
+then we'll get the actual
+expectation of x.
+
+You can think of it as just kind
+of applying the law of
+
+iterated expectations as well.
+
+ 
+
+So this integral is going
+to look like this.
+
+You take the conditional
+expectation.
+
+So this is the expectation of x
+if y were equal to little y.
+
+And now, what is that
+probability?
+
+Well, now we just multiply that
+by the density of y at
+
+that actual value of little y.
+
+And we integrate with
+respect to y.
+
+ 
+
+Now, we've already calculated
+what this conditional
+
+expectation is.
+
+It's 1 minus y/2.
+
+So let's plug that in.
+
+1 minus y/2 times the
+marginal of y.
+
+ 
+
+There's a couple ways of
+attacking this problem now.
+
+One way is, we can actually
+just plug in
+
+that marginal of y.
+
+We've already calculated that
+out in part B. And then we can
+
+do this integral and calculate
+out the expectation.
+
+But maybe we don't really want
+to do so much calculus.
+
+So let's do what the
+problem says and
+
+try a different approach.
+
+So what the problem suggests is
+to write this in terms of
+
+the expectation of y.
+
+And what is the expectation
+of y?
+
+Well, the expectation of y is
+going to look something like
+
+the integral of y times
+the marginal of y.
+
+So let's see if we can identify
+something like that
+
+and pull it out.
+
+Well, yeah, we actually
+do have that.
+
+We have y times the marginal
+of y, integrated.
+
+So let's isolate that.
+
+So besides that, we
+also have this.
+
+We have the integral of the
+first term, is 1/2 times the
+
+marginal of y.
+
+And then the second term is
+minus 1/2 times the integral
+
+of y of dy.
+
+This is just me splitting
+this integral up into
+
+two separate integrals.
+
+Now, we know what this is.
+
+The 1/2 we can pull out.
+
+And then the rest of it is
+just the integral of a
+
+marginal of a density from minus
+infinity to infinity.
+
+And by definition, that
+has to be equal to 1.
+
+So this just gives us a 1/2.
+
+And now, what is this?
+
+We get a minus 1/2.
+
+And now this, we already said
+that is the expectation of y.
+
+So what we have is the
+expectation of y.
+
+So in the second part of this
+part D, we've expressed the
+
+expectation of x in terms
+of the expectation of y.
+
+Now, maybe that seems like
+that's not too helpful,
+
+because we don't know what
+either of those two are.
+
+But if we think about this
+problem, and as part E
+
+suggests, we can see that
+there's symmetry in this
+
+problem, because x and y are
+essentially symmetric.
+
+So imagine this is x equals y.
+
+There's symmetry in this
+problem, because if you were
+
+to swap the roles of x and y,
+you would have exactly the
+
+same joint PDF.
+
+So what that suggests is that
+by symmetry then, it must be
+
+that the expectation of x and
+the expectation of y are
+
+exactly the same.
+
+And that is using the
+symmetry argument.
+
+And that helps us now, because
+we can plug that in and solve
+
+for expectation of x.
+
+So expectation of x is 1/2 minus
+1/2 expectation of x.
+
+So we have 3/2 expectation
+of x equals 1/2.
+
+So expectation of
+x equals 1/3.
+
+And of course, expectation
+of y is also 1/3.
+
+And so it turns out that the
+expectation is around there.
+
+ 
+
+So this problem had
+several parts.
+
+And it allowed us to start
+out from just a raw joint
+
+distribution, calculate
+marginals, calculate
+
+conditionals, and then from
+there, calculate all kinds of
+
+conditional expectations
+and expectations.
+
+And a couple of important points
+to remember are, when
+
+you do these joint
+distributions, it's very
+
+important to consider where
+values are valid.
+
+So you have to keep in mind
+when you write out these
+
+conditional PDFs and joint PDFs
+and marginal PDFs, what
+
+ranges the formulas you
+calculated are valid for.
+
+And that also translates to
+when you're calculating
+
+expectations and such.
+
+When you have integrals, you
+need to be very careful about
+
+the limits of your integration,
+to make sure that
+
+they line up with the range
+where the values
+
+are actually valid.
+
+And the last thing, which is
+kind of unrelated, but it is
+
+actually a common tool that's
+used in a lot of problems is,
+
+when you see symmetry in these
+problems, that can help a lot,
+
+because it will simplify things
+and allow you to use
+
+facts like these to help
+you calculate what the
+
+final answer is.
+
+Of course, this is also comes
+along with practice.
+
+You may not immediately see that
+there could be a symmetry
+
+argument that will help
+with this problem.
+
+But with practice, when you do
+more of these problems, you'll
+
+eventually build up
+that kind of--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vQY3NziSZ2w.txt b/vQY3NziSZ2w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8da33d0ff7f49a59c8d07d65806ff0dc041f75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vQY3NziSZ2w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
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+The following content is provided under
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+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
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+or view additional materials from
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+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
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+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
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+
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+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thanks very much for u for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks very much for u for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks very much for u for coming
+and uh so I would say that I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I would say that I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I would say that I remember
+years ago Joy saying to me that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago Joy saying to me that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago Joy saying to me that when
+Paul Farmer was invited to talk and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Farmer was invited to talk and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Farmer was invited to talk and and
+he couldn't go and she would go in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't go and she would go in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't go and she would go in his
+space that it was always a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that it was always a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that it was always a little
+challenging you know to to kind of meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you know to to kind of meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you know to to kind of meet
+the expectations. So um one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations. So um one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations. So um one thing that I
+think Joya really said well was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Joya really said well was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Joya really said well was uh
+encouraging people to really interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging people to really interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging people to really interact
+and to ask questions and to raise points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to ask questions and to raise points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to ask questions and to raise points
+and to you know bring up issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to you know bring up issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to you know bring up issues that
+they themselves are familiar with. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves are familiar with. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves are familiar with. So I
+want that to be a a way to actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be a a way to actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be a a way to actually make
+this lecture work as well and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture work as well and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture work as well and hopefully
+going forward with the other lectures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward with the other lectures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward with the other lectures.
+So feel free to put your hand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So feel free to put your hand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So feel free to put your hand up and
+raise points and we'll we'll work around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise points and we'll we'll work around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise points and we'll we'll work around
+that and uh you know that will I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh you know that will I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh you know that will I think
+be more exciting. So I'll I'll ask a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more exciting. So I'll I'll ask a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more exciting. So I'll I'll ask a few
+questions as well hopefully along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as well hopefully along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as well hopefully along the
+way that we'll we'll get some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we'll we'll get some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we'll we'll get some good
+answers from. Um what I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from. Um what I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from. Um what I wanted to do
+really was to follow on from what uh Joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was to follow on from what uh Joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was to follow on from what uh Joy
+was talking about and and I think she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about and and I think she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about and and I think she
+really did a great job of bringing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did a great job of bringing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did a great job of bringing up
+the the challenges of providing health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the challenges of providing health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the challenges of providing health
+care in very resourceful environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in very resourceful environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in very resourceful environments
+and all the difficulties and the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the difficulties and the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the difficulties and the huge
+problems that have to be overcome to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that have to be overcome to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that have to be overcome to do
+that. but also that one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. but also that one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. but also that one of the reasons
+why these problems have been so acute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these problems have been so acute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these problems have been so acute is
+that the the policies and the strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the policies and the strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the policies and the strategies
+that have been used to support healthare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been used to support healthare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been used to support healthare
+and to improve healthare haven't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to improve healthare haven't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to improve healthare haven't always
+been welld designigned and I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been welld designigned and I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been welld designigned and I think we've
+you know recognized that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know recognized that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know recognized that there are many
+aspects about the the way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects about the the way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects about the the way that we've
+gone about trying to improve health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone about trying to improve health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone about trying to improve health care
+systems um which really weren't suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um which really weren't suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um which really weren't suitable
+for the environments and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the environments and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the environments and for the
+communities that they were in and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that they were in and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that they were in and this
+is a real challenge also for the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real challenge also for the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real challenge also for the use of
+technology and for information systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and for information systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and for information systems
+that we need to be thinking very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be thinking very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be thinking very hard
+about what are the real needs of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the real needs of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the real needs of people
+on the ground and then identifying where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground and then identifying where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground and then identifying where
+those needs relate to access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those needs relate to access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those needs relate to access to
+information as opposed to um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as opposed to um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as opposed to um other
+fundamental issues like presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental issues like presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental issues like presence of
+trained staff, access to drugs, access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained staff, access to drugs, access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained staff, access to drugs, access
+to you know basic uh requirements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know basic uh requirements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know basic uh requirements of
+life like clean water and food and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life like clean water and food and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life like clean water and food and so
+on. And I think that uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And I think that uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And I think that uh there are a
+number of issues about information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of issues about information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of issues about information
+systems that are also somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are also somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are also somewhat
+dysfunctional in the way that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional in the way that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional in the way that they've
+been approached um in resource poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been approached um in resource poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been approached um in resource poor
+environments and a lot of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and a lot of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and a lot of countries
+around the world actually even middle-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world actually even middle-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world actually even middle-
+inome and high- inome countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inome and high- inome countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inome and high- inome countries and
+that's something that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we're really
+interested in addressing. What I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in addressing. What I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in addressing. What I want to
+do is really talk about the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is really talk about the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is really talk about the importance
+of this question of where information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question of where information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question of where information
+access is is a real challenge and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is is a real challenge and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is is a real challenge and where
+it can improving that can really make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can improving that can really make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can improving that can really make a
+difference to the quality of care. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the quality of care. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the quality of care. And
+in some ways there's there's sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways there's there's sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways there's there's sort of two
+sides to this because on one hand we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to this because on one hand we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to this because on one hand we are
+looking at situations where someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at situations where someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at situations where someone
+might need to have access to for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to have access to for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to have access to for example
+laboratory data or the the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory data or the the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory data or the the previous
+medications that a patient's been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that a patient's been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that a patient's been taking
+to be able to design their care or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to design their care or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to design their care or to
+diagnose that patient more effectively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose that patient more effectively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose that patient more effectively.
+There's also the other side which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the other side which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the other side which is
+that you can't really do improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't really do improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't really do improvements in
+quality of care unless you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care unless you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care unless you can measure
+how well you're doing. you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you're doing. you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you're doing. you can't really
+ensure that that the care is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that that the care is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that that the care is actually
+being provided and that that quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being provided and that that quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being provided and that that quality is
+improving as you initiate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving as you initiate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving as you initiate different
+improvements. And so there's both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements. And so there's both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements. And so there's both the
+intervention piece and there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention piece and there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention piece and there's also the
+measurement piece. And these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement piece. And these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement piece. And these two
+interact in interesting and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in interesting and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in interesting and complicated
+ways. So you know sometimes we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. So you know sometimes we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. So you know sometimes we may be
+really monitoring what's happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really monitoring what's happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really monitoring what's happening with
+other aspects of care and other times we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of care and other times we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of care and other times we
+may be that the information system may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that the information system may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that the information system may
+be the main intervention. So I'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the main intervention. So I'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the main intervention. So I'd also
+like to do a little bit of review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do a little bit of review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do a little bit of review of
+some of the systems that have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the systems that have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the systems that have actually
+been developed over the last 10 years. a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed over the last 10 years. a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed over the last 10 years. a
+lot from our my group and colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from our my group and colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from our my group and colleagues and
+friends around the world and also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends around the world and also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends around the world and also and
+other organizations and and systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations and and systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations and and systems and
+particularly to focus on evaluation data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to focus on evaluation data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to focus on evaluation data
+and I think this has been one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this has been one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this has been one of the
+greatest missing pieces in a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest missing pieces in a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest missing pieces in a lot of the
+projects around the world that although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects around the world that although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects around the world that although
+fairly large investments have been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large investments have been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large investments have been made
+in fact some cases very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact some cases very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact some cases very large
+investments have been made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments have been made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments have been made in
+information systems we really don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems we really don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems we really don't have
+a good evidence base for what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good evidence base for what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good evidence base for what is
+actually working and what isn't um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working and what isn't um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working and what isn't um we're
+getting it now but it's taken a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it now but it's taken a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it now but it's taken a long
+time so I'll kick off by talking a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'll kick off by talking a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'll kick off by talking a bit
+about global health informatics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about global health informatics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about global health informatics or
+global e- health which is the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global e- health which is the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global e- health which is the other term
+that people use a lot. I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use a lot. I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use a lot. I'll talk about
+the EMR system in Peru that we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR system in Peru that we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR system in Peru that we developed
+the partners in health EMR and then talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partners in health EMR and then talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partners in health EMR and then talk
+about open MRS as a platform and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open MRS as a platform and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open MRS as a platform and how
+we've actually used that system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually used that system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually used that system in
+Rwanda and I'd then like to review some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda and I'd then like to review some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda and I'd then like to review some
+of the other e- health projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other e- health projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other e- health projects and
+lessons learned from these experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from these experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from these experiences
+over the years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years.
+Oops. So what was the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. So what was the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. So what was the kind of the
+original problem that was set when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem that was set when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem that was set when I
+started with PH um just over 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with PH um just over 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with PH um just over 10 years
+ago and it was really the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and it was really the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and it was really the question was
+can treatment of HIV and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treatment of HIV and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treatment of HIV and in this case
+particularly drugresistant TB be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly drugresistant TB be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly drugresistant TB be
+delivered in settings with limited or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in settings with limited or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in settings with limited or
+absent infrastructure and so I think Joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent infrastructure and so I think Joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent infrastructure and so I think Joy
+really went a long way to addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really went a long way to addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really went a long way to addressing
+that question in terms of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question in terms of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question in terms of how do you
+design a system that will work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a system that will work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a system that will work to
+provide ambulatory care for um TM MDRTB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide ambulatory care for um TM MDRTB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide ambulatory care for um TM MDRTB
+and to get the prices of drugs down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get the prices of drugs down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get the prices of drugs down and
+so on. But then the question was how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. But then the question was how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. But then the question was how do
+you then scale that? So when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then scale that? So when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then scale that? So when I started
+there were probably maybe about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were probably maybe about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were probably maybe about a
+hundred patients who'd been treated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred patients who'd been treated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred patients who'd been treated in
+Peru for MDRTB or who were on treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru for MDRTB or who were on treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru for MDRTB or who were on treatment
+and we wanted to aim for tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to aim for tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to aim for tens of
+thousands of patients. So how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients. So how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients. So how is that
+the same? Is that just a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same? Is that just a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same? Is that just a case of
+incrementally increasing the what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally increasing the what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally increasing the what you're
+doing or is that qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or is that qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or is that qualitatively
+different? And do you need different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? And do you need different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? And do you need different
+systems? And I think really the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems? And I think really the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems? And I think really the argument
+made then and I I certainly would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made then and I I certainly would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made then and I I certainly would
+support that now is that you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that now is that you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that now is that you cannot
+treat 10,000 people in the same way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat 10,000 people in the same way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat 10,000 people in the same way you
+can treat 50 or 100 people. You need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat 50 or 100 people. You need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can treat 50 or 100 people. You need a
+different way of doing things. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of doing things. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of doing things. And so
+information systems are one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems are one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems are one of those
+pieces. The other thing we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. The other thing we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. The other thing we wanted to do
+was to scale this system to many sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to scale this system to many sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to scale this system to many sites
+and also expand it over time so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also expand it over time so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also expand it over time so that it
+became a long-term project with many new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a long-term project with many new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a long-term project with many new
+people working on it rather than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on it rather than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on it rather than just a
+small core group of enthusiasts who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small core group of enthusiasts who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small core group of enthusiasts who
+really kind of designed the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of designed the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of designed the original
+system. And we needed to do so to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And we needed to do so to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And we needed to do so to ensure
+that there were good outcomes and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were good outcomes and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were good outcomes and that
+the cost was manageable. And I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost was manageable. And I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost was manageable. And I say
+manageable leaving it somewhat vague. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable leaving it somewhat vague. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable leaving it somewhat vague. So
+we can come back and talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come back and talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come back and talk about what
+that means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means.
+One of the u interesting things when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the u interesting things when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the u interesting things when we
+started was that people thought we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was that people thought we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started was that people thought we were
+basically nuts. Um the idea of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically nuts. Um the idea of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically nuts. Um the idea of doing
+information systems in Haiti or Peru or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in Haiti or Peru or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in Haiti or Peru or
+Rwanda, you know, people really said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda, you know, people really said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda, you know, people really said,
+you know, you you guys are crazy. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you you guys are crazy. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you you guys are crazy. I
+think that was the Clinton Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was the Clinton Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was the Clinton Foundation
+actually. And so we had a slide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. And so we had a slide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. And so we had a slide which
+she used to show people for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used to show people for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used to show people for a while
+until they eventually decided that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they eventually decided that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they eventually decided that maybe
+it wasn't such a bad idea. Um over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't such a bad idea. Um over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't such a bad idea. Um over the
+last couple of years we've really seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of years we've really seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple of years we've really seen a
+big change in in kind of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big change in in kind of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big change in in kind of people's
+thinking about this. Um it came a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this. Um it came a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this. Um it came a little
+bit from um a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from um a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from um a whole series of
+developments are going on such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments are going on such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments are going on such as the
+need for better global health delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for better global health delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for better global health delivery
+and a recognition that the delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recognition that the delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a recognition that the delivery
+process for care is one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for care is one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for care is one of the key
+problems that we face that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we face that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we face that there are
+technologies and you know there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and you know there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and you know there there
+are approaches to health care and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approaches to health care and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approaches to health care and tools
+and drugs and so on that will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drugs and so on that will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drugs and so on that will allow
+everybody in the world to have a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the world to have a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the world to have a decent
+quality of life but most people or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life but most people or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life but most people or a
+large portion of people are not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large portion of people are not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large portion of people are not getting
+full access to that. So delivery is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full access to that. So delivery is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full access to that. So delivery is a
+critical part of it. Um there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical part of it. Um there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical part of it. Um there's also
+obviously increased funding for global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously increased funding for global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously increased funding for global
+health particularly with the global fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health particularly with the global fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health particularly with the global fund
+and PEPFAR and other agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PEPFAR and other agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PEPFAR and other agencies
+recognizing um you know with epidemics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing um you know with epidemics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing um you know with epidemics
+like HIV and MDRTB that there needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HIV and MDRTB that there needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HIV and MDRTB that there needs to
+be better investment in in both the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better investment in in both the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better investment in in both the the
+direct care but also in the systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct care but also in the systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct care but also in the systems and
+the infrastructure. And then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure. And then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure. And then there's
+also fortunately better lowerc cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fortunately better lowerc cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fortunately better lowerc cost
+technologies, more robust, low power um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, more robust, low power um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, more robust, low power um
+easier tools to use than when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier tools to use than when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier tools to use than when we
+started. And one of the things that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. And one of the things that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. And one of the things that kind
+of spurred this off was probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spurred this off was probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spurred this off was probably the
+meeting in Balagio about two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Balagio about two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in Balagio about two and a half
+years ago which was hosted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago which was hosted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago which was hosted by the
+Rockefeller Foundation and and we ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller Foundation and and we ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller Foundation and and we ran a
+session um on electronic medical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um on electronic medical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session um on electronic medical record
+systems and looking at how these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and looking at how these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and looking at how these systems
+could actually be improved and scaled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be improved and scaled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be improved and scaled in
+developing countries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries.
+So you've heard a little bit well heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've heard a little bit well heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've heard a little bit well heard
+quite a good bit about partners in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a good bit about partners in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a good bit about partners in
+health last week and I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health last week and I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health last week and I just wanted to
+quickly review the kind of the PH model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly review the kind of the PH model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly review the kind of the PH model
+of care and how that fits with the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care and how that fits with the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care and how that fits with the way
+that we've been working with information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working with information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working with information
+systems as well. So first of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well. So first of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well. So first of all of
+course we focus on access to health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we focus on access to health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we focus on access to health care
+to all people whatever the situation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all people whatever the situation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all people whatever the situation or
+environment. We also look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. We also look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. We also look at the the
+question of how do you create long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how do you create long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how do you create long-term
+partnerships rather than um just one-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships rather than um just one-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships rather than um just one-off
+projects that maybe last for a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that maybe last for a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that maybe last for a year or
+two or three, but actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three, but actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three, but actually really
+building these relationships and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these relationships and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these relationships and working
+with communities and training people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communities and training people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communities and training people and
+and handing over all of that management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and handing over all of that management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and handing over all of that management
+as this as the project grows. Um clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this as the project grows. Um clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this as the project grows. Um clearly
+we have a big focus on community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big focus on community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big focus on community
+healthcare workers and building that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers and building that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers and building that um
+community workforce within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community workforce within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community workforce within each
+different environment and training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment and training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment and training
+people and so on. And clearly another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on. And clearly another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on. And clearly another
+piece that we Joy talked a lot about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we Joy talked a lot about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we Joy talked a lot about was
+the question of addressing the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of addressing the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of addressing the various
+different causes of disease and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different causes of disease and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different causes of disease and the the
+the socioeconomic causes of of ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the socioeconomic causes of of ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the socioeconomic causes of of ill
+health such as lack of food, access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health such as lack of food, access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health such as lack of food, access to
+clean water, housing and so on. And one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water, housing and so on. And one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water, housing and so on. And one
+of the things that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I think is
+particularly relevant to to my work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly relevant to to my work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly relevant to to my work is
+this question of bringing together both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of bringing together both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of bringing together both
+the elite um institutions, academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elite um institutions, academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elite um institutions, academic
+institutions and medical schools and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and medical schools and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and medical schools and the
+technology that we have access to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we have access to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we have access to in a
+place like MIT with the lived experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like MIT with the lived experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like MIT with the lived experience
+of people in extremely difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in extremely difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in extremely difficult and
+challenging environments and looking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging environments and looking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging environments and looking and
+saying well what are the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well what are the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well what are the things that we
+can do that would really help that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that would really help that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that would really help that
+situation not what is the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation not what is the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation not what is the technology
+we've that's worked in the US we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've that's worked in the US we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've that's worked in the US we can
+just plon down there but what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plon down there but what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plon down there but what are the
+real problems on the ground and is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems on the ground and is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems on the ground and is there
+some way we use to actually innovatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way we use to actually innovatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way we use to actually innovatively
+solve those problems. And I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems. And I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems. And I think that's
+the approach you really have to take.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach you really have to take.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach you really have to take.
+Think of you know very very driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of you know very very driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of you know very very driven by
+the problem by the need by the ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by the need by the ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by the need by the ideas of
+people who actually work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who actually work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who actually work in that
+environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+You've um I'm sure seen examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've um I'm sure seen examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've um I'm sure seen examples of the
+the healthcare community healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare community healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare community healthcare
+workers and this is the the accompanitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and this is the the accompanitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and this is the the accompanitor
+in Haiti the person who who really walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti the person who who really walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti the person who who really walks
+with this patient through their health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this patient through their health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this patient through their health
+and through their management of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through their management of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through their management of their
+disease providing directly observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease providing directly observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease providing directly observed
+therapy to the patient and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy to the patient and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy to the patient and and this is
+really one of the key interventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the key interventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the key interventions that
+has made such a difference in care for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made such a difference in care for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made such a difference in care for
+HIV and TB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV and TB.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV and TB.
+Um when I started this work I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when I started this work I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when I started this work I was
+thinking quite a lot about the work I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking quite a lot about the work I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking quite a lot about the work I'd
+done in the US and in in Europe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the US and in in Europe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the US and in in Europe on
+management of chronic diseases and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of chronic diseases and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of chronic diseases and this
+is really a relatively new field. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a relatively new field. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a relatively new field. So
+when I was doing medical school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was doing medical school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was doing medical school I
+wouldn't like to say exactly how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like to say exactly how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like to say exactly how long
+ago um chronic disease management was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um chronic disease management was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um chronic disease management was
+still kind of a little bit ad hoc thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of a little bit ad hoc thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of a little bit ad hoc thing.
+There were people who knew how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were people who knew how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were people who knew how to do it
+like the diabetists and there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the diabetists and there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the diabetists and there were other
+people who weren't so good at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who weren't so good at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who weren't so good at it and
+heart disease in particular was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease in particular was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease in particular was not
+managed well in the community. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed well in the community. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed well in the community. Um and
+what we needed to do was to kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we needed to do was to kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we needed to do was to kind of look
+at a new model for managing patients. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new model for managing patients. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new model for managing patients. So
+what happened with HIV and and drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with HIV and and drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened with HIV and and drug
+resistant TB but particularly the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant TB but particularly the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant TB but particularly the whole
+HIV epidemic in Africa was that suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV epidemic in Africa was that suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV epidemic in Africa was that suddenly
+we had to build a chronic disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to build a chronic disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to build a chronic disease
+management model that worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management model that worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management model that worked in
+developing environments in very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing environments in very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing environments in very very
+difficult environments. And the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult environments. And the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult environments. And the things
+you need to do there you first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do there you first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do there you first of all
+you need to do case finding you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do case finding you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do case finding you need to
+identify the patients and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the patients and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the patients and this is you
+know still very challenging and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still very challenging and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still very challenging and I'll
+talk a bit more about this later on. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit more about this later on. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit more about this later on. You
+need to make sure they start on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure they start on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure they start on the
+correct treatment. Now if it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment. Now if it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct treatment. Now if it's a a
+simple case of HIV, I mean if if HIV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case of HIV, I mean if if HIV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case of HIV, I mean if if HIV is
+ever simple, then you you would start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever simple, then you you would start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever simple, then you you would start on
+probably tryune or some fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tryune or some fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tryune or some fairly
+straightforward treatment with one, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward treatment with one, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward treatment with one, you
+know, one tablet and that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, one tablet and that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, one tablet and that might be a
+little bit simpler than maybe treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit simpler than maybe treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit simpler than maybe treating
+um a second line case of HIV. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second line case of HIV. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second line case of HIV. If you
+have drug resistant TB, well, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drug resistant TB, well, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drug resistant TB, well, you're
+talking a lot much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot much more complicated
+treatment. Um the next thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Um the next thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Um the next thing is to
+ensure that there's a stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there's a stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there's a stable and
+economical supply of medication. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical supply of medication. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical supply of medication. And
+that turned out to be one of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be one of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be one of the really
+critical things that we've worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical things that we've worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical things that we've worked on
+over the years and surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years and surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years and surprisingly
+something that retrieved incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that retrieved incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that retrieved incredibly
+little attention until the last year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little attention until the last year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little attention until the last year or
+two. And it's a huge huge problem and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And it's a huge huge problem and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And it's a huge huge problem and a
+huge limitation to our ability to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge limitation to our ability to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge limitation to our ability to treat
+patients throughout the world. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients throughout the world. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients throughout the world. Um we
+need to ensure compliance of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure compliance of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure compliance of treatment
+and that's something where the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something where the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something where the community
+healthcare workers of course are our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers of course are our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers of course are our um
+critical technology if you like um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical technology if you like um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical technology if you like um in
+many of the projects. And then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the projects. And then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the projects. And then we also
+need to monitor the progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to monitor the progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to monitor the progress and
+outcomes of these patients to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of these patients to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of these patients to ensure
+that they are in fact responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are in fact responding to
+treatment to respond to problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to respond to problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to respond to problems that
+occur either drug side effects or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur either drug side effects or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur either drug side effects or um
+patients for example who have resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for example who have resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for example who have resistance
+that are not responding to the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not responding to the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not responding to the treatment
+they're on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there are a number of core functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are a number of core functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are a number of core functions
+that we focused on with systems we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on with systems we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on with systems we were
+building. The first was clinical care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. The first was clinical care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. The first was clinical care
+and quality improvement and and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality improvement and and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality improvement and and this was
+I think um really the core issue. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um really the core issue. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um really the core issue. We
+were not just interested in kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not just interested in kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not just interested in kind of the
+public health approach of like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health approach of like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health approach of like what's
+happening you know sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you know sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you know sort of in a
+community sort of larger community or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community sort of larger community or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community sort of larger community or
+national level but but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level but but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national level but but how do you
+actually address an individual patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually address an individual patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually address an individual patients
+treatment um the next thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment um the next thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment um the next thing was
+monitoring reporting and so making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring reporting and so making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring reporting and so making sure
+that we could keep track of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could keep track of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could keep track of what was
+happening and also report to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and also report to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and also report to the
+government and to the funders drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and to the funders drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and to the funders drug
+supply management which I said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply management which I said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply management which I said you know
+kind of really suddenly appeared as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really suddenly appeared as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really suddenly appeared as a
+major problem originally in Peru and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problem originally in Peru and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major problem originally in Peru and and
+also observational research collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observational research collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also observational research collecting
+data that could be used to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that could be used to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that could be used to understand
+better what was happening and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what was happening and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what was happening and how to
+improve that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that.
+So the first example that I started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first example that I started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first example that I started and
+you know again um really building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again um really building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again um really building on
+what Joy was talking about last week was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Joy was talking about last week was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Joy was talking about last week was
+the treatment of drugresistant TB in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of drugresistant TB in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of drugresistant TB in
+Peru and and as she said that Peru had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru and and as she said that Peru had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru and and as she said that Peru had a
+particularly high instance of TB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high instance of TB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high instance of TB and
+still does um and there were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does um and there were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does um and there were about
+40,000 patients a year getting first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 patients a year getting first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 patients a year getting first
+line or DOTS treatment when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or DOTS treatment when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or DOTS treatment when I started
+working there. Um it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there. Um it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there. Um it's a little bit
+lower now but it's still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower now but it's still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower now but it's still pretty
+significant. And over 3% of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant. And over 3% of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant. And over 3% of these
+patients had drugresistant TB. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had drugresistant TB. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had drugresistant TB. And this
+figure is actually hard to measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is actually hard to measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is actually hard to measure and
+we're doing big big studies at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing big big studies at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing big big studies at the
+moment to really try to measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to really try to measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to really try to measure that
+accurately. And these patients can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately. And these patients can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately. And these patients can
+require up to nine different drugs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require up to nine different drugs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require up to nine different drugs to
+treat them. So it's a really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them. So it's a really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them. So it's a really complicated
+thing and it's tailored to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's tailored to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's tailored to the
+sensitivity or resistance patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or resistance patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or resistance patterns of
+the organism that they have. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that they have. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that they have. So it's not
+just a case of of standardizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a case of of standardizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a case of of standardizing this
+process. You really have to tailor it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. You really have to tailor it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. You really have to tailor it to
+get the best results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the best results.
+So what we did was we built this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we did was we built this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we did was we built this
+web-based medical record was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web-based medical record was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web-based medical record was based on
+some projects I was doing um with Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some projects I was doing um with Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some projects I was doing um with Peter
+Solvich one of the people who running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solvich one of the people who running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solvich one of the people who running
+this course um a long time ago we they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course um a long time ago we they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course um a long time ago we they
+we' started working on web- based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' started working on web- based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' started working on web- based
+medical records and so when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records and so when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records and so when I started
+talking to PIH about the the needs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to PIH about the the needs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to PIH about the the needs of
+the Peru project that seemed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peru project that seemed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peru project that seemed to be the
+right technology um people did think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right technology um people did think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right technology um people did think we
+were crazy to do this but um it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crazy to do this but um it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crazy to do this but um it worked
+um we started with basically dialup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we started with basically dialup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we started with basically dialup
+connection for about a year and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for about a year and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for about a year and uh the
+system was built in basically bilingual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was built in basically bilingual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was built in basically bilingual
+in English and Spanish. And then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and Spanish. And then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English and Spanish. And then we've
+sort of scaled it over the years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scaled it over the years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scaled it over the years and
+it's now got over 100,000 patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now got over 100,000 patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now got over 100,000 patient
+records in it. Um over 13,000 have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in it. Um over 13,000 have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in it. Um over 13,000 have
+started or completed treatment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started or completed treatment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started or completed treatment for
+MDRTB. And it's the national system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDRTB. And it's the national system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDRTB. And it's the national system for
+MDRTB for the government. Uh the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDRTB for the government. Uh the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDRTB for the government. Uh the system
+has a number of different uh key areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of different uh key areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of different uh key areas
+of data particularly the smears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data particularly the smears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data particularly the smears and
+cultures and drug sensitivity test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and drug sensitivity test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and drug sensitivity test
+results or DSTs. So remember this, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results or DSTs. So remember this, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results or DSTs. So remember this, we'll
+come back to this. This is the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this. This is the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this. This is the testing
+the the microacterium to see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microacterium to see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microacterium to see which
+antibiotics it responds to. Other lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics it responds to. Other lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics it responds to. Other lab
+data like biochemistry, a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like biochemistry, a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like biochemistry, a kind of a
+registration form with previous history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration form with previous history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration form with previous history
+and examination data and previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examination data and previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examination data and previous
+treatment. Digital images of chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Digital images of chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Digital images of chest
+X-rays which we actually use a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays which we actually use a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays which we actually use a special
+protocol and digital camera for and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and digital camera for and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and digital camera for and then
+drug regimen data are very key part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug regimen data are very key part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug regimen data are very key part of
+the whole process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So having got this thing established, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So having got this thing established, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So having got this thing established, we
+found there were a number of problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found there were a number of problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found there were a number of problems.
+And so one of the lessons I think which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so one of the lessons I think which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so one of the lessons I think which
+I'd like to kind of bounce out to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to kind of bounce out to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to kind of bounce out to you is
+when things don't work, it's often an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things don't work, it's often an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things don't work, it's often an
+opportunity to do something interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do something interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do something interesting.
+Um it's annoying. It's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's annoying. It's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's annoying. It's sometimes
+dispiriting. But when you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispiriting. But when you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispiriting. But when you find a
+problem, it's often the time when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, it's often the time when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, it's often the time when you
+should take a step back and think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a step back and think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a step back and think what's
+going on here because that's when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because that's when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because that's when we
+actually you tend to find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you tend to find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you tend to find yourself
+innovating and coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating and coming up with
+interesting results. So one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results. So one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results. So one of the
+problems we had was that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we had was that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we had was that this
+bacterology data was not very good. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterology data was not very good. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterology data was not very good. It
+was difficult to get hold of because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was difficult to get hold of because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was difficult to get hold of because in
+the area of limu we were working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of limu we were working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of limu we were working in
+there were 120 clinics and about 60 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 120 clinics and about 60 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 120 clinics and about 60 of
+them did either microscopy for um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did either microscopy for um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did either microscopy for um the
+smears of the microacterium. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smears of the microacterium. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smears of the microacterium. This is
+from the sputum samples. This is um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sputum samples. This is um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sputum samples. This is um or
+they did culture in some cases. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did culture in some cases. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did culture in some cases. And so
+each one had its own little log book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one had its own little log book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one had its own little log book and
+its own microscope and maybe they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own microscope and maybe they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own microscope and maybe they had
+the incubator and a guy who was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubator and a guy who was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incubator and a guy who was actually
+reporting the stuff and they would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the stuff and they would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the stuff and they would the
+team would go around with a notebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team would go around with a notebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team would go around with a notebooks
+they'd write the stuff down. They'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd write the stuff down. They'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd write the stuff down. They'd go
+back to the the clinic um the clinic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the the clinic um the clinic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the the clinic um the clinic we
+work with and they would then put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with and they would then put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with and they would then put it
+into a log book and then that would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a log book and then that would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a log book and then that would get
+entered into the YMR and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into the YMR and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered into the YMR and you can imagine
+it was just a a really inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a a really inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a a really inefficient
+process probably an extremely typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process probably an extremely typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process probably an extremely typical
+process of what actually happens in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of what actually happens in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of what actually happens in many
+places. So what we said was well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. So what we said was well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. So what we said was well why
+don't we just use a Palm Pilot download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just use a Palm Pilot download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we just use a Palm Pilot download
+a list of the patients in the district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the patients in the district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the patients in the district
+give that to the to the the team member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to the to the the team member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to the to the the team member
+who was going to that site and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was going to that site and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was going to that site and they
+could then enter into the Palm Pilot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then enter into the Palm Pilot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then enter into the Palm Pilot and
+then when they synced that system when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they synced that system when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they synced that system when
+they got back to the clinic it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got back to the clinic it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got back to the clinic it would go
+into a kind of holding area where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of holding area where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of holding area where they
+could check the smears and cultures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check the smears and cultures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check the smears and cultures and
+make sure the data was in good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the data was in good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the data was in good quality
+and then just that would activate put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just that would activate put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just that would activate put
+that into the main record. And so Wim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the main record. And so Wim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the main record. And so Wim
+Blier who was working on his PhD with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blier who was working on his PhD with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blier who was working on his PhD with me
+at the time uh did this project was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh did this project was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time uh did this project was a
+little really kind of almost like a tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little really kind of almost like a tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little really kind of almost like a tri
+trial project to kind of get the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial project to kind of get the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial project to kind of get the get
+started on this this study that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this this study that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on this this study that he was
+doing but he turned it into a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but he turned it into a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but he turned it into a huge
+success and what we did was to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and what we did was to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and what we did was to do an
+actual in study of the impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual in study of the impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual in study of the impact of the
+system and this was a design where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this was a design where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this was a design where we
+wanted to look at both historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at both historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at both historical
+controls and contemporary controls. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and contemporary controls. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and contemporary controls. So
+we looked at four clinics. We randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at four clinics. We randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at four clinics. We randomized
+two to early and two to late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to early and two to late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to early and two to late
+implementation. And then we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation. And then we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation. And then we looked at
+the the pre-data and then the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pre-data and then the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pre-data and then the comparison
+data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data.
+And what we found was that um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we found was that um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we found was that um in the
+original sites was about a month or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sites was about a month or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sites was about a month or so
+to get the data in um both intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data in um both intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the data in um both intervention
+control and that fell a little bit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that fell a little bit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and that fell a little bit over
+the year or so did the study to about 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year or so did the study to about 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year or so did the study to about 22
+days about 3 weeks. But in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days about 3 weeks. But in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days about 3 weeks. But in the
+intervention group it was actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group it was actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group it was actually only
+seven days 7 and a half days and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days 7 and a half days and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days 7 and a half days and that
+was significant. And the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was significant. And the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was significant. And the other thing
+which was good was that the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was good was that the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was good was that the quality of
+the data was significantly better in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data was significantly better in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data was significantly better in the
+intervention group. And then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group. And then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group. And then we also
+found that the staff liked it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the staff liked it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the staff liked it so much
+they kept complaining they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept complaining they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept complaining they wanted to
+finish the study and just use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the study and just use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the study and just use it
+everywhere. And they subsequently use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. And they subsequently use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. And they subsequently use
+and implemented new sites and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implemented new sites and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implemented new sites and they also
+use it now for collecting patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now for collecting patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now for collecting patient
+weights in some cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in some cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in some cases.
+So the next problem was that the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next problem was that the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next problem was that the drug
+census v test results were done at a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census v test results were done at a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census v test results were done at a at
+a number of larger laboratories and Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of larger laboratories and Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of larger laboratories and Peru
+was at that point establishing a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that point establishing a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at that point establishing a proper
+laboratory system for for doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory system for for doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory system for for doing these
+DST results. When we started the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DST results. When we started the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DST results. When we started the project
+originally all of the samples had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally all of the samples had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally all of the samples had to be
+sent to Boston to the Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to Boston to the Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to Boston to the Massachusetts
+state lab and so we would haul these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lab and so we would haul these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lab and so we would haul these
+things in multiple bags and containers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple bags and containers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in multiple bags and containers
+and so on with CDC approval but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on with CDC approval but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on with CDC approval but it was
+never a great process. um and we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a great process. um and we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a great process. um and we had to
+bring them back to Boston to to process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back to Boston to to process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back to Boston to to process.
+So as they established more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as they established more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as they established more
+laboratories, one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories, one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories, one of the things that
+came up was that they needed to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was that they needed to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was that they needed to more
+rapidly process the samples. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly process the samples. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly process the samples. So there
+was a study to look at more rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study to look at more rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study to look at more rapid
+methods for doing the DSTs. But at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for doing the DSTs. But at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for doing the DSTs. But at the
+same time, it was realized there was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, it was realized there was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, it was realized there was all
+these problems with the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems with the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems with the information
+management. So 10% of the results took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. So 10% of the results took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. So 10% of the results took
+more than 60 days to arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 60 days to arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 60 days to arrive at the
+clinic after they had been reported in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic after they had been reported in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic after they had been reported in
+the lab. Um about six six of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab. Um about six six of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab. Um about six six of the
+patients waited over a 100 days to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients waited over a 100 days to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients waited over a 100 days to start
+treatment. And these are sick people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. And these are sick people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. And these are sick people
+with probably multiple years of TB with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably multiple years of TB with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably multiple years of TB with
+and they're shedding drugresistant TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're shedding drugresistant TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're shedding drugresistant TB
+and infecting other people. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infecting other people. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infecting other people. And then
+finally, there were a lot of duplicates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, there were a lot of duplicates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, there were a lot of duplicates.
+Don't know what that is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't know what that is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't know what that is.
+I suppose it seems appropriate TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose it seems appropriate TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose it seems appropriate TB
+advisory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory.
+And so 17% were also duplicates. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so 17% were also duplicates. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so 17% were also duplicates. So they
+were wasting the resources. So what Wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wasting the resources. So what Wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wasting the resources. So what Wine
+did was to build a system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to build a system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to build a system called
+Echaski. It's the Chesky is is an Inca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echaski. It's the Chesky is is an Inca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Echaski. It's the Chesky is is an Inca
+runner. So this guy is the the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner. So this guy is the the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner. So this guy is the the little
+runner who who takes the samples between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner who who takes the samples between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner who who takes the samples between
+the laboratories. And uh the each was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratories. And uh the each was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratories. And uh the each was
+established as as a kind of a module on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established as as a kind of a module on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established as as a kind of a module on
+top of the EMR. And it included tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the EMR. And it included tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the EMR. And it included tools
+that allow the um laboratories to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow the um laboratories to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow the um laboratories to
+actually track the samples when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track the samples when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track the samples when they
+arrived to do quality control on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived to do quality control on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived to do quality control on the the
+processes and and the samples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and and the samples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and and the samples and then
+also to report the results to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to report the results to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to report the results to the
+physicians and the physicians would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians and the physicians would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians and the physicians would then
+get an alerting email to say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an alerting email to say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an alerting email to say that there
+was a new result available. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new result available. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new result available. And so we
+then did a cluster randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did a cluster randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did a cluster randomized control
+trial of this in um over almost 1,800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial of this in um over almost 1,800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial of this in um over almost 1,800
+patients. And what we did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. And what we did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients. And what we did was to
+randomize 12 clinics to the intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize 12 clinics to the intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize 12 clinics to the intervention
+and 22 to the control initially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 22 to the control initially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 22 to the control initially and then
+that expanded as there were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded as there were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded as there were sort of
+subclinics in that group. And the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclinics in that group. And the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclinics in that group. And the study
+lasted about a year and a half. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted about a year and a half. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted about a year and a half. So what
+was interesting was that first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting was that first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting was that first of all
+the intervention health centers had 82%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention health centers had 82%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention health centers had 82%
+less error rates in the DSTs and 87%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less error rates in the DSTs and 87%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less error rates in the DSTs and 87%
+less rate errors in the um the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rate errors in the um the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rate errors in the um the result
+the sort of the culture results and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the culture results and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the culture results and this
+was particularly about um missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly about um missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly about um missing
+results. So a lot of the time the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. So a lot of the time the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. So a lot of the time the error
+was that you just couldn't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you just couldn't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you just couldn't find the
+result in the in the patient's chart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the in the patient's chart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the in the patient's chart.
+And in addition to that we found for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in addition to that we found for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in addition to that we found for
+example that in 66% of the controls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that in 66% of the controls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that in 66% of the controls and
+55% of the intervention health centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55% of the intervention health centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55% of the intervention health centers
+they were missing about 10% of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were missing about 10% of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were missing about 10% of the paper
+results. So this is really fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. So this is really fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. So this is really fundamentally
+a problem of of just the workflow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of of just the workflow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of of just the workflow of the
+access to to data and just the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to to data and just the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to to data and just the problems
+that occur with that. And so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur with that. And so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur with that. And so then we
+also looked at the um the effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looked at the um the effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looked at the um the effect on
+delays. And you can see there's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays. And you can see there's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays. And you can see there's a pretty
+significant drop in the in the delay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant drop in the in the delay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant drop in the in the delay on
+getting a result from the lab. Now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a result from the lab. Now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a result from the lab. Now we're
+doing a lot better here than we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot better here than we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot better here than we were in
+the past. It's only 17 days whereas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past. It's only 17 days whereas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past. It's only 17 days whereas you
+can see before there were a lot higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see before there were a lot higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see before there were a lot higher
+numbers. So things were getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. So things were getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. So things were getting better
+in general but the system did improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but the system did improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but the system did improve
+things in both cases. But what was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in both cases. But what was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in both cases. But what was also
+interesting was that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was that there was a
+significant reduction in the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant reduction in the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant reduction in the time to
+culture conversion and that's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture conversion and that's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture conversion and that's really an
+very key clin clinical endpoint. Now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key clin clinical endpoint. Now I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key clin clinical endpoint. Now I'd
+love to say that everything lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to say that everything lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to say that everything lined up
+perfectly and that the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and that the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and that the time that the
+patient started treatment was shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient started treatment was shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient started treatment was shorter
+and and everything but the the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and everything but the the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and everything but the the treatment
+start was very variable. So it was hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start was very variable. So it was hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start was very variable. So it was hard
+to really get a clear signal on that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get a clear signal on that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get a clear signal on that. It
+didn't it didn't shorten very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't shorten very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't shorten very clearly
+but the but the culture conversion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the culture conversion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but the culture conversion um
+time was significantly shorter. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was significantly shorter. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was significantly shorter. So it
+did seem to improve the way that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did seem to improve the way that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did seem to improve the way that the the
+process was actually managed. Question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was actually managed. Question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was actually managed. Question
+David, what does culture conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David, what does culture conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David, what does culture conversion
+mean? It means that the patient um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? It means that the patient um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? It means that the patient um has
+um who has TB is when you actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who has TB is when you actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who has TB is when you actually take
+a sputum sample and you grow it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sputum sample and you grow it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sputum sample and you grow it in the
+lab, it will grow the bacteria and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab, it will grow the bacteria and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab, it will grow the bacteria and that
+means you're culture positive. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're culture positive. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're culture positive. And so
+when you get started on treatment, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get started on treatment, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get started on treatment, when
+that person goes to culture negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person goes to culture negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person goes to culture negative,
+it's a it's a critical event because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a critical event because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a critical event because
+it's it's one of the key milestones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of the key milestones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of the key milestones in
+curing that patient. And it shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing that patient. And it shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curing that patient. And it shows that
+the treatment seems is actually working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment seems is actually working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment seems is actually working.
+And what you do is you take two samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what you do is you take two samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what you do is you take two samples
+a month apart and if both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month apart and if both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month apart and if both of them are
+negative then the data conversion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the data conversion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the data conversion is the
+date of the first one. Um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of the first one. Um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of the first one. Um and so it's
+kind of a key event that we monitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a key event that we monitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a key event that we monitor.
+So having done a lot of work on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So having done a lot of work on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So having done a lot of work on this uh
+particular area of MDRTB and also worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area of MDRTB and also worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular area of MDRTB and also worked
+on a on an equivalent system which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on an equivalent system which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on an equivalent system which we
+built um for HIV management in Haiti, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built um for HIV management in Haiti, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built um for HIV management in Haiti, we
+kind of recognized that there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recognized that there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recognized that there were some
+real issues around having specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issues around having specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issues around having specialized
+vertical systems and we needed to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical systems and we needed to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical systems and we needed to think
+about doing something that was more kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing something that was more kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing something that was more kind
+of um general purpose and could apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um general purpose and could apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um general purpose and could apply to
+lots of different kinds of diseases. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of diseases. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different kinds of diseases. So
+we needed really a system, an EMR system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed really a system, an EMR system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed really a system, an EMR system
+or an electronic medical record system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an electronic medical record system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an electronic medical record system
+that was simple to set up that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was simple to set up that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was simple to set up that would
+work on multiple computing platforms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on multiple computing platforms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on multiple computing platforms,
+you know, Windows and u Linux and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, Windows and u Linux and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, Windows and u Linux and maybe
+the Mac. Um and then subsequently on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac. Um and then subsequently on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac. Um and then subsequently on on
+actually mobile devices. Um we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mobile devices. Um we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mobile devices. Um we needed
+local users to be able to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local users to be able to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local users to be able to modify the
+system, add forms and reports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, add forms and reports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, add forms and reports and
+generally be able to actually customize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be able to actually customize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be able to actually customize
+it to their own requirements rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to their own requirements rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to their own requirements rather than
+being really dependent on outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really dependent on outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really dependent on outside
+expertise. And we wanted the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. And we wanted the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. And we wanted the system to
+be web- based but also designed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be web- based but also designed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be web- based but also designed so you
+could run it on a on a smaller device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run it on a on a smaller device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run it on a on a smaller device
+such as a laptop in a clinic if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a laptop in a clinic if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a laptop in a clinic if you
+didn't have connectivity. Um it needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have connectivity. Um it needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have connectivity. Um it needed
+to support open standards and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support open standards and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support open standards and these are
+really a critical thing which we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a critical thing which we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a critical thing which we'll come
+back to but things like HL7 or health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to but things like HL7 or health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to but things like HL7 or health
+level 7 which is a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 7 which is a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 7 which is a communication
+standard for health information between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for health information between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for health information between
+different systems like a for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems like a for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems like a for example a
+medical record system and a lab system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record system and a lab system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record system and a lab system.
+um LOINK which is a a coding system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um LOINK which is a a coding system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um LOINK which is a a coding system for
+lab data and SnowMed and ICT ICD10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab data and SnowMed and ICT ICD10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab data and SnowMed and ICT ICD10
+um which is uh basically a system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is uh basically a system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is uh basically a system for
+coding diagnoses. ICD10 is used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding diagnoses. ICD10 is used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding diagnoses. ICD10 is used by the
+WHO and a lot of international agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WHO and a lot of international agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WHO and a lot of international agencies
+and Snowmed and Snow Med CT which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Snowmed and Snow Med CT which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Snowmed and Snow Med CT which is the
+modern version of that is used by a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern version of that is used by a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern version of that is used by a lot
+of US hospitals and we also wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US hospitals and we also wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US hospitals and we also wanted the
+system to be open source so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be open source so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be open source so that we
+could share the work of development both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share the work of development both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share the work of development both
+with our colleagues in the US but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our colleagues in the US but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our colleagues in the US but also
+around the world and that the ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and that the ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and that the ownership
+of the system would be then of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system would be then of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system would be then of really
+handed over to everybody who used it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed over to everybody who used it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed over to everybody who used it. So
+instead of saying here's some free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying here's some free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying here's some free
+software but you have to ask us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but you have to ask us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but you have to ask us to
+maintain it, we'd really hand over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it, we'd really hand over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it, we'd really hand over the
+whole system and the expertise and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and the expertise and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and the expertise and the
+training to really develop and use that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so out of this came a system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so out of this came a system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so out of this came a system called
+open MRS or the open medical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS or the open medical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS or the open medical record
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+The um open EMR, open EHR unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The um open EMR, open EHR unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The um open EMR, open EHR unfortunately
+had gone at that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone at that point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone at that point.
+we had the number three. Um but uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the number three. Um but uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the number three. Um but uh that
+was a system which was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a system which was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a system which was originally
+conceived by a couple of colleagues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived by a couple of colleagues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived by a couple of colleagues of
+ours at the Regan Street Institute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours at the Regan Street Institute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours at the Regan Street Institute in
+Indiana who are working with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana who are working with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana who are working with their
+colleagues in Ampath in Kenya which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Ampath in Kenya which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Ampath in Kenya which is a
+a project in western Kenya which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project in western Kenya which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project in western Kenya which I'll
+talk about more and uh they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about more and uh they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about more and uh they've been
+thinking about this and building some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this and building some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this and building some
+prototypes when we got together and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes when we got together and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes when we got together and we
+were talking about how we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about how we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about how we needed to
+build something based upon what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something based upon what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something based upon what we've
+been doing in Haiti with the HIV EMR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing in Haiti with the HIV EMR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing in Haiti with the HIV EMR
+system and so we decided to collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so we decided to collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so we decided to collaborate
+and to actually build a new system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to actually build a new system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to actually build a new system which
+we started um at the beginning of 2005.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started um at the beginning of 2005.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started um at the beginning of 2005.
+five and this is a system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this is a system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and this is a system which is
+designed to be very kind of open both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be very kind of open both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be very kind of open both in
+terms of open source but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of open source but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of open source but it also
+supports open standards and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports open standards and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports open standards and it has a
+concept dictionary to to manage the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept dictionary to to manage the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept dictionary to to manage the data
+which I'll I'll come back to. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll I'll come back to. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll I'll come back to. Um it's
+modular so that you can actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular so that you can actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular so that you can actually take
+the core system but you can also build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core system but you can also build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core system but you can also build
+additional pieces of software and plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces of software and plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces of software and plug
+them into it so that you can have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into it so that you can have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into it so that you can have people
+who have limited experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have limited experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have limited experience
+experimenting trying things out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting trying things out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting trying things out and
+trying building building new modules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying building building new modules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying building building new modules and
+then as they get better at it being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they get better at it being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they get better at it being able
+to really extend the system. uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really extend the system. uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really extend the system. uh it was
+released as an open- source system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released as an open- source system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released as an open- source system in
+2007 and that's kind of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and that's kind of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and that's kind of important
+because there's a lot of people who talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of people who talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of people who talk
+about open source but when it comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open source but when it comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open source but when it comes down
+to it it's really hard to get the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it's really hard to get the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it's really hard to get the source
+code. So I assure you since April 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. So I assure you since April 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. So I assure you since April 2007
+our source code has been fully available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our source code has been fully available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our source code has been fully available
+and uh we're very very passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're very very passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're very very passionate about
+that issue and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue and one of the things that
+people talk a lot about open source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk a lot about open source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk a lot about open source is
+you know who actually develops these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who actually develops these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who actually develops these
+systems and who's responsible for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and who's responsible for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and who's responsible for for
+dealing with problems and and bug fixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems and and bug fixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems and and bug fixes
+and so on. So we have a core team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So we have a core team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So we have a core team of
+paid programmers, one of whom is here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid programmers, one of whom is here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid programmers, one of whom is here,
+Rita, um who's been working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rita, um who's been working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rita, um who's been working on the
+system actually for about a year and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually for about a year and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually for about a year and a
+half now in Rwanda, um and doing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now in Rwanda, um and doing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now in Rwanda, um and doing some of
+the the training of of Rwanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the training of of Rwanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the training of of Rwanda
+programmers. And uh so that that team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers. And uh so that that team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers. And uh so that that team
+really is responsible for for managing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is responsible for for managing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is responsible for for managing a
+lot of the issues, but we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the issues, but we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the issues, but we have a lot of
+volunteer programmers now, both um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer programmers now, both um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer programmers now, both um
+individuals and also some companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and also some companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and also some companies.
+So the concept dictionary is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the concept dictionary is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the concept dictionary is a simple
+idea with lots of very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with lots of very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with lots of very interesting and
+sometimes complicated manifa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes complicated manifa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes complicated manifa
+manifestations. So the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations. So the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations. So the idea is that
+instead of having a database where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a database where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a database where you
+build a separate table for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a separate table for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a separate table for each
+different uh set of data say a new form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh set of data say a new form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh set of data say a new form
+or a new kind of lab date lab test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new kind of lab date lab test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new kind of lab date lab test you
+have a dictionary and you can enter new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dictionary and you can enter new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dictionary and you can enter new
+concepts in that dictionary and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts in that dictionary and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts in that dictionary and they can
+be numeric in which case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be numeric in which case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be numeric in which case you have a
+range of numeric values. They can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of numeric values. They can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of numeric values. They can be
+coded in this as in this case where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded in this as in this case where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded in this as in this case where what
+you have is the main concept which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the main concept which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the main concept which is
+functional review of symptoms and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional review of symptoms and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional review of symptoms and then a
+list of other concepts which are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of other concepts which are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of other concepts which are really
+like a drop-own menu that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a drop-own menu that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a drop-own menu that you can then
+code this result with. They can also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this result with. They can also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this result with. They can also um
+be used for drug orders and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for drug orders and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for drug orders and you can also
+enter free texts in concepts. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter free texts in concepts. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter free texts in concepts. And the
+idea of this is that it gives people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this is that it gives people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of this is that it gives people the
+flexibility to to add and extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to to add and extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to to add and extend the
+system but also it has other advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but also it has other advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but also it has other advantages
+like you can develop a core data set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can develop a core data set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can develop a core data set for
+example for drugs and TB as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for drugs and TB as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for drugs and TB as we've been
+doing and then you can share that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then you can share that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and then you can share that with
+other organizations so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations so people are
+actually using the same codes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using the same codes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using the same codes and you
+can clearly map reports and analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clearly map reports and analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clearly map reports and analyses
+between the different sites. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different sites. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different sites. So it's
+really an important issue and this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important issue and this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important issue and this can
+then be mapped to other coding systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be mapped to other coding systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be mapped to other coding systems
+and we've done this or our colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done this or our colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done this or our colleague
+from Millennium Villages project Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Millennium Villages project Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Millennium Villages project Andy
+Caner who will actually be talking later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caner who will actually be talking later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caner who will actually be talking later
+on in this course has done this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this course has done this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this course has done this for
+SnowMed and ICD and other coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SnowMed and ICD and other coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SnowMed and ICD and other coding
+systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems.
+The openm community is is based around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The openm community is is based around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The openm community is is based around a
+mailing list and we have this website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing list and we have this website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing list and we have this website
+and this is us at one of our meetings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is us at one of our meetings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is us at one of our meetings of
+about 120 people um which we've had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 120 people um which we've had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 120 people um which we've had in
+South Africa for about five years in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa for about five years in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa for about five years in a
+row now um getting everyone together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row now um getting everyone together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row now um getting everyone together to
+work on the requirements of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the requirements of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the requirements of the system
+and also do a lot of programming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also do a lot of programming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also do a lot of programming.
+This is an example of uh then taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of uh then taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of uh then taking
+open MRS which is a core system and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS which is a core system and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS which is a core system and a
+common platform for building EMR systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common platform for building EMR systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common platform for building EMR systems
+and then actually focusing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually focusing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then actually focusing on a
+particular disease within that core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease within that core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease within that core
+platform. And so in a way it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. And so in a way it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. And so in a way it's kind of
+taking us a full circle. It's a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking us a full circle. It's a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking us a full circle. It's a platform
+which can support primary care HIV TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can support primary care HIV TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can support primary care HIV TB
+heart disease whatever but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease whatever but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease whatever but in this case
+we've customized it to make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've customized it to make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've customized it to make it easier
+for people managing MDRTB patients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people managing MDRTB patients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people managing MDRTB patients to
+have the tools that they would have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tools that they would have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the tools that they would have had
+in the old system. So you can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old system. So you can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old system. So you can see they
+have a list of reports here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of reports here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of reports here and then you
+can enter you search for patients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter you search for patients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter you search for patients here
+and then this is an example um that Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is an example um that Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is an example um that Mark
+Goodrich one of the programmers in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodrich one of the programmers in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodrich one of the programmers in our
+team here has been working on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here has been working on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here has been working on to
+visualize the data for MDRTB and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the data for MDRTB and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the data for MDRTB and it's
+quite an it's sort of based on a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an it's sort of based on a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an it's sort of based on a long
+series of different experiments over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of different experiments over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of different experiments over the
+years with our other systems. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with our other systems. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years with our other systems. You can
+see that you have the different lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have the different lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you have the different lab
+results here. These are smear results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here. These are smear results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here. These are smear results
+for this patient. This is a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this patient. This is a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this patient. This is a culture
+result which is positive. This is drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is positive. This is drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is positive. This is drug
+sensitivity test results um showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity test results um showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity test results um showing
+resistance to isanized and ethamitol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to isanized and ethamitol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to isanized and ethamitol and
+rafampin and this is a timeline for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafampin and this is a timeline for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafampin and this is a timeline for the
+drugs or what we call a drugoggram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or what we call a drugoggram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or what we call a drugoggram
+showing that the patient is taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that the patient is taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that the patient is taking this
+particular set of drugs during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of drugs during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of drugs during that time
+and that there's no resistance for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's no resistance for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's no resistance for the
+drugs that they're taking according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that they're taking according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that they're taking according to
+this result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result.
+Another really interesting thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another really interesting thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another really interesting thing that
+happened after we developed this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after we developed this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after we developed this um
+system for MDRTB based on open MRS was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for MDRTB based on open MRS was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for MDRTB based on open MRS was
+that Amir Khan and his group in Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Amir Khan and his group in Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Amir Khan and his group in Pakistan
+in Karach decided they wanted to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Karach decided they wanted to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Karach decided they wanted to use the
+system. So they took the system, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So they took the system, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So they took the system, they
+did a mashup, excuse me, a mashup with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a mashup, excuse me, a mashup with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a mashup, excuse me, a mashup with
+Google Maps and so you can then see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Maps and so you can then see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Maps and so you can then see all
+the patient locations in Karach and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient locations in Karach and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient locations in Karach and then
+the patients who are green, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients who are green, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients who are green, their
+healthcare workers have texted that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers have texted that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare workers have texted that they
+actually received their directly therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually received their directly therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually received their directly therapy
+within the last 48 hours. And then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 48 hours. And then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 48 hours. And then when
+you click on one of these people, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on one of these people, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on one of these people, you
+can pull up this record which is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull up this record which is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull up this record which is from
+the open system. It's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open system. It's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open system. It's another way of
+viewing the smear and culture results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing the smear and culture results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing the smear and culture results.
+So it's kind of an interesting mix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's kind of an interesting mix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's kind of an interesting mix and
+this was something that they took on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that they took on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that they took on and
+were able to do because it was open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do because it was open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do because it was open
+source. They were able to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. They were able to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. They were able to take the
+system and customize it and build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and customize it and build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and customize it and build on
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So OpenMs is um been growing rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So OpenMs is um been growing rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So OpenMs is um been growing rather
+rapidly. Um not all of these sites are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. Um not all of these sites are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. Um not all of these sites are
+clinical but about a month ago we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical but about a month ago we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical but about a month ago we did a
+survey to see how many sites were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey to see how many sites were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey to see how many sites were
+definitely using the system for clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely using the system for clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely using the system for clinical
+care and there are at least 24 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and there are at least 24 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care and there are at least 24 countries
+in which there are projects using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are projects using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there are projects using the
+system for clinical care. Um, many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for clinical care. Um, many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for clinical care. Um, many of
+these are development sites and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are development sites and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are development sites and many of
+these we don't really know what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we don't really know what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we don't really know what people
+are up to. And last year about 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up to. And last year about 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up to. And last year about 110
+countries downloaded the system. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries downloaded the system. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries downloaded the system. So we
+don't really quite know who is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really quite know who is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really quite know who is doing
+what with those ones. Question. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with those ones. Question. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with those ones. Question. That's
+exactly I was going to ask if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I was going to ask if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I was going to ask if if you're
+marketing it to them in some way or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it to them in some way or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it to them in some way or is
+it just that it can't really know who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just that it can't really know who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just that it can't really know who's
+using it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, we wondered about having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we wondered about having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, we wondered about having a
+system that um asks you if you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that um asks you if you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that um asks you if you can sort
+of send a message back saying, "Hey, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of send a message back saying, "Hey, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of send a message back saying, "Hey, I'm
+I'm running now." But it's in a way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running now." But it's in a way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running now." But it's in a way it's
+kind of a little bit um seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit um seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit um seems a little
+bit like a sort of, you know, keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a sort of, you know, keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a sort of, you know, keeping
+tabs on people, right? So, it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabs on people, right? So, it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabs on people, right? So, it's it's a
+difficult question, but if they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult question, but if they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult question, but if they wanted
+to, they could just vit. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, they could just vit. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, they could just vit. Exactly.
+And so, what this is doing, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, what this is doing, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, what this is doing, this is
+actually East Africa. Um here is Rwanda,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually East Africa. Um here is Rwanda,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually East Africa. Um here is Rwanda,
+which is where we have a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we have a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we have a lot of our
+sites. There's 21 sites there. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites. There's 21 sites there. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites. There's 21 sites there. This is
+um Western Kenya. Elderret um Uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Western Kenya. Elderret um Uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Western Kenya. Elderret um Uganda
+down in Malawi we have a site in Nino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Malawi we have a site in Nino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Malawi we have a site in Nino
+and some other sites um down in the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other sites um down in the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other sites um down in the east
+coast of Tanzania Millennium Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast of Tanzania Millennium Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast of Tanzania Millennium Village
+Project sites and West Africa. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project sites and West Africa. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project sites and West Africa. And then
+if we look at Rwanda itself, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at Rwanda itself, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at Rwanda itself, which is
+where I do a lot of my work um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do a lot of my work um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do a lot of my work um you can
+see this is the the border around here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is the the border around here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is the the border around here,
+Lake Ku, which I had the good pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake Ku, which I had the good pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lake Ku, which I had the good pleasure
+of being in two weeks ago. Um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in two weeks ago. Um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in two weeks ago. Um and uh and
+our site Rquavu is just in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site Rquavu is just in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site Rquavu is just in this area
+here near the Akagera game reserve. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near the Akagera game reserve. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near the Akagera game reserve. Um,
+so we've been working in Rwanda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been working in Rwanda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been working in Rwanda for
+about five years now. It's a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years now. It's a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years now. It's a a small
+African country with about 9 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African country with about 9 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African country with about 9 million
+people, very densely populated and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, very densely populated and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, very densely populated and very
+heavily rural. Um, although Kaggali, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily rural. Um, although Kaggali, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily rural. Um, although Kaggali, the
+capital is actually quite uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is actually quite uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is actually quite uh quite
+rapidly developing. So it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly developing. So it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly developing. So it seems like
+it's better off than it than it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better off than it than it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better off than it than it really
+is. Um, it achieved really rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, it achieved really rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, it achieved really rapid
+economic growth over the last few years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth over the last few years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth over the last few years,
+but still has really big health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still has really big health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still has really big health
+problems. These numbers are probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. These numbers are probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. These numbers are probably a
+couple of years out of date. type. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years out of date. type. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years out of date. type. I
+wasn't able to get the exact recent ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to get the exact recent ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to get the exact recent ones
+which have improved a bit particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have improved a bit particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have improved a bit particularly
+maternal and infant mortality rates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal and infant mortality rates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal and infant mortality rates but
+there's still you can see very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still you can see very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still you can see very high
+numbers for for these two figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for for these two figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for for these two figures
+particularly maternal mortality and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly maternal mortality and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly maternal mortality and very
+low median income even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low median income even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low median income even though you
+wouldn't you wouldn't think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you wouldn't think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you wouldn't think that when
+you're in Kagali.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in Kagali.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in Kagali.
+So currently we're using open MS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So currently we're using open MS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So currently we're using open MS in
+about 21 health centers. We're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 21 health centers. We're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 21 health centers. We're actually
+expanding at the moment to another five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding at the moment to another five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding at the moment to another five
+or 10. Um these are sites that PH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10. Um these are sites that PH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10. Um these are sites that PH is
+supporting with the government. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting with the government. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting with the government. In
+addition, um we collect data on um HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, um we collect data on um HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, um we collect data on um HIV
+initially and now on TB and heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and now on TB and heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and now on TB and heart
+disease and we're expanding it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and we're expanding it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and we're expanding it to
+primary care. We have about 16,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care. We have about 16,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care. We have about 16,000
+patients tracked in the system at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients tracked in the system at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients tracked in the system at the
+moment. Um that number is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Um that number is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Um that number is going up
+pretty quickly now that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly now that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly now that we started
+registering new patients in primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering new patients in primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering new patients in primary
+care. And um we have a team of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. And um we have a team of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. And um we have a team of what we
+call Rwanda data officers who do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Rwanda data officers who do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Rwanda data officers who do the
+data entry from paper forms and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry from paper forms and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry from paper forms and that's
+usually the way people are entering data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the way people are entering data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the way people are entering data
+into systems like OpenMRS. And many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into systems like OpenMRS. And many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into systems like OpenMRS. And many
+sites actually have their own servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites actually have their own servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites actually have their own servers
+now because the internet access is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the internet access is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the internet access is
+really unreliable and it uses satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unreliable and it uses satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really unreliable and it uses satellite
+internet. So it's got a high latency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So it's got a high latency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So it's got a high latency.
+And so what we're doing is uh we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what we're doing is uh we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what we're doing is uh we we have
+a system running locally but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system running locally but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system running locally but then we
+have some tools for synchronizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tools for synchronizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tools for synchronizing that
+data to a central site so that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to a central site so that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to a central site so that in the
+background you're getting a copy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you're getting a copy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you're getting a copy of that
+data and you're also pushing back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you're also pushing back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you're also pushing back the
+data on things like CD4 counts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on things like CD4 counts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on things like CD4 counts and
+that's really important. So the lab data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important. So the lab data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important. So the lab data
+which is really critical for managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really critical for managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really critical for managing
+HIV patients is getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV patients is getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV patients is getting to the
+peripheral sites.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral sites.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral sites.
+This is an example of some really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of some really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an example of some really kind
+of uh alerts and summaries that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh alerts and summaries that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh alerts and summaries that we've
+been printing for our staff for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been printing for our staff for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been printing for our staff for about
+three and a half years now. And these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half years now. And these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half years now. And these
+are generated. So this is a row you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated. So this is a row you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated. So this is a row you know
+for the p each patient has a row here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the p each patient has a row here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the p each patient has a row here
+and and what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what we're doing is we're
+actually showing the most recent weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showing the most recent weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showing the most recent weights
+most recent CD4 counts and uh if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent CD4 counts and uh if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent CD4 counts and uh if there's
+a problem we can have a actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem we can have a actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem we can have a actually
+activate an alert such as you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate an alert such as you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate an alert such as you know this
+patient needs a CD4 count is out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient needs a CD4 count is out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient needs a CD4 count is out of date
+and this data is really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this data is really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this data is really important in
+fact in helping to keep track of Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in helping to keep track of Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in helping to keep track of Patrick
+I know that in one they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in one they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that in one they have
+a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+of performance based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance based
+Uh so it's one of the best models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's one of the best models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's one of the best models so
+far. So to monitor performance, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. So to monitor performance, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. So to monitor performance, you
+really have to have a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have a a good
+information system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system.
+What was the implication of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was the implication of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was the implication of this uh
+program on the ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on the ongoing
+performance is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is going
+that is happening in one natural. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening in one natural. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening in one natural. So if
+you wouldn't mind I will actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't mind I will actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't mind I will actually come
+back to that in about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in about five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in about five minutes
+because I've got a couple of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a couple of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a couple of things I
+wanted to to to to set that up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to to to set that up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to to to set that up with.
+It's it's a very relevant question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a very relevant question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a very relevant question which
+we've actually been bumping into.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually been bumping into.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually been bumping into.
+So one of the questions we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the questions we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the questions we wanted to
+know was um how effective was the EMR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was um how effective was the EMR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was um how effective was the EMR
+system in supporting some key aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in supporting some key aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in supporting some key aspects of
+care for HIV patients. So Cheryl Amaroso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for HIV patients. So Cheryl Amaroso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for HIV patients. So Cheryl Amaroso
+who is our project manager um and leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is our project manager um and leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is our project manager um and leads
+the EMR projects in Rwanda um looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR projects in Rwanda um looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR projects in Rwanda um looked at
+this question about whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question about whether the
+physicians had access to the latest CD4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians had access to the latest CD4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians had access to the latest CD4
+count. So the way they did this was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. So the way they did this was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. So the way they did this was that
+when you fill out a p paper follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fill out a p paper follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fill out a p paper follow-up
+form the physician is asked to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the physician is asked to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the physician is asked to record
+what they believe is the most recent CD4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they believe is the most recent CD4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they believe is the most recent CD4
+count. And so then we looked at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. And so then we looked at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count. And so then we looked at whether
+there were delays in getting access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were delays in getting access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were delays in getting access to
+that. So we said why don't we implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we said why don't we implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we said why don't we implement
+this new lab system which will allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new lab system which will allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new lab system which will allow the
+laboratory to enter the CD4 counts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory to enter the CD4 counts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory to enter the CD4 counts more
+efficiently into the EMR system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently into the EMR system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently into the EMR system and then
+that will drive them towards those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will drive them towards those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will drive them towards those
+alerts we just I just showed you and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts we just I just showed you and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts we just I just showed you and see
+if that had an impact. So we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that had an impact. So we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that had an impact. So we looked at
+this question of of CD4 counts that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of of CD4 counts that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of of CD4 counts that were
+done in the last 60 days that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the last 60 days that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the last 60 days that were not
+available or not known to the physician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available or not known to the physician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available or not known to the physician
+when they saw the patient. We found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw the patient. We found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw the patient. We found that
+about a quarter of the time this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter of the time this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter of the time this they
+actually had an out-of- CD4 count. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had an out-of- CD4 count. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had an out-of- CD4 count. Um
+once we'd implemented the lab system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we'd implemented the lab system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we'd implemented the lab system and
+with the paper printouts we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper printouts we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper printouts we got that
+down to about uh 16%. Which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about uh 16%. Which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about uh 16%. Which is you know
+pretty good improvement but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good improvement but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good improvement but it's still
+not good enough obviously and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough obviously and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough obviously and you have
+to think about the kind of environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the kind of environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the kind of environment
+we're working in all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working in all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working in all the different
+clinics the the logistics of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics the the logistics of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics the the logistics of trying to
+get between those clinics and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get between those clinics and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get between those clinics and to
+actually deliver paper and then manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deliver paper and then manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deliver paper and then manage
+it all. So the question then was how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all. So the question then was how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all. So the question then was how do
+we actually improve that further? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually improve that further? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually improve that further? So
+what we did was then to set up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was then to set up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was then to set up so that
+um the clinicians can actually look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the clinicians can actually look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the clinicians can actually look at a
+summary of the patients. So we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the patients. So we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the patients. So we have the
+um summary of HIV patients and several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um summary of HIV patients and several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um summary of HIV patients and several
+of the clinics now have access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clinics now have access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clinics now have access to this
+in the ID clinic where the HIV patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ID clinic where the HIV patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ID clinic where the HIV patients
+are managed and what they see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are managed and what they see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are managed and what they see is a
+little summary here which has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little summary here which has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little summary here which has uh
+basically uh list of any adverse events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh list of any adverse events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh list of any adverse events
+um recent symptoms the drug regime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recent symptoms the drug regime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um recent symptoms the drug regime the
+patient's taking in this case tryune and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's taking in this case tryune and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's taking in this case tryune and
+um trimethopin selfthoxis or prophylaxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trimethopin selfthoxis or prophylaxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trimethopin selfthoxis or prophylaxis
+and then here's some key lab data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's some key lab data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's some key lab data like
+the CD4 counts and liver function tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CD4 counts and liver function tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CD4 counts and liver function tests
+and then obviously a eight and and CD4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously a eight and and CD4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously a eight and and CD4
+count graph. And this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count graph. And this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count graph. And this is kind of the
+core data you want on follow-up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core data you want on follow-up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core data you want on follow-up for
+these patients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients.
+And one was interesting thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one was interesting thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one was interesting thing was
+interesting was that this this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was that this this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was that this this week
+actually or in the last couple of weeks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually or in the last couple of weeks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually or in the last couple of weeks,
+our colleagues at Ampath using the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our colleagues at Ampath using the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our colleagues at Ampath using the open
+MRS system have just published a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRS system have just published a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRS system have just published a paper
+looking at the impact of their clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the impact of their clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the impact of their clinical
+summaries which are very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries which are very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries which are very similar to the
+one I just showed you. Um and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just showed you. Um and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just showed you. Um and what they
+were doing was printing out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was printing out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was printing out these
+summaries and giving them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries and giving them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries and giving them to the
+physicians before they saw the patients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians before they saw the patients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians before they saw the patients.
+Same sort of model. And so they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same sort of model. And so they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same sort of model. And so they then
+decided to choose two clinics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to choose two clinics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to choose two clinics and
+randomly chose one to be an intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chose one to be an intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chose one to be an intervention
+site and then a the other the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then a the other the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then a the other the control
+site. And they looked at the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. And they looked at the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. And they looked at the impact of
+the computerized reminders for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computerized reminders for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computerized reminders for you know
+patient people who needed a repeat CD4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient people who needed a repeat CD4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient people who needed a repeat CD4
+count to see if that had an impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to see if that had an impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to see if that had an impact on
+the actual behavior of the clinicians in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual behavior of the clinicians in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual behavior of the clinicians in
+ordering these tests and getting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering these tests and getting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering these tests and getting you
+know getting this data from the patient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know getting this data from the patient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know getting this data from the patient.
+And they found that in the intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they found that in the intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they found that in the intervention
+group about 53% of the time they ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group about 53% of the time they ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group about 53% of the time they ordered
+the test whereas in the control group it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test whereas in the control group it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test whereas in the control group it
+was actually 38% of the time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually 38% of the time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually 38% of the time and then
+this being um rural Africa the printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being um rural Africa the printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being um rural Africa the printer
+didn't always work. So when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't always work. So when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't always work. So when they
+actually did work the figure was 63%. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did work the figure was 63%. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did work the figure was 63%. So
+that gives you a sense that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a sense that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a sense that there was
+obviously having a pretty significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously having a pretty significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously having a pretty significant
+impact on the decision-making process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the decision-making process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the decision-making process of
+the physicians. And I think sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicians. And I think sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicians. And I think sort of
+taken along with the the work we we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken along with the the work we we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken along with the the work we we did
+with the CD4 count access, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CD4 count access, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the CD4 count access, you can see
+that there is a an evidence base growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a an evidence base growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a an evidence base growing
+to show in specific areas how an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show in specific areas how an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show in specific areas how an
+information system like this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system like this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system like this can
+actually really have an impact. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really have an impact. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really have an impact. Um
+there's a lot more to learn. But uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to learn. But uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to learn. But uh but
+one of the interesting things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things about this
+was that um having the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that um having the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that um having the information
+system to collect the data um does allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to collect the data um does allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to collect the data um does allow
+in principle you to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you to do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you to do better
+performance-based finance um assessments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance-based finance um assessments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance-based finance um assessments
+and that's something which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something which I think is
+going to be important going forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important going forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important going forward in
+Rwanda. Um however uh when I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda. Um however uh when I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda. Um however uh when I talk about
+the primary care piece they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary care piece they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary care piece they use the
+paper registers to determine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper registers to determine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper registers to determine this
+performancebased financing. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performancebased financing. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performancebased financing. So when we
+actually decided to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decided to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decided to do things
+electronically, we then had to scramble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically, we then had to scramble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically, we then had to scramble
+to develop a special report so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a special report so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a special report so you could
+print it out to make it look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print it out to make it look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print it out to make it look like the
+paper registers otherwise they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper registers otherwise they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper registers otherwise they wouldn't
+give them money. So So one of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them money. So So one of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them money. So So one of one of
+Rita's colleagues is busy hacking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rita's colleagues is busy hacking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rita's colleagues is busy hacking away
+that report at the moment. I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report at the moment. I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that report at the moment. I think it's
+nearly finished um ironically but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly finished um ironically but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly finished um ironically but in
+future I think Randa will be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I think Randa will be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I think Randa will be interested
+in um using these kind of tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um using these kind of tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um using these kind of tools to
+really improve that process and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve that process and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve that process and I'm sure
+that that will be a phase we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will be a phase we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will be a phase we'll go
+through. So, one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. So, one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. So, one of the interesting
+things in Rwanda is that it's a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in Rwanda is that it's a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in Rwanda is that it's a country
+that has a very forward-looking approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very forward-looking approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very forward-looking approach
+to health information systems. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to health information systems. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to health information systems. So, what
+they've been doing is saying, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been doing is saying, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been doing is saying, well,
+instead of just having a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having a few different
+organizations come in and build medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come in and build medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come in and build medical
+records or lab systems or systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records or lab systems or systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records or lab systems or systems for
+monitoring evaluation for, I don't know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring evaluation for, I don't know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring evaluation for, I don't know,
+malaria or whatever, we want a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria or whatever, we want a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria or whatever, we want a national
+plan. We want an architecture. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. We want an architecture. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. We want an architecture. We want
+to think about what each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what each of these
+different components needs to do. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components needs to do. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components needs to do. We
+want to approve ones that will really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to approve ones that will really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to approve ones that will really do
+that well and we want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well and we want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well and we want to make sure that
+they interoperate and they are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interoperate and they are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interoperate and they are based on
+open standards and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open standards and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open standards and this is really
+exciting stuff. I mean it's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting stuff. I mean it's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting stuff. I mean it's the sort of
+thing we're trying to do in the US at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to do in the US at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to do in the US at
+the moment but Rhonda has the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but Rhonda has the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment but Rhonda has the advantage
+of being able to do this in a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to do this in a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to do this in a smaller
+scale and there isn't the same degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and there isn't the same degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and there isn't the same degree of
+legacy systems obviously. Um so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy systems obviously. Um so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy systems obviously. Um so there
+are good things about not having stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good things about not having stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good things about not having stuff.
+David at some point did you mention how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David at some point did you mention how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David at some point did you mention how
+important or not important patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or not important patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or not important patient
+privacy is in the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy is in the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy is in the implementation of
+these systems? Um I will do I knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems? Um I will do I knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems? Um I will do I knew that
+someone would ask it is a very big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would ask it is a very big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would ask it is a very big issue
+for us. Yeah. I mean I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. Yeah. I mean I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. Yeah. I mean I'll come back and
+discuss it in detail but definitely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in detail but definitely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in detail but definitely um
+this is a very important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important question
+particularly as you start to scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as you start to scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as you start to scale and
+you have start to have national systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have start to have national systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have start to have national systems
+and so there are some real questions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some real questions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are some real questions. So
+so what's happening here this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening here this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening here this is kind of
+like national level and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like national level and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like national level and this is sort of
+like health facility level. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like health facility level. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like health facility level. So you have
+the MR system, you have lab systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MR system, you have lab systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MR system, you have lab systems that
+you can link to using HL7. Um pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link to using HL7. Um pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link to using HL7. Um pharmacy
+systems and we're working on standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and we're working on standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and we're working on standards
+to link those to the MR system. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link those to the MR system. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to link those to the MR system. For
+example, sending a drug regimen from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, sending a drug regimen from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, sending a drug regimen from a
+patient to the pharmacy. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to the pharmacy. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to the pharmacy. Um there's
+radiology systems and in in Ampath they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology systems and in in Ampath they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology systems and in in Ampath they
+have a simple uh pack system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple uh pack system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple uh pack system that's
+linked to using HL7 to open MRS and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to using HL7 to open MRS and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to using HL7 to open MRS and then
+we have various excuse me mobile systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various excuse me mobile systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various excuse me mobile systems
+of course one here called SO you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one here called SO you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one here called SO you may
+have heard of and uh also ODK and openX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of and uh also ODK and openX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of and uh also ODK and openX
+data which can link data either entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which can link data either entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which can link data either entering
+data or downloading data in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or downloading data in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or downloading data in some cases
+from open MRS and then at this level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from open MRS and then at this level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from open MRS and then at this level you
+have things like the national supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like the national supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like the national supply
+chain and Chimera in Rwanda You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and Chimera in Rwanda You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and Chimera in Rwanda You have
+tracknet which is a national web-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracknet which is a national web-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracknet which is a national web-based
+system for doing um aggregate reports um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for doing um aggregate reports um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for doing um aggregate reports um
+which we can now we now have a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can now we now have a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can now we now have a prototype
+um SDMX HD message which is a who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um SDMX HD message which is a who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um SDMX HD message which is a who
+standard for sending reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for sending reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for sending reports
+automatically to another system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to another system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically to another system and then
+there's also this question of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this question of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this question of national
+registries lists of patients providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries lists of patients providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries lists of patients providers
+um terminology servers and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um terminology servers and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um terminology servers and so on and so
+this is kind of my view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of my view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of my view of the world
+with the EMR is kind of the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the EMR is kind of the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the EMR is kind of the middle here
+it's just my my way of looking at it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just my my way of looking at it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just my my way of looking at it I
+think that um this is a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um this is a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um this is a good way of
+doing it particular clean health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it particular clean health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it particular clean health
+facility. Other people would view it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility. Other people would view it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility. Other people would view it a
+little differently. We'd be down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently. We'd be down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently. We'd be down here
+sort of near the bottom. Um but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of near the bottom. Um but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of near the bottom. Um but uh this
+is an example of one of the models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of one of the models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of one of the models for
+the national e- health architecture. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national e- health architecture. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national e- health architecture. Um
+not necessarily the final version, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the final version, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the final version, but
+this is one where we're using a Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where we're using a Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where we're using a Canada
+health infoways exchange data exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health infoways exchange data exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health infoways exchange data exchange
+layer to link all the different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to link all the different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to link all the different pieces
+open MRS and tracknet and uh mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS and tracknet and uh mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open MRS and tracknet and uh mobile
+devices for healthcare workers and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for healthcare workers and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices for healthcare workers and so on
+and then all these different registries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all these different registries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all these different registries
+and birth registries and so on. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and birth registries and so on. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and birth registries and so on. This
+stuff is really has big implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is really has big implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is really has big implications for
+um you know access to private data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know access to private data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know access to private data and
+who owns that data and who manages it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns that data and who manages it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who owns that data and who manages it
+and I think there there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there there are a lot of
+unresolved issues though Rwanda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved issues though Rwanda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unresolved issues though Rwanda is
+unusual in at least having policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual in at least having policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual in at least having policies
+around this. Um I think only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this. Um I think only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this. Um I think only three
+developing countries um or four sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries um or four sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries um or four sorry
+had had policies in the last year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had policies in the last year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had policies in the last year to
+manage health information privacy. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage health information privacy. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage health information privacy. So
+it's it is a big issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a big issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a big issue.
+So one of the nice interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the nice interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the nice interesting things
+was that there the government in Rhonda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there the government in Rhonda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there the government in Rhonda
+was interested in using an EMR system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in using an EMR system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in using an EMR system
+more broadly and we've been talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly and we've been talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly and we've been talking and
+negotiating about this for quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating about this for quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating about this for quite a long
+time. I mean several years at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I mean several years at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I mean several years at this point
+but they've decided they wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've decided they wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they've decided they wanted to go
+ahead and use open MRS for the clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use open MRS for the clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use open MRS for the clinics
+and smaller hospitals and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller hospitals and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller hospitals and we actually
+just started a plan to to roll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started a plan to to roll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started a plan to to roll the
+system out and I was in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system out and I was in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system out and I was in a couple of
+weeks ago and I actually was um we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago and I actually was um we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago and I actually was um we had
+the first new government site u where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first new government site u where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first new government site u where we
+actually rolled out the system and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rolled out the system and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rolled out the system and it's
+now running. So that was exciting after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now running. So that was exciting after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now running. So that was exciting after
+I would say three years of planning. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say three years of planning. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say three years of planning. So
+making progress. Now this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress. Now this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress. Now this is another
+critical piece of the pro of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of the pro of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of the pro of the overall
+process and which is how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and which is how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and which is how do we actually
+ensure that there is a workforce who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there is a workforce who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that there is a workforce who are
+not only have access to open source but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only have access to open source but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only have access to open source but
+they can really use that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really use that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really use that in a
+constructive and effective way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and effective way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and effective way and you
+can't you know can't just say here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know can't just say here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know can't just say here's a
+big open source project it runs on Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big open source project it runs on Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big open source project it runs on Linux
+you know go ahead and use it. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go ahead and use it. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go ahead and use it. you
+obviously need to have trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to have trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to have trained
+workforce. And so what we found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce. And so what we found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce. And so what we found in
+Rwanda was that there were computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda was that there were computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda was that there were computer
+science graduates but they didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science graduates but they didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science graduates but they didn't have a
+lot of hands-on skills. It was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hands-on skills. It was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hands-on skills. It was a very
+kind of theoretical course. So um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of theoretical course. So um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of theoretical course. So um what
+we did was to set up a training program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was to set up a training program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was to set up a training program
+and Rita was helping to run that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rita was helping to run that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Rita was helping to run that program
+for the last year and a half and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last year and a half and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last year and a half and to
+teach uh Rwanda programmers how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach uh Rwanda programmers how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach uh Rwanda programmers how to do
+really hands-on programming. We also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hands-on programming. We also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hands-on programming. We also
+taught them about medical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught them about medical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught them about medical information
+systems. um taught them how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. um taught them how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. um taught them how to actually
+build modules in open MRS and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build modules in open MRS and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build modules in open MRS and then we
+did lectures on um medical informatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did lectures on um medical informatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did lectures on um medical informatics
+and about medical data and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about medical data and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about medical data and some of the
+issues around medical data and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues around medical data and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues around medical data and this is
+our first group graduating and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first group graduating and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first group graduating and this is
+Dr. Yes, who is the permanent secretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr. Yes, who is the permanent secretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr. Yes, who is the permanent secretary
+of health and a a big supporter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health and a a big supporter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health and a a big supporter of this
+work um and Chris Bailey from WHO and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and Chris Bailey from WHO and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and Chris Bailey from WHO and uh
+we've had another graduating class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had another graduating class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had another graduating class last
+December. I was actually 12 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December. I was actually 12 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December. I was actually 12 in that
+case. So this group of programmers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. So this group of programmers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. So this group of programmers are
+now actually working with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually working with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually working with a bunch of
+organizations including the Ministry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations including the Ministry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations including the Ministry of
+Health and Partners in Health and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health and Partners in Health and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health and Partners in Health and some
+of our other partners in the country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our other partners in the country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our other partners in the country um
+and helping to actually build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helping to actually build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helping to actually build the
+systems that are being rolled out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are being rolled out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are being rolled out.
+So one of the things that the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the things that the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the things that the government
+wanted was to expand beyond HIV to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was to expand beyond HIV to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was to expand beyond HIV to
+registering individual patients. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering individual patients. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering individual patients. So
+moving from a chronic disease issue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a chronic disease issue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a chronic disease issue to
+actually registering individual patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually registering individual patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually registering individual patients
+using a touchscreen registration system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a touchscreen registration system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a touchscreen registration system.
+And this is something that we've rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is something that we've rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is something that we've rolled
+out about uh 6 months ago in RQAVU, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about uh 6 months ago in RQAVU, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about uh 6 months ago in RQAVU, our
+sort of main site in the east of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of main site in the east of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of main site in the east of the
+country. And we're now registering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. And we're now registering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. And we're now registering um
+several thousand patients a week, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand patients a week, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand patients a week, I
+think, at this point. And uh we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, at this point. And uh we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, at this point. And uh we started
+that actually in the new rollout site as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually in the new rollout site as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually in the new rollout site as
+well. So this is an example where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So this is an example where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So this is an example where this
+data which is normally kept in five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is normally kept in five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is normally kept in five or
+six different paper registries which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different paper registries which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six different paper registries which are
+not synchronized and not organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not synchronized and not organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not synchronized and not organized
+that's actually what's used for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what's used for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what's used for the
+performance-based financing. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance-based financing. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance-based financing. So that's
+the thing we have to then retro print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we have to then retro print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we have to then retro print
+but but but it'll get it'll move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but it'll get it'll move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but it'll get it'll move.
+So I want to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to talk a little bit about
+some other information systems. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other information systems. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other information systems. Um the
+the real inventors of this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real inventors of this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real inventors of this idea of
+touchscreen patient registration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchscreen patient registration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchscreen patient registration and
+touchscreen systems for use of point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchscreen systems for use of point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchscreen systems for use of point of
+care in developing countries is a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in developing countries is a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in developing countries is a group
+called Baobab. uh founded by a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Baobab. uh founded by a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Baobab. uh founded by a friend
+and colleague called Jerry Douglas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleague called Jerry Douglas um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleague called Jerry Douglas um
+and he really pioneered this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really pioneered this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really pioneered this idea of
+teaching people how to use a touchcreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people how to use a touchcreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people how to use a touchcreen
+because it's much easier than actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much easier than actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's much easier than actually
+teaching people to use a keyboard and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people to use a keyboard and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people to use a keyboard and a
+mouse and they've registered hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse and they've registered hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse and they've registered hundreds of
+thousands of patients in the long way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients in the long way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients in the long way in
+Malawi and have developed a system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi and have developed a system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi and have developed a system for
+direct data entry for HIV patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct data entry for HIV patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct data entry for HIV patient
+records where the the registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records where the the registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records where the the registration
+person enters the patient originally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person enters the patient originally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person enters the patient originally the
+nurse enters the vital signs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse enters the vital signs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse enters the vital signs and then
+the physician actually enters clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physician actually enters clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physician actually enters clinical
+data and prescribes the patient's drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and prescribes the patient's drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and prescribes the patient's drug
+regimen. And then finally, the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimen. And then finally, the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimen. And then finally, the patient
+then goes to the pharmacy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to the pharmacy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to the pharmacy and they
+dispense from the system as well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense from the system as well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense from the system as well. And
+they use a printed barcoded label to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a printed barcoded label to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a printed barcoded label to on
+the patient's health passport to to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's health passport to to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's health passport to to link
+this all together so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all together so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all together so that you can
+actually easily pull up the record. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easily pull up the record. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easily pull up the record. And
+we're now using that for our sites in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now using that for our sites in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now using that for our sites in uh
+in Rwanda where people will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rwanda where people will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rwanda where people will actually
+doing the registration piece. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the registration piece. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the registration piece. And in
+Malawi, we're we're actually um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi, we're we're actually um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malawi, we're we're actually um also
+recording the diagnosis in a coded um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the diagnosis in a coded um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording the diagnosis in a coded um
+system and we're recording drug regimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're recording drug regimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're recording drug regimen
+data. So this is kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So this is kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. So this is kind of an interesting
+step forward question. Yeah. Do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward question. Yeah. Do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward question. Yeah. Do you have
+any interest in you said you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interest in you said you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interest in you said you put
+do you have any interestification?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a big conversation. Um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a big conversation. Um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a big conversation. Um I think
+having some type of an ID that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some type of an ID that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some type of an ID that people
+can pull up the record with and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull up the record with and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull up the record with and that
+they can easily you know reidentify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can easily you know reidentify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can easily you know reidentify the
+person is very helpful. I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is very helpful. I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is very helpful. I think that
+there's some reservations about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reservations about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reservations about having
+everybody use bar use their fingerprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody use bar use their fingerprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody use bar use their fingerprints
+for example or biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or biological
+identification. I mean there's some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification. I mean there's some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification. I mean there's some cost
+issues though that's less a problem than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues though that's less a problem than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues though that's less a problem than
+it used to be. Fingerprints aren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be. Fingerprints aren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be. Fingerprints aren't as
+great in people who have who do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in people who have who do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in people who have who do a lot of
+manual labor and farming as they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual labor and farming as they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual labor and farming as they would
+be in somebody you know who has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in somebody you know who has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in somebody you know who has you know
+a fairly light sort of uh computer kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly light sort of uh computer kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly light sort of uh computer kind
+of job. So it's not as reliable as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of job. So it's not as reliable as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of job. So it's not as reliable as it
+might be. Um some people are doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be. Um some people are doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be. Um some people are doing that.
+I'm not sure if it's the um if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if it's the um if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if it's the um if it's a
+critical thing but there are situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing but there are situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing but there are situations
+where it might be helpful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So another thing which system which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another thing which system which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another thing which system which has
+been interesting and again this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interesting and again this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interesting and again this was
+actually worked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked by
+oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have any data numbers on the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any data numbers on the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have any data numbers on the cost
+of this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh so the question is really um what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question is really um what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question is really um what are
+some of the data about cost benefit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data about cost benefit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data about cost benefit for
+these type of systems and also who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of systems and also who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of systems and also who is
+funding this type of work um um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding this type of work um um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding this type of work um um this
+actually is one slide which I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is one slide which I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is one slide which I'll come
+back to which does have some data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to which does have some data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to which does have some data about
+cost benefit but I think there is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit but I think there is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost benefit but I think there is a sort
+of question um are you in a phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question um are you in a phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question um are you in a phase of
+developing and piloting um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and piloting um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and piloting um and
+evaluating systems or are you in a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating systems or are you in a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating systems or are you in a phase
+of rolling it out to multiple sites in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rolling it out to multiple sites in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rolling it out to multiple sites in a
+kind of a more production level so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a more production level so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a more production level so I
+think a lot of what we've done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of what we've done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of what we've done in the
+past has been around um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past has been around um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past has been around um kind of
+developing really inventing new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing really inventing new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing really inventing new kind of
+approaches and developing those systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and developing those systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and developing those systems.
+So that tends to take a bit more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tends to take a bit more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tends to take a bit more time
+and more expertise. Um, with the roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more expertise. Um, with the roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more expertise. Um, with the roll
+out in Rwanda, we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in Rwanda, we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in Rwanda, we're going to start
+collecting much more accurate data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting much more accurate data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting much more accurate data
+because then we'll be able to replicate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'll be able to replicate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we'll be able to replicate,
+you know, what does it cost to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what does it cost to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what does it cost to actually
+replicate a site as opposed to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate a site as opposed to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate a site as opposed to what it
+originally cost to develop the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally cost to develop the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally cost to develop the system
+because a lot of the development cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the development cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the development cost
+hopefully because it's open source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully because it's open source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully because it's open source and
+because it's shared with other groups is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shared with other groups is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shared with other groups is
+in fact um kind of shared with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um kind of shared with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um kind of shared with other
+organizations and is available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and is available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and is available to
+people. I mean, it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I mean, it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. I mean, it's an interesting
+question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because
+when you look at the numbers for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the numbers for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the numbers for what's
+actually been spent on health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been spent on health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been spent on health
+information systems in low and middle-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in low and middle-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems in low and middle-
+inome countries, it's pretty big. Um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inome countries, it's pretty big. Um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inome countries, it's pretty big. Um, in
+fact, I've been still trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I've been still trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I've been still trying to get the
+numbers for USAD and PEPAR and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for USAD and PEPAR and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for USAD and PEPAR and the
+global fund. We know for the World Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global fund. We know for the World Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global fund. We know for the World Bank
+um that currently approved projects over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that currently approved projects over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that currently approved projects over
+the last last three or four years, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last last three or four years, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last last three or four years, but
+the ones that actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that actually currently
+functioning in low and middle inome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning in low and middle inome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning in low and middle inome
+countries, they spent more than $480
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries, they spent more than $480
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries, they spent more than $480
+million on health information systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million on health information systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million on health information systems
+and none of that's been evaluated. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of that's been evaluated. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of that's been evaluated. So,
+we really don't know what those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know what those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know what those systems
+are doing. And the World Bank to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing. And the World Bank to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing. And the World Bank to their
+credit is actually beginning to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is actually beginning to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is actually beginning to start
+looking at that and asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that and asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that and asking that
+question. Um the numbers for for USAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um the numbers for for USAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um the numbers for for USAD
+and PEPAR and Global Fund are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PEPAR and Global Fund are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PEPAR and Global Fund are probably
+much higher than that. So we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than that. So we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than that. So we're talking
+billions of dollars and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars and the problem is
+there is really very little evidence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really very little evidence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really very little evidence as
+to what works and what doesn't and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what works and what doesn't and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what works and what doesn't and and
+what's been replicated. So I think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been replicated. So I think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been replicated. So I think your
+question is is very timely. Um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is very timely. Um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is very timely. Um but it's
+in a sense what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense what we're doing is
+relatively low cost compared to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low cost compared to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low cost compared to these
+projects but we'll have to really try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but we'll have to really try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but we'll have to really try
+and understand what it takes not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand what it takes not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand what it takes not only to
+set systems up but it's really the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set systems up but it's really the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set systems up but it's really the total
+cost of ownership. what does it cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of ownership. what does it cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of ownership. what does it cost to
+um set the system up to roll it out to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set the system up to roll it out to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set the system up to roll it out to a
+whole group of sites and to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group of sites and to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group of sites and to maintain
+that over a period of several years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over a period of several years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over a period of several years and
+then how does it average out to and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does it average out to and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does it average out to and I
+think that that kind of number is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that kind of number is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that kind of number is is
+actually the critical thing rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the critical thing rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the critical thing rather than
+you know if you have an initial grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have an initial grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have an initial grant
+you know can you set something up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can you set something up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can you set something up but
+does that still work in six months or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that still work in six months or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that still work in six months or a
+year like the reason why I'm asking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year like the reason why I'm asking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year like the reason why I'm asking this
+is that country like Niger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improve the health outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the health outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the health outcome of the
+country. But um when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. But um when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. But um when you want to
+transfer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer this
+system from Rwanda to Nigeria that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from Rwanda to Nigeria that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from Rwanda to Nigeria that's
+like 10 15 times like just the southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 15 times like just the southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 15 times like just the southwest
+part of the country the size of Rwanda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the country the size of Rwanda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the country the size of Rwanda.
+Oh yeah sure. Do do you have any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah sure. Do do you have any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah sure. Do do you have any um
+concerns or any factors that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or any factors that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or any factors that you might
+take into consideration you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into consideration you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into consideration you're trying to
+like drop of the pilot study like did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drop of the pilot study like did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like drop of the pilot study like did
+Rwanda back to a larger country without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda back to a larger country without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda back to a larger country without
+limitations such as privacy issues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations such as privacy issues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations such as privacy issues like
+what you have any factors like that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have any factors like that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have any factors like that do
+you see any factors like that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see any factors like that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see any factors like that when
+you're trying to transfer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to transfer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to transfer this
+technology from much larger countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology from much larger countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology from much larger countries
+Um again I think I'm going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um again I think I'm going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um again I think I'm going to sort of
+try and cover some of these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and cover some of these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and cover some of these questions
+sort of throughout the talk but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of throughout the talk but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of throughout the talk but I mean
+to particularly answer those points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particularly answer those points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particularly answer those points I
+think I mean scale is definitely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean scale is definitely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean scale is definitely an
+important issue and um Rwanda has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue and um Rwanda has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue and um Rwanda has the
+advantage that it's relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that it's relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that it's relatively easy to
+get around so it's easier to get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around so it's easier to get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around so it's easier to get some of
+the sites than it would be in a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites than it would be in a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sites than it would be in a much
+larger country potentially. Uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger country potentially. Uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger country potentially. Uh there are
+several projects in Nigeria using open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several projects in Nigeria using open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several projects in Nigeria using open
+MRS at this point um and couple of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRS at this point um and couple of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRS at this point um and couple of them
+actually making a lot of progress now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making a lot of progress now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making a lot of progress now.
+Um so I think there is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think there is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think there is a sort of a
+foothold in trying these systems out. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in trying these systems out. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in trying these systems out. Um
+and so far that seems to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far that seems to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far that seems to be working
+reasonably well. I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well. I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well. I think the
+confidentiality and data ownership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality and data ownership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality and data ownership and
+security of data issues are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of data issues are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of data issues are going to be
+important wherever you're working. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important wherever you're working. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important wherever you're working. Um
+there's a kind of an interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of an interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of an interaction between
+is there a legal framework in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a legal framework in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a legal framework in the
+country? Is there a a policy framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country? Is there a a policy framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country? Is there a a policy framework
+for who owns the data? Um do patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for who owns the data? Um do patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for who owns the data? Um do patients
+feel comfortable with that? And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable with that? And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable with that? And then the
+question also um do you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question also um do you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question also um do you have you know
+good technology and good training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technology and good training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technology and good training
+because actually really training I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually really training I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually really training I think
+is probably the most important issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the most important issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the most important issue in
+making sure that patient confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that patient confidentiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that patient confidentiality
+is maintained. I mean I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maintained. I mean I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maintained. I mean I think you can
+build a good secure system but if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a good secure system but if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a good secure system but if people
+are sharing passwords or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharing passwords or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sharing passwords or they're
+downloading stuff and and not respecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading stuff and and not respecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading stuff and and not respecting
+that data that's going to be the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data that's going to be the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data that's going to be the biggest
+problem actually. Um so I think training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem actually. Um so I think training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem actually. Um so I think training
+of really users and data managers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really users and data managers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really users and data managers and
+data entry staff and so on that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry staff and so on that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry staff and so on that's a
+really big big requirement and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big big requirement and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big big requirement and getting
+that piece right is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece right is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece right is probably the
+critical thing. Um so just wanted to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing. Um so just wanted to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing. Um so just wanted to to
+highlight this particular project which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this particular project which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this particular project which
+I think is really interesting. Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is really interesting. Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is really interesting. Martin
+Wary who is the uh lead author on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wary who is the uh lead author on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wary who is the uh lead author on this
+will be talking later actually the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking later actually the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking later actually the end
+of this month. So um he's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this month. So um he's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this month. So um he's got some
+really great ideas and experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great ideas and experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great ideas and experience in
+this area. But I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area. But I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area. But I just wanted to
+highlight this particular project where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this particular project where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this particular project where
+he used a palm pilot very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a palm pilot very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used a palm pilot very similar to the
+way that Wain and I did this project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Wain and I did this project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Wain and I did this project in
+Peru and they wanted to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru and they wanted to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru and they wanted to look at
+homebased basically health surveillance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homebased basically health surveillance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homebased basically health surveillance.
+They have a team of people going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a team of people going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a team of people going to
+different houses in western Kenya and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different houses in western Kenya and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different houses in western Kenya and
+what they do is they collect data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they collect data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they collect data on
+patient registration. So the the say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient registration. So the the say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient registration. So the the say the
+the the family you know the woman and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family you know the woman and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family you know the woman and um
+who's the head of the household and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the head of the household and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the head of the household and uh
+her husband and the family and record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband and the family and record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her husband and the family and record
+all the different patients and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different patients and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different patients and then also
+recording data on HIV a TB screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording data on HIV a TB screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording data on HIV a TB screening
+test vaccinations and also maternal care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test vaccinations and also maternal care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test vaccinations and also maternal care
+and what they found was that then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found was that then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found was that then they
+went to their sort of pilot phase was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to their sort of pilot phase was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to their sort of pilot phase was
+14,000 households and 41,000 patients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 households and 41,000 patients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 households and 41,000 patients.
+So they're they're pretty serious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're they're pretty serious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're they're pretty serious about
+what they're doing here and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing here and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing here and uh this is
+now scaling up rapidly. Um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scaling up rapidly. Um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scaling up rapidly. Um what they
+found was that 45% of the pregnant women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that 45% of the pregnant women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that 45% of the pregnant women
+were not known to the health system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not known to the health system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not known to the health system. So
+they didn't have a trained birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a trained birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have a trained birth
+attendant. They were not registered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant. They were not registered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant. They were not registered as
+as being you know pregnancies that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being you know pregnancies that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being you know pregnancies that might
+be requiring you know intervention or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be requiring you know intervention or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be requiring you know intervention or
+risk. And so very very big issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. And so very very big issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. And so very very big issue um
+which you know is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know is one of the things
+that's really causing problems in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really causing problems in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really causing problems in a lot
+of countries and uh they also found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of countries and uh they also found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of countries and uh they also found that
+63 61% of the HIV patients that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 61% of the HIV patients that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 61% of the HIV patients that they
+found who were HIV positive in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found who were HIV positive in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found who were HIV positive in their
+voluntary counseling and testing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary counseling and testing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary counseling and testing process
+were not known to the system. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not known to the system. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not known to the system. And that
+was one of the motivations for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the motivations for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the motivations for trying to
+do this homebased testing because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this homebased testing because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this homebased testing because they
+realized there was this big unmet need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there was this big unmet need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized there was this big unmet need
+for HIV treatment. And uh they found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HIV treatment. And uh they found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for HIV treatment. And uh they found it
+worked really well. Very few technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well. Very few technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well. Very few technical
+problems, high user satisfaction, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, high user satisfaction, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, high user satisfaction, very
+much as we found in Peru. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we found in Peru. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we found in Peru. And they
+calculated that over the 2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that over the 2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that over the 2 million
+patients are going to visit, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are going to visit, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are going to visit, we have
+about a $300,000 grant um I think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $300,000 grant um I think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $300,000 grant um I think from
+Rockefeller or actually Abbott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller or actually Abbott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller or actually Abbott
+Foundation. And uh that will work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. And uh that will work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. And uh that will work out
+about 15 cents per patient. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 cents per patient. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 cents per patient. So that's
+actually not bad. I mean it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not bad. I mean it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not bad. I mean it's hard to
+know what is a good number but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is a good number but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is a good number but that
+doesn't seem like a bad number. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like a bad number. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like a bad number. Um
+another system which I think has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system which I think has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system which I think has been
+important in Africa is what the district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in Africa is what the district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in Africa is what the district
+health information system and this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information system and this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information system and this kind
+of fills the same sort of role that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fills the same sort of role that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fills the same sort of role that the
+tracknet system does in in Rwanda where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracknet system does in in Rwanda where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracknet system does in in Rwanda where
+it's at district and national level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at district and national level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at district and national level.
+It's used to really um do reports and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's used to really um do reports and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's used to really um do reports and um
+mapping of aggregate data from health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of aggregate data from health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of aggregate data from health
+facilities and they it was developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they it was developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and they it was developed in
+South Africa by South African and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa by South African and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa by South African and
+Norwegian team called HISP and they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian team called HISP and they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian team called HISP and they um
+have actually used it now in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used it now in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used it now in a number of
+other African countries. It's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other African countries. It's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other African countries. It's starting
+to be used in Rwanda, um Tanzania, Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in Rwanda, um Tanzania, Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in Rwanda, um Tanzania, Kenya
+I think as well and also in India. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as well and also in India. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as well and also in India. And
+um what they found was that they there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they found was that they there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they found was that they there
+were some issues around the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some issues around the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some issues around the way the
+system was being used and and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was being used and and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was being used and and uh the
+quality of data. So one problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data. So one problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data. So one problem that
+came up was in program called PMTCT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was in program called PMTCT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was in program called PMTCT or
+prevention of maternal to child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention of maternal to child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention of maternal to child
+transmission of HIV. And these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of HIV. And these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of HIV. And these are
+really critical pro programs that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical pro programs that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical pro programs that are in
+place to prevent you know the baby baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to prevent you know the baby baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to prevent you know the baby baby
+from actually being affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually being affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from actually being affected by the
+mother. Um and there are some key data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother. Um and there are some key data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother. Um and there are some key data
+you need to have to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have to make sure that this
+happens. So it's not only a monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So it's not only a monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So it's not only a monitoring
+process but it's also part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but it's also part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but it's also part of the
+intervention. You need to know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention. You need to know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention. You need to know which
+mothers are HIV positive. So you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers are HIV positive. So you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers are HIV positive. So you have to
+test them in pregnancy. You need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them in pregnancy. You need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them in pregnancy. You need to
+start the mother on prophylaxis. Usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the mother on prophylaxis. Usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the mother on prophylaxis. Usually
+in our case triple therapy to suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case triple therapy to suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case triple therapy to suppress
+the HIV viral load. You need to uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV viral load. You need to uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV viral load. You need to uh get
+the woman into a health facility for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman into a health facility for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman into a health facility for the
+birth and ideally you do cesarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and ideally you do cesarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and ideally you do cesarian
+section. You need to give prophylaxis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. You need to give prophylaxis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. You need to give prophylaxis to
+the baby. You need to test the baby with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby. You need to test the baby with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby. You need to test the baby with
+a heel stick which is what one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heel stick which is what one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heel stick which is what one of the
+things that Joy showed you last week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Joy showed you last week to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Joy showed you last week to
+record whether they're antigen positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record whether they're antigen positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record whether they're antigen positive.
+and then if they are you need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they are you need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they are you need to start
+that baby on antiretroviral therapy. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that baby on antiretroviral therapy. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that baby on antiretroviral therapy. So
+it's essentially kind of six key pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially kind of six key pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially kind of six key pieces
+of data and what they were finding was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data and what they were finding was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data and what they were finding was
+that this the studies I mean I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the studies I mean I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the studies I mean I've seen
+studies where only 20% of the time did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies where only 20% of the time did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies where only 20% of the time did
+that actually work in South Africa. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually work in South Africa. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually work in South Africa. So
+it's really a terrible outcome. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a terrible outcome. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a terrible outcome. And so
+um Kadar Mate who's a former colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kadar Mate who's a former colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kadar Mate who's a former colleague
+and actually will also I think be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually will also I think be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually will also I think be
+talking here um did a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here um did a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here um did a really interesting
+study on 316 clinics in quazan in um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on 316 clinics in quazan in um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on 316 clinics in quazan in um the
+eastern part of South Africa and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern part of South Africa and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern part of South Africa and they
+looked at um the completeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um the completeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um the completeness and
+accuracy of the data um for these six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the data um for these six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the data um for these six
+key data elements um and what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key data elements um and what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key data elements um and what they did
+then was to um go to the clinics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then was to um go to the clinics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then was to um go to the clinics and
+actually look at the real data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the real data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the real data on the
+ground. So they did a real study where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground. So they did a real study where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground. So they did a real study where
+they you look at the the actual records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you look at the the actual records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you look at the the actual records
+and then compare that with what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compare that with what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compare that with what's in the
+system and and do a proper formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and do a proper formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and do a proper formal
+evaluation of the quality and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the quality and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the quality and they found
+that only 50% of the time were the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only 50% of the time were the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only 50% of the time were the data
+endless accurate which they said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless accurate which they said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless accurate which they said is
+within 10% of the reconstructive values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10% of the reconstructive values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10% of the reconstructive values
+um and only 12 sorry and and only 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and only 12 sorry and and only 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and only 12 sorry and and only 10% of
+start again only 50% of the time were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start again only 50% of the time were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start again only 50% of the time were
+they accurate I within 10% of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accurate I within 10% of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accurate I within 10% of research
+values and I think 12% of the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and I think 12% of the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and I think 12% of the time they
+had all the data available So it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all the data available So it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all the data available So it was a
+really very poor outcome and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very poor outcome and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very poor outcome and what they
+found was there was no computerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was there was no computerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was there was no computerization
+in any of the health centers. So people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the health centers. So people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the health centers. So people
+were just told give us the numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just told give us the numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just told give us the numbers you
+have to go through the paper registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the paper registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the paper registers
+you have paper charts put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have paper charts put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have paper charts put it all
+together there was no training there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there was no training there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there was no training there was
+no proper supervision for that. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proper supervision for that. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no proper supervision for that. So they
+were on working on a kind of the dotcom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on working on a kind of the dotcom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on working on a kind of the dotcom
+business model you know you lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model you know you lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model you know you lose money
+on every transaction but make it up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every transaction but make it up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every transaction but make it up on
+volume that somehow you know if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that somehow you know if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that somehow you know if you if
+you have bad data in every site but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have bad data in every site but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have bad data in every site but you
+aggregate it'll get good right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate it'll get good right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate it'll get good right I mean
+it's it's almost like a do you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost like a do you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's almost like a do you know it's
+like a subprime mortgage idea you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a subprime mortgage idea you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a subprime mortgage idea you know
+you you if you don't control what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if you don't control what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you if you don't control what's
+going on on the ground then clearly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the ground then clearly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the ground then clearly you
+are not going to know what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to know what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to know what's happening
+at national level and it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at national level and it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at national level and it's one of the
+real fallacies of the public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fallacies of the public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fallacies of the public health
+approach to data which I've seen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to data which I've seen over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to data which I've seen over
+the years and it's really been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and it's really been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and it's really been a
+disaster that people cannot not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster that people cannot not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster that people cannot not you know
+you cannot get statistics at national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot get statistics at national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot get statistics at national
+level unless you do the work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level unless you do the work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level unless you do the work on the
+ground and it's hard work and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and it's hard work and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and it's hard work and it's
+painstaking and it requires a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking and it requires a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking and it requires a lot of
+training and so on but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and so on but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and so on but that's the
+critical piece and the other advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece and the other advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece and the other advantage
+of doing it on the ground is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it on the ground is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it on the ground is that people
+get to use the data locally they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use the data locally they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to use the data locally they get to
+see it they get to benefit from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it they get to benefit from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it they get to benefit from it and
+so this was really one of the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really one of the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really one of the the key
+findings of the study was that the DHIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings of the study was that the DHIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings of the study was that the DHIS
+would work if there was a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work if there was a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work if there was a way of
+actually collecting and managing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collecting and managing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collecting and managing the
+data at the sites such as an EMR system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data at the sites such as an EMR system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data at the sites such as an EMR system
+and another important study that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another important study that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another important study that just
+came which I think is one which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came which I think is one which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came which I think is one which would be
+good to talk about and and debate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to talk about and and debate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to talk about and and debate a
+little I think um in this class. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I think um in this class. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I think um in this class. This
+was published in the Lancet by Leester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the Lancet by Leester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in the Lancet by Leester
+and colleagues about two or three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues about two or three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues about two or three months
+ago and it looked at the use of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and it looked at the use of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and it looked at the use of cell
+phone SMS reminders for HIV patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone SMS reminders for HIV patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone SMS reminders for HIV patients in
+Kenya to encourage them to take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya to encourage them to take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya to encourage them to take their
+antiretroviral therapy. So it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiretroviral therapy. So it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiretroviral therapy. So it was really
+kind of a a compliance with treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a compliance with treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a a compliance with treatment
+type of study. And what they did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of study. And what they did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of study. And what they did was to
+send an SMS once a week and then if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send an SMS once a week and then if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send an SMS once a week and then if they
+didn't get respond from the patient then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get respond from the patient then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get respond from the patient then
+uh the healthcare worker would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the healthcare worker would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the healthcare worker would actually
+ring the patient and they would kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the patient and they would kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the patient and they would kind of
+provide them extra support. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them extra support. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them extra support. And what
+they showed was that um 61% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed was that um 61% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed was that um 61% of the
+patients who were receiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who were receiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who were receiving the
+intervention um had good compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention um had good compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention um had good compliance
+compared to 48% in the control group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 48% in the control group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to 48% in the control group.
+And they also showed uh that the viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they also showed uh that the viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they also showed uh that the viral
+load was better suppressed. And that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load was better suppressed. And that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load was better suppressed. And that was
+statistically significant though it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant though it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant though it was
+kind of a borderline thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a borderline thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a borderline thing.
+um but they did show that there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they did show that there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they did show that there was some
+impact on the actual quality of care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the actual quality of care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the actual quality of care of
+these patients more directly. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients more directly. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients more directly. So this is
+a really interesting study and I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting study and I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really interesting study and I wonder
+has anybody actually read the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody actually read the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody actually read the study
+here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll have to change that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any any no one read it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any any no one read it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any any no one read it?
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+does anybody know much about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know much about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know much about um the
+numbers for adherence rates for HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for adherence rates for HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for adherence rates for HIV
+treatment in Africa?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in Africa?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in Africa?
+Anyone want to have us have a a guess at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone want to have us have a a guess at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone want to have us have a a guess at
+what the typical rate would be for say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the typical rate would be for say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the typical rate would be for say a
+one-year adherence rate, good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year adherence rate, good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year adherence rate, good quality
+care and good adherence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there have been a number of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there have been a number of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there have been a number of studies
+looking at this and a few actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and a few actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and a few actual
+systematic reviews and um one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic reviews and um one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic reviews and um one of them
+looked at loss to follow-up rates. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at loss to follow-up rates. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at loss to follow-up rates. So
+that's obviously more more serious where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously more more serious where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously more more serious where
+you actually really lost touch with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually really lost touch with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually really lost touch with the
+patient but um numbers like 61%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but um numbers like 61%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but um numbers like 61%
+adherence rate is not very good. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence rate is not very good. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence rate is not very good. So in
+the the success group the intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the success group the intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the success group the intervention
+group those figures are way worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group those figures are way worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group those figures are way worse than
+we have at PH in any of our projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at PH in any of our projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at PH in any of our projects
+that I'm aware of. we would be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm aware of. we would be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm aware of. we would be looking
+more in the terms of 90% for one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the terms of 90% for one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the terms of 90% for one year
+probably 95%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 95%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 95%.
+Um and these are you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and these are you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and these are you know this is
+because the the accompanitors are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the accompanitors are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the accompanitors are there
+every day seeing the patient ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day seeing the patient ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day seeing the patient ensuring
+they take the treatment. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the treatment. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the treatment. So this
+technology of the community healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of the community healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of the community healthcare
+worker or accompanitor is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or accompanitor is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or accompanitor is a very good
+technology for making sure that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for making sure that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for making sure that people
+get treatment and also providing support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treatment and also providing support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get treatment and also providing support
+and encouragement and you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encouragement and you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encouragement and you know a
+communication channel back to the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel back to the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel back to the health
+center. So I think one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. So I think one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. So I think one of the things we
+have to do when we look at this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do when we look at this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do when we look at this study
+which you know was quite made quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know was quite made quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know was quite made quite a
+big splash was percentage-wise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splash was percentage-wise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splash was percentage-wise it
+improved things and I think there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved things and I think there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved things and I think there's some
+lessons to learn from that but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to learn from that but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to learn from that but this is
+not a good outcome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good outcome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good outcome.
+If this was one of PIH's projects in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this was one of PIH's projects in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this was one of PIH's projects in say
+in Rwanda we'd be really upset if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rwanda we'd be really upset if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rwanda we'd be really upset if this
+was the figures we're getting. So I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the figures we're getting. So I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the figures we're getting. So I mean
+I think we have to be very careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have to be very careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have to be very careful with
+interventions you know what is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions you know what is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions you know what is the best
+standard of care and so this approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of care and so this approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of care and so this approach of
+not providing very close supervision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing very close supervision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing very close supervision of
+patients doesn't work that well and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients doesn't work that well and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients doesn't work that well and uh I
+think it's an important message to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's an important message to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's an important message to think
+about if we're doing quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we're doing quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we're doing quality of care
+interventions are we really getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are we really getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are we really getting the
+best result and what I would say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best result and what I would say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best result and what I would say with
+this is that there's two groups here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that there's two groups here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that there's two groups here
+there's the preart group somebody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the preart group somebody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the preart group somebody you
+know is HIV positive maybe from the VCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is HIV positive maybe from the VCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is HIV positive maybe from the VCT
+from voluntary counseling testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from voluntary counseling testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from voluntary counseling testing
+program but hasn't started on treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but hasn't started on treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but hasn't started on treatment
+yet either because there hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet either because there hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet either because there hasn't been
+time or because their CD4 count is high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or because their CD4 count is high.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or because their CD4 count is high.
+And then there's the group who are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's the group who are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's the group who are on
+ARV treatment. So the pre-art group are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARV treatment. So the pre-art group are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ARV treatment. So the pre-art group are
+actually at risk of loss to follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at risk of loss to follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at risk of loss to follow-up
+and they don't necessarily have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't necessarily have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't necessarily have a
+healthcare worker. And those are group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare worker. And those are group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare worker. And those are group
+where having reminders and using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where having reminders and using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where having reminders and using an
+information system to track them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system to track them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information system to track them is
+probably really important. But once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really important. But once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really important. But once
+people are on treatment, having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are on treatment, having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are on treatment, having a
+healthare worker actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthare worker actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthare worker actually do the
+supervision is much better. So I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervision is much better. So I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervision is much better. So I mean I
+think this is an important lesson to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is an important lesson to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is an important lesson to
+think about. Now people will say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Now people will say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Now people will say there
+are cost issues around that but I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cost issues around that but I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cost issues around that but I mean I
+think you know the cost issues around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the cost issues around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the cost issues around
+having patients not take their treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having patients not take their treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having patients not take their treatment
+and get resistance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get resistance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get resistance.
+question David SMS was it it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question David SMS was it it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question David SMS was it it was just
+one direction right they didn't send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction right they didn't send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction right they didn't send
+confirmation back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation back
+the patients were sent a text and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients were sent a text and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients were sent a text and then
+they would have to say um are you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have to say um are you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have to say um are you good
+or you're not good and so there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're not good and so there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're not good and so there was some
+kind of dialogue going on and of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dialogue going on and of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dialogue going on and of of the
+ones who successfully did the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who successfully did the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who successfully did the dialogue
+that 64% um the ones who received the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64% um the ones who received the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64% um the ones who received the d
+who who were actually in the program the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who were actually in the program the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who were actually in the program the
+other ones just had normal care so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones just had normal care so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones just had normal care so the
+people who had an SMS mess sent who then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had an SMS mess sent who then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had an SMS mess sent who then
+were called by the nurse if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called by the nurse if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called by the nurse if they didn't
+if they had problems and had sort of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had problems and had sort of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had problems and had sort of had
+that kind of conversation going on. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of conversation going on. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of conversation going on. They
+were the 61%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the 61%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the 61%.
+So I think it's just you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think it's just you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think it's just you know I think
+it's just an important cautionary tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an important cautionary tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an important cautionary tale
+and also if you look at the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you look at the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you look at the paper that
+the viral load is they kind of sneaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral load is they kind of sneaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral load is they kind of sneaked
+in. I mean if they analyze it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I mean if they analyze it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. I mean if they analyze it different
+way it's it's not fully significant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's it's not fully significant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's it's not fully significant. So
+I think it's it's I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's I think it's an
+important study but it illustrates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important study but it illustrates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important study but it illustrates some
+of the difficulties of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difficulties of really
+understanding what works best here. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what works best here. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what works best here. Um I
+don't have a huge amount of time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a huge amount of time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a huge amount of time so I
+think I'm just going to quickly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just going to quickly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just going to quickly go
+through the supply chain thing. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the supply chain thing. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the supply chain thing. Just
+wanted to emphasize that um it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize that um it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize that um it's really
+important to have tools to monitor drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have tools to monitor drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have tools to monitor drug
+supply and to to manage drug supply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and to to manage drug supply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and to to manage drug supply in
+um different clinics. This is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different clinics. This is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different clinics. This is a system
+we used in Haiti for the last 5 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used in Haiti for the last 5 years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used in Haiti for the last 5 years or
+so and we actually track the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we actually track the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we actually track the um the
+stock cards in each of the clinics using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock cards in each of the clinics using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock cards in each of the clinics using
+a web-based system and then people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web-based system and then people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web-based system and then people can
+order online. And this was showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order online. And this was showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order online. And this was showing that
+when we were implementing the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were implementing the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were implementing the system
+that he actually has pretty low stockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he actually has pretty low stockout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he actually has pretty low stockout
+rates. We got it down to about 1.1%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. We got it down to about 1.1%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. We got it down to about 1.1%.
+Although with Haiti being so such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although with Haiti being so such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although with Haiti being so such a
+difficult country to work in, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult country to work in, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult country to work in, you know,
+it's gone up and down depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone up and down depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone up and down depending on
+access to internet and so on, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to internet and so on, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to internet and so on, but
+stockout rates in many projects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockout rates in many projects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockout rates in many projects in
+Africa are in in the 20 to 40% range. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa are in in the 20 to 40% range. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa are in in the 20 to 40% range. So
+it's a really key issue. And this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really key issue. And this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really key issue. And this was
+another intervention where a group um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another intervention where a group um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another intervention where a group um
+called Frontline SMS working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Frontline SMS working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Frontline SMS working with
+Ushihidi which is a group in Kenya that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ushihidi which is a group in Kenya that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ushihidi which is a group in Kenya that
+developed this a mapping system for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this a mapping system for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this a mapping system for for
+community data initially um after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community data initially um after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community data initially um after the
+election violence but also used for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election violence but also used for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election violence but also used for a
+number of other purposes. They put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other purposes. They put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other purposes. They put
+together a system to look at stockouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a system to look at stockouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a system to look at stockouts
+in clinics in rural Africa and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinics in rural Africa and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinics in rural Africa and the
+patients had to text if there was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had to text if there was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had to text if there was they
+were prescribed a drug and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were prescribed a drug and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were prescribed a drug and then when
+they went to the clinic's pharmacy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to the clinic's pharmacy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to the clinic's pharmacy the
+drug was stopped out. So they would text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug was stopped out. So they would text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug was stopped out. So they would text
+a certain number and that way they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number and that way they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number and that way they get
+mapped and they use this to actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped and they use this to actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped and they use this to actually uh
+change the policy in the country and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the policy in the country and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the policy in the country and to
+get it in the press and to really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in the press and to really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in the press and to really change
+you know activities around stockouts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities around stockouts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities around stockouts and
+raise this as a a really high priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this as a a really high priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this as a a really high priority
+issue. I think it's been one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. I think it's been one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. I think it's been one of the
+reasons why there's much more attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why there's much more attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why there's much more attention
+to stockouts and drug supply management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stockouts and drug supply management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stockouts and drug supply management
+in the last year or two. Um just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last year or two. Um just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last year or two. Um just a few
+questions on lessons learn issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on lessons learn issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on lessons learn issues and
+lessons learned. First is you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned. First is you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned. First is you really
+have to have good local leadership if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have good local leadership if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have good local leadership if
+you're going to make these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make these projects
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+So you know you need to know know who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know you need to know know who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know you need to know know who is
+who is actually driving this and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually driving this and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually driving this and what do
+their needs what do they really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their needs what do they really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their needs what do they really want to
+get out of this not um you know let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this not um you know let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this not um you know let's do
+an EMR system but we need this to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an EMR system but we need this to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an EMR system but we need this to get
+better access to lab data or we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better access to lab data or we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better access to lab data or we need a
+summary here or we want to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary here or we want to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary here or we want to implement
+decision support or or guidelines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support or or guidelines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support or or guidelines and
+how can we do that most effectively. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that most effectively. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that most effectively. Um
+we need to to really emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to to really emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to to really emphasize the
+importance of individual patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of individual patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of individual patient
+records. So this whole idea of DHIS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records. So this whole idea of DHIS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records. So this whole idea of DHIS and
+all these sort of public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sort of public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sort of public health
+approaches that WHO and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that WHO and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that WHO and other
+organizations and public schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and public schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and public schools of
+public health in the US have promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health in the US have promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health in the US have promoted
+for so long that you just aggregate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so long that you just aggregate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so long that you just aggregate the
+data and people in the clinics, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and people in the clinics, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and people in the clinics, you
+know, just to write down the numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just to write down the numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just to write down the numbers for
+that week doesn't work. Lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week doesn't work. Lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that week doesn't work. Lots and lots of
+data to show that this numbers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to show that this numbers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to show that this numbers aren't
+good enough. But the other thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough. But the other thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough. But the other thing is it's
+not useful because the people in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not useful because the people in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not useful because the people in the in
+the clinics don't get any benefit. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinics don't get any benefit. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinics don't get any benefit. They
+get no feedback. They don't get to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get no feedback. They don't get to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get no feedback. They don't get to use
+that information. They don't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information. They don't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information. They don't get to
+review the numbers. So I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the numbers. So I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the numbers. So I think it's
+really important that we have systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that we have systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that we have systems
+even if they're simple systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're simple systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're simple systems to
+collect data in health facilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data in health facilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data in health facilities and
+that also probably applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also probably applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also probably applies to
+communities with cell phones as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with cell phones as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with cell phones as well.
+Another problem which I've seen a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another problem which I've seen a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another problem which I've seen a lot is
+this question where people they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question where people they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question where people they they
+treat forms like some kind of a sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat forms like some kind of a sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat forms like some kind of a sacred
+object. It's like this sort of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. It's like this sort of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. It's like this sort of thing.
+We've got the form and now you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got the form and now you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got the form and now you need to
+computerize the form and it drives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerize the form and it drives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerize the form and it drives me
+nuts. these forms, you know, they grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts. these forms, you know, they grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts. these forms, you know, they grow
+and they grow and everyone argues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they grow and everyone argues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they grow and everyone argues about
+it and eventually say, "Okay, the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually say, "Okay, the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and eventually say, "Okay, the form
+is ready and you're like, what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready and you're like, what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready and you're like, what are you
+going to use this form? Are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this form? Are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this form? Are you going to
+collect data and like but but why?" And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data and like but but why?" And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data and like but but why?" And
+if you don't, if you don't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't, if you don't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't, if you don't do it that
+way, you drive the whole thing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you drive the whole thing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you drive the whole thing by the
+form, then you build the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, then you build the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, then you build the infrastructure
+and the software and so on, but but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the software and so on, but but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the software and so on, but but then
+at the end of the day, do you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day, do you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day, do you know if
+you can actually get what you need out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get what you need out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get what you need out
+of it? What you really need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it? What you really need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it? What you really need to do is to
+say, what are your goals? Do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, what are your goals? Do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, what are your goals? Do you want to
+look at access to patient data? Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at access to patient data? Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at access to patient data? Do you
+want patient summaries? Do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want patient summaries? Do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want patient summaries? Do you want
+reports that show quality of care? or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that show quality of care? or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that show quality of care? or do
+you need reports to funders? Decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need reports to funders? Decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need reports to funders? Decide on
+your outcomes and then work back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outcomes and then work back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outcomes and then work back from
+that. Work on what is the core data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Work on what is the core data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Work on what is the core data set
+you need to do to collect to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do to collect to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do to collect to actually
+make that work and define that core data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that work and define that core data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that work and define that core data
+set preferably in agreement with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set preferably in agreement with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set preferably in agreement with other
+projects so that you can actually share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so that you can actually share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so that you can actually share
+that data. So this is hard to do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data. So this is hard to do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data. So this is hard to do I have
+to say but it it's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but it it's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but it it's what we're trying to
+do with maternal health for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with maternal health for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with maternal health for example at
+the moment and then the form then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and then the form then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment and then the form then
+becomes an artifact that is generated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an artifact that is generated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an artifact that is generated to
+feed this thing and it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this thing and it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this thing and it means that the
+data you're collecting is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're collecting is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're collecting is going to
+actually correspond with what your most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correspond with what your most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correspond with what your most
+important goals are and what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goals are and what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important goals are and what you have to
+avoid is the form vortex. you go round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid is the form vortex. you go round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid is the form vortex. you go round
+and round and round and everyone's like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round and round and everyone's like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round and round and everyone's like,
+"No, no, I want this, I want that." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"No, no, I want this, I want that." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"No, no, I want this, I want that." And
+eventually gets bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets bigger and bigger and
+it's and 10-page forms not good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and 10-page forms not good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and 10-page forms not good.
+Um, another thing is this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another thing is this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another thing is this question about
+local data use. So collecting data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local data use. So collecting data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local data use. So collecting data in
+the clinic or even at the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic or even at the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic or even at the community
+level in the village and using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the village and using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the village and using it
+locally. It's incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally. It's incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally. It's incredibly important
+because what happens so often is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens so often is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happens so often is you
+have these things where they basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these things where they basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these things where they basically,
+you know, the data is collected here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the data is collected here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the data is collected here and
+it goes into the center. it gets dragged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the center. it gets dragged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the center. it gets dragged
+in by everyone and basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by everyone and basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by everyone and basically what you
+get is this sort of you know centriu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this sort of you know centriu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this sort of you know centriu
+centripedal approach and you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal approach and you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal approach and you don't get
+the benefit in the communities. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit in the communities. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit in the communities. So you
+have to avoid systems that just suck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to avoid systems that just suck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to avoid systems that just suck the
+stuff into the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other thing is this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is this question
+about the core data set. Once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the core data set. Once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the core data set. Once you've
+defined what your goals are and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what your goals are and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what your goals are and you've
+defined, you know, we're we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined, you know, we're we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined, you know, we're we're going to
+we're going to focus on these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on these particular
+important things that are actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that are actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that are actually going
+to impact on care, you need to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact on care, you need to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact on care, you need to defend
+that core data set and keep the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core data set and keep the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core data set and keep the core
+values. It's okay if someone says, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. It's okay if someone says, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. It's okay if someone says, well,
+I want to collect some extra data. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to collect some extra data. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to collect some extra data. I'm
+prepared to pay an extra person to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to pay an extra person to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to pay an extra person to do
+the data entry and we'll add that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry and we'll add that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry and we'll add that as an
+extra form to the system. I mean, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra form to the system. I mean, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra form to the system. I mean, that
+that's a process that's okay, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a process that's okay, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a process that's okay, but you
+need this core data set and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this core data set and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this core data set and you really
+want to maintain it and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain it and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain it and keep the
+fidelity of that. And then when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity of that. And then when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity of that. And then when you do
+that, for example, with this maternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, for example, with this maternal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, for example, with this maternal
+concept library, which uh we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept library, which uh we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept library, which uh we're working
+on with Jonathan Payne, who's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with Jonathan Payne, who's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with Jonathan Payne, who's actually
+part of our group, um getting everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our group, um getting everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our group, um getting everyone
+to agree, you know, this is the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree, you know, this is the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree, you know, this is the data we
+need for maintaining quality of care. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for maintaining quality of care. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for maintaining quality of care. Um
+basically tracking down pregnant women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tracking down pregnant women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tracking down pregnant women
+in the community, um ensuring that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community, um ensuring that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community, um ensuring that they
+get trained birth attendant, monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trained birth attendant, monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trained birth attendant, monitoring
+them for risk factors, that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for risk factors, that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for risk factors, that sort of
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+So basically, you want to have some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically, you want to have some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically, you want to have some way
+of defending this. So this is my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defending this. So this is my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defending this. So this is my friend
+who defends the data set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who defends the data set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who defends the data set.
+Another thing you need to do is um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing you need to do is um good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing you need to do is um good
+tools for data management and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for data management and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for data management and building
+into the system tools to make it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system tools to make it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system tools to make it easy
+for someone to see you know are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone to see you know are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone to see you know are there
+missing data items are there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data items are there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data items are there you know
+discrepant items can you see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepant items can you see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepant items can you see if there's
+like uh people are entering the numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh people are entering the numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh people are entering the numeric
+data into text fields and and generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into text fields and and generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into text fields and and generally
+trying to make it as easy as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it as easy as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it as easy as possible to
+spot problems early.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot problems early.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot problems early.
+Another thing which um somehow I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing which um somehow I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing which um somehow I've
+learned the hard way but it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the hard way but it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the hard way but it doesn't seem
+to be that obvious. You don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that obvious. You don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that obvious. You don't want to be
+trying to do 10 things at once, none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do 10 things at once, none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do 10 things at once, none of
+which is quite complete. It's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite complete. It's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite complete. It's a really
+bad place to be. You don't want, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad place to be. You don't want, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad place to be. You don't want, you
+know, oh, this all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, oh, this all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, oh, this all these things are
+almost ready. You you've got to nail a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ready. You you've got to nail a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost ready. You you've got to nail a
+couple of things. You got to say, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things. You got to say, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things. You got to say, we're
+just going to do patient registration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do patient registration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do patient registration or
+we're just going to get this lab data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to get this lab data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to get this lab data to
+the doctors and we'll get that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctors and we'll get that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctors and we'll get that right and
+we'll get it working till everyone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it working till everyone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it working till everyone like
+this is really great. It's it's only,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really great. It's it's only,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really great. It's it's only,
+you know, one of the 10 things I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, one of the 10 things I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, one of the 10 things I want to
+do, but I really rely on that thing. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but I really rely on that thing. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but I really rely on that thing. If
+you're in that space, you have huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in that space, you have huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in that space, you have huge
+potential to build on it. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to build on it. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to build on it. If you're
+there where everything is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where everything is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where everything is not quite
+ready and everyone's putting all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and everyone's putting all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready and everyone's putting all this
+work in, they're collecting all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in, they're collecting all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in, they're collecting all this
+data and they're working hard, but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and they're working hard, but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and they're working hard, but no
+one really trusts the data, it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really trusts the data, it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one really trusts the data, it's not a
+good place to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to be.
+And uh other fairly obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh other fairly obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh other fairly obvious but
+important thing, making sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing, making sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing, making sure you have
+good power supply and power backups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good power supply and power backups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good power supply and power backups and
+also lightning protection and grounding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lightning protection and grounding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lightning protection and grounding.
+You you if you went around and measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you if you went around and measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you if you went around and measured
+how many sites actually had grounding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sites actually had grounding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sites actually had grounding in
+their in the clinics, you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in the clinics, you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in the clinics, you'd be
+surprised. It's very it's very low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised. It's very it's very low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised. It's very it's very low and
+it's very dangerous. And it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very dangerous. And it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very dangerous. And it's also
+dangerous for equipment but but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous for equipment but but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous for equipment but but you know
+can be dangerous to individuals as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dangerous to individuals as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dangerous to individuals as well.
+Um data backups critical obviously very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um data backups critical obviously very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um data backups critical obviously very
+important. This is actually um after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. This is actually um after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. This is actually um after the
+earthquake this is the server for gestio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake this is the server for gestio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake this is the server for gestio
+um in Porta Prince and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Porta Prince and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Porta Prince and they were
+propping up the ceiling with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propping up the ceiling with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propping up the ceiling with various
+posts. They were able to maintain their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts. They were able to maintain their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts. They were able to maintain their
+backups but um a number of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups but um a number of organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups but um a number of organizations
+because they had electronic data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had electronic data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had electronic data with
+off-site backups. For example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-site backups. For example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-site backups. For example um
+medicine frontier using open MRS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine frontier using open MRS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine frontier using open MRS in
+portance were able to reload their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portance were able to reload their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portance were able to reload their
+backups. So really really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups. So really really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups. So really really important to
+have your off-site backups and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your off-site backups and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your off-site backups and our
+synchronization tools we use in Rwanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization tools we use in Rwanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization tools we use in Rwanda
+actually do that kind of automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that kind of automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that kind of automatically
+which is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is helpful
+confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality
+as you you brought up earlier very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you you brought up earlier very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you you brought up earlier very very
+important issue um there are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue um there are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issue um there are good
+technical solutions it's a training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical solutions it's a training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical solutions it's a training
+issue particularly and um really lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue particularly and um really lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue particularly and um really lack of
+national policies in many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national policies in many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national policies in many countries
+including Haiti have made it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Haiti have made it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Haiti have made it very
+difficult to know what you can and can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to know what you can and can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to know what you can and can't
+do in these situations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in these situations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in these situations.
+mobile devices. We're going to talk much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices. We're going to talk much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices. We're going to talk much
+more about those. I will not dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those. I will not dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those. I will not dwell on
+it. Couple of examples from Haiti um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Couple of examples from Haiti um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Couple of examples from Haiti um
+systems that this was actually used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that this was actually used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that this was actually used in
+clinics there and this was a system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics there and this was a system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics there and this was a system we
+developed with some colleagues here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with some colleagues here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with some colleagues here to
+um to do a screening process for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do a screening process for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do a screening process for um
+surgical patients though it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical patients though it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical patients though it didn't
+actually get used in that form. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get used in that form. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get used in that form. Um and
+uh finally I just want to mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally I just want to mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally I just want to mention the
+maternal concept lab and this is what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal concept lab and this is what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maternal concept lab and this is what uh
+we've been working on with a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on with a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on with a whole bunch
+of other organizations which I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other organizations which I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other organizations which I think um
+who gates PIH Main Villages project D3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gates PIH Main Villages project D3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gates PIH Main Villages project D3
+ampath um IDRC and and so on and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampath um IDRC and and so on and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampath um IDRC and and so on and they're
+all working together on a on a core set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all working together on a on a core set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all working together on a on a core set
+of initiatives for supporting maternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initiatives for supporting maternal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of initiatives for supporting maternal
+health and this is really an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and this is really an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and this is really an interesting
+project and we're looking at how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we're looking at how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we're looking at how can we
+actually put together the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put together the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put together the most important
+data and screening you know what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and screening you know what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and screening you know what people
+actually use in terms of published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use in terms of published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use in terms of published
+reports and so on so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and so on so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and so on so we can actually
+identify the the most important items.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the the most important items.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the the most important items.
+Okay. And uh we talked about that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh we talked about that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh we talked about that. Okay.
+So we're a little short on time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're a little short on time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're a little short on time but we
+had a few conversations. So any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few conversations. So any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few conversations. So any more
+questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vQpo3rTwUjc.txt b/vQpo3rTwUjc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2abe65a9cabbc593d860add4218177a44ab78204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vQpo3rTwUjc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to continue talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue talking
+about the topic of neural recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the topic of neural recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the topic of neural recurrent
+neural networks and last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks and last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks and last time we talked
+about recurrent neural networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recurrent neural networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recurrent neural networks that
+give gain and and suppression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gain and and suppression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gain and and suppression in
+different directions of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of the of the
+neural network space today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network space today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network space today we're going
+to talk about the topic of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the topic of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the topic of know
+integrators and neural integrators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and neural integrators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and neural integrators are
+currently a an important topic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently a an important topic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently a an important topic in
+neuroscience because they are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience because they are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience because they are basically
+one of the most important models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important models of
+short-term memory so let me just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory so let me just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory so let me just say a
+few words about what short-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about what short-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about what short-term memory
+is so and to do that I'll just contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so and to do that I'll just contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so and to do that I'll just contrast
+it with long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with long-term memory
+so short-term memory is is memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short-term memory is is memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short-term memory is is memory that
+just lasts a short period of time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lasts a short period of time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lasts a short period of time on the
+order of seconds to maybe a few tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of seconds to maybe a few tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of seconds to maybe a few tens of
+seconds at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds at most
+whereas long-term memories are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas long-term memories are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas long-term memories are on the
+order of hours or days or even up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of hours or days or even up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of hours or days or even up to an
+entire lifetime of the animal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime of the animal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime of the animal a
+short-term memory has a small capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory has a small capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory has a small capacity
+so just a few items at a time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a few items at a time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a few items at a time you can
+keep in short-term memory the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in short-term memory the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in short-term memory the typical
+number would be something like seven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be something like seven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be something like seven the
+the classic number sort of seven plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic number sort of seven plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic number sort of seven plus or
+minus two you might have heard this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two you might have heard this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two you might have heard this so
+just about the length of a phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about the length of a phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about the length of a phone number
+that you can remember between the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can remember between the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can remember between the time
+you look it up in the well you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look it up in the well you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look it up in the well you know we
+all have phone numbers on speed-dial now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have phone numbers on speed-dial now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have phone numbers on speed-dial now
+so we don't even remember phone numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't even remember phone numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't even remember phone numbers
+anymore but but in the old days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but but in the old days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but but in the old days you
+would have to look it up in the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look it up in the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to look it up in the phone
+book and remember it long enough to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and remember it long enough to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and remember it long enough to type
+it in okay well as long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in okay well as long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in okay well as long-term memories
+have very large capacity basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large capacity basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very large capacity basically
+everything that you remember about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you remember about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you remember about you
+know of the working your classes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the working your classes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of the working your classes that
+you remember of course for your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember of course for your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember of course for your entire
+life not just until the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life not just until the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life not just until the final exam
+short-term memories are thought to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memories are thought to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memories are thought to have
+an underlying biophysical mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying biophysical mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying biophysical mechanism
+is the persistent firing of neurons in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the persistent firing of neurons in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the persistent firing of neurons in a
+particular population of neurons that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population of neurons that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population of neurons that's
+responsible for holding that memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for holding that memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for holding that memory
+whereas the biophysical mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the biophysical mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the biophysical mechanism of
+long-term memories is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memories is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memories is thought to be
+physical changes in the in the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical changes in the in the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical changes in the in the neurons
+and and primarily in the synapses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and primarily in the synapses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and primarily in the synapses that
+connect neurons in a in a population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect neurons in a in a population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect neurons in a in a population so
+let me just show you a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you a typical
+short-term memory task that's been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory task that's been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory task that's been used
+to study neural activity in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study neural activity in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study neural activity in the brain
+that's involved in short-term memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in short-term memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in short-term memory so
+this is a task that has been studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a task that has been studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a task that has been studied in
+non-human primates so the monkey sits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human primates so the monkey sits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human primates so the monkey sits in
+a chair stares at the screen there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair stares at the screen there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair stares at the screen there is a
+set of spots on the screen and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of spots on the screen and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of spots on the screen and a
+fixation point in the middle so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation point in the middle so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation point in the middle so the
+monkey stares at the fixation point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey stares at the fixation point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey stares at the fixation point one
+of those cues turns on so one of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cues turns on so one of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cues turns on so one of one of
+those spots will change color the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots will change color the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots will change color the monkey
+has to maintain fixation at that spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to maintain fixation at that spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to maintain fixation at that spot
+the cue turns off then so now the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue turns off then so now the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue turns off then so now the animal
+has to remember which cue was which cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to remember which cue was which cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to remember which cue was which cue
+was turned on and then some delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was turned on and then some delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was turned on and then some delayed
+period later which can be you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period later which can be you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period later which can be you know is
+typically between three to six or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically between three to six or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically between three to six or maybe
+ten seconds the animal the fixation cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds the animal the fixation cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten seconds the animal the fixation cue
+goes away and that tells the animal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and that tells the animal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and that tells the animal that
+it's time to then look at the cued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to then look at the cued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to then look at the cued
+location okay and so in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay and so in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay and so in this interval
+between the time when the cue turns off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time when the cue turns off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time when the cue turns off
+and the animal has to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the animal has to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the animal has to look at the
+location of that cue the animal has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that cue the animal has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that cue the animal has to
+remember the direction in which that cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the direction in which that cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the direction in which that cue
+was activated or it has to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was activated or it has to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was activated or it has to remember the
+location of that cube now if you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that cube now if you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that cube now if you record
+from neurons in parts of the prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neurons in parts of the prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neurons in parts of the prefrontal
+cortex during this task what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex during this task what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex during this task what you find is
+that the neural activity is fairly quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neural activity is fairly quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neural activity is fairly quiet
+during the pre Q and the Q period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the pre Q and the Q period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the pre Q and the Q period and
+then ramps up the firing rate ramps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ramps up the firing rate ramps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ramps up the firing rate ramps up
+very quickly and maintains a persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and maintains a persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and maintains a persistent
+activity during this delay period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity during this delay period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity during this delay period
+okay and then as soon as the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as soon as the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as soon as the animal
+makes a saccade to the remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a saccade to the remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a saccade to the remembered
+location then that neural activity goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then that neural activity goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then that neural activity goes
+away because the the task is over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the the task is over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the the task is over and
+the animal doesn't have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal doesn't have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal doesn't have to remember that
+location anymore so that persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location anymore so that persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location anymore so that persistent
+activity right there is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity right there is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity right there is thought to be
+the neural basis of made of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural basis of made of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural basis of made of the
+maintenance of that short-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of that short-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of that short-term memory
+and you can see that the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the activity of
+this neuron carries information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron carries information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron carries information about
+which of those cues was actually on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those cues was actually on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those cues was actually on so
+this particular neuron is most active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular neuron is most active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular neuron is most active
+when it was the cue in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was the cue in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was the cue in the upper left
+corner of the screen that was active and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the screen that was active and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the screen that was active and
+that neuron shows no changes in activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron shows no changes in activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron shows no changes in activity
+when the cue when the cued location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cue when the cued location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cue when the cued location
+shows no change in activity during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows no change in activity during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows no change in activity during the
+memory period during the delay period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory period during the delay period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory period during the delay period
+when the cued location was down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cued location was down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cued location was down into the
+right so this neuron carries information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this neuron carries information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this neuron carries information
+about which cue was is actually being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which cue was is actually being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which cue was is actually being
+remembered and of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered and of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered and of course there are
+different neurons in in this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons in in this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neurons in in this population
+of in this part of prefrontal cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this part of prefrontal cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this part of prefrontal cortex and
+each one of those neurons will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those neurons will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those neurons will have a
+different preferred direction okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferred direction okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferred direction okay and
+so by looking at a population of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by looking at a population of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by looking at a population of neurons
+then during the delay period you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the delay period you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the delay period you could
+figure out and the monkey's brain can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and the monkey's brain can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and the monkey's brain can
+remember which of those cues was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which of those cues was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which of those cues was some
+was illuminated okay so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was illuminated okay so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was illuminated okay so the idea is that
+the idea of short-term memory is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of short-term memory is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of short-term memory is that
+you can have a stimulus that is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a stimulus that is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a stimulus that is active
+briefly okay and then for some period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly okay and then for some period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly okay and then for some period of
+time after that stimulus turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after that stimulus turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after that stimulus turns on
+there's neural activity that turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity that turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity that turns on
+during the presentation of that stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the presentation of that stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the presentation of that stimulus
+and then stays on it persists for tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stays on it persists for tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stays on it persists for tens
+of seconds after the stimulus actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds after the stimulus actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds after the stimulus actually
+turns off okay so that's one notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off okay so that's one notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off okay so that's one notion of
+short-term memory and how neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory and how neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory and how neural
+activity is involved in producing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is involved in producing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is involved in producing that
+memory and and and the the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and and and the the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and and and the the basic idea
+here is that that stimulus is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that that stimulus is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that that stimulus is in some
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+integrated by the circuit okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by the circuit okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by the circuit okay and that
+produces a step in the response and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a step in the response and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a step in the response and once
+that stimulus goes away then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus goes away then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus goes away then that the
+integral of that stimulus persists for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that stimulus persists for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that stimulus persists for a
+long time okay all right now short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time okay all right now short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time okay all right now short-term
+memory and neural integrators are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and neural integrators are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and neural integrators are also
+thought to be involved in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be involved in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be involved in a different
+kind of behavior and that is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior and that is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior and that is the kind of
+behavior where you actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where you actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where you actually need to
+accumulate information over time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate information over time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate information over time okay so
+sometimes when you look at a stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you look at a stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you look at a stimulus
+the stimulus can be very noisy all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus can be very noisy all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus can be very noisy all right
+and if you just look at it for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just look at it for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just look at it for a very
+brief period of time it can be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief period of time it can be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief period of time it can be hard to
+figure out what's going on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on in that
+stimulus but if you stare at it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus but if you stare at it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus but if you stare at it for a
+while you get you gradually get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you get you gradually get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you get you gradually get a better
+and better sense of what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better sense of what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better sense of what's going on in
+that stimulus okay and so during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus okay and so during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus okay and so during that
+period of time when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time when you're looking at
+the stimulus you're accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus you're accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus you're accumulating
+information about what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what's going on in
+that stimulus and and so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus and and so there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus and and so there's a whole
+field of of neuroscience that relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of of neuroscience that relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of of neuroscience that relates to
+the the this issue of accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this issue of accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this issue of accumulating
+evidence during decision-making okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence during decision-making okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence during decision-making okay so
+let me show you an example of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you an example of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you an example of what that
+looks like so here's a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so here's a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so here's a different kind of
+task here's what it looks like for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task here's what it looks like for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task here's what it looks like for a
+monkey doing this task the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey doing this task the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey doing this task the monkey
+fixates at a point two targets come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixates at a point two targets come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixates at a point two targets come up
+on the screen the monkey at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the monkey at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the monkey at the end of
+the task will have two saccade - one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task will have two saccade - one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task will have two saccade - one or
+the other of those targets depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of those targets depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of those targets depending on
+a particular stimulus and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stimulus and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stimulus and the kind of
+stimulus a kind of stimulus that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus a kind of stimulus that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus a kind of stimulus that's often
+used in tasks like this is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in tasks like this is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in tasks like this is what's called
+a a random dot motion stimulus so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a random dot motion stimulus so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a random dot motion stimulus so you
+have dots that appear on the screen most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dots that appear on the screen most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dots that appear on the screen most
+of them are just moving randomly but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are just moving randomly but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are just moving randomly but a
+small number of them move consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of them move consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of them move consistently
+in one direction okay so for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction okay so for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction okay so for example a
+small number of these dots move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of these dots move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of these dots move
+coherently to the right and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently to the right and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently to the right and if the
+motion stimulus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion stimulus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion stimulus is
+more to the right then the monkey has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the right then the monkey has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to the right then the monkey has to
+then once that motion stimulus goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once that motion stimulus goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once that motion stimulus goes away
+the monkey has to make a saccade to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey has to make a saccade to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey has to make a saccade to the
+right and target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and target
+okay now this task can be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this task can be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this task can be very difficult
+if a small fraction of the dots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a small fraction of the dots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a small fraction of the dots are
+moving coherently one way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coherently one way or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coherently one way or the other
+right and so what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you can see is that
+the percentage correct is near chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage correct is near chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage correct is near chance
+when the motion strength or the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motion strength or the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motion strength or the percent
+coherence the fraction of the dots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the fraction of the dots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the fraction of the dots that
+are moving coherently is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving coherently is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving coherently is very small
+there's almost a there's a 50% chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost a there's a 50% chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost a there's a 50% chance of
+getting the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right answer
+yeah but as the motion strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but as the motion strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but as the motion strength
+increases you can see that the monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you can see that the monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you can see that the monkeys
+performance gets better and better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance gets better and better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance gets better and better okay
+and not only does the performance get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only does the performance get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only does the performance get
+better but the reaction time actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the reaction time actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the reaction time actually
+gets smaller all right so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller all right so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller all right so I'll show you
+I found a movie of what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a movie of what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a movie of what this looks like
+so so this is from another lab that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is from another lab that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is from another lab that set
+this up in in rats so here's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up in in rats so here's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up in in rats so here's what this
+looks like so the rat is poking its nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so the rat is poking its nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so the rat is poking its nose
+in a center port okay there's the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a center port okay there's the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a center port okay there's the rat
+there's a screen there's a center port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a screen there's a center port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a screen there's a center port
+right in front of it that the rat pokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of it that the rat pokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of it that the rat pokes
+its nose in to initiate a trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nose in to initiate a trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nose in to initiate a trial and
+depending on whether the code coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the code coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the code coherent
+motion is moving to the right or left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is moving to the right or left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is moving to the right or left
+the rat has to get food reward from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat has to get food reward from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat has to get food reward from one
+one or the other port to the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other port to the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other port to the left or
+right so here's what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's what that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's what that looks like
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a fairly high motion coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a fairly high motion coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a fairly high motion coherent
+stimulus so it's pretty easy to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so it's pretty easy to see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so it's pretty easy to see but
+but and and you can see the animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and you can see the animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and you can see the animal is
+performing nearly perfectly it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing nearly perfectly it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing nearly perfectly it's getting
+the right it's making the right choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it's making the right choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it's making the right choice
+nearly every time but for lower coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every time but for lower coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly every time but for lower coherent
+stimuli it becomes much harder and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli it becomes much harder and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli it becomes much harder and the
+animal gets no traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal gets no traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal gets no traction
+okay alright that's I thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright that's I thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay alright that's I thought that was
+kind of amusing now if you record in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amusing now if you record in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amusing now if you record in the
+brain in also in parts of frontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in also in parts of frontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in also in parts of frontal cortex
+what you find is that there are neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that there are neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that there are neurons
+and this is data from the monkey again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is data from the monkey again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is data from the monkey again
+and this is from Michael Shadowlands lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from Michael Shadowlands lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from Michael Shadowlands lab
+who's now at Columbia and what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now at Columbia and what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now at Columbia and what you find
+is that during the presentation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that during the presentation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that during the presentation of the
+stimulus here you can see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus here you can see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus here you can see that there are
+neurons whose activity ramps up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons whose activity ramps up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons whose activity ramps up over
+time as the animal is watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the animal is watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as the animal is watching the
+stimulus okay and so what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus okay and so what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus okay and so what you can see
+here is that these different traces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these different traces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that these different traces so
+for example the the green trace and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the the green trace and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the the green trace and the
+blue trace here show what the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue trace here show what the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue trace here show what the neurons
+are doing when the stimulus is very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing when the stimulus is very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing when the stimulus is very weak
+and the yellow trace shows what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow trace shows what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow trace shows what the
+neurons do when or this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons do when or this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons do when or this particular
+neuron does when when the stimulus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron does when when the stimulus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron does when when the stimulus is
+very strong okay and so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong okay and so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong okay and so there's this
+notion that these neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that these neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that these neurons are
+integrating the evidence about which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the evidence about which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the evidence about which way
+this these random dots are going until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these random dots are going until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these random dots are going until
+that activity reaches some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity reaches some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity reaches some sort of
+threshold and so this this is what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so this this is what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so this this is what those
+neurons look like when you line their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons look like when you line their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons look like when you line their
+their firing rate up to the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their firing rate up to the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their firing rate up to the time of the
+secod and you can see that all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secod and you can see that all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secod and you can see that all of those
+different trajectories of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trajectories of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trajectories of neural
+activity ramped up until they reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity ramped up until they reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity ramped up until they reach a
+threshold at which point the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold at which point the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold at which point the animal
+makes its choice about looking left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its choice about looking left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its choice about looking left or
+right okay and so the idea is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and so the idea is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and so the idea is that these
+neurons are integrating the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are integrating the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are integrating the evidence
+until they reach a bound and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they reach a bound and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they reach a bound and then the
+animal makes a decision the weaker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal makes a decision the weaker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal makes a decision the weaker the
+evidence is the weaker the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is the weaker the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is the weaker the evidence
+accumulates the more weaker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates the more weaker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates the more weaker the
+coherence the more slowly the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the more slowly the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the more slowly the evidence
+accumulates in the longer it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates in the longer it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates in the longer it takes for
+that neural activity to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neural activity to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neural activity to reach the
+threshold and so therefore the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so therefore the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and so therefore the reaction
+time is longer okay so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is longer okay so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is longer okay so it's a very
+powerful model of of accumulate evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model of of accumulate evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model of of accumulate evidence
+accumulation during during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation during during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation during during a
+decision-making task here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making task here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making task here's another
+interesting behavior that potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting behavior that potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting behavior that potentially
+involves neural integration so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves neural integration so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves neural integration so this is
+navigation by path integration in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation by path integration in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation by path integration in a
+species of desert ant so these animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of desert ant so these animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of desert ant so these animals
+do something really cool so they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something really cool so they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something really cool so they leave
+their nest and there and they forage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nest and there and they forage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nest and there and they forage for
+food but they're foraging for food it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food but they're foraging for food it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food but they're foraging for food it's
+very hot so they run around they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot so they run around they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot so they run around they look
+for food and as soon as they find food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food and as soon as they find food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for food and as soon as they find food
+they head straight home okay and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they head straight home okay and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they head straight home okay and if you
+look at their trajectory from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their trajectory from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their trajectory from the time
+they leave food they immediately head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave food they immediately head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave food they immediately head
+along a vector that points them straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a vector that points them straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a vector that points them straight
+back to their nest okay and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their nest okay and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their nest okay and so it
+suggests that these animals are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that these animals are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that these animals are actually
+integrate look the animals doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate look the animals doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate look the animals doing all
+sorts of loop dnews and it's going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of loop dnews and it's going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of loop dnews and it's going all
+sorts of different directions you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different directions you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different directions you'd
+think it would get lost right how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would get lost right how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would get lost right how does
+it maintain how does it represent in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maintain how does it represent in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maintain how does it represent in its
+brain the knowledge of which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the knowledge of which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the knowledge of which direction
+is actually back to the nest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually back to the nest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually back to the nest one
+possibility is that it uses external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that it uses external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that it uses external
+cues to figure this out like it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues to figure this out like it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues to figure this out like it looks at
+the you know the you know it sees little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the you know it sees little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the you know it sees little
+sand dunes on the horizon or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand dunes on the horizon or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand dunes on the horizon or something
+you can actually rule out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually rule out that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually rule out that it's
+using sensor information by after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sensor information by after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sensor information by after the
+point where it finds food you pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it finds food you pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it finds food you pick it up
+and you transport it here to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you transport it here to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you transport it here to a different
+spot and the animal heads off in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and the animal heads off in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and the animal heads off in a
+direction that's exactly the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's exactly the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's exactly the direction
+that would have taken it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have taken it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have taken it back to the
+nest had it been in the or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest had it been in the or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nest had it been in the or in the
+location before you moved it okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location before you moved it okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location before you moved it okay so the
+idea is that somehow it's integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that somehow it's integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that somehow it's integrating
+its distance and it's doing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance and it's doing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance and it's doing vector
+integration of its distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of its distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of its distance and
+direction over time okay so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction over time okay so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction over time okay so lots of
+interesting bits of evidence that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting bits of evidence that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting bits of evidence that the
+brain does integration for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does integration for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does integration for different
+kinds of interesting behaviors so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interesting behaviors so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interesting behaviors so today
+I'm going to show you some another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you some another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you some another
+behavior that is thought to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that is thought to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that is thought to involve
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+and it's a it's a simple sensorimotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a it's a simple sensorimotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a it's a simple sensorimotor
+behavior where it's been possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where it's been possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior where it's been possible to
+study the circuitry in detail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the circuitry in detail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the circuitry in detail that
+that's involved in in the neural control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in in the neural control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in in the neural control
+of that motor behavior and the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that motor behavior and the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that motor behavior and the behavior
+is is basically the control of eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically the control of eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically the control of eye
+position and the this group this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the this group this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the this group this was
+largely worked on that was done in David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely worked on that was done in David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely worked on that was done in David
+tanks lab in collaboration with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks lab in collaboration with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks lab in collaboration with his
+theoretical collaborators Marc Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical collaborators Marc Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical collaborators Marc Goldman
+and and Sebastian son okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Sebastian son okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Sebastian son okay so let me
+just show you this little movie so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you this little movie so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you this little movie so okay
+so these are goldfish goldfish have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are goldfish goldfish have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are goldfish goldfish have an
+ocular motor control system that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocular motor control system that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocular motor control system that's very
+similar to that in mammals and and us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that in mammals and and us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that in mammals and and us
+you can see that they move their eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they move their eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they move their eyes
+around they actually make cicadas and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they actually make cicadas and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they actually make cicadas and if
+you zoom in on their eye and watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in on their eye and watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in on their eye and watch what
+their eyes do you can see that they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes do you can see that they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes do you can see that they make
+discrete jumps in the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete jumps in the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete jumps in the position of the
+eye and between those discrete jumps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and between those discrete jumps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and between those discrete jumps the
+eyes are held in a fixed position okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are held in a fixed position okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are held in a fixed position okay
+now if you were to anesthetize the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you were to anesthetize the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you were to anesthetize the eye
+muscles that I would always just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that I would always just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that I would always just sort of
+spring back to some neutral location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring back to some neutral location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring back to some neutral location
+okay the eye muscles are sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the eye muscles are sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the eye muscles are sort of like
+Springs okay and in the absence of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs okay and in the absence of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs okay and in the absence of any
+motor control of any activation of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor control of any activation of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor control of any activation of those
+muscles the eyes just relaxed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles the eyes just relaxed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles the eyes just relaxed to a
+neutral position okay so when the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral position okay so when the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral position okay so when the eye
+moves and it's maintained at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and it's maintained at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and it's maintained at a
+particular position that has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position that has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position that has something
+has to hold that muscle at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to hold that muscle at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to hold that muscle at a particular
+tension in order to hold the eye at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in order to hold the eye at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in order to hold the eye at that
+position okay so there are a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay so there are a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay so there are a set of
+muscles that control eye position there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that control eye position there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that control eye position there
+there's a whole set of neural circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole set of neural circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole set of neural circuits
+that control the tension in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control the tension in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control the tension in those
+muscles and in these experiments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and in these experiments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and in these experiments there
+were researchers just focused on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were researchers just focused on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were researchers just focused on the the
+control system for horizontal eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system for horizontal eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system for horizontal eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+okay so motion movement of the eye from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so motion movement of the eye from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so motion movement of the eye from
+a more lateral position to a more medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more lateral position to a more medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more lateral position to a more medial
+position or rotation okay so I visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or rotation okay so I visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or rotation okay so I visit
+Horicon ttle eye position and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horicon ttle eye position and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horicon ttle eye position and so if you
+record the position of the eye and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the position of the eye and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the position of the eye and look
+at this is sort of a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is sort of a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is sort of a cartoon
+representation of what you would see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what you would see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of what you would see you
+see that the eye stays stable at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the eye stays stable at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the eye stays stable at a
+particular angle for a while and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle for a while and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle for a while and then
+makes a jump stay stable makes a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a jump stay stable makes a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a jump stay stable makes a jump
+and stays stable these these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stays stable these these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stays stable these these are called
+fixations and these are called cicadas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixations and these are called cicadas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixations and these are called cicadas
+and if you record from motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you record from motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you record from motor neurons
+that innervate these muscles so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innervate these muscles so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innervate these muscles so these
+are motor neurons in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are motor neurons in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are motor neurons in the nucleus
+abducens you can see that the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abducens you can see that the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abducens you can see that the neural
+activity is low the firing rate is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is low the firing rate is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is low the firing rate is low
+when the eyes are more medial when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the eyes are more medial when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the eyes are more medial when the
+eyes are more forward and the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are more forward and the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are more forward and the firing
+rate is high when the eye is in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is high when the eye is in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is high when the eye is in a more
+lateral position because these are motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral position because these are motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral position because these are motor
+neurons that activate the muscle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that activate the muscle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that activate the muscle that
+pulls the eye more lateral notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the eye more lateral notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the eye more lateral notice that
+there is a brief burst of activity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a brief burst of activity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a brief burst of activity here
+at the time when the eye makes a saccade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when the eye makes a saccade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when the eye makes a saccade
+to them into the more lateral direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them into the more lateral direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them into the more lateral direction
+and there's a brief suppression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a brief suppression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a brief suppression of
+activity here when the eye makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity here when the eye makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity here when the eye makes a
+saccade to a more medial position those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade to a more medial position those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade to a more medial position those
+cicadas are driven by a set of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas are driven by a set of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas are driven by a set of neurons
+by a brain area called saccade burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a brain area called saccade burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a brain area called saccade burst
+generator neurons okay and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons okay and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons okay and you can see
+that those neurons generate a burst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those neurons generate a burst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those neurons generate a burst of
+activity prior to each one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity prior to each one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity prior to each one of these two
+cots there are a set of neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cots there are a set of neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cots there are a set of neurons that
+activate bursts activates the cause in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate bursts activates the cause in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate bursts activates the cause in
+the lateral direction and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral direction and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral direction and there are
+other neurons that activates the Qods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons that activates the Qods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons that activates the Qods in
+the medial direction and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial direction and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial direction and what you see is
+if you is that these saccade burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you is that these saccade burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you is that these saccade burst
+neurons are actually generate activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are actually generate activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are actually generate activity
+that's very highly correlated with iva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very highly correlated with iva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very highly correlated with iva
+Lassa T okay so here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lassa T okay so here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lassa T okay so here you can see
+recording from one of these burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from one of these burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from one of these burst
+generator neurons generates a burst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons generates a burst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons generates a burst of
+spikes that goes up to about 400 Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that goes up to about 400 Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that goes up to about 400 Hertz
+and lasts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lasts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lasts about
+milliseconds during the secod and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds during the secod and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds during the secod and if you
+plot IVA lhasa t along with the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot IVA lhasa t along with the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot IVA lhasa t along with the firing
+rate of these burst generator neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of these burst generator neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of these burst generator neurons
+you can see that those are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that those are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that those are very similar
+to each other okay so these neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other okay so these neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other okay so these neurons are
+generating a burst drives changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a burst drives changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a burst drives changing the
+velocity of the neurons of the eye okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the neurons of the eye okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the neurons of the eye okay
+so if we go from neurons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go from neurons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go from neurons that have
+activity that's proportional to position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that's proportional to position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that's proportional to position
+and we have neurons that have activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have neurons that have activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have neurons that have activity
+that's proportional to velocity how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to velocity how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to velocity how do
+we get from velocity so the ideas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from velocity so the ideas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from velocity so the ideas they
+have burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have burst
+Sekou generator neurons that project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sekou generator neurons that project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sekou generator neurons that project to
+these neurons that project to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons that project to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons that project to the
+muscles you have to have something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles you have to have something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles you have to have something in
+between if you have neurons that encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you have neurons that encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you have neurons that encode
+velocity and you have neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you have neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you have neurons that
+encode position you need something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode position you need something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode position you need something to
+connect those to go from velocity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect those to go from velocity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect those to go from velocity to
+position how do you get from velocity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position how do you get from velocity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position how do you get from velocity to
+position if I have if I have a trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if I have if I have a trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if I have if I have a trace of
+velocity can you calculate the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity can you calculate the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity can you calculate the position
+by doing what by integrating so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing what by integrating so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing what by integrating so the idea
+is that you have a set of neurons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a set of neurons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a set of neurons here
+in fact there's a part of the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a part of the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a part of the brain and
+in the goldfish it's called area one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the goldfish it's called area one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the goldfish it's called area one
+they take that burst saccade generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take that burst saccade generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take that burst saccade generator
+neuron bursts integrate it to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron bursts integrate it to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron bursts integrate it to produce a
+position signal that then controls eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position signal that then controls eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position signal that then controls eye
+position okay alright so if you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay alright so if you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay alright so if you record
+from one of these integrator neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of these integrator neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of these integrator neurons
+while you're watching eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're watching eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're watching eye position
+here's what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's more lot of that's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this neuron that we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this neuron that we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this neuron that we were just
+watching was recorded in this area area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching was recorded in this area area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching was recorded in this area area
+one those neurons project to the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those neurons project to the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those neurons project to the motor
+neurons that actually innervate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that actually innervate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that actually innervate the
+muscles to control eye position and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles to control eye position and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles to control eye position and they
+receive inputs from these bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive inputs from these bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive inputs from these bursts
+generator neurons okay so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons okay so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons okay so if you look at
+the activity of one of these integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of one of these integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of one of these integrator
+neurons that's a spike train during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that's a spike train during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that's a spike train during a
+series of cicadas and fixations is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of cicadas and fixations is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of cicadas and fixations is a
+function of time this trace shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time this trace shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time this trace shows the
+average firing rate of that neuron this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average firing rate of that neuron this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average firing rate of that neuron this
+is just smooth over time so you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just smooth over time so you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just smooth over time so you're just
+averaging the firing rate in some window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the firing rate in some window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the firing rate in some window
+you can see that the firing rate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the firing rate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the firing rate steps
+up the firing rate jumps up during these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the firing rate jumps up during these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the firing rate jumps up during these
+cicadas and then maintains a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas and then maintains a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas and then maintains a stable
+persistent firing rate so the way think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent firing rate so the way think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent firing rate so the way think
+about this is that this persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this persistent
+firing right here is maintaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing right here is maintaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing right here is maintaining a
+memory a short-term memory of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory a short-term memory of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory a short-term memory of where the
+eye is okay and that sends an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye is okay and that sends an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye is okay and that sends an output
+that puts the eye at that position okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so just like we described we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so just like we described we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so just like we described we
+can think of these saccade burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of these saccade burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of these saccade burst
+generator neurons as sending an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons as sending an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator neurons as sending an input to
+an integrator that then produces a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator that then produces a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator that then produces a step
+in the position and then the burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the position and then the burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the position and then the burst
+generator input is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator input is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator input is zero
+during the station so the integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the station so the integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the station so the integrator
+doesn't change when the input is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change when the input is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change when the input is zero
+and then there's effectively a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's effectively a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's effectively a negative
+input that produces decrement in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that produces decrement in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that produces decrement in the eye
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay started talking last time about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay started talking last time about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay started talking last time about a
+neural model that could produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural model that could produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural model that could produce this
+kind of integration and I'll just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration and I'll just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration and I'll just walk
+through the the logic of that again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the logic of that again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the logic of that again so
+so our basic model of a neuron is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our basic model of a neuron is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our basic model of a neuron is a
+neuron that has a synaptic input if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has a synaptic input if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has a synaptic input if we
+put a brief synaptic input remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a brief synaptic input remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a brief synaptic input remember we
+we described how our firing rate model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described how our firing rate model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described how our firing rate model
+of a neuron will take that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a neuron will take that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a neuron will take that input
+integrated briefly and then the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated briefly and then the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated briefly and then the activity
+the firing rate of that neuron will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of that neuron will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firing rate of that neuron will
+decay away okay so we can write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay away okay so we can write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay away okay so we can write down an
+equation for this single neuron tau DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this single neuron tau DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this single neuron tau DV
+DT is equal to minus V that's due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to minus V that's due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to minus V that's due to
+this intrinsic decay plus an input okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intrinsic decay plus an input okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intrinsic decay plus an input okay
+and that input is synaptic input but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that input is synaptic input but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that input is synaptic input but
+what we want a system where when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want a system where when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want a system where when we put
+in a brief input we get the persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a brief input we get the persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a brief input we get the persistent
+activity instead of a decaying activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity instead of a decaying activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity instead of a decaying activity
+okay and I should just remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I should just remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I should just remind you that
+we think of this intrinsic decay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of this intrinsic decay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of this intrinsic decay in this
+intrinsic leak as having a time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic leak as having a time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic leak as having a time constant
+of order a hundred milliseconds all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order a hundred milliseconds all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order a hundred milliseconds all
+right and I should have pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I should have pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I should have pointed out
+actually that in this in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that in this in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that in this in this system
+here these these neurons have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these these neurons have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these these neurons have a
+persistence of order of tens of seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence of order of tens of seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence of order of tens of seconds
+so even in the dark the the goldfish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even in the dark the the goldfish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even in the dark the the goldfish is
+making saccade two different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making saccade two different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making saccade two different directions
+and when it makes a saccade that eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it makes a saccade that eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it makes a saccade that eye
+position stays stable for it can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position stays stable for it can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position stays stable for it can stay
+stable for many seconds and if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for many seconds and if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for many seconds and if you can
+do this in humans you can ask a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in humans you can ask a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in humans you can ask a person
+to saccade in the dark and try to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saccade in the dark and try to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saccade in the dark and try to hold
+their eyes instead of given position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes instead of given position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their eyes instead of given position and
+a person will be able to saccade to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person will be able to saccade to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person will be able to saccade to a
+position just you can imagine closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position just you can imagine closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position just you can imagine closing
+your eyes and Socata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes and Socata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes and Socata
+to a position humans can hold that eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position humans can hold that eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position humans can hold that eye
+position for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for about
+10 or 20 seconds so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 seconds so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 seconds so that's sort of the
+time constant of this of this integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of this of this integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of this of this integrator
+in the in the primate so it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the primate so it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the primate so it's also
+consistent with non-human primate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with non-human primate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with non-human primate
+experiments ok so this has a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments ok so this has a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments ok so this has a very long
+time constant but we want a neural we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant but we want a neural we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant but we want a neural we
+want a neural model that can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a neural model that can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a neural model that can model
+that's sort that very long time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort that very long time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort that very long time constant
+of this persistent activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this persistent activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this persistent activity that
+maintains I possess all right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains I possess all right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains I possess all right but the
+intrinsic time constant of neurons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic time constant of neurons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic time constant of neurons is
+about a hundred milliseconds so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred milliseconds so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred milliseconds so how do
+we get from a single neuron that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from a single neuron that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from a single neuron that has a
+time constant of 100 milliseconds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 100 milliseconds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 100 milliseconds to a
+neural integrator that can have a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural integrator that can have a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural integrator that can have a time
+constant of tens tens of seconds all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of tens tens of seconds all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of tens tens of seconds all
+right one way to do that is by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one way to do that is by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one way to do that is by making a
+network that has recurrent connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that has recurrent connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that has recurrent connections
+and you remember that the simplest kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that the simplest kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that the simplest kind
+of recurrent of recurrent Network is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrent of recurrent Network is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recurrent of recurrent Network is a
+neuron that has an autopsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has an autopsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that has an autopsy
+ok but more generally we'll have neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok but more generally we'll have neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok but more generally we'll have neurons
+that connect to other neurons those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect to other neurons those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect to other neurons those
+other neurons connect to other neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons connect to other neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other neurons connect to other neurons
+and there are sort of feedback loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are sort of feedback loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are sort of feedback loops
+right this neuron connects to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this neuron connects to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this neuron connects to that
+neuron that neuron connects back and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that neuron connects back and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that neuron connects back and so
+on and so the activity of this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so the activity of this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so the activity of this neuron
+can go to other neurons and then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to other neurons and then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to other neurons and then come
+back and excite that neuron again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and excite that neuron again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and excite that neuron again and
+maintain the activity of that neuron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the activity of that neuron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the activity of that neuron so
+we developed a method for analyzing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a method for analyzing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed a method for analyzing that
+kind of network by around a recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of network by around a recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of network by around a recurrent
+weight matrix current recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix current recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix current recurrent
+connection matrix that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection matrix that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection matrix that describes the
+connections tune or neuron a in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections tune or neuron a in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections tune or neuron a in this
+network from all the other neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network from all the other neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network from all the other neurons in
+the network a prime ok input tuner on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network a prime ok input tuner on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network a prime ok input tuner on a
+from their own apron and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their own apron and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their own apron and now we can
+write down a differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a differential equation for
+the activity of one of these neurons DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of one of these neurons DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of one of these neurons DV
+DT is minus V that's that produces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is minus V that's that produces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is minus V that's that produces this
+intrinsic decay plus synaptic input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic decay plus synaptic input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic decay plus synaptic input from
+all the other neurons in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summed up over all the other neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed up over all the other neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed up over all the other neurons
+plus this external burst input okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this external burst input okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this external burst input okay
+so how do we make a neural network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we make a neural network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we make a neural network that
+looks like an integrator so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an integrator so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an integrator so how do we do
+that if we want our neuron if the firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we want our neuron if the firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we want our neuron if the firing
+rate of our neuron to behave like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of our neuron to behave like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of our neuron to behave like an
+integrator of it of its input what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator of it of its input what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator of it of its input what do we
+have to do to this equation to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to this equation to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to this equation to make this
+neuron look like an integrator so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron look like an integrator so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron look like an integrator so what
+have to do to make this neuron look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to make this neuron look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to make this neuron look like
+an integrator it would just be tau DV DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator it would just be tau DV DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator it would just be tau DV DT
+equals first input right so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals first input right so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals first input right so in order to
+make this network into an integrator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this network into an integrator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this network into an integrator we
+have to make sure that these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that these two terms
+sum to zero okay so in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to zero okay so in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to zero okay so in other words the
+feedback from other neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from other neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from other neurons in the
+network back to our neuron has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network back to our neuron has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network back to our neuron has to
+exactly balance the intrinsic leak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly balance the intrinsic leak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly balance the intrinsic leak of
+that neuron that makes sense okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron that makes sense okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neuron that makes sense okay so
+let's let's do that and when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do that and when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do that and when you do that
+this is zero the sum of those two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero the sum of those two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero the sum of those two terms
+is zero and now the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and now the derivative of the
+activity of our neuron is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of our neuron is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of our neuron is just equal to
+the input so our neuron now integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so our neuron now integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so our neuron now integrates
+the input okay so now the firing rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input okay so now the firing rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input okay so now the firing rate of
+our announcer that should be a V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our announcer that should be a V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our announcer that should be a V is
+equal to 1 over tau the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over tau the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over tau the integral of
+bursts input so we talked last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts input so we talked last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts input so we talked last time
+about how you analyze recurrent neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you analyze recurrent neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you analyze recurrent neural
+networks we start with our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we start with our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks we start with our current
+weight matrix so again these M's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix so again these M's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix so again these M's
+describe the recurrent weights within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the recurrent weights within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the recurrent weights within
+that network we talked about how if M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that network we talked about how if M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that network we talked about how if M is
+a symmetric matrix connection matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric matrix connection matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric matrix connection matrix
+then we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can rewrite
+the connection matrix is a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection matrix is a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection matrix is a rotation
+matrix times a diagonal matrix times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a diagonal matrix times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times a diagonal matrix times the
+rotation the inverse rotation matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the inverse rotation matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the inverse rotation matrix so
+Phi transpose lambda phi where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose lambda phi where again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose lambda phi where again
+lambda is a diagonal matrix and Phi is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is a diagonal matrix and Phi is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is a diagonal matrix and Phi is a
+rotation matrix that's due by two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix that's due by two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix that's due by two in
+this case in the case of two a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the case of two a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the case of two a two
+neuron network then this rotation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron network then this rotation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron network then this rotation matrix
+has as its columns the two two basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has as its columns the two two basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has as its columns the two two basis
+vectors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay
+that we can now use to rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now use to rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now use to rewrite the
+firing rates of this work in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates of this work in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates of this work in terms of
+modes of the network okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the network okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of the network okay so we can
+multiply the firing rate vector of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the firing rate vector of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the firing rate vector of this
+network times Phi transpose to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network times Phi transpose to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network times Phi transpose to get the
+firing rates of different modes of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates of different modes of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rates of different modes of that
+network and what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and what we're doing is
+essentially rewriting this recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rewriting this recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rewriting this recurrent
+network as set of independent modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network as set of independent modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network as set of independent modes
+independent sort of neurons if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sort of neurons if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent sort of neurons if you will
+that describe the modes with recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe the modes with recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe the modes with recurrent
+connectivity only within that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity only within that mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity only within that mode
+okay so we're rewriting that network as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're rewriting that network as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're rewriting that network as
+a set of only autopsies and the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of only autopsies and the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of only autopsies and the diagonal
+elements of this matrix are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this matrix are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this matrix are just the
+strengths of the recurrent connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of the recurrent connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of the recurrent connections
+within that mode okay all right so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that mode okay all right so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that mode okay all right so for a
+network to behave as integrator most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to behave as integrator most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to behave as integrator most of
+the eigenvalues should be less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues should be less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues should be less than one
+but one eigenvalue should be one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one eigenvalue should be one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one eigenvalue should be one okay
+and in that case one mode of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case one mode of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case one mode of the network
+becomes an integrating mode and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an integrating mode and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an integrating mode and all of
+the other modes of the network have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other modes of the network have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other modes of the network have the
+property that their activity decays away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that their activity decays away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that their activity decays away
+arrow very rapidly okay so I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow very rapidly okay so I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow very rapidly okay so I'm gonna go
+through this in more detail and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in more detail and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in more detail and show you
+examples but for a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but for a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but for a network
+to behave as an integrator you want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave as an integrator you want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave as an integrator you want one
+integrating mode one eigenvalue close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating mode one eigenvalue close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating mode one eigenvalue close to
+one and most of the all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and most of the all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and most of the all of the other
+eigenvalues much less than one so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues much less than one so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues much less than one so if you
+do that then you have one mode that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that then you have one mode that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that then you have one mode that has
+the following equation that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following equation that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following equation that describes
+its activity Tao and and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its activity Tao and and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its activity Tao and and let's say
+that's lambda one that has an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lambda one that has an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lambda one that has an eigenvalue
+of one so Tao DC 1 DT DC DT equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one so Tao DC 1 DT DC DT equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one so Tao DC 1 DT DC DT equals minus
+C that's the intrinsic decay of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the intrinsic decay of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the intrinsic decay of that
+mode plus lambda 1 C 1 plus bursts input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode plus lambda 1 C 1 plus bursts input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode plus lambda 1 C 1 plus bursts input
+okay and if lambda 1 is equal to 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if lambda 1 is equal to 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if lambda 1 is equal to 1 then
+those two terms cancel right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms cancel right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms cancel right then the
+feedback balances the leak and that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback balances the leak and that mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback balances the leak and that mode
+becomes an integrating mode all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an integrating mode all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an integrating mode all right so
+when you have a burst input the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a burst input the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a burst input the activity
+in that mode increases it steps up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode increases it steps up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that mode increases it steps up to
+some new value and then between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new value and then between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new value and then between the
+burst inputs that that mode obeys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst inputs that that mode obeys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst inputs that that mode obeys the
+the activity of that mode obeys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of that mode obeys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of that mode obeys the
+following differential equation there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following differential equation there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following differential equation there's
+no more burst input between the bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more burst input between the bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more burst input between the bursts
+DC DT is just equal to lambda minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC DT is just equal to lambda minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC DT is just equal to lambda minus 1
+over tau times c1 and if lambda is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tau times c1 and if lambda is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tau times c1 and if lambda is equal
+to 1 then this then DC DT equals 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 then this then DC DT equals 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 then this then DC DT equals 0 and
+the activity is constant that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity is constant that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity is constant that makes
+sense any questions about that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any questions about that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any questions about that yes
+Rebecca yes that's exactly right if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca yes that's exactly right if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca yes that's exactly right if this
+is not true if let's say that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true if let's say that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true if let's say that what
+happens if lambda is less than 1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if lambda is less than 1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if lambda is less than 1 is less
+than 1 then this quantity is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 then this quantity is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 then this quantity is negative
+right so if lambda is 0.5 let's say then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if lambda is 0.5 let's say then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if lambda is 0.5 let's say then
+this is 0.5 over tau minus 0.5 over tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0.5 over tau minus 0.5 over tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0.5 over tau minus 0.5 over tau
+so DC DT is some negative constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DC DT is some negative constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DC DT is some negative constant times
+C which means if C is positive then DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which means if C is positive then DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which means if C is positive then DC
+DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is
+negative and see is decaying that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and see is decaying that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and see is decaying that makes
+sense if lambda is bigger than one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if lambda is bigger than one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if lambda is bigger than one then
+this constant is positive so if C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant is positive so if C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant is positive so if C is
+positive then DC DT is positive and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then DC DT is positive and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then DC DT is positive and C
+continues to grow so it's only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to grow so it's only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to grow so it's only when
+lambda equals one that DC DT is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one that DC DT is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one that DC DT is zero
+between the burst inputs yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the burst inputs yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the burst inputs yeah okay
+so let's look at a really simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a really simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a really simple model
+where we have two neurons there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have two neurons there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have two neurons there's uh
+taps recurrence here but it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps recurrence here but it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taps recurrence here but it's easy to
+add that and let's say that the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that and let's say that the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that and let's say that the weights
+between these two neurons are 1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two neurons are 1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two neurons are 1 so we
+can write down the weight matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down the weight matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down the weight matrix it's
+just 0 1 1 0 right because the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 0 1 1 0 right because the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 0 1 1 0 right because the diagonals
+out the diagonals are 0 0 1 1 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the diagonals are 0 0 1 1 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the diagonals are 0 0 1 1 0 the
+eigen value equation looks like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value equation looks like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value equation looks like this you
+know that because the diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that because the diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that because the diagonal elements
+are equal to each other and the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to each other and the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to each other and the off
+diagonal elements are equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are equal to each
+other because it's a symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because it's a symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because it's a symmetric matrix
+then the eigen value vectors are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigen value vectors are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigen value vectors are always
+what 45 degrees okay so 1 1 and minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 45 degrees okay so 1 1 and minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 45 degrees okay so 1 1 and minus 1
+1 so our our modes of the network if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so our our modes of the network if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so our our modes of the network if we
+look in this state space of V one versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in this state space of V one versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in this state space of V one versus
+V two the two modes of the network are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V two the two modes of the network are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V two the two modes of the network are
+in the one one direction and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one one direction and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one one direction and the one
+minus one direction okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one direction okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one direction okay what are the
+eigen values of this network okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of this network okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of this network okay so for
+matrix like this with equal diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this with equal diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this with equal diagonals
+and equal off diagonals the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equal off diagonals the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equal off diagonals the eigenvalues
+are just the diagonal elements plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the diagonal elements plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the diagonal elements plus or
+minus the off diagonal element okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the off diagonal element okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the off diagonal element okay I
+just give you a hint this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a hint this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a hint this is going to be
+very similar to a problem that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a problem that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a problem that you'll
+have on the final okay so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the final okay so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the final okay so if you have
+any questions feel free to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions feel free to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions feel free to ask me
+okay okay so the eigenvalues are plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the eigenvalues are plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the eigenvalues are plus or
+minus 1 1 there 1 and minus 1 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 there 1 and minus 1 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 there 1 and minus 1 okay and
+it turns out for this case it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for this case it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for this case it's easy to
+show that the value for this mode is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the value for this mode is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the value for this mode is 1
+and the eigenvalue for this mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalue for this mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalue for this mode is
+minus 1 ok you can see it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ok you can see it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ok you can see it's pretty
+intuitive right this network likes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right this network likes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive right this network likes to be
+active such that both of these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active such that both of these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active such that both of these neurons
+are both on right this when that neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both on right this when that neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both on right this when that neurons
+on it activates that neuron when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it activates that neuron when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it activates that neuron when that
+neurons on it activates that neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on it activates that neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on it activates that neuron and
+so this this network really likes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this network really likes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this network really likes it
+when both of those neurons are active ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both of those neurons are active ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both of those neurons are active ok
+and that's an amp that's the amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an amp that's the amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an amp that's the amplifying
+direction of this of this network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this of this network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this of this network and
+the eigenvalue is such that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue is such that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue is such that that the
+amplification in that direction is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification in that direction is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification in that direction is large
+enough that it turns that into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it turns that into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it turns that into an
+integrating mode ok all right so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating mode ok all right so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating mode ok all right so I'll
+show you what that looks like so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what that looks like so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what that looks like so the
+eigenvalues again are 1 and minus 1 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues again are 1 and minus 1 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues again are 1 and minus 1 if
+you just do that matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do that matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do that matrix multiplication
+you'll see that that's true and as 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that's true and as 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that's true and as 1 and
+lambda is minus 1 ok you can just read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is minus 1 ok you can just read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is minus 1 ok you can just read
+this off this first eigenvalue here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off this first eigenvalue here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this off this first eigenvalue here is
+the eigenvector for the first mode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector for the first mode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector for the first mode this
+eigenvalue is the eigenvalue for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the eigenvalue for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is the eigenvalue for that
+vector for that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for that mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for that mode
+all right so here's what this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's what this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's what this looks like
+so this mode is the integrating mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mode is the integrating mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mode is the integrating mode
+this mode is a decaying mode because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode is a decaying mode because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode is a decaying mode because the
+eigenvalue is much less than 1 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is much less than 1 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is much less than 1 and what
+that means is that no matter where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that no matter where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that no matter where we
+start on this network the activity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this network the activity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this network the activity will
+decay rapidly toward this line does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rapidly toward this line does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rapidly toward this line does that
+make sense no matter where you start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense no matter where you start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense no matter where you start the
+network activity in this direction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network activity in this direction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network activity in this direction will
+decay right any state of this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay right any state of this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay right any state of this network
+that's away from this line corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's away from this line corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's away from this line corresponds
+to activity of this mode and activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activity of this mode and activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activity of this mode and activity of
+that mode decays away very rapidly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode decays away very rapidly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode decays away very rapidly okay
+so no matter where you start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter where you start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter where you start the
+activity will decay to this diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity will decay to this diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity will decay to this diagonal
+line so let me just ask one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so let me just ask one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so let me just ask one more
+question so if we put an input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if we put an input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if we put an input in this
+direction what will the network do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what will the network do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what will the network do so
+let's turn on an input in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn on an input in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn on an input in this direction
+and leave it on what does the network do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rebeca good so we're gonna turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebeca good so we're gonna turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebeca good so we're gonna turn it on
+and leave it on first your your your the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it on first your your your the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it on first your your your the
+answer you gave is the answer to my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you gave is the answer to my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you gave is the answer to my next
+question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay
+the answer is when you put that in put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is when you put that in put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is when you put that in put
+on and you turn it off then the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you turn it off then the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you turn it off then the activity
+goes back to zero that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to zero that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to zero that's exactly right
+but when you put the input when you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you put the input when you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you put the input when you turn
+the input in this direction on there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in this direction on there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in this direction on there the
+network well the state will move in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well the state will move in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well the state will move in this
+direction and reach a steady state when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and reach a steady state when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and reach a steady state when
+you turn the input off it will decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the input off it will decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the input off it will decay
+away back if we put an input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away back if we put an input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away back if we put an input in this
+direction what happens it just keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what happens it just keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what happens it just keeps
+integrating okay and then we turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay and then we turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay and then we turn the
+input off what happens it stops and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input off what happens it stops and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input off what happens it stops and it
+stays because the network activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays because the network activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays because the network activity in
+this direction is integrating any input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction is integrating any input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction is integrating any input
+that has a projection in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like here so if you put an input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here so if you put an input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here so if you put an input in this
+direction what is the component of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what is the component of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what is the component of that
+input in the integrating direction if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the integrating direction if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in the integrating direction if we
+put an input like this what it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an input like this what it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an input like this what it has zero
+component in the integrating direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the integrating direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the integrating direction
+and so nothing gets integrated so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nothing gets integrated so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nothing gets integrated so you
+put that input the network once you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that input the network once you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that input the network once you take
+the input away and it goes right back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input away and it goes right back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input away and it goes right back to
+zero if you put an input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you put an input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you put an input in this
+direction all of that input is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all of that input is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all of that input is in this
+direction and so that input just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so that input just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so that input just gets
+integrated by the network okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by the network okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by the network okay what
+happens if you put an input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you put an input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you put an input in this
+direction then it has a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then it has a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then it has a little bit of
+has a some projection in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a some projection in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a some projection in this direction
+and some projection in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some projection in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some projection in this direction
+the network will respond to the input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network will respond to the input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network will respond to the input in
+this direction but as soon as that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction but as soon as that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction but as soon as that input
+goes away that will decay away this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away that will decay away this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away that will decay away this the
+projection in this direction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in this direction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in this direction will
+continue to be integrated okay as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be integrated okay as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be integrated okay as long
+as the input is there so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input is there so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input is there so let me show you
+what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to show you what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to show you what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to show you what happens
+when you put an input vertically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put an input vertically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put an input vertically what
+that means input in this direction means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means input in this direction means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means input in this direction means
+that we have an input to h1 input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an input to h1 input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an input to h1 input to
+this neuron is 0 but the input to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron is 0 but the input to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron is 0 but the input to that
+neuron is 1 okay that corresponds to H 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is 1 okay that corresponds to H 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is 1 okay that corresponds to H 0
+being h1 Direction being zero in the h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being h1 Direction being zero in the h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being h1 Direction being zero in the h2
+direction being one that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction being one that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction being one that has a
+projection in this direction and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in this direction and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in this direction and this
+direction and here's what here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and here's what here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and here's what here's what
+the network does ok sorry I forgot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network does ok sorry I forgot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network does ok sorry I forgot which
+way it was going so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was going so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was going so you can see that the
+network is responding to the input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is responding to the input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is responding to the input in
+the h1 direction but as soon as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h1 direction but as soon as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h1 direction but as soon as that
+input goes away that the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input goes away that the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input goes away that the activity of the
+network in this direction goes away as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in this direction goes away as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in this direction goes away as
+soon as it goes away but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it goes away but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as it goes away but it's
+integrating the projection in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the projection in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the projection in this
+direction so you can see it continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so you can see it continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so you can see it continues to
+integrate ok then you put an input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate ok then you put an input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate ok then you put an input in
+the opposite direction it integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction it integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction it integrates
+until the input goes away and it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the input goes away and it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the input goes away and it stops
+there ok let me play that again does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ok let me play that again does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ok let me play that again does
+everyone get a sense for what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have an input that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an input that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an input that has a
+projection in the minus f1 direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in the minus f1 direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection in the minus f1 direction and
+so it's the network is just integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the network is just integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the network is just integrating
+that negative number okay it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative number okay it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative number okay it's that
+clear okay all right so that's an Earl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay all right so that's an Earl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay all right so that's an Earl
+integrator it's that simple okay it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator it's that simple okay it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator it's that simple okay it has
+one mode it has an eigenvalue of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode it has an eigenvalue of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode it has an eigenvalue of one and
+all of its other modes have small Hagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its other modes have small Hagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its other modes have small Hagin
+values or negative alright okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or negative alright okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or negative alright okay so
+notice that no matter where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that no matter where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that no matter where you start
+this network involves as long as there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network involves as long as there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network involves as long as there's
+no input that network just relaxes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no input that network just relaxes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no input that network just relaxes to
+this line to a state along that line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line to a state along that line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line to a state along that line so
+that line is what we call an attractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is what we call an attractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is what we call an attractor
+of the network ok the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network ok the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network ok the state of the
+network is attracted to that line once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is attracted to that line once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is attracted to that line once
+the state is sitting on that line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is sitting on that line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is sitting on that line it
+will stay there so that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay there so that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay there so that kind of
+attractor is called a line attractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor is called a line attractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor is called a line attractor
+that distinguishes it from other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes it from other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes it from other kinds
+of attractors that we'll talk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attractors that we'll talk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attractors that we'll talk in the
+next lecture we'll talk about when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll talk about when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll talk about when there
+are particular points in the state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particular points in the state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are particular points in the state space
+that are attractors ok I know no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attractors ok I know no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attractors ok I know no matter
+where you stand at work around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you stand at work around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you stand at work around that
+point the state evolves toward that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the state evolves toward that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the state evolves toward that one
+point ok ok so the line of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point ok ok so the line of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point ok ok so the line of the line
+attractor corresponds to the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor corresponds to the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor corresponds to the direction
+of the integrator mode the bidding mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrator mode the bidding mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrator mode the bidding mode
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can kind of see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can kind of see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can kind of see this
+attractor in action if we record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor in action if we record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor in action if we record from
+two neurons in this integrator Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neurons in this integrator Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two neurons in this integrator Network
+of the goldfish during this task if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goldfish during this task if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the goldfish during this task if you
+will were the animal Cod's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will were the animal Cod's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will were the animal Cod's
+two different directions okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different directions okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different directions okay so here's
+what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Marlene Martin Harris indicating which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marlene Martin Harris indicating which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marlene Martin Harris indicating which
+way the belt is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about that okay so
+the hypothesis is that so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis is that so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis is that so I should
+mention that there I didn't say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that there I didn't say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that there I didn't say this
+before there are about a couple hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are about a couple hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are about a couple hundred
+neurons in that nucleus in area one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in that nucleus in area one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in that nucleus in area one that
+connect to each other that contact each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to each other that contact each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to each other that contact each
+other what's not really known yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what's not really known yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what's not really known yet it's
+it's a little hard to prove but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard to prove but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little hard to prove but people
+are working on it what what's not known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working on it what what's not known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working on it what what's not known
+yet is whether the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is whether the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is whether the connections between
+those neurons have the right synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons have the right synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons have the right synaptic
+strength to actually give you lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to actually give you lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to actually give you lambda to
+give you an eigenvalue of 1 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an eigenvalue of 1 in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an eigenvalue of 1 in that
+network so it's still kind of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so it's still kind of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so it's still kind of an open
+question whether this model is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether this model is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether this model is exactly
+correct in describing how that network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in describing how that network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in describing how that network
+works but but tank and others in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but but tank and others in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but but tank and others in the
+field are working on thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are working on thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field are working on thing that
+hypothesis you can see that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you can see that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you can see that one of the
+challenges of this model for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of this model for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of this model for this
+persistent activity is that in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent activity is that in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent activity is that in order for
+this network to maintain persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network to maintain persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network to maintain persistent
+activity that feedback from these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that feedback from these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that feedback from these other
+neurons back to this neuron have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons back to this neuron have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons back to this neuron have to be
+have to exactly match that intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to exactly match that intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to exactly match that intrinsic
+decay of that neuron right and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of that neuron right and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of that neuron right and if that
+feedback is too weak you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is too weak you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is too weak you can see that
+lambda is slightly less than 1 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is slightly less than 1 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is slightly less than 1 what
+happens is that neural activity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that neural activity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that neural activity will
+decay away okay rather than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay away okay rather than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay away okay rather than being
+persistent and if the feedback is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent and if the feedback is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent and if the feedback is too
+strong that neural activity will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that neural activity will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that neural activity will run
+away and it will grow exponentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it will grow exponentially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and it will grow exponentially so
+you can actually see evidence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see evidence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see evidence of these
+kind of two pathological cases in neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two pathological cases in neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two pathological cases in neural
+integrators okay so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators okay so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators okay so let's see what
+that kind of mismatch of the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of mismatch of the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of mismatch of the feedback
+would look like in the behavior so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like in the behavior so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like in the behavior so if
+you have a perfect integrator you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfect integrator you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfect integrator you can
+see that the you'll get saccade x' and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the you'll get saccade x' and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the you'll get saccade x' and
+then the eye position between cicadas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eye position between cicadas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eye position between cicadas
+will be exactly flat the eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly flat the eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly flat the eye position
+will be constant which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be constant which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be constant which means the
+derivative of eye position will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of eye position will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of eye position will be zero
+between the secod x' right and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the secod x' right and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the secod x' right and it will
+be zero no matter what eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero no matter what eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero no matter what eye position
+animal is holding its eyes so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is holding its eyes so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is holding its eyes so we can
+plot the derivative of our position as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the derivative of our position as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the derivative of our position as a
+function of eye position and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of eye position and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of eye position and that should
+be zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero everywhere
+if the integrator is perfect now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the integrator is perfect now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the integrator is perfect now what
+happens if the integrator is leaky now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the integrator is leaky now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the integrator is leaky now
+you can see that in this case the eye is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in this case the eye is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in this case the eye is
+constantly rotating back toward zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly rotating back toward zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly rotating back toward zero
+right so but if the eye is already at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but if the eye is already at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but if the eye is already at
+zero then the derivative should be close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the derivative should be close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the derivative should be close
+to zero if the eye is far away from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the eye is far away from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the eye is far away from zero
+then the derivative should be if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative should be if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative should be if the if
+the eye position is very positive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye position is very positive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye position is very positive you
+can see that this leak this this leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this leak this this leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this leak this this leaky
+integrator corresponds to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator corresponds to the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator corresponds to the derivative
+being negative so if e is positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative so if e is positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative so if e is positive then
+the derivative is negative if E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is negative if E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is negative if E is
+negative then the derivative is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the derivative is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the derivative is positive
+and that corresponds to a situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to a situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to a situation like
+this positive eye position corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive eye position corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive eye position corresponds
+to negative derivative okay you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative derivative okay you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative derivative okay you can see
+that the equation for the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equation for the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the equation for the activity of
+this mode which then translates into eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode which then translates into eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mode which then translates into eye
+position is just e to the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is just e to the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is just e to the minus a
+constant times T if you have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times T if you have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times T if you have a an
+unstable integrator if this lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable integrator if this lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable integrator if this lambda is
+greater than one then positive eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one then positive eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one then positive eye
+positions will produce a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions will produce a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions will produce a positive
+derivative and you get X run away growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you get X run away growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and you get X run away growth
+of the odd position okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the odd position okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the odd position okay and that
+corresponds to a situation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a situation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a situation like this
+positive eye position positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eye position positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eye position positive
+derivative negative eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative negative eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative negative eye position
+negative derivative okay all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative derivative okay all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative derivative okay all right and
+then that equation for that situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that equation for that situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that equation for that situation is
+e to the plus constant times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so you can actually produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can actually produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you can actually produce a
+leaky integrator in this circuit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaky integrator in this circuit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaky integrator in this circuit by
+injecting a little bit of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting a little bit of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting a little bit of local
+anesthetic into part of that nucleus all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthetic into part of that nucleus all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthetic into part of that nucleus all
+right so what would that do you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what would that do you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what would that do you can see
+that if you inject lidocaine or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you inject lidocaine or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you inject lidocaine or some
+other an activator of neurons into part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other an activator of neurons into part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other an activator of neurons into part
+of that Network it will reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Network it will reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Network it will reduce the
+feedback connections on to the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback connections on to the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback connections on to the remaining
+neurons right and so lambda becomes less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons right and so lambda becomes less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons right and so lambda becomes less
+than 1 and that produces a leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and that produces a leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and that produces a leaky
+integrator when you do that manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator when you do that manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator when you do that manipulation
+so this experiment is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this experiment is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this experiment is consistent with
+the idea that that feedback within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that feedback within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that feedback within that
+network is required to produce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is required to produce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is required to produce that
+stable persistent activity now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable persistent activity now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable persistent activity now you can
+actually you can actually find cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can actually find cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can actually find cases
+where there are deficits in the ocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are deficits in the ocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are deficits in the ocular
+motor system that are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system that are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system that are associated with
+unstable integration okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable integration okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable integration okay so this is
+called congenital nystagmus so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called congenital nystagmus so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called congenital nystagmus so this is a
+human patient with this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human patient with this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human patient with this with this
+condition and as soon as being told to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and as soon as being told to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and as soon as being told to
+try to fixate at a particular position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fixate at a particular position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fixate at a particular position
+okay but you can see that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can see that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can see that what happens
+is their eyes sort of run away to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their eyes sort of run away to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their eyes sort of run away to the
+edges to the extremes of eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to the extremes of eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to the extremes of eye position
+okay so they can fixate briefly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they can fixate briefly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they can fixate briefly the
+integrator kind of runs away in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator kind of runs away in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator kind of runs away in their
+eyes run to the edges get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes run to the edges get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes run to the edges get to the
+extremes of the range of eye position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of the range of eye position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of the range of eye position
+okay and it's thought that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's thought that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's thought that that one
+hypothesis for what's going on there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for what's going on there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for what's going on there is
+that the ocular motor integrator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ocular motor integrator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ocular motor integrator is
+actually in an unstable configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in an unstable configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in an unstable configuration
+that feedback is too strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so exactly how precisely do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly how precisely do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly how precisely do you need to
+set that feedback in order to in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that feedback in order to in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that feedback in order to in order
+to produce a perfect integrator so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a perfect integrator so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a perfect integrator so you
+can see that the getting a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the getting a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the getting a perfect
+integrator requires that lambda minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator requires that lambda minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator requires that lambda minus 1
+is equal to 0 so lambda is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 so lambda is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 so lambda is equal to 1
+but if lambda is slightly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if lambda is slightly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if lambda is slightly different from
+1 we can actually estimate what the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we can actually estimate what the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we can actually estimate what the time
+constant of the integrator would be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the integrator would be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the integrator would be so
+so you can see that the time is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the time is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the time is really
+tau over a lambda minus 1 tau over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau over a lambda minus 1 tau over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau over a lambda minus 1 tau over
+lambda minus 1 so you can given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 1 so you can given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 1 so you can given the
+intrinsic time constant tau n you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic time constant tau n you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic time constant tau n you can
+actually estimate how close lambda has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually estimate how close lambda has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually estimate how close lambda has
+to be to 1 to get a 30-second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to 1 to get a 30-second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to 1 to get a 30-second time
+constant okay and and that turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and and that turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and and that turns out to
+be extremely close to 1 in order to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely close to 1 in order to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely close to 1 in order to go
+from a 100 millisecond time constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a 100 millisecond time constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a 100 millisecond time constant to
+a 30-second time constant you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-second time constant you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-second time constant you need a
+factor of 300 or or you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 300 or or you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 300 or or you know if the
+knurl time constant is even shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knurl time constant is even shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knurl time constant is even shorter
+maybe even 3,000 precision in setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even 3,000 precision in setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even 3,000 precision in setting
+lambda equal to 1 ok so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equal to 1 ok so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equal to 1 ok so this is actually
+one of the major criticisms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major criticisms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major criticisms of this
+model that it can be hard to imagine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that it can be hard to imagine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that it can be hard to imagine how
+you would actually set the feedback in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually set the feedback in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually set the feedback in a
+recurrent Network so precisely to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent Network so precisely to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent Network so precisely to get a
+lambda equal to 1 to give you time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equal to 1 to give you time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equal to 1 to give you time
+constants on the order of 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the order of 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the order of 30 seconds
+alright so how does anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so how does anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so how does anybody have any
+ideas how you might actually do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas how you might actually do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas how you might actually do that so
+what would happen let's imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen let's imagine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen let's imagine what
+would happen if we were you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if we were you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if we were you know we we
+make cicadas constantly we make several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make cicadas constantly we make several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make cicadas constantly we make several
+cicadas per second not including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas per second not including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicadas per second not including the
+little micro cicadas that we make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little micro cicadas that we make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little micro cicadas that we make all
+the time but when we makes a saccade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens to the image on the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if we make a saccade this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we make a saccade this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we make a saccade this way
+the image on the retina looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image on the retina looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image on the retina looks like the
+world is going like this right and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is going like this right and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is going like this right and as
+soon as stops and our eyes if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as stops and our eyes if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as stops and our eyes if our
+integral if our integrator is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if our integrator is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if our integrator is perfect
+when the secod ends our eyes are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the secod ends our eyes are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the secod ends our eyes are a
+tapper at a certain position what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapper at a certain position what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapper at a certain position what
+happens to the image on the retina for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the image on the retina for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the image on the retina for
+eyes makeup saccade and stop and stay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes makeup saccade and stop and stay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes makeup saccade and stop and stay at
+a certain position and the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain position and the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain position and the velocity is
+zero then what happens to the image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then what happens to the image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then what happens to the image on
+the retina becomes stationary right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina becomes stationary right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina becomes stationary right so
+but if we had a problem with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had a problem with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had a problem with our
+integrator let's say that our integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator let's say that our integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator let's say that our integrator
+was unstable so we make a saccade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unstable so we make a saccade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unstable so we make a saccade in
+this joint but our integrator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint but our integrator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint but our integrator is
+unstable so the eyes keep going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the eyes keep going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so the eyes keep going okay
+then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what
+what would the image on the retina look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the image on the retina look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the image on the retina look
+like we would have a motion of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would have a motion of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would have a motion of the image
+across the retina during the secod and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the retina during the secod and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the retina during the secod and
+then if our eyes kept drifting the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if our eyes kept drifting the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if our eyes kept drifting the image
+would keep going okay if we had a leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep going okay if we had a leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep going okay if we had a leaky
+integrator and we make a saccade right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and we make a saccade right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and we make a saccade right
+the image of the world would go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the world would go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the world would go and then
+it would start relaxing back as the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start relaxing back as the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would start relaxing back as the eyes
+drift back to zero okay so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift back to zero okay so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift back to zero okay so the idea is
+that when we're walking around making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're walking around making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're walking around making
+saccade x' we have immediately feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade x' we have immediately feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade x' we have immediately feedback
+about whether our integrator is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether our integrator is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether our integrator is working
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+okay and so-and-so see I'm gonna skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so-and-so see I'm gonna skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so-and-so see I'm gonna skip
+this so the idea is that that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is that that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the idea is that that we can use
+that sensory feedback that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory feedback that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory feedback that's called
+retinal slip okay image slip to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal slip okay image slip to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal slip okay image slip to give
+feedback about the weather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the weather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the weather the
+integrator is leaky or unstable and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is leaky or unstable and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is leaky or unstable and use
+that feedback to change laughs okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback to change laughs okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedback to change laughs okay so
+if we make a saccade this way the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make a saccade this way the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make a saccade this way the image
+is gonna go like this and now if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna go like this and now if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna go like this and now if that
+image starts slipping back what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image starts slipping back what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image starts slipping back what does
+that mean we want to do what what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean we want to do what what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean we want to do what what do we
+need to do to our integrator our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to our integrator our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to our integrator our
+synapses in our recurrent Network if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses in our recurrent Network if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses in our recurrent Network if
+after we make a saccade the image starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we make a saccade the image starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we make a saccade the image starts
+slipping back in the direction that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping back in the direction that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping back in the direction that it
+came from we need to strengthen it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from we need to strengthen it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from we need to strengthen it it
+means we have a leaky integrator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have a leaky integrator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have a leaky integrator we
+would need to strengthen or make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to strengthen or make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to strengthen or make those
+connections within the integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections within the integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections within the integrator
+network more excitatory okay and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network more excitatory okay and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network more excitatory okay and if we
+have if we make a saccade this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we make a saccade this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we make a saccade this way the
+world goes like this and then the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world goes like this and then the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world goes like this and then the image
+continues to move that would mean our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to move that would mean our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to move that would mean our
+integrator is unstable the excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is unstable the excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is unstable the excitatory
+connections are too strong and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are too strong and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are too strong and so we
+would have a measurement of image slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a measurement of image slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a measurement of image slip
+that would tell us to weaken those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell us to weaken those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell us to weaken those
+connections a lot of evidence that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections a lot of evidence that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections a lot of evidence that this
+kind of circuitry exists in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of circuitry exists in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of circuitry exists in the brain
+and that it involves the cerebellum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tank and David tank and his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and David tank and his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and David tank and his colleagues
+set out to test whether this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out to test whether this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out to test whether this kind of
+image slip actually controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip actually controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip actually controls the
+recurrent connections controls the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent connections controls the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent connections controls the state
+of the integrator whether you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrator whether you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrator whether you can use
+image slip to control whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip to control whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip to control whether the
+integrator network is unstable or leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator network is unstable or leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator network is unstable or leaky
+okay whether that feedback actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whether that feedback actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whether that feedback actually
+controls Rebecca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly so so if we make a saccade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so so if we make a saccade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so so if we make a saccade
+this way the world on the image on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the world on the image on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the world on the image on the
+retina is going to suddenly go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina is going to suddenly go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina is going to suddenly go this way
+right but then if the image goes okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then if the image goes okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then if the image goes okay in
+the unstable case the eyes will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstable case the eyes will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstable case the eyes will keep
+going which means the image will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going which means the image will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going which means the image will keep
+going this way so you'll have I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way so you'll have I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way so you'll have I don't
+know what sign you want to call that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what sign you want to call that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what sign you want to call that but
+here here it's they did a sine flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it's they did a sine flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it's they did a sine flip
+here's the case of de caso de DT is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the case of de caso de DT is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the case of de caso de DT is less
+than zero that means that that the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that means that that the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that means that that the eyes
+are going back which means that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going back which means that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going back which means that after
+you make a saccade the image goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a saccade the image goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a saccade the image goes this
+way and then it starts sliding back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then it starts sliding back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then it starts sliding back
+return yeah so if de DT is negative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return yeah so if de DT is negative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return yeah so if de DT is negative that
+means it's leaky the image slip will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's leaky the image slip will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's leaky the image slip will be
+positive and then you use that positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then you use that positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then you use that positive
+image slip to increase the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip to increase the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image slip to increase the weight of the
+synapses okay so so you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses okay so so you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses okay so so you change the
+synaptic weights in your network by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weights in your network by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic weights in your network by an
+amount that's proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's proportional to the
+negative the derivative of I position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the derivative of I position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the derivative of I position
+which is read out as image slip okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is read out as image slip okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is read out as image slip okay is
+that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so they actually did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they actually did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they actually did this
+experiment so they took a goldfish head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so they took a goldfish head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so they took a goldfish head
+fixed it put it in this arena okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it put it in this arena okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it put it in this arena okay they
+made a little you put a little coil on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a little you put a little coil on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a little you put a little coil on
+the fish's eye so this is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish's eye so this is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish's eye so this is a standard
+procedure for measuring out position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for measuring out position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for measuring out position in
+primates for example so you can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates for example so you can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates for example so you can put a
+little oil on the eye that measures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little oil on the eye that measures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little oil on the eye that measures you
+measure okay so you put a little coil on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay so you put a little coil on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay so you put a little coil on
+the eye you surround the fish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye you surround the fish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye you surround the fish with
+oscillating magnetic field so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating magnetic field so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating magnetic field so you have a
+big coil outside the fish on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big coil outside the fish on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big coil outside the fish on this side
+another coil on this side a coil on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coil on this side a coil on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coil on this side a coil on the
+top and bottom and a coil on on front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom and a coil on on front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom and a coil on on front
+and back and now you run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and now you run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and now you run a
+see current through those coils and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see current through those coils and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see current through those coils and now
+by measuring such voltage fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring such voltage fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring such voltage fluctuation
+you get in this coil you can tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in this coil you can tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in this coil you can tell what
+the orientation of that coil is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of that coil is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of that coil is that
+make sense so now you can read that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so now you can read that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so now you can read that out
+here and get a very accurate measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a very accurate measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a very accurate measurement
+of eye position okay and so now when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eye position okay and so now when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eye position okay and so now when the
+fish makes a saccade you can read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish makes a saccade you can read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish makes a saccade you can read out
+which direction the secod was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction the secod was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction the secod was and
+immediately after the secod you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after the secod you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after the secod you can make
+this spots so there's a like a disco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spots so there's a like a disco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spots so there's a like a disco
+ball up there that's on a motor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball up there that's on a motor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball up there that's on a motor that
+produces spots on the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces spots on the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces spots on the inside of the
+planetarium okay soon as the fish makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetarium okay soon as the fish makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetarium okay soon as the fish makes
+a saccade in this direction okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saccade in this direction okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saccade in this direction okay what
+you do is you make the spots drift back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you make the spots drift back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you make the spots drift back
+drift in the direction as though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in the direction as though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in the direction as though the
+eyes were sliding back as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes were sliding back as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes were sliding back as those
+integrator were leaky does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator were leaky does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator were leaky does that make
+sense so you can fool the fish's ocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you can fool the fish's ocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you can fool the fish's ocular
+motor system into thinking that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system into thinking that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system into thinking that it's
+integrator is leaking okay and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is leaking okay and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator is leaking okay and what do
+you think happens after about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think happens after about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think happens after about 10 minutes
+of that you then turn all the lights off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you then turn all the lights off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you then turn all the lights off
+and now the fish's integrator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fish's integrator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fish's integrator is
+unstable okay so here's what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so here's what that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so here's what that looks
+like there's the the spots on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's the the spots on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's the the spots on the inside
+there's the disco ball that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the disco ball that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the disco ball that's an
+overview picture showing the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview picture showing the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview picture showing the search
+coils for the eye position measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils for the eye position measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils for the eye position measurement
+system and here's the control that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's the control that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's the control that's
+what the fish that I position looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fish that I position looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the fish that I position looks like
+as a function of time so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so you have
+saccade fixation saccade fixation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade fixation saccade fixation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccade fixation saccade fixation that
+right there anybody know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there anybody know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there anybody know what that is
+that's the fish blinking blinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give feedback ok here they did it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback ok here they did it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give feedback ok here they did it the
+other way so they give the feedback as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so they give the feedback as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so they give the feedback as
+if the network is unstable and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the network is unstable and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the network is unstable and you can
+make the network leaky ok if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the network leaky ok if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the network leaky ok if you give
+feedback as if the network is leaky ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as if the network is leaky ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as if the network is leaky ok
+so it makes a saccade and now you drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes a saccade and now you drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes a saccade and now you drift
+the spots in the direction as if the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots in the direction as if the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots in the direction as if the eye
+were sliding back to neutral position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sliding back to neutral position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sliding back to neutral position
+and now you can make the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can make the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can make the network
+unstable so it makes a saccade and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so it makes a saccade and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so it makes a saccade and the
+eyes continue to move in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes continue to move in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes continue to move in the direction
+of the sekonic ok saccade it runs away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sekonic ok saccade it runs away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sekonic ok saccade it runs away
+ok any questions about that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any questions about that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any questions about that so that
+learning circuit the circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning circuit the circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning circuit the circuit that
+implements that change in the synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that change in the synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that change in the synaptic
+weights of the integrator circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the integrator circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the integrator circuit
+actually involves the cerebellum there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves the cerebellum there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves the cerebellum there's
+a whole cerebellar circuit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole cerebellar circuit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole cerebellar circuit that's
+involved in learning various parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in learning various parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in learning various parameters
+of the ocular motor control system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ocular motor control system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ocular motor control system that
+produce that produces these plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that produces these plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that produces these plastic
+changes okay so that's are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so that's are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so that's are there any
+questions because that's it so we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because that's it so we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because that's it so we give
+you a little summary so the goldfish's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little summary so the goldfish's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little summary so the goldfish's
+do integrals there's an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integrals there's an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integrals there's an integrator
+Network in the brain that takes burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network in the brain that takes burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network in the brain that takes burst
+inputs that drive saccade okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that drive saccade okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that drive saccade okay and the
+integrator integrates those bursts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator integrates those bursts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator integrates those bursts and
+produces persistent changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces persistent changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces persistent changes in the
+activity of these integrator neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of these integrator neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of these integrator neurons
+that then drive the eyes to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then drive the eyes to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then drive the eyes to different
+positions and maintain that eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and maintain that eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and maintain that eyes
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+so we've described a neural mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've described a neural mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've described a neural mechanism
+which is this recurrent Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this recurrent Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this recurrent Network
+recurrent Network has one eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent Network has one eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent Network has one eigenvalue
+that's one that produces an integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that produces an integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that produces an integrating
+mode and all the other eigenvalues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and all the other eigenvalues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and all the other eigenvalues are
+close to there are less than 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to there are less than 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to there are less than 1 or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the model is not very robust if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is not very robust if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is not very robust if you have
+to hand somehow hand tuned all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand somehow hand tuned all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand somehow hand tuned all of those
+it's to get a lambda of one but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to get a lambda of one but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to get a lambda of one but there is
+a mechanism that uses retinal slip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism that uses retinal slip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism that uses retinal slip to
+tell whether that eigenvalue is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether that eigenvalue is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether that eigenvalue is set
+correctly in the brain and feeds back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in the brain and feeds back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in the brain and feeds back to
+adjust that eigenvalue to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust that eigenvalue to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust that eigenvalue to produce the
+upper lambda the proper eigenvalue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lambda the proper eigenvalue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lambda the proper eigenvalue in
+that circuit so that it functions as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circuit so that it functions as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circuit so that it functions as an
+integrator okay and using visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay and using visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay and using visual
+feedback okay and I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay and I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback okay and I just want to mention
+again so I actually got most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I actually got most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I actually got most of these
+slides from mark Goldman when he and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from mark Goldman when he and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from mark Goldman when he and I
+actually used to teach an early version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to teach an early version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to teach an early version
+of this course we used to give lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course we used to give lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course we used to give lectures
+in each other's courses and this was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each other's courses and this was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each other's courses and this was his
+lecture he later moved to he was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture he later moved to he was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture he later moved to he was at
+Wellesley so we would go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellesley so we would go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellesley so we would go back and forth
+and give these lectures but he moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give these lectures but he moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give these lectures but he moved to
+Davis so so now I'm giving his lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis so so now I'm giving his lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis so so now I'm giving his lecture
+myself and the work was the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and the work was the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and the work was the theoretical
+work was done by Sebastian sunny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was done by Sebastian sunny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was done by Sebastian sunny and
+Mark Goldman the experimental work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Goldman the experimental work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Goldman the experimental work was
+done in David tanks lab in collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in David tanks lab in collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in David tanks lab in collaboration
+with Bob Baker and why you okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bob Baker and why you okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bob Baker and why you okay and so
+next time we're going to so today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to so today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to so today we
+talked about short-term memory using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about short-term memory using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about short-term memory using
+neural networks as integrators to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks as integrators to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks as integrators to
+accumulate information and to perform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate information and to perform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate information and to perform to
+generate line attractors that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate line attractors that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate line attractors that can
+produce a short-term memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a short-term memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a short-term memory of
+continuously graded variables like eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously graded variables like eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously graded variables like eye
+position next time we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position next time we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position next time we're going to talk
+about using recurrent networks that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using recurrent networks that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using recurrent networks that have
+eigenvalues grosser than one as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues grosser than one as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues grosser than one as a way of
+storing short-term discreet memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing short-term discreet memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing short-term discreet memories
+okay and that's those kinds of networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's those kinds of networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's those kinds of networks
+are called hopfield networks and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called hopfield networks and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called hopfield networks and that's
+what that's what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what we're going to talk
+about next time okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vrLClnmpaeA.txt b/vrLClnmpaeA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f5c3a0703f07cdd19ea8c6906c5cbf7666e4724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vrLClnmpaeA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello back to
+8701 um so in this section we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8701 um so in this section we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8701 um so in this section we'll talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+relativistic kinematics um but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics um but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics um but let me
+start by saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by saying that
+one of my favorite classes here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite classes here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite classes here at mit
+is a class called age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class called age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a class called age
+20 special relativity where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 special relativity where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 special relativity where
+we teach students about special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach students about special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach students about special
+relativity of course but einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of course but einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of course but einstein
+and paradoxes and it's one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paradoxes and it's one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paradoxes and it's one of my
+favorite classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite classes
+and in that class um there's a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that class um there's a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that class um there's a component
+on particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particle physics
+which has to do with just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with just using
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+how to create antimatter how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to create antimatter how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to create antimatter how to
+you know collide beams how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know collide beams how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know collide beams how we can
+analyze the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the case
+and in this introductory section we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this introductory section we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this introductory section we want
+to do a very similar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a very similar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a very similar thing
+um i trust that you all had some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i trust that you all had some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i trust that you all had some sort of
+class introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class introduction of
+special relativity some of you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity some of you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity some of you may be
+general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+what we want to do here is review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do here is review this
+content very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content very
+briefly but then more use it in a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but then more use it in a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but then more use it in a number
+of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples
+so in particle physics nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particle physics nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particle physics nuclear physics
+we often deal with particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often deal with particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often deal with particles which
+travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+close to the speed of light the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the speed of light the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the speed of light the photon
+travels at the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels at the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels at the speed of light
+we typically define the velocity as v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically define the velocity as v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically define the velocity as v
+over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c
+in natural unit better beta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural unit better beta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural unit better beta is the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+gamma is defined by one over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is defined by one over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is defined by one over square root
+one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus
+the velocity squared beta is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity squared beta is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity squared beta is always
+smaller or equal to one smaller for mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or equal to one smaller for mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or equal to one smaller for mass
+massive particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive particles
+and gamma is always equal or greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma is always equal or greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma is always equal or greater
+than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+the total energy of a particle with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of a particle with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of a particle with zero
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+non-sorry with non-zero mass is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-sorry with non-zero mass is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-sorry with non-zero mass is then
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+gamma times m c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times m c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times m c square
+um and the momentum is given by gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the momentum is given by gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the momentum is given by gamma
+times mv or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mv or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mv or
+gamma times m beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total energy squared of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy squared of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy squared of a particle
+and we are considering one massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are considering one massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are considering one massive
+particular one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one particle
+it's given by energy squared equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by energy squared equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by energy squared equal
+momentum squared plus mass squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared plus mass squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared plus mass squared
+um if you now consider a particle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you now consider a particle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you now consider a particle with
+zero mass you see that the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mass you see that the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mass you see that the energy and
+the momentum are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum are equal
+if you consider particular at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider particular at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider particular at rest
+meaning the momentum is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the momentum is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the momentum is zero
+you see that the energy is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy is equal to the
+mass so you get einstein's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so you get einstein's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so you get einstein's famous
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+the energy is equal e equal on the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is equal e equal on the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is equal e equal on the c
+square the energy is equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the energy is equal to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the energy is equal to the mass
+or there is an equivalence between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is an equivalence between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is an equivalence between those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+what we want to fully under understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to fully under understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to fully under understand
+and control our lawrence transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control our lawrence transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control our lawrence transformations
+uh here shown for the example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here shown for the example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here shown for the example that we
+have a boost or a transformation in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boost or a transformation in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boost or a transformation in x
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so you see that energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that energy momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that energy momentum
+transform like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform like
+time and space um and you just i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space um and you just i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space um and you just i really
+encourage you to just review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to just review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to just review this
+um in more general cases but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more general cases but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more general cases but you can
+always when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always when you have
+a boost in one direction just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boost in one direction just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boost in one direction just do a
+rotation and get to this more simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and get to this more simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and get to this more simplified
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so here's the first example i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first example i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first example i would like
+you to actually go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually go through
+um the lawrence transformation here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lawrence transformation here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lawrence transformation here i
+decided to use the z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to use the z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to use the z direction
+just to change things up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to change things up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to change things up a little bit
+and the velocity of the boosted frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity of the boosted frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity of the boosted frame
+is vb so we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vb so we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vb so we want to calculate
+the quantity m square c squared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity m square c squared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity m square c squared in the
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+frame and what you will find if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and what you will find if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and what you will find if you
+actually do the calculation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the calculation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the calculation and the
+solutions are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are in the
+backup slides is that that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup slides is that that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup slides is that that quantity
+doesn't change under learn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change under learn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change under learn's
+transformation it is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it is invariant
+and we talk about an invariant mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about an invariant mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about an invariant mass in
+this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this context
+so now in particle physics we often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in particle physics we often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in particle physics we often have
+the case that we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that we are not
+considering considering just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering considering just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering considering just one
+particle and want to describe this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and want to describe this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and want to describe this one
+particle or measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle or measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle or measure it
+but often the case of particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often the case of particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often the case of particles or
+multiple particles which are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple particles which are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple particles which are involved in
+a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+so we can look at the total energy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at the total energy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at the total energy just
+the sum of the energy of all particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the energy of all particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the energy of all particles
+the total momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total momentum
+the sum of the momentum of all particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the momentum of all particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the momentum of all particles
+and those two quantities are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two quantities are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two quantities are always
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+they are not invariant so be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not invariant so be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not invariant so be aware of
+the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between
+conserved properties and invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved properties and invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved properties and invariant
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+in variant here means you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variant here means you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variant here means you know we
+perform a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a transformation
+like the lawrence transformation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lawrence transformation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lawrence transformation and the
+property doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property doesn't change
+conserved here means we have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved here means we have a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved here means we have a reaction
+and in that reaction the property is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that reaction the property is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that reaction the property is not
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+those are two different distinct things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different distinct things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different distinct things
+so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can
+you look at the invariant property or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the invariant property or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the invariant property or
+the one which is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which is conserved
+in in this collision which is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this collision which is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this collision which is this this
+mass term or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term or
+mass square term the total mass we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass square term the total mass we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass square term the total mass we need
+to define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this
+total mass as equal to the energy square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass as equal to the energy square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass as equal to the energy square
+minus the momentum square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the momentum square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the momentum square
+and then we can consider the two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can consider the two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can consider the two cases
+of a laboratory frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a laboratory frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a laboratory frame
+and the so-called center of mass frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so-called center of mass frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so-called center of mass frame
+so in the laboratory frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the laboratory frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the laboratory frame
+we have a particle it's moving now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a particle it's moving now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a particle it's moving now we
+observe this particle and then it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this particle and then it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this particle and then it decays
+into in this example three water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this example three water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this example three water
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+in the center of mass frame in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass frame in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass frame in this
+example we put ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we put ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we put ourselves
+into the rest frame of the particle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the rest frame of the particle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the rest frame of the particle we
+are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in
+and in that frame then three particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that frame then three particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that frame then three particles
+emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge
+come and we can describe the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and we can describe the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and we can describe the three
+particles so momenta between the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so momenta between the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so momenta between the three
+daughter particles are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter particles are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter particles are not going to be
+the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but
+because this total mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this total mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this total mass
+is an invariant property it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an invariant property it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an invariant property it's the same
+in both frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both frames
+and it's equal to the mass of the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the mass of the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to the mass of the parent
+particle which we discard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which we discard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which we discard
+so when you measure the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you measure the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you measure the energy and
+momentum of the daughter particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the daughter particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the daughter particles
+you can infer in any frame the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer in any frame the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer in any frame the mass of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+parent particle by calculating the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent particle by calculating the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent particle by calculating the total
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and so you can infer from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can infer from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can infer from those
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+the identity of the mother particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the mother particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the mother particle
+and that's for example how we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for example how we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for example how we discover
+the higgs boson we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs boson we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs boson we measure
+the higgs boson decay into a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs boson decay into a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs boson decay into a pair of
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+and then we calculate the mass of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we calculate the mass of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we calculate the mass of those
+two photons in our laboratory frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two photons in our laboratory frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two photons in our laboratory frame
+and that mass n is equal to the higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that mass n is equal to the higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that mass n is equal to the higgs
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+moss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moss
+so now here we want to compare or look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now here we want to compare or look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now here we want to compare or look
+into those two cases a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those two cases a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those two cases a little bit more
+the first case is a case where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case is a case where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first case is a case where we have a
+particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one
+colliding with a particle two where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a particle two where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a particle two where the
+particle two is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two is at rest
+particle 1 has a certain energy e1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 has a certain energy e1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 has a certain energy e1 and
+the second example this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example this is called a
+fixed target experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed target experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed target experiment so
+the second particle is fixed the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second particle is fixed the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second particle is fixed the first
+one is colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is colliding
+the second example is the one where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example is the one where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example is the one where we
+have two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particles
+and both have energies and we bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both have energies and we bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both have energies and we bring them
+to collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collision
+often the two particles in nature like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the two particles in nature like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the two particles in nature like
+two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two protons
+on electron and positron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electron and positron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electron and positron and the
+energies of the beams are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the beams are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the beams are the same
+but this doesn't have to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this doesn't have to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this doesn't have to be the case
+later in the class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class we'll
+look at heavy iron collision so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at heavy iron collision so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at heavy iron collision so the
+collision of heavy ions like lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of heavy ions like lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of heavy ions like lead
+is a proton and here the masses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proton and here the masses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proton and here the masses are
+different and the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the energy of the
+particles can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and here's another exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and here's another exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and here's another exercise
+now so we want to actually create a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we want to actually create a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we want to actually create a z
+boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson
+which has a mass of about 191 gev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a mass of about 191 gev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a mass of about 191 gev
+note i dropped the c square one over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note i dropped the c square one over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note i dropped the c square one over c
+square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square here
+and you want to produce this party by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to produce this party by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to produce this party by
+colliding a positron with an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding a positron with an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding a positron with an electron
+so this has happened at lab at cern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has happened at lab at cern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has happened at lab at cern in
+the late 80s and 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 80s and 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 80s and 90s
+the center of mass energy often also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass energy often also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass energy often also
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+square root s is equal to 91 gev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root s is equal to 91 gev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root s is equal to 91 gev
+so that's the energy we need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the energy we need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the energy we need in order to
+produce this new particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this new particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this new particle
+the mass of the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron and the
+positron are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron are
+511 kav or 0.511 mav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+511 kav or 0.511 mav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+511 kav or 0.511 mav
+so the energy needed is 45 gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy needed is 45 gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy needed is 45 gb
+45.5 geb however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45.5 geb however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45.5 geb however
+that was the you know setup at lab where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the you know setup at lab where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the you know setup at lab where
+you have two beams colliding so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two beams colliding so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two beams colliding so we have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you know center of mass energy being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know center of mass energy being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know center of mass energy being
+given by the energy directly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the energy directly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the energy directly given
+approximately by the energy of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately by the energy of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately by the energy of the two
+b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b's
+so now imagine somebody would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now imagine somebody would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now imagine somebody would have
+proposed a fixed target experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a fixed target experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a fixed target experiment
+where you have stationary electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have stationary electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have stationary electrons for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+electrons in atoms you know just a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms you know just a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms you know just a gas
+of some sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sorts
+and then you have produced positrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have produced positrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have produced positrons in
+a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam
+accelerate them and bring them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate them and bring them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate them and bring them into
+collision so the question here now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so the question here now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so the question here now is
+how large does the do you need an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does the do you need an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does the do you need an energy
+of this positron beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this positron beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this positron beam
+how large does it have to be in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does it have to be in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does it have to be in order to
+produce a zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a zebra
+so again this is something i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is something i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is something i would like
+you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually
+explore and just write down solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and just write down solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and just write down solutions
+for this example also in the backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example also in the backup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example also in the backup
+so now you know there is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know there is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know there is a number of
+interesting examples just coming from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examples just coming from e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting examples just coming from e
+equal and z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and z squared
+and from being able to use and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from being able to use and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from being able to use and they can
+be answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be answered
+by be able to use loans transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by be able to use loans transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by be able to use loans transformation
+and so now here i give you just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now here i give you just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now here i give you just a set of
+examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and
+um you know you should work on them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you should work on them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you should work on them on
+your own time maybe we'll touch on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time maybe we'll touch on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own time maybe we'll touch on them
+in presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in presentation
+the first one is rather straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is rather straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is rather straightforward
+um again we're talking about lab at cern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again we're talking about lab at cern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again we're talking about lab at cern
+um you know after the z-bosons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know after the z-bosons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know after the z-bosons were
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+one was trying to go to high energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was trying to go to high energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was trying to go to high energy to
+find some new physics some new particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some new physics some new particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some new physics some new particle
+uh for example the higgs boson the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the higgs boson the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the higgs boson the
+exposure might be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure might be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure might be produced
+by a process which is called higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a process which is called higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a process which is called higgs
+schwalms process we will look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwalms process we will look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwalms process we will look at this
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+so we have an electron and a positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electron and a positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electron and a positron
+colliding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding to
+virtual the boson so that is a z boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual the boson so that is a z boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual the boson so that is a z boson
+which is heavier than 91gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is heavier than 91gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is heavier than 91gb
+you'll see later how that's possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later how that's possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later how that's possible but
+then that virtual z-boson can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that virtual z-boson can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that virtual z-boson can
+radiate a higgs boson so that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate a higgs boson so that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate a higgs boson so that's why it's
+called extra long like the german word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called extra long like the german word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called extra long like the german word
+for radiation stralong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation stralong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation stralong
+process and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and so
+electrons and positrons were accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and positrons were accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and positrons were accelerated
+to 100 gv each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 gv each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 gv each
+center of mass energy 200 gev what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass energy 200 gev what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass energy 200 gev what was
+the gamma factor for those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma factor for those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma factor for those electrons
+um another question which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another question which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another question which is quite
+exciting is how much energy do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting is how much energy do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting is how much energy do you need
+in order to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to split
+a proton and a neutron which is a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton and a neutron which is a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton and a neutron which is a bound
+state it's called a deuteron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's called a deuteron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's called a deuteron
+and it's a fundamentally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fundamentally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fundamentally important
+particle in the evolution of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the evolution of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the evolution of our
+universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe
+in a sense that in order to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that in order to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that in order to generate
+higher mass or higher proton number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher mass or higher proton number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher mass or higher proton number
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+neutron is rather important than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is rather important than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is rather important than this
+and so just by knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just by knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just by knowing
+the mass of the proton the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the proton the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the proton the mass of the
+neutron and the mass of the deuteron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and the mass of the deuteron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron and the mass of the deuteron
+we can now calculate um how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now calculate um how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now calculate um how much energy
+is in the bind it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the bind it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the bind it was
+what is the binding energy between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the binding energy between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the binding energy between those
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+we'll talk a lot about models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about models to
+calculate binding energy when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate binding energy when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate binding energy when we talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+nuclear physics but here just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics but here just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics but here just from the
+kinematics you can and from e equal mc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics you can and from e equal mc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics you can and from e equal mc
+square you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square you can calculate
+how much energy needs to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy needs to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy needs to be in this
+binded or compound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binded or compound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binded or compound state
+um from atomic physics you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from atomic physics you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from atomic physics you might
+remember or know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember or know that
+particles can excited particles can emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can excited particles can emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can excited particles can emit
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+and so now you have a particle you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have a particle you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have a particle you know
+it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+it de-excites it radiates a photon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it de-excites it radiates a photon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it de-excites it radiates a photon what
+happens now to the photon imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now to the photon imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now to the photon imagine this
+is happening in a big gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening in a big gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening in a big gas
+or in some solid state can the photon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some solid state can the photon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some solid state can the photon be
+reabsorbed by the same medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reabsorbed by the same medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reabsorbed by the same medium
+or even by the same by the same particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even by the same by the same particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even by the same by the same particle
+it's not a trivial question but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trivial question but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a trivial question but what is
+the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+under which so for example imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which so for example imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which so for example imagine you
+have a gas there's an excited particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas there's an excited particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas there's an excited particle
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+it emits a photon and so now the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits a photon and so now the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits a photon and so now the photon
+sees the rest of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the rest of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the rest of the gas
+can that rest of the gas absorbs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that rest of the gas absorbs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that rest of the gas absorbs the
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+interesting question it's not trivial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it's not trivial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it's not trivial um
+another interesting question i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting question i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting question i think is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you're trying to produce new forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to produce new forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to produce new forms of
+matter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um
+like you just produced the z boson but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just produced the z boson but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just produced the z boson but
+you can also produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also produce
+anti-protons so what is the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-protons so what is the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-protons so what is the minimal
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+in a proton on a fixed target experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a proton on a fixed target experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a proton on a fixed target experiment
+so again you have a target of protons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have a target of protons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have a target of protons on
+in some form you shoot a proton against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form you shoot a proton against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some form you shoot a proton against
+this target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target
+and you try to produce an antiproton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to produce an antiproton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to produce an antiproton
+so that means that you have to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that you have to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that you have to produce
+in this collision you have two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision you have two protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this collision you have two protons
+in the initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial state
+you have to have a proton a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a proton a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a proton a proton
+another proton and an antiproton in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proton and an antiproton in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proton and an antiproton in your
+final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state
+um but how much energy is needed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but how much energy is needed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but how much energy is needed for the
+proton beam in order to succeed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beam in order to succeed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton beam in order to succeed with
+this collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my accounting is incorrect here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my accounting is incorrect here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my accounting is incorrect here so this
+should be five but okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be five but okay fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be five but okay fine
+um the case so i assume a pioneer decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case so i assume a pioneer decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case so i assume a pioneer decays
+at rest so pion is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest so pion is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest so pion is at rest
+we looked at a pion that's a compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a pion that's a compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at a pion that's a compound
+state a meson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a meson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a meson
+out of an up quark and a down quark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an up quark and a down quark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an up quark and a down quark and
+it might decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might decay
+an electron on the positron whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron on the positron whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron on the positron whatever
+you know the dynamics is in this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dynamics is in this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dynamics is in this the
+case um if you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um if you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um if you just look at the
+kinematics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of this
+how fast are the decay products in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast are the decay products in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast are the decay products in order
+to calculate that you need to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate that you need to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate that you need to look up
+the iron mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron mass
+electron mass we just discussed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass we just discussed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass we just discussed and the
+positron has the same mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron has the same mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron has the same mass
+so how fast are electron and positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how fast are electron and positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how fast are electron and positron
+coming out of a pi indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a pi indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a pi indicator
+assume that the pioneer is at rest then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the pioneer is at rest then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the pioneer is at rest then
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+use momentum conservation and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use momentum conservation and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use momentum conservation and calculate
+the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed
+of the fault of the electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault of the electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault of the electrons and
+positrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positrons
+um again one of those minimal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again one of those minimal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again one of those minimal energy
+proton colliding experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton colliding experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton colliding experiments
+very similar setup but here we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar setup but here we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar setup but here we try to
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+a proton a neutron and the pion out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton a neutron and the pion out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton a neutron and the pion out of
+port important collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port important collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port important collision
+and then the last one is the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one is the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one is the so-called
+compton effect where you have a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton effect where you have a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton effect where you have a photon
+which scatters off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scatters off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scatters off
+an electron target and so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron target and so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron target and so you have a
+incoming photon an electron is in rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming photon an electron is in rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming photon an electron is in rest
+and then you look at the scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the scattered
+photon angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon angle
+scattered electron angle and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered electron angle and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered electron angle and in that
+collision the energy of the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision the energy of the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision the energy of the photon is
+going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change
+so the energy of the photon is h times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy of the photon is h times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy of the photon is h times
+nu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu or
+h over lambda the wavelength and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h over lambda the wavelength and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h over lambda the wavelength and so the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+how does the wavelength of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the wavelength of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the wavelength of the photon
+change in this kind of collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in this kind of collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in this kind of collision
+so those are just examples in how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are just examples in how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are just examples in how you
+can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic kinematics in order to
+calculate very important aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate very important aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate very important aspects of
+collisions in particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in particle physics
+without any understanding at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any understanding at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any understanding at this point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the underlying dynamics the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying dynamics the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying dynamics the underlying
+forces the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the underlying
+you know conservation laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conservation laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know conservation laws
+and so on so in later in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in later in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in later in this class we
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+what is the likelihood of a pioneer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood of a pioneer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood of a pioneer to
+decay into an electron positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay into an electron positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay into an electron positron
+and why that is actually not that likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why that is actually not that likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why that is actually not that likely
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and also you know the collision rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know the collision rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know the collision rates
+lifetimes of particles but here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of particles but here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of particles but here we are
+just looking at the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the kinematic
+of those processes and calculate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those processes and calculate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those processes and calculate you
+know how much energy is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much energy is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much energy is involved
+and for the momentum of resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the momentum of resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the momentum of resulting
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+so i'll stop here if you scroll down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll stop here if you scroll down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll stop here if you scroll down
+on the slides you find solutions to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides you find solutions to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides you find solutions to two
+of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems
+and we'll discuss them in recitation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vtViG3o2mgg.txt b/vtViG3o2mgg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c0cf2cac36a11c2a9fb37d241ef2311a4517b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vtViG3o2mgg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10088 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We turn today um to uh uh Alfred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We turn today um to uh uh Alfred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We turn today um to uh uh Alfred
+Hitchcock uh uh one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uh uh one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock uh uh one of the most
+remarkable, if not the most remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable, if not the most remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable, if not the most remarkable
+and significant of what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and significant of what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and significant of what we might call
+the great studio directors, the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great studio directors, the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great studio directors, the people
+who worked with great ease and success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked with great ease and success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked with great ease and success
+inside the studio system that developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the studio system that developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the studio system that developed
+in the United States. uh began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States. uh began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States. uh began to
+develop in the United States in in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in the United States in in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in the United States in in more
+than embriionic form in early systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than embriionic form in early systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than embriionic form in early systematic
+form in the silent era and then was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the silent era and then was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the silent era and then was
+fortified and extended into the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified and extended into the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified and extended into the great
+manufacturing mass manufacturing center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing mass manufacturing center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing mass manufacturing center
+for dreams and movies uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dreams and movies uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dreams and movies uh uh the
+Hollywood system of the studio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood system of the studio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood system of the studio of the
+studio era and I I wanted to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era and I I wanted to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era and I I wanted to begin by
+saying a word about Hitchcock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying a word about Hitchcock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying a word about Hitchcock in
+relation to that great system. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to that great system. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to that great system. If we
+think about a famous quotation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a famous quotation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a famous quotation from the
+great film scholar,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great film scholar,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great film scholar,
+pioneering film critic Andre Bazan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering film critic Andre Bazan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering film critic Andre Bazan
+to whom we will return later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom we will return later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom we will return later in the
+semester. Bazan is among his other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Bazan is among his other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Bazan is among his other uh
+influential comments. This one is am is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential comments. This one is am is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential comments. This one is am is
+a particularly powerful and significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly powerful and significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly powerful and significant
+one. The American cinema he said wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The American cinema he said wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The American cinema he said wrote
+in 1957 is a classical art. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1957 is a classical art. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1957 is a classical art. And it's
+unclear exactly what he meant by that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear exactly what he meant by that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear exactly what he meant by that,
+but most most critics assume that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most most critics assume that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most most critics assume that what
+he meant by that is that it's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he meant by that is that it's a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he meant by that is that it's a system
+that works according to uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works according to uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works according to uh essentially
+classical genre forms that uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical genre forms that uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical genre forms that uh that uh
+that these genre forms have origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these genre forms have origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these genre forms have origins
+behind the movies and that and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the movies and that and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the movies and that and that the
+system works in a kind of uh uh u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works in a kind of uh uh u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works in a kind of uh uh u
+generic way and that at least that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic way and that at least that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic way and that at least that's a
+part of what he meant when he called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what he meant when he called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what he meant when he called it
+a classical art. The American cinema is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical art. The American cinema is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical art. The American cinema is
+a classical art. But why not then admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical art. But why not then admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical art. But why not then admire
+it in what in what is most admirable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in what in what is most admirable?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in what in what is most admirable?
+Not only the talent of this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only the talent of this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only the talent of this or that
+filmmaker, but the genius of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker, but the genius of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker, but the genius of the system.
+I think I alluded to this phrase or used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I alluded to this phrase or used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I alluded to this phrase or used
+this phrase earlier in the term. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase earlier in the term. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase earlier in the term. I want
+to do justice to it by acknowledging its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do justice to it by acknowledging its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do justice to it by acknowledging its
+origins in Andre Baza. There's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in Andre Baza. There's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in Andre Baza. There's also a
+wonderful book by a film scholar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book by a film scholar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book by a film scholar from
+Texas named Tom Shatz uh called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas named Tom Shatz uh called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas named Tom Shatz uh called the
+genius of the system and it borrows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system and it borrows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system and it borrows it
+uses uh this quotation as its as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh this quotation as its as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh this quotation as its as its
+inspiration and it's an an a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration and it's an an a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration and it's an an a systematic
+analysis of the Hollywood studio system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the Hollywood studio system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the Hollywood studio system
+in which it talks about the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it talks about the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it talks about the interaction
+of individual agency the writers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual agency the writers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual agency the writers the
+directors uh the camera people and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors uh the camera people and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors uh the camera people and so
+forth the costumemers the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the costumemers the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the costumemers the interaction of
+those uh creative or semi-creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh creative or semi-creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh creative or semi-creative
+figures with the uh wi with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures with the uh wi with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures with the uh wi with the
+manufacturing and publicity practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and publicity practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and publicity practices
+and rituals that surrounded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rituals that surrounded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rituals that surrounded the
+production of movies. In other words, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies. In other words, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies. In other words, he
+tries to provide a kind of integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to provide a kind of integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to provide a kind of integrated
+sense of how the system worked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how the system worked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how the system worked to
+explore what Bazan apparently meant when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what Bazan apparently meant when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore what Bazan apparently meant when
+he talked about the genius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about the genius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about the genius of the
+system. Well, one way of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Well, one way of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Well, one way of understanding
+the genius of the system is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genius of the system is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genius of the system is to recognize
+that it creates a an environment first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it creates a an environment first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it creates a an environment first
+of all of stability in which particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of stability in which particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of stability in which particular
+uh uh uh filmmakers or particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh filmmakers or particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh filmmakers or particular
+writers or directors can have confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers or directors can have confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers or directors can have confidence
+sometimes u uh overwhelming confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes u uh overwhelming confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes u uh overwhelming confidence
+because they're ordered to do the job by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're ordered to do the job by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're ordered to do the job by
+the studio head can have confidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio head can have confidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio head can have confidence that
+the genre stories they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre stories they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre stories they're they're
+creating have an audience. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating have an audience. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating have an audience. And of course
+that's been sort of established by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been sort of established by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been sort of established by the
+essentially uh uh assembly line system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh assembly line system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh uh assembly line system
+that develops and the elaborate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that develops and the elaborate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that develops and the elaborate system
+of distribution and access that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution and access that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distribution and access that
+developed in the United States. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States. The
+major studios actually although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major studios actually although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major studios actually although they
+only controlled something like 16% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only controlled something like 16% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only controlled something like 16% of
+the resources uh they they they uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources uh they they they uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources uh they they they uh of of
+movie making actually controlled a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie making actually controlled a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie making actually controlled a much
+larger percentage of the theaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger percentage of the theaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger percentage of the theaters
+because many of the theaters either were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of the theaters either were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of the theaters either were
+owned outright by m studios or uh until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned outright by m studios or uh until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned outright by m studios or uh until
+a certain point when the in a Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point when the in a Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point when the in a Supreme
+Court decision divested the studios from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court decision divested the studios from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court decision divested the studios from
+uh forced the studios to divest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forced the studios to divest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forced the studios to divest
+themselves from their theatrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from their theatrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from their theatrical
+holdings. But when in when the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holdings. But when in when the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holdings. But when in when the system
+was in place, it was a monopoly system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in place, it was a monopoly system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in place, it was a monopoly system
+in which the rich got richer in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the rich got richer in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the rich got richer in some
+sense. The major studios controlled uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. The major studios controlled uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. The major studios controlled uh
+uh owned many theaters themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh owned many theaters themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh owned many theaters themselves and
+and by a system of what was called block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a system of what was called block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a system of what was called block
+booking by they forced theaters not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booking by they forced theaters not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booking by they forced theaters not just
+to book particular films and particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to book particular films and particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to book particular films and particular
+stars that they might like. But MGM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars that they might like. But MGM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars that they might like. But MGM
+would say to theater independent theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say to theater independent theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say to theater independent theater
+owners, if you want the MGM films, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners, if you want the MGM films, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners, if you want the MGM films, you
+have to take my whole card. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take my whole card. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take my whole card. You can't
+just choose the Clark Gable movies. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the Clark Gable movies. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the Clark Gable movies. You
+have to choose the whole thing. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose the whole thing. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose the whole thing. And this
+stability created an environment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability created an environment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability created an environment in
+which ini in which each stu each major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ini in which each stu each major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ini in which each stu each major
+studio was confident that it had a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio was confident that it had a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio was confident that it had a that
+in effect it had a captive market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it had a captive market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it had a captive market for
+its product and it created an immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its product and it created an immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its product and it created an immense
+sense of stability and confidence when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of stability and confidence when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of stability and confidence when
+the system was working at its best. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was working at its best. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was working at its best. And
+what so that what and of course again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that what and of course again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that what and of course again
+because it was a system that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a system that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a system that was
+committed to entertaining the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to entertaining the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to entertaining the largest
+number of people it it could reach as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people it it could reach as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people it it could reach as
+possible. It meant that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. It meant that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. It meant that there were
+certain parameters that were established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parameters that were established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parameters that were established
+within which the the entire system was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which the the entire system was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which the the entire system was
+forced to operate. Whatever genre was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to operate. Whatever genre was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to operate. Whatever genre was
+involved, there were certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved, there were certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved, there were certain kinds of
+limits. It's what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. It's what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. It's what I was talking about
+earlier, trying to get at this aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, trying to get at this aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, trying to get at this aspect of
+the system earlier when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system earlier when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system earlier when I talked about
+the idea of consensus narrative. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of consensus narrative. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of consensus narrative. If the
+Hollywood film is reaching out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood film is reaching out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood film is reaching out to the
+whole of the society and it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the society and it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the society and it's telling
+essentially a story that appeals to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a story that appeals to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a story that appeals to or
+is supposed to embody the consensus view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to embody the consensus view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to embody the consensus view
+the largest general view of of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest general view of of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest general view of of what the
+belief system of the of the society is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief system of the of the society is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief system of the of the society is
+what that means is that there are limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that there are limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that there are limits
+very sharp constraints uh political and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp constraints uh political and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp constraints uh political and
+moral constraints within which the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral constraints within which the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral constraints within which the text
+operates and as you know especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and as you know especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates and as you know especially if
+you've been reading your cook uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been reading your cook uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been reading your cook uh the
+introduction of a particular censoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of a particular censoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of a particular censoring
+system introduced by Hollywood itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system introduced by Hollywood itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system introduced by Hollywood itself in
+order to avoid other kinds of sensorens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to avoid other kinds of sensorens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to avoid other kinds of sensorens
+ship perhaps from the government further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship perhaps from the government further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship perhaps from the government further
+constrained the kinds of stories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained the kinds of stories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained the kinds of stories that
+could be te could be told. Well, within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be te could be told. Well, within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be te could be told. Well, within
+those constraints, of course, as I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constraints, of course, as I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constraints, of course, as I hope
+I've already begun to show you in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already begun to show you in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already begun to show you in in our
+discussion of screw ball comedy, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of screw ball comedy, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of screw ball comedy, there
+can be an immense range of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an immense range of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an immense range of of of of
+difference, but it's still within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference, but it's still within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference, but it's still within
+certain controlled parameters. And one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain controlled parameters. And one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain controlled parameters. And one
+of the ways to understand Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to understand Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to understand Hitchcock's
+immense success is to recognize that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense success is to recognize that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense success is to recognize that he
+had the kind of sensibility, the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the kind of sensibility, the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the kind of sensibility, the kind of
+the kind of artistic impulses and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of artistic impulses and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of artistic impulses and maybe
+even the kinds of limitations that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the kinds of limitations that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the kinds of limitations that made
+the studio system a kind of perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio system a kind of perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio system a kind of perfect
+environment for him. Anyone who's looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for him. Anyone who's looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for him. Anyone who's looked
+at a Hitchcock, more than one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Hitchcock, more than one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Hitchcock, more than one or two
+Hitchcock films, is aware of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock films, is aware of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock films, is aware of the fact
+that there's something obsessional,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something obsessional,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something obsessional,
+something uh deeply disturbing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh deeply disturbing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh deeply disturbing about
+Hitchcock's imagination. He's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's imagination. He's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's imagination. He's drawn
+again and again and again to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again to the same
+kinds of situations to scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of situations to scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of situations to scenes of
+violence against women to scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence against women to scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence against women to scenes of
+confinement. But the studio system was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement. But the studio system was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement. But the studio system was a
+kind of perfect environment for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of perfect environment for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of perfect environment for this
+kind of for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for these kinds of
+preoccupations. On the one hand, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations. On the one hand, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations. On the one hand, the
+constraints of the system did not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the system did not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the system did not allow
+Hitchcock, even if he had the impulse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock, even if he had the impulse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock, even if he had the impulse to
+do so, to press so far into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so, to press so far into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so, to press so far into the
+perversity and disturbance that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perversity and disturbance that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perversity and disturbance that is the
+general subject matter he is looking at,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general subject matter he is looking at,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general subject matter he is looking at,
+as to actually fall into say pornography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to actually fall into say pornography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to actually fall into say pornography
+or or or to or or to fall into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or to or or to fall into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or to or or to fall into something
+that will deeply offend some segment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will deeply offend some segment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will deeply offend some segment of
+the population. We can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population. We can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population. We can see that these
+were impulses in Hitchcock's imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were impulses in Hitchcock's imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were impulses in Hitchcock's imagination
+though because after the Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because after the Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because after the Hitchcock
+lasted long enough lived for such a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted long enough lived for such a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted long enough lived for such a long
+time he was he was a successful director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he was he was a successful director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he was he was a successful director
+in the silent era then he worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silent era then he worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silent era then he worked in
+Britain during the sound era and was pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain during the sound era and was pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain during the sound era and was pro
+was was the most well-known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the most well-known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the most well-known and
+successful of all British directors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful of all British directors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful of all British directors in
+the early sound era then in 1940 he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early sound era then in 1940 he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early sound era then in 1940 he came
+to the United States for what is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States for what is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States for what is most
+people recognize as his American phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recognize as his American phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recognize as his American phase
+he immigrated to the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he immigrated to the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he immigrated to the United States and
+and and that that's a separate kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that's a separate kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that's a separate kind of
+distinct part of his career as I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct part of his career as I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct part of his career as I'll
+describe more in a little more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe more in a little more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe more in a little more detail in
+a moment. Well, when he by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment. Well, when he by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment. Well, when he by the end of
+his career, Hollywood itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career, Hollywood itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career, Hollywood itself was
+undergoing profound changes for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing profound changes for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing profound changes for reasons
+we've already begun to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already begun to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already begun to talk about in
+this course. The most important of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. The most important of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. The most important of them
+having to do being the advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do being the advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do being the advent of
+television and the way in which through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and the way in which through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and the way in which through
+the 1950s television began to leech away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s television began to leech away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s television began to leech away
+the consensus audience and the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus audience and the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consensus audience and the consensus
+function that Hollywood had played in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that Hollywood had played in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that Hollywood had played in
+American life. And the effect of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life. And the effect of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American life. And the effect of this
+was to in some sense liberate Hollywood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to in some sense liberate Hollywood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to in some sense liberate Hollywood.
+And we'll be talking about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll be talking about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll be talking about what this
+ambiguous liberation later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous liberation later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous liberation later in the course
+when we look at some of the great films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at some of the great films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at some of the great films
+that emerge in the 1970s that are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerge in the 1970s that are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerge in the 1970s that are free
+of the constraints of a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraints of a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraints of a consensus
+system. Films like McCabe and Mrs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Films like McCabe and Mrs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Films like McCabe and Mrs.
+Miller or Cabaret, the two two films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller or Cabaret, the two two films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller or Cabaret, the two two films
+that we're going to be looking at later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at later
+that embodied these these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embodied these these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embodied these these sort of
+poststudio era ideals and principles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poststudio era ideals and principles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poststudio era ideals and principles.
+Well, one of the ways in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one of the ways in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, one of the ways in which you can
+see the damage that was the the the help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the damage that was the the the help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the damage that was the the the help
+that was given to Hitchcock's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to Hitchcock's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to Hitchcock's own
+imagination by what I'm calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination by what I'm calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination by what I'm calling the
+genius of the system is that at we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system is that at we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system is that at we can
+see that Hitchcock's late that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Hitchcock's late that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Hitchcock's late that the
+latest films that Hitchcock make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest films that Hitchcock make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest films that Hitchcock make the
+films that Hitchcock makes at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that Hitchcock makes at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that Hitchcock makes at the very
+end of his career uh and especially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his career uh and especially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of his career uh and especially a
+film two films a film called Frenzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film two films a film called Frenzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film two films a film called Frenzy
+starring Michael Kaine in 1972 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Michael Kaine in 1972 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Michael Kaine in 1972 and the
+last film that Hitchcock made in 1976
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last film that Hitchcock made in 1976
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last film that Hitchcock made in 1976
+called Family Plot. the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Family Plot. the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Family Plot. the same basic
+materials but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but there's something
+gratuitous about the nudity in these fil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratuitous about the nudity in these fil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratuitous about the nudity in these fil
+he wasn't allowed to show nudity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't allowed to show nudity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't allowed to show nudity in the
+in the studio era and it was good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the studio era and it was good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the studio era and it was good for
+his imagination and when his imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his imagination and when his imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his imagination and when his imagination
+and any any honorable any any honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any any honorable any any honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any any honorable any any honest
+viewer of Hitchcock watching frenzy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer of Hitchcock watching frenzy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer of Hitchcock watching frenzy or
+especially family plot and watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially family plot and watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially family plot and watching this
+there's a scene in frenzy in which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene in frenzy in which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scene in frenzy in which in
+which a murderer strangles a woman now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a murderer strangles a woman now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a murderer strangles a woman now
+there have been strangulation is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been strangulation is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been strangulation is one of
+Hitchcock's favorite forms of murder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's favorite forms of murder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's favorite forms of murder and
+there have been many characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been many characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been many characters
+strangled in Hitchcock's movie but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangled in Hitchcock's movie but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangled in Hitchcock's movie but this
+strangulation has a pornographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangulation has a pornographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangulation has a pornographic
+dimension to it that none of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to it that none of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to it that none of the early
+scenes like that and it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes like that and it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes like that and it has to do with
+the fact that Hitchcock is now working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Hitchcock is now working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Hitchcock is now working
+in a film environment that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film environment that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film environment that is not
+telling him that he can't go too far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him that he can't go too far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him that he can't go too far and
+he does go too far and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does go too far and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does go too far and there's a
+terrible scene in which a man a murderer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible scene in which a man a murderer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible scene in which a man a murderer
+takes off his tie and he strangles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off his tie and he strangles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off his tie and he strangles this
+woman with a tie. The woman is naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman with a tie. The woman is naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman with a tie. The woman is naked
+from the waist up and you see her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the waist up and you see her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the waist up and you see her
+breasts bobbling around on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breasts bobbling around on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breasts bobbling around on the screen
+while she's being strangled and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she's being strangled and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while she's being strangled and you can
+see that the camera is enjoying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the camera is enjoying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the camera is enjoying the
+looking looking at those breasts even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking looking at those breasts even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking looking at those breasts even
+even though it's a scene of murder. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's a scene of murder. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's a scene of murder. It's
+a very very horrible scene, a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very horrible scene, a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very horrible scene, a very
+disturbing scene. It's a scene that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing scene. It's a scene that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing scene. It's a scene that that
+it it almost is a scene that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it almost is a scene that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it almost is a scene that makes you
+believe in censorship to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in censorship to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in censorship to think that
+censorship ought to be certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship ought to be certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship ought to be certainly you
+wouldn't want young people to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want young people to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want young people to see this
+scene. The only reason that Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. The only reason that Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. The only reason that Hitchcock
+was free to make to create this scene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was free to make to create this scene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was free to make to create this scene is
+that there were no longer the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were no longer the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were no longer the same
+constraints being imposed upon him by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints being imposed upon him by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints being imposed upon him by
+what I want to call the constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to call the constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to call the constraining
+genius of the system. So my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system. So my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of the system. So my point is
+that Hitchcock wasn't a man of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock wasn't a man of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock wasn't a man of
+obsessional genius of a certain sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessional genius of a certain sort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessional genius of a certain sort.
+But he had the great good fortune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But he had the great good fortune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But he had the great good fortune to
+work within a system that also in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work within a system that also in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work within a system that also in uh
+limited his uh his liabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited his uh his liabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited his uh his liabilities that
+didn't didn't even allow uh the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't even allow uh the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't even allow uh the full
+expression of his obsessions in ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of his obsessions in ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of his obsessions in ways in
+ways that might that might uh become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that might that might uh become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that might that might uh become
+deeply disturbing to audiences. The fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply disturbing to audiences. The fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply disturbing to audiences. The fact
+of the matter is when you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is when you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is when you look at that
+scene and then you think back at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and then you think back at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and then you think back at many
+earlier Hitchcock movies, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Hitchcock movies, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Hitchcock movies, you can see
+many equivalents of it. Violence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equivalents of it. Violence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equivalents of it. Violence and
+damage to women is a recurring obsession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to women is a recurring obsession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to women is a recurring obsession
+in Hitchcock. Hitchcock is a sick man in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hitchcock. Hitchcock is a sick man in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hitchcock. Hitchcock is a sick man in
+many ways, but he's not a sick artist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways, but he's not a sick artist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways, but he's not a sick artist.
+He's a sick person. He turns his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a sick person. He turns his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a sick person. He turns his
+sickness into art. He turns his sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness into art. He turns his sickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness into art. He turns his sickness
+into use by dramatizing it and reminding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into use by dramatizing it and reminding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into use by dramatizing it and reminding
+us of the So, in so far as he's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of the So, in so far as he's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us of the So, in so far as he's a good
+filmmaker, he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker, he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker, he's not
+a a a a he's not a horrible perve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a he's not a horrible perve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a he's not a horrible perve,
+right? But but but there are perverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but but there are perverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but but there are perverted
+dimensions to Hitchkai. In fact, part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to Hitchkai. In fact, part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to Hitchkai. In fact, part of
+why we find him interesting is his films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we find him interesting is his films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we find him interesting is his films
+are always hovering on the brink of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always hovering on the brink of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always hovering on the brink of
+awakening in us uh feelings that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakening in us uh feelings that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awakening in us uh feelings that that
+are disturbing and unsettling that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disturbing and unsettling that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disturbing and unsettling that that
+touch on deep taboos in the in the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on deep taboos in the in the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on deep taboos in the in the ways
+in which our culture sort of understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which our culture sort of understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which our culture sort of understands
+how we should behave and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should behave and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should behave and especially in
+our attitudes toward our attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attitudes toward our attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attitudes toward our attitudes
+towards sexuality and and and and toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards sexuality and and and and toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards sexuality and and and and toward
+the and towards seeing toward the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and towards seeing toward the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and towards seeing toward the act of
+seeing which in Hitchcock becomes a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing which in Hitchcock becomes a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing which in Hitchcock becomes a kind
+of voyerism. So one way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voyerism. So one way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voyerism. So one way to understand
+Hitchcock is to understand his genius,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is to understand his genius,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is to understand his genius,
+his greatness as a director as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatness as a director as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatness as a director as being
+directly connected to the fact that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly connected to the fact that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly connected to the fact that for
+the most part of his career, he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part of his career, he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part of his career, he worked
+in systems that constrained him. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems that constrained him. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems that constrained him. He
+worked in systems that had very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in systems that had very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in systems that had very sharp
+boundaries that didn't allow him to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries that didn't allow him to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries that didn't allow him to do
+certain kinds of things. And those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of things. And those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of things. And those
+limitations were turned into artful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations were turned into artful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations were turned into artful and
+and and valuable gestures. An anecdote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and valuable gestures. An anecdote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and valuable gestures. An anecdote
+that Hitchcock told about himself many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock told about himself many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock told about himself many
+times. It's a deeply revealing anecdote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It's a deeply revealing anecdote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It's a deeply revealing anecdote.
+Uh it may not be true. We're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it may not be true. We're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it may not be true. We're not really
+sure, but he told it so many times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, but he told it so many times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, but he told it so many times that
+it's true even if it didn't happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true even if it didn't happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true even if it didn't happen.
+Uh that's a line. It's true even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's a line. It's true even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's a line. It's true even if it
+didn't happen. It's a line from Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen. It's a line from Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen. It's a line from Ken
+Keezy's wonderful novel, One Flew Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keezy's wonderful novel, One Flew Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keezy's wonderful novel, One Flew Over
+the Cuckoo's Nest. And and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cuckoo's Nest. And and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cuckoo's Nest. And and the
+character, the narrator in the book,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, the narrator in the book,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, the narrator in the book,
+who's sort of a crazy man or we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's sort of a crazy man or we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's sort of a crazy man or we think
+he's he's in an insane asylum. He's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's in an insane asylum. He's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's in an insane asylum. He's in a
+loony bin when he starts narrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loony bin when he starts narrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loony bin when he starts narrating the
+story. Uh tells us a story of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Uh tells us a story of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Uh tells us a story of his
+confinement in a lunatic asylum and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement in a lunatic asylum and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement in a lunatic asylum and he
+says, "You think the man who's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "You think the man who's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "You think the man who's saying
+this is raven and crazy? My god, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is raven and crazy? My god, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is raven and crazy? My god, this is
+true even if it didn't happen." And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even if it didn't happen." And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even if it didn't happen." And what
+he means is there's a kind of emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means is there's a kind of emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means is there's a kind of emotional
+truth in it, even if the actual facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in it, even if the actual facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in it, even if the actual facts
+aren't true. And I think that's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't true. And I think that's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't true. And I think that's true of
+the Hitchcock anecdote as well. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitchcock anecdote as well. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitchcock anecdote as well. And this
+is the anecdote he said he he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the anecdote he said he he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the anecdote he said he he he
+repeatedly told about himself. He said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly told about himself. He said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly told about himself. He said
+when he was a young boy, five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young boy, five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young boy, five or six
+years old, he committed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old, he committed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old, he committed some
+indiscretion that his father disapproved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscretion that his father disapproved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscretion that his father disapproved
+of. And his father in response, without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And his father in response, without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And his father in response, without
+saying anything to the boy, wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything to the boy, wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything to the boy, wrote a
+note, sealed it in an envelope, gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, sealed it in an envelope, gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, sealed it in an envelope, gave it
+to the boy, and said told him to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boy, and said told him to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boy, and said told him to take it
+down to the local constable, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the local constable, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the local constable, the
+policeman in the police station around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policeman in the police station around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policeman in the police station around
+the corner from where they lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner from where they lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner from where they lived in
+London. Oh, the young boy dutifully took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Oh, the young boy dutifully took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Oh, the young boy dutifully took
+the note to him and gave it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note to him and gave it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note to him and gave it to the
+constable. The constable opened it, read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constable. The constable opened it, read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constable. The constable opened it, read
+it, and locked the boy in a prison cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and locked the boy in a prison cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and locked the boy in a prison cell
+and kept him in there for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kept him in there for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kept him in there for a certain
+short amount of time. Uh, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time. Uh, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time. Uh, and then
+finally released him and said, "This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally released him and said, "This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally released him and said, "This is
+what happens to to to bad boys." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to to to bad boys." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to to to bad boys." And
+Hitchcock has said, "Ever since then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock has said, "Ever since then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock has said, "Ever since then,
+uh, I have gone to any length to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I have gone to any length to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I have gone to any length to avoid
+arrest and to avoid confinement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest and to avoid confinement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest and to avoid confinement in
+confining spaces." And in fact, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining spaces." And in fact, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining spaces." And in fact, if you
+think about it for a second, over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second, over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it for a second, over and
+over again in Hitchcock's films, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in Hitchcock's films, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in Hitchcock's films, the uh
+a basic story, not the only story, but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic story, not the only story, but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic story, not the only story, but a
+basic story he tells is the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story he tells is the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story he tells is the story of
+someone who was wrongly accused. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who was wrongly accused. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who was wrongly accused. We
+might call it the wrong man theme,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it the wrong man theme,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it the wrong man theme,
+right? And someone who was on the run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And someone who was on the run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And someone who was on the run
+who look and the the circumstantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look and the the circumstantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look and the the circumstantial
+evidence against him is over or her,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against him is over or her,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence against him is over or her,
+usually him are is overwhelming, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually him are is overwhelming, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually him are is overwhelming, right?
+uh absolutely looks and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely looks and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely looks and all the
+authorities, all the legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities, all the legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities, all the legitimate
+authorities of the culture think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities of the culture think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities of the culture think the
+this the protagonist of the Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the protagonist of the Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the protagonist of the Hitchcock
+Chase film is guilty, right? And his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chase film is guilty, right? And his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chase film is guilty, right? And his
+obligation is to somehow not only escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation is to somehow not only escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation is to somehow not only escape
+the authorities uh uh who are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authorities uh uh who are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authorities uh uh who are much more
+powerful than than he, of course, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than than he, of course, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than than he, of course, and
+have at their at their dis at at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at their at their dis at at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at their at their dis at at their
+fingertips all kinds of uh modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips all kinds of uh modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips all kinds of uh modern
+systems for for for uh searching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for for for uh searching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for for for uh searching and
+following and capturing people. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and capturing people. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and capturing people. And the
+the the fugitive is a lone fugitive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fugitive is a lone fugitive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fugitive is a lone fugitive on
+his own without resources, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own without resources, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own without resources, right? And
+without allies. Uh so he's up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without allies. Uh so he's up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without allies. Uh so he's up against
+tremendously uh difficult forces. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh difficult forces. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh difficult forces. And
+these are the forces of legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the forces of legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the forces of legitimate
+authority, right? Uh um uh so the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority, right? Uh um uh so the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority, right? Uh um uh so the theme
+of the wrong man who's wrongly accus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wrong man who's wrongly accus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wrong man who's wrongly accus the
+audience knows that he's wrongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience knows that he's wrongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience knows that he's wrongly
+accused. Often Hitchcock will show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused. Often Hitchcock will show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused. Often Hitchcock will show the
+real murder and we'll and will show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real murder and we'll and will show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real murder and we'll and will show us
+how circumstantially persuasive but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how circumstantially persuasive but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how circumstantially persuasive but also
+false the evidence is. So through most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false the evidence is. So through most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false the evidence is. So through most
+of the movie we identify with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie we identify with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie we identify with the
+fugitive with the person who's running.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive with the person who's running.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugitive with the person who's running.
+We know he is he is innocent. So well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know he is he is innocent. So well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know he is he is innocent. So well
+part of it is so so many of his films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is so so many of his films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is so so many of his films
+then sort of dramatize a kind of massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of dramatize a kind of massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of dramatize a kind of massive
+principle of injustice that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of injustice that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of injustice that happens
+again and again in his movies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in his movies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in his movies.
+Authorities are almost always after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authorities are almost always after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authorities are almost always after the
+wrong man. All right. Uh so a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong man. All right. Uh so a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong man. All right. Uh so a and then
+and then many of his films an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then many of his films an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then many of his films an
+overwhelming uh uh uh an overwhelmingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh uh uh an overwhelmingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh uh uh an overwhelmingly
+disturbing recurring element in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing recurring element in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing recurring element in his
+films is confinement in in in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is confinement in in in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is confinement in in in tight
+spaces is the sense of being caught. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces is the sense of being caught. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces is the sense of being caught. And
+you'll see one of the great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see one of the great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see one of the great great
+instances of this. one of his one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this. one of his one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this. one of his one one of
+his most artistic uh uh u accountings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most artistic uh uh u accountings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most artistic uh uh u accountings of
+this impulse, this fear of confinement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impulse, this fear of confinement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impulse, this fear of confinement,
+but this fascination with confinement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this fascination with confinement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this fascination with confinement in
+the great film you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great film you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great film you're going to see
+tonight, Rear Window, which takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight, Rear Window, which takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight, Rear Window, which takes place
+entirely in a single confined space in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in a single confined space in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in a single confined space in a
+room because the man who the protagonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because the man who the protagonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because the man who the protagonist
+has a broken leg at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a broken leg at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a broken leg at the beginning of the
+film, and he's literally unable to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, and he's literally unable to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, and he's literally unable to move
+out of his apartment. So, the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of his apartment. So, the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of his apartment. So, the entire
+film is confined there. And of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is confined there. And of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is confined there. And of course,
+many of Hitchcock's films love this. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of Hitchcock's films love this. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of Hitchcock's films love this. So,
+so what a what an interesting anecdote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what a what an interesting anecdote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what a what an interesting anecdote
+to be told. Think and think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told. Think and think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told. Think and think by
+implication what it says about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication what it says about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication what it says about his
+father. Not not not to mention what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father. Not not not to mention what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father. Not not not to mention what it
+says about Hitchcock himself to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says about Hitchcock himself to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says about Hitchcock himself to have
+been telling a story like to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling a story like to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been telling a story like to tell a
+story like this so many times over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like this so many times over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like this so many times over the
+whole of his career. But the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of his career. But the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of his career. But the idea that
+uh a world that seems perfectly benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a world that seems perfectly benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a world that seems perfectly benign
+and protective could suddenly turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protective could suddenly turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protective could suddenly turn
+menacing and terrible. That behind any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menacing and terrible. That behind any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menacing and terrible. That behind any
+door or window lurks some monstrosity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or window lurks some monstrosity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or window lurks some monstrosity.
+That the ordinary world is just a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That the ordinary world is just a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That the ordinary world is just a is
+just a an illusion. that what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a an illusion. that what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a an illusion. that what you think
+of as ordinary and plain and prosaic can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as ordinary and plain and prosaic can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as ordinary and plain and prosaic can
+suddenly erupt in violence or in terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly erupt in violence or in terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly erupt in violence or in terror
+or in or in or in the or or in or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in or in or in the or or in or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in or in or in the or or in or in
+some form of unpredictable assault is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of unpredictable assault is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of unpredictable assault is a
+constant feeling you have in Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant feeling you have in Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant feeling you have in Hitchcock's
+films. His his films his films dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. His his films his films dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. His his films his films dance
+along an edge in which the whole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along an edge in which the whole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along an edge in which the whole of the
+universe could be said to be in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe could be said to be in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe could be said to be in some
+sense endangered. the basic laws of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense endangered. the basic laws of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense endangered. the basic laws of our
+experience in of even even sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in of even even sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in of even even sometimes the
+physical laws of our experience are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical laws of our experience are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical laws of our experience are are
+upended or denied or or or suspended in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upended or denied or or or suspended in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upended or denied or or or suspended in
+Hitchcock's world. Can you think of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's world. Can you think of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's world. Can you think of one
+example where the laws of nature itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the laws of nature itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the laws of nature itself
+suddenly go cuckoo? One of his most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly go cuckoo? One of his most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly go cuckoo? One of his most
+famous films the birds of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous films the birds of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous films the birds of course the
+late film The Birds. What happens in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late film The Birds. What happens in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late film The Birds. What happens in The
+Birds? The birds start attacking. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds? The birds start attacking. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds? The birds start attacking. Yes.
+the most benign and beautiful parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benign and beautiful parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most benign and beautiful parts of
+nature suddenly begin to attack human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature suddenly begin to attack human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature suddenly begin to attack human
+beings. And the right he gives some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings. And the right he gives some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings. And the right he gives some
+partial explanation in the film where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial explanation in the film where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial explanation in the film where
+you see there's a scene in a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there's a scene in a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there's a scene in a restaurant
+where you see pictures of fried chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see pictures of fried chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see pictures of fried chicken
+and people talking about how they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people talking about how they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people talking about how they love
+roast pheasant and so forth. But as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roast pheasant and so forth. But as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roast pheasant and so forth. But as if
+as if that's an but in in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if that's an but in in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if that's an but in in all of
+Hitchcock's films there there is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films there there is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's films there there is never
+an adequate a truly adequate motive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adequate a truly adequate motive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adequate a truly adequate motive for
+the madness terror disorder that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the madness terror disorder that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the madness terror disorder that is
+released in the movies. uh there's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in the movies. uh there's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in the movies. uh there's often
+an attempt to explain them, but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to explain them, but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to explain them, but nobody
+takes the explanations very seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the explanations very seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the explanations very seriously
+because the point is his vision of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the point is his vision of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the point is his vision of life
+is a vision in which the world is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vision in which the world is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vision in which the world is an
+incredibly dangerous, wholly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly dangerous, wholly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly dangerous, wholly
+unpredictable, monstrously fearsome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable, monstrously fearsome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable, monstrously fearsome
+place. Maybe his dominant emotion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Maybe his dominant emotion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Maybe his dominant emotion is the
+emotion of fear. He dramatizes fear over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion of fear. He dramatizes fear over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion of fear. He dramatizes fear over
+and over and over again in his movies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again in his movies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again in his movies.
+Here is a brief selection. This he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is a brief selection. This he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is a brief selection. This he made
+over 50 films and I think 53 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 films and I think 53 total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 films and I think 53 total
+films, silent and sound films in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, silent and sound films in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, silent and sound films in his
+career. This is just the list I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. This is just the list I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. This is just the list I've put
+up there is just a very brief uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is just a very brief uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is just a very brief uh
+selection. But let me say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. But let me say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. But let me say a few things
+about the the the the trajectory of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the the trajectory of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the the trajectory of that
+career and then and then I'll turn to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and then and then I'll turn to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and then and then I'll turn to a
+a bit more about his technical behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about his technical behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about his technical behavior
+about his about his technical uh genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his about his technical uh genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his about his technical uh genius
+and about the central themes of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the central themes of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the central themes of his work
+which I've already begun to elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've already begun to elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've already begun to elaborate
+and won't won't repeat myself too much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and won't won't repeat myself too much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and won't won't repeat myself too much I
+hope. Um but le let's let's talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope. Um but le let's let's talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope. Um but le let's let's talk a bit
+about his career because he's a very he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his career because he's a very he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his career because he's a very he
+like the other like like uh um uh Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other like like uh um uh Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other like like uh um uh Howard
+Hawks and Frank Capra. Uh Hitchcock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and Frank Capra. Uh Hitchcock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and Frank Capra. Uh Hitchcock is
+maybe even more than those two a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even more than those two a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even more than those two a figure
+the a dominant figure of the studio era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dominant figure of the studio era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dominant figure of the studio era
+maybe the dominant figure certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the dominant figure certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the dominant figure certainly the
+director whose work has been most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director whose work has been most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director whose work has been most
+influential has lasted the longest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential has lasted the longest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential has lasted the longest one
+of the most interesting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting things about
+Hitchcock's career as a whole is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's career as a whole is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's career as a whole is that
+for even after film came to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even after film came to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even after film came to be
+recognized as something more than mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as something more than mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as something more than mere
+entertainment Hitchcock was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment Hitchcock was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment Hitchcock was always
+admired as a great entertainer and was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admired as a great entertainer and was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admired as a great entertainer and was a
+successful director from them from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful director from them from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful director from them from from
+the sound era from the silent era from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound era from the silent era from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound era from the silent era from
+the time he began to work in Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he began to work in Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he began to work in Great
+Britain when he made his uh move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain when he made his uh move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain when he made his uh move to the
+United States uh at uh at in in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh at uh at in in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States uh at uh at in in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he was Britain's most famous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he was Britain's most famous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh he was Britain's most famous and
+most admired director and in fact when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most admired director and in fact when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most admired director and in fact when
+he came to the United States there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to the United States there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came to the United States there was a
+kind of negative reaction in Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of negative reaction in Britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of negative reaction in Britain
+because because they felt it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because they felt it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because they felt it was
+unpatriotic of this great director to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpatriotic of this great director to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpatriotic of this great director to
+desert his native homeland in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert his native homeland in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert his native homeland in the middle
+of the war among other things and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war among other things and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war among other things and and
+and he did and there there he did feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did and there there he did feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did and there there he did feel
+guilt over this in in in many ways. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt over this in in in many ways. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt over this in in in many ways. And
+some of that guilt is said by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that guilt is said by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that guilt is said by some
+scholars to express itself in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars to express itself in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars to express itself in some
+aspects of the other film you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the other film you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the other film you're going
+to see this evening, an earlier film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this evening, an earlier film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this evening, an earlier film
+made in 1943,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1943,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1943,
+uh shortly after Hitchcock had come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shortly after Hitchcock had come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shortly after Hitchcock had come to
+the United States. So, it wasn't his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. So, it wasn't his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. So, it wasn't his
+first American film. While he was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first American film. While he was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first American film. While he was making
+that film, he was receiving news from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film, he was receiving news from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film, he was receiving news from
+England about his mother who was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England about his mother who was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England about his mother who was very
+ill and she actually died during the ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill and she actually died during the ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill and she actually died during the ma
+while he was in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while he was in the United States
+filming uh uh shadow of a doubt and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming uh uh shadow of a doubt and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming uh uh shadow of a doubt and and
+and uh uh there are some scholars who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh there are some scholars who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh there are some scholars who
+say that his familial feelings, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that his familial feelings, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that his familial feelings, his
+guilt over leaving England, his guilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt over leaving England, his guilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt over leaving England, his guilt
+about deserting his mother come out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about deserting his mother come out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about deserting his mother come out in
+various ways in shadow of a doubt. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways in shadow of a doubt. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways in shadow of a doubt. I'm
+not so sure about that because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure about that because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure about that because it's a
+pretty cynical and tough-minded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cynical and tough-minded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cynical and tough-minded and
+anti-sentimental film in its own way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-sentimental film in its own way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-sentimental film in its own way.
+But there are some elements of family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are some elements of family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are some elements of family
+life in it that perhaps uh uh uh recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in it that perhaps uh uh uh recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in it that perhaps uh uh uh recover
+or allude to things aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allude to things aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allude to things aspects of
+Hitchcock's own career.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's own career.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock's own career.
+One significant thing as I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One significant thing as I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One significant thing as I've already
+suggested is that he was successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested is that he was successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested is that he was successful at
+every phase of in the history of movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every phase of in the history of movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every phase of in the history of movies
+that that that like hawks and Capra he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that like hawks and Capra he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that like hawks and Capra he
+began in the silent era did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began in the silent era did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began in the silent era did
+distinguished work there moved into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished work there moved into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished work there moved into the
+sound era and did distinguished work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era and did distinguished work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era and did distinguished work in
+the in the sound era he has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sound era he has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sound era he has something
+else in common with hawks uh and capra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in common with hawks uh and capra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in common with hawks uh and capra
+and I only recently discovered this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only recently discovered this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only recently discovered this and
+it's not as systematic as in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as systematic as in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as systematic as in the case of
+hawks and capra but he too studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawks and capra but he too studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawks and capra but he too studied
+engineering so and there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so and there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so and there must be
+something in this you guys should maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in this you guys should maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in this you guys should maybe
+reconsider consider what you're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider consider what you're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider consider what you're what
+you're up to here. Uh because uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to here. Uh because uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up to here. Uh because uh three
+of the most remarkable and technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most remarkable and technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most remarkable and technically
+adept directors in the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adept directors in the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adept directors in the history of the
+stu of the studio era uh all had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu of the studio era uh all had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu of the studio era uh all had
+partially train had partial training as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially train had partial training as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially train had partial training as
+engineers. So he begins in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. So he begins in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. So he begins in the in the
+silent era and in fact uh uh he be he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent era and in fact uh uh he be he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent era and in fact uh uh he be he
+let's go behind let me say just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go behind let me say just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go behind let me say just a little
+bit about his background. Uh he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his background. Uh he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his background. Uh he was an
+outsider in a certain way even though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider in a certain way even though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider in a certain way even though he
+was an Englishman because he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an Englishman because he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an Englishman because he was a
+Jesuit. His parents were Catholic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesuit. His parents were Catholic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesuit. His parents were Catholic in
+Protestant England and he felt himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant England and he felt himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant England and he felt himself
+all his life, I think, in some ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his life, I think, in some ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his life, I think, in some ways to
+be a kind of outsider uh uh uh someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of outsider uh uh uh someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of outsider uh uh uh someone
+who didn't exactly fit in in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't exactly fit in in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't exactly fit in in in in in
+traditional society. He uh he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional society. He uh he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional society. He uh he went to
+work after his schooling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after his schooling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work after his schooling in the
+advertising department of a telegraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising department of a telegraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising department of a telegraph
+company, began to write the title cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, began to write the title cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, began to write the title cards
+for silent films as early as 1921. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for silent films as early as 1921. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for silent films as early as 1921. uh
+and then began uh be for this telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then began uh be for this telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then began uh be for this telephone
+telegraph company began to work on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph company began to work on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph company began to work on on
+certain features uh feature films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain features uh feature films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain features uh feature films that
+were co-produced in Germany and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were co-produced in Germany and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were co-produced in Germany and this is
+of course the great period of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the great period of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the great period of German
+expressionism when the great German uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism when the great German uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism when the great German uh
+silent directors uh are are creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent directors uh are are creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent directors uh are are creating
+their science fiction and expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their science fiction and expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their science fiction and expressionist
+works and Hitchcock in his early life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and Hitchcock in his early life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and Hitchcock in his early life is
+immersed in that stuff learns that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in that stuff learns that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in that stuff learns that stuff
+goes to school in that and you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to school in that and you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to school in that and you can feel
+the expressionist impulse in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressionist impulse in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressionist impulse in the
+darkness and the disturbance that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness and the disturbance that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness and the disturbance that's a
+central part of almost every Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of almost every Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central part of almost every Hitchcock
+film. Um uh he he makes uh uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um uh he he makes uh uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um uh he he makes uh uh something
+like u I I think a total of six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like u I I think a total of six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like u I I think a total of six or seven
+silent films of which of which the do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films of which of which the do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films of which of which the do we
+have the list up there? Yes. Uh of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the list up there? Yes. Uh of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the list up there? Yes. Uh of which
+the uh uh most important is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh most important is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh most important is the uh the
+pleasure gardens was a co-production the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure gardens was a co-production the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure gardens was a co-production the
+first film that he worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film that he worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film that he worked on
+systematically and it was a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and it was a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and it was a German
+co-production. He wasn't the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-production. He wasn't the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-production. He wasn't the prime
+director in it. The Lodger is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in it. The Lodger is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in it. The Lodger is probably
+his mo almost surely his most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mo almost surely his most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mo almost surely his most important
+and most Hitchcockian silent film. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most Hitchcockian silent film. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most Hitchcockian silent film. Can
+you guess the topic? It's Jack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess the topic? It's Jack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess the topic? It's Jack the
+Ripper. It's a story. It's a silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripper. It's a story. It's a silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripper. It's a story. It's a silent
+film. It's a story. It's a story about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. It's a story. It's a story about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. It's a story. It's a story about a
+land lady who thinks fearfully,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land lady who thinks fearfully,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land lady who thinks fearfully,
+nervously that she may have rented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervously that she may have rented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervously that she may have rented a
+room to Jack the Ripper, the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to Jack the Ripper, the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to Jack the Ripper, the famous
+killer. So, he's he's a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer. So, he's he's a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer. So, he's he's a successful
+silent director already an admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent director already an admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent director already an admire
+director. Makes the transition to sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director. Makes the transition to sound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director. Makes the transition to sound.
+And in fact, historically, he'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, historically, he'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, historically, he'd be
+famous just for this one fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous just for this one fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous just for this one fact.
+Blackmail, a British film he made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackmail, a British film he made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackmail, a British film he made in
+1929, is the first British talkie. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929, is the first British talkie. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929, is the first British talkie. And
+he almost immediately began to began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he almost immediately began to began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he almost immediately began to began to
+uh uh uh figure out how to integrate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh figure out how to integrate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh figure out how to integrate he
+was very interested tech in in all act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very interested tech in in all act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very interested tech in in all act
+all the technical aspects of movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the technical aspects of movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the technical aspects of movie
+making especially interested in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making especially interested in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making especially interested in the way
+you integrate sound with image. And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate sound with image. And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate sound with image. And as
+anyone who's watched the the uh shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's watched the the uh shower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who's watched the the uh shower
+scene in Psycho, for example, would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in Psycho, for example, would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in Psycho, for example, would be a
+famous example. Uh um uh anyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example. Uh um uh anyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example. Uh um uh anyone who's
+watched these scenes like that in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched these scenes like that in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched these scenes like that in his
+chuck will recognize the tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck will recognize the tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck will recognize the tremendous
+importance of music in his films. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of music in his films. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of music in his films. The
+way he uses music to to deepen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he uses music to to deepen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he uses music to to deepen and
+complicate and uh uh the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate and uh uh the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate and uh uh the the the the
+moods he's creating and especially how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moods he's creating and especially how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moods he's creating and especially how
+he can use mu music to enhance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can use mu music to enhance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can use mu music to enhance your
+sense of terror and fear uh as he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of terror and fear uh as he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of terror and fear uh as he does
+in certain frenzied powerful scenes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain frenzied powerful scenes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain frenzied powerful scenes in
+his most remarkable films. Uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most remarkable films. Uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most remarkable films. Uh and then
+he goes on to a really an immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on to a really an immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on to a really an immensely
+successful career as the director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful career as the director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful career as the director of
+action adventure mystery films of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure mystery films of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action adventure mystery films of which
+I've listed the most famous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed the most famous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed the most famous and
+significant ones. Films that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ones. Films that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ones. Films that are still
+interesting to people that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to people that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to people that are still
+watched today for their own intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched today for their own intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched today for their own intrinsic
+excitement even though they also many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement even though they also many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement even though they also many of
+them also feel a bit old-fashioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also feel a bit old-fashioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them also feel a bit old-fashioned in
+their in their behavior. The man who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their behavior. The man who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their behavior. The man who
+knew too much, the 39 steps and the lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew too much, the 39 steps and the lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew too much, the 39 steps and the lady
+vanishes. Um and u there are other films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes. Um and u there are other films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes. Um and u there are other films
+he made in this year. I'm only listing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made in this year. I'm only listing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made in this year. I'm only listing a
+selection as I've said. Then he makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection as I've said. Then he makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection as I've said. Then he makes
+the transition to the United States. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition to the United States. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition to the United States. Uh
+he's lured here by David Selnik, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's lured here by David Selnik, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's lured here by David Selnik, the
+direct the the head of a great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the the head of a great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the the head of a great uh
+studio. Uh Hitchcock is especially drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio. Uh Hitchcock is especially drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio. Uh Hitchcock is especially drawn
+to coming to the United States because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coming to the United States because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coming to the United States because
+he envies the technical resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he envies the technical resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he envies the technical resources that
+are available to American directors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to American directors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to American directors who
+because they have much more budget. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have much more budget. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have much more budget. They
+can do much more when they when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do much more when they when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do much more when they when they
+have enough when they have enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough when they have enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough when they have enough money
+to add cameras and to have adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add cameras and to have adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add cameras and to have adequate
+crews and so forth. And uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews and so forth. And uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews and so forth. And uh the first
+film he makes in the United States,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he makes in the United States,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he makes in the United States,
+Rebecca, a remake of a famous novel, won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca, a remake of a famous novel, won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rebecca, a remake of a famous novel, won
+an Academy Award as best film of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Academy Award as best film of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Academy Award as best film of the
+year, although Hitchcock did not win a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, although Hitchcock did not win a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, although Hitchcock did not win a
+director's uh award. Um uh but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director's uh award. Um uh but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director's uh award. Um uh but it's the
+least Hitchcockian of all of his films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Hitchcockian of all of his films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least Hitchcockian of all of his films.
+And perhaps he was restraining himself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And perhaps he was restraining himself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And perhaps he was restraining himself a
+little bit in a in an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in a in an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in a in an attempt to
+establish himself in the American in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish himself in the American in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish himself in the American in the
+American audience. It's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American audience. It's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American audience. It's a very
+interesting film and you can still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting film and you can still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting film and you can still see
+that it in some Broadway fits Hitchcock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it in some Broadway fits Hitchcock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it in some Broadway fits Hitchcock.
+It's a Gothic story. the classic English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a Gothic story. the classic English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a Gothic story. the classic English
+novels about governnesses who go to off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels about governnesses who go to off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels about governnesses who go to off
+in the country to strange mansions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country to strange mansions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country to strange mansions and
+they are they are both they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are both they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are both they are both
+attracted to and repelled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to and repelled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to and repelled by the
+handsome sometimes scarred stranger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome sometimes scarred stranger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handsome sometimes scarred stranger who
+runs the place right I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the place right I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the place right I'm talking
+especially about who what novel Janeire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about who what novel Janeire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about who what novel Janeire
+right Charlotte Bronte's great novel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Charlotte Bronte's great novel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Charlotte Bronte's great novel and
+of course that pattern that got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that pattern that got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that pattern that got that
+pattern uh repeats itself again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh repeats itself again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh repeats itself again and
+again in the movies and Rebecca is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the movies and Rebecca is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the movies and Rebecca is a
+version of that kind of of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that kind of of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that kind of of that kind of
+story and then Hitchcock goes on in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and then Hitchcock goes on in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and then Hitchcock goes on in in
+the 40s to make a series of films in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 40s to make a series of films in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 40s to make a series of films in
+which his own interest in the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his own interest in the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his own interest in the technology
+of motion pictures and his own obsession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion pictures and his own obsession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion pictures and his own obsession
+with setting problems for himself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with setting problems for himself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with setting problems for himself that
+are difficult to solve his own sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult to solve his own sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult to solve his own sort of
+engineers obsession with the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers obsession with the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers obsession with the technology
+of motion picture begin to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion picture begin to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion picture begin to become
+clearer and clearer. One of the another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer and clearer. One of the another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer and clearer. One of the another
+reason that the lodger is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the lodger is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the lodger is an important
+uh Hitchcock film is that it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Hitchcock film is that it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Hitchcock film is that it's the first
+film in which Hitchcock himself makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in which Hitchcock himself makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in which Hitchcock himself makes a
+brief cameo appearance and after that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief cameo appearance and after that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief cameo appearance and after that it
+becomes a kind of signature feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a kind of signature feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a kind of signature feature of
+his movies that at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies that at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies that at some point in the
+film a character Alfred Hitchcock will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a character Alfred Hitchcock will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a character Alfred Hitchcock will
+will appear briefly won't be identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear briefly won't be identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear briefly won't be identified
+he won't be noticed in the credits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won't be noticed in the credits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won't be noticed in the credits but
+as he became more and more wellknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he became more and more wellknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he became more and more wellknown
+audiences began to watch for this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences began to watch for this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences began to watch for this right
+this bothered him in some way because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bothered him in some way because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bothered him in some way because it
+meant it distracted them people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it distracted them people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it distracted them people from the
+movies from the movies themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies from the movies themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies from the movies themselves
+because they were waiting to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were waiting to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were waiting to see when
+Hitch would emerge. So he began to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitch would emerge. So he began to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitch would emerge. So he began to do it
+earlier and earlier in the films in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and earlier in the films in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and earlier in the films in in
+order to avoid distracting audiences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to avoid distracting audiences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to avoid distracting audiences.
+But think what it means having to devise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But think what it means having to devise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But think what it means having to devise
+a way for him to be in the movie. In in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for him to be in the movie. In in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for him to be in the movie. In in
+many cases it's easy. Okay, a man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases it's easy. Okay, a man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases it's easy. Okay, a man's
+getting on a bus so he can be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on a bus so he can be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on a bus so he can be in the
+crowd of the but what happens when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd of the but what happens when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd of the but what happens when he
+makes films that are arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes films that are arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes films that are arbitrarily
+restricted as he does in some cases. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted as he does in some cases. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted as he does in some cases. For
+example, the film Lifeboat in 1944, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the film Lifeboat in 1944, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the film Lifeboat in 1944, some
+of you know about it. It takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know about it. It takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know about it. It takes place
+entirely on a lifeboat. There are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on a lifeboat. There are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on a lifeboat. There are eight
+or nine characters. They've they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nine characters. They've they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nine characters. They've they've
+escaped a a shipwreck. It's a World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped a a shipwreck. It's a World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped a a shipwreck. It's a World War
+II parable about Nazism and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II parable about Nazism and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II parable about Nazism and they're all
+stuck in the lifeboat and for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the lifeboat and for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the lifeboat and for the entire
+film or the the film is confined to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film or the the film is confined to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film or the the film is confined to that
+lifeboat. It I mean it presents all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeboat. It I mean it presents all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeboat. It I mean it presents all
+kind. It's not one of his best films,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind. It's not one of his best films,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind. It's not one of his best films,
+but it's but the technical challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's but the technical challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's but the technical challenge
+presented is really interesting, isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented is really interesting, isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented is really interesting, isn't
+it? Vertigo is an even more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Vertigo is an even more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Vertigo is an even more interesting
+instance and a much more successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and a much more successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and a much more successful
+instance of the same desire or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the same desire or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the same desire or the same
+weird impulse in in Hitchcock himself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird impulse in in Hitchcock himself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird impulse in in Hitchcock himself to
+create confining situations and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create confining situations and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create confining situations and then see
+what that confinement allows him to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that confinement allows him to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that confinement allows him to do.
+Uh what what what grows out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what what what grows out of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what what what grows out of these
+arbitrary these arbitrary limitations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary these arbitrary limitations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary these arbitrary limitations.
+But just as a kind of uh minor instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But just as a kind of uh minor instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But just as a kind of uh minor instance
+of this kind of thing, if if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of thing, if if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of thing, if if all the
+characters in in Lifeboat are on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in in Lifeboat are on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in in Lifeboat are on a on a
+on a u are on a boat in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a u are on a boat in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a u are on a boat in the middle of
+the ocean, how can Hitchcock appear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean, how can Hitchcock appear?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean, how can Hitchcock appear?
+Because he's not one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because he's not one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because he's not one of the main
+characters. Does anyone know how he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters. Does anyone know how he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters. Does anyone know how he did
+it? He has there's a newspaper lying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? He has there's a newspaper lying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? He has there's a newspaper lying on
+the floor of the boat and you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor of the boat and you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor of the boat and you pick up
+the newspaper and there's a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper and there's a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper and there's a picture of
+Hitchcock in the newspaper. But it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock in the newspaper. But it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock in the newspaper. But it's a
+trivial thing, right? But it and but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing, right? But it and but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing, right? But it and but but
+it's its triviality is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its triviality is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its triviality is exactly what
+makes it so interesting. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so interesting. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so interesting. In other words,
+what Hitchcock loved this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Hitchcock loved this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Hitchcock loved this kind of
+problem. When he made when he took these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. When he made when he took these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. When he made when he took these
+problems in a serious way and when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in a serious way and when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in a serious way and when these
+problems sort of led him into a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sort of led him into a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems sort of led him into a kind of
+exploration of our darker and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of our darker and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of our darker and more
+disturbed and more univilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed and more univilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed and more univilized
+sides, he made remarkable films that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides, he made remarkable films that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides, he made remarkable films that's
+that that are that are memorable and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are that are memorable and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are that are memorable and and
+haunting. Right. Um and uh one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting. Right. Um and uh one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting. Right. Um and uh one more
+example of him said of of of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of him said of of of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of him said of of of the of
+Hitchcock setting himself these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock setting himself these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock setting himself these
+difficult technical feats the film Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult technical feats the film Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult technical feats the film Rope
+uh well titled in a way it's a murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well titled in a way it's a murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well titled in a way it's a murder
+mystery but Hitchcock set it up in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery but Hitchcock set it up in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery but Hitchcock set it up in a way
+it's it's actually uh uh uh such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually uh uh uh such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually uh uh uh such that it
+creates the illusion that the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the illusion that the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the illusion that the entire
+film I don't remember how long it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I don't remember how long it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I don't remember how long it is
+let's say it's a standard feature length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a standard feature length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's a standard feature length
+film let's say it's 89 minutes long it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film let's say it's 89 minutes long it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film let's say it's 89 minutes long it's
+a standard feature length film it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard feature length film it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard feature length film it feels
+as if it's all unraveled in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's all unraveled in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's all unraveled in a single
+take as if there are no cuts, no edits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as if there are no cuts, no edits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as if there are no cuts, no edits
+in the movie. Now, it's not exactly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie. Now, it's not exactly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the movie. Now, it's not exactly true
+what because the film was not capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because the film was not capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because the film was not capable
+technically of doing that. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically of doing that. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically of doing that. What
+Hitchcock did was he had cassettes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock did was he had cassettes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock did was he had cassettes of
+that would that of of of film that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that of of of film that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that of of of film that would
+last say 10 minutes. So, he would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last say 10 minutes. So, he would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last say 10 minutes. So, he would make
+10-minute long takes, but then he'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-minute long takes, but then he'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-minute long takes, but then he'd have
+to change the cassette, put in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the cassette, put in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the cassette, put in a new
+one. But he he disguised the takes. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But he he disguised the takes. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But he he disguised the takes. He
+disguised the cuts. And in fact, it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised the cuts. And in fact, it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised the cuts. And in fact, it's an
+unbelievably tedious film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably tedious film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably tedious film.
+Because when you're watching it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because when you're watching it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because when you're watching it, you
+feel you can't look away. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you can't look away. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you can't look away. One of the
+things that is dis that you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that is dis that you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that is dis that you discover
+when you're watching this film is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching this film is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching this film is that
+cuts are actually a relaxation. They let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are actually a relaxation. They let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are actually a relaxation. They let
+you relax. They they break they break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relax. They they break they break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you relax. They they break they break
+the rhythm in some way. And if you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm in some way. And if you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm in some way. And if you sit
+there for 89 minutes watching something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for 89 minutes watching something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for 89 minutes watching something
+that seems to be unfolding, the film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be unfolding, the film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be unfolding, the film of
+course unfolds in real time also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course unfolds in real time also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course unfolds in real time also.
+Therefore, right? So it's so so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, right? So it's so so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, right? So it's so so he's
+playing both with another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing both with another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing both with another kind of
+confinement which is the duration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement which is the duration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement which is the duration of the
+movie. He's saying, "I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. He's saying, "I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. He's saying, "I'm going to make
+the duration of the viewing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration of the viewing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration of the viewing the same
+duration as the action of the movie, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration as the action of the movie, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration as the action of the movie, and
+I'm never going to cut or I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to cut or I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to cut or I'm going to
+create the illusion that there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the illusion that there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the illusion that there's not
+going to be a single edit in my film."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a single edit in my film."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a single edit in my film."
+When you're watching it, you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're watching it, you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you're watching it, you actually
+yourself feel trapped. You feel you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself feel trapped. You feel you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself feel trapped. You feel you feel
+guilty if you look away, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty if you look away, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty if you look away, but you
+constantly want to blink or look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly want to blink or look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly want to blink or look down
+because there's some it's almost as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some it's almost as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some it's almost as if
+the absence of edits creates a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of edits creates a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of edits creates a kind of
+continuous stream of imagery and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous stream of imagery and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous stream of imagery and you
+feel you're trapped within it, like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you're trapped within it, like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you're trapped within it, like a
+wall that doesn't let you escape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that doesn't let you escape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that doesn't let you escape from
+it. Well, the that kind I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well, the that kind I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well, the that kind I don't know
+that Hitchcock actually intended such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock actually intended such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitchcock actually intended such a
+reaction, but it is not inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, but it is not inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction, but it is not inconsistent
+with Hitchcock's desire to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hitchcock's desire to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Hitchcock's desire to manipulate
+your feelings as you're watching a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings as you're watching a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feelings as you're watching a film
+and he became a master at manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he became a master at manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he became a master at manipulating
+your reactions as you as you watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reactions as you as you watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reactions as you as you watch the
+film. uh so there are many of uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. uh so there are many of uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. uh so there are many of uh and and
+I could I could cite many other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could cite many other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could cite many other examples
+of this sort of technical obsession but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of technical obsession but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of technical obsession but
+let me just say a couple of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a couple of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a couple of things about
+the major films in uh so he and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major films in uh so he and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major films in uh so he and he's
+successful in every phase but he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in every phase but he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in every phase but he really
+comes into his own most critics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into his own most critics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into his own most critics would
+say at the end of the 1940s with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the end of the 1940s with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the end of the 1940s with a
+series of maybe the early 50s with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of maybe the early 50s with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of maybe the early 50s with a
+series of films that run from 51 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of films that run from 51 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of films that run from 51 through
+maybe most people would say through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe most people would say through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe most people would say through the
+birds in 1963 and I haven't listed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds in 1963 and I haven't listed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds in 1963 and I haven't listed all
+the films he made in that era but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films he made in that era but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films he made in that era but I've
+listed the most important ones And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the most important ones And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the most important ones And it's
+you can judge for yourself how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can judge for yourself how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can judge for yourself how
+significant this is. Why? Because look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant this is. Why? Because look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant this is. Why? Because look
+at how many titles you recognize. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many titles you recognize. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many titles you recognize. How
+many titles by directors of so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many titles by directors of so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many titles by directors of so many
+years ago would you actually have seen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago would you actually have seen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago would you actually have seen?
+It's one measure of what an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one measure of what an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one measure of what an important
+figure, what a successful figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure, what a successful figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure, what a successful figure
+Hitchcock is that that he's still so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is that that he's still so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock is that that he's still so
+widely known that he's more famous today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely known that he's more famous today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely known that he's more famous today
+than he was when he was making his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he was when he was making his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he was when he was making his
+movies. uh uh as I started to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies. uh uh as I started to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies. uh uh as I started to say
+earlier one of the most distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one of the most distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one of the most distinctive
+things or interesting and revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or interesting and revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or interesting and revealing
+things about Hitchcock's career is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Hitchcock's career is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Hitchcock's career is that
+through the me through the mass of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the me through the mass of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the me through the mass of his
+career even though he was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career even though he was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career even though he was one of the
+most uh uh popular directors and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh uh popular directors and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh uh popular directors and his
+films made money and he he was he was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films made money and he he was he was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films made money and he he was he was uh
+uh um uh um a totally bankable director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh um a totally bankable director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh um a totally bankable director
+no maybe the most bankable director in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe the most bankable director in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe the most bankable director in
+Hollywood during the studio era he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood during the studio era he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood during the studio era he
+didn't get much respect part some People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get much respect part some People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get much respect part some People
+have have uh suggested that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh suggested that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have uh suggested that one of the
+reasons for is that he gave so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for is that he gave so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for is that he gave so much
+pleasure that there was a feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that there was a feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that there was a feeling that
+anyone who gave this much pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who gave this much pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who gave this much pleasure
+couldn't be an artist that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be an artist that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be an artist that that that
+that it worked against him that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked against him that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it worked against him that he would
+that that he was such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he was such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that he was such a great
+entertainer and there may be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainer and there may be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainer and there may be something
+to that but steadily over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but steadily over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but steadily over time and
+especially since his death his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since his death his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since his death his
+reputation has increased and increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation has increased and increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation has increased and increased
+and increased and in fact recently his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increased and in fact recently his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increased and in fact recently his
+film Vertigo was voted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Vertigo was voted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Vertigo was voted
+the best film of all time the best film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best film of all time the best film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best film of all time the best film
+ever made displacing Orson Wells's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made displacing Orson Wells's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made displacing Orson Wells's
+citizen cane, which had been at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen cane, which had been at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen cane, which had been at the top
+of this list for something like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this list for something like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this list for something like 20
+years. Uh, and this ascension from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Uh, and this ascension from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Uh, and this ascension from in
+which Hitchcock was sort of denigrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Hitchcock was sort of denigrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Hitchcock was sort of denigrated
+as a mere entertainer to now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mere entertainer to now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mere entertainer to now being
+recognized as one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as one of the greatest
+artists of of in the movies of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists of of in the movies of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists of of in the movies of the 20th
+century is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century is a very interesting
+development. And it's a development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. And it's a development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. And it's a development
+that's partly a function of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's partly a function of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's partly a function of the fact
+that all of that happened after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that happened after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that happened after the
+movies were no longer the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were no longer the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were no longer the central
+experience in in uh in America. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in in uh in America. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in in uh in America. the
+central narrative experience in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central narrative experience in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central narrative experience in in the
+modern world in which they had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world in which they had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world in which they had already
+been displaced as a as a as a as a a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been displaced as a as a as a as a a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been displaced as a as a as a as a a as
+a system. Um uh so in this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system. Um uh so in this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system. Um uh so in this period
+between the strangers on a train through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strangers on a train through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strangers on a train through
+the birds uh in 1963 some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds uh in 1963 some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds uh in 1963 some people might
+include Marne in ' 64 he made a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Marne in ' 64 he made a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Marne in ' 64 he made a series
+of masterpieces that are among the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masterpieces that are among the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masterpieces that are among the most
+significant and most powerful films ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and most powerful films ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and most powerful films ever
+made. Two of which we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. Two of which we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. Two of which we're talking about
+tonight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight.
+Hitchcock the technician. I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock the technician. I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock the technician. I've already
+implied something about this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied something about this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied something about this but it's
+worth emphasizing this. Hitchcock beca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth emphasizing this. Hitchcock beca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth emphasizing this. Hitchcock beca
+Hitchcock became famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock became famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock became famous
+uh especially in the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially in the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially in the industry
+for the unbelievably fidious almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unbelievably fidious almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unbelievably fidious almost
+bored way in which he carried out his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored way in which he carried out his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored way in which he carried out his
+direction of a movie. By the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a movie. By the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a movie. By the time
+Hitchcock got to the set of the film, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock got to the set of the film, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock got to the set of the film, he
+had so obsessively planned out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so obsessively planned out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so obsessively planned out every
+aspect of the movie. Uh that that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the movie. Uh that that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the movie. Uh that that he
+acted as if everything was all finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted as if everything was all finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted as if everything was all finished
+as any and he he he often annoyed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any and he he he often annoyed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as any and he he he often annoyed his
+actors. Some actors disliked him a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors. Some actors disliked him a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors. Some actors disliked him a lot
+because he gave very little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave very little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave very little uh
+instruction to his actors. Uh and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to his actors. Uh and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction to his actors. Uh and some
+some uh uh some actors like this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh uh some actors like this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh uh some actors like this, but
+many many resented it a great deal. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many resented it a great deal. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many resented it a great deal. He
+see he is often quoted as as he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he is often quoted as as he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he is often quoted as as he's been
+quoted a number of times as showing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted a number of times as showing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted a number of times as showing a
+kind of disregard for actors. At one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disregard for actors. At one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disregard for actors. At one
+point he said actors are just cattle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he said actors are just cattle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he said actors are just cattle to
+be moved around on the set like animals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved around on the set like animals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved around on the set like animals.
+Um but but but it was more the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but but but it was more the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but but but it was more the fact that
+the the actors had trouble with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actors had trouble with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actors had trouble with him
+because he seemed to have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he seemed to have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he seemed to have worked
+everything out before he got to the set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out before he got to the set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out before he got to the set.
+He was always tremendously calm. He sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was always tremendously calm. He sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was always tremendously calm. He sat
+in his director's chair, would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his director's chair, would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his director's chair, would give
+directions, and he had storyboarded. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions, and he had storyboarded. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions, and he had storyboarded. He
+had drawn out every single scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had drawn out every single scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had drawn out every single scene and
+every single camera angle before he even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single camera angle before he even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single camera angle before he even
+came to the set. So that it was as if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the set. So that it was as if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the set. So that it was as if he
+had worked everything out before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked everything out before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked everything out before he
+reached the set. And what that meant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the set. And what that meant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the set. And what that meant of
+course is that no improvisation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that no improvisation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that no improvisation on the
+set. He would be very unhappy if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. He would be very unhappy if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. He would be very unhappy if people
+tried to deviate, never allowed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to deviate, never allowed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to deviate, never allowed people
+to deviate from the plans that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deviate from the plans that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deviate from the plans that had been
+set before. This is in shocking contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set before. This is in shocking contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set before. This is in shocking contrast
+to the per to the way in which let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the per to the way in which let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the per to the way in which let's say
+a director like Jean Renoir or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a director like Jean Renoir or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a director like Jean Renoir or sometimes
+Orson Wells might operate in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells might operate in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells might operate in making
+their films quite the looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their films quite the looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their films quite the looking for the
+contingent and the accidental that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent and the accidental that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent and the accidental that
+happens while you're at work creatively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens while you're at work creatively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens while you're at work creatively.
+Hitchcock would have none of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock would have none of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock would have none of that.
+Hitchcock came into the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock came into the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock came into the process of
+directing with the film finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing with the film finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing with the film finished
+completed in his head completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed in his head completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed in his head completely
+fidiously blocked angled and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidiously blocked angled and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidiously blocked angled and so forth
+and there was no deviation from it. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was no deviation from it. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was no deviation from it. Uh,
+and he actually did often act bored when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually did often act bored when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually did often act bored when
+he did it. But how interesting that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did it. But how interesting that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did it. But how interesting that so
+he but he's also of course a supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he but he's also of course a supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he but he's also of course a supreme
+technician of the movies, a master of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician of the movies, a master of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician of the movies, a master of
+camera angle, a master of montage, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle, a master of montage, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle, a master of montage, a
+master of the mingling of of of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of the mingling of of of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of the mingling of of of music
+and image, right? Uh, and and and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image, right? Uh, and and and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image, right? Uh, and and and you'll
+see many many examples of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see many many examples of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see many many examples of this in the
+two films we are going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films we are going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films we are going to see this
+evening. How interesting then that he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening. How interesting then that he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening. How interesting then that he is
+this incredibly fastidious granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly fastidious granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly fastidious granular
+technician who plans out every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician who plans out every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician who plans out every single
+camera angle before he comes on the set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle before he comes on the set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle before he comes on the set.
+What does this tell us? Why would he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does this tell us? Why would he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does this tell us? Why would he do
+that? What's interesting about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? What's interesting about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? What's interesting about it?
+What's most revealing about it? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's most revealing about it? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's most revealing about it? Why
+would someone do this? Maybe if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would someone do this? Maybe if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would someone do this? Maybe if the
+subject matter you're trying to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter you're trying to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter you're trying to deal
+with is so unruling and so frightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is so unruling and so frightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is so unruling and so frightening
+that the only way you could handle it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only way you could handle it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only way you could handle it is
+by surrounding it with this pretense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by surrounding it with this pretense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by surrounding it with this pretense of
+fidious coherence and control. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidious coherence and control. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidious coherence and control. And I
+think that there's no question at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's no question at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's no question at all
+that his cool demeanor, his mocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his cool demeanor, his mocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his cool demeanor, his mocking
+demeanor, and especially his sense when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demeanor, and especially his sense when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demeanor, and especially his sense when
+he comes to make the actual make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to make the actual make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to make the actual make the
+film, to actually make the film, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, to actually make the film, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, to actually make the film, that
+all the problems have been solved, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the problems have been solved, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the problems have been solved, that
+everything has already been done is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has already been done is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has already been done is an
+attempt to compensate for or defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to compensate for or defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to compensate for or defend
+himself against the roing irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself against the roing irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself against the roing irrational
+power of the subject matter that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the subject matter that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the subject matter that his
+films mobilize. What a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films mobilize. What a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films mobilize. What a wonderful
+revealing paradox, right? He's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing paradox, right? He's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing paradox, right? He's this
+fastidious technician and he's but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastidious technician and he's but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastidious technician and he's but his
+themes are the themes of craziness, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes are the themes of craziness, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes are the themes of craziness, of
+madness, of murder, of wirism, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness, of murder, of wirism, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness, of murder, of wirism, of
+violence, of rape, of strangulation, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence, of rape, of strangulation, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence, of rape, of strangulation, of
+fear, of pursuit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear, of pursuit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear, of pursuit,
+imprisonment, confinement, injustice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisonment, confinement, injustice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprisonment, confinement, injustice.
+One of the most interesting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most interesting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most interesting things about
+Hitchcock and those of you who have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and those of you who have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and those of you who have seen
+more than uh two or three of his films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than uh two or three of his films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than uh two or three of his films
+will feel this much more strongly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel this much more strongly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel this much more strongly than
+those of you who've only seen a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've only seen a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've only seen a few of
+them is how over how essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is how over how essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is how over how essentially
+passive, deeply unaggressive and acted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive, deeply unaggressive and acted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive, deeply unaggressive and acted
+upon most of his protagonists are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon most of his protagonists are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon most of his protagonists are.
+They're being pursued. They're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being pursued. They're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being pursued. They're on the
+run. They're confined in small places.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. They're confined in small places.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. They're confined in small places.
+They're full of fear. One of Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're full of fear. One of Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're full of fear. One of Hitchcock's
+recurring moments, a recurring scene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring moments, a recurring scene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring moments, a recurring scene is
+a is the protagonist dangling from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the protagonist dangling from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the protagonist dangling from a
+height. And you'll see one magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And you'll see one magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. And you'll see one magnificent
+instance of this at the end of Rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of this at the end of Rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of this at the end of Rear
+Window where Jimmy Stewart is hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Window where Jimmy Stewart is hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Window where Jimmy Stewart is hanging
+like this above a void and you see his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this above a void and you see his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this above a void and you see his
+face and you can see his face register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you can see his face register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and you can see his face register
+abject fear. Right? We could call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abject fear. Right? We could call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abject fear. Right? We could call that
+one of Hitchcock's iconic moments. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Hitchcock's iconic moments. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Hitchcock's iconic moments. It
+occurs again and again in his movies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs again and again in his movies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs again and again in his movies,
+characters hanging over a void,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters hanging over a void,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters hanging over a void,
+terrified terrified of what of what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified terrified of what of what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified terrified of what of what of
+what is about to happen. And often they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is about to happen. And often they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is about to happen. And often they
+fall into the void. There are im and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the void. There are im and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the void. There are im and and
+some of the dream sequences in Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dream sequences in Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dream sequences in Hitchcock
+are show us characters falling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are show us characters falling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are show us characters falling through
+voids into nothingness. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids into nothingness. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids into nothingness. So the the
+subject matter of Hitchcock's films are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Hitchcock's films are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Hitchcock's films are
+couldn't be more uh shocking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be more uh shocking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be more uh shocking and
+disturbing in some sense. They mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing in some sense. They mobilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing in some sense. They mobilize
+problematic subjects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic subjects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic subjects that are
+terrifying. and they obviously were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying. and they obviously were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying. and they obviously were so
+terrifying to Hitchcock that his only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying to Hitchcock that his only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying to Hitchcock that his only
+way of dealing with them was to surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with them was to surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with them was to surround
+them with all this app appearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with all this app appearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with all this app appearance of
+control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control.
+Another thing that follows from this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing that follows from this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing that follows from this and
+there's a very one a final point to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very one a final point to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very one a final point to make
+about Hitchcock's films is how often his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hitchcock's films is how often his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hitchcock's films is how often his
+reassuring or happy endings don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring or happy endings don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring or happy endings don't
+reassure or make us happy. Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure or make us happy. Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure or make us happy. Right? And
+the reason of course is that he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason of course is that he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason of course is that he doesn't
+mean the happy endings. I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the happy endings. I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the happy endings. I'll come back
+to this again, but very often e even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this again, but very often e even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this again, but very often e even
+though his films fit the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though his films fit the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though his films fit the perfectly
+within with or imperfectly but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within with or imperfectly but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within with or imperfectly but well
+enough into the convention that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough into the convention that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough into the convention that the
+endings of a in a consensus system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of a in a consensus system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of a in a consensus system that
+the endings of these stories have to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endings of these stories have to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endings of these stories have to in
+some sense restore normality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense restore normality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense restore normality and
+reassure us. Hitchcock goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure us. Hitchcock goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassure us. Hitchcock goes through the
+motions of doing that. But again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of doing that. But again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of doing that. But again and
+again, the endings of his films are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, the endings of his films are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, the endings of his films are
+morally ambiguous and and provide us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally ambiguous and and provide us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally ambiguous and and provide us
+with kind of subtexts which put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of subtexts which put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of subtexts which put in
+question the reassurance that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the reassurance that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the reassurance that we have
+superficially been offered as as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially been offered as as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially been offered as as if
+there's a kind of uh as if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of uh as if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of uh as if there's a
+level of of of irony and cynicism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of of of irony and cynicism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of of of irony and cynicism and
+deconstructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstructive
+contempt beneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt beneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt beneath
+undermining the reassurance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermining the reassurance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermining the reassurance that the
+endings that the endings offer us. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings that the endings offer us. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings that the endings offer us. And
+and that's also a part of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also a part of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also a part of this of this
+uh idea that the themes that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea that the themes that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea that the themes that that
+Hitchcock mobilizes are the are are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock mobilizes are the are are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock mobilizes are the are are the
+are the dark elements of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dark elements of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dark elements of our
+subconscious and of our unconscious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious and of our unconscious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious and of our unconscious and
+of the uh the and and the fear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the and and the fear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the and and the fear that
+people have. Fear of authority, fear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have. Fear of authority, fear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have. Fear of authority, fear of
+disorder, fear of disturbance, a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder, fear of disturbance, a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder, fear of disturbance, a sense
+that the ordinary world is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ordinary world is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ordinary world is full of
+menace uh and terror. But again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace uh and terror. But again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace uh and terror. But again and
+again in Hitchcock's films, he doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in Hitchcock's films, he doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in Hitchcock's films, he doubles
+his characters. and you'll have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his characters. and you'll have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his characters. and you'll have a good
+character and an evil character. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and an evil character. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and an evil character. The
+idea he grew up in the era of Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he grew up in the era of Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea he grew up in the era of Robert
+Louis Ste in the late Victorian era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis Ste in the late Victorian era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis Ste in the late Victorian era of
+Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jackekal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jackekal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jackekal and
+Mr. Hyde and he actually thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr. Hyde and he actually thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr. Hyde and he actually thought that
+was a version of human psychology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a version of human psychology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a version of human psychology that
+there's a kind of dark or savage aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of dark or savage aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of dark or savage aspect
+in ourselves that's hidden or damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ourselves that's hidden or damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ourselves that's hidden or damped
+down by civilization and if we if we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by civilization and if we if we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by civilization and if we if we let
+it come out we could turn monstrous, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come out we could turn monstrous, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come out we could turn monstrous, we
+could turn horrible, right? Uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn horrible, right? Uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn horrible, right? Uh and and
+again and again in Hitchcock's films, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in Hitchcock's films, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again in Hitchcock's films, we
+have a kind of doubling in which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of doubling in which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of doubling in which one
+character uh um uh interacts with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh um uh interacts with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh um uh interacts with a with
+with a a more villainous or murderous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a more villainous or murderous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a more villainous or murderous
+character who come who we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who come who we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who come who we come to
+recognize as a kind of double of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as a kind of double of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as a kind of double of the
+protagonist or represents the darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist or represents the darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist or represents the darker
+more disturbing energies within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disturbing energies within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disturbing energies within the
+protagonist's nature. Right? And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist's nature. Right? And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist's nature. Right? And in
+Strangers on a Train, what happens? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangers on a Train, what happens? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangers on a Train, what happens? A
+guy pops up, a tennis star who's having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy pops up, a tennis star who's having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy pops up, a tennis star who's having
+trouble with his wife is on a train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with his wife is on a train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with his wife is on a train and
+a guy pops up next to him and says, "I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy pops up next to him and says, "I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy pops up next to him and says, "I
+know you're having trouble with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're having trouble with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're having trouble with your
+wife. I read her about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife. I read her about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife. I read her about it in the
+newspaper. Let's make a deal. Uh, nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper. Let's make a deal. Uh, nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper. Let's make a deal. Uh, nobody
+could track us. It'll be the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could track us. It'll be the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could track us. It'll be the perfect
+murder. I'm having trouble with my wife.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder. I'm having trouble with my wife.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder. I'm having trouble with my wife.
+You murder my wife and I'll murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You murder my wife and I'll murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You murder my wife and I'll murder
+yours." So the the guy says, "But get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours." So the the guy says, "But get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours." So the the guy says, "But get
+get the behind me, Satan." Right? Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the behind me, Satan." Right? Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the behind me, Satan." Right? Don't
+ever talk to me again. I'm very nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk to me again. I'm very nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk to me again. I'm very nervous
+about it. A few weeks later, his wife is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. A few weeks later, his wife is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. A few weeks later, his wife is
+murdered. Right? And then he starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdered. Right? And then he starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murdered. Right? And then he starts
+getting messages from this guy. When are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting messages from this guy. When are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting messages from this guy. When are
+you going to fulfill your part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to fulfill your part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to fulfill your part of the
+bargain? Right? That's what the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain? Right? That's what the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain? Right? That's what the film is
+about, right? So, but um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, right? So, but um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, right? So, but um it's a
+wonderful interesting movie. The scene I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful interesting movie. The scene I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful interesting movie. The scene I
+want you to see now dramatizes some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see now dramatizes some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see now dramatizes some of
+this um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and this is
+it comes at the end of the film at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes at the end of the film at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes at the end of the film at the
+great climax of the film. And one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great climax of the film. And one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great climax of the film. And one reason
+I want you to see it is that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to see it is that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to see it is that it also
+shows another aspect of his what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows another aspect of his what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows another aspect of his what we
+might call sort of the world of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call sort of the world of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call sort of the world of the
+thematic world of Hitchcock's films. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic world of Hitchcock's films. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic world of Hitchcock's films. And
+it's it's his it's his recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's his it's his recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's his it's his recurring
+interest in the subject of entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the subject of entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the subject of entertainment
+itself. What he became aware of and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. What he became aware of and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. What he became aware of and what
+his films often dramatize is the illicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films often dramatize is the illicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films often dramatize is the illicit
+and disturbing dimension of our desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbing dimension of our desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbing dimension of our desire
+to go to the movies or of our desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the movies or of our desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the movies or of our desire to
+have the kinds of excitements we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kinds of excitements we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kinds of excitements we get
+when we go to amusement parks. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to amusement parks. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to amusement parks. What
+Hitchcock understood was that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock understood was that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock understood was that these
+experiences have an illicit dimension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences have an illicit dimension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences have an illicit dimension.
+We sit in the dark and what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We sit in the dark and what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We sit in the dark and what do we do
+when we sit in the dark? We watch people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sit in the dark? We watch people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sit in the dark? We watch people
+take their clothes off. We watch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their clothes off. We watch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their clothes off. We watch them
+murder each other. We're seek we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder each other. We're seek we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder each other. We're seek we're in
+the dark. We're safe. Nobody know. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark. We're safe. Nobody know. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark. We're safe. Nobody know. We're
+solitary. We're anonymous. But we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitary. We're anonymous. But we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitary. We're anonymous. But we're
+what are we're voyers. We're And what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we're voyers. We're And what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we're voyers. We're And what he
+understood was that voyerism was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood was that voyerism was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood was that voyerism was at the
+heart of going to the movies was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of going to the movies was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of going to the movies was at the
+heart of the movie experience. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the movie experience. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the movie experience. And that
+we'll come back to this. We'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this. We'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to this. We'll come back
+to this scene. So, so, uh, at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this scene. So, so, uh, at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this scene. So, so, uh, at the end of
+Strangers on a Train, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangers on a Train, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangers on a Train, there's a
+particularly wonderful and dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly wonderful and dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly wonderful and dramatic
+example of Hitchcock looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Hitchcock looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Hitchcock looking at the
+space of entertainment as a space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of entertainment as a space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of entertainment as a space that
+can turn into an environment of menace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into an environment of menace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into an environment of menace
+and disturbance. And this is character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance. And this is character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance. And this is character
+and and and and again, exactly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and again, exactly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and again, exactly because
+he's remember I said one of his deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's remember I said one of his deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's remember I said one of his deep
+themes is what might we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes is what might we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes is what might we might call the
+menace of the ordinary. Well, what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace of the ordinary. Well, what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menace of the ordinary. Well, what could
+be more ordinary and reassuring than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more ordinary and reassuring than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more ordinary and reassuring than a
+child's merrygoround?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's merrygoround?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's merrygoround?
+Here's the great climax of Strangers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the great climax of Strangers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the great climax of Strangers on
+a Train in which the good and the bad,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Train in which the good and the bad,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Train in which the good and the bad,
+the good and the evil sides have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the evil sides have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good and the evil sides have to do a
+kind engage in a kind of contest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind engage in a kind of contest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind engage in a kind of contest or
+wrestling match. And as you're watching,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling match. And as you're watching,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling match. And as you're watching,
+note the way in which characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the way in which characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the way in which characteristic of
+Hitchcock characteristic of him, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock characteristic of him, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock characteristic of him, there's
+a combination of terror and comedy. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of terror and comedy. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of terror and comedy. He
+he unsettles us also because the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he unsettles us also because the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he unsettles us also because the most
+often the most terrifying scenes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most terrifying scenes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the most terrifying scenes are
+leavened with a kind of macob comedy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leavened with a kind of macob comedy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leavened with a kind of macob comedy uh
+that unsettles us even more. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unsettles us even more. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unsettles us even more. Here's the
+scene.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Good guy, bad guy. He finally sees his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good guy, bad guy. He finally sees his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good guy, bad guy. He finally sees his
+double.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+These are very helpful FBI people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are very helpful FBI people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are very helpful FBI people who do
+more harm than good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more harm than good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more harm than good.
+They they shoot at the wrong person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they shoot at the wrong person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they shoot at the wrong person to
+begin with and they accidentally shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and they accidentally shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and they accidentally shoot
+the person who's controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's controlling the
+merrygoround so it goes out of control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stay back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stay back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stay back.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+That's him. He's the one. He's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's him. He's the one. He's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's him. He's the one. He's the one
+who killed her. Of course he is. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed her. Of course he is. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed her. Of course he is. We know
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Part of the comedy there is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of the comedy there is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of the comedy there is they're
+wrong. They don't know who they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. They don't know who they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. They don't know who they're
+talking about. They have the wrong man.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. They have the wrong man.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. They have the wrong man.
+But we in the audience know it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey, be careful. Stop. Well, you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, be careful. Stop. Well, you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, be careful. Stop. Well, you want to
+do it yourself? Guess you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself? Guess you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yourself? Guess you can make it
+hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My little boy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My little boy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My little boy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My little boy.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+See, only Hitch Hitchcock had such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, only Hitch Hitchcock had such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, only Hitch Hitchcock had such
+confidence that he could introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that he could introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that he could introduce a
+comic moment like that in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic moment like that in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic moment like that in the middle of
+what is a terrifying climax. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a terrifying climax. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a terrifying climax. The only
+director who would do that regularly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who would do that regularly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who would do that regularly.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Now you know who the bad guy is, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you know who the bad guy is, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you know who the bad guy is, right?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So, the hero rescues the kid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the hero rescues the kid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the hero rescues the kid.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are you ready?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Is this a montage or a misonen effect? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this a montage or a misonen effect? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this a montage or a misonen effect? A
+montage effect. Right. See the closeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montage effect. Right. See the closeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montage effect. Right. See the closeup
+on the animal. The way the the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the animal. The way the the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the animal. The way the the way you
+get very the camera itself doesn't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very the camera itself doesn't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very the camera itself doesn't allow
+you to sort of look back at get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of look back at get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of look back at get a sense
+of the environment. Your your emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment. Your your emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the environment. Your your emotions
+are controlled by the tightness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled by the tightness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controlled by the tightness of the
+shot, by the quickness of the editing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Comic version of a hero, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+And this is quintessential Hitchcock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is quintessential Hitchcock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is quintessential Hitchcock.
+Are we saved?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very helpful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, that's enough. You get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, that's enough. You get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, that's enough. You get the
+idea. You uh so the fact the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. You uh so the fact the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. You uh so the fact the fact that
+this space of entertainment we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of entertainment we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space of entertainment we get
+lights up. The fact that this space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights up. The fact that this space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights up. The fact that this space of
+entertainment could become a space one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment could become a space one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment could become a space one
+more minute people could become a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more minute people could become a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more minute people could become a space
+of terror is the point. So finally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terror is the point. So finally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terror is the point. So finally what
+would we say about Hitchcock? He's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we say about Hitchcock? He's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we say about Hitchcock? He's a
+double man to borrow from the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double man to borrow from the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double man to borrow from the great
+essaist Montana who said I we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essaist Montana who said I we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essaist Montana who said I we are we
+human beings are I know not how double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are I know not how double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are I know not how double
+in ourselves so that what we believe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ourselves so that what we believe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ourselves so that what we believe we
+disbelieve and cannot rid ourselves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disbelieve and cannot rid ourselves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disbelieve and cannot rid ourselves of
+what we condemn. what Hitchcock tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we condemn. what Hitchcock tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we condemn. what Hitchcock tries to
+condemn or what Hitchcock thinks he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemn or what Hitchcock thinks he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemn or what Hitchcock thinks he
+hates keeps coming back in his films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hates keeps coming back in his films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hates keeps coming back in his films.
+Images of strangulation, of damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images of strangulation, of damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images of strangulation, of damage to
+women, of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women, of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women, of of of
+images of fear and uh and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of fear and uh and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of fear and uh and and and uh
+terror in the face of irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror in the face of irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror in the face of irrational
+authority. These key these themes keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. These key these themes keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. These key these themes keep
+returning again and again in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning again and again in this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning again and again in this film
+with the power of obsession. But he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power of obsession. But he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power of obsession. But he
+controls the obsession with that fidious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the obsession with that fidious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the obsession with that fidious
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+distance that allows these obsessions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that allows these obsessions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that allows these obsessions to
+reach us in a way that disturbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach us in a way that disturbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach us in a way that disturbs and
+enlightens.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w1qapsDFz2g.txt b/w1qapsDFz2g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a3d6c8344712a9786d8919ce81f6ad900b00f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w1qapsDFz2g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1989 @@
+PROFESSOR: To mention,
+most everyone did
+
+extremely well on the quiz.
+
+But I sense that there's still
+some of you who have not yet
+
+come to terms with
+crystallographic directions
+
+and planes, and you feel
+a little bit awkward in
+
+distinguishing brackets
+around the HKL and
+
+parentheses around HKL.
+
+And there are some people
+who generally get that
+
+straightened out, but when I
+said point group, suddenly
+
+pictures of lattices with
+fourfold axes and twofold axes
+
+adorning them came in, and that
+isn't involved in a point
+
+group at also.
+
+Again, a point group the
+symmetry about point.
+
+A space group is symmetry spread
+out through all of
+
+space and infinite numbers.
+
+So let me say a little
+bit about resources.
+
+I don't know whether you've been
+following what we've been
+
+doing in the notes from
+Buerger's book
+
+that I passed out.
+
+That was hard to do is because
+we did the plane groups, and
+
+he doesn't touch them at all.
+
+So now we're back following once
+again Buerger's treatment
+
+quite closely.
+
+So read the book.
+
+And if you like, I can tell
+you with the end of each
+
+lecture, this stuff is on
+pages 57 through 62.
+
+The other thing.
+
+As you'll notice, this
+nonintrusive gentleman in the
+
+back is making videotapes
+of all the lectures.
+
+These are eventually going to
+go up on the website as
+
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+We were just speaking about
+that, and it takes a while
+
+before they get up, but I have
+a disk of every lecture.
+
+So if there's something you
+didn't follow or a place where
+
+I chewed my lines and you want
+to go back over it again-- not
+
+that that happens very often--
+
+you are more than welcome to
+ask me to borrow and borrow
+
+the disk if you want
+to review it.
+
+So that's another resource.
+
+And then I will regularly
+throughout the term give
+
+hard-copy handouts of some of
+the things that we're doing,
+
+particularly when it
+involves geometry.
+
+And when we move on to
+three-dimensional geometry,
+
+unless of the graphics is really
+tight and precise, it's
+
+hard to follow what's
+going on.
+
+So in that vein, one of the
+first things I wanted to pass
+
+out-- the only other
+one for today--
+
+is a demonstration that in fact
+in the Group 23 all you
+
+need is a single twofold axis
+oriented along the normal to a
+
+face and a single threefold
+axis coming
+
+out of one body diagonal.
+
+And that gives you all
+of the axes you are
+
+going to get into 23.
+
+So when this comes around, there
+are number of steps that
+
+you can perform letting the
+axes work on each other.
+
+And if you start with just the
+single twofold axis and the
+
+single threefold axis-- which
+the symbol suggests is all you
+
+need, there's only one
+kind of each--
+
+if you look at a cube along its
+body diagonal, the twofold
+
+axis that's coming out of one
+face gets rotated into
+
+directions normal to all the
+other faces if you rotate by
+
+120 degrees.
+
+So the little diagram in the
+upper right hand corner of the
+
+sheet hopefully convinces
+you of this.
+
+Now we've got three mutually
+orthogonal twofold axes and
+
+one threefold axis coming
+out of a body diagonal.
+
+So the vertical twofold axis
+swings that around by 180
+
+degrees to give you another
+threefold axis
+
+along a body diagonal.
+
+And I labeled that one
+3 prime in the
+
+middle diagram at right.
+
+And then if you take the axis
+3 prime and repeat it by the
+
+second of the twofold axes
+that we have along face
+
+normals, that in the middle
+diagram on the right hand edge
+
+takes 3 prime and repeats
+it to 3 double prime.
+
+Then finally, the third twofold
+axis that we generated
+
+repeats the threefold prime
+axis to the remaining
+
+threefold axis along the
+fourth body diagonal.
+
+So the results start with one
+twofold axis oriented along
+
+the normal to a cube and one
+threefold axis along the
+
+diagonal of the cube, you get
+axes coming out of all faces
+
+and all diagonal.
+
+And there's a staple on that
+sheet for reasons that I don't
+
+understand, but it there was,
+probably on the surface of the
+
+Xerox machine when I
+went over there.
+
+So let me now return to our next
+step, and that is to add
+
+what in the language of group
+theory is called an extender,
+
+a new symmetry operation that
+can be added to a preexisting
+
+group that will generate
+new operations.
+
+And let's see what sort of
+theorems we need to describe
+
+what we should look for and in
+which particular orientation.
+
+We've got these 11 axial
+combinations, and these are
+
+frameworks that we can hang
+mirror planes on.
+
+So let's look at a first
+simple combination.
+
+Suppose we have a twofold axis,
+and the only nontrivial
+
+operation there is a rotation
+through 180 degrees.
+
+So this an axis A pi.
+
+And again, the ground rules
+are that if we're to add a
+
+mirror plane to this axis,
+which along with identity
+
+constitutes a group, we can't
+create any new axes.
+
+So there are two ways
+we can do this.
+
+One is the three-dimensional
+analog of something that we
+
+have already done, namely to
+pass a mirror plane through
+
+the twofold axis.
+
+And this is the group that we
+found as a two-dimensional
+
+Point Group, and we
+called it 2mm.
+
+And to do that, we used the
+theorem that says that if you
+
+take a rotation operation A
+alpha and combine it with a
+
+reflection operation that goes
+through it, you get a new
+
+reflection plane, sigma prime,
+that's at an angle alpha over
+
+2 to the first.
+
+So what gave us the second
+mirror line in two dimensions,
+
+in three dimensions that would
+give us another mirror plane
+
+that's at right angles
+to the first.
+
+And this will give us a
+three-dimensional symmetry,
+
+which is also called 2mm.
+
+So it's nothing more than taking
+the two- dimensional
+
+Point Group and letting it come
+out at the board at you--
+
+Man, that'll give you nightmares
+when these things
+
+are coming out of the
+paper at you--
+
+and that is a valid group 2mm.
+
+There's another way that we can
+add a mirror plane to a
+
+rotation axis though which will
+not create any new axes,
+
+and that's to add the mirror
+plane-- the reflection
+
+operation sigma I should say
+since it is a combinations of
+
+operations--
+
+exactly perpendicular
+to the locus of
+
+the rotation operation.
+
+And that reflection operation
+sigma then just flips the
+
+rotation axis end to end.
+
+And the rotation operation just
+swirls the locus of the
+
+reflection plane around within
+its own locus and doesn't
+
+create any new reflection
+plane.
+
+So in the particular combination
+A pi, if we add a
+
+mirror plane perpendicular to
+that as the operation sigma,
+
+this would be then all of the
+operations of a twofold axis
+
+over all of the operations
+of a mirror plane.
+
+So we've got now a combination
+of a twofold axis with a
+
+mirror plane.
+
+We've got the same thing here.
+
+To distinguish these two
+combinations, we'll write this
+
+as a fraction 2/m.
+
+And that literally in words
+is the way we've added the
+
+twofold axis.
+
+It is sitting over the mirror
+plane and gets reflected down
+
+into its other end when the
+mirror plane act on.
+
+So it's just language.
+
+It's nice though, as we said
+some weeks ago, if our
+
+language have some descriptive
+content to so when we look at
+
+it we can remind ourselves
+of what it means.
+
+So two 2mm means the mirror
+planes are parallel to the
+
+axis that contain it.
+
+2/m means the twofold axis
+is over the mirror plane.
+
+It goes through and
+pierces it.
+
+What I would like to
+ask though is have
+
+we got a group yet?
+
+And let's take a
+first object--
+
+let's call it right handed--
+
+rotate it by 180 degrees.
+
+You get a second one, which
+will stay right handed.
+
+And then repeat it by a
+reflection operation in the
+
+mirror plane, and we'll
+get a third operation.
+
+Reflection changes
+chirality, so the
+
+third one is left handed.
+
+So we are performing the
+sequence of operations A pi
+
+followed by sigma.
+
+And let me append just so we
+make no mistake and not
+
+confuse it with 2mm that the
+reflection operation is normal
+
+to the mirror plane.
+
+So question, what is
+the net effect?
+
+And lo and behold, we have
+stumbled over-- if we had not
+
+been clever enough to invented
+it and suggested it early on--
+
+the only way you can get from 1
+to 3 in one shot is to turn
+
+it inside out and change its
+chirality by projecting it
+
+through a point which is the
+location where the twofold
+
+rotation pierces the
+mirror plane.
+
+And what this is going to do is
+to change the sense of all
+
+three coordinates.
+
+This is going to take the
+coordinates XYZ of object
+
+number 1 and change them into
+minus x, minus y, minus c.
+
+And what we're doing is
+inverting the motif, turning
+
+it inside out as it were,
+into an enantiomorph.
+
+And we have discovered as soon
+as we combine a pi with a
+
+perpendicular reflection plane,
+a new operation which
+
+we'll call in words inversion.
+
+And the symbol that used to
+describe this is a one with a
+
+bar over it, and we'll
+see why later on.
+
+But this is a onefold axis
+with an inversion center
+
+sitting on it, and that's
+what an inversion
+
+center by itself is.
+
+The implication is that they're
+going to be other axes
+
+that we can abbreviate such as
+3-bar, 4-bar, and so on.
+
+So this is analogous to a
+situation that will come later
+
+where we really need
+a new notation.
+
+So we've fell headlong over
+a new type of symmetry
+
+operation, and we should
+consider taking inversion and
+
+adding that to the
+rotation axes by
+
+themselves as an extender.
+
+Obviously, if we take inversion
+and add it to a
+
+mirror plane, we're
+going to get A pi.
+
+If we take a twofold rotation,
+add it perpendicular to a
+
+mirror plane, we
+get inversion.
+
+If we put inversion and put it
+on a 180-degree rotation,
+
+we'll get the mirror
+plane back.
+
+So these things all permute
+one to another.
+
+You may even remember some time
+ago we asked in general
+
+terms when do two operations
+permute
+
+without changing anything.
+
+And the answer is if these
+operations to leave the locus
+
+of the other one alone.
+
+And the mirror plane obviously
+leaves the locus of the
+
+rotation operation unchanged.
+
+The rotation operation spins the
+mirror plane around in its
+
+own plane and doesn't
+create a new axis.
+
+And the inversion center leaves
+the mirror plane alone
+
+and takes the twofold
+axis top to bottom.
+
+So those three operations,
+inversion A pi, sigma are the
+
+three nontrivial operations
+that exist in the space.
+
+The fourth one is the
+identity operation.
+
+So here is the set of elements
+in the group that
+
+we will call 2/m.
+
+2/m implies three operations
+inversion, a 180-degree
+
+rotation, reflection in a plane
+perpendicular to the
+
+axis, and the identity
+operation.
+
+And I'll leave it to yourself
+for you to convince yourself
+
+that I can rotate and then
+reflect or I can reflect and
+
+then invert.
+
+And all of these operations
+do not create any new
+
+motifs in the set.
+
+The group multiplication
+table, in other words,
+
+contains just the four
+elements, 1,
+
+1-bar, A pi, and sigma.
+
+So the full pattern that
+corresponds to 2/m consists of
+
+four objects.
+
+It'll be a fourth
+one down here.
+
+The twofold axis tells you
+have this fellow is
+
+related to this one.
+
+Inversion tells you how this
+one is related to this one.
+
+And the mirror plane tells you
+how this one, number 1, is
+
+related to number 4.
+
+And the identity operation
+tells you how 1
+
+is related to itself.
+
+So, again, as we've seen in
+the set of operations that
+
+constitute a group, there's a
+one-to-one correspondence
+
+between the transformations that
+are elements of the group
+
+and the number of objects
+in the pattern.
+
+So we've made one combination,
+and what we found from this is
+
+a new transformation inversion
+that involves changing the
+
+sign of all the coordinates in
+a space through a point which
+
+is called the inversion
+center.
+
+Questions?
+
+If not, let me quickly rattle
+off other Point
+
+Groups in this family.
+
+We could take the operation A
+pi/2 in 90-degree rotation and
+
+add this perpendicular
+to mirror plane.
+
+Let me now say something
+that I've said
+
+again many times before.
+
+The pattern of objects that will
+result is the pattern of
+
+objects that's produced
+by the initial group--
+
+let's say a fourfold axis--
+
+repeated by the extender.
+
+And the operation sigma
+perpendicular is the extender.
+
+So the pattern, without making
+any big deal about it, is
+
+going to look like this square
+of objects reflected down
+
+below the mirror plane.
+
+So it'll be one going
+down like this.
+
+One like this.
+
+One like this.
+
+The operation A pi sits
+perpendicular to the operation
+
+of reflection, so there will
+be an inversion center that
+
+arises at the point
+of intersection.
+
+And indeed the square above
+can be inverted
+
+through this point--
+
+little hasty repairs there--
+
+and every one up above gets
+inverted down to an
+
+enantiomorph below.
+
+So all of these guys up on
+top are right handed.
+
+All these guys down below
+are left handed.
+
+So this is another group.
+
+This is 4/m in international
+notation, a fourfold axis
+
+perpendicular to
+a mirror plane.
+
+There is also, unfortunately,
+a Schoenflies notation.
+
+The international notation tells
+you what you've got, a
+
+twofold axis or a fourfold axis
+
+perpendicular to a mirror plane.
+
+The Schoenflies notation tells
+you how you derived it.
+
+And the symbol for a twofold
+axis is C2, so this is a
+
+twofold axis.
+
+And what we did was to add an
+extender consisting of a
+
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+Schoenflies calls this one
+C2h; Group C2, which is a
+
+twofold axis; a horizontal
+m is the extender.
+
+So Schoenflies tells you
+how you make it.
+
+The international notation
+tells you what
+
+you get as a result.
+
+Schoenflies notation here would
+be C4, that's the symbol
+
+for a fourfold axis, and
+the extender is an h.
+
+And then without making any big
+fuss about it, if I do the
+
+same with a sixfold axis, I will
+have six objects related
+
+by a sixfold rotation axis.
+
+If I take that sixfold axis
+and put a mirror plane
+
+perpendicular to it, these will
+be reflected down to a
+
+hexagon of enantiomorph
+equidistant
+
+below the mirror plane.
+
+That's not terribly good, but
+it's not terribly bad either.
+
+So this would be called 6/m,
+Schoenflies notation C6h.
+
+And the operation A pi exists in
+a sixfold axis, so there is
+
+an inversion center but also
+arises as a new symmetry
+
+element at the point
+of intersection.
+
+So with reckless abandon, you
+can continue on here and
+
+derive noncrystallographic
+groups for all the even-fold
+
+axes and derive an 8/m
+and a 12/m and 16/m.
+
+Lovely symmetries.
+
+I wouldn't want to draw them,
+but they're still symmetries.
+
+They all have an inversion
+center in them, but they're
+
+noncrystallographic.
+
+So we don't have to worry about
+them for prism purposes.
+
+I left one out because it
+introduces a complication that
+
+is kind of curious
+and interesting.
+
+Any questions on what
+we've done here?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: The 2mm, it's
+just the same--
+
+Schoenflies notation
+is just C2--
+
+PROFESSOR: Schoenflies notation
+for three dimensions
+
+is exactly the same as in two.
+
+So the three-dimensional version
+where this extends in
+
+a direction that is normal to
+the two-dimensional space of
+
+our two dimensions.
+
+Two dimensions it was this.
+
+Now just imagine them coming out
+of the blackboard at you.
+
+The symbol for this
+one was 2mm.
+
+The symbol for this one is
+also 2mm, the same thing.
+
+The mirror plane is a vertical
+mirror plane.
+
+So the Schoenflies notation is
+exactly the same as what we
+
+used per two dimensions.
+
+It's called C2v.
+
+We've added a vertical
+mirror plane.
+
+And again, horizontal
+and vertical.
+
+Horizontal is horizontal
+with respect to the
+
+axis of higher symmetry.
+
+Vertical is vertical with
+respect to the two-dimensional
+
+space of the two-dimensional
+Point Group, parallel to the
+
+axis in three dimensions.
+
+So that's the vertical
+indication.
+
+So let's, though, tuck that
+away for future reference.
+
+We've got two kinds
+of extenders.
+
+We've got a horizontal mirror
+plane, and we've got a
+
+vertical mirror plane, and these
+are extenders that we
+
+should consider adding.
+
+So we've taken care of
+2/m, 4/m and 6/m.
+
+2mm, 3m, 4mm, and 6mm are just
+the extensions into a third
+
+dimension of what we've seen
+and come to love in the
+
+two-dimensional space.
+
+Let me now turn to the
+threefold axis.
+
+And this is a curious one.
+
+Threefold axes require fewer
+symbols to indicate the
+
+vertical mirror planes
+because there's only
+
+one independent one.
+
+But let's see what
+would happen.
+
+And now I'm not going to attempt
+to draw these in three
+
+dimensions anymore.
+
+I'm going to use a stereographic
+projection.
+
+And what I'll do is use a solid
+dot for a point that's
+
+up above the equatorial plane
+and an open dot for one that's
+
+down below the equatorial
+plane.
+
+So my stereographic projection
+of 4mm would look like.
+
+This is the fourfold axis.
+
+This is the mirror plane.
+
+And I've got one up that gets
+reproduced by the axis to give
+
+me a set of four.
+
+All of these are, let's
+say, right handed.
+
+And then directly below them
+is another set of four
+
+repeated by reflection, and
+these are all left handed.
+
+And then there's an inversion
+center at the point of
+
+intersection.
+
+And I'll indicate that by the
+little open circle sitting
+
+right on the fourfold axis.
+
+So there is a projection
+of what 4/m looks like.
+
+So let me now do the same thing
+for a threefold axis.
+
+And I'll add to the triangle
+of points that a threefold
+
+axis would generate.
+
+So these guys are all
+of one chirality.
+
+Let's say right handed.
+
+Then I'll reflect them down,
+and I'll get three objects
+
+that are down.
+
+And that's what 3/m
+looks like.
+
+Is there an inversion
+center here?
+
+No.
+
+No, because the operation
+of A pi is missing.
+
+And it was the horizontal mirror
+plane combined with A
+
+pi that gave us the inversion
+center with all of the even
+
+rotation axis.
+
+So one of the things we have to
+say here is that there is
+
+no 1-bar that's present, which
+means in this instance, unlike
+
+the other ones, we have
+another option.
+
+So we can use the operation of
+inversion as an extender too.
+
+So we're going to get another
+group out of the threefold
+
+axis besides this one.
+
+And this one we will
+name 3/m or C3h
+
+in Schoenflies notation.
+
+They're six objects here, so
+there should be six operations
+
+in the group.
+
+So let me number these guys
+up on top as number 1,
+
+number 2, number 3.
+
+And 1 is related to itself
+by inversion.
+
+There's an operation A 2 pi/3.
+
+And that tells me how the one
+that's up is related to the
+
+second one that's up and how
+the left-handed one that's
+
+down is related to the
+one that's directly
+
+below number 2.
+
+There is an operation
+A 4 pi/3.
+
+And that's the same as saying
+8 minus 2 pi/3.
+
+And that tells us how the things
+that are separated by
+
+240 degrees are related,
+both up and down.
+
+I know how 3 up is related to 3
+down and how 1 up is related
+
+to 1 down and 2 up is
+related to 2 down.
+
+This is all with the horizontal
+mirror plane, which
+
+I'll call sigma h.
+
+That is a total of one,
+two, three, four--
+
+whoops-- one, two, three
+four operations.
+
+I need six.
+
+Let's ask how is this one that's
+up related to this one
+
+that's down?
+
+I just got rotation operations
+and reflection.
+
+The only way I can get from this
+one number 1 to this one
+
+number 3 left that's down is
+to take two steps to do it.
+
+I can't get from this one up
+here to this one down here
+
+unless I rotate 60 degrees
+and then invert.
+
+If I move over to 3-bar.
+
+This is A 2 pi/3 with 1-bar
+as an extender.
+
+The pattern would, again,
+look like what are
+
+threefold axis does.
+
+But then if I repeat this set of
+three by inversion, the two
+
+triangles above and
+below are skewed.
+
+The ones down below
+are enantiomorphs.
+
+The three that are up are
+of opposite chirality.
+
+And this is a new
+type of pattern.
+
+And in international notation,
+what do we call this?
+
+It's a threefold axis.
+
+But how do we indicate a
+symbol for three with
+
+inversion sitting on it?
+
+Let's ask if we know how each of
+these objects is related to
+
+each of the other.
+
+So here's 1, 2, and 3; 1 goes to
+2 by A 2 pi/3; 1 goes to 3
+
+by A minus 2 pi/3.
+
+Let's put some numbers on here
+for the ones down below.
+
+Let's call them 4, 5, and 6;
+1 goes to 6 by an version.
+
+How do I get from 1 up
+to 4 that's down?
+
+I can do that only by
+taking two steps.
+
+Rotate 1 from here
+to number 2.
+
+Don't yet put it down.
+
+First invert it.
+
+So 1 to 4 involves the operation
+A 2 pi/3 followed
+
+immediately by inversion.
+
+And I go from 1 up to 5 down by
+doing the operation A minus
+
+2 pi/3 followed immediately
+by inversion.
+
+And then 1 goes to
+1 and itself by
+
+the identity operation.
+
+So I have six objects, one, two,
+three, four, five, six
+
+operations.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the cases where
+you're rotating and inverting,
+
+does it matter which
+way to the other?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it shouldn't
+because they
+
+leave each other alone.
+
+So I can rotate from here
+to here and invert.
+
+Or I can invert from here
+to here and then rotate.
+
+It's the same transformation.
+
+Again, they permute if the two
+loci of the two operations
+
+leave the other locus alone.
+
+Maybe the enormity of what
+we've shown here
+
+has not sunk in.
+
+This is a new two-step
+operation.
+
+We can't describe it any simpler
+than saying, rotate
+
+and not put it down yet,
+follow up by inversion.
+
+Yes, sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: Couldn't we express
+that in another way by sort of
+
+extending the three-directional
+glide plane
+
+by saying invert, then transform
+by some vector
+
+that's parallel to
+the glide plane?
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe they do in
+space group, but as soon as we
+
+introduce a glide plane, you've
+got an operation that's
+
+half a lattice translation.
+
+And that means you've got to
+have a lattice translation and
+
+double the lattice
+translation, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, we don't have
+to worry about that.
+
+PROFESSOR: --when we're in
+a space group, yeah.
+
+That could be present.
+
+But not for a point group
+because the ground rules are
+
+at least one point
+has to remain
+
+immutably fixed in space.
+
+So this is a two-step operation,
+and what we're
+
+going to call it is
+rotoinversion.
+
+It consists of as a first step
+an operation by rotating alpha
+
+from 0.1 to a virtual
+point number 2.
+
+But before you put it down, you
+will invert it to a new
+
+object number 2 which is
+of opposite chirality.
+
+So here then are the operation
+of the group that results when
+
+you combine a threefold rotation
+axis and add to it an
+
+version center as an extended;
+A 2 pi/3; A minus 2 pi/3; a
+
+rotoinversion operation through
+2 pi/3 and then
+
+inverting; a rotoinversion
+operation of A minus 2 pi/3
+
+followed by inversion.
+
+And the symbol that is used to
+represent that new two-step
+
+operation is putting a bar
+over the top of the
+
+symbol for the axis.
+
+And then, finally, we have
+inversion by itself.
+
+So that's a group rank 6.
+
+The Schoenflies notation is
+called C3i because we got this
+
+group by adding an inversion
+to C3, the threefold axis.
+
+The international notation picks
+up on putting a bar over
+
+an axis to indicate a
+rotoinversion operation.
+
+So this is called 3-bar in the
+international notation.
+
+So there is a new group,
+and it is an oddball.
+
+It sort of stands alone
+from the other
+
+groups of the form C3h.
+
+This we derived by using the
+rotation of the threefold axis
+
+and adding 1-bar
+as an extender.
+
+So there's no mirror
+plane in this.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not
+the same as--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the
+same as 3/m, no.
+
+3/m is C3h.
+
+3-bar is C3i, different extender
+added to the same
+
+subgroup 3C.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was the
+definition of 3/m?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, we never
+really finished that.
+
+That if we need the six
+operations that control the
+
+group, we'll have a sixfold
+rotoinversion axis.
+
+But this pattern looks just like
+the triangle produced by
+
+3, and we add an reflection
+operation as an inversion, and
+
+the 3 go down.
+
+So if we ask how every one of
+the top is related to one
+
+underneath, that's by this
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+If I want to know how I get
+from this one that's up to
+
+this one that's down, then I've
+got to rotate through 60
+
+degrees and invert.
+
+So that would be a rotoinversion
+operation.
+
+Let us to extend this idea of
+a rotoinversion operation.
+
+And we would find this
+eventually in adding different
+
+extenders and falling headlong
+over this rotoinversion
+
+operation as we did
+here with 3-bar.
+
+But let me in this case start by
+defining a 4-bar operation.
+
+And this would contain the
+operation A pi/2 followed
+
+immediately by inversion.
+
+And we'll call this
+step A pi/2-bar.
+
+So let's try to do that
+and see what we get.
+
+Start with a first
+point, number 1.
+
+And that's up, so it's
+a solid dot.
+
+And let's say it's
+right handed.
+
+If we combine that with a
+rotation of 90 degrees.
+
+Not yet put it down.
+
+That's a virtual motif.
+
+Before putting it down,
+we inverted it.
+
+We would get one that's down,
+and it would be left handed.
+
+Do the operation again.
+
+I'll put the little
+tadpole inside.
+
+Do the operation again.
+
+Rotate 90 degrees and invert.
+
+We're back up again.
+
+So this was 1.
+
+This is 2.
+
+This was 3.
+
+And that's up.
+
+Do the operation again.
+
+Rotate and invert.
+
+And here is number
+4, and it's down.
+
+Do it a fifth time, and we're
+back to where we started.
+
+So this is a crazy pattern.
+
+It's a pair of objects that's
+up and a pair of objects
+
+that's down.
+
+So there's a twofold
+axis in there.
+
+That twofold axis A pi leave
+the pattern invariant.
+
+But there is no way of
+specifying the relation
+
+between the two that are up
+and the two that are down
+
+other than doing this two-step
+process of rotating 90 degrees
+
+and then inverting.
+
+So there is actually in this
+pattern a new type of
+
+operation analogous to 3-bar,
+and it's called a 4-bar axis.
+
+And it's indicated geometrically
+by drawing a
+
+square because there's
+a 90-degree
+
+angular symmetry to this.
+
+But a twofold axis inscribed
+inside of it because this is a
+
+pattern that has a
+twofold symmetry.
+
+So something that has this
+symmetry is the symmetry of a
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+And if we draw a line from the
+upper edge to the lower edge,
+
+this is the locus
+of a 4-bar axis.
+
+International notation
+this is called 4-bar.
+
+That's how we generated
+the pattern.
+
+The Schoenflies notation is an
+S, little bit of exotica.
+
+This geometric solid
+is something
+
+that's called a sphenoid.
+
+And sphenoid.
+
+Is the Greek word for axe.
+
+And you can imagine a handle
+put onto this thing, and it
+
+does look kind of like an axe.
+
+You could splits firewood
+with a thing like that.
+
+It looks like a tetrahedron,
+but in a tetrahedron, it's
+
+either elongated along the
+4-bar axis are squished.
+
+It doesn't have to be regular.
+
+So this is called S4, and the
+S stands for sphenoid.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it part of
+a regular tetrahedron?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no.
+
+A regular tetrahedron would be
+something where all of the
+
+edges had equal length.
+
+And what we're doing is taking
+one edge and the edge that's
+
+opposite it and either
+stretching it or squishing it.
+
+So there are two edges.
+
+This one, and this one, which
+are the same length.
+
+And then these four inclined
+edges have a different length.
+
+It could be either elongated
+or squished.
+
+But it's not a regular
+tetrahedron.
+
+If those three distances were
+equal, then geometrically it
+
+would be a tetrahedron.
+
+But strictly speaking, a
+tetrahedron is not a
+
+tetrahedron, just as a square
+prism with eight sides
+
+approximately equal can't claim
+to be a cube unless
+
+there's symmetry present that
+demands that this be true.
+
+In this case, the 4-bar requires
+that these four edges
+
+inclined to the 4-bar axis
+be of one length.
+
+And this have to have
+the same length.
+
+But there's nothing that
+constrains all six to the
+
+edges to be of identical
+length.
+
+So it's not a tetrahedron,
+so squished or deformed
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+So there is another two-step
+symmetry element that we would
+
+not have been clever enough to
+think of had we not discovered
+
+this sort of rotoinversion
+operation when we added
+
+inversion to a threefold axis.
+
+A 3-bar axis is a step that's
+present when you add inversion
+
+to a threefold axis.
+
+So 3-bar, what we call it for
+short, is identical to a
+
+threefold axis plus inversion
+sitting on it.
+
+A 4-bar is not equal to a
+fourfold axis with inversion
+
+added to it.
+
+A 4-bar is something that you
+cannot describe any more
+
+simply than saying there is a
+two-step operation in there,
+
+and it's a group of rank 4.
+
+Let me finish by setting up the
+task of going through this
+
+systematically.
+
+We have 11 axial combinations
+1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 222, 32, 422,
+
+622, 23, and 432.
+
+So there are 11 of those.
+
+We want to examine as extenders
+a vertical mirror
+
+plane that would be
+one extender.
+
+We should add that to each
+of these symmetries.
+
+We already done a
+lot of these.
+
+We've done pretty
+much up here.
+
+We could add a horizontal
+mirror plane.
+
+Or we've encountered inversion
+when we added a mirror plane
+
+perpendicular to an
+even-fold axis.
+
+We could add inversion
+as an extender.
+
+And to be complete, we should
+add to our list of axes in
+
+quotation marks, the 4-bar axis,
+having discovered it.
+
+And does that do it?
+
+Is there anything else we could
+do to these axes that
+
+would leave them invariant?
+
+.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about 2-bar?
+
+PROFESSOR: 2-bar; 2-bar
+would be rotate
+
+180 degrees and invert.
+
+So 2-bar is identical to a
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+So that's nothing new.
+
+We're already running a
+little over time so--
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3-bar?
+
+PROFESSOR: 3-bar is 3 plus
+1, and we call at 3i, so
+
+this one down here.
+
+This is 3-bar.
+
+We describe it for short as
+that, but it really is a
+
+threefold axis with
+an inversion
+
+center sitting on it.
+
+This thing is distinct because
+it's not a fourfold axis with
+
+inversion sitting on it.
+
+A 4-bar is a 4-bar is a 4-bar.
+
+You can't decompose it as a
+twofold axis is a subgroup.
+
+That's only half the story.
+
+I don't want to keep you
+anxious, not anxious to find
+
+out what the answer is
+but anxious to get on
+
+your way and go home.
+
+So let me submit that when we
+have more than one rotation
+
+axis, such as 222 or as in 32,
+if we put the mirror plane in
+
+normal to the principal axis,
+we'll call that a horizontal
+
+mirror plane.
+
+If we add the mirror plane
+through the principal axis, we
+
+could pass it through the
+threefold axis and the twofold
+
+axis, pass it through the
+vertical twofold axis and the
+
+horizontal twofold axis.
+
+We will call this a vertical
+mirror plane.
+
+And that's all we could say for
+a single axis, the mirror
+
+plane was perpendicular to the
+axis or passed through it.
+
+But when there's more than one
+axis, another thing we could
+
+do would be to snake the mirror
+plane in between the
+
+twofold axis.
+
+In that case, this
+twofold axis gets
+
+reflected into this one.
+
+But I haven't created
+any new axes.
+
+So that is going to leave
+the results of Euler's
+
+construction unchanged.
+
+I can't similarly put a vertical
+mirror plane through
+
+this first twofold axis but
+in between the other two.
+
+In that case, this is no longer
+222 because these two
+
+mirror planes are equivalent
+by reflection, so I want to
+
+drop that at very least.
+
+So in any case, without
+belaboring
+
+the point, it's late.
+
+I could do for each of the
+groups that involved more than
+
+one axis I could add a diagonal
+mirror plane, or I
+
+should try to add a diagonal
+mirror planes.
+
+And this means interleaved
+between axes that are present
+
+in these combinations,
+added such that
+
+no new axis is created.
+
+But the addition clearly is
+going to be a new disposition
+
+of symmetry elements
+arranged in any
+
+different fashion and space.
+
+So the game's afoot.
+
+This is what remains
+to be done next.
+
+What I'll do for next time is
+prepare a chart that looks
+
+like this that has the results
+of all of the unique
+
+combinations shown and then
+hand out pictures of
+
+stereographic projections
+of all the results.
+
+I think once you know how to
+play the game to go through
+
+and do every single
+one in detail is
+
+probably not necessary.
+
+If you know how to do some of
+them and you know all the
+
+tricks for adding extenders, you
+could do it if you had to.
+
+All right.
+
+So, again, sorry we started late
+and sorry that we last
+
+long as well.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w4nmIfPJe9E.txt b/w4nmIfPJe9E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8498c9f0e50509ee4e1032f9092ff4cb30b04f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w4nmIfPJe9E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the end of the last lecture we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the last lecture we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the last lecture we were
+talking about again some generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about again some generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about again some generic
+properties of metals and we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of metals and we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of metals and we were talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Irving Williams series that Liz talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Williams series that Liz talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Williams series that Liz talked
+about and will talk about in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and will talk about in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and will talk about in recitation
+this week and this issue of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and this issue of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and this issue of how do you
+control ventilation inside the cell when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ventilation inside the cell when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ventilation inside the cell when
+inherently copper is going to bind more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently copper is going to bind more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently copper is going to bind more
+tightly than zinc and so if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than zinc and so if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than zinc and so if you have the
+same amounts and in solution you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amounts and in solution you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amounts and in solution you're
+always going to have copper is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have copper is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have copper is always
+going to win even though I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win even though I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win even though I mean a
+clearly is dependent on the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is dependent on the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is dependent on the environment
+the ligands etc which we didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands etc which we didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands etc which we didn't talk
+about so the Irving Williams series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the Irving Williams series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the Irving Williams series is
+so as an overview based on binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an overview based on binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an overview based on binding
+without that much details it assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that much details it assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that much details it assumes
+octahedral environment plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral environment plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral environment plus two
+oxidation state and it gives you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state and it gives you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state and it gives you sort of
+an intuitive feeling for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuitive feeling for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuitive feeling for what the
+binding might be and we focused on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding might be and we focused on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding might be and we focused on one
+creative solution that is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative solution that is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative solution that is looking at
+controlling the location of the folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the location of the folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the location of the folding
+so that you could pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could pick up the
+appropriate metal and get correct mad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate metal and get correct mad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate metal and get correct mad
+elation in this case in the in the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elation in this case in the in the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elation in this case in the in the on
+the cyanobacteria that they looked at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyanobacteria that they looked at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyanobacteria that they looked at in
+the Perry plasmid they have two proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Perry plasmid they have two proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Perry plasmid they have two proteins
+that have the same structures virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same structures virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same structures virtually
+the same ligand spheres yet they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ligand spheres yet they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ligand spheres yet they're able
+to selectively ventilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to selectively ventilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to selectively ventilate
+okay so and there are a few more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there are a few more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there are a few more things
+I want to mention about metals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention about metals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention about metals in
+general and one of them is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and one of them is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and one of them is the third
+thing is tuning metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the things that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the things that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the things that are going to
+tune the metals you'll see we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the metals you'll see we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune the metals you'll see we'll see
+when we we look at iron specifically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we look at iron specifically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we look at iron specifically but
+this is true of all metals is but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true of all metals is but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true of all metals is but what
+the ligands the first coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands the first coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ligands the first coordination
+sphere the geometry around the metals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the geometry around the metals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the geometry around the metals so
+in in the cases we were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the cases we were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the cases we were looking at the
+last time with Irving Williams series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with Irving Williams series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with Irving Williams series
+they were looking at an octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at an octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at an octahedral
+environment but most of you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but most of you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but most of you know you can
+have kept ahed real environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kept ahed real environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kept ahed real environments
+trigonal bi-pyramidal you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal bi-pyramidal you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal bi-pyramidal you can have
+polite square planar I mean there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite square planar I mean there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite square planar I mean there all
+kinds of environments so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of environments so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of environments so you need to
+think about the geometry we'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the geometry we'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the geometry we'll see later
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+with transition metals we need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transition metals we need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transition metals we need to look
+at the spin States and can control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spin States and can control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spin States and can control the
+oxidation and reduction so we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction so we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction so we'll look at
+spin States oxidation and reduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin States oxidation and reduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin States oxidation and reduction and
+we need to also think about and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to also think about and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to also think about and this is
+something now that tell us a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now that tell us a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now that tell us a lot of
+chemists are now finally trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists are now finally trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists are now finally trying to build
+into their molecules it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their molecules it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their molecules it's not just the
+immediate for environment around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate for environment around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate for environment around the
+metals but the second coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but the second coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but the second coordination
+sphere so if you have something and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so if you have something and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so if you have something and this
+is hard to build in from a canvas point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard to build in from a canvas point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard to build in from a canvas point
+of view it's not so hard to tune in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view it's not so hard to tune in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view it's not so hard to tune in from
+a protein environmental to a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein environmental to a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein environmental to a protein
+environmental approach because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental approach because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental approach because you could
+have hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydrogen bonding
+- what oxygen which could then tweak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what oxygen which could then tweak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what oxygen which could then tweak the
+pKa of the ligand bound to the metal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of the ligand bound to the metal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of the ligand bound to the metal so
+why do you have such a big protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you have such a big protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you have such a big protein okay
+and why can't chemists recapitulate rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why can't chemists recapitulate rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why can't chemists recapitulate rate
+accelerations that are actually observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations that are actually observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations that are actually observed
+in enzymes and it's simply because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enzymes and it's simply because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enzymes and it's simply because you
+need the whole protein so it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole protein so it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole protein so it really is
+not just the first coordination sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the first coordination sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the first coordination sphere
+in the second you can make mutations far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second you can make mutations far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second you can make mutations far
+removed from the active site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the active site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the active site and
+actually effect in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effect in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually effect in this case the
+properties of the metal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the metal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the metal of the
+properties of whatever groups are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of whatever groups are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of whatever groups are
+actually involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involved
+and catalysis and this is an example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalysis and this is an example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catalysis and this is an example I
+took out of their very recent literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of their very recent literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of their very recent literature
+which i think is quite amazing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is quite amazing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is quite amazing and I
+also think is indicative of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think is indicative of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think is indicative of where
+chemistry is going in the next five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going in the next five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going in the next five
+years in the organometallic area so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the organometallic area so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the organometallic area so this
+is a paper that was published by E Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper that was published by E Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper that was published by E Lu
+who's as the University of Illinois and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's as the University of Illinois and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's as the University of Illinois and
+what he was trying to do is he took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was trying to do is he took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he was trying to do is he took a
+small little protein the protein helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little protein the protein helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little protein the protein helps
+us to be a Zirin that binds copper it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to be a Zirin that binds copper it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to be a Zirin that binds copper it
+really doesn't matter what the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter what the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter what the protein
+is but it doesn't oxidation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it doesn't oxidation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but it doesn't oxidation and
+reduction of copper okay and what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of copper okay and what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of copper okay and what he was
+able to do is by changing the metal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is by changing the metal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is by changing the metal so
+he could either use copper or he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could either use copper or he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could either use copper or he could
+use nickel and by changing the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nickel and by changing the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nickel and by changing the first and
+second coordination sphere around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordination sphere around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordination sphere around the
+metal okay by site-directed mutagenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay by site-directed mutagenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay by site-directed mutagenesis
+and at most he made five mutants what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most he made five mutants what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most he made five mutants what he
+was able to do is tune the redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do is tune the redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do is tune the redox
+potential over two volts okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential over two volts okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential over two volts okay so that
+that is pretty astonishing I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is pretty astonishing I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is pretty astonishing I think and
+so he has structures you know here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has structures you know here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has structures you know here's the
+thing with 2 histidines in a month I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with 2 histidines in a month I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with 2 histidines in a month I
+mean he has structures of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he has structures of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he has structures of all of these
+species and we would love to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and we would love to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and we would love to be able to
+put something chemists would love to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something chemists would love to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something chemists would love to be
+able to put things other than copper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put things other than copper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put things other than copper or
+iron or transition metals into proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron or transition metals into proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron or transition metals into proteins
+and control the redox potentials and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control the redox potentials and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control the redox potentials and I
+think this is sort of just the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of just the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of just the tip of
+the iceberg tip of the iceberg I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iceberg tip of the iceberg I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iceberg tip of the iceberg I think
+this is an incredibly exciting result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly exciting result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly exciting result
+and it also just allows me to to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also just allows me to to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also just allows me to to show
+you that we've talked about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that we've talked about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that we've talked about a little bit
+about iron sulfur cluster proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sulfur cluster proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sulfur cluster proteins and
+we talked about that last time we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that last time we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about that last time we can go
+over 1.2 volts by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1.2 volts by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1.2 volts by changing the
+environment of the iron sulfur cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the iron sulfur cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the iron sulfur cluster
+so you saw there were a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw there were a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw there were a number of
+flavors of iron sulfur clusters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of iron sulfur clusters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of iron sulfur clusters but
+again and they all look pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and they all look pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and they all look pretty similar
+but it's the protein in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the protein in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the protein in the environment
+that's tuning that and the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tuning that and the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tuning that and the question that
+chemists are asking is one of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists are asking is one of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists are asking is one of the basic
+principles that govern the redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern the redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that govern the redox
+history can you then go in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history can you then go in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history can you then go in instead of
+having to select for something to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to select for something to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to select for something to change
+the redox potential can we eventually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the redox potential can we eventually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the redox potential can we eventually go
+in and just make a change rationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just make a change rationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just make a change rationally
+make a change especially now since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change especially now since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change especially now since you
+all know we can put in a natural amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know we can put in a natural amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know we can put in a natural amino
+acid so we can put in ligands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we can put in ligands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we can put in ligands that
+aren't the normal repertoire of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the normal repertoire of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't the normal repertoire of proteins
+so I think this is an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is an incredibly
+exciting time because metal based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time because metal based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting time because metal based
+reactions offer huge numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions offer huge numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions offer huge numbers of
+opportunities and I think we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and I think we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and I think we aren't
+going to be limited to the repertoire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited to the repertoire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited to the repertoire
+observed in biology okay so and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in biology okay so and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in biology okay so and the last
+thing I wanted to talk about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to talk about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to talk about in terms of
+generic systems is that you've seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic systems is that you've seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic systems is that you've seen we
+had a cartoon and you looked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cartoon and you looked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cartoon and you looked a little
+bit at the diversity of metallo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the diversity of metallo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the diversity of metallo
+cofactors okay so we have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors okay so we have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors okay so we have a huge
+diversity where does the diversity come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity where does the diversity come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity where does the diversity come
+from and in general and biology there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and in general and biology there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and in general and biology there
+are biosynthetic pathways to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biosynthetic pathways to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are biosynthetic pathways to make
+cofactors the metal cofactors okay also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors the metal cofactors okay also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors the metal cofactors okay also
+the organic cofactors as well so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organic cofactors as well so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organic cofactors as well so even
+something as simple as much simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as much simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as much simpler than
+the the cofactor we looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cofactor we looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cofactor we looked at that
+converts nitrogen gas and to ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts nitrogen gas and to ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts nitrogen gas and to ammonia
+remember that had a lot of iron sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that had a lot of iron sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that had a lot of iron sulfur
+XANA lived at home in it a carbide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XANA lived at home in it a carbide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XANA lived at home in it a carbide in
+the middle Alana citrate on one end very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Alana citrate on one end very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Alana citrate on one end very
+complex even in some of the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex even in some of the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex even in some of the simpler
+systems it's likely there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's likely there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's likely there there are
+going to be biosynthetic pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be biosynthetic pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be biosynthetic pathways to
+control all of this and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all of this and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all of this and we're going to
+be focusing on in today's lot starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on in today's lot starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on in today's lot starting
+in today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's lecture
+and the reason that I focus mostly thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that I focus mostly thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that I focus mostly thus
+far on iron sulfur clusters is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far on iron sulfur clusters is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far on iron sulfur clusters is we're
+going to see a major regulator of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a major regulator of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a major regulator of iron
+at the translational level our iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the translational level our iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the translational level our iron
+sulfur clusters so I think looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur clusters so I think looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur clusters so I think looking at an
+iron sulfur cluster allows you to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron sulfur cluster allows you to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron sulfur cluster allows you to then
+maybe think about what do you need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe think about what do you need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe think about what do you need I
+think people don't think very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people don't think very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people don't think very much about
+this what do you need to actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you need to actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you need to actually make
+one of these clusters so this is a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these clusters so this is a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these clusters so this is a four
+iron four sulfur cluster put this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron four sulfur cluster put this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron four sulfur cluster put this up
+here a little bit more so we have a Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit more so we have a Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit more so we have a Q
+beam structure and these are attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam structure and these are attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam structure and these are attached to
+proteins through irons are attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins through irons are attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins through irons are attached to
+the proteins through cysteines okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins through cysteines okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins through cysteines okay um
+and this one is at I shall draw it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is at I shall draw it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is at I shall draw it out
+here through a cysteine and in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here through a cysteine and in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here through a cysteine and in many of
+the clusters now where chemistry happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clusters now where chemistry happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clusters now where chemistry happens
+you're gonna have binding through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have binding through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have binding through
+cysteines so each one of these guys is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines so each one of these guys is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines so each one of these guys is a
+cysteine okay but you also have an iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine okay but you also have an iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine okay but you also have an iron
+that's not coordinated to a cysteine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not coordinated to a cysteine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not coordinated to a cysteine so
+here you have any unique iron and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have any unique iron and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have any unique iron and that
+is going to be key and one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be key and one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be key and one of the first
+systems that people this is iron what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that people this is iron what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that people this is iron what
+are the first systems that people looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the first systems that people looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the first systems that people looked
+at is involved maybe you remember back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is involved maybe you remember back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is involved maybe you remember back
+to the TCA cycle is the cytosolic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the TCA cycle is the cytosolic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the TCA cycle is the cytosolic a
+connotates and people had really thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotates and people had really thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotates and people had really thought
+about iron sulfur clusters is only being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sulfur clusters is only being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sulfur clusters is only being
+involved in oxidation and reduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in oxidation and reduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in oxidation and reduction and
+this one was the first example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was the first example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was the first example where
+citrate could bind here see how a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate could bind here see how a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate could bind here see how a unique
+iron allowing you to do chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron allowing you to do chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron allowing you to do chemistry and
+now we know there are there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know there are there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know there are there are a
+hundred thousand types of enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand types of enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand types of enzymatic
+reactions that use iron sulfur clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that use iron sulfur clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that use iron sulfur clusters
+okay so there's a couple points I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple points I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple points I want
+to make cuz I think it's confusing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cuz I think it's confusing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make cuz I think it's confusing and
+we're gonna use this when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use this when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use this when we think about
+the regulation that people write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation that people write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation that people write these
+species they write the arcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species they write the arcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species they write the arcs
+Asians species as plus 1 or plus 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians species as plus 1 or plus 2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asians species as plus 1 or plus 2 okay
+that's a typical oxidation of the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical oxidation of the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical oxidation of the iron
+sulfur clusters that um we'll be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur clusters that um we'll be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur clusters that um we'll be dealing
+with and so the question is where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so the question is where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so the question is where does
+that number come from okay and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number come from okay and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number come from okay and so what
+they do is ignore the cysteines and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is ignore the cysteines and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is ignore the cysteines and so
+what you have is you have four sulfides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is you have four sulfides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is you have four sulfides
+if I've drawn this right 1 2 3 4 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've drawn this right 1 2 3 4 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've drawn this right 1 2 3 4 so you
+have 4 sulfides so that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 sulfides so that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 sulfides so that gives you a
+minus 8 and so then what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8 and so then what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8 and so then what does that tell
+you you ignore the cysteines altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you ignore the cysteines altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you ignore the cysteines altogether
+then what does that tell you to get a +2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does that tell you to get a +2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does that tell you to get a +2
+state what does that tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what does that tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what does that tell you about the
+oxidation state of the irons ok so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state of the irons ok so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state of the irons ok so if we
+need a plus 2 what are the two common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a plus 2 what are the two common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a plus 2 what are the two common
+oxidation states of iron plus 2 1 plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation states of iron plus 2 1 plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation states of iron plus 2 1 plus 3
+ok so if we have plus 3 plus 3 plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so if we have plus 3 plus 3 plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so if we have plus 3 plus 3 plus 2
+plus 2 that gives you plus 10 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 that gives you plus 10 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 that gives you plus 10 and that
+gives you the plus 2 oxidation see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the plus 2 oxidation see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the plus 2 oxidation see I'm
+just people get confused by that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just people get confused by that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just people get confused by that's the
+only reason I'm sort of going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason I'm sort of going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason I'm sort of going through
+that so if we want an overall plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we want an overall plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we want an overall plus 2
+then you can have 2 ion 3s and two iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have 2 ion 3s and two iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have 2 ion 3s and two iron
+- ok now it's not as simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ok now it's not as simple as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ok now it's not as simple as that
+because in some cases the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some cases the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some cases the like the
+electrons can be delocalized - ok so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can be delocalized - ok so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can be delocalized - ok so you
+have two and a half states they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and a half states they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and a half states they're
+moving around a lot and we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around a lot and we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around a lot and we're not going
+to talk about anything like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about anything like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about anything like that you
+need to take bioinorganic chemistry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take bioinorganic chemistry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take bioinorganic chemistry if
+you want to think about that ok so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about that ok so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about that ok so if
+you look at this this complex you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this this complex you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this this complex you have a
+cube it's good iron sitting it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube it's good iron sitting it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube it's good iron sitting it's got
+some fights ok that's it how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fights ok that's it how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fights ok that's it how would you
+how would you go about what do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about what do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about what do you need
+to make something like this what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something like this what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something like this what do you
+think you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have to worry about and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to worry about and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to worry about and this this
+is true all these cofactors it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true all these cofactors it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true all these cofactors it's not
+just this one this is the one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one this is the one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one this is the one we're
+gonna actually worry about by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually worry about by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually worry about by the end of
+looks like this lecture or the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this lecture or the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this lecture or the beginning
+of next lecture I mean where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next lecture I mean where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next lecture I mean where does the
+iron come from so you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron come from so you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron come from so you need something
+that can deliver the iron do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can deliver the iron do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can deliver the iron do you want
+iron to sitting around we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to sitting around we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to sitting around we're going to
+talk about that in more more in module 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more more in module 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in more more in module 7
+but no because iron 2 can undergo redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no because iron 2 can undergo redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no because iron 2 can undergo redox
+chemistry so you need to you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so you need to you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so you need to you know you
+need to deliver iron okay what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deliver iron okay what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deliver iron okay what about the
+redox state of the ions so I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox state of the ions so I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox state of the ions so I just told
+you they could be +2 or +3 how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they could be +2 or +3 how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they could be +2 or +3 how do you
+get that how would you deliver the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that how would you deliver the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that how would you deliver the iron
+in the first place given one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place given one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place given one of the
+rules we've already talked about so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we've already talked about so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we've already talked about so you
+have iron inside the cell would you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron inside the cell would you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron inside the cell would you want
+it to be delivered in the plus 2 or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be delivered in the plus 2 or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be delivered in the plus 2 or the
+plus 3 state to a protein with no metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 state to a protein with no metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 state to a protein with no metal
+in it ok everybody agree with that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it ok everybody agree with that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it ok everybody agree with that okay
+so why do you say plus 3 so you have how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you say plus 3 so you have how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you say plus 3 so you have how
+do you deliver it but you also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you deliver it but you also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you deliver it but you also have an
+additional factor in which you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional factor in which you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional factor in which you have to
+pay attention to is the exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to is the exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to is the exchange rates
+of the ligands so it comes whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ligands so it comes whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ligands so it comes whatever it
+wherever it starts it's got ligands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it starts it's got ligands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it starts it's got ligands on
+it whether it's a protein or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether it's a protein or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether it's a protein or whether
+it's something else and you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and you have to go
+some kind of mechanism to do associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mechanism to do associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mechanism to do associate
+or disassociate of to do exchange into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disassociate of to do exchange into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or disassociate of to do exchange into
+the metals so in general we'll see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals so in general we'll see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals so in general we'll see one
+of the rules is that it's almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules is that it's almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules is that it's almost always
+iron 2 that's delivered okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 2 that's delivered okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 2 that's delivered okay and so we
+need to control the redox state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to control the redox state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to control the redox state and
+we'll see this big-time when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this big-time when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this big-time when we look at
+humans and how does iron get into cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and how does iron get into cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and how does iron get into cells
+I mean you go toggle between plus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you go toggle between plus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you go toggle between plus 2 and
+plus 3 all of the time and well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 all of the time and well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 all of the time and well I don't
+part of the rationale is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the rationale is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the rationale is related to
+ligand exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand exchange
+what else do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we
+to deliver we need to deliver sulphide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver we need to deliver sulphide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver we need to deliver sulphide
+where does that come from okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from okay so let me
+just put down there's a pyridoxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put down there's a pyridoxal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put down there's a pyridoxal
+phosphate enzyme that can deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate enzyme that can deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate enzyme that can deliver
+sulfide from cysteine for example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide from cysteine for example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide from cysteine for example okay
+so where does it come from what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it come from what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it come from what about
+these proteins can you think of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins can you think of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins can you think of another
+kind of protein that you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of protein that you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of protein that you've seen before
+that if you have an April protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an April protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an April protein okay
+so the metals not in there and the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metals not in there and the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metals not in there and the metal
+doesn't go in during folding and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go in during folding and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go in during folding and there
+is something where the metal goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something where the metal goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something where the metal goes in
+during folding somewhere it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during folding somewhere it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during folding somewhere it doesn't go
+in during folding what else might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in during folding what else might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in during folding what else might you
+have to do to prepare the active site to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to prepare the active site to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to prepare the active site to
+be able to bind the metal what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bind the metal what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to bind the metal what kind of a
+protein won't you have to use yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein won't you have to use yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein won't you have to use yeah so
+some sort of chaperone and you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of chaperone and you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of chaperone and you've all
+looked at the heat-shock proteins hsp70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the heat-shock proteins hsp70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the heat-shock proteins hsp70
+HSP forty almost all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HSP forty almost all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HSP forty almost all of these things
+have chaperone proteins with HSP forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chaperone proteins with HSP forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chaperone proteins with HSP forty
+hsp70 like activity so you require some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hsp70 like activity so you require some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hsp70 like activity so you require some
+kind of chaperone and this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chaperone and this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chaperone and this could be
+hsp70 HSP forty okay so I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hsp70 HSP forty okay so I'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hsp70 HSP forty okay so I'm showing you
+this for an iron sulfur cluster because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for an iron sulfur cluster because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for an iron sulfur cluster because
+that's we're gonna focus on in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're gonna focus on in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're gonna focus on in the case
+of iron homeostasis but this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron homeostasis but this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron homeostasis but this is true for
+many many many many metal clusters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many metal clusters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many metal clusters that
+are generated and this just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated and this just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated and this just shows you
+the complexity of it so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of it so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of it so here are the
+pathways in bacteria for iron sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways in bacteria for iron sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways in bacteria for iron sulfur
+generic iron sulfur clusters there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic iron sulfur clusters there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic iron sulfur clusters there are
+two pathways one housekeeping one under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pathways one housekeeping one under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pathways one housekeeping one under
+under stress conditions and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress conditions and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress conditions and you can see
+how many gene products you need okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many gene products you need okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many gene products you need okay and
+they're involved in different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in different kinds of
+proteins that do all of this stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that do all of this stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that do all of this stuff we
+have things like scaffold proteins so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like scaffold proteins so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like scaffold proteins so if
+you have to make something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make something really
+complicated you make it on a scaffold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you make it on a scaffold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you make it on a scaffold
+first and then you transfer it new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you transfer it new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you transfer it new
+transfer so ligand exchange becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so ligand exchange becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so ligand exchange becomes
+extremely important what about this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important what about this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important what about this guy
+this is the cluster for that huge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cluster for that huge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cluster for that huge a
+beautiful Co fat from formation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful Co fat from formation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful Co fat from formation of that
+beautiful cofactor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful cofactor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful cofactor you
+in the in the case of nitrogenase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of nitrogenase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of nitrogenase and
+how do you get a carbide in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get a carbide in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get a carbide in there okay
+so any I don't want to see a see say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any I don't want to see a see say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any I don't want to see a see say
+anything more about that but this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more about that but this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more about that but this is all
+controlled and I think this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and I think this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and I think this is something
+that when people want to study metallo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when people want to study metallo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when people want to study metallo
+cofactors and the chemistry they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and the chemistry they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors and the chemistry they always
+encounter problems of how to assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter problems of how to assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter problems of how to assemble
+the cluster because if you had erotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster because if you had erotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster because if you had erotic
+while ago Slee express a protein it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago Slee express a protein it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago Slee express a protein it's
+not a given that the cofactor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a given that the cofactor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a given that the cofactor is
+assembled correctly okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled correctly okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled correctly okay so that's what
+I wanted to say about the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to say about the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to say about the generic
+properties of metals and what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of metals and what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of metals and what I want to
+say now is just give you a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now is just give you a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now is just give you a very brief
+overview I love metal homeostasis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I love metal homeostasis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview I love metal homeostasis so
+this is in general and then we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in general and then we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in general and then we'll come
+back and talk about it specifically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and talk about it specifically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and talk about it specifically with
+iron and so I'm gonna see say I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and so I'm gonna see say I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and so I'm gonna see say I'm not
+going to draw this out I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this out I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this out I'm just going to
+say see the PowerPoint but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say see the PowerPoint but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say see the PowerPoint but I want to
+make and want to make a couple of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and want to make a couple of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and want to make a couple of points
+and the first one of the first things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one of the first things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one of the first things
+that we need to think about that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to think about that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to think about that's not
+shown in this picture is any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this picture is any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this picture is any kind of
+regulation you know how do we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you know how do we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you know how do we control
+whether the metal whether you want metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the metal whether you want metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the metal whether you want metal
+you don't want a metal it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want a metal it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want a metal it's the same
+thing with cholesterol how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with cholesterol how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with cholesterol how do you
+control whether we want it or we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control whether we want it or we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control whether we want it or we don't
+want it so control the metal levels can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it so control the metal levels can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it so control the metal levels can
+happen transcriptionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like we saw with the sr e BP so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we saw with the sr e BP so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we saw with the sr e BP so so
+in that picture that I have over there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that picture that I have over there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that picture that I have over there I
+should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have had
+I should have redrawn it so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have redrawn it so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have redrawn it so this is all
+in the nucleus and there is no nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus and there is no nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus and there is no nucleus
+in that cartoon even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cartoon even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cartoon even though it's a
+eukaryotic cell and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cell and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cell and you have
+transcription factors that bind metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that bind metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that bind metals
+okay in some oxidation state and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some oxidation state and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some oxidation state and they
+could be either activators or they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either activators or they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either activators or they can
+be repressors okay so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repressors okay so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repressors okay so there are a lot of
+people still studying this so these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still studying this so these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still studying this so these can
+be activation or repression and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be activation or repression and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be activation or repression and I think
+almost all organisms use this inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all organisms use this inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all organisms use this inter
+productive way to control the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way to control the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way to control the metals
+okay we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're not going to talk about
+transcriptional regulation at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation at all but
+it's out there it's a real challenge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there it's a real challenge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there it's a real challenge if
+you have weakly found metals like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have weakly found metals like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have weakly found metals like you're
+learning about in recitation this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about in recitation this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about in recitation this week
+the second thing we have in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we have in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we have in the cytosol
+which is also involved in regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also involved in regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also involved in regulation
+which is again not shown so this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again not shown so this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again not shown so this happens
+in the cytosol is you have a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol is you have a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol is you have a piece of
+messenger RNA and it turns out many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and it turns out many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and it turns out many of
+you probably know but messenger RNA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know but messenger RNA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know but messenger RNA has
+a lot of secondary structures so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of secondary structures so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of secondary structures so this is
+a secondary structure which is a stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secondary structure which is a stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secondary structure which is a stem
+loop so this is an RNA and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so this is an RNA and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so this is an RNA and this is the
+five prime end and this is the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime end and this is the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime end and this is the three
+prime end and it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime end and it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime end and it turns out that if you
+hadn't if you're going to convert your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't if you're going to convert your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't if you're going to convert your
+messenger of RNA into a protein you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger of RNA into a protein you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger of RNA into a protein you want
+to you want to use the ribosome you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you want to use the ribosome you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you want to use the ribosome you want
+to have translation and we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have translation and we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have translation and we're gonna see
+that there are structures stem-loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are structures stem-loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are structures stem-loop
+structures in the case of iron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the case of iron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the case of iron that
+combine proteins okay when they bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine proteins okay when they bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine proteins okay when they bind
+proteins what happens is you can alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins what happens is you can alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins what happens is you can alter
+so this could be a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you can also bet the 3-prime end line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can also bet the 3-prime end line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can also bet the 3-prime end line
+proteins and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and we're going to talk about
+this so we're not gonna I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're not gonna I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're not gonna I'm not gonna
+write all of this down you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of this down you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all of this down you're gonna see
+this again but you can control you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again but you can control you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again but you can control you can
+stop for example the translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for example the translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for example the translational
+process okay by putting a block over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay by putting a block over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay by putting a block over
+here and we'll come back to this or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll come back to this or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll come back to this or you
+can stop messenger RNA degradation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop messenger RNA degradation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop messenger RNA degradation by
+putting a block there so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a block there so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a block there so again this is
+just another level of control that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another level of control that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another level of control that you
+guys haven't thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys haven't thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys haven't thought about
+has anybody seen control of RNA by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody seen control of RNA by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody seen control of RNA by
+little structures and small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little structures and small molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little structures and small molecules
+binding have you seen that before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding have you seen that before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding have you seen that before in
+some class yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some class yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some class yeah
+private right ribose switches right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private right ribose switches right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private right ribose switches right so
+ribozymes is the catalyst oh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribozymes is the catalyst oh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribozymes is the catalyst oh we're
+talking about here now is preventing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here now is preventing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here now is preventing the
+translational process and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational process and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational process and so what you
+see which was discovered by breakers lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that you have ribose switches they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have ribose switches they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have ribose switches they're
+much more complicated in this they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated in this they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated in this they have
+a much bigger structure but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger structure but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger structure but they can
+find things like adenosylcobalamin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things like adenosylcobalamin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things like adenosylcobalamin okay
+they can bind Flavin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bind Flavin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bind Flavin's
+okay so all of which you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of which you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of which you might want to
+control just like you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control just like you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control just like you might want to
+control metal homeostasis okay so metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control metal homeostasis okay so metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control metal homeostasis okay so metal
+homeostasis has the retinas this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis has the retinas this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis has the retinas this is the
+regulation part so so this is regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation part so so this is regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation part so so this is regulation
+and then if you look at the cartoon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at the cartoon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at the cartoon over
+there again I'm not gonna write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again I'm not gonna write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again I'm not gonna write down all
+the details but we'll just walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but we'll just walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but we'll just walk through
+it what do we have to be able to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do we have to be able to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do we have to be able to do so
+we have to be able to take metals up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be able to take metals up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be able to take metals up
+into the cell do you think there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell do you think there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell do you think there's one
+uptake system what do you think yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptake system what do you think yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptake system what do you think yeah so
+what you'd be surprised is if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd be surprised is if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd be surprised is if you wanted
+to take iron to into when e.coli there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take iron to into when e.coli there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take iron to into when e.coli there
+at least fire five transporters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least fire five transporters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least fire five transporters and the
+issue is again people don't not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is again people don't not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is again people don't not many
+people have measured the specificity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have measured the specificity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have measured the specificity of
+all these things and the binding and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things and the binding and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things and the binding and it
+all depends on the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all depends on the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all depends on the end
+so this is I think an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think an incredibly
+important area that again needs to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important area that again needs to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important area that again needs to have
+a lot of attention we'll see in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention we'll see in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of attention we'll see in humans
+we'll also see in bacteria bacteria are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also see in bacteria bacteria are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also see in bacteria bacteria are
+desperate for iron they have an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for iron they have an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate for iron they have an amazing
+number ways to take iron into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ways to take iron into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number ways to take iron into the cell
+okay so once it gets inside what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once it gets inside what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once it gets inside what happens
+to it so the metal can come in here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so the metal can come in here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so the metal can come in here's
+the metal that's sort of free can it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal that's sort of free can it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal that's sort of free can it it
+can form what people call a labile metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form what people call a labile metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form what people call a labile metal
+pool it can bind who comes in maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool it can bind who comes in maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool it can bind who comes in maybe as
+aqueous or what are the ligands they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous or what are the ligands they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous or what are the ligands they
+always have ligands okay it can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have ligands okay it can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have ligands okay it can then
+form a form an interaction with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a form an interaction with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a form an interaction with all of
+your metabolites okay so that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metabolites okay so that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metabolites okay so that in and
+again you're thinking about Cadiz for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're thinking about Cadiz for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're thinking about Cadiz for
+all of these things where does it stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things where does it stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things where does it stay
+it depends on the concentrations and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the concentrations and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the concentrations and it
+depends on the on the proteins you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the on the proteins you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the on the proteins you have
+and what the binding constants are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the binding constants are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the binding constants are okay
+once it gets in are there little things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it gets in are there little things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it gets in are there little things
+called metallic chaperones so it picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called metallic chaperones so it picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called metallic chaperones so it picks
+it up a protein can pick up the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up a protein can pick up the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up a protein can pick up the metal
+and then deliver it in some way to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then deliver it in some way to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then deliver it in some way to an
+April protein save a protein with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April protein save a protein with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April protein save a protein with no
+metal on it at all can there be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal on it at all can there be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal on it at all can there be another
+protein that delivers the metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that delivers the metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that delivers the metal and the
+answer is yes and where this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and where this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and where this has been
+studied in detail and the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in detail and the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in detail and the transition
+metals is with copper so they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals is with copper so they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals is with copper so they have very
+well-defined copper and that's again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined copper and that's again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined copper and that's again a
+study and ligand exchange reactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and ligand exchange reactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and ligand exchange reactions okay
+because it binds here but you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it binds here but you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it binds here but you don't want
+it to stay over here it needs to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stay over here it needs to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stay over here it needs to move
+over here and how do you do how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and how do you do how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and how do you do how do you
+control the transfer so things end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the transfer so things end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the transfer so things end up in
+the right place okay so say you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place okay so say you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place okay so say you have an
+excess of metal what happens there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of metal what happens there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of metal what happens there are
+different ways of storing the metal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of storing the metal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of storing the metal okay
+so storing the metal we have ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so storing the metal we have ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so storing the metal we have ways of
+storing zinc copper cadmium and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing zinc copper cadmium and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing zinc copper cadmium and you'll
+see we have ways of storing iron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have ways of storing iron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have ways of storing iron okay
+and so we want to be able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to be able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to be able to control
+that and we'd like to be able to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'd like to be able to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'd like to be able to get it
+out of storage when we need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of storage when we need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of storage when we need it
+and in many cases depending on the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases depending on the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases depending on the metal
+it's really important if we store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important if we store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important if we store it
+because the metals can be toxic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the metals can be toxic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the metals can be toxic in the
+reduced state and so you want to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and so you want to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and so you want to prevent
+toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity
+to the cell so the storage also plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cell so the storage also plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cell so the storage also plays a
+key role and eukaryotic systems will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and eukaryotic systems will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and eukaryotic systems will see
+you also have iron transporters into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have iron transporters into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have iron transporters into
+organelles it could be into the vacuole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles it could be into the vacuole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles it could be into the vacuole
+it could be into the mitochondria it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be into the mitochondria it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be into the mitochondria it
+could be into the lysosome and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be into the lysosome and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be into the lysosome and so that's
+all controlled just like you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all controlled just like you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all controlled just like you have the
+importers we're gonna see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importers we're gonna see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importers we're gonna see you have
+exporters out of the organelles and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporters out of the organelles and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exporters out of the organelles and not
+shown here again this is not a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here again this is not a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here again this is not a very good
+cartoon you can have exporters you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon you can have exporters you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon you can have exporters you could
+control elevated levels in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control elevated levels in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control elevated levels in some cases
+not in humans but but by exporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in humans but but by exporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in humans but but by exporting the
+metals out of the cell so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals out of the cell so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals out of the cell so there are many
+levels and in all doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and in all doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and in all doesn't matter what
+the metal is you see these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is you see these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is you see these kinds of
+mechanisms in all cases and we'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in all cases and we'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms in all cases and we'll focus
+on the case of iron in both humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the case of iron in both humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the case of iron in both humans and
+bacteria okay so that's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria okay so that's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria okay so that's the end of the
+introductory lecture on metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture on metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture on metal
+homeostasis and now what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and now what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and now what I want to do is
+focus on we're going to focus on iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on we're going to focus on iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on we're going to focus on iron
+and as I told you at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I told you at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I told you at the very beginning
+we're initially going to look at a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're initially going to look at a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're initially going to look at a few
+pieces of information about iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information about iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information about iron
+specifically okay rather than metals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically okay rather than metals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically okay rather than metals in
+general but all the principles we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but all the principles we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but all the principles we talked
+about in general or applicable to iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in general or applicable to iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in general or applicable to iron
+and then we're going to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at what
+happens in humans and specifically after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in humans and specifically after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in humans and specifically after
+you sort of get the big picture how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get the big picture how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get the big picture how much
+iron do we have where do we get it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron do we have where do we get it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron do we have where do we get it how
+much comes from the iron is it recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much comes from the iron is it recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much comes from the iron is it recycled
+etc just like we did with cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc just like we did with cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc just like we did with cholesterol
+and we're gonna be focusing on uptake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna be focusing on uptake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna be focusing on uptake
+into the cell and we will see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and we will see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and we will see there are
+two ways of taking up iron into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways of taking up iron into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways of taking up iron into the cell
+in the +2 state and there are iron die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the +2 state and there are iron die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the +2 state and there are iron die
+iron to transporters and we'll also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to transporters and we'll also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to transporters and we'll also see
+that there's a protein called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a protein called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a protein called
+transferrin that finds iron in the +3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferrin that finds iron in the +3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferrin that finds iron in the +3
+state okay so the oxidation state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so the oxidation state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so the oxidation state is
+distinct you then have an iron 3 protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct you then have an iron 3 protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct you then have an iron 3 protein
+complex and that gets taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and that gets taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and that gets taken
+into the cell by receptor-mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell by receptor-mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell by receptor-mediated
+endocytosis by mechanisms quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis by mechanisms quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis by mechanisms quite similar
+to what you've seen with the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you've seen with the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you've seen with the LDL
+receptor we have are a receptor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor we have are a receptor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor we have are a receptor that
+recognizes this little protein called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes this little protein called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes this little protein called
+transferrin we'll look at that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferrin we'll look at that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferrin we'll look at that and then
+what we're gonna do in the end is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do in the end is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna do in the end is talk
+about how as iron regulated we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how as iron regulated we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how as iron regulated we'll see
+there are a number of mechanisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of mechanisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of mechanisms that
+regulate like everything iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate like everything iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate like everything iron
+homeostasis and we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and we're going to focus on
+one regulation at the translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one regulation at the translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one regulation at the translational
+level like we were just talking about up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like we were just talking about up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like we were just talking about up
+here okay so that's what we're going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's what we're going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's what we're going in
+the next couple of lectures and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of lectures and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of lectures and so I
+just want to make a few points about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make a few points about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make a few points about
+iron and so the first thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and so the first thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and so the first thing we're
+looking at is iron some general issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is iron some general issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is iron some general issues
+about iron the properties of iron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron the properties of iron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron the properties of iron so
+that we need to think about look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to think about look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to think about look at the
+properties and what do we learn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what do we learn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what do we learn in the
+last lecture we learned that iron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we learned that iron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we learned that iron is
+abundant right we know that 80 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant right we know that 80 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant right we know that 80 percent
+of 80 percent of the core of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 80 percent of the core of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 80 percent of the core of the earth
+is iron okay but we also learned and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is iron okay but we also learned and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is iron okay but we also learned and we
+learned that the crust of the earth is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the crust of the earth is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the crust of the earth is 4
+percent the fourth predominant metal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the fourth predominant metal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the fourth predominant metal is
+iron so it's all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron so it's all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron so it's all over the place
+we also learned it's unavailable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also learned it's unavailable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also learned it's unavailable because
+we move from an anaerobic into an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from an anaerobic into an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from an anaerobic into an oxygen
+world and it becomes oxidized and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it becomes oxidized and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it becomes oxidized and the
+solubility goes way down so iron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility goes way down so iron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility goes way down so iron is
+abundant and we know that we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant and we know that we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant and we know that we have many
+many cofactors but it's unavailable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you look for example an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look for example an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look for example an example
+of this if you take in3 equated at pH 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you take in3 equated at pH 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you take in3 equated at pH 7
+okay what you see is the solubility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you see is the solubility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you see is the solubility is
+10 to the minus 18 MoMA okay so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 18 MoMA okay so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 18 MoMA okay so it's not
+very soluble and again this poses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soluble and again this poses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soluble and again this poses the
+problem of not for us but for bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of not for us but for bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of not for us but for bacteria
+who are desperately trying to get iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are desperately trying to get iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are desperately trying to get iron
+how do you get iron from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get iron from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get iron from the environment
+where it's insoluble so what is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's insoluble so what is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's insoluble so what is one of
+nature's solutions that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature's solutions that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature's solutions that you've already
+discussed to obtaining iron you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed to obtaining iron you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed to obtaining iron you talked
+about in the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first half of the course
+city air force yeah so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city air force yeah so what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city air force yeah so what do we know
+so a solution for the bacteria and fungi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a solution for the bacteria and fungi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a solution for the bacteria and fungi
+and is siderophores and which city or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is siderophores and which city or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is siderophores and which city or
+for do you remember which one you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for do you remember which one you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for do you remember which one you talked
+about in detail enterobacter yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail enterobacter yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail enterobacter yeah so you
+know they estimate that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they estimate that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they estimate that they were
+greater they have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater they have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater they have all kinds of
+structures you saw a structure where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you saw a structure where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you saw a structure where you
+you had a cyclical structure with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a cyclical structure with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a cyclical structure with some
+Syrians making ester linkages does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syrians making ester linkages does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syrians making ester linkages does
+anybody remember what the KD was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what the KD was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what the KD was for
+iron this goes into today's recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron this goes into today's recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron this goes into today's recitation
+section this today in yesterday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this today in yesterday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this today in yesterday's
+recitations second how does it bind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations second how does it bind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations second how does it bind what
+oxidation state does it bind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this suppose I wasn't going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this suppose I wasn't going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this suppose I wasn't going to talk
+about so I'm not going to talk very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I'm not going to talk very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I'm not going to talk very much
+about city or a force but we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about city or a force but we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about city or a force but we will see
+that in the the next lecture after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the the next lecture after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the the next lecture after this
+one so the iron in general binds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the iron in general binds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the iron in general binds in the
+plus 3 oxidation state and the KD I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 oxidation state and the KD I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 oxidation state and the KD I
+don't know I don't remember what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't remember what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't remember what it is
+for enter we're back tuned specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter we're back tuned specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter we're back tuned specifically
+for some reason the number of 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason the number of 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason the number of 10 to the
+minus 52 sticks in my mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 52 sticks in my mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 52 sticks in my mind is that
+correct or is it 10 to the minus thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or is it 10 to the minus thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or is it 10 to the minus thirty
+eight okay so so what it the phot what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay so so what it the phot what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay so so what it the phot what's
+the one that's ten to the minus 52 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's ten to the minus 52 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's ten to the minus 52 all
+right how about this so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about this so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about this so this is an
+interesting problem you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem you're going to be
+looking at this in class today how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this in class today how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this in class today how do
+you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure that
+right do you think that's easy do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you think that's easy do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you think that's easy do you
+think you're going to have any way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to have any way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to have any way of
+detecting things so this is where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting things so this is where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting things so this is where you've
+got to be creative and think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be creative and think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be creative and think about what
+you're learning about in recitation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning about in recitation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning about in recitation so
+these things the bottom line is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the bottom line is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the bottom line is no
+matter you know everything is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know everything is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know everything is dependent
+on the ligands and obviously on the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ligands and obviously on the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ligands and obviously on the pH
+but they bind like a son of a gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they bind like a son of a gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they bind like a son of a gun
+and that's because they need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they need to get
+these bacteria and need to get iron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria and need to get iron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria and need to get iron to
+survive so I think that's I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so I think that's I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so I think that's I think that's
+pretty important the second thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important the second thing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important the second thing again
+I wanted to point out is there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to point out is there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to point out is there exists a
+diversity of iron cofactors and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of iron cofactors and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of iron cofactors and you've
+seen these on the first few and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen these on the first few and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen these on the first few and the
+first few lectures I've blown through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few lectures I've blown through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few lectures I've blown through a
+number of structures but they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of structures but they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of structures but they're sort of
+they are found in general ways what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are found in general ways what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are found in general ways what is
+the one that you're all familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're all familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that you're all familiar with
+where do you see iron that you all think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see iron that you all think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see iron that you all think
+about Haim right why do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Haim right why do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Haim right why do you think about
+it why do you know Heymann and not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you know Heymann and not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you know Heymann and not some
+of the other so this is he this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other so this is he this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other so this is he this is my
+pretty poor 4/9 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poor 4/9 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poor 4/9 okay
+I actually I can try the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually I can try the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually I can try the structure of
+parole but I'm not going to draw it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parole but I'm not going to draw it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parole but I'm not going to draw it okay
+I'm good at drawing structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good at drawing structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good at drawing structures of
+organic molecules but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecules but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic molecules but I'm not going to
+draw it's not relevant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it's not relevant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it's not relevant okay
+but why why do you know he it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why why do you know he it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why why do you know he it's easy to
+see that's it why do we know so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's it why do we know so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's it why do we know so much
+about heme because it's easy to see its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heme because it's easy to see its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heme because it's easy to see its
+extinction coefficient is like over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction coefficient is like over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction coefficient is like over a
+hundred thousand so those are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand so those are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand so those are the ones
+that people saw immediately you prick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people saw immediately you prick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people saw immediately you prick
+yourself you're it's blue or it's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're it's blue or it's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're it's blue or it's red
+your blood is blue or it's red so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood is blue or it's red so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood is blue or it's red so this
+has a high extinction coefficient okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high extinction coefficient okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high extinction coefficient okay
+so for those of you probably you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those of you probably you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those of you probably you don't
+everybody knows we reversibly bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows we reversibly bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows we reversibly bind
+oxygen but he's have an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but he's have an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but he's have an amazing
+diversity where we seen him before we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity where we seen him before we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity where we seen him before we've
+seen it if you remember in cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it if you remember in cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it if you remember in cholesterol
+biosynthesis in the last 19 steps we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis in the last 19 steps we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis in the last 19 steps we got
+to get rid of three methyl groups all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of three methyl groups all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of three methyl groups all of
+those are he-men zaimes which catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are he-men zaimes which catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are he-men zaimes which catalyze
+hydroxylation of unactivated carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation of unactivated carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation of unactivated carbon
+hydrogen bonds so he can reversibly bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds so he can reversibly bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds so he can reversibly bind
+oxygen but they can also do this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but they can also do this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but they can also do this really
+tough chemistry and how do they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough chemistry and how do they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough chemistry and how do they do that
+they control they're controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they control they're controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they control they're controlled by the
+environment around the heme okay so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around the heme okay so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around the heme okay so why
+haven't we seen the other places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we seen the other places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we seen the other places where
+well white why don't we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well white why don't we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well white why don't we think about the
+other cofactors that involve so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cofactors that involve so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cofactors that involve so we have
+non heme iron and this can be mono or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non heme iron and this can be mono or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non heme iron and this can be mono or
+die nuclear okay and why don't we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die nuclear okay and why don't we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die nuclear okay and why don't we think
+about those so no heme so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those so no heme so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those so no heme so you have
+oxygen nitrogen history histidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen nitrogen history histidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen nitrogen history histidine
+ligands tyrosine ligands perhaps sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands tyrosine ligands perhaps sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands tyrosine ligands perhaps sulfur
+ligands and you know you don't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands and you know you don't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands and you know you don't see this
+because they're not colored they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not colored they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not colored they're
+really hard to pin on the plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to pin on the plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to pin on the plus 2
+oxidation state they're really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state they're really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state they're really hard to
+see but for every heme dependent system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but for every heme dependent system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but for every heme dependent system
+there are mono and dinuclear non heme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mono and dinuclear non heme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mono and dinuclear non heme
+iron systems that are probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron systems that are probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron systems that are probably more
+prevalent that can do the same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent that can do the same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent that can do the same chemistry
+so we don't see them that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't see them that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't see them that doesn't mean
+they are not there and it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not there and it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not there and it doesn't mean
+they're not important it's just a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not important it's just a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not important it's just a much
+harder to study so these things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to study so these things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to study so these things are very
+prevalent and they do the same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent and they do the same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent and they do the same chemistry
+as heenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as heenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as heenes
+so I showed you one where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed you one where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed you one where you could
+reversibly find oxygen remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly find oxygen remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly find oxygen remember those
+little worms we saw in the slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little worms we saw in the slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little worms we saw in the slide that
+can reversibly behind oxygens just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reversibly behind oxygens just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reversibly behind oxygens just like
+hemoglobin you can hydroxylate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin you can hydroxylate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin you can hydroxylate on
+activated carbon hydrogen bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated carbon hydrogen bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated carbon hydrogen bonds and
+where do you see that nowadays one sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see that nowadays one sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see that nowadays one sees
+that all over the place because DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all over the place because DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all over the place because DNA and
+RNA modification is all mediated by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA modification is all mediated by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA modification is all mediated by in
+many cases by alpha ketoglutarate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases by alpha ketoglutarate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases by alpha ketoglutarate you
+know on heme iron dioxygen is so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on heme iron dioxygen is so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on heme iron dioxygen is so I don't
+want to say any more about that except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say any more about that except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say any more about that except
+they're extremely important and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're extremely important and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're extremely important and they're
+hard to study but we we have really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to study but we we have really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to study but we we have really good
+tools to study all of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to study all of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to study all of these things and
+then the other one which we've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one which we've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one which we've just been
+talking about which is the focus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about which is the focus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about which is the focus of this
+section on iron homeostasis is iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on iron homeostasis is iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on iron homeostasis is iron
+sulfur okay and so iron sulfur for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur okay and so iron sulfur for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur okay and so iron sulfur for
+decades was thought to be oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades was thought to be oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades was thought to be oxidation
+reduction electron transfer which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction electron transfer which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction electron transfer which we
+talked about but we now know again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but we now know again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but we now know again to
+these radicals and proteins there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radicals and proteins there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radicals and proteins there are
+just basically hundreds of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically hundreds of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically hundreds of complex
+radical reactions that we just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical reactions that we just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical reactions that we just be
+scratching the surface and learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching the surface and learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching the surface and learning so
+this is also there again I graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also there again I graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also there again I graded
+greater than a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a hundred thousand
+reactions and these reactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and these reactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and these reactions are
+chemically interesting so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically interesting so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically interesting so from a
+chemical point of view the frontier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical point of view the frontier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical point of view the frontier in
+my opinion is not in the organic side at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion is not in the organic side at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion is not in the organic side at
+all it's in the metal side how I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's in the metal side how I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's in the metal side how I think
+we don't have that much in you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that much in you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that much in you know we
+have a little bit of intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of intuition about
+what happens but what we're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but what we're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but what we're seeing is
+things that we don't we didn't expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't we didn't expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't we didn't expect to
+happen at all we're seeing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at all we're seeing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at all we're seeing it in
+proteins and then few people are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and then few people are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and then few people are trying
+to figure out what's happening whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's happening whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's happening whether
+they can make the same things happen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the same things happen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make the same things happen a
+solution and take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and take it
+advantage of all of this ok so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of all of this ok so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of all of this ok so we have a
+diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of
+metallo co-factors what about ligands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallo co-factors what about ligands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallo co-factors what about ligands
+okay so I'm not gonna mean almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not gonna mean almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not gonna mean almost
+anything can be a ligand so it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be a ligand so it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be a ligand so it can be a
+protein or it can be a small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or it can be a small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or it can be a small molecule
+metabolite so you could have proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite so you could have proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite so you could have proteins
+what are the ligands you might think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the ligands you might think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the ligands you might think it
+would you would find on iron tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would find on iron tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would find on iron tell me
+what the amino give me the one letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the amino give me the one letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the amino give me the one letter
+codes d e okay give me a D give me an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes d e okay give me a D give me an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes d e okay give me a D give me an e
+what else okay what else come on let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else okay what else come on let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else okay what else come on let's
+go H okay they don't have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go H okay they don't have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go H okay they don't have to be in
+alphabetical order okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order okay
+C okay try one more you'll see it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay try one more you'll see it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay try one more you'll see it in a
+minute water yeah water is one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute water yeah water is one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute water yeah water is one of them
+okay I'm not gonna write down water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not gonna write down water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not gonna write down water
+that's not amino acids all but tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not amino acids all but tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not amino acids all but tyrosine
+so what's amazing now is we even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's amazing now is we even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's amazing now is we even see
+things like arginine okay that is a pKa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like arginine okay that is a pKa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like arginine okay that is a pKa
+of you know between 10 and 11 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know between 10 and 11 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know between 10 and 11 and the
+Drennen lab has found several proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennen lab has found several proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drennen lab has found several proteins
+where arginine appears to be and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where arginine appears to be and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where arginine appears to be and other
+people who wear arginine appears to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wear arginine appears to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wear arginine appears to be a
+ligand so we have a diversity of ligands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand so we have a diversity of ligands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand so we have a diversity of ligands
+from the amino acid side chains if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid side chains if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid side chains if you
+look at metabolites we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at metabolites we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at metabolites we've already talked
+about citrate to isocitrate yeah citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citrate to isocitrate yeah citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citrate to isocitrate yeah citrate
+is in the TCA cycle alpha ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the TCA cycle alpha ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the TCA cycle alpha ketoglutarate
+that's also in the TCA cycle these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in the TCA cycle these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in the TCA cycle these guys
+this is I'm not going to draw this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm not going to draw this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm not going to draw this but
+these are major players that mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major players that mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major players that mediate
+chemistry on our independent system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry on our independent system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry on our independent system so
+we have a diversity of these things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a diversity of these things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a diversity of these things what
+about this the geometry of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the geometry of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the geometry of all of these
+things the geometry can be octahedral it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the geometry can be octahedral it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the geometry can be octahedral it
+can be tetrahedral it could be trigonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tetrahedral it could be trigonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tetrahedral it could be trigonal
+bi-pyramidal etc almost anything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-pyramidal etc almost anything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-pyramidal etc almost anything you can
+imagine you can find it Nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can find it Nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you can find it Nature has
+figured out how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to use this
+and Nature has figured out in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nature has figured out in that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nature has figured out in that paper
+by e leu where I told you they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e leu where I told you they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e leu where I told you they were they
+were changing the redox potential over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were changing the redox potential over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were changing the redox potential over
+two volts one of the things they invoked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two volts one of the things they invoked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two volts one of the things they invoked
+was figuring out how to strain the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was figuring out how to strain the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was figuring out how to strain the metal
+to enhance the ability to reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the ability to reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the ability to reduce it to
+change his conformation which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change his conformation which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change his conformation which might be
+more favorable okay so you're you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favorable okay so you're you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favorable okay so you're you have
+just really a huge number of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really a huge number of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really a huge number of things that
+you can deal with and these mom in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with and these mom in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with and these mom in these
+metals that I think allow the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that I think allow the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that I think allow the huge
+diversity of reactions that we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of reactions that we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of reactions that we're still
+unraveling actually okay so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling actually okay so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unraveling actually okay so the other
+thing about iron okay is that what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about iron okay is that what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about iron okay is that what are
+the oxidation states of iron okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation states of iron okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation states of iron okay so we
+have the redox states what number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the redox states what number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the redox states what number on
+line okay so we've just been going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so we've just been going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so we've just been going over
+it over again these are the two common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over again these are the two common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over again these are the two common
+States iron to iron 3 and in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States iron to iron 3 and in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States iron to iron 3 and in the last
+lecture we talked about other oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we talked about other oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we talked about other oxidation
+states and it turns out if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it turns out if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and it turns out if you look at
+the chemistry of what's going on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of what's going on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of what's going on and you
+want to hydroxylate an activated carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hydroxylate an activated carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hydroxylate an activated carbon
+hydrogen bond you frequently see iron 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond you frequently see iron 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond you frequently see iron 4
+okay and usually iron 4 is not sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and usually iron 4 is not sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and usually iron 4 is not sitting
+around in the test tube okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the test tube okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the test tube okay it's
+activated so it wants to get reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated so it wants to get reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated so it wants to get reduced
+okay and that's what make allows it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what make allows it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what make allows it to
+be able to do the chemistry so unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do the chemistry so unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do the chemistry so unlike
+these guys these are the workhorses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys these are the workhorses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys these are the workhorses you
+see over and over again that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over and over again that's what
+we're going to see in iron homeostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in iron homeostasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in iron homeostasis
+in general but one also sees iron 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but one also sees iron 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but one also sees iron 1 or
+iron 0 and where does one see iron 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 and where does one see iron 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 and where does one see iron 1 or
+iron 0 again remember those ligands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 again remember those ligands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 again remember those ligands on
+the hydrogenise I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogenise I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogenise I showed you
+iron iron hydrogenases is what I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron iron hydrogenases is what I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron iron hydrogenases is what I showed
+you there's an iron nickel hydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's an iron nickel hydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's an iron nickel hydrogenase
+is an iron only hydrogenase people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an iron only hydrogenase people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an iron only hydrogenase people are
+really interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in this
+the energy problem hydrogenases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problem hydrogenases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy problem hydrogenases are
+really really fast and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fast and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fast and what kind of
+ligands remember we discussed this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands remember we discussed this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands remember we discussed this they
+have and the ligands are gonna control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the ligands are gonna control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the ligands are gonna control
+the chemistry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry right
+what kind of ligands do you see you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of ligands do you see you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of ligands do you see you saw
+a CO and cyanide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CO and cyanide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CO and cyanide
+okay so that has very different property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that has very different property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that has very different property
+laws very different properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws very different properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws very different properties of the
+metals in terms of the spin States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in terms of the spin States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in terms of the spin States
+you'll see that allows different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that allows different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that allows different
+chemistry to happen so let's just recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to happen so let's just recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to happen so let's just recall
+we have Co and cyanide ligands so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Co and cyanide ligands so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Co and cyanide ligands so again
+this is not the norm but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the norm but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the norm but there are many
+systems where these have now been formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where these have now been formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where these have now been formed
+and in unusual and unusual bacteria we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in unusual and unusual bacteria we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in unusual and unusual bacteria we
+don't see these ligands at least I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see these ligands at least I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see these ligands at least I don't
+think in any eukaryotic systems okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in any eukaryotic systems okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in any eukaryotic systems okay so
+the other thing about that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about that you need to
+think about with metals if you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about with metals if you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about with metals if you get into
+it and start thinking about it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and start thinking about it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and start thinking about it this is
+key to really how do you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to really how do you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to really how do you know you have
+an iron 4 how do you know you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron 4 how do you know you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron 4 how do you know you have an
+iron 0 how do you study whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 how do you study whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 0 how do you study whether it's
+iron to iron 3 and that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to iron 3 and that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron to iron 3 and that's different
+dependent on the spins States because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the spins States because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the spins States because
+you have D electrons associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have D electrons associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have D electrons associated with
+both the iron 2 state in the iron 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the iron 2 state in the iron 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the iron 2 state in the iron 3
+state so if you go back into freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if you go back into freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if you go back into freshman
+chemistry or if you've had 503 you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or if you've had 503 you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or if you've had 503 you need
+to think about the spin States and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the spin States and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the spin States and what
+we have is high spin and we have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is high spin and we have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is high spin and we have low
+spin States and this is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin States and this is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin States and this is dependent on the
+ligands so if who's gonna be a plugin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands so if who's gonna be a plugin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands so if who's gonna be a plugin
+dependent and if you look at if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and if you look at if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and if you look at if you look
+at iron - you have six electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at iron - you have six electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at iron - you have six electrons in the
+D orbitals if you look at iron three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals if you look at iron three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals if you look at iron three you
+have five electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five electrons
+and so if you look at the d-orbitals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the d-orbitals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the d-orbitals in
+an octahedral field depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octahedral field depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octahedral field depending on the
+ligands the energetics of the d-orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands the energetics of the d-orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands the energetics of the d-orbitals
+are quite distinct again i'm not we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite distinct again i'm not we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite distinct again i'm not we're
+not talking about this we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about this we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about this we're not going
+to talk about this in any detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but
+what you can do then is if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do then is if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do then is if you want to
+put in five depending on what the split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in five depending on what the split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in five depending on what the split
+the energy differences are they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy differences are they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy differences are they might be
+all unpaired or they could be paired so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all unpaired or they could be paired so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all unpaired or they could be paired so
+this unpaired is high spin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unpaired is high spin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unpaired is high spin and the
+paired is low spin do you think they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired is low spin do you think they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired is low spin do you think they had
+different spectroscopically the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopically the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectroscopically the answer
+is yes and we have lots of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes and we have lots of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes and we have lots of physical
+biochemical tools that allow us to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical tools that allow us to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical tools that allow us to look
+at the differences between all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the differences between all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the differences between all of these
+things and so this is again an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so this is again an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so this is again an active
+area of research ok so the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research ok so the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research ok so the last thing I
+want to talk about in terms of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about in terms of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about in terms of iron
+properties are going to be key for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are going to be key for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are going to be key for us
+thinking about module 7 so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about module 7 so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about module 7 so there are two
+kinds of iron properties that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of iron properties that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of iron properties that you will
+be introduced to this semester ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be introduced to this semester ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be introduced to this semester ok so
+we're looking at now the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now the chemical
+diversity okay and so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity okay and so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity okay and so one of the things
+is that remember when we were at a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that remember when we were at a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that remember when we were at a more
+anaerobic world we could use iron 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaerobic world we could use iron 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaerobic world we could use iron 2
+because we didn't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have to worry about
+any redox chemistry now in humans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any redox chemistry now in humans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any redox chemistry now in humans were
+in an aerobic world and we're faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an aerobic world and we're faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an aerobic world and we're faced with
+this issue of reduced metals and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of reduced metals and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of reduced metals and oxygen
+so what you're gonna see is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're gonna see is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're gonna see is in the
+presence of oxygen and we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of oxygen and we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of oxygen and we're gonna go
+into this in some detail in module 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in some detail in module 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in some detail in module 7
+we're not gonna spend a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna spend a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna spend a lot of time on
+it but you'll learn a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you'll learn a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you'll learn a little bit about
+what we call reactive oxygen species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call reactive oxygen species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call reactive oxygen species
+this can form in the presence of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can form in the presence of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can form in the presence of oxygen
+you can form iron 3 and you can form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can form iron 3 and you can form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can form iron 3 and you can form a
+molecule that looks like that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that looks like that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that looks like that that's
+superoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and many people call this reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people call this reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people call this reactive
+oxygen species it depends on whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species it depends on whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species it depends on whether it
+depends on its environment whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on its environment whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on its environment whether the
+reactive so again from a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so again from a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so again from a chemical
+perspective I think thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think thinking about
+what's possible is really the key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible is really the key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible is really the key and
+the kinetics and what's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics and what's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics and what's around
+okay the concentrations the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the concentrations the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the concentrations the kinetics
+what's around that's what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around that's what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around that's what's missing
+has been missing in the reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been missing in the reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been missing in the reactive oxygen
+field and for example and protons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and for example and protons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and for example and protons in the
+presence of protons we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of protons we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of protons we'll talk about
+this in detail not even I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail not even I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail not even I'm not
+balancing the equations we can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the equations we can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the equations we can form
+another reactive on a thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reactive on a thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reactive on a thing that's
+considered a reactive oxygen species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a reactive oxygen species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a reactive oxygen species
+which is hydrogen peroxide and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hydrogen peroxide and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hydrogen peroxide and I'll show
+you that that really and in one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that really and in one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that really and in one or two
+cases in proteins that can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in proteins that can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in proteins that can be very
+reactive but in most cases it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive but in most cases it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive but in most cases it's not all
+that reactive at all and what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reactive at all and what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reactive at all and what we will
+see is iron two can react with hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is iron two can react with hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is iron two can react with hydrogen
+peroxide again I'm not balancing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide again I'm not balancing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide again I'm not balancing my
+equations we'll come back to this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we'll come back to this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we'll come back to this later
+on but here's where we do form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but here's where we do form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but here's where we do form a
+reactive oxygen species and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species and this is
+hydroxide radical and hydroxide radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide radical and hydroxide radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide radical and hydroxide radical
+will see can react with anything it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see can react with anything it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see can react with anything it hits
+okay so this is really reactive so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really reactive so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is really reactive so all
+I'm pointing out here is you're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pointing out here is you're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pointing out here is you're forming
+species they're all reactive all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species they're all reactive all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species they're all reactive all
+molecules are reactive to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are reactive to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are reactive to a certain
+extent and you need to put yourself into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and you need to put yourself into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and you need to put yourself into
+the contact so this is really a reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact so this is really a reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact so this is really a reactive
+oxygen species and these guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species and these guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species and these guys are the
+focus of module seven will you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of module seven will you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of module seven will you'll be
+introduced into it will be introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into it will be introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into it will be introduced to
+the fact that hydroxyl hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that hydroxyl hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that hydroxyl hydrogen peroxide
+can in some way be used to kill bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in some way be used to kill bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in some way be used to kill bacteria
+we're gonna see how that's done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see how that's done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see how that's done but
+hydrogen peroxide is also not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is also not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is also not now
+thought to be a second messenger in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be a second messenger in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be a second messenger in a
+signaling agent okay so it's again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling agent okay so it's again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling agent okay so it's again it's
+all about homeostasis so when iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about homeostasis so when iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about homeostasis so when iron
+diversity we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity we've talked about
+hydroxylation and the cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation and the cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation and the cholesterol
+biosynthetic pathway we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway we're gonna be
+focused now on this kind of redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused now on this kind of redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused now on this kind of redox
+chemistry and so that's all I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and so that's all I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and so that's all I want to
+tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about
+terms of introduction to iron all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of introduction to iron all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of introduction to iron all the
+properties we talked about wrap exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we talked about wrap exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we talked about wrap exchange
+the exchange reactions etc you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange reactions etc you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange reactions etc you need to
+think about when you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're thinking about
+iron as well okay so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron as well okay so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron as well okay so what I want to do
+now so we go going away from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we go going away from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we go going away from sort of
+these general ideas about how iron works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these general ideas about how iron works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these general ideas about how iron works
+and we want to go into an overview in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to go into an overview in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to go into an overview in
+humans and the first thing in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and the first thing in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and the first thing in and in
+many of these cases the pictures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these cases the pictures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these cases the pictures are
+really complicated so I urge you to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated so I urge you to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated so I urge you to pull
+out your PowerPoint slides and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your PowerPoint slides and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your PowerPoint slides and look at
+them and then just annotate them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then just annotate them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then just annotate them a
+little more because I mean otherwise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more because I mean otherwise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more because I mean otherwise I
+won't get through there else on my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get through there else on my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get through there else on my time
+drawing the same pictures on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the same pictures on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the same pictures on the board
+okay so one of the things we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things we care about
+in this section is iron distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section is iron distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section is iron distribution we
+cared about about with cholesterol as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about about with cholesterol as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about about with cholesterol as
+well okay so this was taken out of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so this was taken out of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so this was taken out of some
+textbook and I assume it's correct I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and I assume it's correct I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and I assume it's correct I
+don't really know that much about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know that much about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know that much about an
+iron distribution in humans but they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron distribution in humans but they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron distribution in humans but they say
+the average adult has 3 or 4 grams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average adult has 3 or 4 grams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average adult has 3 or 4 grams of
+iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron
+okay so iron you know I I sympathize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so iron you know I I sympathize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so iron you know I I sympathize
+with you guys for not being able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys for not being able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys for not being able to read
+my writing when I write something now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my writing when I write something now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my writing when I write something now
+half the time I can't read it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time I can't read it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time I can't read it either
+so when I was young my writing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was young my writing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was young my writing was
+beautiful and my board work is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and my board work is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and my board work is beautiful
+and it's gone because you don't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gone because you don't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gone because you don't we don't
+write that much anymore okay so anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that much anymore okay so anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that much anymore okay so anyhow
+iron distribution we have three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron distribution we have three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron distribution we have three to four
+grams and we'll see that in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and we'll see that in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and we'll see that in contrast
+with cholesterol where we take a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cholesterol where we take a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cholesterol where we take a lot in
+from the diet and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet and then we have to
+regulate everything the biosynthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate everything the biosynthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate everything the biosynthesis of
+this the uptake of all of this we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the uptake of all of this we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the uptake of all of this we don't
+take that much in from the diet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that much in from the diet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that much in from the diet and
+almost nothing goes out of us so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing goes out of us so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing goes out of us so it's
+really sort of the iron is recycled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the iron is recycled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the iron is recycled in
+general so this is really different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is really different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is really different from
+what we saw with cholesterol and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw with cholesterol and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw with cholesterol and from
+this one book the numbers are all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one book the numbers are all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one book the numbers are all sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+about the same so I think they're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same so I think they're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same so I think they're okay
+where would you expect to see the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would you expect to see the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would you expect to see the most
+iron hemoglobin yeah and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron hemoglobin yeah and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron hemoglobin yeah and that's exactly
+what we're over but so hemoglobin 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're over but so hemoglobin 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're over but so hemoglobin 2.6
+grams okay where else would you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams okay where else would you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams okay where else would you expect
+to see iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see iron
+how about myoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about myoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about myoglobin
+okay myoglobin takes the oxygen from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay myoglobin takes the oxygen from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay myoglobin takes the oxygen from the
+hemoglobin and delivers it to the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin and delivers it to the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin and delivers it to the tissue
+remember we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked a little bit about
+metal storage okay so these are metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal storage okay so these are metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal storage okay so these are metal
+storage proteins there's a gram there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage proteins there's a gram there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage proteins there's a gram there
+that's going to be found in the liver it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be found in the liver it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be found in the liver it
+turns out that only 4% of the iron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that only 4% of the iron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that only 4% of the iron is
+found in proteins that catalyze these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in proteins that catalyze these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in proteins that catalyze these
+many reactions okay so next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reactions okay so next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reactions okay so next time we'll
+come back we'll have a big overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we'll have a big overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we'll have a big overview of
+iron in humans and we will also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron in humans and we will also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron in humans and we will also talk
+about regulation at the translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation at the translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation at the translational
+level okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wQvjFfMvXrk.txt b/wQvjFfMvXrk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a762f56458baeda4f91cf3c4e092f0201b71b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wQvjFfMvXrk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll solve our linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll solve our linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll solve our linear
+optimization problem in the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem in the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem in the software
+LibreOffice LibreOffice is similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice LibreOffice is similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice LibreOffice is similar to
+Microsoft Excel but it's an open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Excel but it's an open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Excel but it's an open source
+software and is available for free on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and is available for free on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and is available for free on
+the internet another option we could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet another option we could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet another option we could use
+is OpenOffice you're welcome to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is OpenOffice you're welcome to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is OpenOffice you're welcome to use
+Excel OpenOffice or LibreOffice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel OpenOffice or LibreOffice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel OpenOffice or LibreOffice in this
+course and whenever we mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and whenever we mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and whenever we mention
+LibreOffice keep in mind that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice keep in mind that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice keep in mind that you could
+be using one of the other software's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using one of the other software's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using one of the other software's
+instead for more information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead for more information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead for more information about the
+options see the download instructions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options see the download instructions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options see the download instructions on
+EDX you should have already downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDX you should have already downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EDX you should have already downloaded
+and installed LibreOffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and installed LibreOffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and installed LibreOffice
+follow the instructions on etx before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the instructions on etx before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the instructions on etx before
+continuing with this video go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with this video go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with this video go ahead and
+open the file week 9 airline RM dot ODS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the file week 9 airline RM dot ODS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the file week 9 airline RM dot ODS
+i've already set up the data for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already set up the data for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already set up the data for our
+problem and places for us to build our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and places for us to build our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and places for us to build our
+decisions our objective and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions our objective and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions our objective and our
+constraints the decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the decisions are
+highlighted in yellow these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow these are the
+number of regular seats to sell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of regular seats to sell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of regular seats to sell and the
+number of discount seats to sell we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of discount seats to sell we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of discount seats to sell we'll
+just leave these cells blank for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave these cells blank for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave these cells blank for now
+since the solver will be finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the solver will be finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the solver will be finding the
+optimal values our objective which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal values our objective which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal values our objective which we
+saw in the previous video is to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous video is to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous video is to maximize
+total revenue let's go ahead and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total revenue let's go ahead and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total revenue let's go ahead and build
+the objective in this blue cell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective in this blue cell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective in this blue cell it
+should equal the price of regular seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should equal the price of regular seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should equal the price of regular seats
+times the number of regular seats we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of regular seats we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of regular seats we
+sell plus the price of discount seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell plus the price of discount seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell plus the price of discount seats
+times the number of discount seats we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of discount seats we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of discount seats we
+sell go ahead and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell go ahead and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell go ahead and hit enter
+you should see zero in this cell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see zero in this cell that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see zero in this cell that's
+because right now we're not selling any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we're not selling any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we're not selling any
+seats our decision cells are blank this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats our decision cells are blank this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats our decision cells are blank this
+could be a little tedious if we had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little tedious if we had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little tedious if we had more
+than two decisions to make it easier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two decisions to make it easier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two decisions to make it easier we
+can use a nice function called some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a nice function called some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a nice function called some
+product to build our objective so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to build our objective so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to build our objective so go
+ahead and clear the objective now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and clear the objective now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and clear the objective now in the
+objective cell let's type equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective cell let's type equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective cell let's type equals and
+then some product and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some product and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some product and then in
+parentheses select the two prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses select the two prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses select the two prices
+type a semicolon and then select the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type a semicolon and then select the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type a semicolon and then select the two
+seats this will multiply the first price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats this will multiply the first price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats this will multiply the first price
+times the first decision variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first decision variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first decision variable and
+the second price times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second price times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second price times the second
+decision variable and add them up close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable and add them up close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable and add them up close
+the parentheses and hit enter note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses and hit enter note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses and hit enter note that
+if you're using Excel you should use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using Excel you should use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using Excel you should use a
+comma instead of a semicolon we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma instead of a semicolon we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma instead of a semicolon we should
+again see zero in our objective this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see zero in our objective this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see zero in our objective this is
+going to have the exact same value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the exact same value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the exact same value it
+did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+now let's construct our constraints the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's construct our constraints the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's construct our constraints the
+first constraint is the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first constraint is the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first constraint is the capacity
+constraint the green table here allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the green table here allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the green table here allows
+us to easily write out our constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to easily write out our constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to easily write out our constraints
+in terms of what's on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what's on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what's on the left hand side
+LHS what the sign is like equals less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LHS what the sign is like equals less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LHS what the sign is like equals less
+than or equals or greater than or equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equals or greater than or equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equals or greater than or equals
+and what's on the right hand side or RHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's on the right hand side or RHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's on the right hand side or RHS
+of the constraint so for the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraint so for the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraint so for the capacity
+constraint the left hand side is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the left hand side is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the left hand side is equal
+to the number of regular seats plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of regular seats plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of regular seats plus the
+number of discount seats the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of discount seats the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of discount seats the sign is
+less than or equals and the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equals and the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equals and the right hand
+side is a hundred and sixty-six the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a hundred and sixty-six the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a hundred and sixty-six the
+capacity of our aircraft the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of our aircraft the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of our aircraft the regular
+demand constraint should be the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand constraint should be the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand constraint should be the regular
+number of seats which should be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of seats which should be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of seats which should be less
+than or equal to the regular demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the regular demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the regular demand
+which equals 100 the discount demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 100 the discount demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 100 the discount demand
+should be the number of discount seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the number of discount seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the number of discount seats
+which should be less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be less than or equal to
+the demand which is equal to 150 note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand which is equal to 150 note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand which is equal to 150 note
+here that whenever I pick the seats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that whenever I pick the seats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that whenever I pick the seats or
+the demand I pick those cells up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand I pick those cells up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand I pick those cells up on the
+top that's because if we want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's because if we want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's because if we want to change
+our demand we could easily change it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our demand we could easily change it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our demand we could easily change it up
+at the top and all of our constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and all of our constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and all of our constraints
+will change too now let's add in our non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change too now let's add in our non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change too now let's add in our non
+negativity constraints so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity constraints so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity constraints so the number of
+regular seats should be greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular seats should be greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular seats should be greater than or
+equal to zero and the number of discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and the number of discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and the number of discount
+seats should be greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats should be greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats should be greater than or equal to
+zero now we're ready to solve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now we're ready to solve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now we're ready to solve our
+problem to do this we just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to do this we just go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to do this we just go to the
+Tools menu in libreoffice and select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tools menu in libreoffice and select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tools menu in libreoffice and select
+solver now we need to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver now we need to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver now we need to fill in the
+about our problem the target cell should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our problem the target cell should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our problem the target cell should
+be the objective so with the blinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the objective so with the blinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the objective so with the blinking
+cursor in the target cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in the target cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in the target cell
+select the objective cell we should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the objective cell we should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the objective cell we should also
+be selecting maximum since we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selecting maximum since we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selecting maximum since we're trying
+to maximize the total revenue the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the total revenue the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the total revenue the area
+called by changing cells should be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by changing cells should be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by changing cells should be our
+decision variables so go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables so go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables so go ahead and
+select that blank area and select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select that blank area and select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select that blank area and select the
+decision variables the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables the limiting
+conditions are our constraints the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are our constraints the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are our constraints the cell
+reference should be the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference should be the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference should be the left hand side
+of the constraint the operator is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraint the operator is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraint the operator is the
+sign and the value is the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the value is the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the value is the right hand
+side for constraints with the same sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for constraints with the same sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side for constraints with the same sign
+if they're in a row we could select them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're in a row we could select them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're in a row we could select them
+at once to be more efficient so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once to be more efficient so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once to be more efficient so first
+let's select the first three less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's select the first three less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's select the first three less than
+or equal to constraints we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to constraints we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to constraints we want to make
+sure the operator is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the operator is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the operator is less than or equal
+to the integer and binary options you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integer and binary options you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integer and binary options you
+see here we'll explain next week and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we'll explain next week and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we'll explain next week and the
+value should be the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value should be the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value should be the right hand side of
+these constraints then we need to add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints then we need to add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints then we need to add in
+the greater than or equal to constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater than or equal to constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater than or equal to constraints
+so select the two left hand sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so select the two left hand sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so select the two left hand sides the
+operator should be greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator should be greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator should be greater than or equal
+to and the value should be the two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the value should be the two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the value should be the two right
+hand sides the last thing we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sides the last thing we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sides the last thing we want to do
+is in options make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in options make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in options make sure that the
+libreoffice linear solver is selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libreoffice linear solver is selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libreoffice linear solver is selected
+click OK and then hit solve the solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click OK and then hit solve the solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click OK and then hit solve the solving
+result should say solving successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result should say solving successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result should say solving successfully
+finished results 77489
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the total revenue we get go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total revenue we get go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total revenue we get go ahead and
+click keep result and now back in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click keep result and now back in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click keep result and now back in our
+spreadsheet we can see that our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet we can see that our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet we can see that our solution
+is to sell 100 regular seats and 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sell 100 regular seats and 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sell 100 regular seats and 66
+discount seats you may be thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount seats you may be thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount seats you may be thinking that
+you could have done this without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have done this without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have done this without the
+solver but when the problems become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver but when the problems become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver but when the problems become more
+complicated it's very difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's very difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's very difficult and
+often impossible to solve them by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often impossible to solve them by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often impossible to solve them by hand
+we'll make our problem more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make our problem more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make our problem more complicated
+later in the lecture and solve it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture and solve it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture and solve it in
+LibreOffice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xJz3NZap1lw.txt b/xJz3NZap1lw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..296ba0048cade023ea123a3b25f3ac425086f6ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xJz3NZap1lw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today
+we're going to take a look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at some
+forest oscillators and the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest oscillators and the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest oscillators and the exponential
+response formula. And the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response formula. And the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response formula. And the problem we're
+going to take a look at is first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a look at is first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a look at is first for
+part one to consider the equation x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one to consider the equation x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one to consider the equation x dot
+dot plus 8x equals and then a forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus 8x equals and then a forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus 8x equals and then a forcing
+term on the right hand side cosine omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side cosine omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side cosine omega
+t. And we're going to consider the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And we're going to consider the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And we're going to consider the case
+when omega^ 2 is not equal to 8. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when omega^ 2 is not equal to 8. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when omega^ 2 is not equal to 8. So uh
+in term in the language of resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term in the language of resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term in the language of resonance
+we're not on resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on resonance
+and we're also asked why is this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also asked why is this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also asked why is this called
+an undamped force oscillator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undamped force oscillator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undamped force oscillator and then
+for part two uh to use the erf to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part two uh to use the erf to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part two uh to use the erf to solve
+the differential equation x dot dot + 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation x dot dot + 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation x dot dot + 2x
+dot + 4x= cosine 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 4x= cosine 3t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 4x= cosine 3t
+and then what is the natural angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what is the natural angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what is the natural angular
+frequency of this differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this differential equation.
+So, I'll let you uh take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll let you uh take a look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll let you uh take a look at these
+problems and try them out for yourself,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and try them out for yourself,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and try them out for yourself,
+and I'll be back in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back.
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're asked to find the general
+solution to the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation
+x dot dot + 8x dot sorry, plus 8x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot dot + 8x dot sorry, plus 8x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot dot + 8x dot sorry, plus 8x
+equals cossine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And notice how this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice how this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice how this is a differential
+equation with constant coefficients, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with constant coefficients, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with constant coefficients, but
+it's being forced by a periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being forced by a periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being forced by a periodic function
+on the right hand side. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side. So the first
+thing to do is to write down the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to write down the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to write down the the
+homogeneous uh solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the homogeneous solution which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the homogeneous solution which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the homogeneous solution which I'll
+denote with a subscript h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solves the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the differential equation
+with the right hand side of zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right hand side of zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right hand side of zero.
+This gives us a characteristic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives us a characteristic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives us a characteristic uh
+polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial
+of s^2 + 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s^2 + 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s^2 + 8
+= z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= z
+which then gives us roots of plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives us roots of plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives us roots of plus or
+minus<unk> 8 i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the homogeneous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is some constant C1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some constant C1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some constant C1.
+And when we have imaginary purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we have imaginary purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we have imaginary purely
+imaginary roots, we have cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary roots, we have cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary roots, we have cosine
+of the imaginary term time t plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imaginary term time t plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imaginary term time t plus some
+constant c2 * s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c2 * s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c2 * s
+of the imaginary term in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imaginary term in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imaginary term in this case is
+roo<unk> 8 t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the general or sorry the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the general or sorry the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the general or sorry the homogeneous
+solution always contains two constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution always contains two constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution always contains two constants
+and it solves the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it solves the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it solves the differential equation
+with a zero right hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero right hand side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero right hand side.
+The general solution however is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The general solution however is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The general solution however is the
+homogeneous solution plus one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution plus one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution plus one particular
+solution that solves the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that solves the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that solves the differential
+equation x dot dot + 8x= cosine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x dot dot + 8x= cosine omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x dot dot + 8x= cosine omega t.
+So we just need to find one solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just need to find one solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just need to find one solution to
+this differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation.
+And in this case, I'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, I'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, I'll use the
+exponential response formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula.
+But first note that when we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first note that when we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first note that when we use the
+exponential response formula, we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula, we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential response formula, we need a
+forcing to be of the form e to the s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing to be of the form e to the s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing to be of the form e to the s t
+on the right hand side. And cosine omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side. And cosine omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side. And cosine omega
+t is not in that form. However, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is not in that form. However, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is not in that form. However, what we
+can do is there's a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to complexify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complexify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complexify
+the right hand side. So we note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side. So we note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side. So we note that
+cosine omega t is actually the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t is actually the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t is actually the real part
+of i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is
+if we have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a solution
+a complex solution zed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex solution zed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex solution zed
+which solves z dot dot + 8 zed equals e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solves z dot dot + 8 zed equals e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solves z dot dot + 8 zed equals e
+to the i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then we can take x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can take x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can take x
+equals the real part of zed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the differential equation x dot dot + 8x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation x dot dot + 8x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equation x dot dot + 8x
+equals the real part of the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the real part of the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the real part of the right hand
+side cosine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now we're in business because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're in business because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're in business because this
+equation has the form uh where we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has the form uh where we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has the form uh where we we can
+use the exponential response formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the exponential response formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the exponential response formula.
+So solving this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So solving this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So solving this differential equation
+for zed, we have a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed, we have a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed, we have a particular solution
+for zed is going to be e to the i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed is going to be e to the i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed is going to be e to the i omega
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+the characteristic polomial evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic polomial evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic polomial evaluated at
+the exponential. So in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential. So in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential. So in this case the
+exponential is I omega. So we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is I omega. So we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is I omega. So we must
+evaluate the polomial at i omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the polomial at i omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the polomial at i omega.
+And this is the solution provided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the solution provided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the solution provided that
+the polomial evaluated at i omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polomial evaluated at i omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polomial evaluated at i omega
+doesn't vanish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vanish.
+And in our case the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in our case the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in our case the characteristic
+polomial p of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we worked out already to be s^2 + 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked out already to be s^2 + 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked out already to be s^2 + 8.
+So this gives us a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gives us a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gives us a particular solution
+for zed which is 1 / i omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed which is 1 / i omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zed which is 1 / i omega squared
++ 8 on the denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 on the denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 8 on the denominator.
+We have e to the i omega on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have e to the i omega on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have e to the i omega on the
+numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course one over uh i omega^ 2 + 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course one over uh i omega^ 2 + 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course one over uh i omega^ 2 + 8
+becomes 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 1 over
+8 - omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know we don't have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we don't have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we don't have a problem
+because omega we were told in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because omega we were told in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because omega we were told in the
+problem is not equal to equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not equal to equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not equal to equal to
+the<unk> of 8. So in this case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the<unk> of 8. So in this case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the<unk> of 8. So in this case we know
+that the denominator is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the denominator is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the denominator is not going to
+vanish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish.
+Okay. And now what we need to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now what we need to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now what we need to do is just
+take x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x
+for the particular solution to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular solution to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular solution to be the
+real part of zed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+the real part I'll write it out 8 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part I'll write it out 8 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part I'll write it out 8 -
+omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2
+cossine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+plus i sin omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which gives us 1 8us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us 1 8us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us 1 8us
+omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2
+cosine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the total solution, the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the total solution, the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the total solution, the general
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+is going to be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sum of the
+homogeneous solution plus the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution plus the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution plus the particular
+solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution.
+And in our case, that's going to be C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in our case, that's going to be C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in our case, that's going to be C1
+cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t
+plus c2 sin omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
++ 1 8 - omega^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine omega t. Sorry, these should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. Sorry, these should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. Sorry, these should be
+roots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the homogeneous part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the general solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the general solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the general solution.
+So we were asked also why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were asked also why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were asked also why is this
+sometimes called an undamped forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called an undamped forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called an undamped forced
+oscillator? Well, it's undamped because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator? Well, it's undamped because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator? Well, it's undamped because
+in the differential equation there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differential equation there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the differential equation there was
+no damping term. there was no term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no damping term. there was no term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no damping term. there was no term
+proportional to x dot. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to x dot. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to x dot. And then
+secondly, it's forced because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly, it's forced because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly, it's forced because we have a
+forcing on the right hand side. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing on the right hand side. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing on the right hand side. We have
+an input function f which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input function f which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input function f which in this case
+is cosine omega t which doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine omega t which doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine omega t which doesn't depend
+on x and that forces the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x and that forces the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x and that forces the differential
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+Also note that the forcing term gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also note that the forcing term gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also note that the forcing term gives
+rise to part of the solution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to part of the solution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to part of the solution which is
+directly proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to uh the forcing. In fact, it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the forcing. In fact, it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the forcing. In fact, it has the
+same frequency but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but a different
+amplitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude.
+Okay, so this concludes part A. Now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this concludes part A. Now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this concludes part A. Now for
+part B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're asked uh to use the ERF to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked uh to use the ERF to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked uh to use the ERF to solve
+the differential equation x dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 2x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2x dot
++ 4x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals cosine 3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And again we can use the same trick. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again we can use the same trick. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again we can use the same trick. The
+right hand side isn't of the form e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side isn't of the form e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side isn't of the form e to
+the i t or sorry e to the i3t. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i t or sorry e to the i3t. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i t or sorry e to the i3t. But what
+we can do is we can write cosine 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the real part of e to the i3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then solve the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then solve the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then solve the differential equation
+z dot dot + 2 zed dot + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot dot + 2 zed dot + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z dot dot + 2 zed dot + 4
+zed equals e to the i3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zed equals e to the i3t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zed equals e to the i3t.
+And then take uh take x equals the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then take uh take x equals the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then take uh take x equals the real
+part of zed. And in this case, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of zed. And in this case, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of zed. And in this case, we're
+only looking for a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using the ERF. So it's one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the ERF. So it's one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the ERF. So it's one over the
+characteristic polomial evaluated at 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polomial evaluated at 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polomial evaluated at 3 *
+e to i3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to i3t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to i3t.
+And what's the characteristic polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the characteristic polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's the characteristic polomial
+of this differential equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this differential equation?
+Well, P of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, P of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, P of S
+is going to be S^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be S^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be S^2
++ 2 S + 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 S + 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 S + 4.
+Which means that P of 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that P of 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that P of 3 I
+is going to be 3 I^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 3 I^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 3 I^ 2
++ 2 * 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2 * 3 I
++ 4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4,
+which gives us -9 + 4 is -5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us -9 + 4 is -5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us -9 + 4 is -5
++ 6 I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And putting the pieces together, we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And putting the pieces together, we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And putting the pieces together, we end
+up getting that X is equal to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting that X is equal to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting that X is equal to the real
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+of 1 over 5 + 6 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e I 3T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can expand we can expand out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can expand we can expand out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can expand we can expand out the
+numerator using Oilers's formula to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator using Oilers's formula to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator using Oilers's formula to get
+cosine 3T + I sin 3T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T + I sin 3T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T + I sin 3T
+and when the dust settles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the dust settles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the dust settles
+I get 1 over 61. Let me check my notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- 5 cossine 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 cossine 3t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 cossine 3t
++ 6 sin 3t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll let you work out this last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll let you work out this last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll let you work out this last step
+for yourself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself.
+Okay. And then lastly, what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then lastly, what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then lastly, what is the
+natural angular frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural angular frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural angular frequency of the
+differential equation? Well, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation? Well, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation? Well, this is
+just some notation. We sometimes call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some notation. We sometimes call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some notation. We sometimes call
+the natural angular frequency uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural angular frequency uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural angular frequency uh to be
+the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root
+of the term proportional to x. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term proportional to x. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term proportional to x. So in
+this case, the term two here uh comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, the term two here uh comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, the term two here uh comes in
+as a damping term. The natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a damping term. The natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a damping term. The natural frequency
+which is sometimes written as omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes written as omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes written as omega
+squared is always equal to this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is always equal to this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is always equal to this term
+which is four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four.
+So the natural frequency the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural frequency the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the natural frequency the natural
+angular frequency omega kn would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency omega kn would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency omega kn would be
+the<unk> of 4 which would be two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the<unk> of 4 which would be two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the<unk> of 4 which would be two.
+Okay. So I'd just like to quickly recap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd just like to quickly recap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd just like to quickly recap.
+We've taken a look at forced oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've taken a look at forced oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've taken a look at forced oscillators
+and we've computed their solutions using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've computed their solutions using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've computed their solutions using
+the erf. And one common trend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erf. And one common trend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erf. And one common trend uh
+particularly when we have an oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when we have an oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when we have an oscillating
+uh input a forcing term is to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input a forcing term is to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input a forcing term is to first
+change the oscillating term into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the oscillating term into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the oscillating term into a
+complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential
+then compute uh a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute uh a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compute uh a particular solution
+using the erf formula and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the erf formula and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the erf formula and then take the
+real part of the the erf solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the the erf solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the the erf solution to
+recover a real solution to the od that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover a real solution to the od that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover a real solution to the od that
+gives us the particular solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the particular solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the particular solution and
+then in some cases we also have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some cases we also have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some cases we also have to add
+the homogeneous solution to it to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous solution to it to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous solution to it to get
+the full general solution to the OD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full general solution to the OD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full general solution to the OD.
+Okay, so I'd like to conclude here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'd like to conclude here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'd like to conclude here and
+I'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xPEqTH-c9Cc.txt b/xPEqTH-c9Cc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..804808e538abc1bf734e57d75e037086514ba420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xPEqTH-c9Cc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to talk about meteorology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about meteorology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about meteorology
+so you know as pilots we're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know as pilots we're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know as pilots we're just trying
+to understand the basics and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the basics and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the basics and in terms of
+passing the exam you know you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the exam you know you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the exam you know you don't need
+to be a physicist you just mostly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a physicist you just mostly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a physicist you just mostly are
+trying to learn stuff that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn stuff that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn stuff that will help you
+fly within the VFR weather minimums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly within the VFR weather minimums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly within the VFR weather minimums and
+predict when those minimums aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict when those minimums aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict when those minimums aren't
+likely to be met or when there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be met or when there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be met or when there's going
+to be really serious hazards such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really serious hazards such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really serious hazards such as
+thunderstorms all right this will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms all right this will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms all right this will be on
+the test you have to memorize all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test you have to memorize all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test you have to memorize all of
+this well you kind of do anyway they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you kind of do anyway they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you kind of do anyway they
+want you you will have to learn some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you you will have to learn some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you you will have to learn some of
+the stuff for the exam in reality around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff for the exam in reality around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff for the exam in reality around
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+almost all airspace is at least class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all airspace is at least class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all airspace is at least class
+echo that's controlled airspace it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo that's controlled airspace it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo that's controlled airspace it means
+controllers could give you a clearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers could give you a clearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers could give you a clearance
+to fly on instruments and separate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly on instruments and separate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly on instruments and separate you
+from other aircraft so they want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other aircraft so they want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other aircraft so they want you to
+be well separated from clouds a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well separated from clouds a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well separated from clouds a thousand
+feet above 500 feet underneath 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet above 500 feet underneath 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet above 500 feet underneath 2,000
+horizontally that way if any aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally that way if any aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally that way if any aircraft
+under IFR comes out of the clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under IFR comes out of the clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under IFR comes out of the clouds
+there'll be some time for the two of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some time for the two of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some time for the two of you
+to see and avoid each other you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and avoid each other you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and avoid each other you can see
+the weather minimums are different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather minimums are different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather minimums are different in
+class golf airspace and actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class golf airspace and actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class golf airspace and actually in
+uncontrolled airspace like up in Alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled airspace like up in Alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled airspace like up in Alaska
+if you're flying on instruments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying on instruments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying on instruments you
+don't have a clearance so say well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a clearance so say well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a clearance so say well how
+is that possible you can be instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible you can be instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible you can be instrument
+rated have an instrument capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated have an instrument capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated have an instrument capable
+airplane and fly from airport to airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and fly from airport to airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and fly from airport to airport
+in the clouds but the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds but the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds but the air traffic
+controllers they can't give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers they can't give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers they can't give you a
+clearance and guarantee you separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance and guarantee you separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance and guarantee you separation
+from other aircraft because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other aircraft because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other aircraft because they don't
+have radar they don't even have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have radar they don't even have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have radar they don't even have the
+authority it's not controlled airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority it's not controlled airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority it's not controlled airspace
+I've done some flying up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done some flying up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done some flying up there and
+little airplanes and you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplanes and you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplanes and you have to be very
+patient another interesting thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient another interesting thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient another interesting thing to
+notice about this we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice about this we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice about this we'll talk about it
+more again later is notice how class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more again later is notice how class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more again later is notice how class
+bravo airspace has lower minimums an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace has lower minimums an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace has lower minimums an
+ordinary class echo airspace so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary class echo airspace so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary class echo airspace so we have
+to be a thousand feet from the clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thousand feet from the clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thousand feet from the clouds
+here here we just have to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we just have to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we just have to be clear
+the clouds wide why are there weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds wide why are there weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds wide why are there weather
+why are the minimums reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the minimums reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the minimums reduced
+right around Logan Airport and JFK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around Logan Airport and JFK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around Logan Airport and JFK and
+LAX and they are yeah a great answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAX and they are yeah a great answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAX and they are yeah a great answer so
+her answer is that air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her answer is that air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her answer is that air traffic control
+is in contact with everybody in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contact with everybody in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contact with everybody in cost
+bravo airspace and knows where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace and knows where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravo airspace and knows where they are
+and act in fact they're on clearances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act in fact they're on clearances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act in fact they're on clearances in
+class bravo airspace so they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class bravo airspace so they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class bravo airspace so they're being
+told what to do fly this heading fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what to do fly this heading fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what to do fly this heading fly
+that heading maintain this altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heading maintain this altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heading maintain this altitude
+great answer all right so how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer all right so how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer all right so how do we know
+if the weather minimums are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the weather minimums are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the weather minimums are going to be
+maintained let's talk about weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained let's talk about weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained let's talk about weather
+theory so raise your hand if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so raise your hand if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so raise your hand if you're a
+science major here as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science major here as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science major here as opposed to
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+where are the smart scientists all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the smart scientists all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the smart scientists all right
+Francis so the science approach to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis so the science approach to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis so the science approach to this
+task would be to say you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task would be to say you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task would be to say you know if we
+could just assume that humans are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just assume that humans are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just assume that humans are only
+four inches tall then we could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four inches tall then we could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four inches tall then we could build
+some really great aircraft and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really great aircraft and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really great aircraft and we'll get
+into that in a moment just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that in a moment just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that in a moment just think about
+that if you're a scientist how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're a scientist how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're a scientist how much
+flexibility can you have compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility can you have compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility can you have compared to
+being an engineer all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an engineer all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an engineer all right so let's
+look at the atmosphere that we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the atmosphere that we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the atmosphere that we do have
+mostly the troposphere tops out around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the troposphere tops out around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the troposphere tops out around
+40,000 feet according to this chart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 feet according to this chart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 feet according to this chart and
+that's where most of the vapor water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where most of the vapor water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where most of the vapor water
+vapor is and therefore most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor is and therefore most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor is and therefore most of the
+weather also the higher temperatures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather also the higher temperatures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather also the higher temperatures you
+can see it actually does get warm again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it actually does get warm again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it actually does get warm again
+way up high in the thermosphere this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up high in the thermosphere this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up high in the thermosphere this is
+in kilometers on the left so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kilometers on the left so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kilometers on the left so you can see
+that the part of the earth that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the part of the earth that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the part of the earth that we're
+flying through is really just I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through is really just I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through is really just I don't
+know probably around 20 kilometers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably around 20 kilometers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably around 20 kilometers and
+down I would he let her glass a said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I would he let her glass a said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I would he let her glass a said he
+could go up to 65,000 feet in this f-22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go up to 65,000 feet in this f-22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go up to 65,000 feet in this f-22
+so that's what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what about
+that's a little over 10 miles so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little over 10 miles so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little over 10 miles so I could
+yeah it's about 20 kilometers somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's about 20 kilometers somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's about 20 kilometers somewhere
+in that neighborhood anyway so not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that neighborhood anyway so not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that neighborhood anyway so not too
+many people are going higher than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are going higher than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are going higher than just
+the bottom 0 through 20 on this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom 0 through 20 on this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom 0 through 20 on this chart
+alright who's concerned about global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright who's concerned about global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright who's concerned about global
+inequality raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality raise your hand
+awesome well you'll be pleased to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome well you'll be pleased to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome well you'll be pleased to know
+that so is the FAA and this figure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so is the FAA and this figure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so is the FAA and this figure here
+shows you why it's warmer at the equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you why it's warmer at the equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you why it's warmer at the equator
+and up at the North Pole there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up at the North Pole there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up at the North Pole there's the
+same amount we're missing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount we're missing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount we're missing a little bit
+of tilt here but that's ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tilt here but that's ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tilt here but that's ok
+there's the same amount of incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same amount of incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same amount of incoming
+solar radiation but it gets spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar radiation but it gets spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar radiation but it gets spread out
+over a larger portion of the earth up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a larger portion of the earth up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a larger portion of the earth up
+near the poles all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the poles all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the poles all right so this is
+where guys like Francis have it easy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where guys like Francis have it easy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where guys like Francis have it easy if
+you want to understand something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand something you
+just say well you know I've got an earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well you know I've got an earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well you know I've got an earth
+and it's pretty much the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty much the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty much the same as the
+existing earth it just doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing earth it just doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing earth it just doesn't have any
+water on it and it doesn't rotate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on it and it doesn't rotate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on it and it doesn't rotate and
+it's not tilted with respect to the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tilted with respect to the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not tilted with respect to the Sun
+so now I'll do my analysis and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'll do my analysis and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'll do my analysis and I'll
+publish my paper and I'll get tenure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish my paper and I'll get tenure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish my paper and I'll get tenure and
+your problem is solved so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is solved so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is solved so let's say
+let's see what would happen here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would happen here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would happen here in a
+non-rotating non tilted waterless earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rotating non tilted waterless earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-rotating non tilted waterless earth
+it would get hotter at the equator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get hotter at the equator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get hotter at the equator and
+the air would rise up from the heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air would rise up from the heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air would rise up from the heat so
+we can see that here so we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that here so we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that here so we would have
+low pressure right there at the equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure right there at the equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure right there at the equator
+and then the air would circulate up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the air would circulate up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the air would circulate up and
+we would have high pressure up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have high pressure up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have high pressure up at the
+poles that makes sense to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that makes sense to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that makes sense to everybody
+all right great problem solve it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great problem solve it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great problem solve it can go
+home unfortunately as engineers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home unfortunately as engineers we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home unfortunately as engineers we have
+to deal with the real world a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the real world a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the real world a little bit
+more so if we're spinning around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so if we're spinning around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so if we're spinning around the
+earth we're going to end up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth we're going to end up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth we're going to end up with these
+three cells and in each hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cells and in each hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cells and in each hemisphere
+and in this case you end up still with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you end up still with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you end up still with
+the low pressure at the equator but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pressure at the equator but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pressure at the equator but then
+you get a high pressure with all the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a high pressure with all the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a high pressure with all the air
+sinking down here and you get still low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking down here and you get still low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking down here and you get still low
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+you still get high pressure up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get high pressure up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get high pressure up at the
+poles and low pressure down here see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and low pressure down here see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and low pressure down here see if
+I got that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got that right
+high it should be high it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it should be high it's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it should be high it's high
+pressure 13 degrees north oh yeah hi hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure 13 degrees north oh yeah hi hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure 13 degrees north oh yeah hi hi
+that's good and yes and low and low all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and yes and low and low all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and yes and low and low all
+right we got that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got that right
+it gets more confusing as you see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets more confusing as you see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets more confusing as you see okay
+so the circulation one thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the circulation one thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the circulation one thing that the
+FAA wants you to know is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA wants you to know is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA wants you to know is that it's a
+it's heat exchange that drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heat exchange that drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heat exchange that drives the
+weather so the weather is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so the weather is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so the weather is basically a
+function of the Sun heating up the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the Sun heating up the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the Sun heating up the earth
+and then it's not uniform so the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's not uniform so the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's not uniform so the heat
+gets pushed from one part of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed from one part of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed from one part of the earth
+to another and all this unequal heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and all this unequal heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and all this unequal heating
+is responsible for you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for you know the
+altimeter varying for wind blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter varying for wind blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter varying for wind blowing
+around pretty much every phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around pretty much every phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around pretty much every phenomenon that
+is of interest to pilots is caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of interest to pilots is caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of interest to pilots is caused by
+heat trying to move from the hotter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat trying to move from the hotter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat trying to move from the hotter
+parts of the earth to the colder parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the earth to the colder parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the earth to the colder parts
+of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth
+we'll talk about a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a little bit more about
+these but notice there's parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but notice there's parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but notice there's parts of the
+earth that are windier than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth that are windier than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth that are windier than others
+unfortunately we're in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we're in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we're in one of the
+windier parts okay so you also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windier parts okay so you also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windier parts okay so you also have to
+know as a pilot just what an isobar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a pilot just what an isobar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a pilot just what an isobar is
+that's the line of equal pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line of equal pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line of equal pressure and
+that tells you that gives you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that gives you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that gives you an idea of
+how the wind is going to move we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wind is going to move we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wind is going to move we'll see
+that in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute
+the tighter the isobars the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tighter the isobars the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tighter the isobars the more
+dramatic the pressure change in a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic the pressure change in a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic the pressure change in a region
+and it's the pressure gradient force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the pressure gradient force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the pressure gradient force
+that's causing the wind to flow from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing the wind to flow from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing the wind to flow from the
+high to the low pressure so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to the low pressure so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to the low pressure so you might
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+on this chart for example that wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chart for example that wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chart for example that wind
+wherever you see an L and an H that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you see an L and an H that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you see an L and an H that you
+would just draw a vector of wind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just draw a vector of wind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just draw a vector of wind from
+one place to the other right that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to the other right that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to the other right that kind
+of makes sense however there is Coriolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense however there is Coriolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense however there is Coriolis
+force this is for Francis the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this is for Francis the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this is for Francis the science
+major Francis what course are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+alright so scientists wear lab coats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Coriolis force is a fake news force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coriolis force is a fake news force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coriolis force is a fake news force
+formerly known as fictitious so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as fictitious so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as fictitious so you can
+see they're throwing the ball straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're throwing the ball straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're throwing the ball straight
+but because they're on a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they're on a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because they're on a rotating
+platform it's apparently curving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform it's apparently curving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform it's apparently curving so
+camera is mounted to the ground and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is mounted to the ground and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is mounted to the ground and will
+see the ball going straight they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ball going straight they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the ball going straight they're
+gonna draw you a little dashed line at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw you a little dashed line at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw you a little dashed line at
+one point so you can see the path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point so you can see the path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point so you can see the path is
+actually straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the ball has inertia basically once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ball has inertia basically once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ball has inertia basically once
+it's launched it wants to keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's launched it wants to keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's launched it wants to keep doing
+whatever it was doing and this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was doing and this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was doing and this guy's
+white lab coat colleague just moves away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white lab coat colleague just moves away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white lab coat colleague just moves away
+from where the ball was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right everybody's got that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody's got that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody's got that that's
+Coriolis force for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens when we do this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we do this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we do this on the
+earth so think about it you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth so think about it you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth so think about it you have a
+parcel of air that's moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air that's moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air that's moving with the
+earth at the equator if you displace it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth at the equator if you displace it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth at the equator if you displace it
+up to a higher latitude it still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a higher latitude it still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a higher latitude it still has
+that velocity but now the earth isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity but now the earth isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity but now the earth isn't
+spinning as fast so it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning as fast so it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning as fast so it ends up
+essentially moving a little bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moving a little bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moving a little bit to the
+right that is the fundamental insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is the fundamental insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is the fundamental insight
+just as you saw in that video I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you saw in that video I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you saw in that video I'll have
+to go home and think about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and think about that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home and think about that a little
+bit but basically I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but basically I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but basically I think the most
+effective way to think about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to think about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to think about it it's
+just that the parcel of air that was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the parcel of air that was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the parcel of air that was at
+the equator wants to keep moving as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equator wants to keep moving as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equator wants to keep moving as if
+it were still at the equator but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were still at the equator but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were still at the equator but it's
+not there anymore so it moves relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there anymore so it moves relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there anymore so it moves relative
+to the underlying earth if you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the underlying earth if you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the underlying earth if you combine
+the Coriolis force and the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coriolis force and the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coriolis force and the pressure
+gradient then you get the actual wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then you get the actual wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then you get the actual wind
+direction and the trend has seen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the trend has seen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the trend has seen here
+eventually there's so much Coriolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually there's so much Coriolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually there's so much Coriolis
+force over so much time that the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force over so much time that the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force over so much time that the wind
+actually moves exactly 90 degrees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moves exactly 90 degrees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moves exactly 90 degrees to
+where you think it should move it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think it should move it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think it should move it it
+flows along the isobars instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows along the isobars instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows along the isobars instead of
+perpendicular across them so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular across them so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular across them so there you
+have a couple pressure systems and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple pressure systems and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple pressure systems and you
+see that the wind is circulating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the wind is circulating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the wind is circulating around
+these lows and highs rather than flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lows and highs rather than flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lows and highs rather than flowing
+directly from one to the other as you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from one to the other as you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from one to the other as you'd
+expect all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect all right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+who would like to be calm a helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to be calm a helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to be calm a helicopter
+test pilot raise your hand if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pilot raise your hand if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test pilot raise your hand if that
+sounds like a fun job okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a fun job okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a fun job okay so when
+you're developing the manual for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing the manual for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing the manual for your
+Sikorsky helicopter you've got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikorsky helicopter you've got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikorsky helicopter you've got to go
+somewhere where the wind is calm where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where the wind is calm where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where the wind is calm where
+would you all just going now that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you all just going now that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you all just going now that you've
+seen this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this chart
+who wants what's your name sir sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants what's your name sir sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants what's your name sir sorry
+Jeremy where do you want to go you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy where do you want to go you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy where do you want to go you're
+gonna take your Sikorsky helicopter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take your Sikorsky helicopter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take your Sikorsky helicopter and
+you're gonna write the poh Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna write the poh Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna write the poh Florida
+Sikorsky which is headquartered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikorsky which is headquartered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sikorsky which is headquartered in
+Connecticut they have a big flight test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut they have a big flight test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut they have a big flight test
+facility I believe it's in Palm Beach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility I believe it's in Palm Beach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility I believe it's in Palm Beach so
+there you have it they they thought just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have it they they thought just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have it they they thought just
+along the same lines as you and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same lines as you and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same lines as you and they'll
+be in the horse latitudes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the horse latitudes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the horse latitudes there's a
+whole bunch of there nobody really knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of there nobody really knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of there nobody really knows
+why it's called the horse latitudes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's called the horse latitudes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's called the horse latitudes one
+idea is that the ships and since there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the ships and since there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that the ships and since there's
+no wind in those latitudes they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wind in those latitudes they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wind in those latitudes they have to
+find a current and then they get pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a current and then they get pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a current and then they get pulled
+along by the current as if they were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along by the current as if they were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along by the current as if they were on
+a horse all right surface friction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horse all right surface friction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horse all right surface friction is a
+little bit complicated it tends to drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complicated it tends to drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complicated it tends to drag
+down the wind you'll have to study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wind you'll have to study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wind you'll have to study this
+vector diagram on your own but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector diagram on your own but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector diagram on your own but really
+for the from the FAA is point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the from the FAA is point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the from the FAA is point of view
+they just want you to know mostly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just want you to know mostly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just want you to know mostly that
+the wind you know two or three thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind you know two or three thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind you know two or three thousand
+feet up is going to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up is going to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up is going to be different from
+the wind on the surface because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind on the surface because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind on the surface because of
+surface friction it'll be less intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface friction it'll be less intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface friction it'll be less intense
+and in a slightly different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a slightly different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a slightly different direction
+okay vertical circulation of the air I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vertical circulation of the air I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vertical circulation of the air I
+think you're going to be okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to be okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're going to be okay if you
+just remember that warmer air is lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember that warmer air is lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember that warmer air is lighter
+than colder air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than colder air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than colder air
+that's all you that you pretty much need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you that you pretty much need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you that you pretty much need
+to know okay local wind patterns if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know okay local wind patterns if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know okay local wind patterns if you
+heat up the shoreline the air will rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the shoreline the air will rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up the shoreline the air will rise
+off the shore and pull in air from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the shore and pull in air from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the shore and pull in air from the
+ocean during the daytime so you got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean during the daytime so you got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean during the daytime so you got that
+sea breeze and then at nighttime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea breeze and then at nighttime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea breeze and then at nighttime the
+opposite happens so you get a land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite happens so you get a land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite happens so you get a land
+breeze so there are some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze so there are some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze so there are some of these
+predictable local weather patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bigger ones have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger ones have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger ones have to do with
+atmospheric stability if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric stability if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric stability if you have a
+stable atmosphere meaning that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable atmosphere meaning that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable atmosphere meaning that a
+displaced parcel there tends to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced parcel there tends to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced parcel there tends to get
+pushed back down to wherever it was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed back down to wherever it was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed back down to wherever it was then
+you get these weather characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these weather characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these weather characteristics
+where you're not going to be bumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not going to be bumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're not going to be bumped
+around in your aircraft you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your aircraft you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your aircraft you're going to
+have trouble seeing and you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble seeing and you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble seeing and you're gonna see
+clouds that are basically flat these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that are basically flat these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds that are basically flat these
+stratiform clouds here that you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratiform clouds here that you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratiform clouds here that you see on
+the right if it rains it's just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if it rains it's just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if it rains it's just gonna
+rain all day it's gonna be a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain all day it's gonna be a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain all day it's gonna be a typical
+miserable New England day where it rains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable New England day where it rains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable New England day where it rains
+all the time or Seattle I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or Seattle I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time or Seattle I guess it's
+like that as well well what about if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as well well what about if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as well well what about if the
+air once this place tends to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air once this place tends to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air once this place tends to want to
+keep being displaced if it rises up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep being displaced if it rises up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep being displaced if it rises up a
+little bit it keeps rising then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it keeps rising then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it keeps rising then you have
+these clouds with vertical development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clouds with vertical development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clouds with vertical development
+and the good news is you can see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news is you can see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news is you can see really
+well you're not going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not going to have an
+obstruction to visibility unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction to visibility unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction to visibility unless you're
+you know in heavy rain and the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in heavy rain and the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in heavy rain and the rain
+won't be all day every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be all day every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be all day every day
+it'll be showering but it'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be showering but it'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be showering but it'll be very
+turbulent if you get into that cloud or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent if you get into that cloud or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent if you get into that cloud or
+maybe right underneath that cloud okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right underneath that cloud okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right underneath that cloud okay
+what about the profile of the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the profile of the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the profile of the atmosphere
+let's have a look at this so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look at this so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look at this so on the
+right I wonder if this is actually my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I wonder if this is actually my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I wonder if this is actually my
+newest version of the presentation we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest version of the presentation we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest version of the presentation we'll
+say I corrected an error on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I corrected an error on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I corrected an error on the right
+you can see that for every thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that for every thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that for every thousand feet
+you go up so we'll go from 0 to 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up so we'll go from 0 to 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up so we'll go from 0 to 1,000
+feet up the temperatures gone from 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up the temperatures gone from 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet up the temperatures gone from 18
+Celsius to 15 so it's laps by 3 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to 15 so it's laps by 3 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to 15 so it's laps by 3 degrees
+and the dew point has gone down by half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dew point has gone down by half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dew point has gone down by half
+a degree does that make sense the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree does that make sense the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree does that make sense the air
+goes up it's lower pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up it's lower pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up it's lower pressure
+this is called an adiabatic process I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called an adiabatic process I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called an adiabatic process I
+was not a chemistry major but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a chemistry major but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a chemistry major but I think
+that means that you know we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you know we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you know we're not
+adding or taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding or taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding or taking away
+heat from the air we're just moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from the air we're just moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from the air we're just moving it
+so the temperature and dew point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature and dew point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperature and dew point spread
+actually does get narrower you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does get narrower you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does get narrower you can see
+as we rise up to 5,000 feet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we rise up to 5,000 feet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we rise up to 5,000 feet and the
+spread has gone down to two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread has gone down to two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread has gone down to two and a half
+degrees because the dew point is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees because the dew point is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees because the dew point is not
+following nearly as fast as the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nearly as fast as the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nearly as fast as the overall
+temperature does that make sense so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature does that make sense so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature does that make sense so I
+think this is conceivably could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is conceivably could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is conceivably could be an
+FAA test question that the dry adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA test question that the dry adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA test question that the dry adiabatic
+lapse rate is three degrees okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse rate is three degrees okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse rate is three degrees okay then
+the moist air is lapsing only at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moist air is lapsing only at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moist air is lapsing only at two
+degrees so this figure shows you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so this figure shows you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so this figure shows you going
+from zero to a thousand feet and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to a thousand feet and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to a thousand feet and from
+one to two thousand feet we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two thousand feet we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two thousand feet we were
+dropping three degrees per thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping three degrees per thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping three degrees per thousand feet
+after that we're dropping only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're dropping only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're dropping only two
+degrees per thousand feet and once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees per thousand feet and once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees per thousand feet and once the
+temperature dew point spread goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew point spread goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew point spread goes to
+zero that's when the cloud happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's when the cloud happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's when the cloud happens so
+the air can't hold any more water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air can't hold any more water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air can't hold any more water vapor
+and when the temperature and dew point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the temperature and dew point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the temperature and dew point
+meet the water turns into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the water turns into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the water turns into the water
+vapor turns into water and I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor turns into water and I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor turns into water and I've got a
+cloud all right so you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud all right so you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud all right so you might ask
+yourself well why if this why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well why if this why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well why if this why is this
+air moving at all why does it start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air moving at all why does it start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air moving at all why does it start
+moving one thing that can start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving one thing that can start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving one thing that can start it
+moving is a mountain range so the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving is a mountain range so the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving is a mountain range so the air
+gets pushed by a wind coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed by a wind coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed by a wind coming from the
+left side of the slide up to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the slide up to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the slide up to the top of
+the mountain and at that point it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountain and at that point it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountain and at that point it will
+condense into a cloud just let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense into a cloud just let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense into a cloud just let you
+absorb that cloud here for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb that cloud here for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb that cloud here for a minute
+notice also that relative humidity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice also that relative humidity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice also that relative humidity is
+just another way of stating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another way of stating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another way of stating the
+temperature dew points spread so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew points spread so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dew points spread so here
+temperature and dew point are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and dew point are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and dew point are pretty
+close 10 and 15 or 15 and 10 so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close 10 and 15 or 15 and 10 so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close 10 and 15 or 15 and 10 so we got
+relative humidity of 80 percent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative humidity of 80 percent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative humidity of 80 percent over
+here they're quite far apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're quite far apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're quite far apart the
+temperature is 23 and the dew points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is 23 and the dew points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is 23 and the dew points
+minus 2 so the relative humidity is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 so the relative humidity is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 so the relative humidity is low
+okay you've heard that you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've heard that you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've heard that you know there's
+a cold front coming in and we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cold front coming in and we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cold front coming in and we have all
+these thunderstorms oh this is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thunderstorms oh this is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thunderstorms oh this is why the
+cold air is denser than the warm air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold air is denser than the warm air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold air is denser than the warm air so
+it pushes the warm air up and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the warm air up and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the warm air up and at that
+point you get clouds forming and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you get clouds forming and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you get clouds forming and you get
+thunderstorms all along the line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms all along the line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms all along the line of the
+cold front okay so what if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold front okay so what if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold front okay so what if you have
+stable air let's have a look at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable air let's have a look at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable air let's have a look at this you
+end up let's see we've we've gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up let's see we've we've gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up let's see we've we've gone from
+zero to one to two and we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one to two and we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one to two and we've only
+dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we've only dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only dropped
+we're only dropping actually we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only dropping actually we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only dropping actually we're not
+even we're not dropping at all and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we're not dropping at all and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we're not dropping at all and then
+we're back up this is an inversion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back up this is an inversion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back up this is an inversion okay
+so basically the air temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the air temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the air temperature is
+pretty constant as we go up so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty constant as we go up so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty constant as we go up so if a
+parcel of air rises up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air rises up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air rises up into the
+atmosphere it's not warmer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it's not warmer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it's not warmer than the
+surrounding it's not going to be warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it's not going to be warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding it's not going to be warmer
+than the surrounding air so doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the surrounding air so doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the surrounding air so doesn't want
+to keep rising okay what if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep rising okay what if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep rising okay what if it's
+unstable so look at this by contrast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so look at this by contrast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so look at this by contrast the
+environmental air temperature is lapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental air temperature is lapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental air temperature is lapsing
+at a higher than standard rate so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher than standard rate so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher than standard rate so it's
+going up it's going down four degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up it's going down four degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up it's going down four degrees
+Celsius per thousand feet and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius per thousand feet and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius per thousand feet and this
+parcel of air that was in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air that was in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel of air that was in equilibrium
+down at sea level is still warmer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at sea level is still warmer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at sea level is still warmer than
+the surrounding air and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding air and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding air and therefore it
+wants to keep rising does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep rising does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep rising does that make
+sense so basically if it if it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so basically if it if it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so basically if it if it goes up
+and it wants to keep going up that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wants to keep going up that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wants to keep going up that's
+unstable in a perfect situation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable in a perfect situation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable in a perfect situation for
+forming thunderstorms which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming thunderstorms which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming thunderstorms which we'll talk
+about shortly temperature inversion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shortly temperature inversion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shortly temperature inversion like
+we saw in that earlier slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in that earlier slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in that earlier slide
+where it was actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was actually a little bit
+warmer here that tends to keep air where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer here that tends to keep air where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer here that tends to keep air where
+it is and therefore you end up with poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and therefore you end up with poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and therefore you end up with poor
+visibility and haze because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and haze because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and haze because all the
+stuff that's obscuring your visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's obscuring your visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's obscuring your visibility
+is just staying underneath the inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just staying underneath the inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just staying underneath the inversion
+it's kind of a common phenomenon I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a common phenomenon I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a common phenomenon I think
+in some of these basins like Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these basins like Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these basins like Los Angeles
+talk about an inversion and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an inversion and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an inversion and you know
+ordinary people think about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary people think about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary people think about that and
+hear that term and worry about it most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that term and worry about it most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that term and worry about it most
+frequently you're gonna I think see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently you're gonna I think see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently you're gonna I think see this
+on the test maybe is a radiation thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test maybe is a radiation thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test maybe is a radiation thought
+you know rady phenomenons phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rady phenomenons phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rady phenomenons phenomena
+having to do with the ground radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the ground radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the ground radiating
+back heat into the atmosphere or into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back heat into the atmosphere or into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back heat into the atmosphere or into
+space at night and to make the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at night and to make the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at night and to make the ground
+cold and the air right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and the air right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and the air right next to the
+ground cold where's the air just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground cold where's the air just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground cold where's the air just
+slightly higher than that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher than that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher than that a couple
+thousand feet up hasn't changed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet up hasn't changed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet up hasn't changed his
+temperature too much so the terrestrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature too much so the terrestrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature too much so the terrestrial
+radiation on a clear still night can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation on a clear still night can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation on a clear still night can
+cause a temperature inversion we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a temperature inversion we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a temperature inversion we talked
+about this earlier when the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this earlier when the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this earlier when the temperature
+and dew point meet then that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dew point meet then that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dew point meet then that's when the
+water vapor will condense Frost when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor will condense Frost when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor will condense Frost when the
+dew point is below freezing and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dew point is below freezing and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dew point is below freezing and you have
+a surface that's cold then you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface that's cold then you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface that's cold then you will get
+maybe maybe it's called because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's called because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's called because it
+radiated its heat back out into space at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated its heat back out into space at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated its heat back out into space at
+night for example that's when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night for example that's when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night for example that's when you get
+frost forming and you want to definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost forming and you want to definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frost forming and you want to definitely
+clear that off your aircraft before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that off your aircraft before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that off your aircraft before you
+go anywhere because it messes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere because it messes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere because it messes with the
+smooth smooth flow of the air so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth smooth flow of the air so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth smooth flow of the air so the
+wing becomes much less efficient even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing becomes much less efficient even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing becomes much less efficient even if
+the shape hasn't changed that much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape hasn't changed that much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape hasn't changed that much all
+right let's look at the kinds of clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got basically the the prefix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got basically the the prefix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got basically the the prefix to
+the cloud tells you what height it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud tells you what height it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud tells you what height it is
+and then the second part of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second part of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second part of the word
+tells you kind of the shape of the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you kind of the shape of the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you kind of the shape of the cloud
+so I'll just let you absorb this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just let you absorb this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just let you absorb this a
+little bit if it says Nimbo or NIM you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if it says Nimbo or NIM you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if it says Nimbo or NIM you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+cumulonimbus or nimbostratus that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulonimbus or nimbostratus that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulonimbus or nimbostratus that means
+it's raining towering cumulus is bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining towering cumulus is bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's raining towering cumulus is bad if
+they talk about that and cumulonimbus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about that and cumulonimbus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about that and cumulonimbus is
+the worst that's just another fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst that's just another fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst that's just another fancier
+way of saying thunderstorm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying thunderstorm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying thunderstorm okay
+so here's your Latin lesson for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's your Latin lesson for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's your Latin lesson for today
+unfortunately I didn't study Latin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I didn't study Latin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately I didn't study Latin it
+would have been nice when I went to Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice when I went to Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice when I went to Peru
+to be able to communicate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to communicate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to communicate with the
+locals in Latin America okay that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locals in Latin America okay that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locals in Latin America okay that wasn't
+funny I guess if you have low clouds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny I guess if you have low clouds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny I guess if you have low clouds the
+main hazard to worry about is icing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main hazard to worry about is icing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main hazard to worry about is icing if
+the water is supercooled that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is supercooled that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is supercooled that's the
+worst you can usually get a forecast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you can usually get a forecast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you can usually get a forecast of
+that you'll get air mats for icing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get air mats for icing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get air mats for icing and
+they might talk about supercooled water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might talk about supercooled water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might talk about supercooled water
+as a hazard I guess this might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hazard I guess this might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hazard I guess this might be an
+exam question stratus clouds form when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam question stratus clouds form when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam question stratus clouds form when
+moist stable air flows upslope but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moist stable air flows upslope but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moist stable air flows upslope but just
+remember stable usually means flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember stable usually means flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember stable usually means flat
+clouds stratiform clouds and unstable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds stratiform clouds and unstable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds stratiform clouds and unstable is
+where you get the cumuliform clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so same deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same deal
+those altocumulus are going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those altocumulus are going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those altocumulus are going to be much
+more turbulent and probably a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more turbulent and probably a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more turbulent and probably a more
+severe icing potential the high clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe icing potential the high clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe icing potential the high clouds
+it's so cold in the high atmosphere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cold in the high atmosphere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so cold in the high atmosphere that
+the maximum amount of water that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of water that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of water that can be
+stored is pretty low and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored is pretty low and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored is pretty low and therefore you
+don't tend to get ice when it's below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to get ice when it's below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to get ice when it's below
+say minus 15 degrees Celsius there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say minus 15 degrees Celsius there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say minus 15 degrees Celsius there just
+isn't a whole lot of moisture to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a whole lot of moisture to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a whole lot of moisture to begin
+with okay so this is what as a GA pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so this is what as a GA pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so this is what as a GA pilot
+you're more likely to have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to have to worry
+about you're probably not going to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're probably not going to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're probably not going to be up
+at 25,000 feet and your piper warrior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 25,000 feet and your piper warrior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 25,000 feet and your piper warrior
+but you could be underneath a cumulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could be underneath a cumulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could be underneath a cumulus
+cloud I will tell you that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud I will tell you that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud I will tell you that if you have
+passengers and there's low cumulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and there's low cumulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and there's low cumulus
+clouds you desperately want to get above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds you desperately want to get above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds you desperately want to get above
+those so let's say there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so let's say there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so let's say there's a bunch of
+cumulus clouds at four or five thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus clouds at four or five thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus clouds at four or five thousand
+feet you can climb probably to eight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you can climb probably to eight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you can climb probably to eight or
+ten thousand feet in a light airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand feet in a light airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand feet in a light airplane
+and it'll be much much smoother so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be much much smoother so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be much much smoother so as
+soon as you get above the cumulus clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you get above the cumulus clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you get above the cumulus clouds
+that's where the air tends to smooth out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the air tends to smooth out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the air tends to smooth out
+and it will be much more comfortable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be much more comfortable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be much more comfortable but
+if it's a towering cumulus cloud they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a towering cumulus cloud they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a towering cumulus cloud they
+may go up to as high as sixty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go up to as high as sixty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go up to as high as sixty thousand
+feet in the down in Texas and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in the down in Texas and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in the down in Texas and you really
+can't get over them and anything short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get over them and anything short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get over them and anything short
+of an sr-71 or maybe last as f-22 even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an sr-71 or maybe last as f-22 even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an sr-71 or maybe last as f-22 even
+the latest Gulf Stream flown to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest Gulf Stream flown to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest Gulf Stream flown to go to
+51,000 I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000 I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000 I believe
+okay so thunderstorms are the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so thunderstorms are the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so thunderstorms are the worst
+hazard you know even airliners get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard you know even airliners get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard you know even airliners get in
+trouble and thunderstorms with hail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and thunderstorms with hail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and thunderstorms with hail
+smashing into the windshield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashing into the windshield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashing into the windshield and
+turbulence that can bend stuff so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence that can bend stuff so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence that can bend stuff so how do
+you predict if you're flying along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict if you're flying along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict if you're flying along
+and well if you're preparing to go on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if you're preparing to go on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if you're preparing to go on a
+flight how do you predict where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight how do you predict where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight how do you predict where the
+clouds are likely to be one thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds are likely to be one thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds are likely to be one thing you do
+is look at the temperature dew point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the temperature dew point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the temperature dew point and
+spread the FAA tells you to use a lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread the FAA tells you to use a lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread the FAA tells you to use a lapse
+rate of 2.5 degrees Celsius to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 2.5 degrees Celsius to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 2.5 degrees Celsius to figure
+out where the clouds will be so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the clouds will be so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the clouds will be so if
+there's a 10 degree temperature dew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 10 degree temperature dew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 10 degree temperature dew
+point spread then you should expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread then you should expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread then you should expect the
+clouds to have a base at about 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds to have a base at about 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds to have a base at about 4,000
+feet there's a typo on the slide sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet there's a typo on the slide sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet there's a typo on the slide sorry
+about that I thought we had the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I thought we had the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I thought we had the new
+version in the drop box the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in the drop box the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in the drop box the temperature
+lapse is at 2:00 at 3:00 and the dupe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse is at 2:00 at 3:00 and the dupe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse is at 2:00 at 3:00 and the dupe
+for the dry adiabatic air you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dry adiabatic air you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dry adiabatic air you remember
+that and the dew points at 0.5 so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the dew points at 0.5 so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the dew points at 0.5 so if we
+go back to that figure I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that figure I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to that figure I think it was
+hour yeah yeah if we go back here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour yeah yeah if we go back here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour yeah yeah if we go back here you
+remember this we went from 18 to 15 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this we went from 18 to 15 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this we went from 18 to 15 to
+12 and the dew point meanwhile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and the dew point meanwhile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and the dew point meanwhile is
+falling from 3 to 2 and a half to 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling from 3 to 2 and a half to 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling from 3 to 2 and a half to 2 so
+that's why it's 2.5 as a rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's 2.5 as a rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's 2.5 as a rule of thumb
+that's not great but you can actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great but you can actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great but you can actually if
+you study just just look at me tars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study just just look at me tars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study just just look at me tars
+around the country and I think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and I think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and I think you'll
+will see because they give you the bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see because they give you the bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see because they give you the bases
+of the clouds and the ceilings I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clouds and the ceilings I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clouds and the ceilings I think
+you usually will see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually will see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually will see that it's
+reasonably close to this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably close to this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably close to this formula
+but almost never spot-on okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost never spot-on okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost never spot-on okay this is
+this is worth studying I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth studying I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth studying I'm not going to
+cover it completely here but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it completely here but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it completely here but some of
+these are exam questions advection fog I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exam questions advection fog I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exam questions advection fog I
+think I remember they like to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I remember they like to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I remember they like to ask about
+that when the warm moist air moves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the warm moist air moves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the warm moist air moves over
+a cool surface along coastlines so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool surface along coastlines so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool surface along coastlines so I
+think that'd make sense maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that'd make sense maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that'd make sense maybe that's
+what they're having in California a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're having in California a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're having in California a lot
+of the time you know they have the fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you know they have the fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you know they have the fog
+over the coastal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think and radiation fog also like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and radiation fog also like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and radiation fog also like you
+know in the Western deserts oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the Western deserts oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the Western deserts oftentimes
+right there's fog in the morning so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's fog in the morning so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's fog in the morning so I
+think the air advection fog would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the air advection fog would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the air advection fog would be a
+coastal phenomenon and the radiation fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastal phenomenon and the radiation fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastal phenomenon and the radiation fog
+you know something they could have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something they could have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something they could have in
+you know place like Arizona or Palm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know place like Arizona or Palm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know place like Arizona or Palm
+Springs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs okay
+the sa he loves this if you see I see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sa he loves this if you see I see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sa he loves this if you see I see I
+see pellets you probably shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pellets you probably shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pellets you probably shouldn't be
+flying but they want you to know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying but they want you to know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying but they want you to know that if
+you do see ice pellets how did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see ice pellets how did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do see ice pellets how did they
+arrive well they had to be freezing rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive well they had to be freezing rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive well they had to be freezing rain
+up higher so don't climb in hopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher so don't climb in hopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher so don't climb in hopes of
+getting out of the ice pellets because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of the ice pellets because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of the ice pellets because
+then you'll have freezing rain on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have freezing rain on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have freezing rain on your
+airplane which is probably the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane which is probably the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane which is probably the worst
+kind of icing related hazard okay air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of icing related hazard okay air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of icing related hazard okay air
+masses you can just have a look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses you can just have a look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses you can just have a look here
+basically they're just if you hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're just if you hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're just if you hear that
+you know there's a polar air mass coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a polar air mass coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a polar air mass coming
+in it's going to be cold not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to be cold not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to be cold not too
+exciting might be a question fronts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting might be a question fronts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting might be a question fronts they
+do want you to see be able to read one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want you to see be able to read one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want you to see be able to read one
+of these maps they may occasionally ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these maps they may occasionally ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these maps they may occasionally ask
+you a question so one thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question so one thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question so one thing to remember
+is the cold front has the pointy spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cold front has the pointy spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cold front has the pointy spikes
+like icicles so if you can remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like icicles so if you can remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like icicles so if you can remember that
+you'll be pretty good there's a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be pretty good there's a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be pretty good there's a cold
+front again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front again you can
+just kind of read this and study it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of read this and study it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of read this and study it at
+your leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure
+I guess they might want you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they might want you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they might want you to remember
+that the front is the boundary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the front is the boundary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the front is the boundary between
+two air masses okay here's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two air masses okay here's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two air masses okay here's a typical
+drawing that you know where they'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing that you know where they'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing that you know where they'll show
+you the cold fronts and the warm fronts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when there is a front how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is a front how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is a front how do you know
+when the front has gone through well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the front has gone through well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the front has gone through well the
+temperature has changed and the wind has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has changed and the wind has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has changed and the wind has
+changed simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a little explanation of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little explanation of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little explanation of what you
+can expect when a cold front goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect when a cold front goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expect when a cold front goes
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody's happy with that okay when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy with that okay when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy with that okay when a
+warm front goes through it gets warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm front goes through it gets warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm front goes through it gets warmer
+afterwards yeah so the warm front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards yeah so the warm front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards yeah so the warm front
+produces as you can see you know light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces as you can see you know light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces as you can see you know light
+to moderate rain drizzle the visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to moderate rain drizzle the visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to moderate rain drizzle the visibility
+is bad that's actually the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad that's actually the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad that's actually the important
+thing here look at the visibility it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here look at the visibility it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here look at the visibility it's
+poor and then it becomes fair and haze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and then it becomes fair and haze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and then it becomes fair and haze
+whereas you know the visibility becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know the visibility becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know the visibility becomes
+really good after a cold front comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good after a cold front comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good after a cold front comes
+through occluded fronts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through occluded fronts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through occluded fronts
+same deal bad visibility alright let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal bad visibility alright let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same deal bad visibility alright let's
+talk about hazards this is kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about hazards this is kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about hazards this is kind of more
+important so this is a summary of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so this is a summary of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so this is a summary of where
+heat is released into the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is released into the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is released into the atmosphere
+versus absorbed by water so as the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus absorbed by water so as the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus absorbed by water so as the water
+goes for example from vapor to liquid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes for example from vapor to liquid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes for example from vapor to liquid it
+releases heat so that's exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases heat so that's exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases heat so that's exactly what's
+happening when it's raining in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when it's raining in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when it's raining in a
+thunderstorm and it's not a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm and it's not a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm and it's not a good thing
+all right so here's the FAS chart of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the FAS chart of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the FAS chart of a
+cumulus cloud forming so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus cloud forming so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus cloud forming so you can see the
+temp of the lapse rate over here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp of the lapse rate over here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp of the lapse rate over here in the
+ambient atmosphere it's going from 28 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient atmosphere it's going from 28 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient atmosphere it's going from 28 to
+24 and down to 21 so it is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 and down to 21 so it is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 and down to 21 so it is at least
+initially higher than standard lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially higher than standard lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially higher than standard lapse
+rate so this warm air it starts at 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so this warm air it starts at 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so this warm air it starts at 28
+and then it drops only to 25 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it drops only to 25 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it drops only to 25 so it's
+still warmer than the surrounding air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still warmer than the surrounding air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still warmer than the surrounding air so
+it goes into becoming this big nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into becoming this big nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into becoming this big nasty
+cloud there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there's this
+you can kind of see if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see if you don't want to
+look at the summaries of weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summaries of weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summaries of weather
+forecasts you can look at these charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts you can look at these charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts you can look at these charts
+of lifted index here it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifted index here it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifted index here it shows the
+difference between minus 18 and minus 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between minus 18 and minus 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between minus 18 and minus 11
+of minus 7 that gives you kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 7 that gives you kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 7 that gives you kind of a
+measure of the thunderstorm potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the thunderstorm potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the thunderstorm potential
+there are charts of that but as pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charts of that but as pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are charts of that but as pilots
+you know this is kind of more what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is kind of more what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is kind of more what we
+deal with on our practical day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with on our practical day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with on our practical day-to-day
+basis we just look at the next rad data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we just look at the next rad data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we just look at the next rad data
+from the radar stations that are strewn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the radar stations that are strewn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the radar stations that are strewn
+around the country and if it's red we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and if it's red we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and if it's red we
+try to find a path around it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a path around it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a path around it because
+there's just not much else you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just not much else you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just not much else you can do
+and a little aircraft you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little aircraft you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little aircraft you know it's
+possible that you could get over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you could get over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you could get over this
+entire front if you you know we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire front if you you know we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire front if you you know we're in a
+jet that could climb up to 40 thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet that could climb up to 40 thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet that could climb up to 40 thousand
+feet or higher but you know in a piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or higher but you know in a piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or higher but you know in a piper
+or a Cessna or a cirrus you're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Cessna or a cirrus you're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Cessna or a cirrus you're just not
+going to be able to do that ok the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do that ok the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do that ok the
+thunderstorm lifecycle this is I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm lifecycle this is I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm lifecycle this is I think a
+favorite test question how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite test question how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite test question how do you know
+that the thunderstorm has reached its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thunderstorm has reached its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thunderstorm has reached its
+mature stage well it's rainy simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature stage well it's rainy simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature stage well it's rainy simple as
+that if it's raining it's mature if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's raining it's mature if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's raining it's mature if it's
+dissipating you're gonna get these down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating you're gonna get these down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating you're gonna get these down
+drafts if it's building you get updrafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts if it's building you get updrafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts if it's building you get updrafts
+so everything comes up and then it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything comes up and then it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything comes up and then it all
+comes down ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down ok
+look at that nasty thunderstorm you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that nasty thunderstorm you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that nasty thunderstorm you're
+gonna get turbulence right on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get turbulence right on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get turbulence right on top of it
+if you can clear that thunderstorm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can clear that thunderstorm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can clear that thunderstorm by
+you know 5,000 feet it'll probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 5,000 feet it'll probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 5,000 feet it'll probably be
+nice and smooth so this is your good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and smooth so this is your good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and smooth so this is your good
+argument for a plane that can go 251
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for a plane that can go 251
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for a plane that can go 251
+flight level 5 on zero airliners don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight level 5 on zero airliners don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight level 5 on zero airliners don't
+go that high as oh wait it's this Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that high as oh wait it's this Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that high as oh wait it's this Jets
+go much higher than airliners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go much higher than airliners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go much higher than airliners
+alright the Hazzard your we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright the Hazzard your we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright the Hazzard your we're gonna
+hear more about this tomorrow from dojo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about this tomorrow from dojo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about this tomorrow from dojo
+from the Brazilian Air Force but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Brazilian Air Force but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Brazilian Air Force but there
+is this chart here that shows you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this chart here that shows you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this chart here that shows you how
+much load factor that's in G's if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much load factor that's in G's if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much load factor that's in G's if you're
+going pretty fast you can pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going pretty fast you can pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going pretty fast you can pretty quickly
+get into the structural damage range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the structural damage range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the structural damage range so
+that's why they tell you this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they tell you this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they tell you this these
+lines here are basically this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here are basically this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here are basically this is how
+many G's you can get on the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many G's you can get on the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many G's you can get on the aircraft
+with either extreme movements on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either extreme movements on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either extreme movements on the
+controls or extreme movements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls or extreme movements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls or extreme movements that are
+imposed on you by a thunderstorm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed on you by a thunderstorm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed on you by a thunderstorm or
+something so the takeaway from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the takeaway from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so the takeaway from this
+diagram is slow down if you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is slow down if you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is slow down if you get into
+heavy turbulence because then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy turbulence because then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy turbulence because then the
+airplane will stall before it bends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane will stall before it bends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane will stall before it bends and
+installing the stalling can be corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing the stalling can be corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing the stalling can be corrected
+by pushing the nose down okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pushing the nose down okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pushing the nose down okay so these
+are all the hazards from thunderstorms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the hazards from thunderstorms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the hazards from thunderstorms
+again it's it's a lot better in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it's a lot better in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's it's a lot better in this in
+this day and age there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day and age there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day and age there's so much
+information out there and data link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out there and data link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out there and data link
+available in the cockpit that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the cockpit that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the cockpit that going
+through thunderstorms is just much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through thunderstorms is just much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through thunderstorms is just much less
+common than it used to be and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than it used to be and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than it used to be and therefore
+you know you don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't really have to
+remember too much other than don't fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too much other than don't fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember too much other than don't fly
+through a thunderstorm microburst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a thunderstorm microburst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a thunderstorm microburst
+however if you're trying to land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you're trying to land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you're trying to land and
+beat the thunderstorm you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the thunderstorm you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the thunderstorm you can actually
+get into a little bit of trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a little bit of trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a little bit of trouble because
+the wind right before a thunderstorm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind right before a thunderstorm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind right before a thunderstorm or
+right after can be pretty squirrelly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after can be pretty squirrelly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after can be pretty squirrelly and
+caused you some difficulties here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused you some difficulties here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused you some difficulties here
+let's see what do we have so here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do we have so here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do we have so here this
+airplane is giving a performance boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is giving a performance boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is giving a performance boost
+from a strong headwind now it's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a strong headwind now it's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a strong headwind now it's not much
+as happening except that it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as happening except that it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as happening except that it's getting
+pushed down maybe faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down maybe faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed down maybe faster than the
+airplane can climb and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane can climb and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane can climb and at this point
+you're getting a performance reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a performance reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a performance reduction
+from this big tailwind so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this big tailwind so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this big tailwind so that's
+reducing you might think well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing you might think well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing you might think well that's
+great I'm getting pushed along with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm getting pushed along with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm getting pushed along with a
+tailwind but if it's suddenly taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailwind but if it's suddenly taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailwind but if it's suddenly taking
+away your airspeed then that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away your airspeed then that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away your airspeed then that's not a
+performance boost all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance boost all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance boost all right so the
+thunderstorm emergency procedures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm emergency procedures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm emergency procedures are
+again probably a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again probably a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again probably a little bit less
+relevant now that we're living in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant now that we're living in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant now that we're living in this
+world of constant data link and NEXRAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of constant data link and NEXRAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of constant data link and NEXRAD
+data 2006 there was a famous accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 2006 there was a famous accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 2006 there was a famous accident
+with a former test pilot Scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a former test pilot Scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a former test pilot Scott
+Crossfield who you know maybe didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossfield who you know maybe didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossfield who you know maybe didn't get
+the best advice from air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best advice from air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best advice from air traffic control
+and I don't think he had data link in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think he had data link in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think he had data link in
+his cockpit the Boeing b-29 bomber crews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his cockpit the Boeing b-29 bomber crews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his cockpit the Boeing b-29 bomber crews
+they would fly I think seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would fly I think seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would fly I think seven or eight
+hours from an island to in the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours from an island to in the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours from an island to in the Pacific
+over to Japan and during those eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Japan and during those eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Japan and during those eight
+hours they had you know satellite data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they had you know satellite data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they had you know satellite data
+no data from a ground station so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no data from a ground station so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no data from a ground station so they
+just had no idea what they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had no idea what they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had no idea what they were going
+through and they didn't go as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they didn't go as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they didn't go as high as
+the designers thought that airplane was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers thought that airplane was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designers thought that airplane was
+designed to go super high but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to go super high but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to go super high but they were
+so loaded up with fuel and bombs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so loaded up with fuel and bombs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so loaded up with fuel and bombs they
+couldn't practically climb all that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't practically climb all that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't practically climb all that high
+so they were going at you know ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were going at you know ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were going at you know ten
+fifteen thousand feet over the ocean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen thousand feet over the ocean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen thousand feet over the ocean and
+at those altitudes you can't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those altitudes you can't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those altitudes you can't really see
+you know you may get into an embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you may get into an embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you may get into an embedded
+thunderstorm today's airliners they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm today's airliners they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorm today's airliners they go
+so high that you really are never in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that you really are never in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that you really are never in a
+position where you blunder into stuff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where you blunder into stuff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where you blunder into stuff or
+almost never because you're in the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never because you're in the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never because you're in the clear
+and you can just see the towering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just see the towering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just see the towering
+cumulus and not fly there use factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus and not fly there use factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulus and not fly there use factor
+yourself around them so I guess yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself around them so I guess yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself around them so I guess yeah the
+final statement there is you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final statement there is you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final statement there is you know get
+their itis hasn't been cured so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their itis hasn't been cured so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their itis hasn't been cured so as a
+pilot the safest thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot the safest thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot the safest thing you can do is
+really fight that tendency to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fight that tendency to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fight that tendency to want to
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+a mission as planned and over commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission as planned and over commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission as planned and over commit to
+your plan of action all right there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan of action all right there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan of action all right there are
+three other categories of turbulence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other categories of turbulence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other categories of turbulence to
+worry about probably the worst is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about probably the worst is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about probably the worst is from
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+due to terrain like mountains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to terrain like mountains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to terrain like mountains this
+low-level turbulence is not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level turbulence is not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level turbulence is not from
+thermals is not crazy but as I said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermals is not crazy but as I said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermals is not crazy but as I said if
+you get above the clouds that plane on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get above the clouds that plane on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get above the clouds that plane on
+top is gonna be a nice smooth air weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is gonna be a nice smooth air weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is gonna be a nice smooth air weight
+turbulence at us is also another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence at us is also another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence at us is also another thing
+to consider let's look at that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider let's look at that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider let's look at that so if
+you're if you're taking off behind an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're taking off behind an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're taking off behind an
+airplane so look at that heavy slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so look at that heavy slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so look at that heavy slow and
+in clean configuration so airplanes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clean configuration so airplanes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clean configuration so airplanes will
+tend to retract their flaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to retract their flaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to retract their flaps and
+therefore be in a clean configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore be in a clean configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore be in a clean configuration
+shortly after takeoff whereas if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after takeoff whereas if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after takeoff whereas if they're
+landing the flaps are down they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing the flaps are down they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing the flaps are down they're not
+generating quite as much wake turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating quite as much wake turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating quite as much wake turbulence
+although still if you land behind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although still if you land behind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although still if you land behind a
+Boeing in your little Cessna you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing in your little Cessna you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing in your little Cessna you will
+notice that the solution here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the solution here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the solution here and I
+think this is a test question is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a test question is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a test question is you
+land or take off beyond the touchdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or take off beyond the touchdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land or take off beyond the touchdown
+point of a large aircraft so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a large aircraft so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a large aircraft so if the
+large aircraft let's say the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aircraft let's say the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aircraft let's say the large
+aircraft landed right here in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft landed right here in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft landed right here in front of
+the laptop on the runway you just fly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laptop on the runway you just fly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laptop on the runway you just fly a
+little bit higher and you land you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and you land you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher and you land you know
+maybe in the middle of the runway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the middle of the runway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the middle of the runway and
+that way you can't possibly get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can't possibly get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can't possibly get into
+wake turbulence because it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake turbulence because it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake turbulence because it will have
+sunk below that big aircraft's flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunk below that big aircraft's flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunk below that big aircraft's flight
+path controllers at a towered Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path controllers at a towered Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path controllers at a towered Airport
+they'll also separate you buy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll also separate you buy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll also separate you buy you know
+the necessary number of minutes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessary number of minutes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessary number of minutes they
+have a bunch of regulations about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of regulations about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of regulations about how
+how much separation they have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much separation they have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much separation they have to have
+between aircraft and then similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between aircraft and then similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between aircraft and then similarly for
+liftoff point so if the big airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liftoff point so if the big airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liftoff point so if the big airplane
+again this is not really that much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not really that much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not really that much of a
+practical problem because it's so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem because it's so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problem because it's so little
+runway is used by light airplanes but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is used by light airplanes but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is used by light airplanes but if
+the big airplane you know rotated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big airplane you know rotated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big airplane you know rotated and
+took off and started climbing here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off and started climbing here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off and started climbing here well
+then you take off and start climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take off and start climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take off and start climbing
+earlier of course you know the out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier of course you know the out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier of course you know the out of
+the climb rate of the big airplane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climb rate of the big airplane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climb rate of the big airplane is
+probably a lot better than you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot better than you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot better than you are so
+you got to think about which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about which way the
+wind is going and maybe try to to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is going and maybe try to to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is going and maybe try to to turn
+away from it I I've only really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it I I've only really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it I I've only really been
+stuck in wake turbulence once that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in wake turbulence once that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in wake turbulence once that I can
+think about it was at Hanscom field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it was at Hanscom field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it was at Hanscom field and
+there was a heavy helicopter that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a heavy helicopter that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a heavy helicopter that was
+cleared oh man on the runway and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared oh man on the runway and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared oh man on the runway and then
+transition sideways and I was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sideways and I was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sideways and I was in the
+Cirrus and I think the controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus and I think the controllers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus and I think the controllers
+didn't really think about you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really think about you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really think about you know well
+how much weight turbine was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much weight turbine was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much weight turbine was gonna
+helicopter generate so I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter generate so I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter generate so I was trying to
+land and maybe about 200 feet above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and maybe about 200 feet above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and maybe about 200 feet above the
+ground there was a sharp wing tip that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground there was a sharp wing tip that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground there was a sharp wing tip that I
+the good the good news is you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good the good news is you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good the good news is you don't have
+to be heroic to correct it because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heroic to correct it because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heroic to correct it because if
+your airplane is banked the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane is banked the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane is banked the natural
+tendency is to want to take the bank out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency is to want to take the bank out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency is to want to take the bank out
+so whenever your natural tendency is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever your natural tendency is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever your natural tendency is to
+do the safe thing that's usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the safe thing that's usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the safe thing that's usually not
+much of a problem oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a problem oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a problem oh yeah
+so anyway here's the kind of essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway here's the kind of essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway here's the kind of essay
+question who wants to give an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who wants to give an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who wants to give an answer
+shout it out a B or C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yay alright so this is a practical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay alright so this is a practical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay alright so this is a practical issue
+especially for anybody who wants to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for anybody who wants to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for anybody who wants to fly
+out west you have the Sierra Mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out west you have the Sierra Mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out west you have the Sierra Mountains
+you have the Rocky Mountains and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the Rocky Mountains and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the Rocky Mountains and you
+have to be very careful when crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful when crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very careful when crossing
+these mountain ranges if the air at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mountain ranges if the air at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mountain ranges if the air at the
+winds oh if the wind aloft forecast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds oh if the wind aloft forecast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds oh if the wind aloft forecast is
+more than about 30 knots for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 30 knots for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 30 knots for the time
+that you're planning on crossing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're planning on crossing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're planning on crossing you can
+expect this kind of turbulence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this kind of turbulence on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this kind of turbulence on the
+lee side or the eastern side of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lee side or the eastern side of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lee side or the eastern side of those
+mountain ranges so when I've crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain ranges so when I've crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain ranges so when I've crossed
+those mountains and light airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mountains and light airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mountains and light airplanes
+I have usually done it you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have usually done it you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have usually done it you know first
+thing in the morning basically so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the morning basically so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the morning basically so I
+arranged to shut down just short of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to shut down just short of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to shut down just short of the
+mountains the night before and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains the night before and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains the night before and then
+cross early in the morning when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross early in the morning when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross early in the morning when the
+winds are typically calm so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds are typically calm so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds are typically calm so you know you
+can look for these lenticular cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look for these lenticular cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look for these lenticular cloud
+clouds but again if you saw the winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds but again if you saw the winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds but again if you saw the winds
+aloft forecast that it was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft forecast that it was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft forecast that it was going to be
+blowing 50 knots at 12,000 feet you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing 50 knots at 12,000 feet you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing 50 knots at 12,000 feet you can
+be pretty sure that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty sure that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty sure that it's going to be
+turbulent alright structural icing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent alright structural icing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent alright structural icing you
+can get rime clear or mixed I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get rime clear or mixed I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get rime clear or mixed I'll just
+let you kind of look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you kind of look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you kind of look through the
+conditions that lead to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queer and rhyme probably rhyme icing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queer and rhyme probably rhyme icing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queer and rhyme probably rhyme icing is
+more common what happens everything gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common what happens everything gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common what happens everything gets
+worse about your aircraft especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse about your aircraft especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse about your aircraft especially if
+you're on autopilot it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on autopilot it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on autopilot it's kind of a
+challenge to recognize when icing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to recognize when icing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to recognize when icing is
+occurring you can be you know in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring you can be you know in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring you can be you know in there
+fat dumb and happy all the airplane gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat dumb and happy all the airplane gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat dumb and happy all the airplane gets
+iced up so the worst part of it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iced up so the worst part of it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iced up so the worst part of it I guess
+is that you can't climb basically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't climb basically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't climb basically when
+your airplane has all this performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane has all this performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane has all this performance
+reduction you know you can summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you know you can summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you know you can summarize
+this all if it's moderate if it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all if it's moderate if it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all if it's moderate if it's only
+moderate icing basically you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate icing basically you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate icing basically you have an
+aircraft that can't climb all you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that can't climb all you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that can't climb all you can do
+is to send so a good practical tip is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to send so a good practical tip is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to send so a good practical tip is if
+you're well first of all if you're a via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well first of all if you're a via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well first of all if you're a via
+the good news is if you're a VFR pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is if you're a VFR pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is if you're a VFR pilot
+like you guys are going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are going to become
+initially you shouldn't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you shouldn't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you shouldn't have to worry
+about icing because it's a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about icing because it's a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about icing because it's a phenomenon
+that occurs when you're in a cloud so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs when you're in a cloud so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs when you're in a cloud so
+you shouldn't be in a cloud if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be in a cloud if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be in a cloud if you're a
+VFR pilot to begin with so how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR pilot to begin with so how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR pilot to begin with so how did you
+get ice the exception might be freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ice the exception might be freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ice the exception might be freezing
+rain if you somehow drive through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain if you somehow drive through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain if you somehow drive through a
+freezing rain but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing rain but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing rain but if you are
+instrument-rated and you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated and you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated and you are going
+somewhere I'm planning on going to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I'm planning on going to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I'm planning on going to New
+York next week in the cirrus so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York next week in the cirrus so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York next week in the cirrus so if it's
+cloudy even if there's no icing forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy even if there's no icing forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy even if there's no icing forecast
+I can I know that there's a risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I know that there's a risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I know that there's a risk of
+getting ice on the wings so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ice on the wings so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ice on the wings so in the
+winter time I just say well look I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter time I just say well look I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter time I just say well look I'm not
+gonna go unless it's above freezing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go unless it's above freezing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go unless it's above freezing on
+the surface because if I get iced up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface because if I get iced up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface because if I get iced up
+then inadvertently you know I need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inadvertently you know I need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inadvertently you know I need an
+escape route and if it's gonna be above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape route and if it's gonna be above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape route and if it's gonna be above
+freezing that say 3,000 feet well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing that say 3,000 feet well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing that say 3,000 feet well that's
+fine I'll just I know that I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'll just I know that I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I'll just I know that I probably
+won't be able to climb if I if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to climb if I if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to climb if I if I get
+moderate icing but I will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate icing but I will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate icing but I will be able to
+descend you can even a brick can descend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend you can even a brick can descend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend you can even a brick can descend
+so to send down to 3,000 feet and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to send down to 3,000 feet and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to send down to 3,000 feet and all
+the ice will melt off that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice will melt off that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice will melt off that would be
+great but if it's below freezing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if it's below freezing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if it's below freezing on the
+surface and it's a it's basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and it's a it's basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and it's a it's basically you
+know I know guys I definitely had icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know guys I definitely had icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know guys I definitely had icing
+a few times and it's pretty scary I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times and it's pretty scary I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few times and it's pretty scary I was
+on a day out on a day when with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a day out on a day when with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a day out on a day when with a
+instrument student and it was it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument student and it was it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument student and it was it seemed
+like a perfect day to go practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect day to go practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect day to go practice
+instrument flying there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying there was no
+turbulence there was just clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence there was just clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence there was just clouds
+everywhere about 800 feet of ceiling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere about 800 feet of ceiling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere about 800 feet of ceiling so
+you could be in the clouds do real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in the clouds do real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in the clouds do real
+approaches get experience with actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches get experience with actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches get experience with actual
+IMC and halfway through the flight I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMC and halfway through the flight I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMC and halfway through the flight I
+started you know criticizing this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know criticizing this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know criticizing this guy
+for using way too much power like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using way too much power like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using way too much power like the
+power settings were all off like wow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings were all off like wow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power settings were all off like wow you
+know what are you doing wrong and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you doing wrong and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you doing wrong and then I
+kind of looked out on the wings and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looked out on the wings and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looked out on the wings and I
+saw they were all frosted so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw they were all frosted so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw they were all frosted so we
+descended we managed to complete an ILS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended we managed to complete an ILS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended we managed to complete an ILS
+approach into Lawrence and pulled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach into Lawrence and pulled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach into Lawrence and pulled the
+airplane into a warm hangar and got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane into a warm hangar and got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane into a warm hangar and got it
+warmed up so actually as we were as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up so actually as we were as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up so actually as we were as we
+were flying the FAA issued an air met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were flying the FAA issued an air met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were flying the FAA issued an air met
+for icing but the controller's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icing but the controller's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icing but the controller's never
+told us about it all right requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about it all right requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about it all right requirements
+for icing formation near freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icing formation near freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icing formation near freezing
+temperatures minus ten to zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures minus ten to zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures minus ten to zero is the
+worst you have to have a surface on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you have to have a surface on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst you have to have a surface on
+which the ice can form and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the ice can form and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the ice can form and you have to
+be invisible Moisture basically so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invisible Moisture basically so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invisible Moisture basically so again
+if you're flying in the clear with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying in the clear with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying in the clear with your
+VFR pilot certificate icing should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR pilot certificate icing should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR pilot certificate icing should not
+be a factor for you yeah so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a factor for you yeah so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a factor for you yeah so as I said
+below you know go through a cold cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you know go through a cold cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you know go through a cold cloud
+only if you have an escape route warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you have an escape route warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you have an escape route warm
+air below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure dear
+yes so the question is what about icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the question is what about icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the question is what about icing
+and the engine so you can get car bites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engine so you can get car bites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engine so you can get car bites
+that we talked about you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about you know you can
+get car bites when it's you know 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get car bites when it's you know 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get car bites when it's you know 50
+degrees outside as long as it's humid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees outside as long as it's humid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees outside as long as it's humid so
+it's slightly unrelated the main problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slightly unrelated the main problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slightly unrelated the main problem
+with engines is that you can get ice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with engines is that you can get ice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with engines is that you can get ice in
+the induction so if the intake for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction so if the intake for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction so if the intake for the
+engine where it's trying to breathe gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine where it's trying to breathe gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine where it's trying to breathe gets
+iced over then there's an alternate air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iced over then there's an alternate air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iced over then there's an alternate air
+again you know they're kind of relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know they're kind of relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know they're kind of relying
+on the hero pilot some airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hero pilot some airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hero pilot some airplanes
+actually it'll just open automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it'll just open automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it'll just open automatically
+that the vacuum of trying to suck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacuum of trying to suck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacuum of trying to suck the
+air through the intake that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air through the intake that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air through the intake that's not
+working will cause some backup door to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working will cause some backup door to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working will cause some backup door to
+open and a lot of most IFR certified air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and a lot of most IFR certified air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and a lot of most IFR certified air
+aircraft have an alternate air levered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft have an alternate air levered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft have an alternate air levered
+that you can pull and have air pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pull and have air pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pull and have air pulled
+from you know somewhere inside the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know somewhere inside the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know somewhere inside the it's
+a little more protected inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more protected inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more protected inside the
+airframe that does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airframe that does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airframe that does that answer your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not gonna get carb icing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get carb icing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get carb icing an
+airframe icing at the same time probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airframe icing at the same time probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airframe icing at the same time probably
+I think at that point it's probably too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at that point it's probably too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at that point it's probably too
+cold I'm not I'm not sure well the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold I'm not I'm not sure well the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold I'm not I'm not sure well the other
+issue is you know you're probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is you know you're probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is you know you're probably not
+gonna fly a carbureted airplane into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly a carbureted airplane into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly a carbureted airplane into the
+clouds because like the Rio IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds because like the Rio IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds because like the Rio IFR
+airplanes that people use to travel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes that people use to travel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes that people use to travel like
+syriza's and bonanzas and stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syriza's and bonanzas and stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syriza's and bonanzas and stuff you know
+in in in challenging conditions those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in challenging conditions those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in challenging conditions those
+are almost all fuel-injected but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost all fuel-injected but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost all fuel-injected but you do
+have to worry about induction icing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about induction icing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about induction icing like
+I said okay you can icing layers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay you can icing layers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay you can icing layers are
+usually pretty thin so if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty thin so if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty thin so if you're in a
+jet you just add power and climb up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet you just add power and climb up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet you just add power and climb up
+another few thousand feet and you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another few thousand feet and you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another few thousand feet and you're out
+of it again you know one of the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it again you know one of the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it again you know one of the effects
+of icing is to dramatically reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of icing is to dramatically reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of icing is to dramatically reduce your
+climb performance so this this best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb performance so this this best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb performance so this this best
+approach of climbing out of it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of climbing out of it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of climbing out of it is not
+always available you will end up using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always available you will end up using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always available you will end up using
+more power on the final approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power on the final approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power on the final approach and
+you'll add speed as well because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add speed as well because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add speed as well because the
+stall speed may have gone up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall speed may have gone up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall speed may have gone up and you
+know you you can't really be sure since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you can't really be sure since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you can't really be sure since
+it hasn't been you know quantified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't been you know quantified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't been you know quantified and
+tested you probably won't use flaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested you probably won't use flaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested you probably won't use flaps and
+you'll not make severe turn so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll not make severe turn so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll not make severe turn so there's a
+good NASA video that I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good NASA video that I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good NASA video that I encourage you to
+watch especially as you work on higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch especially as you work on higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch especially as you work on higher
+performance aircraft and IFR nASA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance aircraft and IFR nASA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance aircraft and IFR nASA has
+this great video about icing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great video about icing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great video about icing okay
+how do the Transportation class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the Transportation class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the Transportation class
+airplanes handle this one approach is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes handle this one approach is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes handle this one approach is to
+push antifreeze out onto the wings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push antifreeze out onto the wings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push antifreeze out onto the wings that
+used to be called tks now it's called CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be called tks now it's called CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be called tks now it's called CA
+V it's just a brand name so if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's just a brand name so if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's just a brand name so if you go to
+a flight school and you see a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flight school and you see a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flight school and you see a modern
+service like the sr22 s the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service like the sr22 s the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service like the sr22 s the leading
+edges of the wings will be metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the wings will be metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the wings will be metal and
+they'll have little tiny holes in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have little tiny holes in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have little tiny holes in them
+and that's for this antifreeze to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for this antifreeze to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for this antifreeze to come
+out if you have a very light jet or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you have a very light jet or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you have a very light jet or a
+turboprop you may have rubber boots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop you may have rubber boots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop you may have rubber boots on
+the wings and on the tail surfaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings and on the tail surfaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings and on the tail surfaces and
+those inflate to crack the ice off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inflate to crack the ice off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inflate to crack the ice off
+the Jets are really the ultimate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jets are really the ultimate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jets are really the ultimate the the
+bigger Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Jets
+I'll have bleed air remember the Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have bleed air remember the Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have bleed air remember the Jets
+are compressing air so much that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compressing air so much that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compressing air so much that it
+becomes really hot even before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really hot even before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really hot even before it's
+burned so you pull the bleed air off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so you pull the bleed air off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned so you pull the bleed air off the
+compressor and you run it out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and you run it out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor and you run it out into the
+leading edges of the wings and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading edges of the wings and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading edges of the wings and that just
+melts the ice off the you know transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts the ice off the you know transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts the ice off the you know transport
+air air aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air air aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air air aircraft
+they also heat the windshields so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also heat the windshields so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also heat the windshields so you'll
+be able to see when you do you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see when you do you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see when you do you know if
+it's not above freezing at the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not above freezing at the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not above freezing at the airport
+he'll have a clear windshield so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have a clear windshield so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have a clear windshield so you can
+see the runway even in you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the runway even in you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the runway even in you know very
+basic airplanes like a cirrus if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic airplanes like a cirrus if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic airplanes like a cirrus if there
+are far certified the pitot the pitot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far certified the pitot the pitot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far certified the pitot the pitot
+tube is going to be heated there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is going to be heated there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is going to be heated there will be
+pitot heat okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitot heat okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitot heat okay
+you can learn a whole bunch more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn a whole bunch more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn a whole bunch more about
+this I think everything you know to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think everything you know to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think everything you know to pass
+the test is pretty much in the pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test is pretty much in the pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test is pretty much in the pilots
+handbook of aeronautical knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook of aeronautical knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook of aeronautical knowledge
+there's a little bit in the aim if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit in the aim if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit in the aim if you
+want to dig deeper and understand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig deeper and understand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig deeper and understand more
+of it and I would encourage you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and I would encourage you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and I would encourage you to look
+at these FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these FAA
+weather publications one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather publications one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather publications one is about
+weather theory and one is about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather theory and one is about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather theory and one is about you know
+information you can get from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can get from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can get from various
+sources there's also these videos that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources there's also these videos that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources there's also these videos that I
+would encourage you to look at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage you to look at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would encourage you to look at one of
+them is called you know ambushed by ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called you know ambushed by ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called you know ambushed by ice
+and into deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into deep
+I think these particular links don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these particular links don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these particular links don't
+write those down because I fixed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write those down because I fixed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write those down because I fixed them
+last night but the Dropbox didn't update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night but the Dropbox didn't update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night but the Dropbox didn't update
+it do they have real-time weather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do they have real-time weather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do they have real-time weather data
+so the question is you know in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you know in your
+basic trainer airplane do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trainer airplane do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trainer airplane do they have
+real-time weather data so I'll just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time weather data so I'll just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time weather data so I'll just talk
+about like the East Coast Aero Club is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the East Coast Aero Club is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the East Coast Aero Club is
+sort of a typical higher-end flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a typical higher-end flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a typical higher-end flight
+school about maybe 10 years ago almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school about maybe 10 years ago almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school about maybe 10 years ago almost
+all the aircraft had a Garmin IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aircraft had a Garmin IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the aircraft had a Garmin IFR
+certified GPS put in a Garmin 4:30 so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified GPS put in a Garmin 4:30 so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified GPS put in a Garmin 4:30 so at
+that point you know you had a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you know you had a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you know you had a really
+good GPS but they did not have XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good GPS but they did not have XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good GPS but they did not have XM
+weather pulling data from satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather pulling data from satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather pulling data from satellites
+which we'll talk about in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in a little bit
+because it's a it's a you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a it's a you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a it's a you know it's like
+a $500 year subscription to $10,000 box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $500 year subscription to $10,000 box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $500 year subscription to $10,000 box
+so people didn't want to do it with ABS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people didn't want to do it with ABS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people didn't want to do it with ABS
+be the FAA is now providing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the FAA is now providing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the FAA is now providing some of the
+same data that XM was providing for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data that XM was providing for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data that XM was providing for free
+as long as you have an ATS be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you have an ATS be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you have an ATS be in
+transponder and the East Coast air out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder and the East Coast air out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder and the East Coast air out
+well everybody has to upgrade to a DSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everybody has to upgrade to a DSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everybody has to upgrade to a DSP
+by 2020 not everybody has to have a DSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2020 not everybody has to have a DSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2020 not everybody has to have a DSP
+in but I think East Coast era clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I think East Coast era clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I think East Coast era clubs
+probably a fairly typical of the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fairly typical of the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fairly typical of the better
+flight schools they put or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools they put or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools they put or they're
+gradually putting in ABS be in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually putting in ABS be in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually putting in ABS be in and out
+transponders and all their aircraft it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders and all their aircraft it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders and all their aircraft it
+won't display in the cockpit you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't display in the cockpit you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't display in the cockpit you'll have
+to have your phone your iPad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your phone your iPad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your phone your iPad or
+something but you'll be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you'll be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but you'll be able to see
+you'll be able to see an X rad radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see an X rad radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see an X rad radar
+picture you'll be able to get me tars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you'll be able to get me tars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you'll be able to get me tars
+and taps you'll get all of that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taps you'll get all of that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taps you'll get all of that so I
+think but if you don't want to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but if you don't want to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but if you don't want to rely on
+someone else you know where this is MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else you know where this is MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else you know where this is MIT
+you can actually get that data yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get that data yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get that data yourself
+so when we talk about weather data today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about weather data today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about weather data today
+we're gonna also talk about how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna also talk about how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna also talk about how you can
+build it do it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it do it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it do it yourself
+build your own Stratus a DSP receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own Stratus a DSP receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own Stratus a DSP receiver
+and so you and I've actually done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you and I've actually done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you and I've actually done this
+it was really fun to do it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really fun to do it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really fun to do it's very easy
+actually it's you basically based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's you basically based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's you basically based on a
+Raspberry Pi with a couple antennas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raspberry Pi with a couple antennas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raspberry Pi with a couple antennas you
+can with a little cooling fan you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with a little cooling fan you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with a little cooling fan you can
+build a little box that can receive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a little box that can receive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a little box that can receive that
+weather data and it actually this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data and it actually this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data and it actually this the
+software is open source and it can sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is open source and it can sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is open source and it can sync
+with your other tools so I have it sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your other tools so I have it sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your other tools so I have it sync
+with my for flight app so when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my for flight app so when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my for flight app so when I'm
+flying I plug that in I bring a backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying I plug that in I bring a backup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying I plug that in I bring a backup
+battery for it and it gives me weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery for it and it gives me weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery for it and it gives me weather
+data and some other traffic data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and some other traffic data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and some other traffic data and
+we'll be talking about that in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about that in a couple
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+yeah I should have noticed as seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should have noticed as seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should have noticed as seen this
+had a lot of flight school customers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of flight school customers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of flight school customers you
+know for the last five years would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the last five years would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the last five years would bring
+little battery-powered boxes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little battery-powered boxes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little battery-powered boxes and you
+know stick them to the windshield of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stick them to the windshield of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stick them to the windshield of
+whatever they're flying and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're flying and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're flying and they would
+get a whole bunch of you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of you know more
+modern services I personally don't love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern services I personally don't love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern services I personally don't love
+that you know like when I started out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know like when I started out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know like when I started out in
+my flying career I had my big flight bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my flying career I had my big flight bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my flying career I had my big flight bag
+with all the stuff I was going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the stuff I was going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the stuff I was going to bring
+into the airplane and now you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the airplane and now you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the airplane and now you know I
+have the philosophy that I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the philosophy that I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the philosophy that I don't want to
+bring anything into the Cirrus other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring anything into the Cirrus other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring anything into the Cirrus other
+than a pencil I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a pencil I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a pencil I wanted
+that I need to to be in the panel so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to to be in the panel so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to to be in the panel so but
+yeah I definitely think in the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I definitely think in the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I definitely think in the older
+airplanes it's become conventional for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes it's become conventional for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes it's become conventional for
+people to bring some sort of 80s be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to bring some sort of 80s be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to bring some sort of 80s be a
+receiver and get that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xlPhW4Z0LKY.txt b/xlPhW4Z0LKY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9a4693436e36d4d35cd8c40e1060fa3fe040fbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xlPhW4Z0LKY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Don't start small. Start with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't start small. Start with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't start small. Start with what you
+have. At the start, nothing is new.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. At the start, nothing is new.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. At the start, nothing is new.
+Often not even the idea. The origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often not even the idea. The origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often not even the idea. The origins of
+the Greenpeace Foundation illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greenpeace Foundation illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greenpeace Foundation illustrates
+this point really well. Greenpeace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point really well. Greenpeace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point really well. Greenpeace
+changed how we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed how we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed how we think about the
+environment. That was their innovation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. That was their innovation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. That was their innovation.
+The founders of Greenpeace got started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The founders of Greenpeace got started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The founders of Greenpeace got started
+by trying to stop the United States from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying to stop the United States from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying to stop the United States from
+testing a nuclear bomb or with a fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a nuclear bomb or with a fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing a nuclear bomb or with a fishing
+boat. They got everyone's attention.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat. They got everyone's attention.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat. They got everyone's attention.
+This was certainly a bold idea. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was certainly a bold idea. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was certainly a bold idea. It was
+also not new. The Golden Rule Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not new. The Golden Rule Expedition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not new. The Golden Rule Expedition
+had tried the exact same thing 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried the exact same thing 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried the exact same thing 10 years
+earlier and the founders of Greenpeace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and the founders of Greenpeace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and the founders of Greenpeace
+knew about it. The Golden Rule was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it. The Golden Rule was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it. The Golden Rule was the
+name of the boat another group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the boat another group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the boat another group of people
+had tried to use to stop the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried to use to stop the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tried to use to stop the United
+States from testing nuclear bombs. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States from testing nuclear bombs. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States from testing nuclear bombs. There
+are many more examples of innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more examples of innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many more examples of innovations
+born out of repurposing old ideas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born out of repurposing old ideas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born out of repurposing old ideas.
+Blockchain, the laser, Tesla, Ford's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockchain, the laser, Tesla, Ford's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blockchain, the laser, Tesla, Ford's
+affordable car, biotechnology, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable car, biotechnology, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable car, biotechnology, all
+started out as a combination of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as a combination of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as a combination of things
+that were not new. You can find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not new. You can find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not new. You can find more
+about these and others in the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these and others in the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these and others in the first two
+chapters of my book, Innovating Adors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of my book, Innovating Adors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of my book, Innovating Adors
+Manifesto, and in the other materials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto, and in the other materials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifesto, and in the other materials I
+have shared online. This gives you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shared online. This gives you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shared online. This gives you a new
+way to think about innovating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about innovating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about innovating as
+reshaping and repurposing old ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping and repurposing old ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping and repurposing old ideas and
+technologies. In fact, because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. In fact, because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. In fact, because one
+technology can lead to many ventures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can lead to many ventures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can lead to many ventures,
+and there are multiple ways to chip at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are multiple ways to chip at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are multiple ways to chip at a
+problem, you do not even need to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you do not even need to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, you do not even need to come up
+with that great an idea. You can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that great an idea. You can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that great an idea. You can go
+looking for things that someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things that someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things that someone else
+left half finished. Technologies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half finished. Technologies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half finished. Technologies on the
+shelf or ideas that did not pan out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf or ideas that did not pan out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf or ideas that did not pan out the
+first time around and start big. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time around and start big. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time around and start big. This is
+a bit of a mental shift from how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mental shift from how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mental shift from how we
+imagine innovation. We tend to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine innovation. We tend to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine innovation. We tend to believe
+that innovations have to start small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innovations have to start small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innovations have to start small.
+That's because the emphasis is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because the emphasis is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's because the emphasis is on the
+word new, which everyone associates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word new, which everyone associates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word new, which everyone associates with
+unproven. But if all you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproven. But if all you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproven. But if all you're going to use
+is old, this frees you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old, this frees you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old, this frees you to think about
+how you start in a different way. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you start in a different way. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you start in a different way. You
+can start big as big as your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start big as big as your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start big as big as your current
+resources allow you to. The reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources allow you to. The reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources allow you to. The reason why I
+put the emphasis on starting with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the emphasis on starting with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the emphasis on starting with what
+you have is to make you realize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is to make you realize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is to make you realize that you
+do not need to start small. Of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not need to start small. Of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not need to start small. Of course,
+I'm not asking you to put your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you to put your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you to put your entire
+fortune into one single project, but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune into one single project, but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune into one single project, but I'm
+inviting you to consider what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting you to consider what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting you to consider what's the
+right amount of resources to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of resources to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of resources to demonstrate
+what you want to do. Whether you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do. Whether you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do. Whether you start
+from a hunch about a problem like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a hunch about a problem like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a hunch about a problem like the
+founders of Greenpeace did with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of Greenpeace did with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of Greenpeace did with a
+well-ressearched technology coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ressearched technology coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ressearched technology coming from
+a lab or any in between, repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab or any in between, repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab or any in between, repurposing
+ideas and technologies and starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and technologies and starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and technologies and starting with
+what you have is how you chip at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is how you chip at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is how you chip at the
+problem. You might still wonder about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You might still wonder about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You might still wonder about
+how to start, when to seek more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to start, when to seek more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to start, when to seek more
+resources, and how much. More on that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, and how much. More on that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, and how much. More on that in
+the next video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/xlamQGapfbY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today we start the part of our
+course that in the old days in
+
+the traditional treatment
+began the
+
+engineering form of calculus.
+
+In other words, what we have
+done is we have defined the
+
+derivative, the instantaneous
+change, as being a limit of an
+
+average rate of change.
+
+We spent a great deal of
+time proving certain
+
+theorems about limits.
+
+Now what we're going to do is to
+analytically take the limit
+
+definition of a derivative,
+which we have already done
+
+qualitatively, apply our limit
+theorems to of this, and
+
+develop certain formulas for
+computing derivatives much
+
+more quickly from a
+computational point of view
+
+than having to resort to the
+original definition.
+
+In other words, what we're going
+to do is to go from a
+
+qualitative approach to the
+derivative to a more
+
+quantitative approach.
+
+And for this reason, I just
+call this lecture the
+
+'Derivatives of Some Simple
+Functions' to create sort of a
+
+mood over here.
+
+Now, the idea is this.
+
+Let's go back to our
+basic definition.
+
+The derivative of 'f of x' when
+'x' is equal to 'x1', 'f
+
+prime of x1', on is by
+definition the limit as 'delta
+
+x' approaches 0, ''f of 'x1
+plus delta x'' minus 'f of
+
+x1'' over 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, the average
+rate of change of 'f of x'
+
+with respect to 'x' as we move
+from 'x1' to some new position
+
+'x1 + delta x', taking
+the limit as 'delta
+
+x' approaches 0.
+
+Now, just to illustrate this,
+let's take, for example, 'f of
+
+x' equals 'x cubed'.
+
+In this case, if we now compute
+'f of 'x1 plus delta
+
+x'' minus 'f of x1', recall
+that 'f' is the
+
+function that does what?
+
+Given any input, the output is
+the cube of the input, so 'f
+
+of 'x1 plus delta x' will be the
+cube of ''x1 plus delta x'
+
+minus 'f of x1''.
+
+That's minus 'x1 cubed'.
+
+We now use the binomial
+theorem.
+
+In other words, notice again
+how mathematics works.
+
+You introduce a new definition,
+but then all of
+
+the old prerequisite mathematics
+comes back to be
+
+used as a tool over here.
+
+We use the binomial theorem.
+
+The 'x1 cubed' term here
+cancels with the
+
+'x1 cubed' term here.
+
+And what we're left with is
+what? ''3x1 squared' times
+
+'delta x'' plus '3x1
+'delta x' squared''
+
+plus 'delta x' cubed'.
+
+And to emphasize the next step
+that we're going to make,
+
+let's factor out a 'delta x'.
+
+Now, going back to our basic
+definition, we must take this
+
+expression and divide
+it by 'delta x'.
+
+The key idea here is that in the
+last step, we're going to
+
+take the limit as 'delta
+x' approaches 0.
+
+The limit as 'delta x'
+approaches 0 means, in
+
+particular, that 'delta x' is
+not allowed to equal 0.
+
+And as long as 'delta x' is not
+0, the 'delta x' in the
+
+denominator cancels the 'delta
+x' in the numerator to leave
+
+'3x1 squared' plus '3x1 'delta
+x'' plus 'delta x squared'.
+
+And now finally to find what 'f
+prime of x1' is, we simply
+
+take this limit as 'delta
+x' approaches 0.
+
+And notice what you're doing
+over here when you let 'delta
+
+x' approach 0.
+
+We're going to be using
+the limit theorems.
+
+Namely, the limit of a sum
+is the sum of the limits.
+
+The limit of a product is the
+product of the limits.
+
+We can then take each of these
+limits term by term.
+
+Notice that the first term, not
+depending on 'delta x',
+
+it's limit is just
+'3x1 squared'.
+
+Each of the remaining terms
+have a factor of
+
+'delta x' in them.
+
+As 'delta x' goes to 0 then,
+each of the remaining terms go
+
+to 0, and we wind up with, by
+our basic definition, that 'f
+
+prime of x1' is '3x1 squared'.
+
+In particular, since 'x1'
+could have been any real
+
+number here, what we
+have shown is what?
+
+That if 'f of x' is equal to 'x
+cubed', then 'f prime of x'
+
+is '3x squared'.
+
+And the important point here
+is simply to observe that
+
+we've got this result by
+applying the basic definition
+
+to a specifically
+given function.
+
+To generalize this result, let
+'f of x' be 'x' to the 'n',
+
+where 'n' is any positive
+whole number.
+
+And I want to emphasize that
+because you're going to see as
+
+this proof goes on that I really
+use the fact then 'n'
+
+is a positive whole number,
+and I'll emphasize to you
+
+where I do this.
+
+I'm going to mimic the same
+thing I did in the special
+
+case in our first example
+when we simply chose
+
+'n' to equal 3.
+
+Namely, I compute 'f
+of 'x1 plus delta
+
+x'' minus 'f of x1'.
+
+Since the output is the n-th
+power of the input, that's
+
+just 'x1 plus delta x' to the
+'n' minus 'x1' to the 'n'.
+
+Now, as long as 'n' is a
+positive whole number, we can
+
+expand it by the binomial
+theorem.
+
+The first term will be 'x
+sub 1' to the n-th.
+
+That will cancel this 'x
+sub 1' to the n-th.
+
+The next term will be 'n 'x sub
+1'' to the 'n - 1' power
+
+times 'delta x'.
+
+And now I do something
+that's a little
+
+bit cheating, I guess.
+
+What I do next is I observe that
+every remaining term in
+
+the binomial theorem expansion
+here has a factor of at least
+
+'delta x squared' in it.
+
+So rather than compute all of
+these terms individually,
+
+recognizing that I'm going to
+let 'delta x' eventually
+
+approach 0, I factor out a
+'delta x squared' and say,
+
+lookit, the remaining terms
+have the form 'delta x
+
+squared' times some
+finite number.
+
+I don't know what it is, but
+it's some finite number.
+
+I'll put that-- well, let's just
+take a look and see what
+
+that means.
+
+In particular now, if I take
+this expression and divide
+
+through by 'delta x', we're
+assuming again that 'delta x'
+
+is not 0 because we're going to
+take the limit as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0.
+
+And remember our big harangue
+about that.
+
+When we approach the limit, we
+are never allowed to equal it.
+
+'Delta x' never equals 0.
+
+Consequently, I can cancel a
+'delta x' from the denominator
+
+with a 'delta x' from
+the numerator.
+
+Canceling a 'delta x' from the
+numerator knocks a 'delta x'
+
+altogether out of this term
+and leaves me with just a
+
+single factor of 'delta
+x' in this term.
+
+What I now do is, referring to
+my basic definition, I now
+
+take the limit as 'delta
+x' approaches 0.
+
+As 'delta x' approaches 0, this
+term, not depending on
+
+'delta x', remains 'nx'
+to the 'n - 1'.
+
+And here's the key step.
+
+The limit of a product is the
+product of the limits.
+
+This approaches 0.
+
+This is some number.
+
+And 0 times some number is 0.
+
+And therefore, all that's left
+here is 'nx1' to the 'n - 1'.
+
+Again, since this was any 'x',
+what we have is what?
+
+If 'f of x' is 'x to the
+n', where 'n' is a
+
+positive whole number.
+
+And where do I use that fact?
+
+I use that fact to use
+the binomial theorem.
+
+Then the derivative is
+'nx' to the 'n - 1'.
+
+In other words, if you want to
+memorize a shortcut now that
+
+we know the answer, observe that
+it seems to differentiate
+
+'x' to the 'n'.
+
+All you do is bring the exponent
+down and replace it
+
+by one less.
+
+But for heaven's sakes, don't
+look at that as being a proof.
+
+Rather, we gave the proof,
+then observed what the
+
+shortcut recipe was.
+
+Don't say isn't it easier just
+to bring the exponent down and
+
+replace it by one less instead
+of going through this whole
+
+long harangue over here?
+
+No, this is how we prove
+that result.
+
+In other words, what we have
+now shown is that to
+
+differentiate 'x' to the 'n' for
+any positive integer 'n',
+
+the derivative is just
+'nx' to the 'n - 1'.
+
+So far, we do not know if
+that result is true
+
+for any other numbers.
+
+We'll talk about that a
+little bit more later.
+
+Well, so much for
+that example.
+
+Let's look at another one.
+
+Let's suppose that we have two
+functions 'f' and 'g', which
+
+are differentiable, say,
+at some number 'x1'.
+
+That means, among other things,
+that 'f prime of x1'
+
+and 'g prime of x1' exist.
+
+Now define a new function
+'h' to be the sum of
+
+the given two functions.
+
+By the way, we have to be
+very, very careful here.
+
+In general, 'f' and 'g' could
+have different domains.
+
+Notice that 'x' has to belong to
+both the domain of 'f' and
+
+the domain of 'g' for
+this to make sense.
+
+Consequently, I write down over
+here that 'x' belongs to
+
+the domain of 'f' intersect
+domain 'g'.
+
+In other words, it belongs to
+both sets, the domain of 'f'
+
+and the domain of 'g'.
+
+Because if 'x' didn't belong to
+at least one of these two,
+
+this expression wouldn't
+even make sense.
+
+In other words, 'x' must be a
+permissible input to both the
+
+'f' and 'g' machines.
+
+Now, what my claim is, is that
+in this particular case, 'h
+
+prime' exists.
+
+In other words, 'h' is also
+differentiable, and it's
+
+obtained by adding the sum
+of these two derivatives.
+
+In other words, this is the
+result that's commonly known
+
+as the derivative of a sum is
+the sum of the derivatives,
+
+which, of course, sounds like
+it should be right.
+
+But I'll comment on that
+in a moment also.
+
+what.
+
+I want to show is simply this,
+that 'h prime of x1' is simply
+
+'f prime of x1' plus 'g
+prime of x1', OK?
+
+And my main purpose is to
+highlight the basic
+
+definition.
+
+That's what I want to give
+you the drill on.
+
+Namely, how do we compute
+'h prime of x1'?
+
+We must look at ''h of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' minus 'h of
+
+x1'' over 'delta x', then take
+the limit as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0.
+
+That's the basic definition
+that will be used over and
+
+over and over.
+
+At any rate, sparing you all
+of the details here, let's
+
+simply observe what?
+
+That 'h of 'x1 plus delta x'',
+since 'h' is the sum of 'f'
+
+and 'g', is 'f of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' plus 'g of
+
+'x1 plus delta x''.
+
+Consequently, 'h of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' minus 'h of x1' is
+
+'f of 'x1 plus delta x'' plus
+'g of 'x1 plus delta x''--
+
+that's this part--
+
+minus ''f of x1' plus
+'g of x1''.
+
+Now, the idea is I want to
+divide this by 'delta x'.
+
+I also have some knowledge of
+the differentiability of 'f'
+
+and 'g' separately, so I would
+like to combine or regroup
+
+these terms to highlight
+that fact for me.
+
+So what I do is I group these
+two terms together, these two
+
+terms together, and then divide
+through by 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, ''h of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' minus 'h of x''
+
+over 'delta x' is what?
+
+''f of 'x1 plus delta x'' minus
+'f of x1'' over 'delta
+
+x' plus ''g of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' minus 'g of
+
+x1'' over 'delta x'.
+
+Now, for my last step, I simply
+must take the limit as
+
+'delta x' goes to 0.
+
+Well, just look at this
+bracketed expression.
+
+The limit of a sum is the
+sum of the limits.
+
+So to take the limit of this
+expression, I take the limit
+
+of these two terms separately
+and add them.
+
+By definition, the limit of the
+bracketed expressions as
+
+'delta x' goes to 0--
+by definition--
+
+is 'f prime of x1'.
+
+And as 'delta x' goes to 0,
+this term here becomes 'g
+
+prime of x1'.
+
+And by the way, for the last
+time, let me give you this
+
+word of caution again.
+
+Do not make the mistake of
+saying, gee, when 'delta x'
+
+goes to 0, my numerator is 0.
+
+Therefore, the fraction
+must be 0.
+
+No!
+
+When 'delta x' goes to 0, sure,
+if you replace 'delta x'
+
+by 0, the numerator is 0, but
+so is the denominator.
+
+In other words, this is our old
+story that the derivative
+
+becomes a study of 0/0 so if
+you let 'delta x' equals 0.
+
+In other words, the whole
+point is what?
+
+That as 'delta x' approaches
+0, this by definition is 'f
+
+prime of x1'.
+
+This by definition is
+'g prime of x1'.
+
+And therefore, we have proven
+as a theorem 'h prime of x1'
+
+is 'f prime of x1' plus 'g
+prime of x1', that the
+
+derivative of a sum is the
+sum of the derivatives.
+
+Now, the main trouble so far is
+that every result that I've
+
+proven rigorously for you, you
+have probably guessed in
+
+advance that it was
+going to happen.
+
+You say who needs this rigorous
+stuff when we could
+
+have got the same result
+by intuition.
+
+And this is where the rift
+between the way the pure
+
+mathematician often teaches
+calculus and the way, say, the
+
+applied man teaches calculus
+often comes in.
+
+The point is that the places
+that you can get into trouble
+
+often aren't stressed
+soon enough.
+
+So before we go any further, let
+me show you that you must
+
+be careful, that up until now,
+we have been very fortunate
+
+when we say things like the
+limit of a product is the
+
+product of the limits, fortunate
+in the sense that
+
+they worked out the way the
+wording seemed to indicate.
+
+Let me give you an example of
+what I mean by saying beware
+
+of self-evident.
+
+I claim, for example, that the
+derivative of a product is not
+
+the product of the derivatives
+necessarily.
+
+And the best way to prove that
+to you is not to say take my
+
+word for it.
+
+This is one of the beauties of
+computational mathematics.
+
+You can always show by means of
+an example what's going on.
+
+For example, let 'f of
+x' be 'x + 1', let 'g
+
+of x' be 'x - 1'.
+
+Now, the derivative of
+'x + 1' is simply 1.
+
+The derivative of 'x
+- 1' is also 1.
+
+Namely, we differentiate
+this as a sum.
+
+The derivative of 'x' is 1.
+
+The derivative of
+a constant is 0.
+
+In other words, 'f prime of x'
+is 1, 'g prime of x' is 1.
+
+On the other hand, if we first
+multiply 'f' and 'g', 'x + 1'
+
+times 'x - 1' is 'x squared
+- 1', and the
+
+derivative of that is what?
+
+Well, to differentiate 'x
+squared', we just saw.
+
+Bring the exponent down.
+
+Replace it by one less.
+
+That's '2x'.
+
+The derivative of
+minus 1 is 0.
+
+In other words, if you multiply
+first and then take
+
+the derivative, you get '2x'.
+
+On the other hand, if you
+differentiate first and then
+
+take the product, you get 2.
+
+Now, it is not true that '2x'
+is a synonym for 1 for all
+
+values of 'x'.
+
+In other words, if you
+differentiate first and then
+
+take the product, you get a
+different answer than if you
+
+multiply first and then
+differentiate.
+
+In other words, self-evident
+or not, the thing
+
+happens to be false.
+
+In fact, let's see how the
+theory helps us in this case.
+
+See, what I've shown you
+here is that this
+
+result isn't true.
+
+Oh, I should say that this
+result is true, that the
+
+equality isn't true.
+
+What I haven't shown you
+is what is true.
+
+And again, to emphasize
+our basic definition,
+
+let's do that now.
+
+Let's show how we can use our
+basic definition to find the
+
+correct result.
+
+What we do is we let 'h of x'
+equal 'f of x' times 'g of x'.
+
+And we're going to use the
+same structure as before.
+
+We are going to compute 'h of
+'x1 plus delta x'', subtract
+
+'h of x1' divide by 'delta x',
+and take the limit as 'delta
+
+x' approaches 0.
+
+We do that every time.
+
+All that changes is the property
+of the particular
+
+function that we're
+dealing with.
+
+In any event, if I do this, 'h
+of 'x1 plus delta x'' is
+
+obtained by replacing 'x' in
+here by 'x1 plus delta x'.
+
+And 'h of x1' is obtained by
+replacing 'x' by 'x1' over
+
+here, so I wind up with 'f of
+'x1 plus delta x'' times 'g of
+
+'x1 plus delta x'' minus 'f
+of x1' times 'g of x1'.
+
+And now the problem is I would
+like somehow to be able to get
+
+terms involving 'f of 'x1 plus
+delta x'' minus 'f of x1', 'g
+
+of 'x1 plus delta x'' minus 'g
+of x1', and I use the same
+
+trick here that I used when I
+proved that the limit of a
+
+product is the product
+of the limits.
+
+Namely, I am going to add in
+and subtract the same term,
+
+and this will help me factor.
+
+In other words, what I'm going
+to do here is this.
+
+I write down this term.
+
+Now I say to myself I would like
+an 'f of x1' term to go
+
+with the 'f of 'x1
+plus delta x''.
+
+So what I do is I write
+minus 'f of x1'.
+
+Then I observe that 'g of 'x1
+plus delta x'' is a factor
+
+here, so I put that
+in over here.
+
+See, 'g of 'x1 plus delta x''.
+
+See, in other words, I can now
+factor out a 'g of 'x1 plus
+
+delta x'' from these two terms
+and have the formula that I
+
+want left over.
+
+But, of course, this term
+doesn't belong here.
+
+I just added it myself, or I
+should say subtracted it, so
+
+now I put it in with the
+opposite sign, namely, plus 'f
+
+of x1' 'g of 'x1
+plus delta x''.
+
+And now put this term back
+in here: minus 'f of
+
+x1' times 'g of x1'.
+
+In other words, all I've done
+is rewritten this, but by
+
+adding and subtracting the same
+term, which does what?
+
+Dividing through by 'delta x',
+I factor out a 'g of 'x1 plus
+
+delta x' from these two terms.
+
+That leaves me with ''f of 'x1
+plus delta x'' minus 'f of x1'
+
+over 'delta x'' because I'm
+dividing through by 'delta x'.
+
+Now, what I do is I factor out
+'f of x1' from here and divide
+
+what's left through by 'delta
+x'-- that gives me 'f of x1'--
+
+times the quantity ''g of 'x1
+plus delta x'' minus 'g of
+
+x1'' over 'delta x'.
+
+I get this thing over here.
+
+Now, my final step is what?
+
+I take the limit as 'delta
+x' approaches 0.
+
+Well, let's do the
+easy part first.
+
+As 'delta x' approaches 0, this
+becomes 'f prime of x1'.
+
+And as 'delta x' approaches 0,
+this becomes 'g prime of x1'.
+
+This, of course, remains
+'f of x1'.
+
+And I guess you would argue
+intuitively that as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0, 'x1 plus delta
+x' approaches 'x1'.
+
+Therefore, 'g of 'x1
+plus delta x''
+
+approaches 'g of x1'.
+
+That would give you this
+result over here.
+
+I have put a little asterisk
+over here because I want to
+
+make a footnote about this.
+
+You know, even though you would
+have allowed me to say
+
+that this approaches 'g of x1'
+as 'delta x' approaches 0, it
+
+is not in general true that we
+can be this sloppy about this.
+
+I want to mention that later,
+but meanwhile, I don't want to
+
+obscure the result that
+I'm driving at.
+
+Namely, assuming that this is
+a proper step, what we have
+
+shown now is that to
+differentiate a product, you
+
+differentiate the
+first factor and
+
+multiply that by the second.
+
+Then add on to that the first
+factor times the derivative of
+
+the second.
+
+Now, that may not be
+self-evident, but what we have
+
+shown is that self-evident or
+not, this result follows
+
+inescapably from our basic
+definitions and
+
+our previous theorems.
+
+And by the way, to finish off
+the example that we started
+
+where 'f of x' was 'x + 1' and
+'g of x' was 'x - 1', notice
+
+that if we use this recipe,
+'f prime of x1' is 1.
+
+'g of x1' is 'x1 - 1'.
+
+'f of x1' is 'x1 + 1'.
+
+'g prime of x1' is 1.
+
+And if we now combine all of
+these terms, we get twice
+
+'x1', and that's exactly what
+the derivative of the product
+
+should have been.
+
+In other words, just to
+summarize this thing off,
+
+notice that when we were back
+over here, this was the result
+
+that we were supposed to get.
+
+In other words, to differentiate
+a product, our
+
+basic formula tells us that
+it's the first times the
+
+derivative of the second plus
+the second times the
+
+derivative of the first.
+
+And let me just go back to this
+parenthetical footnote
+
+that I wanted to mention
+for you.
+
+It is not always that the
+limit of 'g of t' as 't'
+
+approaches 'a' is 'g of a'.
+
+Remember, our whole study of
+limits said you cannot replace
+
+'t' by 'a' or 'a' by
+'t' automatically.
+
+In fact what, type of examples
+did we see that this got us
+
+into trouble?
+
+For example, let 'g of t'
+be ''t squared - 1'
+
+over 't - 1'', OK?
+
+Then the limit of 'g of t' as
+'t' approaches 1, well, as
+
+long as 't' is not 1,
+'t - 1' is not 0.
+
+We can cancel the 't - 1' from
+the numerator and the
+
+denominator.
+
+That leaves us with 't + 1'.
+
+As 't' approaches 1, 't
++ 1' approaches 2.
+
+In other words, the limit of 'g
+of t' as 't' approaches 1
+
+is 2, but 'g of 1' doesn't
+even exist.
+
+'g of 1' is 0/0.
+
+In other words, it's not true
+here that as 't' approaches 1,
+
+'g of t' approaches 'g of 1'.
+
+In other words, you can say
+that when 'x1' approaches
+
+'x2', 'f of x1' approaches
+is 'f of x2'.
+
+It doesn't have to be true.
+
+Why then could I use it in
+my particular example?
+
+And by the way, the situation in
+which the limit of 'g of t'
+
+as 't' approaches 'a' is 'g of
+a' comes under the heading of
+
+a subject called continuity, and
+that is a later lecture in
+
+this particular block.
+
+We'll talk about it in
+more detail then.
+
+But for the time being, let me
+show you why we could use this
+
+in our present case.
+
+Again, we use a trick.
+
+We want to show that as 'x1 plus
+delta x' gets close to
+
+'x1', 'g of 'x1 plus delta x''
+gets close to 'g of x1'.
+
+And to do that, that's the
+same as showing that this
+
+difference gets close to 0 as
+'delta x' gets close to 0.
+
+What we do is utilize
+the fact, and
+
+this is very important.
+
+We utilize the fact that
+'g' is differentiable.
+
+And what we do is-- and it
+doesn't look like a very
+
+significant step, but it is.
+
+What we do is we take this
+expression and both multiply
+
+it and divide it by 'delta x'.
+
+I don't know if you can see the
+method to my madness here.
+
+The whole thing I'm setting up
+here is that when I do this,
+
+the bracketed expression now
+looks like the thing that
+
+yields 'g prime of x1' when
+you take the limit.
+
+And now that's exactly
+what I'm going to do.
+
+I'm going to take the limit of
+this expression as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0.
+
+The limit of a product is the
+product of the limits.
+
+As 'delta x' is allowed to
+approach 0, this bracketed
+
+expression by definition becomes
+'g prime of x1'.
+
+And obviously, this is just
+the limit of 'delta x' as
+
+'delta x' approaches
+0, which is 0.
+
+The fact that 'g' is
+differentiable means that this
+
+is a finite number, and any
+finite number times 0 is 0.
+
+In other words, the fact that
+'g' was differentiable tells
+
+us that this limit is 0, and
+that's the same as saying that
+
+the limit 'g of 'x1 plus delta
+x'' as 'delta x' approaches 0
+
+is, in fact, 'g of x1'.
+
+As self-evident as it seems,
+this is not a true result if
+
+the function 'g' is not
+differentiable, or it may not
+
+be a true result if 'g'
+is not differentiable.
+
+Well, so much for that.
+
+There is one more recipe that's
+very important called
+
+the quotient rule.
+
+The one we just did was called
+the product rule, how do you
+
+differentiate the product
+of two functions.
+
+There is an analogous type of
+recipe for differentiating the
+
+quotient of two functions.
+
+And since the proof is very
+much the same as what I've
+
+already done, I leave
+the details to you.
+
+They're in the textbook.
+
+You can go through that in
+more detail if you wish.
+
+But the result is this.
+
+If 'f' and 'g' are
+differentiable functions, the
+
+quotient is also
+differentiable.
+
+And the way you get the result--
+and again, notice how
+
+nonintuitive this is.
+
+Get this in terms of logic
+if you're trying
+
+to memorize it logically.
+
+You take the denominator
+times the
+
+derivative of the numerator.
+
+And you subtract off the
+numerator times the derivative
+
+of the denominator.
+
+And then you divide the whole
+thing by the square of the
+
+denominator.
+
+See, again, notice how
+overwhelming this course
+
+becomes if you try to memorize
+every result.
+
+Rather, do what?
+
+Memorize the basic definition
+and derive these results.
+
+And believe me, once you use
+these results long enough,
+
+you'll memorize them
+automatically
+
+just by repeated use.
+
+Well, at any rate, let me give
+you an example of using this.
+
+Remember before we could only
+differentiate 'x' to the n if
+
+the exponent was positive?
+
+Suppose 'f of x' is 'x' to the
+'minus n' where 'n' is now a
+
+positive integer.
+
+That means 'minus
+n' is negative.
+
+How would we differentiate
+this?
+
+And the idea here is we say
+lookit, if this had been a
+
+positive 'n', we could
+handle this.
+
+But 'x' to the 'minus n'
+by definition is 1
+
+over 'x' to the 'n'.
+
+We know how to differentiate 'x'
+to the 'n' when 'n' is a
+
+positive number.
+
+What do I have now?
+
+I have a quotient.
+
+So I use the quotient rule.
+
+'f prime of x' is what?
+
+It's my denominator, which is
+'x' to the 'n', times the
+
+derivative of my numerator.
+
+My numerator is a constant so
+it's the derivative of 0,
+
+minus the numerator--
+that's minus 1--
+
+times the derivative
+of the denominator.
+
+But for a positive integer
+'n', we know that the
+
+derivative of 'x' to the 'n'
+is 'nx' to the 'n - 1', all
+
+over the square of
+the denominator.
+
+But the square of 'x' to the
+'n' is 'x' to the '2n'.
+
+And if I now simplify
+this, I have what?
+
+This is 0.
+
+This is 'minus n'.
+
+This is 'x' to the 'n - 1'.
+
+This comes upstairs
+as a 'minus 2n'.
+
+So I have 'minus x' to
+the 'n - 1 - 2n'.
+
+That's the same as what?
+
+'Minus nx' to the
+'minus 'n - 1'.
+
+And by the way, this is a rather
+interesting result now
+
+that we've proven it.
+
+Suppose we said to a person,
+let's just bring down the
+
+exponential and replace
+it by one less.
+
+Well, if we brought down the
+exponent, that's 'minus n'.
+
+And if we replaced 'minus n'
+by one less, that would be
+
+'minus 'n - 1'.
+
+And lo and behold, that's
+precisely the
+
+result that we got.
+
+In other words, by using the
+quotient rule, for example, we
+
+can now show that the rule
+that says bring down the
+
+exponent and replace it by one
+less applies for all integers,
+
+not just the positive
+integers.
+
+In later lectures, we will
+show that it applies to
+
+fractional exponents as well
+as to any real number
+
+exponents as we go along.
+
+But I just wanted you to
+see the structure here.
+
+And in fact, I think in terms
+of what this lesson is all
+
+about, we have given
+enough examples.
+
+I think we might just as well
+summarize here, and let it be,
+
+and let the rest come from the
+reading material and the
+
+learning exercises in general.
+
+And the summary is
+simply this.
+
+The basic definition of a
+derivative is 'f prime of x1'
+
+is the limit as 'delta x'
+approaches 0, ''f of 'x1 plus
+
+delta x'' minus 'f of
+x1'' over 'delta x'.
+
+That basic definition
+never changes.
+
+We always mean this when
+we write this.
+
+But what is important is that
+this basic definition can be
+
+manipulated to yield, and now
+I use quotation marks
+
+"convenient," because I don't
+know how convenient something
+
+has to be before it's
+really convenient,
+
+but convenient what?
+
+Recipes.
+
+Meaning what?
+
+Convenient ways to find
+the derivative.
+
+You see, what's going to happen
+in the remainder of our
+
+course as we shall soon see in
+the next lecture, in fact,
+
+what we're going to start doing
+is using derivatives the
+
+same as they always were
+intended to be used.
+
+But now we are going to have
+much sharper computational
+
+techniques for finding these
+derivatives more rapidly than
+
+having to resort to the basic
+limit definition.
+
+Well, enough about
+that for now.
+
+Until next time, goodbye.
+
+NARRATOR: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xwE568oVQ1Y.txt b/xwE568oVQ1Y.txt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e73edef0e7df158c162b48be8b94de0999f8e3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xwE568oVQ1Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're gonna talk
+about cache oblivious algorithms who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cache oblivious algorithms who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cache oblivious algorithms who
+remembers what a cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what a cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what a cache oblivious
+algorithm is so what is a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is so what is a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is so what is a cache
+oblivious algorithm oblivious to cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithm oblivious to cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithm oblivious to cache
+size so a cache oblivious algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so a cache oblivious algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so a cache oblivious algorithm is
+an algorithm that automatically Tunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that automatically Tunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that automatically Tunes
+for the cache size on your machine so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cache size on your machine so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cache size on your machine so it
+achieves good cache efficiency and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves good cache efficiency and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves good cache efficiency and the
+code doesn't need to have any knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't need to have any knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't need to have any knowledge
+of the cache parameters of your machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cache parameters of your machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cache parameters of your machine
+in contrast a cache aware algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast a cache aware algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast a cache aware algorithm
+would actually know the parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually know the parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually know the parameters of
+the cache sizes on your machine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache sizes on your machine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache sizes on your machine and the
+code would actually put the sizes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would actually put the sizes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would actually put the sizes of the
+cache inside so today we're gonna talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache inside so today we're gonna talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache inside so today we're gonna talk a
+lot more about cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about cache oblivious
+algorithms last time we talked about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms last time we talked about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms last time we talked about one
+cache oblivious algorithm that was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious algorithm that was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious algorithm that was for
+matrix multiplication and today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication and today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication and today we're
+gonna talk about some other ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about some other ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about some other ones so
+first example I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example I want to talk about is
+simulation of heat diffusion so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of heat diffusion so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of heat diffusion so here's a
+famous equation known as the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous equation known as the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous equation known as the heat
+equation and this equation is in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation is in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation is in two
+dimensions and we want to simulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we want to simulate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we want to simulate this
+function you that has three parameters t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you that has three parameters t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you that has three parameters t
+x and y t is the time step x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y t is the time step x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y t is the time step x and y are
+the XY coordinates of the 2d space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY coordinates of the 2d space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY coordinates of the 2d space and
+we want to know the temperature for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know the temperature for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know the temperature for each
+x y coordinate for any point in time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y coordinate for any point in time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y coordinate for any point in time T
+and the 2d heat equation can be modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 2d heat equation can be modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 2d heat equation can be modeled
+using a differential equation so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a differential equation so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a differential equation so how
+many of you have seen differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen differential
+equations before okay so good most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before okay so good most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations before okay so good most most
+of you so here I'm showing the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so here I'm showing the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so here I'm showing the equation
+in two dimensions but you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions but you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions but you can get
+similar equations for higher dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar equations for higher dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar equations for higher dimensions
+so here it says the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it says the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it says the partial derivative
+of U with respect to T is equal to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with respect to T is equal to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with respect to T is equal to alpha
+alpha is what's called the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is what's called the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is what's called the thermal
+diffusivity it's a constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity it's a constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity it's a constant times the
+sum of the second partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the second partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the second partial derivative of
+U with respect to X and the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with respect to X and the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with respect to X and the partial
+second partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial derivative
+you with respect to Y so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with respect to Y so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with respect to Y so this is a
+pretty famous equation and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty famous equation and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty famous equation and you can see
+that we have a single derivative on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a single derivative on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a single derivative on the
+left side and a double d'oeurves on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and a double d'oeurves on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and a double d'oeurves on the
+right side and how do we actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and how do we actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and how do we actually write
+code to simulate this to deihi process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to simulate this to deihi process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to simulate this to deihi process
+so oftentimes in scientific computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oftentimes in scientific computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oftentimes in scientific computing
+people will come up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come up with these
+differential equations just to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations just to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations just to describe
+physical processes and then they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes and then they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes and then they want to
+come up with efficient code to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with efficient code to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with efficient code to actually
+simulate the physical process okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the physical process okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the physical process okay so
+here's an example of a 2d heat diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a 2d heat diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a 2d heat diffusion
+so let's say we started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we started out with
+configuration on the left and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration on the left and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration on the left and here the
+the color corresponds to a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color corresponds to a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color corresponds to a temperature
+so a brighter color means it's hotter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a brighter color means it's hotter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a brighter color means it's hotter
+yellow is the hottest and blue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is the hottest and blue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is the hottest and blue is the
+coldest and on the Left we just have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest and on the Left we just have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest and on the Left we just have six
+172 which is the course number so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 which is the course number so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 which is the course number so if you
+didn't know that you're probably in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that you're probably in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that you're probably in the
+wrong class and then afterwards we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong class and then afterwards we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong class and then afterwards we're
+gonna run it for a couple time steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run it for a couple time steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna run it for a couple time steps and
+then the heat is gonna diffuse to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heat is gonna diffuse to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the heat is gonna diffuse to the
+neighboring regions of the 2d space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring regions of the 2d space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring regions of the 2d space so
+after we run it for a couple steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we run it for a couple steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we run it for a couple steps we
+might get the configuration on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get the configuration on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get the configuration on the right
+where the heat is more spread out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the heat is more spread out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the heat is more spread out now
+and oftentimes we want to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we want to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we want to run this
+simulation for a number of time steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation for a number of time steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation for a number of time steps
+until the distribution of heat converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the distribution of heat converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the distribution of heat converges
+so it becomes stable and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes stable and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes stable and it doesn't
+change by much anymore and then we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by much anymore and then we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change by much anymore and then we stop
+the simulation so this is the 1d heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation so this is the 1d heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation so this is the 1d heat
+equation I showed you at a 2d one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I showed you at a 2d one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I showed you at a 2d one
+earlier but we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but we're actually going to
+generate code for the 1d heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code for the 1d heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code for the 1d heat equation
+since it's simpler but all the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's simpler but all the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's simpler but all the ideas
+generalize to higher dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to higher dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to higher dimensions and
+here's the range of colors corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the range of colors corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the range of colors corresponding
+to temperatures so the hottest colors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temperatures so the hottest colors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temperatures so the hottest colors on
+the left and the coldest colors on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the coldest colors on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the coldest colors on the
+right and if you had a heat source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you had a heat source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you had a heat source
+that's on the left-hand side of this bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the left-hand side of this bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the left-hand side of this bar
+then this might possibly be a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this might possibly be a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this might possibly be a stable
+distribution so if you keep running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you keep running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you keep running the
+simulation you might get a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you might get a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you might get a stable
+distribution of heat that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of heat that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of heat that looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+simulate this differential equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this differential equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this differential equation so
+one commonly used method is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one commonly used method is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one commonly used method is known as
+finite difference approximation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference approximation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference approximation so we're
+going to approximate the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to approximate the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to approximate the partial
+derivative of U with respect to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U with respect to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U with respect to each of
+its coordinates so the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coordinates so the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coordinates so the partial
+derivative of U with respect to T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U with respect to T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U with respect to T is
+approximately equal to U of T plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to U of T plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to U of T plus delta
+T where delta T is some small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where delta T is some small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where delta T is some small small
+value and X and then minus U of T X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and X and then minus U of T X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and X and then minus U of T X and
+then that's all divided by delta T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's all divided by delta T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's all divided by delta T so
+how many of you have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen this
+approximation method before from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method before from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method before from your
+calculus class okay good so as you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus class okay good so as you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus class okay good so as you bring
+the value of delta T down to zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of delta T down to zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of delta T down to zero then
+the thing on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing on the right hand side
+approaches the true partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the true partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the true partial derivative
+so that's a partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a partial derivative with
+respect to T we also need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T we also need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T we also need to get the
+partial derivative with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to X and
+here I'm saying that partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm saying that partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm saying that partial derivative
+with respect to X is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X is approximately equal
+to UT of X plus Delta x over 2 minus UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UT of X plus Delta x over 2 minus UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UT of X plus Delta x over 2 minus UT
+of X minus Delta X over 2 all divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X minus Delta X over 2 all divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X minus Delta X over 2 all divided by
+Delta X so notice here that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so notice here that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so notice here that instead of
+adding Delta X in the first term and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding Delta X in the first term and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding Delta X in the first term and not
+adding anything in the second term I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding anything in the second term I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding anything in the second term I'm
+actually adding Delta X over 2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adding Delta X over 2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually adding Delta X over 2 in the
+first term I'm subtracting Delta X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term I'm subtracting Delta X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term I'm subtracting Delta X over
+2 in the second term and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the second term and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the second term and it turns out
+that I can do this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can do this with the
+approximation method and it still turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method and it still turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method and it still turns
+out to be valid as long as the two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be valid as long as the two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be valid as long as the two terms
+that I'm putting in there their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm putting in there their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm putting in there their
+difference is Delta X so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is Delta X so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is Delta X so here the
+difference is Delta X and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is Delta X and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is Delta X and I can
+basically decide how to split up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decide how to split up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decide how to split up this
+Delta X term among the two things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X term among the two things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X term among the two things in the
+numerator and the reason why ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the reason why ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and the reason why ice
+I chose Delta X over 2 here is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose Delta X over 2 here is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose Delta X over 2 here is because
+the math is just gonna work out nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is just gonna work out nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is just gonna work out nicely
+and it's gonna give us cleaner code this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna give us cleaner code this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna give us cleaner code this
+is just a first partial derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a first partial derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a first partial derivative with
+respect to X I actually need the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X I actually need the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X I actually need the second
+partial derivative since the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative since the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative since the right-hand
+side of this equation has a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this equation has a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this equation has a second
+partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative
+so this is what the second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the second partial
+derivative looks like so I just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like so I just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative looks like so I just take the
+partial derivative with respect to X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative with respect to X of
+each of the terms in my numerator from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the terms in my numerator from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the terms in my numerator from
+the equation above and then now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation above and then now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation above and then now I can
+actually plug in the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug in the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plug in the value of this
+partial derivative by applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative by applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative by applying the
+equation above using the arguments T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above using the arguments T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above using the arguments T and
+X plus Delta x over 2 and similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus Delta x over 2 and similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus Delta x over 2 and similarly for
+the second term so for the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term so for the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term so for the first term
+when I plug it into the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I plug it into the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I plug it into the equation for the
+partial derivative of with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of with respect to X
+I'm just gonna get UT of X plus Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna get UT of X plus Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna get UT of X plus Delta X
+minus UT x and then for the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus UT x and then for the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus UT x and then for the second term
+I'm going to get UT of X minus Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get UT of X minus Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get UT of X minus Delta X
+and then I subtract another factor of UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtract another factor of UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I subtract another factor of UT
+X so that's why I'm subtracting two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's why I'm subtracting two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's why I'm subtracting two
+times UT x in the numerator here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times UT x in the numerator here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times UT x in the numerator here and
+then the partial derivative of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial derivative of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial derivative of each of
+the things in the numerator also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in the numerator also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in the numerator also have to
+divide by this Delta X term so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this Delta X term so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this Delta X term so on the
+denominator I get Delta x squared so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I get Delta x squared so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I get Delta x squared so now
+I have the second partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the second partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the second partial derivative
+with respect to X and I also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and I also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and I also have the
+first partial derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial derivative with respect to
+T so I can just plug them into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I can just plug them into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I can just plug them into my
+equation above so on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above so on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above so on the left hand side
+I just have this term here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have this term here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have this term here and I'm
+multiplying by this alpha constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this alpha constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this alpha constant and
+then on this term just comes from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on this term just comes from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on this term just comes from here
+so this is what the 1d heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the 1d heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what the 1d heat equation
+reduces to using the finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to using the finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to using the finite difference
+approximation method so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation method so any questions on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually write code to
+simulate this equation here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this equation here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this equation here so we're
+gonna use what's called a stencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use what's called a stencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use what's called a stencil
+computation and here I'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and here I'm going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and here I'm going to set
+Delta X and delta T equal to one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and delta T equal to one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and delta T equal to one just
+for simplicity but in general you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity but in general you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity but in general you can
+set them to whatever you want you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them to whatever you want you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set them to whatever you want you can
+make them smaller to have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them smaller to have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them smaller to have a more
+fine-grained simulation so my set Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained simulation so my set Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained simulation so my set Delta
+X and delta T equal to 1 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and delta T equal to 1 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and delta T equal to 1 then the
+denominators of these two terms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators of these two terms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators of these two terms just
+become one and I don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become one and I don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become one and I don't need to worry
+about them and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then I'm going to
+represent my 2d space using a 2d matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my 2d space using a 2d matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent my 2d space using a 2d matrix
+where the horizontal axis represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the horizontal axis represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the horizontal axis represents
+values of X and the vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and the vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and the vertical axis
+represents values of T and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents values of T and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents values of T and I want to
+fill in all these entries that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in all these entries that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in all these entries that have a
+black dot in it the ones with the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dot in it the ones with the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black dot in it the ones with the orange
+dot those are my boundaries so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot those are my boundaries so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot those are my boundaries so those are
+actually fixed throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fixed throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fixed throughout the
+computation so I'm not gonna do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so I'm not gonna do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so I'm not gonna do any
+computation on those those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on those those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on those those are just
+given to me as input so they's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to me as input so they's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to me as input so they's they
+could be heat sources if we're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be heat sources if we're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be heat sources if we're doing the
+heat simulation and then now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat simulation and then now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat simulation and then now I can
+actually write code to simulate simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write code to simulate simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write code to simulate simulate
+this equation so if I want to compute U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so if I want to compute U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so if I want to compute U
+of T plus 1 X I can just go up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T plus 1 X I can just go up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T plus 1 X I can just go up here and
+I see that that's equal to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that that's equal to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that that's equal to this thing
+over here and then I bring the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then I bring the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then I bring the negative
+UT X term to the right so I get UT of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT X term to the right so I get UT of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT X term to the right so I get UT of X
+plus alpha times u T X plus 1 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha times u T X plus 1 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha times u T X plus 1 minus 2
+times u T X plus u T X minus 1 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u T X plus u T X minus 1 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u T X plus u T X minus 1 you know
+as I said before we just want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before we just want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before we just want to keep
+iterating this until the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating this until the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating this until the temperatures
+becomes stable so I'm going to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes stable so I'm going to proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes stable so I'm going to proceed
+in time which in time is going up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time which in time is going up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time which in time is going up here
+and to compute one of these points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to compute one of these points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to compute one of these points so
+let's say this is UT plus 1x I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is UT plus 1x I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is UT plus 1x I need to
+know the value of UT X which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of UT X which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of UT X which is just the
+thing below me in the matrix and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing below me in the matrix and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing below me in the matrix and I also
+need to know UT X + 1 + UT X minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know UT X + 1 + UT X minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know UT X + 1 + UT X minus 1 and
+those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just
+blowme and diagonal to either the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowme and diagonal to either the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowme and diagonal to either the left
+or the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the right side
+so each value here just depends on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each value here just depends on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each value here just depends on three
+other values and this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values and this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values and this is called a
+three-point stance so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point stance so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-point stance so this is the
+pattern that this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that this equation is
+representing and in general a stencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing and in general a stencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing and in general a stencil
+computation is going to update each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is going to update each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is going to update each
+point in an array using a fixed pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in an array using a fixed pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in an array using a fixed pattern
+this is called a stencil so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a stencil so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a stencil so I'm going to
+do the same thing for all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for all of the other
+points and here I'm going to compute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and here I'm going to compute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and here I'm going to compute all
+of the values of X for a given time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values of X for a given time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values of X for a given time step
+and then I move on to the next time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I move on to the next time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I move on to the next time step
+and then I keep doing this until the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I keep doing this until the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I keep doing this until the the
+distribution of temperatures becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of temperatures becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of temperatures becomes
+stable and then I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and then I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and then I'm done
+okay so these stencil computations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these stencil computations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these stencil computations are
+widely used in scientific computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used in scientific computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used in scientific computing
+they're used for weather simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for weather simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for weather simulations
+stock market simulations fluid dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market simulations fluid dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market simulations fluid dynamics
+image processing probability and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing probability and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing probability and so on
+so they're all they're used all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all they're used all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all they're used all over the
+place and science so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and science so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and science so this is a very
+important concept to know so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept to know so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept to know so let's say I
+I just ran the code as I showed you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ran the code as I showed you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ran the code as I showed you in
+the animation so I completed one row at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation so I completed one row at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation so I completed one row at
+a time before I moved on to the next row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time before I moved on to the next row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time before I moved on to the next row
+how would this code perform with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would this code perform with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would this code perform with respect
+to caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if ax is small this would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if ax is small this would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if ax is small this would do
+pretty well but what if X is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but what if X is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but what if X is much larger
+than the size of your cache yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the size of your cache yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the size of your cache yeah you
+would do badly and and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it turns out that there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it turns out that there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it turns out that there there
+could be some reuse here because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some reuse here because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some reuse here because when I
+compute the second row I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the second row I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the second row I'm actually
+using some values that are computed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some values that are computed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some values that are computed in
+the first row but if the row is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row but if the row is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row but if the row is much
+larger than the cache size by the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the cache size by the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the cache size by the time I
+get to the second row the values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the second row the values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the second row the values that
+are loaded into cache from the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are loaded into cache from the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are loaded into cache from the first row
+without then evict 'add and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without then evict 'add and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without then evict 'add and therefore
+I'm going to suffer a cache miss again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to suffer a cache miss again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to suffer a cache miss again
+for the second row for the values I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second row for the values I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second row for the values I need
+to load and even though they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load and even though they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load and even though they could have
+been used if we made our code have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used if we made our code have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used if we made our code have good
+locality another question I have is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality another question I have is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality another question I have is if
+we only cared about the values of X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only cared about the values of X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only cared about the values of X at
+the most recent time stub do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent time stub do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent time stub do we actually
+have to keep around this whole 2d matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep around this whole 2d matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep around this whole 2d matrix
+or can we get by with less storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so how many how many rows would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so how many how many rows would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so how many how many rows would I
+have to keep around if I only cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep around if I only cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep around if I only cared
+about the most recent time stub yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the most recent time stub yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the most recent time stub yeah
+- and why is that right so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and why is that right so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and why is that right so I need to
+keep around 2 rows because I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep around 2 rows because I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep around 2 rows because I need the
+row from the previous time step in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row from the previous time step in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row from the previous time step in order
+to compute the values in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the values in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the values in the current
+time stuff and after the current time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stuff and after the current time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stuff and after the current time
+step I can just swap the roles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I can just swap the roles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I can just swap the roles of the
+two rows that I'm keeping around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows that I'm keeping around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows that I'm keeping around and
+then reused a previous row for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reused a previous row for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reused a previous row for the next
+one yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I I need to know when I'm competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I need to know when I'm competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I need to know when I'm competing
+in a second row I need to keep around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second row I need to keep around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second row I need to keep around
+all of these values that are computed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values that are computed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values that are computed in
+the first row because these values get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row because these values get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row because these values get
+fed to one of the computations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to one of the computations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to one of the computations in the
+second row so I need to actually keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row so I need to actually keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row so I need to actually keep
+all of them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I see I see what you're saying yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see what you're saying yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see what you're saying yeah
+so that's actually good observation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually good observation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually good observation so
+you only need to keep a constant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to keep a constant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need to keep a constant amount
+more storage because you'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more storage because you'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more storage because you'll just be
+overwriting the values as you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting the values as you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting the values as you go through
+the row so so if you keep around one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row so so if you keep around one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row so so if you keep around one row
+some of the values would be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the values would be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the values would be for the
+current times have been some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times have been some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times have been some of them
+would be from the previous time steps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be from the previous time steps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be from the previous time steps a
+good observation yes okay so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation yes okay so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation yes okay so so that
+code as we saw it wasn't very cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as we saw it wasn't very cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as we saw it wasn't very cache
+efficient you could make it cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you could make it cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you could make it cache
+efficient using tiling but we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient using tiling but we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient using tiling but we're gonna
+go straight to the cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight to the cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight to the cache oblivious
+algorithm because it's much cleaner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because it's much cleaner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because it's much cleaner so
+let's recall the ideal cache model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's recall the ideal cache model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's recall the ideal cache model we
+talked about this in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in the previous
+lecture so here we have a two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so here we have a two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so here we have a two-level
+hierarchy we have a cache and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy we have a cache and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy we have a cache and then we
+have the main memory and the cache kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the main memory and the cache kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the main memory and the cache kit
+the cache has size of M bites and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache has size of M bites and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache has size of M bites and a
+cache line is B bytes so you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line is B bytes so you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line is B bytes so you can keep
+around M over B cache lines in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around M over B cache lines in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around M over B cache lines in your
+cache and if something's in cash and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and if something's in cash and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and if something's in cash and you
+operate on it then it doesn't incur any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on it then it doesn't incur any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on it then it doesn't incur any
+cache misses but if you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses but if you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses but if you have to go to
+main memory to load the cache line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main memory to load the cache line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main memory to load the cache line in
+then you incur one cache miss the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you incur one cache miss the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you incur one cache miss the ideal
+cache model assumes that the cache is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache model assumes that the cache is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache model assumes that the cache is
+fully associative so any cache line can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully associative so any cache line can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully associative so any cache line can
+go anywhere in the cache and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere in the cache and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere in the cache and it also
+assumes either an optimal of mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes either an optimal of mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes either an optimal of mission
+replacement policy or the LRU policy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement policy or the LRU policy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement policy or the LRU policy so
+the optimal omission replacement policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal omission replacement policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal omission replacement policy
+knows the sequence of all future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the sequence of all future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the sequence of all future
+requests to memory and when it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to memory and when it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to memory and when it needs to
+evict something it's going to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evict something it's going to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evict something it's going to pick the
+thing that leads to the fewest cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that leads to the fewest cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that leads to the fewest cache
+misses overall to evict the LRU policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses overall to evict the LRU policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses overall to evict the LRU policy
+Jesse Vicks the things the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesse Vicks the things the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesse Vicks the things the thing that
+was least recently used but we saw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was least recently used but we saw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was least recently used but we saw from
+the previous lecture that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture that in terms of
+asymptotic costs these two replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic costs these two replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic costs these two replacement
+policies will give you cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies will give you cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies will give you cache misses
+within a constant factor of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of each other
+so you can use either one depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use either one depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use either one depending on
+what's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to performance measures that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to performance measures that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to performance measures that we care
+about when we're analyzing an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're analyzing an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're analyzing an algorithm
+in the ideal cash model are the work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal cash model are the work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal cash model are the work in
+the number of cache misses so that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cache misses so that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cache misses so that work
+it's just a total number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a total number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a total number of operations
+that the algorithm incurs and serially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithm incurs and serially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithm incurs and serially
+this is just the ordinary running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the ordinary running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the ordinary running time
+in a number of cache misses it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of cache misses it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of cache misses it's a
+number of cache lines you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache lines you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache lines you have to
+transfer between the cache and your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between the cache and your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between the cache and your main
+memory so let's assume that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so let's assume that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so let's assume that we're
+running an algorithm or analyzing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an algorithm or analyzing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an algorithm or analyzing an
+algorithm in the ideal cache model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the ideal cache model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the ideal cache model and
+it runs serially what kinds of cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs serially what kinds of cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs serially what kinds of cache
+misses does the ideal cache model not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses does the ideal cache model not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses does the ideal cache model not
+capture so remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so remember we talked about
+several types of cache misses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several types of cache misses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several types of cache misses and
+there's one type of cache miss that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one type of cache miss that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one type of cache miss that this
+model doesn't capture when we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model doesn't capture when we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model doesn't capture when we're running
+serially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's assume we're running this see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume we're running this see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume we're running this see
+really without any parallelism here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really without any parallelism here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really without any parallelism here so
+the sharing miss has only come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing miss has only come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharing miss has only come about
+when you have parallelism yes yes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have parallelism yes yes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have parallelism yes yes so the
+answer is conflict misses and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is conflict misses and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is conflict misses and why is
+that why does this model not capture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is a fully associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a fully associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a fully associative
+cache so any cache line can go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache so any cache line can go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache so any cache line can go anywhere
+in the cache and you can only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache and you can only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache and you can only get
+conflict misses for set associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict misses for set associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict misses for set associative
+schemes where each cache line can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes where each cache line can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes where each cache line can only
+be mapped to a particular set and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mapped to a particular set and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mapped to a particular set and if you
+have too many cache lines that map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many cache lines that map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many cache lines that map to
+that particular set then you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular set then you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular set then you're gonna
+keep evicting each other even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep evicting each other even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep evicting each other even though the
+rest of the cache could have space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the cache could have space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the cache could have space and
+that's what's called a conflict miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's called a conflict miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's called a conflict miss the
+ideal cache model does capture capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal cache model does capture capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal cache model does capture capacity
+misses so therefore it's still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses so therefore it's still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses so therefore it's still a very
+good model to use at a high level when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model to use at a high level when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model to use at a high level when
+you're designing efficient algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing efficient algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing efficient algorithms
+because I encourage use to encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I encourage use to encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I encourage use to encourage you
+to optimize for spatial and temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize for spatial and temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize for spatial and temporal
+locality and once you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality and once you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality and once you have a good
+algorithm in the ideal cache model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the ideal cache model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the ideal cache model then
+you can start dealing with conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start dealing with conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start dealing with conflict
+misses using some of the strategies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses using some of the strategies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses using some of the strategies that
+we talked about last time such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time such as
+padding or using temporary memory so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding or using temporary memory so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding or using temporary memory so any
+questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the code that does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the code that does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the code that does the
+heat simulation that we saw earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat simulation that we saw earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat simulation that we saw earlier so
+it's just two for loops the nested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just two for loops the nested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just two for loops the nested for
+loop in the outer loop we're looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in the outer loop we're looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop in the outer loop we're looping
+over the time-dimension in the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time-dimension in the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time-dimension in the inner
+loop we're looping over the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we're looping over the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we're looping over the space
+dimension so we're computing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so we're computing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so we're computing all of the
+values of X before we move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X before we move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X before we move on to the
+next time step and then we're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time step and then we're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time step and then we're storing
+two rows here and we're using this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows here and we're using this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows here and we're using this trick
+called even-odd trick and here's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even-odd trick and here's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even-odd trick and here's how it
+works so to access the next row that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so to access the next row that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so to access the next row that we
+want to compute that we just do t plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute that we just do t plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute that we just do t plus 1
+mod 2 and then tax as a current row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 2 and then tax as a current row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 2 and then tax as a current row is
+just T mod 2 so this is implicit or oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T mod 2 so this is implicit or oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T mod 2 so this is implicit or oh
+we're keeping around as we progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping around as we progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping around as we progress
+through time and then we're gonna set T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time and then we're gonna set T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time and then we're gonna set T
+plus U of T plus 1 mod to X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus U of T plus 1 mod to X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus U of T plus 1 mod to X equal to
+kernel of you a pointer to UT mod to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel of you a pointer to UT mod to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel of you a pointer to UT mod to X
+and this kernel function is defined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kernel function is defined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kernel function is defined up
+here and recall that when we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and recall that when we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and recall that when we're we're
+actually passing a pointer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually passing a pointer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually passing a pointer to this
+kernel function we can actually treat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel function we can actually treat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel function we can actually treat a
+pointer as the beginning of an array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer as the beginning of an array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer as the beginning of an array so
+we're using array notation up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using array notation up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using array notation up here
+inside the kernel function so that ray W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the kernel function so that ray W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the kernel function so that ray W
+is passed as input and then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passed as input and then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passed as input and then we need to
+return W of 0 that's just a element at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return W of 0 that's just a element at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return W of 0 that's just a element at
+the current pointer that we passed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current pointer that we passed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current pointer that we passed to
+kernel and then we add alpha times W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and then we add alpha times W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and then we add alpha times W of
+negative 1 that's 1 LM element before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 that's 1 LM element before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 that's 1 LM element before
+the thing that we're pointing to minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're pointing to minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're pointing to minus 2
+times W of 0 plus W of one W of 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times W of 0 plus W of one W of 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times W of 0 plus W of one W of 1 is the
+next element that we're pointing to ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next element that we're pointing to ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next element that we're pointing to ok
+so let's look at the caching behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the caching behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the caching behavior of
+this code so we're gonna analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so we're gonna analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so we're gonna analyze the
+cache complexity and we're gonna assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity and we're gonna assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity and we're gonna assume
+the LRU replacement policy here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LRU replacement policy here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LRU replacement policy here because
+we can and as we said before we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and as we said before we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and as we said before we're going
+to loop through one entire row at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to loop through one entire row at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to loop through one entire row at a time
+before we go on to the next row so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go on to the next row so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go on to the next row so the
+number of cache misses I get assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses I get assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses I get assuming
+that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n
+is greater than M so that the row size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than M so that the row size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than M so that the row size
+is greater than the cache size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the cache size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the cache size the
+number of cache misses is Theta of NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses is Theta of NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses is Theta of NT
+over B so how do I get this cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B so how do I get this cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B so how do I get this cache
+complexity bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many cache misses do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many cache misses do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many cache misses do I have to
+incur for each row of this 2d space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur for each row of this 2d space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur for each row of this 2d space that
+I'm computing yes right so I need n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm computing yes right so I need n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm computing yes right so I need n over
+B cache misses for each row and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cache misses for each row and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cache misses for each row and this is
+because I can load in B bytes at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can load in B bytes at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can load in B bytes at a time
+so I benefit from spatial locality there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I benefit from spatial locality there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I benefit from spatial locality there
+and then I have n elements that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have n elements that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have n elements that I need
+to compute so it's theta n over B per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute so it's theta n over B per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute so it's theta n over B per
+row and as we said before when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and as we said before when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and as we said before when we get to
+the next row the stuff that we need from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row the stuff that we need from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row the stuff that we need from
+the previous row have already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous row have already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous row have already been
+evicted from cache so I basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evicted from cache so I basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evicted from cache so I basically have
+to incur theta n over B cache misses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incur theta n over B cache misses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incur theta n over B cache misses for
+every row and the number of rows I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row and the number of rows I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row and the number of rows I'm
+going to compute as T so it's just data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute as T so it's just data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute as T so it's just data
+of NT over B any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of NT over B any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of NT over B any questions on this
+analysis so how many do you think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so how many do you think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so how many do you think we can
+do better than this okay so one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than this okay so one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than this okay so one person
+two three okay so turns out that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three okay so turns out that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three okay so turns out that we can
+do better than this you can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than this you can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than this you can actually do
+better with tiling but I'm not gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with tiling but I'm not gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with tiling but I'm not gonna do
+the tiling version I want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiling version I want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiling version I want to do the
+cache oblivious version and the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious version and the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious version and the cache
+oblivious version is going to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious version is going to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious version is going to work on
+trapezoidal regions in the 2d space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal regions in the 2d space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal regions in the 2d space and
+recall that a trapezoid has a top base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that a trapezoid has a top base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that a trapezoid has a top base
+in a bottom base and here the top base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bottom base and here the top base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bottom base and here the top base
+is at t1 the bottom base is at T zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at t1 the bottom base is at T zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at t1 the bottom base is at T zero
+and the height is just t1 minus t0 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the height is just t1 minus t0 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the height is just t1 minus t0 in
+the width of a trapezoid it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of a trapezoid it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of a trapezoid it's just the
+width of it at the midpoint between t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of it at the midpoint between t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of it at the midpoint between t1
+and t0 so at T 1 plus T 0 over 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t0 so at T 1 plus T 0 over 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t0 so at T 1 plus T 0 over 2 so
+we're going to compute all of the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute all of the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute all of the points
+inside this trapezoid that satisfy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this trapezoid that satisfy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this trapezoid that satisfy these
+inequalities here so T has to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities here so T has to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities here so T has to be greater
+than or equal to t0 and less than t1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to t0 and less than t1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to t0 and less than t1 and
+then X it's greater than or equal to x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X it's greater than or equal to x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X it's greater than or equal to x0
+plus DX 0 times t minus t0 so DX 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX 0 times t minus t0 so DX 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX 0 times t minus t0 so DX 0 is
+actually the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inverse
+slope here and then it also has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here and then it also has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here and then it also has to be
+less than x1 plus DX 1 times t minus t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than x1 plus DX 1 times t minus t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than x1 plus DX 1 times t minus t0
+so DX 1 is the inverse slope on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX 1 is the inverse slope on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX 1 is the inverse slope on the
+other side and DX is 0 and DX 1 have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and DX is 0 and DX 1 have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and DX is 0 and DX 1 have to
+be either negative 1 0 or 1 so negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either negative 1 0 or 1 so negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either negative 1 0 or 1 so negative
+1 just corresponds to inverse slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 just corresponds to inverse slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 just corresponds to inverse slope of
+negative 1 which is also a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 which is also a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 which is also a slope of
+negative 1 if it's 1 then it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 if it's 1 then it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 if it's 1 then it's just a
+slope or inverse low-proof 1 and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope or inverse low-proof 1 and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope or inverse low-proof 1 and then if
+it's 0 then we just have a vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the nice property of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the nice property of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the nice property of this
+trapezoid is that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid is that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid is that we can actually
+compute everything inside the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute everything inside the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute everything inside the trapezoid
+without looking outside the trapezoid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking outside the trapezoid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking outside the trapezoid so
+we can compute everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute everything here
+independently of any other trapezoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of any other trapezoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of any other trapezoids
+that we might be generating and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be generating and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be generating and we're
+gonna come up with a dividing conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come up with a dividing conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come up with a dividing conquer
+approach to execute this code so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to execute this code so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to execute this code so the
+divide and conquer algorithm has a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm has a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm has a base
+case so our base case is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so our base case is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so our base case is going to be
+when the height of the trapezoid is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the height of the trapezoid is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the height of the trapezoid is 1
+and when the height is 1 then we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the height is 1 then we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the height is 1 then we're just
+going to compute all of the values using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute all of the values using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute all of the values using
+a simple loop can any order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple loop can any order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple loop can any order of the
+computation inside this loop is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation inside this loop is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation inside this loop is valid
+since we have all the values in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have all the values in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have all the values in the base
+of the trapezoid and we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid and we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid and we can compute the
+values in the top of the trapezoid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the top of the trapezoid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the top of the trapezoid in
+whatever order they don't depend on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever order they don't depend on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever order they don't depend on each
+other so that's the base case any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's the base case any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's the base case any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's one of the recursive cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one of the recursive cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one of the recursive cases it
+turns out that we're gonna have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we're gonna have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we're gonna have two
+different types of cuts the first cut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cuts the first cut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of cuts the first cut is
+called a space cut so I'm gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a space cut so I'm gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a space cut so I'm gonna do a
+space cut if the width of the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space cut if the width of the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space cut if the width of the trapezoid
+is greater than or equal to twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to twice the
+height so this means that the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so this means that the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so this means that the trapezoid
+is too wide and I'm going to cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too wide and I'm going to cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too wide and I'm going to cut it
+vertically more specifically I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically more specifically I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically more specifically I'm going
+to cut it with a line with slope one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut it with a line with slope one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut it with a line with slope one
+negative one going through the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one going through the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one going through the center of
+the trapezoid and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid and then I'm going to
+traverse the trapezoid on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the trapezoid on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the trapezoid on the left side
+first and then after I'm done with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then after I'm done with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then after I'm done with that
+traverse the trapezoid on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the trapezoid on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the trapezoid on the right side
+so can I can I actually switch the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I can I actually switch the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I can I actually switch the order
+of this can I compute the stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this can I compute the stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this can I compute the stuff on the
+right side before I do this stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side before I do this stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side before I do this stuff on the
+left side no why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there's some points in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some points in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some points in the right
+trapezoid that depend on the values from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid that depend on the values from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid that depend on the values from
+the left trapezoid and so so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left trapezoid and so so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left trapezoid and so so for the
+left trapezoid every point we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left trapezoid every point we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left trapezoid every point we want to
+compute we already have all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute we already have all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute we already have all of its
+points assuming that we get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points assuming that we get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points assuming that we get all the
+values of the base points but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the base points but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the base points but for the
+right hand side some of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side some of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side some of the values
+depend on values in the left trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on values in the left trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on values in the left trapezoid
+so we can't execute the right trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't execute the right trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't execute the right trapezoid
+until we're done with the left trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we're done with the left trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we're done with the left trapezoid
+and this is the reason why I cut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the reason why I cut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the reason why I cut this
+trapezoid with a slope of negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid with a slope of negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid with a slope of negative one
+instead of using a vertical vertical cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a vertical vertical cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a vertical vertical cut
+because if I did a vertical cut then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I did a vertical cut then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I did a vertical cut then
+inside both of the trapezoids I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside both of the trapezoids I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside both of the trapezoids I would
+have points that depend on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points that depend on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points that depend on the other
+trapezoid so this is one of the two cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so this is one of the two cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so this is one of the two cuts
+it's called a space cut and it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a space cut and it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a space cut and it happens
+when the trapezoid is too wide the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the trapezoid is too wide the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the trapezoid is too wide the other
+cut is the time cut I'm gonna cut with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut is the time cut I'm gonna cut with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut is the time cut I'm gonna cut with
+respect to the time dimension and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the time dimension and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the time dimension and this
+happens when the trapezoid is too tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the trapezoid is too tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the trapezoid is too tall
+so when the width is less than twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the width is less than twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the width is less than twice the
+height of the trapezoid then what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the trapezoid then what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the trapezoid then what I'm
+gonna do is I'm just gonna cut it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is I'm just gonna cut it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is I'm just gonna cut it with a
+horizontal Zonta line through the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Zonta line through the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Zonta line through the center
+and then I'm going to traverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to traverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to traverse the
+bottom trapezoid first and after I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom trapezoid first and after I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom trapezoid first and after I'm
+done with that I can traverse a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that I can traverse a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that I can traverse a top
+trapezoid and again the top trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and again the top trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and again the top trapezoid
+depends on some points from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some points from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some points from the bottom
+trapezoid so I can't switch the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so I can't switch the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so I can't switch the order of
+those any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's now look at the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now look at the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now look at the code that
+implements this recursive divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this recursive divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this recursive divide and
+conquer algorithm so here's the C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm so here's the C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer algorithm so here's the C code
+it takes as input t0 and t1 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes as input t0 and t1 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes as input t0 and t1 these are
+the coordinates of the top in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the top in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the top in the bottom
+of the trapezoid or bottom and top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid or bottom and top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid or bottom and top of
+the trapezoid then x0 is the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid then x0 is the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid then x0 is the left side
+of the trapezoid of the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid of the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trapezoid of the base of the
+trapezoid d x0 is the inverse slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid d x0 is the inverse slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid d x0 is the inverse slope and
+the x1 is the right side of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 is the right side of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 is the right side of the bottom
+base of the trapezoid and DX 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the trapezoid and DX 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of the trapezoid and DX 1 is the
+inverse slope on the right side so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse slope on the right side so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse slope on the right side so we're
+first going to compute the height of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to compute the height of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to compute the height of our
+trapezoid and we're gonna let LT be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and we're gonna let LT be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and we're gonna let LT be the
+height and that's just t1 minus t0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and that's just t1 minus t0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and that's just t1 minus t0 and
+if the height is 1 then we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the height is 1 then we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the height is 1 then we're just going
+to use a for loop over all the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a for loop over all the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a for loop over all the points in
+that in that height 1 trapezoid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that height 1 trapezoid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that height 1 trapezoid okay
+we're going to call this kernel function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this kernel function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this kernel function
+that we defined before and otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined before and otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined before and otherwise the
+height is greater than 1 and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is greater than 1 and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height is greater than 1 and we're gonna
+check whether we should do a space cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether we should do a space cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether we should do a space cut
+or a time cut so we do a space cut if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a time cut so we do a space cut if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a time cut so we do a space cut if
+the trapezoid is too wide and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid is too wide and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid is too wide and this
+condition inside the if Clause is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition inside the if Clause is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition inside the if Clause is
+checking if the trapezoid is too wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the trapezoid is too wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the trapezoid is too wide
+and if so then we're going to make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so then we're going to make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so then we're going to make two
+recursive calls to try out this oeid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls to try out this oeid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls to try out this oeid and
+we're gonna cut it in the middle using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cut it in the middle using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cut it in the middle using
+this slope of negative 1 so you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope of negative 1 so you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope of negative 1 so you see the
+negative ones here in the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ones here in the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ones here in the recursive
+calls and otherwise we'll do a time cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and otherwise we'll do a time cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and otherwise we'll do a time cut
+and for the time cut we just cut it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the time cut we just cut it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the time cut we just cut it in
+the middle so we cut it at the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so we cut it at the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so we cut it at the value of
+T that's equal to L T divided by 2 or t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's equal to L T divided by 2 or t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's equal to L T divided by 2 or t0
+plus L T divided by 2 and again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L T divided by 2 and again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L T divided by 2 and again we have
+two recursive calls to trapezoid ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls to trapezoid ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recursive calls to trapezoid ok so
+even though I'm only generating slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm only generating slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm only generating slopes
+of negative 1 in this recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative 1 in this recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative 1 in this recursive call
+this code is gonna work even if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code is gonna work even if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code is gonna work even if I have
+slopes of 1 and 0 because I could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of 1 and 0 because I could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of 1 and 0 because I could start
+out with slopes of 1 and 0 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with slopes of 1 and 0 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with slopes of 1 and 0 for example
+if I had a rectangular region then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a rectangular region then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a rectangular region then the
+slopes are just gonna be 0 and this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are just gonna be 0 and this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are just gonna be 0 and this code
+is still gonna work but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still gonna work but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still gonna work but most of the
+slopes that I'm dealing with are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes that I'm dealing with are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes that I'm dealing with are going
+to be a negative 1 because those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a negative 1 because those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a negative 1 because those are the
+new slopes and I'm generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this code is very concise it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code is very concise it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this code is very concise it turns
+out that the even odd trick still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the even odd trick still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the even odd trick still works
+here you can still keep around just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can still keep around just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can still keep around just two
+rows because your guarantee that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows because your guarantee that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows because your guarantee that you're
+not gonna write overwrite any value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write overwrite any value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write overwrite any value
+until all the all the things that depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all the all the things that depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until all the all the things that depend
+on it are computed but when you're come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it are computed but when you're come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it are computed but when you're come
+when you're using just two rows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using just two rows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're using just two rows the
+values in a particular row might not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in a particular row might not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in a particular row might not all
+correspond to the same time step because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the same time step because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the same time step because
+we're not finishing an entire row before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not finishing an entire row before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not finishing an entire row before
+we move on to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on to the next one
+we're actually partially computing rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's analyze the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's analyze the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's analyze the cache
+complexity of this algorithm again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this algorithm again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this algorithm again we're
+going to use the recursion tree approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the recursion tree approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the recursion tree approach
+that we talked about last time and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last time and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last time and our
+our code is going to split itself into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code is going to split itself into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code is going to split itself into
+two subproblems at every level until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two subproblems at every level until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two subproblems at every level until it
+gets to a leaf and each leaf represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a leaf and each leaf represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a leaf and each leaf represents
+theta of HW points where H is Theta of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of HW points where H is Theta of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of HW points where H is Theta of W
+so H is the height double use the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H is the height double use the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H is the height double use the width
+and we have the property that H is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the property that H is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the property that H is equal
+to theta of W because of the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta of W because of the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta of W because of the nature of
+the algorithm when the trapezoid becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm when the trapezoid becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm when the trapezoid becomes
+too wide we're going to make it less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too wide we're going to make it less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too wide we're going to make it less
+wide by doing a space cut and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide by doing a space cut and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide by doing a space cut and if it
+becomes too tall we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes too tall we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes too tall we're going to do a
+horizontal cut so we're guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cut so we're guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cut so we're guaranteed that
+the height and the width are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height and the width are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height and the width are going to be
+within a constant factor of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a constant factor of each other
+when we get to the base case and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the base case and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the base case and each
+leaf in the base case it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in the base case it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in the base case it's going to
+incur theta of W over B misses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur theta of W over B misses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur theta of W over B misses because
+we have to load in the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to load in the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to load in the base of the
+trapezoid from cache from main memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid from cache from main memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid from cache from main memory
+and once that's in cache we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once that's in cache we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once that's in cache we can compute
+all of the other points in the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other points in the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the other points in the trapezoid
+without incurring any more cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring any more cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without incurring any more cache misses
+so the cache misses per leaf is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cache misses per leaf is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cache misses per leaf is just
+theta W over B and we're gonna set W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta W over B and we're gonna set W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta W over B and we're gonna set W
+equal to theta of M in an in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of M in an in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of M in an in the
+analysis because that's the point when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because that's the point when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis because that's the point when
+the trapezoid fits into cache the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid fits into cache the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid fits into cache the
+algorithm doesn't actually have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't actually have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't actually have any
+knowledge of this M parameter so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of this M parameter so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of this M parameter so it's
+still going to keep dividing conquering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to keep dividing conquering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to keep dividing conquering
+until I gets the base case of size 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I gets the base case of size 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I gets the base case of size 1
+but just for the analysis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for the analysis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just for the analysis we're going to
+use a base case when w is theta of M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a base case when w is theta of M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a base case when w is theta of M so
+the number of leaves we have is Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leaves we have is Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leaves we have is Theta of
+NT divided by HW because each leaf is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT divided by HW because each leaf is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NT divided by HW because each leaf is of
+size theta HW the number of internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size theta HW the number of internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size theta HW the number of internal
+nodes we have is equal to a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes we have is equal to a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes we have is equal to a number of
+leaves minus one because we have a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves minus one because we have a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves minus one because we have a tree
+here but the internal nodes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the internal nodes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the internal nodes don't
+contribute substantially to the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute substantially to the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute substantially to the cache
+complexity because each of them is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because each of them is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because each of them is just
+doing a constant number of cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a constant number of cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a constant number of cache misses
+to set up the two recursive calls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the two recursive calls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the two recursive calls and
+it's not doing anything more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not doing anything more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not doing anything more expensive
+than that so we just need to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so we just need to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so we just need to compute the
+number of cache misses at the leaves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses at the leaves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses at the leaves we
+have theta of NT over HW leaves each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theta of NT over HW leaves each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theta of NT over HW leaves each one
+of which takes theta of W over B cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which takes theta of W over B cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which takes theta of W over B cache
+misses and we're going to multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses and we're going to multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses and we're going to multiply that
+out so the W term cancels out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the W term cancels out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the W term cancels out
+we just have NT over HB and we set H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have NT over HB and we set H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have NT over HB and we set H and
+W to be theta of M so we're just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to be theta of M so we're just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to be theta of M so we're just left
+with NT over MB as our cache complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NT over MB as our cache complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with NT over MB as our cache complexity
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure so each leaf only incurs theta W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so each leaf only incurs theta W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so each leaf only incurs theta W
+over B cache misses because we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B cache misses because we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B cache misses because we need to
+compute the values of the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the values of the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the values of the base of the
+trapezoid and that's going to incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and that's going to incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid and that's going to incur
+theta of W over B cache misses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of W over B cache misses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of W over B cache misses because
+it's W wide and then for everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's W wide and then for everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's W wide and then for everything else
+it's going to fit into cache so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to fit into cache so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to fit into cache so when we
+compute them we already have all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them we already have all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them we already have all of our
+previous values that we want into cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous values that we want into cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous values that we want into cash
+in cache so so that's why it's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cache so so that's why it's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cache so so that's why it's not gonna
+incur any more cache misses does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur any more cache misses does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur any more cache misses does that
+make sense yeah okay so this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah okay so this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah okay so this was just
+analysis for one dimension but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for one dimension but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for one dimension but it
+actually generalizes to more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generalizes to more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generalizes to more than one
+dimensions so in general if we have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so in general if we have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so in general if we have D
+dimensions then the cache complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions then the cache complexity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions then the cache complexity is
+going to be theta of NT divided by M to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be theta of NT divided by M to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be theta of NT divided by M to
+the one over D times B so if d is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over D times B so if d is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over D times B so if d is one
+then that just reduces to NT over MB if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that just reduces to NT over MB if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that just reduces to NT over MB if
+D is two then it's going to be NT over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is two then it's going to be NT over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is two then it's going to be NT over B
+times square root of M and so on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of M and so on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of M and so on it
+turns out that this bound is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this bound is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this bound is also
+optimal so any questions so compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so any questions so compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so any questions so compared to
+the looping code this code actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code this code actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code this code actually has
+much better cache complexity it's saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better cache complexity it's saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better cache complexity it's saving
+by a factor of M the looping code had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of M the looping code had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of M the looping code had a
+cache complexity that was theta of NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity that was theta of NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity that was theta of NT
+over B it didn't have an M in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B it didn't have an M in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B it didn't have an M in the
+denominator okay so we're actually gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay so we're actually gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator okay so we're actually gonna
+do a simulation now we're gonna compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a simulation now we're gonna compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a simulation now we're gonna compare
+how the looping code and a trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the looping code and a trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the looping code and a trapezoid
+code runs and in this simulation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code runs and in this simulation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code runs and in this simulation the
+green points correspond to a cache hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green points correspond to a cache hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green points correspond to a cache hit
+the purple points correspond to a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple points correspond to a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple points correspond to a cache
+miss and we're gonna seem a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and we're gonna seem a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and we're gonna seem a fully
+associative cache using the LRU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative cache using the LRU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative cache using the LRU
+replacement policy where the cache line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement policy where the cache line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement policy where the cache line
+size is four points and the cache size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is four points and the cache size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is four points and the cache size
+is 32 points and we're going to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 32 points and we're going to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 32 points and we're going to set the
+cache hit latency to be one cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hit latency to be one cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hit latency to be one cycle and
+the cache miss latency to be ten cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache miss latency to be ten cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache miss latency to be ten cycles
+so an order of magnitude slower for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order of magnitude slower for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order of magnitude slower for
+cache misses and we're doing this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses and we're doing this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses and we're doing this for a
+rectangular region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular region where
+and is 95 and we're doing it for 87 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is 95 and we're doing it for 87 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is 95 and we're doing it for 87 time
+steps so let me pull out the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let me pull out the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so let me pull out the simulation
+now okay so on the left hand side we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so on the left hand side we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so on the left hand side we're
+gonna have the looping code on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the looping code on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the looping code on the right
+hand side we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're going to have the
+trapezoidal code so let's start this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code so let's start this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code so let's start this so
+you can see that the looping code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the looping code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the looping code is
+going over one row at a time where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over one row at a time where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over one row at a time where the
+trapezoidal code is not doing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code is not doing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code is not doing that it's
+partially computing one row and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially computing one row and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially computing one row and then
+moving on to the next row okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the next row okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the next row okay I can
+also show the the cuts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show the the cuts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show the the cuts that are
+generated by the trapezoidal algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the trapezoidal algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the trapezoidal algorithm
+have to remember how to do this so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember how to do this so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember how to do this so see
+so so there are there's the carts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are there's the carts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are there's the carts that
+are generated by the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by the trapezoidal
+algorithm and I can speed this up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I can speed this up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I can speed this up so you
+can see that the trapezoidal algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the trapezoidal algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the trapezoidal algorithm
+is incurring much fewer cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incurring much fewer cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incurring much fewer cache misses
+than the looping code so I'll just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the looping code so I'll just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the looping code so I'll just make
+this go faster and the the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go faster and the the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go faster and the the trapezoidal
+code is going to finish while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to finish while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to finish while the
+looping code is still slowly making its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code is still slowly making its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code is still slowly making its
+way up to top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's finally done so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's finally done so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's finally done so any
+questions on this yeah in which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this yeah in which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on this yeah in which of the
+regions so it's loading you get a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so it's loading you get a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so it's loading you get a cache
+miss for the purple dots here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss for the purple dots here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss for the purple dots here and then
+the cache line size is four so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache line size is four so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache line size is four so you get a
+cache miss for the first point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache miss for the first point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache miss for the first point and then
+you hit on the next three points and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit on the next three points and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit on the next three points and you
+get another cache miss for the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another cache miss for the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another cache miss for the fifth
+point and then you hit on the six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you hit on the six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you hit on the six seven
+and eight points yeah so for the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight points yeah so for the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight points yeah so for the one
+above it so we're assuming that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it so we're assuming that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it so we're assuming that the the
+two arrays fit in cache already so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays fit in cache already so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays fit in cache already so we
+don't actually need to load them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to load them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to load them from
+memory the thing above it just depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the thing above it just depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory the thing above it just depends
+on the values that we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the values that we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the values that we have already
+computed and that fits in cache those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and that fits in cache those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and that fits in cache those
+are ready in cache this this base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready in cache this this base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready in cache this this base of the
+trapezoid is already in cash and the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid is already in cash and the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid is already in cash and the row
+right above it we just need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right above it we just need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right above it we just need to look at
+those values does that make sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values does that make sense yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values does that make sense yeah
+yeah any other questions on this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any other questions on this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any other questions on this so I
+don't want to see this again or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I could let this run for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could let this run for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could let this run for the rest of
+the lecture but I have more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture but I have more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture but I have more interesting
+material that I want to talk about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I want to talk about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I want to talk about so
+let's just stop after this finishes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stop after this finishes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stop after this finishes and
+as you see again the looping code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see again the looping code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see again the looping code is
+slowly making its way to the top it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly making its way to the top it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly making its way to the top it's
+much slower than the trapezoid code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower than the trapezoid code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower than the trapezoid code okay
+so that was only for one dimensions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was only for one dimensions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was only for one dimensions now
+let's look at what happens in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what happens in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what happens in two
+dimensions and here I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and here I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and here I'm going to show
+another demo and this demo I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another demo and this demo I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another demo and this demo I'm actually
+going to run the code for real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the code for real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the code for real the
+previous demo was just a simulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous demo was just a simulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous demo was just a simulation so
+this is going to happen in real time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to happen in real time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to happen in real time and
+I'm going to simulate the heat in a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to simulate the heat in a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to simulate the heat in a 2d
+space and recall that the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and recall that the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and recall that the colors
+correspond to the temperatures so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the temperatures so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the temperatures so a
+brighter color means it's hotter so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter color means it's hotter so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter color means it's hotter so let
+me pull out the other demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here my mouse cursor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here my mouse cursor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here my mouse cursor is the
+source of heat so you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of heat so you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of heat so you see that it's
+making the the points around my mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the points around my mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the points around my mouse
+cursor hot and then it's slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor hot and then it's slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor hot and then it's slowly
+diffusing its way to the other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing its way to the other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing its way to the other points
+now I can actually move this so that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can actually move this so that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can actually move this so that my
+heat source changes and then the heat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat source changes and then the heat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat source changes and then the heat I
+generated earlier slowly goes away okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated earlier slowly goes away okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated earlier slowly goes away okay
+so so in the lower left hand corner I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in the lower left hand corner I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in the lower left hand corner I'm
+showing the number of iterations per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the number of iterations per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the number of iterations per
+second of the code and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the code and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the code and we can see that
+the looping code is taking it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code is taking it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code is taking it's doing
+about fifteen hundred and sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fifteen hundred and sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fifteen hundred and sixty
+iterations per second let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second let's see what
+happens when we switch to the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we switch to the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we switch to the trapezoid
+code so the trapezoid code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so the trapezoid code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so the trapezoid code is doing
+about eighteen hundred and thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen hundred and thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen hundred and thirty
+iterations per second so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second so it's a little
+bit faster but not by to much does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster but not by to much does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster but not by to much does
+anyone have an idea why we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea why we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have an idea why we're seeing
+this behavior so we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior so we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior so we said that the
+trapezoid code incurs many fewer cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid code incurs many fewer cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid code incurs many fewer cache
+misses than the looping code so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses than the looping code so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses than the looping code so we would
+expect it to be significantly faster but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be significantly faster but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be significantly faster but
+here it's only a little bit faster yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's that's a good point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's a good point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's a good point so
+in 2d you're only saving a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d you're only saving a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d you're only saving a factor of
+square root of M instead of M but square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of M instead of M but square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of M instead of M but square
+root of M is still pretty big compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of M is still pretty big compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of M is still pretty big compared
+to the speed-up we're getting here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed-up we're getting here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed-up we're getting here so
+any other ideas yeah so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas yeah so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas yeah so there is a
+constant factor in the trapezoidal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor in the trapezoidal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor in the trapezoidal code
+but even after accounting for the Trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even after accounting for the Trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even after accounting for the Trump
+for the constant factor you should still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constant factor you should still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constant factor you should still
+see a better speed-up than this so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a better speed-up than this so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a better speed-up than this so even
+accounting for the constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the constant factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the constant factors
+what other problem might be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other problem might be going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other problem might be going on
+here yeah yeah so that's that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah so that's that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah so that's that's another
+good observation but the caches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation but the caches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation but the caches that
+we're using they still should get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using they still should get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using they still should get pretty
+good good cache I mean they should still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good cache I mean they should still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good cache I mean they should still
+have cache complexity that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cache complexity that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cache complexity that's pretty
+close to the ideal cache model I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the ideal cache model I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the ideal cache model I mean
+you might be off by a small constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be off by a small constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be off by a small constant
+factor but not by too much yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but not by too much yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but not by too much yeah sorry
+could you repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you repeat that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes oh okay so if I move the cursor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh okay so if I move the cursor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh okay so if I move the cursor it's
+probably gonna be a little bit slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gonna be a little bit slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gonna be a little bit slower
+you know so gust slower by a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so gust slower by a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so gust slower by a little bit
+but that doesn't really affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't really affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't really affect the
+performance I can just leave my cursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I can just leave my cursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I can just leave my cursor
+there and this is what the iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is what the iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is what the iterations
+per second is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second is yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+- maybe we're seeing the crow's-feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there is some other factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there is some other factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there is some other factor
+dominating does anyone have an idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating does anyone have an idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating does anyone have an idea what
+that factor what might be no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor what might be no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor what might be no it's not
+it's not the rendering I I ran the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the rendering I I ran the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the rendering I I ran the code
+without showing the graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without showing the graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without showing the graphics and
+performance was similar yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so there could be other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so there could be other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so there could be other things
+using the cache but that would be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cache but that would be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cache but that would be true
+for both of the programs and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of the programs and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of the programs and I don't
+actually have anything that's in sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have anything that's in sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have anything that's in sense
+of running set for PowerPoint I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running set for PowerPoint I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running set for PowerPoint I don't
+think that uses much of my cache all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uses much of my cache all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uses much of my cache all
+right so let's look at why this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at why this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at why this is the
+case so it turns out that the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it turns out that the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it turns out that the hardware
+is actually helping the looping code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually helping the looping code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually helping the looping code so
+the question is how come the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how come the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how come the cache
+oblivious trapezoidal code can have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious trapezoidal code can have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious trapezoidal code can have so
+many fewer cache misses but that Vantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer cache misses but that Vantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fewer cache misses but that Vantage
+gained over the looping version is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained over the looping version is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained over the looping version is so
+marginal it turns out that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal it turns out that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal it turns out that for the
+looping code the hardware is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code the hardware is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code the hardware is actually
+helping it by doing Hardware prefetching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping it by doing Hardware prefetching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping it by doing Hardware prefetching
+and hardware prefetching for the looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardware prefetching for the looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardware prefetching for the looping
+code is actually pretty good because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is actually pretty good because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is actually pretty good because the
+access pattern is very regular it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access pattern is very regular it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access pattern is very regular it's just
+going one row at a time so the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one row at a time so the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one row at a time so the hardware
+can predict the memory access pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the memory access pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the memory access pattern of
+the looping code and therefore it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code and therefore it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code and therefore it can
+bring in the cache lines that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the cache lines that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the cache lines that the
+looping code would need before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code would need before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code would need before it
+actually gets to that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets to that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets to that part of the
+computation so prefetching is helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so prefetching is helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so prefetching is helping
+the looping code and it's not helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code and it's not helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the looping code and it's not helping
+the trapezoidal code that much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal code that much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoidal code that much because
+the access pattern is less regular there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access pattern is less regular there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access pattern is less regular there
+and prefetching does use memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prefetching does use memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prefetching does use memory
+bandwidth but when you're using just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth but when you're using just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth but when you're using just a
+single core you have more than enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single core you have more than enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single core you have more than enough
+bandwidth to take advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth to take advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth to take advantage of the
+hardware prefetching capabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware prefetching capabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware prefetching capabilities of the
+machine but later on we'll see that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but later on we'll see that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but later on we'll see that when
+we're running in parallel the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running in parallel the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running in parallel the memory
+bandwidth does become more of an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth does become more of an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth does become more of an issue
+when you have multiple processors all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple processors all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have multiple processors all
+using the memory yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you can do software prefetching there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do software prefetching there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do software prefetching there
+are there are instructions to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are instructions to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are instructions to do
+software prefetching hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software prefetching hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software prefetching hardware
+prefetching is usually more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching is usually more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching is usually more efficient
+but it's likes less flexible than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's likes less flexible than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's likes less flexible than the
+software prefetching but here we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software prefetching but here we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software prefetching but here we're not
+actually doing that we're just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing that we're just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing that we're just taking
+advantage of hardware prefetching yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of hardware prefetching yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of hardware prefetching yeah
+so we we didn't actually try that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we didn't actually try that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we didn't actually try that it
+could benefit a little bit if we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could benefit a little bit if we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could benefit a little bit if we use a
+little bit of software prefetching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of software prefetching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of software prefetching
+although I think it would benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it would benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it would benefit the
+looping code probably as well if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code probably as well if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping code probably as well if we did
+that yes sorry sorry uh yeah so hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes sorry sorry uh yeah so hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes sorry sorry uh yeah so hardware
+prefetching is enabled it's always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching is enabled it's always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching is enabled it's always done
+by the hardware on the machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hardware on the machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hardware on the machines that
+we're using today so this was a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using today so this was a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using today so this was a this is
+a pretty surprising result but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty surprising result but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty surprising result but we'll
+actually see the fact of the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the fact of the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the fact of the memory
+bandwidth later on when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth later on when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth later on when we look at the
+parallel code any other questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel code any other questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel code any other questions before
+I continue okay so let's now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue okay so let's now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue okay so let's now look at the
+interplay between caching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between caching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between caching and
+parallelism so this was a theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism so this was a theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism so this was a theorem that
+we proved in the previous lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved in the previous lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved in the previous lecture so
+let's just recall what it says says let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just recall what it says says let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just recall what it says says let
+choose a P be the number of cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a P be the number of cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a P be the number of cache misses
+in a deterministic still computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a deterministic still computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a deterministic still computation
+when run on P processors each with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when run on P processors each with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when run on P processors each with a
+private cache and let S sub P be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private cache and let S sub P be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private cache and let S sub P be a
+number of successful steals during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals during the
+computation in the ideal cache model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the ideal cache model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the ideal cache model
+with a cache size of M in a block size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cache size of M in a block size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cache size of M in a block size
+of B the number of cache misses on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B the number of cache misses on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B the number of cache misses on P
+processors equal to the number of cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors equal to the number of cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors equal to the number of cache
+misses on one processor plus order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses on one processor plus order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses on one processor plus order
+number of successful steals times M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals times M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals times M over
+B and last time we also said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and last time we also said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and last time we also said that the
+number of successful steals is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful steals is upper
+bounded by the span of the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the span of the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the span of the computation
+times the number of processors if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of processors if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of processors if you
+minimize the span of your computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the span of your computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the span of your computation
+then you can also minimize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also minimize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also minimize the number of
+successful steals and then for low span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful steals and then for low span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful steals and then for low span
+algorithms the first term is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms the first term is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms the first term is usually
+going to dominate the q1 term so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate the q1 term so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate the q1 term so I'm not
+going to go over the proof we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the proof we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the proof we did that
+last time the moral the story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the moral the story is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the moral the story is that
+minimizing cache misses in the serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing cache misses in the serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing cache misses in the serial
+illusion essentially minimizes them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion essentially minimizes them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion essentially minimizes them in
+the parallel execution assuming that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel execution assuming that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel execution assuming that you
+have a low span algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see whether our trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see whether our trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see whether our trapezoidal
+algorithm works in parallel so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm works in parallel so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm works in parallel so does the
+space cut work in parallel recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space cut work in parallel recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space cut work in parallel recall that
+the space cut I'm cutting it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space cut I'm cutting it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space cut I'm cutting it with a
+slope of negative 1 through the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of negative 1 through the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of negative 1 through the center
+because it's too wide so can I execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's too wide so can I execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's too wide so can I execute
+the two trapezoids in parallel here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two trapezoids in parallel here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two trapezoids in parallel here no
+the reason is that the right travel SOI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that the right travel SOI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that the right travel SOI
+depends on the result of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the result of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the result of the left
+trapezoid so I can't execute them at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so I can't execute them at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid so I can't execute them at the
+same time but there is a way that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but there is a way that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but there is a way that I can
+execute traps always in parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute traps always in parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute traps always in parallel so
+instead of just doing the cut through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just doing the cut through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just doing the cut through
+the center I'm actually going to do a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center I'm actually going to do a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center I'm actually going to do a V
+cut so now I have three trapezoids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so now I have three trapezoids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so now I have three trapezoids the
+two trapezoids in black I can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trapezoids in black I can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two trapezoids in black I can't actually
+execute those in parallel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute those in parallel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute those in parallel because
+they're independent and everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent and everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent and everything in
+those two trapezoids just depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two trapezoids just depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two trapezoids just depends on the
+base of that trapezoid and after I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of that trapezoid and after I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base of that trapezoid and after I'm
+done with the two trapezoids labelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the two trapezoids labelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the two trapezoids labelled
+one then I can X I can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I can X I can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I can X I can compute the
+trapezoid label 2 and this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid label 2 and this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid label 2 and this is known as a
+parallel space cut it produces two black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel space cut it produces two black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel space cut it produces two black
+trapezoids as well as a gray trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoids as well as a gray trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoids as well as a gray trapezoid
+in the blue to black trapezoids execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue to black trapezoids execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue to black trapezoids execute
+in parallel and afterwards the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel and afterwards the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel and afterwards the gray
+trapezoid executes and this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid executes and this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid executes and this is done
+recursively as well any questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively as well any questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively as well any questions yeah
+no ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ok
+we also had the time cut oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had the time cut oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had the time cut oh sorry
+so if the trapezoid is inverted then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the trapezoid is inverted then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the trapezoid is inverted then
+we're going to do this upside down v cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this upside down v cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this upside down v cut
+and in this case we're going to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we're going to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we're going to execute
+the middle trapezoid before we execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle trapezoid before we execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle trapezoid before we execute
+the two trapezoids on the side for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two trapezoids on the side for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two trapezoids on the side for the
+for the time cut it turns out that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time cut it turns out that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time cut it turns out that we're
+just gonna use the same cut as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna use the same cut as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna use the same cut as before
+and we're just gonna execute the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just gonna execute the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just gonna execute the two
+trapezoids serially so we do get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoids serially so we do get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoids serially so we do get a
+little bit of parallelism here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of parallelism here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of parallelism here from the
+parallel space cut let's look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel space cut let's look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel space cut let's look at how the
+parallel codes perform now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so this was a serial looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so this was a serial looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so this was a serial looping
+code here's the parallel looping code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here's the parallel looping code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here's the parallel looping code so
+we had 1450 before about 3700 now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 1450 before about 3700 now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had 1450 before about 3700 now so
+little over twice the speed up and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over twice the speed up and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over twice the speed up and this
+is on a four core machine it's just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a four core machine it's just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a four core machine it's just on
+my laptop sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop sorry
+oh yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah slowing down a little bit but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah slowing down a little bit but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah slowing down a little bit but not
+by too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at the trapezoidal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the trapezoidal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the trapezoidal code
+No so as we saw before the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No so as we saw before the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No so as we saw before the trapezoid
+code does about 1840 iterations per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code does about 1840 iterations per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code does about 1840 iterations per
+second and we can paralyze this so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we can paralyze this so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and we can paralyze this so now
+it's doing about fifty three fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing about fifty three fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing about fifty three fifty
+iterations per second so it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second so it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations per second so it's getting
+about a factor of three speed-up okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of three speed-up okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of three speed-up okay I
+can move it around a little bit more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move it around a little bit more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move it around a little bit more if
+you want to see you Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see you Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see you Susan
+serial trapezoid and parallel trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is everyone happy okay because I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone happy okay because I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone happy okay because I had to
+do this in real time the input size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in real time the input size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in real time the input size
+wasn't actually that big so I ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually that big so I ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually that big so I ran the
+experiment offline without the rendering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment offline without the rendering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment offline without the rendering
+on a much larger input so this input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a much larger input so this input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a much larger input so this input is
+a three thousand by three thousand grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three thousand by three thousand grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three thousand by three thousand grid
+and I did this for one thousand time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did this for one thousand time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did this for one thousand time
+steps using four processor cores and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps using four processor cores and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps using four processor cores and my
+cache size is eight megabytes the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache size is eight megabytes the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache size is eight megabytes the last
+level cache size so the input size here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache size so the input size here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache size so the input size here
+is much larger than my last level cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much larger than my last level cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much larger than my last level cache
+size and here are the times that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and here are the times that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and here are the times that I got
+so the serial looping code took about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the serial looping code took about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the serial looping code took about
+129 seconds and when we did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 seconds and when we did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 seconds and when we did it in
+parallel it was about 66 seconds so got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel it was about 66 seconds so got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel it was about 66 seconds so got
+about a factor of two speed-up which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two speed-up which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two speed-up which is
+consistent with what we saw for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what we saw for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what we saw for the
+trapezoidal code it actually got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code it actually got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code it actually got a
+better speed up well we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better speed up well we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better speed up well we increase the
+input size so I got about a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size so I got about a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input size so I got about a factor of
+four speed-up and this is because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four speed-up and this is because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four speed-up and this is because for
+larger input size the cache cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger input size the cache cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger input size the cache cache
+efficiency plays a much larger role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency plays a much larger role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency plays a much larger role
+because the cache is so small compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cache is so small compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cache is so small compared
+to our input size so here we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our input size so here we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our input size so here we see that
+the parallel looping code achieves less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel looping code achieves less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel looping code achieves less
+than half of the potential speed up even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of the potential speed up even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of the potential speed up even
+though the parallel looping code has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the parallel looping code has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the parallel looping code has
+much more potential parallelism than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more potential parallelism than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more potential parallelism than the
+trapezoidal code so a trapezoidal code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code so a trapezoidal code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code so a trapezoidal code
+only had a little bit of parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had a little bit of parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had a little bit of parallelism
+only for the space cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the space cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the space cuts
+whereas the the trapezoidal code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the the trapezoidal code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the the trapezoidal code is
+actually getting pretty good speed up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting pretty good speed up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting pretty good speed up so
+this is near linear speed-up since I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is near linear speed-up since I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is near linear speed-up since I'm
+using four cores in this getting three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four cores in this getting three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using four cores in this getting three
+point nine six X speed-up so what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine six X speed-up so what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine six X speed-up so what could
+be going on here another thing to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going on here another thing to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going on here another thing to look
+at is to compare the serial trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is to compare the serial trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is to compare the serial trapezoid
+code with the serial looping code as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with the serial looping code as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with the serial looping code as
+well as the parallel trapezoid code with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the parallel trapezoid code with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the parallel trapezoid code with
+the peril parallel looping code so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peril parallel looping code so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peril parallel looping code so if
+you look at the serial trapezoid code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the serial trapezoid code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the serial trapezoid code
+you see that it's about twice as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's about twice as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's about twice as fast as
+the serial looping code but the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial looping code but the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial looping code but the parallel
+trapezoidal code is about four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code is about four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal code is about four times
+faster than the parallel looping code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason here is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason here is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason here is that the the
+hardware prefetching can't help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware prefetching can't help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware prefetching can't help the
+parallel looping code that much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel looping code that much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel looping code that much because
+when you're running in parallel all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're running in parallel all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're running in parallel all of
+the cores are using memory and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cores are using memory and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cores are using memory and there's a
+memory bandwidth bottleneck here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bandwidth bottleneck here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bandwidth bottleneck here and
+prefetching actually needs to use memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching actually needs to use memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching actually needs to use memory
+bandwidth so in the serial case we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth so in the serial case we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth so in the serial case we had
+plenty of memory bandwidth you we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of memory bandwidth you we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of memory bandwidth you we could
+use for prefetching but in the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for prefetching but in the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for prefetching but in the parallel
+case we had we don't actually have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we had we don't actually have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we had we don't actually have much
+parallel but much memory bandwidth we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but much memory bandwidth we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but much memory bandwidth we
+can use here so that's why in a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use here so that's why in a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use here so that's why in a parallel
+case the trapezoidal code gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the trapezoidal code gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the trapezoidal code gets better
+speed up over the parallel looping code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up over the parallel looping code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up over the parallel looping code
+compared to the serial case and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the serial case and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the serial case and the
+trapezoid code also gets better speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid code also gets better speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid code also gets better speed up
+because because it's actually it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's actually it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's actually it does
+things more locally so it needs to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more locally so it needs to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more locally so it needs to use
+less fewer memory operations and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fewer memory operations and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fewer memory operations and there's
+a scalability bottleneck at the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalability bottleneck at the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalability bottleneck at the memory
+interconnect but because the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect but because the trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnect but because the trapezoidal
+code is cache oblivious it does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is cache oblivious it does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is cache oblivious it does a lot of
+work in cache whereas the looping code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in cache whereas the looping code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in cache whereas the looping code
+does more accesses to the main memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more accesses to the main memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more accesses to the main memory
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we know when we have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we know when we have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we know when we have when
+we have a parallel speed-up bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a parallel speed-up bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a parallel speed-up bottleneck
+how do we know what what's causing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know what what's causing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know what what's causing it so
+there are several main things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several main things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several main things that we
+should look at so we should see if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at so we should see if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at so we should see if our
+algorithm has insufficient parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has insufficient parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has insufficient parallelism
+whether the scheduling overhead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the scheduling overhead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the scheduling overhead is
+dominating whether we have a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating whether we have a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating whether we have a lack of
+memory bandwidth or whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bandwidth or whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bandwidth or whether there's
+contention going on in contention can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention going on in contention can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention going on in contention can
+refer to either locking or true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to either locking or true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to either locking or true and
+false sharing which we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sharing which we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sharing which we talked about in
+the last lecture so first two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture so first two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture so first two are
+usually quite easy to diagnose you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually quite easy to diagnose you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually quite easy to diagnose you can
+compute the work and the span of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work and the span of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work and the span of your
+algorithm and from that you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and from that you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and from that you can get the
+parallelism you can also use silk scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you can also use silk scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you can also use silk scale
+to help you diagnose the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you diagnose the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you diagnose the first two
+problems because silk scale can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because silk scale can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because silk scale can tell you
+how much parallelism you're getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much parallelism you're getting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much parallelism you're getting in
+your code and it can also tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and it can also tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code and it can also tell you the
+burden parallelism which includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden parallelism which includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden parallelism which includes the
+scheduler overhead what about for memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler overhead what about for memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler overhead what about for memory
+bandwidth how can we diagnose that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth how can we diagnose that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth how can we diagnose that says
+anyone have any ideas so I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any ideas so I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any ideas so I can tell you
+one way to do it I can open up open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it I can open up open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it I can open up open up
+my hardware and take out all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hardware and take out all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hardware and take out all of my
+memory chips except for one of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory chips except for one of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory chips except for one of them and
+run my serial code and if it slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run my serial code and if it slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run my serial code and if it slows down
+then that means it was probably memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means it was probably memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means it was probably memory
+bandwidth bound when I did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth bound when I did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth bound when I did it in
+parallel but that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but that's a pretty
+heavy-handed way to diagnose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed way to diagnose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed way to diagnose this
+problem is there anything we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there anything we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there anything we can do with
+just software yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you could use a tool like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you could use a tool like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you could use a tool like
+valgrind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valgrind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valgrind
+to count the number of memory accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count the number of memory accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count the number of memory accesses
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so you can make sure only one processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make sure only one processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make sure only one processor
+is being used but you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used but you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used but you can't you can't
+but it might be using like more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be using like more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be using like more that
+more memory than just the memory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memory than just the memory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more memory than just the memory from
+one chip there's actually a simpler way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chip there's actually a simpler way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one chip there's actually a simpler way
+to do this the idea is that we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the idea is that we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the idea is that we'll just
+run P identical copies of the serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run P identical copies of the serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run P identical copies of the serial
+code and then dole all be executing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then dole all be executing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then dole all be executing in
+parallel and if the execution slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and if the execution slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and if the execution slows down
+that that means that they were probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that they were probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that they were probably
+contending for memory bandwidth does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending for memory bandwidth does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending for memory bandwidth does
+that make sense one caveat of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense one caveat of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense one caveat of this is
+you can only do this if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do this if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do this if you have enough
+physical memory because if when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical memory because if when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical memory because if when you're
+running P identical copies you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running P identical copies you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running P identical copies you have to
+use more DRAM than if you just ran one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more DRAM than if you just ran one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more DRAM than if you just ran one
+copy so you have to have enough physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so you have to have enough physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so you have to have enough physical
+memory but often times you can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but often times you can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but often times you can usually
+isolate some part of the code that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate some part of the code that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate some part of the code that you
+think has a performance bottleneck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has a performance bottleneck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has a performance bottleneck and
+just execute that part of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just execute that part of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just execute that part of the program
+with P copies in parallel and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P copies in parallel and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P copies in parallel and hopefully
+that will take less memory there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take less memory there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take less memory there also
+hardware counters you can check if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware counters you can check if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware counters you can check if you
+have root access to your machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have root access to your machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have root access to your machine that
+can measure how much memory bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much memory bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure how much memory bandwidth
+your program is using but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program is using but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program is using but this is a
+pretty simple way to do this so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple way to do this so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple way to do this so there
+are ways to diagnose lack of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways to diagnose lack of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways to diagnose lack of memory
+bandwidth turns out that contention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth turns out that contention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth turns out that contention is
+much harder to diagnose there are tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to diagnose there are tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to diagnose there are tools
+that exists that detect lock contention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists that detect lock contention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists that detect lock contention
+in an execution but usually they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an execution but usually they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an execution but usually they only
+detect the contention when the condensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the contention when the condensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the contention when the condensor
+actually happens but the contention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens but the contention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens but the contention
+doesn't have to happen every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to happen every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to happen every time you
+run your code so these tools don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your code so these tools don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your code so these tools don't
+detect the potential for lock lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the potential for lock lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the potential for lock lock
+contention and potential for true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention and potential for true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention and potential for true and
+false sharing is even harder to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sharing is even harder to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false sharing is even harder to detect
+especially false sharing because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially false sharing because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially false sharing because if
+you're using a bunch of variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a bunch of variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a bunch of variables in
+your code you don't know which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you don't know which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code you don't know which of those
+mapped to the same cache line so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the same cache line so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the same cache line so this is
+much harder to detect usually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to detect usually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder to detect usually when
+you're trying to debug the speed-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to debug the speed-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to debug the speed-up
+bottleneck in your code you would first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in your code you would first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in your code you would first
+look at the first three things here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first three things here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first three things here and
+then once you eliminated those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you eliminated those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you eliminated those first
+these things then you can start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then you can start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things then you can start looking
+at whether contention is causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whether contention is causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whether contention is causing the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions okay so talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so talked about
+stencil computation I want to now talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stencil computation I want to now talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stencil computation I want to now talk
+about another problem sorting and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another problem sorting and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another problem sorting and we
+want to do this cache efficiently okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this cache efficiently okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this cache efficiently okay
+so let's first analyze the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first analyze the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first analyze the cache
+complexity of a standard merge sort so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a standard merge sort so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a standard merge sort so
+we first need to analyze the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first need to analyze the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first need to analyze the complexity
+of merging because this is used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of merging because this is used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of merging because this is used as a
+subroutine in merge sort and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine in merge sort and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine in merge sort and as you
+recall in merging we're given two sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in merging we're given two sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in merging we're given two sorted
+input arrays and we want to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and we want to generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and we want to generate an
+output array that's also sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output array that's also sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output array that's also sorted
+containing all the elements from the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all the elements from the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all the elements from the two
+input arrays and the algorithm is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and the algorithm is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and the algorithm is going
+to maintain a pointer to the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a pointer to the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a pointer to the head of
+each of our input arrays and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of our input arrays and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of our input arrays and then it's
+going to compare the two elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the two elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the two elements and
+take the smaller one and put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the smaller one and put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the smaller one and put it into the
+output and then increment the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and then increment the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and then increment the pointer
+for that array and then we keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that array and then we keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that array and then we keep doing
+this taking the smaller of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking the smaller of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking the smaller of the two
+elements until the two input arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements until the two input arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements until the two input arrays
+become empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become empty
+at which point we're done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point we're done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point we're done with the
+algorithm we have one sorted output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we have one sorted output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we have one sorted output
+array okay so to merge n elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array okay so to merge n elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array okay so to merge n elements the
+time to do this is just theta of n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do this is just theta of n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do this is just theta of n here
+n is the sum of the sizes of my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the sum of the sizes of my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the sum of the sizes of my two
+input arrays and this is because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and this is because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrays and this is because I'm
+only doing a constant amount of work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing a constant amount of work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only doing a constant amount of work for
+each of my input elements what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of my input elements what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of my input elements what about the
+number of cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses
+how many cache misses why why incur when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cache misses why why incur when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cache misses why why incur when
+I'm merging n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah so I'm going to incur theta n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm going to incur theta n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm going to incur theta n over
+B cash misses because my two input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cash misses because my two input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cash misses because my two input
+arrays are stored contiguously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays are stored contiguously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays are stored contiguously in
+memories I can read them in B bytes at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories I can read them in B bytes at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories I can read them in B bytes at a
+time with just one cache miss and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with just one cache miss and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with just one cache miss and then
+my output array is also stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output array is also stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output array is also stored
+contiguously so I can write things out B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously so I can write things out B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously so I can write things out B
+bytes at a time with just one cache miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes at a time with just one cache miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes at a time with just one cache miss
+I might waste waste a cache line at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might waste waste a cache line at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might waste waste a cache line at the
+beginning and end of each of my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end of each of my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end of each of my three
+arrays but that only affects the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays but that only affects the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays but that only affects the bound
+by a constant factor so it's theta of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a constant factor so it's theta of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a constant factor so it's theta of n
+over B so now let's look at merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B so now let's look at merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B so now let's look at merge sort
+so recall that merge sort has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that merge sort has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that merge sort has two
+recursive calls to itself on inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls to itself on inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls to itself on inputs of
+half the size and then it doesn't merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size and then it doesn't merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the size and then it doesn't merge
+at the end to merge the two sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to merge the two sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to merge the two sorted
+outputs of its recursive calls so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of its recursive calls so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of its recursive calls so if you
+look at how the recursion proceeds its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how the recursion proceeds its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how the recursion proceeds its
+first going to divide the input array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to divide the input array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to divide the input array
+into two halves it's going to divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two halves it's going to divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two halves it's going to divide it
+into two halves again again until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two halves again again until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two halves again again until you
+get to the base case of just one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the base case of just one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the base case of just one element
+at which point you return and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point you return and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point you return and then now
+we start merging pairs of these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start merging pairs of these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start merging pairs of these elements
+together so now I have these arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so now I have these arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so now I have these arrays of
+size two in sorted order and I emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size two in sorted order and I emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size two in sorted order and I emerged
+pairs of those arrays and I get sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of those arrays and I get sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of those arrays and I get sub
+arrays of size four and that finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of size four and that finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of size four and that finally I
+do this one more time to get my sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one more time to get my sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one more time to get my sorted
+output ok so let's review the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output ok so let's review the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output ok so let's review the work of
+merge sort so what's the recurrence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort so what's the recurrence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort so what's the recurrence for
+merge sort if we're competing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort if we're competing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort if we're competing the work
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yeah so that's correct so I have two sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's correct so I have two sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's correct so I have two sub
+problems of size n over two and that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n over two and that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n over two and that I
+need to do theta and work to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do theta and work to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do theta and work to do the
+merge and this is case two of master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge and this is case two of master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge and this is case two of master
+theorem so I'm computing log base B of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so I'm computing log base B of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so I'm computing log base B of A
+which is log base 2 of 2 in dashes 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log base 2 of 2 in dashes 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is log base 2 of 2 in dashes 1 and
+that's the same as the exponent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as the exponent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as the exponent in the
+term that I'm adding in so since they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I'm adding in so since they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that I'm adding in so since they're
+the same I add in an additional log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I add in an additional log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I add in an additional log
+factor and my overall work is just theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and my overall work is just theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and my overall work is just theta
+of n log n okay so now I'm gonna solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log n okay so now I'm gonna solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log n okay so now I'm gonna solve
+this recurrence again using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recurrence again using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recurrence again using the
+recursion tree method I'm still gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree method I'm still gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree method I'm still gonna
+get theta of n log n but I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get theta of n log n but I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get theta of n log n but I'm doing this
+because it's gonna be useful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna be useful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna be useful when we
+analyze the cache complexity so the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the cache complexity so the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the cache complexity so the top
+level I have a problem of size N and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I have a problem of size N and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I have a problem of size N and I'm
+going to branch into two problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to branch into two problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to branch into two problems of
+size n over two and when I'm done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n over two and when I'm done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n over two and when I'm done with
+them I have to do a merge which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I have to do a merge which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I have to do a merge which takes
+theta n work and I'm just putting n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n work and I'm just putting n here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n work and I'm just putting n here
+I'm ignoring the constants and I'm got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring the constants and I'm got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignoring the constants and I'm got
+branch again and each one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch again and each one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch again and each one of these is
+gonna do n over 2 work to merge and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do n over 2 work to merge and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do n over 2 work to merge and I'm
+gonna get all the way down to my base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get all the way down to my base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get all the way down to my base
+case after log base two of n levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case after log base two of n levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case after log base two of n levels the
+top level is doing and work second level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level is doing and work second level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level is doing and work second level
+is also doing n work and it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also doing n work and it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also doing n work and it's gonna be
+the same for all levels down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for all levels down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for all levels down to the
+leaves leaves is also doing linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves leaves is also doing linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves leaves is also doing linear
+amount of work so the overall work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work so the overall work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work so the overall work is
+just the work per level times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the work per level times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the work per level times the number
+of levels so it's just eight of n log N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions okay so now let's analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so now let's analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions okay so now let's analyze
+this with caching okay so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with caching okay so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with caching okay so we said
+earlier that the cache complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the cache complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the cache complexity of the
+merging subroutine is theta of n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging subroutine is theta of n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging subroutine is theta of n over B
+and here's the recurrence for the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the recurrence for the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the recurrence for the cache
+complexity of merge sort so my base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of merge sort so my base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of merge sort so my base case
+here is when n is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when n is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when n is less than or equal to
+CM for some sufficiently small constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM for some sufficiently small constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM for some sufficiently small constant
+C and this is because at this point my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this is because at this point my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this is because at this point my
+problem size fits into cache and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size fits into cache and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size fits into cache and
+everything else I do for that problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I do for that problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I do for that problem is
+still going to be in cash and to load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to be in cash and to load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to be in cash and to load it
+into cash the the base case I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cash the the base case I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cash the the base case I need to
+incur theta and over B cache misses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur theta and over B cache misses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur theta and over B cache misses and
+otherwise I'm going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to have two
+recursive calls of size n over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls of size n over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls of size n over two and
+then I need to do theta and over B cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to do theta and over B cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to do theta and over B cache
+misses to do the merge of my two results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses to do the merge of my two results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses to do the merge of my two results
+okay so here my base case is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here my base case is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here my base case is larger than
+when I what I did for the work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I what I did for the work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I what I did for the work the
+algorithm actually stole recursing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually stole recursing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm actually stole recursing down
+to a constant massage base case but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant massage base case but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant massage base case but just
+for analysis I'm stopping the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analysis I'm stopping the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analysis I'm stopping the recursion
+when and is less than or equal to CM so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and is less than or equal to CM so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and is less than or equal to CM so
+let's analyze this so again I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze this so again I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze this so again I'm going to
+have the problems of size n at beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problems of size n at beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problems of size n at beginning
+and then I'm gonna split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna split it into two
+problems of size n over two and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n over two and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n over two and then I'm
+gonna have to pay and over B cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to pay and over B cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to pay and over B cache
+misses to merge the results together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses to merge the results together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses to merge the results together
+similarly for the next level now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the next level now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the next level now I'm
+paying and over to be cache misses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying and over to be cache misses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying and over to be cache misses for
+each of my two problems here to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of my two problems here to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of my two problems here to do the
+merge and I keep going down until I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge and I keep going down until I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge and I keep going down until I get
+to a sub problem of size theta of CM at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sub problem of size theta of CM at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sub problem of size theta of CM at
+that point is going to fit in cache and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is going to fit in cache and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is going to fit in cache and
+I don't need to recurse anymore in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to recurse anymore in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to recurse anymore in my
+analysis so a number of levels of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so a number of levels of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so a number of levels of this
+recursion tree it's just log base two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree it's just log base two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree it's just log base two of
+n over cm so I'm basically chopping off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over cm so I'm basically chopping off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over cm so I'm basically chopping off
+the bottom of this recursion tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of this recursion tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of this recursion tree the
+number of levels I had below this is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels I had below this is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels I had below this is log
+base two of CM so I'm taking log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two of CM so I'm taking log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two of CM so I'm taking log base
+two of n and subtracting log base two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of n and subtracting log base two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of n and subtracting log base two of
+CM and that's equivalent to log base two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM and that's equivalent to log base two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM and that's equivalent to log base two
+of n divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n divided
+by CM the number of leaves I have is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CM the number of leaves I have is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CM the number of leaves I have is n
+over cm since each leaf is Theta of CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cm since each leaf is Theta of CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cm since each leaf is Theta of CM
+large in the number of cache misses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the number of cache misses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the number of cache misses I
+need to incur to process a leaf it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to incur to process a leaf it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to incur to process a leaf it's
+just theta of M over B because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just theta of M over B because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just theta of M over B because I just
+need to load the the problem I just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to load the the problem I just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to load the the problem I just need
+to load the input for that sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the input for that sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the input for that sub problem
+into cache and then everything else fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cache and then everything else fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cache and then everything else fits
+in cache so for the top level I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cache so for the top level I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cache so for the top level I'm
+incurring and over B cache misses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurring and over B cache misses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurring and over B cache misses the
+next level I'm also incurring n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level I'm also incurring n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level I'm also incurring n over B
+cache misses same with the third level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses same with the third level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses same with the third level
+and then for the leaves I'm incurring M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the leaves I'm incurring M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the leaves I'm incurring M
+over B times and over C on cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B times and over C on cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B times and over C on cache misses
+the n over cm is the number of leaves I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n over cm is the number of leaves I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n over cm is the number of leaves I
+have in theta of M over B is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in theta of M over B is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in theta of M over B is the number
+of cache misses per leaf and that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses per leaf and that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses per leaf and that also
+equals theta of n over B so overall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals theta of n over B so overall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals theta of n over B so overall I
+multiply theta n over B by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply theta n over B by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply theta n over B by the number of
+levels I have so the number of levels I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I have so the number of levels I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I have so the number of levels I
+have is log base two of n over cm and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is log base two of n over cm and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is log base two of n over cm and I
+just got rid of the constant here since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got rid of the constant here since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got rid of the constant here since
+doesn't affect asymptotic bound so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect asymptotic bound so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect asymptotic bound so the
+number of cache misses I have a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses I have a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cache misses I have a state of
+n over B times log base two of or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B times log base two of or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B times log base two of or any
+log any base for the log log of n over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log any base for the log log of n over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log any base for the log log of n over m
+so any questions on this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sok I am saving a factor of B here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sok I am saving a factor of B here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sok I am saving a factor of B here in
+the first term so that does reduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so that does reduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so that does reduce that
+just gives me a better cache complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives me a better cache complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives me a better cache complexity
+than just a work bound but for the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a work bound but for the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a work bound but for the M
+term it's actually inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's actually inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's actually inside the
+denominator of the log and that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the log and that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the log and that doesn't
+actually help me that much so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help me that much so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help me that much so let's look
+at how much we actually save so when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much we actually save so when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much we actually save so when n
+is much greater than M then log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than M then log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than M then log base 2
+of n over m is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over m is approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over m is approximately equal to
+log base 2 of n so the M term doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of n so the M term doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of n so the M term doesn't
+contribute much to the asymptotic cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute much to the asymptotic cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute much to the asymptotic cost
+and therefore compared to the work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore compared to the work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore compared to the work we're
+only saving a factor of B when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only saving a factor of B when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only saving a factor of B when n is
+approximately equal to M then log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to M then log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to M then log base 2
+of n over m is constant and we're saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over m is constant and we're saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over m is constant and we're saving
+a factor of B log n so we save more when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of B log n so we save more when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of B log n so we save more when
+the memory size or when the problem size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory size or when the problem size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory size or when the problem size
+is small but for large enough problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but for large enough problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small but for large enough problem
+sizes we're only saving a factor of B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes we're only saving a factor of B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes we're only saving a factor of B so
+does anyone think that we can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone think that we can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone think that we can do better
+than this so I've asked this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so I've asked this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so I've asked this question
+several times before and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times before and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times before and the answer is
+always the same yes it's a good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna do this using multi way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do this using multi way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do this using multi way
+merging so instead of just merging two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging so instead of just merging two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging so instead of just merging two
+sorted sub-arrays we're gonna merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted sub-arrays we're gonna merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted sub-arrays we're gonna merge
+together our sorted sub-arrays so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together our sorted sub-arrays so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together our sorted sub-arrays so we're
+going to have our sub arrays each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our sub arrays each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our sub arrays each of
+size and over R and these are sorted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and over R and these are sorted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and over R and these are sorted and
+I'm gonna merge them together using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna merge them together using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna merge them together using
+what's called a tournament tree so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a tournament tree so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a tournament tree so how
+determinate tournament tree works is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate tournament tree works is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate tournament tree works is I'm
+going to compare the heads of each pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the heads of each pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the heads of each pair
+of these sub arrays and store it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sub arrays and store it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sub arrays and store it in the
+node of the tournament tree and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node of the tournament tree and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node of the tournament tree and then
+after I do that I compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do that I compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do that I compare these two
+nodes and I get the minimum of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and I get the minimum of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and I get the minimum of those two
+eventually after I compare all all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after I compare all all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after I compare all all the
+elements I'm just left with the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements I'm just left with the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements I'm just left with the minimum
+element at the root of the tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at the root of the tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at the root of the tournament
+tree and then I can place that into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then I can place that into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and then I can place that into my
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first time I want to fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time I want to fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time I want to fill this
+tournament tree it's going to take theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree it's going to take theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree it's going to take theta
+of our work because there are nodes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our work because there are nodes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our work because there are nodes in
+my tournament tree so when I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tournament tree so when I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tournament tree so when I compare
+these two elements the smaller one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements the smaller one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements the smaller one is
+six for these two the smaller one is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six for these two the smaller one is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six for these two the smaller one is two
+and then I compare two and six take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I compare two and six take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I compare two and six take the
+smaller one and then on the other side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one and then on the other side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one and then on the other side I
+have a seven here so I compare two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a seven here so I compare two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a seven here so I compare two and
+seven two is smaller so it appears at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven two is smaller so it appears at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven two is smaller so it appears at
+the root and then I know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and then I know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and then I know that that's
+going to be my minimum element among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be my minimum element among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be my minimum element among the
+heads of all of the our sub arrays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of all of the our sub arrays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of all of the our sub arrays that
+I'm passing it so the first time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing it so the first time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passing it so the first time to
+generate this tournament tree takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this tournament tree takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this tournament tree takes
+theta of our work because I have to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of our work because I have to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of our work because I have to fill
+in our nodes but once I generated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nodes but once I generated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nodes but once I generated this
+tournament tree for all subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree for all subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree for all subsequent
+rounds I only need to fill in the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds I only need to fill in the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds I only need to fill in the path
+from the element that one to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the element that one to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the element that one to the output
+or rate or to the root of the tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rate or to the root of the tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rate or to the root of the tournament
+tree because those are the only values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because those are the only values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because those are the only values
+that would have changed so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have changed so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have changed so now I'm going
+to fill in this path here and this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in this path here and this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in this path here and this only
+takes theta of log our work to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes theta of log our work to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes theta of log our work to do it
+because the the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the height of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the height of this
+tournament tree is log base 2 of R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree is log base 2 of R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree is log base 2 of R so
+I'm going to fill this in now 14 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to fill this in now 14 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to fill this in now 14 goes
+here 6 is a smaller of the two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 6 is a smaller of the two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 6 is a smaller of the two and then
+6 is a smaller to 2 again so my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is a smaller to 2 again so my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is a smaller to 2 again so my next
+element is 6 and I keep doing this until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is 6 and I keep doing this until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is 6 and I keep doing this until
+all of the elements from my our sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements from my our sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements from my our sub
+arrays get put into the output the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays get put into the output the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays get put into the output the total
+work for merging is going to be theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for merging is going to be theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for merging is going to be theta of
+R for the first round plus n log R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for the first round plus n log R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for the first round plus n log R for
+all the remaining rounds and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the remaining rounds and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the remaining rounds and that's just
+equal to theta of n log R because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of n log R because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of n log R because we're
+assuming that n is bigger than R here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that n is bigger than R here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that n is bigger than R here
+any questions on how the multi way merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on how the multi way merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on how the multi way merge
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No okay so let's analyze the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay so let's analyze the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay so let's analyze the work of
+this multi way merge that when used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi way merge that when used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi way merge that when used in
+size inside merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size inside merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size inside merge sort
+so recurrence is gonna be as follows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recurrence is gonna be as follows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recurrence is gonna be as follows so
+if n is 1 then we just do a cost amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is 1 then we just do a cost amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is 1 then we just do a cost amount
+of work otherwise we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work otherwise we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work otherwise we have our
+subproblems of size and over R and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems of size and over R and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems of size and over R and then
+we're paying stative n log R to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're paying stative n log R to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're paying stative n log R to do the
+multi way merge so here's the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi way merge so here's the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi way merge so here's the recursion
+tree at the top level we have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the top level we have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the top level we have a problem
+of size n and then we're gonna split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n and then we're gonna split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n and then we're gonna split
+into our subproblems of size n of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our subproblems of size n of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our subproblems of size n of R and
+that we have to pay and log our work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to pay and log our work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to pay and log our work to
+merge the results of the recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the results of the recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the results of the recursive call
+together and then we keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then we keep doing this
+turns out that the work at each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the work at each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the work at each level
+sums sums up to n log based let n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums sums up to n log based let n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums sums up to n log based let n log
+base 2 of R in the number of levels we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of R in the number of levels we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of R in the number of levels we
+have here is log base R of n because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is log base R of n because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is log base R of n because
+each time we're branching by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time we're branching by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time we're branching by a factor of
+R for the leaves we have n leaves and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for the leaves we have n leaves and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for the leaves we have n leaves and we
+just pale in your work for that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pale in your work for that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pale in your work for that because
+we don't have to pay for the merge we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to pay for the merge we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to pay for the merge we're
+not doing any more recursive calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing any more recursive calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing any more recursive calls
+so the overall work is going to be theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall work is going to be theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall work is going to be theta
+of n log R times log base R of n plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log R times log base R of n plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n log R times log base R of n plus n
+for the leaves but that's just a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the leaves but that's just a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the leaves but that's just a lower
+order term and if you work out the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term and if you work out the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term and if you work out the math
+some of these terms are gonna cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these terms are gonna cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these terms are gonna cancel out
+and you just get theta of n log n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get theta of n log n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get theta of n log n for
+the work so the work is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work so the work is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work so the work is the same as the
+binary merge sort let's now analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary merge sort let's now analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary merge sort let's now analyze the
+cache complexity so let's assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity so let's assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache complexity so let's assume that we
+have R less than C M over B for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R less than C M over B for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R less than C M over B for a
+sufficiently small constant C less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small constant C less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small constant C less than
+or equal to 1 we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 1 we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 1 we're going to consider
+the our way merging of contiguous arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our way merging of contiguous arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our way merging of contiguous arrays
+of total size N and if R is less than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total size N and if R is less than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total size N and if R is less than C
+M over B then we can fit the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M over B then we can fit the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M over B then we can fit the entire
+tournament tree into cache and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree into cache and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament tree into cache and we can
+also fit one block from each of the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fit one block from each of the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also fit one block from each of the R
+sub arrays into cache and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub arrays into cache and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub arrays into cache and in that case
+the total number of cache misses to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of cache misses to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of cache misses to do
+the multi way merge is just theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi way merge is just theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi way merge is just theta and
+over B because we just have to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B because we just have to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B because we just have to go over
+the end elements in our input arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end elements in our input arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end elements in our input arrays
+so the recurrence for the are way merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recurrence for the are way merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recurrence for the are way merge
+sort is as follows so if n is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is as follows so if n is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is as follows so if n is less than
+cm then it fits in cash it's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm then it fits in cash it's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm then it fits in cash it's a number of
+cache misses we page the state of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses we page the state of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses we page the state of n over
+B and otherwise we have our subproblems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and otherwise we have our subproblems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and otherwise we have our subproblems
+of size and over R and that we add theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size and over R and that we add theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size and over R and that we add theta
+and over B to do the merge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over B to do the merge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over B to do the merge of the
+results of the subproblems any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the subproblems any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the subproblems any questions
+on the recurrence here yes good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the recurrence here yes good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the recurrence here yes good question
+so we didn't pick the value of R so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't pick the value of R so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't pick the value of R so this
+is not a cache oblivious algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a cache oblivious algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a cache oblivious algorithm and
+we'll see what to choose for our in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what to choose for our in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what to choose for our in a
+couple slides so let's analyze the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides so let's analyze the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides so let's analyze the cache
+complexity of this algorithm again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this algorithm again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this algorithm again using
+the recursion tree analysis so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion tree analysis so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion tree analysis so at the
+top level we're going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level we're going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level we're going to have our
+subproblems of size n over R and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems of size n over R and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems of size n over R and we have
+to pay and over B cache misses to merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay and over B cache misses to merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay and over B cache misses to merge
+them and it turns out that at each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it turns out that at each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and it turns out that at each level
+the number of cache misses we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cache misses we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cache misses we have to
+pay is n over B if you work out the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is n over B if you work out the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is n over B if you work out the math
+and the number of levels of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of levels of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of levels of this
+recursion tree is going to be log base R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree is going to be log base R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree is going to be log base R
+of n over cm because we're going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over cm because we're going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over cm because we're going to stop
+recursing when our problem size is cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing when our problem size is cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing when our problem size is cm
+and on every level of recursion we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on every level of recursion we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on every level of recursion we're
+branching by a factor of R so our leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching by a factor of R so our leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching by a factor of R so our leaf
+our leaf size is cm therefore the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our leaf size is cm therefore the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our leaf size is cm therefore the number
+of leaves we have is n over cm and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves we have is n over cm and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves we have is n over cm and for
+each leaf it's going to take theta of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leaf it's going to take theta of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each leaf it's going to take theta of M
+over B cache misses to load it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B cache misses to load it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B cache misses to load it into
+cache and afterwards we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and afterwards we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and afterwards we can do
+everything in cache and multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in cache and multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in cache and multiplying the
+number of leaves by the cost per leaf we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves by the cost per leaf we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves by the cost per leaf we
+get theta n over B cache misses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get theta n over B cache misses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get theta n over B cache misses and
+therefore the number of cache misses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the number of cache misses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the number of cache misses is
+n over B times the number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B times the number of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B times the number of levels
+number of levels is log base R of n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels is log base R of n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels is log base R of n over
+m so compare to the binary merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so compare to the binary merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so compare to the binary merge sort
+algorithm here we actually have a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here we actually have a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm here we actually have a factor
+of R in the base of the log before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R in the base of the log before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R in the base of the log before the
+the base of the log wishes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the question is what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what we're gonna
+set our to be so again we have a voodoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our to be so again we have a voodoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our to be so again we have a voodoo
+parameter this is not a cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter this is not a cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter this is not a cache oblivious
+algorithm and we said that R has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and we said that R has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and we said that R has to be
+less than or equal to CM / B in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to CM / B in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to CM / B in order
+for the analysis to work out so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analysis to work out so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analysis to work out so let's
+just make it as large as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it as large as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it as large as possible
+let's just set R equal to theta of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just set R equal to theta of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just set R equal to theta of M
+over B and now now we can see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B and now now we can see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B and now now we can see what this
+complexity works out to be so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity works out to be so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity works out to be so we have
+the tall cache assumption we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall cache assumption we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall cache assumption we also have
+the fact that log base M of n over m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that log base M of n over m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that log base M of n over m is
+equal to theta of log n over log M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of log n over log M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to theta of log n over log M so
+the cache complexity estate of n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache complexity estate of n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache complexity estate of n over B
+times log base M over B of n over m but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log base M over B of n over m but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log base M over B of n over m but
+if we have the tall cache assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have the tall cache assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have the tall cache assumption
+that log base M over B is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log base M over B is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that log base M over B is the same as
+log base of M asymptotically so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base of M asymptotically so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base of M asymptotically so that's
+how we get to the second line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get to the second line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get to the second line and then
+you can rearrange some terms and cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rearrange some terms and cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rearrange some terms and cancel
+some terms out and we'll end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terms out and we'll end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terms out and we'll end up with
+theta n log n divided by B log M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n log n divided by B log M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n log n divided by B log M so
+we're saving a factor of theta of B log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saving a factor of theta of B log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saving a factor of theta of B log
+M compare to the work of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M compare to the work of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M compare to the work of the algorithm
+whereas for the binary version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the binary version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the binary version of
+mercero we were only saving a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercero we were only saving a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercero we were only saving a factor of
+B for large enough inputs so here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for large enough inputs so here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for large enough inputs so here we get
+another factor of log m in our savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of log m in our savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of log m in our savings
+so as I said the binary 1 cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said the binary 1 cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said the binary 1 cache misses
+is n log n over B whereas the multi-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n log n over B whereas the multi-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n log n over B whereas the multi-way
+one is n log n over B log m and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is n log n over B log m and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is n log n over B log m and as long
+as n is much greater than M then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n is much greater than M then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n is much greater than M then we're
+actually saving more much more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saving more much more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saving more much more than the
+binary version so we're saving a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary version so we're saving a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary version so we're saving a factor
+of log M in cache misses and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log M in cache misses and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of log M in cache misses and let's just
+ignore the constants here and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the constants here and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the constants here and look at
+what log m can be in practice so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what log m can be in practice so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what log m can be in practice so here
+are some typical cache sizes the l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some typical cache sizes the l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some typical cache sizes the l1
+cache size is 32 kilobytes so that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache size is 32 kilobytes so that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache size is 32 kilobytes so that's to
+215th and log base 2 of that is 15 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+215th and log base 2 of that is 15 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+215th and log base 2 of that is 15 so we
+get a 15 X savings and then for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 15 X savings and then for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 15 X savings and then for the
+larger cache sizes we get an even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cache sizes we get an even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cache sizes we get an even larger
+saving sign any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the problem with this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem with this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem with this algorithm is
+that it's not cache-oblivious so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not cache-oblivious so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not cache-oblivious so we have
+to tune the value of R for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the value of R for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the value of R for a particular
+machine and even when we're running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and even when we're running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and even when we're running on
+the same machine there could be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same machine there could be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same machine there could be other
+jobs running that content for the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs running that content for the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs running that content for the cache
+turns out that there are several cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there are several cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there are several cache
+oblivious sorting algorithms the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious sorting algorithms the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious sorting algorithms the first
+one that was developed was by paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was developed was by paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was developed was by paper by
+charles larsen and it's called funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles larsen and it's called funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles larsen and it's called funnel
+sort the idea here is to recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the idea here is to recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the idea here is to recursively
+sort end to the 1/3 groups of n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort end to the 1/3 groups of n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort end to the 1/3 groups of n to the
+2/3 elements and then merged the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 elements and then merged the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 elements and then merged the sorted
+groups with an end to the 1/3 funnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups with an end to the 1/3 funnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups with an end to the 1/3 funnel and
+this funnel is called a cage K funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funnel is called a cage K funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funnel is called a cage K funnel
+more generally and it merges together K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally and it merges together K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally and it merges together K
+cubed elements and K sorted lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed elements and K sorted lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed elements and K sorted lists and
+the cost for doing this merge is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for doing this merge is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for doing this merge is as
+shown here and you plug this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and you plug this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and you plug this into the
+recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+you'll get that the asymptotic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that the asymptotic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that the asymptotic number of
+cache misses is the same as that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses is the same as that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses is the same as that of the
+multi way merge sort algorithm while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi way merge sort algorithm while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi way merge sort algorithm while
+being cache oblivious and this bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cache oblivious and this bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cache oblivious and this bound is
+actually optimal so I'm not gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually optimal so I'm not gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually optimal so I'm not gonna have
+time to talk about the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about the details of the
+funnel sort algorithm but I do have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort algorithm but I do have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel sort algorithm but I do have time
+to just show you a pretty picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just show you a pretty picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just show you a pretty picture of
+what the funnel looks like so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the funnel looks like so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the funnel looks like so this is
+what a K funnel looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a K funnel looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a K funnel looks like it's
+recursively constructed we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively constructed we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively constructed we have a bunch
+of square root of K funnels inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square root of K funnels inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square root of K funnels inside
+they're all connected to some buffers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected to some buffers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all connected to some buffers so
+they feed alamos to buffer and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feed alamos to buffer and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feed alamos to buffer and then the
+buffers feed element to this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers feed element to this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers feed element to this output
+square root of K funnel which outputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K funnel which outputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K funnel which outputs to
+which becomes the output for the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which becomes the output for the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which becomes the output for the K
+funnel so this whole blue thing is the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so this whole blue thing is the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel so this whole blue thing is the K
+funnel and the small green triangles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel and the small green triangles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel and the small green triangles are
+square root of K funnels and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K funnels and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K funnels and the number
+of cache misses incurred by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses incurred by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses incurred by doing this
+merge is shown here and it uses the tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge is shown here and it uses the tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge is shown here and it uses the tall
+cache assumption for analysis so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache assumption for analysis so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache assumption for analysis so a
+pretty cool algorithm and we posted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool algorithm and we posted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool algorithm and we posted a
+paper online that describes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper online that describes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper online that describes this
+algorithm so if you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so if you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so if you're interested in the
+details I encourage you to read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I encourage you to read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I encourage you to read that
+paper there are also many other cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper there are also many other cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper there are also many other cache
+oblivious algorithms out there so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithms out there so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithms out there so that
+there's been hundreds of papers on cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been hundreds of papers on cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been hundreds of papers on cache
+oblivious algorithms here are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithms here are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious algorithms here are some of
+them some of these are also described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of these are also described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some of these are also described in
+the paper in fact I think all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper in fact I think all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper in fact I think all of these
+are described in the paper we posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described in the paper we posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are described in the paper we posted
+so some cool cache-oblivious data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some cool cache-oblivious data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some cool cache-oblivious data
+structures have been developed such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have been developed such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have been developed such as
+for b-trees ordered filed maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b-trees ordered filed maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b-trees ordered filed maintenance
+and priority queues so it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priority queues so it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priority queues so it's a lot of
+literature on cache oblivious algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on cache oblivious algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on cache oblivious algorithms
+and there's also a lot of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a lot of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a lot of material
+online if you're interested in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online if you're interested in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online if you're interested in learning
+more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zGDTt9Q3vyM.txt b/zGDTt9Q3vyM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e8aba7df5caf9aad67d7f160090e26a73d13a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zGDTt9Q3vyM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank You forever everybody coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You forever everybody coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You forever everybody coming back
+and I should I should tell you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should I should tell you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should I should tell you when I
+when I start the session with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start the session with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start the session with that
+little Shh I learned that from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Shh I learned that from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Shh I learned that from a
+congressman in Baltimore for some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressman in Baltimore for some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressman in Baltimore for some of you
+know I've spent a lot of time around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've spent a lot of time around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've spent a lot of time around
+politics and it one of my roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and it one of my roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and it one of my roles in
+politics was that I was the treasurer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics was that I was the treasurer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics was that I was the treasurer of
+the Maryland Democratic Party which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maryland Democratic Party which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maryland Democratic Party which if
+you anybody ever asked you to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anybody ever asked you to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anybody ever asked you to be the
+treasurer of a state party come I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasurer of a state party come I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasurer of a state party come I could
+give you some advice about you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some advice about you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some advice about you know what
+that's all about but when you're home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about but when you're home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about but when you're home
+state senator ask you to do it so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state senator ask you to do it so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state senator ask you to do it so I had
+to quiet down the annual Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quiet down the annual Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quiet down the annual Jefferson
+Jackson Day dinners I would I organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Day dinners I would I organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Day dinners I would I organize
+these big dinners and there's four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big dinners and there's four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big dinners and there's four or
+five 600 people with these dinners I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 600 people with these dinners I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 600 people with these dinners I
+couldn't do it I couldn't get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it I couldn't get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it I couldn't get their
+attention and Congressman Elijah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and Congressman Elijah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and Congressman Elijah
+Cummings comes up and he just leans into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cummings comes up and he just leans into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cummings comes up and he just leans into
+the mic Shh quiet the whole place down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mic Shh quiet the whole place down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mic Shh quiet the whole place down I
+said congressman what is this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said congressman what is this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said congressman what is this it's
+something you've learned in politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've learned in politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've learned in politics
+something you learned you know from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you learned you know from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you learned you know from from
+your pure your Minister your priest what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pure your Minister your priest what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pure your Minister your priest what
+how he said it works every time works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he said it works every time works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he said it works every time works
+every time so Elijah Cummings gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so Elijah Cummings gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so Elijah Cummings gave me
+that little duty block chaining money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little duty block chaining money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little duty block chaining money
+we're here I know it's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here I know it's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here I know it's a little bit like
+eating broccoli these last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating broccoli these last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating broccoli these last couple of
+classes because we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because we went through
+cryptography and then we moved a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and then we moved a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and then we moved a little
+bit into concession consensus protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into concession consensus protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into concession consensus protocols
+and today we're going to pick that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to pick that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to pick that up
+and trying to finish up the design bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to finish up the design bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to finish up the design bits
+of Bitcoin I wanted to introduce though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin I wanted to introduce though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin I wanted to introduce though
+one walk in we're gonna have walk ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one walk in we're gonna have walk ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one walk in we're gonna have walk ins
+from time to time in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time in this class but
+Patrick murk he was hiding over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick murk he was hiding over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick murk he was hiding over here
+with the cap and the hoodie he's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cap and the hoodie he's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cap and the hoodie he's got the
+look for a lawyer who's been spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a lawyer who's been spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a lawyer who's been spending
+his time around Bitcoin for seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time around Bitcoin for seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time around Bitcoin for seven years
+now he's currently affiliated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's currently affiliated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's currently affiliated with
+Berkman Klein at Harvard and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkman Klein at Harvard and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkman Klein at Harvard and I didn't
+know Patrick was gonna be here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Patrick was gonna be here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Patrick was gonna be here so I'm
+calling him out he's also special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling him out he's also special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling him out he's also special
+counsel the Cooley law firm and he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel the Cooley law firm and he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel the Cooley law firm and he has a
+bunch of clients who try to do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of clients who try to do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of clients who try to do the right
+thing by the law but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the law but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the law but sometimes
+they find themselves dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find themselves dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find themselves dealing with the
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+other blind government institutions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blind government institutions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other blind government institutions but
+Patrick was also general counsel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick was also general counsel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick was also general counsel to the
+Bitcoin foundation and for a short while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin foundation and for a short while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin foundation and for a short while
+you ran it didn't you before it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ran it didn't you before it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ran it didn't you before it kind of
+went poof yes yeah yeah Patrick's a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went poof yes yeah yeah Patrick's a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went poof yes yeah yeah Patrick's a type
+a lawyer that wears a hoodie and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lawyer that wears a hoodie and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lawyer that wears a hoodie and a
+baseball cap so it's a Bitcoin lawyer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball cap so it's a Bitcoin lawyer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball cap so it's a Bitcoin lawyer so
+I thought you'd injured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you'd injured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you'd injured it
+you ever need Patrick for one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever need Patrick for one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever need Patrick for one of your
+entrepreneur efforts I'm sure eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur efforts I'm sure eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur efforts I'm sure eyes
+Cooley law firm will help like advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooley law firm will help like advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooley law firm will help like advising
+you - what's that what is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - what's that what is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - what's that what is that I have
+Patrick sir in fact I've never bought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick sir in fact I've never bought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick sir in fact I've never bought a
+Bitcoin ever 100% of Bitcoin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ever 100% of Bitcoin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin ever 100% of Bitcoin okay
+so Patrick when you get paid a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Patrick when you get paid a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Patrick when you get paid a hundred
+percent in Bitcoin from a client how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in Bitcoin from a client how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in Bitcoin from a client how
+long do you hold it miner except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you hold it miner except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do you hold it miner except for
+you're a lawyer forgets Bitcoin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer forgets Bitcoin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a lawyer forgets Bitcoin the
+study questions for today was we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions for today was we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions for today was we were
+going to turn to that last piece about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to that last piece about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn to that last piece about
+transactions and something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and something called the
+unspent transaction output and script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction output and script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction output and script
+code that is a computer code that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that is a computer code that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that is a computer code that's used
+inside of Bitcoin we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of Bitcoin we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of Bitcoin we're going to talk a
+little bit about the design features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design features
+bringing it all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it all together and
+particularly around the reading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly around the reading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly around the reading which
+was the academic pedigree of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the academic pedigree of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the academic pedigree of Bitcoin
+which is also a reading that patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a reading that patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a reading that patrick
+assigns when he does his study group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns when he does his study group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns when he does his study group at
+harvard law as well and then yes all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard law as well and then yes all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard law as well and then yes all of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+gonna be able to participate we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to participate we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to participate we're gonna
+take a survey amongst all of you as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a survey amongst all of you as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a survey amongst all of you as to
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto yeah where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto yeah where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto yeah where would
+you rather do more on transaction script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather do more on transaction script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather do more on transaction script
+alright well we'll do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright well we'll do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright well we'll do a little bit of
+both the readings of course the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the readings of course the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the readings of course the Bitcoin
+academic pedigree which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic pedigree which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic pedigree which we're going to
+talk about the latter part and I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the latter part and I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the latter part and I'll I'll
+do a little cold calling and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little cold calling and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little cold calling and get some
+feedback as to what you thought from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as to what you thought from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as to what you thought from the
+the reading or if you're still skimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading or if you're still skimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading or if you're still skimming
+it and then there was a coin desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then there was a coin desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then there was a coin desk
+article just making sense of it all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article just making sense of it all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article just making sense of it all and
+so as I said well we'll go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said well we'll go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said well we'll go through the
+transactions we'll do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions we'll do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions we'll do a little bit
+putting it all together and the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it all together and the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it all together and the academic
+pedigree we'll have our little fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree we'll have our little fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree we'll have our little fun with
+you all are gonna have a chance to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are gonna have a chance to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are gonna have a chance to tell
+us who Satoshi Nakamoto is or was or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who Satoshi Nakamoto is or was or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who Satoshi Nakamoto is or was or the
+committee so transactions you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so transactions you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so transactions you've seen
+this this graph before but transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph before but transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph before but transactions
+the format in a transaction ledger not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format in a transaction ledger not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format in a transaction ledger not
+only in Bitcoin but really everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in Bitcoin but really everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in Bitcoin but really everything is
+somebody on one side of a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on one side of a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on one side of a transaction
+and somebody on another side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody on another side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody on another side of a
+transaction so in Bitcoin there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so in Bitcoin there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction so in Bitcoin there's an
+input and the input in side of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the input in side of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the input in side of Bitcoin
+is an ID of a previous output so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ID of a previous output so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ID of a previous output so not
+only is Bitcoin a series of blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is Bitcoin a series of blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is Bitcoin a series of blocks of
+information each block that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information each block that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information each block that has a
+thousand to two thousand individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to two thousand individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to two thousand individual
+transactions but in a sense there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but in a sense there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions but in a sense there's a
+separate chain that's going on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chain that's going on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chain that's going on I
+sometimes think of a blockchain is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes think of a blockchain is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes think of a blockchain is is
+yes there's the chain of big chunks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's the chain of big chunks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's the chain of big chunks of
+data but there's also a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but there's also a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but there's also a chain of
+individual transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transactions
+shamone is that a hand raised or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone is that a hand raised or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone is that a hand raised or just
+scratching your head no that's alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching your head no that's alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching your head no that's alright
+shamone is a faculty member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone is a faculty member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone is a faculty member of the
+finance department here it's load and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance department here it's load and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance department here it's load and
+some of you might take his his finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might take his his finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might take his his finance
+one course I assume somebody in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one course I assume somebody in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one course I assume somebody in here is
+probably so so the input is just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so so the input is just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so so the input is just really
+the ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID
+of wherever the output was you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wherever the output was you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wherever the output was you can think
+of a chain of a transaction can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chain of a transaction can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chain of a transaction can anybody
+tell me where all transactions come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where all transactions come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where all transactions come from
+where's where's the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's where's the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's where's the the sort of the
+genesis of the value if you follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genesis of the value if you follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genesis of the value if you follow a
+transaction chain back to its origin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction chain back to its origin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction chain back to its origin you
+go no in base so anybody want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go no in base so anybody want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go no in base so anybody want to say
+what a coin base is the generation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a coin base is the generation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a coin base is the generation of a
+freshly minted Bitcoin not the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshly minted Bitcoin not the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshly minted Bitcoin not the way that
+Patrick Merck got it when he's selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Merck got it when he's selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick Merck got it when he's selling
+his services for the law but how a miner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his services for the law but how a miner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his services for the law but how a miner
+gets it they get their transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it they get their transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it they get their transactions
+remember initially 50 coins was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember initially 50 coins was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember initially 50 coins was what
+happened initially back in 2009 now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened initially back in 2009 now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened initially back in 2009 now it's
+12 and a half coins in a short couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and a half coins in a short couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and a half coins in a short couple
+maybe it's about 18 or 20 months it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's about 18 or 20 months it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's about 18 or 20 months it goes
+to six and a quarter coins and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six and a quarter coins and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six and a quarter coins and it keeps
+splitting half and a half and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting half and a half and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting half and a half and half
+eventually to no coin base but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to no coin base but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to no coin base but every
+transaction in essence had to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in essence had to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction in essence had to go back
+all the way to coinbase some coin base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to coinbase some coin base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to coinbase some coin base
+some 50 or 25 or twelve and a half coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 50 or 25 or twelve and a half coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 50 or 25 or twelve and a half coins
+being issued and then the output so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being issued and then the output so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being issued and then the output so a
+transaction format is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format is pretty
+straightforward in a sense the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward in a sense the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward in a sense the input is
+a previous output and a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous output and a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous output and a digital
+signature and then to whom do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and then to whom do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and then to whom do you want
+to send it and it's sent to Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it and it's sent to Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it and it's sent to Bitcoin
+addresses that's why we spent just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that's why we spent just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that's why we spent just a
+moment we just glossed over what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we just glossed over what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we just glossed over what a
+Bitcoin address is it's it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address is it's it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address is it's it's sort of a
+translation of a public key but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of a public key but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of a public key but it's not
+identical to a public key and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to a public key and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to a public key and of course
+you need value value measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need value value measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need value value measured in
+bitcoins or Satoshi's or if we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins or Satoshi's or if we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins or Satoshi's or if we're on the
+etherium Network it would be an ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium Network it would be an ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium Network it would be an ether
+and gas etc etc on 1,600 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gas etc etc on 1,600 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gas etc etc on 1,600 different
+platforms it could be a different native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms it could be a different native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms it could be a different native
+currency lot time it wasn't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency lot time it wasn't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency lot time it wasn't I don't
+think lock time was in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lock time was in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lock time was in any of the
+readings but anybody want to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but anybody want to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but anybody want to tell me
+what a lock time is just so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lock time is just so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lock time is just so it's
+relevant to some of how the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some of how the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some of how the technology
+goes anybody want to take a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes anybody want to take a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes anybody want to take a guess
+whereas a lien not a lien the PhD but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a lien not a lien the PhD but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a lien not a lien the PhD but a
+lien from the digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien from the digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien from the digital currency
+initiative no you're hiding you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative no you're hiding you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative no you're hiding you don't
+want to say what a lot of time is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what a lot of time is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what a lot of time is it
+some sort of objection or I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of objection or I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of objection or I thought it
+sort of protection mechanism or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protection mechanism or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protection mechanism or it's
+it's it is a protection mechanism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a protection mechanism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is a protection mechanism but
+not so much about double spending Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much about double spending Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much about double spending Tom
+did I see your hand up it's when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I see your hand up it's when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I see your hand up it's when it's
+about time it's when the transaction can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time it's when the transaction can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time it's when the transaction can
+happen so right now it's 2:45 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so right now it's 2:45 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so right now it's 2:45 on
+September 20th if you put a lock time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 20th if you put a lock time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 20th if you put a lock time in
+a 250 or 255 it couldn't happen until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 250 or 255 it couldn't happen until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 250 or 255 it couldn't happen until
+255 so you can actually conditional the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 so you can actually conditional the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 so you can actually conditional the
+transaction that's all locked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that's all locked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that's all locked on this
+but you can say it can't happen until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can say it can't happen until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can say it can't happen until
+you could put tomorrow's date it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put tomorrow's date it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put tomorrow's date it's a
+little different than a date on a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than a date on a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than a date on a check
+because one of the things that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the things that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the things that gets
+validated in Bitcoin is is that will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated in Bitcoin is is that will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated in Bitcoin is is that will not
+validate a transaction early and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate a transaction early and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate a transaction early and if you
+put October 6th on a handwritten check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put October 6th on a handwritten check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put October 6th on a handwritten check
+the bank might still take it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank might still take it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank might still take it even though
+they probably shouldn't so it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably shouldn't so it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably shouldn't so it is like
+the date on a check except it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date on a check except it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date on a check except it's it's
+it's verified and validating it so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's verified and validating it so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's verified and validating it so forth
+well I take Emily and then Shimon these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I take Emily and then Shimon these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I take Emily and then Shimon these
+blocks in the chain because what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the chain because what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the chain because what is the
+kind of the right chain of events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the right chain of events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the right chain of events that
+you're recognizing if you're choosing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recognizing if you're choosing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recognizing if you're choosing to
+set a lot of time in the future I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a lot of time in the future I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a lot of time in the future I guess
+the broader question would be like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader question would be like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader question would be like why
+would you set a long time feature were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you set a long time feature were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you set a long time feature were
+you answering that or yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not really it's not really Turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really it's not really Turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really it's not really Turing
+complete language so you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete language so you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete language so you're not really
+trying to create conditions here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create conditions here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create conditions here right
+so but so it's a condition because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but so it's a condition because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but so it's a condition because at
+any point in time you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time you might want to
+condition a payment you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a payment you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a payment you might want to
+condition a payment on time and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a payment on time and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition a payment on time and we're
+we're in in a few slides going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in in a few slides going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in in a few slides going to talk
+about the scripting language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scripting language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scripting language the
+computer language that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer language that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer language that allows
+transactions to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions to happen
+shamone said was not touring complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone said was not touring complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamone said was not touring complete
+from the readings anybody want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the readings anybody want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the readings anybody want to tell
+us what touring complete is in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what touring complete is in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what touring complete is in computer
+science language know anybody who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science language know anybody who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science language know anybody who know
+who touring is anybody see imitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who touring is anybody see imitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who touring is anybody see imitation
+games right anyone know what the Touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games right anyone know what the Touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games right anyone know what the Touring
+Award is sort of the Nobel laureate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award is sort of the Nobel laureate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award is sort of the Nobel laureate for
+computer scientists that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists that's one thing
+associated with touring but the touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with touring but the touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with touring but the touring
+award is is an annual award sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award is is an annual award sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award is is an annual award sort of like
+a Nobel laureate but for computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel laureate but for computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel laureate but for computer
+scientists touring complete allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists touring complete allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists touring complete allows you
+to do loops inside of computer programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do loops inside of computer programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do loops inside of computer programs
+and the script language does not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the script language does not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the script language does not allow
+that to happen every every function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen every every function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen every every function
+needs to sort of have some language I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to sort of have some language I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to sort of have some language I
+know Elena's looking at me to see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Elena's looking at me to see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Elena's looking at me to see I
+don't dive but but to answer Emily's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dive but but to answer Emily's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't dive but but to answer Emily's
+question it's just there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's just there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's just there's so many
+different ways to condition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to condition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to condition a
+transaction and satoshi nakamoto thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and satoshi nakamoto thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and satoshi nakamoto thought
+well let's put in here right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put in here right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put in here right in the
+transaction format that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction format that you can
+condition on time and then two parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on time and then two parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on time and then two parties
+could do that to your question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that to your question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that to your question about
+whether it it could inadvertently lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it it could inadvertently lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it it could inadvertently lead
+to double spending it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double spending it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double spending it's a very good
+question can I hold it until we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can I hold it until we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can I hold it until we just do
+validation for a second so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation for a second so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation for a second so this is a
+unique identifier for the input but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier for the input but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier for the input but it's
+really uniquely identifying from a past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uniquely identifying from a past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uniquely identifying from a past
+output what what's the block know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what what's the block know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what what's the block know
+burr is it from the 250,000 block or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burr is it from the 250,000 block or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burr is it from the 250,000 block or the
+three hundred thousandth block so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred thousandth block so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred thousandth block so it
+takes literally a block ID and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes literally a block ID and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes literally a block ID and then
+within that block which one of its 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that block which one of its 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that block which one of its 1500
+transactions might it be so you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions might it be so you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions might it be so you can find
+any transaction on an entire blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transaction on an entire blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transaction on an entire blockchain
+by knowing the block and then within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing the block and then within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing the block and then within the
+block which transaction it's just a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block which transaction it's just a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block which transaction it's just a data
+mechanism on how to store data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism on how to store data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism on how to store data and
+through this mechanism there's a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanism there's a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanism there's a chain
+of transactions as well as a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions as well as a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions as well as a chain of
+blocks and then the value we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and then the value we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and then the value we talked
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+I think there's if I did my numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's if I did my numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's if I did my numbers
+right 10 to the 8th satoshis in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 8th satoshis in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the 8th satoshis in every
+Bitcoin it's a little hard because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin it's a little hard because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin it's a little hard because I
+think there's ten to the ninth gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's ten to the ninth gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's ten to the ninth gas and
+every ether so and that's a coin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ether so and that's a coin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ether so and that's a coin that
+that is what is a coin when Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what is a coin when Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what is a coin when Satoshi
+Nakamoto did this it wasn't really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto did this it wasn't really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto did this it wasn't really a
+coin because it was a question whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin because it was a question whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin because it was a question whether
+anybody would give valuing until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would give valuing until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would give valuing until about
+18 months later when those two pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months later when those two pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months later when those two pizzas
+went for 10,000 Bitcoin what was it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for 10,000 Bitcoin what was it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for 10,000 Bitcoin what was it or
+until somebody started the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody started the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody started the first
+exchange a crypto exchange to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a crypto exchange to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a crypto exchange to exchange
+that so you can also have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can also have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can also have multiple
+inputs and multiple outputs and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and multiple outputs and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and multiple outputs and I'm
+going to use an example that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use an example that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use an example that I just
+created of I want to send some bitcoins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created of I want to send some bitcoins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created of I want to send some bitcoins
+to two different people and I need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two different people and I need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two different people and I need some
+bitcoins so I might grab three former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins so I might grab three former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins so I might grab three former
+inputs and these are just transaction ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and these are just transaction ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and these are just transaction ID
+six index three of course it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six index three of course it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six index three of course it wouldn't be
+ID six it might be ID 300,000 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID six it might be ID 300,000 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID six it might be ID 300,000 but the
+point being is grab ten Bitcoin so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point being is grab ten Bitcoin so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point being is grab ten Bitcoin so I
+want to find three inputs and I need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find three inputs and I need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find three inputs and I need it
+to send six bitcoins let's say to Amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send six bitcoins let's say to Amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send six bitcoins let's say to Amanda
+you like that and and just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that and and just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like that and and just because
+you're sitting up front James is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting up front James is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting up front James is just
+gonna send three but I'm not using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna send three but I'm not using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna send three but I'm not using a
+mandus name and James's name I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandus name and James's name I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandus name and James's name I'm using
+your Bitcoin address Amanda's Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin address Amanda's Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Bitcoin address Amanda's Bitcoin
+address and James's Bitcoin address so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and James's Bitcoin address so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and James's Bitcoin address so
+rather than being a count base like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being a count base like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being a count base like if
+you have an account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an account
+at Bank of America and you say I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Bank of America and you say I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Bank of America and you say I've got
+I want to send $10 I just checked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to send $10 I just checked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to send $10 I just checked to
+make sure I have more than $10 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I have more than $10 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I have more than $10 in
+Bitcoin I actually have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I actually have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I actually have to find
+individual transaction outputs that add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transaction outputs that add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transaction outputs that add
+up to in this case I want to send nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to in this case I want to send nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to in this case I want to send nine
+Bitcoin six dome na3 to James not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin six dome na3 to James not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin six dome na3 to James not really
+Amanda but so what's 10 minus 9 thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda but so what's 10 minus 9 thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda but so what's 10 minus 9 thank
+you that was really hard we are at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was really hard we are at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was really hard we are at MIT
+but I might not send one back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I might not send one back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I might not send one back to me
+I'm gonna send point 9 back to me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna send point 9 back to me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna send point 9 back to me this
+is kind of my change so a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of my change so a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of my change so a Bitcoin
+transaction can Eve either be equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction can Eve either be equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction can Eve either be equal the
+inputs equal the outputs I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs equal the outputs I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs equal the outputs I could have
+sent one back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent one back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent one back to me
+but I've decided to incentivize miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've decided to incentivize miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've decided to incentivize miners
+and leave a little extra 0.1 Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave a little extra 0.1 Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave a little extra 0.1 Bitcoin
+which would be a lot of fee actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a lot of fee actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a lot of fee actually
+that would be about what six hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be about what six hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be about what six hundred and
+forty dollars or so I probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty dollars or so I probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty dollars or so I probably wouldn't
+do that I would probably leave for a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I would probably leave for a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I would probably leave for a fee
+10 or 20 or a hundred Satoshi maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 or a hundred Satoshi maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 20 or a hundred Satoshi maybe I
+don't I don't know what the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know what the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know what the current
+market is but this is a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is but this is a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is but this is a transaction
+multiple inputs multiple outputs but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple inputs multiple outputs but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple inputs multiple outputs but you
+always have to send back to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to send back to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to send back to yourself
+what happens to these inputs if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to these inputs if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to these inputs if this
+transaction actually happens they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction actually happens they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction actually happens they go
+away the actual inputs disappear once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the actual inputs disappear once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the actual inputs disappear once
+they go through this and so inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go through this and so inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go through this and so inputs
+always have to equal outputs when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to equal outputs when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to equal outputs when a
+transaction is validated one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is validated one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is validated one of the
+validation methods is to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation methods is to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation methods is to make sure that
+the lock time has actually happened that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock time has actually happened that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock time has actually happened that
+you've passed the lock time another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've passed the lock time another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've passed the lock time another
+validation point is that inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation point is that inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation point is that inputs are
+greater than or equal to outputs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to outputs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to outputs if
+outputs are greater than inputs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are greater than inputs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are greater than inputs the
+transaction will not be validated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction will not be validated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction will not be validated the
+digital signatures have to be validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures have to be validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures have to be validated
+back to going just back to the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to going just back to the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to going just back to the prior
+slide that digital signature has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that digital signature has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that digital signature has to be
+validated as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated as well
+and that and that this previous idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that this previous idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that this previous idea
+index actually exists and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index actually exists and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index actually exists and this is
+getting to your question Emily it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to your question Emily it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to your question Emily it still
+exists but these inputs once you've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but these inputs once you've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but these inputs once you've used
+them they no longer exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they no longer exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they no longer exist in the
+database they're kind of in the past so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database they're kind of in the past so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database they're kind of in the past so
+that that's the transactions that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the transactions that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the transactions that's the
+core I know it's like eating broccoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I know it's like eating broccoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I know it's like eating broccoli
+but it's a it's an important part of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's an important part of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's an important part of all
+of blockchain technology the coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain technology the coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain technology the coinbase
+transaction we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction we've already talked about
+so I'll slide over this quickly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll slide over this quickly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll slide over this quickly but it's
+a reward for solving the puzzle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward for solving the puzzle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward for solving the puzzle in the
+case of Bitcoin it's solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Bitcoin it's solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Bitcoin it's solving the
+proof-of-work tom-toms question it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work tom-toms question it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work tom-toms question it is
+the miners economics of course they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners economics of course they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners economics of course they get
+their twelve and a half Bitcoin and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their twelve and a half Bitcoin and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their twelve and a half Bitcoin and they
+might get some transaction fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get some transaction fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get some transaction fees
+Tom's questions the other side why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom's questions the other side why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom's questions the other side why is
+that any different than paying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any different than paying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any different than paying some
+central intermediary anybody want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intermediary anybody want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intermediary anybody want to try
+doing this I could cold call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I could cold call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I could cold call this
+anybody want to I mean this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to I mean this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to I mean this is an
+economics question about markets I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics question about markets I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics question about markets I would
+say that the person that is sending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the person that is sending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the person that is sending the
+transaction has the ability to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction has the ability to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction has the ability to choose
+how much will pay for that transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will pay for that transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will pay for that transaction
+in the bank it's it's regulated and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bank it's it's regulated and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bank it's it's regulated and you
+pay maybe that's one of the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay maybe that's one of the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay maybe that's one of the differences
+all right so what difference is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what difference is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what difference is is that
+the bank is setting a generally a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is setting a generally a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is setting a generally a fixed
+fee schedule and this is a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee schedule and this is a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee schedule and this is a decentralized
+market mechanism for setting fees Shawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second point is is that currently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is is that currently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is is that currently this
+may not be true in the in the future but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be true in the in the future but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be true in the in the future but
+currently central intermediaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently central intermediaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently central intermediaries are
+able to charge higher fees than in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to charge higher fees than in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to charge higher fees than in this
+decentralized system the functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system the functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system the functions are
+the same the amount of the the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the amount of the the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the amount of the the amount
+with a different concept alright so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different concept alright so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different concept alright so a
+LAN is basically saying well maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAN is basically saying well maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LAN is basically saying well maybe it's
+not so different I mean though it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so different I mean though it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so different I mean though it might
+be floating rather than fixed it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be floating rather than fixed it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be floating rather than fixed it might
+be currently lower rather than higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be currently lower rather than higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be currently lower rather than higher
+but you're saying fundamentally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're saying fundamentally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're saying fundamentally it's
+about the the same one-minute Shabo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the same one-minute Shabo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the same one-minute Shabo and
+let me just put it because you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put it because you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put it because you're like
+faculty you're gonna actually tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty you're gonna actually tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty you're gonna actually tell us
+the answer good question it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer good question it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer good question it's not
+mandatory it's not mandatory fees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory it's not mandatory fees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory it's not mandatory fees or
+market-based and at times like last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market-based and at times like last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market-based and at times like last
+December they were really high and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December they were really high and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December they were really high and now
+they're quite low partly because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite low partly because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite low partly because the the
+Bitcoin network is not humming at full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network is not humming at full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network is not humming at full
+capacity I mean it can readily fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I mean it can readily fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I mean it can readily fit a
+thousand to two thousand transactions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to two thousand transactions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand to two thousand transactions a
+block and it's not like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and it's not like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and it's not like there's a
+jamming to get ten and twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming to get ten and twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming to get ten and twenty thousand
+transactions into a block as there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions into a block as there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions into a block as there was
+last December I'm sorry shim on any it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last December I'm sorry shim on any it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last December I'm sorry shim on any it's
+very different in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in the sense that you
+know you're basically inflating right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're basically inflating right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're basically inflating right so
+even if we don't friend Zack so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't friend Zack so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we don't friend Zack so that's
+kind of clever mechanism of how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clever mechanism of how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of clever mechanism of how she
+aware how structurally these are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware how structurally these are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware how structurally these are gonna
+shift over time in the network as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over time in the network as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over time in the network as it
+sort of hope future okay well one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hope future okay well one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hope future okay well one more
+here Alexis we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+connection like they're gonna keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection like they're gonna keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection like they're gonna keep the
+money and the liquid uses for that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the liquid uses for that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the liquid uses for that right
+or wherever so they make money on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever so they make money on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wherever so they make money on a
+spread whereas here in case of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread whereas here in case of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread whereas here in case of Bitcoin
+like the money is gonna stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the money is gonna stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the money is gonna stay in the
+system and it's gonna flow to her leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's gonna flow to her leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it's gonna flow to her leg
+another miner who's gonna use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another miner who's gonna use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another miner who's gonna use it for
+another transaction they told stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transaction they told stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transaction they told stay
+within same network I would say rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within same network I would say rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within same network I would say rather
+than like just going I hear you but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like just going I hear you but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like just going I hear you but it
+might actually leave the Met Network to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually leave the Met Network to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually leave the Met Network to
+lawyers like Patrick right or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers like Patrick right or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers like Patrick right or it might
+leave the network if you use it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the network if you use it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the network if you use it it's
+Starbucks if Starbucks would ever accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks if Starbucks would ever accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks if Starbucks would ever accept
+it so I'm just I'm challenging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm just I'm challenging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm just I'm challenging your
+thought but you can challenge mine back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but you can challenge mine back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but you can challenge mine back
+you know why don't we close that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why don't we close that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why don't we close that with
+Eric and then just person or eg made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric and then just person or eg made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric and then just person or eg made you
+the transaction basically the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction basically the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction basically the same thing
+but if you think about as a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about as a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about as a system
+there's no single entity gathering all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single entity gathering all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single entity gathering all
+the money from sections you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from sections you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money from sections you have a
+network at least with the network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network at least with the network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network at least with the network of
+those that are getting that besides once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are getting that besides once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are getting that besides once
+we get up past the 20 million 31 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get up past the 20 million 31 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get up past the 20 million 31 million
+bitcoins in every generation cap then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins in every generation cap then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins in every generation cap then
+all the systems must be simply but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the systems must be simply but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the systems must be simply but in
+some way in fashion so Eric raises that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in fashion so Eric raises that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in fashion so Eric raises that
+to two points that all other points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two points that all other points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two points that all other points but
+to that I want to repeat one is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I want to repeat one is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I want to repeat one is this is
+more decentralized possibly today than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more decentralized possibly today than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more decentralized possibly today than
+the current you know commercial banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current you know commercial banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current you know commercial banking
+system for instance for transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for instance for transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for instance for transaction
+processing or the or the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing or the or the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing or the or the transaction
+processing that visa and first day to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that visa and first day to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that visa and first day to do
+which will study when we get to payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will study when we get to payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will study when we get to payments
+so it's possibly more decentralized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's possibly more decentralized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's possibly more decentralized I
+think you said it was more decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you said it was more decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you said it was more decentralized
+but I'm putting the word possibly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm putting the word possibly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm putting the word possibly in
+there and to is that at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and to is that at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and to is that at least in
+bitcoins case there's two revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins case there's two revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins case there's two revenue
+sources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources for
+providing the services the miners do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the services the miners do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the services the miners do it
+for the coinbase transactions twelve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coinbase transactions twelve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coinbase transactions twelve and
+a half Bitcoin per block approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half Bitcoin per block approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half Bitcoin per block approximately
+80,000 u.s. dollars per block currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 u.s. dollars per block currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 u.s. dollars per block currently
+but also there's this little incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also there's this little incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also there's this little incentive
+of fees which over time will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fees which over time will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fees which over time will have to
+grow as as you go down if it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as as you go down if it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow as as you go down if it's only
+going to be you know one Bitcoin port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know one Bitcoin port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know one Bitcoin port
+transaction and an ultimately almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and an ultimately almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and an ultimately almost
+zero Bitcoin port transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Bitcoin port transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Bitcoin port transaction
+they'll have to be more satoshis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have to be more satoshis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have to be more satoshis in the
+fee side and some alternative coins not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee side and some alternative coins not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee side and some alternative coins not
+Bitcoin or more modeled on fees and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin or more modeled on fees and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin or more modeled on fees and some
+coins are more modeled on mining rewards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are more modeled on mining rewards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins are more modeled on mining rewards
+they're not they're not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not all the
+economics Satoshi Nakamoto whomever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Satoshi Nakamoto whomever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Satoshi Nakamoto whomever he
+or she was or were if it's a group had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she was or were if it's a group had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she was or were if it's a group had
+to think through a bunch of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through a bunch of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through a bunch of economics
+they've survived for ten years it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've survived for ten years it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've survived for ten years it
+doesn't mean that's the best set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that's the best set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that's the best set of
+micro economics for a blockchain system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro economics for a blockchain system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro economics for a blockchain system
+Tom you look really skeptical that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom you look really skeptical that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom you look really skeptical that's
+right so you're about ready for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're about ready for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're about ready for your
+rabbit dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit dive
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the coinbase transaction we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coinbase transaction we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coinbase transaction we've talked
+a lot about it the reward at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about it the reward at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about it the reward at least a
+Bitcoin halves every two hundred and ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin halves every two hundred and ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin halves every two hundred and ten
+thousand blocks a very important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand blocks a very important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand blocks a very important thing
+that Nakamoto put in is you couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nakamoto put in is you couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nakamoto put in is you couldn't use
+your coin base reward for hundred blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coin base reward for hundred blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coin base reward for hundred blocks
+so a set of stale or frozen 400 blocks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a set of stale or frozen 400 blocks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a set of stale or frozen 400 blocks I
+can think of two reasons but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of two reasons but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of two reasons but maybe you
+all would but think think of a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all would but think think of a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all would but think think of a another
+reason anybody want to give it a shot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anybody want to give it a shot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anybody want to give it a shot as
+to why you might do it Jeff Winn maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why you might do it Jeff Winn maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why you might do it Jeff Winn maybe
+you mind the block and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind the block and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind the block and you're trying to
+mine a plug that shouldn't be you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a plug that shouldn't be you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a plug that shouldn't be you spend
+the money right away so you can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money right away so you can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money right away so you can get this
+is the principle reason that's talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the principle reason that's talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the principle reason that's talked
+about not only in the literature but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only in the literature but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only in the literature but in
+the early blog post was well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early blog post was well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early blog post was well how many
+blocks does that the chain have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks does that the chain have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks does that the chain have to go
+before everybody really thinks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before everybody really thinks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before everybody really thinks it's
+consensus I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I mean
+could have said 5 10 20 Satoshi picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said 5 10 20 Satoshi picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said 5 10 20 Satoshi picked a
+hundred blocks saying that's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred blocks saying that's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred blocks saying that's that that
+hopefully is pretty settled or about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully is pretty settled or about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully is pretty settled or about a
+thousand minutes James so James is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand minutes James so James is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand minutes James so James is
+asking could you just kind of game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking could you just kind of game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking could you just kind of game the
+system and keep mining and spending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and keep mining and spending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and keep mining and spending and
+mining and spending in some ways that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining and spending in some ways that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining and spending in some ways that's
+what miners are doing but they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what miners are doing but they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what miners are doing but they have to
+wait a hundred blocks and so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks and so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a hundred blocks and so that was
+what Satoshi was trying to get at if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Satoshi was trying to get at if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Satoshi was trying to get at if you
+have to wait a hundred blocks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait a hundred blocks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait a hundred blocks it's
+probably now the consensus chain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably now the consensus chain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably now the consensus chain it's
+probably been so validated unless we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been so validated unless we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been so validated unless we got
+into the problem Patrick you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the problem Patrick you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the problem Patrick you weren't
+here but some of the students raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but some of the students raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but some of the students raised
+this question well what if one country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question well what if one country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question well what if one country
+as large as China walled off their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as China walled off their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as China walled off their whole
+network and just China went one way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and just China went one way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and just China went one way and
+the rest of the world one another the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world one another the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world one another the
+theory of the case is that within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the case is that within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the case is that within a
+hundred blocks or a thousand minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred blocks or a thousand minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred blocks or a thousand minutes
+somehow that would be discovered but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that would be discovered but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that would be discovered but if
+it weren't you might have the you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weren't you might have the you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weren't you might have the you know a
+little bit of what James is raising as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what James is raising as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of what James is raising as a
+question but that that's there at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that that's there at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that that's there at least
+the theory of the case it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of the case it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of the case it's always
+recorded as the first transaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as the first transaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as the first transaction in the
+merkel tray highly technical point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel tray highly technical point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merkel tray highly technical point but
+it has to roll up into that darn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to roll up into that darn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to roll up into that darn thing
+we were talking about the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about the data
+compression at the Merkel tray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression at the Merkel tray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression at the Merkel tray and
+here's a little fun fact you can add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little fun fact you can add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little fun fact you can add a
+hundred bytes of arbitrary data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bytes of arbitrary data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bytes of arbitrary data in the
+coin base you might say why does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin base you might say why does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin base you might say why does he
+raise this well because it's just a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this well because it's just a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise this well because it's just a fun
+little place that some people express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little place that some people express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little place that some people express
+their creative wit artistic stuff send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their creative wit artistic stuff send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their creative wit artistic stuff send
+secret messages to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret messages to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret messages to each other
+buried in the coinbase transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the coinbase transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the coinbase transactions
+there's a whole forensics of fun little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole forensics of fun little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole forensics of fun little
+things that sometimes miners put in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that sometimes miners put in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that sometimes miners put in to
+the coin base for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin base for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coin base for those of you who are
+artistic the the very first Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic the the very first Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic the the very first Genesis
+block had this sentence The Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block had this sentence The Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block had this sentence The Times
+January 3rd 2009 chance they're on brink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 3rd 2009 chance they're on brink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 3rd 2009 chance they're on brink
+of second bailout for banks that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second bailout for banks that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second bailout for banks that was a
+headline out of the Financial Times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline out of the Financial Times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline out of the Financial Times that
+says Toshi Nakamoto put in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Toshi Nakamoto put in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Toshi Nakamoto put in the first
+block coin base it's just a little fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block coin base it's just a little fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block coin base it's just a little fun
+place that there's a playfulness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that there's a playfulness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that there's a playfulness that
+goes one amongst miners sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one amongst miners sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one amongst miners sometimes
+talking to each other did you ever get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other did you ever get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other did you ever get a
+message to anybody not that I'm aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to anybody not that I'm aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to anybody not that I'm aware of
+not that you're aware of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're aware of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're aware of what you're
+talking about there's one miner that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's one miner that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's one miner that
+likes to put Catholic cataclysms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to put Catholic cataclysms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to put Catholic cataclysms that
+has put in the whole catechism does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put in the whole catechism does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put in the whole catechism does in
+every block there's a little catechism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block there's a little catechism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block there's a little catechism
+vehicle Sam solely just mining for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle Sam solely just mining for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle Sam solely just mining for there
+you go and do they pay you in Bitcoin -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it all rolls into a database called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it all rolls into a database called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it all rolls into a database called
+the unspent transaction output these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unspent transaction output these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unspent transaction output these are
+the unspent transactions if it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unspent transactions if it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unspent transactions if it's been
+spent it's kind of burned and Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent it's kind of burned and Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent it's kind of burned and Bitcoin
+transactions that haven't been spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that haven't been spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that haven't been spent
+fall into this and you you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this and you you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into this and you you can use it
+it's created because it speeds up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's created because it speeds up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's created because it speeds up the
+whole system instead of going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system instead of going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system instead of going back and
+looking for all these things there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for all these things there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for all these things there's
+actually a database that has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a database that has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a database that has all the
+unspent transactions I included in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transactions I included in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transactions I included in here
+what I find is this sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I find is this sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I find is this sort of interesting
+revelation or irony when Satoshi built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation or irony when Satoshi built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation or irony when Satoshi built
+Bitcoin and for the 16 versions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and for the 16 versions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and for the 16 versions that
+have come since over the ten years all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come since over the ten years all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come since over the ten years all
+the developers the Bitcoin core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers the Bitcoin core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers the Bitcoin core
+developers have kept the unspent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have kept the unspent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have kept the unspent
+transaction output not on a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output not on a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output not on a blockchain
+specifically but in a database called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically but in a database called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically but in a database called a
+level DB database so those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB database so those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB database so those of you who
+are closer to computer science than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer to computer science than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer to computer science than I
+could say all the pros and cons of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say all the pros and cons of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say all the pros and cons of a
+level DB database but I'm just observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB database but I'm just observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DB database but I'm just observing
+that even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even within
+the most-used first central database for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most-used first central database for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most-used first central database for
+blockchain called Bitcoin they chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain called Bitcoin they chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain called Bitcoin they chose to
+use not a blockchain but in essence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not a blockchain but in essence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not a blockchain but in essence a
+more standard database to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard database to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard database to keep the
+unspent transaction output now in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction output now in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction output now in a
+sense it's all part of this blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's all part of this blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's all part of this blockchain
+solution I'm not I'm just saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm not I'm just saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm not I'm just saying it's
+it's it's one database within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one database within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one database within the
+blockchain world that's actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain world that's actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain world that's actually not a
+blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain
+milene did you yeah it's just like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milene did you yeah it's just like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milene did you yeah it's just like sort
+of an interesting irony but it also sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting irony but it also sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting irony but it also sort
+of says economically and technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says economically and technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says economically and technologically
+Satoshi was trying to create a money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi was trying to create a money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi was trying to create a money
+system he wasn't trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he wasn't trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he wasn't trying to use
+blockchain for every bit of data so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain for every bit of data so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain for every bit of data so this
+is the actual size of the unspent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual size of the unspent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual size of the unspent
+transaction output if you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output if you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction output if you can't see
+there's I think it's about fifty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I think it's about fifty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I think it's about fifty to
+sixty million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty million
+it was hires or there was about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hires or there was about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hires or there was about 60
+million unspent it's not 60 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million unspent it's not 60 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million unspent it's not 60 million
+Bitcoin because there's about 17 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin because there's about 17 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin because there's about 17 million
+Bitcoin so you could average it out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin so you could average it out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin so you could average it out you
+could say well each transaction has less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well each transaction has less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well each transaction has less
+than one Bitcoin well actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one Bitcoin well actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one Bitcoin well actually there's
+been surveys and studies shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been surveys and studies shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been surveys and studies shown that
+about half of these 54 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of these 54 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of these 54 million
+transactions are so small that they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are so small that they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are so small that they go
+by the term of they're called dust that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the term of they're called dust that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the term of they're called dust that
+they're so few Satoshi that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so few Satoshi that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so few Satoshi that it's not
+even worth the fees to try to redeem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worth the fees to try to redeem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worth the fees to try to redeem
+them they only add up to less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they only add up to less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they only add up to less than a
+half a percent of all the outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a percent of all the outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a percent of all the outstanding
+Bitcoin but they're just dust so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but they're just dust so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but they're just dust so so
+maybe out of these 54 million unspent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe out of these 54 million unspent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe out of these 54 million unspent
+transaction outputs half of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction outputs half of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction outputs half of them will
+never be used because they're it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used because they're it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be used because they're it's not
+economically worthwhile it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically worthwhile it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically worthwhile it's like the
+pennies in the top dresser drawer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies in the top dresser drawer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies in the top dresser drawer that
+you all might not spend there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all might not spend there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all might not spend there's the
+similar thing here you go like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing here you go like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing here you go like our
+pennies might be worth like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies might be worth like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies might be worth like a lot of
+money and then so Hugo is raising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then so Hugo is raising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then so Hugo is raising that
+just like the pennies in your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the pennies in your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the pennies in your top
+dresser drawer might be worth something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dresser drawer might be worth something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dresser drawer might be worth something
+one day what I'm referencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day what I'm referencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day what I'm referencing
+as Bitcoin dust about half of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Bitcoin dust about half of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Bitcoin dust about half of these
+unspent transaction outputs Satoshi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction outputs Satoshi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unspent transaction outputs Satoshi here
+tenses Satoshi there might one day be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenses Satoshi there might one day be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenses Satoshi there might one day be
+worth something good point it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something good point it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something good point it's just
+like the pennies in your top dresser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pennies in your top dresser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pennies in your top dresser
+drawer though have you lost them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer though have you lost them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer though have you lost them in the
+meantime like they might be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime like they might be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime like they might be worth
+something but in the meantime have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in the meantime have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in the meantime have you
+lost the private key to those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the private key to those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the private key to those little
+satoshis I put on here three moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshis I put on here three moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshis I put on here three moments of
+time just to give you the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just to give you the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just to give you the sense of the
+actual number of transactions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of transactions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of transactions that have
+happened there's been three hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there's been three hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there's been three hundred and
+forty two million transactions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty two million transactions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty two million transactions on the
+Bitcoin network today or as of a day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network today or as of a day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network today or as of a day or
+two ago when I put the slides together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago when I put the slides together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago when I put the slides together
+so of the 340 million transactions only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of the 340 million transactions only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of the 340 million transactions only
+about fifty four million are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fifty four million are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fifty four million are still
+outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+the other two hundred and ninety million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two hundred and ninety million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two hundred and ninety million
+have been spent if you wish yes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been spent if you wish yes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been spent if you wish yes where
+are these outstanding transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these outstanding transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these outstanding transactions
+stores like if they're not standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores like if they're not standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores like if they're not standing
+transactions the 54 million that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions the 54 million that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions the 54 million that are
+still available the 54 million all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still available the 54 million all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still available the 54 million all
+reside in a database within the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside in a database within the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside in a database within the Bitcoin
+software called the unspent transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software called the unspent transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software called the unspent transaction
+output you TXO and you TXO these aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you TXO and you TXO these aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you TXO and you TXO these aren't
+letters I'm making up these these that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I'm making up these these that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I'm making up these these that's
+a database 54 million transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database 54 million transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database 54 million transactions
+separately they are actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately they are actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately they are actually in the
+blockchain itself so all 340 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain itself so all 340 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain itself so all 340 million
+transactions that have ever happened are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that have ever happened are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that have ever happened are
+in the blockchain but to make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain but to make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain but to make it easier
+for the software the 54 million that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the software the 54 million that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the software the 54 million that
+have never been spent or reside in us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never been spent or reside in us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never been spent or reside in us in
+in in a software does that answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a software does that answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a software does that answer the
+question or work with me oh all the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or work with me oh all the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or work with me oh all the ten
+thousand nodes can all ten thousand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand nodes can all ten thousand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand nodes can all ten thousand the
+nodes can have the full UT Exocet some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can have the full UT Exocet some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can have the full UT Exocet some
+wallet providers have the full UT Exocet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet providers have the full UT Exocet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet providers have the full UT Exocet
+but they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to
+somewhat lightweight nodes usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lightweight nodes usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lightweight nodes usually don't
+but can but a lightweight node would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can but a lightweight node would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can but a lightweight node would
+never want to have all 340 million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to have all 340 million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to have all 340 million and
+the full blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full blockchain
+so in essence they're there in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in essence they're there in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in essence they're there in multiple
+places because they're in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places because they're in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places because they're in the full
+blockchain 110 thousand nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain 110 thousand nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain 110 thousand nodes and
+they're also in the UT EXO not only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also in the UT EXO not only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also in the UT EXO not only on
+the ten thousand nodes but occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten thousand nodes but occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten thousand nodes but occasionally
+elsewhere aleem see the words spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere aleem see the words spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere aleem see the words spent
+transaction which is a bit misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction which is a bit misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction which is a bit misleading
+because the transaction can be spent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transaction can be spent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the transaction can be spent and
+not spend this for example is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spend this for example is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spend this for example is we have
+two outputs 1 output is spent by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs 1 output is spent by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outputs 1 output is spent by a
+future transaction and the other output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future transaction and the other output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future transaction and the other output
+is not spent so it's a bit misleading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not spent so it's a bit misleading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not spent so it's a bit misleading to
+say spent transaction because that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say spent transaction because that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say spent transaction because that only
+happens when the transaction has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the transaction has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the transaction has only
+one out well I'm using it lightly I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out well I'm using it lightly I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out well I'm using it lightly I'm
+saying that of the two 340 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that of the two 340 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that of the two 340 million
+transactions that have happened 290 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that have happened 290 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that have happened 290 I'm
+saying there's 340 million if I if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's 340 million if I if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's 340 million if I if I did
+my day to search correctly and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my day to search correctly and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my day to search correctly and I'm
+fallible so I might not have but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallible so I might not have but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallible so I might not have but if I
+did my data source correctly there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my data source correctly there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my data source correctly there was
+340 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+340 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+340 million
+previous outputs 290 million of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous outputs 290 million of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous outputs 290 million of them are
+gone yes except for it was easier to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone yes except for it was easier to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone yes except for it was easier to put
+TXS but yes liens clarification is is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TXS but yes liens clarification is is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TXS but yes liens clarification is is I
+believe accurate what I mean is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe accurate what I mean is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe accurate what I mean is there's
+currently 54 million transaction outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently 54 million transaction outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently 54 million transaction outputs
+in the UT EXO which also says outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UT EXO which also says outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UT EXO which also says outputs
+there had been in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had been in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had been in the past
+another 290 million outputs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 290 million outputs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 290 million outputs that have
+already been spent we together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been spent we together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been spent we together so
+there's a scripting language there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scripting language there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scripting language there's a
+little bit of computer code and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of computer code and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of computer code and there's
+no need I said there was no prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need I said there was no prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need I said there was no prerequisite
+to take any computer science before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any computer science before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any computer science before you
+were here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here and
+I own computer programming is so old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own computer programming is so old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own computer programming is so old
+because when I was programming it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I was programming it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I was programming it was in
+Fortran and APL and you can look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran and APL and you can look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran and APL and you can look that up
+it's kind of like around with cuneiform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like around with cuneiform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like around with cuneiform
+and you know the rosetta stone but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the rosetta stone but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the rosetta stone but but
+satoshi nakamoto decided to put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto decided to put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto decided to put a little
+bit of computer programming inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of computer programming inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of computer programming inside and
+i'm not going to get the count right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to get the count right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to get the count right but
+there's several hundred but not several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several hundred but not several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several hundred but not several
+thousand little operations and codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand little operations and codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand little operations and codes
+that you can use in the Bitcoin script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in the Bitcoin script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in the Bitcoin script
+it's not touring complete which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touring complete which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not touring complete which means
+you can't do a lot of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do a lot of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do a lot of the things that
+you can do in all the rest of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in all the rest of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in all the rest of computer
+science but it's more secure in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but it's more secure in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but it's more secure in essence
+it has fewer attack vectors it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fewer attack vectors it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fewer attack vectors it's it's
+harder to bring down a little bit it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to bring down a little bit it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to bring down a little bit it's a
+programming code as I said for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming code as I said for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming code as I said for those
+interested it's called stack based where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested it's called stack based where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested it's called stack based where
+you sort of move the code over one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of move the code over one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of move the code over one at a
+time as it's being performed and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as it's being performed and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as it's being performed and it
+gives some flexibility and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some flexibility and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some flexibility and back to
+Emily's question about why there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily's question about why there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily's question about why there was
+locked time or shim owns scripting code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked time or shim owns scripting code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked time or shim owns scripting code
+allows for some conditionality that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for some conditionality that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for some conditionality that it
+appears that Nakamoto was trying to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that Nakamoto was trying to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that Nakamoto was trying to give
+some ability to condition a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ability to condition a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ability to condition a transaction
+on events but not so much conditionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on events but not so much conditionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on events but not so much conditionality
+so much flexibility that he needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much flexibility that he needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much flexibility that he needed a
+tour incomplete so he kind of I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour incomplete so he kind of I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour incomplete so he kind of I'm gonna
+say chose a Midway place you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say chose a Midway place you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say chose a Midway place you could have
+created I I I believe you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I I I believe you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I I I believe you could have
+created Bitcoin and say there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created Bitcoin and say there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created Bitcoin and say there was no
+scripting language it was just gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting language it was just gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting language it was just gonna be
+a straight instruction moving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight instruction moving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight instruction moving this
+output or this input to another output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or this input to another output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or this input to another output
+created a little bit of computer code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a little bit of computer code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a little bit of computer code
+but not a lot that's what I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a lot that's what I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a lot that's what I think about
+sort of the economics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the economics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the economics and the
+marketplace for this and and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace for this and and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace for this and and next
+Tuesday and when we talk about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and when we talk about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and when we talk about smart
+contracts and I promise you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and I promise you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and I promise you there's a
+reason for the craziness of my talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the craziness of my talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the craziness of my talk
+tor incomplete and scripting code it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tor incomplete and scripting code it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tor incomplete and scripting code it's
+because next Tuesday we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next Tuesday we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next Tuesday we'll be talking
+about smart contracts where they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smart contracts where they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about smart contracts where they're much
+more flexible and so this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible and so this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible and so this is sort of the
+the foundational and you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundational and you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundational and you don't need to
+know anything more about computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything more about computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything more about computer
+science than you want unless you go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science than you want unless you go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science than you want unless you go with
+Tom down that rabbit hole and spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom down that rabbit hole and spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom down that rabbit hole and spend more
+time reading so there's there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reading so there's there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reading so there's there's four
+different types of I caught him script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of I caught him script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of I caught him script
+types they're not actual script words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types they're not actual script words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types they're not actual script words
+but that you will read about these from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you will read about these from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you will read about these from
+time to time and I just wanted to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and I just wanted to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and I just wanted to cover
+these for the you TXO remembers about 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the you TXO remembers about 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the you TXO remembers about 54
+million transactions and there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million transactions and there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million transactions and there's been a
+nice academic paper that I didn't assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice academic paper that I didn't assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice academic paper that I didn't assign
+that was written earlier this year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was written earlier this year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was written earlier this year that
+that investigated the whole 54 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investigated the whole 54 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investigated the whole 54 million
+or all of the unspent transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of the unspent transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of the unspent transactions and
+this is how it broke down eighty-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it broke down eighty-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it broke down eighty-one
+percent or transactions that send to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or transactions that send to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or transactions that send to a
+hash of a Bitcoin address eight nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of a Bitcoin address eight nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of a Bitcoin address eight nine
+years ago when Satoshi created this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when Satoshi created this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when Satoshi created this that
+was not the most popular instruction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the most popular instruction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the most popular instruction but
+it's basically sending an output to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically sending an output to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically sending an output to the
+hash the compression the commitment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the compression the commitment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash the compression the commitment of a
+Bitcoin address we're now up to eighteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address we're now up to eighteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address we're now up to eighteen
+percent this didn't have this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this didn't have this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this didn't have this didn't
+exist three and four years ago really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist three and four years ago really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist three and four years ago really
+but eighteen percent go to a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eighteen percent go to a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eighteen percent go to a conditional
+script it's a hash of a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script it's a hash of a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script it's a hash of a conditional
+script so somebody saying Emily it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script so somebody saying Emily it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script so somebody saying Emily it's not
+even about time it's like you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even about time it's like you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even about time it's like you can only
+get it when all these other instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it when all these other instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it when all these other instructions
+that are in the scripting language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the scripting language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the scripting language
+happened and I'm gonna hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and I'm gonna hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and I'm gonna hide the
+conditions in a hash of it and then only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a hash of it and then only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a hash of it and then only
+0.7% or no only 0.1% goes the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7% or no only 0.1% goes the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7% or no only 0.1% goes the way that
+he first envisioned nine years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he first envisioned nine years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he first envisioned nine years ago
+directly to a Bitcoin address so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a Bitcoin address so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a Bitcoin address so it's
+either to a hash of a Bitcoin address a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to a hash of a Bitcoin address a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to a hash of a Bitcoin address a
+hash of a conditional script and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of a conditional script and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of a conditional script and a
+little less than 1% now go to multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than 1% now go to multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less than 1% now go to multiple
+signatures meaning you need two out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures meaning you need two out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures meaning you need two out of
+three or three out of five or believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or three out of five or believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or three out of five or believe it
+or not some this academic paper shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not some this academic paper shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not some this academic paper shows
+that some say 0 out of 1 now it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some say 0 out of 1 now it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some say 0 out of 1 now it's hard
+for to believe that somebody missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to believe that somebody missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to believe that somebody missed
+thank and we program something to go 2-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank and we program something to go 2-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank and we program something to go 2-0
+signatures but apparently somebody did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures but apparently somebody did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures but apparently somebody did
+so I just wanted to give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wanted to give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just wanted to give you a sense
+there's some flexibility in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some flexibility in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some flexibility in the computer
+code not a lot of flexibility but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code not a lot of flexibility but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code not a lot of flexibility but just
+enough that you can do things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can do things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can do things that are
+really helpful and they're gonna solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful and they're gonna solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful and they're gonna solve a
+lot of challenges for Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges for Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges for Bitcoin
+Hugo mentioned layer two we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo mentioned layer two we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo mentioned layer two we're gonna be
+talking about layer two later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about layer two later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about layer two later in the
+semester where there's a whole way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester where there's a whole way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester where there's a whole way to
+put technology on top of Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put technology on top of Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put technology on top of Bitcoin and
+it's because the scripting language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the scripting language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the scripting language is
+there that you can do that any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you can do that any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you can do that any questions
+on script I know I'm trying to cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on script I know I'm trying to cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on script I know I'm trying to cover a
+big weighty topic in you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weighty topic in you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weighty topic in you know one
+hundred and twenty seconds or less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty seconds or less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and twenty seconds or less so
+just back to the whole what what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back to the whole what what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back to the whole what what this
+just a review what have we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a review what have we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a review what have we've talked
+about there's that little graphic again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's that little graphic again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's that little graphic again
+the time you know it's just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you know it's just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you know it's just a bunch of
+blocks that's that's what a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that's that's what a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that's that's what a blockchain
+is though today we realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is though today we realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is though today we realize that
+underneath the blocks we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the blocks we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the blocks we have another
+chain I see often think of two chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I see often think of two chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I see often think of two chains
+the chains of blocks and in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains of blocks and in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains of blocks and in Bitcoin
+there's about a half a million blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's about a half a million blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's about a half a million blocks
+but underneath that there's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underneath that there's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underneath that there's all the
+transactions that are in fact chained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that are in fact chained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that are in fact chained as
+well fifty four million of those outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fifty four million of those outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fifty four million of those outputs
+have not yet been spent and two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet been spent and two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not yet been spent and two hundred
+and ninety million have already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ninety million have already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ninety million have already been
+outputs have been spent but underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs have been spent but underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs have been spent but underneath
+about a half a million blocks there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a half a million blocks there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a half a million blocks there's
+been 340 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 340 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 340 million
+you know outputs so to speak it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outputs so to speak it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outputs so to speak it's it
+creates a database Bitcoin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a database Bitcoin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a database Bitcoin is a
+transaction database next Tuesday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction database next Tuesday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction database next Tuesday we'll
+talk about an account based database in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an account based database in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an account based database in
+aetherium but it could be a ledger which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium but it could be a ledger which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium but it could be a ledger which
+is transactions or a ledger which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transactions or a ledger which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transactions or a ledger which is
+balances Satoshi Nakamoto decided to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances Satoshi Nakamoto decided to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances Satoshi Nakamoto decided to do
+transactions here in some ways I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions here in some ways I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions here in some ways I believe
+it's because it was fewer attack vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it was fewer attack vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it was fewer attack vectors
+probably a little bit more secure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit more secure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit more secure but
+I'm not entirely sure and until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not entirely sure and until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not entirely sure and until you
+solve the riddle as to Hoonah Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the riddle as to Hoonah Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the riddle as to Hoonah Satoshi
+Nakamoto as we won't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto as we won't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto as we won't know the answer
+of course hash functions we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course hash functions we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course hash functions we talked about
+and digital signatures and a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital signatures and a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital signatures and a consensus
+protocol so I I like to think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I I like to think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I I like to think of it in
+three buckets whether it's for dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buckets whether it's for dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buckets whether it's for dinner
+party conversation or digging into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party conversation or digging into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party conversation or digging into three
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+it's the cryptography itself we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cryptography itself we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cryptography itself we did that
+last Thursday and if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Thursday and if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Thursday and if you have to
+remember anything it's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything it's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything it's only two
+cryptographic primitives hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic primitives hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic primitives hash functions
+and digital signatures how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital signatures how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digital signatures how many people
+think they kind of roughly have what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they kind of roughly have what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they kind of roughly have what a
+hash function is all right so I lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function is all right so I lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function is all right so I lost
+half of you all right is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of you all right is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of you all right is there anything
+I can do for Lauren's table I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do for Lauren's table I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do for Lauren's table I didn't see
+a single hand go up then and Lauren who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single hand go up then and Lauren who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single hand go up then and Lauren who
+are you reading your facebook page or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you reading your facebook page or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you reading your facebook page or
+you like listening to the class you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like listening to the class you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like listening to the class you've
+got your computer open what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your computer open what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your computer open what's your name
+Matthew all right that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew all right that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew all right that might have been
+that you weren't listening to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you weren't listening to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you weren't listening to the class
+thank you how can I help on what a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you how can I help on what a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you how can I help on what a hash
+function is my promise is to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is my promise is to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is my promise is to bring
+everybody along nobody at your table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody along nobody at your table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody along nobody at your table
+said you even roughly got what a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you even roughly got what a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you even roughly got what a hash
+function is what you're I'm probably I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is what you're I'm probably I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is what you're I'm probably I'm
+not trying to embarrass anybody I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to embarrass anybody I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to embarrass anybody I'm
+trying to work this through to get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work this through to get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work this through to get its
+Nicholas so give me a baseline did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas so give me a baseline did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas so give me a baseline did you
+read any of the readings maybe not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read any of the readings maybe not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read any of the readings maybe not okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+hash functions came along decades ago to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions came along decades ago to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions came along decades ago to
+help facilitate database management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help facilitate database management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help facilitate database management
+sometimes it's called a registry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called a registry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called a registry it's
+taking a lot of data and shrinking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of data and shrinking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of data and shrinking it
+down compressing it shrinking it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down compressing it shrinking it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down compressing it shrinking it to
+maybe a series of numbers I think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a series of numbers I think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a series of numbers I think of it
+sometimes as a zip code for information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as a zip code for information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as a zip code for information
+down in Baltimore Maryland I'm in - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Baltimore Maryland I'm in - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Baltimore Maryland I'm in - one
+- oh well I grew up in - what 208 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- oh well I grew up in - what 208 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- oh well I grew up in - what 208 there
+was my parents subcode I won't say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my parents subcode I won't say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my parents subcode I won't say my
+current one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current one
+we're being videoed and so I think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being videoed and so I think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're being videoed and so I think of it
+a little bit like that so a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like that so a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like that so a hash
+function has nothing to do with Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has nothing to do with Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has nothing to do with Bitcoin
+came along to take a bunch of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along to take a bunch of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along to take a bunch of data and
+create a registry but through that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a registry but through that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a registry but through that it
+also became a way to do a commitment yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also became a way to do a commitment yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also became a way to do a commitment yes
+your first name yeah Dana so what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name yeah Dana so what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name yeah Dana so what goes
+in is any set of data today that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is any set of data today that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is any set of data today that could
+be an entire movie it could be a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an entire movie it could be a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an entire movie it could be a picture
+of everybody in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everybody in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everybody in this room
+initially it was mostly Alpha Mu Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was mostly Alpha Mu Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was mostly Alpha Mu Alpha
+numeric data but because in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric data but because in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeric data but because in computer
+technology all data can be broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology all data can be broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology all data can be broken down
+to a series of registries of zeros or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a series of registries of zeros or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a series of registries of zeros or
+ones I mean computer started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean computer started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean computer started with
+literally the first ones started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the first ones started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the first ones started with
+registries that were either turned on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries that were either turned on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registries that were either turned on or
+off if they were on call that a one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if they were on call that a one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if they were on call that a one if
+it was off call it a zero I I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was off call it a zero I I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was off call it a zero I I'm not sure
+which way it goes but I keep looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way it goes but I keep looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way it goes but I keep looking at
+a lien but and so all data can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lien but and so all data can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lien but and so all data can then be
+brought down to a series of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down to a series of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought down to a series of zeros and
+one and if you put four zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you put four zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you put four zeros and ones
+in front of each other two times two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each other two times two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each other two times two
+times two times two two to the fourth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two times two two to the fourth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times two times two two to the fourth is
+16 all of a sudden you see if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 all of a sudden you see if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 all of a sudden you see if you keep
+going to two something you can get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to two something you can get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to two something you can get a lot
+of data so so back to your yes answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data so so back to your yes answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data so so back to your yes answer
+question data when we talked last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question data when we talked last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question data when we talked last week
+about the New York Times crossword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the New York Times crossword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the New York Times crossword
+puzzle New York Times may if they wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle New York Times may if they wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle New York Times may if they wish
+take the solution of their crossword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the solution of their crossword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the solution of their crossword
+puzzle and hash it and then Stephanie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and hash it and then Stephanie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and hash it and then Stephanie
+Stephanie likes to do the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie likes to do the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie likes to do the New York Times
+crossword puzzle and she wants to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle and she wants to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle and she wants to know
+if she properly completed the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she properly completed the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she properly completed the New York
+Times crossword puzzle the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times crossword puzzle the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times crossword puzzle the New York
+Times could say to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times could say to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times could say to her
+cellphone we're not going to really give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphone we're not going to really give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphone we're not going to really give
+you the answer but we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer but we'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer but we'll give you the
+hash of the answer and then when she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the answer and then when she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the answer and then when she's
+finished and she pushes a button her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and she pushes a button her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and she pushes a button her
+application could say whether her answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application could say whether her answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application could say whether her answer
+properly hashes to theirs please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly hashes to theirs please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly hashes to theirs please please
+we're trying to learn here together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to learn here together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to learn here together so
+in in Bitcoin and blockchain so they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Bitcoin and blockchain so they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Bitcoin and blockchain so they use
+hash functions in in several big ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in in several big ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in in several big ways
+your everything you said was correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everything you said was correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everything you said was correct but
+it except for the one thing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it except for the one thing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it except for the one thing when you
+said it's just because they actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's just because they actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's just because they actually use
+hash functions in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in the middle of the
+proof of work because the hash pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work because the hash pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work because the hash pointer
+points block three points to block - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points block three points to block - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points block three points to block - and
+there's hashing they use the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hashing they use the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hashing they use the hash
+function to compress a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to compress a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to compress a bunch of data
+what I call it the Merkel tree but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call it the Merkel tree but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call it the Merkel tree but it's
+taking 1,500 or 2,000 transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 1,500 or 2,000 transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 1,500 or 2,000 transactions and
+squeezing it into one hash so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing it into one hash so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing it into one hash so they're
+hashing all of these things up it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing all of these things up it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing all of these things up it uses
+hash functions in the midst of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in the midst of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions in the midst of the
+Bitcoin address so it the hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address so it the hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin address so it the hash function
+is like electricity in the middle of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like electricity in the middle of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like electricity in the middle of it
+all most it's probably used six or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all most it's probably used six or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all most it's probably used six or eight
+places and some I don't in any way know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and some I don't in any way know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and some I don't in any way know
+myself we need to understand Nikolas how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself we need to understand Nikolas how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself we need to understand Nikolas how
+we do it then we get a little closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it then we get a little closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it then we get a little closer
+Lauren did we get a little closer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lauren did we get a little closer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lauren did we get a little closer yeah
+Matt yeah you there send me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt yeah you there send me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt yeah you there send me an email
+it's getting slurred mit.edu I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting slurred mit.edu I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting slurred mit.edu I'm here
+like four days a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay website again Ben it's a bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay website again Ben it's a bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay website again Ben it's a bullet
+brainwallet IL the recommendation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwallet IL the recommendation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwallet IL the recommendation of
+Google brain Willis functioning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google brain Willis functioning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google brain Willis functioning and you
+can type in text and you see in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type in text and you see in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type in text and you see in real
+time it converts it into a piece point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it converts it into a piece point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it converts it into a piece point
+addressing in shape one letter like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing in shape one letter like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing in shape one letter like one
+an uppercase or what a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uppercase or what a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uppercase or what a lot of things
+some changes in real time and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in real time and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes in real time and it's just
+equipment any text in you with possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment any text in you with possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment any text in you with possibly
+being and it turns it into a block chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and it turns it into a block chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and it turns it into a block chain
+addressing and that's all I see as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and that's all I see as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and that's all I see as it
+translates text into a we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates text into a we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates text into a we talked about
+the network consensus how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network consensus how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network consensus how to actually
+agree on the state of information with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the state of information with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the state of information with
+no centralized authority yeah you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no centralized authority yeah you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no centralized authority yeah you don't
+have a central bank or a commercial bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central bank or a commercial bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central bank or a commercial bank
+or a Facebook or a parental unit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Facebook or a parental unit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Facebook or a parental unit if you
+wish it's all of us out there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish it's all of us out there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish it's all of us out there on the
+playground figuring it out together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground figuring it out together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground figuring it out together
+somehow then you have to wait for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow then you have to wait for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow then you have to wait for 10
+minutes for the transaction to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the transaction to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for the transaction to be
+completed or it's like for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed or it's like for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed or it's like for example when
+we do vamo it's like instantaneous I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do vamo it's like instantaneous I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do vamo it's like instantaneous I
+can't you need to look everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you need to look everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you need to look everything
+Anton's question is does it mean I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton's question is does it mean I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton's question is does it mean I have
+to wait 10 minutes venmo and so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait 10 minutes venmo and so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait 10 minutes venmo and so many
+other payment of practices can go work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other payment of practices can go work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other payment of practices can go work
+quickly the answer to you is yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the answer to you is yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the answer to you is yes and
+that is one of the commercial challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the commercial challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the commercial challenges
+to blockchain as we know it in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blockchain as we know it in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blockchain as we know it in Bitcoin
+there are certain approaches to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain approaches to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain approaches to that
+layering in technology on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering in technology on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering in technology on top of it
+called layer 2 or lightning Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called layer 2 or lightning Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called layer 2 or lightning Network
+we're not going to dive into lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to dive into lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to dive into lightning
+Network but everybody should hold onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network but everybody should hold onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network but everybody should hold onto
+Anton's question it's it's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton's question it's it's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton's question it's it's the right
+question that if all of you bring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that if all of you bring your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that if all of you bring your
+critical reasoning to this class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning to this class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning to this class about
+markets and about commercial realities a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and about commercial realities a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and about commercial realities a
+little bit about the law and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the law and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the law and a little
+bit about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about technology
+that's what we're trying to do is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to do is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're trying to do is like
+oh well does this really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well does this really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well does this really matter
+will it work Hugo contention a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it work Hugo contention a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it work Hugo contention a little
+bit no very good I like that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit no very good I like that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit no very good I like that so if you
+do if you know the person that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you know the person that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you know the person that you're
+kind of acting like you can accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of acting like you can accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of acting like you can accept the
+transaction with zero confirmations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with zero confirmations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with zero confirmations as
+long as it gets into the men pool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it gets into the men pool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it gets into the men pool and
+has a reasonable fee attached to it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reasonable fee attached to it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reasonable fee attached to it then
+it'll eventually get included in a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll eventually get included in a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll eventually get included in a block
+and that's probably good enough so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably good enough so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably good enough so what
+Hugo was saying is is another approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo was saying is is another approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo was saying is is another approach
+is to take counterparty risk that Anton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take counterparty risk that Anton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take counterparty risk that Anton
+inspect Anton's question does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect Anton's question does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect Anton's question does it mean
+you have to wait 10 minutes the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait 10 minutes the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait 10 minutes the actual
+technical answer to that is no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical answer to that is no you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical answer to that is no you don't
+have to wait 10 minutes unless you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 10 minutes unless you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 10 minutes unless you want
+final settlement if you want finality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement if you want finality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement if you want finality
+with no counterparty risk no commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no counterparty risk no commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no counterparty risk no commercial
+risk hugo is saying well if I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk hugo is saying well if I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk hugo is saying well if I'm willing
+to take some economic or commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some economic or commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some economic or commercial
+counterparty risk which is in finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk which is in finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk which is in finance
+you take it all the time then maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it all the time then maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it all the time then maybe I
+can do it more in less than 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it more in less than 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it more in less than 10 minutes
+and in fact even Starbucks when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even Starbucks when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even Starbucks when
+Starbucks accepts your credit card swipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks accepts your credit card swipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks accepts your credit card swipe
+they're taking a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking a little bit of
+counterparty risk from the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk from the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk from the payment
+processing company first data or I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing company first data or I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing company first data or I I
+don't mean to say that it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean to say that it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean to say that it might not be
+also from visa and the banks but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from visa and the banks but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from visa and the banks but I'll
+just say it's the payment system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's the payment system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's the payment system has
+some counterparty risk because final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counterparty risk because final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some counterparty risk because final
+settlement in our payment system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement in our payment system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement in our payment system doesn't
+happen within seconds so the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within seconds so the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within seconds so the the actual
+answer Thank You Hugo cleaned me up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Thank You Hugo cleaned me up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Thank You Hugo cleaned me up
+again you should do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should do this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you should do this all the time
+everybody should clean me up it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should clean me up it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should clean me up it's that
+final settlement can happen and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement can happen and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement can happen and so you
+have to find other solutions whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find other solutions whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find other solutions whether
+it's some commercial arrangement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some commercial arrangement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some commercial arrangement with
+counterparty risk or other technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk or other technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparty risk or other technical
+commercial arrangement shamone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time to dissociate without Minnie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to dissociate without Minnie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to dissociate without Minnie and
+box are attached to so shamans point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box are attached to so shamans point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box are attached to so shamans point is
+that even in ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in ten minutes
+your probability of finality is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probability of finality is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probability of finality is not
+complete because the block might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete because the block might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete because the block might not be
+the the block that's included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the block that's included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the block that's included in the
+longest chain and many people have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain and many people have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain and many people have said
+you maybe should wait three blocks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe should wait three blocks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe should wait three blocks or
+six blocks I think the longest I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six blocks I think the longest I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six blocks I think the longest I'm gonna
+use the term loosely orphaned chain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term loosely orphaned chain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term loosely orphaned chain has
+been five blocks log in in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been five blocks log in in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been five blocks log in in Bitcoin
+what's the longest orphan twenty or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longest orphan twenty or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longest orphan twenty or more
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+due to some crazy things that miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to some crazy things that miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to some crazy things that miners
+were doing they accidentally all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing they accidentally all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing they accidentally all right
+so so but that's that's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but that's that's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but that's that's that that's
+there some still probabilistic risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some still probabilistic risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some still probabilistic risk of
+Eva and then we'll move on support so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eva and then we'll move on support so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eva and then we'll move on support so I
+don't have the chart up but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the chart up but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the chart up but if you
+remember there was the slide that showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was the slide that showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was the slide that showed
+the longest block it was in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest block it was in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest block it was in black and
+had little purple blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had little purple blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had little purple blocks
+that's a fork there's some Forks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fork there's some Forks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fork there's some Forks that
+end up being that both chains continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being that both chains continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being that both chains continued
+for a long time they're called hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time they're called hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time they're called hard
+forks and there is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and there is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forks and there is something called
+Bitcoin and Bitcoin cash have come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and Bitcoin cash have come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and Bitcoin cash have come out
+of that most the way that Lane aleem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that most the way that Lane aleem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that most the way that Lane aleem was
+using it are discarded I'm sorry behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it are discarded I'm sorry behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it are discarded I'm sorry behind
+remember your first thing the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your first thing the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your first thing the most
+important things we know need to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we know need to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we know need to know in
+the differences between the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the technology
+of mining Bitcoin versus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mining Bitcoin versus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mining Bitcoin versus just
+transacting like on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacting like on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacting like on the on the
+blockchain cuz I I'm not sure if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain cuz I I'm not sure if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain cuz I I'm not sure if there's
+like some major differences we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some major differences we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some major differences we need to
+are what are the major difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are the major difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are the major difference
+very good question errant Aaron's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question errant Aaron's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question errant Aaron's
+question of what do I need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what do I need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what do I need to know about
+mining what do I need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining what do I need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining what do I need to know about
+transaction is it one of the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is it one of the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction is it one of the same I
+apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize
+they overlap but they're not the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap but they're not the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap but they're not the same so
+think of a Venn diagram where it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a Venn diagram where it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a Venn diagram where it where
+we're very good question the the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very good question the the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very good question the the essence
+of mining is creating an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mining is creating an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mining is creating an incentive
+structure where there's no central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where there's no central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where there's no central
+authority to validate and put a new set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to validate and put a new set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to validate and put a new set
+of transactions or data I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions or data I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions or data I'm going to say
+broadly data into the ledger into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly data into the ledger into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly data into the ledger into the
+accepted state of what reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted state of what reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted state of what reality is
+so mining helps with that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mining helps with that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mining helps with that that's that's
+that whole process in essence who gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole process in essence who gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole process in essence who gets
+to decide the next block of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide the next block of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide the next block of data
+transactions are included in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are included in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are included in the data
+but it's not identical mining is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not identical mining is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not identical mining is really
+critical but it's not the only component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but it's not the only component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but it's not the only component
+in terms of transactions then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of transactions then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of transactions then you have
+to actually think of well there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually think of well there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually think of well there's this
+other thing going on well there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing going on well there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing going on well there's been
+340 million of these in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+340 million of these in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+340 million of these in the Bitcoin
+network so far and has it been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so far and has it been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so far and has it been used
+already has it been spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has it been spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has it been spent
+does it have an appropriate digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have an appropriate digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have an appropriate digital
+signature if there's a time lock on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature if there's a time lock on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature if there's a time lock on it
+is there a condition might there even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a condition might there even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a condition might there even be
+this little bit of scripting code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit of scripting code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit of scripting code that
+puts other conditions like there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts other conditions like there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts other conditions like there has to
+be multiple signatures has it been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiple signatures has it been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiple signatures has it been
+double spent so I wish i it's it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spent so I wish i it's it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spent so I wish i it's it was a
+very good question it's they overlap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question it's they overlap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question it's they overlap a
+lot one thing you can just remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot one thing you can just remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot one thing you can just remember is
+mining is about that there's been a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining is about that there's been a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining is about that there's been a half
+a million blocks transactions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million blocks transactions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million blocks transactions there's
+been 340 million so there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 340 million so there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 340 million so there must be
+something else going on in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else going on in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else going on in all those
+transactions that helped a bit Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the questions was what part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was what part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was what part of
+blockchain is novel to Satoshi his the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is novel to Satoshi his the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is novel to Satoshi his the
+novelty and bringing it all together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty and bringing it all together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty and bringing it all together or
+is it one specific thing because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it one specific thing because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it one specific thing because you
+know the paper talked about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the paper talked about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the paper talked about like the
+ledger and make creating the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and make creating the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and make creating the incentive
+and then sort of solving the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of solving the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sort of solving the whole
+Byzantine generals problem but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine generals problem but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine generals problem but I don't
+really understand so Kelly's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand so Kelly's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand so Kelly's question
+which is a part of the study questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a part of the study questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a part of the study questions
+is what makes the whole Satoshi paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes the whole Satoshi paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes the whole Satoshi paper
+novel is it just bringing it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel is it just bringing it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel is it just bringing it all
+together or is there something more I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or is there something more I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or is there something more I'll
+give you a hint I think there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint I think there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint I think there's one
+other thing I think that the genius can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I think that the genius can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I think that the genius can
+be just in bringing together things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just in bringing together things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just in bringing together things that
+that in itself can be sheer genius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself can be sheer genius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself can be sheer genius and
+incentive structure within in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure within in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure within in there
+others dereck question or answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others dereck question or answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others dereck question or answer to
+Kelly's question question all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's question question all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's question question all right I'm
+gonna hold your question Derek just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hold your question Derek just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hold your question Derek just for
+a second who's going to help me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second who's going to help me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second who's going to help me with
+because it's like central to the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like central to the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like central to the study
+questions ok proof-of-work novel though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ok proof-of-work novel though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ok proof-of-work novel though
+didn't add them back already do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't add them back already do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't add them back already do some of
+it in Hashcash so its application was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Hashcash so its application was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Hashcash so its application was
+novel so that's where I come out where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel so that's where I come out where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel so that's where I come out where I
+think the genius is bringing it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the genius is bringing it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the genius is bringing it all
+together and using atom backs proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and using atom backs proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and using atom backs proof of
+work in a way that that really addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a way that that really addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a way that that really addressed
+double spend madame back was not dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spend madame back was not dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double spend madame back was not dealing
+with a double spend issue he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a double spend issue he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a double spend issue he had
+different challenges it was about email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different challenges it was about email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different challenges it was about email
+spam frankly it didn't even work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam frankly it didn't even work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam frankly it didn't even work with
+email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application specifically the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application specifically the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application specifically the double
+spend so I kind of think of now Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so I kind of think of now Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so I kind of think of now Patrick
+murk would you answer it and how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murk would you answer it and how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murk would you answer it and how would
+you this is somebody who ran the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is somebody who ran the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is somebody who ran the Bitcoin
+foundation but he's a lawyer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when somebody says what it was the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody says what it was the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody says what it was the thing
+that is different from everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is different from everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is different from everything else
+the answer is Nakamoto consensus ray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is Nakamoto consensus ray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is Nakamoto consensus ray and
+Nakamoto consensus being the incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto consensus being the incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto consensus being the incentive
+structure pulling everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure pulling everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure pulling everything together
+and aligning everybody to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aligning everybody to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aligning everybody to actually
+create trusted signing briefs for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create trusted signing briefs for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create trusted signing briefs for this
+database which you couldn't without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which you couldn't without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which you couldn't without
+having actually trust or identify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having actually trust or identify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having actually trust or identify those
+parties right and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties right and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties right and that's something that
+really hadn't existed before and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hadn't existed before and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hadn't existed before and so
+that's that's really novel that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really novel that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really novel that's sort
+of the breakthrough that I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breakthrough that I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breakthrough that I think you can
+attribute to that particular paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to that particular paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to that particular paper I
+also use this as a way to give a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use this as a way to give a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use this as a way to give a clean
+definition of walk chain which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of walk chain which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of walk chain which is a
+badly abused term as I'm sure you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly abused term as I'm sure you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly abused term as I'm sure you'll
+discover through the rest of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover through the rest of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover through the rest of this class
+is saying to me a blockchain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying to me a blockchain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying to me a blockchain is
+something that is born from Nakamoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is born from Nakamoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is born from Nakamoto
+consensus right blockchains as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus right blockchains as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus right blockchains as they
+discuss on that paper have existed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on that paper have existed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on that paper have existed for
+decades right like that's not even novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades right like that's not even novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades right like that's not even novel
+data structure but using that to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure but using that to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure but using that to form
+not gonna condense the thing right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna condense the thing right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna condense the thing right it
+always sort of comes back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of comes back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of comes back to that
+that's anyways maybe a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's anyways maybe a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's anyways maybe a longer
+elaboration there we have it you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration there we have it you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration there we have it you now
+know that you're in a class that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're in a class that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're in a class that has
+guest speakers I do want to say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speakers I do want to say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speakers I do want to say on the
+guest speaker point and Derek I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speaker point and Derek I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest speaker point and Derek I'm
+cognizant you have a question but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant you have a question but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant you have a question but we
+have 12 minutes so it's just or so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 minutes so it's just or so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 minutes so it's just or so next
+Tuesday Larry Lessig who sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday Larry Lessig who sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday Larry Lessig who sometimes
+floats into this class has agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats into this class has agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats into this class has agreed to
+guest lecture with me and so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture with me and so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture with me and so we're gonna
+Co do smart contracts and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co do smart contracts and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co do smart contracts and let me just
+say a little bit about Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about Larry
+I mean you sort of see him here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you sort of see him here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you sort of see him here he
+bicycles over from Harvard he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles over from Harvard he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles over from Harvard he's a
+constitutional scholar that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional scholar that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional scholar that's a
+remarkable constitutional scholar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable constitutional scholar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable constitutional scholar and
+and you know you don't get to be a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you don't get to be a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you don't get to be a full
+professor at Harvard they stole him away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Harvard they stole him away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Harvard they stole him away
+from Stanford actually where he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Stanford actually where he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Stanford actually where he was a
+full professor too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full professor too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full professor too
+readily but he's written he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily but he's written he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily but he's written he's
+extensively written anybody in here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively written anybody in here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively written anybody in here a
+West Wing fan the television series West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Wing fan the television series West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Wing fan the television series West
+Wing so he is the only or do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing so he is the only or do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing so he is the only or do you know
+that Larry Lessig was in West Wing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Larry Lessig was in West Wing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Larry Lessig was in West Wing now
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+well Larry was in Christopher Lloyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Larry was in Christopher Lloyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Larry was in Christopher Lloyd
+played Larry Lessig in one episode but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Larry Lessig in one episode but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Larry Lessig in one episode but
+you'll go back and you'll find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go back and you'll find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go back and you'll find the
+episode and Larry has a funny story were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode and Larry has a funny story were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode and Larry has a funny story were
+about watching the filming of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about watching the filming of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about watching the filming of it but
+Larry's a constitutional scholar over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's a constitutional scholar over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry's a constitutional scholar over at
+Harvard he clerked for Justice Scalia on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard he clerked for Justice Scalia on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard he clerked for Justice Scalia on
+the Supreme Court he clerked for Posner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court he clerked for Posner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court he clerked for Posner
+proposed nur over in Chicago he knows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed nur over in Chicago he knows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed nur over in Chicago he knows a
+lot about contracts and so I asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about contracts and so I asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about contracts and so I asked him
+if he'd help teach smart contracts next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he'd help teach smart contracts next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he'd help teach smart contracts next
+Tuesday so Larry's gonna we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so Larry's gonna we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday so Larry's gonna we're gonna
+mutton Jeff it up here next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutton Jeff it up here next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutton Jeff it up here next Tuesday
+watch out Patrick you might be up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out Patrick you might be up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out Patrick you might be up here
+one day this is not a class that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day this is not a class that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day this is not a class that we're
+gonna have a lot of guest lectures later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of guest lectures later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a lot of guest lectures later
+in this semester I hope we stolen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this semester I hope we stolen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this semester I hope we stolen
+confirming at Jeff Sprecher who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming at Jeff Sprecher who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming at Jeff Sprecher who's the
+chief executive officer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief executive officer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief executive officer of
+IntercontinentalExchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange
+runs the New York Stock Exchange Jeff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the New York Stock Exchange Jeff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the New York Stock Exchange Jeff is
+probably joining us one night I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably joining us one night I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably joining us one night I think
+it's November 15 but I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's November 15 but I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's November 15 but I really want to
+stay like the content and and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay like the content and and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay like the content and and and so
+forth Derek what's your question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth Derek what's your question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth Derek what's your question okay
+follow up alright and then we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up alright and then we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up alright and then we just did
+transactions today remember it the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions today remember it the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions today remember it the hash
+functions the New York Times we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the New York Times we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the New York Times we're a
+little we're in a little better place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little we're in a little better place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little we're in a little better place
+with Lauren's table now all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lauren's table now all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lauren's table now all right good
+good my goal is not to embarrass anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good my goal is not to embarrass anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good my goal is not to embarrass anybody
+want to ask these questions my goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask these questions my goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask these questions my goal is
+that we all come along on this journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all come along on this journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all come along on this journey
+you know that we we somehow have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we we somehow have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we we somehow have some
+basis because it does relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because it does relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because it does relate to
+understanding the commercial reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the commercial reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the commercial reality and
+the economics we talked about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics we talked about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics we talked about the time
+stamping and the blocks the Merkel trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping and the blocks the Merkel trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping and the blocks the Merkel trees
+which is not a deep part of it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a deep part of it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not a deep part of it and and
+of course digital signatures part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course digital signatures part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course digital signatures part of the
+reason I replay this each time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I replay this each time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I replay this each time is
+because in politics I of course learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in politics I of course learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in politics I of course learned
+that repetition is a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repetition is a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repetition is a really important
+thing but I also think it's true in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but I also think it's true in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but I also think it's true in in
+academic settings and then Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic settings and then Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic settings and then Bitcoin
+addresses and that's just a cleanup that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and that's just a cleanup that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and that's just a cleanup that
+it's not identical to a public and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identical to a public and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identical to a public and then
+the proof-of-work get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof-of-work get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof-of-work get back to the
+questions Nakamoto consensus is yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Nakamoto consensus is yes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Nakamoto consensus is yes all
+of this and an incentive structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and an incentive structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and an incentive structure but
+it's it's this proof of work and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's this proof of work and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's this proof of work and to
+Aaron's question and proof of work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aaron's question and proof of work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aaron's question and proof of work is a
+little bit different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than the
+transactions that we talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that we talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that we talked about but
+they there's a lot of overlap and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's a lot of overlap and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's a lot of overlap and then
+it creates the native currency and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates the native currency and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates the native currency and I've
+corrected the slide to 21:40 of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected the slide to 21:40 of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected the slide to 21:40 of course
+the network is really critical to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is really critical to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is really critical to and
+that there's all these different actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's all these different actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's all these different actors
+on a network 10,000 nodes and this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a network 10,000 nodes and this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a network 10,000 nodes and this many
+slight nodes and the miners and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight nodes and the miners and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight nodes and the miners and the
+mining pool operators and they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining pool operators and they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining pool operators and they all have
+their separate economics and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their separate economics and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their separate economics and so if
+anybody wants to come and get office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to come and get office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to come and get office
+hours talk about those economics please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours talk about those economics please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours talk about those economics please
+come on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on in
+if there's nothing you remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's nothing you remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's nothing you remember from the
+reading I've now read this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I've now read this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I've now read this paper
+probably six times to kind of slowly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably six times to kind of slowly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably six times to kind of slowly get
+it through my head but every time I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through my head but every time I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through my head but every time I read
+the Clarke paper I go wow that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clarke paper I go wow that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clarke paper I go wow that really
+helps me because it's not like Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me because it's not like Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me because it's not like Satoshi
+Nakamoto just flipped his fingers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto just flipped his fingers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto just flipped his fingers and
+there it there it was on the backs of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it there it was on the backs of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it there it was on the backs of a
+lot of cryptography a lot of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cryptography a lot of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cryptography a lot of technology
+earlier but this is the chart I turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but this is the chart I turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but this is the chart I turned
+back to and it sometimes helps me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and it sometimes helps me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and it sometimes helps me uh
+there's timestamping there's digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's timestamping there's digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's timestamping there's digital
+cache there's proof of work and how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache there's proof of work and how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache there's proof of work and how how
+these things may be ten years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things may be ten years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things may be ten years from now
+they'll look back at Nakamoto stuff will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look back at Nakamoto stuff will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look back at Nakamoto stuff will
+just be built upon that's the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be built upon that's the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be built upon that's the central
+question that's what some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's what some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's what some of our
+colleagues are doing over at the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues are doing over at the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues are doing over at the digital
+currency initiative or over the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency initiative or over the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency initiative or over the computer
+sciences lab they're saying can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences lab they're saying can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences lab they're saying can they
+build upon this and take it to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build upon this and take it to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build upon this and take it to another
+level right now and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right now and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right now and you'll see
+throughout the semester there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester there's not a
+lot of full scale applications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of full scale applications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of full scale applications of this
+technology but it might just be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but it might just be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but it might just be in a
+whole line of this yes and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of this yes and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of this yes and I can't
+remember your first name of veep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it's important out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's important out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's important out of a
+hundred people we can have to Aviva this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people we can have to Aviva this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people we can have to Aviva this
+you know we could even have to Aviva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could even have to Aviva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could even have to Aviva
+zippers - what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zippers - what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zippers - what's that
+Priya Oh Priya oh I'm sorry thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya Oh Priya oh I'm sorry thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya Oh Priya oh I'm sorry thank you
+the applications of the hash function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications of the hash function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications of the hash function so
+does the hash function actually replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the hash function actually replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the hash function actually replace
+the data so I'm thinking now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so I'm thinking now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so I'm thinking now that
+everyone's you know saving data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's you know saving data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's you know saving data in the
+cloud so can you save a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud so can you save a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud so can you save a hash function
+instead of your actual data and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of your actual data and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of your actual data and then so
+it can be compressed and then very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be compressed and then very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be compressed and then very good
+question my summary of it though others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question my summary of it though others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question my summary of it though others
+would probably be more expert my summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be more expert my summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be more expert my summer
+is you get a choice you could do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get a choice you could do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get a choice you could do either
+so let's take it in blockchain rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take it in blockchain rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take it in blockchain rather
+than in the cloud you can choose to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the cloud you can choose to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the cloud you can choose to save
+in a blockchain just hashes and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a blockchain just hashes and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a blockchain just hashes and have the
+full picture somewhere else let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full picture somewhere else let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full picture somewhere else let's say
+you were gonna do a whole database of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were gonna do a whole database of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were gonna do a whole database of of
+what a library and so there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a library and so there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a library and so there's there's a
+hundred thousand books in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand books in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand books in the library
+you could hash all hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hash all hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hash all hundred thousand
+books and then store the hashes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and then store the hashes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and then store the hashes in in
+the blockchain and not the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain and not the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain and not the books
+themselves and that would form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that would form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and that would form a
+blockchain of the commitments to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain of the commitments to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain of the commitments to those
+books or you could actually I guess put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books or you could actually I guess put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books or you could actually I guess put
+the books themselves into the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books themselves into the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books themselves into the blockchain
+now I saw some shaking heads in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I saw some shaking heads in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I saw some shaking heads in the
+middle aleem from the digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle aleem from the digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle aleem from the digital currency
+initiative the way there's no you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative the way there's no you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative the way there's no you cannot
+actually you can share the you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can share the you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can share the you can store
+the hash that doesn't replace the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash that doesn't replace the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash that doesn't replace the data
+that the storing of the hash allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the storing of the hash allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the storing of the hash allows you
+to prove that you have the date but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that you have the date but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that you have the date but you
+cannot think the fact that you store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot think the fact that you store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot think the fact that you store the
+hash doesn't mean that you only there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash doesn't mean that you only there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash doesn't mean that you only there's
+like a two part question you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a two part question you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a two part question you can never
+get rid of the book you shouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the book you shouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the book you shouldn't get
+rid of the book because hashes are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the book because hashes are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the book because hashes are one
+way you're not able to take the hash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're not able to take the hash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're not able to take the hash and
+recreate the book you can't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate the book you can't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate the book you can't take the
+hash and recreate the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and recreate the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and recreate the New York Times
+crossword puzzle but you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle but you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle but you don't need to
+store them in the same place and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in the same place and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in the same place and I was
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+and so it's thank you because it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's thank you because it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's thank you because it's two
+ports the question you could store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports the question you could store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports the question you could store the
+hashes in the cloud and store the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes in the cloud and store the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes in the cloud and store the book
+somewhere else but you still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else but you still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else but you still need to
+store the book maybe is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the book maybe is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the book maybe is that so
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto we have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto we have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Satoshi Nakamoto we have just a
+handful of minutes but can every table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of minutes but can every table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of minutes but can every table
+we're gonna take each tables can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take each tables can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take each tables can take
+four minutes and amongst yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minutes and amongst yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minutes and amongst yourselves
+decide who's Satoshi Nakamoto so how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide who's Satoshi Nakamoto so how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide who's Satoshi Nakamoto so how we
+doing who's your answer to Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing who's your answer to Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing who's your answer to Satoshi
+Nakamoto okay so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto okay so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto okay so the first one is
+multiple people probably led by Hal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people probably led by Hal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people probably led by Hal
+Finney how fitting h al fi n n ey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finney how fitting h al fi n n ey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finney how fitting h al fi n n ey so
+table number two is government actor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table number two is government actor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table number two is government actor a
+us or for us but it might not matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or for us but it might not matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or for us but it might not matter how
+we doing over here Dorian Nakamoto so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing over here Dorian Nakamoto so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing over here Dorian Nakamoto so
+you're going with the Newsweek story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going with the Newsweek story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going with the Newsweek story
+Priya story about the name thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya story about the name thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya story about the name thing before
+your table who are we where it's that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your table who are we where it's that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your table who are we where it's that a
+bunch of crypto Punk's so a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of crypto Punk's so a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of crypto Punk's so a group of
+crypto Punk's and economists and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto Punk's and economists and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto Punk's and economists and how do
+you spell crypto Punk's though cycler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spell crypto Punk's though cycler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spell crypto Punk's though cycler
+pumps cypherpunks actually cypherpunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps cypherpunks actually cypherpunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps cypherpunks actually cypherpunks
+where we hear o the NSA all right oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we hear o the NSA all right oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we hear o the NSA all right oh so
+incentives and capability you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and capability you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and capability you think it's
+NSA MIT Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a word for that but I can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word for that but I can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word for that but I can't say
+that on tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on tape
+Kelly yet on to aleene's what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly yet on to aleene's what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly yet on to aleene's what do we have
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+jiggy Nick's have a Szabo who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggy Nick's have a Szabo who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggy Nick's have a Szabo who is the
+wrote the first paper on smart contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the first paper on smart contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the first paper on smart contracts
+so Aviva Nick's up my hash table okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Aviva Nick's up my hash table okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Aviva Nick's up my hash table okay
+who do you go for all right so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do you go for all right so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do you go for all right so another
+table you can say that another table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you can say that another table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you can say that another table for
+Nick Szabo you put another vote next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Szabo you put another vote next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Szabo you put another vote next to
+him here Craig Wright the Australian oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him here Craig Wright the Australian oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him here Craig Wright the Australian oh
+my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god
+Oh Patrick Burke's tables gonna go last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Patrick Burke's tables gonna go last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Patrick Burke's tables gonna go last
+here what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's that
+Bill Belichick Alan Greenspan Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Belichick Alan Greenspan Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Belichick Alan Greenspan Alan
+Greenspan now I actually know Alan he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenspan now I actually know Alan he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenspan now I actually know Alan he's
+really talented but I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talented but I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talented but I don't think I
+don't think Andrea would let him do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Andrea would let him do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Andrea would let him do this
+here who do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that Kenta who that came to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Kenta who that came to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Kenta who that came to save
+me you're saying you invented it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're saying you invented it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're saying you invented it yeah
+this table Nick's a bow so another for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table Nick's a bow so another for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table Nick's a bow so another for
+Nick's a bow so does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick's a bow so does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick's a bow so does anybody want to
+tell us why it's the NSA Oh Oh Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us why it's the NSA Oh Oh Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us why it's the NSA Oh Oh Patrick
+Merck I'm sorry what's this table yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merck I'm sorry what's this table yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merck I'm sorry what's this table yeah
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+so in every job description as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in every job description as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in every job description as possible
+so I think it was like the worst person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it was like the worst person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it was like the worst person
+to have and it's able for this and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and it's able for this and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have and it's able for this and they
+did them nothing but a disservice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did them nothing but a disservice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did them nothing but a disservice in
+their first Oh Shi but if he did know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first Oh Shi but if he did know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first Oh Shi but if he did know he
+would say he doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say he doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say he doesn't know
+Derek who did your table go for Craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derek who did your table go for Craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derek who did your table go for Craig
+right oh my gosh so so let me ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh my gosh so so let me ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh my gosh so so let me ask this
+because it's just for fun one minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just for fun one minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just for fun one minute so
+somebody said that it was the NSA do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said that it was the NSA do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said that it was the NSA do you
+want to say why because you would create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say why because you would create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say why because you would create
+this and Hugo would say that if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Hugo would say that if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Hugo would say that if if it
+was the NSA it didn't work out for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the NSA it didn't work out for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the NSA it didn't work out for him
+too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well
+and those of you who said Craig right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who said Craig right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who said Craig right I
+heard some others in the room that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some others in the room that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some others in the room that said
+no so who said Craig right which two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so who said Craig right which two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so who said Craig right which two
+tables said Craig right why why'd you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables said Craig right why why'd you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables said Craig right why why'd you
+pick Isabella and Ben why'd you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Isabella and Ben why'd you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Isabella and Ben why'd you pick
+Craig right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so so just the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so just the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so just the language
+analytics for Craig Wright and those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics for Craig Wright and those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics for Craig Wright and those who
+said it can't possibly be Craig Wright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it can't possibly be Craig Wright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it can't possibly be Craig Wright
+who did that all right so he says he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that all right so he says he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that all right so he says he
+failed the test he didn't spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the test he didn't spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the test he didn't spend the
+first coins from 2009 three tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coins from 2009 three tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coins from 2009 three tables
+picked Nick Szabo white why'd you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked Nick Szabo white why'd you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked Nick Szabo white why'd you pick
+Nick Szabo just any one of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Szabo just any one of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Szabo just any one of the three
+tables because we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables because we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables because we're gonna talk about
+them in the next lecture no all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the next lecture no all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the next lecture no all right
+look this was a bit of fun and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this was a bit of fun and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this was a bit of fun and I just
+thought it'd be worthwhile because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be worthwhile because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be worthwhile because the
+only person in the room that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person in the room that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person in the room that really
+knows who Satoshi Nakamoto is isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows who Satoshi Nakamoto is isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows who Satoshi Nakamoto is isn't
+going to tell us but you're welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us but you're welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us but you're welcome back
+any time thank you I will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time thank you I will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time thank you I will see you next
+Tuesday remember Larry Lessig is here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday remember Larry Lessig is here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday remember Larry Lessig is here so
+please do the readings please you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do the readings please you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do the readings please you know
+let's have a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ziG0Jp9QaBo.txt b/ziG0Jp9QaBo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d216cfffb75bb919a1edd79dd22e86df09dfc960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ziG0Jp9QaBo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I want to do is sort of introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is sort of introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is sort of introduce
+you to the second half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the second half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the second half of the course
+where we're going and what topics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and what topics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going and what topics we're
+going to be covering and then I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be covering and then I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be covering and then I'll start
+in module 5. so as with the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in module 5. so as with the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in module 5. so as with the first half
+of the course we have four modules the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we have four modules the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we have four modules the
+fourth first half of the courses was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth first half of the courses was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth first half of the courses was
+pretty well organized that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well organized that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well organized that is you know
+went from here to here to here it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from here to here to here it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from here to here to here it all
+sort of made sense this half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made sense this half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made sense this half of the
+course doesn't do that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't do that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't do that we're talking
+about there are hundreds of Topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are hundreds of Topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are hundreds of Topics in
+Biochemistry and any one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry and any one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry and any one of them is
+exciting and important and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and important and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and important and these are the
+ones we're talking about this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we're talking about this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we're talking about this semester
+and again the focus will be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the focus will be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the focus will be sort of
+trying to get you to think about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you to think about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you to think about what is
+the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+supports the model I'm going to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports the model I'm going to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports the model I'm going to present
+so in module 5 we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in module 5 we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in module 5 we're going to be talking
+about the terpenome and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terpenome and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terpenome and I'm going to be
+talking about most of you have seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about most of you have seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about most of you have seen in
+the last module with poly ketoid some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last module with poly ketoid some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last module with poly ketoid some
+phases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases you
+um you have aldol reactions and claysian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have aldol reactions and claysian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have aldol reactions and claysian
+reactions to form carbon-carbon bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to form carbon-carbon bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to form carbon-carbon bonds in
+this module you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module you're going to be
+introduced to another way to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to another way to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to another way to form
+carbon-carbon bonds and that's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bonds and that's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bonds and that's through
+C5 units and C5 units are the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units and C5 units are the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units and C5 units are the basis for
+forming cholesterol which is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming cholesterol which is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming cholesterol which is really the
+focus of module five and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of module five and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of module five and what we're
+going to be talking about is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is initially
+cholesterol biosynthesis that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis that will be
+this lecture and probably most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and probably most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and probably most of the
+next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture
+and then you all know from eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you all know from eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you all know from eating
+McDonald's hamburgers you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's hamburgers you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's hamburgers you get a lot of
+cholesterol in your diet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol in your diet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol in your diet and the
+question is how do you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you control
+cholesterol levels and so this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and so this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and so this semester
+the second part of the semester is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the semester is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the semester is
+really focused on the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on the question of
+homeostasis cholesterol is essential if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis cholesterol is essential if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis cholesterol is essential if
+you have too much you've got problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too much you've got problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too much you've got problems
+doesn't matter what pathway you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what pathway you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what pathway you're
+talking about if you have too much or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you have too much or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you have too much or
+you have too little you have problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too little you have problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have too little you have problems so
+how do you control everything and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you control everything and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you control everything and we're
+going to be talking about cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about cholesterol
+sensing and Regulation and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and Regulation and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and Regulation and we're going
+to come back to a topic you covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to a topic you covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to a topic you covered in
+the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course
+with cliffx and Club P protein mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cliffx and Club P protein mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cliffx and Club P protein mediated
+degradation because it plays a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation because it plays a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation because it plays a central
+role in controlling cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in controlling cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in controlling cholesterol
+homeostasis okay so that'll be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay so that'll be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay so that'll be the first
+module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+um module five module six is also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um module five module six is also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um module five module six is also going
+to be a module on homeostasis it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a module on homeostasis it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a module on homeostasis it's my
+feeling that in introductory courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that in introductory courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that in introductory courses
+people don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get
+um introduced enough to metals and 50 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um introduced enough to metals and 50 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um introduced enough to metals and 50 of
+all the proteins in inside of us buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins in inside of us buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proteins in inside of us buying
+metals and do something with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and do something with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and do something with them
+um and so in this module I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in this module I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in this module I'm going to
+talk about Metal homeostasis and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Metal homeostasis and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Metal homeostasis and I'm
+really going to focus on iron and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to focus on iron and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to focus on iron and you'll
+see why I'm going to focus on iron when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why I'm going to focus on iron when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why I'm going to focus on iron when
+we get there but we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there but we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there but we're going to talk
+about iron sensing and regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sensing and regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about iron sensing and regulation
+initially in humans and there we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in humans and there we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in humans and there we're
+going to focus on the war between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on the war between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on the war between
+pathogenic organisms for iron and humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogenic organisms for iron and humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogenic organisms for iron and humans
+for iron since iron is essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for iron since iron is essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for iron since iron is essential for
+almost all organisms to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all organisms to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all organisms to survive
+Okay the third module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the third module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the third module
+sort of module seven sort of follows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of module seven sort of follows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of module seven sort of follows for
+module six and it's a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module six and it's a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module six and it's a topic
+that I've been following for 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been following for 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been following for 30 years
+and it irritates the hell out of me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it irritates the hell out of me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it irritates the hell out of me so
+so everybody talks about reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody talks about reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody talks about reactive oxygen
+species and how bad they are you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and how bad they are you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and how bad they are you can't
+you can listen to NPR you can read it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can listen to NPR you can read it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can listen to NPR you can read it in
+the New York Times you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times you know what are
+reactive oxygen species as a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species as a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species as a chemist
+what are they okay so we'll Define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they okay so we'll Define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they okay so we'll Define what
+reactive oxygen species are many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species are many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive oxygen species are many of you
+know that they're bad that's why you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bad that's why you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bad that's why you eat
+vitamin C and vitamin E okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C and vitamin E okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin C and vitamin E okay
+um and they're involved in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're involved in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're involved in fact
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and defense against some microorganisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defense against some microorganisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defense against some microorganisms
+but also they're good they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also they're good they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also they're good they're they're
+now known to be involved in signaling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now known to be involved in signaling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now known to be involved in signaling so
+again it's a question of homeostasis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a question of homeostasis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a question of homeostasis and
+so you need to understand the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to understand the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to understand the chemistry
+of what these species do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these species do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these species do
+and where that they can go astray or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where that they can go astray or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where that they can go astray or
+where you can harness the reactivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can harness the reactivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can harness the reactivity to
+do something important and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something important and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something important and the last
+section hopefully we'll get there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section hopefully we'll get there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section hopefully we'll get there this
+year I'm trying my best this is Theory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I'm trying my best this is Theory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I'm trying my best this is Theory I
+know most about we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most about we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most about we're going to talk
+about nucleotide metabolism in 507 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nucleotide metabolism in 507 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nucleotide metabolism in 507 they
+don't talk about nucleotide metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about nucleotide metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about nucleotide metabolism
+and all and I would say in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and I would say in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and I would say in the next
+decade you're going to see a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade you're going to see a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade you're going to see a lot about
+nucleotide metabolism where have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism where have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism where have you
+seen ATP and GTP in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen ATP and GTP in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen ATP and GTP in the first part of
+this course everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course everywhere
+how do we control all of that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we control all of that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we control all of that pretty
+important what are the questions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what are the questions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what are the questions we're
+going to be asking where does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking where does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking where does it come
+from and how do we control the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and how do we control the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and how do we control the levels
+which is Central to all of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Central to all of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Central to all of metabolism
+um hopefully we'll get there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully we'll get there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully we'll get there and and
+discuss that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that okay
+okay so the required reading has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the required reading has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the required reading has now
+been posted on stellar and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been posted on stellar and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been posted on stellar and there are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is really sort of three things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really sort of three things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is really sort of three things you
+need to read one is about a short review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read one is about a short review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read one is about a short review
+on the terpenome which is what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the terpenome which is what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the terpenome which is what I'm going
+to start talking about the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about the second is
+lipid metabolism that's been taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid metabolism that's been taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipid metabolism that's been taken from
+vote vote you can go back in any basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote you can go back in any basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote you can go back in any basic
+textbook and read the section because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and read the section because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and read the section because
+it's Central to thinking about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Central to thinking about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Central to thinking about what's
+going on with cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with cholesterol
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you'll see that these are two of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these are two of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these are two of my
+favorite guys Brown and Goldstein they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite guys Brown and Goldstein they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite guys Brown and Goldstein they
+won the Nobel Prize of their work but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize of their work but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize of their work but in
+reality they should have won at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality they should have won at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality they should have won at least
+two Nobel prizes for their work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Nobel prizes for their work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Nobel prizes for their work I mean
+you can never not listen to them talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never not listen to them talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never not listen to them talk
+and not get excited I mean they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not get excited I mean they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not get excited I mean they always
+have something important and exciting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something important and exciting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something important and exciting to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um so they last year we used this review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they last year we used this review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they last year we used this review
+there's a newer review the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a newer review the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a newer review the different
+they're both pretty short pick which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both pretty short pick which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both pretty short pick which one
+you want they cover the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want they cover the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want they cover the material
+um and then this one doesn't cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then this one doesn't cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then this one doesn't cover the
+most recent material as well so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent material as well so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent material as well so here's
+another short review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another short review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another short review
+that covers that material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covers that material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covers that material so
+these guys here will give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here will give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here will give you an
+overview of what I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I'm going to be talking
+about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay
+and they've all been posted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've all been posted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've all been posted on the
+website already okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website already okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website already okay so
+um cholesterol homeostasis I never end a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cholesterol homeostasis I never end a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cholesterol homeostasis I never end a
+lecture on time you'll find out but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on time you'll find out but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on time you'll find out but I'm
+trying my best anyhow we have about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying my best anyhow we have about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying my best anyhow we have about five
+lectures we're going to be covering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we're going to be covering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we're going to be covering and
+this is where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going
+um and the first one today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the first one today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the first one today's lecture
+we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+a new way to form carbon carbon bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to form carbon carbon bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to form carbon carbon bonds
+through C5 units and we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through C5 units and we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through C5 units and we'll be talking
+about the terpenome where there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terpenome where there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the terpenome where there are a
+huge number of natural products distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of natural products distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of natural products distinct
+from polyketides and phases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from polyketides and phases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from polyketides and phases and
+non-ribosomal polypeptides synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal polypeptides synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal polypeptides synthesis
+synthesis that you just finished talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis that you just finished talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis that you just finished talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+we want to get to we'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get to we'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get to we'll see in the
+biosynthetic pathway to get to these C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway to get to these C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway to get to these C5
+building blocks we need to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks we need to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks we need to get to a
+metabolite called melvolonic acid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite called melvolonic acid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite called melvolonic acid that's
+front and Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and Central
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in cholesterol value synthesis so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cholesterol value synthesis so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cholesterol value synthesis so we
+need to get that far and then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get that far and then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get that far and then we need to
+get from revolonic Acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from revolonic Acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from revolonic Acid
+um into cholesterol and so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into cholesterol and so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into cholesterol and so we'll be
+talking about this the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this the first couple of
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+um in addition to making cholesterol you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to making cholesterol you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in addition to making cholesterol you
+get a lot of cholesterol from your diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of cholesterol from your diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of cholesterol from your diet
+and so the question is how does it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is how does it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is how does it get
+from your diet transferred through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your diet transferred through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your diet transferred through the
+plasma and taken up into cells and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and taken up into cells and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and taken up into cells and this
+section will describe the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section will describe the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section will describe the discovery of
+receptor-mediated endocytosis by Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor-mediated endocytosis by Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor-mediated endocytosis by Brown
+and Goldstein that's now known to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Goldstein that's now known to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Goldstein that's now known to be
+prevalent everywhere so the module a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent everywhere so the module a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent everywhere so the module a
+module six you take up iron bire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module six you take up iron bire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module six you take up iron bire
+receptor mediated and endocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated and endocytosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated and endocytosis
+in module 7 growth factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in module 7 growth factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in module 7 growth factors
+are involved in receptor-mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in receptor-mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in receptor-mediated
+endocytosis so it represents a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis so it represents a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocytosis so it represents a general
+Paradigm that happens all the time over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that happens all the time over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that happens all the time over
+and over again in biology and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in biology and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again in biology and then we're
+going to ask the question how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the question how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the question how do you
+sense the cholesterol and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the cholesterol and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the cholesterol and we're going to
+be doing two recitations on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing two recitations on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing two recitations on this and
+then we'll have a few lectures on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have a few lectures on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have a few lectures on the
+Machinery that sends cholesterol sterile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that sends cholesterol sterile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that sends cholesterol sterile
+responsive binding proteins in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive binding proteins in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive binding proteins in a
+molecule called scap in another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called scap in another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule called scap in another molecule
+both of these are proteins called nsigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are proteins called nsigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are proteins called nsigs
+Everything is located in a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is located in a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is located in a membrane
+that's something you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you haven't been
+exposed to how do you control everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to how do you control everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to how do you control everything
+when you have stuff stuck in memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have stuff stuck in memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have stuff stuck in memory and
+then we'll come back at the end to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back at the end to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back at the end to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+um the rate limiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rate limiting step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rate limiting step
+in formation of mevolonic acid hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formation of mevolonic acid hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formation of mevolonic acid hmg-coa
+reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+and how that plays a key role since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that plays a key role since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that plays a key role since it's
+involved in making cholesterol how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making cholesterol how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making cholesterol how do we
+control and regulate that protein also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and regulate that protein also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and regulate that protein also
+in the ER membrane and we'll see it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER membrane and we'll see it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER membrane and we'll see it it
+requires ubiquitin-mediated protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires ubiquitin-mediated protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires ubiquitin-mediated protein
+degradation and so that's why I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and so that's why I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and so that's why I'm going
+to come back and we're going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and we're going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and we're going to spend a
+little bit of time talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time talking about this
+process in eukaryotic systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in eukaryotic systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in eukaryotic systems and
+actually in all the other modules you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in all the other modules you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in all the other modules you're
+going to see ubiquitin-mediated protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see ubiquitin-mediated protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see ubiquitin-mediated protein
+degradation and finally this week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and finally this week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation and finally this week in
+recitation there's a new not new was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation there's a new not new was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation there's a new not new was
+discovered in 2003 a new Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in 2003 a new Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in 2003 a new Target
+for drugs therapy in controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drugs therapy in controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drugs therapy in controlling
+cholesterol levels and it was a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and it was a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and it was a paper
+published this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this year
+to show that this is in fact a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this is in fact a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this is in fact a good
+Target and this paper used crispr cas9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and this paper used crispr cas9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and this paper used crispr cas9
+technology so I'm going to even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so I'm going to even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so I'm going to even though
+I'm not an expert in that my lab hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not an expert in that my lab hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not an expert in that my lab hasn't
+used it I'm going to introduce you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it I'm going to introduce you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it I'm going to introduce you to
+this technology and that focus on why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and that focus on why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and that focus on why we
+think this is a good new Target and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good new Target and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good new Target and what
+the targeting is okay so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the targeting is okay so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the targeting is okay so that's where
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+okay so the terpenome okay so see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the terpenome okay so see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the terpenome okay so see if I
+can remember what I'm going to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember what I'm going to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember what I'm going to say the
+first thing I want to say is let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to say is let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to say is let me just
+get all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all this
+okay the first thing I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing I want to tell you
+something about is the nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the no
+um all terpenes are either called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all terpenes are either called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all terpenes are either called
+isopenoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terpenoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're all made from C5 a C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all made from C5 a C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all made from C5 a C5
+hydrocarbon skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this C5 hydrocarbon skeleton is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this C5 hydrocarbon skeleton is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this C5 hydrocarbon skeleton is an
+isoprene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene
+okay so this is the key building block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the key building block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the key building block
+that you're going to see over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see over and over
+again over the course of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over the course of the first
+couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so an isopranoid is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an isopranoid is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an isopranoid is in general
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's made of any of these C5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's made of any of these C5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's made of any of these C5 units
+so n can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n can be
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+to thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thousands
+okay and I'll give you examples of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll give you examples of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll give you examples of these
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+and then the terpenoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the terpenoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the terpenoids
+so let's just use terpene lines over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just use terpene lines over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just use terpene lines over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um in general are also made of C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general are also made of C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general are also made of C5
+C5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units
+but often they are oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cyclized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclized
+and sometimes rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so my goal today really sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my goal today really sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my goal today really sort of is
+introduce you to this huge class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to this huge class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to this huge class of
+natural products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products
+and give you some examples of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you some examples of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you some examples of this and
+then start focusing on how we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start focusing on how we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start focusing on how we get the
+building blocks do you think ISO this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks do you think ISO this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks do you think ISO this
+isoprene can be a building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene can be a building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene can be a building blocks
+chemically not very reactive so no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically not very reactive so no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically not very reactive so no we
+have to convince we have to convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince we have to convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convince we have to convert this
+into the chemically reactive building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chemically reactive building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chemically reactive building
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+so while isoprene gives you the C5 unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our Focus today is going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Focus today is going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Focus today is going to be on
+creating the building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and again the building blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again the building blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again the building blocks are
+going to be these are the guys you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these are the guys you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these are the guys you're
+going to see over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does everybody know what PPI means so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody know what PPI means so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody know what PPI means so I
+don't have to write it out pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write it out pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write it out pyrophosphate
+okay we're going to see this over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to see this over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to see this over and
+over again you've seen this in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you've seen this in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you've seen this in the first
+part of the semester and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the semester and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the semester and this is
+isopantino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyrophosphate or IPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate or IPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate or IPP
+and we're going to see this if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this if you look
+at this this hydrogen what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this hydrogen what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this hydrogen what's what's
+interesting about this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this hydrogen
+chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the pka of that hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the pka of that hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the pka of that hydrogen
+compared to if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to if it was
+this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's much lower yeah so it's it can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much lower yeah so it's it can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much lower yeah so it's it can form
+allylic cations or anions okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allylic cations or anions okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allylic cations or anions okay and so
+this can readily isomerize to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this species which also plays which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this species which also plays which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this species which also plays which is
+dye methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye methyl
+aloe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloe
+pyrophosphate which is the other key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate which is the other key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate which is the other key
+building block that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block that we're going to be
+looking at So currently it's estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at So currently it's estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at So currently it's estimated
+from the latest paper that I've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the latest paper that I've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the latest paper that I've read
+that these are the building blocks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the building blocks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the building blocks for
+what we call the terpenome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's estimated that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's estimated that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's estimated that there are
+greater than 70 000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 70 000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 70 000.
+natural products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in contrast to what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast to what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast to what you've learned
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+with non-ribosomal polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-ribosomal polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-ribosomal polypeptides
+synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and a polyetide synthesis where you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polyetide synthesis where you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polyetide synthesis where you sort
+of can find everything in an operon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can find everything in an operon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can find everything in an operon and
+you can sort of understand how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of understand how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of understand how your
+molecules could be put together it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules could be put together it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules could be put together it's not
+so trivial with terpenes there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trivial with terpenes there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trivial with terpenes there is no
+such logic in these systems um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such logic in these systems um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such logic in these systems um so let's
+just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+what some of these molecules actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some of these molecules actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some of these molecules actually
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+so you know why they're important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know why they're important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know why they're important okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so
+so in the center of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the center of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the center of everything
+or these two guys are two building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these two guys are two building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these two guys are two building
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+and these building blocks can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these building blocks can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these building blocks can go to
+fat soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat soluble
+vitamins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins
+so for example A and K so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example A and K so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example A and K so if you look
+over here you have vitamin A I knew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you have vitamin A I knew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you have vitamin A I knew this
+was going to happen my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to happen my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to happen my
+late my pointers are not working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late my pointers are not working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late my pointers are not working very
+well I need okay so anyhow you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need okay so anyhow you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need okay so anyhow you have
+vitamin A and you have vitamin K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A and you have vitamin K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin A and you have vitamin K and
+where do you see you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you see you can see here
+readily that you have these C5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily that you have these C5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily that you have these C5 units
+somehow stuck together and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow stuck together and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow stuck together and you have to
+ask them the question where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them the question where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them the question where does the
+rest of this come from so fat soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this come from so fat soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this come from so fat soluble
+vitamins which we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins which we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamins which we're not going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is prenolated proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and prenilated proteins are shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prenilated proteins are shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prenilated proteins are shown here
+okay so quite frequently you have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quite frequently you have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quite frequently you have small
+little G proteins gtpases you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little G proteins gtpases you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little G proteins gtpases you've seen
+these before eftu eftg they're all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before eftu eftg they're all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before eftu eftg they're all over
+the place there are hundreds of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place there are hundreds of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place there are hundreds of G
+proteins we talked about them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we talked about them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we talked about them in the
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+um section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um section
+um on red Nina that I gave you anyhow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on red Nina that I gave you anyhow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on red Nina that I gave you anyhow a
+lot of those little G proteins go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those little G proteins go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those little G proteins go to the
+membrane and come away from the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and come away from the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and come away from the membrane
+they do that by sticking on a tag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that by sticking on a tag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that by sticking on a tag this
+tag can be generated or general related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag can be generated or general related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag can be generated or general related
+it's just a hydrophobic tag that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a hydrophobic tag that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a hydrophobic tag that allows
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um to interact with the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to interact with the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to interact with the membrane
+increasing the effective molarity nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the effective molarity nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the effective molarity nature
+uses this trick over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this trick over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this trick over and over and over
+again okay another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay another
+thing you can generate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can generate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can generate is
+natural products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products
+of medicinal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I just show here taxol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just show here taxol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just show here taxol
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+r10 Miss in in okay so taxol is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 Miss in in okay so taxol is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 Miss in in okay so taxol is used in
+the treatment of breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of breast cancer
+um our commission and anybody heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our commission and anybody heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our commission and anybody heard of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah so this has been the major Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this has been the major Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this has been the major Target
+in fact this Panther we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this Panther we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this Panther we're talking about
+today has been a major focus of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today has been a major focus of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today has been a major focus of many
+synthetic biologies trying to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biologies trying to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biologies trying to make this
+mevolonic acid pathway so they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonic acid pathway so they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonic acid pathway so they can make
+um draw potential drugs but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um draw potential drugs but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um draw potential drugs but also
+um jet fuels which are again you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um jet fuels which are again you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um jet fuels which are again you want
+some kind of hydrocarbon so this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of hydrocarbon so this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of hydrocarbon so this pathway
+has been studied a lot from a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been studied a lot from a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been studied a lot from a point of
+view of metabolic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of metabolic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of metabolic engineering
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's also involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also involved in
+this is one of my favorite the perfume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite the perfume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorite the perfume
+you can tell from the way I smell or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell from the way I smell or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell from the way I smell or the
+perfume industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume industry
+okay any of you ever break a pine cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any of you ever break a pine cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any of you ever break a pine cone
+at a pine a pine needle yeah it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pine a pine needle yeah it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pine a pine needle yeah it doesn't
+smell great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell great
+no you don't think so I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't think so I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't think so I think it is
+wonderful it's called pining anyhow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful it's called pining anyhow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful it's called pining anyhow it
+has I think terpenes have wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I think terpenes have wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I think terpenes have wonderful
+smells and it's the Hallmark of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells and it's the Hallmark of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells and it's the Hallmark of the
+fragrance industry is that on here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragrance industry is that on here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragrance industry is that on here yeah
+so Menthol lining is orange in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Menthol lining is orange in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Menthol lining is orange in fact if
+you were here when Barry sharpless used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were here when Barry sharpless used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were here when Barry sharpless used
+to teach I can't digress because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach I can't digress because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach I can't digress because that's
+why I never get to the end of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I never get to the end of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I never get to the end of the course
+but anyhow Barry used to bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow Barry used to bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow Barry used to bring to
+organic class he had boxes of smells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic class he had boxes of smells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic class he had boxes of smells and
+he used to pass around the smells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used to pass around the smells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used to pass around the smells and
+they they were all wonderful and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were all wonderful and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were all wonderful and they
+were almost all terpenes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to be looking at things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at things like
+dollar call we aren't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar call we aren't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar call we aren't going to be
+looking at it we will see it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it we will see it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it we will see it a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+but what you can see here Suzanne Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see here Suzanne Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see here Suzanne Walker
+is giving a talk here April 4th and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving a talk here April 4th and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving a talk here April 4th and she
+works on one of those things she works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on one of those things she works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on one of those things she works
+on is peptidoglycan biosynthesis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is peptidoglycan biosynthesis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is peptidoglycan biosynthesis and so
+sugars are carried around on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are carried around on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are carried around on these
+lipids some of them are c19 to C55 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids some of them are c19 to C55 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids some of them are c19 to C55 okay
+if you look at these you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these you can see these
+little units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little units
+um stuck together Barbara imperiali and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stuck together Barbara imperiali and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stuck together Barbara imperiali and
+our department in the biology department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our department in the biology department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our department in the biology department
+works on asparagine linked glycosylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on asparagine linked glycosylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on asparagine linked glycosylation
+again the sugars are carried around by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the sugars are carried around by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the sugars are carried around by
+these kinds of terpenes so plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of terpenes so plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of terpenes so plays a
+central role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central role in
+putting sugars onto systems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting sugars onto systems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting sugars onto systems and then
+what we're going to be focused on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be focused on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be focused on today
+so the and this is the focus in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the and this is the focus in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the and this is the focus in general
+is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on
+cholesterol I have that up there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol I have that up there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol I have that up there I think
+so okay so what we're going to do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what we're going to do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what we're going to do I have
+cholesterol up there I don't yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol up there I don't yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol up there I don't yeah okay
+here it is cholesterol that's what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is cholesterol that's what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is cholesterol that's what we've
+been focusing on and that's not a C5 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focusing on and that's not a C5 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been focusing on and that's not a C5 but
+a C30 okay so how do we get from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C30 okay so how do we get from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C30 okay so how do we get from these
+C5 units into the C30 units okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units into the C30 units okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 units into the C30 units okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an introduction to the terpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an introduction to the terpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an introduction to the terpene
+only everywhere okay and so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only everywhere okay and so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only everywhere okay and so you can't
+become a biochemist without seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a biochemist without seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a biochemist without seeing
+carbon-carbon Bond formation by these C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon Bond formation by these C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon Bond formation by these C5
+units in many many kinds of reactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units in many many kinds of reactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units in many many kinds of reactions in
+both primary and secondary metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both primary and secondary metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both primary and secondary metabolism
+they're very important okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important okay so what I
+want to do before we get into looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do before we get into looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do before we get into looking at
+um one of the pathways that you can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the pathways that you can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the pathways that you can can
+make the building blocks IPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the building blocks IPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the building blocks IPP
+and DM app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DM app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DM app
+okay this is abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is abbreviated
+d m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d m a
+PP one of the way one of the ways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PP one of the way one of the ways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PP one of the way one of the ways is
+through the mavalonic acid pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mavalonic acid pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mavalonic acid pathway and
+um here's a picture of a cell that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a picture of a cell that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a picture of a cell that I
+took from something off the web but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took from something off the web but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took from something off the web but I
+want to introduce you to where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce you to where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce you to where we're
+going to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going
+cholesterol biosynthesis okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis okay so
+um where do we break down fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody know you remember from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know you remember from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know you remember from your
+introductory course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course
+I want to try to put this into the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to try to put this into the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to try to put this into the big
+picture of metabolism so you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of metabolism so you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of metabolism so you know we're
+just now pulling it out of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now pulling it out of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now pulling it out of the air
+do you want anybody know where you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want anybody know where you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want anybody know where you break
+down fatty acids from the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're in the cell yeah we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the cell yeah we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the cell yeah we're in the
+cell these are you we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell these are you we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell these are you we're talking about
+eukaryotes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes now
+bacteria don't make cholesterol yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria don't make cholesterol yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria don't make cholesterol yeah
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+okay you don't even know that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't even know that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't even know that okay so
+you should go back and read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go back and read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go back and read the chapter
+on fatty acid biosynthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fatty acid biosynthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fatty acid biosynthesis and
+degradation that would be a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation that would be a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation that would be a good thing
+for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do
+um anyhow fatty acids are broken down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyhow fatty acids are broken down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyhow fatty acids are broken down in
+the mitochondria we'll see this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria we'll see this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria we'll see this in a
+second um so the mitochondria play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um so the mitochondria play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um so the mitochondria play a
+role we're going to see um today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role we're going to see um today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role we're going to see um today so
+here's a nucleus he is the endoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nucleus he is the endoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nucleus he is the endoplasmic
+reticulum the endoplasmic reticulum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum the endoplasmic reticulum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum the endoplasmic reticulum is
+the key sensor in cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sensor in cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key sensor in cholesterol
+homeostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis
+um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so
+um we're gonna and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're gonna and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're gonna and we're going to see
+that it controls transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it controls transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it controls transcription factors
+transcription factors are stuck in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors are stuck in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors are stuck in a
+membrane in the ER that's how weird is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the ER that's how weird is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the ER that's how weird is
+that because weighted transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because weighted transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because weighted transcription
+factors need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors need to go
+they need to go to the nucleus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to go to the nucleus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to go to the nucleus okay so
+how can you do that how can you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that how can you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that how can you take
+something stuck in a membrane get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stuck in a membrane get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stuck in a membrane get it to
+the nucleus so they need to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so they need to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so they need to go through a
+Golgi stack they do some stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi stack they do some stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi stack they do some stuff we're
+going to learn about to eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn about to eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn about to eventually get
+into the nucleus where they control not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus where they control not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus where they control not
+only the levels of cholesterol proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the levels of cholesterol proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the levels of cholesterol proteins
+but also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also of
+um metabolism of phospholipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metabolism of phospholipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metabolism of phospholipids
+triacylglycerols so this takes us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols so this takes us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols so this takes us into
+the big realm of all lipid metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big realm of all lipid metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big realm of all lipid metabolism
+which most of the time people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most of the time people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most of the time people don't
+spend a lot of time talking about in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about in an
+introductory course and I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course and I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course and I mean one of
+the interesting questions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting questions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting questions we're going to
+see the key rate limiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the key rate limiting step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the key rate limiting step
+um in cholesterol homeostasis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cholesterol homeostasis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cholesterol homeostasis the
+protein is bound to the ER membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is bound to the ER membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is bound to the ER membrane and
+a lot of the proteins involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the proteins involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the proteins involved in
+cholesterol biosynthesis are in the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis are in the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis are in the ER
+membrane 50 percent of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane 50 percent of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane 50 percent of all the
+cholesterol ends up in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol ends up in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol ends up in the plasma
+membrane how does it get there does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane how does it get there does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane how does it get there does it
+just go through solution you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through solution you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through solution you need to
+think about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the properties of
+cholesterol so when you get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so when you get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so when you get confused
+about where we're going come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we're going come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we're going come back to the
+picture and I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and I'm going to show you
+another big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big picture
+um which we use when I teach five hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we use when I teach five hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we use when I teach five hours
+when I've tried 507 with Essick men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've tried 507 with Essick men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've tried 507 with Essick men
+again this is the picture we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the picture we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the picture we come back
+to over and over and over again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over and over and over again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over and over and over again because
+everything is interconnected okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interconnected okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interconnected okay so
+we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+cholesterol biosynthesis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis we're going to
+see a key player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a key player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a key player
+is acetyl-coa where have you seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acetyl-coa where have you seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acetyl-coa where have you seen that
+you've learned a lot about acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned a lot about acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned a lot about acetyl-coa
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+biosynthesis and and use in biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and and use in biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and and use in biosynthesis
+and polyketide synthase as you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polyketide synthase as you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polyketide synthase as you talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um biosynthesis of fatty acids okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um biosynthesis of fatty acids okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um biosynthesis of fatty acids okay so
+fatty acids are biosynthesizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are biosynthesizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acids are biosynthesizing the
+cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um but I just told you fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I just told you fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I just told you fatty acids
+are degraded in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degraded in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degraded in the mitochondria
+okay what are they degraded to they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are they degraded to they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are they degraded to they're
+graded to acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded to acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded to acetyl-coa
+can acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can acetyl-coa
+get from the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the mitochondria
+to the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get some energy you guys what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some energy you guys what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some energy you guys what do
+we know about acetylchoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what
+okay so you think is the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think is the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you think is the transport
+system that takes it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that takes it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that takes it from the
+mitochondria to the cytosol so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria to the cytosol so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria to the cytosol so that's
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+okay and in fact this is again another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact this is again another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact this is again another
+thing that I think maybe isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think maybe isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think maybe isn't
+emphasizing enough in an introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing enough in an introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing enough in an introductory
+course A lot of these things cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course A lot of these things cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course A lot of these things cannot
+transfer across these membranes so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer across these membranes so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer across these membranes so and
+this may or may not be logical to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may or may not be logical to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may or may not be logical to you
+when you take this and you're saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take this and you're saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take this and you're saying oh
+my God this is so complicated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God this is so complicated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God this is so complicated it's
+really not that complicated when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that complicated when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that complicated when you put
+all primary metabolism into the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all primary metabolism into the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all primary metabolism into the big
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+um acetyl COA goes into the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acetyl COA goes into the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acetyl COA goes into the TCA cycle
+and one it condenses with oxaloacetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one it condenses with oxaloacetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one it condenses with oxaloacetic
+acid to form citric acid we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to form citric acid we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to form citric acid we're going to
+see citric acid again with iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see citric acid again with iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see citric acid again with iron
+homeostasis anyhow it's citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis anyhow it's citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis anyhow it's citrate
+that is able to go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to go across the
+mitochondrial membrane as is malate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane as is malate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane as is malate as
+is pyruvate okay acetyl-coa is not able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pyruvate okay acetyl-coa is not able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pyruvate okay acetyl-coa is not able
+to do that and so to get acetyl-coa then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and so to get acetyl-coa then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and so to get acetyl-coa then
+you have to enzymatically break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to enzymatically break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to enzymatically break down
+citrate so if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate so if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate so if you don't know what
+citrate is it's a central metabolite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate is it's a central metabolite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate is it's a central metabolite
+you're going to see it again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see it again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see it again and again
+pull it up Google it put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up Google it put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it up Google it put it in your
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+um you form acetyl COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you form acetyl COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you form acetyl COA
+an acetyl-coa as you learned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl-coa as you learned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acetyl-coa as you learned in the
+first part of the course can form fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the course can form fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the course can form fatty
+acids we had a fatty acids go they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we had a fatty acids go they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we had a fatty acids go they can
+attach to glycerol okay and where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to glycerol okay and where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to glycerol okay and where does
+glycerol come from it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol come from it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol come from it comes from
+breakdown of sugars through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of sugars through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown of sugars through the
+glycolysis pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway
+um and they come together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they come together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they come together to form
+phospholipids which make up all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which make up all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which make up all our
+membrane it's pretty important okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's pretty important okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's pretty important okay what
+else can fatty acids do they can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can fatty acids do they can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can fatty acids do they can ask
+interact with glycerol without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with glycerol without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with glycerol without a
+phosphate to form try acyl glycerols try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to form try acyl glycerols try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to form try acyl glycerols try
+acyl a sterified triacylglycerols does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl a sterified triacylglycerols does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl a sterified triacylglycerols does
+everybody know what glycerol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody know what glycerol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody know what glycerol is
+everybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody know
+okay so um this is another thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this is another thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this is another thing we're
+going to find we have huge amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find we have huge amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find we have huge amounts of
+phospholipids and tri-acoglycerols in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and tri-acoglycerols in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and tri-acoglycerols in
+our diets okay so we have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diets okay so we have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diets okay so we have to deal with
+those things but acetyl-coa we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but acetyl-coa we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but acetyl-coa we'll also
+see is the building block to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the building block to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the building block to form
+mevolonic acid through a pathway we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonic acid through a pathway we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mevolonic acid through a pathway we're
+going to describe now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe now
+so melbolonic acid is a key player and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so melbolonic acid is a key player and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so melbolonic acid is a key player and
+its formation is rate limiting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its formation is rate limiting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its formation is rate limiting and
+cholesterol biosynthesis the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthesis the enzyme that
+makes mevolonic acid is located in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mevolonic acid is located in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mevolonic acid is located in this
+little messy thing here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy thing here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy thing here and that's the
+ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER
+so it's bound to the ER makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bound to the ER makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bound to the ER makes
+cholesterol and then ultimately how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and then ultimately how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and then ultimately how does
+cholesterol move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol move
+um and and a lot of the precursors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and a lot of the precursors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and a lot of the precursors to
+cholesterol stay solubilized and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol stay solubilized and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol stay solubilized and then
+get distributed to all the membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distributed to all the membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distributed to all the membranes
+um 50 is the cholesterol for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 50 is the cholesterol for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 50 is the cholesterol for example is
+found in the plasma memory okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the plasma memory okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the plasma memory okay so
+that's the big picture and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big picture and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big picture and so when you
+get confused about where we're going you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused about where we're going you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused about where we're going you
+need to go back and see how Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go back and see how Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go back and see how Central
+player acetyl-coa is to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player acetyl-coa is to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player acetyl-coa is to everything
+um and so it's regulation you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's regulation you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's regulation you're going
+to see is governed by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is governed by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is governed by the same
+transcription factors that regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that regulate
+cholesterol homeostasis because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis because they're
+all linked okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linked okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linked okay
+all right so where are we going let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where are we going let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where are we going let's
+see if I can remember where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so where are we going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where are we going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where are we going so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're giving I'm giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're giving I'm giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're giving I'm giving you an
+overview of where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of where we're going
+and I'm only this is a long pathway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only this is a long pathway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm only this is a long pathway to
+get to linosterol I'm not going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to linosterol I'm not going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to linosterol I'm not going to look
+at all the steps in the pathway I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the steps in the pathway I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the steps in the pathway I'm just
+going to tell you how we use these C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how we use these C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how we use these C5
+units to generate terpenes so we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to generate terpenes so we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to generate terpenes so we got to
+get to the C5 units over here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the C5 units over here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the C5 units over here we've got
+to get to these two intermediates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to these two intermediates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to these two intermediates and
+then we're going to use them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use them to get
+eventually to a C30 and we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to a C30 and we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to a C30 and we'll see the
+same chemistry once we know a few rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry once we know a few rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry once we know a few rules
+just like with aldol reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with aldol reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like with aldol reactions and
+claysian reactions are used over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claysian reactions are used over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claysian reactions are used over and
+over and over again okay there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again okay there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again okay there are a few
+basic rules every protein is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic rules every protein is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic rules every protein is different
+but I'm going to make sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to make sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to make sweeping
+generalizations okay which is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations okay which is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations okay which is a good
+place to start okay so we have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to start okay so we have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to start okay so we have to use
+three molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules
+of acetyl COA okay so you're all you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl COA okay so you're all you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl COA okay so you're all you all
+should be very familiar with acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very familiar with acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very familiar with acetyl-coa
+and we're after trying to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're after trying to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're after trying to form
+C5 Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 Okay so
+three of these gives us C6 so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these gives us C6 so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these gives us C6 so we have to
+get rid of a carbon okay so from this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of a carbon okay so from this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of a carbon okay so from this we
+need to lose whatever the pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lose whatever the pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to lose whatever the pathway is
+it turns out we lose one carbon as CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out we lose one carbon as CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out we lose one carbon as CO2
+and this whole process so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole process so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this whole process so this is going
+to be multiple steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiple steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiple steps
+is called initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called initiation
+and it forms IPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms IPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms IPP
+which can isomerize to form d a p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can isomerize to form d a p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can isomerize to form d a p p
+and then again this is our C5 unit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again this is our C5 unit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again this is our C5 unit that
+we're after so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after so this is
+C5 and we've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 and we've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 and we've lost
+one carbon as CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon as CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon as CO2
+okay so then we're going to have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we're going to have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we're going to have what
+I'm going to call elongation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we're going to see is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to see is that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to see is that to
+get to andosterol we need to have a C30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to andosterol we need to have a C30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to andosterol we need to have a C30
+okay so we need six of these guys so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need six of these guys so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need six of these guys so we
+have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six
+C5 to form a C30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which is one Oster oil this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is one Oster oil this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is one Oster oil this is a
+precursor to steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was gonna happen I jump around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was gonna happen I jump around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was gonna happen I jump around
+usually This falls off so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually This falls off so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually This falls off so you don't have
+to get used to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get used to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get used to this
+it's it's a good thing I I spent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a good thing I I spent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a good thing I I spent all
+morning trying to figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning trying to figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning trying to figure out where the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with this chord came because I knew my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this chord came because I knew my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this chord came because I knew my
+cord wasn't going to fit and the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord wasn't going to fit and the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord wasn't going to fit and the quarter
+was going to be shot and then I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be shot and then I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be shot and then I was
+saying how am I going to run from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how am I going to run from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how am I going to run from one
+board to the next all right I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to the next all right I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to the next all right I need to
+get this back on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you hear me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hear me
+oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right
+okay let me get back on gear so C30 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me get back on gear so C30 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me get back on gear so C30 but
+then what's going to happen so we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's going to happen so we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's going to happen so we get to
+the nostril
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nostril
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nostril
+and then from linostero and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from linostero and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from linostero and going to
+linostrol here we're going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linostrol here we're going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linostrol here we're going to have to do
+um like I think the most amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I think the most amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I think the most amazing
+chemistry in the whole world we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the whole world we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the whole world we're gonna
+have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do
+an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxidation
+and a cyclization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cyclization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cyclization
+okay so this is going to be a terpene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be a terpene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to be a terpene so
+we're going to put these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put these things together
+to form a C30 a linear C30 and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a C30 a linear C30 and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a C30 a linear C30 and then they
+have to come together to form this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come together to form this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come together to form this guy
+so isn't we're gonna we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't we're gonna we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't we're gonna we're gonna talk
+about this reaction because it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction because it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction because it's such a
+cool reaction anyhow we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool reaction anyhow we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool reaction anyhow we're going to talk
+about how this linear molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this linear molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this linear molecule
+get to this that's that is the coolest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this that's that is the coolest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this that's that is the coolest
+reaction in my opinion in biology I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in my opinion in biology I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in my opinion in biology I
+remember when I first heard about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I first heard about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I first heard about this
+when I was in graduate school in 1968
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was in graduate school in 1968
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was in graduate school in 1968
+a long time ago that's what maybe decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago that's what maybe decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago that's what maybe decide
+I didn't want to be an organic chemist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to be an organic chemist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to be an organic chemist I
+said how amazing is this that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how amazing is this that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how amazing is this that you can do
+one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step
+and you can put in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put in all of these
+asymmetric centers in 100 yield okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric centers in 100 yield okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric centers in 100 yield okay so
+that was it that was a turning point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it that was a turning point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it that was a turning point in
+my life anyhow hopefully it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life anyhow hopefully it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life anyhow hopefully it'll be a
+turning point in your life too so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point in your life too so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point in your life too so we
+have C30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C30
+um and then we're not there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're not there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're not there yet
+so this is going to be for us after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be for us after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be for us after the
+elongation these cyclizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation these cyclizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation these cyclizations and
+oxidation is going to be the termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is going to be the termination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is going to be the termination
+to get to this ring structure but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this ring structure but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this ring structure but then
+to get to cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to cholesterol
+we have 19 more steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is really complicated pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really complicated pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really complicated pathway
+and I'll tell you what had the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you what had the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you what had the chemistry
+actually is not so hard to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is not so hard to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is not so hard to understand
+but the details are really still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the details are really still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the details are really still not
+understood because all of the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood because all of the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood because all of the proteins
+are membrane bound okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are membrane bound okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are membrane bound okay
+okay so what I want to do now is come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now is come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do now is come
+back over here and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over here and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over here and we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+initiation elongation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation elongation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation elongation and the
+termination steps and I'm going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination steps and I'm going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination steps and I'm going to focus
+on a few of the reactions that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a few of the reactions that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a few of the reactions that I think
+are important and a lot of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and a lot of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and a lot of the details
+are written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written down
+are written down on the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written down on the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written down on the PowerPoint
+okay so let's look at the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the first few
+steps and so let's start the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and so let's start the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and so let's start the pathway
+okay and the first molecule we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first molecule we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the first molecule we're
+dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acetyl-coa
+okay and what is special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what is special about
+acetyl-coa why is nature you've just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa why is nature you've just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa why is nature you've just had
+a whole bunch of units on acetyl-coa why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of units on acetyl-coa why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of units on acetyl-coa why
+does nature use thioesters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the two key things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two key things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two key things you need to
+think about in terms of its reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of its reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in terms of its reactivity
+you guys should be experts on this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should be experts on this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should be experts on this now
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you have a reduced pkas reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a reduced pkas reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a reduced pkas reduced
+from say 22 to 18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say 22 to 18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say 22 to 18.
+so this is the alpha hydrogen acidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the alpha hydrogen acidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the alpha hydrogen acidity
+and what else does a thioester do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the other reactive part of COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the other reactive part of COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the other reactive part of COA
+this should be like the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be like the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be like the back of your
+hand I mean this is part this is Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I mean this is part this is Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I mean this is part this is Central
+to everything in Biochemistry yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything in Biochemistry yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything in Biochemistry yes
+pardon me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me
+believing group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing group
+um you are going to have a leaving group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are going to have a leaving group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are going to have a leaving group
+but that's yeah and that is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's yeah and that is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's yeah and that is important
+but that's not the key important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the key important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the key important thing
+that is a part of the game it can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a part of the game it can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a part of the game it can drive
+the reaction to the right if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction to the right if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction to the right if you look at
+the free energy of hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of hydrolysis
+what else is activated when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is activated when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is activated when you have a
+sulfur Esther as opposed to an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur Esther as opposed to an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur Esther as opposed to an oxygen
+Ester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ester
+the carbonyl because of the decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl because of the decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonyl because of the decreased
+resonance stabilization so what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance stabilization so what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance stabilization so what you've
+done then is you have activation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then is you have activation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then is you have activation for
+nucleophilic attack okay and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic attack okay and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic attack okay and you see
+this nature uses this in cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nature uses this in cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nature uses this in cholesterol
+homeostasis as well over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis as well over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis as well over and over and
+over again so in the first step and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so in the first step and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so in the first step and I'm
+not going to draw out the details what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the details what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw out the details what
+you can see here is that you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here is that you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here is that you're taking
+two molecules of acetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of acetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of acetyl-coa
+um and you're forming acetoacetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're forming acetoacetyl-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're forming acetoacetyl-coa
+that should be good practice for you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be good practice for you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be good practice for you for
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+the exam on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is an example of a claisin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is an example of a claisin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is an example of a claisin
+reaction one of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction one of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction one of the three
+types of mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mechanisms
+to form carbon-carbon bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form carbon-carbon bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form carbon-carbon bonds
+okay the next step we need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next step we need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next step we need three
+acetyl coase to get eventually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coase to get eventually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl coase to get eventually to
+isopentino pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentino pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentino pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+owl pyrophosphate so we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl pyrophosphate so we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owl pyrophosphate so we're going to use
+another molecule of acetyl COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule of acetyl COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule of acetyl COA
+to form hydroxy methyl glutaril COA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form hydroxy methyl glutaril COA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form hydroxy methyl glutaril COA so
+we need to add another one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is HMG coecentes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so before I go that let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before I go that let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before I go that let's go
+through what we know so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what we know so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what we know so this is
+okay so we're starting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're starting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're starting here
+okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here
+acetyl COA plays the central role why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl COA plays the central role why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl COA plays the central role why
+thioesters it's important in claison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioesters it's important in claison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioesters it's important in claison
+reactions here's the example of a clason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions here's the example of a clason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions here's the example of a clason
+reaction involving a carbani and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction involving a carbani and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction involving a carbani and
+intermediate that you guys should all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that you guys should all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that you guys should all be
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+at at this stage what about this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this stage what about this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this stage what about this step
+The Next Step formation of hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Step formation of hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Step formation of hydroxy
+methylglutaril COA so here it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylglutaril COA so here it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylglutaril COA so here it turns out
+that this enzyme uses covalent catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this enzyme uses covalent catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this enzyme uses covalent catalysis
+frequently enzymes you've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently enzymes you've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently enzymes you've already seen
+this as well we're going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well we're going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well we're going to see this
+again and again over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again over the course of the
+rest of the semester one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the semester one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the semester one of the major
+mechanisms of rate acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of rate acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of rate acceleration is
+covalent catalysis here the thioester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis here the thioester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis here the thioester
+the coeester has been removed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coeester has been removed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coeester has been removed and it's
+attached to a cysteine in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a cysteine in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a cysteine in the active
+site of the enzyme and then this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme and then this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme and then this can
+react with in this case a ketone-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with in this case a ketone-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with in this case a ketone-like
+molecule in an aldol reaction so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in an aldol reaction so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in an aldol reaction so here is
+the second example we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second example we take
+acetoacetyl-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we add another COA and what we form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we add another COA and what we form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we add another COA and what we form
+then is hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+and what we're going to see is during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to see is during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to see is during
+this reaction we also have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction we also have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction we also have to do a
+hydrolysis reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis reaction
+because we start out with acetyl-coa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we start out with acetyl-coa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we start out with acetyl-coa and
+we only add end up with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only add end up with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only add end up with a single
+bioester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay forms hydroxy methyl glutaril
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forms hydroxy methyl glutaril
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forms hydroxy methyl glutaril
+Okay co-way Okay so we've lost in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay co-way Okay so we've lost in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay co-way Okay so we've lost in this
+reaction over here you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction over here you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction over here you can see where
+this is lost so you have an acetyl COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lost so you have an acetyl COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lost so you have an acetyl COA
+to form the thio Ester in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the thio Ester in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the thio Ester in the active
+site you you've lost a COA okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you you've lost a COA okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site you you've lost a COA okay is
+everybody with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me
+So you you're using the third molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're using the third molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you're using the third molecule
+of acetyl-coa you've already lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl-coa you've already lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of acetyl-coa you've already lost the
+COA and then what you end up with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COA and then what you end up with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COA and then what you end up with in the
+end is you have to hydrolyze this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is you have to hydrolyze this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is you have to hydrolyze this off
+okay so if you didn't realize it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you didn't realize it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you didn't realize it went
+through a covalent intermediate would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a covalent intermediate would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a covalent intermediate would be
+like you just lost COA which you did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just lost COA which you did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you just lost COA which you did but
+you lost it in this step because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost it in this step because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost it in this step because you
+went through a covalent intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a covalent intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a covalent intermediate
+okay and you're not responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're not responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're not responsible for the
+details many many enzymes that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details many many enzymes that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details many many enzymes that use
+acetyl-coa go through covalent Medias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa go through covalent Medias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl-coa go through covalent Medias
+just like this okay but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this okay but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this okay but you have to
+study each one to figure out why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study each one to figure out why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study each one to figure out why why
+they do that why do they do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that why do they do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that why do they do that because
+covalent catalysis gives us rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis gives us rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis gives us rate
+accelerations of 10 to the fourth ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations of 10 to the fourth ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations of 10 to the fourth ten to
+the fifth so Nature has used that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth so Nature has used that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth so Nature has used that as a
+repertoire of defining how to catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of defining how to catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of defining how to catalyze
+reactions that it doesn't amazing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that it doesn't amazing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that it doesn't amazing rates
+okay so now we're at this stage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're at this stage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're at this stage and the
+next step in this pathway okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway okay so we're
+still trying to get to the C5 over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to get to the C5 over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to get to the C5 over here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and to get to this now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get to this now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get to this now we're going to
+have to do a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a reduction
+okay and we're trying to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're trying to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're trying to get to
+um so we did this reaction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will fix my thing for next okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will fix my thing for next okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will fix my thing for next okay so now
+what we're doing is we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're going from
+hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methylglutaril COA
+to methylonic acid and this is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to methylonic acid and this is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to methylonic acid and this is wrong
+these should all be nadphs okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these should all be nadphs okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these should all be nadphs okay when
+you're doing diet biosynthesis what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing diet biosynthesis what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing diet biosynthesis what do
+you use you don't use nadh you use NAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use you don't use nadh you use NAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use you don't use nadh you use NAD
+pH in almost all biosynthetic Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH in almost all biosynthetic Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH in almost all biosynthetic Pathways
+so what happens you're reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens you're reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens you're reducing
+basically this thioester down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thioester down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thioester down to
+a thioester down to an alcohol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thioester down to an alcohol okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thioester down to an alcohol okay
+everybody should know at this stage how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know at this stage how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know at this stage how
+this kind of reaction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of reaction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of reaction goes
+everybody this is one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody this is one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody this is one of the two
+major redox cofactors in all biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can somebody tell me how this redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me how this redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me how this redox
+reaction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes
+this is one of the vitamins on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the vitamins on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the vitamins on your
+bottle niacin which gets metabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle niacin which gets metabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle niacin which gets metabolized
+into NAD nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into NAD nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into NAD nadp
+how does that do a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that do a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that do a reduction
+can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+eliminating the hydride yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the hydride yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the hydride yeah right so
+that's it and where does the hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and where does the hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and where does the hydride
+attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this is something that
+I fight with kids all the time in 507 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fight with kids all the time in 507 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fight with kids all the time in 507 it
+doesn't attack the oxygen it attacks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't attack the oxygen it attacks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't attack the oxygen it attacks the
+carbonyl because it's polarized Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl because it's polarized Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonyl because it's polarized Delta
+plus Delta minus okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta minus okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta minus okay so you have
+this is again of all the vitamins on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again of all the vitamins on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again of all the vitamins on
+your vitamin bottle this is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vitamin bottle this is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vitamin bottle this is the simplest
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so hydrogen moves with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen moves with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen moves with a pair of
+electrons that's called the hydride to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's called the hydride to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's called the hydride to
+do this reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reduction
+okay and over here I think I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and over here I think I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and over here I think I have the
+details written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details written out
+okay so I'm not going to write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to write this out
+in more detail but you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail but you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail but you generate
+um this intermediate this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate May or the oxygen may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate May or the oxygen may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate May or the oxygen may
+or may not be protonated do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be protonated do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be protonated do you need to
+look in the active site of the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the active site of the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the active site of the enzyme
+but then what happens to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what happens to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what happens to this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+this intermediate it's a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate it's a tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate it's a tetrahedral
+intermediate it's not very stable it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate it's not very stable it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate it's not very stable it can
+break down to liberate COA okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down to liberate COA okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down to liberate COA okay and what
+are you left with you're left with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you left with you're left with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you left with you're left with an
+aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde
+okay so that's one reduction and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one reduction and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one reduction and where
+do we want to go where we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to go where we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to go where we want to go
+um and so I'm not going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I'm not going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I'm not going to draw the
+whole thing out but I'll draw a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing out but I'll draw a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing out but I'll draw a part of
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+so this gives us then through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us then through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us then through a
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral intermediate
+um an aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an aldehyde
+and then what can happen to the aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use another molecule of nadph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use another molecule of nadph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use another molecule of nadph and
+what happens without the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens without the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens without the same thing you
+now do a hydride transfer and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do a hydride transfer and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do a hydride transfer and so we need
+another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule
+of nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+and alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol
+so this is mevolonic acid okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is mevolonic acid okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is mevolonic acid okay so this
+is written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written out
+um in more detail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more detail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in more detail here
+um for those of you who have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those of you who have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for those of you who have trouble
+trouble thinking about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble thinking about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble thinking about this but
+of all the cofactors that nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the cofactors that nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the cofactors that nature has
+evolved to help us expand the repertoire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to help us expand the repertoire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to help us expand the repertoire
+reactions in biology and adph nadh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in biology and adph nadh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in biology and adph nadh is
+the simplest okay hydride it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest okay hydride it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest okay hydride it's always
+hydride flavin's much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride flavin's much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride flavin's much more complicated
+we'll see some of those the chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some of those the chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some of those the chemistry is
+much more complicated this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated this is really
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um what do we know about this why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about this why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we know about this why are
+people interested in this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in this and this
+enzyme is called HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is called HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is called HMG
+co-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-a
+reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase
+and in your um in your handouts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your um in your handouts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your um in your handouts it's
+abbreviated I think these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated I think these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated I think these things
+a terrible I'll give you a list with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrible I'll give you a list with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terrible I'll give you a list with all
+the acronyms on them I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronyms on them I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronyms on them I can't remember
+the acronyms and people change them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronyms and people change them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronyms and people change them and
+people name things enzyme names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people name things enzyme names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people name things enzyme names are
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+difficult the older they are the worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the older they are the worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the older they are the worse
+the issue is because do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is because do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is because do you know what
+NAD used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD used to be called
+any of you have a memory of that any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have a memory of that any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have a memory of that any of
+you read the old literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it used to be called DPN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be called DPN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be called DPN
+dye pyridine nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye pyridine nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye pyridine nucleotide
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um this is pyridine and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pyridine and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is pyridine and that's where
+they got the name from and I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the name from and I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the name from and I used to
+teach with somebody Mo Cleveland a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach with somebody Mo Cleveland a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach with somebody Mo Cleveland a long
+time ago and everything was DPN okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago and everything was DPN okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago and everything was DPN okay so
+anyhow if you can read the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow if you can read the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow if you can read the literature
+nothing will be called NAD nadh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be called NAD nadh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be called NAD nadh and in
+fact a lot of the seminal experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of the seminal experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a lot of the seminal experiments
+that elucidated the pathways came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elucidated the pathways came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that elucidated the pathways came out of
+the old literature okay so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old literature okay so why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old literature okay so why is this
+protein interesting so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interesting so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interesting so we're going to
+spend a little bit of time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time on this
+protein people have spent a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein people have spent a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein people have spent a huge amount
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+looking at this protein in detail does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this protein in detail does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this protein in detail does
+anybody know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know why
+people targeted like statins targeted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people targeted like statins targeted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people targeted like statins targeted so
+the key thing in this system is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing in this system is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing in this system is it's the
+rate limiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cholesterol biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it's the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of I would say a wonder drug the Wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would say a wonder drug the Wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I would say a wonder drug the Wonder
+drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs
+of the statins okay so people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statins okay so people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statins okay so people really
+care about the detailed mechanism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the detailed mechanism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the detailed mechanism we
+don't care about the detailed mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the detailed mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the detailed mechanism
+we do care that hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do care that hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do care that hydride
+attacks the carbonyl and attacks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the carbonyl and attacks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the carbonyl and attacks the
+carbon and not the oxygen but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and not the oxygen but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and not the oxygen but the
+details if you're interested in that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details if you're interested in that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details if you're interested in that you
+can go read about this in the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go read about this in the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go read about this in the reference
+a lot of people have focused a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have focused a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have focused a lot of
+energy on this trying to make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on this trying to make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on this trying to make better
+Statin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statin
+um Inhibitors so what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Inhibitors so what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Inhibitors so what do we know about
+this and there's a few things I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a few things I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a few things I want to
+say about this and so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about this and so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about this and so if we look at the
+protein we're going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in lecture three
+so this is important to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is important to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is important to remember
+so this is the protein I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the protein I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the protein I'm going to use
+this cartoon and Liz use these cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon and Liz use these cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon and Liz use these cartoons
+as well but what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but what we're going to see
+is the protein has eight of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the protein has eight of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the protein has eight of these things
+eight each one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one and we need three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one and we need three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one and we need three more
+and fit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit this
+so it has eight transmembrane helices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the protein itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the protein itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the protein itself is
+again 888 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's interesting about this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's interesting about this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's interesting about this if you
+have this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this many
+transmembrane helices where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helices where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helices where's the
+protein going to be located it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein going to be located it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein going to be located it's going
+to be located in a membrane okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be located in a membrane okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be located in a membrane okay so
+these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five
+are low are called the sterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low are called the sterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are low are called the sterol
+centered domain HMG COA reductase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered domain HMG COA reductase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered domain HMG COA reductase is
+going to be a key player and regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a key player and regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a key player and regulation
+of cholesterol levels and it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol levels and it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol levels and it exists
+it's found this protein is found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found this protein is found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found this protein is found in the
+ER membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and SS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SS
+D is the sterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+domain and we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and we're going to come back to
+this when we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we start talking about
+homeostasis we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis we're going to see that
+there are other proteins that also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other proteins that also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other proteins that also have
+trans membrane helices that somehow bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans membrane helices that somehow bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans membrane helices that somehow bind
+and sense cholesterol that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sense cholesterol that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sense cholesterol that are going to
+help us control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us control
+cholesterol levels now what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels now what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels now what's really
+interesting about this so the protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this so the protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this so the protein is
+huge it's stuck in memory what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge it's stuck in memory what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge it's stuck in memory what's really
+interesting is that you can cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you can cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you can cut the
+protein in half a boat in half that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in half a boat in half that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in half a boat in half that's
+what you're looking at there you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking at there you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're looking at there you have a
+soluble protein they're much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble protein they're much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble protein they're much easier to
+crystallize than membrane proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize than membrane proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize than membrane proteins and
+it turns out if you cut the protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you cut the protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you cut the protein in
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+um if you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you cut
+is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active
+and is soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the activity is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activity is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activity is the same as the
+protein bound to the memory so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bound to the memory so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bound to the memory so it has
+very high activity so it's like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high activity so it's like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high activity so it's like you have
+two separate domains furthermore if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate domains furthermore if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate domains furthermore if you
+cut this in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this in half
+you can still Target this to the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still Target this to the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still Target this to the ER
+membrane and you can still sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you can still sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you can still sense
+cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol
+so somehow these two things have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow these two things have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow these two things have come
+together they have two really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they have two really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they have two really
+independent activities but we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent activities but we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent activities but we're just
+going to see they work together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see they work together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see they work together to
+control cholesterol levels okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cholesterol levels okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control cholesterol levels okay so what
+I want to do how am I doing oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do how am I doing oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do how am I doing oh
+see time goes by too fast anyhow isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see time goes by too fast anyhow isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see time goes by too fast anyhow isn't
+time going by too fast for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll come back to it next time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it next time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it next time is that
+the statins are the target of HMG COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statins are the target of HMG COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statins are the target of HMG COA
+reductase I mean this is like an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase I mean this is like an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase I mean this is like an amazing
+thing cholesterol biosynthesis was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing cholesterol biosynthesis was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing cholesterol biosynthesis was only
+elucidated in 1955.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated in 1955.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated in 1955.
+um and it turns out this guy Endo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it turns out this guy Endo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it turns out this guy Endo was
+the first one to discover a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to discover a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to discover a natural
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+that somehow could lower cholesterol in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow could lower cholesterol in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow could lower cholesterol in
+1976 and actually when I was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and actually when I was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and actually when I was a young
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+um Alberts used to work at Merk I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alberts used to work at Merk I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alberts used to work at Merk I used
+to consult for America back in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consult for America back in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consult for America back in those
+days it was incredibly exciting times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it was incredibly exciting times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it was incredibly exciting times
+because he discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he discovered
+really sort of the first real Statin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the first real Statin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the first real Statin
+that worked that wasn't toxic Lovastatin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked that wasn't toxic Lovastatin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked that wasn't toxic Lovastatin
+and really within a period of only seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really within a period of only seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really within a period of only seven
+years this was approved by the FDA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this was approved by the FDA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this was approved by the FDA so
+that's an amazing observation people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amazing observation people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amazing observation people are
+still gobbling down statins everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gobbling down statins everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gobbling down statins everywhere
+there were issues with them but it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were issues with them but it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were issues with them but it makes
+30 billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 billion dollars
+um for for the companies that own us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the companies that own us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the companies that own us so
+you now might have heard of Lipitor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now might have heard of Lipitor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now might have heard of Lipitor or
+Crestor anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crestor anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crestor anyhow
+they're there and it really is a wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there and it really is a wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there and it really is a wonder
+drug okay and it works we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay and it works we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay and it works we're gonna see
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+um because it looks like the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it looks like the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it looks like the substrate
+hydroxy methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methyl
+um glue to real COA so that it acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glue to real COA so that it acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glue to real COA so that it acts as a
+competitive inhibitor for binding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive inhibitor for binding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive inhibitor for binding to the
+active site of HMG COA reductase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of HMG COA reductase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of HMG COA reductase and
+prevents the reduction process and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the reduction process and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the reduction process and we'll
+come back next time and look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back next time and look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back next time and look a little
+bit at the details we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the details we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit at the details we're not going to
+spend a lot of time looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time looking at the
+details but then finish on to get to IPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but then finish on to get to IPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but then finish on to get to IPP
+and dimethylapp the building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimethylapp the building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimethylapp the building blocks
+we're after to make all terpenes okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zlbbbA5Uuu8.txt b/zlbbbA5Uuu8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73ed74d93b38dcaefc05eb591d18055784e7653b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zlbbbA5Uuu8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because some of this course was shot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of this course was shot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of this course was shot in
+two different years two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different years two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different years two different
+notation systems were used and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems were used and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems were used and I'm going
+to explain both of them so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain both of them so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain both of them so that when you
+encounter them in the videos of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them in the videos of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them in the videos of the
+recitations or the videos of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations or the videos of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations or the videos of the
+lectures you'll be able to use either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll be able to use either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll be able to use either of
+the notation systems interchangeably so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation systems interchangeably so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation systems interchangeably so
+the two notation systems with refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two notation systems with refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two notation systems with refer to
+how we explain position vectors velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we explain position vectors velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we explain position vectors velocity
+vectors and vectors of any kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and vectors of any kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and vectors of any kind that
+might be associated with translating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be associated with translating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be associated with translating and
+rotating reference frames so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference frames so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference frames so in this
+diagram I've got a rigid body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I've got a rigid body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram I've got a rigid body and
+attached to that rigid body is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that rigid body is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that rigid body is a
+reference frame I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame I'll call it
+X Y Z attached and moves with the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y Z attached and moves with the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y Z attached and moves with the body
+and that's reference frame you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's reference frame you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's reference frame you know a
+XYZ and the whole system is translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and the whole system is translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and the whole system is translating
+and rotating in an inertial frame o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotating in an inertial frame o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotating in an inertial frame o
+capital X capital y Capital Z and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X capital y Capital Z and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X capital y Capital Z and I need
+to be able to describe the position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to describe the position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to describe the position and
+the velocity of this rigid body and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of this rigid body and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of this rigid body and a
+point on this rigid body which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on this rigid body which I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on this rigid body which I'll call
+B which might actually even be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which might actually even be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which might actually even be moving
+with respect to the rigid body so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the rigid body so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the rigid body so the
+position of this reference frame in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this reference frame in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this reference frame in
+system 1 this is notation system 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 1 this is notation system 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 1 this is notation system 1 we
+designate as R of a in reference frame o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate as R of a in reference frame o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate as R of a in reference frame o
+and the O is the superscript that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the O is the superscript that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the O is the superscript that
+precedes the are point B is R of B and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the are point B is R of B and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the are point B is R of B and O
+and this vector is R of B with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector is R of B with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector is R of B with respect
+to a and we write it B and with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and we write it B and with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and we write it B and with respect
+to a is a superscript so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is a superscript so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is a superscript so this is
+essentially the superscript version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the superscript version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the superscript version of
+the notation we do the same thing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation we do the same thing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation we do the same thing in a
+slightly different way in which we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way in which we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way in which we say
+with respect to is a slash so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to is a slash so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to is a slash so
+a with respect to frame o is written ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to frame o is written ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to frame o is written ra
+/ o point b is RB / o and the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ o point b is RB / o and the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ o point b is RB / o and the vector
+that goes from A to B is R of B / a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from A to B is R of B / a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes from A to B is R of B / a so
+the two are exactly equivalent and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two are exactly equivalent and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two are exactly equivalent and will
+go one step farther and that is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one step farther and that is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one step farther and that is to take
+the derivative the time derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the time derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative the time derivative of
+this vector B and use it to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector B and use it to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector B and use it to derive
+expressions for velocities in a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for velocities in a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for velocities in a rotating
+and translating frame the position RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translating frame the position RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translating frame the position RB
+for example using this notation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example using this notation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example using this notation with
+respect to O is our a with respect to O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O is our a with respect to O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O is our a with respect to O
+plus RB with respect to a so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RB with respect to a so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus RB with respect to a so it's just a
+vector sum this vector Plus this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector sum this vector Plus this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector sum this vector Plus this vector
+equals that vector and we want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that vector and we want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals that vector and we want to take
+the time derivative of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of this expression
+for our B with respect to O and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our B with respect to O and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our B with respect to O and it will
+give us an expression for the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us an expression for the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us an expression for the velocity
+of point B with respect to the O frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point B with respect to the O frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point B with respect to the O frame
+and here I've written this out in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've written this out in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've written this out in both
+notation systems so in the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems so in the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems so in the notation
+system where we use slash o as the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we use slash o as the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we use slash o as the with
+respect to the velocity of B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the velocity of B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the velocity of B with
+respect to O would be the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O would be the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O would be the velocity of
+that frame translational velocity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame translational velocity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame translational velocity of a
+with respect to O plus the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O plus the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O plus the time
+derivative of the vector RB with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector RB with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector RB with respect
+to a and that time derivative must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and that time derivative must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a and that time derivative must be
+taken in the inertial frame so / o this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in the inertial frame so / o this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in the inertial frame so / o this
+term expands into two pieces so this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term expands into two pieces so this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term expands into two pieces so this all
+this is equal to again V of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to again V of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to again V of a with
+respect to O but now a derivative of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O but now a derivative of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O but now a derivative of R
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a with respect to the a-frame this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to the a-frame this is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with respect to the a-frame this is as
+if you were sitting on that rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were sitting on that rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were sitting on that rigid body
+is that vector getting any longer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that vector getting any longer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that vector getting any longer or
+shorter plus the rotation Omega of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter plus the rotation Omega of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter plus the rotation Omega of the
+body with respect to O cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body with respect to O cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body with respect to O cross product
+with RBA I've left out underscores here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RBA I've left out underscores here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RBA I've left out underscores here
+to emphasize that these are vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that these are vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that these are vectors that
+these are all vectors and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all vectors and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all vectors and in the
+alternative notation system the slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative notation system the slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative notation system the slash
+O's become superscripts so the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's become superscripts so the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O's become superscripts so the velocity
+of B and O is the velocity of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and O is the velocity of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and O is the velocity of a with
+respect to O plus the the velocity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O plus the the velocity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O plus the the velocity as
+seen from the point of view of being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from the point of view of being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from the point of view of being on
+the rigid body Plus this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigid body Plus this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigid body Plus this is the
+contribution to velocity as seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to velocity as seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to velocity as seen in the
+inertial frame caused by the rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame caused by the rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame caused by the rotation of
+the body and that's the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and that's the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and that's the two different
+notation systems and you'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems and you'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems and you'll see these
+used on solutions to problems you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on solutions to problems you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on solutions to problems you'll see
+them in one or two of the 1 or either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one or two of the 1 or either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one or two of the 1 or either of
+the two frames or either the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two frames or either the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two frames or either the two
+notation systems and you will see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems and you will see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems and you will see these
+notation systems used in lecture and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems used in lecture and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation systems used in lecture and in
+these recitations
\ No newline at end of file